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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — »> signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 A partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 /V-^ Ot C?ta-^^^ lA--^> ^-^^ Tf'^^^t^yTfC^. MANUAL OP North American Birds. ., BY (of\ EGBERT RIDGWAY. ILLUSTRATED BY m OUTLINE DRAWINGS OF THE GENERIC CHARACTERS. icHf m^ 01 Ob PHILADELPHIA: J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY. 1887. Copyright, 1887, by J. B. Lippincott Compaxi PREFACE. The object of the present volume is to furnish a convenient manual of North American Ornithology, reduced to the smallest com- pass, by the omission of everything that is not absolutely necessary for determining the character of any given specimen, and including, besides the correct nomenclature of each species, a statement of its natural habitat, and other concomitant data. Originally projected by Professor Spencer F. Baird, and based essentially upon the grand National cabinet of American birds which his energy, ability, and enthusiasm have developed from an unpre- tentious nucleus into a collection unrivalled in extent and wholly unique in scientific value, this work may be considered as, in a measure, the consummation of a plan conceived by that illustrious naturalist, whose works represent the highest type of systematic orni- thology, and have furnished the model from which the younger gen- eration of ornithologists have drawn their inspiration. Professor Baird's great responsibilities and engrossing duties as Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and Director of the United States National Museum precluded the possibility of his completing the work which he had so long cherished, and had even begun, when called to the high positions which he has filled with so much advantage to science and honor to himself. Honored with the privilege of continuing the work commenced by abler hands, the author has endeavored to fulfil his trust with careful attention to the hope of its originator that the Manual of iii w PREFACE. North American Birds may serve as a handy book for the sportsman and traveller, as well as for the resident naturalist, and that all may find it a convenient and satisfactory means of identifying any North American bird in all its variations of plumage. ROBERT RIDGWAY. Department op Birds, United States National Museum, April 11, 1887. ^pntfcr jr. 33atrti. Just as this book is about to be issued, information has been re- ceived of the death of Professor Baird, at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts. It is unnecessary here to make more than passing reference to Professor Baird's eminence as an ornithologist, — an eminence attained through the inherent excellence of liis published works rather than their extent. His influence in the development of American ornithol- ogy has been greater than that of any other person, and no one else has commanded so fully the respect, admiration, and confidence due to his high attainments, the sterling qualities of his mind and heart, and the integrity of his character. Indeed, it may vith truth be said that every naturalist of eminence in the United States owes much of his success to a personal acquaintance with Professor Baird, whose sound advice, ready sympathy, and uniform kindness are reverently and afiectionately remembered by all who are so fortunate as to have enjoyed the privilege of his acquaintance. Special reference has been made in the Preface and Introduction to Professor Baird's intimate connection with the " Manual of North American Birds," a work planned by him many years ago, but which he was prevented, by engrossing public duties, from personally exe- cuting. In spite of physical sufiering and harassing cares, he retained, almost to the last moment, a lively interest in the work, which was completed but a short time previous to his death. R. R. Washington, August 20, 1887. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION "of KEY TO THE HIGHER GROUPS ..........**.' ^''' Order Pygopodks— The Diving Birds *.!'.. ^ Family Podicipidae— The Grebes .'.*.''.'.'.'.' t " UrinatoridaB— The Loons [ [ " Alcidae— The Auks, Mim-es, etc. ^ Order LoNGiPENNEs— The Long-winged Swimmers .' .' .* ." .*.".'.'.'.*.'.' gO Family Stercorariidse— The Skuas and Jaegers . . . .* ^ " LaridiB— The Gulls and Terns 03 " Rynchopidse— The Skimmei-s ^ Order Tubinares— The Tube-nosed Swimmers !f Family Diomedeidaj— The Albatrosses ....'.'.'.'..".'..'.. ^ " Procellariidaj— The Fulmars and Shearwaters . . ". eo Order Steganopodes— The Totipalmate Swimmers „^ Family Phiethontidaj— The Tropic Birds ....."' !l " Sulidte— The Gannets 74 " Anhingidaj— The Darters [ [ " Phalaerocoracidaj— The Cormorants '. -- " Pclccanidaj— The Pelicans l] " FregatidsB-The Man-o'-War Birds J> Order Anseres— The Lamellirostml Swimmers . . 04 Family Anatidie— The Ducks, Geese, and Swans 04 Order Odontogloss.e— The Lamellirostral Waders j^l Family Phcenicopteridte— The Flamingoes ... ,1! Order Herodiones— The Herons, Storks, Ibises, etc. .Zl Family Plataleidae— The Spoonbills . . J^, " Ibididae— The Ibises Jgr " CiconiidiB— The Storks and Wood Ibises 194 " ArdeidsB— The Herons and Bitterns . . ,„* Order Palitdicol^— The Cranes, Rails, etc Family Gruidae— The Cranes ^^^ " AramidiB— The Courlans jf- " Rallidie— The Rails, Gallinules, Coots, etc' .on* Order LiMicoL^— The Shore Birds Family Phalaropodidre— The Phalaropes .... . . . jjo " Kecurvirostrid83— The Avocets and Stilts ^q " ScolopacidoB— The Snipes, Sandpipers, etc. . ,47 " Charadriidte— The Plovers .*.".".. j-o " Aphrizidffi-The Surf Birds and Turnstones 179 " Hsematopodida}— The Oyster-catchers . ] jg, " Jacanidae— The Jacanaa ," ' • loo V CONTENTS. PAOE Order Galling — The Gullinaceous Birds 184 Family Tetruonidiu — The Gi-ouse, Piirtridges, etc 184 " I'husiunidie — The rheasnnts, Turkeys, etc 205 " Crueidic — The Curassows and Guans 207 Order CoLUMBiB — The Pigeons 210 Family Columbidu) — The Tigeons 210 Order Rai'Tokks— The Birds of Prey 218 Family Cnthartidic — The American Vultures 218 " Faleoiiidaj— The Falcons, Hawks, etc 222 " Strigidie— The Barn Owls 255 " Bubonidic— The Horned Owls, etc 255 Order Psittaci — The Parrots, Macaws, Paroquets, etc 2tt8 Family Psittacid*— The Parrots, etc 2G8 Order Coccyoes — The Cuckoos, etc 271 Family Cuculidie— The Cuckoos 271 " Trogonidic — The Trogons 275 " Momotidte — The Motmots 277 " Alcedinidie— The Kingfishers .278 Order Pici— The Woodpeckei-s, Wrynecks, etc 280 Family PicidiB— The Woodpeckers 280 Order Macrochibks — The Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc 297 Family Caprinuilgidte — The Goatsuckers 297 " Micropodiduj— The Swifts 302 " Trochilidie— The Hummingbirds 303 Order Passeres — The Perching Birds 321 Family CotingidM— The Cotingas 323 " Tyrannid.3— The Tyrant Flycatchei-s 326 " Alaudidic— The Larks 340 " Corvida?— The Crows, Jays, Magpies, etc 350 " Sturnida;— The Starlings 364 " Icterida-— The Blackbirds, Orioles, etc 305 " Fringillidic— The Finches, Sparrows, etc 382 " Tanagrida? — The Tanagei-s 453 " Hirundinidne — The Swallows 457 " Ampolida;— The Waxwings, etc 463 " Lanlidw— The Shrikes 465 " Vireonidii? — The Vireos 468 " CcBrebidiB — The Honey Creepers 479 " MniotiltidiB— The Wood AVarblen 480 " Motacillid*— The Wagtails 532 '« Cinclidio— The Dippers 538 " Troglodytida> — The Wrens, Thrashers, etc 538 " CerthiidfB— The Creepers 557 " Paridm— rhe Nuthatches and Tits 558 " Sylviidre — The Warblers, Kinglets, and Gnatcatchers 566 " Turdidas— The Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats, Bluebirds, etc 571 Appendix 583 Index 595 INTEODUOTION. In Classification, Nomenclature, and Numeration the present work corre- sponds strictly with the " Check List of North American Birds" published by the American Ornithologists' Union,' which represents the joint labors of a " Commit- tee on Classification and Nomenclaturo' 'yipointed by the Union during its first Congress, held in New York City, Septemi. i- 2G-29, 1883. During the year which has elapsed gince the publication of the A. 0. U. Check List several species have been add' ''■ to tLo Nor'-lj American fauna, while others have been for the first cime described. Th« se mo of course included in the present .7ork, being interpolated in their proper pii'/'es.' At the same time, it has been considered desirable, in th'^ interest oi tbf student of North American Ornithol- ogy, to include, for reasons stated farther on,' certain extralimital species from contiguous countries. All such additional species have, however, been carefully distinguished typographically, in oi'der that no confusion may arise, the method of discrimination being as follows : (1) All species which are undoubtedly North American, even though of doubt- ful validity, are in larger tj'pe, those given in the A. O. U. Check List proper being numbered as in that list, while eighteen of the twenty-six species composing the so-called "Hypothetical List,"* and also those subsequently added to the fauna, ure preceded by a dash ( — ) instead of a number. (2) All species which have not been established as North American (the majority never having been claimed as such) are printed in smaller type, and have neither a number nor a dash. The Geographical Limits ai-e also, so far as numbered species are concerned, those of the A. O. U. Check List ; but practically these limits have been enlarged so > The Code of Nomenclature | and | Check List | of North American Birds | Adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union | Being the Report of the Committee of the Union on Classification and Nomenclature | (Motto) I I New York | American GrnithologistB' Union | 1886 | [8vo., pp. i-viii, 1-392.] * For lists of these additional species, see Appendix, pages 591-594. ' See under " Qeographical Limits." * " Consisting of species which have been recorded as North American, but whoso status as North Ameri- can birds is doubtful, either from lack of positive evidence of their occurrence within the prescribed limits . . . or from absence of satisfactory proof oi their validity as species." Of the twenty-six species constituti-.g this list, eighteen are unquestionably North American (one of them having been recently established as such), while the remaining eight have very scant claims to a place in our fauna. vii (■?" vin INTRODUCTION. as to include all the species known to inhabit Socorro Island, off the coast of north- western Mexico, which is decidedly Nearctic, or North American, in its zoological aflSnities, while in many crses other extralimital species have been included, for the sake of comparison and also on account of the greater or less probability of their occurrence within the southern boundary of the United States. In most cases this ignoring of geographical limits has been confined to the inclusion of only the Mexi- can,* Cuban, and Bahaman species of characteristically North American genera, or of genera from the same regions belonging to North American Families, the Euro- pean analogues of certain North American species, and species of northeastern Asia which have been ascribed to Alaska, or which may from the close proximity of their habitat be expected to occur thei*e. A notable departure from this general rule has, however, been made in the Order Tubinares, consisting whoUj' of species inhabiting the "high seas," whose more or less erratic or fortiiitous wanderings render them specially liable to a place in the list of " accidental visitors" to any sea-girt country, for which reason it has been considered desirable, as an aid to ftiture research, to include all known species belonging to genera of which repre- sentatives have been taken in North American waters. Material. — Although the unrivalled collection of American birds and their eggs forming part of the National Museum* has furnished by far the greater por- tion of the material upon which this work is based, several other public museums, as well as rich private collections, have been carefully studied. Thus, the American Museum of Natural Historj', in New York City ; the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia ; the Boston Society of Nature) History ; the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, in Cambridge, Mass. ; and the splendid private collections of Messrs. George N. Lawrence, of New York City, William Brewster, of Cambridge, Mass., and H. W. Henshaw,' of Washington, D.C., have furnished indispensable material in the way of extralimital species or more extensive series of certain North Amer- ican species, for comparison, than had yet been secured by the National Museum. It is not, however, the large number of specimens alone that has furnished the sub- stantial basis of the following synoptical tables ; for, however much the proper dis- 1 Under the head of " Mexican" are included not only Mexico itself, but also Quatemala and Honduraa. (See page vii, regarding typographical distinction between extralimital and North American species.) ' The total number of specimens of American birds in the National Museum collection at the end of June, 1886, was about .36,000, exclusive of dupliootes and mounted specimens ; the North American " study series" of Paiteren and " Pienn'ir" (i.e., Macrnchiren, Pici, and Coccyges) alone aggregating nearly 13,000, counting only those obtained from North America proper, as defined in the A. 0. U. Check List. At the same time, the collec- tion of North American birds' eggs numbered 38,400 specimens, constituting by far the most extensive and valu- able one in existence. Even before the addition of the magnificent private collection so generously donated by Captain Charles E. Bendire, U.S.A., no other was comparable to it, either in the number of species represented or in their careful identification, it having from the commencement been made a rule to destroy all specimens regarding which there appeared the least doubt or suspicion. Captain Bendire's celebrated collection, while representing fewer species, included far more extensive series of a largo number of species, showing extreme variations of size, contour, and coloration, all perfectly identified, while it wa« wholly unique in the exquisite preparation of the specimens. * Speoial mention should be made of Mr. Henshaw's valuable ooUection (ombraoing more than 7000 speoi- meuB and unusually complete series of many species), which through the owner's courtesy has been constantly accessible to the author. INTRODUCTION. is crimination of species and subspecies may be a question of material, a groat deal depends upon our knowledge of the birds in life, their natural surroundings, and other things which can be learne,^ only out of doors. Fortunately, a very large number of accomplished field-naturalists have carefully observed the habits of our birds, and through their published records have together contributed a vast store of information which no single person could himself have gained. To the much that has been gleaned from this source have been added the author's field-notes, col- lected during the period extending from a recent date back to the year 1863, and embracing many measurements of fresh specimens, notes on location of nests, fresh colors of bill, eyes, feet, etc., and various other useful memoranda. Measurements are in English inches and hundredths, except when otherwise stated.* Whenever practicable, they have been taken from large series of speci- mens, and the extremes given, as well as the average, which follows in parenthesis. Thus, 5.75-6.50 (6.12) would indicate the minimum, maximum, and average, re- spectively, of the measurements taken. In the case of closely-allied forms, or where distinctive characters are largely a matter of dimensions or the proportionate meas- urements of different parts, care has been taken to measure, whenever possible, an equal number of specimens of the several forms to bo compared ; and specimens in abraded or otherwise imperfect plumage, as well as young birds, have been excluded. When there is any marked sexual difference in size, the number of males and females measured of allied forms has also been made as nearly equal as possible. Length is to be understood as moaning the total length (from end of bill to tip of tail) of the fresh specimen, before skinning, unless otherwise stated. This measurement is the least important of any for the purpose of determination of the species, being of any value at all only when taken from the fresh specimen, before skinning, and even then subject to much vai'iation, according to the amount of stretching to which the bird is subjected. In a very largo number of species the author's measurements from freshly-killed specimens are given, but in perhajis a majority of cases it has been necessary to take measurements made by others. Owing to the fact that all our leading authorities have been consulted on this point and only the extremes given, it has boon found impracticable (even if desirable) to distinguish the latter fronj the former, but it may be remarked that nearly all of those in which the range of variation between the extremes is very great belong to the latter category. Length of wing is from the "bend," or carpal joint, to tip of longest primary, the rule being laid along the outer or convex side and the wing brought up close to it for its entire length. Length of tail is from tip of longest feathers to their apparent base, a point often vory difficult to determine, and subject to niore or less vai'iation according to the method of preparing the skin, the amount of shrinkage to which the flesh at the base of the tail has been subjected, etc. Length of culmen is the chord of the curve, measured with dividers, from the tip of the upper mandible to the extreme base of the culmen (this often more or less concealed by feathers of the forehead) — unless the qualifying word " exposed" is prefixed, in which case the measurement is similarly made to where the frontal feathers close ' Soo foot-note on page x., as to oonrorston of inches and decimals into milllmotrefl. if 'I* X INTRODUCTION. over the base of the culmen. Depth of bill is also measured with dividers, and is a measurement requiring extreme care. Length of tarsus is measured with dividers, one point resting in the tibio-tarsal joint, on the outer side, the other on the lower edge of lowermost tarsal scutella, In front (in Passerine and certain Picarian and Raptorial birds), or to the more or less obvious transverse depression markin* the line of separation between tarsus and base of middle toe (in most water birds and some others). Length of middle toe is always measured with dividers from the last-mentioned point to the base of the claw, on top, and not including the claw, unless so stated. Measurements of eggs represent the average of six specimens (more or less, ac- cording to the extent of the series available for the purpose) which represent or approximate the average size and form as neai'ly as could be determined by the eye alone. The names op colors used in the diagnoses are adopted from the author's " No- menclature of Colors," ' in which may be found an elaborate though concise treatise on the subject, designed especially for the uses of the naturalist, and in which 186 colors, embracing all that are named in descriptive ornithology, are depicted, by hand-colored plates. Illustrations. — With the exception of those which have already appeared in the Beview of American Birds* History of North American Birds," and Water Birds of North America* the illustrations have been made specially for the present work by Mr. John L. Ridgway, under the author's supervision, and engraved by the cele- brated " Jewett" process of Messrs. Matthews, Northrupp & Co., of Buffalo, N.Y. Acknowledgments are specially due to Professor Baird, not only for the 1 A I Nomenclature of Colors | for Naturalists, | and | Compendium of Useful Knowledge | for Ornitholo- gists. I By I Robert Ridgway, | Curator, Department of Birds, United States National Museum. | With ten colored plates and seven plates | of outline illustrations. | Boston : | Little, Brown, and Company. | 1887. | [In this work is also ombodiod a " Glossary of terms used in descriptive ornithology," in which references are given to all the plates. The latter include, besides those representing the colors, throe showing the exter- nal anatomy or " topography" of a bird, with special reference to the names used in descriptions, one illus- trating various cgg-oontours, one showing a comparative scale of standard measurements, and two upon which are depicted the various forms or patterns of feather-markings. There is also, among other things useful to the naturalist, a series of tables for the easy conversion of inches and decimals into millimetres, and vi'ce versu.'\ * Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. | — 181 — | Review | of American Birds, in the Museum of the | Smithsonian Institution. | By | S. F. Baird. | — Part I. North and Middle America. | — [Medallion.] Wash- ington : I Smithsonian Institution. | One volume, 8vo; date of publication (by signatures), June, 1864, to June, 18B6. * A I History | of | North American Birds | by | S. P. Baird, T. M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway | Land Birds I Illustrated by 64 colored plates and 593 woodcuts | Volume I [—III]. [Vignette] | Boston | Little, Brown, and Company | 1874. | [This is the most recent work on North American ornithology, giving, besides technical descriptions, synonymy, etc., a general account of the history ond habits of each species, as known up to date of publica- tion. The size is small 4to, ond the total number of pages nearly 1800.] * Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vols. XII. and XIII. The Woter Birds of North America, By S. F. Baird, T. M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway. Issued in continuation of the pub- lications of the California Geological Survey. J. D. Whitney, State Geologist. Boston, Little, Brown, and Company, 1884. [Two volumes, uniform in general style, typography, etc., with the " History of North American Birds," and in reality the conclusion of that work. Total number of pages 1104, embellished by numerous wood-cuti.] INTRODUCTION. xi privilege of consulting specimens and books so essential to the preparation of this work, but also for the friendly advice and valuable suggestions which have ren- dered comparatively easy the performance of a task which under less favorable auspices would have been far morn difficult of accomplishment. For valuable aid, always most cordially rendered, the author is much indebted to Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, whoso well-known thorough bibliographical knowledge and excellent judgment have greatly facilitated the settlement of many vexatious questions of synonymy and difficult problems of relationship. To the authorities of the several public museums and the owners of the private collections already mentioned, the author is glad to have this opportunity of publicly expressing his sense of obliga- tion for many courtesies, including, besides unrestricted access to the collections in question, the loan of valuable and unique type specimens. H. H. i'i I \ 1 North American Birds. KEY TO THE HIGHER GROUPS. Hind toe connected by web or membrane with the inner toe. Order Steganopodes. (Page 73.) Hind toe not connected with inner toe. b\ Nostrils tubular • Order Tubinares. (Page 50.) 6*. Nostrils not tubular. c^ Cutting-edges of bill more or less distinctly fringed or serrated. d}. Legs short, or but slightly lengthened ; bill not abruptly bent downward from the middle... Order Anseres. (Page 84.) d*. Legs excessively lengthened ; bill bent abruptly downward from the middle Order Odontoglossae. (Page 121.) c'. Cutting-edges of bill not fringed nor serrated. d'. Legs inserted far behind the middle of the body, which in standing position is more or less erect, the toes webbed or conspicuously lobed Order Pygopodes. (Page 4.) d'. Legs inserted near the middle of the body, which in standing posi- tion is nearly horizontal, or else toes not webbed, e'. Anterior toes distinctly webbed, and tarsus shorter than tail. Order Longipennes. (Page 20.) e'. Anterior toes not distinctly webbed, or else tarsus decidedly longer than tail, or else bill extremely small, with gape very broad and deeply cleft. /'. Lower portion of thighs naked, or else bill lengthened and grooved along each side, the outer and middle toes separated for their entire length. g\ Hind toe well developed and inserted at same level with anterior toes, the claws never excessively lengthened ; loral or orbital regions, or both (some- times whole head), naked. Order Herodiones. (Page 122.) 1 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. g*. Hind toe (if present) small and inserted above the level of the rest, or else size small or medium (never as much as 8 feet long) ; loral and orbital regions fully feathered, and middle claw with edge not pectinated. h}. If more than 3 feet long, the hind toe short and elevated ; if under 3 feet long, the hind toe on same level with anterior toes. Order Paludicolae. (Page 134.) h*. Never over 3 feet long (usually much less), the hind toe (if present) short and elevated, or else the claws excessively lengthened and wings spurred. Order Limicolse. (Page 143.) /'. Lower portion of thighs feathered (or else middle and outer toes united for at least half their length), the bill if lengthened not grooved along the side. g^. Bill strongly hooked, with a distinct naked cere at base of upper mandible ; or if no naked cere, the toes 2 in front and 2 behind. h^. Toes 3 in front, or else outer too reversible. Order Raptores. (Page 218.) h*. Toes 2 in front, 2 behind (outer toe permanently reversed) Order Psittaci. (Page 268.) g*. Bill not strongly hooked, and without naked cere at base of upper mandible ; or if with a cere, the latter swollen and the bill straight, /t*. Hind toe small and elevated, or else bill with- out soft swollen cere. Order Gallinai. (Page 184.) A*. Hind toe (or toes) well developed and on same level with anterior toes. iK Bill with soft swollen cere at base of upper mandible. Order Columbse. (Pago 210.) iK Bill without soft swollen cere. /. Wings very long, with 10 quills, tail of 10 feathers, and gape very wide and deeply cleft, or else bill long and slender, tongue extensile, and secondaries only 6 in number. Order Macrochiies. (Page 297.) j*. Wings not very long and gape not very wide nor deeply cleft, or else wing with only 9 quills and tail-feathers 12 in number. KEF TO THE HIOHER GROUPS. 3 Toes only 2 in front, or if 3, the middle and outer toes con- nected for at least half their length. J}. Tail-feathers stiff and more or less pointed, and bill more or less chisel-like. Order Pici. (Page 280.) V. Tail-feathers neither stiff nor pointed, and bill not chisel- like. Order Coccyges. (Page 271.) Toes 3 in front, 1 behind, the middle and outer toes not united for half their length, lower part of thighs feathered, and tarsus equal to or longer than lateral toes. Order Passeres. (Page 321.) m^ NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Order PYGOPODES.— The Diving Birds. (Page 1) Families. a}. Tail-feathers wanting. Anterior toes lobed, the nails very broad, flat, and with rounded tips. (Sub- order Podicipedes) Podicipidae. (Pago 4.) a}. Tail-feathers present, but short. (Suborder Cepphi.) t*. Hind toe present Urinatoridae. (Pago 6.) v. Hind toe absent Alcidse. (Page 8.) Family PODICIPID^.— The Grebes. (Pago 4.) I^est a thick matted platform of rushes, sedges, etc., usually floating upon the surface of the water in grassy or sedgy ponds or marshes. Eggs 2-5, dull white, bluish white, or very pale bluish green, usually stained more or less (often quite deeply) with light brown, by contact with decomposed vegetable matter. Genera. a'. Bill slender, the length of the culmen much more than twice the depth at the base. 6*. Length^of culmen fivo or more times as much as greatest depth of the bill; neck nearly as long as the body .^chmophorus. (Pago 4.) 6*. Length of culmen less than four times as much as greatest depth of the bill ; neck much shorter than the body Colymbus. (Page 5.) a*. Bill very stout, the length of the culmen less than twice as much as the greatest depth of the bill Podilymbus. (Page 6.) Genus .ffiCHMOPHORUS Coues. (Page 4, pi. I., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Pileum and cervix slaty black ; rest of upper parts slaty, inner webs of remiges chiefly white; entire lower parts, including lower half of head and all of neck except stripe down the cervix, pure satiny white. Downy young : Above uniform brownish gray, lighter anteriorly ; lower parts uniform white. a\ Length 24.00-29.00 inches ; wing 7.45-8.60 (average 8.07) ; culmen 2.60- 3.05 (2.78). Eggs 2-5, 2.40 X 1-54. Hab. Western North America (chiefly the interior) from Mexico and Lower California to Manitoba. 1. ^. occidentalis (Lawr.). Western Grebe. a\ Length about 22.00 inches; wing 6.70-7.75 (7.31); culmen 2.10-2.48 (2.25). Eggs 2-5, 2.16X1-41. ffab. Western Noi'th America, chiefly along Pacific coast — .JE. clarkii (Lawr.). Clark's Orebe. COL r MB vs. Genus COLYMBUS Linn^us. (Page 4, pi. I, figs. 2, 3.) Species. Wing 5.00 inches or more. b\ Bill about as long as the head. "Wing more than 6.00 inches. (Subgenus Colymbus.) c*. Feathers of lower parts pure white to the extreme base. Nuptial plumage : Throat and chin huffy white, passing posteriorly into rich ferruginous on the very prominent auricular frill, which is tipped with black ; top of head and elongated tufts on each side of occiput glossy black. Length 22.00-24.00; wing 6.80-7.75; culmen 1.75- 2.30. Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan, but no authentic record for any portion of America. C. cristatus Linn. Crested Grebe.* c\ Feathers of lower parts white only superficially, the concealed portion being distinctly grayish. Nuptial plumage : Top of head dull black, somewhat glossy ; rest of head ash-gray, bordered above and poste- riorly by whitish ; neck rufous. dK Length about 17.50 ; wing 6.45-7.00 (6.63) ; culmen 1.50-1.55 (1.53). Mab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere. C. grisegena Bodd. Red-necked Grebe.* (P. Length 18.00-20.50 ; wing 7.30-8.10 (7.65) ; culmen 1.65-2.40 (2.02). Eggs 2-5, 2.23 X 1-37. Hub. North America, including Green- land, breeding far northward ; eastern Asia. 2. C. holbcellii (Reinh.). Holboell's Orebe. b\ Bill much shorter than head. Wing not more than 6.00 inches. (Subgenus Dytes Kaup.) cS Bill compressed (deeper than wide) at base. Nuptial plumage : Lower neck and chest rufous ; sides of occiput with a very full dense tuft of soft, blended, ochraceous feathers. Downy young: Whole top of head dusky; sides of head whitish with two stripes and several irregular spots of dusky ; a dusky streak on each side of throat ; upper parts plain dusky grayish. Length 12.50-15.25 ; wing about 5.75. Eggs 2-7, 1.78 X 1-20. Hab. Northern portion of northern hemisphere, breeding in America chiefly north of the United States 3. C. auritus Linn. Honied Orebe. c*. Bill depressed (wider than deep) aL uaao. Nuptial plumage : Head, neck, and chest black ; sides of head, behind eyes, with a tuft-like or somewhat fan-shaped loose patch of slender ochraceous feathers. Downy young : Top of head dusky, with several white markings, the middle of the crown with a small naked, reddish space ; no dusky * Colymbus criatatua LiNN., S.N. ed. 10, 1758, 135. * Colymhtti griaegena BoDD., Tabl. P. E. 1783, 65. nrnm 6 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Length streak on side of throat, or elsewhere below level of eyes 12.00-14.00 ; wing 5.20-5.50. d}. Three or four inner quills mostly or entirely white. Hab. Central Europe and Asia. C. nigricollis (Brehm). Eared Grebe.^ d*. Inner quills with inner webs wholly dusky. Colors generally duller and bill more slender. Eggs 4-8, 1.75 X 1-19. Hab. Western North America, north to Groat Slave Lake, south to Guatemala, east to Mississippi Valley. 4. C. nigricollis californicus (IIeerm.). American Eared Grebe, a*. Wing less than 5.00 inches. (Subgenus Podiceps Lath.) Tarsus decidedly shorter than middle toe without claw. Nuptial plumage: Top of head dull greenish black; rest of head dark gray or dull plum- beous, the chin and throat dull black. Downy young : Top of head black, with a rufous spot in middle of crown, and various white markings; sides and underparts of head and neck white varied with black lines. Length 9.00-10.50 ; wing 4.00. Eggs 1.35 X -94. Hab. Tropical America in general, north to southern Texas and Lower California. 5. C. dominicus Linn. St. Domingo Grebe. Genus PODILYMBUS Lesson. (Page 4, pi. I., fig. 5.) Species. Brownish above, silvery white beneath, the feathers dark grayish basally. Nuptial plumage : Chin, throat, and anterior portion of malar region black ; rest of head and neck brownish gray, darker above ; lower parts spotted with dusky ; bill whitish, crossed about the middle by a black band. Winter plumage : Black throat, etc., of nuptial plumage replaced by dull whitish, the rest of the head browner ; lower parts without dusky spots ; bill brownish (paler on lower man- dible) without black band. Young : Similar to winter adult, but sides of head more or less distinctly striped with brown. Doiony young : Head and neck distinctly striped with white and black, the crown with a rufous spot ; a rufous spot on upper part of nape and on each side of occiput ; upper parts blackish, marked with four strips of grayish white. Length 12.00-15.00 ; wing 4.50-5.00. Eggs 4-5, 1.72 X 1.99. Hab. The whole of America, except extreme northern and southern districts. 6. P. podiceps (Linn.). Fied-billed Grebe. Family URINATORID.^.— The Loons. (Page 4.) Genus. (Characters same as those given for the family) Urinator. (Page 7.) ' Podicept nigrieollii Brebh, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 963. Culymhui uigricoUU Stbjn., Auk, ii., Got. 1885, 340. VRINATOR. )ot. 1886, 340. Genus URINATOR Cuvier. (Page 6, pi. TI., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Above blackish or slaty, beneath white. In summer, upper parts spotted or speckled with white, the throat and fore-neck blackish or chestnut. In winter, and in young, upper parts without white markings, and throat and fore-neck white like rest of lower parts. Downy young uniform sooty grayish, the belly white. Nest built on ground at edge of marsh or lake. Eggs 2, elongate- ovate, deep brown or olive, rather sparsely speckled or spotted with dark brown and blackish. a\ Tarsus shorter than middle toe without claw ; fore-neck blackish in summer. 6'. Distance from base of culmen to anterior point of loral feathers, above nostrils, greater than the distance from the latter point to anterior bor- der of nostrils. Summer plumage with head and neck black all round, the middle of the fore-neck and sides of lower neck each crossed by a bar or transverse series of white streaks. cK Tarsus shorter than exposed culmen ; bill in adult blackish (almost wholly deep black in summer) ; head and neck glossed with velvety green; white spots on scapulars broad as long; length 28.00-36.00; wing 13.00-15.25 (14.06) ; culmen 2.75-3.50 (3.07) ; depth of bill through base .90-1.05 (.96). Eggs 3.52 X 2.27. Ilab. Northern part of noi'thern hemisphere, breeding from northern United States northward 7: U. imber (Gunn.). Loon. c'. Tarsus longer than exposed culmen ; bill in adult whitish (almost wholly yellowish white in summer) ; head and neck glossed with velvety violet-blue ; white spots on scapulars decidedly longer than broad; length abou: 35.00-38.00 ; wing 14.85-15.45 (15.11); culmen 3.50-3.65 (3.59) ; depth of bill through base 1.00-1.20 (1.09). Hab. Western Arctic America and northeastern Asia. 8. U. adamsii (Gray). Tellow-billed Loon. t'. Di.stance from base of culmen to anterior point of loral feathers, not greater than distance from the latter point to anterior extremity of nostril. Summer plumage with upper part of head and hind part of neck gray- ish ; throat and fore-neck black, without white streaks, but several lon- gitudinal series of the latter down the side of the neck, between the black and the gray. cK Fore-neck and under side of neck glossed with velvety purple ; occi- put and hind-neck deep gray, almost plumbeous. Length 26.00- 29.00 ; wing 12.15-13.20 (12.55) ; culmen 2.50-2.85 (2.60) ; depth of bill at base, .75-.80 (.78). Eggs 3.09 X 1-96. Hab. Northern por- tions of northern hemisphere, breeding in Arctic regions ; in North America, south, in winter, to extreme northern United States, east of the Eocky Mountains. 9. U. arcticus (Linn.). Black-throated Loon. 8 NORTH AMERICAN BIKDS. c*. Fore-neck and under side of head glossed with dull bronzy greenish, sometimes inclining to purplish'; occiput and hind-neck very palo smoky grayish, sometimes nearly white. Wing 11.20-12.25 (11.54) ; culmen 2.00-2.35 (2.15); depth ot bill at baso.55-.65 (.62). Eggs 3.11 X ^.92. Hah. Pacific coast of North America, from Alaska to Lower California, breeding far northward. 10. U. pacificus (Lawr.). Pacific Loon, a*. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw. Fore-neck rich chestnut in summer ; head and neck plumbeous gray, the top of head and hind-neck streaked with white; upper parts speckled with white. Summer plumage: Throat and fore-neck plumbeous, like rest of head and neck, but marked down the mid- dle with a wedge-shaped patch or stripe of rich chestnut. Winter plumage and young: Throat and fore-neck white. Downy young: Above uniform dusky, or sooty slate ; lower parts paler and more grayish. Length 24.00- 27.00 ; wing 10.00-11.50 ; culmen 2.25 ; tarsus 2.75. Eggs 2.82 X 1-76. Hab. Northern portions of northern hemisphere, breeding in Arctic regions ; in North America, south, in winter, nearly across the United States. 11. U. lumme (Gunn.). Sed>tIiroated Loon. Family ALCID-ffi.— The Auks. (Page 4.) N'est a cavity among rocks, usually on face of cliffs. Egg single, variable as to form and color. Genera. fl'. Inner claw much larger and more strongly curved than the others ; corner of mouth with a thick naked skin, or " rosette ;" bill excessively compressed, nearly as deep as long, the terminal portion transversely grooved (except in young), the basal portion with several accessory deciduous pieces, cast at end of breeding season. (Subfamily Fratcrculina;.) 6'. Basal outline of permanent (terminal) portion of upper mandible convex ; lower mandible wholly destitute of grooves, in all stages ; grooves of upper mandible with concave side toward tip of bill. Nuptial ornaments : Deciduous nasal shield or saddle widest toward culmen, where forming an arched and much thickened ridge ; eyelids without horny append- ages ; on each side of head a large pendent tuft of lengthened, silky, straw-colored feathers . Lunda. (Page 10.) 6*. Basal outline of permanent (terminal) portion of bill concave, or nearly straight and very oblique ; permanent (terminal) portion of lower man- dible grooved (except in young) ; grooves of the upper mandible with concave side toward base of the bill. Nuptial ornaments: Deciduous nasal shield widest toward nostril ; basal outline of upper mandible con- cave ; eyelids furnished with horny appendages ; head without orna- mental tufts of plumes Fratercula. (Page 11.) ALCJD^. 9 reenish, Diy palo (11.54); )■ -Eggs laska to fie Loon, ummer ; ced with •oat and the mid- plumage uniform h 24.00- 6. Hab. ;ed Loon. ible as to corner of nprcssed, except in i,st at end ) convex ; 'ooves of 'naments : B forming ■f append- led, silky, Page 10.) or nearly wer man- iible vrith Deciduous dible con- out orna- Page 11.) a*. Inner claw not obviously different in size or shape from the others ; corner of mouth without thickened naked skin or " rosette." 6'. Anglo of chin much nearer to nostril than to tip of bill, c*. Nostrils exposed, overhung by a more or less distinc*; horny scale, and feathers of lores never reaching to anterior end of nostrils; second- aries without white tips. (Subfamily Phalerince.) d}. Gonys occupying more than half the total length of the lower mandible, or else tip of upper mandible not abruptly dccurvcd from a long, straight cuimen. eS Distance from anterior border of nasal hollow to nearest loral feathers equal to one half or more than one half the dis- tance from the same point to the tip of the bill. (Phnlerece.') p. Bill about as long as the head (cuimen about 1.00) ; wing more than 6.50 Cerorhinca. (Pago 11.) /', Bill much shorter than head (cuimen less than .75) ; wing less than 6.50. g^. Upper mandible broader than deep at base ; cuimen nearly straight. (Wing about 5.00.) Ptychoramphus. (Page 12.) ^'. Upper mandible higher than broad at base ; cuimen decidedly curved. h^. Lower mandible very narrow, strongly and very regularly recurved, the tip acute ; edge of upper mandible very regularly convex. (Wing 5.25-6.00.) Cyclorrhynchus. (Page 12.) h?. Lower mandible more than half as deep as the upper, not recurved, or else tip not acute ; upper mandible with edge nearly straight or else not regularly convex. (Wing 5.25 or less.) Simorhynchus. (Page 12.) c*. Distance from anterior border of nasal hollow to nearest loral feathers equal to not more than one-fourth the distance from the same point to the tip of the bill. {Brachyramphece.) p. Tarsi scutellate in front, much longer than the horny portion of the commissure. Synthliboramphus. (Page 13.) /'. Tarsi reticulate in front, not longer than horny portion of commissure Brachyramphus. (Page 14.) d}. Gonys occupying less than half the total length of the lower man- dible ; cuimen straight to near the tip, where abruptly decurved. (Cepphece.) Loral feathers forming an acute angle. (Wing 6.50-7.50 ; cuimen 1.00 or more.) Cepphus. (Page 16.) c*. Nostrils completely concealed or enclosed within a dense, velvety feathering, which extends from the lores to or beyond their an- 2 mmmmm 10 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. terior end ; secondaries sharply tipped with white. (Subfamily Alcince.) d}. Bill narrow, the culmen slightly or gently curved, both mandibles destitute of grooves; tail rounded, the feathers not pointed. {^Uriaece.) Uria. (Page 17.) 6}. Bill very deep, much compressed, culmen strongly curved, and one or both mandibles transversely or obliquely grooved (except in young) ; tail graduated, the feathers pointed. (^Alceoe.') &. Size medium (culmen less than 1.50) ; bill much shorter than head, the lower mandible with not more than two grooves, or none ; wings well developed, admitting of sustained flight. Alca. (Page 18.) e*. Size very large (culmen more than 3.00) ; bill as long as the head, the lower mandible with numei-ous grooves ; wings rudimentary, not admitting of flight.. Plautus. (Page 19.) 6'. Angle of chin much nearer tip of bill than to nostril. (Subfamily Allina:.) Bill very short and broad, the culmen much curved; size very small (wing less than 5.00) ; secondaries sharply tipped with white. Alle.» (Page 19.) ' ill' Genus LUND A Pallas. (Page 8, pi. III., fig. 1.) Species. Above uniform sooty black, lower parts sooty grayish, the feathers of breast and belly grayish white beneath the surface, this color sometimes showing through, and breaking the continuity of the dusky. Nuptial plumage : Anterior portion of side of head white; springing from each side of the crown, immediately above the eye, a thick pendent tuft of lengthened, silky, straw-colored feathers ; terminal half of bill bright red, basal portion olive-yellowish ; feet bright scarlet (in life). Winter plumage : Side of head wholly dusky, but lighter in region of insertion of the nuptial tufts, which are wholly absent ; basal deciduous horny covering of bill replaced by soft, dusky broAvn skin ; feet flesh-color (in life). Young, first winter : Similar to winter adult, but upper mandible destitute of grooves, and nuptial tufts present in a rudimentary condition but of a light brownish color; terminal portion of bill inclining to brownish orange-red. Young, first summer or autumn : Bill smaller, narrower, and browner in color ; nuptial tufts wanting. Downy young : Uniform dark sooty grayish, or blackish. Length 14.40-15.60 ; wing 7.75 ; culmen 1,30-1.45. Egg 2.86 X 192, more or less ovate, white (sometimes tinged with pale huffy, pinkish, or brownish), usually more or less marked round larger end with faint spots, splashes or streaks of pale brown, or lavender-gray, or both. Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from southern California to Alaska, and from Bering's Strait to Japan ; accidental in Bay of Fundy and Kennebec River, Maine 12. L. cirrhata Pall. Tufted Puffin. 1 Alls Link, Besohr. Nat. Samuil. Univ. Rustook, i. 1800, 40 (not p. 17, as given in A. 0. U. Clieolc List). FRATERCULA. 11 ibfamily landiblea pointed. ^igcl7.) aud one ixcept in i-ter than grooves, ed flight. Page 18.) ig as the s; wings Page 19.) ' Allinai.) iiy small Page 19.) of breast through, ortion of ibove the crminal (in life), ertion of g of bill s< ivinter : tial tufts il portion vm : Bill ly young : ; culmen with pale end with h. Hub. iska, and oc River, 9d Puffin. lok List). Genus FRATERCULA Brisson. (Page 8, pi. III., fig. 2.) Species. Common Characters. — Upper parts, together with a band across fore-neck, uniform blackish ; sides of head grayish or white ; lower parts pure white. Downy young, uniform sooty blackish, or dark sooty slate, the belly white. Egg shaped and colored like that of Lunda cirrhata. a}. Grooves of the bill very oblique, broad, and distinct, the deciduous basal shields occupying less than the basal half of the bill. Nuptial plumage : Chin and whole throat grayish, the sides of the head gray ; horny process on upper eyelid short, subconical ; length 11.50-13.75. ^'. Bill and general size smaller: Ciihnen 1.60-1.90, gonys 1.40-1.50, depth of upper mandible at base .75-.90, of lower, .40-.50. Egg 2.46-1.74. Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic, from southern Greenland south, in winter, in North America, to New Jersey, breeding as far south as the Bay of Fundy 13. F. arctica (Linn.). Puffin. i»*. Bill and general size larger: Culmen 2.00-2.30, gonys 1.40-1.60, depth of upper mandible at base .85-1.00, of lower, .70.-80. Egg 2.65-1.82. Hab. Coasts and islands of the Arctic Ocean, from Spitzbergen to northern and western Greenland. 13a. F. arctica glacialis (Temm.). Large-billed Puffin, a'. Grooves of the bill nearly vertical, narrow, and rather indistinct ; deciduous basal shields occupying much more than the basal half of the bill Nuptial plumage : AVhole throat blackish, the chin, onlj'-, gray ; sides of head white ; horny process on upper eyelid elongated, horn-like. Downy young : Uniform sooty blackish, the belly, abruptly, white. Length about 12.50-14.00 ; culmen 2.00-2.25, gonys 1.60-1.70, depth of upper mandible 1.15-1.25, of lower, .70- .80. Egg 2.74-1.84. Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from British Columbia to the Kurilo Islands. 14. F. corniculata (Naum.). Horned Puffin. Genus CERORHINCA Bonaparte. (Pago 9, pi. IV., fig. 1.) Species. Bill much compressed, longer than deep, the culmen regularly curved, but gonys nearly straight; upper parts ui 'form dusky; under portion and sides of head and nock, down to the chest, together with sides, smoky plumbeous ; rest of lower parts white, usually clouded with smoky gray ; a row of narrow, pointed, white feathers along each side of occiput, commencing just above and behind tho eye ; another row of similar but larger feathers across cheeks, from near corner of mouth. Nuptial plumage : Base of upper mandible Burmountod by a compressed upright horn, tho base of which clasps the mandible as a saddle, down to, and on- closing the nostrils. Whiter plumage : Similar to nuptial dress, but breast more IGBM ;^lll 12 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. uniformly gray, the belly more uniform white, and the horn-liko pi'occss at base of upper mandible entirely absent. Young : Similar to winter adult, but white fila- mentous feathers of head wanting, and bill smaller and darker in color. Downy young : Uniform sooty grayii^h brown, very similar to corresponding stage of Lunda cirrhata, but rather lighter in color and with more slender bill. Length 14.00- 15.50, wing 7.25, culmen, from cere, or anterior edge of horn, 1.00. Egg 2.70 X 1-82, similar in form, color, etc., to those of Lunda and species of Fratcrcula. Ilab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from Lower California (resident) to Japan. 15. C. monocerata (Pall.). Bhinoceros Anklet. Genus PTYCHORAMPHUS Brandt. (Pago 9, pi. VL, fig. 3.) Species. Above uniform slaty blackish, changing gradually into plumbeous on sides of head and neck, throat, and fore-neck ; a white spot on lower eyelid ; lower parts white, the sides (beneath wings) plumbeous; length 8.00-9.50, wing 4.75-5.25, cul- men .75. Egg 1.83 X 1-34, ovate, pure white. Hah. Pacific coast of North America, Irom Aleutian Islands to Lower California. 16. P. aleuticus (Pall.). Cassin's Anklet. Genus CYCLORRHYNCHUS Kaup. (Page 9, pi IV., fig. 5.) Species. Above uniform blackish slate, beneath white; bill orange-red. Nuptial plu- mage : Throat, fore-neck, and sides dusky ; a lino of narrow pointed white feather.'? starting just below the oj'o, and extending back across the oar-coverts. Winter plumage : Similar to summer dress, but throat, fore-neck, and sides partly or en- tirely white ; white feathers behind eyes wanting? Young ('I) : Similar to winter adult, but bill duller i*ed (or inclining to brownish), and entire lower parts, including throat and fore-neck, continuous white;' length 9.00-10.40, wing 5.40-G.OO, culmen al)out .00. Egg 2.12 X 1-46, dear bluish white. Ifab. Coasts of the North Pacific from Sitka to the Kurile Islands.... 17. C. psittaculus (Pall.). Faroqnet Anklet Genus SIMORHYNCHUS Merrem. (Page 9, pi. IV., figs. 2 to 4.) Species. Common Characters. — Upper parts blackish, the scapulars sometimes mixed with white. Adults with a series of slender, pointed white feathers commencing beneath the eye and extending backward across the oar-coverts. Eggs ovate, pure white, sometimes faintly tinged with bluish. a*. Wing more than 4.00; adult with a recurved frontal crest; lower parts uniform sooty gray, the belly sometimes whitish ; no white on scapulars. ' The seasonal nnd other ehangos of plumngo in this species are not well umlorstood, anrl we have not tho mnterial with which to detormine them. The above may, therefore, bo nut quite oorreot in some particulars. SYNTIILIBORAMPHUS. 13 baso of liito fila- Downy )f Lunda ,h 14.00- ) X 1.82, 1». Coasts 1. B Auklet. sides of TQv parts 5.25, cul- Aracrica, B Auklet. iptial plu- feathers Winter ly or on- to winter including ), culmen h Pacific )t Auklet 4.) lOS mixed imencing ato, pure i uniform javo not tho irtloulars. b^. Wing 5.00 or more ; adult in breeding season with several conspicuous de- ciduous plates on basal portion of bill, including a roundish or semicir- cular piece at corner of mouth ; no white feathers between bill and eye ; belly never whitish. (Subgenus Simorhynchus.) Breeding plumage: Bill bright orange-red, the tip horn-colored. Winter plumage : Bill horn- colored, much smaller, through loss of the deciduous pieces. Young : Frontal crest and white feather? beneath eye wanting, or but slightly developed; bill much smaller, dusky brownish. Length 8.50-10.80; wing about 5.25. Egg 2.14-1.49. Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific from Kauiak, Unalashka, and the Prybilof Islands through the Aleutian chain to Kamtschatka and northern Japan. 18. S. cristatellus (Pall.). Crested Auklet. ft'. Wing less than 4.50 ; adult in breeding season without conspicuous deciduous plates on basal portion ; belly whitish ; a moi'e or less distinct patch of narrow, pointed, white feathers between bill and eye (indistinct or ob- solete in young). (Subgenus Phaleris Temminck.) Breeding plumage : Bill dull purplish red, the tip whitish. Winter plumage not materially different. Young : Frontal crest and white feathers on sides of head wanting or barely indicated ; bill dusky. Doxony young : Uniform sooty slate, lighter beneath. Length 7.10-8.30, wing 4.10-4.25, culmen .35-.40. Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific, from Unalashka through the Aleutian chain to Kamtschatka... 19. S. pygmaeus (Gmel.). Whiskered Auklet. fl'. Wing not more than 4.00; adult without frontal crest; lower parts white, some- times blotched with dusky; scapulars with more or less white; baso of bill with a small compressed knob on top. (Subgenus Ciceronia Reich.) Breed- ing plumage: Lower parts white, more or less spotted or blotched with dusky, this often forming a distinct band across tho chest. Winter plumage : Lower parts, including sides of neck, entirely white ; white ornamental feathers of forehead, etc., usually less developed. Young : Similar to winter plumage, but bill smaller, scapulars more extensively white, and white orna- mental feathers of forehead, etc., wanting. Downy young : Uniform sooty slate, paler and grayer on lower parts. Length 5.50-7.20, wing 3.50-4.00, culmen .35-.40. Eggs 1.58 X 110. Hab. Coasts] of the North Pacific, from Japan and southern Alaska to the Aleutian and Prybilof Islands. 20. S. pusillus (Pall.). Least Auklet. Genus SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS Brandt. (Page 9, pi. VI., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Above plumbeous, beneath white. Breeding plumage : Chin and part, or whole, of throat dusky ; top of head with a broad white stripe along each side ; sides, from nock to flanks, uniform sooty blackish. Winter plumage : Whole throat white, the chin plumbeous ; no white stripes on top of head ; sides and flanks white, striped with slaty. 14 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. a}. Nevei' crested. Breeding plumage : Chin, throat, and fore-neck, with top and sides of head, sooty black ; sides of neck and a broad stripe along each side of occiput, pure white ; white stripes on side of occiput not extending forward of the eye ; upper back streaked laterally with white. Winter plumage : Whole throat white ; stripes on sides of occiput and streaks on upper part of back wanting. Length 9.50-10.89, wing 5.25-5.50, culmen .60. Egg 2.42 X 1-55, elongate-ovate, buffy (variable in shade from nearly white to almost an isabella-color), speckled or otherwise marked all over with deep brown and lavender-gray. Mab. Coasts of the North Pacific, from Japan and southern Alaska (Sitka) northward 21. S. antiquus (Gmel.). Ancient Mnrrelet. a'. Crested in the breeding season. Breeding plumage : Fore part of cx'own with a loose crest of slender, lengthened feathers slightly curved or nearly straight ; upper half of throat velvety plumbeous, with a truncated posterior outline; ear-coverts deep plumbeous ; white stripes on sides of toj) of head extending forward far beyond the eye ; upper back not streaked with white. Winter plumage : Whole throat and malar region white, the chin, only, plumbeous ; no white on top of head, and no crest. Downy young : Above brownish gray, the back and rump indistinctly streaked with grayish white ; lower parts, including chin, entirely pure white. Length about 9,50-11.00, 'ving 5.10- 5.50. Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific, from Japan (and Washington Ter- ritory ?) northward. (Very doubtfully American.) 22. S. wumizusume (Temm.). Temminok's Murrelet. Genus BRACHYRAMPHUS Brandt. (Page 9, pi. VI., fig. 2.) Species. Common Characters. — Size small (wing less than 5.50) ; bill small and slender, much shorter than head (not longer than the short tarsus), compressed, and pointed ; culmen gently curved, gonys nearly straight ; plumage very plain, with- out ornamental feathers about head at any season. a\ Tarsus shorter than middle too, without claw. 6'. Exposed culmen about equal to inner toe, without claw ; secondaries and outer tail-feathers entirely dusky, c'. Culmen .70 or less. Summer adult : Above dusky, barred more or less with deep rusty ; beneath mixed white and sooty brown, in varying relative proportion. Winter plumage : Above, interrupted by a white collar across nape ; scapulars mixed with white, and feathers of back, etc., tipped with plumbeous ; entire lower parts pure white, the orbital and superciliary regions dusky, like top of head, and outermost feathers of flanks striped with dark grayish. Young : Above uniform dusky, with indistinct white collar and scapular patches ; lower parts white, transve-sely mottled with dark sooty ; bill much smaller and weaker than in adult. Length 9.50-10.00, wing about 5.00, culmen .60-.70, tarsus .70, middle toe .92-1.00. Egg 1,1 BRACHYRAMPHVS. 15 top and b side of forward ; Whole of back I X 1.55, moat an own and jouthern Hurrelet. n with a straight ; outline; xtending Winter imbcous ; ish gray, er parts, ng 5.10- ;ton Ter- Uurrelet. I slender, ised, and 'I in, with- 1 u'ies and 4. or loss 1 1 varying | y a white '1 ,thers of % 'Q white, 1 »ead, and | Young : M scapular m fk sooty ; 1 50-10.00, d| .00. Egg S 2.14 X 1-42, ovate, ground-color huffy, speckled or otherwise marked with various shades of brown. Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from southern California to western Alaska. 23. B. marmoratus (Gmel.). Harbled Murrelet. c*. Culmen .75. Summer adult : Similar to corresponding stage of B. mar- moratus, but markings of upper parts buffy and dull whitish, instead of deep rusty. Wing 5.50, culmen .75, tarsus .70, middle toe .95. Hab. Coasts of northeastern Asia, from Japan to Kamtschatka. B. perdix (Fall.). Partridge Murrelet.* I*. Exposed culmen not more than two-thirds as long as inner too without claw ; secondaries broadly tipped with white, and outer tail-feathers partly or wholly white, c'. Tarsus .60 or more. Summer adult : Above plumbeous, thickly marked with irregular, mostly longitudinal, spots of buff; lower parts chiefly white, the chest and sides washed with buff and irregularly spotted and barred with dusky ; belly more faintly marked with more regular crescentic bars. Winter plumage : Above glossy plumbeous, the back and rump very narrowly and indistinctly barred with white ; scap;^ lars chiefly white ; sides of head (including lores and supox'ciliary region), a narrow collar round hind-neck, and entire lower parts, pure white, the sides of the breast crossed by a broad band of slate- gray, narrowing to\vard the middle of the chest. Wing 5.10-5.80, culmen .35-.45, depth of bill at base .20-.22, tarsus .60-.65, middle toe .85-.95. Sab. Unalashka, through Aleutian chain to Kamtschatka and northern Japan. 24. B. kittlitzii (Brandt). Kittlitz's Mnrrelet. o' Tarsus .50. Wing 5.25, culmen .50, tarsus .50. Summer plumage : Above grayish brown, head and neck spotted with white ; beneath white, waved and spotted with brown. Ifab. San Bias, western Mexico. B. brevirostris (Via.). Short-billed Murrelet.* a'. Tarsus as long ps or longer than middle toe without claw. b\ Lining of wing white ; above plain dark slaty, beneath entirely pure white ; length 9.60-10.50, wing 4.50-6.25, culmen .70-.80, tarsus .90-.95, middle toe .85. Hab. Southern California to Cape St. Lucas. 25. B. hypoleucus Xantus. Xantus's Mnrrelet. 6'. Lining of wing smoky gray, or slaty ; in plumage otherwise like B. hypo- leucus; length about 10.26, wing 4.60, culmen .78-.80, tarsus .88-.90, middle toe .80-88. Egg 2.03 X 1-40, ovate, ground-color buffy, isabella- color, or fawn-color, thickly sprinkled, speckled, or otherwise marked with dark brown. Hab. Lower California (vicinity of Cape St. Lucas). 26. B. craveri (Salvad.). Craveri's Murrelet. • Ccpphiis perdix Pam.ar, Zoog. Roaso-Aa. li. 1826, 361, pi. 80. Drachyramphm perdix Stejn. Zeltsohr. Ges. Cm. m. 1888, 2in, p. 7. » Vria breviroitrii Vio., Zool. Jour. iv. 1828, 36i'. Possibly the same as B. kittlitxii BnANDT. '7^ 16 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. a Genus CEPPHUS Pallas. (Page 9, pi. II., fig. 3.) Species. Common Characters. — Summer adults uniform black, with or without white on wings. Winter specimens white, varied above (sometimes below also) with black, the wings and tail as in summer. Young similar to winter adults, but white of wings varied with dusky, the quills marked at tips with white. Bill black ; feet bright I'ed in summer, pinkish in winter. Etjg varying from ovate to elongate- ovate, greenish white or huffy white, heavily spotted or otherwise conspicuously marked with dark brown and lavender-gray. A large white patch on outer surface of wing. b^. Under wing-coverts pure white. c*. Greater wing-coverts white to the extreme base, sometimes a little dusky along the basal portion of the shafts. Adult in summer : Uni- form blackish, except a large roundish or oval patch of pure white on the wing, including the greater, middle, and posterior lesser coverts, these feathers all white to the base; axillars, under M'ing- coverts, and basal half, or more, of inner webs of quills, pure white. Winter plumage : Wings as in summer ; rest of the plumage pure white, the upper parts varied with black. Young : Similar to winter plumage, but white wing-patch broken by blackish tips to all the leathers ; secondaries and primary coverts marked with white at ends, and lower parts indistinctly barred with dusky. Downy young : Uniform sooty blackish, paler and more grayish below. Length about 12.50-13.50, wing 6.25-7.20, culmen 1.00-1.20, gonys .50, depth of bill at nostril .35-.40. Egg 2.38 X 1-36. Hab. Circumpolar sea- coasts, south in North America, in winter, to New Jersey and Norton Sound, Alaska. (Breeding south to Hudson's Bay and coast of Labrador.) 28. C. mandtii (Light.). Mandt's Guillemot. of unguis to frontal feathers, not greater than the distance from th • former point to the tip of the upper mandible. In freshly-killed or Living specimens, tarsi light bluish, in marked contrast with black of feet.' Adult : ' Top and sides of head sooty black ; rest of head and neck, including ear-coverts and nape, straw-yellow, paler on throat ; upper parts uniform smoky plumbeous or 1 In dried skins this color usually changes to a light olive or yellowish, or in very rare instances becomes so darkened that the line of demarcation cannot be detected. * So far as known, this species has no dark phase like S. paratiticuB. LARIDjE. 23 slate-color, more ashy on back ; quills and tail-feathers blackish toward tips ; chest (sometimes breast also), and more rarely the belly, white, shading into grayish, the under tail-coverts, sides, and flanks (usually belly also) uniform slate-gray. Length 20.00-23.00, wing 11.55-12.85 (12.25), longest tail-feathers 10.50-14.50 (12.89), culmen 1.10-1.30 (1.19), tarsus 1.50-1.80 (1.66), middle too 1.08-1.30 (1.20). Eggs 2.16 X 1.54. Hab. Northern parts of northern hemisphere, breeding in Arctic regions; south, in winter, to northern United States. 38. S. longicaudus Yieill. Long-tailed Jaeger. Family LARID.^. — The Gulls and Terns. (Page 20.) Genera. Depth of bill decidedly greater at the angle than at the nostril ; terminal por- tion of oiilmen decidedly curved ; angle of lower mandible always distinct, often very prominent ; tail usually even, but sometimes slightly oniarginato (Bissa), deeply emarginate or forked (JCema), or graduated (Rhodostethia). Size extremely variable (wing 8.75-20.00). (Subfamily Larince.) b^. Tarsus roughened or serrate behind. Tail even ; tarsus shorter than middle toe, with claw ; hind toe perfectly developed, but jmall ; size medium (wing about 13.25) ; color entirely white, the young scantily spotted with dusky Gavia. (Page 24.) t'. Tarsus not roughened or serrate behind. c^. Hind toe rudimentary or altogether absent. Tail slightly emarginate; tarsus shorter than middle toe, without claw ; size medium (wing about 12.00-13.00) ; adult white, with bluish gray mantle ;* young, similar to adult, but hind neck with a blackish patch, and lesser wing-coverts sometimes (in one spe- cies) also with a black patch Rissa. (Page 24.) c'. Hind toe perfectly developed, though small. d^ Culmen decidedly more than two-thirds as long as tarsus. e*. Tail even ; size, color, and all other characters extremely vari- able Larus. (Pago 25.) e*. Tail deeply emarginate or forked Xema. (Page 37.) cZ*. Culmen decidedly less than two-thirds as long as tarsus. Tail graduated, the lateral feathers 75-1.25 shorter than the middle pair Rhodostethia. (Page 37.) Depth of bill at angle less than at middle of nostrils ; terminal portion of culmen straight, or but slightly curved, the bill being nari'ow and pointed ; angle of lower mandible seldom prominent ; tail mors or less forked (except in Anous). Size extremely variable (wing 6.50-17.50). (Subfamily Sternince.) 1 This is a special term used, chiefly in descriptions of birds of this family, to designate the back, scapu- lars, and wings, when together colored differently from th«5 hsad, neck, rump, tail, and lower parts. ,!'!,' 24 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 6*. Tail more or less forked, the outer feather longest. &. Tail much more than one-third as long as wing, usually (except in suh- genus Thalassetis) forked for more than one-fifth its total length, the outer feathers narrow and pointed at tips ; webs of feet occu- pying more than half the interdigital space, d*. Depth of bill at base equal to one-third the length of the exposed culmen ; gonys shorter than outer toe, without claw. Gelochelidon. (Page 38.) Lanu bitrrovianu$ RiDGW., Auk, ili. July, 1880, 330, LARVS. 27 and •If p. "Wing 17.00, or less ; culraen 1.90, or less. Adult : Exactly like L. leucopterus, except in the coloration oi" the pri- maries; length about 23.00-24.00, wing 16.00-17.00, culmen 1.60-1.90, depth of bill through angle .55-66, tarsus 2.10-2.40, middle toe (with claw) 2.15-2.30. ffiib. Western coasts of North Atlantic, from Cum- berland Gulf south, in winter, to New York. 45. L. kumlieni Brewst. Eumlien's GnlL /'. Wing 13.25, culmen 2.35. Adult : In plumage exactlj' like L. kumlieni ; depth of bill through angle .80, tarsus 3.05, middle toe (without claw) 2.40. Hah. Norton Sound, Alaska 46. L. nelsoni Hensh. Nelson's Qall. e*. Second quill deep ash-gray, either to the extreme tip, or else with very small white tip and small white spaces some distance from the tip, on one or both webs. Adult: Mantle pearl-gray, darker than in anj* of the pre- ceding. In winter, head and neck clouded (not streaked) with sooty gray. Young : Prevailing color deep ash- gray, nearly uniform, and inclining to plumbeous, be- low, but above relieved by a coarse irregular spotting of grayish white or pale dull buff, the head and neck indistinctly streaked with the same. Immature (second year?): Similar, but mantle mixed with pearl-gray, and lower parts with whitish. Length 23.70-2. 75, wing 16.25-17.30, culmen 2.20-2.60, depth of bill through angle .80-.90, tarsus 2.35-2.90, middle toe (without claw) 2.05-2.45. Eggs 2.88-2.03. Ifab. Coasts of the North Pacific and Bering's Sea, from Japan northward, across through Aleutian chain, and south, in winter, to California. 44. L. glaucescens Naum. Olanoons-winged Onll, (/'. Darker spaces on primaries black. c\ Shafts of primaries, in black subtcrminal spaces, white. Adult : Mantle dark slate, the primaries mostly black, with white tips and spots near end ; rest of plumage pure white. In vnnter, top of head and hind-nock streaked with (hisky. Young : Above dusky, the feath- ers bordered with pale huffy ; quills blackish, with narrow whitish tips; tail dusky, crossed by a narrow subterminal band of grayish, or brownish, white ; head, neck, and lower parts white, the top of head and hind-neck streaked, the lower parts clouded or irregu- larly spotted with grayish brown. Downy young: Grayish w'ntc, the upper parts marbled or irregu- larly spotted with dull grayish ; head with numerous 1^ 28 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. irregular spots of blackish, the principal of which are two on the crown (one behind the other), four across the occiput, about thi'ce (small ones) on lores, the rest irregulai'ly distributed. Length 28.00-31.00, wing 17.60-19.50, culmen 2.40-2.60, depth of bill through angle .98-1.05, tarsus 2.70-3.10, middle too 2.10-2.50. Eggs 3.05 X 2.12, the ground-color averaging deeper brownish and the spots larger than in L. glaucus. Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic ; in America, south, in winter, to Long Island. 47. L. marinus Linn. Oreat Black-backed Gull. c'. Shafts of primaries black, except within the white spaces. p. Two outer primaries without distinct gray " wedges" on inner webs. g^ A.nglo of lower mandible very prominent, the depth •' the bill through the angle being decidedly ater than at base ; middle toe, with claw, as i',!.g as tarsus. Summer adult : Mantle deep plum- beous. Winter adult : Top of head and hind-neck streaked with dusky; otherwise as in summer. Young : Above brownish slate, irregularly varied with grayish white ; quills and tail-feathers uni- form dull black, narrowlj'' tipped with white ; lower parts brownish gray, '^louded or irregidarly spotted with grayish white, the breast and belly nearlj- uniform grayish. Doicny young : Grayish buffy white, the head with distinct black blotches of indefinite arrangement ; upper parts clouded or irregularly blotched with brownish dusky ; lower parts, except throat, immaculate. Length 24.00- 27.00, wing 15.75-17.00, culmen 2.00-2.35, depth of bill at angle .85-.95, tarsus 2.45-2.65, middle toe (without claw) 2.00-2.45. Uggs 2.S7 X ^M. Hab. Pacifio coast of United States, south to Cape St. Lucas... 49. L. occidentalis AuD. Western Gull. g*. Angle of lower mandible not very prominent, the depth of the bill at angle being little if any greater than through base. In plumage not e8> .itially different from L. occidentalis, but feet yellow, instead of flosh- colored, in life ; wing 16.00-17.00, culmen 2.00-2.10, depth of bill through angle .60-.68, through base .G0-.72, tarsus 2.18-2.68, middle toe 1.65-1.95. Ifah. Northern Etiropo, south, in winter, to Africa. L. fuscuB Link. Lesser Black-backed Oull.' > Laru»/uicn» Linn., S. N. od. 10, i, 1758, T36. LARVS. 29 I ica. Bd Qull.> /'. Second primary with a distinct gx*ay wedge on inner web. g^. Depth of bill through angle contained less than four and a half times in the length of the tarsus ; lower mandible with a red subterminal spot. li}. Mantle deep plumbeous -gray, inclining to slate- color. i\ Culmon 2.22 or more ; depth of bill at base .75 or more; third quill with a distinct white "mirror" or large spot on inner web between the black and the gi\ay ; mantle nearly the same color as in L. occidentalis, but averaging a little darker ; rest of plumage (except primaries) pure white ; feet dull purplish flesh-color in life , length about 26.50, wing 16.75-18.00, culmon 2.15-2.35, depth of bill through angle .75-.90, at base .75-.82, tarsus 2.60- 2.75, middle toe (without claw) 2.08-2.40. ITab. Coast of northeastern Asia, from Japan (?) to Ivamtschatka and north- ward to Arctic Ocean north of Bering's Strait 48. L. schistisagus Stejn. Slaty-backed Qull. i*. Culmen 2.15 or less; depth of bill at angle .65; third quill without white spot on inner web between black and gray ; mantle same color as in L, occidentalis, but apparently averaging a little paler; rest of plumage (except primaries) pure white ; feet yellow in life ; length about 20.00, wing 16.50-17.25, culmen 2.00-2.15, depth of bill at angle .02-.65, at base .05- .70, tarsus 2.60-2.72, middle toe 1.78-2.10.' Hab, Northern Asia ; accidental in south- ern Greenland. 50. L. affinis Eginii. Siberian Ooll. A". Mantle light plumbeous-gray, or lighter, i*. Bill without black spots in adult. /. Mantle plumbeous-gray, or very deep pearl-gray ; eyelids (in life) orange- red, and feet yellow ; otherwise ex- actly like argentatus and smithso- nianus, with the markings of the ' T'ao gpeoimens moMured are all females. Males would Bomowlmt exceed these dimensions. nnnwninT ir'TT-'"" " • ^ "'"' 30 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. primaries averaging intermediate ; length about 26.00, wing 15.15-18.30, culmen 1.90-2.20, depth of bill through angle .60-.80, tarsus 2.15- 2.20, middle too (without claw) 1.60- 2.15. JIab. Southern Europe and central Asia, from the Mediterranean to Bering's, China, and Japan Seas, and down the North American coast to California, in winter 52. L. cachinnans Fall. Pallas's OnlL j'. Mantle delicate pearl-gray, decidedly paler than in L. cachinnans ; eyelids (in life) yellow, and feet pale flesh- color. Young : Brownish gray, nearly uniform on lower parts, the head and neck streaked, and the upper parts irregularly varied with pale grayish buff or dull whitish ; quills, their coverts, and tail-feathers, dusky blackish ; bill blackish, paler basally. Doxcny young : Grayish white, the lower parts (except throat) immacu- late ; head marked with irregular spots of black ; back, wings, and rump clouded with dusky grayish. A*. W^>ite near end of outer quill usu- ally extending to extreme tip, without interruption by a sub- terminal black bar ; the latter, if present at all, usually very small and rarely continuous; length about 23.00, wing 15.75-17.90 (16.38), culmen 1.86-2.20 (2.07), depth of bill through angle .72- .80 (.77), tarsus 2.30-2.72 (2.50), middle toe 1.90-2.25 (2.07). Eggs 2.91 X 1-98. Hah. Europe, etc. ; casual in eastern North America ? 51. L. argentatus BrOnn. Herring Oull. A'. White near end of outer quill always separated from the white tip by a distinct subterminal bar or spot of black, this rarely less LARUS. 81 than .50 of an inch wide, and often extending to the extreme tip; length 22.50-26.00, wing 16.25-17.50 (17.24), culmen 1.95- 2.50 (2.24), depth of bill through angle .68-.85 (.79), tarsus 2.30- 2.80 (2.57), middle toe (without claw) 1.85-2.25 (2.10). Eggs 2.85 X 2.01. Hab. Whole of North America, south, in win- ter, to Cuba and Lower Califor- nia; breeding from Maine, etc., northward 51a. L. argen- tatus smithsonianus Coues. American Herring Gull. i'. Lower mandible with a black spot near end, the upper also sometimes with a black spot. Adult: Mantle deep plumbeous-gray, as in L. cachinnnns; bill yellow, with red spot near end of lower mandible, this enclosing, or adjacent to, a smaller black spot ; iris deep brown, and feet (in life) pale pea-green or sage-green. Young : Above coarsely spotted with brownish gray and pale grayish buff, or dull whitish, the quills and tail-feathers dull blackish ; head, neck, and lower parts mottled or clouded with grayish white or brownish graj'' ; bill dusky with black tip. Downy young : Grayish white, the head with irregular black spots, most numerous above ; upper parts clouded with duskj' grayish. Length 20.00-23.00, wing 15.00-16.75, culmen 1.65-2.15, depth of bill at angle .60- .75, tarsus 2.00-2.60, middle toe (with- out claw) 1.70-1.95. Eggs 2.61 X 1.80. Hah. Western Lorth America, chiefly in the interior, from Mexico to Alaska 53. L. californicus Lawr. California Onll. g^. Depth of bill through angle contained at least four and a half times in the length of the tarsus. 32 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. h}. Bill with a black band near tip. Adult : Mantle pale pcavl-gray (much as in L. argentatus) ; bill greenish yellow, crossed near end by a very distinct black band, the tip sometimes tinged with ox"ange ; iris pale yellow, eyelids vermil- ion-red J feet (in life) pale yellow, some- times tinged with greenish. Young : Above brownish dusky, the feathers broadly bordered and otherwise varied with palo grayish buff or dull whitish ; quills blackish, the shorter ones bluish gray basally and tipped with white ; tail with basal half (or more) palo grayish, the subterminal third (or more) blackish, the tip narrowly white; lower parts white, spotted along sides with grayish brown; bill blackish, paler toward base. Length 18.00-20.00, wing 13.60-15.75, cul- men 1.55-1.75, depth of bill at angle .50- .65, tarsus 1.90-2.45, middle toe (without claw) 1.30-1.60. £'r7<7s2.39xl-71. Hab. Whole of North America, breeding far noi'thward ; south, in wintei", to Cuba and Mexico 54. L. delawarensis Ord. Eing-billed Gull. A*. Bill without black in adult. /. Gray "wedge" on inner web of third quill never tipped with white, and not carried definitely farther than tip of sixth, usually not much beyond tip of seventh, quill. Adult : Mantle pearl-gray (about intermediate in shade between that of L. californicus and L. argentatus) ; rest of plumage, except quills, pure white. Young : Head and neck soiled whitish, striped with grayish brown ; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts dull grayish brown, margined with grayish white ; basal half of tail white, terminal half blackish or dusky, narrowly tipped with white ; lower parts dull white, spotted and otherwise marked with dull brown. Downy young : " Gov- 33 Young : striped ipulars, brown, ; baeal half tipped I white, ed with " Cov- ered all over with soft yellowish gray down, whiter in tint on the face, throat, and abdomen ; forehead blackish brown ; entire upper parts spotted here and there with large blackish spotb, one or two spots be- ing also on the throat, under parts generally unspotted, except that on the flanks there are some irregular black marks. It may be distin- guished from the young of other Gulls by a large black spot which touches the base of the upper man- dible, and which is never absent, though often varying in size." (Dresser.) Length 17.00-18.50, wing 14.00-14.60 (14.30), culmen 1.35-1.60 (1.45), depth of bill through angle .38-.50 (.44), tarsus 1.90-2.25 (2.02), middle toe 1.32-1.65 (1.43). Eggs 2.29 X 159. Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere ; ac- cidental in Labrador? 56. L. canus Linn. Mew OnlL Gray wedge on inner web of third quill always terminated with white, and this carried beyond tip of the sixth — often fiven beyond the tip of the fifth — quill; even the second quill often with a white spot at end of the gray "wedge" on inner web; plu- mage of adult otherwise as in Ii. canus, but black of primaries much more restricted. Nearly adult : Sim- ilar to the adult in every respect except coloration of the primaries, which have the dark spaces slaty or very dull blackish, instead of deep black, and more extended, the white tips of some of the quills wanting ; tail sometimes (in younger individu- als) more or less blotched with dusky at tip, and upper coverts sometimes (in still younger birds) faintly barred with grayish brown. Young : Above I' ' ii 34 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. grayish brown, the feathers bordered with pale grayish bujBfj rump and upper tail-coverts pale grayish buif or dull buffy white, marked more or less distinctly with irregular grayish brown spots ; basal half of tail ; :ray- ish white, or pale grayish, trans- versely mottled with darker, the terminal portion dusky grayish brown, forming a well-defined broad band, the extreme tip whitish ; head, neck, and lower parts nearly uniform light brownish gray. Older: Similar, but light borders to feathers of back, , etc., purer white ; basal half of tail uniform grayish white; lower parts ■white, the breast and sides spotted with light grayish brown; upper parts more or less tinged with the pearl -gray of the adult plumage. Length 16.50-18.00, wing 13.20-14.60 (13.93), culmen 1.25-1.70 (1.45), depth of bill through angle .40-.50 (.45), tarsus 1.70-2.10 (1.94), middle toe 1.30-1.55 (1.44). Eggs 2.29 X 1-61. Jfab. Northwestern North America, breeding far north ; south, in winter, along Pacific coast to southern Cali- fornia 55. L. brachyrhynchus Rich. Short-billed OnU. J'. Under wing-coverts entirely uniform brownish gray, like outer surface of wings; under parts, rump, etc., brownish gray, and tail black, at all seasons and ages. Summer adult : Head and upper neck white ; tail black, tipped with white; quills black; upper parts, uniform plumbeous-slate, the secondaries broadly tipped with white ; lower parts uniform deep ash-gray ; bill bright red in life. Winter adult : Similar, but head dusky (darker than body). Young: Sooty grayish brown, the feathers of the upper parts bordered with grayish white or pale buff. Immature (second year ?) : Entire plumage uniform sooty grayish brown, the tail and quills dusky. Length 17.50-21.00, wing 13.50, culmen 1.50. Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from British Columbia to Panama. 57. L. heermanni Cass. Heermann's Onll. a*. Head uniform black or dusky in summer. (Lower neck, entire under parts, LAJtUS. 35 trdered ip and shbuflf a ore or Trnyish il ,;ray- trans- er, the grayish i broad 1 ; head, uniform Similar, of back, f of tail er parts spotted ; upper vith the )lumage. 20-14.50 5), depth 50 (.45), idle toe X 1-61. \.merica, I winter, srn Cali- ynchus led OnU. rface of at all l»ed with (ate, the cm deep [lit head |wn, the or pale sooty kO-21.00, America, 'B OnU. br parts, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, uniform pure white, more or less rose- tinted in breeding season ; mantle some shade of gray.) 6*. Tarsus much longer than middle toe, with claw. Summer adult : Head sooty slate-color ; mantle plumbeous-slate ; five outer primaries entirely black, or sometimes with a small terminal spot of white; rest of quills plumbeous, tipped with white, the sixth sometimes with a subterminal black spot; bill and feet (in life) dark brownish red. Winter adult : Head and neck white, the oc- ciput and eai'-coverts spotted or mottled with brownish gray, the eyes more or less surrounded by the same ; otherwise as in summer. Young : Head, neck, breast, and sides nearly uniform brownish gray, dai'ker on occiput and hind-neck, tinged with buff beneath ; mantle grayish brown, the feathers broadly bordered with pale grayish buff; centre of rump light brownish gray ; rest of rump, with upper tail- coverts and posterior lower parts, white ; basal half of tail light gray, subterminal portion black, the tip narrowly white. Downy young : Above grayish fulvous, varying to umber-brown, the head Irregularly striped or spotted, the back, wings, and rump marbled, with dusky ; lower parts paler, the breast and belly more ochreous, the fore-neck, sides, flanks, and ventral region faintly mottled with darker. Length 15.00-17.00, wing 13.00, tail 5.00, culmen 1.V5, tarsus 2.00, middle toe, with claw, 1.50. Eggs 2.18 X 1-55. Hab. Atlantic coast of United States, south, in wintei', through West Indies and along both coasts of Middle America, and as far as the lower Ama- zon 58. L. atricilla Linn. Laughing OulL 6'. Tarsus not longer than middle toe, with claw. c'. Wing more than 10.00 ; culmen more than 1.00. d^. Bill brownish or reddish, its depth through the angle more than one-fourth the culmen. Summer adult : Bill bright red (in life), with more or less distinct darker subterminal band ; head deep plumbeous-black, with a white spot on each eyelid ; mantle deep plumbeous; quills bluish gray, the shafts white, all broadly tipped with white, and the five outer ones marked with a sub- terminal space of black; lower parts deeply tinted (In fresh specimens) with rose-pink, and middle tail-feather tinged Avith pearl-gray. Winter adult: Similar, but head white, the occi- put, region round eyes, and ear-coverts, grayish dusky ; bill and feet duller red. Young : Top and sli'-'S tf head (except forehead and lores), with back and scapulars, grayish brown, the longer scapulars bordered terminally with pale grayish buff; quills dusky (inner webs more plumbeous), tipped Avith white ; centre of rump bluish gray ; rest of rump, with upper tail-coverts, entire lower parts, forehead, lores, and eyelids, white. Length 13.50-15.00, wing 11.25, culmen 1.30, depth of bill at nostrils .35, tarsus .60, middle toe, with claw, 1.60. Eggs 2.11 X 1-53. Mab. I 36 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Interior of North America, breeding from Iowa northward ; in winter, south through Middle America and western South America, to Peru. 59. L. franklinii Sw. & Rich. Franklin's Gull, d*. Bill deep black, its depth through the angle less than one-fourth the length of the culmen. Summer adult : Head dark plumbeous ; mantle delicate pale pearl-gray ; three outer quills chiefly white, the outer web of the first and terminal portion of all, black ; rest of quills pale pearl-gray, tipped with white, the fifth and sixth marked with a subterminal black space; rest of '^'"mage pure white ; feet rich orange-red in life. Winter adu cad white, the occiput tinged with grayish, the ear-coverts marked with a dusky spot ; otherwise, as in summer, but feet (in life) pale flesh-color. Young : Sides of head and neck, with entire lower parts, upper tail-coverts, and basal two-thirds of tail, white ; top of head and upper back brownish gray ; a dusky spot on ear-coverts; scapulars and feathers of back grayish brown, tipped with pale buff; central lesser wing-coverts dusky brownish gray; rest of wing-coverts, greater part of inner primaries, with upper part of rump, bluish gray ; band across end of tail black or dusky, the tip narrowly white. Length about 12.00-14.00, wing 10.25, culmen 1.20, depth of bill at nostrils .25, tarsus 1.40, middle toe, with claw, 1.40. Eggs 1.95 X 134. Hab. Whole of North America, breeding fa north- ward ; in winter, not yet recorded from south of tl lited States, though reported from Bermudas, 60. L. Philadelphia Ord. Bonaparte's OqII. c*. Wing much less than 10.00; culmen less than 1.00. Summer adult : Head deep black ; mantle delicate pale pearl-gray, the quills similar, tipped with white and usually without black markings. Winter adult : Head white, the occiput tinged with gray, and cai'-coverts with a dusky spot ; otherwise as in sum- mer. Young : Forehead, lores, cheeks, entire lower parts, upper tail-coverts, and greater part of tail, white ; occiput, ear-coverts, and most of upper pa^ts sooty blackish, the feathers (except on head and neck) bordered terminally with pale buff. Length 10.40-11.50, wing 8.75-9.00, culmen .90, tarsus 1.00, middle toe (without claw) .90. Hab. Europe and parts of Asia and Africa ; accidental in Bermudas and eastern Arctic America ? Larus minutus^ Pall. Little Gull. '^I I Larut minutua Pall., Reis. Russ. Reichs, iii. App. No. 35, 1771, 702. XEMA. 37 svard ; South sOoU. fourtli bcous ; white, black ; th and "inago Lkid narked in Uto) I entire of tail, t dusky- grayish 9 dusky »f innev d across Length f bill at iJggS 1.95 noi'th- \ited te's GuU. arl-gray, ut black jed with in sum- ts, upper coverts, (except Length iddle toe Africa ; ,ittle Gull. Genus RHODOSTETHIA Macgillivray. (Pago 23, pi. VII., fig. 3.) Species. Summer adult : Mantle and under surface of wing uniform pale poail-gray, the secondaries and innermost quills very broadly tipped with pinkish white, and outer web of first quill chiefly black ; rest of plumage white, usually more or less (sometimes very strongly) tinged with delicate peach-blossom pink, the middle of the neck encircled by a narrow black collar. Winter adult : Similar, but black col- lar absent, a blackish spot immediately in front of eye, and top of head tinged with pearl-gray. Young, second summer f Similar to summer adult (including collar), but smaller wing-coverts, inner secondaries, primary-coverts, alulse, and adjacent small feathers, together with three outer quills, blackish, the inner web of the latter, how- ever, with marginal half pearl-gray ; remaining quills pearl-gray, becoming white on innermost quills, and all of them tipped with black ; third, fourth, and fifth tail- feathers bi'oadly tipped with black. Young : Back and scapulars heavily spotted or clouded with dusky or sooty blackish, this color prevailing on lower back, where the feathers have buflfy tips ; top of head and hind-neck also clouded with dusky ; middle tail-feathers with the end sooty black for about .85, the succeeding feathers on each side tipped with black in decreasing extent to the third, which has but a slight mottling of dusky at extreme tip ; wing-coverts dusky, or sooty, tipped with pale huffy ; two innermost quills pure Avhite, the rest parti-colored ; head, neck, and lower parts chiefly white, mai'ked anteriorly (except on chin and throat) with narrow bars of dusky. Length 11.50-14.00, wing 9.50-10.50, tail 4.00-5.50 (gradu- ated for .75-1.25), culmen .65-.75, tarsus 1.20-1.25, middle toe 1.00-1.05. Egg (single specimen) 1.90 X 1.30, in color like that of .X'ema sabinii {fide Seebohm, P. Z. S. 1886, 82). Hab. Arctic Ocean, south, in autumn or winter, to northern Alaska, Kamtschatka, Disco Bay, Faroes, Heligoland, and (accidentally) England. 61. R. rosea (Macoil.). Ross's Onll. Genus XEMA Leach. (Page 23, pi. IX., figs. 1, 2.) Species. Culmen much shorter than tarsus ; tail forked for not more than the length of the tarsus; wing not more than 11.25; legs and feet blact . (Subgenus -rTewirt.) Summer adult : Head and upper neck uniform plumbeous, bordered below by a black collar; mantle deep bluish gray; quills black, the five in- nermost ones varied with white and plumbeous; rest of plumage white; bill black, tipped with yellowish. Winter adult: Similar, but head and neck white, exce) t ear-coverts and back of head and neck, which are dull dusky plumbeous. Young : Mantle brownish gray, each feather darker eubtermi- nally, and margined at tip with pale fulvous or buffy ; tail white, with a broad black band near end, this again nan-owly tipped with white ; upper tail- coverts and entire lower parts white. Downy young (fide Middendobff) : 38 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Upper parts rusty yellow, spotted with black; lower parts whitish gray. Length 13.00-14.00, wing 10.10-11.15, tail 4.50-5.00 (forked for about .60- 1.00), culmen 1.00, tarsus 1.25, middle toe, with claw, about 1.25. Eggs 2-5, 1.78 X 1-26, ovate, or short-ovate, deep olive (varying in intensity, however), rather indistinctly spotted or blotched with brown. Hab. Arctic regions; in North America south, in winter, to New York, the Great Lakes, and Great Salt Lake (casually to Bermudas and Peru). 62. X. sabinii (Sab.). Sabine's GnlL a*. Culmen nearly as long as tarsus ; tail forked for at least one and a half times the length of the tarsus ; wing about 16.00 ; legs and feet rea. (Subgenus Creagrus Bonap.). Summer adult : Head and upper part of neck sooty slate, with a whitish patch at base of bill ; mantle pearl-gray, the wing-coverts and outer webs of scapulars whitish ; quills black, the shorter ones tipped with white; rest of plumage white; bill black, with yellowish tip; legs and feet bright red. Young : Plumage generally, including head and neck, white ; hind-neck, back, and scapulars, ashy brown, the tips of the feathers maigined with white; tail-feathers (except outermost) with a black subter- minal spot ; a dusky space immediately in front of eye, and another on ear- coverts. Length about 23.00, wing 16.00, tail 8.00 (forked for about 3.30), culmen 1.85, tarsus 1.90, middle toe, with claw, 2.00. Hab. Pacific coast of South America; Monterey, California? — , X. fur cata (Neb.\ Swallow-tailed Gull. Genus GELOCHELIDON Brehm. (Page 24, pi. IX., fig. 4.) Species. Summer adult : Top of head and hind-neck deep black ; upper parts pale pearl- gray, rest of plumage pure white ; bill deep black, foet blackish. Winter adult : Similar, but head and neck white, the hind-neck tinged with grayish, the ear- coverts and spot in front of eye darker grayish. Young : Similar to winter adult, but upper parts washed with bufT or day-color, the top of head, hind-neck, back, and scapulars sometimes streaked with dusky. Doivny young : Above light gray- ish buff, with seroral largo and tolerably well defined dusky spots on hinder half of head, a distinct dusky stripe down each side of hind-neck and upper back, the wings, rump and flanks with rather dirtinct largo spots of dusky; lower parts white, tinged with grayish on sides of throat ; bill brownish, inclining to orange (in life) on lower mandible ; feet dull brownish orange (in life). Length 13.00-15.25, wing n.75-12.2^, tail 5.50 (forked for 1.50-1.75), culmen 1.40, depth of bill at base .45. Kest along sea-beach, in sand or shingle. Eggs 1.84 X 1-33, ovate, light huffy, varying to pale olivc-buify, distinctly spotted and blotched with deep brown and lavender-grayish. Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan ; in America, Atlantic side, from Brazil iiorth to Long Island, casually to Massachusetts; very rare inland; both coastb of southern Mexico and Central America in winter. 63. G. nilotica (Habsblq.). Onll-billed Tern. STERNA. 39 Genus STERNA Linn^cs. (Page 24, pi. X., figs. 1-3 ; pi. XI., figs. 1, 2.) ^ecies. Wing more than 9.00. b\ Wing more than 12.00. c^. Tail much less than half as long as wing, forked for less than one-fifth its total length ; feathers of occiput shoi't, blended ; depth of bill at base equal to nearly one-third the exposed culmen ; inner webs of quills entirely gray, or slaty. (Subgenus Thalasseus Kaup.) Adult in spring : Above pale pearl-gray, becoming white on tail, and more silvery gray on quills ; whole top of head, and nape, uniform glossy black ; rest ot plumage pure white ; bill coral- red (drying orange-red) with dusky tinge near tip ; feet black. Adult immediatehj after pairing season : Similar to spring plu- mage, but black on top of head mixed with white. Winter adult: Similar to summer adult, but black of crown, etc., streaked, instead of speckled or flecked, with grayish white. Young : Above pale grayish, marked with a few roundish and more or less hastate spots of dusky, largest on tortials ; top of head grayish white, the crown flocked with black, this color increasing in extent posteriori^'-, until nearly uniform on occi- put ; tail-feathers marked with a dusky subterminal spot ; rest of plumage white ; bill dull orange-reddish. Doxcny young : Above grayish white, the down of the head dusky gray beneath the surface; back and rump finely and indistinctly mottled with grayish ; throo and fore-neck uniform pule grayish, rest of lower parts white. Length 19.00-22.50, wing 15.00-17.40, tail 5.30-6.75 (forked for about .75-1.60), culmen 2.48-3.10, depth of bill through base .73-.95, tarsus 1.60-1.90, middle toe 1.15-1.40. Nest (usually solitary) a depression in sand near sea-sliore. Eggs 2-3, 2 66 X 1-77, ovate or elliptical-ovate, pale grayish bufl', varying to olive-buflf or dull whitish buflf, more or less spotted with brown and stone-gray or lavender-gray. Hah. North America in general, but rare on Pacific coast ; breeding in isolated and widely separated localities throughout its range. (Also occurs in various portions of eastern hemisphere, includ- ing Australia.) 64. S. tschegrava Lefech. Caspian Tern. c*. Tail more than half as long as wing, forked for at least half its total length ; feathers of occiput lengthened, lanceolate, forming a dis- tinct crest ; depth of bill at base much less than one-third the length of the exposed culmen ; inner webs of quills with inner margin ab- ruptly and broadly white. (Subgenus Actockelidon Kaup.) . d'. Bill deep orange, or orange-rod. e*. Depth of bill at base more than one-fourth the length of the exposed culmen. Adult in spring : Above pale pearl-gray, 40 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. I) It ill! l: a. h f paler (nearly white) on upper tail-coverts and tail ; whole top of head, including occipital crest, glossy black ; rest of plumage pure white ; bill deep orange, feet blackish. Adult just after pairing season : Similar, but forehead and forepart of crown white, only the occipital crest and hinder part of crown being uniform black. Winter plumage : Similar to summer plumage, but black of occiput also mixed more or less with white, and bill paler orange. Young : Somewhat like winter adult, but upper parts sparsely spotted with dusky brown, these spots largest on tertials ; tail-feathers brownish or dusky near tips ; top of head speckled white and dusky, the occipital crest br'^ slightly developed ; bill dull orange. Length 18.00-21. uO, wing 14.00-15.00, tail 6.00-8.00, forked for about half its tot."' ' ngth; culmen 2.40-2.75, depth of bill at base .65-.75, arsus 1.35-1.45. Nest (usually many together) a depression in sand, near sea-shore. Eggs 1-3 or 4, 2.61 X 1-78, ovate, elongate- ovate, or subacute-ovate, buffy, cream-color, or whitish, handsomely spotted (sometimes lined) with dark bi-own or black, these markings usually suffused exteriorly with light brown and purplish gray. Hab. Coasts and larger inland waters of United States, and southward, breeding north to about 40° 65. S. maxima Bodd. Royal Tern. c*. Depth of bill at base less than one-fourth (about one-fifth) the length of the exposed culmen ; plumage same as that of S. maxima, but lower parts very deeply tinged with rose-, or peach-blossom, pink, and occipital crest more developed; length about 16.00-17.00, wing 12.40-12.50, tail 6.60-7.30, forked for about 2.60-3.50 ; culmen 2.26-2.55, depth of bill through base .45-.50, tarsus 1.05-1.25. Eggs 2.15 X 1-45, ovate, creamy white, boldly spotted (chiefly round larger end) with black and various shades of rich warm brown. Hab. Pacific coast of Middle America, north to San J'ran- cisco, California 66. S. elcgans Gamb. Elegant Tern. d*. Bill deep black, usually with yellowish or whitish tip ; plumage the same as in ^Sf. maxima and S. elegans, but usually less pinkish beneath than the latter ; length 14.00-16.00, wing about 12.50, tail 6.00 (forked for about 2.35), culmen 2.25, depth of bill at base .48, tarsus 1.00. Nest a depression in sand by sea-shore. Eggs 1.99 X 1-38) ovate, white, huffy, or rich cream -color, handsomely but variously marked (often with zigzag liros) with diff^orent shades of rich brown, black, etc. Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States, north to southern New England; south, in winter, to West Indies and Middle America (both coasts). 67. S. sandvicensis acuflavidus (Cabot). Cabot'i Tern. STERNA. 41 Wing less than 12.00 ; occipital feathers short and blended, c*. Mantle bluish gray, the tail chiefly white ; inner webs of quills largely white. (Subgenus Sterna.) dK Top of head without any black at any season. Adult in summer: Head, axillars, lining of wing, and tail- coverts, white, the first with a dusky stripe along each side, entirely surrounding eye, and extending back over car-coverts ; rest of plumage pale pearl-gray, the quills inclining to silvery white ; bill black in middle portion, the base and tip yellowish. Winter plumage : Similar, but lower parts white ; bill dusky, tipped with yellowish. Length 15.00-16.00, wing 9.70-10.60, tail 4.60-6.00 (forked for about 1.60-2.60), culmen 1.50-1.70, tarsus .92-.96. Hab. Atlantic coast of South America ; casual on Atlantic coast of United States (New Jersey). 68. S. trudeaui Aud. Trndeau's Tern. fP. Top of head chiefly or entirely uniform black in summer, e'. Top of head entirely black in summer. /'. Only one web of outer tail-feather entirely white. g^. Inner web of outer tail-feather grayish or dusky toward end, the outer web entirely white. Sum- mer adult: Above pale pearl-gray, lower parts pure white ; entire top of head and nape uniform deep black ; bill (in life) dull orange, dusky at tip , feet fine orange-red. Winter plumage: Similar, but Whole top of head white, tinged on occiput and nape with grayish, the side of the head with a dusky stripe surrounding eyes aud extending across ear-coverts ; tail shorter and less deeply forked than in summer, the exterior feathers broader and less elongated ; bill duller orange, and feet much less intense red ; bill dusky or dull brownish orange, darker at tip. Young : Similar to winter plumage, but top of head, hind-neck, back, scapulars, tertials, and wing-coverts over- laid by a wash of umber-brown, nearly uniform on back and crown ; sides of head tinged with same ; tail-feathers all distinctly dusky terminally, especi- ally on inner webs. Downy young : Light brown- ish buff', the breast and belly whitish ; upper parts coarsely and irregularly marbled with black, the sides of the head with a few scattorcd small mark- ings of the same. Length about 14.00-15.00, wing 9.50-10.30, tail 6.00-7.70 (forked for 2.30-5.00), culmen 1.50-1.66, tarsus .90-1.00. Neat of dead e w 42 IP 190RTH AMERICAN BIRDS. grasses, etc., in marshes (fresh- or salt-water), often upon " windrows" of sea- weed. Eggs 1.78 X 1-23, ovate or short-ovate, varying from olive-buff to olive-brown, coarsely spotted or blotched with dark brown or blackish. Hab. Temperate North America, north to Manitoba, south, in winter, to Brazil. 69. S. forsteri Nutt. Forster's Tern. g*. Inner web of outer tail-feather entirely white, the outer web dusky, in abrupt contrast. h}. Summer adult : Lower parts pale lavender-gray, or grayish white ; whole top of head and nape deep black ; rest of upper parts deep pearl- gray, the rump, upper tail-coverts, and greater part of tail pure white ; bill bright vermilion- red, blackish at tip ; feet (in life) rich orange- vermilion. Winter adult: Similar, but fore- head, crown, and anterior part of lores white, mixed with black on crown ; entire lower parts pure white ; bill and feet less intensely red. Young : Orbital region, occiput, and nape, dull black; crown mixed blackish and grayish white ; foi'ehead, lores, entire lower parts, upper tail-coverts, inner webs of rectri- ces, and tips of secondaries, white; rest of upper' parts pale pearl-gray, the scapulars, interscapulars, and tertials, tipped with pale buff, and marked with a subterminal cres- centic spot, or lunule, of dusky brown ; an- terior lesser wing-coverts duskj'-, forming a distinct bar across wing ; bill brownish dusky, the base of mandible paler and more reddish ; feet pale reddish. Downy young : Above pale fulvous or grayish buff (the precise shade very variable) coarsely and irregularly mar- bled with dusky, except on forehead ; lower parts white, more or less tingod with buff or pale fulvous on sides and flanks, the throat and cheeks distinctly dusky, or grayish. Length 13.00-16.00, wing 9.75-11.76, tail 5.00- 7.00 (forked for 3.50, more or less), culmen 1.25-1.50, depth of bill at base about .33, tar- sus .66-.85. Nest usually a depression in sand or gravel near sea-shore. Eggs 2-4, 1.67 X 117, averaging a little paler in ground- STERNA. 43 color and less heavily blotched than those of S. forsteri. Hab. Eastern temperate North Amer- ica, and various parts of eastern hemisphere. 70. S. hirundo Linn. Common Tern. h*. Summer adult : Lower parts deep lavendei'-gray, changing to white only on lower tail-coverts and on sides of head adjacent to the black cap ; upper parts deep pearl-gray, the tips of secondaries, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail pure white, in marked contrast ; bill rich car- mine, usually without distinct blackish tip; feet intense carmine. Winter adult ; Similar, but lower parts white (sometimes tinged with grayish), and forehead, crown, and fore part of lores white, the crown streaked or mixed with black. Young : Orbital region, occiput, and hind part of crown dull black ; forehead, anterior part of lores, and crown white, the latter stained with brown and mixed Avith Mackish ; feathers of dorsal region and wings tipped with pale buff and marked with a sub- terminal crescent or lunule of brownish dusky, these markings larger on tertials and longer scapulars, and smaller on back ; lower rump, upper tail-coverts, and entire lower parts, white, the chin, throat, and sides of jugulum and breast, icained with pale dull brownish; basal half of bill dull orange-red, terminal portion blackish ; feet light reddish. Downy young : Similar to that of 8. hirundo, but usually darker colored. Length 14.00-17.00, wir.g 10.00-10.75, tail 6.60-8.50 (forked for 4.00-5.00), culmen 1.08-1.40, depth of bill through base 30, tarsus .56-.65, middle toe, with claw, .80-.85. Eggs 1.62 X 115, not distinguishable with certainty from those of S. hirundo, but usually with darker ground- color and heavier spotting, ffab. Circum- polar regions, south, in winter, to Middle States and California; on Atlantic coast breeding south to Massachusetts. 71. S. paradissea Biit)NN. Arctic Tern. g*. Both webs of outer tail-feathers entirely white. Summer adult : Above delicate pale pearl-gray, fading into silvery white on upper tail-coverts I 44 hi NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. and tail ; lower parts exquisitely delicate pale peach-blossom pink, fading into pure white in dried skins ; entire top of head, with nape, uni- form deep black ; bill black, tinged at base (in life) with reddish ; feet bright red in life. Winter adult : Similar, but forehead and anterior part of crown white, the latter tinged with grayish and indistinctly streaked with blackish. Young : Pileum and nape pale buffy grayish, finelj'^ mottled or sprinkled with darker, and streaked, especially on crown, with dusky ; or- bital and auricular regions dusky blackish; remainder of head, and entire lower parts, white, the nape and sometimes side of breast finely mottled with buffy gray; pale pearl-gray of back and scapulars overlaid by pale buff, irregu- larly mottled with dusky, each feather with a Bubmarginal dusky U-shaped mark ; bill brown- ish duskjj^; feet duskj^ (in dried skins). Length 14.00-17.00, Aving 9.25-9.75, tail 7.25-7.75 (forked for 3.50-4.50), culmen 1.50, depth of bill at base .35, tarsus .85, middle too .75. Eggs 2-4, 1.66 X 1.21, similar to those of S. paradiscca, but ground- color averaging lighter and markings smaller. Hab. Atlantic coast of United States; West Indies, and various parts of Old World. 72. S. dougalli Montaq. Roseate Tern. e*. Top of head black, with a broad white patch on forehead, ex- tending backward on each side of crown to above eyes ; a black stripe across lores. Summer adult: Above deep plumbeous-gray, beneath paler, more lavender-gray ; tips of secondaries, upper and lower tail-coverts, tail, sides of head, chin, under wing coverts and axillars pure white; bill and feet entirely deep black. Winter ad idt, unknown. Young: Forehead, lores, crown, and entire nape, smoky gray- ish brown, deepening on occiput into dark sootj', this color extending laterally nearly or quite to eye; the smoke-color of nape extending laterally over side of neck and breast, or sometimes oven tingeing the jugu- lum and fore-neck ; back, scapulars, inner wing-coverts, and tertials dull slate-blackish, broadly and sharply bordered terminally with yellowish ochraceous ; upper rump dark brownish slate, feathers narrowly tipped with pale fulvous, this pi-eceded by a dusky subter- STERNA. 45 uni- upper under »d feet Young : ty, this •0 ; the side of le jugu- covcrts, sharply upper tipped subter- minal bar; lower rump and upper tail-coverts plum- beous-gray, the longer feathers tipped with buff; reo- trices pale bluish gray, the feathers becoming dusky subterminally ; lower parts, except as described, white ; maxilla dusky, mandible light reddish (brownish in dried skins), the terminal third or fourth dusky ; legs and feet light reddish. Length 13.25-15.00, wing 9.75-10.75, tail 6.50-7.00 (forked for 2.40-3.75), culmen 1.25-1.40, depth of bill at base .38, tarsus, .60-.75, middle toe .80-.85. Eggs 1.69 X 112, similar to those of S. paradiscea, but averaging rather deeper in ground- color, with larger markings. Hab. Eastern Aleutian Islands and northward along coast to or beyond Norton Sound. 73. S. aleutica Baird. Aleutian Tern. Mantle and six to ten middle tail-feathers slaty or blackish ; inner webs of quills entirely dusky. (Subgenus Haliplana "VVaqler.) d}. Adult: Upper parts, including hind-neck, continuously uniform sooty black, the outer pair of tail-featiiers chiefly white ; fore- head, sides of head, and entire lower parts white, sometimes faintly tinged with bluish gray posteriorly ; bill and feet deep black. Young: Entirely dark sooty brown, more grayish on lower parts, the anal region and under wing-coverts white ; scapulars and wing-coverts narrowly but distinctly tipped with white. Downy young : " Head, neck, throat, and entire upper parts, dark gray with a silvery tinge, closely dotted with gray- ish white ; rest of under parts white." (Dresser.) Length 15.00-17.00, wing 12.00, tail 7.00-7.50 (forked for about 3.00- 3.60), culmen 1.80, tarsus 1.00. Eggs (deposited on rocks or ground, usually without nest) 2.02 X 1-40, white, creamy white, or cream-color spotted with rich chestnut, usually mixed with fainter spots of purplish gray. Hab. Tropical and subtropical sea-coasts of both hemispheres ; in North America, north to the Carolinas and western Mexico, casually to New England. 75. S. fuliginosa Gmel. Sooty Tern. d}. Adult : Lower hind-neck and upper back grayish white, deepening into brownish slate on wings, etc., and deep black on top of head ; forehead, sides of head, and entire lower parts pure white; two outer pairs of tail-feathei's white; bill and feet black. Young : Entire lower pai*ts, with cheeks, forehead, and sides of crown, white, as in adult ; nape, occiput, and middle of ci'own brownish dusky; the last streaked with grayish white ; upper parts grayish brown ; the scapulars, interscapu- lars, and tertials margined terminally with gi*ayish white. Length about 14.00-15.00, wing 10.50, tail 6.00-7.00, culmen 46 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 1.40-1.60, depth of bill at base .35-.40, tarsus .85. Hah. Tropi- cal eea-coasts in general ; accidental on Florida coast. 76. S. ansethetus Scop. Bridled Tern, a'. Wing less than 7.00. Tail about half as long as wing, forked for about half its length. (Subgenus Sternula Boie.) Summer adult : Above uniform pale pearl-gray ; lower parts, with forehead and stripe on each side of crown, back and above eyes, pure white ; stripe from bill to eye, with crown, occiput, and nape, uniform deep black ; bill bright yellow, usually with blackish tip ; feet bright orange- yellow (in life). Winter adult : Similar to summer plumage, but lores, forehead, and ci'own grayish white (pure white anteriorly) ; bill dull yellowish, or dusky ; feet pale yellow. Young : Somewhat like winter adult, but lesser wing-coverts chiefly dusky slate (forming distinct patch), scapulars and interscapulars with submarginal V- or U-ehaped marks of dusky, and quills darker. Downy young: Above grayish white, varying to delicate buff-yellow, sometimes immaculate, but usually finely mottled with dusky grayish, the head distinctly marked with irregular dots of blackish ; lower parts wholly immaculate white. Length 8.50- 9.75, wing 6.60, tail 3.50 (forked for about 1.75), culmen 1.20, tarsus .60. Nest a depression in shingly beach. Eggs 2-4, 1.28 X 0.91, white, buffy Avhite, or buff, spotted with brown and purplish gray. Hab. United States (rather southerly) south, in winter, through Middle America (both coasts) to northern coasts of South America. 74. S. antillarum Less. Least Tern. Genus HYDROCHELIDON Boie. Species (Page 24, pi. XII., fig. 2.) fl'. "Wing less than 9.00. Head wholly dusky or black in summer adult. 6^ Tail and upper coverts deep gray or plumbeous. Summer adult: Head, neck, and lower parts uniform black or plumbeous, the lower tail-covei'ts, however, white; upper parts uniform plum- beous. Winter adult : Head, neck, and lower parts white, the orbits and ear-coverts dusky ; above as in summer. Young : Similar to winter adult, but feathers of back, etc., tipped with dull brownish, anterior lesser wing-coverts dusky, and sides washed with plumbe- ous. Downy young : Above umber-brown, with a few coarse, irreg- ular mottlings of black ; forehead, crown, throat, and chest plain sooty brown ; side of head, including lores, dull whitish ; belly white centrally, sooty gray exteriorly. c\ Summer adult with lower parts (sometimes head also) plumbeous, little if any darker than upper surface. Hab. Europe, and parts of Asia nnd Africa. H. nigra (Linn.). Black Tern.i > Sterna nigra Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1768, 137. Hydrochelidon nigra Boie, IsU, 1822, 663. ANOUS. 47 c*. Summer adult with lower parts always black or very dark plumbeous, much darker than upper surface ; length 9.00-10.25, wing 8.25, tail 3.75 (forked for .90), culmen 1.10. Nest in marshes. Eggs 1.35 X 0.98, brownish buff or olive-buff, heavily spotted and blotched with dark brown. Hab. Temperate North America, south, in winter, to South America, as far as Brazil and Chili. 77. H. nigra suhnamensis (Gmel.). American Black Tern. b*. Tail and upper coverts white, sometimes tinged with gray. Summer adult: Head, neck, and lower parts black, the under tail- coverts white ; upper parts plumbeous, more silvery on wings, the anterior lesser coverts being white; legs and feet bright red (drying brownish). Young : " Posterior portion of the crown, a patch on the side of the head, and one on the hind-neck dark sooty gray, the feathers with lighter mai'gins, the patch on the hind-neck with brownish markings ; rest of the head, neck, and entire under parts pure white; back and scapulars blue-gray, broadly tipped with blackish gray ; wings as in the adult in winter, but the wing- coverts tipped with light reddish brown ; rump and upper tail- coverts white; tail light French gray, becoming darker towards the tip." (Dresser.) Doiony young: "Upper parts warm reddish buff, boldly marked with black on the crown, nape, back, wings, and rump ; under parts gi'ayish buff with a sooty tinge, marked with sooty gray on the upper throat ; space round the eye nearly white." (Dresser.) Length about 9.50, wing 7.60-& 20, tail 2.80- 3.25, culmen .90-.95. Nest in marshes. Eggs 1.36 X 0.99, essen- tially similar in coloration to those of H. nigra surinamensis. Hab. ^ Europe, etc. ; accidental (?) in North America (Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin). 78. H. leucoptera (Temm.). White- winged Black Tern. Wing more than 9.00. Head with a broad white stripe on each side, in summer adult. Summer adult : Top of head and hind-neck black ; broad stripe on side of head (from chin and corner of mouth to behind ear-coverts), lower tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts white ; rest of plumage uniform plum- beous. Hab. Europe, etc. ; accidental in West Indies. H. leucopareia (Natt.). Whiskered Tern.' b plain ; belly 8, little of Asia :k Tern.» Genus ANOUS Leach. (Pago 24, pi. XII., fig. 1.) S2)ec'es. Common Characters. — Plumage uniform sooty brownish, becoming hoary on forehead or top of head. Nest on trees or bushes around borders of oceanic islands, rather bulky, composed of sticks, etc. Egg single (usually, at least), huffy or buffy 1 Sterna leucopareia Natt., in Temm. Man. 1S20, 726. Hydrochelidon leucopareia Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. 1865, 406. 48 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. speckled or spotted, chiefly round larger end, with brown and whitish, sparsely purplish gray. a*. Lores dusky, in abrupt and marked contrast with the hoary of the forehead. 6*. Only the forehead distinctly whitish. Uniform sooty brown, becoming gradually grayer on neck, and pass- ing gradually through intermediate shades to white on forehead; quills nearly black. Youny (?) : Similar, but head uniform grayish brown, the frontlet hoary grayish. Length 13.00-16.35, wing 10.00- 10,50, tail 6.00, culmen 1.75, depth of bill at base .38. Hgg averaging 2.06 X 1-37. Hob. Intertropical seas generally, also coast of south- ern Atlantic and Gulf States 79. A. stolidus (Linn.). Noddy. b*. Whole top of head distinctly whitish. c*. White of crown changing gradually into ashy on hind-neck ; plumage of body, etc., sooty brown. Hab. Intertropical seas and coasts generally, including Gulf coast of Mexico. A. tnelanogenys Gray. Black-cheeked Noddy.* c*. White of crown abruptly defined against sooty brown of hind-neck ; plumage of body, etc., sooty black. Hab. Southwestern Pacific. A. leucocapillus Gould. White-crowned Noddy.* a}. Lores hoary whitish, like forehead. Hoary ash of occiput and hind-neck changing gradually into sooty brown on chin and throat, the cheeks being grayish. Hab. Indian Ocean. A. tenuirostris (Temm.). Slender-billed Noddy.* Family RYNCHOPIDiE.--THE Skimmers. (Pago 20.) Genera. (Characters same as given for the Family) Rynchops. (Page 48.) Genus RYNCHOPS Linnaeus. (Page 48, pi. VI., fig. 5.) Species. a*. Secondaries very broadly tipped with white ; tail white, only the middle pair of feathers grayish or dusky; under wing-coverts white. Summer adult: Forehead, sides of head, and entire lower parts, white ; upper parts, including hind-neck, top of head, and ear-coverts, black, the secondaries and inner pri- mai'ies broadly tipped with white ; tail white, the middle feathers chiefly grayish brown ; basal half of bill, with legs and feet, bright vermilion-red in life (changing to dull whitish in dried skins) ; terminal portion of bill 1 Anons tnelanogenys Gray, Gen. B. iii. 1840, fiCl, pi. 182. « Anout leucocapillui Goulp, P. Z. S. 1845, 103 ; Birds Austr. pt. vli. 1848, pi. 35. > Sterna tenuiroBtrii Tkuh., PI. Col. 202 (1838). Anous tenuirottriB Saunoers, P. Z. S. 1876, 670, pi. 61, fig. 1. RYNCHOPS. 49 a' black. Winter adult : Similar as to plumage, but the black more brownish, and interrupted by a white collar across hind-neck. Young: Above light buif, each feather with a central spot of black, these largest on scapulars ; lores and beneath eye uniform pale buff; lower parts white. Downy young : Above pale grayish buff, irregularly and sparsely mottled with blackish ; lower parts plain white. (Lower mandible not longer than upper in very young birds.) Length 17.00-20.00, wing 14.75-15.75, tail 5.50 (forked for about 1.20), culmen 2.20-2.80, lower mandible 2.90-4.10. Nest a depression in sand, near sea-shore. Eggs 2-5, 1.74 X 1-32, ovate, or short-ovate, white, buffy white, or pale buff, marked with largo bold spots of rich dark or deep brown, and smaller, fainter spots of purplish gray. Hab. Sea-coast of warmer parts of America ; on the Atlantic side, north, regularly, to New Jersey, casually to Nova Scotia 80. R. nigra Linn. Black Skimmer. Secondaries without white tips ; tail dusky, the feathers with paler edges ; under wing-coverts brownish gray ; otherwise similar to M. nigra, but averaging larger, with longer bill and wing especially. Hab. Coasts of South America (Peru ; Demerara, etc.). R. melanura Bois. Black-tailed Skimmer.' lii/nchopa melannrua " BoiB," Swains. Anim. in Mcnag. 1838, 340. so NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ii' Order TUBINARES. — The Tube-nosed Swim- mers. (Page 1.) Families. a'. Wings very long ; nostrils opening in anterior end of horizontal nasal tubes, i'. Nasal tubes widely separated by the intervening culmen ; size very largo (equal to a large goose or larger) ; wing very narrow, with very nu- merous (39-50) remiges Diomedeidse. (Pago 50.) h*. Nasal tubes united, and resting upon the basal portion of the culmen ; size and other characters extremely variable, but usually medium-sized or small, and remiges never more than 39 (usually 30, or less). Procellariidse. (Pago 53.) a*. Wings very short, and general appearance decidedly Auk-liko ; nostrils opening upwards, as parallel longitudinal slits, at very base of culmen. Halodromidae. (Extralimital.) Family DIOMEDEID.ffi.--THE Albatrosses. (Page 50.) Nest a mound-like heap of grasses, etc., with depressed top, built upon the ground in open situations, on oceanic islands. Egg single, ovate, or elliptical ovate, white, sometimes speckled or spi*inkled on larger end with reddish brown. Genera. (/'. Sides of lower mandible without longitudinal groove ; wing three or more times as long as the short, rounded tail. h^. Upper division of the bill much broadest at base, where joined closely to the lateral division Diomedea. (Page 50.) h*. Upper division of the bill narrow, and of equal width from the middle of the culmen to the base, where widely separated from the lateral division by the interposition of a strip of naked skin extending from the nasal tubes to the forehead Thalassogeron. (Page 52.) a'. Sides of lower mandible with a distinct longitudinal groove, extending the entire length of the lateral division ; wing only about twice as long as the gradu- ated or wedge-f.haped tail Phcebetria. (Vwgi "iS) a Genus DIOMEDEA LiNNiEus. (Page 50, pi. XIII. 2.) Species. ' Culmen very concave; feathers at base of upper mandible extending i an angle nearly or quite to the base of the nasal tube, those at the base of the lower mandible forming a still more decided angle. (Subgenus Diomedea!) DIOMEDEA. 51 Wing 26.60-29.00 inches ; total length, 44.00-55.00, extent, 125.00-130.00. Adult : "White, the remiges blackish. Young : Dusky, with fore part of the head whitish (older individuals with more white, according to age). Egg 4.95 X 3.15, white, minutely sprinkled over large end with brownish (adventitious stain in pores of shell ?). Hub. Southern seas in general, north, casually or very irregularly, to Florida (Tampa Bay) and coast of Washington Territory. — . D. exulans Linn. Wandering Albatross.* Culmen slightly concave, the bill more compressed ; feathers at base of maxilla extending in a nearly straight obliquely transverse line far back of the nasal tube, those at the base of the lower mandible also extending nearly straight across. b^. Lateral division of the bill naiTower at base than in the middle. (Sub- genus Phoebastria Eeich.') c\ Length 28.50-36.00, wing 18.50-20.50, culmen 4.00-4.25, depth of bill at base 1.45-1.60, tarsus 3.50-3.70, middle toe 4.05-4.40. Adult : Uni- form dusky, more grayish below, the tail-coverts, base of tail, and anterior portion of the head white ; bill dusky purplish brown ; feet black. Young : Similar to adult, but upper tail-coverts dusky, and white of head more restricted (sometimes almost obsolete). Hab. North Pacific; on the American side, from coast of California (very abundant) to Alaska. 81. D. nigripes Aud. Blaok-footed Albatross. c*. Length 33.00-37.00, wing k2 OG 23.00, culmen 5.50-5.60, depth of bill at base 1.95-2.05, tarsus 3.SO-4.00, middle toe 4.65-4.90. Adult: White, becoming straw-yellow on head and neok ; tail-feathers, remiges, etc, slaty brown, the primaries with yellow shafts. Young : Uniform sooty or dusky, the head and neck nearly black ; shafts of primaries straw-yellow ; bill and feet pale brownish. Hab. North Pacific ; on the American side occurring from California to Alaska, but chiefly northward. 82. D. albatrus Pall. Short-tailed Albatross. b*. Lateral division of bill broader at base than in middle. (Subgenus Thalas- sarche Eeich.') c^ Lower parts white ; upper parts plain dusky. d^ Under wing-coverts chiefly, or in large part, white. Adult (and young f) : Head, neck, rump, upper tail-coverts, and entire lower parts white, the sides of the head with a more or less distinct grayish stripe, darkest near the eye ; back and scapu- lars brownish slate, more ashy anteriorly, the wings plain dusky ; color of bill varying from pale yellowish in adult to dark horn-color in young; wing 19.50-20.50, tail 8.00-8.50, 1 Diomedea exulani Link., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 132. ' Phoebastria Bbicii., Syst. Av. 1852, p. v. Type, Diomedea brachytira Tehm., = D. albatru* Pall. • Thalaisarche Reich., Syst. Av. 1852, p. v. Type, Diomedea melanophryi Boie. 62 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. cnlmfen 4.50-4.60, tarsus 3.05-3.38, middle toe 3.90-4.32. Hah. Southern seas, especially South Pacific, casual off coast of Cali- fornia — . D. melanophrys BoiE. Spectacled Albatross.^ (P. Under wing-coverts uniform dark slaty or grayish brown. Similar in plumage to D. melanophnjs, except under wing-coverts, which aro uniform dusky instead of partly white; bill olive-brownish, the nails dusky ; wing 20.00, tail 9.00, culmen 5.00, depth of bill at base 1.75, tarsus 3.00, middle too (with claw) 4.75. Hab. (Unknown.) D. gilliana Coues. Gill's Albatross.* c*. Lower parts partly grayish bro\vn ; upper parts varied with duskj^ and white. Adult (f): Head and neck white, washed with yellow; belly grayish brown, freckled with white ; upper back and rump transvei'sely varied with dusky and white. Hab. Pacific coast of South America (Callao Bay, Peru). D. irrorata Salvim, Speckled Albatross.' Genus THALASSOGERON Eidgway. (Pago 50, pi. XIV., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult: Upper parts chiefly uniform dark brownish slate, more plumbeous on back, especially anteriorly ; rump and upper tail-coverts white ; tail grayish, the feathers with yellowish white shafts ; lower parts white ; head and neck sometimes white shaded with plumbeous on top of former and hinder part of latter, sometimes entirely light ash-gray, always with a darker space immediately in front of and behind eye, with a white spot on lower cj'elid. a'- Culmen 4.50 or less ; wing 21.00, or less ; bill blackish, with yellowish culmen. h^. Culmen continuing bi-oad and flat to the extreme base, which is broad and slightly rounded ; tarsus more than 3.00 ; lower mandible with a yellow- ish stripe along lower edge, from base nearly to the nail ; culmen pale yePowish or greenish ; length about 35.00-37.00, wing 17.75-21.00. tail 8.00-9.00, culmen 4.35-4.50, depth of bill at base 1.70-1.75, tarsus 3.25, middle toe (without claw) 4.30-4.35. Egg 4.18 X 2.C3. Hab. Southern oceans (except South Atlantic?), north, casually, to coast of Oregon. 83. T. culminatus (Gould). Tellow-nosed Albatroaa. 6'. Culmen much compressed, narrowing to an acute angle at extreme base ; tarsus less than 3.00; lower mandible without yellow along lower edge, ^Dinmrdea ntflnnnphn/o " DoiB," Temm. PI. Col. No. 4S6 (1838). GouLD, B. Auitr. pi. 43. B. B. & R. Water n. N. Am. ». 1884, 857. » Diomeden gilUnna CotiER, Proo. Ao. Nut. Sol. Phil. Mtty, 1806, 181. Typo in luuB. Philadoiplila Aoadouiy Natural Solonoos. (Pcwsibly youiiR of /). melnnnf.hryi.) » Diomedta irrorata Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1883, 430. PHCEBETRIA. 68 Hab. 3f Cali- tatroBS.^ Similar , Avhich )wni8b, spth of . Hab. batross.' sky and r; belly d rump ic coast ibatross.* L-) rownish l-coverts 9 white ; ner and er space culmen. oad and yoUow- ncn pale 1.00. tail 8UB 3.25, Jouthern gon. Jbatrosa. ne base ; iror odf^e, B. D. A R. la Aoudouiy but with a transverse bar of yellow (orange in life) across the base ; culmen orange-yellow in life ; wing about 19.00, tail 7.00, culmen 4.50, depth of bill at base 1.50, tarsus 2.75, middle toe (with claw) 4.25. Hab. Indian, Antarctic, and South Pacific Oceans. T. chlororhynchus (Gmel.). Qreen-billed Albatross.' fl'. Culmen 4.75 or more ; wing 22.00 ; bill light-cobred (pale grayish, with palo yellowish culmen and nails in life), with black lino across base of upper man- dible and yellow bar at base of lower. (" Clouded with dark gray" in young.) Culmen 4.75-4.90, depth of bill at base 1.90-2.00, tail 10.00, tarsus 3.25, middle too (with claw) 5.00. Hab. South coast of Van Diemon's Land. T. cautuB (Gould). Cautious Albatross.* Genus PHCEBETRIA Reichenbacii. (Pago 50, pi. XIV., fig. 2.) Species. Adult (?); Neck, back, and lower parts pale smoky gray; sides of head, chin, and throat deep spoty, nearly black around eyes ; eyelids whitish ; wings and tail dark sooty slate, tho shafts of primaries and tail-feathers yellowish toward base ; bill doop black, tho grooves whitish; feet palo reddish or yellowish. Yoxing{?): Entire head deep sooty blackish, fading gradually into deep smoky gray on lower parts, back, rump, and upper taii-covcrts ; wings and tail sooty slate, tho shafts of tho quills and tail-feathers yellowish white; eyelids conspicuously white, except anteriorly ; bill and feet as in supposed adult. Length 34.00-37.00, extent 78.00- 84.00, wing 20.00-21.50, tail 10.50-13.00, the outer feathers 3.00-5.50 shorter. Egg 3.96 X 2.63, white, minutely sprinkled with brown on larger end. Hab. South Pacific, north (casually ?) to coast of Oregon. 84. P. fuliginosa (Gmel.). Sooty Albatross. Family PROCELLARIIDiE.— The Petrels. (Pago 50.) Nest a hole among rocks (usually on face of cliffs). Egg single, white (unless adventitiously stained). Genera. rf*. Secondaries 13, or more. (Snbfsuiiil.y ProccUarh'no!.) fe'. Size very largo (wing 17.00 or more) ; tail-feathors 16 ; bill longer than tarsus Ossifraga. (Pago 67.) ft*. Size medium or small (wing 15.00 or less) ; tail-feathers 12-14 ; bill shorter than tarsus. c'. Wing more than 7.00. dK Culmen more than half as long as miiMlo too, with claw. c'. Inner side of edge of upper mandible without distinct fringe- like processes. > Dinmnifn chtnrorhl/nchn QmRu., S. N. 1. 17SS, 569. * Diomedta eaula Qovld, P. Z. S. vill. 1840, 177; D. Austr. pi. 40. ■ 54 ii NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. p. Bill cylindrical or compressed at base, where not broader than deep. g^. Partition between nostrils very thin (very much nar- rower than width of a single nostril), entirely within the nasal tubes. h^. Gonys very slightly or not at all concave, the tip not distinctly decurved ; nasal tubes decidedly longer than gonys... Fulmarus. (Page 57.) h*. Gonys very strongly concave, the tip distinctly de- curved ; nasal tubes not decidedly longer (usu- ally shorter) than gonys (except in Bulweria). i*. Depth of bill at shallowest part more than one-foui'th the length of the lower man- dible, measured along the side. /. Tail more or less graduated, and without white tip. A:^ Tail less than half as long as wing, and graduated for less than one- third its length ; cutting-edge of lower mandible decidedly con- cave ; nail of lower mandible oc- cupying at least one-third the total length of the mandible, measured along its side ; plu- mage and size very variable. ^strelata. (Page 63.) A'. Tail more than half as long as wing, and graduated for more than one-third its length ; cutting- edge of lower mandible straight, or very slightly concave ; nail of lower mandible occupying de- cidedly less than one-third the total length of the mandible, measured along its side ; color uniform dusky ; wing about 8.00. Bulweria. (Pago 69.) /. Tail slightly rounded, and with a distinct white tip. Cutting-edge of lower mandible straight, and nail of lower man- dible occupying less than one- third its total length, as in Bul- weria ; plumage bluish above, and on sides of chest, the lower PROCELARIID^. 55 andiblo 3r man- vn ono- in Bui- above, lower parts, forehead, tips of longer scapulars and of tail white; wing about 8.00 Halobcena} P. Depth of bill at shallowest part decidedly- less than one-fourth the length of the lower mandible, measured along its side ; plumage bluish gray above, becoming white on forehead and blackish on wings; beneath entirely white; wing about 9.00 Cookllaria} g\ Partition between nostrils very thick (as wide as or wider than nostril), ending anteriorly "flush" with, or but little behind, the anterior rim of the nasal tubes. h}. Space between nasal tubes and base of unguis not greater than length of the latter; nostrils not visible from above ; color uniform sooty black (browner below), with or without white mark- ings on head ; wing 13.50 or more.. Majaqueus.* A'. Space between nasal tubes and base of unguis decidedly greater than length of the latter ; nostrils partly (usually entirely) visible from above ; color and size very variable, but wing never more than 15.00 (usually much less). Puffinus. (Page 58.) /'. Bill flattened, broader than deep at base. Branches of lower mandible bowed widely apart, the space between mostly unfcathered ; plumage spotted white and dusky above, entirely white beneath. Daption. (Page 69.) e'. Inner side of edge of upper mandible with distinct fringe-like proccKses ; color bluish above, the tail tipped with black- ish ; beneath white ; wing about 7.00-7.50. /'. Culmen concave ; lateral outlines of bill straight. Pseudoprion.} p. Culmen straight ; lateral outlines of bill decidedly convex. Prion} (P. Culmen less than half as long as middle too, with claw; tail even ; hind claw very largo, equal in length to the nasal tubes, measured along the top ; color entirely pure white... Pagodroma* • Ilalohfenn " Is. OEOFPit. 183fl," Uohav. Coimp. ii. 1857, 193. Type, ProccUnrin cmrulea Umel. ' Ihokilnnn BoNAi'., Compt. Roml. xllii. 185rt, 904. Type, Proeellnria cookii OnAr. " Maj'nqueuii Rricr., Av. Sy»t. 1852, p. Iv. Type, Proeellnria Kquinoctinlit LlNW. • Pifudopn'fin Coueh, Pr. Ao. Nat. Scl, Phil. 18M, IM. Type, Prion Uirtur Qould. > Prion LAcferinr, M(n\. de I'lnnt. IHOO-lHfll, 514. Typo, Prnctllnrin riUata QUKL. • Payodroma BoSAr., Consp. II. 185fl, 192. Typo, Proeellnria nivea Ombl. mmmt 66 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. c*. "Wing less than 7.00. d}. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe, with claw ; tail much rounded, or slightly graduate d ; plumage wholly dusky. Halocyptena. (Page 69.) cP. Tarsus not longer than middle toe, with claw; tail emarginate, even, or at most only very slightly rounded. e*. Tail even, or very slightly rounded ; tarsus twice as long as the culmen ; color uniform dusky, with white upper tail- ^ coverts Procellaria. (Page 69.) e*. Tail emarginate or slightly forked; tarsus less than twice as long as the culmen ; color variable. Oceanodroma. (Page 70.) a*. Secondaries 10. (Subfamily Oceanitince.) 6'. Tarsus exceeding middle too, with claw, by less than the length of the bill (measured from forehead) ; basal division of middle toe shorter than rest of toe, including nail. c*. Culmen (from frontal feathers) less than half as long as middle toe, with claw. d}. Front of tarsus distinctly scutellate ; distance from tip of U\i\ to end of longest upper coverts shorter than middle too ; first quill shorter than third; lower parts white, forward to the chest; no white on upper parts Garrodia} d*. Front of tarsus not scutellate ; distance from tip of bill to end of longest upper coverts much greater than length of middle toe with claw ; lower parts dusky^ or striped with dusky ; upper tail-coverts white. e'. Claws narrow, pointed ; first quill much shoi'tor than third ; belly and flanks uniform dusky... Oceanites. (Page 71.) e*. Claws broad, flat, blunt ; first quill longer than third ; belly and flanks white striped Avith dusky Pcalea? c*. 0;ilmen (from frontal feathers) more than half as long as middle toe, with claw ; tarsus 2J times as long as culmen, appreciably scutel- late in front ; nails broad, flat, and blunt ; first quill much shorter than third Pelagodroma. (Page 72.) 6*. Tarsus exceeding middle toe by more than the length of the culmen; basal division of middle toe longer than rest of toe, including nail ; culmen (from frontal feathers) more than half as long as middle toe, with claw; tarsus 2} times as long as culmen, the anterior scutella) sometimes ap- preciable, sometimes obsolete ; nails excessively broad (nearly us broad as long), flat, triangular ; first quill decidedly shorter than third. Cymodroma. (Page 71.) ' Odiroiliit Fonnr.s, P. 7., S. 1881, 7M, Type, Pmccllnria nrreit OouLD. » Peateit Ridow., Auk, ill., July, 1888, .334. Typo, Thalauidroma lineata Pealb. FULMARVS. 67 Genus OSSIFRAGA Hombron & Jacquinot. Species. (Page 53, pi. XV, fig. 1.) Light phase: Head, neck, and lower parts white; upper parts dusky, the feathers (especially scapulars) sometimes tipped with paler; bill light yellowish. (Sometimes entirely white, relieved only by scattered brown feathers.) JDark phase : Uniform dark sooty brown, sometimes with whitish feathers round base of bill; bill olive-yellowish or grayish white; length, about 30.00-36.00, extent 72.00-84.00, wing 17.00-21.00, culmen 3.50^.00. Ifab. Southern seas, north on Pacific coast of America (casually) to coast of Oregon. 85. O. gigantea (Gmel.). Oiant Fulmar. Genus FULMARUS Leach. (Pago 54, pi. XVI., figs. 1, 2.) Species. I*. B.U short and stout, its greatest depth very nearly half the total length (meas- ured from frontal feathers) ; nasal tubes separated from the unguis by a very narrow space, measuring much less than half as much in length as the former; tail-feathers 14. (Subgenus Fulmarits.) b^. Nasal tubes distinctly dusky, the whole bill sometimes olive-brownish. c\ Light phase : Head, neck, and lower parts white ; upper parts bluish gray, the quills darker. Dark phase : Entirely smoky gray. Length 18.00-20.00, wing 12.50-13.75 (13.04), culmen 1.45-1.58 (1.50), depth of bill at base .65-.80 (.75). Egg 2.85 X 2.01. Hah. North Atlantic. 86. F. glacialis (Linn.). Fulmar. c*. Similar in color to F. glacialis, but much smaller; wing 11.80-12.00 (11.90), culmen 1.30-1.38 (1.33), depth of bill at base .00-.70 (.03). ITab. North Atlantic, south on American side to coast of New England 86a. F. glacialis minor (Kjaerb.). Leaser Fulmar. fc'. Nasal tubes light-colored ; bill never dark-colored. c'. Light phase: In plumage not with cei'tainty distinguishable from the corresponding phase of F. glacialis. Dark phase : Much darker than the corresponding phase of F. glacialis, the color being a uniform deep sooty plumbeous in living and freshly-killed birds, changing to deep sooty brownish in very old skins. Length 17.00-19.00, wing 11.90-12.35 (12.06), culmen 1.35-1.05 (1.48), depth of bill at base .65-.70 (.68). Egg 2.82 X L96. Hab. North Pacific, south along American coast to western Mexico. B6b. F. glacialis glupischa Stejn. Faciflo Fulmar. c*. Light phase : Similar to corresponding phase of the preceding, but the bluish gray of the upper parts broken by a more or less extensive admixture of white. No dark phase known. Win;; 12.10-12.90 (12.46), c ilmen 1.40-1.60 (1.49), depth of bill at baBo".65-.76 (.72). 8 w 58 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. irr< Egg 2.83 X 1-91- Sdb. Bering's Sea and portions of the North Pa- cific 86c. F. glacialis rodgersii (Cass.). Kodgers's Fulmar. rt*. Bill long and slender, its greatest depth much less than half the total length (measured from frontal feathers) ; nasal tubes separated from the unguis by a space measuring much more than half as much in length as the former. 6*. Bill cylindrical at base, or measuring as much in width as in depth ; space between nasal tube and base of unguis about equal to the length of the former; upper parts plain; head white; tail-feathers 14. (Subgenus Priocella IIombr. & Jacq.); Head, neck, and lower parts white ; upper parts pale pearl-gray, the quills darker, with inner webs chiefly white; length 18.00-18.50, wing 13.00, culmen 1.75-2.10, depth of bill at base .65. Hab. South- ern seas, north along Pacific coast of America to coast of Washing- ton Territory... 87. F. glacialoides (Smith). Slender-billed Fnlmar. b*. Bill compressed, or higher than broad, at base ; space between nasal tube and base of unguis less than the length of the former ; upper parts parti- colored ; head dusky ; tail-feathers 12. (Subgenus Thalassoica Eeich.*) Head and neck sooty grayish, darker on top ; back, scapulars, rump, tip of tail, primary-coverts, lesser wing-coverts, and greater part of primaries, sooty slate ; lower parts, secondaries, greater wing-coverts, inner webs of primaries, tail (except terminal band), and upper tail- coverts, white; wing 12.50, culmen 1.40. Hah. Antarctic seas. F. antarcticus (Gmkl.). Antarctic Fulmar.* Genus PUFFINUS Brisson. (Page 65, pi. XVI., figs. 3, 4.) Species. '. Nostrils only partially visible from above, the nasal tubes elevated and inflated anteriorly, where broader than at base; under wing-coverts dusky, and lower parts white. (Subgenus Priofinus Hombr. & Jacq.) 6'. Above ash-gray, more or less tinged with brown, darker on top of head, quills, and tail-feather ; lower parts white, except under wing-coverts and under tail-coverte, which ai*e deep smoky grayish ; bill light yel- lowish, with deep black culmen and nasal tubes, the side of lower man- dible also mostly black; wing 12.25-13.60, culmen 1.76-1.86, depth of bill in front of nostril .50-55, tarsus 2.25-2.30, middle toe, with claw, 2.90. Hah. South Pacific, north, casually, to coast of California. 97. P. cinereus (Gmel.). Black-tailed Shearwater. 6'. Above brown, the upper tail-coverts tipped with white; wings and tail blackish ; lower parts white, including under wing-coverts and tail- covcrts ; bill yellowish, passing into dusky at tip ; wing 15.00, tarsus 2.35, middle toe, with claw, 3.15. Hah. Antarctic seas. P. geliduB (Omel.). Ice Petrel.* • Thataitnicn Reich., Syst. Av. 1852, p. iv. Type, Proceltaria antarcltca Qmbl. « ProceUnria antnrcHcn Dmel., 8. N. i. pt. U. 1788, 666. Tkallatoiea antaretica RfilCB., Syst. Av. 1862, p. iv. * Proeellnria gelida Omkl., S. N. i. 1788, 664. PVFFINVS. 69 irater. tail tail- arsuB » p. iv. a}. Nostrils completely visible from above, the nasal tubes depressed and bevelled anteriorly, where narrower than at base j under wing-coverts white, or else lower parts also dusky. 6*. Tail much less than half the wing, slightly rounded, or moderately gradu- ated (the graduation not more than two-thirds the length of the tarsus). (Subgenus Puffinus.) c*. Lower parts white. d\ Wing more than 12.00. e*. No distinct line of demarcation between white of throat, etc., and smoky gray of top and sides of head and neck ; bill yellowish ; above brownish gray, feathers of back, etc., tipped with paler; sides of head and neck transversely undulated with ash-gray and white. /'. Lower tail-coverts entirely white. g\ Length about 18.00, wing 13.00-14.00, eulmcn 1.80- 2.00, depth of bill through base .65-.70, tarsus 1.85- 2.00, middle toe 2.10-2.25. Downy young : Uni- form sooty grayish brown. Hab. Middle eastern Atlantic ; a specimen from Greenland said to bo in Lej'den Museum (cf. Schleq. Mus. P.-B., Pro- cellarice, 1863, p. 24). P. kuhlii (Bote). Cinereous Shearwater.' g\ Length about 20.00-22.00, wing 13.75-14.50, culmen 2.10-2.25, depth < bill at base .75-.80, tarsus 2.20- 2.25, middle toe ;i'.45. Hab. "Western North At- lantic (oflf coast of Massachusetts). 88. P. borealis Cory. Cory's Shearwater. /*. Lower tail-coverts uniform dark sooty grayish. Length 19.00, wing 12.50-13.25, culmen 1.60-1.70, depth of bill through base .65-.75, tarsus 2.05-2.12, middle toe 2.15-2.40. Hab. Eastern Pacific Ocean from California to Chili. 91. P. creatopus Coues. Fink-footed Shearwater. €*. White of throat, etc., separated very abruptly from the dusky color of top and sides of head and neck ; bill blackish. Above smoky grayish brown, feathers of back, etc., with paler tips ; longer upper tail-coverts mostly white ; belly more or less clouded with smoky gray, the flanks and lower tail-coverts mostly grayish brown ; length 19.00-20.00, wing 11.50-13.00, culmen 1.80-1.85. Hab. Atlantic Ocean generally. 89. P. major Faber. Greater Shearwater. For references, 8ee A. 0. U. Cbeok List, p. 850. 60 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. /*. Tarsus 1.75, or more. g\ Tail 3.10, or less. Above uniform sooty blackish, the head and neck not perceptibly paler ; lower tail-coverts mixed white and dusky, in greatly varying relative amount; length 13.00-15.00, wing 8.50-9.25, tail 2.60-3.10, culmcn 1.35-1.40, depth of bill at base .40-.45, tarsus 1.70-1.80, middle toe 1.65-1.70. Downy young: Sooty brownish gray above, grayish white below. Egg 2.36 X 1-62. Hab. Northern Atlantic (chiefly the eastern side) and Mediterranean Sea 90. P. puffinus (BrUnn.). Manx Shearwater. g^. Tail 3.25, or more. Above uniform sooty slate, appreciably paler on head and neck ; lower tail-coverts wholly sooty grayish; length 12.25-15.00, wing 9.00-9.10, tail 3.25-3.80, culmen 1.30-1.40, depth of bill at base .35, tarsus 1.75, middle toe 1.70-1.75. Egg 1.79 X 1-27. Hab. Pacific Ocean, from Lower California to New Zealand 93, P. gavia (FoRST.). Blaok-vented Shearwater. p. Tarsus 1.65, or less. g^. Lower tail-coverts with more or less of dusky. h}. Above uniform sooty black ; white of under side of head extending upward ncarl}'- or quite to the eye, sometimes involving part of the lores ; length about 11.00, wing 7.60-8.40, tail 3.50, culmen 1.20-1.25, depth of bill at base .35, tarsus 1,50-1.65, middle toe 1.45-1.60. Egg 2.05 X 1-45. Hab. Warmer parts of Atlantic Ocean, north, casually, to coast of New Jer- sey 92. P. auduboni Finsch. Audubon's Shearwater. A'. Similar in color to P. auduboni, but smaller, the bill shorter and more slender, the wing longer; wing 7.00, tail 3.26, culmcn .98, tarsus 1.44, middle toe 1.42. Hab. Pacific Oce.an ? (" King George's Sound" *). P. tenebroBus Pelz. Pelzeln's Shearwater.' • L\TBAM ("Synopsis," iii. pt. ii. p. 417) says "King George's Sound, on the American coast"; but voM Pelzeln (Ibis, 1873, p. 47) tliinlcs tliat this is a mistalte, King George's Sound on the west coast of Australia being meant instead. * PuffiiiiiB tenebrottit Pelz., Ibis, 1873, 47. PUFFINUS ei (/'. Lower tail-coverts entirely white. A'. Dusky of head extending far below the eye, the white being almost confined to throat and fore-neck ; wing 8.30, culmen 1.25, tarsus 1.55, middle toe, with claw, 1.85. Hab. Indian Ocean, and southeastward to New Zealand. P. obscurus (Gmel.). Dusky Shearwater.* /i*. Dusky of head not descending below the eye, the eai'-coverts and greater part of lores being Avhite ; wing 6.50, culmen about 1.00, tarsus 1.25. Hab. Australian seas. P. assimilis Gould. Allied Shearwater, c*. Above plumbeous, the larger wing-coverts, scapulars, etc., nar- rowly tipped with whitish. Lower parts entirely white ; wing 7.30, tail 2.70, culmen 1.07, tarsus 1.70, middle toe, with claw, 1.95. Hab. South Atlantic. P. elegans Giql. & Salvad. Elegant Shearwater.* Lower parts uniform dusky, or sooty gray (the chin and throat some- times whitish). d}. Bill black or dusky. e^. Culmen much longer than the combined length of the first two divisions of the outer toe. /^ Wing more than 11.00 ; bill horn-gray or dusky brownish ; under wing-coverts mottled with white and smoky gray, and with dusky shaft-streaks. g^. Under wing-coverts gray, transversely mottled with white at tips; length about 16.00, wing 11.15- 12.00, culmen 1.60-1.75, depth of bill at base .50- .55, tarsus 2.05-2.15, middle toe 2.05-2.20. Egg 2.58 X 1-78. Hab. North Atlantic, from the New- foundland Banks to South Carolina on the Ameri- can side. 94. P. Strickland! Eidgw. Sooty Shearwater. gf". Under wing-covcrts white, ti'ansvorsoly mottled with gray at tips; wing 11.15-12.00, culmen 1.55-1.70, depth of bill at base .45-.55, tarsus 2.12-2.36, middle toe 2.05-2.25. Hab. South Pacific, north, on American side, to California 95. P. griseus (Gmel.). Dark-bodied Shearwater. ' Procellaria obicura Gmbl., S. N. i. pt. ii. 1788, 550. Puffimu obtcurui Reich., Novit. Syuop. Av. Natat. Dec. 1850 (second page). ' Pi«^.iM« aiiimiliii Gohld, P. Z. S. 18.37, 186; B. Austr. vii. pi. 69. ' Ptiffinut elcgaiiB OiQLiOLi & Salvadori, Ibis, 1869, 67, 68. Saltin, Rowley's Orn. Miso. pt. ir. 1876, 266, pi. 34. sa NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. p. Wing less than 10.00; bill deep black; under wing-covcrts uniform deep sooty black. Uniform sooty black, the lower parts much darker and browner than in stricklandi and griseus ; wing 9.80, tail 3.50, culmen 1.25, tarsus 1.70, middle too, with claw, 1.98. Ilab. Pacific Ocean (Christmas Island). P. nativitatis Streets. Christmas Island Shearwater.' e*. Culmen loss than the combined length of the first two divisions of the outer toe. Above dark sooty slate, beneath deep sooty gray, paler on throat, where sometimes inclining to whitish ; wing 10.00-11.10, tail 3.20-3.60, culmen 1.20-1.28, depth of bill at base .35-.50, tarsus 1.90-2.00, middle toe, with claw, 2.18-2.42. Hab. Pacific Ocean, from Alaska and Kamtschatka to Australia 96. P. tenuirostris (Temm.). Slender-billed Shearwater. A'. "Width of upper mandible at base decidedly less than height of closed bill at base, i*. Under tail-coverts dusky. Head, neck, and chest smoky grayish brown, paler on chest (where feath- ers are white immediately beneath the surface), still paler on throat, where almost white ; sides and top of head, hind-neck, back, and scapulars deeper smoky brownish gray, the dorsal feathers with paler narrow tips ; wings, rump, and tail dusky ; breast and belly soiled white ; wing 12.17-12.50, tail 5.15-6.40 (graduated for 1.60), culmen 1.42-1.60, tarsus 1.65, middle too, with claw, 1.95-2.42. Hab. Southern oceans, including vi- cinity of Tiorra del Fuego. M. incerta (Sciileq.). Schlegel's Petrel.* t*. Under tail-coverts white. Otherwise, much like jE. incerta, but throat and a superciliary space more distinctly white; wing 12.00-12.21, tail 5.00-5.50, tarsus 1.49-1.60, mid- dle toe, with claw, 2.20. Hah. South Pacific. M. magenue Giql. & Salvad. Magenta Petrel.* g*. Culmen, 1.14, or less. A*. Tail 4.75, or more ; culmen 1.12, or more. Above uniform dusky, more grayish an- teriorly, especially on forehead; chest, entire sides, and under surface of wing dusky sooty brown, more gray across chest ; thi'oat whitish ; breast, bellj'-, and greater part of under tail-coverts white ; wing 11.20-11.41, tail 4.75-5.50, culmen 1.12-1.14, tarsus 1.30-1.35, middle toe, ' Procellaria roitrata Peale, Zool. U. S. Kxpl. 1848, 296, tttl. pi. 41. jEslrelata rostrata Coves, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 144. s Procellaria incerta ScnLEG., Mas. P.-B., Prncellarim, 1863, 9. jEttrelata incerta CODES, Pr. Ao. Nat. Sol. T>hil. 1866, 147. '^ ^utrelata magenta GiGL. & Saltao., Ibis, 1869, 61. Saltin, Rowley's Om. Miso. pt. iv. 1876, 251, pi. 30. 4 jESTRELATA. 65 with claw, 1.83-1.90. Hab. South At- lantic (island of Trinidad). JE,. arminjoniana Giul. & Salvad. Ar- minjon's Petrel.' h}. Tail 4.60, or less; culmen 1.10, or less. Similar in color to uE. arminjoniana, but much darker above, the color indininij to uniform sooty black throughout, the fore- head and chest more brownish ; Aving 10.50-11.10, tail 4.40-4.G0, culmen 1.08- 1.10, tarsus 1.28-1.35, middle toe, with claw, 1.70-1.78. Hah. South Tacific (Ilondon and Christmas Islands). JE. parvirostris (Pealk). Small-billed Petrel.' /*. Axillars and under wing-coverts white. Upper parts, including hind-neck and upper tail- coverts, uniform brownish slate, darker on wings and tail and nearly black on head, the feathers of hind-neck and the upper tail-coverts (the latter ■^ery abruptly) white beneath the surface; fore- head, lores, cheeks, and entire lower parts white, the sides and longer lower tail-coverts sometimes irregular]}' barred with dusky; wing 11.80-12.00, tail 5.50-5.75 (graduated for about 2.40), culmen 1.22, tarsus 1.40, middle toe, with claw, 1.78. Hah. Middle Pacific, from Sandwich Islands to the Galapagos. JE. phasopygia Salv. Dark-rumped Petrel.* d*. "Wing less than 9.00. Plumage much as in JE. pho'opi/gia, but back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts decidedly plumbeous, the latter not white beneath surface ; wing 8.40-8.60, tail 3.80-4.00 (graduated for about 1.40), culmen .95-.98, tarsus .95-1.00, middle toe, with claw, 1.30-1.32. Hah. Southern oceans generally. JE. leucoptera (Gould). White-winged Petrel.* c*. Upper tail-coverts plain white, in marked contrast with color of back. 1 ^itrelata arminjoniana GiQL. & Salvad., Ibis, 1860, 62. Salviit, Rowley's Cm. Miso. pt. iv. 1876, 252, pi. !il. * Protellaria parvirottrit Peale, Zool. U. S. Expl. 1848, 298, Atl. pi. 40. jEstrelata parviroetrit CoUBS, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 146. * (Etlrelata phaopygia Salvih, Trans. Zool. Soo. Lond. i.x. pt. ix. 1875, 507, pi. 88, fig. 1. (Galapagos.) ? (Eatrelata landwichenais RiDflW., Water B. N. Am. ii. 1884, .'595, in text. (Sandwich Islands.) * Prncellarin leucoptera QoiiLD, P. Z. S. 1844, 57 ; B. Austr. pi. 51. (-■ J^atrelata cookii CoCFS et Al'CT. . but, having compared specimens, I am able to sny that Procellaria leucnptera Godld and P. cookii Gray are not only specifically distinct but belong to entirely diflerent genera, the latter being the type of Conkilnria BoNAP., distinguished from uEttrelata, among other characters, by its lengthened, slender, Shearwater-like bill, as noted on page 65.) 66 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Top of head, and upper parts generally, except upper tail-coverts, uniform dusky, the back and scapulars paler, with perceptibly still paler terminal margins to the feathers ; upper tail-coverts, basal half (approximately) of tail, hea 1 and neck, except top of the former (and sometimes the hind-neck also), together with lower parts, including axillars and under wing-coverts, pure white; the sides of the chest sometimes with a brownish gray wash; length 14.00-16.00, wing 11.40-11.75, tail 4.80-5.30 (graduated for 1.25-2.00), culmen 1.22-1.38, tarsus 1.40-1.45, middle toe, with claw, 1.98-2.10. Hab. Middle Atlanac, strag- gling to coasts of North America (Florida and Long Island) and Europe.... 08. ./£. hasitata (Kuul). Black-capped Petrel h*. Plumage of lower parts chiefly or entirely dusky. c'. Upper tail-covorts pale smoke-gray or grayish white, in marked contrast. Entirely (except upper tail-coverts) uniform sooty brownish, rather paler and grayer below ; wing 10.80-11.00, tail 4.95-5.00 (gravluated for 1.18-1.20), tarsus 1.38-1.40, middle toe, with claw, 1.95-2.00. Hab. Jamaica and adjacent portions of Carib- bean Sea. A: . jamaicensis (Bancroft). Jamaican Petrel.* c*. Upper tail-''ov'M'ts dusky, like rost of plumage. d^. Winj^ .nore than 9.50. I'}. Plumage sooty black above. Lower parts very dark sooty slate, tbe feathers white beneath the surface ; wing 10.75-12.00, tail 4.50-5.G0 (gradiuited for about 1.20), culmen 1.35. tarsus 1.55- 1.00, middle toe, with claw, 2.20-2.40. Jfah. Southern Atlantic, and Antarctic Ocean in vicinity of Kevguolen Island. M, atlantica (Oori.rt). Atlantic Petrel.* e'. Plumage slaty or dark sooty grayish or plumbeous above. /'. Larger (wing more than 11.00); wing 11.20, tail 4.55, culmen 1.10, tarsus 1.25, middle toe, with claw, 1.80. Hab. South Atlantic (vicinity of Trinidad Island). JE. trinitatis (\w\.. & Sai.vad. Trinidad Petrel.* p. Smaller (wing less tlian 11.00) ; wing 9.08-10.20. tail 4.17- 4.35, culmen 1.05-1.08. tarsus 1.35-1.46, middle too, with claw, 1.69-1.78. JTab. Sotithern oceans. /B. brev! JBtris (Lkss.). Short-billed Petrel.* • Prorrflnriii fnmnirrntiii BANriioKT, Zool. Jour. v. 1828, 81. (Ktlrclatn jnmaiveutiii A. A E. NkwtoK, llandb. .Tain. 1881, 117. ' ri-<>crir,ir!n nihintii'ii floi'l.n, Ann. Mng. N. II. xiii. 1811, .^62. • .Kxtirlntii irinitatid Sai.vad. A (lioi,., Ibl«, 186tf, O.'i. SALvrjf, Rowley'i Orn. MIso. pt. iv. 1878, 253 pi. M2. • Proeellan'it hrrvirottrit Lmh., Trnlttf, IS.'ll, (511. (Kutrclitta btt trotlrin Salvin, Rowley's Orn. MIm. pt. kL'%u. JESTRELATA. 67 with Petrel.* I)V0. Iiil 4.55, ]w, 1.80. jnd). Petrel.* lil 4.17- jllo too, Petrel.* Nkwtoh, iMiio. pt. d*. Wing lesa than 9.50. Plumage sooty blackish ; wing 9.15, tail 3.82 (graduated for about .44), culmen 1.10, tarsus 1.46, middle too, with claw, 1.55. Hab. Wost coaaL of Africa; vicinity of Bourbon Island. JE. aterrima (Sohleo.). Black Petrel.' a*. Inner weba of primaries abruptly white for at least the inner half. ^'. Wing more than 9.00. c'. "Back unitbrm grayish, brownish, or dusky. ky ; wing 11.19-11.(54, tail 3.91-4.17, c*ilmen 1.20. Hah. South Pacific, from Sunday Island to Juan Fernamlez. JE. neglecta (Srni.En.). Neglected Petrel.' c*. Shafts of quills dark browei ; head, neck, and upjicr parts plain dark slaty (leathers of head and neck whito beneath sur- face, those of back, etc., white at base) ; upper tail-coverts and tail brownish ash-gray; lores, chin, throat, and iniiiro white immediately beneath surface; thighs and chest whiie irregularl}' bariod or vermiculated with deep grayish ; wing 10.00, tail 4.00 (graiiuated for .90) oiiimen 1.02, dojith of bill at base .50, tarsus 1.20, middlo toe, with claw, 1.55. ILih. Antarctic Ocean. JE. gularis (1'kai.k). Peale's Petrel.* d}. Top of head white, s]M»tted with grayish. Hack and scapulars line bluish gray, or jilumbeoua ; lesser wiiig-covcrts slaty blackish ; greater and middle coverts white-gray, broadly mai'gined wjt.i white; tail mostly white, irregularly l)arred and vermicidaled with gray; lores, cheeks, (diiii, throat, middle of chesl, and un I'litrrllnri'n alrrrimn " VpnnKAI'X," iScill.KO. Mug. P.-B., Pnicelliirir, ISfl.'l, 0. ^Kutrrtnln iitrrrimn Corns. Pr. Ap. Nut. BpI. Phil. \M(\. \M. ' I'ritrrllnriii uriihrtii Srill.Kil.. Mllf. P.-H., PftirrUnriir, 180.1, 10, .1-Utrrlixtit nrijhrtii Coi'Kd, Proo. Ac, Nnf.Soi. Phil. 1800, 147. ' I'nirillaiiii ipilnri^ Pk.m.k, Zonl. V. S Kxpl. Kxi). 1818, 2Ul). (Eitrtliila yularit U11KW8T., Uull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv. 1881, Ul (purl). jBssmmmmmmm 68 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. mottled and vermiculated with ash-gray and white, but the former prevailing ; lower breast, belly, sides, and flanks smoky plumbeous superficially, but the feiithcrs all pure white immediately beneath the surface; wing 10.15, ^ail 4 (graduated for .90), culmen 1.00, tarsus 1.25, middle too, with claw, 1.70. Mab. North Pacific, in vicinity of Alaska (Kadiak). 100. JE. fisheri Eioaw. Fisher's Petrel c*. Back plumbeous or plumbeous-blacU, the feathers bordered with gray- ish, or whitish, producing a scaled appearance. dK Above plumbeous-black, the feathers of back and scapulars mar- gined with gray; hind-neck white, with tips of the feathers pale gray; forehead and lower parts white; wing 11.50, tail 5.00, tarsus 1.40, middle toe, with claw, 1.90. Hab. Eastern South Pacific (island of Masafuora"* JE. externa Salv. Salvin's Petrel.* d*. Above, including whole top of head, dark bluish gray, the foiitlicrs of back and scapulars broadly bordered terminally with ashy white, the middle and greater wing-coverts similarly marked ; chin, throat, chost, centre of breast, and under tail-coverts plain white; n-nt of lower ])arts vermiculated and irregularly barred with slate-gray or plumlieous, this becoming uniform and some- what darker on belly; tail chiefly plain light brownish gray; wing 9.8H tail :i95, culmen 1.03. depth of bill at base .40, tarsus 1.I57, middle toe, with claw, 1.70. Jfah. Unknown; the siii'^^lo B])ecimen obtained huving been taken in Livingston Co., New York, in April, 1880. 99. /E. scalaris Brewst. Scaled Petrel." ft'. Wing not more than 9.00. Above slati'-grav or ])lumbeous. becoming more jmhy anteriorly, thin changing to white on lbreheaoty plumbeous, as is also the terminal third of the tail; bill deep black ; length about 15.00, wing 10.25-11.00, culmen about 1.25. J£ab. Southern seas in general, north, on Pacific coast of America (accidentally only ?) to California 102. D. capensis (Linn.). Pintado Petrel. Gb!»tt.s HALOCYPTENA Coues. (Page 56, pi. XIL, fig. 4.) Species. ish. lighter and more brownish on lower parts, middle and H. and fore part of head ; bill atid feet uniform bhuk ; length 4.80 tail 2.50. the outer feathers .40 shorter; culmen .45, tarsus Hah. Coust of Low«'r California. 103. H. microsoma CouEs. Least Petrel. »^rROCELLARIA Linnjehs. (Page 5(5, pi. XVII., fig. 4.) Speries. *'l««RArTER8. — General roWrr nooty blackish, paler or more sooty below, tbe upiMT tail ''overt* white; hill and feet wholly black. Thalw (BtUitMrim) M>icy,m»*,mfi U. R. URAr, Cut. Ulrdt U\. PkolHr, 1869, 5(1. 70 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. a*. Longer upper tail-coverts broadlj' tipped with black ; under side of wing with more or less of white; tail even, or slightly rounded ; length 5.50-5.75, wing 4.50^.90, tail 2.40-2.fi0, eulmen .40-.50, tarsus .90, middle toe .60-.G5. Eijg 1.09 X .83. Hab. North Atlantic, south to Newfoundland Banks and western coast of Africa 104. P. pelagica Linn. Storm Petrel. a'. Longer upper tail-coverts entirely white ; no while on under side of wing ; tail emarginate('. ; wing 5.20, tail 2.40, the middle leathers .20 shorter ; tarsus .85, middle toe (with claw?) .70. Hab. Vicinity of the Galapagos Islands. P. tethys BoxAF. Galapagos Storm Petrel.' Genus OCEANODROMA Reichenbach. (Page 56, pi. XVII., figs. 1, 2.) /Species. Common Characters. — Above dusky or grayish, with or without wliito on U])per tail-coverts ; lower parts uniform bluish gray or sooty, or white interrupted by a grayish band across chest. a}. No white on upper tail-coverts. i'. A white dollar round hind-neck. Lower parts wiiito, with a grayish collar across chest; upper parts grayi." and below. J}. Wing more tliar> fi.50 ; tarstjs 1.00. or more. r'. Sooty blackish. lighter and browner beneath, the greater wing- coverts and out(M' webs of tertials light grayish brown; wing O.SO, tail 3.90 (forked tor about 1.20), tarsus 1.20. Hab. Coast of Me.xici), north to Lower California. 107. O. melania (Honai'.). Black Petrel. r*. Sooty slate-color, the bead, including throat, appreciably jmler and more plumbeous; greater wing-coverts light grayish; > f'roritllnrin trthi/f DnNAP,, C'nin)). Umid. xxxviii. 1804, 602; Cunxp. ii. 1857, 1U7. Salv. Trans. Zoul. Suo. LuuU. Ix. pt. ix. 1875, 507, pi. 88, flg. 2. OCEANITES. 71 wing 6.90, tail 3.80 (forked for about 1.20), tarsus 1.00. Hab. Coast of Pei*u. O. markhami (Salv.). Markbam's Petrel.' d}. "Wing less than 6.00 ; tarsus less than 1.00, Smoky pluihbeous, the wing-coverts lighter and more brown, quills and tail dusky, rump and upper tail-coverts ashy plumbeous; wing 5.30-5.40, tail 3.30-3.50 (forked for .70- .90), tarsus .80-90. Hab. Coast of California. 108. O. homochroa (Coues). Ashy Petrel, a*. Upper tail-coverts white. i'. Upper tail-coverts without black tips; tail-feathers grayish at base; uni- form sooty, darker above ; upper tail-coverts white, usually more or less mixed with grayish; length 7.50-8.90, wing 0.00-0.30, tail 3.50-4.00 (forked for .80-.90), tarsus 90-.95 ; feet (including webs) entirely black. E(jg 1.33 X .97. Mab. Seas of the northern hemisphere. lOG. O. leucorhoa (Yieill.). Leach's Petrel. b*. Longer upper tail-coverts broadly tipped with black; tail-feathers exten- .'iively pure white at base ; bill and feet (including webs) entirely black ; wing 5.80-6.30, tail 3.00-3.15 (forked for .20-.30), tarsus .85-.90. Hub. Sandwich Islands. O. cryptoleucura IliDuw. Sandwich Island Petrel.' Genus OCEANITES IvEYSEnLiNo & Blasius. (Pago 5G, pi. XVII., fig. 3.) Species. Common Characters. — Sooty blackish, lighter beneath, the tail and quills nearly or quite black ; upper tail-coverts white. a*. Belly cnlirely dusky; webs of feet mostly yellowish ; tail even or very slightly cmarginated ; length about 7.00-7.25, wing 5.70-0.20, tail 3.00-3.25, tarsus 1.30-1.36. Hab. Cosmopolitan (on the high soas). 109. O. oceanicus (Ktiii.). Wilson's Petrel «'. Belly white ; webs of feet apparently wholly clunky ; tail distinctly enuirgiiiated; wing 5.20, tail 2.30 (forked for about .30), tarsus 1,15. Huh. Coast of Chili. O. gracilis (Klliut). Graceful Petrel.' Genus CYMODROMA Ripoway. (Page 60, pi. XV^, fig. 3.) Species. Common CHAnArxERS. — IToad, neck, brt-ast, and upper parts dusky, varying from brownish black to ])lunibeouH, the fcathei's of back and scapulars sometimes (in fresh plumage) margined terminally with ashy whitish. > (',viiio.'*<..-...i m.ir<'Ani».'8Al.v.. I'. Z. S. tHSIl, 4,1(1. • C!tm,i,l>„rin rrii/ihilxinirn Hiimw,. IVoo. U. P. Nut. Mun. iv. 1882, Xt7 ; Water B. N. Am. ii. IHSi, 400. * Thiilatiiiiruma yrucilii Klliut, Ibia, Out. 18&9, 3U1. Uctnnilei grafilii Cot M, Pr, Au. Nut, S«.i. I'hil. \MA, 86. 72 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. a'. Lower tail-coverts and belly white. 6'. Throat and collar round hind-neck white ; length 8.75-9.00 ; tail emarginatcd for about .75; tarsus 1.65-1.75, middle toe, with claw, 1.25, or more. Hab. Intertropical seas. C. tropica (Gould). Tropical Petrel." i'. Throat usually with only concealed white, and witbout white on hind-neck ; length 7.50-8.00, wing G.00-6.50, tail 3.00-3.30, even; tarsus 1.40-1.60, middle too, with claw, 1.05-1.10. Hab. Intertropical seas, north, casually, to coast of Florida. 110. C. grallaria (Vieill.). White-bellied Petrel. a}. Lower tail-coverts and belly dusky. No while on hind-neck, but throat sometimes white, and feathers of forehead white beneath surface; dusky of belly usually connected with that on chest ; length 8.50-8.75 ; tail usually cmarginuted for about .75 ; wing 6.25-6.75, tarsus 1.60-1.70, middle toe, with claw, 1.05-1.15. Hub. South Pacitic. C. melanogaster (Gould). Black-bellied Storm Petrel.' Genus PELAGODROMA Eeichenbach. (Pago 56, pi. XV., fig. 2.) Species, Forehead, superciliary stripe, and lower parts, pure white ; top of head, broad stripe behind eye, and upper parts genenilly, slate-color, sometimes inclining to plumbeous; upper tail-coverts light ash-gray; quills and tail-feathers blackish; bill black ; tai'si deep black ; feet black, the webs mostly yellowish ; wing 5.90-0.40, tail 2.90-3.30 (forked for .25-.35), tarsus 1.52-1.70, middle toe, with claw, 1.37-1.40. Hab. Southern seas, accidental otf coast of Massachusetts. 111. P. marina (Lath.). White-faced Petrel. » ThidnnHidvima tropica GoilLP, P. Z. S. 1S.17, .'ififi, ' Thalamidroma mvlanogattra Gould, Ann. Mag. N. II. xiii. 18t4, 367 ; B. Austr. vii. 1848, pi, 62. STEQANOPODES. 73 Order STEGANOPODES.— The Totipal- MATE Swimmers. (Pagoi.) Families. rt'. Nostrils distinct ; lateral toes nearly equal, and nearly as long as the middle one; whole head feathered. Bill conical, compressed, pointed, without terminal hook, or unguis ; culmen curved ; edge of upper mandible very concave ; tail short, gradu- ated, the middle pair of feathers, in adults, very narrow and greatly elongated Phaethontidse. (Page 73.) a*. Nostrils not perceptible ; lateral toes unequal, and one or the other of them much shorter than the middle one ; head partly naked. 6". Bill conical, the tip of the upper mandible without distinct hook, or unguis, c*. Bill very thick through the base, the tip slightly curved ; tail about half as long as the wing, graduated or cuneate, the feathers narrow- ing toward the rather pointed tips Sulidee. (Pago 74.) c*. Bill slender, the outlines (culmen especially) nearly straight; head very smal', the neck extremely long and slender ; tail nearly as long as the win^Tf, rounded (fan-shaped when spread), the feathers very broad, tho middle pair transversely corrugated in the adult. Anhingidae. (Pago 76.) 6'. Upper mandible terminated by a distinct hook, or unguis. c'. Tarsus moderately lengthened, much longer than the hind too, including its claw. d\ Bill shorter than middle too, compressed ; gular sac small, scarcely distensible; outer too much longer than middle. Phalacrocoracidee. (Page 77.) rf*. Bill much longer than middle toe, much flattened ; gular pouch very largo, and greatly distensible ; outer toe shorter than middle. Pelecanidac. (Pago 81.) c*. Tarsus excessively short, hardly equalling the hind too (including its claw) in length. Wings and tail oxccssively lengthened, the latter deeply forked; middle too much longer than the outer, its claw flattened and fringed on inner edge ; webs very small, occupying less than half the space between tho toes Fregatidee. (Pago 82.) Family PHAETHONTIDiE.— The Tropic Birds. (Pago 73.) Genera. (Characters same as those of tho Family) Phacthon. (Pago 74.) 10 !« 74 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Genus PHAETHON Linn^us. (Page 73, pi. XVIIL, fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Plumage very compact, satiny; color white (sometimes tinged with pink or salmon-color), varied with blackish on uj)per parts ; bill red, orange, or yellow in adults ; tarsi and base of toes yellowish, rest of feet black. Nest a cavity among rocks on sea-shore of oceanic islands. Egg ovate, dilute claret- brown or whitish speckled, sprinkled, spotted, or blotched with deep claret-brown. a}. Elongated middle tail-feathers with their webs very much bi-oader than the moderately rigid shaft. i'. Bill yellow or orange. Adult : lengthened tail-feathers pinkish or salmon- colored, with black shafts ; no black bars on upper part.s, the black being in form of patches on scapulars, etc. Young : Upper parts irregularly barred with black ; tail-feathers marked with a black spot near the end, the middle pairs not elongated. Length (of adult, including lengthened tail-feathers) 2.5.00-32.00. wing about 11.00, elongated tail-feathers 20.00, or less, culmen 2.25. Egg 2.21 X 1-54. Hab. Intertropical seas, chiefly middle westoim Atlantic, especially in vicinity of the Bermudas and throughout West Indies, north to Florida ; South Pacific (Samoan Islands) ; accidental in western New York. 112. P. flavirostris Brandt. Tellow-billed Tropic Bird. b*. Bill coral-red. Adult: Lengthened middle tail-feathers pure white, with white shafts (except toward base) ; upper parts irregularly barreil with blackish. Young: (Xot seen.) Length (of adidt with perfectly devel- oped middle tail-feathers) 30.00-35.00, wing 11.75-12.50, elongated tail- feathers 22.00, or less, culmen about 2.50. Egg 2.22 X 1-59. Hab. Coasts of tropical America (both sides), north to Lower California and "West Indies ; casual at the Newfoundland Banks. 113. P. eethereus Linn. Red-billed Tropic Bird. a*. Elongated middle taii-feathors with their webs much narrower than the very rigid shaft. Bill yellowish. Adult: Lengthened middle tail-foathers dull reddish, with black shafts ; wing 13.00, or more, culmen about 2.50. Hub. South Pacific. P. rubricaudus Bodd. Red-tailed Tropic Bird.> Family SULID^.— The Gannets. (Pugo73.) Genera. (Characters same as for the Family) Sula. (Pago 75.) > Phaeton rubricauda BoDD., Tabl. P. E. 1783, 57 {ex Burr. PI. Eul.979). SULA. 76 Genus SULA Bbisson. (Pago 7-4, pi. XIX., figs. 1, 2.) Nest a rude platform of sticks, etc., on rocks, trees, or bushes by sea-shore. Eggs 1-2, elliptical or olongatc-ovato, chalk-white superficially, but beneath the calcareous crust pale greenish blue. Species. a}. Whole lower jaw, together with chin and entire throat, naked. (Subgenus Sula.) h^. Young with upper parts variegated. Young (J) : Head, neck, and lower parts white ; upper parts dark grayish brown, the feathers with white tips ; bill purplish, the upper mandible trrayirth horn-color; feet dusky (in dried skins); wing 14.G0, tail 7.75, culmen 3.G0, depth of bill at base 1.20. Hab. Coast of Peru. S. variegata (Tsciiudi). Peruvian Booby.* V*. Young with upper parts unicolored. '■'. Naked skin of face and throat blackish (dark bluish in life). Adult : White, the remiges, greater wing-coverts, primaiy coverts, and aluloj dark sooty brown ; middle tail-feathers houry whitish, dusky at tips ; rest of tail-feathers dark sooty brown, whitish basally ; feet reddish (drying pale brownish or yellowish). Young : Head, neck, and upper parts plain dark grayish brown, part of the back and rump streaked with white; lower parts white, the flanks streaked with grayish ; length 25.50-29.00, wing lG.15-17.80, tail 7.75-fl.lO, culmen 3.95-4.15. depth of bill at base 1.40-l.fiO. Eggs 2, 2.46 X 1-74. JIab. Intertropical seas, especially the South Pacific and in West Indies, breeding north to the Bahamas ; southern Florida. 114. S. cyanops SiNP. Blne-faoed Booby. c*. Naked skin of face and throat light colored (yellowish or reddish in life). Di/iponi* variegatu* TBcntJDi, Wolgm. Arohlv. 1843, 300. Sula variegata ScL. i Salv., No«n. Neotr. 1873, 1S4. 76 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. cP. Feet always reddish. Adult: White, the head and neck tinged with buff, the shafts of the tail-feathers yellowish; remiges hoary slate. Young: Above sooty brown, the quills and tail- feathers more hoary ; head, neck, and lower parts light smoky gray. (Plumage extremely variable, scarcely two specimens being alike.) Length about 27.00-30.00, wing 14.00-16.10 (15.04), tail 7.75-10.65 (8.93), culmen 3.05-3.50 (3.26), depth of bill at base .95-1.20 (1.07). Eggs 2, 2.56x1-80. J£ab. Intertropical seas, north to Florida and Lower California. 116. S. piscator (Linn.). Bed-footed Booby. «'. Lower jaw (i.e., malar region), together with sides of chin and throat, densely feathered. (Subgenus Dysporus.) Legs and feet blackish. Adult: White, the remiges dusky brown, the head and neck above washed with buff. Young: Dusky, everywhere streaked or speckled with white. Downy young : Entirely covered with fluffy yellowish white down. Length 30.00-40.50, wing about 19.50, tail 10.00, culmen 4.00. Eggs 1, 3.00 X 1-92. Hab. Coasts of the North At- lantic, south, in winter, to the Gulf of Mexico and northern Africa; breeding from Nova Scotia and British Islands northward. 117. S. bassana (Linn.). Gannet Family ANHINGIDiE.— The Anhingas. (Pago 73.) Genera. (Characters as given for the Family) Anhinga. (Pago 76.) Genus ANHINGA Brisson. (Page 76, pi. XIX., fig. 3.) Species. Adult male in summer : Head, neck, and body glossy greenish black ; other parts deep black, the scapulars and lesser wing-coverts beautifully spotted (longitu- dinally) with light silvery gray ; exposed surface of middle and greater wing- coverts light silvery gray ; tail broadly tipped with pale brown, passing into whitish termimilly ; sides of neck and hinder part of head, ornamented with length- ened, loose-webbed, or hair-like feathers of a dirty whitish or pale grayish lilac color; feathers of hind-neck also elongated and hair-like, forming a sort of mane, but black. Adult male in winter : Similar, but lacking all the elongated feathers of Lead and neck. Ao'dt female in summer : Head, neck, and breast grayish buff, darker on top of head, lighter on breast, where bordered below by a band of chestnut next to the black of the belly ; sides of upper nock with a few whitish loose-webbed feathers; otherwise, colored like the male. Adult female in winter : Similar to sum- mer plumage, but lacking entirely any ornamental, or lengthened, feathers on head or neck. Young in second year {?) : Similar to adult female, but lower parts duller PHA LA CROCORA X. 77 black, tho chestnut chest-band wanting, and upper parts much duller black, or dusky grayish brown, with the light markings indistinct. Young in first year: Similar to tho preceding, but lower parts dull grayish buft, darker posteriorly ; transverse corrugations on tail-feathers obsolete. Downy young : Entirely uniform buff. Length 32 25-36.00, wing about 14.00, tail 11.00, culmen 3.25. Kest a rudo structure of sticks, etc., in trees or bushes overhanging or near fresh-water rivers, ponds, or lakes. Eggs 2-4, 2.12 X 1-34, ovate or elongate-ovate, pale bluish green, with a more or less continuous white calcareous superficial covering. Hah. Tho whole of tropical and subtropical America, north to South Carolina, southern Illinois (vicinity of Cairo), and western Mexico. 118. A. anhinga (Linn.). Anhinga. Family PHALACROCORACIDiE.— The Cormorant.s. (Pago 73.) Genera. (Characters same as for tho Family) Phalacrocorax. (Pago 77.) Genus PHALACROCORAX Bhisson. (Pago 77, pi. XX., figs. 1, 2; pi. XXIL, fig. 1.) Kest a rude structure of sticks, etc., placed on trees, bushes, or rocks, near water. Eggs 2-5, elongate-ovate, palo bluish green, with a more or less continuous white chalky crust. Species. a'. Bill stout, with decidedh' curved upper outline, tho middle portion of the cul- men being appreciably concave, tho terminal nail, or unguis, more or less arched, strongly hooked, and occupying one-third, or more, of the entire length of the upper mandible, measured to tho base of the culmen. (Sub- genus Phalacrocorax.) 6'. 'Tail-feathers 14. Adult : A whitish patch adjoining base of gular pouch ; rest of head, neck, and lower parts blue-black ; back and wing-coverts grayish brown, each feather bordered with black. Nuptial 'plumage : Head ornamented with M-hite filamentous feathers, occiput with a short mane-like crest, and flanks with a large white patch. Young in sec- ond year (^f) : Head, nock, and chest dull grayish brown, becoming dusky on top of head and hind-neck, and brownish white on throat; rest of lower parts brownish dusky, mixed with white along tho median lino. Young in first year (f) : Upper part of throat, chest, breast, and middle of belly, white, streaked, except on throat, with grayish brown ; top of head, and greater part of neck, grayish brown. Nestling : Naked skin dull livid slate, feet purplish dusky, with yellowish brown legs, tho gular sac and inside of mouth flesh- color. Length 34.00-40.00, wing 12.90-14.00, tail 7.25-7.75, culmen ^^ %. ^>K^> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ // // A .I'-ij & ^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 2.5 «" Itf 1 2.2 iiiiii U III 1.6 ^. .^ '/ <9 ^ /] ^;. ->.. c?^i Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTER, iM.Y. 14S80 (716)873 4503 A \ ^V \\ ^^ V '^v 5i^ L^ ijitAs-itUsJiiH 78 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 2.30-2.85. Eggs 2.50 X 161. Hab. Europe, together with portions of Asia and Africa; Atlantic coast of North America, south, in winter, to coast of New Jersey. 119. P. carbo (Linn.). Cormorant. h\ Tail-feathers 12. c'. Wing more than 11.00. Adult: Greenish black; back and wings slaty brown, the feathers bordered with black. Nuptial plumage : On each side of the crown, behind eye, a tuft of lengthened, narrow, curved, somewhat loose- webbed feathei's ; gular jiouch bright orange (in life). Young in first year (J): Head and neck grayish brown, lighter next to gular sac, dai'ker on top and behind ; lower pai'ts brownish, darker laterally' and posteriorly ; gular sac yel- lowish. Young, before moulting {?): Similar to the preceding, but throat, fore-neck, chest, and bi'east paler, sometimes quite white, or much mixed with this color. dK Nuptial crests chiefly or entirely black. e'. Length 29.00-33.50, wing 12.00-13.00 (12.50), culmen 2.00-2.45 (2.25). Eggs 2.52 X 1-59. Hab. Northeastern North America, south, in winter, to Gulf coast, breeding from northern United States northward 120. P. dilophus (Sw. & High.). Double-crested Cormorant. e\ Length 21.25-30.00, wing 11.20-12.50 (11.75), culmen 2.00-2.40 (2.17). Eggs 2.36 X 1-48. Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf States, and lower Mississippi Valley, north to southern Illinois. Il8a. P. dilophus floridanus (Aud,). Florida Cormorant. d^. Nuptial crests chiefly or entirely white. e\ Length about 36.00, wing 12.50-14.00 (13.70), culmen 2.25-2.55 (2.40). Hab. Northwest coast of North America, from Alaska south (in winter) to California... 1186. P. dilophus cincinatus (Brandt). White-crested Cormorant. e\ Length about 25.00-31.00, wing 11.75-13.00 (12.23^ culmen i.90-2.35 (2.15). Eggs 2.40 X 1-47. Hab. Coast of Cali- fornia, south to western Mexico (Socorro Island).. 118c. P. dilophus albociliatus Eidqw. Farallone Cormorant, c*. "Wing less than 10,50. Adult: Brownish black, with a white line bordering the base of the gular sac ; mantle dull brownish slate, the feathers bordered with black. Nuptial plumage : Head, neck, and ventral region ornamented with scattered, small, short, white filamentous feathers; pouch brownish in life. Young: Head, neck, and lower parts grayish brown, darker on top of head, hind-neck, sides, and under tail-coverts, much paler (sometimes whitish) on upper y)art of throat (adjacent to gular sac). Young, before moulting (?) ; Similar to the preceding, but throat, foro-neek, PHALACROCORAX. 79 chest, and breast much paler, sometimes nearly white, or much mixed with this color. Length 23.00-28.75, wing 9.95-10.40, culmen 1.70-2.00, Eggs 2.21 X 1-42. Hub. Mexico, Cuba, Gulf States, and lower Mississippi Valley north to southern Illinois (vicinity of Cairo) and eastern Kansas. 121. P. mexicanus (Brandt). Mexican Cormorant, rt'. Bill slender, with upper outline nearly or quite straight, the nail small, not arched, and occupying not more than one-fourth the total length of the upper mandible, measured to the base of the culmen (except in P. perspicil- latus, in which, however, other characters than the last mentioned are as above). b\ Tail verj' short (less than half as long as the wing), slightly rounded, com- posed of 14 feathers ; bill decidedly higher than broad at base ; no crests or tufts on head or white patch on flanks in nuptial plumage. (Subgenus Compsohaliexis Ridqw.) Adult : Head and neck glossy blue-black, with a patch of light brown or bi'ownish white adjoining base of gular sac ; lower parts soft dark bottle-green ; scapulars and wing-coverts dark dull greenish, bordered narrrowly with black. Nxiptial plumage : Uppermost scapulars and sides of neck ornamented with long, white or pale straw-colored bristly filaments ; gular sac blue. Young : Head, neck, and rump silky dark brown, nearly black on hind-neck ; upper part of throat and median lower parts paler brown ; chest, breast, sides, and flanks, brown. Length about 35.00, wing 10.50-11.75, tail 5.50- 6.50, culmen 2.G0-2.95. Eggs 2 54 X 1-53. Uab. Pacific coast, from Cape St. Lucas to the Columbia River. 122. P. penicillatus (Brandt). Brandt's Cormorant. /;'. Tail much longer than wing, graduated, composed of 12 feathers (except in perspicillatus) ; bill broader than high at base ; nuptial plumage orna- mented with double crests, or tufts (one on crown, the other on nape), of broad soft feathers, and flanks with a large white patch. (Subgenus Urile BoNAP.) c*. Culmen less than 2.50 ; tail-feathers 12. rf'. Feathering on side of lower jaw forming a deep projecting angle, the point of which advances forward to beyond the anterior angle of the eye. Adult: Feathers of forehead advancing to base of culmen ; gular sac and naked lores dull coral-red, or reddish brown ; head and neck rich, glossy, silky violet-black, more purplish toward head, the lower part of the neck inclining to steel- blue, changing gradually to silk}' dark green on lower parts; rump also silky dark green; scapulars and wing- coverts bottle-green, tinged more or less with bronzy purplish. Nuptial plumage : Neck and rump ornamented with narrow, pure white filamentous feathers, and flanks -..i-^:^-. .-,j-.v.st2sA 80 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. with a largo patch of pure white. Young: Uniform brownish dusky, lighter and inclining to brownish gray on head, the uj^per parts darker and more glossy, with a faint greenish reflection. Nestling : Covei'cd with down of a uniform dark sooty gray color. Length 25.00-29.00. e\ Wing 9.50-10.60 (10.10), tail 6.00-6.75 (6.30), culmen 1.70-2.00 (1.85). Ilab. Coast of Kamtschatka, and Aleutian Islands ; south, in winter, to Kurils and northern Japan. 123. P. pelagicus Pall. Pelagic Cormorant. e\ Wing 10.00-11,40 (10.80), tail 6.25-8.50 (7.00), culmen 1.70-2.10 (1.95) ; bill much stouter than in pelagicus. Eggs 2.34 X 1-48. Hah. Coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound south to Washington Tei-ritory 123rt. P. pelagicus robustus Hidow. Violet-green Cormorant. e». Wing 9.30-10.50 (9.79), tail 5.80-7.00 (6.30), culmen 1.65-2.00 (1.81); bill more slender than in pelagicus. Eggs 2.29 X 1-49. Hah. Pacific coast, from Washing- ton Territory to western Mexico (Mazatlan and Cape St. Lucas)... 1236. P. pelagicus resplendens (Aud.). Baird's Cormorant. tP. Feathering on side of lower jaw forming a slight or very obtuse angle, the point of which docs not advance farther forward than beneath the middle of the eye (usually not nearly so far). Adult : Feathers of forehead separated from the oaso of the culmen by a strip of bare skin, connecting the naked lores ; gular pouch blue, bordered behind by purplish red corru- gations ; lores, orbits, and naked frontal skin bright orange (in life) ; plumage very similar to that of P. pelagicus, but neck decidedly more blue, the scapulars and wing-coverts decidedly purplish. Young : Uniform brownish dusk}*, with a faint purplish cast, the upper parts darker and more glossj'. Downy young : Covered with down of a uniform sooty grayish brown color. Length 31.00-35,00, wing 10.50-11.60, tail 6.30-8.00, culmen 2.05-2.30. Eggs 2.44 X l-tO- ff- Prybilof, Aleutian, and Kuril Islands, and coast of Kamtschatka, south, in Avinter, to northern Japan 124. P. urile (Gmel.). Red-faced Cormorant. c*. Culmen 3.75, or more ; tail-feathers 14. Nuptial plumage : Head rich, glossy, silky violet-purple, neck glossy greenish blue, body rich dark green ; head and neck ornamented with slender straw-yellow filamentous feathers, and flanks with a large patch of white; scapulars and wingcovorts deep purplish ; quills and tail-feathers black, the latter with PELECANVS. 81 white shafts. (In life, eye surrounded by a broad white ring of nai^-«^: Head, neck, breast, and belly, white; otherwise much as in the adult female. Downy young .- Covered with very fluftV 5.15 (4.62). Nest a rude structure of sticks on trees or bushes Cusuallv mangroves) along sea-shore. Eggs (usually only 1), 2.70 x 83 pu e white, oval, ovate, or elongate-ovate. hL Tropical and^^subtropi^a seas, chiefly north of the equator; north regularly to Florida, Te'xas, and California, accidentally to Nova Scotia, Ohio, and Kansas. Culmen less than 4.15. ^^^' ^' ^''""^ ^^'''''■^- Man-o'-War Bird. ^'^ PJ;™^^: T^7nI ^^^^^?^^ ^•^'''°* ^^'"^ ^- ^^"^'^^^ W^"g 20.50-25.25 (21.53) tail 15.75-17.10 (16.27), culmen 3.65-4.10 (3.90). Hab Tronical parts of the South Pacific. ^ -L topical ^- "^'nor (Gmel.). Lesser Man-o'-War Bird.' 188*; m """"^ ""■""'• ^'""' '• ^' '• ''''' '''' ^'■«^'"« -•«- «--v., in B. B. 4 R. Water B. N. Am. ii. ''?.'^.'yv*>:' lw i )ri taii ifraj iiB ag ' a ii '»dmm 84 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Order ANSERES. — The Lamellirostral Swimmers. (Page i.) Families. (Characters same as for the Order) Anatidse. (Page 84.) Family ANATID.^. — The Ducks, Geese, and Swans. (Page 84.) Eggs numerous, always unmarked, with a hard and usually smooth shell. Genera. a\ Neck shorter than hody. b^. Tarsus shorter than middle toe, without claw. c'. Lower mandible without trace of laraellre along the side, but with a series of distinct, tooth-like serrations along the upper edge. (Subfamily Mergince.) d\ Culmen longer than tarsus, and three times, or more, the depth of bill at base, e'. Serrations of both mandibles very conspicuously tooth-like, and strongly inclined backward at tips. Merganser. (Page 88.) e'. Serrations of both mandibles short, blunt, and not distinctly inclined backward at tips Lophodytes. (Page 89.) d*. Culmen shorter than tarsus Mergus. (Page 90.) c*. Lower mandible with a very distinct series of lamellae along the side, in addition to the series along upper edge. (Subfamily Anatinoe.) d}. Lower portion of tarsus in front with a row of transverse scutellae. e'. Lores entirely densely feathered ; wing less than 12.00. /*. Tail normal. g^. Hind-toe without a distinct membraneous lobe. A'. Bill not spatulate. I*. Tail-feathers narrow and pointed at tip. /. Tail graduated for less than one-third its total length, or else consisting of only 14 feathers, and culmen shorter than middle toe without tarsus. Anas. (Page 90.) f. Tail graduated for more than one-third its total length, consisting of 16 ANATIDM. 85 feathers, and culmen longer than middle toe, without claw. •2 m Dafila. (Page 97.) I . Tail-feathers broad and rounded at tips. J.2 T5-11 , ^^^' (Page 98.) A. Bdl spatulate (very broad near end and narrow n^ TXA. ^*^^Th Spatula. (Page 96.) g . Hind toe with a broad, membraneous lobe h\ Feathering on lores or forehead not reacbinc. ^ beyond posterior border of nostril. i\ Graduation of tail less than length of bill from nostril. j\ Loral feathering with a decidedly convex anterior outline; nail less than one- third as wide as width of bill across ^ middle portion. Aythya. (Page 101.) ; . Loral feathering with straight or even slightly concave anterior outline; nail more than one-third as wide as bill across middle portion. _ _ ^ . Netta. (Page 100.) I . Graduation of tail much more than length of bill from nostril. /. Distance from tip of bill to loral feather- ing less than graduation of tail. k\ Distance from anterior end of nos- tril to loral feathers equal to or greater than width of bill at base. l^. Distance from anterior end of nostril to tip of bill much less than from same point to loral feathers; tail less than twice as long as tarsus. Glaucionetta. (Page 104.) P- Distance from anterior end of nostril to tip of bill much greater than from same point to loral feathers; tail more than twice as long as tarsus. Charitonetta. (Page 106.) «*. Distance from anterior end of nos- tril to loral feathering much less than width of bill at base. '.mmm 86 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. U. Distance from posterior end of nostril to loral feathers equal to or greater than length of nostril ; anterior outline of loral feathering strongly convex. Histrionicus. (Page 107.) /*. Distance from posterior end of nostril to loral feathers less than half the leni'th of the nostril ; anterior outline of loral feathering forming a nearly straight line, run- ning obliquely backward and downward from near nostril to corner of mouth. Clangula. (Pago 106.) j*. Distance from tip of bill to loral feather- ing greater than graduation of tail. kK Distance from posterior border of nostril to angle of mouth much less than half the distance from anterior border of nostril to tip of upper mandible. P. Width of bill at base equal to one-half the length of cul- men ; speculum plain white. Camptolaimus. (Page 107.) P. Width of bill at base much less than one-half the length of the culmen ; speculum dark- colored (steel-blue or violet in male), bordered before and behind by a white bar. Eniconetta. (Page 107.) A'. Distance from posterior border of nostril to angle of mouth equal to or greater than distance from anterior end of nostril to tiu of upper mandible. Oidemia. (Page 110.) h\ Feathering of forehead or lores reaching anteri- orly to or beyond posterior end of nostril, i*. Feathering of forehead continuous with that ANATIDyE. 87 of lores, and advancinEf quite to the nostril Arctonetta. (Pago 108.) i*. Feathering of forehead separated from that of lores by the interposition of a more or less extensive naked angle, or prolonga- tion of naked skin of the bill. Somateria. (Pago 108.) /'. Tail more than half as long as wing, much graduated, the feathers with narrow webs and very stiff shafts, their bases scarcely hidden by the short coverts. g^. Nail of bill very small, hardly visible from above, and bent abruptly backward beneath the tip of the upper mandible ; outer toe longer than middle. Erismatura. (Page 113.) g*. Nail of bill normal (/.e. large, almost wholly visible from above, and not bent abruptly backward at tip) ; outer toe shorter than middle. Nomonyx. (Page 114.) e\ Lores wholly or partially naked ; wing more than 12.00. Cairina.* (Page 100.) d*. Lower portion of tarsus in front without transverse scutellte. Dendrocygna. (Page 118.) Tarsus longer than middle toe, without claw. (Subfamily Anserince.) c*. Serrations on eutting-edge of upper mandible visible from outside for greater portion of the tomium, the latter decidedly sinuatcd, or concave. d^. Bill very stout, its depth through base equal to much more than half the length of the culmen ; color of adults white, with blackish primaries, or else with head and part of neck white, the wing-coverts plain bluish gray Chen. (Page 114.) Cairina Fleuino, Phil, of Zool. 1822, 260. Type, Anat iioachata Linn. 88 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. with rusty) in adult ; tail-coverts and crissum grayish, barred with dusky and whitish Philacte. (Page 118.) a*. Neck as long as or longer than body. (Subfamily Cygnina;.) Largest of American Anafidce (length more than thrte feet) ; color entirely pure white, with black bill and feet, in adult, grayish in young. Olor. (Pago 120.) Genus MERGANSER Brisson. (Page 84, pi. XXI., fig. 4.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult male with head and upper neck greenish black, the occiput crested ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, plain ash-gray ; rest of upper parts mainly pied black and whitish ; lower parts rich creamy white or pale salmon- color. Adult female, with head and upper neck cinnamon-brownish (occiput crested, as in the male), chin and part of throat white; upper parts grayish, with some white on wings; lower parts buify white.. rt*. Distance between nosti'il and nearest feathering at base of upper mandible much - greater than height of upper mandible at base ; feathering at base of upper mandible, on sides, projecting very slightly forwai'd, and not forming a distinct angle, i". No visible black bar across white of wing-coverts. Adult male: Head and upper neck greenish black, the top of the latter with a soft " bushy" crest, conspicuous only when ei'ectcd ; chest and other lower parts rich creamy white, or (especial)}^ in freshly-killed specimens) delicate palo salmon-color; wing 10.70-11.00, culmcn 2.05-2.30, tarsus 1.90-2.00, middle toe 2.35-2.60. Adult female : Head and upper neck tawny brown or cinnamon, the chin and throat whitish, the occiput with a conspicuous pointed crest ; upper parts chiefly ash-gray, with white on secondaries and greater wing-coverts; wing 9.75-10.25, culmcn 1.80-1.90, tarsus 1.65-1.80, middle toe 2.35. Hab. Northern parts of the eastern hemi- sphere, from western Europe to Kamtschatka. M. merganser Linn. Merganser.* 6". A very conspicuous black bar across white of wing-coverts. (Plumage not otherwise essentially different from that of M. merganser, but feath- ering at base of bill having a quite distinct outline.) Downy young : Upper half of head, and bin eck, rusty brown, more reddish on the latter, where encroaching on sides of neck; remaining upper parts hair- brown, relieved by four white spots ; lower parts, including rest of head and neck, white ; a stripe on lower half of lores, white ; beneath this, a narrowe.' stripe of deep brown, and a similar, but broader, brown stripe on upper half of lores. Male: Length 25.00-27.00, wing 10.50-11.25, culmen 1.90-2.20, tarsus 1.90-2.00, middle toe 2.40-2.50. Female : Length 1 Mergun merganter LiNN., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 129. No. 29, 1886, 176. Merganser merganser Stejn., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mu8. LOPHODYTES. 89 1, barred LVgO 118.) entirely ago 120.) ih black, of upper 3 salmon- t crested, ith some ble much of upper )rming a lead and " bushy" [arts rich ["ate palo 90-2.00, ly brown spicuous ondaries tar.su8 [•n hemi- crganser.* lumage it feath- young : on the rts hair- of head h this, a n stripe 0-11.25, Length Nat. Mas. 21.00-24.00, wing 9.60-9.7.'). culmcn 1.80-2.00, tarsus 1.8.')-1.90, middle toe 2.25-2.40. Eggs 2.(53 X 1-82, ovMo, or elliptical-ovate, pale buff, or buffy white. Hah. Whole of North A merica, breeding south to northern border of United States.. 129. M. americanus (Cass.). American Merganser, a*. Distance between nostril and nearest feathering on sides of base of upper man- dible decidedly less than height of upper mandible at base ; feathering on sides of base of upper mandible projecting far forward, and forming a very decided, though obtuse, angle. Adult male : Head dull greenish black, the occiput with a long pointed crest ; neck and sides of chest dull brownish buff, or light cinnamon, Btreaked with black; other lower parts mainly white, usually tinged with cream- or salmon-color. Adult female : Very similar in coloration to the same sex of M. americanus, but smaller, and very readily distin- guishable by the different position of the nostrils, etc., as noted above. Downy young : Above hair-brown, the posterior border of each wing and a large spot on each side of the rump, yellowish white ; lower parts, including cheeks, yellowish white ; sides of head and neck rusty cinna- mon, paler on lores, which are bordered above bj'' a duskj' stripe, and beneath by a dark rict.i^ stripe; lower ej-elid whitish. Length about 20.00-25.00, wing 8.60-9.U'.', culmen about 2.50, tarsus 1.80-1.90, middle toe 2.40. Eggs ovate ar elliptical-ovate, 2.57 X 1-79, light olive-buff. Hab. Northern por i n of northe?') tiemisphere, breeding northward. 130. M. serrator (Linn.). Red-breasted Merganser. Genus LOPHODYTES Rkichenbach. (Page 84, pi. XXL, fig. 3.) Species. Adult male : Head (except crest), neck, and most of npper parts black; crest pure white with a sharply defined black border or rim ; lower parts white, the sides of the chest cT'ossed by two black crescentic bars (projected from the black of the back), the sides light cinnamon, finely waved with black. Adult female : Head (except crest), neck, chest, and upper parts grayish brown, darker above ; crest reddish hair-brown or dull cinnamon, smaller and of looser texturo than in the male ; chin and upper throat, belly, etc., white. Young : Similar to adult female, but crest rudimentary, the sides and under tail-coverts more distinctly brown. Downy young : Above deep hair-brown, darkest on back and rump ; hi'der border of arm-wing, a small spot on each side of back, and one on each side of rump, grayish white ; lower half of head brownish buff or light fulvous, paler on chin and throat; chest light dingy brownish, sides darker; belly white. Length about 17.25-19.25, wing 7.50-7.90, culmen 1.50. JVest in holes in trees, usually at a considerable height. Eggs 6-10, 2.09 X 1-75, broadly oval, white. Hab. North America in general; north to Alaska and (accidentally) Greenland; south to Mexico and Cuba ; casual in Europe. 131. L. cucuUatus (Linn.). Hooded Merganser. 12 mme^mmm 90 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Genus MERGUS Linn^us. (Page 84.) Species. Adult male: Prevailing color pure white, but this relieved as follows: A patch covering lores and jirrowly surrounding eyes, deep black with a greenish reflec- tion ; under portion of crest glossy greenish black ; back, rump, some of the wing- coverts, secondaries, and two narrow crescentic bars across sides of chest, deep black ; upper tail-coverts and tail ash-gray ; length about 16.50, wing 7.75, culmen 1.10. Adult, female : Upper part of head, including lores, reddish brown ; rest of head, with neck (except behind), and lower parts, white ; upper parts, sides, and flanks ash-gray, darker on back ; chest tinged with pale ashy ; smaller than the male, and crest less developed. Downy young : "Upper parts, including sides of the head below the eye, but only on the back of the neck, dark blackish brown, darkest on the crown and the lower part of the back ; at the base of the wing-joint a white spot, and another close to it, but rather lower down the back, and on each side of the rump another white spot ; below the eye a very small white spot ; underparts white ; breasts and flanks pale grayish or sooty brown." (Dresser.) JIab. Europe, etc. ; accidental or occasional in eastern North America (?). M. albellus Linn. Smew.* Genus ANAS Linn^us. (Page 84, pi. XXII., figs. 2-5 ; pi. XXIII., fig. 1.) Species. a^. Ciilmen longer than middle toe, without claw. b^. Width of upper mandible near tip more than one-third the culmen, the upper and lateral outlines of upper mandible more or less convex for terminal half, c'. Wing more than 8.00 ; scapulars and larger tertials broad, an(i without light-colored median stripes in adult male. (Subgenus Anas.) d*. Smaller wing-coverts uniform grayish brown or brownish slate; tertials without light edgings; sexes very different in plumage; wing with two distinct white bands. Adult male: Head and neck soft, brilliant metallic green; chest rich dark chestnut, separated from green of neck by a collar of pure white; speculum rich metullic violet, bor- dered anteriorly by a black bar, this preceded by a white bar, and posteriorly by n black subterminal and white terminal band. Adxdt female (and male in breeding season) : Wings as above ; elsewhere varied with dusk}'' and ochra- ceous or bufl'y, the former on central or median portion of the feathers, and predominating on upper parts, the latter on edges, and prevailing on lower parts. Downy young: » Mevgua nlbdhit LtNN., S. N. ed. 10, I. 1768, 129. ANAS. 91 Above olivaceous, relieved by two pairs of yellowish spots, one pair on the back, just behind the wings, the other on each side of the base of the tail ; lower parts, including sides of head and broad superciliary stripe, yellowish buff, d'^epest on head, paler and duller posteriorly ; side of head marked by a narrow but very distinct stripe of dark brown, extending from upper basal angle of the maxilla to the eye, and thence to, and confluent with, the oliva- ceous of the occiput; beneath this stripe an auricular spot of dusky ; sides crossed by two olivaceous patches, con- fluent with the olive of the back. Length about 20.00- 25 00, wing 10.25-12.00, culmen 2.00-2.40, tarsus 1.50-1.80, middle toe 1.90-2.15. Eggs 2.32 X 1-67, pale olive-buff', pale greenish buff', or pale huffy pea-green. Hab. "Whole of northern hemisphere. 132. A. boschas Linn. Mallard, d*. Smaller wing-coverts distinctly bordered or margined with buff or ochraceous, and tertials edged with same ; sexes alike in plumage. e\ Wing without any white bands. /'. Cheeks, chin, and entire throat distinctly streaked with dusky; dusky markings largely predominating in ex- tent over the lighter (huffy or ochraceous) ; lower basal corner of upper mandible without black spot; speculum usually deep violet. Downy young: Above olive-brown, slightly relieved by three pairs of light dull uiiff spots, as follows: One on posterior border of arm-wing (this sometimes indistinct), one on sides of back, just behind wing, and one on sides of rump, near base of tail ; top of head and hind-neck olive- bi'own, like back, etc. ; rest of head and neck, with lower parts, pale dingy buff, paler on belly ; sides of head marked with a narrow dusky streak, from upper basal angle of bill to eye and thi-nce back to occiput ; a dusky auricular spot, continued less distinctly back to nape Length 21.00-24.50, wing 10.50-11.50, cul- men 2.00-2.35, tarsus 1.70-1.80, middle toe 1.90-2.10. Eggs 2.43 X 1-75, pale dull bnff or palo greenish buff. Hab. Eastern North America, breeding fi'om more northern United States to Hudson's Bay, including whole of Labrador. (Western and southern limits imperfectly determined.) 133. A. obscura Gmel. Blaok Duck. /'. Cheeks, chin, and throat plain buff; ochraceous or Vuff markings predominating in extent over the darker m mmmmmmmmmm 92 It « NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. markings; lower basal angle of upper mandible with a triangular black spot ; speculum usually bluish green; about the size of ^. obscura. Eggs 2.15 X 1-61, pale dull buff or pale grayish buff. Hab. Southeastern United States, from Florida to Kansas. 134. A. fulvigula Eidqw. Florida Dnck. e'. Wing with one or more white bands. p. Wing more than 8.75, with two white bands. Chin, throat, and lower part of cheeks plain buffy ; dusky prevailing on upper parts, lower parts with dusky and ochraceous in about equal proportion ; wing 8.90-10.00, culmen 1.85-2.05, tarsus 1.60, middle toe 1.95. Hab. Southern Mexico (Puebla, etc.). A. diazi EiDow. Mexican Duck.> /-. Wing less than 8.75, with only one white band. Only the chin and upper part of throat unstreaked buff; dusky and ochraceous markings nearly equal in extent, the latter, however, rather pre- dominating on lower pai'ts ; speculum dark metal- lic green, followed, successively, by a velvety black subterminal and a pure white terminal bar, each about .35 wide ; wing 8.50, culmen 1.65, tarsus 1.30, middle toe 1.70. Hab. Western Mexico (vicinity of Mazatlan). A. aberti Ridow. Abert's Duck.' Wing loss than 8.00 ; scapulars and tertials lanceolate, and marked with buffy or whitish median stripes in adult males. (Lesser wing- coverts plain light bluish, last row of middle coverts white spotted or blotched with dusky, speculum bronzy greenish.) (Subgenus Querquedula Stephens.) d}. Culmen usually leas than 1.C5. Adult male: Head and neck dull plumbeous, with a large crescent-shaped patch of white in front of eye, faint gloss of metallic lavender-purple on sides of occiput, the crown dusky ; lower parts pale chestnut, spotted with black. Adult female (and adult male in breeding season) : Above dusky, varied with dull buff}' ; head, neck, and lower parts dull brownish white, or pale dull buff, the head and neck streaked with dusky (except on chin and upper throat), the lower parts more or loss spotted with same, the belly sometimes (especially in younger birds) immaculate. Young: Similar to adult female, but whole belly immaculate, and speculum dull grayish brown, without metallic gloss. Length 14.60-16.00, wing 1 Anrm dinti Rinnw., Auk, iii. July, 1886, .3,')2. * Aiiat aberti RiDOW., Proo. U. S. Nat. Mua. i. 1878, 250. ANAS. 93 Mexico ;ck dull lito in sides of spotted 7.00-7.50, culmeu 1.40-1.65, tarsua 1.20-1.30, middle toe 1.40- 1.45. Eggs 1.84 X 1-34, pale buif. Hab. North America in general, but chiefly east of Rocky Mountains ; in winter, whole of West Indies and Middle America, south to Ecuador. 140. A. discors Linn. Blue-winged Teal. Aiiat bakameHiii Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1768, 224. Dafila bahamettM Gray, Qen. B. iii. 1840, 615. AIX. 99 te green ; chest rich chestnut glossed with reddish purple, and marked with triangular white spots ; sides of breast crossed with a broad pure white bar and a broad deep black one immediately behind it ; sides and flanks delicately waved with black on a buff or pale fulvous ground, the outermost' feathers beautifully ornamented with broad cresccntic bars of pure white and velvety black ; belly white ; bill (in life) beautifully varied with jet-black, milk-white, lilac, red, orange, and yellow ; length about 19.00-20.50, wing 9.00-9.50, culmeu 1.40. Adult female : Feathers round base of bill, around eye (and extending thence back to the occi- put), chin, and whole throat, white ; rest of head leaden gray, the crown and slightly developed occipital crest glossed with greenish ; chest brownish, spotted with buff or whitish ; remaining lower parts chiefly white ; upper parts chiefly grayish brown, richly glossed on wings, scapulars, etc., Avith reddish purple and other metallic tints ; length about 17.00-19.50. Downy young : Above dark hair-brcwn, darker, or approaching clove-brown, on top of head and tail ; a dingy whitish bar along posterior edge of arm-wing, and a roundish spot of same on each side of rump ; lores, superciliary stripe, and sides of head generally, bright suljihury buff, crossed by a broad stripe of blackish brown, from eye to occiput ; lower parts dingy white, the sides more brownish, cross'>d on flanks by a whitish bar. Nest in holes in trees, often at a great height from the ground. Eggs 2.08 X 1-58, pale buff, or buffy white. Ilab. Whole of temperate North America; Cuba; accidental in Europe. 144. A. sponsa (Linn.). Wood Duck. Feathering at base of bill extending farther forward above than below, and forming a straight line from the side of the forehead to the lower basal cor- ner of the mandible ; depth of bill at base not greater than its width ; feathers on side of neck (in adult male) much elongated, forming a conspicu- ous ruff of soft narrow feathers ; innermost tertial with the shaft much bent, giving the outer web of falcate form, the inner (upper) web widened into an excessively broad sail-like oi-nament ; tail itiuch less than half as long as wing, nearlj' even, and shorter than the lower coverts. (Subgenus Dendronessa SWATNSON.') Adxdt male : Smaller than A. sponsa ; similar in general stylo of coloration, but middle upper portion of crest chestnut, lengthened feathers of sides of neck tawny chestnut, streaked with ochraceous, whole loral region buff, etc. Hab. Eastern Asia (domesticated extensively in China and Japan). A. galericulata (Linn.). Mandarin Duck.» • Dendronessa SwAiss., F. B. A. ii. 1831, 497. Type, Anas galericulata Lisy. » Anas galericulata Linn., 8. N. etl. 10, i. 1758, 128. Aix galericulata " Evtov, Mon. Anat. 1838." 100 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Genits CAIRINA Fleming.' (Page 87.) Species. Adult male: Head, neck, and lower parts, uniform glossy brownish black; tipper parts brilliant metallic blackish green, glossed with purple anteriorly and on rump ; wing-coverts, above and below, entirely pure white ; caruncles along sides of forehead, etc., bright pinkish red, or rose-i*ed, in life ; bill varied with blackish and pinkish white or light rose-color; length nearly 3 feet, wing about 16.00, tail 9.00, tarsus 2.00, or more. Adult female : Entirely brownish black, except some of the upper greater wing-coverts, which are white ; upper parts glossed with metallic green and purple ; length about 2 feet, wing 12.50, tail 5.50, tarsus 2.00. Hob, Tropical America, from Paraguay and southern Brazil to Mexico; Louisiana ? C. moschata (Lixx.). Muscovy Duck.^ Genus NETTA Kaitp. (Page 85, pi. XXIII., fig. 2.) Species. Adult male : Head and upper neck vinaceous-rufous, the full, soft, " bushy" crest paler, and more ochraceous ; lower neck, stripe along hind-neck, most of the lower parts, and rump, uniform brownish black ; back and scapulars light brown, with a broad ti'ansverse bai*, or patch, on outer portion of scapular region ; specu- lum chiefly white ; anterior border and under side of wing, and a very large patch on flanks, white ; bill and feet bright vermilion-red in life; length about 21.00, wing 10.20, eulmen 2.00. Adult female : Crest much smaller than in male ; upper half of head and stripe down hind-neck, light hair-brown ; rest of head and neck, with lower parts in general, pale grayish, the chest and sides more brownish ; rump dark brownish ; no white scapular patch, and white anterior border to wing indistinct; bill dusky or brownish^ the tip paler (pinkish in life); wing 9.90, eul- men 1.90. Immature male : Much like the adult female, but crest still less devel- oped, and more reddish ; under part and sides of head interspersed with cinnamon- colored feathers ; breast, etc., mixed with black feathei'S ; white scapular patch distinctly indicated. Downy young : Upper parts dull olive-gi'ay, lower parts and scapular spot pale yellowish gray; lores with two olive-gray stripes, one ascending over eye, and bordering a yellowish gray superciliary stripe, the other passing below the eye, across cheeks and ear-coverts. Eggs 2.19 X 1-68, pale olive-buff'. Hah. Southern and eastern Eui'ope, together with portions of Africa and Asia; accidental in eastern United States (Fulton Market, New York City). 145. N. rufina (Pall.). Rnfons-crested Dnck. 1 Cnirina " Flgmino, Phil, of Zool. 1822, 260." Type, Aiian motchata Linn. » Anas motchata Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 124. CaMna moachata "Plem., Philoa. Zool, 1822, 260." AVTHVA. 101 I black; ■ and on ig sides blackish t 16.00, jpt some ed with \, tarsus Mexico ; vy Duck.' i;9 " bushy" st of the t brown, specu- ge patch at 21.00, ; upper nd neck, ownish ; to wing 90, cul- devel- tinamon- \r patch arts and cending passing ive-buff. d Asia; id Dnck. , 260.' Genus AYTHYA Boie. (Pago 85, pi. XXIV., fige. 1-3.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult males with the head and part of the neck uni- form chestnut or black, the lower neck uniform black (except in a few exotic species) ; back and scapulars waved with white and black ; speculum bluish gray, or white, tipped with black ; lower parts white. Adult females with head, neck, chest, and upper parts plain brownish, the head paler or whitish next the bill ; speculum as in the male. rt'. Culmen longer than inner toe, with claw ; bill not wider near end than at base ; head and neck reddish in adult males, i'. Bill much shorter than middle too without claw, its greatest width nearly half the length of tho culmen, the end moderately depressed, and the nail decidedly hooked. (Subgenus Aythya.) c*. Adult male : Head and upper half of neck rich chestnut-red, glossed with reddish purple ; lower neck, chest, upper back, rump, and tail- coverts (above and below) black ; back, scapulars, sides, and flanks waved or vermiculated with white and black, in nearly equal pro- portion ; belly immaculate white. Adult female : Head and neck gi'ayish brown, darker above, the fore part of the former lighter, almost white on chin and upper throat; back, scapulars, chest, sides, and flanks dull grayish brown, the feathers tipped with paler, or fulvous. Downy young : Above ochraceous olive-brown, with an indistinct yellowish spot behind each wing, another on the hind border of tho arm-wing, and a third on each side of the rump ; whole sides of head and neck, with lower parts in general, deep buff-3'ellow, paler and duller on belly and ventral region ; no dark markings on side of head. Length 17.00-21.00, wing 8.50-9.25, culmen 2.05-2.25, greatest width of bill .75-.85. Eggs 2.42 X 1-73, pale olive-buff or palo dull greenish buff. Hab. Whole of North America, breeding from Maine and California northward. 146. A. americana (Eyt.). Bedhead. c'. Adult male: Head and whole neck chestnut-rufous, without distinct purple gloss ; back, scapulars, and whole lower parts, except chest and under tail-coverts, white, everywhere finely waved or vermic- ulated with dusky ; otherwise like A. americana, but upper man- dible (in life) pale blue only between nostril and end, tho basal por- tion being dusky. Adult female : Differing from tho same sex of A. americana chiefly in tho color of the bill (hardly appreciable in dried specimens) and in the different propoi-tions. "Wing 8.00-8.50, culmen 2.20-2.40, greatest width of bill .70-.78. Hah. Europe, with portions of Africa and Asia. A. ferina (Linn.). Pochard.* » Anai ferina Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 126. Aythya ferina Boie, Isis, 1822, 664. 102 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 6». Culmen as long as middlo too, without claw, its greatest width not more than one-third the length of Liie eulmeii ; the end much flattened, and nail very Hlightly hooked. (Suhgenus Aristonetta Baihd.') Adult male: Head and neck reddiHh brown, the former blackish on top; chest, upper back, lower rump, and upper and under tail-coverts, black ; rest of jtlumage (except quills, etc.) white, the upper parts, sides, flanks, and ventral region, finely waved or vermiculated with dusky. Adult female: Head, neck, chest, and upper back, raw- umber brown, the fore part of the head and fore-neck whitish ; scapulans, sides, and flanks similar, but tips of the feathers vermicu- lated with whitish. Length about 20.00-2:J.50, wing 8.75-9.25, culmen 2.10-2.50, greatest depth of bill .75-.80. Egjs 2.48 X 1-76, pale grayish drab or very pale grayish olive-green. Ilab. Whole of North America, breeding iiir northward. 147. A. vallisneria (Wils.). Canvas-back. a\ Culmen as long as outer toe, with claw ; bill wider at end than at base ; head and neck black in adult nuiles. (Subgenus Fuligula Stephens.) 6*. Speculum white, tipped with black. cK Back and scapulars in adult male grayish white irregularly waved or zigzagged with black ; no pendent crest on occiput. rf^ Flanks immaculate white. e\ Six inner quills with a distinct white space on the inner web. Adult male : Head, neck, and chest uniform black, the first with a greenish gloss ; wing-coverts dusky, " grizzled" with grayish white; bill (in life) pale grayish blue, or bluish white, with black nail. Adult male at end of breeding sea- son : '• Plumage resembling that of the female, but the brown on the head and neck is blackish brown, the back is more barred with dirty white, the beak is lighter blue, and the eyes richer yellow." (Dresseu.) Adidt female: Head and neck snuff-brown, the former white round base of bill ; chest, ventral region, and lower tail-coverts pale grayish brown, fading into white on belly, etc. ; sides and flanks deeper bi'own ; upper parts nearly plain brownish dusky, the wings much as in the male. Downy young : " Crown, nape, and upper parts uniform dark olive-brown ; throat, sides of the head, and fore part of the neck, yellowish white ; a dull gi-ayish band crosses the lower neck, rest of the under parts dull yellowish, the flanks grayish yellow." (Dresser.) Length 18.00-20.00, wing 8.25-8.50 (8.42), '5-2.05 (2.00), greatest width of bill .90-1.00 imen • Aristonetta Baird, B. N. Am. 185S, 79.3. Typo, Anaa valliimeria WiLS, This subgenus, which was unani- mously accepted by the A. 0. U. Committoo, was accidentally omitted from the Check List. AVTirrA. 108 (.95), least width .70-85 (.78). Hah. Northern portions of Old World, from western Europe to Kumtschutku. A. marila (Linn.). Scaup Duck.' e*. Six inner quills without distinct white Hpaces on inner wclw; otherwiHo not appreciably different from A. viarila ; len;L;th 18.00-20.00, wing 8.25-9.00 (8.G3), culmen 1.85-2.20 (2.03), greatest width of bill .85-1.05 (.97), least width .70-.90 (.79). E(jgs 2.5-1 X 1-71, pale buffy olive-gray. Hah. North America in general, breeding far northward; south, in winter, to Guatemala. 148. A. marila nearctica Stejn. American Soanp Duck. d*. Flanks vcrmiculated or zigzagged with blackish. eK Similar to A. marila nearctica (including absence of distinct white spaces on six inner quills), but black of head in male glos.sed with purplish instead of green ; length 15.00-1G.50, wing 7.50-8.25 (7.81), culmen 1.58-1.90 (1.75), greatest width of bill .80-.95 (.89), least width .G0-.78 (.(19). Eijgs 2.25 X 1-58, same color as in F. marila nearctica. Hah. North America in general, breeding northward ; south, in winter, to Guatemala and West Indies. 149. A. afRnis (Eyt.). Lesser Scaup Duck, c'. Similar to A. affinis, but six inner quills Avith a distinct white space on inner webs, as in A. marila. Hah. Eastern Asia (Japan and southward). A. affinis mariloides (Yiu.). Chinese Scaup Duck.' c}. Back and scapulars, in adult male, black, sometimes minutely sprinkled with whitish ; a long, pendi at occipital crest. Otherwise, in color, much like A. marila; wing 7.60-8.10, culmen 1.85-1.90, greatest width of bill .75-.85. Hah. Northern parts of Old World, from western Europe to Kamtschatka. A. fuligula (LixN.). Crested Scaup Duck.' b*. Speculum bluish gray. ~~~ Adult male : Head, neck, chest, under tail-covcrts, and upper parts black, the head with a violet-purple gloss, and middle of neck with a more or less distinct collar of chestnut ; chin with a triangular white spot ; bill trans- versely banded with black, grayish white, and plumbeous. Adult female :* 1 Anna maritn LiNN., Faun. Succ. 2d ed. 1761, 39. Aijlhya marila BoiK, Isis, 1822, 664. ^ Fuliijula mariloides Via., Zool. Blossom, 1839, 31 (in text). Aythya affinis mariloides Stbjn., Orn. Expl. KamU. 1885, 161. » Anas fulii/ula LiNjj., S. N. od. 10, i. 1758, 128. Aythya /uliijula Stejn., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No, 29, 1885, 160. *The female of this species resembles very closely in coloration that of the Red-head (A. americana), but may be readily distinguished by the very diflferent proportions, the aTerago measurements of the two being about as follows : A. americana. Wing 8.50, culmen 1.90, greatest width of bill .85, least width .75, tarsus 1.60, middle toe 2.30. A. OOUaris. Wing 7.50, culmen 1.80, greatest width of bill .85, least width .65, tarsus 1.35, middle toe 2.00. mm- mmm 104 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Top of head and back of neck dai'k brown, rest of head and neck paler, becoming nearly or quite white antei'ioi'ly and on throat ; chest, sides, and flanks deep fulvous brown ; breast and belly white ; upper parts nearly uniform dull dark brown, the speculum bluish gray, as in the male. Downy young : Above grayish brown, relieved b}'- seven spots of light buff, as follows : A small spot in middle of upper back, a largo patch on each side of back, another on each side of rump, and a bar across hinder border of each wing; top of head and hind-neck deep grayish brown ; rest of head and neck, including forehead, with lower parts, light dingy buff, the flanks crossed by a brown transverse patch ; side of head without any markings, except a spot of grayish brown on ear coverts. Length 15.50-18.00, culmen 1.75-2.00, tarsus 1.30-1.45, middle toe 2.00-2.15. Eggs 2.23 X 1-57, same color as in nearctica and affinis. Hab. North America in general, breeding northward ; south, in winter, to Guatemala and West Indies. 150. A. coUaris (Donoy.). Eing-necked Duck. Genus GLAUCIONETTA Stejneger. (Page 85, pi. XXIV., fig. 4.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult males with head and upper neck black, glossed with green, blue, or violet, and relieved by a white patch between bill and eye; upper parts pied black and white, lower parts entirely white, the flanks streaked with black. Females with head and upper neck brown, chest and part of upper surface grayish, collar round nock and most of lower parts white ; wing dusky, with white on wing-coverts and secondaries. Young males similar to adult females, but white loral spot of adult more or less distinctly indicated, and gray of chest less extensive (sometimes quite obsolete). Male in post-nuptial plumage : Similar to young male, but wing-coverts more continuously white. a\ Iloight of upper mandible at base, measured from point of frontal angle to nearest point on cutting-edge, loss than distance from anterior edge of lorai feathering to anterior end of nostril, and usually little if any greater than distance from latter point to tip of upper mandible. Adult male : Head and upper neck glossy greenish black, with a largo roundish or oval spot of white on lower part of lores; white wing-patch uninterrupted by black bands or bars. Adult female : Brown of head (usually deep hair-brown or grayish umber) reaching down only to upper part of neck, and not so far in front as elsewhere ; gray of chest narrower, usually less deep, and Avhito collar broader ; gi-eator wing-coverts usually without distinct blackish tips ; nail of bill not more than .20 wide. Downy young : Upper parts, including upper half of head, to below eyes, broad band across chest, sides, and thighs, uniform deep sooty brown, lighter and more grayish on chest, the upper parts varied by about eight white spots ; chin, throat, and cheeks pure white, in abrupt and decided contrast with the circumjacent brown; remain- ing lower parts (except chest) grayish white. GLAUCIONETTA. 105 wing a' b\ Smaller, with relatively smaller bill. 3Iale : Length about 18.00, 8.00-9.00 (8.52), bill from tip to extremity of frontal angle 1.65-1.80 (1.73), depth of bill at base .95-1.05 (.99), width .70-.75 (.74), width of nail .18-.20, tarsus 1.30-1.55 (1.43), middle too 2.15-2.30 (2.22). Female: Wing 7.40-8.00 (7.72), bill from tip to frontal angle 1.40-1.60 (1.50), depth at base .75-.85 (.81), width .60-.08 (.65), width of nail .18, tarsus 1.10-1.45 (1.32), middle toe 1.80-2.45 (2.05). Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere. G. clangula (Linx.). Golden-eye.* v. Larger, with relatively larger bill. Male : Length 18.50-23.00, wing 9.00- 9.30 (9.18), bill from tip to extremity of frontal angle 1.85-2.0f. (1.95), Septh at base 1.00-1.10 (1.03), width .82-.85 (.84), width of nail .25, tarsus 1.50-1.60 (1.57), middle toe 2.40-2.60 (2.45). Female: Length about 16.50, wing 7.90-8.30 (8.14), bill from tip to frontal angle 1.60- 1.75 (1.64), depth at base .85-.90 (.89), width .70, width of nail .20, tarsus 1.40-1.48 (1.44), middle too 2.05-2.20 (2.12). Eggs 2.38 X 1-71, dull light pea-green, occasionally ranging to dull pale olive-buffy. Hab. North America generally, breeding irom Maine and Canada northward ; in winter, south to Cuba and Mexico. 151. G. clangula americana (Bonap.). American Oolden-eye. Height of upper mandible at base, measured from extremity of frontal angle to nearest point on eutting-edge, equal to distance from anterior point of loral feathering to anterior end of nostril, and much greater than from latter point to tip of upper mandible. Adult male : Head and upper neck glossy blue-black, with a large vortical wedge-shaped patch of white across lores; white wing-patch crossed by a broad bar or band of black j length 21.00-23.00, wing 9.00-9.40 (9.17), bill from tip to frontal angle 1.65-1.80 (1.75), depth at base .95-1.10 (1.03), width .75-.85 (.81), width of nail .35, tarsus 1.50-1.60 (1.57), middle too 2.45-2.50 (2.47). Adult female : Brown of head (usually a deep sepia or purplish snuff-brown), descending to middle of neck, all round ; gray of chest broadei*, and usually deeper, and white collar nar- rower, than in same sex of O. clangula ; greater wing-coverts always (?) distinctly tipped with blackish ; nail of bill not less than .23 wide ; wing 8.25-8.75 (8.40), bill from tip to frontal angle 1.40-1.70 (1.56), depth at base .80-.95 (.88), width .70-.80 (.73), width of nail .23-.30 (.26), tarsus 1.30-1.60 (1.46), middle too 2.10-2.25 (2.19). Eggs 2.47 X 177, dull pea- green or pale grayish pea-green. Hab. Northern North America, breed- ing from Gulf of St. Lawrence and Rocky Mountains of Colorado north- ward ; Greenland ; Iceland ; south, in winter, to New York, Illinois, Utah, etc. ; accidental or occasional in Europe. 152. G. islandica (Gmel.). Barrow's Oolden-eye. > Aii.j) clangula Linn., S. N. cd. 10, i. 1758, 125. Olaucionetta clangula Stej.v., Pruo. U. S. Nat. Mub. vii. 1885, 4UU. 14 ■H 106 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. T Genus CHARITONETTA Stejneoer. (Page 85, pi. XXIV., fig. 5.) Species. Adult male : Head and upper neck rich silky dark metallic green, bronze, and violet-purple, with a large patch of pure white extending from behind the eye to and across the occiput; lower neck, lower parts, wing-coverts, secondaries, and outer scapulars, pure white ; upper parts, except as described, black ; length 14.25- 15.25, wing 6.75-6.90, culmen 1.10-1.15. Adult female : Head, neck, and upper parts generally dusky grayish brown ; a spot on ear-coverts, inner secondaries, and some- times a portion of the greater wing-coverts, white ; lower parts white^ tinged an- teriorly, laterally, and posteriorly with brownish gray; length 12.25-13.50, wing 5.90-6.00, culmen .95-1.00. Eggs 1.98 X 1-46, dull light buff. Ilab. Whole of North America, breeding northward 153. C. albeola (Linn.). Bnffle-head. Genus CLANGULA Leach. (Page 86, pi. XXV., fig. 4.) Species. Adult male in icinter : Sides of head light smoke-gray, the eyelids and rest of head and neck, upper part of chest, and upper back, white ; a dusky patch on each side of neck ; breast and most of upper parts black, the scapulars pale pearl-gray or gi-ayish white ; lower parts white, the sides tinged with pearl-gray. Adult male in summer : Fore part of head pale grayish ; eyelids and space behind eye white ; rest of head and neck, with upper parts generally, sooty blackish or dark sooty brown, the upper back varied with fulvous, and scapulai's edged with same ; breast and upper belly dark sooty grayish, remaining lower parts white, shaded on sides with pale pearl-gray. Adult female in winter: Head, neck, and lower parts chiefly white ; top of head dusky ; chest grayish ; upper pai'ts dusky brown, the scapulars bordered with light brownish, sometimes tipped with grayish. Adult female in sum- mer : Head and neck dark grayish brown, with a whitish space surrounding the eye, and another on each side of neck ; otherwise much as in winter plumage, but scapu- lars chiefly light brown or fulvous, with dusky centres. Young : Similar to winter female, but much more uniform above, with scarcely any lighter borders to scapulars, the head and nock light brownish gray, darker on crown, and whitish before and behind eye. Downy yoting : Above dark hair-brown, relieved only by a few grayish white markings on side of head, about eye, beneath which is a distinct dusky stripe running from the corner of the mouth to the hind-head ; lower parts white, inter- rupted by a dark brown band across chest. Length (of male) 20.75-23.00, wing 8.50-9.00, middle tail-feathers 8.00-8.50, culmen 1.10; the female smaller (about 16.00-16.G0 long), with middle tail-feathers not conspicuously lengthened. Eggs 2.05 X 1-49, pale dull grayish pea-green, varying to dull light olive-buff. Hab, Northern portion of northern hemisphere; in America, south, in winter, to nearly acroas the United States 154. C. hyemalis (Linn.). Old-iquaw. HISTRIONICUS. 107 5.) >nze, and le eye to ries, and th 14.25- per parts ,nd some- nged an- .50, wing of North iffle-head. id rest of b on each I'l-gray or 'It male in lite ; rest y brown, cast and ides -with chiefly scapulars le in sum- f the eye, ut scapu- o winter capulars, 'ore and grayish cy stripe te, inter- 00, wing (about Eggs ■ff. Hah. o nearly d-iqnaw. Genits HISTRIONICUS Lesson. (Page 86, pi. XXV., fig. 3.) Species. Adult male in winter : Lores and broad stripe on each side of crown, spot over cars, short stripe down each side of hind-neck, narrow collar round lower neck, broad bar across each side of breast, middle portion (longitudinally) of outer scap- ulars, greater part of tertials, spot near tip of greater wing-coverts, and spot at each side of base of tail, white ; broad stripe along each side of crown, together with entire sides and flanks, bright rufous ; rest of plumage chiefly bluish plum- beous, deepening into blackish along the margins of the white markings ; speculum dark metallic violet-blue. Adult male in summer : Colors very much duller than in the winter plumage, the pattern of which is imperfectly indicated ; speculum dull dusky brownish gx*ay with little metallic gloss ; lower parts grayish white, spotted with grayish brown, the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts nearly uniform gray- ish brown. Adult female : Much like the summer male, but the head, neck, and chest grayish brown, with a distinct white spot on the ear-covert region, and the fore pai*t of the head (laterally) inclining to white. Young : Similar to the adult female, but browner and more uniform above, the chest, flanks, and under tail- coverts decidedly brownish. Length 15.00-17.50, wing 7.40-8.00, culmen 1.05-1.10. Eggs 2.30 X 1-62, buffy white or pale buff? (Identification doubtful.) Ilab. North- ern portion of northern hemisphere ; in Ameinca, south, in winter, to Middle Ttates, Ohio Valley, and coast of California, breeding south to Newfoundland, northern Eocky Mountains, and the Sierra Nevada, as far as lat. 38°. 155. H. histrionicus (Linn.). Harlequin Duck. Genus CAMPTOLAIMUS Gray. (Page 86, pi. XXV., fig. 2.) Species. Adult male : Head, neck, chest, scapulars, and wings (except quills) white ; rest of plumage, including stripe on top of head and broad ring round neck, deep black; stiff'ened feathers of cheeks bi'ownish white. Adult female : Uniform brown- ish gray, the wings more plumbeous; tertials silvery gray, edged with blackish; secondaries white, pi-imaries dusky. Young male: Similar to the adult female, but chin and throat white, and white chest of adult male strongly indicated ; greater wing-coverts white. Length about 18.00-23.75, wing 8.50-8.90, culmen l.CO-1.70, tarsus 1.50-1.60, middle toe 2.25-2.40. Ilab. Formerly, northern Atlantic coast of North America, south, in winter, to Long Island, New Jersey, and the Great Lakes. Believed to be noio nearly if not quite extinct. 156. C. labradorius (Gmel.). Labrador Duck. Genus EN ICON ETTA Gray. (Page 86, pi. XXV., fig. 5.) Species. Adult male : Head and upper nock satiny white, the stiflbnod feathers of lores and short occipital tuft olivo-groen ; space round eyes, chin, throat, lower neck (all ■RH 108 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. round), middle of back, scapulars, tertials and secondaries glossy blue-black ; scapu- lars striped with satiny white, and tertials with inner webs wholly of this color ; all the wing-coverts, anterior scapulars, and sides of back, pure white ; speculum rich dark violet or violet-blue, tipped with white ; lower parts deep tawny, becom- ing dusky or blackish on belly and fading into a more buflfy or ochreoua tint on chest, sides, and flanks. Adult female : Above dusky and fulvous, the former pre- vailing ; head and neck light brownish, speckled with dusky ; chest and breast light rusty brown, irregularly spotted or barred with dusky ; belly uniform sooty brown ; wing-coverts dusky, tipped with brownish gray; falcate tertials mostly dusky, and speculum much less brilliant than in the male. Young : Similar to adult female, but tertials much less falcate, and speculum dull dusky, with little if any metallic lustre. Length 16.00-18.00, wing 8.00-8.50, culmen 1.40-1.45. Eggs 2.30 X 1.62, varying from pale olive-buff to pale grayish olive-green or pale dull pea-green. Hab. Arctic and subai'ctic coasts of northern hemisphere ; Aleutian Islands, east to Unalashka, Kadiak, and Fort Kenai on the Alaskan coast. 157. E. stelleri (Pall.). Steller's Duck. Genus ARCTONETTA Gray. (Page 87, pi. XXVI., fig. 1.) Species. Adult male in winter: Satiny "pad" encii'cling eye, dull vvulte, bordered ante- riorly and postei'iorly by a vertical black lino ; lores and forehead covered by a "cushion" of stiflFcned feathers (like the -'pile" of velvet plush), whitish anteriorly, shading into olive-green and this into light greenish buff; crown and occiput cov- ered by a cowl or hood of pendent, stiffened, hair-liko feathers of a light olive- green color ; a broad stripe of darker green beneath the eye ; rest of head and neck white ; lower parts, rump, etc., plain plumbeous drab, or dark smoky gray ; entire back, scapulars, wing-coverts (except greater), falcate tertials, and patch on each side of rump, yellowish white ; bill orange (in life). Adult female : Above barred with light fulvous and black; lower parts similar, the abdomen, however, plain grayish brown ; head and neck light grayish buff, finely streaked with dusky, the throat, however, nearly immaculate; wings grayish brown, the greater coverts and secondaries indistinctly tipped with whitish. Length about 21.50, wing 10.00, culmen 1.00. Eggs 2.57 X 1-77, pale olive-buff, varying to pale grayish olive-green or pea-green. Hab. Coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound to Point Barrow. 158. A. fischeri (Brandt). Speotaoled Eider. Genus SOMATERIA Leach. (Page 87, pi. XXV., fig. 6; pi. XXVI., fig. 3.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult males with the plumage pied black and white (the lower parts chiefly black, the upper surface mostly white), the breast more buff or cream-colored, the head varied with light green, black, etc. Females and young with the plumage barred with dusky and pale fulvous or rusty, the head and SOMATERIA. 109 neck streaked with the same. Length about 20.00-26.00. Eggs pale olive-buff, palo dull olive-green or grayish pea-green. a}. Anterior point of feathering on forehead reaching only about half-way from the point of the naked angle on side of forehead to nostril ; feathering of lores extending forward to at least beneath the posterior end of the nostril; adult males with scapulars and tertials white, the top of head chiefly black. (Subgenus Somateria.) 6*. Distance from anterior point of loral feathering to extremity of naked angle on side of forehead, much greater than from same point to tip of upper mandible ; adult male without any black on throat, c*. Adult male with angle on side of forehead narrow and pointed ; black of head bordered beneath by pure white, except at posterior extremity only. dK Adult male with bill dull grayish olive in life, the breast deeper, more vinaceous, buff, the tertials less falcate; bill from poste- rior end of nostril 1.65, angle from anterior extremity of loral feathering to extreme point 1.46, depth of upper mandible (at frontal apex) .92. Adult female with bill much heavier than in the next, with nail larger and more strongly hoo. Ana» nigra Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 123. Oidemia nigra Flbu., Brit. Anim. 182S, 119. 112 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. i:i at base 1.10-1.30, tarsus 1.80-2.10. Eggs 2.87 X 1-92, pale cream- color. Hob. Northern portiorts of eastern hemisphere ; accidental in Greenland 164. O. fusca (Linn.). Velvet Scoter. (?. Loral feathering separated from nostrils bj'' a space much narrower than length of nostril; male with swollen lateral base of upper mandible entirely feathered, the sides of bill bright red or orange- red in life. d}. Width of bill at widest part equal to or greater than distance from nostril to tip, the lateral outlines stronglj' convex ; knob with anterior outline sloping backward ; distance from frontal feathering to where outline of knob begins to incline down- ward not more than .45 ; sides of bill, in life, orange-red ; plumage as in 0. fusca. Length 19.75-23.00, wing 10.65-11.40, eulmen 1.40-1.70, depth of upper mandible at base 1.10-1.30, tarsus 1.80-2.10. Eggs 2.68 X 1-83, pale dull buff, varying to cream-color. Hab. Northern North America ; south, in winter, to Chesapeake Bay, the Great Lakes, and southern California. 165. O. deglandi Bonap. White-winged Scoter. (P. Width of bill at widest pai't less than distance from nostril to tip, the lateral outlines nearly parallel ; knob of male with anterior outline decidedly concave, the top forming a more or less con- spicuous projection ; distance from frontal feathers along top of knob to anterior extremity not less than .55 ; sides of bill bright red in life ; plumage as in O. fusca and O. deglandi, but b]{ick usually much more intense. Uab. Northeastern Asia (Kamtschatka to Japan). O. stejnegeri Ridqw. Kamtschatkan Scoter.' b\ Feathering of head advancing much farther forward on forehead than on lores ; sides of bill at base with swollen portion entirely naked ; wing without white speculum. (Subgenus Pelionetta Kaup.) Adult male : Uniform deep black, the lower parts more sooty ; a patch on forehead and another on hind-neck, pure white (one or the other of them occasionally absent) ; bill reddish in life, the swollen base, on each side, marked with a conspicuous large spot of jet-black ; length about 20.00-22.00, wing 9.25-9.75, eulmen 1.30-1.60, tarsus 1.55-1.85. Adult female : Top of head and hind-neck dusky; rest of head grayish brown, usually with an indistinct whitish patch near corner of mouth ; upper parts dusky, the feathers sometimes with paler tips ; lower parts grayish brown, paler on belly, the feathers of breast and sides tipped with dull whitish ; bill wholly dusky, scarcely swollen at base; length about 18.00-19.00. Young : Similar to adult female, but side of head with two quite distinct whitish patches, one near base of bill, the other over ears ; color of 1 New species. (—0. deglandii Stejk., Cm. Expl. Kamtsoh. 1885, 174.) ERISMATURA. 113 upper parts more uniform, and plumage everywhere of softer texture. Eggs 2.47 X 1-70, pale buff, or pale creamy buff. Hah. North America in general, breeding far northward; south, in winter, to Jamaica, the Carolinas, Ohio River, and Lower California ; acci- dental in Europe 166. O. perspicillata (Linn.). Surf Scoter. Genus ERISMATURA Bonaparte. (Page 87, pi. XXVI., fig. 4.) Species. Common Chabacters (of American species). — Adxdt males with upper parts uniform rich reddish chestnut ; head partly or entirely black, the bill fine light blue in life. Females and young, dull grayish brown above, finely mottled (some- times indistinctly barred) with paler; sides of head dull whitish, crossed by a longitudinal dusky bar or band. a\ "Width of bill near end .90-.95. Adxdt male : Above, including neck, bright reddish chestnut ; top of head black ; entire side of head, below eyes, white ; lower parts, from chest back, whitish (the feathers dark brownish gray immediately beneath the sur- face, and this sometimes completely exposed by wearing away of the light-colored tips), sometimes overlaid by a bright rusty wash or stain. Adult female and young male : Above grayish brown, finely mottled and sometimes indistinctly barred with grayish buff; top of head darker; rest of head grayish white, crossed longitudinally by a stripe of mottled brownish, from corner of mouth to ear-coverts; neck pale brownish gray, lower parts dull whitish (on surface). Downy young : Above dark smoky brown, darker on head ; a whitish spot on each side of back ; be- low eye, from bill to occiput, a stripe of brownish white, and beneath this a narrower one of dusky brown, confluent with the brown of the nape ; beneath, grayish white, shading into sooty brown on chest. Length about 13.50-16.00, wing 5.75-6.00, culmen about 1.50-1.60. Eggs 2.42 X 1-80, oval or ovoid, white or pale buffy, with finely but dis- tinctly granulated surface. Hab. Temperate North America, south to New Granada and West Indies. 167. E. rubida (Wils.). Raddy Duck. a\ Width of bill near end only .70-.85. Adult male: Head and neck (except lower half of latter in front) uniform black ; rest of plumage essentially as in corresponding stage of E. rubida. Adult female: Similar to same sex of ^. rubida, but darker and very dis- tinctly barred on the sides and upper parts with light fulvous or buffy. Hab. Southern South America. B. ferruginea Ettoit. Ferruginous Duck.' ' EaUmatura ferruginea Eyton, Mon. Anat. 1338, 170. 15 114 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Genus NOMONYX Ridgway. (Page 87, pi. XXVI., fig. 2.) Species. Adult male : Foro-part and top of head, black ; rest of head, with neck, dark rusty cinnamon ; back and sides rusty, striped with black ; belly, etc., yellowish rusty, the feathers occasionally showing dusky centres ; wings brown, with a con- spicuous white speculum on greater coverts. Immature {?) male : Top of head, two stripes on side of head, and general color of upper parts, dull black ; spaces between head-stripes, also cheeks and chin, dull white; neck and chest rusty chestnut, sometimes with a purplish tinge ; rest of lower parts dull ochraceous, the feathers with concealed dusky central spots ; middle and greater wing-coverts, basal portion of secondaries, and whole of axillars, white ; back and scapulars varied with bars and borders of rusty. Adult female : Similar to the preceding, but black less intense and more broken, the rusty paler (sometimes replaced by ochraceous) and spotted with black; belly dull ochraceous white, and wing-speculum smaller. Length about 12.00-14.50, wing about 5.50-5.75, tail 3.50^.50, culmen 1.30-1.37. Hub. Tropical America in general, including the West Indies ; accidental in the eastern United States (Lake Champlain, New York, and Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin). 125. N. dbminicus (Linn.). Masked Duck. Genus CHEN Boie. (Page 87, pi. XXVIII., figs. 1, 2.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult with whole head and at least part of the neck white* (in two of the three species the plumage entirely white, except quills, which are blackish) ; the bill dull purplish red (in life), with whitish nail, and feet pur- plish red. Young with head and neck grayish, the rest of the plumage either chiefly grayish brown or else striped with grayish on a whitish ground ; bill and feet dusky. a^. Bill very robust, the commissure widely gaping, and enclosing a broad blackish space, extending from the corner of the mouth nearly to the tip of the bill ; feathering at base of upper mandible, along each side, having a very convex outline ; culmen 1.95 or more. b\ Plumage chiefly grayish brown, the rump (usually) and wing-coverts bluish gray. Adult : Head and part of neck, and sometimes rump and part of lower surface, white ; greater wing-coverts and secondaries (including tertials) edged with white. Young : Similar to adult, but head and neck uniform deep grayish brown, only the chin being white. Length 26.50-30.00, wing 15.00-17.00, culmen 2.10-2.30, tarsus 3.00- ' In some specimens the head more or less stained with bright rusty, or orange-rufous, from contact with ferruginous matter. ANSER. 115 contact with 3.30, middle toe 2.15-2.50. Hab. Interior of North America, east of Eocky Mountains, breeding on the eastern shores of Hudson's Bay; migrating south, in winter, through Mississippi Valley to the Gulf coast ; occasional on Atlantic coast. — . C. caerulescens (Linn.). Blue Ooose.' b"*. Plumage of adult entirely white, except primaries and their coverts; young grayish white, the upper parts striped with dusky grayish. Adult : Uniform pure white, the head often stained with rusty ; pri marics black, becoming grayish basally, their coverts, and the alulae, ash-gray. Young : Head, neck, and upper parts pale grayish, the feathers of the latter with whitish edges and (especially wing- coverts and tertials) striped medially with darker; rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and lower parts plain white, c*. Length about 23.00-28.00, wing 14.50-17.00 (16.36), culmcn 1.95- 2.30 (2.15), tarsus 2.80-3.25 (3.01), middle toe 2.00-2.50 (2.34). Eggs 3.13 X 2.12. Hab. Western North America, breeding in Alaska ; migrating south, in winter, to southern California and Mississippi Valley ; northeastern Asia. 169. C. hyperborea (Pall.). Lesser Snow Ooose. •>art of neck, all round, rich chestnut; sides yellowish whiti , b red with blackish ; fore part of head white ; rest of head, and upper part of neck, black, with a white prtch on fore-neck. Hab. Eastern South America and western Africa. D. viduata (Linn.). Brazilian Tree-duck.> 1 .4iin» arborea LiNS., S. N. ed. 12, i. 17M, 207. Dcnrlmci/ijna arboren EvT., Mon. Anat IS.IS, 110. ' Deniirori/gna dincolor Sri„ A 8 At, v., N'>m. Nootr. 1873, 101. ' Altai viduata LiKN., S. N, oJ. 12, i. 176^, 205. Dtndrocygna viduata Err., Mon. Anra. 1838, 110, ■■ MH 120 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. m p. Genus OLOR Wagler. (Pagj 88, pi. XXIX., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Adults with whole plumage pure white, the head often stained with rusty ; bill either entirely black, or black and yellow ; iris dark brown ; feet black. Young ashy, sometimes tinged with brownish, the bill flesh-color (or at least partly of this color), and feet grayish, or whitish. Eggs white or buffy white. rt'. Distance from the anterior corner of the eye to posterior end of the nostrils much greater than from the latter point to the tip of the bill. 6*. Basal portion of bill and entire lores yellow in adult. c\ Yello V of bill surrounding nostrils ; wing 23.00 or more, and culmen 4.00 or more ; length about 4J-5 feet, extent 7-8 feet, wing 23.00-26.00, culmon (including naked space on forehead) 4.00-4.75, tarsus 4.00, middle toe 5.00-6.00. Eggs 4.28 X 2.88. Mab. Northern parts of eastern hemisphere; occasional in southern Gi*eenland. 175. O. cygnus (Linn.). Whoopiiig Swar. c". Yellow of bill not extending as far forward as the nostrils ; win r mss than 23.00, and culmen not more than 3.50; length less Ihun •' feet, extent about 6 feet, wing 20.00, culmen 3.50, tai'sus less than 4.00, middle too 4.50. Hab. Northern portions of eastern horaisphei-o. O. bewickii (Yarr.). Bewick's Swan.'* b\ Basal portion of bill, with lores, black, the latter usually with a small yellow spot. Length about 4J feet, extent 7 feet, wing 21.00-22.00, culmen 3.80- 4.20, tarsus 4.00-4.32, middle too 5.40-5.90. Eggs 4.19 X 2.72. Hab. North America in general, breeding far northwar 1 ; casual west to Commander Islands, Kamtschatka : accidental in Scotland. 180. O. columbianus (Ord). Whibtling Swan. a'. Distance from anterior corner of eye to posterior end of nostril not greater than from the latter point to the tip of the bill. Bill and lores entirely black ; length 5-5} feet, extent 8 to nearly 10 fc , wing 21 00-27.50, culmen 4.30-4.70, tarsus 4.54-4.95, middle toe 6.00 6.50. £"(7,(75 4.46x2.92. jHaft. Interior of North America, more rare or less generally distributed toward the Pacific coast, rare or casual along the Atlantic coast ; breeding from Iowa and Dakota northward. 181. O. buccinator (Eich.). Trumpeter Swan. I. > Ci/gnu» bcioiokii Yarb., Trans. Linn. Soo. xvi. 1830, 453. Olir betoickii Stejn. Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. v., 1882, 201. PH(ENICOPTER US. 12i the nostrils Order ODONTOGLOSS.E.-The Lamel- LIROSTRAL GrALLATORES. (Page 1.) Fainilies. (Characters samo as those given for the Order).... Phoenicopteridse. (Page 121.) Family PHCENICOPTERID.E.-.The Flamingoes. (Page 121.) Genera. (Characters same as those given for the Family)... Phoenicopterus. (Page 121.) Genus PHCENICOPTERUS Linn^us. (Page 121, pi. XXIX., fig. 2.) Speciss. scailct) on wings; flanRs rosy carmine; primaries and secondaries deep bltclc- termma third of bill black ; basal portion whitish or yellowish. Young : ^Gmy h white the wings varied with grayish and dusky. Downy young : EntLly white llZ\t"\ ''•''-''•''' ""^' ^^'^O-UM, culmen 5.2ojarsus'l2.00-14.S Egs d.55 X 2 18 elongate-ovate or cylindrical-ovate, pure chalk-white. Hab. Tropical South Amenca; Galapagos? 182. P. ruber Linn. American Flamingo. hy ran Mi mmmmmm 122 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS, Order HERODIONES.— The Herons, Stork's, Ibises, etc. fPagei.) Fmnilies. a\ Sides of upper mandible with a deep narrow groove extending uninterruptedly from the nostrils to the tip. (Suborder Ibides.) b\ Bill very broad and excessively flattened, greatly widened toward end, only the extreme tip decurved Plataleidae. (Page 122.) b\ Bill slender, nearly cylindrical, or even narrower than deep toward end, gradually but decidedly decurved or bent downward for nearly the whole length Ibididse. (Page 123.) a'. Sides of upper mandible without any groove. 6'. Hind toe ^iserted above the level of the anterior toes ; claws broad and flat, restini^ - ''.orny pad or shoe, the middle one not pectinated. (Sub- order C a ; Ciconiidae. (Page 124.) i'. Hind toe insert. . on the same level with the anterior toes ; claws narrow, arched, the under surface free, the middle one with its inner edge dis- tinctly pectinated. (Suborder Herodii.) &, Bill lancc-shaped, or compressed, narrow, and pointed, the lateral out- lines nearly straight, and the gonys several times longer than the width of the lower mandible Ardeidae. (Page 126.) c*. Bill shaped much like an inverted boa^; cxcessivcl}' broad, the lateral outlines much bowed, and the gonys not longer than the width of the lower mandible , Cochleariidce} Family PLATALEIDiE. — The Spoonbills. (Page 122.) Genera. (Characters same as those given for the Family) Ajaja. (Pago 122.) Genus AJAJA Reichknbach. (Page 122, pi. XXXI., fig. 1.) Species. Adult: Neck, back, and breast white; tail orange-buff, the shafts deep pink; rest of plumage pale rose-pink, the lesser wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts glossy intense carmine. Immnture (second yearf): Similar to adult, but lacking the cannino of the wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts, and tail peach-blossom pink instead of orange-buff. Young: Head completely feathered, except around base of bill ; plumage chiefly white, becoming delicate peach-blossom pink on wings, tail, and hinder lower parts; outer webs of bastard wing, primary coverts, i The Doat-btlla, reprosontod by tho singlo genus Cochleariui BnissoN (type, Oancroma cochlearia Linn. r. If GUAR A. 123 I and wide borders to exterior primaries (chiefly on outer webs), deep snuff-brown. Lengtli about 28.00-35,00, wing 14.10-15.30, culmen 6.20-7.15, greatest width of bill 2.00-2.20, tarsus 3.75-4.65, middle toe 2.95-3.35. Eggs 2.57 X 1-73, ovate, white, or buffy white, blotched, spotted, and stained with various shades of brown. Hab. Tropical America in general, north to southern Atlantic and Gulf States, and casually (formerly at least) to California and southern Illinois. 183. A. ajaja (Linn.). Roseate Spoonbill. Family IBIDIDiE.— The Ibises. (Page 122.) a\ a' Genera. Head of adult wholly naked anteriorly; feathers of crown short, close, and blended; plumage of wings and tail pui-e white or scarlet in adult (the former with glossy black tips to longer quills), dull grayish brown or dusky in young Guara. (Page 123.) Head of adult wholly fenchered, except lores; feathers of crown distinctly lanceolate and sli.^htly elongated, forming a short rounded crest when erected; plumage of wings and tail highly metallic, in both old and young. Plegadis. (Page 123.) Genus GUARA Eeichenbach. (Page 123, pi. XXX., fig. 2 ) Species. Common Characters. — Adults with the plumage entirely uniform white or scarlet, except tips of the longer quills, which are glossy black. Young, uniform dark brownish gray, the belly white. Eggs greenish white, buffy, or pale brown- ish, stained, blotched, and spotted with brown. a}. Adult : Pure white (tinted with delicate pink in freshly-killed specimens), the tips of the longer quills glossy greenish black. Young : Uniform grayish brown, the rump, tail-coverts, base of tail, and under parts of body white. Length 21.50-27.50, wing 10.30-11.75, culmen 4.15-6.30, tarsus 3.10-4.00, middle too 2.15-2.70. Eggs 2.24 X 1-48. Hab. Tropical America in general, including "West Indies ; north, regularly, to North Carolina, southern Illinois and Indiana, and Lower California, casually to Great Salt Lake, Long Island, and Connecticut 184. G. alba (Linn.). White Ibis. a'. Adult : Pure intense scarlet, the tips of the longer primaries glossy blue-blaok. Young: Dark brownish gray, the belly white. Length about 28.00-30.00, wing 10.80-11.00, culmen 6.00-6.50, tarsus ".70-3.80," middle toe 2.55-2.60 Eggs 2.12 X 146. Hab. Eastern coasts of tropical America, north, casually, to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas 185. G. rubra (Linn.). Scarlet Ibis. Genus PLEGADIS Kaup. (Page 123, pi. XXX., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Adults with head, neck, and (in some species) lower parts uniform chestnut, the upper parts metallic green, bronze, and purple, most 124 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. '■jp brilliant on under surface of wings and tail. Young : Head and neck streaked with white and dusky, and lower parts uniform grayish brown or dusky, the upper parts much as in the adult. Eggs plain greenish verditer blue. a}. Legs and feet long and slender, the tarsus with a nearly continuous frontal series of transverse scutellse. Adult with neck, back, lesser wing-coverts, and lower parts rich chestnut. Young with lower parts dull grayish brown. b^. Adult : Lores greenish in life, blackish in dried skins ; feathers suiTound- ing base of bill blackish. Downy young : Blackish, " with a broad white band over the crown ; legs and bill yellowish, the latter black at the base and tip, and with a central black band." (Dresser.) Length about 22.00-25.00, wing 10.20-11.85, culmen 4.30-5.45, tarsus 2.90-4.30, middle toe 2.10-2.80. Eggs 2.01 X 1-47. Hab. Warmer parts of the eastern hemisphere; also, more southern portion of eastern United States, and West Indies.. 186. P. autumnalis (Hasselq.). Glossy Ibis, i'. Adult : Lores lake-red in life, pale brownish or yellowish in dried skins ; feathers surrounding base of bill white. Young not obviously different from cori'esponding stage of P. autumnalis. Downy young when newly hatched : Clothed with uniform blackish down, the bill whitish, with dusky base. Older : Similar, but base and tip of bill, and band across iriJille portion, blackish ; the intervening spaces pinkish white. Length about 19.00-2G.00, wing 9.30-10.80, culmen 3.75-6.00, tarsus 3.00-4.40, mid'^le toe 2.10-2.85. Eggs 2.05 X 1-41. Hab. Tropical America in general (except West Indies?), south to Argentine Eepublic and Chili, and western North America, from Texas and Lower California to Oregon 187. P. guarauna (Linn.). White-faced Glossy Ibis. a'. Legs and feet comparatively short and stout, the tarsus with frontal scutellaa more or less irregular and interrupted. Adult with head and upper neck dark chestnut- brown, the lowc neck and lower parts violet-blackish ; lesser wing-coverts metallic green and bronzed purple, the back dark metallic green. Young with lower parts dusky, glossed with violet. Wing 10.15- 12.00, culmen 3.40-5.10, tarsus 2.70-3.85, middle too 1.80-2.30. Hab. Vicinity of Lake Titicaca, Peru ; Chili. P. ridgwayi (Allen). Peruvian Glossy Ibis.* Family CICONIID^.— The Storks and Wood Ibises. (Page 122.) Genera. a^. Bill docurved toward end, with the tip blunt and rounded; toes lengthened, the middle one at least half as loig as the tarsus. (Subfamily Tantalince.) 6*. Adult with whole head and part of neck naked, the skin hard and scurfy, except on top of head, which is covered with a smooth, nearly quadrate. 1 Fiilcinclhit ridgwayi Allen, Bull. Mas. Cuiiip. Zool. iii. July, 1876, 355. PUgadii ridgwayi RiDGW., in B. B. & R. Water B. N. Am. i. 1884, 94. TANTALUS. 125 streaked le upper tal series rts, and >wn. urround- ad white k at the Length 1.90-4.30, ts of the I United )ssy Ibis. 5d slcins ; diffei'ent ten newly ish, with id across , Length 3.00-4.40, nerica in ^nd Chili, wrnia to ossy Ibis. scutell© per neck ; lesser metallic g 10.15- Vicinity }S8y Ibis.^ age 122.) oned, the ice.) d scurfy, ]^uadrate, or somewhat shield-shaped, plate ; nostrils subbasal ; tertials longer than primaries, and with their webs compact or normal. Tantalus. (Page 125.) b*. Adult with only the front part of the head (all round) naked, the skin not scurfy or corrugated ; nostrils strictly basal ; tertials shorter than pri- maries, and with their webs somewhat decomposed Pseudotantalus} a*. Bill straight to the tip or else slightly recurved toward end, the tip pointed ; toes short, the middle one much less than half as long as the tarsus. (Sub- family Ciconiinx.) 6'. Entire head and neck feathered, except lores and a narrow strip on each side of throat; bill straight to the tip; tail very short and deeply forked, the broad and stiffened lower tail-coverts extending far beyond its tip Euxenira.* . 6'. Entire head and neck (except occipital patch) naked ; bill enormously large, slightly rcfjurved towai'd tip; tail normal Mycteria. (Page 125.) Genus TANTALUS Linnaeus. (Page 125, pi. XXXI., fig. 2.) Species. Adult : Plumage white, the remiges and tail glossy greenish black, with purjjlo and bronze reflections; under wing-coverts pale I'ose-pink in breeding plumage; bill and naked scurfj' skin of head and upper neck dull grayish dusky. Young : Head covered, except anteriorly, with rather scant, somewhat "woolly," feaihers, the neck also entirely feo+hercd ; plumage of head and neck grayish browj-, bo- coming darker on occiput, \, hero inclining to dark sooty ; rest of plumage as in adult, but white duller, or more grayish (said to be wholly replaced by dusky gray in very young birds), and black of remiges and tail less metallic. Immature (second year?) : Head entirely bare and scurfy as in adult, but whole neck feathered, as in young ; plumage intermediate. Length 35.00-45.00, wing 17.60-19.50, culmen 6.10- 7.30, tarsus 7.00-8.50, middle toe 3.85-4.30. Eggs 2-3, 2.74 X 1-80, chalk-white, usually more or less stained, in streaks, with pale brownish. Hab. AVhole of tropical and warm-temperate America, norih to New York (casual), Ohio, Indiana, Wiscon- sin, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and California.. 188. T. loculator Linn.. Wood Ibis. Genus MYCTERIA Linnaeus. (Page 125, pi. XXXII., fig. 1.) Species. Adult : Plumage entirely white ; bill, naked skin of head and neck, with legs and feet, black, the lower part of the naked neck encircled by a collar of bright red (in life). Young : Plumage entirely, or prevailingly, brownish gray ; occiput crested with a somewhat " bushy" tuft of blackish hp'r-like feathers. Length about • Pteudotantnliit RiDOW., Pr. U. S. Nnt. Mus. v. 1883, 550. Type, Tantalm tli» Lii»x. * Euxenura RiDOW., Bull. U. S. Geol. ft Geog. Surv. Terr. iv. No. 1, 1878, 260. Type, Ardea maguari Omeu 126 am NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 4J feet, wing 24.50-27.00, culmen 9.75-13.00, tarsus 11.25-12.50, middle toe 4.20-4.80. Hab. Continental tropical America, north to Texas. 189. M. americana Linn. Jabim. «• d'. Family ARDEID-ffi.— The Herons. (Page 122.) Genera. Tail-feathers 10, very short, scarcely more stiff than the coverts ; outer toe de- cidedly shorter than the inner; claws lengthened, slightly curved. (Sub- fanu\y Botaurince.) Botaurus. (Page 126.) Tail-feathers 12, more lengthened, and decidedly more stiff than the coverts ; outer toe as long as or decidedly longer than the inner ; claws comparatively short and strongly curved. (Subfamily Ardeince.) i^ Bill comparatively long and narrow, the culmen longer than the tarsus, and equal to at least five times the greatest depth of the bill ; plumage of the young not conspicuously different in pattern from that of the adult. Ardea. (Page 128.) 6". Bill comparatively short and thick, the culmen not longer than the tarsus, and equal to not more than four times the greatest depth of the bill; plumage of the young conspicuously different in pattern from that of the adult Nycticorax. (Page 132.) Genus BOTAURUS Stephens. (Page 126, pi. XXXIII., figs. 1, 2.) Species. a}. Size large (wing more than 9.50) ; sexes alike in coloration, and young not ob- viously different from adults. (Subgenus Botaurus.) 6*. Neck plain ochraceous, or minutely freckled, the fore-neck striped with whitish ; wing-coverts minutely freckled with different shades of ochra- ceous and rustj^ ; a blackish or dull grayish stripe on side of neck ; lower parts distinctly striped. ' Prevailing color ochraceous, this much varied above by dense mottling and freckling of reddish brown and blackish ; quilis and their coverts slate-color, tipped with pale cinnamon ; lower parts, including fore- neck, pale buff, striped with brown ; length 24.00-34.00, wing 9.80- 12.00, culmen 2.50-3.20, tarsus 3.10-3.85, middle toe 2.90-3.60. Eggs 1.88 X 1-43, pale olive-drab, or pale isabella-color. Hab. Whole of temperate and tropical North America, south to Guatemala, Cuba, Jamaica, and Bermudas ; occasional in British Islands. 190. B. lentiginosus (Montao.). American Bittern. b*. Neck transversely barred with blackish and ochraceous; wnng-coverts coarsely variegated, in irregular, somewhat "herring-bone," pattern, with blackish on an ochraceous ground-color ; no black or grayish stripe I BOTAVRVS. 127 on side of aeck; lower parts nearly immaculate; wing 10.10, culmen 3.25, tarsus 3.75, middle toe 3.75. Hab. Tropical America, north to Nicaragua. B. pinnatus (Waol.). South American Bittern.' a'. Size very small (wing less than 6.00) ; sexes more or less diffei'ent in color (ex- cept in A. involucris f), and young appreciably different from adults. (Sub- genus Ardetta Gray.) h^. Upper parts not conspicuously striped ; adult males with top of head, back, scapulars, rump, and tail uniform glossy black. c'. Quills tipped with cinnamon-rufous, or pale cinnamon ; adult male with a distinct narrow stripe of buff along each side of back. Adult male : Sides of head and neck ochraceous, deepening into chestnut on hind-neck ; chin, throat, and fore-neck whitish, striped with pale buff; central portion of wing-covert region buff, surrounded by cinnamon-rufous ; lower parts buff-whitish. Adult female : Similar to the male, but black replaced by brown, and scapular stripes much broader. Young: Similar to adult female, but feathers of back and scapulars tipped with buff. Length 12.00-14.25, wing 4.30-5.25, culmen 1.00-1.90, tarsus 1.50-1.75, middle toe 1.40-1.60. Eggs 1.20 X -93, white, or greenish white. Hab. Whole of temperate North Amei*ica, and tropical America south to Brazil. 191. B. exilis (Gmel.). Least Bittern. c*. Quills without rufous or cinnamon tips ; adult males without trace of lighter stripe along sides of back. d}. Adult male: Lower tail-coverts dull black; wing-coverts rich chestnut; neck similar, the lower parts more rufous; length (skin) 10.80, wing 4.30, culmen 1.80, tarsus 1.40. JTab. Southern Florida (Caloosahatchie Eiver ; near Lake Okeechobee). — . B. neoxenus (Cory). Cory's Least Bittern.* d\ Adult male : Lower tail-coverts white ; wing-coverts pale grayish buff, becoming nearly white, on greater coverts ; neck similar, but darker and more tinged with buff; lower parts pale buffy, becoming white medially and posteriorly. Adult female : Back, scapulars, and rump umber-brown, streaked narrowly with buffy (except on lower back and rump) ; rest of plumage much as in adult male, but more decidedly buffy, the fore-nock con- spicuously striped, the sides, etc., more narrowly striped, or streaked. Length about 12.00-13.00, wing 5.50-5.80, culmen 1.76-1.85, tarsus 1.60-1.70. Hab. Europe, etc. B. minutus (Likn.). European Least Bittem.i b\ Upper parts conspicuously striped with black and ochraceous ; quills broadly > Ardeapinnata "Licht." Waol,, IbIs, 1829, 663. Botaurui pinnatut Gbat, Gon. B. iii. 1847, 65T. » Ardetta neoxena Cory, Auk, iii. April, 1886, 262; ib. July, 1886, 408. Ardta minnta Lixx., S, X. ed. 12, i. 1766, 240. Botauru* minutu* Boik, Isii, 1822, 5S0. i 128 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. tipped with rufous ; wing about 4.85, culmen 2.00. Hab. Southern South America. B. involucris (Yieill.). Azara's Least Bittern.* Genus ARDEA Linnaeus. (Page 126, pis. XXXIV. to XX-^VI.) Species. (Nest of coarse sticks, placed usually in trees. Eggs plain bluish gveen, vary- ing in depth of color.) a}. Culmen decidedly shorter than tarsus, the latter more than one and a half times as long as the middle too (without claw). 6'. Tarsus much less than twice as long as middle toe (without claw). c>. Wing more than 13.00. d^. Wing more than 17.00. Adxclt with scapular plumes narrowly lanceolate, with compact webs; head crested, the occiput during pairing season with two or more long, slender, com-, pactly webbed plumes ; plumes of lower neck stiffened, nar- rowly lanceolate, or aeicular. (Subgenus Ardea.) e*. Color entirely pure white ; length 45.00-54.00, wing 17.00- 21.00, culmen 6.00-7.00, tarsus 8.00-8.75. Eggs 2.60 X 1.84. Hab. Southern Florida, chiefly on eastern side j Cuba ; Jamaica ? 192. A. occidentalis Aud. Oreat White Heron. e'. Color nearly uniform bluish gray above, lower parts striped with black and white. f^. Thighs and edge of wing cinnamon-rufous. g^. Lower parts white, narrowly striped or streaked with black ; tarsus more than 8.50 ; legs and feet olive in adult. h\ Adult with head entirely white, the forehead streaked with blackish. Young : Forehead and crown dull slate-color, narrowly streaked with white; feathers of occiput white with dusky tips ; wing-coverts spotted with rusty, the lower and more posterior with large wedge-shaped white spots. Length 48.00- 50.00, wing 20.00-21.00, culmen 5.95-6.50, tarsus 7.95-8.25. Eggs about 2.60 X 1-84. Hab. Florida Keys and Cape Florida; Ja- maica?; accidental in southern Illinois (Mount Carmel, Sept. 11-22, 1876)... — . A. wuerde- manni Baird. Wurdemann's Heron.^ h*. Adult with occiput and sides of crown black (as 1 Ardea involuerit ViEtLL,, Eno. M6th. 1823, 1127. Ardetta involucrit ScL. i Salv., P. Z. S. 1869, 634. ARDEA. 129 1 South Bittern.^ a, vary- ilf times larrowly occiput er, com-- led, nar- g 17.00- s 2.C0X svn side ; te Heron. ,8 striped iked with Ifeet olive forehead ^'orehead I streaked lite with [th rusty, Ith large Ih 48.00- 1.95-6.50, ko X 1-84. I'ida ; Ja- 18 (Mount merde- I'b Heron.^ I black (as Il869, 634. in A. hetodias), the forehead and middle of crown pure white. Young not essentially different from same stage of A. wuerde- mamii? Length about 48.00-54.00, wing 20.00-20.50, culmen 6.50-7.00, tarsus 8.50- 9.00. Eggs about 2.65 X 1-85. Jfab. Western Florida. 193. A. wardi Ridqw. Ward's Heron. g*. Lower parts black or dusky, broadly striped with white (the two colors in nearly equal proportion in young, however) ; tarsus not more than 8.00 ; loffs and feet black in adult. Adult : Occiput and sides of crown black ; fore- head and centre of crown pure white (exactly as in A. wardi). Young : Whole top of head dusky, some of the feathers with paler shaft- streaks ; wing-coverts without white spots or distinct rufous spots. Length about 42.00- 50.00, wing 17.90-19.85, culmen 4.30-6.25, tarsus 6.00-8.00. Eggs 3-6, about 2.50 X 1.50. Hab. North America in general, north to Hudson's Bay and Sitka; south through- out West Indies and Middle America, and as far as Colombia and Venezuela ; Galapagos ? ; Bei'mudas. 194. A. herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron. /*. Thighs and edge of wing white. gK Adult with occiput and sides of crown black, the forehead and centre of crown pure white (as in A. herodias and A. wardi) ; neck ash-gray ; length about 37.00, wing about 18.50, culmen 4.80, tarsus 6.00-6.25. Eggs 2.40 X 1-71. Hab. Northern portion of eastern hemisphere ; accidental in southern Greenland. 195. A. cinerea Linn. European Blue Heron. Ardea striata LiNN., S. N. rd. 10, i. 1758, 144. liutorldei itriatuii Kioow., in B. D. it R. Hiat. N. Am. B. i. 18d4» 61. NYCTICORAX. 133 or green- eck, rich on ; scap- th green, ttle-green most pri- I'ts plain d usually and neck Y ground ; orders to rows of treaks of nen 2.00- Wholo of America, enezuola ; ien Heron. 3a, except ced Heron. , 2; pi. blackish of crown ; colors generally more sombre, with median lower parts less purely white. Young : Above light brown, tinged with cin- namon (especially on quills), each feather (except quills and tail- feathers) marked with a median tear-shaped or wedge-shaped stripe of white, the quills with small white spots at tips ; tail-feathers plain ash- gray ; sides of head and nejk, and entire lower parts, striped with grayish brown and white, the chin and throat plain white medially. Jjength about 23.00-26.00, wing 11.00-12.80, culmen 2.80-3.10, tarsus 3.10-3.40, middle toe (without claw) 2.65-3.10. Eggs 2.01 X 1-47. Hab. Nearly the whole of America, except Arctic regions. 202. N. nycticorax naevius (Bodd.). Blaok-orowned Night Heron. Culmen much shorter than tarsus (only a little longer than middle toe) ; gonys convex, and lateral outliiios oi bill straight, or sometimes even perceptibly convex ; tarsus much longer than middle toe ; scapulars lengthened, narrow (but not pointed), somewhat loose-webbed. (Subgenus Nydherodius Eeich.) Adult : Top of head and elongated patch on side of htad, white, the first often stained with rusty brown, and in freshly-killed or living specimens deeply tinted with delicate primrose-yellow ; rest of head black ; plumage in general bluish plumbeous, plain beneath, but on upper parts striped with black. Young : Above sooty grayish brown, streaked with dull white or pale buff, the streaks more wedge-shaped on wing-coverts; lower pans soiled whitish, striped with brownish gray. Length 22.00- 28.00, wing 10.50-12.65, culmen 2.50-3.00, tarsus 3.10-4.20, middle too 2.20-2.65. Eggs 1.90 X 1.42. Mab. Whole of tropical and subtropical America, including W it Indies ; north regularly to Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and North Carolina, irregularly or casually much farther. 203. N. violaceus (Linn.). Yellow-crowned Night Heron. md white, eiy much brownish, d outlines scapulars sh black; ly white, and sidvOS ash-gray, iterscapu- curod by t. N. Am. B. 134 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. '4" Order PALUDICOL2E. — ^The Cranes, Rails, AND CoURLANS. (Page 2.) Families. a}. Size very large (wing 17.50, or more) ; head partly naked and warty in adult, or else with ornamental plumes; hind toe small, much elevated; middle toe less than half aa long as the tarsus. (Suborder Grues.) Gruidse. (Page 134.) a*. Size medium to very small (wing less than T '.50); head entirely feathered, or else with only a frontal " shield" naked ; hind toe lengthened (nearly as long as the first division of the middle toe), inserted .rly on a level with the anterior toes ; middle toe nearly as long as the ta. us. (Suborder Balli.) b^. Wing 11.00-14.20 ; first quill shorter than seventh, its inner web very narrow, except near end ; tail-feathers well developed, firm. Aramidse. (Page 135.) fc'. "Wing less than 10.00 ; first quill longer than sixth, its inner web normal ; tail-feathers almost rudimentary (nearly hidden by the coverts), soft ; bill and feet very variable in form Rallidee. (Page 136.) Family GRUID-ffi.— The Cranes. (Page 134.) Genera. (Characters same as those given for the Family) Grus. (Page 134.) Genus GRUS Pallas. (Page 134, pi. XXXIX., figs. 1, 2.) Species. (Nest on ground in marsh or wet meadow. Eggs pale olive or olive-bufiy, spotted with brown, reddish brown, and purplish gray.) aK Tarsus 11.00, or more; bill stout, its depth through the base about one-fourth the length of the culmen ; distance from posterior end of nostril to base of upper mandible much more than one-half the distance from anterior border of nostril to tip of upper mandible. Adult with plumage white, and cheeks naked. Adult: Plumage pure white, the quills black. Young: General color white, but this overlaid by patches of light cinnamon or rusty, the upper parts chiefly of this color; head entirely feathered. Length ARAMUS. 135 50.00-54.00, extent 92.00, wing 22.00-25.00, culmen 5.35-5.80, depth of bill at base 1.40, tarsus 11.00-12.00, middle toe 4.25. Eggs 4.04 X 2.50. Hab. Interior of North America north to the Saskatchewan, south to Florida and central Mexico. 204. G. americana (Linn.). Whooping Crane, a*. Tarsus 10.00, or less ; bill more slender, its depth through base less than one- fourth the length of the culmen ; distance from posterior end of nostril to base of upper mandible less than one-half the distance from anterior end of nostril to tip of upper mandible. Adult deep slate-gray or brownish, the cheeks normally feathered. Adult: Entire plumage slate-gray, varying from a bluish or plumbeous shade to brownish, sometimes tinged or even extensively washed with rust}', the primaries darker, the cheeks and throat paler, sometimes almost white. Young : Entirely brown, more or less washed, especially on upper parts, with tawny cinnamon or rusty ; head entirely feathered. b\ Larger: Length 40.00-48.00, wing 21.00-22.50 (21.83), culmen 5.15- 6.00 (5.47), depth of bill at base .95-1.10 (1.01), tarsus 9.90-10.65 (10.25), middle toe 3.40-3.60 (3.50), bare part of tarsus 4.60-5.00 (4.78). Eggs 3.98 X 2.44. Hab. United States, chiefly from Mis- sissippi Valley west to Pacific coast, south into Mexico, and east- ward along Gulf coast to Florida and Georgia. 206. G. mexicana (Mt)LL.). Sandhill Crane. b\ Smaller : Length about 35.00, wing 17.50-20.00 (18.70), culmen 3.04- 4.20 (3.61), depth of bill at base .70-.80 (.77), tarsus 6.70-8.44 (7.57), middle toe 2.60-3.36 (2.91), bare portion of tibia 2.90-3.50 (3.13). Eggs 3.66 X 2.28. JIab. Northern North America, from Hudson's Bay to Alaska, migrating south through western United States, east of Rocky Mountains, to Mexico. 205. G. canadensis (Linn.). Little Brown Crane. Family ARAMID^.— The Courlans. (Page 134.) Genera. (Characters same as those of the Family) Aramus. (Pago 135.) Genus ARAMUS Vieillot. (Pago 135, pi. XXXVIIL, fig. 2.) Species. Common Characters. — Prevailing color dark brown (the quills and tail- feathers glossed with purplish), the head and nock (sometimes back and lower parts also) striped with white. Nest on bushes or clumps of rank grasses or reeds along side of marsh or stream. a'. White stripes extending over back, wing-coverts, and lower parts. Young simi- lar to adult, but white stripes much narrower and less sharply defined, and 136 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. the brown color lighter and duller. Downy young : " Covered with coarse tufty feathers of a black color." Length 25.00-28.00, wing 11.00-13.00, cul- men 3.50-4.75, tarsus 3.50-5.20, middle toe 3.30-3.50. Eggs 4-7 (sometimes as many as 15 ?), 2.32 X 1-70, pale dull buff, spotted, daubed, and stained with brown and purplish gray. Mab. Greater Antilles, Florida, coast of Gulf of Mexico, and south to Costa Eica (both sides). 207. A. giganteus (Bonap.). Limpkin. a^ White markings confined to head and neck. Wing 12.50-14.20, culmen 4.30- 4.70, tarsus 4.60-5.20. Hab. Eastern South America. A. scolopaceus (Gmel.). Brazilian Courlan.* Family RALLID.^. — The Rails, Gallinules, and Coots. (Page 134.) Genera. a'. No frontal process, or shield-like extension of bill over forehead. (Subfamily Ballinai.') 6*. Bill slender, as long as, or longer than, the tarsus Rallus. (Page 136.) 6'. Bill stout, not more than two-thirds as long as the tarsus (usually much less), c*. Middle toe (without claw) not shorter than tarsus ; base of gonys not forming a decided angle Porzana. (Page 139.) c'. Middle toe shorter than tarsus; base of gonj's forming a decided angle Crex. (Page 140.) a*. Forehead covered by a shield-like extension of the culn\en. b^. Toes without lateral lobes or flaps. (Subfamily Gallinulince.) c*. Nostril small, oval; middle toe (without claw) shorter than tarsus; inner posterior ftice of tarsus covered by a single row of large quadrate scutellee lonornis. (Page 140.) c*. Nostril elongated, slit-like ; middle too (without claw) longer than tar- sus ; inner posterior face of tarsus covered with several irregular rows of small hexagonal scales Gallinula. (Page 141.) 6". Toes provided with conspicuous lateral lobed membranes, or " flaps." (Sub- family JPu^icmaj.) Falica. (Page 141.) Gknus rallus LiNNiBUs. (Page 136, pi. XL., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Above brownish or grayish, striped, more or less dis- tinctly, with darker; chin and upper throat whitish ; fore neck, chest, and breast, plain cinnamon, varying to buffy grayish ; sides, flanks, and axillars barred with brown or dusky and whitish. Downy young : Entirely uniform glossy black. Nest 1 Ardea icohpacea Omeu, S. N. i. pt. ii. 1788, 647. 1817, 801. Aramut tcolottaceuB ViEiLL., Nouv. Dlot. N. II, vii. RALLUS. 137 lot. N. II. vli. a platform-like structure of dried grasses, sedges, etc., supported in tufts of grass or sedges in marshes or ponds. Eggs 6-15, white, buffy white, dull buff, or palo brownish buff, rather sparingly spotted and speckled with rusty brown and purplish gray. a}. Larger (wing more than 5.00). b^. Ground-color of upper parts grayish (varying from ash-gray to olive- gray)- c^ Breast, etc., pale cinnamon-buff, tinged with ashy across chest ; darker stripes on back, etc., usually indistinct (sometimes almost obsolete) ; flanks, etc., grayish brown, broadly barred with white, but without darker bars ; length 13.50-15.60, wing 5.40-6.30 (5.79), culmen 2.10- 2.60 (2.36), depth of bill at narrowest part .22-.30, at base .47-.50 (.49), tarsus 1.85-2.27 (2.00), middle toe 1.70-2.00 (1.83). Eggs 1.72 X 1-20. Hab. Salt-water marshes of Atlantic coast, north, regularly, to Long Island, casually to Massachusetts. 211. R. longirostris crepitans (Gmel.). Clapper Sail. a*. Smaller (wing loss than 4.50). Above olive-brownish, broadly striped with blackish ; wing-coverts deep rusty, or chestnut-rufous ; breast, etc., deep cinnamon ; flanks and axil- lars dusky, barred with white. Immature specimens with lower parts mixed more or less extensively with black. Length 8.12-10.50, wing 3.90-4.25, culmen 1.45-1.60, tarsus 1.30-1.40, middle toe 1.20-1.40. Eggs 1.24 X -94. Hab. Whole of temperate North America, north to British Columbia and Hudson's Bay, south to Guatemala and Cuba. 212. R. virginianus Linn. Virginia Bail. > Ritllui elegant var. tenuivottrii Lawr., Am. Nat. viii. Fob. 1874, 111. PORZANA. 139 Genus PORZANA Vieillot. (Page 136, pi. XLI., figs. 1-3.) Species. a}. Secondaries without white. b\ Wing more than 4.00; above olive-brownish, striped with black. (Sub- genus Porzana.) c'. Nock and breast olive, speckled with white ; flanks brown, narrowly and irregularly barred with white. Adult : Broad supei-ciliary stripe, malar region, chin, and throat, uniform gi-ayish ; car-coverts, neck, and chest light hair-brown, irregularly speckled with white. Young : Superciliary stripe finely speckled with white ; malar region, chin, and throat whitish, speckled with brown, the breast and belly washed with pale buflf. Length about 3.50, wing 4.20- 4.50, culmen .68-.72, tarsus 1.20-1.30, middle toe 1.25-1.35. Hggs 8-12, 1.32 X -95, dull buffy, spotted with vandyke-brown and pur- plish gray. Hab. Northern portion of eastern hemisphere ; occa- sional in Greenland 213. P. porzana (Linn.). Spotted Crake. c*. Neck and breast without white specks j flanks broadly and regularly barred with white and slate-coloA. Adult : Anterior portion of head, with chin and throat, uniform black j top of head olive-brown, with a broad median sti-ipe of black ; rest of head and neck, with chest and breast, plain plumbeous. Young : Lores and superciliary stripe bi'ownish, the chin and throat whitish ; rest of head and neck, with chest and breast, light brownish. Downy young : Uni- form dull black, the shorter down interspersed with numerous long, glossy black, hair-like filaments; on throat, a tuft, directed for- wards, of stiff', coarse, orange-colored, bristle-like feathers. Length 7.85-9.75, wing 4.15-4.30, culmen .75-.90, tarsus 1.25-1.35, middle toe 1.30-1.45. Eggs 8-12, 1.23 X -89, brownish buff", rather sparsely spotted with brown and purplish gray. Hab. Whole of temperate North America, breeding from northern United States northward ; in winter, south to West Indies, Middle America, and northern South America 214. P. Carolina (Linn.). Sera. 6'. Wing less than 3.75 ; above dusky, sometimes speckled with white. (Sub- genus Creciscus Cabanis.) c*. Wing 2.95 or more ; back speckled with white. Adidt : Head, neck, and lower parts plain dark plumbeous, or slate-color, darker (sometimes nearly bla^k) on top of head ; belly and under tail-coverts brownish black, barred with white ; hind-neck and back dark chestnut-brown, marked with small dots and irregular bars of white. Young : Similar to adult, but breast, etc., dull grnyieh, the throat whitish, and top of head tinged with reddish brown. Downy young: "Entirely bluish black." Length B.00-6.00, wing 2.50-3.20, culmen .50-.60, ■■n 140 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. depth of bill through base .20-.25, tarsus .85-.90, middle toe .80-1.00. Eggs about 9, 1.01 X .79, Avhite, or buffy white, sprinkled, or finely speckled, chiefly on larger end, with dark reddish brown or chestnut. Hah. United States (north to Oregon, Kansas, Illinois, Massachusetts, etc.), and south through West Indies, Middle America, and greater part of South America, to Chili.. 216. P. jamaicensis (Gmel.). Black Kail. Pieudoicohpajt temipnlmatuB " JgnD." Bi rrn, Jour. Ag. Soo. Bong. xvi.. IS48, 262. 152 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Genus MICROPALAMA Baird. (Page 149, pi. XLIII., fig. 4.) Species. Summer adult : Upper parts varied with black, pale gray, and light buff, the first prevailing on back and scapulars; wing-coverts grayish, margined with paler; upper tail-coverts white, marked with dusky streaks and bars ; top of head dusky, streaked with whitish ; ear-coverts and patch on each side of occiput, light rusty ; streak of dusky from eye to corner of mouth ; rest of head, with neck, dull white, streaked with dusky, the lower parts whitish barred with dusky. Winter plumage : Upper parts uniform ash-gray, except tail-coverts, wings, and tail, which are as in summer; superciliary stripe and lower parts white, the chest, sides of neck, and lower tail-coverts streaked with grayish. Young: Back and scapulars durOcy, aH the feathers bordered with pale buff or buffy whitish; wing-coverts bordered with pale buff and white; upper tail-coverts nearly immaculate white; lower parts soiled white, the chest and sides more or less strongly washed with buff, and indis- tinctly streaked with grayish. Length 7.50-9.25, wing 5.00-5.30, culmen 1.55-1.75, tarsus 1.55-1.70. Eggs 1.42 X 1-00, pale grayish buff, or grayish buffy white, boldly spotted with rich vandyke-brown and purplish gray. Hab. Eastern North America breeding far northward ; south, in winter, to Brazil, Peru, and West Indies ; Ber- mudas during migrations 233. M. himantopus (Bonap.). Stilt Sandpiper. Genus TRINGA Linn^us. (Page 148, pi. XLVII., figs. 1-3 ; pi. XL VIII., figs. 1, 2.) Species. a}. Wing 6.00 or more ; middle pair of tail-feathers noc longer than the rest. (Sub- genus Tringa.) 6'. Wing less than 7.00; summer adult with lower parts uniform light cinna- mon. Summer adult : Above light grayish, irregularly varied with black and tinged with pale rusty ; rump and upper tail-coverts white, iiTcgu- larly barred and spotted with dusky ; distinct superciliary stripe and lower parts generally, uniform pale vinaceous-cinnamon, paler on belly ; under wing-coverts, axillai'S, flanks, and lower tail-coverts white, usually more or less marked with dusky. Winter plumage: Above plain ash- gray, the feathers with indistinct darker shaft-streaks ; rump and upper tail-coverts white, barred with dusky ; lower parts white, the throat, fore-neck, chest, and sides streaked and otherwise marked with dusky. Young : Above ash-gray, each feather bordered with whitish and with a subedging of duskj' ; lower parts whitish, sometimes tinged with dull buffy on breast, etc., the neck and chest streaked and flecked with dusky, the sides indistinctly barred and spotted with the same; otherwise, like adult. Downy young : " Forehead warm buff, with a central black line ; over the eye a double black line ; crown, from centre backwards, black, slightly varied with rufous, and dotted with buff; nape creamy buff, slightly varied with blackish; upper parts . . . black slightly varied TRINQA. 153 with reddish brown and profusely dotted with creamy white; under parts very slightly washed with warm buff." (Dresser.) Length 10.00- 11.00, wing 6.50, tail 2.50. Hab. Sea-coasts throughout northern hemi- sphere and nearly throughout southern hemisphere in winter ; in North America, shores of the Great Lakes also. 234. T. canutus Linn. Knot. h*. "Wing more than 7.00; summer adult with lower parts white, heavily spotted anteriorly with dusky; wing 7.40, tail 2.80, oulmen 1.60, tar- sus 1.35, middle toe .85. Hab. Coast of Eastern Asia (Japan, etc.). T. crassirostris Temm. & Schleo. Large-billed Sandpiper.^ a'. Wing less than 6.00 ; middle pair of tail-feathers longer and more pointed than the rest. 6*. Tarsus shorter than middle toe (with claw), the latter decidedly shorter than exposed culmen. (Subgenus Arquatella Baird.) c*. Summer adult and young Avith little if any rusty on upper parts, the former without dusky patch or extensive clouding on breast. Summer adult : Top of head dusky streaked with dull light buify ; scapulars and interscapulars blackish, irregularly spotted and indented with dull buff, and bordered terminally with whitish ; fore-neck and chost white, streaked with duskj' ; breast dull light grayish, spotted with darker. Winter plumage : Upper parts uniform sooty blackish, glossed with purplish, the scapu- lars, interscapulars, and wing-coverts bordered terminally with dark plumbeous-gray ; chest uniform mouse-gray, or brownish plumbeous, other ' j'vor parts white. Young: Above dusky, the scapulars, interscaj ulara, and wing-coverts bordered with pale grayish buff. Downy young: Above hair-brown, lighter and grayer on hind-neck, the brown irregularly marbled with black, the wings, back, and rump thickly sprinkled with white downy flecks; head grayish white, tinged with fulvous, variously marked with black, the lores having two distinct longitudinal streaks ; lower parts dull grayish white. Length 8.00-9.50, wing 4.85-5.40 (5.06), culmen 1.10-1.45 (1.20), tarsus .90-1.00 (.99). Eggs 1.44 X 1-02, pale olive, varying to greenish or brownish or even huffy, spotted and clouded with various shades of brown, ffab. Sea-coasts and shores of larger inland waters of Europe and eastern North America, breeding far northward; south, in winter, to Middle States and Great Lakes 235. T. maritima BrUnn. Purple Sandpiper. c*. Summer adult and young with much rusty on upper parts, the former with a more or less distinct patch, or extensive clouding, of dusky on breast. , pale dull grayish iiuff, sprinkled, speckled, or spotted with dark brown and purplish gray. J fab. Northern and eastern North America, breeding from Labrador and weitern shoren of Hudson's Bay to northern Alaska; west, during migrations, to Hocky .Iilountains 246. E. pusillus (TiiNN.). Semipalmated Sandpiper. «'. Ciiimen .85-.n5 (.88) in male, 1.00-1.15 (1,0,)) in female. Summer adult with upper parts chiefly rusty, or bright rust> cinnamon, tlM^ feathers spottccl ci'ii- trally with black, the rusty or cinnamon sonu>timt's uniform along sides of head (al)ove ear-coverts), and a mo-e or less dii-'tinct strip** of same on side of head ; chest and I'reast thickly marked with broad streaks (sometimes widened into triangular spots) of dusky, tho sides marked with sasjittato spots of tho saJne. Young : Upper p.rts, including toj) of head, with rusty ochraceous ]irevailing. Dnwnff young : Trusty areas of upper purls more t'x- tended and i>righter in color, Male: Wing 3.(iO-.3.75 (:{.(JS), euhuen .85-,!>5 (.88). tarsus .85-.n0 (.87), middle toe .55-.()0 (.50). Female: Wing 3.70-3.IM) (3.82). culmen 1.00-1.15 (1.05), tarsus .90-.!)5 (,!>3), middle toe .tl0-.fi5 (.61). Eggs 1.24 X t>.87, deep cinnamoubutfv, sprinkled, speckled, or thickly spotted 162 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. with bright rusty brown or chestnut, the general tispcet decidedly rusty.' Hah. Western North America, breeding north to shores p^ Norton Sound, Alaslca ; during migrations occurring more or less plentifully a'ong Atlantic coast 247. £. occidentalis Lawr. Western Sandpiper. Genus CALIDRIS Cuvier. (Page 149, pi. XLIY., fig. 4.) Sjiecies. Lower parts white, immaculate on belly, sides, flanks, under tail-covorts, axil- lars, and under wing-coverts; gi'cater wing-coverts broadlj' tipped witli white, and inner primaries wliite at base of outer webs. Summer adult: Above liglit rusly, spotted with blackish, many of the ieathcrs tipped with whitish ; licad. neck, and chest pale rusty, Htreaivod and speckled with dusky. Winter phiviaije : Aliovo very pale uniform ash-gray, inclining to pearl-gray (the anterior lesser wing-coverts de- cidedly «larkei*), varied onl}' by slightly darker shaft-streaks to the feathers ; throat and chesl, like rest of lower parts, immaculate pure white. Spnm/ plumage: Above light grayish, coarsely spotted with black (streaked on head and neck), and tinged here and there with rusty; chest speckled with dusky. Yoxmcj : Aiiove j)ale gray- ish, spotted with black and whitish, the latter on the tips of tlu' feathers; chesL immaculate white, faintly tinged with dull buff. LfUgth 7.00-8.75. wing 4.70-6.00, culmcn .!»•>-!. 00, tarsus .90-1.05, middle toe .55-.G0. jtV/r/.s- 1.41 X -91. I'.irht olive- lirown, finely sjxitted <>r speckled with darker, the markintrs larger and more lilended on larger end. Hah. Nearly cosmopolitan, but breodinj; only in ■ n-rn portion of northern hemisphere 248. C. arenaria (Lin.n.). Sa-.^- ang. Genus LIMOSA Brisson. (Page 149, ph XLIX., fig. 1.) Species. a\ Wings without any white patch, i' Tail distinctly l)arrcd. c'. Upper tail-coverts pale cinnamon, barred with black ; a.xillara and ui r wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous. Pn^vailiuLT color pale cinnamon or ocliracefMis the hfud aiiwl nek streaUed, the remaining upper ])arts ivrcgnlarly barn*ast, sides, and flat maculate, and decjx'r ochraceous tlian in adidt. LerticA 20,50. wing 8.50-9.00, culmcn 3.50-5 (H*., tarsus 2.75-8i*^( toe about 1.40. /•%.n » vrry Itiry •••iim ol oaoIi. lly rusty.' )n Sound, 'r Atlantic Sandpiper. rerts, axil- whitc, and fflit rusty, nccU, and ibovc very coverts de- irs , throat uje : Altovo and tinged pale gray- icr.s ; cliesl r 4.70-5.00, liijht olivc- aud more u ''vrn 8a^ ie Aug. ami uttier iit)«i no'k ;IIT'''' U^d LIMOSA. 163 11 general, breeding from Iowa, Dakota, etc., north to Alaska, nii"-rating south in winter to Guatemala, Yucatan, and Cuba. 249. L. fedoa (Linn.). Marbled Oodwit. c'. Upper tail-coverts white, spotted with dusky ; axillars and under wing- coverta white, marked irregularly with dusky. d}. Rump white, marked with broad, acuminate streaks of dusky; bead, neck, and lower parts very deep cinnamon in summer adult; length about 17.00, wing 8.25-8.50, culmen 2.95-3.80, tarsus 2.00-2.15, middle toe 1.10-1.20. JIab. Northoi-n portion of eastern hemisphere. L. lapponica (Lixn.). Bar-tailed Qodwit.' d*. Rump dusky, the feathers margined with white ; head, neck, and lower parts paler cinnamon in summer adult. Summer adult : Head, neck, and lower parts, plain cinnamon-color; back and scapulars irregularly varied with blackish, whitish, and light rusty; wing-coverts light grayish, Avith dusky shaft-streaks and whitish margins. Winter plumage : Head, neck, and lower parts whitish, the head and neck streaked, the breast and sii'es scatitily and irregularly barred, with grayish brown ; back and scapulars plain brownish gray ; otherwise, as in summer. Youn;/: Above, inclmling wing-coverts, light buffy gniyitth, or dull day- color, irregularly varied with dusky; lower parts dull buflTy whitish, shaded across chest with dee])er grayish buff. Length 14.(10-1(5.00, wing 8.25-9.15, ci.lmen 3.15-3.55, tarsus 2.00-?.20, middle toe 1.10-1.20. Es, 1 17. Lio.unn hij,j,„<,(.„ Uit.u, Ucn, U. lli. 1840, 670. 164 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. brown (sometimes paler), ustially more or less spotted with darker brown, but sometimes nearlv uniform. Hab. Northern North America, east of Eocky Mountains (west to Pacific coast in Alaska), migrating south, in winter, through eastern United States, western Cuba, and Middle America to southern South America. 251. L. hsemastica (Linn.). Hudsonian Oodwit. a*. Wing with two white patches, one at base of quills, the other occupying greater portion of secondaries. Upper tail-covcrts, rump, and tail, much as in L. hcemnsficn ; axillars and under wing-coverts pure white. Summer adult : Head, neck, and cliL'st cinnamon or rusty, the first two streaked, the last barred, with dusky ; rest of lower parts white, the breast and sides barred with dusky ; back, etc., mixed black, rusty, and whitish. Winter plumage : Head, neck, back, and scapulars plain dark brownish gray ; chest plain pale grayish; rest of lower parts plain white. Young: "Head dull brownish, the feathers edged with rufous-buff . . . back earthy brown, with here and there a blackish brown feather, all being edged witl; dull rufous . . . sides of head, nock, and breast dark buff; flanks washed with buff." Downy young : " Rusty yellow, marked with black, especially on crown and rump; a narrow streak through the eye, wing-joints, cheeks, and belly, light yellowish." (Duesseb.) Length al)out 15.00, wing 8.00- 9.80, culmon 3.70-4.95, tarsus 2.80-3.80, middle too 2.00-2.12. Eggs 2.17 X 1.50, deep grayish olive, indistinctly spotted with deeper olive-brown. Hab. Northern portion of eastern hemisphere; accidental in Greenland. 252. L. limosa (Linn.). Black-tailed Oodwit. Genus TOTANUS Becustein. (Pago 149, pi. L., figs. 1, 2.) Species. Common CiiAnAcxERs. — Above grayi.>sh or brownish, more or less varied with white or dusky, or both ; head and nock streaked, and tail barred, with white and gn-yish or dusky ; lower parts white, the chest (sometimes other portions also") movo or less streaked or spotted with dusky. (iV Bill longer than middle too, with claw. 6'. Tarsus more than one and a holf times as long as the middle too, without claw. (Subgenus Totonvs.) c'. Nasal groove occupying less than half the total length of the upper mandible; exposed culmon as long as tarsus to base of hind toe • wing 7.00 or more, d'. Bill decidedly recurved ; entire lower back and rump pure white ; flanks and lower tail-coverts without markings. Summer athilf : Hack and scapulars hlackisli, the feathers odgofl with light ash-gray; foro-nock streaked with duskj'. Winter plu- mage : Back and scapi'lars grayish, the feathers bordered with V 11 1 darker 1 North :'oast in d States, rica. L Oodwit. r greater liars and ind chest 1 dusky ; :y; back, id, neck, grayish ; nish, the here and fou9 . . . ith buflf." on crown iceks, and •ing 8.00- Eggs 2.17 ve-hrown. freenhmd. id Oodwit. TOT AN vs. 165 ,ned with Itvhite an<>ve, tile whitish sjiotting tinged with light brownish biitf. Length 12.15-15.00. wing 7.50-7.75, culmen 2.20-2.30, tarsus 2.50-2.V5, middle toe 1.35-1.50. Eggs 1.43 X 120, brownish butVy, distinctly but very irregularly spotted with rich van- dyke- or madder-brown. II. Nt-aily the whole of America, but Invoding only in ihemon: northern jtortionsof the northern continent (south to northern Iowa and Illinois?). 254. T. melanoleucus ((tmel). Oreater Tellow-legps. c'. Nasal groove occupving more than luill' the total ii'iigih of the upper mandilile; exposed culnuii mueh shorter than tarsus to batte of hind tou ; wing 'oss than 7.00. IMumage essentially similar, in all stages, to that of T. vwlanoJeu- cus ; legs also ytdlow in lile; length 9.50-11.00, wing 0.10- (1.«m, eidnten l.:io-l,55, tarsus 2.00 2.15, middle toe 1,00-1.15. /!,';/;/.i 1.09 X 1-I'». "iilly (viiriiil'l' as to shade), diHtimtiy (some- times broatil^) spotted or blotched with dark aiuddor- or van- 166 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ' 'si' 'ft dyko-brown, and puiplis»h gray. Hab. Northern North America in summer; migrating southward (chiefly east of Rocky Moun- tains) to West Indies, Buenos Aires, Chili, etc. ; accidental in Europe 255. T. flavipes (Gmel.). Yellow-legs. h^. Tarsus much less than one and a half times as long as the middle toe, with claw. (Subgenus Jlelodromas Kaup.') c\ Upper tail-coverts dusky, barred with white; middle tail-feathers dusky, spotted along edges with white. Summer adult: Above olivaceous-slate, rather sparsely speckled with white; fore-neck distinctly streaked with dusky. Winter plumage : Above dark ashy, less distinctly speckled with white, the fore-neck less distinctly streaked. Youmj : Above graj'ish brown, thickly speckled with dull buff; sides of head and neck nearly uniform grayish. Length 7.50-8.60, wing 5.00-5.40, culnien 1.15-1.30, tarsus 1.25-1.90, middle toe 1.00, E«ihh» jh,n;,ltt Tkmm., Mnn. (I'Orn. 1S15, 421. SYMPUEMIA. 167 klod with I Sandpiper.' Genus SYMPHEMIA Eafinesque. (Page 148, pi. L., fig. 3.) Species. Largest of the family (except species of the genera Numenius a»i(l Limosa), the wing measuring 8.00 or more; quills blackish, with nearly the basal half white, producing a very conspicuous patch on the spread wing. Summer adult: Above brownish gray, irregularly varied with dusky; lower parts white, tinged with grayisli on fore-neck and buff along sides, the former, with chest, streaked or spotted with dusky, the latter barred with the same. Winter plumoije : Above plain ash-gray; bonoatii immaculate white, the fore-neck shaded with grayish. Young : Above brownish gray, the feathers margined with buff or pale ochraceous ; sides much tinged with the same, and tineiy mottled transversely with grayish. Downy yoxnuj : Above dull grayish white or pale brownish gray, tinged here and there with pale brown, coarsely and irregularly marbled with dusky; fore-part and sides of forehead plain dull whitish ; sides of head, with entire lower parts, dull white, the lores crossed, from eye nearly to bill, by a very distinct line of dusky; behiiul the eye two dusky lines, a shorter and broader one running from eye into the dusky mottling of occiput, a longer and narrower one commencing immediately beneath, and running back into dusky mottling on nape. Length about 15.00- 17.no, wing 7.50-9.00, culmen 1.90-2.60, tarsus 1.95-2,85, middle toe 1.35-1.40. Eggs 2.13 X 153, pale buffy, varying from a brownish to a gra^yish olive shadi!, spotted with various shades of brown (usually rich madder-brown or Vandyke), and pur- plish gray. Jlah. Temperate North America; south, in winter, to West Indies, Bnizil, etc. ; accidental in Europe 258. S. semipalmata ((J.MEr,.). Willet. Genus HETERACTITIS STEjNEOEa. (Page 148, pi. XLV., fig. 3.) Species. Co.M.MON riiAiiACTERS. — Upper parts uniform, or nearly uniform, grayish ; lower parts white, more or less extensively barred with dusky in summer, washed with gray across chest and sides in winter, the young with gray of sides, etc., faintly mottled with whitish. (j'. Nasal groove (measured from loral feathers) two-thirds as long as the exposed culmen ; uj^jcr tail-coverts uuilbrm gray, or with merely a narrow eilging of whitish. Summer cuhtU : Alxn'c uniform plumbeous-gray; lower parts white, shaded across chest and along sides with ])luml)eou.s, the fore-neck streaked, and other jiarts (including belly and lower tail-coverts) barred, with dusky. Wintrr plumage .- Similar, but without any bars on lower parts. Young : Similar to winter plunnvgo, but scapulars, tertials, ami upper tail-coverts indistinctly spotted along edges with white, and plumbeous of sides, otc, faintly mottled with the same. Length 10,50- 11.30, wing 6.50-7.30, culmen 1.60-1.60, tarsus 1.25-1.35, njiddle toe 1.00- ^m 168 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 1.05. Hab. Pacific coast of America, from tho Galapagos and Lower California to Aleutian Islands and Korton Sound, Alaska, and Com- mander Islands, Kunitscbatka ; also, tho more oastei-n Pacific islands (Pomotu group, Marquesas, Tahiti, Tongatabu, Palmyra, Samoa, Upolu, Fiji, etc.) 259. H. incanus (Gmel.). Wandering Tatler. «*. Nasal groove (measured I'rom frontal feathers) oidy about one-half as long as tho exposed culmcn ; upper tail-coverts distinctly barred with wliito. Summer adult : Belly and under tail-coverts immaculate white, tho dark bars of other lower parts narrower than in H. incanus ; otherwise simi- lar to that species, but gray of a browner shade ; size smaller. Hab. Shores and islands of tho western Pacific, from Australia, Borneo, etc., to Kauitschatka (mainland). H. brevipes (Vieill.). Polynesian Tatler.* Genus PAVONCELLA Leacii. (Pago 148, pi. XLIX., fig. 3.) Species. Above varied with black, buff, and gray, tho scapulars and tcrtials obliquely barred ; beneath white, varied on chest ami throat ; inner webs of primaries finely mottled toward base ; three outermost tail-feathers plain, tho rest barred ; sides of rump white. Adult male : Colors varying with the individual, scarcely two being alike; the '•capo" usually glossy black, ochraceous, or whitish, the '"rulf" usually chestnut, glossy black, buff, whitish, or ochraceous, these colors either plain, streaked, or barred, according to tho individual. Adult female: No "ruff" or ''cape," and head completely feathered; plunnigc barred with blackish, buff, white, and rusty, tho belly and lower tail-coverts usually immaculate white. Young : Back and scapulars brownish black, the feathej-s bordered with buft' or ochraceous ; top of head ochraceous streaked with black; lower parts i>Iain buffy anteriorly, whitish posteriorly. Lc>ngth 10.00-12.50. wing 6.40, tail 2.U0, culmon 1.25, tarsus 1.75, middle toe, with claw, 1.40. Eijgs 1.71 X 1--0, light olive or olive-buff, spotted with vandykc-brown or bistro. Hah. More northern portions of eastern hemisphere ; occasiomd in eastern United States (Maine, Mas.sachusetts, Long Island, Ohio, etc.) 260. P. pugnax (Linn.). Buff. Genus BARTRAMIA Lesson. (Pago 148, pi. LI., fig. 1.) Species. Adult: Above light brownish, tho feathers more ochraceous toward edges, spotted and barred with blackish ; crown blackish, divided l)y a nuMlijui lino of butt'; rest of head and neck ochraceous or buffy, streaked with dusky, except chin and throat, which are plain whitish ; tail-feathers (except middle pair) light buff, broadly tipi)ed with white, marked near ends with a broad black spot, and, anterior ' Tiilnniin In-eilpm ViElia.., Nouv. Diet. N. 11, vi. ISflT, 41U. Jhteiuclitiii fcctii'/jc* Stkj.n., Orn. E.\J)1. Kaiut. 1886, 137. TRYNGITES. 169 d Lower nd Com- ic isltinds a, Upolu, ag Tatler. 3 long as 0. the dark vise simi- ei'. Hab. [•uco, etc., an Tatler.* obliquely I'ies finely ; sides of vvo being " usually ler plain, rutl" or itf, white, Young : iraeeous ; nteriorly, !5, tarsus r, spotted Inisphere ; id, Ohio, .). Kaff. I'd edges, In line of jept chin |ght bull', anterior lOin. Expl. to this, with a few irregular narrow dusky bars. Inner web of outer quill marked with broad bars of white, on other quills broken up into a confused mottling; axil- lars white regularly barred with clear slate-color ; belly and lower tail-coverts plain dull whitish or very pale buff (buff and ochraceous tints much deeper in winter). Young : Similar to adult, but buffy tints deeper, dusky streaks on fore-neck and chest much less distinct, and the back plain dusky, with distinct buff margins to the feathers. Downy young : Above coarsely and irregularly mottled with blackish on a grayish white ground tinged with light rusty ; lower parts buffy white, with several blackish spots on flanks, one beneath eye, a smaller one on lores, and a larger, nearly perpendicular one behind ears. Length 11.00-12.75, wing G.50-7.00, culmen 1.10-1.15, tarsus 1.90-2.05, middle too .90-1.05. Eggs 1.79 X 1-30, ovate or short-ovate, creamy buff or dull buffy white, speckled and spotted, chiefly round larger end, with dark brown and purplish gray. Hub. Eastern and central North America in general, west to edge of the Great Basin, north to the Yukon Valley and Nova Scotia; south, in winter, to Brazil and Peru; occasional in Europe, and accidental in Australir 261. B. longicauda (Becust.). Bartramian Sandpiper. Genus TRYNGITES Cabanis. (Pago 148, pi. LII., fig. 2.) Species. Upper parts dull grayish buff or brownish, varied with blackish ; lower parts buff, streaked or speckled on chest with dusky; axillars white; under primary coverts and inner webs of quills beautifully mottled or speckled with dusky on a whitish ground. Adult : Feathers of back, etc., blackish centrally, and without whitish borders. Young : Feathers of back, etc.. distinctly bordered with whitish, the black and brown less sharply contrasted ; mottling on inner webs of quills, and under primary coverts, much more minuto and delicate than in adult. Length 7.00-8.90, wing 5.10-5.50, culmen .75-.80, tarsus 1.15-1.30, mi.ldle toe .75-.85. Eggs 1.53 X 1-0^, buffy graj-ish white, varying to pale olive-buff, boldly Hjwtted, longitu- dinally (and somewhat spirally) with dark Vandyke- or madder-brown and purplish gray. Jfah. North America in general, especially the interior, breeding far north- ward ; south, in winter, to Uruguay and Peru ; occasional in Europe. 262. T. subruficollis (Vieill.). Buff-breasted Sandpiper. Gencs ACTITIS Boie. (Page 148, pi. LIL, fig. 1.) Species. Common CnAiiACTEns. — Above plain grayish brown, with a faint greenish or bronzy lustre, in summer adults or young slightly relieved by more or less of dusky streaking or barring, or both ; outer tail-feathers barred with white, the rest (ex- ce])t middle pair) tipped with the same; secondaries broadly ti])]>e(l with white, and with more than their basal half (abruptly) white ; inner webs of second to tenth quills (inclusive) with a longitudinal white patch, increasing in depth toward the tenth, on which it touches the shaft ; superciliary stripe (sometimes not very distinct) and lower parts chiefly pure white. 22 B^SSSrSBBBg^SSSSi !3SSa I 170 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. a}. Summer adult with lower parts marked everywhere with roundish spots of blackish. Winter adult : Above plain grayish olive, with a taint bronze gloss, with no markings except dusky shaft-streaks, except on wing-coverts, which are more or less barred with dusky ; lower parts immaculate white, faintly shaded across chest with brownish gray, most distinct laterally. Young: Similar to winter plumage, but wing-coverts, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts more or less barred with pale dull buff and dusky. Downy young : Above yellowish gray, with a narrow black stripe down back, continued anteriorly to the bill; a narrow black line on each side of head, through eye; lower parts dull white. Length about 7.00-8.00, wing 4.05-4.(30, culmen .90-1.05, tarsus .90-1.05. Eggs 2-5, 1.25 X -90, short-ovate, buffy, more or less thickly speckled and spotted with dark brown and black. Hah. Whole of North America ; south, in winter, through West Indies, Middle America, and northern South America to Brazil • accidental or occasional in Eui'ope. 263. A. macularia (Linn.). Spotted Sandpiper, a'. Summer adult with lower parts plain white, except chest, which is pale brownish gray, streaked with darker. Other plumages very similar to corresponding stages of A. macularia; length about 6.50-7.50, wing 3.80-4.40, cuhnen 1.00-1.05, tarsus .95-1.05. JJah. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere, east to Commander Islands, Kamtschatka. A. hypoleucos (Lixx.). Common Sandpiper (of Europe).^ Gencs NUMENIUS Brisson. (Page 149, pi. XLIX., fig. 2.) Species. rt*. Feathers of thighs without lengthened bristly points. 6'. Hump not white. c\ Secondaries and quills rusty cinnamon, the outer webs of latter dusky; axillars deep cinnamon, without distinct bars ; lower parts pale cin- namon. Above pale cinnamon, tinged hero and there with grayish, varied, transversol}', with blackish, the top of head narrowly streaked with dusky, but without median light stripe; secondaries and quills cinnamon-rufous, the outer wel)s of the hitter dusky. Doicny young : Buff}- yellow, deeper above, tinged with sulphur- yellow beneath ; up])er parts coarsely and irregularly marbled with black ; bill straight, about 1.40 long. Length about 20.00- 20.00, wing 10.00-11.00, culmen 2.30 (young of year)-8.50, tar- sus about 2.25. Eggs 2-4, 2.59 X LSI, light grayish buff or palo butly brown, spotted, blotched, or speckled with umber-brown. ILib. Whole of temperate North America, migrating south to Guatenuila, Cuba, aii Ti-imjit lii/pnlvuviiH Linn., S. N. oJ. 10, i. I"i8, Mi). Avtitin hi/poUtwo» BoiE, litis, 1822, 5(10. NUMENIUS. 171 spots of >nzc gloss, rts, which to, faintly Young : ivil-coverts g : Above anteriorly ye ; lower 1 .90-1.05, !ss thickly of North il northern Sandpiper. ) brownish mnculnria; IS .95-1.05. ommander »f Europe). 1 ) ;er dusky ; 8 palo ciu- sh, varied, y streaked laries and er dusky, h sulphur- y marbled out 20.00- )-S.50, tar- urt' or palo )er-brown. r south to <*. Secondaries and quills mainly or entirely dusky brownish ; axillars palo dull cinnamon or bufty, distinctly barred with dusky ; lower parts palo dull buffy. d}. Crown with two broad lateral stripes of brownish dusky, enclosing a nari'ower median stripe of butfy ; breast, etc., narrowly streaked with dusky ; inner webs of quills spotted with buff toward edges; length 16.50-18.00, wing 9.00-10.25, culmen 3.00-4.00, tarsus 2.25-2.30, middle too 1.35-1.40. Eggs 2.27 X 1-5", l»vlo olive, spotted with dull brown. Hab. Whole of North America; south, in winter, through "West Indies, Middle America, and greater part of South America ; breeding far northward.... 205. N. hudsonicus Lath. Hudsonian Curlew, d'. Crown narrowly streaked with dusky, and without lighter median stripe; breast, etc., with V-shaped marks of ilusky ; inner webs of quills entirely dusky ; length 12.C0-14.50, wing 8.00-8.50, culmen 2.25-2.50, tarsus 1.70-1.80, middle toe 1.00. Eggs 2.04 X 1.43, palo olive-greenish, olive, or olive-brownish, distinctly spotted, chiefly on larger end, with deep or dark brown. Hab. Northern and eastern North America, breeding far northward ; migrating south, in winter, through Middle America to southern extremity of South America. 2G6. N. borealis (Fobst.). Eskimo Curlew. 6'. Eump plain white. Similar to N. hudsonicus, but plumage in general rather graj'cr, tho rump white, and the axillars white, barred with grayish brown; length about 17.00, wing 9.30-10.50, culmen 3.00-3.G0, tarsus 2.30- 2.50, middle too 1.40. Eggs 2.39 X 166, light olive-brownish or buffy olivo, spotted with bistre and vandyke-brown. JLib. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere; occasional in Greenland. 267. N. phseopus (Linn.). Whimbrel. a'. Feathers of thighs terminated by long, bristle-like points. Upper tail-coverts and tail ochraceous, the latter crossed by regular narrow bands (»f dusky brown; top of head plain dark brown, divided medially by a stripe of buff; axillars pale cinnamon or pinkish buft', widely barred with dark brown ; upper parts in general sooty brownish, coarsely and irregularl}' varied with buffy ; lower parts dull butfy, tho cheeks, nock, and chest streaked with brown, tlio sides irregularly barred with tho same; length about 17.25, wing 9.50-10.40, culmen 2.70-3.70, tarsus 2.00-2.40, middle toe 1.35-1.50. ILib. Islands of Pacific Ocean and coast of Alaska 2GS. N. tahitiensis (Gmel.). Bristle-thighed Curlew. ed Curlew. 600. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I m m IIIM 131 ul m M 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 II « 6" ► V] /2 "^1 /. /^ 'W 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation »3 WIST MAIN STRriCT VVBBSTIR, N.Y. 14530 (J-f!) nT?-4503 V '<^\^ ^^^ ^^ <> 6^ ^

^v' line of black across lores; sides and flanks light brownish buff; a broad bar of black along humeral region, and a narrow stripe of same along middle of rump ; hand-wing, and hinder edge of arm-wing, white. Length 10.00-11,25, wing 6.20-6.75, tail 3.60-4.10, culmen .70-.90, tarsus 1.40-1.55. Eggs 1.47x1-04, pale dull buffy, thickly speckled and irregularly spotted with black. Hab. Whole of temperate North America, migrating in winter to West Indies, Middle America, and northern South America; Bermudas. 273. A. vocifera (Linn.). Killdeer. a'. Tail less than half as long as wing, reaching but little if any beyond tips of the latter when folded ; even, or graduated for much less than length of middle too, without claw ; rump concolor with the back ; chest crossed by only one band (black, grayish, or rufous), or none at all. ^GIALITIS. 175 b\ Culmen equal to middle toe, with claw. (Subgenus Ochthodromus Eeichen- BACH.) Adult male: Forehead, superciliary stripe, and lower parts white; upper parts brownish gray ; fore-part of crown, streak across lores (sometimes wanting), and band across chest, black. Adult female : Similar to the male, but black replaced by brownish gray, usually moi'e or less tinged with ochraceous or light rust3^ Young : Similar to adult female, but feathers of upper parts margined terminally with paler. Downy young : Crown and occiput light grayish buft", irregularly marbled with black ; back and rump similar but more grayish, the mottling coarser and less distinct ; arm-wing light buflf, mottled with dusky; hand-wing entirely pure white; forehead, superciliary region, sides of head, collar round hind-neck, and lower parts white; a post-ocular black streak. Length about 7.50-7.90, wing 4.50, culmen .80, tarsus 1.25, middle toe .75. c'. Nape and sides of occiput only slightly tinged with ochraceous. Female with lores chiefly or entirely white, and band across chest usually grayish, tinged more or less with ochraceous. Eggs 1.38 X 1-02, dull light huffy, very irregularly speckled and zigzagged with black or dark brown and purplish gray. Ilab. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, noi'th to Long Island (casually to Nova Scotia); both coasts of Mexico, north to Cape St. Lucas in winter. 280. A. wilsonia (Ord). Wilson's Plover. c*. Nape and sides of occiput very deeply suffused with ochraceous or rusty. Female with lores chiefly or wholly brownish gray, and band across chest usually ochraceous or light rusty. Ifab. West Indies and northern Atlantic coast of South America, to Bahia. A. wilsonia rufinucha Ridqw. Rufous-naped Plover.* f. Culmen much shorter than middle loe, with claw. c*. Tarsus twice as long as bill, measured from anterior point of loral feathering; no band across chest, {fiuhgcnua Podasocys Coves.) Summer adult (sexes alike) : Upper parts light grayish brown, sometimes tinged with buff or ochraceous ; lower parts dull white, more or less shaded with pale buffy grayish across chest (more or loss suffused with buff or ochraceous in spring) ; forehead and superciliary stripe purer white ; fore-part of crown, and streak across lores, black. Winter plumage : Similar to summer dress, but black markings of head wanting, and plumage more strongly .tinged Avith buff. Young : Similar to winter plumage, but whole side of head and neck, and cb t, deep creamy buff, and all the feathers of upper parts distinctly bordered with light buff. Downy young : Above brownish buft', • jEg!aUt\» mhoniuit var. vufiituvhin Rinr.w., Am. Nat. viil. Feb. 1874, 109. Spix, a v. Bros. il. I82ft, 77, pi. 94. {Cf. Pel*., Orn. Bras. 1870, 297.) ? Charadriut eraiiiroitriii I ,1 j.ai-iBw^we^niBi Ifi. 176 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. mottled with black, this forming a distinct marbling on crown and occiput, where the ground-color is lighter and clearer buff; lower parts immaculate pale buif. Length 8.00-9.10, wing 6.00, culmen .80-.90, tarsus 1.50-1.60, middle toe .70. Eggs 1.47 X I'll, varying from light olive to deep cream-color, rather sparsely and irregularly speckled and lined with dark brown, black, and purplish gray. Hab. Western North America, east to the Great Plains ; accidental in Florida. 281. /E. montana (Towns.). Mountain Plover. Tarsus less than twice as long as bill, measured from anterior point of loral feathering ; chest with a black, grayish, or rusty band, some- times interrupted in the middle portion. (Subgenus jEgialitis BoiE.) d^. Nape crossed by a more or less distinct white collar. e^. Bill decidedly shorter than middle toe, very stout (except in jE. dubid), its basal half light-colored (orange or yellow in life), except in jE. dubia. p. A distinct web between base of inner and middle toes. Above grayish brown; foi'ehead, ring round hind- neck, and lower parts white. Summer adult: Lores, fore-part of crown, and broad band across chest black (usually duller in female). Winter plumage : Similar to summer dress, but black markings replaced by grayish brown. Young : Similar to winter plumage, but feathers of upper parts margined terminally with light buff. Downy young: Above pale grayish brown, mottled with black ; frontal crescent, collar round hind-neck, and entire lower parts white. Length 6.50-7.50, wing 4.65-5.00, culmen .48-.55, tarsus .95-1.05. Eggs 1.26 X -94, pale dull buffy or olive-buff, speckled or irregularly spotted, chiefly on or around larger end, with dark brown or blaclc. Hab. Whole of North America, breeding far north- ward ; south, in winter, throughout West Indies, Middle America, and northern South America, to Brazil, Peru, and Galapagos... 274. JE.. semipal- mata Bonap. Semipalmated Plover. /'. No web between base of inner and middle toes. gf*. Upper parts deep grayish brown, as in jE. semipal- mata. h}. Bill stout, the basal half light-colored (yellow or orange in life) ; no whitish bar behind black patch on fore-part of crown. (Plumage very similar, at all stages, to that of uE. semipal- JEOIALITIS. 177 merica, to mata, but adult with black or grayish brown band across chest much broader.) Downy young : " Forehead white ; crown grayish brown, mottled with light stone-gray; from the base of the bill around the nape a black band passes, and is broadest on the nape ; a broad collar round the neck and the under- parts pure white ; back and upper parts gen- erally grayish stone-brown, finely mottled with dirty white and blackish brown." (Dresser.) Length about 7.50, wing about 5.00, culmen .50-55, tarsus 1.00, middle toe .60-.65. Eggs 1.40 X 1-00, similar in colora- tion to those of ^. semipalmata. Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere, and eastern portions of Arctic America. 275. JE,. hiaticula (Linn.). Eing Plover. h?. Bill slender, entirely black; a whitish bar im- mediately behind black patch on fore-part of crown. (Otherwise much like jiE. hiaticula, but much smaller.) Length about 6.00, wing 4.35-4.70, culmen .50-.52, tarsus 1.00-1.05, middle toe .55-.60. Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere, including western Africa; accidental in California (?) and Alaska (?) 276. ^. dubia (Scop.). Little Ring Plover. g*. Upper parts pale brownish gray. Summer adult: Forehead, lores, collar round hind-neck, and lower parts pure white; patch on forepart of crown, and one across each side of chest (the two sometimes connected on middle of chest), black (duller or more grayish in female). Winter plumage : Similar to summer adult, but black or dusky replaced by light brownish gray. Young : Similar to winter plumage, but feathers of upper parts distinctlj' bordered terminally with pale buff or whitish. Length 6.26-7.50, wing 4.50-4.80, culmen .45-.50, depth of bill at base .20-.22, tarsus .85-1.00, middle toe .55. h}. Black patches on sides of chest wholly sepa- rated or very imperfectly connected. Eggs 1.27 X -96, pale buffy rather sparingly speckled with black and purplish gray. 23 178 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Hah. Chiefly the Atlantic coast of the United States, north to southern Labra- dor ; West Indies in winter. 277. JE,. meloda (Ord). Piping Plover. A*. Black patches on sides of chest more or lees completely coalesced. Eggs 1.27 X -93, colored as in JE. meloda. Hah. Mississippi Valley, and north to Lake Winnipeg. 277a. JE,. meloda circumcincta Bidqw. Belted Piping Plover, c*. Bill much longer than middle toe (without claw), very slender, wholly black. Summer adult: Above light brownish gray, the crown and occiput often varying to light buff; forehead, superciliary region, lores, and lower parts pure white ; patch on forepart of crown, ear-coverts, and transverse patch on each side of chest black, usually much duller, or dusky grayish, in female. Winter plumage : Similar to summer dress, but black mark- ings replaced by brownish gray. Young : Similar to winter plumage, but feathers of upper parts distinctly bordered terminally with whitish. Downy young : Above pale grayish buff, interrupted by a white collar across hind-neck, the whole colored portion mottled with black; forehead, hand-wing, iind loAvor parts white ; a dusky streak behind eye. Length 6.25-7.00, wing 4.20-4.30, culmen about .60, tarsus .90-1.05, middle toe .55-.60. Eggs 1.21 X -87, pale dull buflfy, speckled with dark brown and black. Hah. Western North America, south to Mexico, and, in winter, to Chili ; western Cuba ? 278. JE. nivosa Cass. Snowy Plover. cP. Hind-neck without trace of white or dusky collai*. e*. Bill very slender, the culmen equal to or longer than middle toe (without claw). Above grayish brown, the feathers with paler margins, more or less tinged with rufous, especially on crown, ear-coverts, and sides of neck ; forehead, cheeks, and lower parts pure white, interrupted by a black band across chest ; anterior half of crown and a distinct loral stripe black. Young : Black of crown and lores absent or barely indicated, and black chest-band nar- rower or oven interrupted in middle portion. Wing 3.70-4.15, culmen .60, depth of bill through base .15-.17, tarsus 1.00-1.10, middle toe .50-.55. Hab. ill!: APHRIZIDJE. 179 Tropical America in general (except West Indies) north to southern Mexico. JE. coUaris (Vieill.). Azara's Ring Plover.' e*. Bill stout, the culmen decidedly shorter than middle toe (without claw). Summer adult: Above grayish brown, beneath white; hind-neck and broad band across chest clear cinnamon- rufous ; lores, orbital region, and ear-coverts black, the foraier bordered above by a white line, sometimes meeting on forehead. (^Female usually with rufous paler and less abruptly defined than in the male, and black markings of head less distinct.) Winter plumage : Somewhat similar to summer dress, but rufous entirely absent, the chest crossed by an indistinct grayish brown navrow band, becoming broader and deeper in color laterally ; black of ear-coverts, loral streak, etc., replaced by dull grayish brown ; forehead white. Young : Much like winter dress, but plumage more or less suffused with buff, and feathers of upper parts distinctly bordered with buff or dull ochraceous. Length 6.25-7.00, wing about 5.15-5.40, culmen .62, tarsus 1.15, middle toe .73. Eggs 1.43 X 1-05, pale dull olive, varying to huffy olive, rather sparsely and irregularly speckled with dark brown and black. Hab. Northern Asia, south in winter to Malay Archi- pelago, Philippines, Australia, etc.; accidental on Choris Peninsula, Alaska. 279. JE. mongola (Pall.). Mongolian Plover. Family APHRIZID/B. — ^The Surf Birds and Turnstones. (Page 143.) Genera. a'. Tarsus decidedly longer than culmen; tail emarginate; terminal portion of bill somewhat swollen, with the upper outline decidedly convex (as in the Plovers, Charadriidce) Aphriza. (Page 180.) a*. Tarsus not longer than culmen ; tail slightly rounded ; terminal half of bill com- pressed and pointed, with the upper outline straight, or sometimes even slightly concave Arenaria. (Page 180.) i Charadriu* collarii V»iu., Eno. M£th. ii. 1823, 334. JEgialUit eoUarit ScL. oatoher. 6'. Entire rump and lower back dusky. c'. Breast white, like belly, etc. ; bill very stout, its greatest depth forward of nostril exceeding .46 of an inch ; middle toe, with claw, more than 1.75. 182 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. d}. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts (except greater) grayish brown, or brownish slate ; upper tail-coverts entirely wh:"te in adult ; under primary coverts almost wholly white. Adult:. Head and neck plumbeous-black ; bill bright red (in life). Young : Head and neck dull blackish, the top of the former speckled with pale brown ; feathers of upper parts bordered with dull buff; bill brownish. Downy young : Head and neck dull light grayish, finely mottled with darker, and with a narrow line of black behind eye ; rest of upper parts light fulvous-gray, finely mottled with darker, and relieved by two narrow stripes of black along the back ; lower parts white. Length 17.00-21.00, wing 9.80-10.25, culmen 2.85-3.50, greatest depth of bill for- ward of nostril .48-.55, tarsus 2.05-2.55, middle toe (without claw) 1.20-1.55. Eggs 2-3, 2.21 X 1-58, light dull creamy buff, spotted with black, dark brown, and purplish gray. Jfab. Coasts of America, from Nova Scotia and southern California to southern Brazil and Chili. 286. H. palliatus Temm. American Oyster-catcher. d'. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts sooty black ; shorter upper tail-coverts entirely black, the longer ones varied with black at ends ; under primary coverts chiefly black ; wing 10.00, culmen 3.12-3.42, greatest depth of bill forward of nostril .50, tarsus 2.12-2.20, middle toe, without claw, 1.65. Sab. Galapagos Islands. H. galapagensis Hidow. Galapagos Oyster-catcher.^ c'. Breast uniform black ; bill very slender, its greatest depth forward of nostril not exceeding .40 of an inch ; middle toe, with claw, much less than 1.75. Adult : Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts (except greater) sooty black, with faint greenish gloss; upper -tail-coverts (except shorter median ones), entirely white; nearly all the under wing-coverts uniform black; wing 10.00-10.60, culmen 3.00- 3.05, greatest depth of bill forward of nostril .38-.40, tarsus 1.75-1.95, middle toe 1.20-1.30. Hab. Tierra del Fuego. H. leucopodus l ''.not. White-footed Oyster-catcher.' a'. Plumage entirely blackish. Adult : Uniform brownish black, or dark sooty brown, the head and neck plumbeous-black. Young : General color more brownish, many of the feathers (especirlly wing-coverts and scapulars) having paler (dull buff or rusty) tips. bK Length 17.00-17.50, wing 9.60-10.75, culmen 2.50-2.95, greatest depth of bill forward of nostril .45-.52, tarsus 1.85-2.25, middle toe 1.30-1.65. Eggs 2.18 X 1-52, light olive-buff or huffy olive, speckled or sparsely spotted ^ ffsematopui galapngensis RiDOW., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 331. ^ H«matoput leucopodus Oarnot, Ann. des So. Nat. vii., 1826, 47. JACANA. 183 with brownish black and purplish gray. Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from Lower California north to the Aleutian Islands and across to the Kurils.... 287. H. bachmani Aud. Black Oyater-catcher. Length 18.00-20.00, wing 10.25-10.80, culraen 2.82-3.00, greatest depth of bill anterior to nostril .60, tarsus 2.10-2.20, middle toe 1.70-1.75. Mab. Coast of Chili. H. ater Yisill. Chilian Black Oyster-catcher. ^ Family JACANID.^. — The Jacanas. (Page 143.) Geriera. (Characters same as those given for the Family) Jacana. (Page 183.) Genus JACANA Brisson. (Page 183, pi. LVI., fig. 6.) Specirr,. Adult: Head, neck, chest, and upper baclv uniform greenish black; quil'p and secondaries pale yellowish green, bordered at tips with dusky ; rest of plumage uniform rich purplish chestnut. Your ' Top of he-^a grayish brown, boi'dered aloro^ each side by a broad superciliary stripe of buffy white ; a dusky streak be- ii-i... eye extending to hind-neck, which is ai .«■ dusky or dull brownish ; rest of head and neck, with whole }3wer part3, except sides, buffy white; upper parts grayish brown, the feathers more or lesa distinctly tipped with rusty buff (obsolete in older specimens), the quills pale greenish, as in adult. Length about 8.50, wing 4.50-5.40, culmen 1.15-1.40, tarsus 1.90-2.35, middle toe 1.85-2.:i5. Eggs 1.22 X -94, olive-tawny or tawny olive, marked all over with confused " pen-lines" of black, and occasional " blots" of same. Hab. Whole of Middle America, from northern Mexico (including the lower Eio Grande Valley in Texas) to Panama ; Cuba ; Haiti. 288. J. gymnostoma (Wagl.). Uezioan Jacana. 1 Hxmatopus ater Vieill., Qal. Ois. ii. 1825, 88, pi. 220. 184 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. yiliiiiik..;. Order GALLINiS. — The Gallinaceous Birds. (Page 2.) Families. a}. Hind-toe small, short (much less than half as long as lateral toes), and inserted above the level of the anterior toes. (Suborder Phasiani.) b^. Tarsi without spurs ; head entirely feathered (except sometimes over eyes), and tail not vaulted Tetraonidae. (Page 184.) b\ Tarsi with spurs ; head naked, or else tail long and vaulted. Phasianidse. (Page 205.) a*. Hind-toe well developed, lengthened (decidedly more than half as long as the lateral toes), and inserted on a level with the anterior toes. (Suborder Penelopes.) Cracidse. (Page 207.) Family TETRAONID.^.— The Grouse, Partridges, and Quails. Genera. (^"8° "''■> a}. Tarsi and nasal fossse entirely naked; sides of toes not pectinated; smaller (wing less than 6.00). (Subfamily Perdicince.) 6'. Cutting-edge of lower mandible without serrations; upper part of tarsus feathered below the joint ; first quill longer than seventh. c\ Tail very short, composed of 12 soft feathers entirely concealed by the coverts ; first quill longest, or at least longer than third ; small (wing not over 4.50) Coturnix. (Page 186.) c*. Tail more than one-third as long as wing, extending considerably be- yond coverts, and composed of 18 firm, broad feathers ; first quill shorter than sixth ; rather large (wing over 6.00). Perdix.^ f. Cutting-edge of lower mandible, toward end, more or less serrated ; upper part of tarsus not feathered below joint ; first quill shorter than seventh, c*. Tail at least half as long as the wing, the feathers normal, and very distinct from the coverts; claws normal, the middle one much shorter than exposed culmen. d}. Tail about as long as the wing ; very largo (wing more than 5.60, tarsus about 2.00); plumage very plain, -the head without a distinct ci'est Dendrortyx.* d*. Tail decidedly shorter than Aving; medium to veiy small (wing not more than 5.50, tarsus much less than 2.00) ; plumage much varied, the head more or less conspicuously crested. > Perdix Briss., Orn. i. 1760, 219. Type, Tetrao perdix LiKK. This genus inoludoB the Partridge of Europe {P. perdije), a handsome game bird, about as much larger than the American " Bob Whites" ns the Intter are larger than the Quail of Europe {Coturnix coturnix). * Dendrortj/x OOULO, Mon. Odont. 1850, 20. Type, Ortyx macroura JiRD. & Sklby. TETRAONID^. 185 e^. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing; bill small and weak, its depth at base less than length of middle claw. Callipepla. (Page 191.) e". Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing; bill stouter, its depth at base decidedly greater than length of middle claw. /'. Head with a conspicuous crest of long narrow feathers exceeding tarsus in length ; plumage of upper parts plain olive ; wing more than 5.00. Oreortyx. (Page 190.) p. Head not conspicuously crested, or else with longest feathers much shorter than tarsus ; plumage of upper parts much varied with spots, bars, and other mark- ings; wing less than 5.00. . g^. Head not distinctly crested... Colinus. (Pago 186.) gf*. Head distinctly crested Eupsychortyx} Eup»yehortyx OotiLD, Mon. Odoiit. 1860, 15. Type, Tetrao cn»talu§ Link. 24 MMH mmmmmm 186 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. e*. Toes entirely naked ; tail two-thirds to four-fifths as long as wing ; plumage never white. Dendragapus. (Page 194.) Lower portion of tarsus completely naked ; tail nearly as long as wing, fan-shaped ; sides of neck with a broad tuft or ruff of soft, broad-webbed feathers Bonasa. (Page 197.) Genus COTURNIX Bonnaterre.* (Page 184.) Species. Adult male : Above light brown, the back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-cov- erts broadly and sharply streaked with buff, each buff streak' being bordered along each side by a narrow blackish streak ; in addition to these markings the feathers have narrow bars of blackish and pale buffy brown, the scapulars with irregular spots of the former ; wing-coverts barred with dusky and buffy, and marked with narrow mesial streaks of buffy or whitish ; quills dull grayish brown, spotted or irregularly barred on outer webs with ochraceous-buff ; a distinct superciliary stripe of buffy or dull whitish ; under-part and sides of head and neck whitish or buffy, the middle of the throat with more or less of a brownish or dusky longitu- dinal patch, connecting below with a dusky or brownish stripe extending obliquely upward to ear-coverts ; below and behind these brownish markings, and usually separated from them by a whitish or buffy space, another, usually interrupted line of dusky or brownish spots, these sometimes blended into a continuous stripe ; chest and breast light cinnamon-brownish, with paler shaft-streaks, the lateral portions more broadly streaked, the lighter streaks bordered along each side by blackish ; rest of lower parts buffy, the sides and flanks streaked with dusky. Adult female : Similar to the male, but thi'oat without dusky markings, and chest and breast buffy, spotted, longitudinally, with blackish. Downy young (partially feathered) : " Centre of crown dark brown, with a central buff stripe ; sides of the crown warm reddish buff; upper parts generally blackish brown, barred with warm buff, and marked with long buffy white stripes ; chin, throat, and sides of head buffy white ; rest of the under-parts buffy white, closely spotted with blackish brown." (Dresser.) Length about 7.00, wing 4.10-4.30, culmon .25-.30, tarsus 1.00-1.15. Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere in general ; introduced into (and pariially naturalized in ?) various portions of eastern United States. C. coturnix (Link.). European Quail.> Genus COLINUS Lesson. (Page 186, pi. LVI., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Upper parts mottled grayish, tinged more or less with rusty and more or less vermiculated with dusky and whitish ; quills plain grayish, and tail chiefly bluish gray ; lower parts usually whitish, varied with black and ' Coliirnix BoNNATBKnB, Tiibl. Enoyl. et M6th. I. 1790, 217. Type, Tetrao ooturmx Linn. > Tetrao eottimix LiHH., S. K. ed. 10, t. 1768, 161. Coturnix coturnix LicuT., Norn. Mub. Berol. 1864, 84. COLINVS. 187 rusty, the sides and flanks striped with rufous. (Adult males of some species with lower parts chiefly uniform cinnamon-rufous.) Adult males with head black, or striped with black and white, or brown and white. Adult females with head striped with brown and ochraceous or buflf, the chin and throat entirely of the latter color. Nest of dried grasses, etc. (sometimes arched over on top), embedded in ground or placed on ground, in meadows, grain-fields, etc. Eggs numerous (12-upward of 20), pyriform-ovate, white, usually more or less stained (adventitiously ?) with light brown. a^ Adult males with feathers of sides and flanks rufous edged with white and with black line between white and rufous, or else entirely rufous. Adult females (except in G. virginianus cubanensis) with feathers of sides and flanks rufous edged with white, the two colors separated by a blackish line. bK Adult males with lower parts always whitish, varied with black and rusty as abo\ e described. Adult males: Broad superciliary stripe, and broad patch covering chin, throat, and malar region, white ; rest of head black, sometimes, especially in winter plumage, mixed with or overlaid by brown ;* sides of neck spotted with white and black, the spots of triangular form. Adult females similar to males, but throat-patch and super- ciliary stripe buff or ochraceous, and the darker stripes of head chiefly brown or rusty. Young : Top of head and ear-coverts dusky slate, or dull grayish ; rest of head dull soiled whitish ; chest and breast dull grayish brown or bi'ownish gray, streaked with whitish ; belly plain white ; back rusty brownish, more or less streaked with whitish and spotted with blackish. Downy young : Head dingy butf, paler, or nearly white, on throat, with a blackish line behind eye and a small spot of same above corner of mouth ; a patch of chestnut on occiput, graduall}' narrowing anteriorly to a line along middle of forehead ; upper parts nearly uniform chestnut ; lower parts pale grayish buff', deepening into dull brownish on sides. c*. Feathers of flanks with the black markings narrow, only occasionally, or not at all, interruptir\g the white edgings ; black markings on breast and belly narrow, always much narrower than the white inter- spaces ; chest usually chiefly, or entirely, light cinnamon, d'. Upper parts with much of rusty, usually with conspicuous large black blotches on scapulars, tertials, and lower back, and with- out very distinct light bars. Adult male usually without a well- defined band of uniform pale cinnamon across the chest, imme- diately beneath the black collar. e^. Larger, with colors averaging lighter, especially on lower parts, where black markings are narrow and usually de- I Partially melanigtio example8 tomotiincs occur in which the throat Ib partly or even wholly black. The Ortyx ea»taneu* of Gould was probably baaed on a gpocimen of thla character. BBSESB^B^ i ::!' If „i:. i"! i 188 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. cidedly V-shaped. Length 9.50-10.75, wing 4.30-4.70 (aver- age about 4.55), tail 2.40-2.90 (2.70), culmen .55-.65 (.59), depth of bill at base .33-.40 (.35), tarsus 1.20-1.50 (1.38), middle toe 1.10-1.22 (1.18). Eggs 1.19 X -94. Hab. Eastern United States, west to eastern Minnesota, Ne- braska, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas, south to Georgia, Alabama, and other Gulf States. 289. C. virginianus (Linn.). Bob White. ^. Smaller, with colors averaging darker, especially on lower parts, where black markings are broader and usually more transverse. Wing 4.10-4.50 (average about 4.28), tail 2.60- 2.90 (2.76), culmen .57-.62 (.60), depth of bill at base .36- .42 (.38), tarsus 1.13-1.28 (1.19), middle toe 1.03-1.17 (1.09). Eggs 1.17 X -92. Hab. Florida, except extreme southei*n portion 289a. C. virginianus floridanus (Coues.) Florida Bob White. d\ Upper parts with little rusty (except anteriorly), an olive-grayish tint prevailing, the scapulars, tertials, and lower back usually without conspicuous black blotches, and the general surface usually distinctly barred with lighter ; black markings of lower parts usually broad and neai'ly transverse, as in C. virginianus floridanus. Adult male usually with a very distinct band of uniform pale cinnamon across chest, immediately beneath the black collar. Wing 4.20-4.65 (4.39), tail 2.20-2.70 (2.44), culmen .50-.60 (.59), depth of bill at base .30-.40 (.36), tarsus 1.15-1.35 (1.27), middle toe .95-1.15 (1.07). Eggs 1.17 X .91. Hab. Texas and northeastern Mexico, north to western Kansas. 2896. C. virginianus texanus (Lawr.). Texan Bob White. c\ Feathers of flanks with black markings heavy, broken into irregular figures, often enclosing a white spot — the edge never continuously white ; black markings on breast and belly very irregular or much broken, with frequently a longitudinal tendency; chest usually chiefly or entirely black, or striped with black and rufous, in the male, coarsely spotted with black, dull white, and rusty in the female. Wing 4.00-4.15 (4.07), tail 1.91-2.20 (2.07), culmen .68-.63 (.60), depth of bill at base .30-.35 (.32), tarsus 1.12-1.17 (1.14), middle too 0.98-1.08 (1.04). Hab. Cuba and southwestern Florida. — . C. virginianus cubanensis (Gould). Cuban Bob White.* v. Adult males with lower parts chiefly uniform cinnamon-rufous or cinnamon- color. > Orlyx ciibanentit Gould, Mon. Odont. 1850, pi. 2. COLINVS. 189 c^ Adult males with throat-patch and broad superciliary stripe always white. d}. Very similar la color to C. virginianus texanus, but darker, the female hardly distinguishable from the same sex of that species, the male, however, very differently colored beneath, the lower parts being uniform cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous; wing 4.10- 4.50 (4.39), tail 2.50-3.00 (2.83), culmen .55-.60 (.58), tarsus 1.06-1.40 (1.23), middle toe 1.05-1.23 (1.12). Hab. South- western Mexico, from San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, and Guada- lajara to Mazatlan ; Sonora; southern Arizona? 290. C. graysoni (Lawr.). Grayson's Bob White, rf*. Similar to C. graysoni, but still darker in color, with the black across fore-neck spread downward over the chest, and the size decidedly smaller; wing about 3.80-4.00, tail 2.05, culmen .60, tarsus 1.10, middle toe 1.05. Hab. Southeastei'n Mexico (Vera Cruz). C. pectoralis (Gould). Black-breasted Bob White.* c*. Adult males with whole under side of head black, the white superciliary stripe usually much reduced in width or sometimes obsolete. d'. Smaller and darker. Adult male with black of throat extended over the breast (as in C. pectoralis), and feathers of breast, etc., sometimes margined with black ; wing 4.00-4.20, tail 2.25-2.60, exposed culmen .50-.55, tarsus 1.10, middle toe .95-1.05. Hab. Southern Mexico (Tabasco and Tehuantepec). C. coyolcos (Mull.). Coyolcos Bob White.* d'. Larger and much lighter coloi-ed. Adult male with black of throat not extended over chest, which is entirely uniform cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous, like other lower parts. Female hardly dis- tinguishable from that of G. virginianus texanus, but usually with a more decided pale cinnamon band or patch across upper part of chest and the belly more distinctly and heavily barred. Wing 4.40-4.70 (4.49), tail 2.70-3.00 (2.81), culmen .52-.65 (.60), depth of bill at base .32-.40 (.35), tarsus 1.12-1.30 (1.18), middle too 1.00-1.10 (1.06). Hab. Sonora and southern Arizona 291. C. ridgwayi Brewst. Masked Bob White. Adult male with feathers of sides and flanks white centrally, with broad rufous margins. Adult female with feathers of sides and flanks clear umber-brown centrally, this enclosed within a broad U-shaped mark of black, the edges broadly white. Adult male : Sides of forehead, superciliary stripe, lores, cheeks, and whole chin and throat, uniform black ; broad stripe along each side of crown and > Ortyx pwtoralu QouLD, P. Z. S. 1842, 182; Mon. Odoiit. 1850, pi. 6. * Tetvao coyoleot {err, typ.) MUllrh (Ph. St.), Nat. Syst. Suppl. 1776, 129. Tetrao coyolcos Ghrl., S. N. i. 1788, 763. Ortyx coyoleot Qould, Mon. Odont. 1850, pi. 6. Colimti coyoleot Brbwbt., Auk, ii. Apr. 1885, 200 (in text). 190 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. occiput, another from beneath eye across ear-covei'ts, and ground-color of chest, dull white ; middle of crown and occiput rusty brownish, mixed with dusky ; feathers of hind-neck and upper back rufous, each marked with, a central oval spot of rusty white ; feathers of breast and belly white centrally, broadly bordered with black. Adult female : Very simi- lar to same sex of C. virginiamis cubanensis, but smaller, the sides and flanks less barred with black, more white on breast, and ground-color of upper parts clearer grayish. Wing 4.00-4.20, tail 2.25-2.60, culmen .60, tarsus 1.12-1.20, middle toe 1.05-1.10. Hab. Yucatan. C. nigrogularis (Gould). Yucatan Bob White.* Genus OREORTYX Baird. (Page 185, pi. LVI., fig. 3.) Species. Adult male : Upper parts plain brown or olive, the inner webs of the tertials broadly edged with buffy or ochraceous, producing, when wings are closed, a dis- tinct sti'ipe on each side of rump ; breast and part of head plumbeous ; crest black ; entire throat uniform rich chestnut, growing blackish along upper posterior border, and sending a blackish branch up to the eye ; chin, anterior portion of malar region, lower portion of lores, and distinct line bordering the throat-patch from the pos- terior angle of the eye downward, white ; flanks rich chestnut, broadly barred with black and white ; thighs rufous, and under tail-coverts black. Adult female : Hardly distinguishable in color from the male, but crest usually smaller. Young : Head, neck, and back grayish brown, speckled with white ; breast more decidedl}- gray, with larger, more triangulai*, white spots ; throat and cheeks mixed whitish and dusky ; crest-feathers blackish, their tips speckled or zigzagged with pale fulvous ; scapulars, wing-coverts, tertials, and tail-feathers pale brownish, finely vermiculated with dusky, the first more or less blotched with black, and the tertials edged with the same, with a subedging of pale fulvous ; belly whitish ; flanks washed with chestnut; a dusky patch on ear-coverts, with a whitish line just above. Downy young : Head and neck light brownish buff^, deeper on lores, forehead, and a very broad superciliary stripe, the space enclosed between the two latter, of opposite sides, and also a broad stripe down middle of back and rump, dark chestnut, bor- dered along each side by blackish ; a broad pale buffy or dull whitish stripe along each side of rump, throwing off, at about midway of its length, a lateral branch obliquely across the flanks, this lest also bifurcating ait about the middle and throw- ing off posteriorly a broad stripe parallel with that of the rump, the space between the two, and also that bordering the outer side of anterior half of rump-stripe and anterior edge of main flank-stripe, brownish black, or dark seal-brown ; on side of head, behind eye, a broad V-shaped mark of brownish black, having its apex at the posterior corner of the eye ; breast and belly dull grayish white. Length about 10.50-11.50, wing 5.25-6.40, tarsus 1.18-1.40. Eggs 1.36 X 102, cream-color, or creamy buff", varying as to depth of color. 1 Ortyx nigrogulari* Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, 181 ; Mon. Odont. 1850, pi. 4. CALLJPEPLA. 191 Bob White.* a}. Above deep olive-brown or umber, this color usually continued uninteiTuptedly over hind-neck to the crest ; inner edges of tertials deep buff or ochraceous ; forehead entii-ely ashy. Hab. Pacific coast district, from Sau Francisco north to "Washington Territory. 292. O. pictus (DouQL.). Mountain Partridge. a*. Above grayish olive, the hind-neck usually partly or wholly plumbeous, like the breast ; inner edges of tertials light buff or buffy whitish ; forehead distinctly paler (often whitish) anteriorly. Hab. Sierra Nevada (both sides) from eastern Oregon southward ; southern coast district of California ? ; Lower California? 292a. O. pictus plumiferus (Gould). Flamed Partridge. Genus CALLIPEPLA Waqler. (Page 185, pi. LVI., figs. 4, 5.) Species. a}. Tail three-fourths as long as wing, or longer ; flanks striped ; tail-feathers plain bluish gray ; tertials and scapulars without black spots; inner webs of ter- tials edged with buffy or whitish, producing a conspicuous stripe along each side of rump when wings are closed ; wing 4.50, or more. b\ Crest short, blended with, or not separated distinctly from, general feather- ing of the crown ; sexes essentiaHy alike in plumage. (Subgenus Callipepla.) Adult : Tip of crest white ; rest of head plain light brownish or gray- ish, paler and more buffy on thvoat ; hind-neck, upper back, and anterior lower parts bluish gray, each feather sharply bordered with black, producing a scaled appearance ; scapulars and wings pale brownish ; flanks streaked with white ; other lower parts buffy, the belly sometimes with a patch of chestnut-brownish. Young : Upper parts brownish gray, becoming more decidedly brown on scapulars and wing-coverts, the feathers marked with a mesial streak of white, and (except on hind-neck) spotted with blackish ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ash-gray, some- times more or less distinctly spotted with white ; lower parts dull whitish, the breast brownish gray, marked with wedge-shaped streaks or spots of white, often mixed with dusky spots. Length about 9.50- 12.00, wing 4.50-5.00, tail about 4.10-4.50, tarsus about 1.30. Eggs 1,24 X -94, white, huffy white, or pale buffy, usually more or less dis- tinctly sprinkled or speckled with brown, c^. Scapulars and wings pale grayish brown, or brownish gray ; belly pale buffy or whitish, usually without trace of chestnut or brown patch, in either sex. Hab. Northwestern Mexico and contiguous border of United States, from western Texas to southern Arizona. 293. C. squamata (Via.). Scaled Partridge, c". Scapulars and wings deep grayish brown (sometimes hair-brown) ; posterior lower parts deeper buffy (sometimes decidedly ochra- ceous), the belly with an extensive patch of rusty chestnut 192 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. in the male (sometimes indicated in the female also). Hah. Eastern Mexico (south to San Luis Potosi) and lower Eio Grande Valley of Texas. 293a. C. squamata castanogastris Erewst. Chestnnt-bellied Scaled Partridge. 6'. Crest lengthened, very distinct from general feathering of crown, very nar- row at the base, all the feathers enclosed between the more or less appressed webs of the anterior plume ; sexes very different in plumage. (Subgenus Lophortyx Bonaparte.) c\ Crest black ; throat uniform black in adult males, and tertials without chestnut. d}. Flanks olive-brown or grayish, streaked with white. Adult male : Belly with black scale-like markings, iind a central patch of chestnut; forehead buify whitish, with black shaft-streaks; oc- ciput olive, or smoky brown. Adult female : Head without black or white markings, the prevailing color plain smoky grayish or brownish ; belly without chestnut patch, and black scale-like markings less distinct. Young : Above finely mottled brownish, mai'ked with whitish mesial streaks, widening at tip, and bordered aiong each edge with blackish ; throat plain dull whitish ; belly dull white, faintly barred with grayish ; chest dull grayish, with triangular whitish spots. Downy young: Dingy whitish, the upper parts tinged with pale rusty, and irregularly mottled, longitudinally, with deeper brownish ; a broad stripe of deep brown from occiput down nape ; ear-coverts with an indistinct dusky spot; lower parts plain dull whitish. Length about 9.50, wing 4.35-4.70, tail 4.10-4.70, tarsus 1.20- 1.25. Eggs 1.23 X -94, white, buffy white, or pale buff, more or less distinctly sprinkled, speckled, spotted, or blotched with some shade of umber-brown. e'. Upper parts deep smoky brown, the inner edges of tertials deep buffy or ochraceous ; flanks deep olivaceous or smoky brown. Hah. Coast valleys of California, Oregon, and Washington Territory. 294. C. californica (Shaw). California Partridge. «'. Upper parts grayish brown, with inner edges of tertials buffy or whitish ; flanks olive-grayish, or grayish brown. Hah. Interior districts of California and Oregon, south to Cape St. Lucas 294a. C. californica vallicola Einaw. Valley Partridge. d*. Flanks rich chestnut, streaked with white. Adult male: Belly without scale-like markings, and with a central patch of black; forehead dusky ; occiput rufous. Adult female: Similar to that of C. californica vallicola, but flanks chestnut, and belly without scale-like markings. Young : Above grayish brown, minutely CYRTONYX. 103 lis without mottled, the feathers with white shaft-streaks, widening at end, and with a dusky spot on each side ; belly dull white, without trace of markings ; chest brownish gray, the feathers tipped and streaked with whitish. Length about 9.50-10.00, wing 4.45-4.70, tail 4.10-4.70, tarsus 1.20-1.25. Eggs 1.25 X 94, sim- ilar to those of C. californica, but usually with deeper ground- color and larger and more distinct spots. Ilab. Northwestern Mexico and conti,j,uous portions of United States, from Arizona to western Texas, north to southern Utah. 295. C. gambeli (Nutt.). Gambel's Partridge. c'. Crest buffy or ochraceous ; throat white, spotted with black, and ter- tials blotched with chestnut, in adult male. Adult male: Sides of head streaked with black and white; hind- neck broadly streaked or striped with bluish gray and rusty ; upper parts mainly grayish bi"Own, the tertials and longer scapulars chestnut, broadly edged on both toebs with white; breast and belly bluish gi*ay, the latter marked with roundish spots of white; flanks mainly deep cinnamon-rufous, the feathers edged, or spotted along edges, with white ; wing 4.25- 4.50, tail 3.50-3.60, tarsus 1.25. Hab. Western Mexico (vicinity of Mazatlan). C. elegans (Less.). Elegant Partridge.' Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing ; flanks broadly and sharply banded with black and white ; tail-feathers brownish, barred with dusky and whitish ; scapulars and tertials spotted with black, the inner webs of the latter without light edging; wing less than 4.00; sexes alike in plumage ; crest narrow, distinct from feathers of crown, but with webs not appressed. (Subgenus Philortyx Gould.') b\ Cheeks, chin, and throat white ; bill black ; wing 3.80-3.90, tail 2.40-2.60, tarsus 1.10-1.12. Hab. Southwestern Mexico (Plains of Colima, etc.). C. fasciata (Qocld). Banded Partridge.* fc'. Cheeks, chin, and throat black ; bill brownish ; wing 3.80, tail 2.00, tarsus 1.00. Hab. Southeastern Mexico (Pueblo). C. personata Ridqw. Black-faced Partridge.^ Genus CYRTONYX Gould. (Page 185, pi. LVI., fig. 2.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult males : Sides of head marked with bold black and white stripes, the chin and throat, and narrow collar across fore-neck (ascending to beneath crest), intense velvety black ; longer feathers of crest uniform brownish ; 1 Ortyx elegant Lrss., Cent. Zool. 1832, pi. 61. CalUpepla elegans Qocld, Mod. Odont. 1850, }>1. 18. » Philortyx Godld, Mon. Odont. 1850, 17. Type, Ortyx faictatug Govld. ' O^tyx faieiatut Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, 133. * Philortyx pertonaiui Ridqw., Auk, ill., July, 18S6, 333. 26 194 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Wm upper parts brownish, more or less barred and spotted with black, and conspicu- ously streaked with whitish, buff, or rufous; outer webs of quills spotted with "white ; anal region, thighs, and lower tail-coverts uniform velvety black. a}. Adult male without rufous or chestnut on flanks. Adult male : Crest plain brownish, spotted with black anteriorly ; sides of head chiefly pure white, relieved by a stripe (widening posteriorly) of dark plumbeous extending from corner of mouth backward to beneath ears, throwing off a branch (darker in color) on each side of forehead, and a postocular black stripe or elongated patch ; scapulars, etc., marked with broad medial streaks of buffy or whitish ; entire sides and flanks dark plumbeous, marked with numerous round spots of pure white ; belly and middle lino of breast dark chestnut. Adult female : Prevailing color light pinkish cinnamon, the upper parts streaked and barred much as in the male; head without white or black stripes; sides with a few irregular streaks or bars of black. Younr/ : Similar to adult female, but lower parts dull whitish, many of the feathers, especially on breast and sides, with transverse spots of blackish, on both webs. Doiony young : Head pale brow^n, becoming gradually whitish on throat, the occiput with a broad patch of chestnut ; a blackish streak behind eye ; upper parts rusty brownish, indistinctly spotted with dusky, the rump bor- dered along each side by a whitish stripe ; lower parts nearly uniform dull white. Length about 8.75, wing 4.90-5.30, tarsus 1.05-1.10, middle toe .85-.90. Egg (identification very doubtful) : 1.21 X -90, plain white. Hab. Western and central Mexico, from Mazatlan and Valley of Mexico north to western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. 296. C. montezumae (Yio.). Hassena Partridge. a*. Adult males with flanks varied with rufous or chestnut. b\ Adult male with flanks rich chestnut, slightly varied with black and plumbeous. ITab. Guatemala and southern Mexico. C. ocellatus Gould. Ocellated Partridge.* fc'. Adult male with flanks plumbeous, barred and spotted with chestnut. Hab. " Mexico." C. sallsei Verr. Salle's Partridge.' Genus DENDRAGAPUS Elliot. (Page 186, pi. LYII., figs. 1, 2.) (^Nest on ground in woods. Eggs about 8-15, buffy or pale brownish, sprinkled, speckled, or, more rarely, spotted with dark brown.) 1 Orti/x ocellatua Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, 75 (Guatemala). Cyrtonyx ocellatut Gould, Men. Odont. 1850, pi. 8. Cyrtonyx Bumichranti Lawr., Ann. Lyo. N. Y. i. lS7'f, 61 (Tehuantepeo). Obs. — ^There are differences observable between two males from Guatemala on the' one hand, and one from Tehuantepeo (the type of C. sumichratti) on the other. If these should prove constant the latter bird would require recognition as a geographical race ( 0. ocellatui mmichraiti). ' Cyrtonyx talleei Vbrrbaux, Arcana Naturn, i. 1860, pi. 4. DENDRAGAPUS. 195 Odont. 1850, Species. rt'. Tail of 20 feathers ; sides of neck in male with a distinct inflatable air-sac ; wing of malo more than 7.00. (Subgenus Dendragapus.) Adult male: Above dusky .grayish or dull blackish, usually more or less mottled, especially on wings (sometimes distinctly and coarsely mottled over whole surface) ; tail black, with or without gray terminal band ; lower parts chiefly plain slate-gray, more or less varied with white on flanks, etc. ; length about 20.00-23.00, wing 9.40-10.00, tail 8.00, weight about 2J to 3J lbs. Adult female : Similar to the male, but decidedly smaller and colors much less uniform, the upper parts more or less dis- tinctly spotted and barred with huffy or brownish, the chest and anterior part of sides similarly marked ; length about 17.50-19.00, wing about 8.70, tail 6.00. Young : Above yellowish brown, the feathers with con- spicuous shaft-streaks and terminal triangular spots of white, and rather large transverse roundish spots of black ; secondaries with broken or mottled bands of dusky and white ; lower parts dull whitish, the chest and sides spotted with black ; head huffy whitish, spotted with black on crown, and marked along side of head by a dusky stripe. Downy young : Above mixed pale chestnut-brown and brownish white, mottled with blackish, this forming six rather irregular and indistinct stripes down rump, and an indefinite number of more confused stripes on top of head, where, howevei", the mottlings are sometimes broken into irregular spots ; on side of head behind eye several irregular spots of black ; lower parts plain dull white. Eggs buff or cream-color, more or less distinctly sprinkled or speckled (more rarely spotted) with umber-brown. . 6'. Tail tipped with a distinct ash-gray band. c\ Lighter colored, with broader tail-band (.50-.80 wide on outermost feather), distinct whitish space on side of neck, and throat mostly white. Adult male : Above dark slaty, everywhere finely mottled with gray and light brownish, the hinder scapulars usually with distinct shaft-streaks and terminal spots of white ; tail-band 1.00- 1.50 wide on middle feathers, .50-.80 wide on outermost. Eggs 1.9-t X 1.39. Hab. Rocky Mountains, west to the Wahsatch, south to New Mexico (San Francisco Mountains) and Arizona (White Moun- tains), north to South Pass. 297. D. obscurus (Sat). Dusky Gronse. c*. Darker colored, with narroAver tail-band (not more than .40 wide on outermost feather), no distinct whitish space on side of neck, and throat dusky, bordered with white, in adult male. Adult male : Above sooty blackish, sometimes nearly uniform, but usually more or less mottled with, brownish, especially on wings ; scapulars usu- ally without distinct white streaks or spots ; tail-band less than 1.00 (usually about .60) wide on middle feathers. Adult female much darker than in D. obscurus, the upper parts sometimes deeply washed '< ' }}. 196 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ■with dai'k rusty. Youitg : Similar to eorrespondini^ 8tu.£?e of D. oh- scwrMS, but darker colored and more rusty. Eggs 1.89 X 1-36. Hah. Mountains near Pacific coast, from California to Sitka. 297^. D. obscurus fuliginosus Eidqw. Sooty Orouse. 6*. Tail without a distinct terminal band of gray. In other respects similar to D. obscurus, but tail-feathers broader, more truncated at tip, the tail more even. Eggs 1.84 X 1-30. Hab. Northern Rocky Mountain?, from cen- tral Montana northward. 2976. D. obscurus richardsonii (Sab.). Richardson's Oronse. f. Tail of 16 feathers ; no obvious air-sac on side of neck ; wing less than 8.00 (Subgenus Canachites Stejn.) Adtilt males : Above transversely varied with black and grayish ; beneath black, with a white border to the throat, and broad white tips to man}' of the feathers, the sides and flanks with wedge-shaped streaks of white ; tail black, with or without rufous tip. Adult femole: Above barred with black, gray, and ochraceous, or bufiy, the first predominating; beneath whitish (more bufly or ochraceous anteriorly), distinctly and broadly barred with black ; flanks and scapulars usually streaked medially with white. Downy young : Pale buff-yellow, the top of head, back, and wings pale rusty, or fulvous ; stripe on side of head (from bill to end of ear-coverts), two spots on crown, and transverse spots on back and wings black. Length 14.70-16.20, wing about 6.50-7.35, tail 5.00-5.75. Eggs bufly or pale brownish, more or less speckled or spotted with deep brown. 6'. Adult male with tail tipped with ochraceous-rufous, the upper tail- coverts without white tips. Adult female with tail-feathers broadlj'' ochraceous or ochraceous-rufous at tips. Downy young : Occiput, back, and rump uniform bright rusty, the first completely encircled with black, and the last sometimes marked with two stripes of the same ; rest of plumage, including forehead, fore-part of crown, and broad superciliary stripe, brownish buff", tinged with lemon-yellow on lower parts ; two black spots on middle line of forehead, and a black line on side of head, sometimes interrupted in front of eye. (To be immediately distinguished from young of the Ptarmigans by naked toes.) Eggs 1.71 X 1-22. Hab. Northern North America, east of Eocky Mountains, from northern portions of New England, New York, Michigan, and Min: csota to Alaska (I'eaching coast at Kadiak, St. Michael's, etc.). 298. D. canadensis (Linn.). Canada Oronie. b*. Adult male with tail black to extreme tip (or else tip narrowly mar- gined with pure white), the upper tail-coverts broadly tipped with pure white. Adult female with tail-feathers narrowly white at tips. Eggs 1.68 X 1.24. Hab. Northern Eocky Mountains (chiefly north of the United States), and west to the coast ranges. 299. D. franklinii (Douql.). Franklin's Oronse. BONASA. 197 Genus BONASA Stephens. (Pago 180, pi. LVIII., fig. 1.) lin's Orouse. Species. Adult male : Above varied with black and different shades of brown or graj', the scapulars and wing-coverts with mesial streak of buff or whitish, the rump and upper tail-coverts with cordate or oval spots of pale grayish or dull butfy ; tail gray or rusty, with several narrow, irregular bands of a paler shade, each immediately preceded by o. narrower zigzag blackish bar, and crossed near end by a broad sub- terminal band of black or dark brown, succeeded by a narrower terminal band of mottled light grayish, and preceded by a similar band ; neck-tufts varying from deep black to light rufous, the feathers with glossy terminal margins; throat butfy or ochraceous, sometimes varied with dusky ; rest of lower parts mixed white and butfy (the latter chiefly beneath the surface), marked with broad bars of brown, broadest and darkest on flanks; lower tail-coverts buffy, broadly tipped with white. Adult female: Essentially similar to the male in plumage, but smaller, and with the neck-tufts I'udimentary or obsolete. Young : Scapulars, wing-coverts, and feathers of back palo brownish, marked with large black spots and a broad median stripe of buff; .oondaries, including tertials, finely mottled palo brown, rather indistinctly barreu, at rather wide intervals, Avith paler buffy brownish, each bar of this color immediately preceded by a narrower one of dusky, the outer webs of the tertials spotted along the edge with black ; quills dull grayish, irregularly, somewhat ser- ratcly, edged with dull butfy ; head buffy (chin and throat almost white), spotted on top with black, the ear-coverts dusky, streaked with pale buffy or dull whitish ; chest ochraceous-buff, gradually fading into white on breast and other lower parts, all the feathers of chest and breast spotted on edges with blackish, producing a coarsely and irregularly striped appearance ; sides and flanks marked with larger spots of black ; tail-feathers mottled grayish, more or less tinged with I'usty, and crossed by several broad blackish bars separated by narrower grayish ones. Downy young : Above chestnut-buff", deepening into pale chestnut on occiput, fore-part of wings, lower back, and rump ; rest of plumage very pale buff, deeper on sides of head, which are marked with a conspicuous black stripe commencing at posterior corner of eye and extending across ear-coverts. Length 15.50-19.00, wing 7.00-7.50, tail 5.50-7.00. Nest on ground in woods.' Eggs 6-10 or more, buffy, usually plain, but sometimes slightly speckled with brown. a'. Paler, with brown markings on lower parts rather indistinct (except on flanks), and more or less concealed on bi'east and belly by broad whitish tips to the feather", these brown markings usually without distinct darker edges ; bars on flanks usually clear hair-brown. 6'. Upper parts mostly or entirely rusty, the tail usually rusty ochraceous. Eggs 1.58 X 1-18. Hab. Eastern United States, west to edge of Great Plains (?), north to Massachusetts (lowlands), south to Georgia (up- lands), Tennessee, Arkansas, etc. 300. B. umbellus (Linn.). Raffed OroQse. 198 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. b\ Upper parts mostly or entirely grayish, the tail always gray. Eggs 1.59 X 1.15. Hab. Kocky Mountains and northward to Alaska (Yukon Valley), east to Manitoba. 3006. B. umbellus umbelloides (Dougl.). Gray Ruffed Grouse. a'. Darker, with brown markings on lower parts very conspicuous, everywhere ex- posed, and bordered by very distinct dusky bars ; bars on flanks very dark brown, or brownish black. ' 6'. Upper parts with more or less of gray, often mostly grayish, the tail usually gray (sometimes tinged with ochraceous). Hab. Eastern Oregon and Washington Territory, east to Moose Factory, Nova Scotia, Maine, etc., southward on mountains of New England, New York, etc. 300a. B. umbellus togata (Linn.). Canadian Ruffed Grouse. 6". Upper parts dark rusty, with little if any admixture of gray, the tail usu- ally deep rusty (very rarely grayish). Eggs 1.64 X 1-20. Hab. North- west coast, from northern California to Bi-itish Columbia. 300c. B. umbellus sabini (Dougl.). Oregon Ruffed Grouse. Genus LAGOPUS Brisson. (Pago 185, pi. LVIII., fig. 2.) Species. Common Characters. — Winter plumage pure white, the tail black in most species, and sometimes the lores black also. Summer plumage with upper parts (except part of wings) and chest varied with brown, buffy, or grayish and black. Nest on ground in open situations. Eggs about 10-16, more or less heavily spotted or marbled with dark brown or black on a buffy or light rusty ground. a\ Tail black. b\ Bill stout (depth at base .40 or more) ; length 14.00-17.00, wing about 7.00- 7.50, bill, from nostril, .40-.42, depth at base, .40-.45 ; winter plumage never with black on head, c^ Shafts of secondaries white. Male in spring : Head and neck rich chestnut, usually becoming darker below (sometimes quite blackish) ; rest of plumage white, the back, scapdlars, and rump interspersed with feathers of deep brown or rusty, barred with dusky. Ifale in summer : Head, neck, and lower parts (except middle of belly, anal region, and legs) deep cinnamon-rufoue, uniform on throat, fore-neck, and chest, barred with black on sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts, tinged with slaty on upper belly ; quills and outermost wing-coverts white ; rest of upper parts (continu- ously) irregularly barred with tawny brown and black, most of the feathers indistinctly tipped with whitish.. Female in summer: Above coarsely and irregulai'ly barred and spotted with black and ochraceous or buffy (the former rather predomi- nating), many of the feathers margined terminally with white ; LAGOPVS. 199 iffed Orouse. quills, secondaries, and outermost wing-coverts white; lower parts varying from ochracoous to buffy whitish, coarsely and irregularly barred with black. Young : Above coarsely and irregularly varied with black and ochraceous-buff, the latter mostly on or near margins of feathers ; chest, breast, and sides ochraceous-buff, coarsely barred with black ; other lower parts dull white. Downy young : General color olive-buff, tinged with sulphur-yellow on lower parts, and with rusty on chest and upper parts; crown chestnut, bordered all round by a black line, which is continued from occiput down hind-neck in a broad stripe; two more or less distinct blackish stripes on rump, and other upper parts irregularly varied, more or less, with black ; a black sti-eak on side of head (most distinct and continuous behind eye). Eggs 1.74 X 1-22, ground-color varying from pale buffy to deep brown, more or less speckled, eiirinkled, spotted, or marbled with rich brown or black. Hab. Northern portions of northern hemisphere ; south, in winter, in America, to Sitka, noi'thern New York, etc. 301. L. lagopus (Linn.). Willow Ptarmigan, c*. Shafts of secondaries black, and quills (sometimes a few of the wing- covorts also) more or less blotched or mottled with dusky. (Sum- mer plumages and young unknown.) Ilab. Newfoundland. 301a. L. lagopus alleni Stejn. Allen's Ftannigan. 6*. Bill small and slender (depth at base less than .40) ; length 13.00-14.75, wing about 7.00-7.50, bill from nostril about .35, depth at base about .27-.35 ; winter plumage with lores deep black in male (sometimes in female also), c^ Summer males with upper parts coarsely vermiculated, the back and scapulars with large black blotches (occupying centi-al portions of feathers). Ground-color of upper parts in summer males grayish brown. c*. Summer male: Above grayish brown coarsely vermiculated with black, the vei-miculations having a general tendency to form irregu'.ar zigzag bars ; scapulars and interscapulars largely black centrally, producing large blotches or irregu- lar spots ; outermost wing-coverts, quills, and secondaries (except tertiais) white ; top of head blackish, the feathers tipped with light brownish ; lores black ; rest of head mixed dusk^' and white, the latter predominating on cheeks, chin, and throat ; chest and upper breast regularly barred with blackish and light umber-brown ; sides simi- larly marked, but bars finer and more confused ; rest of lower parts white, the lower tail-coverts with concealed portion dusky, or sooty slate. Summer female : Bright ochraceous, irregularly spotted and barred above with a". 200 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. black, beneath more regularly and distantly barred with the same; quills, secondaries, and bend of wing white. Fall plumage : Ground-color of upper parts pale brownish, mixed with grayish, very minutely freckled and more coarsely verraiculated with dusky, the latter having a ten- dency to form irregular spots and coarser bars on back and scapulars ; outermost wing-coverts, quills, and secondaries white; head and neck more fulvous and more distinctly barred with dusky ; chest, upper breast, sides, and flanks colored and marked much like upper parts, but vevmicula- tions more regular (forming distinct bars anteriorly), and black spots wholly wanting. Fggs 1.69 X l-l'J', not with certainty distinguishable from) those of L. lagopiis, but usually less heavily spotted, or less densely speckled, the general aspect averaging lighter in color. Hab. Arctic America in general, except northern extremity of penin- sula of Labrador and region thence northward, Greenland, and the Aleutian Islands; southeastwai'd to Gulf of St. Lawrence (Anticosti). 302. L. rupestris (Gmel.). Rock Ptarmigan. e*. Summer male : Similar to corresponding stage of L. rupestris, but less regularly and coarsely barred above. Summer fe- male : Above chiefly black, this varied irregularly with pale grayish buff, mostly in fin-m of borders to the feathers and spots along their edges, or, occasionally, imperfect bars, these latter most distinct on wings, Avhere the two colors are in about equal proportion ; lower parts light grayish buff, everywhere coarsely bari'ed with black. Young : Above light brown, irregulai'ly barred and coarsely blotched with black, this prevailing on back, scapulars, and tertials ; chest, breast, sides, and flanks with ground-color more huffy, this more regularly and coarsely barred with black ; rest of lower parts dull white. Downy young : Similar to same stage of L. htgopus, and perhaps not always distinguishable with certainty, but usually darker, with less of rusty tinge above, chestnut of crown darker, sides of head more strongly tinged with olive-grayish, black markings behind eye bi-oadcr, and usually a black streak or spot under eye, which is appar- ently wanting in L. lagopus. Eggs 1.65 X 1-17, similar in color to those of L. rupestris. Hab. Greenland, islands on western side of Cumberland Gulf, and northern ex- tremity of Labrador (Ungava) 302(T. L. rupestris reinhardti (Brehm). Oroenland Ptarmigan, rf*. Ground-color of upper parts in summer male dark brownish gray. LAGOPVS. 201 Summer male : Above dark brownish gray, vermiculated and coarsely spotted with black,'many of the feathers tipped with white ; chest, upper breast, and sides similar, but without the black central blotches to the feathers ; head and neck more coarsely barred with black, gi'ayish white, and pale grayish buff, the lores entirely black; throat, wings (except tertials, etc.), belly, and lower brea;-;t white ; under tail-coverts dusky grayish, tipped with white. Sum- mer female : More coarsely bax'red with black and grayish white, mixed with buff, the light bars on chest and under tail-coverts more ochraceoua. Ilab. Newfoundland. 303. L. welchi Brewst. Welch's Ptarmigan. c^. Summer males with upper parts very finely and densely vermiculated, the back and scapulars usually without black spots or blotches (never with these very conspicuous ?). d}. Summer male : Ground-color of upper parts deep umber-brown ; chest barred with bright tawny brown and black, the lower portion frequently interspersed with uniform blackish feathers. Summer female : Not obviously different from the same sex of L. rupestris. Ilab. Island of Unalashka, Aleutian chain. 3026. L. rupestris nelsoni Stejn. Nelson's Ptarmigan, rf'. Summer male : Ground-color of upper parts pale raw-umber brown, mixed with pale grayish ; chest and neck barred with pale brownish ochre and black, the lower portion of the former without admixture of dusky feathers. Summer female : Ground-color of upper parts ochraceous, mixed with pale grayish buff, narrowly and irregularly barred with black (but with very little of black spotting), many of the feathers tipped with white ; sides and flanks similar, but more regularly barred, and without traces of spots ; chest and neck coarsely barred Avith ochraceous and black. Hah. Island of Atkha, Aleutian chain 302c. L. rupestris atkhensis (Turner). Turner's Ptarmigan. Tail white. Summer male : Above pale fulvous or dull grayish buff, coarsely ver- miculated, barred, and irregularlj' spotted with black ; chest, upper breast, sides, and flanks very heavily spotted (transversely) and barred with black on a whitish ground, usually more or less mixed with feathers having a pale fulvous ground and more narrowly barred with black. Summer female : Similar to male, but usually more buffy(?). Fall male: Ground-color of upper parts pale fulvous or tawny, mixed with grayish, finely freckled, vermiculated, and irregularly barred with black, occasional feathers showing largo irregular spots of the latter color, middle tail-feathers partly or entirely fulvous, finely i'rockled (lud vermiculated with dusky; 20 202 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. head and neck more coarsely and regularly barred ; chest, breast, sides, and flanks nearly like upper parts. Fall female : Similar to male, but more ochraeeous, with heavier black markings (?). Young : Above light brownish gray, or grayish brown, densely vermiculated with black, and with scattered irregular large spots of the same ; two outer quills partly white, four innermost ones entirely white, the rest dull grayish ; tail-feathers mottled brownish, like back ; anterior and lateral lower parts dull buffy, ii*regularly barred, vermiculated, and spotted with black ; rest of lower parts plain dull grayish buify white. Length 12.00-13.00, wing 6.50-6.70. Eggs 1.68 X 1-15, cream-color or buff, speckled with dai'k brown and black. Hab. Alpine summits of Eocky Mountains, south to Now Mexico, north into British America (as far as Fort Ilalkett, Liard's Eiver), west to higher ranges of Oregon, "Washington Territory, and British Columbia. 304. L.. leucurus Swains. White-tailed Ptarmigan. Genus TVMPANUCHUS Gloger. (Page 185, pi. LIX., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Above brownish, barred (sometimes spotted also) with dusky and buff; beneath white broadly barred or banded with brown ; quills brownish gray, their outer webs spotted with buff or whitish ; chin, throat, and checks buff, the last marked with a cluster of brown or dusky spots ; a dark brown stripe on sido of head, fi'om corner of mouth beneath eye and across upper part of ear-covercs ; above this a buff stripe, interrupted above the ej^e. Adult male : Sides of neck with an erectile tuft of rather stiff elongated feathers, the longest of which arc 2.50 or more in length ; tail-feathers without bars or other markings, except the narrow whitish tip. Adult female : Neck-tufts rudimentary, the longest feathers not more (usually much less) than 2.00 in length ; tail-feathers with numerous distinct bars of light brown or buffy. Nest on gi*ound in meadows or other open situations. Eggs 8-12, or more, light drab, olive, or dull buffy, usually plain, but sometimes slightly speckled with darker. a ' Darker bars of back and rump single, very broad, solid black ; brown bars on sides and flanks .30 or more wide, unicolored; wing more than 8.50 in adult male, usually much more than 8.00 in adult female. b^. Scapulars without conspicuous whitish terminal spots ; neck-tufts of male composed of more than ten parallel-edged feathers, with obtusely rounded or, sometimes, nearly truncated tips. Young : Above, includ- ing tail, light brownish, the feathers with conspicuous mesial streaks of white and largo blotches of black ; outer webs of quills spotted with whitish ; top of head rusty brownish, with a median black patch or stripe ; a dusky patch on ear-coverts ; lower parts buffy whitish, with rather Irregular broad bars of grayish brown, these breaking up ante- PEDIOCJETES. 203 ay riorly into spots ; chest tinged with brownish. Downy young : Bright buff-yellow, tinged with lemon-yellow, washed on chest and sides with pale rusty ; a narrow streak behind eye, several irregular spots on crown and occiput, stripe across shoulder, and longitudinal blotches down back and rump, black. Male: Length about 18.00-19.00, wing 8.60-9.40 (9.04), tail 4.00-4.30 (4.16). Female : Length about 17.50, wing 8.60-8.75 (8.65), tail 3.60-4.00 (3.80). Eggs 1.66 X 1-24. Hab. Prairies of Mis- sissippi Valley, south to Louisiana and Texas, west to middle Kansas, Nebraska, and Dakota, north to Wisconsin, east to Indiana and Kentucky. 305. T. americanus (Eeich.). Prairie Hen. f. Scapulars with large and very conspicuous terminal spots of buflfy whitish j neck-tufts of adult male composed of not more than ten lanceolate, pointed feathers. Male : Wing 8.60, tail 4.00. Fejnalc : Wing 8.00, tail 3.90. Hab. Island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. (Formerly, also Long Island, Now Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, Virginia, etc., but now apparently extinct except on Martha's Vineyard, and there in danger of extermination.) 306. T. cupido (Linn.). Heath Hen. Darker bars of back and rump treble, consisting of a perfectly continuous brown bar enclosed between two narrower black bars ; darker bars of sides ana flanks .25, or less, wide, bicolored, the broader light brown bar being enclosed be- tween two narrower dusky ones ; wing less than 8.50 in adult male, usually much less than 8.00 in adult female. Neck-tufts of adult male with feathers broad and rounded at tips, as in T. americanus. Male: Wing 8.20-8.30, tail 4.00-4.20. Female: Wing 8.00-8.20, tail 3.50-4.00. Hab. Eastern border of Great Plains, from Nebraska (?), southwestern Kansas, southwestern Missouri (?), and western part of Indian Territory to western Texas. 307. T. pallidicinctus Eidqw. Lesser Prairie Hen. Genus PEDIOC^TES Baird. (Pago 185, pi. LIX., fig. 2.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult male : Above varied with irregular spotting and barring of black and brownish ; wing-coverts with largo roundish white spots, and scapulars streaked medially with same ; outer webs of quills spotted with white ; beneath white, varied with mostly V-shaped marks of dusky, chiefly on anterior and lateral portions. Adult female : Similar to male, but somewhat smaller, and with middle tail-feathers shorter. Young : Above brownish, spotted and barred with black and conspicuously streaked with white ; outer webs of quills spotted with white ; lower parts dull whitish, the chest, breast, sides, and flanks spotted with dusky. Doxcny young : Bright buflfy yellow, the upper parts tinged with light rusty and coarsely marbled with black ; a small black spot on middle of crown, and several larger black markings on occiput and hind-neck, but fore-part of head, all round, immaculate. Length 15.00-19.00, wing 8.60-9.00, tail 4.00-6.50. Nest 204 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. on ground in open situations. Eggs about 6-12, or more, varying from olive-buflfy to deep brown, often plain, but usually more or less speckled with dark brown. a}. Very dark-colored, with black or dusky largely predominating on upper parts, the white scapular streaks and wing-spots showing in strong relief; feathering on legs deep brownish gray. Eggs\.12y^\.2-i. Hab. Interior of British America, north to Fort Simpson, Fort Kesolution, and Great Slave Lake, south to Moose Factory, Temiscamingue, Lake Winnipeg, and northern shore of Lake Superior 308. P. phasianellus (Linn.). Sharp-tailed Oronse. a-. Lighter colored, the general color of upper parts buffy grayish or light brownish of various shades, always predominating over black markings, the white markings on scapulars and wings not conspicuously contrasted with the general color ; feathering of feet pale brownish gray. 1?. Ground-color above buffy grajush or pale grayish clay-color, with little if any rusty tinge. Eggs 1.70 X 1-23. Hab. Northwestern United States, south to northern California, Nevada, and Utah, east to western edge of Great Plains in Montana, north, chiefly west of Eocky Mountains (?) to Fort Yukon, Alaska 308fl. P. phasianellus columbianus (Ord). Columbian Sharp-tailed Oronse. V\ Ground-color above more rusty or ochraceous. Eggs 1.66 X 1-23. Hab. Great Plains of United States, north to Manitoba (?), east to Wisconsin and northern Illinois, west to eastern Colorado, south to eastei'n New Mexico 3086. P. phasianellus campestris Ridgw. Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse. Genus CENTROCERCUS Swainson. (Page 185, pi. LX., fig. 1.) Species. Adult male: Above mixed grayish and buffy, very ii-regularly varied with black, the tertials bordered terminally with w^hite, and some of the feathers (especi- ally wing-coverts) having mesial streaks of the same ; quills brownish gray, some- times mottled along edges with paler ; cheeks, chin, and throat spotted black and white, the former usually predominating (sometimes uniform on first) — this blackish area bordered behind by a more or less distinct white crescent, the extremities of which reach upward to the eyes ; fore-neck black, the feathers sometimes bordered or edged with grayish white ; below this (on chest) dull grayish or whitish, the feathers with very stiff, wiry black shafts; belly uniform black, the surrounding portions chiefly white; lower tail-coverts black, broadly tipped with white; length about 26.00-30.00, wing 12.00-13.00, tail 11.00-13.00, weight 4i to 8 lbs. Adult fe- male : Similar to male, but much smaller, the chin and throat entirely white, black patch on fore-neck replaced by speckled grayish, etc. ; length 21.60-23.00, wing lOiit 10.50-11.00, tail 8.00-9.00. Young: Somewhat like adult female, but much 'o> owner above, black abdominal area indistinct, and markings of lower parts gen- erally less distinctly defined. Downy young : Above brownish gray, coarsely and irreguliiJ'ly marbled with black, these markings most conspicuous on head. Nest on PHASIANUS. 205 ground. Eggs 6-15, 2.19 X 1-48, varying from pale olive-buflf to light olive-greenish, speckled, sprinkled, or spotted with deep brown. Hab. Artemisia or " sage-brush" plains of the Eocky Mountain plateau, north into British America, south to New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada 309. C. urophasianus (Bonap.). Sage Qrouse. Family PHASIANID Meleagri* ocellata Teuh., PI. Col. livT. 19, 1838, pi. 112. » Crax Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1768, 167. Type, C, rubra Linn., = C, globieera Linn, et Acer. * Penelope Mbrrkh, Aves loon, et Desor. ii. 1786, 40. Type, Meteagri* orietata Linn. 208 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. cP, Sexes unlike in color ; male uniform black, female black, vermicu- lated or irregularly barred witb rufous Penelopina} c*. Smaller (length less than 2 feet) ; throat without median " dewlap" ; plu- mage plain, the tail with whitish or rufous tip. Ortalis. (Page 208.) a*. Cere densely covered with erect velvet-like feathers, concealing the nostrils; upper part of tarsi feathered in front and on sides. (Subfamily Oreophasina'.) Male with a tubercular vertical horn on top of head Oreophasis? Genus ORTALIS Merkem. (Page 208, pi. LXI., fig. 2.) Species. Common Characters (of Mexican and Central American species). — Above plain olive-brownish or olive-grayish, the tail darker and with a distinct greenish or bluish gloss ; anterior lower parts colored like upper surface, the rest of lower parts different (chestnut-rufous, light brownish, or dull whitish). fl\ Head with a conspicuous crest, the anterior feathers of which incline forward, over base of bill ; posterior lower parts and tips of tail-feathers chestnut- rufous; length about 2 feet (or more), wing 9.50-10.50, tail 11.00-12.00. Hob. Western Mexico, north to Mazatlan. O. wagleri Gray. Wagler's Chachalaca.* fll Head not conspicuously crested, all the feathers reclining backward ; posterior lower parts and tips of tail-feathers pale brownish, light ochraceous, or whitish. 6\ Quills olive, or olive-grayish. c*. Wing not more than 8.50 ; feathers of neck blended ; under tail-coverts isabella-color, or buffy brownish ; tip of tail varying from isabella- color to white. d}. Belly dull light brownish. e\ Tip of tail white. f\ Belly pure white ; length about 16.50, wing 7.30, tail 8.00. Hab. West coast of Guatemala and Nicaragua. O. leucogastra (Gould). White-bellied Chachalaca.* /*. Belly dull fulvous-brown, or isabella-color. Adxdt : Above plain grayish olive, faintly glossed with bronzy green- ish, more dull slaty on head and neck ; tail dusky bronzy greenish, changing to dull bluish, broadly tipped with white, except middle feathers ; middle line of throat blackish ; lower parts generally dull brownish, some- what paler on middle of belly, but deepening into more decided, or more fulvous, brownish on flanks and under 1 Penelopina Reich., Tauben. 1862, 162. Type, Penelope nigra Fbas. » Orcophasit Gray, Uen. B. iii. 1 844, 495. Type, 0. derbianut Gray. » Ortalirla xnagleri GRAY, List Gallin. Brit. Mas. 1867, 11. * Penelope leuoogaater Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, 105. Ortalida leucogastra Gray, List Gallin. Brit. Mas. 1867, 13. ORTALIS. 209 tail-coverts; length 19.75-24.00, wing 7.50-8.60, tail 9.00-10.50. Nest in trees or bushes, usually 4-10 feet from ground, carelessly constructed of sticks, grasses, leaves, etc. Eggs usually 3, 2.34 X 1-60, creamy white, with very hard, distinctly granulated shells. Hab. Northeastern Mexico, from Vera Cruz north to lower Eio Grande Valley (both sides). 311. O. vetula maccalli (Baird). Chaohalaoa.* e". Tip of tail dull buffy brown, or isabella-color ; colors generally darker than in maccalli, and size decidedly less (length about 21.00, wing 7.70, tail 9.00). Hab. Guatemala and southern Mexico (Isthmus of Tehuantepec). O. vetula plumbeiceps Gray. Guatemalan Chachalaca.* cP. Belly dull whitish. Tip of tail brownish white; otherwise like maccalli, but smaller (size of plumbeiceps). Hab. Yucatan. O. vetula pallidiventris Bidqw. (subsp. nov.). Yucatan Chachalaca. c*. Wing 9.00, or more ; feathers of neck distinctly lanceolate ; under tail- coverts deep ochraceous, tip of tail pale ochraceous. O. poliocephala Waol. Gray-necked Chachalaca.^ 6". Quills chestnut. Otherwise very similar to 0. plumbeiceps, but much browner above. O. cinereiceps Gray. Costa Rican Chachalaca.* .^It is possible that this may be the true 0. vetula of Wagler {Penelope vetula Wagl., Isis, 18.30, 1112), which seems to agree exactly in color with 0. maccalli ; but the size is much smaller, the length being given as 18 inches, the tail 9.70. The locality is given as simply " Mexico," and it may be that a fourth local race, to which Wagler's name is strictly applicable, may exist in some portion of Mexico specimens from which have not come under my observation. ' Ortalida plumbeiceps Gray, List Gallin. Brit. Mus. 1867, 11. ' Penelope poliocephala Wagl., Isis, 18.30, 1112. Ortalida poliocephala Waol., Isis, 1832, 1227. * Ortalida cinereiceps Oray, List Gallin. Brit. Mus. 1867, 12. 27 210 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Order COLUMBiE. — ^The Pigeons. (Pago 2.) Families. (Characters same as those given for the Order) .. Columbidse. (Pago 210.) Family COLUMBIDiE.— The Pigeons or Doves. (Page 210.) (^Nest a flat frail platform of sticks, straws, etc., usually in ti-ees. Eggs 2, plain white or bufEy white.) Genera. a^. Tarsus shorter than lateral toes. (Subfamily Columbines.) 6'. Tail much shorter than wing, slightly rounded, the feathers broad and rounded, or nearly truncated, at tips Colutnba. (Page 211.) b\ Tail nearly as long as wing, graduated, the feathers narrow and pointed at tips Ectopistes. (Page 212.) a'. Tarsus longer than lateral toes. (Subfamily Zejiaidince.) b^. Front of tarsus covered by transverse scutellse. c*. Wing more than 5.00. d}. Terminal portion of outer quill abruptly narrowed. Engyptila. (Page 214.) cP. Terminal portion of outer quill not narrowed. e\ Outer webs of only second and third quills very slightly sinu- ated (sinuation scarcely perceptible). f\ Tail-feathers 12 ; tail rounded, less than three-fourths as long as wing, the feathers broad and rounded at tips. g^. Culmen longer than lateral toes, without claws ; tail nearly three-fourths as long as wing; a white patch covering larger wing-coverts. Melopelia. (Page 214.) gr*. Culmen shorter than lateral toes, without claws ; tail ^ barely more than two-thirds as long as wing; no white patch on wing-coverts. Zenaida. (Page 213.) /'. Tail-feathers 14 ; tail graduated, usually more than three- fourths (always more than two-thirds) as long as wing, the feathers more or less narrowed at tips. Zenaidura. (Page 212.) e*. Outer webs of second to fifth quills, inclusive, distinctly sinu- ated ; tail less than two-thirds as long as wing. Geotrygon. (Page 216.) COLUMBA. 211 ;o2.) igo 210.) s 210.) s 2, plain road and age 211.) lointed at »age 212.) 'age 214.) htly sinu- burths as I at tips, aws ; tail a white >age 214.) laws; tail I wing; no 'ago 213.) lan threa- long as tips. 'age 212.) Ictly sinu- >age 216.) c*. Wing less than 4.00. (P. Tail as long as or longer than wing, lateral feathers graduated and narrowed at tips Scardafella. (Pago 215.) (P. Tail much shorter than wiug, rounded, the feathers broad at end;*. Columbigallina. (Page 214.) b''. Front of tarsus covered with hexagonal scutella). Otherwise like Geotrygon, but tarsi decidedly longer than middle toe, with claw Starncenas. (Page 217.) Genus COLUMBA Linnaeus. (Pago 210, pi. LXII., figs. 1, 2.) Species. a}. Terminal third of tail abruptly lighter in color than the basal portion, the two shades (of grayish) separated by a blackish band ; lower tail-coverts white. Above plumbeous, browner on back, more bluish on rump, the wing- coverts paler and narrowly edged with white; quills dusky. Adult male : A narrow half-collar of white across upper portion of hind-neck, the rest of the hind-neck dull metallic bronzy green ; head, fore-neck, and lower parts more or less purplish, or glaucous-vinaceous, or violet, / becoming more pinkish on belly and plumbeous on sides ; bill yellow (in life) with black tip. Adult female : Similar to the male, but usually much duller m color, the white nuchal bar indistinct or even obsolete, the breast grayer, belly whitish, hind neck less metallic, and size rather less. Young : Somewhat like adult female, but feathers of upper parts narrowly and rather indistinctly margined with paler; head and neck dull plumbeous (in male) or light grayish brown (in female), with Indistinct paler tips to feathers ; no trace of white bar on nape, and lower parts dull grayish, tinged with brown on breast. Length 15.00- IG.OO, wing 8.00-8.80, tail 6.00-6.50. Hab. Western United States, from Eoeky Mountains to the Pacific coast, and south through Mexico to highlands of Guatemala 312. C. fasciata Say. Band-tailed Pigeon. a\ Tail of a uniform shade throughout ; lower tail-coverts slate-gray. 6'. Neck same color all round, and entirely destitute of metallic gloss. Adult male : Head, neck, and breast purplish chocolate, or vinaceous-chestnut, the lesser and upper middle wing-coverts similar, but brighter, or less vinaceous ; back, scapulai's, and tertials grayish brown or olivaceous ; rest of plumage dark plumbeous or slaty, clearest on rump and flanks, paler on under wing-coverts, darker on tail. Adult female : Similar, but rather smaller and color duller. Length 13.75-14.60, wing about 7.50- 7.80, tail 5.40-5.50. Eggs 1.47 X 1-06. Hab. Mexico and Central Amer- ica, south to Costa Rica, north to southern Texas and Lower California. 313. C. flavirostris Wagl. Bed-billed Pigeon. 6'. Hind-neck ornamented by a " cape" of metallic brassy or bronzy green or purplish, each feather distinctly bordered with velvety black. Adult (sexes alike'): Entire top of head white or pale grayish huffy; upper 212 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. part of hind-neck dark maroon ; rest of plumage uniform dark plumbe- ous; length 12.00-14.25, wing 7.00-7.80, tail 5.50-5.80. Eggs 1.41 X 102. Hab. Greater Antilles, Bahamas, and Florida Keys ; also, Santa Cruz, St. -Tiartholomew, and coast of Honduras. 314. C. leucocephala Linn. White-crowned Pigeon. Genus ECTOPISTES Swainson. (Page 210, pi. LXIII., fig. 1.) Species. Tail shading from dusky on middle feathers, thi'ough gradually lighter shades of gray, to white on outer webs of lateral pair, the inner web of each feather (except middle pair) with a transverse blackish spot preceded by one of rufous. Adult male : Head, neck, rump, and under wing-coverts uniform plumbeous ; other upper parts grayish brown, or drab, the outermost scapulars, innex*most wing- coverts, and tertials spotted with black ; nape and sides of neck glossed with changeable metallic reddish purple ; chest and breast deep vinaceous-mifous, pass- ing gradually into soft pinkish vinaceous on sides ; belly and under tail-coverts white. Adult female: Similar to the male, but head brownish gray, gradually paler toward throat; chest and breast grayish brown, or drab, gradually changing to pale brownish gray on sides; metallic gloss on neck less distinct; size some- what less. Young : Somewhat like adult female, but wing-coverts and scapulars, also feathers of head, neck, and chest narrowly tipped with whitish, producing a mottled appcai'ance ; rusty margins to quills more distinct, and bordering their tips. Length 15.00-17.25, wing 8.00-8.50, tail 8.20-8.75, the female somewhat smaller. -Eggs 1.47 X 1-02. Hab. Deciduous forest-region of eastern North America, west, casually, to Washington Territory and Nevada ; Cuba. 315. E. migratorius (Linn.). Passenger Pigeon. Genus ZENAIDURA Bonaparte. (Page 210, pi. LXIII., fig. 2.) Species. Common Characters (of North and Middle American species). — Tail-feathers (except middle pair) grayish, paler at tips, and crossed bjj- an irregular subterminal band of dusky ; upper parts plain brownish, the tertials, with adjacent wing-cov- erts or scapulars, or both, marked with a few roundish, oval, or oblong spots of black ; axillars and under wing-co /erts bluish gray, or plumbeous. rt'. Secondaries not tipped with white, b\ Lower tail-coverts light creamy buff. Adult male: Occiput light bluish gray, with a glaucous "bloom"; rest of head and neck vinacoous-cinnamon, paler on throat and forehead, the chin whitish ; sides of neck glossed with changeable metallic purple; a spot of blue-black beneath ears; chest and breast delicate vinaceous, changing to creamy bulf posteriorly, paler on lower tail-coverts. Adult female : Similar to the male, but head light drab, paler on throat, and whitish on chin, the occiput scarcely if at all bluish ; breast light drab, or grayish olive-brown, changing to ZENAIDA. 213 plumbe- 1X102. ' ita Cruz, id Pigeon. •) ;er shades h feather of rufoua. us; other oat wing- ssed with foua, pasa- ail-coverts gradually changing size some- scapulara, •oducing a ring their somewhat jrn North ^er Pigeon. lilfeathers ibterminal wing-cov- g spots of uish gray, cinnamon, ck glossed eath ears; osteriorly, , but head scarcely langing to pale buffy on posterior lower parts ; motallic gloss on nock less distinct, the black ear-spot smaller and duller. Young : Much duller in color than adult female, with the tints more brownish ; feathers of upper parts, head, neck, and chest, with distinct paler tips or terminal margins ; no metallic gloss on neck, or distinct black spot beneath ears. Length 11.00-13.00, wing 5.70-6.10, tail 5.70-6.50, culmen .50-.55. Nest vari- ously situated; j%^s 1.10 X -84. Hnb. Whole of temperute North Amer- ica, north to Canada, southern Maine, etc., south to Panama and West Indies 316. Z. macroura (Linn.). Mourning Dove. fc'. Lower tail-coverts cinnamon-color. Yoxing {adult unknown) : Much darker in color than Z. macroura, the entire lowor parts, including under tail- coverts, uniform deep rusty cinnamon. Wing about 6.00, tail 4.80-5.00, culmen .80. Bab. Socorro Island, western Mexico. Z. graysoni Lawr. Socorro Dove.^ a'. Outer webs of secondaries broadly tipped with white. Adult male (Jemnle and young unknown) : Entire lower parts uniform deep vinaceous, somewhat paler on lower tail-coverts. (Plumage exactly that of paler-colored specimens of Zenaida amabilis.) Wing 6.00, tail 4.80. Mab. Yucatan (Merida). Z. yucatanensis L.vwr. Yucatan Dove.' Genus ZENAIDA Bonaparte. (Pago 210, pi. LXIII., fig. 3.) Species. Common Characters. — Above olive-browr. or russet, the tertials and adjacent wing-coverts or scapulars spotted with black ; head, neck, and breast cinnamon-color, reUevcd by a spot or streak of blue-black beneath ear-coverts and reflections of c'langeablo metallic purple on sides of neck; tail-feathers (except middle pair) plumbeous or slaty, broadly tipped with a lighter shade of the same, and crossed by a aubterminal band of black ; outer webs of secondaries brcudly tipped with white. a'. Under tail-coverts deep cinnamon ; head and neck purplish cinnamon or deep vinaceous; len-ll\ 10.00 -11..50, wing 6.00-6.25, tail 4.00-4.40. Eggs 1.19 X .92. Hab. Florida Keys, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Santa Cruz, Sombrero, iiud coast of Yucatan.. 317. Z. zen-'da (Bonap.). Zenaida Dove. a'. Under tad-coverts whitish, usually sli-'htly tin'-e ' i-ith vinaceous or grayish; head and neck (especially the latter) cinnatnon-''ufous ; a little larger than Z. zenaida. Hah. Lesser Antilles (St. Bartholomew, St. Vincent, Barbuda, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Grenada, St. Euatatius, etc.). Z. castanea (Waol.). Antillean Dove.* ' Zeimiuiira grayfoni LAWn., Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1871, 17. * Zennidura yucctanensU Lawr., Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ix. 1860, 208. (Perhnps a hybrid botwoon Z, mnernu . and Zenaida nmiihilin.) ' Cohimhn cnnfrnni Waot,., Pyst. Av. 1827, 289, Colut"' .1 Sp. 77. {Z. martinicana Br. el AucT., but not Columba martinica Linn.) 214 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Genus ENGYPTILA Sundevall. (Pr.ge 210, pi. LXII , fig. 3.) Species. Adult male : Above plain olive-brownish, the occiput, hind-neck, and sides of neck glossed M'ith metallic reddish purple; top of head bluish gvay, fjiding into creamy white on forehead ; rest of head and neck, with lower parts, pale vinaceous, or vinaceous-white, deeper on chest and upper part of breast, the chin, belly, and under tail-coverts pure white, the sides tinged with grayish brown or olive; axillara and under wing-coverts chestnut-rufous; middle tail-feathers like back, the resu slaty black, broadly tipped with white. Adult female: Similar to the male, but colors duller, with vinaceots tints less pronounced, and metallic gloss on hind-neck less distinct. Length about 11.50-12.50, wings 6.00-6.50, tail 4.25-4.50. Nest in vines or bushes. Eggs 1.17 X 87, dull buffy white. Hab. Mexico and Guatemala, north to lower Eio Grande Valley in Texas. 318. E. albifrons (Bonap.). White-fronted Dove. Genus MELOPELIA Bonaparte. (Page 210, pi. LXIV., fig. 3.) Species. Two middle tail-feathers grayish brown, the rest plumbeous or slaty, with the terminal fourth white (tinged with gray toward middle feathers), the plumbeous or slate of basal portion darker next to the lighter terminal portion ; secondaries broadly edged terminally with white ; larger wing-coverts Avhito, producing a largo white longitudinal patch on wing. Adult male: Above grayish brown or drab, grayer on wings, more plumbeous on rump ; head, neck, and chest light brownish gray, more or less tinged with pale vinaceous, the occiput and hind-neck irr>lining to glaucous lilaceous ; sides of neck glossed with metallic golden green changing to purple; a spot of blue-black immediately beneath oar-coverts; other lower parts light pearl-gray, becoming whitish on lower tail-coverts. Adult female : Similar to the male, but colors duller, with little if any lilaceous or vinaceous tinge to chest, etc. Young : Similar to adult female, but colors still duller, the feathers of upper parts with paler tei'minal margins, and the chest with a faint rusty tinge. Ijongth 11.00-12.25, wing 6.30-6.80, tail 4.80-5.25. Nest in bushes or Ioav trees. Eggs 1.17 X .88, very light creamy buff or buffy white. Hab. Mexico and Central America, south to Costa Rica, north to southern border of United States (Texas to Arizona and Lower California) ; Cuba ; Jamaica. 319. M. leucoptera (Linn.). White-winged Dove. Genus COLUMBIGALLINA Boie. (Pago 211, pi. LXIL, fig. 4.) Species. Common Characters. — AduU males with top of head bluish gray, or tinged with this color, rest of upper parls plain grayish brown or chestnut, the uppermost wing- coverts (sometiraeiit scapulars also) moro or less marked with steol-bluo or black ; COL VMBIQALLINA. 215 sides of ding into Mnaeeous, belly, and ); axillars the res I, male, but hind-neck Nest in uateraala, ited Dove. , Avith the nbeous oi' peondavies ig a largo or drab, brownish irolining anging to wer parts Similar to to chest, of upper licngth Eijgs 1.17 America, ) Arizona gred Dove. 4) ged with oat wing- er black ; inner webs of quills rufous ; tail (except middle feathers) blackish ; lower parts chiefly vinaceous. Adult females much duller, the lower parts dull light vinaceous- grayish, or light brownish. ft'. Axillars and under wing-coverts chestnut-rufous. Adult male : Head, neck, and lower parts pinkish vinaceous, the feathers of the breast dufeky grayish brown centrally, and those of head and neck margined with a darker shade of the ground-color; occiput and napo bluish gray, or glaucous ; upper parts in general plain grayish brown, the innermost v/ing-coverts (which are often vinaceous, like lower parts) mai'ked with small spots of dark metallic violet. Adult female : Similar to male, but colors much duller, the vinaceous replaced by light brownish gray (sometimes slightly vinaceous). Young : Somewhat like adult female, but still duller, or more gi'ajnsh, the feathers, especially of upper parts, narrowly margined terminally with whitish. Length 6.00- 7.00, wing 3.10-3.60, tail 2.60-2.80, exposed culmen .41-.48, tarsus .60- .66. Eggs .84 X -64. Hab. Whole of Middle America, West Indies, and northern South America ; north to southern! Atlantic and Gulf States (casually to District of Columbia), Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Lower California 320. C. passerina (Linn.). Oround Dove. rt'. Axillars and most of under wing-coverts black. Adidt male: Above vinaceous-chestnut, becoming bluish gray on top of head, and light vinaceous on forehead ; lower parts plain deep vinaceous, paler on chin. Adult female : Above dull bi-ownish, sometimes tinged with rusty; lower parts plain grayish brown, or brownish gray. Wing about 3.50-3.70. Hab. Middle America and northern South America, north to Orizaba and Colima, Mexico. C. rufipennis (Boxai'.). Rufous Ground Dove.* Genus SCARDAFELLA Bon.\parte. (Page 211, pi. LXII., fig. 5.) Species. Common Characters.— Grayish bi'own above, each feather with a terminal hofder or crescentic bar of dusky ; inner web of quills, except terminal portion, iuA.'!^ , under wing-coverts partly black ; lower parts pale grayish vinaceous, pass- ing into white or buff posteriorly, marked like upper parts ; lateral tail-foathers with terminal half white, the i-est black. fit*. Larger wing-coverts, belly, and lower tail-covorts white ; breast distinctly squa- mated with dusky ; wing about 4.00, tail 4.00. Hab. South America (Brazil, Venezuela, eastern Ecuador, etc.). S. squumosa (Tumm.). Scaled Dove.* ' Tnlpaeotia niflpennin BoifAP., Conjp. ii. J'iiil, 79. » Columba squamota Temm., Pfg. et Oal. i. 1811, pi. 89. Scrtrdc{/e(la iqunmota BoNAP., Consp. il. 1864, 86. 216 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. rt*. Larger wing-coverts pale brownish gray, like rest of coverts ; belly and lower tail-coverts buff; breast very indistinctly bquamated; wing 3.75 or less, tail more than 4.00, Adult: Lower parts j>alo grayish vinaceous anteriorly (neai'ly white on chin), passing into buff on belly, flanks, and lower lail-coverts; chin, throat, and upper part of chest immaculate, but feathers of other por- tions tipped with blackish, these bars broadest on flanks ; upper parts, including all the wing-coverts, grayish brown, each feather tipped with a crescentic bar of blackish. Young : Similar to adult, but less pinkish beneath, and grayish brown of upper parts somewhat mottled by occa- sional whitish tips to feathers. Length about 8.00, wing 3.70-3.75, tail 4.00-4.40. Eggs .82 X 64. Hab. Mexico and Guatemala, north to Bouthern border of United States (southern Texas to southern Arizona.) 321. S. inca (Less.). Inoa Dove. Genus GEOTK rGON Gosse. (Page 210, pi. LXIV., fig. 2.) Species. Common Characters. — Upper parts mainly uniform chestnut, the back (some- times other portions also) with more or less of metallic gloss ; lower parts plain dull whitish, ochi'aceous or huffy, deepening into brownish or vinaceous on chest. a}. Quills rufous, on both webs, in adult (partly rufous in young) ; feathers of neck blended, ft*. Belly and under tail-coverts whitish, or very pale uuffy; back brilliantly metallic. Afhdt: Forehead and lores dull chestnut; res*^ of upper head with hind-nock dull metallic bronzy green, changing to purplish ; back brilliantly metallic rsddish purple ; rest of upper parts mainly dull chestnut, more or less glossed with metallic pui-ple, especially on rump and lesser wing-covert^; a broad wKitish malar stripe, extend- ing back to occiput, across ear-coverts ; beneath this a narrower and less distinct stripe of brown or chestnut ; anterior lower parts pale vinaceous, becoming whitish on chin and throat; posterior lower parts dull white, or ve.y pale huffy ; length 10.60-11.75, wing 6.00- 6.60, tail 4.20-5.75. Hab. Haiti, Cuba, Bahamas, and Florida Keys. 322. G. martinica (Gmel.). Key West Qaail-dove. b*. Belly and under tail-coverts deep ochraceous ; back not brilliantly metallic. Adult: Above deep purplish chestnut, with metallic reflections (of purplish red) only in certain lights ; chin and throat huffy whitish ; bordered along each side by a dark purplish chestnut stripe, with a buffy malar stripe above it — neither very sharply defined ; fore-neck and chest vinaceous or vinaceous-brown ; rest of lower parts deep ochraceous-buff or ochraceous. Young: Above deep sepia-brown (with an olive oast in some lights), the wing-coverts sometimes STARNCENAS. 217 d lower less, tail ;rhite on 9; chin, her por- er parts, >ed with pinkish by occa- 3.75, tail lorth to Irizona.) Lca Dove. ik (some- rts plain chest. J of neck •illiantly sad with ih ; back |inly dull ially on extcnd- iwer and irts pale ir lower ig 6.00- la Keys. lail-dove. etallic. ions (of hitish ; I, with a ire-neck •ts deep brown letimes mixed with rusty ; forehead, chest, etc., dull cinnamon-brown ; rest of under parts brownish huffy ; quills mainly dusky, but inner webs broadly edged with rufous, especially toward base. Wing 5.30-6.00, tail 3.10-3.60. Hab. Tropical America in general (including West Indies), north to Cuba and eastern Mexico (Miradoi*). G. tnontana (Linn.). Ruddy Quail-dove.* a\ Quills entirely dusky, on both webs ; feathers of neck very distinctly outlined. Adult : Top of head slaty or plumbeous, becoming paler (sometimes whitish or pale vinaceous) on forehead ; hind-neck dull greenish bronze ; rest of upper parts nearly uniform dark chestnut, slightly glossed with violet- purple on back ; chin and throat pale buffy or butfy whitish ; chest vary- ing from dull brownish to buffy vinaceous or even grayish brown ; rest of lower parts buffy, deeper on sides and flanks; length (skin) about 9.50- 11.00, wing 5.80-6.20, tail 3.50-4.40. Hab. Guatemala and southern Mexico, north to Mirador. G. albifacies Scl. Mexican Quail-dove.' Genus STARNCENAS Bonaparte. (Pago 211, pi. LXIV., fig. 1.) Species. Adult: General color plain olive-brown above and dull rusty beneath, the breast sometimes with a glaucous-purplish tinge ; top of head dull cobalt-blue, bor- dered below by black ; a wide white stripe running from chin beneath eye to occiput; throat and chest black, bordered below by a semicircular line of pure white, the feathers of the upper and lateral portions of the black area tipped with blue; length 10.75-12.50, wing 5.40-5.70, tail 4.00-4.25. Hab. Cuba and Florida Keys 323. S. cyanocephala (Linn.). Blue-headed Ctnail-dove. • Coinmba montana Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 163. Oeotryijon monlana Bonap., Consj). ii. lSo4, 72. » Oeotrygon albi/acies ScL., P. Z. S., 1858, 98. S8 218 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Order RAPTORES.— Birds of Prey. (Pago 2.) Families. i}. Head entirely nakeu, or else only partially covered with down (in young) ; nos- trils longitudinal ; a distinct web between inner and middle toes, at base ; hind-toe short, elevated, the feet wholly unfit for grasping, (Suborder Sar- corhamphi.) Cathartidse. (Page 218.) J*. Head entirely feathered or only partially naked ; nostrils vertical or roundish ; no web between inner and middle toes ; hind-toe well developed, with large, sharp claw, inserted at the same level with anterior toes, the feet specially adapted for grasping. &'. Eyes lateral, not surrounded by disks of radiating feathers ; cere exposed ; outer toe not reversible (except in Pandion). (Suborder Falcones.) Falconidae. (Page 222.) i*. Eyes directed forward, surrounded by disks of radiating feathers ; cere con- cealed by lora! and frontal bristle-like feathers; outer toe reversible. (Suborder Sfriges.) c\ Inner too as long as middle too ; inner edge of middle claw pectinated ; feathers -jv. liinuur part of tarsus recurved, or pointed upwai'd; first quill longer than third, none of the quills with inner webs sinuated or emarginatcd Strigidse. (Pago 255.) c". Inner toe decidedly shorter than middle too ; inner edge of middle claw not pectinated ; feathers on hinder part of tarsus (if present) pointed downwai'd ; first quill shorter than third, and at least one (one to six) quill with inner web sinuated or emarginated. Bubonidse. (Pago 255.) Family CATHARTIDSE.— The American Vultures. (Pago 218.) Genera. i\ Cere decidedly shorter than the upper mandible ; bill very strong, with all its outlines decidedly convex. Adult males with a fleshy "comb" or lobo sur- mounting the top of the cere. 6'. Plumage of adult commencing on the neck with a very distinct collar of whito cottony down ; primaries decidedly longer than secondaries ; throat with a median " dewlap" ; " comb" of adult male extending from near anterior border of cere to middle of the crown ; sexes very different, the female lacking entirely tho "comb" or other fleshy appendages to the head; very large (wing 30.00, or more) Sarcorhamphus.^ i Sarcoihamphu* Duii£ril, Zool. Anal. 1800, 32. Type, by vilmination, Vultur gryphut Lixk. GVPAGUS. 219 ft'. Plumage commencing on neck with broad, normally developed feathers; primaries not longer than secondaries ; throat without any " dewlap" ; " comb" of adult male attached only to middle of cere, above nostril ; sexes alike; size medium (wing less than 25.00). Gypagus. (Pago 219.) a'. Cere decidedly longer than upper mandible; bill comparatively weak. Adult males without fleshy " comb" or lobe surmounting cere. b^. Entire neck bare of feathers ; plumage commencing abruptly with lanceo- late or penicillate feathers, these continued over breast and belly ; head much elongated, the upper outline of the cere elevated posteriorly above the level of the flattened forehead ; very large (wing 30.00, or more). Nostril very small, occupying not more than the basal third of the nasal fossro, its anterior end acute ; bill small, the mandibles de- cidedly broader than deep, the lower as deep as the upper ; skin of head and neck smooth ; tail even.... Pseudogryphus. (Pago 220.) b\ Head only, or with only upper part of neck, naked ; plumage commencing gradually on upper part or middle of neck with broad, normal feathers, those of the breast and belly broad and blended ; foi-ehcad elevated above the upper outline of cere; bill stronger, with hook of upper man- dible well developed ; much smaller (wing less than 25.00). c^ Nostrils very largo and broad, occupying the whole of the nasal fossa), both ends broadly rounded ; wing lengthened, the quills reaching to or beyond tip of the n.. 'ch rounded tail... Cathartes. (Page 220.) c*. Nostrils small and narrow, occupj'ing only the posterior half of the nasal fossae, the anterior end pointed ; wing short, rounded, the quills scarcely reaching to the middle of the even or slightly emar- ginated tail Catharista. (Pago 221.) Genus GYPAGUS Vieillot. (Page 219, pi. LXIV., fig. 5.) Species. Adult : Upper neck (" ruff") plumbeous, the feathers white at base ; tertials, secondaries, quills, gi*eater and primaiy coverts, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, black, the secondaries grayish exteriorly and edged with white ; rest of plumage deep vinaceous-buff or pinkish cream-color above, white beneath ; naked skin of head and upper neck very brilliantly colored in life with yellow, orange, red, blue, etc.; iris white ; bill dull red in dried skins, said to bo orange and black in life. Yovng : Entirely plain blackish brown, the bill and naked skin of head dusky. Length 27.00-34.00, wing 19.00-20.00, tail 9.50-10.00, culmen 1.30-1.'.), tarsus 3.60-3.65, middle too 3.00-3.30. Eggs 3.70 X 2.65, plain white. Hah. Whole of tropical America, except West Indies, north to southern Arizona ? Q. papa (L:nn.). King Vulture." I Vulture pppa Link., 8. N. od. 10, i. 1758, 86. Oj/pagut papa Vieill., Nouv. Diet, xxxvi. 1819, 456. 220 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Genus PSEUDOGRYPHUS Eidgway. (Page 219, pi. LXIV., fig. 4.) Species. Adult: Dull black, the outer webs of greater wing-coverts and secondaries hoary grayish, the foi-mer tipped and the latter edged with white ; axillars and under wing-coverts pure white ; bill whitish or pale yellowish, and naked skin of head and neck yellowish or orange in life. Young : Similar to adult, but feathers of upper parts more distinctly bordered with brownish (producing a squamate ap- pearance), the outer webs of greater wing-coverts and secondaries dusky, and with- out any white on axillars or under wing-coverts ; bill and naked skin of head and neck dusky, the latter more or less covered with soft sooty grayish down. Downy young : Dull white, the naked skin of head and neck dull yellow. Length 44.00- 55.00 inches, extent 8J to nearly 11 feet, weight 20 to 25 pounds, wing 30.00-35.00 inches, tail 15.00-18.00, culmen 1.50, tarsus 4.40-5.00, middle toe 4.00-4.50. Nest a cavity or recess among rocks or a hollow in stump, log, or tree-trunk. Eggs 1-2, 4.46 X 2.48, elongate-ovate, plain pale dull grayish green or dull greenish white. Hub. Pacific coast of United States, north to the Columbia ; southern Utah ? (Now much reduced in numbers, and extinct in many localities where formerly abun- dant.) 324. P. californianus (Shaw). California Vulture. Genus ' ATHARTES Illiger. (Page 219, pi. LX., fig. 2 ; pi. LXIV., figs. 6, 8.) Species. Common Characters. — General color black, uniform on lower parts (sometimes on upper parts also) ; bill white, and naked skin of head reddish or yellowish in adult, both dusky in young. a}. Upper portion of neck, all round, naked ; wing 20.00, or more. b^. Plumage of upper parts grayish brown, the feathers glossy blackish cen- trally, the secondaries edged with grayish or whitish ; naked skin of head (in adult) livid crimson in life. Adult : Neck and lower parts uniform dull black ; upper parts black- ish, with a greenish and violet gloss, the feathers of the back, the scapulars, and wing-coverts with margins broadly (but not abruptly) light grayish brown ; edge of secondaries light grayish brown, vary- ing to light ashy ; shafts of quills and tail-feathers pale brown, vary- ing to yellowish white ; bill chalk-white ; iris grayish brown ; naked skin of head and upper neck (in life) dull livid crimson, brightening to lake-red on cere, the lores and top of head sometimes with whitish wart-like papillro. Young : Similar to adult, but bill blackish, and naked skin of head and neck livid dusky, and the brownish margins to wing-coverts, etc., less distinct. Doiony young: Covered with pure white cottony down, the head, however, naked, and sallow dusky. Length 26.00-32.00, extent about 6 feet, wing 20.00-23.00 CATHARISTA. 221 inches, tail 11.00-12.00, culmen 1.00, tarsus 2.25-2.30, middle toe 2.50. Nest a cavity among rocks or in hollow of a log, stump, or tree-trunk, without additional material. Eggs 2, 2.74 X 1-89, ovate or broadly elliptical ovate, white, buffy white, or greenish white, more or less spotted or blotched with rich brown (madder or burnt-umber) and purplish gray. Hub. Nearly the whole of temper- ate and tropical America, including West Indies ; south to Falkland Islands and Patagcaia, north, more or less regularly, to southern New England, New York, the Saskatchewan, and British Columbia. 325. C. aura (Linn.). Turkey Vulture. 6'. Plumage of upper parts entirely uniform dull black ; naked skin of head and upper neck of adult yellow in life. Wing 20.00, tail 12.00, culmen .82, tarsus 2.50, middle toe 2.40. Hab. Amazonian region of South America (Guiana to eastern Peru). C. pemigra (Sharpe). Amazonian Turkey Vulture.* a*. Upper part of hind-neck feathered quite to the occiput ; wing less than 20.00. Adult : Entirely uniform black (as in C. pemigra), the shafts of the quills white ; " bill and cere reddish white ; crown and lower side of head pale violet or sky-blue ; side of head, neck, and throat beautiful gray-oi'ange ;" iris red ; bill white. Immature : " Iris blackish gray ; head in very young birds reddish gray, whitish on crown and over the eye ; neck bluish, subsequent to which the head becomes reddish violet, with a whitish blue patch on the occipital region." (Gtjrney.) Doivny young : " The down is light rufous ; the bill, the lower part of the face, and the cheeks, are black ; the rest of the head light rufous washed with brown ; the iris chocolate ; the feet flesh-color, with blackish scales." * Length about 22.00-25.00, wing 18.00-18.50, tail 8.50-9.00, culmen .80-.90, tar- sus 2.10-2.40, middle toe 2.15-2.25. Hab. Eastern tropical America (except West Indies), from Brazil to eastern Mexico (Vera Cruz) ; southern Texas? C. burrovianus Cass. Burroughs's Turkey Vulture.' black- ick, the ruptly) , vary- , vary- naked toning (vhitish h, and argins d with sallow ^23.00 Genus CATHARISTA Vieillot. (Page 219, pi. LXIV., fig. 7.) Species. Adult : Entire plumage uniform dull black, the quills grayish basally (hoary whitish on under surface), their shafts pure white ; bill dusky with yellowish or whitish tip ; naked skin of head and fore-neck dusky. Young : Not obviously 1 (Ennpt pemigra Sharpb, Cat. B. Brit. Mu8. i. 1874, 26. Oathartea pemigra Ridow., Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V. 1880, 83. * Professor A. Dugds, of Guanajuato, Mexico, in letter. I refer somewhat doubtfully the bird which he de- scribes to O. bitrrovianug, for the reason that it certainly is not 0. awa nor Catharitta atrata, and no other species besides these and G. burrovianui is Itnown to inhabit Mexico. Drawings went by Professor Dugga, rep- resenting both the bird under consideration and the corresponding stage of Catharitta atrata, show conclusively that it is a true Cathartet. * Ciithartet burrovianui C a}. Adult with the darker portions of the plumage perfectly uniform ; prevailing color uniform dark sooty brown ; lesser wing-coverts, under wing-coverts, and thighs plain rich chestnut-rufous ; middle wing-coverts dusky medially, rufous on edges ; tail black, the base and a broad band at tip, white ; tail- coverts white, the upper sometimes with blackish shaft-streaks. Immature : Similar to adult, but the blackish above broken by ochraceous edgings, the head and neck thickly streaked with the same; lower pai'ts ochraceous, striped or longitudinally spotted with dusky ; thighs narrowly barred with rusty and dark brown ; tail as in adult, but white band at tip narrower and less sharply defined, and inner webs of feathers more or less distinctly barred with dusky, grayish brown, and white.' Downy young : Above pale chestnut-bufFy, paler (almost dull whitish) across hind-neck; lower parts entirely dull whitish, tinged, more or less, with dull brownish buff. Male : Length 17.50-21.00, wing 12.35-13.75, tail 9.80-10.20, culmen .90-.95, tarsus 3.15-3.20, middle toe 1.65-1.70. Female: Length 21.00-24.00, wing 14.25-14.50, tail 10.80-11.00, culmen 1.08-1.10, tarsus 3.40-3.75, middle toe 1.90-2.00. Nest on bushes or low trees. £ggs 2-3, 2.11 X 1-61, white, glaucous-white or buffy white, usu- ally more or less marked with light brownish. Hab. Middle America, north to southern border of LTnited States (Louisiana to Lower California). 335. P. unicinctus harrisi (Aud.). Harris's Hawk. Genus BUTEO Covier. (Page 223, pi. LXVIIL, figs. 2-5; pi. LXXIL, fig. 8.) Species. a*. Tail more than half as long as wing ; tarsus much loss than half as long as tail ; primaries exceeding secondaries by much less than length of tail. 6'. Wing more than 13.60. c'. Outer webs of quills without white, buffj% or ochraceous spots, rf*. Four outermost quills with inner webs distinctly emarginated. ri i I -I 1 Faleo unieinctu* Tkhm., PI. Col. i. 1824, pi. .tl.t. Parabufeo unioinctut RiDOW. in B. B. &, R. Hist. N. Am. B. iii. 1874, 249. * In this stage uiucli resembling the adult of P, unieinetut. 230 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ^. Middle toe decidedly longer than bare portion of tarsus in front ; length of cere on top less than depth of bill at an- terior edge of cere. /'. Outer webs of quills (in adult) plain hoaiy grayish, paler, or more ashy, at tips ; naked portion of tarsus, in front, 2.00. Adult : Head, neck, and lower parts white, the first streaked with dusky, these streaks more crowded across cheeks, where forming a rather distinct " mustache" ; throat very narrowly streaked, the sides, flanks, and lower part of belly (sparsely), more broadly streaked with dusky, and sides of breast with broader, somewhat wedge-shaped, markings of the same ; thighs tinged with buffy or ochraceous; under wing-coverts white, with a large dusky patch covering anterior portion of lesser covei't region ; upper parts in general dark slaty brownish, tinged here and there ashy and somewhat broken by irregular admixture of whitish, especially on scapulars and larger wing- coverts ; rump blackish ; upper tail-coverts white, tinged with rufous, and crossed by irregular, distant bars of dusky; tail mostly light rufous, but this much broken by ii'regular longitudinal washes and " daubs" of ashy, and darker longitu- dinal mottlings or interrupted streaks, on both webs ; crossed near end by an irregular but dis- tinct band of blackish, the tip white, and the basal portion whitish ; length about 21.60, wing 15.75, tail 9.10, culmen 1.05, tarsus 3.25, middle toe 1.70. Hab. California (Santa Clara) ; only one example known. — . B. cooperi Cass. Cooper's Hi^nhawk. /'. Outer webs of quills grayish brown, marked with quad- rate dusky spots, producing bands; bare portion of tarsus in front less than 2.00. g^. Middle toe usually more than 1.60 (minimum 1.50, maximum 1.95) ; tail of adult usually with much of rufous, with or without darker bands ; young with tail grayish brown, crossed by nine or ten distinct narrow bands of dusky. A*. Head and neck uniform dark sooty brown or blackish, or else streaked with white (very rarely, if ever, streaked with buffy or ochra- ceous". Adult: Tail confusedly or irregu- larly mottled with grayish, rusty, white, and BUTEO. 231 ' tarsus in bill at an- rish, paler, LS, in front, ;e, the first •e crowded er distinct •eaked, the (sparsely), id sides of Ige-shaped, with huffy ite, with a portion of ineral dark I ashy and lixture of irger wing- erts white, irregular, jht rufous, )ngitudinal er longitu- on both ir but dis- the basal ring 15.76, e toe 1.70. 10 example Eonhawk. vith quad- portion of mum 1.50, vith much ids; young ine or ten brown or hite (very or ochra- or irrcgu- whiiQ, and dusky, either color predominating (except the last) according to the individual, crossed near end by a more or less distinct fibter- minal band, and tipped with whitish ; upper parts chiefly (sometimes entirely) dark sooty brown or blackish (varying to deep black) ; lower parts varying from entirely deep sooty brown or black to pure white, but, if the lat- ter, always more or less streaked and spotted, especially across belly and on sides of breast, with dusky. Young : Tail banded with gray- ish brown and dusky, the two colors of about equal extent; otherwise, much like adult. Male : Length 20.00-21.00, wing 14.25-16.10, tail 8.80-10.00, culmen .98-1.00, tarsus 2.75- 3.50, middle toe 1.50-1.70. Female: Length 22.00-23.50, wing 15.75-16.50, tail 9.10-10.00, culmen .98-1.10, tarsus 2.85-3.50, middle toe 1.60-1.80. Hab. Gulf States and lower Missis- sippi Valley, north, casually, to Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, and Pennsylvania, east to Georgia. 338. B. harlani (Aud.). Harlan's Hawk. /tV Feathers of head and neck more or less distinctly edged with ochraceous or rusty. Adult : Tail rufous, paler at tip, usually crossed near end by a narrow band or bar of blackish (rarely with more Oi 'ess distinct narrow bands, or indications of bands, anterior to the subter- minal band) ; upper parts chiefly or entirely dusky grayish brown, sometimes irregularly broken by admixture of whitish and brownish gray ; lower parts varying from entirely pure white (usually with dusky streaks across belly) to wholly sooty blackish, with or with- out rusty on breast. Young : Tail grayish brown, varying to dull ochraceous, crossed by nine or ten well-defined narrow bands of blackisli ; otherwise much like adult, but usually with much loss of tawny or ochra- ceous. Male : Length about 19.00-22.50, ex- tent of wings 49.00-53.00, wing 13.50-16.50, tail 8.50-10.00, culmen .95-1.08, tarsus 2.40- 3.20, middle toe 1.60-1.70, weight 2-3 pounds. Female: Length 23.00-26.00, extent 64.00- 67.50, wing 16.26-17.76, tail 9.60-10.50, cul- 232 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. men 1.00-1.15, tarsus 3.15-3.40, middle toe 1.60-1.70, weight 3-4 pounds. Nest usually in tall trees. Eggs 2-4, 2.30, or more, X 1-80, or more, dull white or bluish white, usually- more or less spotted or blotched with brown. , Tail of adult always (?) with a subterminal black bar, or else prevailing color of plu- mage white. /. Plumage never chiefly blackish. A*. Deeper colored, with dusky and grayish brown prevailing on upper parts, the lower parts more or less buflfy, especially posteriorly ; adult with tail deep rusty rufous. Eggs 2.38 X 1-81. Mab. Eastern North America, west to border of Great Plains ; occasional in eastern Mexico; Panama (casual ?). 337. B.ljorealis (Gmel.). Red-tailed Hawk. A*. Lighter colored, with much white en upper parts, tail pale rufous (usually without the dusky sub- terminal bar), the lower parts entirely pure white, or pale buffy only on thighs, etc., with little if any spotting across belly. Eggs 2.31 X 180. Ilab. Great Plains, from Minnesota to Texas ; east, irregularly or casually, to Iowa and northern Illinois. 337a. B. borealis kriderii HooPEs. Erider's Hawk. f. Plumage often chiefly blackish, some- times entirely sooty, except tail and its upper coverts. Adult : Varying, individually, from a light extreme which is scarcely distinguishable from true B. bo- realis to a uniform dark sooty brown, through every conceiva- ble intermediate plumage; some melanistio specimens have the whole chest and breast rusty BUTEO. 233 ruBty or rufous (corresponding to the white area of very light-colored birds), but this is wholly obliter- ated in the complete melanism. Young : Darker throughout and more heavily spotted beneath than in true B. borealis, the plu- mage sometimes wholly dusky (except the tail), as in the adult. Tail of adult always with a black subterminal bar, and frequently with several, more or less complete, ad- ditional bars. Eggs 2.31 X 1.80. Hub. Western North America, south into Mexico, east to Eocky Mountains (casually to Illinois). 3376. B. borealis calurus (Casp.). Western Red-tail. t"". Tail of adult without any black bars ; other- wise, much like B. borealis calurus. Hab. Cape St. Lucas. 337c. B. borealis lucasanus Eidow. St. Lucas Red-tail. g^. Middle toe not more than 1.55; tail of adult (and young) grayish brown, sometimes slightly touched with rufous, crossed by an indefinite number (but varying from about 10 to 13) of narrqvv bands of dusky, which become gradually indistinct and finally obsolete towai'd base. Plumage exceedingly variable, but usually a mixture of sooty brown and whitish, in vari- able relative quantity; sometimes entirely dusky (except tail) and raroly almost entirely white ; length about 20.00-23.00, wing 15.50- 16.60, tail 8.80-10.00, culmen .85-.96, tarsus 3.00-3.50, middle too 1.40-1.55. Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere ; accidental in Michigan ? 336. B. buteo (Linn.). European Bnzsard. (?, Middle toe not decidedly longer than bare portion of tarsus in front ; length of cere on top greater than depth of bill at anterior edge of cere. Plumage uniform black, or blackish brown, the feathers 80 234 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. puro white at bases; tail grayish brown or grayish, more or less banded with black, the inner webs, how- ever, chiefly white. Adult: Tail black, crossed by three broad zones, which are ash-gray on outer webs and pure white on inner. Young : Tail dark grayish brown (the inner webs partly, sometimes entirely, white), crossed by numerous narrow, oblique bands of black. Male : Length 18.50-19.60, extent 49.50, wing 15.00-15.60, tail 8.50-9.15, culmen .73-.88, tarsus 2.40- 2.70, middle toe 1.60-1.65. Female : Length 20.85-21.50, extent 53.10, wing 16.50-17.40, tail 9.00-10.75, culmen .90-1.00, tarsus 2.70-2.80, middle toe 1.80-1.85. Eggs 2-4, 2.19 X 1-72, dull white, usually spotted or speckled, chiefly on larger end, with umber-brown. Hab. Mid- dle America, north to southern California, Arizona, Texas, etc., south to northern South America. 340. B. abbreviatus Cab. Zone-tailed Hawk. tailed Hawk. -!' )0,tail .0-1.90. . i'ehuanto- n Urubi ngaJ * Falco urubitinga Qmel., S. N. i. 1788, 265. Falco zonuru$ Shaw, Gen. Zool, vii. 1809, 62. [ ubitinga tonura ScL., Trans. Zool. Soo. Lend. 1858, 262, » Urubitinga xonura p. ? RiDow., Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. ii. No. 2, 1876, 169. Urubitinga ridguiayi QuRNEr, List Diurn. B. Prey, 1884, 77, 148. ASTVRINA. 239 Tarsus 3.50 or less ; upper tail-coverts in adult black barred or tipped with white. Adult: Uniform black, with a chalky or glaucous cast in certain lights; upper tail-coverts narrowly tipped with white ; tail black, the tip and base white, and crossed at about the middle by a broad band of white of variable width. Young : Above brownish black, varied by ochraceous or rusty edgings and spots ; head, neck, and lower^parts pale ochraceous, striped with brownish black ; thighs barred Avith the same ; tail crossed by about seven narrow oblique bands of black and whitish, of variable relative width. Downy young : " Covered with dense woolly down, nearly white on head and breast, passing into grayish posteriorly upon the head, throat, sides of breast, tibiae, and back." (Mearns.) Male: Length about 21.50; wing 13.15-14.90, tail 7.90-9.75, culmen 1.00-1.05, tarsus 3.20-3.40, middle toe 1.60-1.70. Female: Length about 22.50, wing 14.25-16.00, tail 9.25-11.00, culmen 1.05-1.10, tarsus 3.00-3.50, middle toe 1.65-1.80. Nest in large trees. Eggs 2-3, 2.10 X 1-75, plain white. Hub. Tropical America in general, north to southern Arizona. 345. U. anthracina (Light.). Mexican Black Hawk. Genus ASTURINA Vieillot. (Page 223, pi. LXVIII., fig. 1.) Species. a*. Adult with upper parts very indistinctly barred, or almost uniform. Young, with thighs distinctly barred with dusky, and lighter tail-bands grayish brown. Adult: Above deep ash-gray, the top of head and hind-nock with fine blackish shaft-streaks, the wing-coverts with indistinct paler bars; upper tail-coverts plain white ; tail black, tipped with gray'^h or white, and crossed by two to three narrow bands of white, the anterior one nar- rower and more or less interrupted ; quills black, margined at tips with whitish ; lower parts white, everywhere, except on lower tail-coverts, very regularly barred with deep cinereous, these bars narrower, and the white interspaces correspondingly wider, on fianks and abdomen. Young : Above dark brown, the head and neck streaked, the middle wing-coverts and greater portion of outer webs of scapulare irregularly spotted, with ochraceous or buffy (usually of a pinkish cast) ; upper-tail-coverts white, marked near tips with one or two small spots of dusky ; tail grayish brown, tipped with paler (the extreme tip usually whitish), and crossed by six or seven narrow bands of black, these becoming gradually, but decidedly, smaller toward the base; lower parts white, more or less tinged (especially on sides and under wing-coverts) with pinkish buff, the breast, belly, and sides with largo tear-shaped or wedge-shaped stripes or longitudinal spots of blackish, the thighs narrowly barred with the same. Length about 16.00-18.00, wing 9.50-11.70, tail 6.70- 8.20, culmen .75-1.00, tarsus 2.50-2.85, middle too 1.35-1.75. JVest in trees. Eggs 2-3, 1.99 X 1-59, white, usually very faintly and sparsely m 240 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. (adventitiously?) stained with pale brownish. Hah. Middle America, south to Panama, north to southern border of United States, straggling as far as southern Illinois. 346. A. plagiata Schleg. Mexican Ooshawk. a*. Adult with upper parts (including head and neck) very distinctly barred with grayish white. Young with thighs plain white or buffy, and lighter tail-bands v-hitish. A. nitida (Lath.). South American Goshawk.* Genus ARCHIBUTEO Brehm. (Pago 223, pi. LXIX., fig. 1.) Sj/ecies. a'. Bill small and weak, the width of gape (from corner to corner of mouth) only 1.35-1.45. Adult, normal phase: Head and neck whitish, streaked with dusky; rest of upper parts irregularly varied with white, grayish, and dusky (the lighter tints predominating), usually mixed, more or less, with rusty or ochraceous ; rump with dusky prevailing ; upper tail-coverts and basal portion of tail (more or less extensively — sometimes for more than half its length) white ; terminal portion of tail crossed by a broad subter- minal band of grayish or dusky, und, anterior to this, usually by several narrower, irregular, or sometimes broken bands ; quills dusky grayish, more or less distinctly banded with darker, their inner webs, however, immaculate anterior to their crnargination ; lower parts chiefly whitish, but this spotted or otherwise varied, chiefly on breast, by dusky, the thighs sometimes tinged with ochraceous or rusty. Young, normal pkas,'- : Very much like adult, but terminal or subterminal portion of tail plain graj'ish brown, the basal portion plain whitish ; lower parts whitish or bulfy, ct'ossed over belly, flanks, and anal region by a very broad bolt or transverse area of unifoi-m deep brownish or duskj''. Downy young : Plain grayish white. Male : Length about 19.50-22.00, wing 15.75-16.80, tail 9.00-10.00. Female: Length about 21.50-23.60, wing 16.15-18.00, tail 9.00-11.00. 6'. Averaging lighter in color, with loss (often with none) of ochraceous or rusty ; rarely melanistic. Ilab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere. A. lagopua (BrVnn.). Rough-legged Hawk.* b*. Averaging darker in color, with more of ochraceous or rusty ; fre- quently melanistic, some specimens being entirely deep black, with the exception of forehead, inner webs of quills (anterior to emar- ginations), and more or loss distinct, usually broken, narrow bands across basal portion of tail, which are whitish. (Note. — This > FaUo nilidut Latr., Index Orn. i. 1790, 40. A§tHrina nilida BoifAP., Conip. 1. 1850, 30. * So far as evidence to date tenda to show, the typical form of this Rpooios, if a distinctively American race be rooogniied, must be expunged from the list of North American birds. AqUILA. 241 condition affects both old and young, and is connected with the normal plumage by a scries of specimens possessing, in every pos- sible degree, intermediate characters.) JVest variously situated. Eggs 2-3, 2.31 X 1-74, white, buflPy white, or pale buffy, usually more or less marked (sprinkled, spotted, or blotched) with brown. Hab. Whole of North America, breeding chiefly north of United States 347a. A. lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmel.). Amerioan Songh-legged Hawk. «". Bill much larger and stronger, and broader at base, the width of gape (measured from corner to corner of mouth) 1.70-1.90. Adult, normal phase : Upper parts generally and thighs ferruginous, the former streaked, the latter barred, with dusky ; secondaries and quills plumbeous, the latter with a hoary cast ; tail white, washed with palo ash-gray, more or less stained, usually longitudinally, chiefly along edges of feathers, with light rusty, and sometimes crossed near tip bj' an in- distinct subterminal bar or narrow band of dusky ; lower parts (except thighs) pure white, sometimes slightly streaked with dusky. Young : Above grayish brown, the feathers edged with rusty or ochraceous ; thighs white, more or less spotted with dark brownish or dusky; tail with basal third (appi'oximatcly) white (inner webs wholly white), the rest brownish gray, usually with several, more or loss distinct, darker narrow bands. Melanistic phase {adult) : General color deep chocolate- brown, more or less varied above by rusty spotting and edgings ; lower parts mixed rusty and chocolate, either tint prevailing; tail as in nor- mal pha.so. Male : Length about 22.50, wing 15.90-17.00, tail 9.50-10.50. Female: Length about 24.00, wing 17.00-18.80, tail 10.50-11.00. Nest usually in trees. Eggs 2-3, 2.42 X 1.88, white, or bulfy white, usually more or less spotted, blotched, or clouded with brown or grayish purple (or both). Hah. Western United States, east to across Great Plains (occasionally to Illinois), north to the Saskatchewan, south into Mexico. 348. A. ferrugineus (Light.). Ferfuginons Rough-leg. Genus AQUILA Brisson (Page 223, pi. LXIX., fig. 2.) Species. Adult: Nearly uniform dark brown, the lanceolate feathers of hind-neck and feathers of tarsus of a paler or rioro tawny hue ; quills black ; tail blackish, more or loss clouded, or very irregularly banded, with grayish. Young : Similar to adult, but basal half to two-thirds of the tail plain white, the feathers of breast, etc., white beneath surface, and feathers of tarsi paler (sometimes nearly white). Male: Length about 30.00-36.00, extent about 6J-7 foot; wing 23.00-24.70, tail 14.00-15.00, culmon 1.50-1.02, tarsus 3.G5-3.80, middle toe 2.40-2.80. Female: Length about 35.00-40.00. extent about 7-7} feet, wing 26.00-27.^0, tail 15.00-16.00, culmon 1.68-1.86, tarsus 4.15-4.26. middle too 2.55-2.80. Nest usually on cliff's, but Bomotimes on trees. Eggs 2-3, 2.93 X 2.34, oval or roundod-ovato, whitieh, usually U 242 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 1 speckled, spotted, blotched, or clouded with brown and purplish gray (rarely im- maculate). Hah. Northern portions of northern hemisphere, chiefly in mountain- ous regions 349. A. chrysaetos (Linn.). Golden Eagle. Genus THRASAETUS Gray. (Page 223, pi. LXX., fig. 1.) Species. Adult : Prevailing color of upper parts, with chest, black, the upper parts usually more or less mottled or marbled with gray; head and neck grayish, darker on the crest, paler on throat ; tail broadly banded with black and mottled ashy, the bands of the latter color about four in number ; lower parts, posterior to chest, pure white, the thighs, and sometimes other portions, narrowly barred with black. Young : Above light ash-gray, marbled with black, this forming about five broken bands on middle tail-feathers, but confused on other rectrfces; quills mottled with dusky; head, neck, and entire lower parts white, the longer crest-feathers and the chest tinged with ash-gray. Male: Wing about 21. "0, tail 16.00, culmen 1.80, tarsus 4.50, middle toe 2.85, hind claw 2.25. Female: Length about 40.00, extent about 7 feet, wing 24.50, tail 18.50, culmen 2.20, tarsus 5.00, middle toe 3.80, hind claw 3.00. Sab. Tropical America in general, south to Bolivia and Paraguay, north to Mexico, or, rarely, oven to the mouth of the Eio Grande (and in Louisiana?). 350. T. harpyia (Linn.). Harpy Eagle. Genus HALI-ffiETUS Savigny. (Page 223, pi. LXXI., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Adults uniform dusky brown (the feathers with paler margins), the tail white; head and neck also white, or else much lighter colored than body ; bill, cere, and feet deep yellow ; iris pale yellow (except sometimes in H. albicilla). Young : Prevailing color duskj^, mixed more or less with brown and whitish, according to age ; bill and cere black ; iris deep brown. rt'. Adult with head and nock light grayish brown, or brownish gray, and tail-coverts d'lsky. Young with plumage largely light cinnamon-brown or isabolla-color. Adtdt: Head and neck light grayish brown, grayish fulvous, or brownish gray, not abruptly lighter than the body ; tail white ; rest of plumage dusky grayish brown (margins of feathers paloi), the quills nearly black. Young : Prevailing color above light umber-brown, cinnamon-brown, or isabella-color, each feather with a median streak and terminal spot of blackish brown ; breast broadly striped with brownish black on a brownish white and isabolla-colored ground ; rest of lower parts nearly plain dull isabelia-brown, each feather with a median streak and ter- minal spot of blackish, the thighs darker and more uniform. Doicny young : *' Covered all over with dull sooty down, with long tufts of whitish down shooting through . . . hero and there." (Dresser.) Male: Length 31.00-34.00, wing 23.00-2G.00, tail 11.50-12.00, culmen 2.06-2.20, tarsus 3..S0-3.80, middle too 2.50-2.85. Fnmde : Length 36.00- 40.00, wing 27.80-28.00, tail 14.00-10.00, culmen 2.20-2.46, tarsus 3.50- THALASSOAETUS. 243 arcly im- nountain- ien Eagle. per parts grayish, I mottled sterior to rred with ibout five Is mottled t-feathcrs 0, culmen )ut 40.00, > toe 3.80, *araa;uay, uisiana?). py Eagle. I ith paler colored Jtimes in •own and il-coverts lla-color. )rowni8h plumage ly black, rown, or spot of ck on a nearly and ter- Downy tufts of RESSER.) culmen h 36.00- us 3.50- ,8 3.G5, middle toe 2.95-3.50. Nest on cliffs near sea-ehore. Eggs 2-3, 3.00 X 2.30, plain dead white. Hab. Northern jjortions of eastern hemi- sphere, and southeastern Greenland. 351. H. albicilla (Linn.). Gray Sea Eagle. a*. Adult with head and neck pure white, in abrupt contrast with color of body ; tail-coverts also white. Young with plumage blackish, grayish brown, and white, without cinnamon-brown or isabella-color. Adult : Head, neck, tail- coverts, and tail entirely white ; rest of plumage dusky grayish brown, varying to brownish black (the margins of the feathers usually paler). Immature (sec- ond or third year) : Head and neck blackish, the lanceolate feathers of hind- neck tipped with pale brownish, all the feathei*8 pure white beneath surface ; upper parts mixed grayish brown and blackish, usually with more or less admixture of whitish ; tail blackish, the inner webs of feathers more or less blotched or " spattered" with whitish ; lower parts mixed white and dusky, either color predominating, according to the individual. Young, first year : Whole plumage nearly uniform black, the feathers of lower parts, however, with their bases white, this more or less concealed in places, producing a somewhat spotted or blotched appearance. Downy young : Uniform sooty gray. Nest on tall trees, usually near lakes or rivers, sometimes on cliffs. Male: Length 30.00-35 00, extent about 7 feet, wing 20.00-25.90, tail 11.00- 15.25, culmen 1.85-2.25, tarsus 2.65-3.40, middle too 2.35-2.90, hind claw 1.68-1.90. Female: Length 34.00-43.00, extent about 7 to 8 feet, wing 23.50-28.00, tail 12.50-16.00, culmen 1.90-2.35, tarsus 3.25-3.70, middle toe 2.55-3.10, hind claw 1.60-2.00. Nest usually on large trees. Eggs 2-3, 2.90 X 2.27, plain white. Hab. Whole of North America, and across Aleutian chain to Commander Islands, Kamtschatka. 352. H. leucocephalus (Linn.). Bald Eagle. Genus THALASSOAETUS Kaup.' (Pago 223, pi. LXXI., fig. 2.) Species. Adult : General color dark grayish brown, the forehead, lesser and middle wing- coverts, thighs, rump, tail-coverts, and tail, pure white ; lanceolate feathers of hind- neck pale grayish brown, with lighter edges; bill, cere, and feet intense yellow in life; iris pale yellow. Ynung : Entirely dusky brownish, or with more or less ad- mixture of white, according to age, on those poi'tions which are white in adult; bill more or loss obscured with dusky. Male : Length 37.60-38.00, extent 87.50, wing 23.25, tail 13.60 (gra Thaln»tnalilu» Kaiip, ClnM. Fttug. VI)(?. 1844, 12:». Typo, Aqiiila pelagica Pali,. * Aqnilit pelagica Fall., Zuug Ruwo-Ai. i. 1826, 343, pi. 1, ThalattoaMttu ptlagicui Kaup, Hui. Sonck. Hi. 1840, 301. ''i; H 2U NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS, % ,'#' 1 Genus FALCO LiNNiEus. (Page 224, pi. LXXII., figs. 1-5 ; pi. LXXIII., figs. 1-3.) Species. a^. Only one quill (the outermost) with inner web emarginated near tip ; first quill longer than fourth. 6'. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe (without claw) ; first quill shorter than third, c*. Tarsus densely feathered in front and on sides for the upper two- thirds, the edges of the feathering meeting on the posterior side. Ifest usually on cliff's. Eggs 2-4, about 2.30 X l-TS, varying from pale cinnamon or tawny to huffy, more or less distinctly sprinkled, speckled, or marbled with deeper cinnamon-brown — sometimes almost uniformly cinnamon-color. (Subgenus Hierofalco Cuvier.) d}. Lower tail-coverts immaculate white, the thighs also usually im- maculate ; prevailing color of whole plumage white. Adult : Top of head and hind-neck usually narrowly streaked with dusky, but often immaculate ; rest of upper parts more or less barred, or transversely spotted, with slate-dusky; lower parts usually immaculate, or without well-defined markings. Young: Upper parts with longitudinal spots or stripes of dusky (this less slaty than in adult) ; lower parts usually distinctly striped. Male: Length about 21.00-22.50, wing 14.00-14.75 (14.49), tail 8.50-9.50 (8.94). culmen .90-.98 (.92), tarsus 2.30-2.50 (2.43), middle too 1.95-2.05 (1.98). Female : Length about 23.00-24.00, wing 15.50-16.50 (16.00), tail 9.00-10.00 (9.49), culmen .95-1.08 (1.03), tarsus 2.30-2.50 (2.47), middle toe 2.05-2.15 (2.09). Eggs 2.26 X 1-27. Hab. Circumpolar regions, breeding in Greenland, northeastern (and other?) portions of Arctic America, Com- mander Islands, etc. 353. F. islandus BrUnn. White Oyrfalcon. d*. Lower tail-coverts always more or loss marked with dusky ; upper parts with little if any white, except, sometimes, on top of head and hind-nock. Adult with upper parts banded with dusky and bluish gray (sometimes uniform dusky anteriorly), the flanks and thighs barred, banded, or transversely spotted with dusky. Young without transverse bars on upper parts (ex- cept sometimes on tail), and lower parts with all the markings longitudinal, e'. Lighter colored : Top of head much streaked with white, often with white prevailing, the lighter tail-bands usually whitish and nearly as broad as the darker interspaces. Adult, with anterior upper parts everywhere more or less distinctly barred with very pale grayish, grayish white, or buffy whitish, those lighter bars sometimes nearly equal in FALCO. 245 figs. 1-3.) first quill 11 shorter per two- rior side, ing from ;prinklcd, ometimcs UVIER.) lually im- Adult : kt'd with •e or less v^er parts Yoimg: sky (this y striped. 4.49), tail )0 (2.43), 00-24.00, .95-1.08 9). Eggs reenlnnd, ca, Com- yrfaloon. upper ) of head dusky •ly), the ted with arts (ex- nark ings ito, often whitish ult, with istinctly or huffy }qual in width to the darker ones ; darker and lighter bands on tail usually very sharply contrasted, the former often slate- gray, the latter pale ash-gray or dull whitish ; flanks and thighs never very heavily banded or spotted with slaty, but always more or less marked with this color. Young : Dark stripes of lower parts usually decidedly narrower than white interspaces; upper parts in general usually much spotted with whitish or light buffy, in addition to the lighter margins (often conspicuous) to the feathers ; outer webs of quills more or less distinctly spotted with whitish toward base. Male: Length about 20.00-21.00, wing 13.40-15.00 (14,10), tail 8.00-9.30 (8.51), culmen .88-.98 (.90), tarsus 2.10-2.65 (2.40), middle toe 1.80-2.20 (1.96). Female: Length about 22.00-24.50, wing 15.25-16.50 (15.76), tail 9.10-10.50 (9.72), culmen .95-1.10 (1.01), tar- sus 2.30-260 (2.46), middle toe 1.98-2.15 (2.08). Eggs 3.37 X 1-72. Hab. Extreme northern portions of Europe (except Scandinavia), Asia, and North America, including Iceland and southern Greenland ; south, in winter, to northern border of United States. 354. F. rusticolus (Linn.). Gray Gyrfalcon. Darker colored: Top of head usually with dusky prevailing, often uniform dusky, lighter tail-bands bluish gray, and usually narrower than dusky interspaces. Adult with an- terior upper parts (back, scapulars, and wing-coverts) rather indistinctly barred with bluish gray, often nearly plain dusky ; flanks heavily banded or spotted with dusky, and thighs heavily barred with slaty (the white ground- color tinged with bluish gray posteriorly). Young : Dark stripes of lower pai'ts usually about equal in width to white interspaces, sometimes much broader (under parts sometimes plain dusky) ; upper surface of tail never (?) continuously banded with whitish, sometimes almost plain, or, if barred at all, the bars interrupted, much narrower than the dark interspaces, and never (?) approaching white in color; upper parts usually plain grayish brown, the feathers more or less distinctly margined with paler, but usually with little if any whitish spotting. /'. Lower parts with white prevailing, or at least equal in extent to the dusky. Male .• Wing 13.75-14.25 (13.97), tail 8.00-8.75 (8.26), culmen .90-.92 (.96), tarsus 2.80- 2.50 (2.36), middle toe 1.90-2.00 (1.96). Female: Wing 15.26-16.00 (15.52), tail 9.00-10.50 (9.82), culmen 1.00- 1.10 (1.03), tarsus 2.26-2.65 (2.48), middle to-^ 2.06-2.16 (2.10). Egga 2.31 X 1-76. Hab. Northern Europe and 246 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Arctic America, from northern Labrador and coasts of Hudson's Bay to Alaska 354rt. F. rusticolus gyrfalco (Linn.). Oyifalcon. /*. Lower parts with dusky prevailing, sometimes entirely dusky, except on lower tail-coverts, which are always (?) spotted with white. Male: Wing 14.00-14.60 (14.20), tail 14.75-16.25 (15.89), culmen .98-1.05 (1.02), tarsus 2.40-2.70 (2.47), middle toe 2.05-2.15 (2.11). Female: Wing 14.75-16.25 (15.89), tail 9.60-10.00 (9.85), culmen .98-1.05 (1.02), tarsus 2.55-2.70 (2.62), middle toe 2.05-2.15 (2.11). Eggs 2.26 X 1.77. Hah. Coast of Labrador; south, in winter, to Maine, Canada, and New York' 3546. F. rusticolus obsoletus (Gmel.). Black Gyrfalcon. Tarsus feathered for not more than upper half, the posterior side almost wholly naked. (Subgenus Gennaia Kaup.*) Top of head grayish brown, streaked with dusky ; outer web of tail-feathers without distinct lighter spots (usually quite plain), and outer webs of quills without trace of spots ; secondaries with lighter spots on outer webs ; under parts and nuchal collar white, the flanks heavily spotted or blotched with dusky, the under tail-coverts sparsely spotted with same. Adult male: Above pale grayish brown (usually tinged more or loss with rusty), indistinctly but broadly barred with wale clay-color or dull grayish huffy anteriorly nnd pale bluish gray posteriorly. Adult (f) female: Above grayish brown, without distinct or well-defined lighter bars, but feathers margined with pale rusty brown or dull whitish, both the ground-color and these edgings paler on posterior portions; tail tipped with buffy whitish, the feathers edged with a paler tint of the ground- color. Young {both sexes) : Above grayish brown, the feathers distinctly margined with light rusty ; lower parts pale buffy or buffy whitish, with broader dusky streaks, the dusky flank- patch larger and more uniform than in the adult, and the ax- illars unbroken dusky. Young in first summer : Similar to the preceding stage, but ground-color above darker, with rusty margins to feathera more distinct, the ground-color of the lower parts light ochraceous or creamy buff. Male : Length about 17.00-18.00 (weight about IJ pounds), wing 11.60-12.50, tail 6.40-f.50, culmen .70-.75, tarsus 1.85-2.15, middle toe 1.60- 2.00. Female : Length about 18.50-20.00 (weight sometimes 4} pounds), wing 13.26-14.30, tail 8.00-9.00, culmen .85-.90, tarsus 2.05-2.40, middle toe 1.85-2.15. iVesf usually on cliffs. Eggs 2-5, 1 Oennaia Kaup, IsU, 1847, 69. Type, Falcojugger Gray. FALCO. 247 ,nd coasts asticolus Qyifalcon. 9 entirely re always 4.00-14.60 .05 (1.02), 15 (2.11). 9.60-10.00 70 (2.62), 77. Hah. 3, Canada, tbsoletus Qyrfalcon. erior side er web of ite plain), (condaries 3hal collar iusky, the \ult male: less with ^-color or )steriorly. istinct or vith pale md these ith buffy ) grouud- ) feathers ) buffy or ky flank- d the ax- ar to the th rusty ;ho lower th about 2.50, tail oe 1.60- jtimes 4} 0, tarsus 2.06 X 1-60, creamy white, vinaceous-white, or pale vinaceous- buffy, sprinkled, speckled, or irregularly spotted with madder- brown. Hah. Western United States, east to eastern border of Great Plains (occasionally to Illinois), south into Mexico. 355. F. mexicanus Schleq. Prairie Falcon. Tarsus not decidedly longer than middle toe (without claw), often shorter; first quill longer than third, c*. First and second quills equal and longest; second with inner web slightly sinualed near tip ; adult and young very different in color, the latter with stripes instead of bars beneath, and without bars on upper parts. Nest on cliffs or in hollows of giant trees. Eggs 3-4, 2.20, or less, X 1-70, or less, varying in color from buffy to deep cin- namon- and hazel-brown, usually more or less broken into spotting or blotching, but sometimes nearly plain ; spots varying from hazel- to rich madder-brown. (Subgenus Bhynchodon Nitzsch.) d'. Adult with top of head sooty black, or deep black, appreciably or decidedly darker than back ; chest creamy buff, buffy white, or pure white, often immaculate, never very heavily spotted with blackish. Young with lower parts ochraceous or buffy striped with dusky, the feathers of upper parts bordered with buffy, ochraceous, or rusty. Male: Length 15.50-18.00, wing 11.30- 13.00, tail 6.00-7.60, oulmen .75-.80, tarsus 1.60-1.90, middle toe 1.78-2.05. Female: Length about 18.00-20.00, wing 13.00-14.75, tail 6.90-9.00, culmen .85-1.00, t ' ms 1.95-2.20, middle too 1.95- 2.30. e'. Adult with chest usually distinctly streaked with, or marked with tear-shaped spots of, blackish. Young paler, with ground-color of lower parts pale buffy or buffy whitish. Hah. Europe and portions of Asia. F. peregrinuB Tdnbt. Peregrine Falcon.* e*. Adult with chest usually immaculate. Young more deeply colored, with ground-color of lower parts frequently deep ochraceous. Eggs 2.10 X 1-60. Hah. Whole of America, south as far, at least, as Chili ; eastern Asia? 356. F. peregrinus anatum (Bonap.). Dnok Hawk. d\ Adult with top of head dark slaty, or plumbeous-slate, uniform with back; chest heavily spotted with blackish, and dusky bars of remaining under parts very broad. Young with lower parts sooty black, streaked with pale buffy or buffy white, the feathers of upper parts without rusty margins. Male: Wing 12.90-13.00 (12.96), tail 6.60-6.90 (6.75), culmen .80 -.88 (.84), tarsus 1.88-2.00 (1.94), middle toe 1.88-1.95 (1.91). Female: Wing 14.60-14.75 (14.66), tail 7.70-8.00 (7.84), culmen .96-1.00 (.96), tarsus 2.00-2.25 (2.16), middle toe 2.06-2.21 (2.13). Hab. > Faleo peregrinui TuNBT., Orn. Brit. 1771, 1. 248 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Aleutian Islands, west to Commander Islands, and south along Pacific coast to Oregon. 356a. F. peregrinus pealei Eidqw. Feale's Falcon. c*. Second quill longest, but first longer than third; second with inner web not appreciably sinuated near tip ; adult and young not very different in plumage, the latter not distinctly striped beneath ; size small (wing not exceeding 12.00 — usually much less). (Subgenus Neofalco Ridgw.') d}. Wing 9.50, or more; under tail-coverts ochraceous, or white and rufous, with large transverse spots of black ; upper tail-coverts barred with white or pale ashy. Adult: Above plumbeous black, distinctly bordered with bluish plumbeous ; throat and chest immaculate white centrally and anteriorly, rufous later- ally and posteriorly ; thighs plain rufous. Young : Above uni- form dull black, the feathers sometimes slightly margined with rusty ; throat and chest varying from white to ochraceous or rufous, this always deepest laterally and posteriorly; thighs sometimes thickly spotted transversely with blackish. Male: Length about 12.50, wing 9.50-9.90, tail 5.40-5.50, culmen .72, tarsus 1.40-1.55, middle toe 1.75. Female: Length about 15.00, wing 10.90-12.00, tail 6.00-6.25, culmen .90, tarsus 1.50-1.60, middle toe 1.86-2.10. Hob. Tropical America in general (ex- cept West Indies), north to southern Mexico. F. deiroleucus Tkmm. Temminck's Falcon.* d}. Wing not more than 9.00 ; under tail-coverts deep rufous, usually immaculate, but sometimes slightly barred with white and dusky ; upper tail-coverts indistinctly barred with plumbeous. Adult : Above plumbeous-black, the feathers with bluish plumbeous tips and edges, and, on rump, etc., more or less distinctly barred with same; throat and chest buffy whitish, becoming deeper buffy or ochraceous posteriorly. Young : Similar to adult, but upper parts without plumbeous bars or tips, and sometimes having a slight brownish cast, the feathers usually with indistinct rusty margins ; throat and chest deep ochraceous, the latter usually with a few dusky streaks. Male : Length about 9.50-10.00, wing 7.20-8.80, tail 5.00-5.50, culmen .58, tarsus 1.25-1.60, middle toe 1.15-1.30. Female: Length about 11.00, wing 8.50-9.00, tail 5.00-5.50, culmen .58, tarsus 1.48-1.55, middle toe 1.30-1.40. Hab. Tropical America in general (except West Indies), north to northern Mexico (Nuevo Leon and Mazatlan). P. albigularis Daud. White-throated Falcon.* > New Rubgenus; type, Fnlco albigularii Daud. ' Falco doiruleucm TiCHM., PI. Col. i. 1825, pi. .348. 1 Fulco albujulnrii Daud., Traits, ii. 1800, 131. FALCO. 249 uth along »'s Falcon. ith inner not very sath; size Subgenus rhite and il-coverts lumbeous iroat and bus later- bove uni- ined with iceous or '; thighs I. Male: ilmen .72, )ut 15.00, 1.50-1.60, leral (cx- } Falcon.' 1, usually aite and inibeous. bluish or less whitish, Young : bars or feathers est deep Male : culmen Length \, tarsus srica in (Nuovo Falcon.* a*. Two outer quills with inner webs emargiaatod near tip ; first quill shorter than fourth. • J*. Tarsus not decidedly longer than middle toe ; basal segment of toes covered with small hexagonal or roundish scales. Adult males: Bluish gray above, with blackish shaft-streaks; hind- neck spotted or mixed with whitish and huffy or ochraceous ; quills dusky ; tail crossed by a greater or less number of blackish bands, and tipped with whitish; lower parts whitish, huffy, or light rusty,- striped with brownish or dusky. Adult females : Brownish above, the tail usually with a greater or less number of lighter (usually narrow) bands ; top of head streaked with blackish, and feathers of back and rump with shaft-streaks of the same; lower parts much as in the male, but without rusty tinge. Young (both sexes) : Much like adult female, but darker, or else much tinged above with ochraceous or rusty. (Subgenus Msalon Kaup.) c'. Middle tail-feathers of adult male crossed by about six imperfect, mostly concealed, blackish bands, besides the broad and continuous subter- minal one; that of adult female and young crossed by about eight light bands, including terminal band. Adult male with closed tail showing one black band, this a broad subterminal one ; inner web of longest quill with about ten white spots; hind-neck, breast, and sides more deeply rusty than thighs; dark markings on breast linear, and streaks on cheeks crowded into a distinct "mustache"; length about 11.00, wing 7.60-8.00, tail 5.10-5.30, culmen .45-.50, tarsus 1.35-1.45, middle too 1.15. Adult female : Tail with about eight narrow pale bands (more on lateral feathers), the first two or three concealed, however, by upper coverts ; upper parts usually much spotted with a lighter tint than ground-color; length about 12.00-14.00, wing 8.G0-9.00, tail 6.00-6.30, culmen .52-.55, tarsus 1.45-1.47, middle toe 1.20-1.25. Young : Similar to adult female, but more or less tinged with rusty, the lighter spots on upper parts more distinct. Hab. Europe, etc. ; accidental at sea near coast of Greenland. F. regulus Pall. Merlin.' c*. Middle tail-feathers of adult male crossed by not more than four black- ish bands besides the broad subterminal one, that of female and young never with more than six light bands, including terminal one. Adult males with closed tail showing more than one black band ; inner web of longest quill with less than ten white spots ; hind-neck, breast, and sides less tinged with rusty than thighs ; markings on breast broad, stripe-like, and streaks on cheeks not crowded into a distinct "mustache." d}. Middle tail-feathers with not more (altogether) than four blackish or five lighter bands. > Fiiho regulun Pall., Rcis. Russ. Reiohs. ii., Anhang, 1773, 707. 82 250 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. *: e*. Inner webs of quills distinctly barred or transversely spotted with whitish ; tail-bands distinct, in both sexes, at all stages; outer webs of quills destitute of distinct grayish, buffy, or ochraceous spots, and general color of plumage darker. Adult female and young with whitish or huffy ]>revailing on lower parts. Male: Length about 10.00-11.00, wing 7.40- 7.80 (7.65), tail 4.65-5.20 (4.87), culmen .48-.50, tarsus 1.30- 1.40, middle toe 1.15-1.25. Female : Length about 12.50- 13.25, wing 8.35-8.00 (8.50), tail 5.30-5.50 (5.38), culmen .55-.60, tarsus 1.55-1.60, middle too 1.35. Nest very va- riously situated (in cavity of cliff or in hollow of tree, on branches of trees, etc.). Eggs 2-4, 1.59 X 1-23, usually more or less spotted or blotched with deep rustj'^ brown, hazel-brown, or cinnamon, on a paler (sometimes buffy whitish) ground-color. Ilab. Whole of North America, breeding chiefly north of United States; south, in win- ter, to West Indies, Middle America, and northern South America 357. F. columbarius Linn. Pigeon Hawk. e'. Inner webs of quills not distinctly barred or spotted, and tail- bands, except whitish tip, indistinct, or obsolete. Adult female and young : Above plain blackish brown ; lower parts very heavily marked with dusky. (^Adult male unknown.') Male : Wing 7.35-7.70, tail 5.25-5.60, culmen .48-.50, tarsus 1.30-1.45, middle toe 1.20. Female: Wing 8.25-8.50, tail 6.70-5.80, culmen .55-.60, tarsus 1.50-1.60, middle too 1.35- 1.40. Hab. Northwest coast, from northern California (in winter) to Sitka. 357a. F. columbarius suckleyi Eidqw. Black Merlin, rf'. Middle tail-feathers crossed by (altogether) five darker and six lighter bands; outer webs of quills distinctly spotted with light grayish in adult male, and buffy or ochraceous in adult female and j^oung, and general plumage paler. Adult male: Above pale bluish gray (top of head usually more or less tinged with light rusty or ochraceous) ; tail crossed, on middle feathers, by five blackish and six light bluish gray (or five bluish gray and one white — terminal) bands, the lighter ones often clouded or mixed with white ; outer webs or quills distinctly spotted with light grayish ; wing 7.70-8.05 (7.94), tail 4.90-5.30 (5.11), culmen .50-.60, tarsus 1.42-1.55, middle toe 1.20-1.30. Adult female: Above rather light earthy brown, more or less distinctly barred or transversely spotted with a lighter shade ; tail crossed, on middle feather, by six very distinct and entirely continuous narrow bands of buffy whitish ; secondaries distinctly banded with ochraceous, and outer webs of quills distinctly spotted with a lighter tint of the same; length about 12.00-13.50, wing FALCO. 251 8.80-9.10 (8.95), tail 5.70-6.30 (5.92), culmen .55-.60, tarsus 1.30-1.40, middle toe 1.15-1.25. Young (both sexes) : Similar to adult female, but more decidedly buffy below, and upper parts more or less tinged with rusty. Egg (single specimen) 1.52 X 1.22, buffy white, handsomely marbled and irregularly spotted with madder-brown. Hab. Interior of North America, breed- ing from Rocky Mountains of Colorado (?) northward, and straggling west to Pacific coast ; south, in winter, to Texas and Arizona (pi-obably into Mexico). 358. F. richardsonii Bidow. Richardson's Merlin. b*. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe ; basal phalanx of toes with trans- verse scutellfB. c'. Bill robust, the length of the cere on top equal to about one-third the culmen; transverse scutelliu on basal phalanx of toes largo and almost uninterrupted; second and third quills longest, first equal to or shorter than fourth ; sexes essentially alike in color, and young not very different from adults ; size medium (wing more than 9.00). (Subgenus Rhynehofalco Eidqw.) Adult : Above plain bluish gray or plumbeous, the secondaries broadly tipped with whitish ; tail darker towards end, tipped with white, and crossed by about eight narrow bands of the same ; a broad stripe behind eye, middle of car-coverts, with entire chin, throat, and chest, immaculate white, the postocular stripe changing to orange-rufous on occiput, where the two of opposite sides are confluent ; sides and flanks slaty blackish, narrowly ban-ed with white ; thighs and lower tail-coverts light rufous, or rusty ochraceous. Young : Similar to adult, but colors duller, the gray above less bluish, rufous or ochra- ceous of thighs, etc., paler, the chest more or less buffy and striped with dusky. Male: Length about 15.00, wing 9.20- 10.70, tail 6.30-8.00, culmen .60-.68, tarsus 1.70-1.85, middle toe 1.35-1.50. Female: Length about 17.00-18.00, wing 11.00- 11.60, tail 7.80-8.80, culmen .71-80, jtarsus 1.80-2.00, middle too 1.55-1.70. Nest on low trees or bushes (usually yuccas or cacti). Eggs 2-4(?), 1.78x1-57, dull white or buffy white, thickly speckled and irregularly spotted with vandyke-brown. Hab. Tropical America in general {except West Indies), north to southern Texas and Now Mexico. 359. F. fusco-ccerulescens Yieill. Aplomado Falcon. c*. Bill small, the length of the cere on top less than one-fourth the chord of the culmen ; transverse scutellaj interrupted at extreme lower part of tarsus and extreme base of toes ; tarsus much longer than middle toe (without claw) ; sexes very different in color, and young of both sexes (in American species) essentially like adults. Nest in holes, usually in dead trees. Eggs 2-5, 1.45, or less, X 116, or less, rt.! hJ NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. varying from pure white, with few markings (very rarely quite im- maculate), to deep cinnamon-buff (usually an intermediate shade) more or less sprinkled, speckled, spotted, or blotched with rusty brown or cinnamon. (Subgenus Tinnunculus Vieill.) Adult males with tail chestnut-rufous, crossed by a broad subter- minal black band (sometimes with more or less distinct nar- rower bands anterior to this, especially on lateral feathers), and tipped with whitish or rufous; wing-coverts grayish blue, or plumbeous, usually more or less spotted with black ; sides of head with one or two (usually two) black obliquely vertical stripes, the enclosed space whitish ; lower parts varying from pure white (the throat and under tail-coverts always white), through shades of buff and ochraceous, to deep rufous, with or without black spots. Young males similar to adults, but feathers of upper surface more or less distinctly margined with whitish, the colors generally more suffused. Adult fe- males : Tail rusty, crossed by numerous narrow bands or bars of dusky ; wingcoverts also ferruginous, barred with dusky, like back and scapulars ; head marked as in male. Young fe- male: Similar to adult, but colors softer, deeper, and more blended, rf'. Back always entirely rufous or rusty, with or without black bars or spots ; breast, etc., varying from white to deep ochraceous with or without dusky markings; forehead and ear-coverts distinctly whitish, e'. Inner webs of quills barred entirely across with white and dusky ; " mustache" across t t'. Scapulars, sides, belly, and middle wing-coverts plain black in adult, plain dull browni.sh in young; tail-coverts plain white. Adult: Upper half of head, scapulars, wings, lower back, rump, belly, sides, flanks, and anal region plain dull black, or brownish black ; upper back and breast black, barred with white ; lower portion of head, neck (all round), chest, and tail-coverts soiled white, the chest transversely spotted with black ; basal two-thirds (or more) of tail white, crossed by about 13-14 narrow bars of dusky, these growing less distinct basally ; terminal zone of tail uni- form black. Young : IJlack of adult replaced by dull brownish, darkest on top of head ; white and dusk}' areas gradually blended, those portions which are barred in the adult being striped with the tw^o colors; tail rfs in adult. Length 20.50-25.00, wing 14.60-16.50, tail 8.80-10.00, culmen 1.20-1.48, tarsus 3.20-3.75. ^''est on trees, bushes, or cliffs. Eggs 2-4, 2.30x1-74; ground-color cinnamon, pale umbor, brownish white, or walnut-brown, variously marked (usually blotched or stained) with deeper brown (burnt-umber, ch'^stnut, or clarct-brown). Hab. Middle America and northern Soulli A nerica, south to Guiana and Ecuador, north to .southern border of United States (Florida to Lower California). 362. P. chcriway (Jacq). Andabon'B Caraoara. a*. Hump and upper taii-coverls dull brownish btiff, or light isabeila-color, broadly barred with dull brown ; tail brownish buff, or pale isabella-color, with broad bars of grayish i)rown bordered by narrower zigzag bars or lines of dusky, the terminal dark band less than 2.00 wide. Adult: Upper half of head, lesser wing-coverts, secondaries, primary cov- erts, terminal portion of primaries, under side of wing (including axillars), and terminal zone of tail, plain blackish brown; ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat plain dirtj' whitish or pale brownish buffy ; rest of plumage barred with dusky lirownish and dull brownish buff or dirty brownish white. Young: Quills, tail, tail-coverts, head, and lesser wing-coverts much as in adult; rest of ])lumage more or less distinctl}' striped with dull brown and dirty brownish white or dull buffy, the former prevail- ing, and sometimoH nearly uniform, on upper parts. Downy young: Light brownish buff, with a brown patch covering arm-wing and scapu- lar region, an'^. P. lutosus Uinow. Guadalupe Caraoara. fJENrs PANDIGN S.wiony. (Page 224, pi. LXX., fig. 3.) Species. Adult male: Above plain dusky grayish brown, the tail more grayish, narrowly tipped with white, and crossed by about six or seven narrow bands of dusky ; head, > Fiiku Ihttrif MoL., 8p. Cliil. 1782, Mi, Ui. J'<,li/l,orut ihiuut Stiuckl., Orn. Syu. 1855, 1U. STRIX. 265 neck, and entire lower parts pure white, the chest sometimes slightly blotched or spotted with brown, but usually' immaculate ; sides of head with a dusky stripe from lores across ear-coverts, and top of head usually more or less marked with dusky. Adult female : SimHar to the male, but c'-est much more heavily spotted or blotched with brown (never immjtculate). Young: Above blackish brown, each feather distinctly bordered terminally with white or buify; otherwise like adult, the sexes differing in same manner. Dovny young: Dull sootj' grayish or dusky above, more or less mixed or tinged with rusty or fulvous, relieved by a broad whitish stripe down middle of back and rump; a dusky stripe on sides of head, and three others on top of head, separated bj'- whitish stripes; hinder portion of wing whitish, anterior poi'tion dusky; lower parts dull whitish, the chest brownish or dusky. Length 20.75-25.00, extent about 65.00, wing 17.00-21.00, tail 7.00-10.00, culmen 1.20-1.45, tarsus 1.95-2.40. \'id on trees near water, very bulky, composed of largo sticks, etc. Eggs 2-A, 2.J ?• X ^.77, the ground-color varying from liuffy white through various shades of buti* to pale cinnamon, boldly spotted or blotched with rich chestnut or madder-bnjwn and purplish gray. Hnb. Temperate and tropical America in general, north to Hudson's Bay and Alaska. 3G4. P. haliaetus carolinensis (Gmel.). American Osprey. Family STRIGIDiE.— The Barn Owls, (rage 218.) Genera. (Characters same as those given for the Family) Strix. (Page 255.) Genus STRIX LiNNyrcns. (Page 255, pi. LXXiV., fig. 1.) Species. Ground-color of upper parts ochraceous-yellow, this overlaid, more or less con- tinuously, 1>3' a grayish HU])orfi('ial tint, finely mottled and speckU'd with dusky and white; quills and tail-feathors with more or less distinct, distant, dusky hands, of variable numi a/ ; lower parts varying from plain snowy white to bright tawny, speckled w.th dusky; face varying from pure white to tawny; lengtli ir).00-'Jl.(IO, wing'ri50-ll.(M), tail 5.70-7.50, culmen .90-1.00. tarsus 2.2.)-3.00. middle toe 1.25, or more, y^.^^ in IkiIIdw trees, in towers, bi'Ifries, e!". Eggs 3-10, l.fi5 X 131, ovate, phvi!i white. JLih. United States generally (rarer nortln\ :irrc.\ico. 3G5. S. pratincola Honai*. American Barn Owl. Family BUBONID.^. — Tiil: Horned Owl.s, etc. (Page 218) (Rggs invariably plain white, usually oval, or broadly oval, sometimes nearly spherical.) Genera. rt'. Wing more than 10.00. l>^. Length of eon' along top equal to or exceeding chord of culmen, the upper uutlinu decidedly arched toward I'aso. 256 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Ear-oponing immeneo, extending almost the entire height of the Bkull, the two ears conspicuously asymmetrical Asio. (Page 257.) b*. Length of cere along top less than chord of culmen, the upper outline uot arched. c*. Ear-opening very large, with a distinct anterior operculum or " flap," the two ears conspicuously asymmetrical. (No ear-tufts.) d". Smaller (wing 12.00-15.00, tail less than 10.00) ; bill larger, more exposed ; at least the terminal scutclla of each toe exposed ; eyes larger, with irides dark brown or nearly black ; feet larger, and facial disk relatively smaller Syrnium. (Pago 258.) d\ Larger (wing 16.00-18.00, tail 12.00 or more) ; bill relatively much smaller, and nearly hidden by feathers; toes entirely covered with feathers; eyes I'elatively much smaller, with irides yellow ; feet relatively much smaller; and facial disk much broader. Scotiaptex. (Page 250.) c'. Ear-opening small, without anterior operculum, or ■ Ila]»," the two ears not distinctly asymmetrical. d\ Ear-tufts very conspicuous; tail reaching beyond tip of longest lower coverts ; two or three outer quills with inner webs emur- giiuUed; toes covered with short but dense f'eatbors, the claws wholly exposed ; bill exposed Bubo. (Page 262.) (P. Ear-tufts rudimentary ; tail not reaching beyond tips of longest lower coverts; four outer (juills with inner webs emarginated ; toes covered with long hair like feathers, partly or wholly con- cealing the claws; bill nearly concealed by the loral featheix. (Very large; wing 17.(H» to 19.00.) Nyctea. (Page 204.) a'. Wing less than 10.00. b^. Tarsus less than twice as long as middle toe, and much les^ than half as long as tail, c'. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing. graduateii uously uhymiiu't rical. (No ear-tufts ; wing 5,25-7.20.) Nyctala. (Pi>_c 20(>.) (/*. Ear-opening small, without anterior operculum, the two ears sym- metrical, c'. Nostril large, oval, opening in anterior edge of cere; ear-tufls conspicuous; small (wing 5,40-7.80). Megascops. (Pag«' 260.) c*. Nostril small, cirrular. opening nt^ar tlu< mid c*. Dusky of upper parts in form of confused mottling, not contrasting con- spicuously with the paler ground-color; lower parts whitish (ochra- ceous ln'ueath surface), nuirked with irregular dusky bars which are much broader than the mesial streaks with which they are confiu- ent ; length 1:100-16.00, wing 11.50-12.00, tail 6.00-6.20, culmcn .65, tarsus 1.20-1.25. Nest, usuall.y the deserted one of u crow, heron, magpi--, or other bird of similar size. E<}(js 3-6, 1.66 X 1-28. ovate or ovoid. Hah. Whole of temperate North America, south to table- lands of Mexico. 366. A. wilsonianus (Less.). Amerioan Longp*eared Owl. V Enrl** of longer quillx narrow, ilmt of tlu' first almost I'alcate ; toes naked; liM'c (iDiky or with dull grayish prevailing. Aiiovc i ;rre(|, with dark brown. (Sid)genus Hi'iwhyotu!* ({ori.n ) jt (tlor varyinu: (iuilivldually) Ironi bri;;;it tawny ochraceous il 111 . this r"li»«ved by conspicuous stri|Kvi < f dark brown, those ot iic l.wrer parts growing gnulually narrower ])osteriorly, and dis- ing altogether on legs and lower tall-coverts; wings irregularly • .Vfrtr ..»H» !*»»..>*. N. WJ t*. «. lf»», #1. y4»t(. ..fu« LRU).., Miin, .I'f. . 1. IS2H, lift. > SyrutUtfui <«yyi»« WAai... 1«L«, IMK ttfl. Aiiu ot^ijiut Stiucki.., Urn. \&yn, i. \^t>i>, 207. 38 258 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. varied with dusky and ochraceous, tho quills with large (often partially confluent) spots of the latter; tail ochraceous or buffy, paler on outer feathers, and crossed with about five dusky bands ; face blackish around eyes, the eyebrows whitish. Young : Above dark sepia-brown, tho feathers broadly tipped with ochraceous-buff; face uniform brownish black; lower parts wholly plain pale dull bufty, tinged with smoky grayish anteriorly. Length 13.80-1G.75. wing 11.80-13.00, tail 5.80- fi.lO, cnlmen .60-.65, tarsus about 1.75. Neat on ground, in open situa- tions, usually among bushes or tall grasses. Eggs'H-fi, 1.59 X 123. ITab. Entire western hemisphere, except Galapagos and part of West Indies ; also, nearly throughout eastern hemisphere, excepting Australia, etc. 367. A. accipitrinus (Pall.). Short-eared Owl. Genus SYRNIUM Savigny. (Page 256, pi. LXXYII., fig. 2.) S2)ccies. Common Ciiahacters. — Above deep umbor- or sepia-brown, barred or spotted with huffy or Avhitish ; face dull grayish or dingy grayish white, usually with nar- row darker concentric rings; quills s))otted with ])ale brown and whitish, and tail crossed by about six to eight narrow bands of the same; lower parts whitish (huffy or ochraceous beneath surface), barred and striped, or spotted, with b''own ; iris bi'ownish black ; bill yellowish. (/'. Head, neck, and breast broadly barred with deep brown and whitish, or huffy; sides, flanUs, ami other posterior lower parts striped with deep brown. 6'. Top of toes feathered, except on tcrmimxl portion. Face without darker concentric rings; colors deep sepia-brown and grayish white, tho latter with little or none of ochraceous on lower parts, where the stripes are very dark, almost blackish, brown ; wing 14.80, tail 9.00, culmen .95. Hab. Eastern Mexico (Mirador, etc.). S. nebulosum sartorii Kinow. Mirador Barred Owl.^ Face with more or loss distinct darker concentric rings; colors deep umber-brown and huffy whitish (deeper buff, or ochraceous, beneath surface). Young: Head, neck, !\r.d entire lower parts broadly barred with rather light umber-brown and jiale buff'y and whitish, the brown and lighter bars about equal in width ; back, scapulars, and wiiig-eoverts similarly marked, hut the bars broader, tho brown ones of a deeper lint, and the terminal portion of each feather broatllj' white, producing a spotted appearance; quills, socDudarios, and tail-feathers (when grown out) as in ad\ilt. Length 19.75-li4.00, wing about 13.00-14.00, tail about 9.00. Nest in trees (usually in hollows). Eggs 2-3, 1.94 X 1<>5. Hab. Eastern North America, c\ > •Vyrnt'iim ncbiilo'iim, var, I'lrturii, Ribuw., in Ili't. N. Aiu. D. iii. I^'i, 20. (Tliii! \* ]niMih\y n distinct tpoclos from S. uvhulomim.) SCOTIAPTEX. 2S9 north to more southern British Provinces; south to Geoi'gia and northern Texas 3G8. S. nebulosum (Forst.). Barred Owl. 6'. Top of toes naked, except a small pointed strip on outer side of basal joint of middle toe. Plumage essentially as in S. nebulosum, but averaging slightly darker. Mab. Gulf States, from Florida (and lower Georgia?) to Texas. 3G8a. S. nebulosum alleni Kidqw. Florida Barred Owl. Head and neck deep brown, marked with roundish white spots; whole of lower parts barred and transversely spotted with brown. Length about 19.00, wing 12.00-13.50, tail 8.50-9.00, culmen .90. Egg 2.05 X 1.80. Hab. Highlands of Mexico, north to New Mexico, Arizona, California, and Lower California. 3G9. S. occidentale Xantus. Spotted Owl. Genus SCOTIAPTEX Swainson.' (Pago 256, pi. LXXVII., fig. 3.) Species. Common Characters. — Dusky grayish brown and grayish white, the former prevailing above, the latter predominating beneath ; the upper surface varied by irregular markings having a trauHverso tendency, the lower parts with the dark markings in the Ibrm of ragged longitutlinal stripes, giving way to transverse bars on the flanks; face grayish white, with narrow concentric rings of dusky; bill palo yellow; iris yellow; toes very densely clothed with hairlike feathers; length 25.00-30.00, extent 54.00-GO.OO, wing about lG.00-18.00, tail 11.00-12.50, culmen 1.00. <<'. Plumage with dark sooty tints predominating, liie inner webs of primaries with- out a distinct wbitisii patch on basal portion. Nest usvsally in trees. Eggs 2-3, 2.16 X 171. ILib. Northern North America, breeding far northward; south, in winter, to northern border ol' T'oitod States. 370. S. cinereum (Gmel.). Great Gray Owl. d'. Plumage with light mottled brownish gray and grayish white prevailing, the inner webs of quills with distinct whitish patch on basal portion. Downy young: "Upper jiarts very inmli darker than in the adult, dull (almost sooty) chocolate-browii ; the head covered with close dark feathers very slightly tipjjcd wiili whitish brown; upi)er ])arts very little nuirked with ■white; facial disk scarcely detined ; under parts sooty brown closely barred with dull white ; wings anil tail iiuicli darUcr than in the adult, the outer prinmries only indistinctly burred with dull grayish brown." (Dresser.) • SrolitMplrjr SWAIX*., ClaMlf, B, H. 18.17, 217. Ty|>0, Stii.r riNfffn Umri.. NoTK. — Tho Huli!itituti'>n of Vtiln Cxv. for .SVuli'n^/i .r Swams. i\s the nnmc for ♦hl« urniis wim «n error. StrU Hrf Vliil't, I mil flrtVT oonvincoil, from rccont tcry oft^o^^l rxniiiinntion nml ooin- parinon wil'i hoth .V. .-itt^rw tii Ithinoptjjtxx Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, 114. Type, Strix mtxicana Ombl. 264 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Wing 11.20-12.00, tail 6.00-6.50. Hob. Tropical America in general (except West Indies), north to Mexico. B. mexicanus (Gmel.). Striped Horned Owl.> I Genus NYCTEA Stephens. (Pago 256, pi. LXXVI., fig. 2.) Species. Adult male: Plumage pure white, sometimes almost immaculate, but usually marked more or less with transverse spots or bars of clear slaty brown on top of head, back, and scapulars, the quills and tail-feathers with dusky spots near ends; lower parts usually marked more or less on belly, sides, and flanks with narrow bars of clear slaty brown, but those markings sometimes altogether wanting; length about 20.00-23.00, wing 15.50-17.30, tail 9.00-9.70, culmon 1.00. Adult fe- male: Much darker colored than the male, only the face, fore-neck, middle of breast, and feet being immaculate, other portions being heavily barred with dusky, the top of head and hind-neck spotted with the same ; length 23.00-27.00, wing 17.30-18.70, tail 9.70-10.30, culmon 1.10, Downy young: Uniform dusky brown, or deep sooty grayish, paler on legs and feet. Nest on ground. £(jgs 5-10, 2.24 X 1.76. Hab. Extreme northern portions of northern hemisphere in summer, mi- grating southward in winter (in North America almost across the United States, and even reaching, accidentally, the Bermudas). 376. N. nyctea (Linn.). Snowy Owl. Genus SURNIA Dum£ril. (Page 256, pi. LXXIIL, fig. 4.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult: Top of head and hind-neck spotted with white and blackish, or dark brown, in vaiying relative proportion ; a patch of uniform blackish or dark brown on each side of hind-neck, and another across hinder por- tion of oar-coverts ; rest of upper parts brown, the scapulars heavily s])ottod or blotched, wings more or loss spotted, upper tail-coverts broadly and distinctly barred, and tail narrowly and indistinctly barred, with white ; face and lower parts white, the lower breast, belly, sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts very regu- larly barred with brown. Young: Upper parts dark sepia-brown, the feathers of top of head and hind-neck tipped with dull grayish butt", which constitutes the prevailing color; feathers of back, and scapulars, indistinctly tipped with dull gray- ish buff; lores and car-coverts plain brownish black, rest of face dull whitish ; lower parts dull whitish, deeply shaded across chest with dark sooty brownish, other portions being bn .ally but rather indistinctly barred with brown, these markings narrower and more confused anteriorly, and on logs. Length about 14.75-17.50, wing about 9.00, tail 6.80-7.00. ' Strix mexicana Qmel., S. N. i. 1789, 288. Bubo mexicnniit Riuow., in Hist. N. Am. B. ili. 1874, 01. SPEOTYTO. 265 a*. Light-colored, with white largely prevailing on top of head, hind-neck, and scapular region ; dark markings of head usually dark brown, nuieh reduced in size; bars on lower parts narrow, rather light brown. Hah. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere, from Xorway to Kamtschatka and moro northern Asiatic shores of Bering's Sea (Plover Bay) ; accidental in western Alaska (St. Michael's) ? 377. S. ulula (Linn.). Hawk Owl. a*. Dark-colored, with black or brownish black prevailing on top of head and hind- nock, and deep brown on scapular region — the brown of back, etc., usually much darker than in S. ulula ; dark patches on sides of head, etc., more ex- tensive, and deep black or brownish black ; bars of lower parts much broader, and (usually) darker. Nest on pine or spruce trees. Hggs 2-6, 1.51 X 1-23. JIab. Northern North America ; south, lu winter, to northern border of United States; British Islands? 377a. S. ulula caparoch (Mt)LL.). American Hawk Owl. Genus SPEOTYTO Glooer. (Page 257, pi. LXXVIL, fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Adults: Above brownish, spotted, ban'od, and some- times otherwise varied with white or buify ; lower parts white or bufty, broadly barred, or transversely spotted, with brown ; eyebrows, chin, and space on middle of chest plain white; a collar of mixed brown and buffy across throat; legs plain white or buffy. Young : Above plain brown, except wings and tail, which are marked as in adults; upper tail-coverts, and large space on wing-covert area, with lower parts, plain buff; anterior lesser wing-coverts darker brown than back ; upper throat, and broad space across chest, plain Avhito. Nest at extremity of hole or burrow in ground. £(jgs 3-11. a'. Lower parts with ground-color distinctly buffy or much tinged with buff, the lower tail-coverts never (?) spotted ; upper parts earthy brown, with buffy spotting and barring; length 9.00-11.00, wing 5.80-7.20 (6.69), tail 3.15- 3.50 (3.3-4), culmen .55-.60 (.58), tarsus 1.70-1.92 (1.80). Eggs 1.27 X 103. Hab. Western North America, north to or beyond northern boundary of United States, east to Great Plains, south to Guatemala ; accidental in New York (city) and Massachusetts. 378. S. cunicularia hypogaea (Bonap.). Burrowing Owl. n*. Lower parts nearly pure white, with little if anj"- buff tinge, except on thighs and lining of wings ; upper parts clear sepia-brown, with nearly pure white spotting and barring; wing 6.30-6.70 (6.47), tail 3.00-3.50 (3.15), culmen .58-.68 (.61), tarsus 1.65-1.80 (1.75). Eggs 1.2-t X 1-02. JIab. Florida and adjacent Bahama Islands (New Providence). 378a. S. cunicularia iloridana IIidqw. Florida Bnrrowing Owl. 84 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 m m IIM m |40 IIM m U! IM, 1.8 U III 1.6 v] <^ ^;. 01 O 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation .#^ ^^ \ ^ :\ \ ^v 6^ ^ 33 WIST MAIN STXBIT WnSTER.N.Y. MSBO (716) 872-4 '>03 <^ <^ >> 1 9* 266 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ■-.i Genus GLAUCIDIUM Boie. (Page 257, pi. LXXV., fig. 3.) Species. Common Characters. — Upper parts grayish, brownish, or rufous, the wings and scapulars more or less spotted with whitish, the tail barred with white or rufous, the top of the head (in adults) streaked or speckled with whitish (plain in young) ; lower parts whitish, sti-iped with blackish, brown, or rufous ; eyebrows whitish ; face encircled by a dusky border. a' a\ Sides of breast and fore-part of sides brownish, more or less distinctly spotted with paler (spots sometimes indistinct, or partly concealed); tail-bands always white, the interspaces blackish ; top of head speckled or dotted with whitish in adult, plain plumbeous or slaty in young ; lower parts striped with blackish ; color of back varying from slaty graj'ish to deep umber- or sepia-brown ; length 6.50-7.50, wing 3.40-4.00, tail 2.40-2.80. Egg (single specimen, identification somewhat doubtful) 1.17 X -88. Hab. Western North America, north British Columbia, east to Colorado and New Mexico, and south through highlands of Mexico to Guatemala. 379. G. gnoma Waql. Pygmy Owl. Sides of breast and forepart of sides plain brown or rufous, without trace of lighter markings; tail-bands varying from white to rufous, the intei spaces varying from grayish brown to blackish or dark rusty ; top of head narrowlj'' streaked with whitish or pale rusty in adult, plain in young ; lower parts striped with brown or rufous ; color of back, etc., varying from grayish brown to bright rufous ; length 6.50-7.00, wing 3.50-4.60, tail 2.20-3.50. Hab. Whole of tropical America (except West Indies), north to southwestern bor- der of United States (southern Texas to Arizona). 380. G. phalsenoides (Daud.). Ferruginous Pygmy Owl. Genus MICRATHENE Coues. (Page 257, pi. LXXV., fig. 4.) Species. Common Characters. — Above grayish or brownish, finely mottled with darker, and indistinctly speckled with pale rustj'' ; an interrupted whitish collar across hind- neck ; outer webs of outermost scapulars white ; wings spotted with whitish and pale rusty ; tail brownish, crossed by 6-6 narrow, usually interrupted, bands of pale brownish or rusty; eyebrows, lores, and "cnivat" under chin white; lower parts white, marked with ragged, rather longitudinal, blotches of pale brownish or rusty, finely mottled with darker. a*. Prevailing tint grayish, or grayish brown ; bands on tail narrower, always (?) interrupted on middle feathers; length 5.50-6.26, wing 4.00-4.40, tail 1.90- 2.30. Neat in hole of giant cactus. Egga 3-4, 1.01 X 'S?. Hab. Southwestern MICRATHENE. 267 United States (southern Arizona and southeastern California) and Lower California, south to southern Mexico (Puebla and Guanajuato). 381. M. whitneyi (Cooper). Elf OwL Prevailing tint deep brownish, the spots and bands more decidedly rusty ; bands on tail broader, not interrupted on middle feathers; wing 4.05-4.25, tail 1.90-2.20. Hab. Socorro Island, western Mexico. M. graysoni RiDow. Socorro Elf Owl.i 1 Micrathene graysoni Ridgw., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 333. ■ ■ 268 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. .li Order PSITTACI. — The Parrots, Macaws, Paroquets, etc. (Page 2.) Families. (Characters same as those given for the Order) ... Psittacidae. (Page 268.) Family PSITTACIDiE. (Page 268.) North and Middle American Genera. a^. Tail graduated, the feathers narrowed toward tips. 6*. Cheeks naked; tail longer than wing, graduated for more than half its length; very large (wing more than 12.00) Ara} b^. Cheeks densely feathered ; tail shorter than wing, graduated for less than half its length ; small or medium (wing not more than 12.00). c'. Wing more than 3.50 ; upper mandible very little if any broader than high at base. d^. Second or third quill longest. e'. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing ; wing more than 5.00. /'. Bill very large, much compressed, the tip of lower man- dible much produced, truncated, and flattened ; gonys flattened ; tail graduated for only about one-third its length ; cere densely feathered, concealing the nostrils ; wing 8.00, or more Rhynchopsitta. (Page 269.) /'. Bill smaller, less compressed, with tip of lower mandible less produced, and gonys rounded ; tail graduated for much more than one-third its total length ; cere naked in some species, densely feathered in others; wing less than 8.00 in all North American species. Conurus. (Page 269.) e'. Tail less than twcJ-thirds as long as the wing ; wing less than 5.00. Core naked on top Brotogeris.* d\ First quill longest. Tail (in northern species) less than two-thirds as long as 1 Ara BniasoN, Om. iv. 1760, 184. Type, A. bratiliennii BnK»,, = A. chlornptera Qray. For synopsis of Mexican species, see Appendix. » lirotogerit Via., Zool. Jour. ii. 1826, 400. Type, Puittacm pyrrhnptcnm LiNS. One Mexican and Central Amorioan species, /?. ^oii' (LiNS.) ; color uniform green, paler bolow, upper wing- oovorts olivo-brownish, and spot on chin orange ; length about 6.50 inches. " ■ RHYNCHOPSITTA. 269 ;aws. 'age 268.) I half its Ara} less than ider than lore than (ver man- d; gonys -third its ) nostrils ; 'age 269.) mandible mated for ere naked wing less >age 269.) less than ^rotogeris? >) long as r BynopsiB of upper wing- wing; wing (in northern species) less than 5.00; top of cere feathered Myiopsitta} c*. Wing not more than 3.50; upper mandible very much broader than high at base ; tail scarcely more than half as long as wing ; cere feathered on top Psittacula} a'. Tail slightly rounded, the feathers broad at ends. Third or fourth quill longest ; cere always naked, with nostrils exposed. Amazona? Genus RHYNCHOPSITTA Bonap;>rte. (Page 268, pi. LXXIII., fig. 2.) Species. Adult: Forehead, fore-part and sides of crown, lores, and anterior lesser wing- coverts, poppy-red ; under primary coverts lemon-yellow ; under surface of quills, secondaries, and tail olivaceous dusky ; rest of plumage uniform grass-green, rather paler and duller on lower parts, but much brighter on sides of head ; bill entirely blackish. Younger: Similar to adult, but bill whitish, with a triangular dusky space on each side (extending upward from cutting-edge about half-way to culmen and anteriorly- as fur as the notch) ; red of forehead not extending over eye ; red on thighs and along edge of wing interrupted and very inconspicuous. {Young in first plumage probably without any red, the plumage entirely green, except on under surface of wing and tail, and bill probably entirely whitish.) Length 16.00-16.75, wing 8.50-10.50, tail 6.30-7.00, graduated for 2.25-2.35, culmen 1.45-1.55, height of bill at base 1.65-1.75. Hab. Northern and central Mexico (pine region) ; south- western Texas and southern New Mexico.* — . R. pachyrhyncha (Swains.). Thick>billed Parrot. Genus CONURUS Kuhl. (Page 268, pi. LXXVII., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters (of North American and Mexican spocids). — Prevailing color uniform green ; adults with or without yellow or orange on head. a}. Cere and nostrils entirely concealed by dense feathering ; culmen rounded. Adult: Head and upper neck pure gamboge-yellow, the forehead, lores, and cheeks deep orange or orange-red; upper parts rich parrot-green, the tcrtials, tips of greater wing-coverts, and basal portion of outer webs 1 Myinpsiiia BoNAP., Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1854. 150. Typo, Ptittacus murinm Gmf.l. One Mexican nnd Central American species, M. lineola (Cass.) ; color uniform green, lighter beneath, more or less distinctly borred above and along sides with blacltish; length about 6.00 inches. * Psittacula Bniss., Orn. iv. 1760, 382. Typo, P. brasilieniii Bmsa., = P»iltacu» pnnerimis Link. One species found in western Mexico as far north as Maaiatlan (P. eynnopyga SouANcfi) is uniform green, lighter beneath, the male with rump and some of the under wing-oovorts fine light blue; length about 4.50 inches. ' Amatona Less., Traitfi, 1331, 189. Typo, Piittacui pulvervilentu* Ghel. For aynopiis of Mexican species, 100 Appendix. * Dr. R. W. SauFELDT, V.S.A., tn tpiit. 270 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. of quills yellowish green or greenish yellow ; rest of quills dark bluish ; lower parts clear light yellowish green; edge of wing and thighs tinged with orange. Immature : Similar to adult, but head and neck entirely green, except forehead and lores, which are dull orange-red. Young (first plumage): Similar to preceding, but with little if any orange on forehead or lores. Length 11.35-14.00, wing 7.00-7.60, tail 6.40-7.10. JVest in hole of large tree (usually cypress or sycamore). Eggs 1.39 X 1.07, ovate, short ovate, or rounded ovate, pure white. Hab. Formerly, entire Mississippi Valley, Gulf States, and southern Atlantic States, north (casually ?) to Michigan, Marjdand, or even to Albany, New York, regu- larly to Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Nebraska, etc., west to eastern Colora lo and Texas; now nearly exterminated, and existing only in compara- tively restricted and isolated localities in lower Mississippi Valley and Gulf States 382. C. carolinensis (Linn.). Carolina Paroquet. Cere partly naked, the nostrils exposed ; culmen flattened. 6*. Wing 6.50, or more ; quills and secondaries green. (Color unifonn grass- green, including quills, paler on lower parts ; under surface of quills and tail-feathers yellowish olive.) c\ Eather smaller, with weaker bill, relatively larger feet, and more yel- lowish green lower parts ; wing 6.70-7.00 (6.87), tail 5.40-6.30 (5.96), culmen 1.00-1.10 (1.03), depth of upper mandible at base .50-.60 (.55), width .55-.65 (.60), tarsus .66-.75 (.71), middle toe .85-1.00 (.91). Hab. Southern Mexico to Nicaragua. C. holochlorus Scl. Green Parakeet.' c'. Eather larger, with stouter bill, relatively weaker feet, and more deeply green lower parts ; wing 6.50-6.70 (6.59), tail 6.10-6.50 (6.29), culmen 1.00-1.12 (1.07), depth cf upper mandible at base .57-.61 (.59), width .61-.65 (.63), tarsus .70-.72 (.70), middle too .85-.89 (.86). Hab. Socorro Island, western Mexico. C. holochlorus brevipes Baird. Socorro Parakeet.' 6'. Wing 5.50, or less ; quills and secondaries partly blue. c*. Bill horn-colored, the ends of both mandibles whitish ; throat and chest dull olive or olive-brownish ; belly dull yellowish olive or olive-yel- lowish, in contrast with bright green of sides and flanks ; top of head entirely green ; wing 5.00-5.40, tail 4.60-5.10. Hab. Southern Mexico, and south to Nicaragua. C. aztec SouANcfi. Aztec Parakeet." c*. Bill buffy whitish (sides of lower mandible horn-colored in young); throat and chest yellowish olive ; belly clear yellowish green, like sides and flanks ; top of head dull verditei-bluo, the forehead bufly orange in adult; wing 6.10-5.50, tail 4.20-4.80. Hab. Southern Mexico, from Orizaba and Mazatlan south' to Costa Eica. C. petzii (Wagl.). Petz's Parakeet.* > Conurug holochhnit ScL., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1869, 224. * Oonunti holochlorut var. brevipei Baird, Ann. Lyo. N. Y. 1871, H. •■• Cotturut attec SouAf.cfi, Rov. et Mug. Zool. 1857, 97. * Sittace petMti Waol., Mod. Piitt. 1832, 650. Conurus peltii Gray, Qen. B. ii. 1845, 413, sp. 13. c bluish ; i8 tinged entirely Young •ange on .40-7,10. s 1.39 X ormerly, es, north rk, regu- Coloralo L'orapara- illoy and Paroquet. m grass- [uills and noro yel- 30 (5.96), .50-.60 l.OO (.91). Parakeet.! •e deeply culmen 9), width 1). Hab. Parakeet.' ind chest )live-yel- top of Southern Parakeet.' young) ; eon, like ad buffy Southern ?arakeet.* p. 13. CUCULID^. 271 Order COCCYGES. — The Cuckoos, etc. (Page 3.) Families. a}. Toes 2 before, 2 behind. ¥. Bill as long as head, compressed, with cutting-edges smooth ; nostrils ex- posed ; no distinct I'ictal bristles ; tarsus nearly or quite as long as longest anterior toe (sometimes longer), naked for greater part of its length ; anterior toes separated to extreme base; plumage without bright or metallic colors. (Suborder Cmcm^j.) Cuculids. (Page 271.) 6*. Bill much shorter than head, thick and broad at base, with cutting-edges serrated ; nostrils concealed by antrorse bristles ; gape with strong bris- tles ; tarsus much shorter than longest anterior too, chiefly or entirely feathered; anterior toes united for basal half; plumage with bright or metallic colors (except in young). (Suborder Trogones.) Trogonidae. (Page 275.) a'. Toes 3 before, 1 behind. (Suborder Alcyones.) 6'. Bill not longer than head, the culmen gently but decidedly curved, the cut- ting-edges serrated; tail (ir^ typical genus) much longer than wing, with middle pair of feathers much longer than the rest, and usually with the webs interi'upted near end ; tarsus longer than middle toe. Momotidse. (Pago 277.) bK Bill longer than head, with straight outlines, the cutting-edges smooth (in all American species) ; tail much shorter than wing, with middle feathers (in American species) not longer than the rest; tarsus only about half as long as middle toe Alcedinidae. (Pago 278.) Family CUCULID^.— The Cuckoos, Anis, etc. (Page 271.) Genera. a\ Tail-feathers 8 ; bill nearly as deep as long, the culmen elevated into a much compressed convex crest ; plumage (in typical genus) uniform blackish. (Subfamily Crotophagina:.) Crotophaga. (Pago 272.) a*. Tail-feathers 10; bill less than half as deep as long, the culmen not elevated nor compressed ; plumage more or loss varied. (Subfamily Coccygina'.) b^. Bill longer than head, straight to near the rather abruptly decurved tip ; loral feathers stiff, bristly, and plumage generally coarse or harsh ; tarsus much longer than outer pxiterior toe, with claw ; very Inrge (wing more than 6.00, tail 12.00 or more"), and plumage much striped. Geococcyx. (Pago 272.) b*. Bill not longer than head, the culmen gently curved for the greater part of its length ; loral feathers and general plumage soft and blended ; tarsus 272 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. shorter than outer anterior toe, with claw ; small (wing less than 6.00, tail less than 8.00), and plumage without stripes. Coccyzus. (Page 273.) Gencs CROTOPHAGA Linn^us. (Page 271, pi. LXXIX., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Plumage entirely dull black, the feathers of head, neck, and body edged or bordered with dull metallic bluish, greenish, or bronzy ; wings and tail faintly glossed with metallic bluish or violet. Young, uniform dull sooty black. Nest usually on trees (sometimes in reedy marshes), composed of sticks, etc., lined usually with loaves. Eggs 5-8 — sometimes numerous - (evidently de- posited by several birds) — dull glaucous-blue, but this usually covered by a super- ficial white chalky crust. a}. Upper mandible smooth, or with a few transverse wrinkles ; length 12.00-15.00, wing 5.50-6.00, tail 7.50-8.30. Eggs 1.35 X 101. Hah. West Indies and eastern South America ; rare or casual in southern Florida and Louisiana, and accidental near Philadelphia 383. C. ani Linn. Ani. a*. Upper mandible with several distinct longitudinal grooves, parallel with the culmen ; length 12.00-14.50, wing 5.50-6.50, tail 7^30-8.30. Eggs 1.26 X ■^^^ Hab. Middle Amei'ica (both sides) from lower Eio Grande Valley in Texas and Lower California to Peru. 384. C. sulcirostris Swains. Groove-billed Ani. Genus GEOCOCCYX Waqler. (Page 271, pi. LXXIX., fig. 2.) Species. Common Characters. — Plumage conspicuously striped with dull whitish or buflFy and bronzed brown, the latter glossed with green ; naked skin before and behind eye brightly colored (blue, white, and red, or orange) in life. c. a}. Wing more than 6.00, tail more than itf^O; throat and chest light brownish, streaked with dusk}' ; above glossy blue-black anteriorlj* and metallic green- ish brown postoriorlj'^, the feathers broadly edged Avith whitish ; lower parts whitish, the chest and fore-neck tinged with pale brownish or dull ochraceous, and streaked with blackish ; tail-feathers (except two middle pairs) broadly tipped with white, the outer webs glossy blue-black, the inner webs greenish ; length 2'?.00-24.00, wing 6.50-7.00. tail 11.50-12.00. Nest in bushes or low trees, rudely constructed of sticks, grasses, etc. Eggs 2-12, 1.54 X 1-17, ovate, white, or bulfy white. Hab. Northern Mexico and contiguous portions of United States, north to western Indian Territory and Kansas, southern Colorado, and California; Lower California. 385. G. californianus (Less.). Road*rDimer. coccvzus. 273 less than :*age273.) 1) ead, neck, y; wings lull sooty of sticks, ently de- r a super- .00-15.00, idies and jouisiana, NN. Ani. with the .26 X ■9'4. in Texas lilled Ani. hitish or sfore and )rownish, lie green- flT^or parts hraceous, ) bi'oadly greenish ; 8 or low 17, ovate, rtions of southern d-ranner. a'. Wing less than 6.00, tail less than 11.00; throat and chest plain buff or buflfy whitish ; above metallic bi'onzy brown, becoming blue-black anteriorly, each feather broadly edged with whitish ; beneath buflfy whitish or buff, including throat, fore-neck, and chest, the sides of the latter streakedwith black ; two middle tail-feathers bronzy brown, the rest metallic greenish, broadly tipped with white ; wing about 5.50, tail about 10.30. Hab. Guate- mala and southern Mexico, north to Yucatan, Vera Cruz, and Mazatlan. G. affinis Haktl. Mexican Road-runner.* Genus COCCYZUS Vieillot. (Page 272, pi. LXXX., fig. 1.) * Species. Common Characters. — Above plain brownish gray or grayish brown, with more or less of a faint bronzy lustre, the color usually becoming more grayish on head, on side of which (over ear-coverts) is a darker stripe ; lower parts plain whitish, buflfy, or ochraceous ; tail-feathers (except middle pair) more or less dis- tinctly tipped with whitish. Nest a slight flat structure of sticks, etc., usually on small trees or lower branches of larger trees. a}. Basal half, or more, of lower mandible yellow ; adult with tail-feathers (except middle pair) black, broadly and abruptly tipped with white ; young with tail- feathers grayish dusky, broadly, but not sharply, tipped with dull white. 6*. Inner webs of quills chiefly rufous, the outer webs more or less tinged with same toward base ; lower parts white tinged with pale ashy on fore-neck, chest, and thighs. d. Smaller, with proportionally smaller and weaker bill; length 11.00- 12.70, wing 5.40-5.80 (5.61), tail 6.00-6.15 (6.07), exposed culmen .97-1.01 (.99), depth of bill at base .32-.34 (.33). Eggs 2-4, 1.21 X .88, dull pale glaucous-green or glaucous-white. Hab. Eastern North America, north to New Brunswick, Canada, etc., west to edge of Great Plains, south, in winter, to West Indies, eastern Mexico, and Costa Rica. 387. C. americanus (Linn.). Yellow-billed Cuckoo. c'. Larger, with proportionally larger and stouter bill ; length 12.30-13.50, wing 5.50-6.00 (5.84), tail 6.10-6.90 (6.59), culmen 1.02-1.08 (1.05), depth of bill through base .37-.40 (.39). Hab. Western United States, north to Oregon, east to New Mexico and Colorado, south over table- lands of Mexico — . C. americanus occidentalis Eidqw. Californian Cnokoo.* b\ Quills without rufous on either web ; lower parts buffy or ochraceous, paler anteriorly. c\ Larger, with lower parts much more deeply colored ; lower parts deep ' Geoeoceyx affinis Hartlaud, Rev. Zool. 1844, 216. ' Xew gubspeoies. 86 274 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ochniceous, often including even the throat ; wing 4.95-6.05 (5.40), tail 6.45-7.95 (6.98), exposed culmen 1.00-1.22 (1.10), depth of bill near base .35-.47 (.40). Hab. West Indies in general (except Ba- hamas) and borders of Caribbean Sea, from Guiana to Honduras ; Key AVest ; coast of Louisiana. 386. C. minor (Gmel.). Mangrove Cuckoo.' c*. Smaller and with lower parts much paor in color; posterior lower parts buff (sometimes quite pale, and never approaching the deep ochra- ceous tint of C. minor) ; anterior lower parts (chin, throat, and chest) pale ashy, or grayish white, paler anteriorly, the throat usu- allj^ more or less tinge(^with buff; length 11.75-12.25, wing 5.05- 5.35 (5.23), tail 6.25-6.90 (6.65), exposed culmen 0.98-1.15 (1.06), depth of bill near base 0.33-0.40 (0.36). Hab. Bahamas and Florida Keys — . C. maynardi Ridgw. Maynard's Cuckoo.' a*. Bill without any yellow (basal portion of lower mandible leaden bluish in life) ; adult with tail-feathers (except middle pair) grayish brown (with bronzy green lustre on upper surface), narrowly tipped with white, this preceded by a less distinct subterminal bar of dusky; young with white tips to tail- feathers narrower and less distinct, the dusky subterminal bar obsolete. Adult : Above bronzy grayish brown, with an olivaceous cast, becoming grayish on forehead and lores ; chin and throat pale huffy grayish (some- times more distinctly huffy) ; rest of lower purts white, faintly tinged on breast and sides with grayish ; naked eyelids bright red in life. Young : Above dull brown, with a coppery bronze lustre, becoming more gray- ish or olivaceous on tail, but more rusty on Avings, especially on quills ; lower parts much as in adult; naked eyelids pale yellowish in life. Nestling : Feathers of upper parts tipped with whitish. Length about 11.00-12.70, wing 5.12-5.05, tail 6.25-7.00. Eggs 2-4, 1.11 x .78, deep glaucous-green or verditer-blue. Hab. Eastern North America, north to Labrador and Manitoba, w^est to Eocky Mountains, south, in winter, to West indies, Middle America, and northern South America. 388. C. erythrophthalmus (Wils.). Black-billed Cuckoo. * Pure synonymes of this species are lenieulug Lath., hclviventrU Cab., dominicus Set. (nee Linn,), and «e»i- otes Cad. Coccyziu eenicuhta of Audubon also belongs here, the supposed Floridan specimen given him by Mr. Ilarris, and now before me, being this species and not the Bahama one (C. maynardi), which raises the suspicion that it, like the specimens of Lampornit "mango" {i.e., violicauda) obtained from the same source, probably came from Guiana. C. minor is divisible into several more or less strongly characterized local races, but I shall not attempt such subdivision here. * Dedicated to Mr. C. J. Maynard, the accomplished author of the "Naturalist's Guide" and "Birds of Eastern North America," whose valuable descriptions of the birds of Florida — his special field of investigation — include an interesting account of the peculiar haunts of this species. TROQON. 275 (5.40), I of bill opt Ba- oduras ; Cuckoo.' er parts 1 ochra- )at, and oat usu- ig 5.05- ) (1.06), las and Cnckoo.' in life) ; , bronzy preceded } to tail- ete. )ecoming ih (some- inged on Young : >re gray- n quills; in life. 1 about 78, deep north to dnter, to I Cuckoo. ), and nesi- hira by Mr. e suspicion je, probably races, but I "Birds of Bstigation — Family TROGONIDiE.— The Trogons. (Pago 271.) Genera. rt'. Middle wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts normally developed, blended ; head not crested nor "horned" Trogon. (Page 275.) rt'. Middle wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts unusually developed, more or less lanceolate or falcate, with very distinct outlines ; head crested or " horned." 6'. Head with a bushy or compressed crest Pharomachrus} b^. Head with slender ear-tufts Euptilotis? Genus TROGON Linn^us. (Page 275, pi. LXXXI., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult males: Back, scapulars, rump, and middle tail- feathers metallic green, sometimes varied with blue or coppery, the middle tail- feathers tipped with opaque black ; wing-coverts grayish, in some species finely undulated with white ; breast, belly, and under tail-coverts fine red or yellow, bor- dered anterioi'ly by a white band across breast. Adult females similar to males, but metallic hues of back, etc., replaced by plain grayish or brownish. a^. Under parts red ; females and young brown above. I?. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers chiefly white, more or less barred with dusky or black, in both sexes, c'. Adult male : Crown, occiput, hind-neck, back, scapulai's, rump, and upper tail-coverts rich metallic bronzy green, varying to golden or coppery bronze (the rump and upper tail-coverts always more green than the back — sometimes pure green) ; middle tail-feathers deep metallic bronze, varying to rich copper-color, broadly tipped with black ; wings (except primaries) delicatelj' undulated with white and black, the two colors in nearly equal amount ; quills dusky, with outer webs chiefly grayish white ; forehead, lores, sides of head, chin, and throat, dull opaque black ; chest metallic greenish or coppery bronze, like back; a pure white band across breast; behind this, all the lower parts pure scarlet-vermilion ; exposed portion of outer tail- feathers white, with a broad terminal space immaculate, but rest, on both webs, irregularly and narrowly barred, or marked with zigzag lines, of blackish. Adidt female : Metallic colors of male replaced by light grayish brown, becoming more rufescent (some- times cinnamon-rufous) on middle tail-feathers ; forehead, sides of head, and throat, dull grayish ; outer tail-feathers much more 1 Pharomachrut Db la Llavb, Registro Trimcstre, i. num. 1, 18.32, 48. Type, P. mocinno Db la Llate. One Mexican species {P. mocinno), tlie magnificent Quetcal, or royal bird of the Aztecs. * Euplilotit QouLD, Mon. Trog. pt. i. 1868, pi. vi. Type, Trogon neoxtnu* Gould. 276 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. coarsely and regularly barred with black. Young male : Head, neck, and chest dull brownish gray, paler on chin, browner on chest and occiput, almost black on lores, beneath eyes, and terminal portion of ear-coverts; an orbital ring (interrupted on middle portion of upper eyelid and anterior half of lower lid), and broad oblique bar across middle portion of ear-coverts, white; back and scapulars grayish brown, becoming more russet on lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; middle, and many of lesser, wing-coverts buffy white, bordered with black, producing conspicuous large spots ; greater wing-coverts and tertials pale grayish brown, finely sprinkled with dusky, and tipped with a large spot of buffy white ; lower parts grayish white, the breast and upper belly coarsely spotted or mottled with brownish gray ; tail much as in adult female. Length about 11.25-12.00, wing 5.10-5.50, tail 6 50-7.20. JTab. Central and northern Mexico, north to southern Texas (lower Eio Grande Vallej-) and southern Arizona. 389. T. ambiguus Gould. Coppery-tailed Trogon. c*. Adult male : Similar to same sex of T. ambiguus, but upper parts bronzy green, the middle tail-feathers golden green, wings more coarsely undulated, with white exceeding the blackish lines in width (?), and outer tail-feathers more broadly and regularl}- barred with black. Adult female : With black bars on outer tail-feathers broader and less numerous (?). Length about 12.00, wing 5.00-5.30, tail 7. Hab. Guatemala, southern Mexico, and Salvador (Libertad). T. elegans Gould. Elegant Trogon.' P. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers uniform black, or black naiTowly barred with white, in adult males, destitute of bars (except sometimes — in T. puella — a terminal white and narrower subterminal black bar). c*. Adult viale : Upper parts and chest pure metallic green, more bi'onzy on back ; wings very minutely zigzagged and freckled with white, the markings hardly distinguishable at a little distance ; quills with- out whitish edgings ; outer tail-feathers entirely black, except the very broad and abrupt white tip. Adult female. ~*uter web of outer tail-feathers broadly barred with black and white, the inner web chiefly uniform black, without any bars. Length about 12.00, wing 5.50-6.00, tail 7.40-7.50. Hab. Guatemala and southern Mexico. T. tnexicanus Swains. Mexican Trogon.* c*. Adult male : Upper parts and chest bronzy green, as in T. mexicanus ; wings very distinctly undulated with white, the quills edged with the same ; outer tail-feathers distinctly but narrowly barred across both webs with white, and rather narrowly tipped with the same. Adult female : Outer web of outer tail-feathers plain white, some- 1 Trogon elegana Gould, P. Z. S. 1834, 26. * Trogon mexieanut Swains., Philos. Mag, n. 8. i. 1827, 440. MOMOTUS. 277 times minutely and indistinctly freckled with grayish ; inner web chiefly plain dusky grayish, with white tip and dusky subterminal bar. Length about 10.50-11.50, wing 5.10-5.50, tail 5.50-6.50. Hub. Central America, south to Veragua, north to tierra caliente of eastern Mexico (Vera Cruz). T. puella Gould. X&lapa Trogon.^ a*. Lower parts yellow ; females slate-color or plumbeous above. 6'. Outer web of outer tail-feathers uniform black, except broad and abrupt white tip. Adult male : Head, neck, and chest dull black ; back, scapu- lars, and middle tail-feathers metallic green ; rump and upper tail-coverts metallic blue, sometimes inclining to violet. Adult female : Head, neck, chest, and entire upper parts uniform deep slate. Length about 11.00, wing 5.50-5.75, tail 5.80-6.00. Hab. Central America, north lo Yucatan, south to Costa Eica. T. melanocephalus Gould. Black-headed Trogon.' 6'. Outer web of outer tail-feather white, except at base. Adult male : Head, neck, and chest slate-gray or plumbeous, glos«.->)d (except anteriorly) with metallic green; back and scapulars bri^jhL metallic green, tinged with golden ; rump and upper tail-coverts n:otallic grceri ii blue ; middle tail-feathers metallic green. Adult female : Head nowk, chest, and entire u.>pr.. parts uniform slate-gray. Length about 10.00-12.00, wing 5.40- 5.70, tail about 6.00. Hab. Southwestern Mvj.v:i Trogon melanocephalut GocLD, Mon. Trog. 1838, pi. 12. » Trogon citreolus Oocld, P. Z. S. 1835, 30. * Momotui Briss., Orn. iv. 1760, 465. Type, Ramphattot momota Linn. 278 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ish, sometimes tinged with russet ; ear-coverts black, bordered above by a line of bright light greenish blue or bluish green (this sometimes almost obsolete). ¥. Whole top of head bright verdLter-blue, varying to verdigi'is-green, duller centrally ; length about 14.20-15.00, wing 5.30-5.70, middle tail-feathers 8.80-9.15, exposed culmen 1.40-1.55, Hab. Eastern Mexico, north to Eio Grande Valley (Nuevo Leon). M. csenileiceps Gould. Blue-crowned Motmot.^ 6*. Top of head deep black centrally, this entirely surroun^ded by bright verditer- blue, the latter bordered exteriorly, from eyes backward, by rich pur- plish ultramarine-blue ; size about the same as in M. cceruleiceps. Hab. Central America, from Veragua to southern Mexico. M. lessonii Less. Lesson's Motmot.* a*. Whole top of head and hind-neck uniform rufous ; lores dull grayish, mixed with dusky ; lower parts pale glaucous-green (sometimes tinged with buffy anteriorly), changing to dull whitish on flanks, anal region, and under tail- coverts ; a large spot of purplish smalt-blue underneath eye, on malar region, and ear-coverts usually largely ultramarine- or smalt-blue; length about 12.00-13.00, wing 4.50-5.00, middle tail-feathers 6.50-7.50, exposed culmen 1.40-1.60. Mab. Southwestern Mexico, north to Mazatlan. M. mexicanus Swains. Rufous-crowned Motmot.* Family ALCEDINID^.— The Kingfishers. (Page 271.) Genera. (Characters same as those given for the Family) Ceryle. (Page 278.) Genus CERYLE Boie. (Page 278, pi. LXXX., figs. 2, 3.) (Nest at extremity of horizontal burrow in earth-banks. Eggs usually 6, ovate or oval, pure white, with smooth, somewhat glossy surface.) av Species. Wing 6.00, or more ; tai'sus about as long as hind-toe, much shorter than inner anterior toe ; plumage without metallic gloss. (Upper parts plumbeous-blue, or bluish plumbeous, more or less streaked with black, especially on top of head, the tail-feathers transversely spotted with white, these markings usually more or less hidden in closed tail ; chin, throat, and collar round hind- neck pure white.) (Subgenus Streptoceryle Bonap.) 6'. Wing more than 7,00, culmen more than 3.00 ; belly, sides, and flanks uni- 1 Momotui cmndeictp* Qould, P. Z. S. 1836, 18. * Momotui lettonii Lb88., Rev. Zool. June, 184S, 174 (ReaIc|jo, Nicaragua). > Momotui mexicanui Swains., Philos. Mag. n. s, i. 1827, 443. ove by a is almost en, duller l-feathers north to I Motmot.^ verditer- rich pur- OS. Hah. I Motmot.* ih, mixed rith buffy nder tail- ir region, ;th about d culmen i Motmot.> fl) •age 278.) Y 6, ovato lan inner 50UB-blue, Y on top markings ind hind- inks uni- CERYLE. 279 form rufous; outer webs of quills without white spotting at base. Adult male : Lower tail-coverts and anal region pure white, and rufous of belly covering breast, and reaching to white of throat. Adult female: Lower tail-coverts and anal region rufous ; breast plumbeous-blue, usu- ally bordered behind by white. Length about 15.50-17.00, wing about 7.50. Hab. Tropical America in general (except West Indies), north to southern Mexico. C. torquata (Linn.). Great Rufous-bellied Kingfisher.' 6*. Wing less than 7.00, culmen less than 3.00; belly white ; outer webs of quills spotted with white toward base. Adult male : Above bluish plumbeous, the tail transversely spotted with white, and baeul hnlf of primaries coarsely spotted with same ; a white spot on sides of forehead, above lores; lower parts pure white, interrupted by a broad band of bluish plumbeous across breast ; white of throat encircling hind-neck. Adult female: Similar to the male, but sides and flanks, and a more or less strongly indicated (never complete ?) band across belly, rufous. Young : Similar to adult, but the male with the breast-band and sides tinged with rusty. Length 11.00-14.50, wing 6.00-6.50, tail 3.80-4.30, culmen 2.00, or more. Eggs 1.36 X 1-05. Hab. Whole of North America, and south to Panama and the West Indies. 390. C. alcyon (Linn.). Belted Kingfisher, a*. Wing less than 4.00; tarsus longer than hind-toe, and almost as long as inner anterior toe; plumage metallic greenish above. (Subgenus Chloroceryle Kaup.) Adult male : Above dark metallic bottle-green, interrupted by a white collar across hind-neck, the secondaries, primaries, and tail spotted with white, in transverse series ; lower parts pure white, interrupted by a band of dark metallic green across breast; sides spotted with dark greenish, these spots continued as an interrupted band across belly. Adult female : Similar to the male, but green band across breast replaced by one of deep rufous ; no green spots across belly. Young male : Similar to adult, but breast more or less tinged with rusty. Length 6.75-8.50, wing 3.40- 3.50, tail 2.70-2.75, exposed culmen 1.65-1.85. Eggs .96 X .75. Hab, Middle America and northwestern South America, north to south- western border of United States (southern Texas to Arizona), south to western Feru 391. C. cabanisi (Tschudi). Texan Kingfisher. i Alctdo torqnaia Linn., S. N. ed. 12, i. 1766, 180. 86 Ceryle torquata fiONAP., P. Z. S. 1S37, 108. 280 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS, Order PICI. — The Woodpeckers, Wrynecks, etc. (Page 3.) Faviilies. (Characters same as those given for the Order) Picidae. (Page 280.) Family "PICIDJE. — The Woodpeckers. (Page 280.) Genera. a}. Outer hind-toe longer than outer anterior toe. h^. Two hind-toes. c'. Conspicuously crested, and size very large (wing 7.00, or more). Campephilus. (Page 281.) c*. Without crest, and size small (wing not more than 5.00). d}. Nasal groove extending nearly to tip of bill ; terminal half of bill not distinctly compressed, c'. Tongue greatly extensile ; plumage much varied with black (or brown) and white, the latter prevailing on lower parts. Dryobates. (Page 281.) e*. Tongue very slightly extensile ; plumage uniform black, with white head and white spotting on basal portion of quills. Xenopicus. (Page 286.) d*. Nasal groove running out on cutting-edge of upper mandible, about half-way to tip ; terminal portion of bill distinctly compressed. Tongue scarcely extensile Sphyrapicus. (Page 288.) 6*. Only one hind- toe. Bill bi'oad and much flattened Picoides. (Page 286.) a'. Outer hind-toe not longer than outer anterior toe. 6*. Head conspicuously crested; large (wing not less than 7.25 — usually much more) Ceophlccus. (Page 289.) 6*. Head not crested ; small or medium (wing less than 7.25 — usually much loss). c*. Upper mandible with a distinct lateral ridge and nasal groove, the tip more or less truncated ; plumage of lower parts without spots, the under surface of quills and tail-feathers without yellow or red. Melanerpes. (Page 290.) c*. Upper mandibie without distinct lateral ridge or nasal groove, the tip scarcely or not at all truncated ; plumage of lower parts spotted with black ; under surface of quills and tail-feathers chiefly yellow or reddish, the shafts brighter yellow or red. Colaptes. (Page 295.) CAMPEPHILUS. 281 295.) Genus CAMPEPHILUS Gray. (Page 280, pi. LXXXII., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters (of North American species). — Bill ivoiy-yellow or whitish ; plumage mainly black, with a white scapular stripe and other markings, the occipital crest scarlet or glossy black. a\ Plumage glossy black, with scapulars, secondaries, ends of shorter primaries, and under wing-coverts pure white; cx*est of female entirely glossy blue- black. 6\ A white stripe down each side of neck ; nasal tufts white. c^ White neck-stripe not extending to the bill ; black feathers of crown as long as or longer than underlying scarlet ones of crest ; length (fresh) 19.75-21.00, extent of wings 30.00-32.00, wing 9.00-10.00, tail 6.25- 6.80, culmen 2.60-2.80. Eggs 1.31 X -86. Hab. Formerly, southern Atlantic and Gulf States and lower Mississippi Valley, north to North Carolina, eastern Missouri, southern Illinois and Indiana, and west to eastern Texas ; now apparently confined to restricted localities in Gulf States (including Florida) and lower Mississippi Valley 392. C. principalis (Linn.). Ivory-billed Woodpecker. c*. White neck-stripo continued to base of bill; black feathers of crown not reaching to tip of scarlet crest ; wing 9.50-9.70, tail 6.50-7.00, ex- posed culmen 2.30-2.40. Ifab. Cuba. C. principalis bairdi (Cass.). Cuban Ivory-billed Woodpecker.* il No white stripe on side of neck ; nasal tufts black ; length about 23.00- 24.00, wing 11.70-13.20, tail 8.00-9.50, exposed culmen 2.70-3.60. Jfab. Western Mexico, north, along Sierra Madre, nearly if not quite to United States boundary ; southeastern Arizona ? C. imperialis (Gould). Imperial Woodpecker.* a*. Plumage chiefly dull brownish black, the low^er parts, except breast, barred with black and pale fulvous; crest of female bright red (whole head red in male). Length about 12.00-13.00, wing 7.50-8.00, tall 4.80-5.20, exposed culmen 1.85-2.20. Hab. Southern Mexico, and south to Costa Rica. C. guatemalensis (Hartl.). Guatemalan Ivory-billed Woodpecker.* Genus DRYOBATES Boie. (Page 280, pi. LXXXIII., figs. 1-2; pi. LXXXVL, fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Above black or brown, more or less spotted or otherwise varied with white; lateral tail-feathers white, with or without black 1 CampephiluK bairdi CA8S., Proa. Ao. Nat. Sol. Phila. 1863, 322. 0, principalit, var. bairdi B. B. New subspecies ; type, No. 30106, 9 ad., U. S. Nat. Mus., Sierra Nevada of Colima, April, 1863, J. Xantus. PICOIDES. 287 a}. No white on back noi* on top of head. Length about 9.50-10.00, wing 4.85-5.25, tail 3.60, eulmen 1.40-1.60. Eggs .95 X -^l. Hab. Northern North America, south to northern border of United States, and farther on high mountain ranges, especially westward, where breeding on Sierra Nevada south to at least 39°. 400. P. arcticus (Swains.). Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker. fl'. Back (especially along middle line) varied with white, and top of head also usu- ally more or less mixed with white. b^. Back with detached white bars, always less in width than the black inter- spaces ; white postocular streak or stripe usually indistinct, black bars on sides usually broader, and adult female frequently with whole top of head solid black — never very conspicuously varied with white. Wing-coverts always unifoi'm black; length about 9.00, wing 4.40- 4.60 (4.37), tail 3.10-3.75 (3.34), eulmen 1.10-1.25 (1.17). Eggs .92 X .70. Hab. Northern North America east of Rocky Mountains ; south, in winter, to northern border of United States. 401. P. americanus Brghm. American Three-toed Woodpecker. fc*. Back with more or less confluent white bars, always broader than black interspaces, or else longitudinally blotched or striped with white; white postocular streak usual!}' broader and more conspicuous ; black bars on sides usually narrower, and adult female usually with top of head much varied with white. c*. Back usually'' distinctly barred with black (rarely continuously whita along middle line), secondaries more distinctly spotted with white (sometimes wing-coverts also spotted, more or less numerously, Avith white), white spots on quills larger, and female sometimes with white prevailing on top of head : length about 9.50, wing 4.50-4.70 (4.58), tail 3.10-3.7& (3.41), eulmen 1.10-1.25 (1.22). Hab. Alaska, north of the mountains, south to Nushagak, and eastward through arctic British America to Foi-t Reliance, Great Slave Lake. 401a. P. americanus alascensis (Nelson). Alaskan Three-toed Woodpecker, c*. Back continuously white along the middle line, with fcAv if any black bars, the markings being mostly longitudinal ; secondaries less dis- tinctly spotted with white, white spots on quills smaller, wing coverts never (?) spotted or speckled with white, and adult female never (?) with much white streaking on top of head ; length about 9.50, wing 4.65-5.00 (4.93), tail 3.20-3.65 (3.49), eulmen 1.1.^-1.30 (1.26), the bill more slender than in alascensis. Hab. Rocky Moun- tains, north to Fort Liard, Fort Simpson, Fort Kenai, and Kadiak, south to New Mexico 4016. P. americanus dorsalis Baird. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker. 288 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Genus SPHYRAPICUS Baird. (Page 280, pi. LXXXIII., fig. 3.) Species. Common Characters. — Belly plain yellowish or white ; upper parts black, more or less varied with white, the inner webs of middle pair of tail-feathers largely or chiefly white. a}. Eump mixed black and white ; belly pale sulphur-yellow, or whitish ; sexes not very different in color. b^. Chest with a black patch, and sides of head with white stripes in adult. Advlt male with crown, forehead, chin, and throat crimson -red. Adult female with chin and at least part of throat (entire throat in S. varius) white, the forehead and crown sometimes (in individuals of S. varius) glossy black, c'. Nape brownish white. Adult male with red of throat separated from the white stripe on cheeks by a distinct and continuous black malar stripe, connecting with the black patch on chest. Adult female with. chin and throat entirely white, and red sometimes wanting on top of head. Young : Black, red, and white of head, neck, and chest nearly or quite wanting, the general color being a dull light mottled brownish tint, the pattern of the adult but faintly indi- cated. Length 7.75-8.75, Aving (male) 4.80-5.00 (4.92), tail 2.90- 3.20 (3.07), culmen 1.00-1.08 (1.04). Eggs .86 X -66. ITab. North- ern and eastern North America, breeding from northern United States northward ; south, in winter, to West Indies, Mexico (both coasts), and Guatemala. 402. S. varius (Linn.). Yellow-bellied Sapsaoker. c*. Nape more or less tinged with red (often with a distinct red band or transverse patch). Adult. male with red of throat extending, in middle portion, quite to the white cheek-stripe, the black malar stripe being thereby obliterated, except at extremities. Adult female with lower part of throat (sometimes nearly whole throat) red. Length 8.00-8.75, wing (male) 4.92-5.10 (5.03), tail 3.10-3.40 (3.26), culmen .95-1.02 (.99). Eggs .87 X -65. Hab. Rocky Moun- tain district of United States, west to eastern slope of Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges, south into mountains of Mexico. 402a. S. varius nuchalis Baird. Ked-naped Sapsucker. ft*. Chest without black patch, and sides of head without white stripes. Adult (sexes alike) : Head, neck, and chest uniform red, or with white markings and black chest-patch of S. varius and S. nuchalis showing indistinctly through the plumage. Young : Similar to same stage of S. varius and 8. nuchalis, but darker, the head, etc., usually with a pronounced dull purplish red suffusion. Length about 8.50-9.25, CEOPHLCEUS. 289 wing (male) 4.70-5.05 (4.88), tail 3.10-3.50 (3.28), culmen 1.00-1.08 (1.03). Eggs .94 X -^0. Hub. Pacific coast district, south to Fort Tejon, California, north to southern Alaska. 403. S. ruber (Gmel.). Red-breasted Sapsncker. a}. Kiimp plain white; belly bright sulphur-yellow or lemon-yellow (except in young) ; sexes extremely dissimilar in plumage. Adult male: General color glossy black (with blue gloss, except on wings and tail), relieved by two white stripes on side of head, a large white patch covering middle and greater wing coverts, and small white spots on quills ; throat with a median stripe of bi'ight red. Young male : Similar to adult, but black duller and everywhere without gloss, belly whitish, or very faintly yellowish, and throat-stripe white. Adult female: Head nearly uniform light brown, the throat sometimes (but rarely) with a red stripe ; sides, flanks, and upper parts regularly barred with black and white ; no white patch on wing-coverts ; chest usually with more or less of a black patch. Young female: Similar to adult, but mai'kings less 8hai*ply defined, colors duller, the belly whitish, and chest Avithout black patch. Length 9.00-9.75, wing 5.25-5.50, tail 3.80-3.90, culmen 1.00-1.20. Eggs .96 X -06. Hah. Western United States, from (and including) Rocky Mountains to Pacific coast. 404. S. thyroideus (Cass.). WilliamBon's Sapsncker. Gentts CEOPHLCEUS Cab.4nis. (Pago 280, pi. LXXXIY., fig. 2.) Species. Common Characters. — General color dull brownish black, or dark sooty slate, the under wing-coverts, throat, and one or more stripes on side of head (including one down side of neck) whitish ; male with whole top of head, including occipi- tal crest, and a broad malar stripe, bright red ; female with only the crest red, the forehead, crown, and malar stripe being brownish or dusky. a'. No white scapular stripe ; lower parts uniform dusky, the flanks usually indis- tinctly barred with whitish ; wing 8.90, or more. Adult male: Uniform dull dusky slate, varying to sooty blackish, the chin and throat, two stripes on side of head, one on side of neck, under wing-coverts, and basal half of quills, white, more or less, especially on hidden portions, tinged with sulphur-yellow ; whole top of head, including occipital crest, and a broad malar stripe, bright red. Adult female : Sim- ilar to the male, but malar stripe, forehead, and crown brownish gray or grayish brown. Length about 15.15-19.00, extent of wings 25.00- 29.25, wing 8.90-10.00, tail 6.60-7.40, culmen 2.10-2.65. Eggs 1.27 X -96. Ilab. Whole of North America, in heavily-wooded districts. 405. C. pileatus (Linn.). Pileated Woodpecker. a}. A white scapular stripe ; lower parts, posterior to breast, barred with blackish 87 ( 290 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. and pale fulvous, or brownish white ; wing less than 7.50. Hah. Central America and Mexico, north to Mirador and Mazatlan, south to Panama. C. scapularis (Via.). Delattre's Woodpecker.* Genus MELANERPES Swainson. (Page 280, pi. LXXXV., figs. 1-3.) Species. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts plain glossy blackish (grayish, indistinctly barred with dusky in young of M. erythroccphalus). b\ Lower parts, rump, and upper tail-coverts white ; plumage of neck and lower parts soft, blended ; wing less than 6.00. (Subgenus Melanerpes.) c^. Adult male : Whole head, neck, and chest uniform rich crimson, bordered below, against white of breast, by black (this sometimes concealed) ; wing-coverts, back, and scapulars glossy blue-black ; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, lower parts, and whole exposed portion of secondaries uniform pure white, the belly usually tinged with oi'ange or reddish. Adult female : Similar to the male, but with inner secon- daries more or less spotted, in ti'ansverse series, with black, and black collar between white of breast and crimson of chest more conspicu- ous. Young : Head, neck, and chest brownish gray, streaked with dusky ; secondaries crossed near ends by one or more black bands ; wing-coverts, scapulars, and back dull grayish, barred with dusky. Length about 9.25-9.75, wing 5.30-5.70, tail 3.60-3.75. Eggs .97 X .75. Hab. Eastern United States, west to Rocky Mountains (occa- sionally still farther westward) ; rare or casual east of Hudson River. 406. M. erythrocephalus (Linn.). Red-headed Woodpecker. c'. Adult male : Upper parts in general, eai'-coverts, and broad band across chest, glossy greenish blue-black ; feathers round base of bill, including chin and upper part of throat, dull black ; lower parts generally, rump, tail-coverts, patch on base of primaries, forehead, and thence to lower part of throat, white, the last more or less tinged with sulphur-yellow (sometimes brightly of this color); crown and occiput crimson-red. Adult female : Similar to the male, but fore-part of crown glossy blue-black. Youmj : Similar to adults, with same sexnal difference in color of crown, but colors duller. d}. Width of white or yellow frontal patch and black crown-patch in female together decidedly greater than width (longitudi- nallj^) of red occipital patch ; white or yellow frontal band not loss than .30 wide ; wing averaging decidedly more than 5.50. e*. Greater part, or whole, of chest streaked with white ; wing 5.30-5.90 (5.54), tail 3.10-3.60 (3.42), culmen, 1.10-1.22 (1.16). Hab. Central America and Southeastern Mexico, 1 Picui scapularis ViG., Zool. Jour. iv. 1828-29, 364. MELAXERPES. 291 Aving south to' Co8ta Eiea, north to Jalapa, Cordoba, Tchuanto- pec, etc. M. formicivorus (SwAtN.s.). Striped-breasted Woodpecker.' e*. Greater part of chest uniform glossy black, the white streaks being confined to posterior half, or less ; length about 8.50-9.50, wing 5.30-G.OO (5.G1), tail 3.00-4.00 (3.64), cul- men 1.00-1.40 (1.16). IJggs .91 X -71. Mab. Central, northern, and western Mexico and contiguous border of United States, from western Texas to California, and north along Pacific coast to British Columbia ; south, through western 3Iexico, to Jalisco (Tonila) and Sierra Nevada of Coliraa(?); northern Lower California 407. M. formi- civorus bairdi Eidqw. Califomian Woodpecker. (P. Width of white or yellow frontal band and black crown band in female together decidedly loss than width (longitudinally) of red occipital patch; white or yellow frontal band less than .30 wide ; wing averaging decidedly less than 5.50. Greater part of chest streaked with white ; throat usually decidedly brighter sulphur-yellow than in other forms ; length about 8.25-9.00, wMng 5.20-5.55 (5.38), tail 3.30-3.50 (3.37), culmen 1.15-1.25 (1.20). Hab. Southern portion of Lower California.... 407^. M. formicivorus angustifrons Baiud. Narrow-fronted Woodpecker. h*. Lower parts chiefly pinkish red (in adult) or grayish (in young), rump and upper tail-coverts glossy blackish ; plumage of lower parts harsh, hair- liko ; wing more than 6.00. (Subgenus Asyndesmus Coues.) Adi It (sexes alike) : Upper parts, lower tail-coverts, and thighs uni- form dark metallic greenish, or greenish black ; fore-part of head, including cheeks, dark crimson ; chest and collar round hind-neck light hoary grayish ; breast, belly, sides, and flanks pinkish red, lighter anteriorly. Young: No red on head, which is dull blackish above and on cheeks, and dusky grayish on throat ; client dirty light grayish ; sides dusky ; belly dull reddish. Length 10.50-11.50, wing 6.50-6.80, tail 4.40-4.70. Eggs 1.08 X .79. Hab. Western United States, east to Black Hills and Rocky Mountains. 408. M. torquatus (Wilson). Lewis's Woodpecker. Back, scapulars, and wings barred with white. (Subgenus Centurus Swainson.) 6'. Sides distinctly oarred with blackish ; lesser wing-coverts not varied with white. Hab. Central America, north to southern Mexico, south to Veragua. M. pucherani (Malh.). Pucheran's Woodpecker.^ b*. Sides without bars ; lesser wing-coverts varied with white. : i 109. • PicuB formicivorus SwAiNS., Philos. Mng. i. 1827, 439. Melanerpet formicxvorut Bonap., P. Z. S. 1837, * Zehrapicus pucherani Malh., Rev. Zool. 1849, 542; Mou. Pio. ii. 1862, 227, fl. 103, figs. 1, 2. 292 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. c*. A blackish patch above or surrounding eye, or else (in female of M. hypopolius) entire occiput and hind-ueck smoky brownish gray. d}. Hind-neck red or yellow ; middle of belly red or yellow. e\ Middle of belly yellow. Adult male : Crown and occiput bright red, the hind-neck rich orange or yellow; orbits surrounded with black, broader above and behind the eye ; rest of head smoky grayish, more or less tinged anteriorly with bright yellow. Adult female : Similar to the male, but red of crown and occiput replaced by grayish, sometimes mixed with black posteriorly. Wing 4.50-4.90, tail 3.10-3.60, culmen .95-1.10. Hab. Southern and western Mexico, from Puebla north to Mazatlan. M. elegans (Swains.). £Iegant Woodpecker.' e*. Middle of belly red. /'. Larger (wing 5.50 or more) ; plumage much tinged or stained, above and below, with ochraceous-yellow. Hab. Cuba. M. superciliaris (Temm.). Superciliary Woodpecker.' /'. Smaller (wing less than 5.50) ; plumage not distinctly stained with ochraceous-yellow. g^. Darker, the forehead dull white or pale smoky gray- ish or brownish, the nasal tufts only partly red- dish or yellowish, the white bars of back, etc., stained with pale brownish. Mab. Abaco Island, Bahamas. M. blakei Kidqw. Blake's Woodpecker.* y*. Paler, the forehead pure white, the nasal tufts wholly bright red, white bars of back, etc., very slightly if at all tinged with brownish, lower parts paler, etc. Hab. Watling Island, Bahamas. M. nyeanus Kidqw. Nye's Woodpecker.* d*. Hind-neck soft smoky bi'ownish gray; middle of belly whitish. Adult male with a patch of red on crown and a tinge of red on cheeks ; adult female without red on crown, and with red on cheeks more distinct. Hab. Southern Mexico (Pu- ebla, etc.). M. h}rpopolius (Waol.). Gray-breasted Woodpecker.* c'. No black over or around eye. dK Middle of belly red. lis. > Picui elegant SwAiita., Phiios. Mag. i. 1827, 439. Ccnlurtm elegant Gray, Qen. B. ii. 1840, 442. ' Picut itiperciliarit Tbmm., PI. Col. livr. 73, 1827, pi. 433. Cen«urut tiiperciliarit Bonap., Consp. i. 1850, 3 Centurnt blakei Rtdow., Auk, lil. July, 1886, 337. * Centurut nyennui Riuow,, Auk, iii. July, 1886, 336. * Pictti hjfpopoitut Waol., Ibis, 1820, 614. Centurut hjfpopoliut Light., Nomenol. 1854, 76. MELANERPES. 293 bright e'. Larger (wing 4.85 to more than 5.00) ; frontlet (nasal tufts) red. p. Middle tail-feathers varied with white ; red of crown in male confluent with that of nasal tufts ; belly paler red, or pinkish red. Adult male : Whole top of head and hind-neck bright red. Adult female: Similar to male, but crown ash-gray. Young : With colors much duller than in adult, and all the markings less sharply defined ; the red of the head indistinct, that of the belly often replaced by dull buffy. Length (fresh) 9.00-10.10, wing 4.85-5.50, tail 3.50-3.95, culmen 1.00- 1.20. Eggs .96 X -71. Hab. Eastern United States, west to eastern base of Eockj' Mountains, south to Florida and central Texas ; x'are or accidental east of Hudson Kiver. 409. M. carolinus (Linn.). Bed-bellied Woodpecker. /'. Middle tail-feathers entirely uniform black; white bars of back, etc., very much narrower than black ones ; red of crown in adult male separated from that of nasal tufis by a white band ; middle of belly intense red. g^. Eump and upper tail-coverts immaculate white; lower parts paler. Hab. Yucatan. M. dubius (Cabot). Uxmal Woodpecker.^ <7*. Rump and upper tail-coverts more or less barred or otherwise marked with black; lower parts darker. Hab. Cozumel Island, Yucatan. M. leei Ridgw. Lee's Woodpecker.* c". Smaller (wing less than 4.50); frontlet (nasal tufts) yellow. (Otherwise similar in color to M. dubius, but middle tail- feathers more or less varied with white toward base.) /^ Larger and lighter colored, with less white on middle tail-feathers ; wing 4.20-4.40. ITab. Yucatan. M. rubriventrif (Swains.). Swainson's Woodpecker.* /'. Smaller and darker, with more Avhite on middle tail- feathers; wing 3.80-3.95. Hab. Cozumel Island, Yucatan. M. pygmseus Ridqw. Pygmy Woodpecker.* d*. Middle of belly yellow or (rar ly) orange, e*. Hind-neck yellow, orange, or orange-red. /'. Bars on back, etc., narrow, the white ones decidedly nar- i ■ Picui dubiut Oabot, Jour. BoHton Soo. v, 1846, 91. ' Centurut leei RiDow., Dcsor. N. Sp. B. CoKumel, Feb. 26, 1885, 3. ' Centurui rubnventrin SwAiNS., Anim. in Menag. 1838, 354. * C*nturu$ ruhriventrii pytjmKiif Ridow., Proo. U. S. Nat. Ma*, viii. Oct. 17, 1885, 670. [ 294 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. rower than the black ones ; breast, etc., deep smoky- gray, or olive-gray ; adult male with red crown-patch usually confluent with orange or orange-red of nape ; middle tai' -feathers usually varied with white. Hah. Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, and southern Mexico, north to Jalapa and Mirador. M. santa-cruzi (Bonaf.). Santa Cruz's Woodpecker.^ /". Bai's on back, etc., broader, the white ones equal to black ones in width ; breast, etc., pale brownish gray or dull grayish white ; adult male with red crown-patch usu- ally entirely surrounded by ash-gray — rarely confluent with the orange, orange-red, or yellow of nape ; middle tail-feather always (?) entirely black. Adult male : Crown with a bright red patch, usually surrounded by pale grayish (paler, sometimes nearly white, across forehead), but sometimes con- fluent posteriorly, along the median line, with the orange of the hind-neck ; frontlet bright yellow. Adult female : Similar to the male, but crown en- tirely light graj'ish (paler anteriorly), the yellow of frontlet and belly and orange or yellow of hind- neck paler. Young : Much duller in colors than adult, the markings much less sharply defined, and the bright colors of head but faintly indi- cated ; bi-east indistinctly streaked with dusky. Wing 5.20-5.65, tail 3.40-3.75, culmen 1.20-1.40. Eggs .99 X -75. Hab. Northeastern Mexico and southern Texas 410. M. aurifrons (Wagl.). Oolden-fronted Woodpecker. e*. Hind-neck soft light grayish brown, or smoky drab. Eump and upper tail-coverts regularly barred with black. Adult male: Head, neck, and most of lower parts uni- form soft smoky drab or light grayish brown, the middle of the crown with a crimson patch. Adxdt female : Similar to the male, but no red on crown. Young : Not essentially diflTerent from adult, but markings less sharply defined, and colors duller. Wing 5.00-5.30, tail 3.50-3.90, culmon .95-1.25. Eggs .98 X .70. Hab. Southern Arir.ona, southeastern Cali- Tornia, Lower California, and western Mexico, south to Mazatlan. 411. M. uropygialis (BAinn). Oila Woodpecker. > Centurut nutta-ciuii Uonap., P. Z. S. 1837, 116. COLAPTES. 295 Genus COLAPTES Swainson. (Page 280, pi. LXXXVI., fig. 2.) Species. Common Characters. — Back, scapulax-s, and wing-coverts brownish, barred with black ; rump and upper tail-coverts white, the latter broadly barred or otherwise marked with black ; outer surface of quills and upper surface of tail- feathers black, the shafts of these feathers bright yellow or red ; under surface of quills and tail-feathers paler yellow or reddish, the latter with a broad black terminal band; lower parts pale vinaceous, marked with small roundish or cordate spots of black, the chest with a large transverse, somewhat crescentic, patch of black. Adult males with a broad malar stripe, or " mustache," of black or red. a}. Shafts, etc., yellow. bK Occiput with a red patch ; throat light pinkish cinnamon, or vinaceous ; top of head grayish ; male with the " mustacho" deep black. c\ Eump immaculate white; length 12.00-12.75, wing 5.50-6.60 (6.15), tail 4.00-4.95 (4.45), exposed culmen 1.25-1.40 (1.33). Eggs 1.10 X .85. Hab. Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay and Alaska (Yukon Valley, to Sitka), west to Great Plains. 412. C. auratus (Linn.). Flicker. c\ Eump thickly spotted with black ; wing 5.35-5.75, tail 4.30-4.80. Hab. Cuba. C. chrysocaulosus Gundl. Cuban Flicker.^ 6'. Occiput without any red ; throat ash-gray ; top of head cinnamon-brown ; "mustacho" of male bright red; length 11.20-11.70, wing 5.35-6.15 (5.75), tail 3.75-4.30 (4.05), exposed culmen 1.30-1.55 (1.38). Eggs 1.10 X -83. Hab. Southeastern California, Lower California, southern Ari- zona, and Sonoi'a 414. C. chrysoides (Malh.). Gilded Flicker. a'. Shafts, etc., red. 6'. Top of head dull brown, graj'ish brown, or brownish gray, becoming per- ceptibly grayer (or less distinctly brown) on hind-neck, more rusty or cinnamon-colored on forehead, lores, and superciliary region ; rump usu- ally immaculate white ; back, etc., grayish brown, varying to a burnt- umber tint, narrowly barred with black, these bars always much nar- rower than the brown interspaces; " mustacho" of male bright scarlet. c^. Exposed culmen usually much less than 1,60 ; wing averaging decidedly more than 6.25 ; crown grayish brown, or brownish gray, becoming browner anteriorly ; rump pure white, or slightly tinged with deli- cate pinkish ; shafts pux'e orange-vermilion, or scarlet, the inner webs of quills and under surface of tail deep pinkish red, varying to orange-red. d}. Lighter colored, with back grayish brown, lower parts pale vina- n > Colaptet chryiocautoHui QuNUL., Ann. Lyo. N, Y. vi. 1858, 273. 296 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ceous, or vinaceoua-white, throat ash-gray, and crown light grayish brown or brownish gray; length 12.75-14.00, wing 6.45-7.15 (6.66), tail 4.40-5.20 (4.86), exposed culmen 1.34-1.53 (1.46). Eggs 1.13 X -88. Hab. Whole of western United States and table-lands of Mexico, except northwest coast and Lower California; east to Rocky Mountains (occasionally across Great Plains to Kansas). 413. C. cafer (Gmel.). Red-shafted Flicker/ d}. Darker, with back deeper brown (sometimes of a warm burnt- umber tint), lower parts deeper vinaceous, throat deeper ash- gvay (sometimes almost plumbeous), and top of head deeper brownish ; wing 6.35-7.00 (6.63), tail 4.70-5.20 (5.01), exposed culmen 1.35-1.60 (1.47). Hab. Northwest coast, north to Sitka, south to northern California (chiefly in coast district). 413a. C. cafer saturatior Eidgw. Northwestern Flicker. c^. Exposed culmen not less than 1.60, the bill slenderer and more curved ; wing avei'aging less than 6.25 ; crown cinnamon-brown, becoming deej) cinnamon anteriorly; rump vinaceous- white; shafts red-lead color, the under surface of quills and tail a paler shade of the same. Wing 5.90-6.25 (6.05), tail 4.50-5.00 (4.72), exposed culmen 1.60- 1.85 (1.70). Hah. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 415. C. rufipileus Eidqw. Guadalupe Flicker, i*. Entire top of head and hind-neck uniform deep cinnamon, strongly and very abruptly contrasted with ash-gray of ear-coverts, etc. ; rump distinctly spotted with black ; back, etc., light cinnamon-brown, broadly barred with black, these bars about the same width as the lighter interspaces ; " mustache" of male carmine-red ; size about the same as in C cafer. Hab. Guatemala. C. mexicanoides Lafr. Quatemalan Flicker.^ 1 It may hereafter prove expedient to Hcparato the birds of the United States from those of Mexico as repre- senting a geographical race. Eight specimens from Mexico (Valley of Mexico, Mirador, Saltillo, Puebla, etc.) arc much smaller than northern examples, and with a single exception (an example from Saltillo, Coahuila) have the black bars on tho back, etc., much narrower. The extreme and average measurements of this series are os follows: wing 5.90-6.50 (O.l.'J), tail 4.00-4.70 (4.41), exposed culmen 1.20-1.40 (1.30). If separated, the United States bird would have to be called C. cafer collan'g (Vig.), the Colaptes collana of Vigors (Zool, Jour, iv. 1329, 384; Zool. Beechey's Voy. 1839, 24, pi. 0) having been based on speoimons from Monterey, Cali- fornia. * Culaptei mexicanoidei Lafr., Rev. Zool. 1844, 42. CAPRIMULQIDJE. 297 Order MACROCHIRES. — The Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc. (Page 2.) Families. «'. Secondaries more than six ; bill short, very broad at base, the gape deeply cleft ; plumage not metallic. 6*. Middle toe much longer than lateral toes, its claw with inner edge pecti- nated ; gape more or less distinctly bristled ; plumage much spotted, the feathers soft, with downy or moth-like surface. (Suborder Capri- mulgi.) Caprimulgidae. (Page 297.) 6*. Middle toe not distinctly longer than lateral toes, its claw with edge not pectinated ; gape without bristles ; plumage plain and compact, the feathers with smooth surface. (Suborder Cypseli.) Micropodidse. (Page 302.) a*. Secondaries only six ; bill long as head, or longer, slender, the gape not deeply cleft ; plumage more or less metallic. (Suborder Trochili.) Trochilidae. (Page 303.) Family CAPRIMULGID^.— The Goatsuckers. (Page 297.) (Eggs deposited on bare ground, dead leaves, gravel, or sand, 2, broadly ellip- tical-oval, plain or spotted.) Genera. a^. Gape without conspicuous bristles ; tail emarginated. Chordeiles. (Page 300.) a'. Gape with conspicuous bristles ; tail even or rounded. 6'. Tarsus shorter than middle toe, and feathered in front almost to the toes ; first quill longer than fourth Antrostomus. (Page 298.) b*. Tarsus longer than middle toe, entirely naked in front ; first quill shorter than fourth, c'. Tail even, much shorter than wing, the latter less than 6.00; quills without white patch Phalaenoptilus. (Page 299.) c*. Tail much rounded, nearly equal to or longer than wing, the latter 6.00 or more ; quills with a white patch... Nyctidromus. (Page 300.) 4 u\ 298 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Genus ANTROSTOMUS Gould. (Page 297, pi. LXXXVII., fig. 1 ; pi. LXXXVIII., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Upper parts brownish and grayish, much mottled and otherwise varied with blackish ; outer webs of quills spotted with ochraceous, but (in North American species) without any white spot ; lower parts pale fulvous or buffy, mottled or barred with dusky ; throat with a white, ochraceous, or buffy transverse patch ; tail ol' male with white on terminal portion of inner webs. rt*. Bristles of gape with lateral filaments. Adult male : Terminal third, or more, of three outer tail-feathers white, or buffy. Adult female : Outer tail-feathers without any white or buffy patch; length about 11.00-12.00, wing 8.70-8.90, tail 6.25-630. Eggs deposited on ground or dead leaves in woods, 1.39 X 1-01, pulo pinkish buff, marbled with pale brown and lilac-gray. Hab. Southern Atlantic and Gulf States and lower Mississippi Valley, north to North Carolina and southern Illinois 416. A. carolinensis (Gmel.). Chnck-will's-widow. a'. Bristles of gape without lateral filaments. 6'. Nostrils large, opening vertically from out a nearly circular tubular case ; rictal bristles verv large and much lengthened, extending nearly half their length beyond tip of bill; top of head with ground-color distinctly brownish, the whole surface marked with broad, serrate-edged streaks of black ; adult males with white tail-patches occupying less than ter- minal third of three or four outer feathers, and decreasing in extent from exterior feather, c*. Wing 7.00, or more ; four outer tail-feathers tipped with white in male, three outer ones tipped with buff in female ; length about 10.50- 11.00, wing 7.00-7.25, tail 5.50-5.70, longer rictal bristles 1.80-2.00. Hab. Cuba. A. cubanensis Lawr. Cuban Whippoorwill.^ c*. Wing less than 7.00 ; three outer tail-feathers tipped with white in male, with buff in female; length about 10.00, wing 6.60-6.70, tail 5.20-5.35, longer rictal bi-istles about 1.20-1.40. Hab. Eastern Mexico (Miradoi', La Parada, etc.). A. macromystax (Waol.). Mexican Whippoorwill.* b^. Nostrils small, inconspicuous, not distinctly raised above general level of base of bill ; rictal bristles much weaker, reaching less than half their ^ongth beyond tip of bill ; top of head more or less distinctly grayish, ■■ I rowly streaked laterally, and very broadly streaked medially, with lark; adult male with white tail-patch occupying more than terminal 1 Antro$tomu» cubaii/ninii LAwn., Ann, Lyo. N. Y. vil. May, 1860, 260. * Caprimulgus maeromt/ttax AVaoi.., Isis, 1831, 533. Antro$tomu» macromylax ScL., P. Z. S. 1866, 137. PHAL^NOPTIL US. 290 thii'd of three outer tail-feathers, and increasing in extent from exterior feather, c*. Smaller, with white tail-patch of male more extended, throat-bar chiefly or wholly white in adult male, the lores and auriculars less tawny. Young : Scapulars, wing-coverts, sides of neck, etc., bright ochraceous-buff, the first marked with large roundish spots of black ; top of head finely mottled grayish, spotted, instead of marked longitudinally, with black, the spots larger in centre of crown ; lower parts almost plain light buffy ; otherwise, essentially like adult. Length about 9.50-10.00, wing 5.80-6.70, tail 5.10-6.50, longer rictal bristles about 1.40-1.70 (but much slenderer than in A. macromystax). Eggs deposited on ground or dead leaves in woods, 1.12 X -S-l, creamy white or pure white, spotted or blotched with lilac-gray, or lilac-gray and pale brown. Hab. Eastern United States, north to British Provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, etc.), west to edge of Great Plains; south, iu winter, through eastern Mexico to Guatemala. 417. A. vociferus (Wils.). Whippoorwill. '. Larger, with white tail-patch of adult male less extended, throat-bar largely or entirely ochi'aceous in adult male, the lores and auriculars (whole plumage, in fact) more tawny; length 9.60-10.20, wing 6.27- 6.65, tail 5.03-5.45, longer rictal bristles about 1.40-1.80. Hab. Table- lands of central Mexico, north to southern Arizona. 417a. A. vociferus arizonse Brewsx. Stephens's Whippoorwill. Genus PHAL^NOPTILUS Eidqway. (Page 297, pi. LXXXIX., fig. 1.) Species. Adult male : Top of head soft velvety grayish, barred with dusky ; under tail- coverts plain buff; upper parts in general soft bi'ownish gray, with a veiy velvety, moth-like surface, relieved by irregular spottings and zigzags of black, the outer webs of the quills spotted with deep buff, or ochraceous ; thi-oat with a lai'go trans- verse patch of white ; other lower parts (except tail-coverts) barred with blackish and light buffy; tail-feathers (except middle pair) broadly tipped with white. Adult female : Similar to the male, but usually with white tips to tail-feathers nar- rower. Young : Much like adult, but colors' above more silvery gray, mixed more or less with bright rusty or ochraceous, the black markings smaller and less dis- tinct, the white of throat and tail reduced in extent, and tinged with ochraceous or rusty. Length 7.25-8.50, wing 5.60-5.75, tail 3.70-3.90.- Eggs deposited on ground in open places, .99 X -78, plain dead white, usually with a faint buffy or pinkish tinge. Hab. Western United States, east to across Great Plains, south to southern Mexico 418. P. nuttalli (AuD.). Foorwill. 'I .-.(ij H 300 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Genus NYCTIDROMUS Gould. (Page 297, pi. LXXXYIII., fig. 2.) Species. Adult male : Above finely mottled brownish gray or brownish, the crown with a central series of broad black streaks, the scapulars handsomely variegated with black and buff in large, somewhat V-shaped, markings ; base of six outer primaries white, forming a large patch over both webs, the rest of the quills plain dusky ; outer tail-feathers nearly uniform blackish ; next mostly white, with outer web chiefly dusky ; third also mostly white, the outer web edged with dusky ; four middle tail-feathers without any white, their ground-color mottled brownish gray, relieved by irregular " herring-bone" blotches of dusky along the shaft; lower parts buffy, regularly barred with dusky, the throat crossed by a distinct collar of pure white ; length 12.00-13.50, wing 6.75-7.50, tail 6.75-7.40. Adult female : Similar to the male, but smaller, more brownish, the colors duller and less handsomely con- trasted, the white of quills and tail-feathers more restricted, that of former occu- pying only four outer quills, of latter occupying only terminal poi-tion (for .75- 1.75) of the inner webs of second and third feathers, the blackish basal portion of which is bi'oadly, though more or less irregularly, barred and mottled with ochra- ceous; length about 10.50-11.50, wing 6.00-6.30, tail 5.80-6.00. Young: Much paler than adult, the lower parts nearly immaculate pale dull buffy, the wing- coverts and tertials with this color prevailing ; dark markings on top of head in form of somewhat ti'iangular, drop-shaped, or diamond-shaped spots, each imme- diately surrounded by a paler tint than the general surface ; sexes distinguished as in adult stages. Eggs deposited on ground or dead leaves in woods or thickets, 1.16 X -84, deep pinkish buff, or salmon-buff, sparselj* speckled or spotted with rusty or cinnamon. Hab. "Whole of tropical America (except West Indies), north to lower Kio Grande Yalley in Texas 419. N. albicoUis (Gmel.). Paranqne. Genus CHORDEILES Swainson. (Page 297, pi. LXXXVII., fig. 2.) Species. Common Characters. — Above mottled with blackish and grayish (sometimes varied, more or less, with ochraceous), the tail more or less distinctly banded with dusky ; quills chiefly plain dusky, several of the longer ones marked near the middle portion with a more or less extensive white or buffy spot; lower parts whitish or buffy, barred with dusky, the throat with a more or less conspicuous A-shaped white or buffy patch ; adult males with a broad bar of white across tail near tip (except on middle feathers). Young : Much more finely and profusely mottled than in adults, with less of dusky above and dusky bars on lower parts less distinct ; upper parts often more or less suffused or mixed (especially in C. texensis and C. virginianus henryi) with pale cinnamon or rusty buff. a*. White or (rarely) buffy spot or patch on quills situated mainly or wholly anterior to tip of seventh quill, the space between this white patch and the CHORDEILES. 301 primary coverts unspotted dusky; secondaries not distinctly, if at all, spotted with buffy or ochraceous; general color above very variable, but •with dusky markings rarely distinctly longitudinal, or streak-like; first quill usually longest. 6'. Darker, with dusky markings predominating above. c\ Larger: Wing 7.30-8.25 (7.79), tail 4.30-4.75 (4.52). Eggs deposited in open situations (fields, etc.), 1.19 X -85) pale olive-buff, buffy white, grayish white, etc., thickly speckled and dashed, in varying char- acter and quantity, with deep brown, olive, or even blackish, usually mixed with clouding or marbling of pale purplish gray. Hab. Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay, west to edge of Great Plains (to Pacific coast along northern border of United States) ; south, in winter, to Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica (breeds ?), Middle America, and portions of eastern South America. 420. C. virginianus (Gmel.). Nighthawk. c'. Smaller: Wing 6.60-7.25, tail 3.85-A30.^ Eggs 1.13 X -80, the markings averaging bolder and darker than in C virginianus. Hab. Southern Florida, Cuba, and Jamaica. 4206. C. virginianus minor (Cab.). Cuban Nighthawk. 6'. Paler, with light grayish, buffy, or ochraceous markings predominating on upper parts ; length 9.15-10.00, wing 7.65-8.50 (7.89), tail 4.25-4.95 (4.59). Eggs 1.19 X -86, averaging paler than those of true C. virgini- anus. Hab. Western United States, east, occasionally, to western and northern Illinois, south to table-lands of Mexico. 420a. C. virginianus henryi (Cass.). Western Nighthawk. White (or buffy) spot or patch on quills situated usually mainly or wholly pos- terior to tip of seventh quill, the space between this patch and the primary coverts usually distinctly spotted with buff or ochraceous ; secondaries con- spicuously spotted with ochraceous ; general color above dull grayish, mot- tled and streaked with dusky ; first quill usuallj'' shorter than second ; length about 8.00-9.00, wing 6.60-7.30 (7.11), tail 4.10-4.75 (4.37). Eggs 1.08 X .77, dull white, grayish white, etc., finely speckled with olive or vandyke- brown (averaging much paler in coloration than eggs of G. virginianus henryi). Hab. Southwestern border of United States (Texas to southern California), and south to Costa Eica 421. C. texensis Lawr. Texan Nighthawk. 1 1 I I I Florida specimens are not quite tj'pical, being larger than those from Cuba or Jamaica, and, as a rule, with less ochraceous in their plumage. Four Florida specimens (Miami, Marco, and Clearwater), compared with four from Jamaica and two from Cuba, measure as follows : Florida tpecimena: Wing 7.00-7.25 (7.15), tail 4.10-4,30 (4.13). Clifton tpecimeni : Wing 6.75-7.00 (6.88), tail 4.00-4.30 (4.15). Jamaican ipecimeni : Wing 6.60-7.00 (6.80), tail 3.85-4.00 (3.95). f 302 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. m Family MICROPODID-ffi.— The Swifts. (Page 297.) Genera. a}. Tarsi and part of toes feathered, the hind-toe directed either forward or laterally, not backward. (Subfamily Jf« Sporadinui Bo.vAr., Rov. ot Mag. Zool. 1854, 255. Typo, Trochilut riccordi Qert. (One species in Haiti, one in Cuba and Saharaas, and apparently one peculiar to Bahamas.) » Uranomitra Rkicb., Auf/.. der Colib. 1853, 10. Type, Trochilua francim Bounc. & MuLS. (Four species in Mexico, opj in Hondurn!<, one in Colombia, and one in Peru.) * Agyriria Reich., Troch. Enum. 1855, 7. Type, Trochit:t» breviroitn's Less. (Two Mexican ond numerous South American species ; some of the latter with lower parts mostly green ; one of the former with bufly or rufouM belly and flanlcg.) * Petntophora Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, 13. Type, Tiochiliii lerrirottiii Vieill. (One spooios in Mexico and Guatemala, aevoral in Central and South America.) e-black in lorostilbon} '< and young ip to outer poradinus.* as wing, for moi*e io8 Id Haiti, Four spcoios nd numerous rltli bufty or OS in Mexico TEOCmUD^. 807 l^. Wing more than 2.40. m'. Tail partly rich chestnut, glossed with bright pur- ple; bill rather dis- tinctly curved. Lampornis} w*. Tail without chestnut or bright purple, n*. Tail wholly (male) or partly {female) greenish bronze. Adult male with throat brilliant emerald-green, breast black- ish, and crown rich violet or violet-blue. Eugenes. (Page 309.) n*. Tail wholly or chiefly blackish. Outer tail-feath- ers sometimes broadly tipped with white, or grayish ; lower parts deep dull grayish, tinged with green on sides, or dull white medially and green lat- erally; a con- spicuous white streak behind eye; adult males with throat blue, reddish pur- ple, or light emerald-green, 4; > Lnmpornit Swains., Zool. Jour. iii. 1827, 358. Type, TfochC'ir, i.i ^ j LiNN. (One Moxioan, leveral West Indian, and several South American spooies,) Hi i I 308 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. not very bril liant; wing about 2.50- 3.20. Cceligena. (Page 310.) l\ Wing less than 2.25. Adult males with a brilliant gorget of metallic red or purple... Trochilus. (Page 310.) k*. Feathering of forehead scarcely ex- tended beyond posterior end of nostrils, the scale over latter therefore for the greater part, or entirely, naked, and the bill very broad at base ; wing about 1.90-2.15. V. Tail bluo-black in tnale, deeply emarginated, and with mid- dle feathers tipped with dull grayish ; in female shallowly emarginated, green basally, blue-black terminally, the outer feathers tipped with grayish white; adult males metallic green beneath, the throat bluish. lache. (Page 319.) Z*. Tail not blue-black. m*. Exposed culmen more than half as long as tail. r}. Tail rufous, or chest- nut, the feathers usually with dusky or bronzy terminal margins. Amazilia. (Page 316.) n'. Tail dull greenish, with dusky sub- terminal band (ex- cept on middle feathers), the outcv feathers broadly EUGENES. 309 TQvy bril L; wing It 2.50- oeligena. 'age 310.) % brilliant tallic red 'ochilus. age 310.) rcely ex- )r end of Br latter ter part, I the bill ng about e, deeply vith mid- with dull iballowly . basally, ally, the ped with ult males eath, the age 319.) lore than tail. or chest- feathers th dusky terminal tnazilia. age 316.) greenish, ky Bub- •and (ex- middle ;ho outcv broadly tipped with dull light grayish brown; plumage in general very dull, the lower parts dull brown- ish gray. Phceoptila} m*. Exposed culmen not more than half as long as tail. Adult males with cheeks black, bor- dered above by a white stripe or spot ; forehead and chin deep blue, or blue-black; throat brilliant emerald- green.. Basilinna. (Page 318.) Genus EUGENES Gould. (Page 307, pi. XC, fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult males with top of head rich metallic violet or violet- blue, the chin and throat brilliant emerald-green or light bluish green ; upper parts dark bronzy green ; lower parts (except throat and lower tail-coverts) plain dusky greeninb or dull brorzy ; lower tail-coverts paler greenish or bronzy, bordered with pi'ler Adutt fauales with top of head dull brownish gray or grayish brown, rest o* u|)pi T pai'ts bronzy green ; lower parts pale brownish gray, the sides and flanks grceu ; a small white postocular spot. tiUjjed n-iu Adult m.-h.: Breast very dark bronzy green, appearing jjeariy black in some lights ; length about 5.00, wing 2.90-3.10, tail 1.90-2.00, culmon 1.00-1.20. Adult female : Outer tail-feathers very broadly (for about .35-.45) tipped with pale gray or dull grayish white ; wing 2.60-2.75, tail 1.80-1.90, culmen 1.00- 1.16. Young: Similar to adult female, but feathers of upper parts bordered terminally with pale buffy. ffab. High/ands of Mexico and Guatemala, north to southern Arizona.. 426. E. fulgens (Swains.). Rivoli Hummingbird. ididt male: Breast dull bronzy, or bronzy green, the feathers dull brownish '^TRj immediately beneath surface ; lower tail-coverts green margined with 1 Phitnptiln Gould, lotr. Men. Trooh ooi. «d. 1801, 160. known ipooioi poouliai' to Mexico.) Typo, Cj/anomya (/) tordida Qovld. (The single i. .4- 1 1 111 iii^i ! f i 310 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. pale huffy ; wing 3.00-3.15, tail 1.90-2.00, culmen 1.20-1.30. Adult female : Outer tail-feathers more narrowly (for ahout .20-.25) tipped with darker brownish gray ; wing 2.90, tail 1.85-1.90, exposed culmen 1.40-1.50. Hab. Highlands of Costa Bica. E. spectabilis (Lawb.). Admirable Hummingbird.^ Genus CCELIGENA Lksson. (Page 308, pi. XC, fig. 3.) Species. Common Chaeacters. — ^Above rather dull metallic greenish, changing to pur- plish black on upper tail-coverts and tail ; ear-coverts dusky, bordered above by a conspicuous white streak ; lower parts deep dull grayish, tinged with green on sides, or dull white medially and green laterally ; outer tail-feathers sometimes broadly tipped with white ; adult males with throat blue, reddish purple, or pale emerald-green, not very brilliant. a\ Lower parts dull grayish, glossed v. .t jn on sides. 6*. Outer tail-feathers broadly and aci t!y tipped -^ith white in both sexes; adult male with throat dull metallic azure-blue ; length about 4.50-5.00 (of male before skinning, 5.40), wing 2.90-3.20, tail 1.85-2.20, exposed culmen .90-1.00. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico, north to southern Arizona. 427. C. clemencise Less. Bine-throated Hnminingbird. b*. Outer tail-feathers more narrowly and indistinctly tipped with dull brown- ish gray ; adult male with throat metallic reddish purple, the feathers narrowly bordered with light brownish gray ; length about 4.50, wing 2.60, tail 1.80. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico, north to Jalapa. C. henrica (Less. & D.klattr.). Henri Delattre's Hummingbird.' a\ Lower parts dull white medially, metallic green laterally. Adult male with throat pale emerald-green, the feathers bordered with white ; length about 4.25, wing 1.40-1.70, tail 1.65-1.75, exposed culmen .85-.90. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala. C. viridipallens (Bourc. & Muls.) Pale -green-throated Hummingbird.* Gbnus TROCHILUS Linnjbus. (Page 308, pi. XC, figs. 4, 7-10; pi. XCI., figs. 1-7.) Species. Common Characters. — Upper parts metallic greenish, varying from nearly pure green to bronzy ; median lower parts whitish. Adult males with a portion, or > Heliomaiter upeclabiliii Lawr., Ann. Lyo. N. Y. viH. 1867, 472. Eugenei ipeetabilii MuLS., Hist. Nat. Oia. Mouoh. ii.'l876, 216. * OrnUmya henriea Less, k Delattr., Rov. ZooI. 1839, 17. Cceligina henrici Cab. A Hisiir., Mug. Hoin. iii. 1860, 15. , > Trochilui viridipalUnt BouRO. A MuLS., Ann. Soo. Lyons, 1846, 821. daligma viridipalhn* Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mouch. i. 1877, 185. TROCHILUS. 311 It female: th darker 50. Mab. nmingbird.* ig to pur- above by ith green loraetimes 0, or pale th sexes; 4.50-5.00 exposed north to mingbird. II brown- feathers .50, wing north to mingbird.' red with i culmen mingbird.* ?1. XCI., a nearly )rtion, or , Hist. Nat. IB. Hoin. iii. Idls., Ilist. the whole, of the throat brilliant metallic (sometimes top of head similar), the tail-feathers (except middle pair) without white tips ' or green bases. Adult females and young with chin and throat dull whitish, or pale grayish (sometimes spotted centrally with the metallic color of the male), the rectrices (except middle pair) greenish basally, black subterminally, and tipped with white. a\ Exposed culmen less than half as long as wing, the bill straight. 6*. Middle tail-feathers narrower near end than at base. c\ Exposed culmen .60, or more ; outer tail-feathers without white tips in adult males. d^. Outer tail-feather not decidedly shorter than middle pair, and not conspicuously narrower than the next ; adult males with six in- nermost quills abruptly much smaller and narrower than the rest, the top of head greenish like back, or dusky, the tail- feathers (except middle pair) pointed. (Subgenus Trochilus.) c'. Adult male : Chin, only, opaque velvety black, the rest of the gorget intense metallic crimson, changing to golden red ; tail forked for about .30-.35 ; length about 3.07-3.25, wing 1.60, tail 1.25, exposed culmen .55-65. Adult female: Tail double-rounded, the outer feathers about as long as middle pair (sometimes a little shorter), the middle pair wholly green, the rest green basally, then black, the three outer pairs broadly tipped with white ; length about 3.50-3.85, wing 1.80, tail- 1.20, culmen .70. Young male : Similar to adult female, but throat streaked with dusky, feathers of upper parts more or less distinctly margined with pale buffy, and tail more forked. Young female: Similar to young male, but throat without streaks, and tail more rounded. Eggs .50 X -31. Hab. Eastern United States, north to Canada, west to Great Plains, south, in wintei*, to Cuba, eastern Mexico, and Central America, to Veragua. 428. T. colubris Linn. Ruby-throated Hummingbird. e*. Adult male : Chin and throat opaque velvety black, bordered below by a broad band of metallic violet, changing to green and blue ; tail slightly forked, or emai'ginatod (depth of fork only about .10 of an inch) ; length about 3.30- 3.75, wing 1.70-1.75, tail 1.25, culmen .70-.75. Adidt female : Tail much rounded, the middle feathers about the longest; plumage not essentially different from that of female T. colubris; length about 3.90-4.10, wing 1.90-2.00, tail 1.25-1.35, culmen .78-.80. Young: Similar to adult female, but feathers of upper parts margined terminally with light buffy or pale rusty, the male with throat ' Except in species of AttMi, ■"■"" 312 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Streaked with dusky. Eggs .49 X -31. Hah. "Western United States, east "to Rocky Mountains, south over table-- lands of Mexico 429. T. alexandri Bourc. & Muls. Dlaok-ohinned Hummingbird. Orthorhynehm helenie "Oi7NDt., sus manuscrttos," Lehd., Avea dc la Isia de Cuba, 1850, 70, pi. 10, fig. 2. Calyptt heleim Qould, MoQ. Trooh. ili. pi. 130. 3U NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. sides, and flanks also rufous. Adult females with all the tail-feathers rufous for basal half (but green on middle pair running along median portion nearly to base), tho- three outer feathers broadly tipped with white and marked by a subterminal broad band of blackish ; belly white, but sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts light rufous. Young males : Similar to adult female, but feathers of upper parts bordered with pale rusty, the rump show- ing much rufous, and throat usually with one or more feathers (new moult) of bi'ight metallic red. Yoting females : Similar to young males, but rump entirely green, and throat showing only dull green- ish specks. h\ Adult male: Tail-feathers broad, the second (from middle) with a deep notch near end of inner web, and outer web sinuated near tip ; outer feather more than .10 broad ; upper parts rufous, the crown (and, rarely, the back) glossed with dull metallic green; length about 3.25-3.70, wing 1.50-1.60, tail 1.30-1.35, cul- men .60. Adidt female : Outer tail-feather more than .10 wide ; length about 3.50-3.90, wing 1.75-1.80, tail 1.25-1.30, culmen .65-.70. Eggs .48 X .31. Hab. Western North Amer- ica, noi'th bcj-ond northern border of United States (to or beyond Sitka on Pacific coast), east to Eocky Mountains, south over table- lands of Mexico 433. T. rufus Gmel. Rufous Hummingbird. A*. Adult male: Tail-feathers narrow, tho second (from middle) without notch or sinuation ; outer feather much less than .10 broad ; whole back, as well as crown, bright metallic green; length about 3.25-3.30, wing 1.50-1.55, tail 1.10-1.20, exposed culmen .60-.65. Adult fe- male: Outer tail-feather not more than .10 wide; length about 3.40, wing 1.65-1.70, tail 1.05-1.15, exposed culmen .68-.70. Eggs .48 X .32. JTab. Coast district of California, north to British Columbia, south to Arizona. 434. T. alleni (Hensh.). Allen's Hummingbird. g\ Adult male with top of head brilliant metallic red, like gorget, the middle tail-feathers green bordered TROCHILUS. 315 lales with but green portion broadly bterminal )ut sides, Young i of upper np show- th one or tuUic red. )ut rump uU green- in d (from of inner p ; outer )er parts le back) :th about 1.35, cul- il-feather 1.50-3.90, 1 .65-.70. h Amer- f United ic coast), er table- ts Gmel. lingbird. second n nation ; I ; whole c green ; .55, tail idult fe- -han .10 1.70, tail Eggs .48 lifoi'nia, rizona. Iensh.). ingbird. lie red, ordered with rufous, the outer tail-feather wholly dusky, the belly white, the sides and flanks green. Adult female unknown. Length 3.25, wing 1.75, tail 1.40, exposed culmen .65. Hab. Mexico (Bolanos) and southern California (San Francisco) — . T. floresii (Gould). Floresi's Hnmmingbird.^ c\ Exposed culmen not more than .50 ; ^ jter tail-feathers broadly tipped with A^hite in both sexes. (Adtilt males bronzy green or bronzy above, the middle tail-feathers broadly edged with rufous on inner web, the other tail-feathers with basal half rufous, then purplish black, the two or three outermost broadly tipped with white ; gor- get rich metallic purplish ; chest and other median lower parts white, the sides and flanks rufous, tinged or spotted with greenish or bronzy. Adult females similar to males, but throat dull white, spotted with dull greenish or bronzy; under tail-coverts pale ru- fous ; four middle tail-feathers without rufous edgings.) (Subgenus Atthis Eeichenbach.) ,o two or three longitudinal segments, which may be either divided into transverse segments, or scuteD®, or fused into continuous plates. (Sub- order Oscines.) 6'. Posterior half of tarsus not comprei^sed, but rounded, and divided into dis- tinct segments, or scutellio, like the anterior half Alaudidae. (Page 346.) 6'. Posterior half of tarsus compressed, with two lateral plates uniting behind in a comparatively sharp ridge, and for the most part undivided, c*. Primaries apparently only 9 (the 10th being exceedingly rud'mentary), the tip of the bill not hooked. d^. Bill variously formed, but gape never twice as long as culmen; outer primary never twice as long as innermost, e'. Bill straight. /'. Bill coiiOid ; if slender, the angle of the gonys forward of the nostril. g^. Bill without notch, and without bi'istles at gape. Icteridae. (Page 365.) g*. Bill notched, and with bristletf at gape. hK Nostrils concealed by feathers, or pointed an- teriorly and overhung by a distinct scale or borny membrane, or else base of cutting- edges forming a distinct angle. Fringillidae. (Page 382.) h*. Nostril exposed, rounded anteriorly, without distinct overhanging scale or membrane, and cutting-edges of bill not forming a distinct angle at the base.. Tanagridee. (Pago 453.) 41 i. 322 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. n % nirai! p. Bill not conoid ; angle of gonys not forward of the nostril. g^. Tertials not elongated, but with their tips falling far short of the ends of the longest primaries ; hind- claw much shorter than its digit. Mniotiltidae. (Page 480.) g*. Tertials much elongated, their tips reaching nearly to end of longest primary ; hind-claw nearly as long as, or longer than, its digit. Motacillidae. (Pago 532.) e*. Bill curved downward to the very acute tip. CGerebidae {Certhiola:" (Page 479.) (f . Bill very short, very broad at base, and deeply cleft, the gape more than twice as long as the culmen ; outer primary mor' 'an twice as long as the innermost Hirundinidee. (Pag i57.) c*. Primaries obviously 10, or else tip of bill hooked, d*. Tarsi distinctly scutellate. e*. Bill only moderately or very slightly hooked at tip. /*. Tarsus not longer than middle toe, with claw ; bill short, depressed, its width at base exceeding length of the gonys Ampelidee. (Page 463.) /*. Tarsus longer than middle toe, with claw, or else the bill elongated, not depressed, narrower at base than length of the gonys. g^. Bill not hooked at tip. h\ Tail-feathers normal. i}. Nasal feathers erect or inclined backward. /. Bill linear, but often curved, the culmen always more or less so; first pri- mary well developed, extending be- yond tips of coverts. Troglodytida:. (Page 533.) j*. Bill elongate-conical, the culmen straight ; first primary minute, not reaching to tips of coverts. Sturnidee. (Page 364.) t*. Nasal feathers directed forwai-d. /. Larger (wing more than 4.00 inches). Corvida:. (Page 350.) f. Smaller (wing less than 4.00 inches). A*. Bill without notch, more or loss conoid... Paridse. (Page 558.) k*. Bill notched, very slender. Sylviidae {Polioptilina:). (Page 566.) h*. Tail-feathers stiff, pointed at tip. Certhiidee. (Pago 567.) CQTINGIDJE. 323 g^. Bill slightly hooked at lip.. Vireonidae. (Page 468.) e*. Bill strongly hooked and toothed Laniidse. (Page 465.) Tarsi not divided into scutellaj, except at extreme lower portion, e'. Without rictal bristles ; nostrils linear ; tail excessively short. Cinclidae. (Page 538.) e'. With distinct rictal bristles ; nostrils oval ; tail normally de- veloped. /^ Smaller (wing less than 3.00 inches) ; young not spotted. Sylviidae (Sylviince, Regulirm). (Page 566.) /'. Larger (wing more than 3.00 inches) ; young distinctly spotted Turdidse. (Page 571.) Family COTINGID^.— The Cotingas. (Page 321.) Genera. a*. Nostrils wholly exposed ; lores and orbits naked Tityra} a*. Nostrils more or less hidden by bristly feathers ; lores and orbits feathered. 6*. Tip of bill very slightly hooked ; tail decidedly rounded or graduated ; males with second quill very small or rudimentary, c*. Tail graduated for only about half the length of the exposed culmen ; tarsus stouter, the inner side (posterior half) with a series of large scutellse; bill more cylindrical Platypsaris. (Page 324.) C*. Tail graduated for about as much as full length of exposed culmen ; tarsus slender, the inner side (posterior half) covered by naked skin; bill more flattened Pachyrhamphus. (Page 325.) fc'. Tip of bill very distinctly hooked ; tail nearly even ; males with second quill larger than first. c*. Color uniform tawny (darker above) ; wing six times as long as exposed culmen, more than four times as long as tarsus ; culmen more or less distinctly convex, cutting-edge of upper mandible straight or slightly concave, and tip of bill gradually decurved. d*. Tarsus stout, very little longer than' middle too, with claw, the upper third feathered in front ; culmen curved throughout, and cutting-edge of upper mandible slightly concave ; wing 5.00, or more Laniocern.} (P. Tarsus slender, decidedly longer than middle toe, with claw, en- tirely naked ; culmen nearly or quite straight to near tip, and cutting-edge of upper mandible straight; wing less than 5.00 (in Mexican species) Lipaugm? • TUi/ra ViBiLLOT, Analyse, 1816, ."59. Typo, Lnniui ca}/anu» Lin», (One speoios in Mexico, with othora in Central and South America.) */ '•'ocera Lrss., Rev. Zool. 1840, !<63. Type, L. innguinaria hKsn,, = Ampclii hypnpyrrha ViEiLL. (One itpeciea in Mexico.) * Lipangui {err, typ.) BoiB, leia, 1828, 318, Type, Muioienpa timpltx LiciiT. (One apeoiei in Mexioo.) 'ff". 324 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Pachyrhamphu* cinnamomem LAwn., Ann. Lyo. N. Y. vii. 1801, 295. rtials; tail th toward ay; nearly }iale : Top ig8 dusky, lers edged, or tawny ick; sides ale : Simi- 5th about us .70-.80. uatemala. id Becard.i e in color primary), wer parts y; length )-.50, tar- is Becard.i ge 321.) •age 327.) raight for led patch than half ter quills age 328.) han half ;er quills age 330.) age 331.) rer than 1857, 78. MILVVLUS. 327 middle toe, with claw (or else a conspicuous white cottony patch on each side of rump'), d'. Tail-feathers partly i-ufous; lower parts unifonn ashy for ante- rior half (approximately), pale yellowish for posterior portion. (Wing about 3.25^.50.) Myiarchus. (Page 332.) d\ Tail-feathers without any rufous ; lower parts not colored as in d}. e*. "Wing at least six times as long as tarsus. (Wing about 3.00- 4.25.) Contopus. (Page 336.) e\ Wing not more than five times as long as tarsus. /'. Sexes alike in color, the plumage without any red, and destitute of streaks on lower parts. g^. Wing more than 3.25 Sayornis. (Page 335.) gr'. Wing less than 3.25 Empidonax. (Page 339.) J*. Sexes very different in color, the adult male with whole top of head and lower parts scarlet, the female and young distinctly streaked beneath. (Wing about 3.25.) Pyrocephalus. (Page 345.) b'. Bill from nostril less than half as long as tarsus, the culmen much curved, c'. Wing more than 3.00 ; lower parts, except throat, pure lemon-yellow ; a broad white superciliary stripe; middle of crown, in adult, with a concealed orange patch Myiozetetes. (Page 331.) c*. Wing less than 2.50 ; lower parts dull whitish or yellowish white ; no superciliary stripe, and top of head without concealed colored patch Ornithion. (Page 345.) Genus MILVULUS Swainson. (Page 326, pi. XCI., fig. 8.) Species. a}. Tail-feathers black, the outer one edged with white ; top of head deep black ; axillars pure white. Adult male : Back light bluish gray ; entire lower parts pure white ; middle of crown with a concealed patch of bright lemon-yellow ; length about 12.00-14.50, wing 4.10-4.75, tail 9.00-10.00. Adult female: Similar, but rather smaller, with tail shorter, and yellow crown-spot shorter. Young : Similar to adult, but tail much shorter (sometimes scarcely forked), colors duller, the wing-coverts bordered v.Mth pale rusty, and no yellow on crown. Hab. Tropical America in general, including Lesser Antilles; north, normally, to southern Mexico, accidentally to Mississippi, Kentucky, and New Jersey 442. M. tyrannus (Linn.). Fork-tailed Flycatcher. a*. Tail-feathers chiefly white ; top of head ash-gray ; axillars red or orange. Adult male : Above light bluish gray, the back tinged with red ; lower parts white, faintly tinged with bluish gray anteriorly, the sides, flanks, and under tail- coverts strongly washed with salmon-pink ; axillars and concealed spot in middle of crown scarlet ; length about 12.00-15.00, wing 4.40-5.16, tail 1 In " Contoput" (i.e., Nuttallornit) borealit. 328 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. .0; ■^5 -V- 7.00-10.00. Adult female : Similar to the male, but rather smaller, the tall shorter, axillars less intensely red, the flanks, etc., paler salmon-color, and crown-spot indistinct. Young : Similar to adult female, but crown-spot wanting. Nest of sticks, etc., lined with feathers and other soft materials, built in trees. I^ggs 3-5, .88 X -66, pure white, or creamy white, boldly but sparingly spotted with rich madder-brown and lilac-gray. Hab. Eastern Mexico and southwestern prairie districts of United States, north to Indian Territory, southern Kansas, and southwestern Missouri ; acci- dental at Key West, Florida, at Norfolk, Virginia, New Jersey, New Eng- land, Manitoba, and even at York Factory, Hudson's Bay Territory ; south to Costa Eica 443. M. foriicatus (Gmel.). Scissor*tailed Flycatcher. Genus TYRANNUS Cuvier. (Page 326, pi. XCIL, fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Uniform grayish or blackish above, the middle of the crown with a concealed patch of yellow, orange, or orange-red (except in young) ; lower parts white, shaded with grayish on sides of chest, or else ashy anteriorly and pale yellow posteriorly. Nest bulky, built in trees. Eggs handsomely spotted with various shades of brown on a white or cream-colored ground. a}. Lower parts white. b^. Tail slightly rounded, deep black, with abrupt white tip; upper half of head deep black ; bill small, its length from nostril to tip less than length of tarsus. Adult : Middle of crown with a concealed patch of orange-red ; wing- coverts edged or bordered with pure white or grayish white. Young : No colored patch on crown ; wing-coverts and upper tail- coverts bordered with pale rusty or fulvous, white tail-band and chest tinged with same, and colors duller generally. Length 8.00- 9.00, wing 4.45-4.75, tail 3.40-3.75, bill from nostril .50-.57. Nest of sticks, rootlets, etc., lined with wool, feathers, etc., built upon trees. Eggs 3-5, .95 X -69, white spotted with rich madder-brown, or chestnut, and lilac-gray. JIab. Temperate North America (chiefly east of Eocky Mountains and rare on Pacific coast) ; south, in wintei', to Middle America and western South America to Bo- livia; Cuba; Bahamas 444. T. tyrannus (Linn.). Kingbird. b*. Tail decidedly emarginate, without abrupt white tip; bill very large, its length from nostril to tip exceeding length of tarsus, c*. Above grayish brown, the head brownish dusky or dark brown ; crown- patch orange-rod; wing 6.20-5.30, tail 4.00-4.25, bill from nostril 1.00-1.06. Hab. Cuba and Bahamas. T. magnirostris D'Orb. Qreat-billed Kingbird.^ c^. Above, including top of head, plumbeous-gray. Adult: A concealed ^ Tjfraiinui magtUrottrit D'Ons., La Sagra's Cuba, Ois. 1S39, pi. 13. TVRANNUS. 329 acci- orange-colored patch in middle of crown ; wing-coverts and upper taii-covert8 without rusty or buft'y margins. Young : No crown- patch ; wing-coverts and u^iper tail-coverts more or less distinctly bordered with pale rusty, ochraeeous, or butfy. Length about 8.90- 9.80, wing 4.45-4.80, tail 3.50-4.05, bill from nostril .75-.82. Nest on horizontal branches of (usually small) trees, loosely constructed of twigs, roots, etc., with little if any lining. Uggs usually 3, 1.00 X .71, deep cream-color or pinkish buff, spotted or dashed (or both) with madder-brown and purplish gray. Hab. West Indies and coasts of Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, north to Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina ; accidental in Massachusetts. 445. T. dominicensis (Gmel.). Gray Kingb'^Td. a'. Lower parts yellow, the throat and chest grayish or whitish. 6*. Bill excessively stout, all its outlines convex, its depth at base .38, or more, width .53, or more. Above olive-gray, wings and tail browner, head darker ; crown-patch lemon-yellow; chin and throat white, chest more ashy, rest of under parts sulphur-yellow ; wing 5.00-5.50, tail 4.00-4.50, bill from nostril .75-81, depth at base .38-43, width .53-.60. Hab. Mexico, north to Orizaba and Mazatlan. T. crassirostris Swains. Thick-billed Kingbird.* b*. Bill much less stout, its outlines straight, depth at base less than .38, width less than .53. c^ Tail decidedly emarginate ; length of bill from nostril nearly or quitO equal to length of tarsus. Adult male: Head, neck, chest, and back light ash-gray, the last tinged with olive-greenish ; wings and tail dusky brownish gray, with paler brownish gray edgings; lower parts, in- cluding breast, rich lemon-yellow (the breast tinged with olive), the chin and throat grayish white. Adult female: Similar to male, but rather smaller, with tail less deeply emarginate, orange-red crown-spot more restricted, and quills less conspicuously narrowed at tips. Young : Similar to adult, but no colored crown-patch, wing-covcrts bordered with palo buffy, and yellow of lower parts jialer. Length about 9.00- 10.00, wing 4.40-5.00, tail 3.75^.40, bill from nostril .60-.75. Nest on trees, composed of small twigs, fine roots, etc., and lined with the latter, togeth'^r with " the black hair-like heart of the Spanish moss." (Sennett.) Eggs 4, .98 X -75, bul!', spotted with rich brown, chiefly round larger end. Hub. Mex- ico and Guatemala, north to southern border of United States (southern Texas to Arizona). 446. T. melancholicus couchi (Baird). Conch's Kingbird. > Tjfiannut eraiiiroitiii Swains., Quar. Jour. Soi,, xx. 1826, 278. 42 mM.i 880 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Tail even ; length of bill from nostril much less than length of tarsus. d}. Head, neck, and bi-east light ash-gray, paler on chin and throat ; wings dusky, with indistinct paler edgings ; tail deep black, the lateral feathers with outer webs abruptly white. Adult male : Longer quills with tips contracted into lengthened nar- row points. Adult female: Similar to male, but tips of longer quills less distinctly attenuated, and orange-red crown-spot more restricted. Young : similar to adult, but colors paler and duller, the wing-coverts bordered with pale buffy, yellow of belly, etc., much paler, and colored crown-spot wanting. Length 8.00- 9.50, wing 4.75-5.25, tail 3.65-4.00, bill from nostril .50-.55. Nest and eggs like those of T. tyrannns, the latter averaging .97 X -68. Hab. "Western North America, east across Great Plains (accidentally to Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Maine, etc.), south, in winter, through western Mexico to Guatemala 447. T. verticalis Say. Arkansas Kingbird. d*. Head, neck, and breast dark ash-gray or plumbeous, the chin and fore-part of malar region abruptly whitish ; wings light brown- ish gray, with broad paler edgings ; tail dull black, indistinctly tipped with pale brownish gray, the lateral feathers with outer webs indistinctly pale grayish. Young : Similar to adult, but colors much duller, the wing-coverts bordered with pale fulvous or rusty buff, yellow of belly, etc., paler and duller, and colored crown-patch wanting. Length about 8.75-9.00, wing 5.00-5.40, tail 3.70-4.20, bill from nostril .55-.60. Nest and eggs not es- sentially different from those of T. tyrannus and T, verticalis. Hab. Mexico and Guatemala, north to along eastern base of Eocky Mountains to southern Wyc^^ing, and coast district of southern California to about lat. 37° ; south to Costa Rica. 448. T. vociferans Swains. Cassin's Kingbird. Genus PITANGUS Swainson. (Page 326, pi. XCII., fig. 3.) Species. Forehead, superciliary stripe, and band across nape white ; crown with a large partially concealed patch of bright lemon- or gamboge-yellow ; back, scap- ulars, and rump plain light olive-brown ; outer webs of greater wing- coverts, secondaries, primaries, and tail-feathers, broadly edged with rufous, the inner webs of quills and tail-feathers almost entirely of this color ; lores and ear-coverts deep black, producing a conspicuous broad stripe along side of head ; chin, throat, and malar region pui'e white ; rest of lower parts, in- cluding under wing-coverts, continuous deep sulphur- or pale lemon-yellow ; length about 10.00-11.00, wing 4.90-5.10, tail 3.90-4 00, exposed culmen 1.15- 1.25, tarsus 1.05. Nest very bulky, dome- or oven-shaped, with entrance on one side, composed of coarse straws, lichens, etc., lined with finer materials. MVIOZETETES. 331 a' and placed in thorny trees. Eggs 3-5, 1.18 X -80, buffy white speckled and spotted (the markings mostly longitudinal), ci)icfly on larger end, with madder-brown and purplish gray. Ilab. Middle America and northern South America, north to lower Ilio Grande Valley in Texas. 449. P. derbianus (Kaupj. Derby Flycatcher. Whole top and sides of head plain brownish slate, or dusky, becoming lighter and more ashy on forehead ; middle of crown with a rather small concealed patch of brownish orange-yellow, or orange-rufous; back, scapulars, and rump plain slate-gray or dull ash-gray, slightly tinged with olive ; wings dusky, the middle and greater coverts and tertials conspicuously margined with dull whitish, the quills narrowly edged with the same ; tail dull black- ish, or dusky, tipped will, dull light grayish, the outer web of lateral feather also dull light grayis'h ; lower parts dull whitish, purer on throat and belly, faintly shaded with ashy on breast, and passing into pale sulphur-yellow on axillars, under wing-coverts, flanks, and under tail-coverts ; upper tail-coverts broadly but rather indistinctly margined with rusty; length (skins) about 8.00-8.50, wing 4.15-4.40, tail 3.40-3.90, exposed culmen .95-.1.00, tarsus .85- .90. Hab. Bahamas P. bahamensis Bkyant. Bahaman Petarchy.' Genus MYIOZETETES Sclater. (Page 327, pi. XCV., fig. 1.) Species. Adult : Crown and occiput dull brownish gray, enclosing a concealed patch of bright orange-red ; forehead and broad superciliary stripe white ; lores, malar and suborbital regions, and ear-coverts deep brownish gray (darker than top of head), producing a very broad stripe along side of head ; hind-neck and sides of neck like crown, but tinged with olive-green ; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and rump plain olive, or dull olive-green, brighter posteriorly ; upper tail-coverts duller (some- times more grayish) olive, occasionally margined with rusty ; wings and tail dusky grayish brown, the feathers edged with ])aler — the secondaries (especially tertials) with distinct olive-j'ellowish margins ; chin and throat white ; rest of lower parts pure gamboge-yellow. Young : Similar to adult, but crown without the concealed orange-patch, white portions of head more or less tinged with yellowish, and larger wing-feather and tail-feather margined with light rusty. Length about 6.50-6.75, wing 3.65-4.00, tail 2.20-2.40, exposed culmen .50, tarsus .80. Nest similar to that of Pitangus derbianus, but smaller. {Eggs unknown.) Hab. Middle America, south to Colombia, north to northern Mexico (and southern Texas ?). 450. M. texensis (Giraud). Oirand'a Plycatcher. Genus MYIODYNASTES Bonaparte. (Page 326, pi. XCIII., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Above brownish, striped with black, the lower rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail rufous, streaked medially with black ; wings dusky, with * Pitangui bahameniii Bryant, Proc. Boat. Soc. N. H. ix. 1864, 279. ii 332 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. conspicuous ligbt edgings; a broad dusky stripe on pido of head, involving lores and eiir-covorts ; above this a superciliary stripe of while or yellowish, and below it a broad white or yellowish malar stripe ; chin and throat (at least medially) white, narrowly streaked with dusk^'- ; rest of lower parts yellowish or whitish, the chest, breast, and sides broadly streaked with dusky. Adult with a concealed crown-patch of lemon- or gamboge-yellow. a}. Chin and a broad stripe on each side of throat dunky, forming a conspicuous yy-shaped mark ; lower parts, except middle of throat, clear sulphur-yellow ; supei:ciliary and malar stripes white; length about 7.75-8.00, wing 4.25-4.60, tail 3.30-3.60, culmen .80-.90. Hab. Mexico and Central America, north to southern Arizona, south to Panama. 451. M. luteiventris Scl. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher, a*. Chin and whok tliroat vhite, the latter bordered laterally by a brownish and dusky stripe along lower half of malar region; lower parts whitish, tinged, more or less, with sulphur-yellow, chiefly on sides ; supei'ciliary and malar stripes pale dull yellowish. 6'. Darker, the prevailing color of the upper parts grayish olive-brown ; wing 4.40-4.50, tail 3.65-3.75, exposed culmen .85-.90. Hab. Cayenne, Trini- dad, Tobago, etc. M. audax (Gmel.). Bold Flycatcher.^ W. Paler, the prevailing color of the upper parts light olive, mixed, more or less, with buflfy yellowish. c*. With longer bill, and plumage more rufescent above, especially on top of head ; wing 4.10-4.45, tail 3.40-3.75, exposed culmen .90-1.05. Hab. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and north to Costa Rica. M. audax nobilis (Scl.). Noble Flycatcher.' lfily>'hi/nrhuii Rinow,, Descr. N. Sp. B. Cozumel, 1885, 3. * Mjfiarchu* Jlammulutut Lawk., Ann. Lyo. X. Y. zl. July, 1874, 71. 336 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. tipped with light rusty. Nest a compact and bulky felted mass, decorated exteri- orly with mosses, etc., and lined with soft feathers, attached to rocks, to beams of buildings, bridges, etc. Eggs 3-6, pure white, sometimes finely but sparsely speckled round larger end with dark brownish. a}. Belly white or very pale yellowish. 6'. Above olive-grayish, dai-ker on top of head ; lower parts entirely whitish, more or less strongly tinged posteriorly with pale yellowish, the sides of the breast tinged with olive-grayish ; length about 6.25-7.00, wing 3.25-3.55, tail 3.00-3.40. Eggs M X -55. Hab. Eastern North America ; south, in winter, to eastern Mexico and Cuba. 456. S. phcebe (Lath.). Phoebe. b*. Above, together with anterior and lateral loAver parts, slate-black ; belly and lower tail-coverts white; length about 6.25-7.00, wing I' 55-3.80. tail 3.45-3.75. Eggs .74 x -55. Hab. Mexico and northward, along Pacific coast to Oregon, eastward to southern Texas. 458. S. nigricans (Swains.). Black Phoebe, a*. Belly light cinnamon, or tawny ochraeeous. Above light bi'ownish gray, the tail black ; anterior loAver parts light brownish gray, posterior portions light cinnamon or tawny ochraeeous ; length about 7.50-8.05, wing 3.90-4.25, tail 3.35-3.75. Eggs .76 X .59, always immaculate (?). Hab. Western United States, eastward across Gi"eat Plains, north to the Saskatchewan, and south into Mexico. 457. S. saya (Bonap.). Say's Phoebe. Genus CONTOPUS Cabanis. (Page 327, pi. XCIV., figs. 1, 2.) Species. Common Characters. — Above plain grayish brown or olive-grayish, usually darker on top of head, lighter on rump; wings and tail dusky, the wing-coverts with more or less distinct paler (usually dull grayish) tips, the secondaries edged with the same (these edgings broader and more whitish on tertials) ; lower parts paler than upper, the throat and belly usually whitish or pale yellowish ; upper mandible black, lower light-colored, except at tip ; feet blackish. Young: Similar to adult, but wing-coverts narrowly tipped with buffy, ochraeeous, or light rusty. Nest on trees (usually on a stout hoi'izontal branch), very compact, saucer-shaped. Eggs 2-4, pale cream-color, handsomely wreathed round larger end with spots of rich brown and lilac-gray or lavender. a}. Tarsus shorter than middle toe, with claw ; primaries exceeding Becondnrics by +WO and a half times the length of the tarsus; wing exceeding tail by about half the length of the latter; first quill much longer than fourth, often longer than third ; a very conspicuvnis white cottony patch on each side of rump ; median lower parts white, or very pale yellowish (scarcely inter- CONTOPUS. 337 rupted on breast), the lateral portions deep grayish brown, or brownish gray, in strong contrast. (Subgenus Nuttalloryiis Kidgw.') Adult: Above brownish slate, some of the feathers usually with darker shaft-streaks ; wings and tail dusky blackish, the wing-coverts tipped with brownish gray and tertials edged with whitish ; a conspicuous tuft of white cottony feathers on each side of rump (usually concealed by wings) ; middle line of body beneath, from chin to crissum, white, the lateral portions brownish gray (usually with darker shaft-streaks), this sometimes extending across the chest, thus interrupting the white. Young : Similar to adult, but tips to wing-coverts (narrowly) dull huffy or fulvous. Length 7.10-7.90, wing 3.90-4.50, tail 2.80-3.50, exposed culmen .58-.70, tarsus .55-.60. Eggs .82 X -61, creamy buff, spotted, usually in more or less of a distinct ring round larger end, with deep rusty brown or chestnut and purplish gray. ffab. Higher mountain districts of United States, and coniferous forests of lowlands from northern border (Now England to Michigan, etc.) northward, and south through higher mountains to Colombia. 459. C. borealis (Swains.). Olive-sided Flycatcher. Tarsus longer than middle toe, with claw ; primaries exceeding secondaries by less than twice the length of the tarsus ; wing exceeding tail by less than one-fourth the length of the latter ; first quill much shorter than fourth, sometimes shorter than fifth ; no conspicuous white cottony tuft on side of rump ; median lower parts not abruptly lighter than lateral portions. (Subgenus Contopus Cabanis.) 6'. Wing more than 3.75. Above plain grayish brown, tinged with olive, the wings without very distinct lighter markings; beneath plain light olive grayish, the chin whitish, the belly and under taii-coverts pale dull yellowish ; length 7.70-8.00, wing 3.80-4.45, tail 3.60-3.90. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico, north to southern Arizona. 460. C. pertinax Cab. Coues'a Flycatcher. b\ Wing less than 3.75. c'. Belly and under tail-coverts white or pale sulphur-j'cllowish ; under wing-coverts dull light olive-grayish, sometimes tinged with yellowish. d}. Exposed culmen much less than twice the width of bill at nostrils, c'. Second quill decidedly longer than third, and fourth quill much longer than fifth ; wing 3,00, or more (usually more than 3.15). /'. Lores dull grayish, not distinctly or abruptly different from color of foi-ehead and car-coverts ; throat not pure white. ' i > New Biibgenus; more properly a dlsttnct genua, so numerouB and positive are the dtfferenoes from all the «peole8 of Contopui proper. 338 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. g\ Lighter and more olivaceous above, the median lower parts more distinctly whitieh, or less extensively interrupted with olive-grayish on breast; wings and tail shorter ; length 5,90-6.50, wing 3.00-3.45 (3.27), tail 2.50-2.90 (2.71), exposed culmen .43- .52 (.48), width of bill at base .24-.30 (.28), tarsus .48-.53 (.51). Nest a very beautiful saucer-shaped structure covered exteriorly with green and gray lichens, built usually upon a thick horizontal branch. Eggs .71 X -53, pale creamy buff or creamy white, spotted, usually in ring round larger end, with rich madder-brown and lilac-gray. Sab. Eastern North America, north to Canada, etc., west to edge of Great Plains; south, in winter, to eastern Mexico and Guatemala. 461. C. virens (Linn.). Wood Pewee. g*. Darker and less olivaceous above, the median lower parts less distinctly whitish, or more extensively interrupted with olive-grayish across breast; wings and tail longer ; length 6.20-6.75, wing 3.15-3.55, (3.34), tail 2.50-2.95 (2.74), exposed culmen .44- .51 (.48), w'dth of bill at base .27-.32 (.29), tarsus .49-.56 (.52). Nest composed chiefly of plant- fibres (sometimes, though rarely, ornamented with lichens), ofton built in forks of branches. Eggs .69 X -54, colored like those of C. virens. Hob. Western North America, east to Great Plains, north to British Columbia and interior of British America, south, in winter, through Mexico and Central America to Costa Rica.. 462. C. richard- sonii (Swains.). Western Wood Pewee. /*. Lores whitish, in strong contrast with color of forehead and ear-coverts ; throat pure white ; otherwise very similar in color to C. virens, but bill much longer, broader, and more flattened ; length (skin) 5.G0, wing 3.20, tail 2.60, exposed culmen .55, width of bill at base .35, tarsus .50. Hah. Yucatan. C. albicollis Lawr. White-throated Wood Pewee. > e*. Second quill not conspicuously (if any) longer than third, and fourth not conspicuously longer than fifth ; wing not more than 3.05 (usually less than 3.00). Above dull olive, decidedly darker on top of head, lighter on rump; wings and tail dusky, the former varied by > Conlopui albicolUt Lawr., Ann. Lyo. N. Y. Ao. Sci. iii. No, 5, Jan. 5, 1885, 156. EMPIDONAX. 889 dull olive-grayish tips to wing-coverts and paler (some- times ncai'ly white) edges to tertials ; chest and sides of breast olive grayish, the sides and flanks much tinged with same; chin and throat whitish, sometimes tinged with sulphur-yellow; belly pale sulphur-yellow; under wing-coverts dull buffy, tinged or mixed with olive-grayish ; length (skins) 5.30-5.50, wing 2.80-3.05, tail 2.60-2.75, exposed culmen .47-.50, tarsus .50-.55. Hab. Yucatan (including Cozumel) and southern Mexico (Cordova, etc.). C. brachytarsus Scl. Schott's Wood Pewee.' Empidonax bairdii ScL., P. Z. S. 1858, .301. ' Empidonax lalt'ini Rioaw., Ibis, Oct. 1880, 469. 342 NORTH AMEBICAN BIRDS. '¥ U' Adult : Above varying from greenish gray to olive- green, or even (in some winter specimens) almost russet-olive, the top of the head similar to the back ; wing-bands buff or buffy whitish ; lower parts white, more or less strongly tinged with sul- phur-yellow laterally and posteriorly, and (usu- ally very faintly) shaded across breast with olive or grayish. Young : Similar to adult, but with wing-bands deeper oehraceous, and feathers of upper parts (especially crown and rump) nar- rowly tipped with paler, producing an inconspic- uous mottling. Male: Wing 2.75-3.10 (2.83), tail 2.30-2.70 (2.49), culmen .62-.G9 (.66), bill from nostril .32-.39 (.35), width at base .28-.30 (.30), tarsus .59-.67 (.62). Female: "Wing 2.55-2.70 (2.65), tail 2.25-2.35 (2.32). Nest a very thin, flat structure secured between forks near the ex- tremity of a (usually depending) branch, com- posed of fine rootlets, tree-catkins, etc. Eggs 2-4, .71 X -53, pale creamy buff or creamy white, sparsely speckled or spotted, chiefly on larger end, with deep rusty brown or maddei'-brown. Hab. Eastern United States ; south, in winter, through eastern Mexioo and Central America to Ecuador ; Cuba. 465. E. acadicus (Gmgl.). Acadian Flycatcher. p. First quill usually shorter than fifth ; color olive or grayish brown above — never distinctly greenish. g^. Tail even, or very slightly rounded ; wing averaging more than 2.60. (Length 5.50-6.50.) h}. Adult: Above olive, usually decidedly grayer on head ; wing-bands varying from dull brownish gray, or grayish brown, to nearly white ; lower parts white, tinged more or less with sulphur-yellow posteriorly, and shaded with olive-grayish on sides of breast ; under wing-coverts very pale buffy yellow. Young: Similar, but rather browner above and more distinctly tinged with yellow be- neath, the wing-bands deep buff, or oehra- ceous. Male: Length about 5.80-6.25, wing 2.70-2.86 (2.75), tail 2.35-2.60 (2.51), culmen .64-.73 (.69), bill from nostril .35-.40 (.38), width at base .27-.31 (.29), tarsus .65-.72 (.68). Female : Length about 5.55-6.00, wing EMPIDONAX. 343 2.55-2.65 (2.60), tail 2.20-2.50 (2.38), other measurements about as in male. Nest deep cup-shaped, bulky, usually built between forks of an upright twig or branch, in bushes, com- posed of plant-down, straws, etc. Eggs 2-4, .71 X -53, similar in color to those of E. aca- dicus, but averaging paler, both in ground- color and in markings. Hab. Western North America, north to Sitka and Fort Simpson ; south, in winter, into Mexico 466. E. pu- sillus (Swains.). Little Flycatcher. h*. Similar to E. pusillus, but averaging more de- cidedly olivaceous above and more distinctly tinged with yellow beneath, the bill shorter and broader, and tarsus shorter. Male : Wing 2.60-3.00 (2.81), tail 2.40-2.60 (2.48), culmcn .60-.64 (.62), bill from nostril .32-.37 (.34), width at base .29-.30 (.30), tarsus .64-.67 (.66). Female: Wing 2.50-2.65 (2.58), tail 2.25-2.35 (2.30). Nest and eggs as in E. pusillus, the latter averaging .73 X -53. Hab. Eastern North America; south, in winter, through Middle America to northern South America. 466a. £. pusillus traillii (Aud.). Traill's Flycatcher. g^. Tail slightly, but decidedly, emarginated; wing av- eraging less than 2.60. (Length 4.90-5.50.) Hardly distinguishable in color from E. pusillus and E. traillii, but wing-bands usually whiter. Male: Wing 2.30-2.60 (2.49), tail 2.10-2.40 (2.30), culmen .53-.59 (.56), bill from nostril .27-.31 (.29), width at base .23-.27 (.25), tar8U8 .59-.68 (.65). Feynale : Wing 2.20-2.40 (2.33), tail 2.10-2.25 (2.18). Nest very com- pactly felted, cup-shaped, composed chiefly of grayish plant-fibres, placed in fork of upright branches of bushes or small trees. Eggs 2-4, .64 X -49, plain buffy white. Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from northern United States northward ; south, in winter, through Middle America, to Panama. 467. E. minimus Baird. Least Flycatcher. Width of bill at nosti'ils less than half the exposed culmen. c'. Outer web of outer tail-feather not abruptly paler than inner web; culmen .55, or less ; tarsus less than .70. (Length 5.25-5.75.) ;! |i- ^ I s 344 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Adult: Above olive, usually more grayish anteriorly, especially on hind-neck ; Aving-bands dull light grayish, more or less tinged with olive; lower pai'ts varying from dull grayish white, faintly tinged with yellowish on flanks, etc., to decided olive- yellowish, the breast always strongly shaded with olive or olive-grayish, and the throat never distinctly whitish (usually distinctly grayish). Male : Length about 5.50-5.75, wing 2.G0- 2.80 (2.72), tail 2.30-2.50 (2.38),'culmcn .53-.59 (.56), bill from nostril .26-.29 (.27), width at base .22-.2-i (.23), tarsus .60-.G8 (.63). Female : Length about 5.25, wing 2.45-2.75 (2.61), tail 2.15-2.40 (2.25). Nest and eggs like those of E. minimus (?). Hab. Western North America, north to Lesser Slave Lake; south, in winter, to southern Mexico. 468. E. hammondi (Xantus). Hammond's Flycatcher. c». Outer web of outer tail-feather abruptly paler than inner web (usually distinctly dull whitish) ; culmen .58, or more ; tarsus usually more than .70, (Length 5.75-6.40.) dK Colors otherwise much as in E. hammondi, but averaging grayer, Avith paler (often distinctly whitish) throat. Male: Wing 2.70-2.95 (2.83), tail 2.55-2.80 (2.67), culmen .62-.69 (.65), bill from nostril .32-.38 (.36), width at base .24-27 (.26), tarsus .71- .77 (.74). Female : Wing 2.55-2.75 (2.64), tail 2.50-2.65 (2.52). JVest usually in aspen bushes, similar in composition, etc., to that of E. vnnimus. Eggs .69 X 51, plain buffy white. Hab. Western United States, south to southern Mexico, cast to Eocky Mountains. 469. E. obscurus (Swains.). Wright's Flycatcher. d?. Deep brownish olive above, the wing-bands varying from olive to pale olive-grayish ; lower parts dull yellow, shaded across breast with olive-brown ; wing 2.92-3.00, tail 2.65-2.75, culmen .60, bill from nostril .30, width at base .22-.25, tarsus .68. Hab. Southern Mexico (Orizaba ; city of Mexico). E. fulvipectus Lawk. Narrow-billed Flycatcher ^ ?'. Lower parts deep buff, deepening into ochraceous on breast and sides. i'. Upper parts deep hair-brown, tinged with umber. c*. Lower parts soft pinkish buflf, inclining to isabella-color on breast, paler on throat and belly, the under tail-coverts nearly white ; wing 2.70, tail 2.45, culmen .52, bill from nostril .28, width at base .21, tarsus .60. Hab. Eastern Mexico and southern Texas (?). 470. E. fulvifrons (Giraud). Fulvous Flycatcher. c'. Lower parts bright ochraceous-buflF, inclining to deep ochraceous on breast, and pale buffy yellow on belly, the throat buff'y whitish and lower tail-coverts yellowish white ; wing 2.35-2.55 (average 2.43), 1 Empidonax /ulvipecttt* Lawr., Ann. Lyo. N. Y. x. Fob. 1871, 11. / PyROCEPIIALUS. 345 tail 1.90-2.15 (2.05), culmen .4&-.50 (.49), bill from nostril .25-.27 (.26), width at baso .20, tarsus .52-.58 (.56). Hub. .Southern Mexico. E. fulvifrons rubicundus (Cau. & IIkin.). Ruddy Flycatcher.^ b^. Upper parts dull grayish brown. Lower parts pale buff, brightening into ochraceous-buft' on breast and anterior portion of sides. Young : AYing-bands buff (instead of light grayish brown or dull grayish white), the lower parts much paler and duller buff, without ochraceous tinge. Length about 4.75- 5.10, wing 2.20-2.45 (2.34), tail 1.95-2.14 (2.06), culmen .50-.55 (.52), bill from nostril .25-.27 (.26), width at base .20-.22 (.21), tarsus .51- .60. Hub. Southern Arizona and New Mexico, south into western Mexico. 470a. E. fulvifrons pygtnaeus (Coues). Buff-breasted Flycatcher. Genus PYROCEPHALUS Gould. (Page 327, pi. XCIL, tig. 2.) Species. Adult male : Whole top of head and entire lower pai'ts bright scarlet ; ear-cov- erta and upper parts (except top of head) brownish gray, the wings and tail darker (sometimes nearly black). Adult female : Above brownish gray, including crown; lower parts whitish, more or less tinged with pale red or salmon-color posteriorly, the bi'east more or less streaked with grayish. Immature male: Similar to adult female, but with red feathers intermixed on crown and anterior lower parts. Young: Above gi'ayish, the feathers bordered with whitish; beneath whitish, without any reddish tinge posteriorly. Length about 5.50-6.25, wing 3.20-3.40, tail 2.60-2.80. Nest shallow and very compact, somewhat like that of Contopus virens. Eggs 2-4, .68 X -52, pale olive-buff or dull buffy (rarel}'^ nearly white), boldly and heavily spotted, chiefly in wreath round larger end, or noav middle, with dark vandyke-brown or brownish black and purplish gray. Ilab. Mexico and Guatemala, and north to southern border of United States (southern Texas to Arizona) 471. P. rubineus mexicanus (Scl.). Vermilion Flycatcher.^ Genus ORNITHION Hartlaub. (Page 327, pi. XCV., fig. 4.) Species. Common Characters. — Above plain brownish gray, or olive-gray ; wings more dusky, the coverts tipped with light brownish gray or brownish, the tertials, sec- ondaries, and quills edged, more or less distinctly, with the same, the secondaries, however, with the basal fourth, or more, of exposed portion uniform dusky ; lower parts dull grayish white, or yellowish white, tinged with grayish laterally, es- pecially on sides of breast ; sides of head light grayish, without distinct mark- * Einpidnnax rubicundiia Cab. '. Wing averaging more than 4.10 in males, more than 3.80 in female^. c'. Dark-colored, as in 0. alpextris (but rather paler), with young very dark, as in that I'orm. Male: Length about 7.00-7.50, wing 4.00-4.30 (4.13), tail 2.90-3.10 (2.99). Female: Length 6.7.5-6.85, wing 3.70 4.00 (3.84), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.73). Egg^/. O. alpestriii ^Iraudi IIensh. Texan Horned Lark. d'. General aspect of upper parts decidedly ruddy (more brownish in female) ; breast usually pure white, without markings, in both sexes. e^ Larger and less brightly colored, the male with hind-neck, rump, etc., vinacoous-cinnamon. Mulr : Length about 6.75-7.25, wing 3.80-4.15 (3.99), tail 2.80-3.00 (2.91). Fe- male: Length about G.50-7.00, wing 3.75-3.80 (3.78), tail 2.70-2.80 (2.75). Hah. Tablo-laiuls of Mexico, north to southern Now Mexico and Arizona, and westward across southern California to the coast 474('. O. alpestris chrysoisema (Waoi,.). Mexican Horned Lark. <*'. Smaller and brighter colored, the male with hind-m-ck-. rump, etc., rich tawny cinnamon. Male : Length about G. 50-7. (HI, wing 3.70-4.10" (3.88), tail 2.G0-2.90 (2.74). Fruuil,' : Length about G.00-G.50. wing 3.50-3.70 (3.G1), tail 2.3.5-2.05 (2.49). EaqH .80 X 59. Huh. Interior valleys of California. 474/". O. alpestris rubea ITkn.sii. Ruddy Horned Lark. c*. Back bvoa'Iy and conspicuously streaked or sti'i])('d with dusky. :uid ; :io({ian lower parts usually partly, sometimes who'iy, pale yellow. Otherwise much like 0. rubra, but dull olivv I)rown or grayish brown ground-color of back and scapulars much more strongly contrasted with vinacoous-cinnamon of hind-neck, rump, etc., the fenuilo with upper p.-'.rts more olivacoous and much more sharply and conspicuously streaked. Male: Tiongth al)out 6.75-7.25, wing 3.70-4.10 (3.94), tail 2.70 5 05 (2.88). Female: Length about G.25-G.50, wing 3.G0-3.85 (3.G0), tail 2 50-2.80 (2.G2). /fab. Coast district of Oregon, Washington Territory, and Hritish Columbia; south, in winter, to ])ortions of Cali- fornia aiid western Nevada 4747. O. alpestris strignta IIensh. Streaked Horned Lark. 360 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Family CORVID-ffi.— The Crows, Jays, Magpies, etc. (Pago 322.) Genera. a\ Tail equal to or longer than wing; wing short, rounded, the pri'uaries exceed- ing secondaries by much less than length of tarsus, the fourth, fifth, or sixth quills longest. (Subfamily Garrulince.) b\ Tail much longer than wing, graduated for half its length or more, the fcpthers becoming narrower toward tips. c\ Nostrils covered by bristles; head not crested; orbits partly naked; wings and tail metallic bluish and greenish, the latter without white tips; scapulars pure white Pica. (Page 351.) c*. Nostrils exposed; head conspicuously crested; orbits entirely foalh- erod; wings and tail plain cobalt-blue, the latter with broad white tips; scapulars blue, like back, etc Odocitta.^ t'. Tail not much longer than wing, not graduated for more than about one- third its length (usually much less), the feathers not becoming narrower toward tips. c\ Head, neck, and chest uniform deep black ; back glossy bright blue, in abrupt contrast with the black Cis.vjlnph(i.^ c'. Head, neck, and chest not uniform deep black, or else top of head con- spicuously crested ; back not bright blue, or else top of bead same color, rf*. Nostrils exposed ; large (wing more than 7.25, tail more than 7.50). (Color chiefly dull brownish.) Psilorhinus. (Patrc 352.) (P. Nostrils covered; smaller (wing less than 7.00, tail less tlian 7.00). eV Color chiefly blue or green. 1 CalncHtii OnAY, Li-'t fJcn. B. 1S(1, 50. Typo, Picn f,irmn»,t Swains. This f;cnii!< (■•intainjt two well-known i • skin of nrbital region blackish. '' Ftsmttmrn of tlm»at vitluMU white beneath surfac(^ ; wing 6.00-7.55(7.24), tail 8.40- !.»- ;tf) (;>.:{(H. exposed oulm<-u 1.10-1.25 (1.21), tarsus 1.57-1.80 (J.6H). Mm. Nortuom and central hurope. P. pica (Linn.). Magpie.' fern., 8. ^. fgtWrJt'MtM, t06. r^ii SnAHPR, Cat. Q. Drit. Mux, Hi. IS'", 62. 352 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. b'. Feathers of throat spotted with white beneath surface; averaging larger, tlie bill especially; iris with an outer ring of grayish blue; length (fresh) 17.40-21.75, wing 7.30-8.40 (7.93), tail 9.30-11.95 (10.65), expo-sed cul- men 1.15-1.42 (1.26), tarsus 1.70-1.92 (1.82). Eggs 1.30 X -91. ffab. Western North America (except California), from New Mexico and Arizona to Alaska, east to Eocky Mountains (casually to Michigan and northern Illinois ?). 475. P. pica hudsonica (Sab.). American Magpie. rt'. Bill and naked skin of orbital region bright yellow. Otherwise like P. hudsonica, but averaging decidedly smaller ; length about 16.00-18.00, wing 7.20-7.70 (7.38), tail 9.30-10.30 (9.68), exposed culmon 1.04-1.17 (1.11), tarsus 1.63-1.89 (1.82). Eggs 1.23 X .87. Hab. California 476. P. nuttalli AuD. Tellow-billed Magpie. Genus PSILORHINUS RUppell.' (Pago 350, pi. XCVII., fig. 2.) Species. Common Characters. — Above uniform brown, darker on head, and becoming grayish on tail; chin, throat, and chest uniform brown, thu remaining lower parts varying from pale brown to white. a*. No white on tail. Adult: Head, neck, and chest uniform dark brown, gradually changing into a lighter shade of the same on upper parts, and into still paler grayish brown, brownish gray, or isabella-color (rarely whitish) on lower parts ; bill and feet varying from black to yellow. Young : Scarcely diflforont from adult, except in texture of plumage. Length ibout 16.00-18.00, wing 8.00-8 50, tail 8.25-9.30. Hab. Eastern Mexico, north to the Rio Grande Valley, south to T'.iumntopec. P. morio (Wagl.). Brown Jay.* a'. Tail-feathers, except midt'lo pair, broadly tipped with white. 6*. A distinct malar patch of light bluish gray; belly and under tail-coverts whitish; length about 16.00-18.00, wing 7.60-8.40, tail 8.50-8.90. Hab. Eastern Mexico (Mirador) and coast of Honduras fPearl Bay, Mosquito coast). P, cyanogenys Okay. Blue-cheeked Brown Jay.* b*. No grayish blue malar patch ; otherwise like P. ryanogon/s ; length about 15.00-16.00, wing 7.30-8.20, tail 7.00-8.80. Hah. Southern Mexico to Costa Rica. P. mexicanus Ul^pp. White-tailed Brown Jay.* ' PnHorhtnuK lll'pp., Mils. Ppnokcnb. is:t7, lf"». Tyjio, P. nirn'mitm RI'pp. « /','<•<• morio Wa(II,., I>Qn\y, (Jcr». H, ii. IRID, .108, ' Ptilorhmun r^fannyrnyn SiiAnPB. Cat. D. Rrit. Mua. iii, IH77, 1 10, pi. {ei Guav, IIu '.J-lint, ii. p, fl, dmrr. X II I III). * /'«i7ui/itHM« mcricaniii UlM'P,, Mui. iSonultanb, 18H7, 18U, pi. II, ftg. 2. CYANOCITTA. 353 Genus CYANOCITTA Strickland. (Pago 351, pi. C, fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Upper parts mainly blue, the secondaries and tail (sometimes greater coverts also) barred with black ; head black or vai'ied with black ; lower parts uniform blue, or whitish with a black collar across chest. (0. Lower parts whitish; greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and tail-feathers (ex- cept middle pair) broadly tipped with white. {Adult : Crest and back light purplish blue ; wings an. C. stelleri macrolopha (Baiiu)). Long-crested Jay. «''. Chest deep blue; blue of rump and lower parts of a greenish azure hue; otherwise similar to C macrolopha, but back darker, more tinged with blue, and size somewhat smaller; wing 5..5.5-6.00 (5.82), tail 5.4.5-5.75 (5.59), exposed culmen 1.00-1.12 (l.O(i), tarsus 1.03-1.76 (1.70). Hab. Highlands of central Mexico, east to Mirador. C. steHeri diademata (Honai*.). Diademed Jay.' cK Head (except on sides) and fbro-ius k deep blue. Pluniago oiitirely blue, except sides of head, the lores, nasal tufts, and postocular • {C)ian«\,r,t nlfllrri] var. niinrrlrim n.\fnn, in Hist. N. Am. D. il. 1871, 2S1 (in toxl). Ci/nnorilla »le.lleri nnnrruni, Rmow., Nom. N. Am. B. ISSI, No. 2im/». » Cyanoijarnilun ilimlemalut BoN.il'., Conep. i. 1850, 377. Ci/nnocilta dia'hmata BcL., Cut. Am. I). 18(11, ij:!. APHELOCOMA. 355 region deep black ; white spot above eye larger than in other forms ; wing 5.50-5.95 (5.73), tail 5.00-5.75 (5.57), exposed culmen .97-1.07 (1.02), tarsus 1.60-1.72 (1.67). Hab. Portions of southern Mexico (Mirador, Orizaba, Xalapa, near city of Mexico, Oaxaca, Sierra Madre of Colima, etc.) and south to Guatemala and Honduras. C. stelleri coronata (SwAixs.). Coronated Jay.^ Genus APHELOCOMA Cabanis. (Page 351, pi. C, fig. 2.) Species. rt'. Lower parts chiefly light grayish or whitish. 6'. Tail longer than wing. c*. Forehead and nasal tufts hoary whitish. Adult : Head, neck, chest, wings, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and under tail-coverts dull azure-blue ; forehead, nasal tufts, and superciliary region pale hoary grayish blue; back and scapulars light brownish gray; chin and throat light ash- gray, or grayish white, finely streaked with darker, the ash- gray continued in broad stripes on chest; rest of lower parts light brownish gray ; length 10.50-12.50, wing 4.25-4.50 (4.40), tail 5.30-5.90 (5.73), culmen .90-.99 (.94), ^ tarsus 1.35-l.GO (1.47). N'est of twigs, rootlets, etc., in thickets or low trees. Eggs L]3 X -79, pale greenish, spotted with pale reddish brown or rusty. Hah. Florida. 479. A. floridana (Barth). Florida Jay. c*. Forehead and nasal tufts bright blue, like crown. d}. Lower tail-coverts bright blue, markedly diff'ercnt from color of belly. c'. Back and scaptilarsdull slaty grayish, tinged with blue ; breast, sides, and flanks light ash-gray ; blue of upper parts, etc., .a light dull azure hue; length 11.50-12.75, wing 4.70-5.35 (6.02), (ail 5.20-6.20 (5.08), culmen .93-1.06 (1.01), tarsus 1.45-1.59 (1.55). Kest in thickets or low trees. Eggs 3-6, 1.10 X -79, pale green, pale greenish buff", or pale grayish green, rather sparsely marked with very distinct dots or small spots of deep madder-brown. Jfih. Middle Province of Unit(M| States, north to eastern Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, west to western Nevada and Arizona, east to Colorarvn» vltrntLnriiiuH BoNAi'., Jour. Ao. Nat. Sol, Phil. 8vo, iv. 1825, 387. Aphelocomn ultramarina SnARPR, Cat. B. Brit. Mu8. ill. 1877, 115. 358 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. (1.02), tarsus 1.58-1.66 (1.60). Ilab. Southern Mexico (Vera Cruz and southward). A. sieberii (Waol.). Sieber's Jay.' a*. Lower parts entirely uniform rich blue, like upper parts. Plumage entirely uniform rich azure-blue, except lores, which are deep black, and under surface of wings and tail, which are dull black ; size of A. sieberii. Hab, Uighlands of Guatemala and southern Mexico. A. unicolor (Du Bus). Unicolored Jay.* Genus XANTHOURA Bonaiarte. (Page 351, pi. XCIX., fig. 3.) Species. Common Characters. — Adults uniform bright green above, becoming more bluish toward tips of middle tail-feathers ; nasal tufts, triangiUar patch covering anterior portion of malar region (reaching upward to eye), and Avhole toj) of head (except anteriorly), rich campanula-blue; anterior part of forehead white, changing gradually into blue of crown ; tail, except four niiddle feathers, pure primrose-yel- low ; sides of head (except as described above), chin, throat, and chest, uniform deep black, with abrupt semicircular outline against breast ; rest of under parts light green or j'cllow. Young: Similar to adult, but colors duller, the blue of crown tinged with green, white of forehead stained with, or replaced by, yellow, black of head much duller, and lower parts pale creamy yellow. rt'. Lower parts pale verdigris-green, more or less tinged, especially beneath sur- face, with pale primrose-yellow ; length 11.00-12.00, wing 4.40-4.80, tail 5.10- 5.80. Nest in small, usually thorny, trees or in thickets. E(j(js 2-4, 1.08 X .79, pale buff or pale grayish buff, thickly speckled with umber-brown, JIab. Eastern Mexico, north to lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, south to Vera Cruz and Puehla 483. X. luxuosa (Less.). Oreen Jay. a\ Lower parts chiefly or entirely primrose-yellow ; otherwise like X luxuosa. Hab. Southern Mexico (Colima, Tehuantepcc, etc.), Yucatan, and Guate- mala. X. luxuosa cyanocapilla (Cab.). Yellow-bellied Green Jay.' Genus PERISOREUS Bonaparte. (Page 351, pi. XCVI., fig. 3.) Species. Common Characters. — Advlts with forehead, nasal tufts, sides of head, throat, and chest white, or whitish ; oci-iput (sometimes nearly whole top of head) grayish, dusky, or blackish ; upper parts uniform dusky grayish or brownish, the tail-feathers 1 Pkn lirherii Waoi.., Syiit. Av. 1827, Pica, up. 23. Aphelocomn airben' Cab., Mu8. Hcin. i. 1851, 221. ' Cynriociirdx wiicnlnr Du Bu8, Hull. Ac. Hoy. Brux, xiv. pt. 2, 1847, 10;i. Apheloeoma unicolor Siiahpk, Cut. n. Brit. MuB. iii. 1877, 118. * Ci/iiiiiiriirnjr rt/niinrn/ilHiiii C\n. in TaoUuJi FiiuDU Por. 184-4-46, 23o. XuHlhiira ci/aitoeapiUa Sharpb, Cat. B. Brit. Mu8. 'ii. 1S77, 131. PERISOREUS. 359 indistinctly (thougli sometimes broadl}') tipped with whitish ; lower parts plain grayish or whitish. Young, entirely plain dusky, varj'inj^ from a slaty to a brown- ish tint. Nest in conil'erous trees, bulky, composed of dried twigs, shreds of bark, etc., lined with softer materials. E(j(js 2-5, with palo ground-color (often dull whitish) speckled with brown and purplish gray. a\ Feathers of back without distinct paler shaft-streaks ; breast, belly, sides, and flanks grayish, much darker than throat and chest. b\ Adult with whole occiput and hinder part of crown (somctimoa whole crown) blackish or dusky grayish, this touching (sometimes surround- ing) the eye; young with top of head uniform dusky, like back, c'. Blackish of hood scarcely bordering eye underneath ; occiput dull sooty blackish, or dark sooty slate, the white on forehead usually extend- ing buck to or beyond ])osterior border of ej'e. Breast, etc., light brownish gra}', always much paler than back. Young, uniform sooty slate, with nasal tufts, lores, and chin deep black ; a whitish rictal stripe (usually indistinct). Length 11.00-12.10, wing 5.G0-5.90 (5.75), tail 5.05-6.35 (COO), culmen .95-1.08 (1.00), tarsus 1.33-1.47 (1.39). Eggs 1.12 X .81, dull white, drab-white, or ver}' pale grayish buff, speckled with hair- brown or grayish brown, and lilac-gray. Hab. Northern New England and New York, northern Michigan and Minnesota, northward to Hudson's Bay and interior arctic regions. 484. P. canadensis (Linn.). Canada Jay. c*. Blackish of hood broadly bordering eye all round ; occiput deeper black, the white (or pale smoky) of forehead usually not reaching as far back as posterior border of eye. lugitbrit AoASS, are purely nnmina nudn ; C, corax var. littnralin Hold. ( 1 81.3 ) is preoccupied ( C. littornliH Biirhh, 1831) ; while 0, voci/eruii CAnoT, quoted by Coiies and others as a synonyme of 0. coraje, is in reality Pailofhinui tnexioanui RUpp,, and is described from Yucatan. 46 S62 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. (3.20), depth of bill at nostrils 1.05-1.10 (1.08), tarsus 2.60-2.85 (2.75). Hab. Commander Islands, Kamtsehatka. (Probably also westernmost Aleutians.) C. corax behringianus Dybowski. Bering's Raven.' v. Feathers of neck, all round, pure white at base ; nasal tufts covering much more than basal half of upper mandible ; exposed culmen less than 2.40, wing less than 15.00. Length 18.75-21.00, wing 13.10-14.25 (13.67), tail 7.50-8.60 (8.10), exposed culmen 2.00-2.35 (2.15), depth of bill at base .85-.90 (.87), tarsus 2.20-2.50 (2.35). Eggs 1.74 X 1-21, with markings averaging finer and more longitudinal than in other species. Hah. Southwestern United States and table-lands of Mexico; north to Indian Territory, Kansas, Colorado, and southern California, south to Guanajuato and Puebla 487. C. cryptoleucus Couch. White-necked Raven. a}. Feathers of throat short, blended. {Crows.) (Nest usually in trees.) b^. Nostrils completely hidden by the fully-developed nasal tufts ; corner of mouth feathered. d. Tarsus 2.15, or more; lower parts glossed with violet (on margins of feathers) like upper parts; wing averaging more than 11.75, tail averaging more than 7.00. d\ Largoi', with relatively larger and thicker bill. e'. Wing and tail averaging longer, but bill and feet decidedly smaller; length 17.00-21.00, wing 11.90-13.25 (12.36), tail 6.90-8.00 (7.43), exposed culmen 1.80-2.05 (1.92), depth of bill at base .72-.82 (.76), tarsus 2.20-2.40 (2.27). Eggs 1.69 X 1.17. Ilab. Eastern North America, except southern Florida and arctic districts. 488. C. americanus Aud. American Crow. c'. Wing and tail averaging shorter, but bill and feet decidedly larger; length about 20.00, wing 11.50-12.30 (12.15), tail 7.00-7.70 (7.23), expo.sed culmen 2.00-2.20 (2.08), depth of bill at base .75-.85 (.80), tarsus 2.40-2.50 (2.45). Hab. Southern Florida. 488(1. C. americanus floridanus Baird. Florida Crow. il'^. Smaller, with relatively smaller and more slender bill. Length about 18.5l)-19.25, wing 11.10-12.75 (11.95), tail 6.45- 7.80 (7.10), exposed culmen 1.60-1.95 (1.78), depth of bill at base .62-.70 (.68). tarsus 2.15-2.40 (2.23). Hab. Western United States, north to Washington Territory (Puget Sound), Idaho, Montana, etc., south to northern Mexico, east to Rocky Mountains. — . C. americanus hesperis Ridqw. California Crow.' 1 Corvim corajt hehriniilaiinn DviiowsK. Bull. Soo. Zool. Franco, ISS.'?, 30.S, ' Now guh!5, tarsus .95. Female: Length about 6.77. wing 3.80, tail 3.10, tarsus .90. Hab. Cuba. A. humeralis (Vio.). Vigors's Red-wing.' Genus STURNELLA Vieillot. (Page 365, pi. CIV., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult : Above brownish or grayish, striped and barred with black ; crown divided medially by a whitish or buffy stripe ; side of head whitish, with a dusky streak behind ej'es; throat and breast bright yellow; a black crescent on chest; flanks and under tail-coverts whitish, streaked with dusky; 1 Agelaius n»»\mUU ^Gpndl. MSS.) Lkmb., Aves de Cuba, 1850, 64, pi. 9, fif?. 3. * I have been unablt to discover nny infallible or positive difference in plumage between the females of A. tricolor and A. gnhernntor, except that in the texture, which can only be depended on as a test after one liiis become used to comparing specimens ; the female of A. ifuhernatnr averages decidedly .browner, however, with relatively shorter and stouter bill, usually more rounded tail, and slightly shorter tarsus. Leiatet humeralis Via., Zool. Jour. Hi, 1828, 442, Agelaius humeralii Bonap., Consp. i. 1850, 430 872 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. lateral tail-feathers partly white. Young : Colors much duller, and markings less distinct ; black mark on chest only faintly indicated. Length, males, about 9.50- 11.00, fomaLo, 8.00-10.00. Nest on or embedded in ground, in meadows, composed of dried grasses, sometimes arched over on top. Eggs 3-6, white, speckled with reddish brown, blackish brown, and lilac-gray. a'. Yellow of throat not encroaching laterally on malar region ; color darker and browner above, with heavier and more confluent black markings, the flanks and under tail-coverts distinctly huffy. 6*. Larger, with larger bill and smaller feet. Adult male: Wing 4.40-5.00, (4.74), culmen 1.20-1.52 (1.29), tarsus 1.54-1.71 (1.63). Adult female : Wing 3.95-4.30 (4.11), culmen 1.04-1.17 (1.12), tarsus 1.40-1.49 (1.42). Eggs 1.10 X -78. Hab. Eastern North America, west to edge of Great Plains, north to Canada 501. S. magna (Linn.). Meadowlark. 6*. Smaller, with smaller bill and larger feet. Adult male: Wing 4.20-4.80 (4.40), culmen 1.13-1.30 (1.22), tarsus 1.50-1.72 (1.62). Adult female: Wing about 3.90-4.10, tail 2.70, culmen 1.05, tarsus 1.50. Hab. Eastern and central Mexico and south to Costa Rica ; north to southern Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley) and southern Arizona. 501a. S. magna mexicana (Scl.). Mexican Meadowlark. a*. Yellow of throat spread laterally over the malar region ; color paler and grayer above, with black markings less conspicuous, those on tertials and middle tail-feathers in form of isolated narrow bars, not connected along the shaft, as is usual in magna and mexicana ; flanks and lower tail-coverts white, very faintly, if at all, tinged with buflP. Adult male: Wing 4.85-5.30 (5.01), culmen 1.20-1.36 (1.29), tarsus 1.50- 1.60 (1.54). Adult female: Wing 4.30-4.60 (4.41), culmen 1.10-1.22 (1.17), tarsus 1.33-1.43 (1,41). Eggs 1.15 X -81. ffab. Western North America, north to British Columbia and Manitoba, east regularly to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas, sparingly to Illinr» and Wis- consin J south through western Mexico. 5016. S. magna neglecta (Aud.). Western Meadowlark.' 'Hi Genus ICTERUS Brissgn. (Page 366, pi. CII., figs. 1-3.) Species. a\ Depth of bill at base decidedly less than half the length of the exposed culmen. 6'. Bill not decurved terminally. (Subgenus Icterus.') ' Without much doubt a distinct species. The ooourronce of botli .9. neglecta and S. magna together in many portions of the Mississippi Valiey, ench in its typical style (the ranges of the two overlapping, in fact, for a distance of several hundred miles), taken together with the excessive rarity of intermediate speci- mens and the universally attested radical difference in their notes, nro facts wholly Incompatible with the theory of their being merely geographical races of the same species. ICTERUS. 373 iugs less out 9.50- jomposed ded with Li'kei' and lie flanks 4.40-5.00, t female : t9 (1.42). of Gi'eat adowlark. 4.20-4.80 \t female: . Eastern n-n Texas adowlark. id grayer id middle ho shaft, hite, very 8US 1.50- 1.10-1.22 rn North ularly to and Wis- idowlark.' d culmcn. together in irlapplng, In ediato speoi- h the theory c^. Feathers of throat slenderly lanceolate ; orbits naked. Adult (sexes alike) : Head, neck, chest, back, scapulars, wings, and tail uniform black ; middle and part of greater wing-cov- erts, and broad edgings to secondaries, white; rest of plumage, including lesser wing-coverts and broad collar across hind-neck, yellow or orange ; length about 9.00-10.00, wing 4.10-5.00, tail 3.80-4.30, culmen 1.25-1.50, tarsus 1.2.5-1.35. Hab. Caribbean coast of South America ; West Indies (introduced ?) ; accidental at Charleston, South Carolina. 502. I. icterus (Linn.). Troupial. c*. Feathers of throat normal (ohort and blended) ; orbits feathered. d}. Tail shorter than wing, graduated for less than length of culmen. Adult male : Head, neck, chest, breast, back, scapulars, greater wing-coverts, secondaries, primaries, and terminal (or subterminal) portion of tail (including nearly whole length of middle feathers) uniform deep black ; tips of greater wing-coverts and tail-feathers (except middle pair), and narrow edgings to quills and secondaries (sometimes worn off), white ; rest of plumage bright lemon-yellow (duller in younger birds), the middle wing-coverts fading into whitish at tips. Adult female : Above olive-greenish, the back and wings grayer, the first with more or less dis- tinct dusky shaft-streaks ; middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two distinct bands ; tail dull olive terminally and on middle feathers, the rest olive-yellow ; lower parts entirely olive-yellow. Young male : Variously intermediate in plumage between the adult male and female, according to age. Young of year: Similar to adult female, " but with all the wing-feathers edged and tipped with white, the wing-bands yellowish, the tail tipped with yellow, the breast obscured by brown- ish, and the yellow of the under parts paler and greener." (Brewst.) Length about 7.70-8.50, wing 3.80-4.20, tail 3.30-.!. 90, culmen .95-1.00, tarsus .90-.05. (Female aver- aging smaller than male.) Nest pensile or semi-pensile, usually built in yuccas, composed of fibres of the yucca, dried grasses, etc., lined with softer msiterials. Eggs .3-4, .97 X -67. bluish white, speckled and finely pencilled round larger end with black, and faintly clouded with lilac-gray. JTab. Central Mexico, and north to southern boi-der of United States (southern Texas to Arizona) ; Lower Cali- fornia 504. I. parisorum BoNAP. S<*ntt's Oriole. cP. Tail longer than wing, graduated for much more than length of culmen. (Adult with head, upper neck, chest, wings, except lesser and middle coverts, and tail, black; rest of plumage 374 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. pa yellow, more or less tinged with olive-greenish on upper sur- face.) e'. Scapulars entirely olive-greenish or yellowish, like back ; middle wing-coverts yellow ; outer webs of gi-eater wing- coverts tipped with whitish (sometimes inclining, more or less, to yellow or grayish), and tertials broadly edged with same. Young : Without any black, the upper parts entirely olive-green, the lower parts wholly yellow, tinged laterally with olive. Length about 8.75-10.50, wing 3.75-4.25, tail. 4.15-4.40, culmen .90-1.10, tarsus .95-1.10. Nest semi-pen- sile, fastened usually between upright twigs, composed of dried grasses, etc. Eggs .89 X -65, white, finely speckled or "dusted," chiefly on larger end, with brown, usually mixed with stains of lilac-gray. Hab. Central and north- ern Mexico, north to lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas. 503. I. audubonii Giraud. Audubon's Oriole. e'. Scapulars and middle wing-coverts partly (sometimes entirely) black ; wings without any white markings ; otherwise very similar to I. audubonii, but averaging a little smaller. Hab. Southern Mexico (tierra caliente) north to Vera Cruz. I. melanocephalus (Waol.). Black-headed Oriole.^ 6*. Bill distinctly decurved terminally. &. Tail longer than wing, graduated for at least as much as length of tarsus ; adult males yellow, or orange, and black, d*. Tail graduated for much more than length of tarsus ; adults with entire head and neck black. (Adult vmles : Head, neck, chest, back, scapulars, wings, except lesser and middle coverts, upper tail-coverts, and tail, uniform deep black ; rest of plumage yel- low, or orange, the lower tail-coverts sometimes black. Adult females similar, but colors duller. Young males : The black first appearing on wings, chest, throat, cheeks, and forehead, the black of head and neck at one stage occupying precisely the same area as in adult male of I. cucullatus. Older : Head, nape, fore-part and sides of nock, and chest entii-ely black, but lower hind-neck, back, and scapulars olive-yellow, like lower back and rump.* Still older : Similar to the last, but back and scapulars mixed with black. Young of year: Without any black, the upper parts dull olive, duller and browner on back, the wings and middle tail-feathers dusky, with olivaceous edgings, rest of tail-feathers olive, with yellowish edges, and lower ' Paaropnliui mdnnncephalun Waol., Isia, 1829, 756. Tcterui melanocephahit IIahn A Ki.'steh, Vfig. aus Agien, Lief. vi. 2, pi. 3. > In this gtago exactly resembling t'li coloration the fully aJult plumage of /. melanoctphalut and /. audu- bonii, except that the seoondaries, etc., lack the white edgings of the latter, while in F. tcagleri the tail-oovorta are black. M ICTERUS. 375 parts entirely light yellow, tinged with olive laterally and across chest.) e*. Larger (wing 3.85, or more). Adult with tail-coverts entirely black ; greater wing-coverts abruptlj'" white at base (this concealed by middle coverts, however) ; length about 8.80- 9.50, wing 3.85-4.25, tail 4.00-4.60, eulmen .90-1.00, tarsus .90-1.00. Hab. Mexico and Guatemala, north to Mexican side of Eio Grande. I. wagleri Scl. Wagler's Oriole. * e'. Smaller (wing not more than 3.55). Adult with tiiil-coverta chiefly (sometimes entirely ?) yellow ; greater wing-coverts black to extreme base ; upper part of breast sometimes with more or less of chestnut next to black of chest ; wing 3.25- 3.55, tail 3.50-4.00. Hob. Southern Mexico, and south to Costa Eica. I. prosthemelas (Strickl.). Strickland's Oriole.* Tail graduated for not more than length of tarsus ; adult males with black of head and neck confined to frontlet, lores, cheeks, malar region, chin, throat, and chest ; wing with two white bands. (Adult males: Back, scapulars, wings, and tail black, the wings with white markings ; other portions yellow, orange, or orange-red. Adult females : Above light olive-greenish, more grayish on back ; wings dusky grayish, with lighter brownish gray edgings, the middle and greater coverts tipped with white ; tail yellowish olive ; lower parts entirely yellow, tinged with olive on flanks, etc. Young males, second year: Similar to adult females, but chin, throat, chest, malar region, and lores black more or less continuously, as in adult. Young in first year : Similar to adult female, but colors paler and duller, the plumage generally, especially on upper parts, suf- fused with pale brownish. Length 6.50-8.50, wing 3.30-3.60, tail 3.50-4.20.) c". Adult males with breast, etc., orange or orange-red. /'. Adult male with breast, etc., orange or dull orange-red. Nest usually composed of the " Spanish" moss ( Tilland- sia), often built inside of hanging tufts or tresses of this parasite. Eggs 3-5, .86 X -58, white, speckled, chiefly on larger end, with hair-brown, usually mixed with a few small black specks or lines. Hab. Southern and eastern Mexico, north to lower Eio Grande Valley in Texas. 505. I. cucullatus Swains. Hooded Oriole. !!■ \ ' .■ f » fclerun wnghri Sri.., P. Z. S. 1857, 7. * Xanthorn\u profthemtlai SrnicKL., Contr. Orn. 1850, 120, pi. 62. Icterut proithemelat ScL,, P. Z. S. 1856, 301. IL 376 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. m:^ /'. Adult male with breast, etc., intense orange-red, some- times almost scarlet. Hab. Yucatan. I. cucullatus igneus Bidqw. Fiery Oriole.^ e'. Adult male "with breast, etc., saffron-j^ellow, varying to gam- boge (never orange). Nest exceedingly variable in form and composition, but usually pensile or semipensile, and composed of grass-stems (often green) and various plant- fibres. Eggs .89 X -62, averaging with decidedly darker and heavier markings than those of true J. cucullatus. Hab. Western Mexico, north to Arizona, Lower California, and southern California.. 505a. I. cucullatus nelsoni Eidgw. Arizona Hooded Oriole. <:l Tail shorter than wing (the latter less than 3.25), graduated for much less than length of tarsus ; adult male chestnut and black. Adult male : Head, neck, middle of chest, back, scapulars, wings (except lesser and middle coverts), and tail deep black, the greater wing-coverts, quills, and secondaries edged, more or less distinctly, with pale chestnut or whitish ; rest of plumage uni- form rich dark chestnut or bay, deepest on bi'east. Adxdt fe- male : Upper parts yellowish olive, much duller and grayer on back and scapulars ; wings grayish dusky, with two white bands, all the feathers with paler brownish gray edgings; tail yellowish olive, like rump, etc. ; lower parts entirely light olive- yellow. Young male, second year : Similar to adult female, but lores, chin, and throat black. (The chestnut and rest of the black appearing in patches, increasing in extent, dui'ing suc- cessive seasons.) Young of year: Similar to adult female, but suffused with brownish, especially on upper parts. Length 6.00-7.25, wing 2.90-3.25, tail 2.65-3.20. Nest composed of green wiry grass-stems, interwoven into a firm basket-like structure usually supported between upright twigs near the extremity of a branch (but sometimes partlj' pendulous), lined with softer materials. Eggs 3-5, .79 X -57, pale bluish, bluish white, or greenish white, speckled and "pen-lined" with brown and black, usually mixed more or less with lilac-gray. Hab. Eastern United States, Avest to Great Plains ; south, in winter, through Middle America to Panama. 506. I. spurius (T>inn.). Orchard Oriole. rt". Depth of bill at base equal to half the length of the exposed culmen. (Sub- genus Yphantcs Vieillot.) h\ Wing usually not more than 3.80, tail not more than 3.15 ; adidt male with whole head black, lesser wing-coverts wholly orange or yellow, white of wings confined to tips of greater coverts and narrow edgings of ' Icterut cucullatun igneu» RiDOW., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. April 20, 1885, 19. ICTERUS. 377 quills and secondaries (the middle coverts sometimes whitish), and tail blacK across middle portion. Adult male : Head, neck, middle line of chest, back, scapulars, wings (except lesser and middle coverts), and greater part of tail black • broad tips to greater wing-coverts, and narrow edgings to some of the quills and secondaries (these sometimes worn away), white; rest of plumage, including lesser and middle wing-coverts, base and tip of tail (except middle feathers — but on outer feathers occupying nearly half their total length), rich cadmium-orange, sometimes varying to intense orange-red, very rarely to lemon-yellow. Adult female : Very variable in color, but usually (?) with upper parts olive, indistinctly streaked or spotted with black, the wings duskj-, with two white bunds, and light grayish edges to most of the feathers J rump dull ochraceous-orange ; tail duller, more olivaceous, orange ; lower parts dull orange, paler on flanks, the throat usually with more or less admixture of black. {_Note. — The adult female often has the black pattern of head, neck, and back as in male, but the color much duller and less uniform. The young male also varies between the two extremes (adult male and female) as described above, and cannot in any stage be with certainty distinguished from the adult female except b}' dissection.] Young of year : Simi- lar to adult female, as described above, but colors softer and more blended, and upper parts suffused with brownish. Length about 7.00-8.15, wing 3.50-3.90, tail 2.85-3.35. Nest more or less purse- shaped and pensile, suspended from extremity of drooping branches, composed of various textile substances, as various natural plant- fibres, strings, etc., compactly interwoven, the nest proper com- posed of softer materials arranged within the supporting pouch. Eggs 3-5, .89 X -60, dull white, greenish white, or brownish white, curiously streaked or irregularly "pen-lined" with brown and black, sometimes mixed with brown spots or stains. Ilab. Eastern North America, north to New England, Ontario, and the Saskatchewan, west across Great Plains ; south, in winter, through eastern Mexico and Central America to Panama. 507. I. galbula (Linn.). Baltimore Oriole. Wing not less than 3.80 (in adult), tail not less than 3.10 (averaging de- cidedly more) ; adidt males with whole malar region yellow or orange, an orange streak over loi*cs (sometimes prolonged into a superciliary stripe), lesser wing-coverts entirely, or for the greater part, black, white of wings covering whole of middle and outer webs of greater coverts, besides very broad edges to tortials and secondaries, and tail yellow or orange, with middle feathers and tips of the others black. (?*. Adult male : Forehead, distinct superciliary stripe, ear-coverts, sides, and flanks yellow or orange ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts yellow or orange, more or less tinged with olive. Adult female : Top 48 ■jr. I m i.r ii. 378 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. W' U l\'!- of head and hind-neck yellowish olive, becoming brighter yellowish (sometimes distinctly orange or yellow) on foi'ehead and superciliary region ; back olive-grayish, streaked with black ; wings dusky, the middle coverts white, the greater coverts tipped with white and broadly edged with light grayish, the other quills and secondaries also edged with light gi'ayish ; lower back light olive-grayish ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail bright yellowish olive, sometimes in- clining to ochraceous-orange ; sides of head, with anterior lower parts, dull orange or orange-yellow, the throat usually with more or less of black ; flanks (sometimes sides and belly also) pale dull grayish ; under tail-coverts light yellowish. Young male in second year, similar to adult female. Young of year : Similar to adult female, but colors paler and duller, suffused more or less with pale brownish, and no trace of black on throat (and yellow sometimes almost wanting). Length 7.50-8.60, wing 3.80-4.15, tail 3.10-3.70. Nest and eggs hardly distinguishable from those of I. galbula, the latter, however, averaging slightly larger (.95 X -64). Hab. West- ern United States, east to and including Kocky Mountains ; south, in winter, into Mexico. 508. I. bullocki (Swains). Bullock's Oriole. c^. Adult male: Forehead, superciliary region, ear-coverts, sides, flanks, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black. Adult female: " Above gray, mixed with yellowish and variegated with black ; wings blackish, edged with white ; below yellowish, middle of belly whitish, flanks grayish; tail yellowish olivaceous, with darker tips." Wing 4.20, tail 3.20-3.50. Hab. Central and southern Mexico. I. abeillei (Less.). Abeille's Oriole.' Genus SCOLECOPHAGUS Swainson. (Page 366, pi. CIV., fig. 2.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult males uniform black, more or less glossy ; females uniform brownish gi'ay or slaty. Nest a bulky structure of dried twigs, shreds of bark, mosses, etc., placed in trees. £!ggs 2-7, pale bluish green, pale olive, or dull rusty brownish, variously speckled, spotted, or blotched with brown (sometimes nearly uniform deep rusty brown). a'. Bill slender, its depth through base much less than holf the lateral length of lower mandible. Adult male in summer : Uniform glossy black, with a faint dark bluish gloss on head and neck and of bluish green elsewhere. Adult male in lointer : The black more or less extensively overlaid by rusty brown above and buffy below. Adult female in summer : Uniform dusky brownish slate, without gloss, the lower parts inclining to plumbeous. Adult female I Xanthorn' ' abeillei Less., Rev. Zool. 1839, 101. Tcleru* abeillii ScL., P. Z. 8. 1860, 252. y'ellowish )erciliaiy usky, tbe 'bite and condaries ih ; rump, times in- ior lower 1 more or pale dull in second to adult with pale ometimes 3.10-3.70. Ibula, the ab. West- 8 ; south, k's Oriole. 9, flanks, t female: h black ; liddle of )us, with southern i's Oriole.' [2) ; females hreds of or dull ometimes ength of ,Y a faint Adult by brown brownish lit female >2. qUISCALUS. 379 t' in winter : Much washed or overlaid by rusty on upper and huffy on lower parts. Young : Similar to winter female, but colors duller and more uni- form, and texture of plumage looser. Length 8.20-9.75, wing 4.25-4.75, tail 3.65-4.20. Eijgs .99 X -73. Hab. Eastern and noi-thern North Ameiica, west to Bering's Sea and Great Plains ; breeding from northern United States northward 509. S. carolinus (Mull.). Rnsty Blackbird. fl*. Bill stout, its depth through base nearly equal to half the lateral length of lower mandible. Adult male in summer : Uniform glossy greenish black, the head and neck glossy violet- black. Adult male in winter: Similar to sum- mer plumage, but head, neck, back, and breast more or loss — generally very slightly — obscured by grayish brown tips to feathers. Adult female : Uni- form brownish slate, more brownish anteriorly, posteriorly more slaty, and with a poft, silky gloss. Length 8.75-10.25, wing 4.G5-5.25, tail 3.85-4.50. Eggs 1.03 X •74. Hab. Western North America, east to Great Plains (occa- sionally to Illinois, etc.), north to the Saskatchewan, south to table-lands of Mexico 510. S. cyanocephalus (Wagl.). Brewer's Blackbird. Genus QUISCALUS Yieillot. (Page 366, pi. GUI., figs. 1, 2.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult males : Uniform glossy blackish, often with varied metallic hues. Adult females : Decidedly smaller than males, the colors duller (sometimes markedly different). a'. Tail not decidedly longer than wing (usually decidedly shortei') ; adult males with varied rich metallic tints (the head and neck rich, silky steel-blue, violet, or brassy green) ; adult females similar, but duller. Nest a coarse and bulky but compact str'icturo composed of coarse dried grasses, built in trees (often in cavities). Eggs 3-6, pale green or greenish blue, pale olive, or dull olive-whitish, coarsely spotted and irregulai'ly lined with brown and black (sometimes dull rusty brown, marked with darker). (Subgenus Quiscalus.) 6'. Plumage of body above and below, with mixed metallic tints (usually sev- eral on each feather, especially on back and scapulars), the color of head and neck usually' not abruptly defined against the color of the body ; wing-coverts usually with mixed metallic tints ; wings and tail usually bluish violet or bluish, c'. Larger, with smaller bill; length about 11.00-13.50, wing (male) 5.45- 6.05 (5.71), tail 5.05-5.70 (5.46), graduation of tail 1.00-1.60 (1.26), exposed culmen 1.13-1.23 (1.17), tarsus 1.35-1.45(1.40). Female: Length about 11.00-11.50, wing about 5.00, tail about 4.80. Eggs 1.18 X -84. Hab. Atlantic coast of United States (except southern Florida), north to Massachusetts, west to eastern Tennessee. 511. Q. quiscula (Linn.). Purple Orackle. c'. Smaller, with larger bill ; length about 10.40-12.00, wing (male) 5.20- '■Ik' 3S0 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. r :'!^: ir.: 5.40 (5.29), tail 4.60-5.20 (4.93), graduation of tail 1.00-1.35 (1.10), exposed culmen 1.19-1.30 (1.24), tarsus 1.35-1.47 (1.40), Eggs 1.12 X .78. Hab. Florida (chiefly southern portion), and west along Gulf coast to Louisiana. 511a. Q. quiscula aglsus (Baird). Florida Orackle. 6'. Plumage of body, above and below, perfectly uniform brassy olive or bronze, never with mixed tints, and always very abruptly defined against the color (steel-blue, violet, purple, or brassy green) of neck ; wing-coverts never with mixed metallic tints ; wings and tail always purplish or violet-purplish, never bluish. Length (male) about 12.00-13.50, wing 5.45-5.95 (5.65), tail 5.25-5.90 (5.52), graduation of tail 1.15-1.60 (1.36), exposed culmen 1.12-1.26 (1.17), tarsus 1.40-1.46 (1.44). Female: Length about 11.00-11.50, wing 5.00-5.05, tail 4.80-4.90. Eggs 1.18 X -81. Mab. Eastern North America, west of Alleghanies, including whole of Kew England (except coast of Long Island Sound) ; north to Hudson's Baj', west to Rocky Mountains, south to Louisiana (?) and Texas; occasion- ally east of Alleghanies, from Virginia northward. 5116. Q. quiscula seneus (Eidgw.). Bronzed Qrackle.' Tail decidedly longer than wing; adult males without varied metallic tints, the plumage being uniform glossy blue-black, or dark steel-blue, becoming grad- ually more purplish anteriorly, or greenish, changing anteriorly to blue; adult females exceedingly different from males, being very much smaller, the plumage dusky brownish above, light brownish beneath. JVest a very bulky structure of dried grasses, Spanish moss, etc., usually compacted together with an internal plastering or stiffening of mud, built in low^ trees, or bushes, in swampy situations. Eggs 3-5, ovate or conic-ovate, pale bluish or green- ish, pale drab, pale olive, dull purplish gray, etc., grotesquely lined with black and brown. (Subgenus Megaquiscalus Cassin.) 6\ Bill stouter (greatest depth at base of gonys more than .40 in male, .35, or more, in female), the tip decidedly decurved ; adult females dull dusky brown above, the lower parts similar posteriorly, becoming paler an- teriorly ; no distinct superciliary stripe. c^ Adult male with tail 8.30, or more. Adult male with metallic gloss violet over all anterior portions, including whole back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and all of lower parts except flanks and under tail-coverts ; length 17.00- 18.75, wing 7.35-8.00 (7.59), tail 8.30-9.35 (8.80), exposed cul- men 1.47-1.69 (1.60). Adult female: Above dusky brown, with a metallic greenish gloss, becoming more decidedly brown and less glossy on head and neck ; superciliary stripe (sometimes indistinct) and lower parts dull fulvous-brown, becoming more bufTy on chin and throat and dusky on flanks and under tail- > With scarcely a doubt, a distinct species from Q. quiacula. qUISCALUS. 881 west coverts; length about 11.50-13.50, wing 5.70-6.50 (5.94), tail 5.40-6.30 (5.98), exposed culmen 1.20-1.42 (1.34). Eg(js 1.31 X .87. Ilab. Eastern Mexico, north to southern Texas, south to Nicaragua. 512. Q. macrourus Swains. Great-tailed Orackle. c*. Adult male with tail not more than 7.50. d'. Plumage (both sexes) essentially as in Q. macrourus, but size very- much less. Adult male : Length 14.00-15.70, wing 6.25-7.05 (6.62), tail 6.20-7.60 (6.92), exposed culmen 1.36-1.43 (1.40). Adult fe- male : Length about 11.00-11.75, wing 5.15-5.50 (5.32), tail 4.80-5.20 (5.00), exposed culmen 1.15-1.18 (1.17). llab. Western Mexico (north to mouth of Colorado Kiver ?). Q. graysoni Scl. Grayson's Grackle.' d*. Adult male with metallic gloss greenish, changing through steel- blue on back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and lower breast to violet on head, neck, chest, and upjier breast ; length about 15.00-17.50, wing 7.00-7.50 (7.22), tail 6.80-7.55 (7.14), exposed culmen 1.48-1.68 (1.59). Adult female : Similar in color to same sex of Q, macrourus, but lighter and more tawny beneath, rnd much browner above, the head and neck of an umber tint ; length about 11.50-13.00, wing 5.55-5.75 (5.61), tail 5.10-5.55 (5.31), exposed culmen 1.14-1.30 (1.24). Eggs 1.26 X -89. Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf coast of United States, north to Vir- ginia, west to Texas. 513. Q. major Vieill. Boat-tailed Orackle. i*. Bill more slender (greatest depth, at base of gonys, not more than .35 in male or .30 in female; adult female with top of head, hind-neck, and upper back bright rusty brown, the lower parts bright taAvny, becoming buffy on belly and dusky on flanks and under tail-coverts. Adult male : " Uniform dark purplish black, with slight metallic reflec- tions; wings and tail dark shining black . . . length 13 inches, wing 6.7 ; tail, middle rectrice 7, external 4.3." Adult female : Length about 10.00-10.50, wing 5.20, tail 4.40-5.10, exposed culmen 1.12. Hab. Central Mexico. Q. tenuirostris Swains. Slender-billed Orackle.' 1 Quitcalui palustria "Swains.," of authors, but not of Swainsox. QtiUcalua graysoni ScL., Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. 1880, 307. * Quiscalm tenuiroitrii SWAINS., An. in Menag. 1838, 290. f^ - 2f 382 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Family FRINGILLID-ffii.— The Finches, Sparrows, etc. (Page 321.) Genera. a}. Mandibles falcate, crossed at tips Loxia. a*. Mandibles not falcate nor crossed at tips. 6*. Conspicuously crested. (Page 392.) c*. Culmen strongly curved, and cutting-edge of upper mandible deeply sinuatcd or concave in middle portion.. Pyrrhuloxia. (Pago 443.) c'. Culmen only slightly curved, and cutting-edge of upper mandible more or less convex in middle portion Cardinalis. (Page 441.) Not crested, c'. Width of bill at base equal to its length, and basal outline of lower man- dible, underneath, doubly concave Pyrrhula. (Page 388.) c*. Width of bill at base decidedly less than its length, and basal outline of lower mandible, underneath, simply concave, rf'. Depth of bill at base greater than length of hind-toe, with claw, and more than three-fourths as long as tarsus. Coccothraustes. (Page 386.) cP. Depth of bill at base less than length of hind-toe, with claw, and less than two-thirds as long as of tarsus, e'. Nasal plumules covering nearly basal half of upper mandible. Pinicola. (Page 387.) e". Nasal plumules covering very much less than basal half of upper mandible. /'. Base of gonys midway between tip and lateral base of lower mandible Plectrophenax. (Page 402.) /'. Base of gonys decidedly nearer to lateral base than tip of lower mandible. g^. Gonys slightly convex; a light brownish spot or speculum at base of quills.. Passer. (Page 401.) gf'. Gonys not appi'eciably convex ; no light spot or speculum at base of quills. h^. Primaries exceeding secondaries by more than length of tarsus, i*. Wing at least five times as long as tarsus. /. Wing less than 3.50. A'. Tail three-fourths as long as wing ; nasal tufts conspicuous. Acanthis. (Page 395.) A'. Tail less than two-thirds as long a» wing ; nasal tufts inconspicuous. ?'. Exposed culmen decidedly shorter than tarsus ; adults without red on head, and FRINOILLID^. 888 with under parts either yel- low or else conspicuously streaked. Spinus. (Pago 308.) P. Exposed culmen not decidedly, if at all, shorter than tar- sus ; adults with front part of head (all round) red, and lower parts neither yellow nor streaked. Carduelis. (Page 400.) f. Wing more than 3.75 Leucosticte. (Page 393.) i*. Wing less than five times as long as tarsus. /. First quill decidedly longer than fourth. k\. Depth of bill at base equal to or greater than length of exposed culmen. Carpodacus. (Page 389.) A*. Depth of bill at base decidedlj' less than length of exposed culmen. U. Tail emarginate, the middle feathers narrow and pointed at tip. m>. Gonys shorter than hind- toe (without claw) and less than depth of bill. Calcarius. (Page 404.) m*. Gonys longer than hind- toe (without claw) and greater than depth of bill. Rhynchophanes. (Page 406.) P. Tail rounded, the middle feathers broad and rounded at tip. Chondestes. (Page 414.) /. First quill decidedly shorter than fourth. Habia. (Page 444.) h\ Primaries exceeding secondaries by less than length of tarsus. i}. Depth of bill at base equal to length of hind- toe, with claw.... Guiraca. (Page 445.) t*. Depth of bill at base much less than length of hind-toe, with claw. !'♦ 884 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. (f /. Tail-foathers narrow, tbo middle ones, at least (sometimes all), acuminate. A'. Distance from bend of wing to tips of longest greater wing-coverts greater than from latter jjoint to tip of longest quill. Spiza. (Pago 451.) A'. Distance from bend of wing to tips of longest greater wing-coverts less than distance from latter point to tip of longest quill. P. Middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus. Poocaetes. (Page 406.) P. Middle toe, with claw, not shorter than tarsus.... Am- modramus. (Page 407.) f. Tail-feathers broader, not acuminate. A^ Wing more than 2.25. IK Hind-claw decidedly longer than its digit. 7>i'. Bill tapering very rapidly to the acute tip, the cutting-edge of upper mandible distinctly con- vex or lobed toward base ; nostrils concealed by small antrorse feath- ers Passerella. (Page 433.) m'. Bill tapering gradually to the rather obtuse tip, the cutting-edge of the upper mandible not convex or lobed toward base ; nostrils exposed. Pipilo. (Page 435.) P. Hind-claw not longer than its digit. tn}. Tertials elongated much beyond secondaries, nearly equalling long- est primaries. Calamospiza. (Page 452.) FRINOILLID^. lie ones, at linato. ing to tips ng-covcrts er jioint to Page 451.) ng to tips ng-coverts ■om latter quill. , decidedly IS. Page 406.) claw, not 18.... Am- Page 407.) ainate. )nger than ly rapidly I tip, the of upper inctly con- d toward concealed Drse feath- isserella. Page 433.) idually to btuse tip, Igo of the lible not 3d toward exposed, 'age 435.) than its ;ed much 3ondaries, ing long- iiospiza. *age 452.) 885 m'. Tcrtials scarcely, if at all, longer than secondaries, and much shorter than longest primaries. nK Outer tail-feather largely (sometimes wholly) white Junco. (Page 422.) n^ Outer tail-feather with little or no white. o\ Lower mandible much deeper than upper; adult males very brightly colored, with more or less of blue in plumage. Passerina. (Page 446.) 0*. Lower mandible not deeper than upper; adult males not brightly colored, and without any blue in plumage. p\ Tail plain blackish or dusky, with or without whitish edging to outer feathers. Amphispiza. (Pago 425.) j)*. Tail brownish, grayish, or olive-green- ish, usually without markings. q\ Tail olive-green ; first quill much shorter than secondaries. Embernagra. (Page 434.) q^. Tail brownish or grayish ; first quill not shorter than secondaries, r'. Primaries exceeding secondaries by more than length of ex- posed culmen; distance be- tween tip of outer and mid- dle (or longest) tail-feathers much less than length of hind-toe, without claw. 5*. Tail more or less rounded, the middle feathers longest, or equal to longest; wing 3.00, or more Zonotrichia. (Page 414.) si Tail emarginate or double- rounded, the middle feathers shorter than the longest; wing less than 3.00. Spizella. (Page 417.) r*. Primaries exceeding secondaries by not more than length of exposed culmeu ; distance 49 w i 386 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. between tip of outer and middle (longest) tail-featbers equal io or greater than length of hind-toe, without claw. s^. Tail double-rounded, but outer feathers much shorter than middle pair ; graduation of tail less than length of ex- posed culmen, and tail exceeding wing by much less than leni'th of bill from nostril... Me- lospiza. (Page 430.) s*. Tail simply, but very much, rounded, the middle feathers longest or equal to longest, its gradua- ^ tion greater than length of exposed culmen ; or else tail exceeding wing by more than lenp-th of bill from nostril. Peucsea. (Page 427.) Wing less than 2.25. l^. Culmen strongly curved ; bill broad as high at base. Sporophila. (Pago 449.) f. Culmen nearly straight; bill much narrower than high at base Euetheia. (Page 450.) Genus COCCOTHRAUSTES Brisson. (Page 382, pi. CV., fig. 1.) Spec>es. a}. Tips of four innermost primaries much widened at end, the inner webs emargi- nate at tips, the outer webs somewhat recurved, or semifalcate. (Subgenus Coccothraustes} ) a'. Tips of four inner primaries of normal form. (Subgenus Hesperiphona Bonap.) 6'. Adult male with head smoky olivo. relieved by a yellow frontal crescent and blackish patch on crown ; aduit female with crown dull grayish brown, throat bordered along each side Ly a blackish streak, and upper tail- coverts tipped with white. Adult male ; Crown blackish, bordered anteriorly and laterally by a > The typical subgonua not represented in America. PINICOLA. 387 uter and l-featbers ;er than I, without ded, but •8 much middle ion of tail 5th of ex- , and tail 'ing by I length of ril... Me- 'age 430.) eiy much, middle st or equal s gradua- lan length III men ; or ding wing Icngih of Hi/ •age 427.) ISO. ago 449.) bU high at ago 450.) I) emargi- Subgenus BONAP.) ^cent and I brown, iper tail- illy by a yellow patch covering forehead and superciliary region ; rest of head, with neck and back, uniform deep olivaceous, changing grad- ually to yellow on scapulars and posterior portions of body, above and below ; wings, tail, and upper tail-coverts black ; tertials. uni- form dull white, the secondaries and inner webs of tail-feathers sometimes tipped with the same. Adult female : Whole top of head dull brownish or brownish-gray; rest of head, with neck and most of the body; lighter grayish, tinged more or less with olive-yellow, the throat bordered along each side by a dusky str'iak ; a whitish patch at base of inner primaries. Young: Similar to adult female, but colors much duller and more brownish, with markings less sharply defined, the dusky streak on sides of throat sometimes nearly obsolete ; lower parts paler and more buffy, with little or none of gray ; bill dull horn-color, or brownish instead of yellowish green. Length about 7.00-8.50, wing 4.20-4 50, tail 2.75-3.20, cul- men .75-.80, depth of bill at base .55-.70. Ilab. Western North America, north to British Columbia and the Saskatchewan; east (irregularly, in winter) to Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa; casually to Ohio and Ontario ; south over table-lands of Mexico to highlands of Vera Cruz. 514. C. vespertinus (Coop.). Evening Grosbeak. 6'. Adult male with head entii'ely black ; adult female with top of head black (sharply defined), no dusky streak on sides of throat, and upper tail- coverts without white tips. Ilab. Highlands of Guatemala and southern Mexico. ■C. abeillii (Less.). Abeille's Grosbeak.' Genus PINICOLA Vieillot. (Pago 382, pi. CY., fig. 2.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult males: General color dull rose-pink or madder- pink (rarely varying to a light vermilion tint), changing to ash-gray on scapulars, flunks, belly, and under tail-coverts, the plumage everywhere being of this color be- neath the surface ; scapulars and feathers of back dusky centrally, causing u spotted apj)carance; wings and tail dusky, the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with white (this sometimes tinged with pink) and tertials broadly edged with same ; hccondai'ies, primai'iep. and tail-feathers nai'rowly edged with light grayish. Adult females with wings and tail as in the male, but rest of plumage grayish, without any red, but changing to a more or less bright olive-tawny tint on head and lower rump, the bi'cast sometimes tinged with same. Young: Similar to adult female, but colors duller and more blended, the wing-bands dull bufFy instead of pure white, and texture of plumage very different. [iVbfe. — Apparently adult males are occasionally found in Avhich the plumage is not distinguishable from that of the > Uuirac^ abcittli Less., Re- Zool. 1839, 41. Coccothrauitei abeillii ScL. & 8alv.. Ibis, 1859, 19. 388 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. female ; in others, the general plumage is that of the female, except that the olivaceous or tawny color on head, etc., is replaced by a more reddish tint (varying from light dull orange-red to deep madder-brown).] Nest a rather flat thin struc- ture, of fine rootlets, etc., in coniferous trees. Eggs greenish or bluish, spotted with brown and blackish. a}. Smaller (wing not more than 4.30. and averaging less than 4.28), with relatively larger bill and shorter tarsi, and colors much duller, the females with plumage chiefly olivaceous. Length about 8.00-8.50, wing 4.20-4.30 (4.25), tail 3.60-3.70 (3.65), ex- posed culmen .55-.65 (.61), tarsus .80-.90 (.84). Hah. Northern Europe and Asia. P. enucleator (Linn.). Pine Grosbeak.' a*. Larger (wing very rarely less than 4.30, and averaging more than 4.40), with relatively smaller bill and longer tarsi, and colors much brighter, the females with plumage usually chiefly grayish. h^. Larger, with propoi-tionally much smaller bill and longer tail ; length 8.25- 9.00, wing 4.50-5.00 (4.68), tail 3.70-4.45 (4.10), exposed culmen .53-.59 (.56), tarsus .87-.92 (.90). Eggs 1.01 X -74, deep greenish blue or bluish green, rather sparingly spotted with dark brown and black. Hab. Northern North America in general, breeding from northern New Eng- land, Labrador, etc., to Alaska (except coast south of the peninsula), and south in higher Rock}' Mountains to Utah and Colorado j in winter, south to northern United States. 515. P. enucleator canadensis (Cab.). American Pine Grosbeak.' 6'. Smaller, with proportionally much larger bill and shorter tail ; length about 8.00-8.50, Aving 4.25-4.60 (4.45), tail 3.00-3.80 (3.70), exposed culmen .57-.62 (.00), tarsus .88-.92 (.90). Hab. Kodiak to Sitka, Alaska. (Also probably southward to higher Sierra Nevada of California.) — . P. enucleator kodiaka Eidow. Kodiak Fine Grosbeak.^ Genus PYRRHULA Bhisson. (Pago 382, pi. CV., fig. 3.) Species. Adult male : "Whole top of head, with feathers around base of bill, glossj' blue- black ; hind-neck, back, scnpulars, and lesser and middle wing-coverts uniform ash-gray; rump plain white; upper tail-coverts, tail, and tcrlials glossy blue-black, inclining to dark violaceous steel-blue : greater wing-coverts black, very broadly tipped with light ash-gray, passing into white terminally ; quills dull blackish ; * Loxia enucleator Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1788, 171. Pinicola enucleator Cab., Mu«. Hoin. i. 1851, 167. * Pinicoln paiiailcuiiiii Cab., Mux. Hcln. i. Aug. 1851, 167. ' New subspocicH. In Cabanis's Jonrnnl filr Oruithologie, 1 880, page 156, Von Homcyer desoriboB a Pinicola Jlammnla from " northwestern America," which may possibly bo this form, though that it is more likely to be the ordinary Alaskan bird would appear from the statement that the tail is lomjer than the ordinary American bird, which is exactly the reverse of the Kodiak bird. It may be, however, that " longer" is an error, or slip of the pen, for " shorter." CARPODACUS. 389 that the (varying lin struc- tted with relatively lies with 3.65), ex- a Europe Grosbeak.^ .40), with le females igth 8.25- lin .53-.59 or bluish ik. Hab. ^few Eng- sula), and n winter, rosbeak.' th about culmeu (Also a. rosbeak.' )8sy blue- uniform uo-black, 7 broadly blackish ; 1851, 167. !8 a Pinicnla llkoly to bo y Aiiiorioan rror, or slip sides of head, throat (but not chin), and rest of lower parts, except lower tail- coverts, uniform pale ash-gray, lighter on cheeks; lower tail-coverts and under wing-coverta white. Adult female : Similar to male, but lower parts and sides of head vinaceous-gray, or cinnamon-gray, instead of clear ash-gray. Length about 6.50, wing 3.50-3.55, tail 3.00-3.25. Hab. Northern Alaska (Nulato) and portions of Siberia 516. P. cassini (Baird). Cassin's Bullfinch. Genus CARPODACUS Kaup. (Page 383, pi. CVI., figs. 2, 3.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult males with the plumage partly or chiefly red- dish ; adult females olivaceous or grayish above, streaked with darker, beneath whitish, conspicuously streaked with dusky or brownish gray. a'. Tail very much shorter than wing, deeply emarginated ; adult males with wing- feathers edged with reddish. Nest a rather flat, thin structure, composed of fine dry rootlets, grasses, etc., on horizontal branches of trees. £^ggs 2-4, greenish blue or bluish green, finely speckled, chiefly on larger end, with black and dark brown. (Subgenus, Carpodacus.) b\ Lower tail-coverts without distinct dusky streaks; depth of bill through base equal to or greater than length of gonys. Adidt males: Above dark dull madder-pink, clearer on rump, deeper and brighter on top of head, the back moi-e or less obscured by darker centres to feathers, and often (especiall}' in winter) b}'^ grayish edgings; feathers of back streaked me- diall}' with dusky; lower parts, except belly and lower tail-coverts, dull madder-pink, the sides strongly tinged or washed with this color. Ad idt females : Above olivaceous, mixed with grayish, and streaked with darker; sides of head with two distinct brownish stripes, or patches, one covering ear-coverts, the other on each side of throat, the two sepa- rated by a whitish maxillary stripe; lower parts dull white, conspicu- ously streaked with dusky. Young : Similar to adult female, but colors duller, markings less distinct, and edgings of wing-feathers more buffy or tawny, c'. First quill usually longer than fourth. Adult male with sides and flanks usually not tinged with brown, and not distinctly streaked ; if streaked, the streaks usually narrow, and sharply defined ; back more distinctly streaked, red of crown brighter, and that of rump paler and clearer. Adidt female: Top of head and back distinctly streaked ; sti-eaks of lower parts broader, darker, and more sharply defined. Length 5.50-6.25, wing (males) 3.15-3.40 (3.27), tail 2.30- 2.50 (2.40). Eggs .80 X .57. Hab. Eastern North America, breed- ing from northern United States northward. 617. C. purpureas (Gmel.). Purple Finoh. c*. First quill usually shorter than fourth. Adult male with sides and flanks 390 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. c: ■J* usually strongly suffused with brownish and broadly though not sharply streaked with darker ; back very indistinctly streaked, the central portion of the feathers being less dark and the edges darker than in C. pttrpureus ; red of crown darker and that of rump much darker and duller than in C. purpureus. Adult female with upper parts more uniform, and streaks on lower parts rather narrower, less sharply defined, and paler than in C. purpureus. Length 6.00 -6.50, wing (male) 3.10-3.20 (3.13), tail 2.40-2.60 (2.49). Eggs .77 X -56. Hah. Pacific coast of United States, from southern California to Bi-itish Columbia, breeding in mountains. 517rt. C. purpureus californicus Baird. California Purple Finch, ft*. Lower tail-coverts with distinct streaks of dusky ; depth of bill through base less than length of gonys. Adult male: Top of head bright crim- son ; back and scapulars pinkish brown, the feathers edged with light grayish and sti'eaked medially with dusky ; rump neai°ly uniform dull pinkish ; throat and breast pale dull rose-pink ; rest of lower pai'ts white, the sides scarcely tinged with pinkish, and lower tail-coverts conspicuously streaked with dusky. Adult female : Above olive-grayish, streaked with dusky ; sides of head nearly uniform grayish olive, finely streaked with dusky ; lower parts white, conspicuously streaked with dusky. Young : Similar to adult female, but streaks on lower parts narrower and less distinct, and wing-edgings more ochraceous. Length 6.50-6.95, wing 3.60-3.95, tail 2.60-3.00. Eggs .86 X .60. Ilab. Western United States, north to British Columbia, east to Eocky Mountains, and south over highlands of Mexico. 518. C. cassini Baird. Cassin's Purple Finch. a". Tail rot decidedly shorter than wing, not distinctly emarginated ; adult males with wing-feathers edged with pale grayish. Nest a well-built, compact structure, composed of dried grass-stems, plant-fibres, etc., built in trees or about houses (often within deserted nests of other species). Eggs 3-6, bluish white, or very pale greenish blue, sparsely speckled, chiefly round larger end, with black. (Subgenus Burrica Eidgw.') Adult males : Above brownish gray (this sometimes overlaid or replaced by a wash or suffusion of ^oddish), without distinct streaks on back ; rump, forehead, superciliary stripe, malar region, chin, throat, and chest reddish — these reddish areas sometimes running together, the red thus covering the greater extent of the plumage; rest of lower parts whitish, more or less extensively streaked with dark graj'ish brown ; wings and tail dusky grayish brown, the feathers edged with a paler shade of the same. Adult females: Above entirely grayish brown, indistinctly streaked with darker ; beneath everywhere white, broadly streaked with dark grayish brown. Voting : Similar to adult female, but back more distinctly streaked, 1 New Bubgenua. Typo, Fringilla mexicana MCll. CARPODACUS. 391 3ugh not aked, the es darker mp much th upper larrower, igth 6.00 )• Eggs southern IS Baird. tie Finch. tb rough ;ht crim- 'ith light form dull ver parts il-coverts j-grayish, ve, finely ked with v^er parts Length Western ountains, )le Finch. xilt males compact trees or -6, bluish I'ger end, >laced by ; rump, t reddish covci'ing more or lil dusky e. Adult I darker ; 1 brown, (troaked. streaks on lower parts narrower and less distinct, and wing-coverts tipped with dull buffy. 6'. Bill from nostril not more than ,35, its depth at base not more than .35 ; tarsus not more than .70. &. Adult male with the red absolutely restricted within very definite and sharply-defined limits, its area including only the forehead and a broad superciliary stripe (reaching back to occiput), the malar region, chin, thi'oat (sometimes chest also), and rump; its tint a very intense carmine or crimson. Otherwise, not obviously different from true C. frontalis. Wing (male) 3.05-3.10 (3.08), tail 2.60-2.80 (2.70). ^a6.* Eastern and southern Mexico (Vera Cruz, etc.). C. mexicanus (MVll.). Crimson-fronted House Finch.' C*. Adult male with the red spreading at least over breast (sometimes over whole lower parts, except anal i"egion and lower tail-coverts, and occasionally even tingeing the latter), and also invading, more or less, the crown, hind-neck, back, etc. ; or else, if absolutely restricted within very definite limits, the tint not an intense carmine or crim- son. Length about 5.75-6.25, wing (male) 2.35-3.30 (3.08), tail 2.40-2.80 (2.57). Eggs .80 X .55. Hab. Western United States, from Rocky Mountains to Pacific coast (chiefly south of 40° in the interior), and south through western and central Mexico to Colima and Guanajuato; Lower California. 519. C. mexicanus frontalis (Say). House Finch.* 6*. Bill from nostril .40, or more, depth at base .40, or more, tarsus .75, or more. In plumage similar to C. frontalis (verus), but darker ; length about 6.00-6.50, wing 3.10-3.35 (3.27), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.83), bill from nos- tril .40-.45 (.43), depth of bill at base .40-.50 (.46), tarsus .75-.85 (.80). Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 520. C. amplus Eidow. Onadalupe Eonse Finch. 1 Fn'ngilla mexivana MtlLL., Syst. Nat. Suppl. 1766, 165. Carpodacus mexicanus Ridgw., Pr. Biol. Soo. Wash. ii. 1885, 111. * After a very careful comparison of more than a hundred adult males (in red or partially red plumage), I am now quite convinced that the supposed race named Carpndacua rhodocolpus by Cadanib (519a. C, frontalis rhodno.olpua, Crimson House Finch, of the A. 0. U. Check List) is entirely untenable. The easily recogniza- ble differences of color (maximum extension of the red) which have led to its recognition prove to be, in the light of this abundant new material, not correlative with locality, as supposed, but are evidently on individual peculiarity, perhaps dependent upon age. I am not at all certain, however, that the Lower-Californian bird should not bo separated. A considerable percentage of the specimens which I have been able to examine are 80 peculiar that nothing approaching them can be found in the very large scries from other localities. These peculiarities consist, (1) in the smaller general size, (2) rather more swollen bill, and (.3) greater extension of the red. This last peculiarity is carried to such an extreme that in all of the "Cape St. Lucas" specimens the under tail-coverts uro deeply tinged with pink, while in some even the wing-bands are pinkish-; in several the pure deep madder-pink of the breast is continued backward over the belly and flanks, where the usual dusky streaks are entirely obliterated. From the insufficient material at my command I am unable to form a decided opinion in the matter, but the indioations appear very strong that n local race, peculiar to the southern portion of Lower California, will eventually have to be reoognixed, in antioipation of which I propose the name Oarpodacut frontalii ruberrimui. lit. I- ^ 392 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Genus LOXIA Linn^eits. (Pago 382, pi. CVI., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult males chiefly reddish, with dusky wings and tail, the former sometimes marked with white ; females plain olive, tinged with grayish or yellowish, sometimes more or less streaked with darker; young light olive- grayish, everywhere streaked with dusky. a Wings without white markings. Adult males dull red (usually brighter on rump), the wings and tail uniform dusky. Adult females olivaceous instead of red, the olive varying in shade from a grayish to a yellowish east, often strongly tinged, in places, with the latter color. Young : Pale dingy grayish or light olive, paler beneath, everywhere (except on wings and tail) streaked with dusky. b\ Smaller : Length 5.50-6.25, wing 3.20-3.60 (average about 3.40), tail 1.85- 2.40 (average about 2.15), culmen .50-.68 (average about .62), depth of bill .30-.40 (average about .35), tarsus .58-.68 (average about .63). Nest a rather flat structure, in coniferous trees, composed externally of spru' twigs, shreds of soft bark, etc., lined with horse-hair, fine rootlets, etc. ; cavity about 2.50 across by 1.25 deep, external diameter about 4.00. Eggs usually 4, .75 X -57, pale greenish, spotted with various shades of brown, mixed with purplish gray. Hab. North America in general, but chiefly far northward, and east of Great Plains ; breeding, sporadically, south to Maryland and Virginia near coast, and to northern Georgia, Tennessee, and Kentucky in mountains. 521. L. curvirostra minor (Brehm). American Crossbill. b*. Larger : Length about 6.80-7.25, wing 3.85-4.10 (average nearly 4.00), tail 2.50-2.60 (2.54), culmen .72-.82 (.78), depth of bill .45-^50 (.49), tarsus .65-72 (.70), lower mandible averaging heavier, compared with the upper, and colors brighter, than in L. minor. Hah. Southwestern United States, from western Kansas, Colorado, and Ai'izona, south through highlands of Mexico. 521a. L. curvirostra stricklandi (Eidgw.). Mexican CrossbilL' ;*. Wing with two broad white bands (on tips of middle and greater coverts), the two confluent at upper portion. Adult male : General color purplish red or dull rosy, occasionally tinged with yellow or orange ; scapulars, wings, and tail deep black, the former varied with white, as described above ; back clouded with blackish. Adult female : Olive-greenish or grayish above, paler. 1 A large mnjority of the spcciraens from western North America, north of Colorado and Arizona, and a " sprinkling" of those from cnstorn North America (especially in New England and the British Provinces), are intermediate between L. minor and L. ntrlcl-landi, as defined above. This connecting series, which in the north- western portion of the TInitcd States is sufficiently uniform in its characters to be worthy of recognition as a geographical race, has already been named by me L. curvtroitra bendirei. (See Proo. Biol. Soo. Washington, ii. 1884, 101 ; author's extras published April 28, 1884.) LEUCOSTICTE. 393 and tail, grayish it olive- often more yellowish, beneath ; wings and tail as in male, but duller black. Young : Pale olivaceous, more dingy whitish, tinged with yellowish, be- neath, everywhere streaked with dusky ; wings and tail much as in adults. Length 6.00-6.50, wing 3.50, tail 2.60. Hnb. Northern North America, breeding from northern New England and higher northern Rocky Moun- tains northward; south, in winter, to or beyond hit. 40°. 522. L. leucoptera Gmel. Wliite*winged Crossbill. jhter on i instead .st, often ■ grayish streaked tail 1.85- lepth of i). Nest of spru' '. lets, etc. ; out 4.00. hades of leral, but ■adically, Georgia, Crossbill. 00), tail tarsus with the United through rossbilL^ srts), the red or ngs, and back ve, paler, ona, and a ^incoa), are the north - nition as a Washington, Genus LEUCOSTICTE Swainson. (Page 383, pi. CVI., figs. 4, 5.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult : Plumage uniform brownish, above and below, (sometimes slightly broken by whitish or reddish tips to the feathers) ; tail-coverts dusky, broadly tipped with rose-pink, or else pale hoary gray or silvery white, with darker shaft- streaks. In summer, bill entirely deep black, feathers of anterior lower parts without paler tips or margins, and red tints brighter. In winter, bill yellow, tipped with blackish, feathers of anterior lower parts tipped or margined terminally with whitish, the red tints of a pinkish hue. Young : Plain brownish, without black or gray on head or rosy tips to tail-coverts, etc. Nest built among rocks, bulky, composed of grasses, etc., lined with soft feathers. Eggs pure white, without markings. a\ Sides of lower mandible with a distinct oblique ridge near base ; tail-feathers, primaries, secondaries, greater wing-covert3, and primary coverts dusky, edged with paler; tail-coverts dusky, broadly tipped with rose-piuk in adults. (Subgenus Leucosticte.) 6'. Nasal tufts white. c^. Head of adult partly ash-gray. d'. Tarsus .85, or more, culmen .50, or more ; wing usually more than 4.30, tail usuallj'- more than 3.30. Adult: Forehead and fore-part of crown black; throat dusky; rest of head uniform ash-gray ; general color of plumage dark chocolate-brown, with a chestnut cast on breast, the feathers of posterior portions tipped with rose-pink. Young: Uniform grayish brown, more or less washed with a more umber tint; wings and tail dusky slate, the feathei's bordered with palci ; edges of greater wing-coverts and tertials dull buffy ; no trace of pink on tail-coverts, etc., or of gray or black on head. Length about 7.50-8.50, wing 4.20-4.85 (4.49), tail 3.15-3.90 (3.49), culmen .50-.62 (.57), tarsus .85-1.00 (.95). Eggs .95 X -67. JTab. Aleutian and Prybilof Islands, Alaska ; west to Commander Islands, Kamtschatka, east to Kadiak. 523. L. griseonucha (Brandt). Aleutian Leucosticte. fiO 394 NORTH AMFRICAN TiTRDS. 'I (p. Tarsus not more than .85 (usually much less), culmcn not more than .50 (usually less), wing usually much less than 4.30, tail usually less than 3.00. e^. General color deep cinnamon-brown. /'. Gray of hind-head strictly limited to that portion above the ear-coverts; length 5.75-6.85, wing 3.80-4.40 (4.11), tail 2.75-3.30 (3.00), culmen .40-.50 (.46), tarsus .75- .86 (.79). Hab. Interior of British America, near Rocky Mountains; south, in winter, through Rocky Mountain district of United States (chiefly eastern slope) to Colorado; east, occasionally, to western Iowa 524. L. tephrocotis Swains. Oray-crowned Lencosticte. p. Gray of hind-head spread more or less extensively below upper margin of ear-coverts, sometimes involving en- tire head, except the black frontal patch; length about 6.30-7.00, wing 3.80-4.30 (4.03), tail 2.70-3.30 (2.95), culmen .40-.50 (.46), tarsus .75-.85 (.77). Hah. Pacific coast ranges of northwestern North America, from Oregon (?) northward; in winter, coast, from Ka- diak southward, and southeastward through moun- tains of the Great Basin to western Nevada and eastern Colorado 524a. L. tephrocotis litto- ralis (Baird). Hepburn's Lencosticte. c'. General color sooty blackish (male) or sooty slate (female). Adult male : Pattern of head exactly as in L. tephrocotis ; the cinnamon-brown of that species replaced in the male by sooty black (more brownish on back) and sooty grayish in female ; length about 6.50-7.00, wing 3.80- 4.25 (4.05), tail 2.80-3.15 (2.98), culmen .40-.45 (.43), tarsus .75-.80 (.78). Hab. In winter, central Rocky Mountaiud, in Colorado and Wyoming, west to Uintah Mountains, Utah ; summer range unknown, 525. L. atrata Ridqw. Black Lencosticte. c*. Head of adult (and young) without any ash-gray. AdMlt male: General color light tawny brown (much less rufes- cent than in L. tephrocotis and L. littoralis), deeper on throat, where sometimes tinged with purplish ; top of head blackish anteriorly, grayish brown or brownish gray posteriorly (not markedly diflFerent from the general color of head and body), the edges of the feathers more grayi&h, sometimes producing a somewhat scaled appearance. Adult female : Similar, but very much paler and duller, the pinkish tints much less distinct, sometimes almost obsolete. Young: Plain light brownish, the wing-coverts more buify; no pinkish on tail-coverts, etc., nor ACANTHIS. 395 black on foi-ehcad. Length about 6.50-7.25, wing 4.00-4.40 (4.15), tail 2.80-3.35 (3.09), culmen .40-.48 (.45), tarsus .70-.80 (.77). Hub. High mountains of Colorado in summer (10,000 feet and upwar^j) ; lower districts, and south to northern Mexico, in winter. 526. L. australis (Allen). Browii*oapped Lenoostiote. 6'. Nasal tufts black. Adult : Head blackish ; hind-neck light rusty ; general color of body- dark chocolate-brown ; otherwise, much like L. tephrocotis, and allies, the size about the same. Hab. Northeastern Asia, from Kamtschatka to northern Japan. L. branneinucha (Brandt). Japanese Leucosticte.' a*. Sides of lower mandible without oblique ridge; tail-feathers, primaries, second- aries, primary coverts, and greater coverts light hoary gray or silvery white, with darker shaft-streaks ; tail-coverts without rosy tips. (Sub- genus Hypolia Eidqwat.') Adult : General color plain sepia-brown, paler, and sometimes more tawny, on hind-neck, the Jail, etc., silvery whitish, as described above ; length about 6.00-6.50, wing 4.60, tail 3.15. Hab. Northeastern Asia (Siberia, etc.) ; accidental on Aleutian Islands (?) L. arctoa (Brandt). Silvery-winged Leucosticte.' Genus ACANTHIS Bechstein. (Page 382, pi. CVII., fig. 1.) I.* i Species. Common Characters. — Adult males: Above streaked with dusky upon a brownish, grayish, or whitish ground, the rump sometimes immaculate white or pinkish ; top of head bright red (except in A. breiosterii) ; wings and tail dusky, the feathei's edged with paler, the middle and greater wing-covei*ts tipped with whitish or pale brownish ; superciliary region and lower parts chiefly whitish, but antei'ior lower parts (except in A. breiosterii) more or less tinged with red, and sides usually more or less streaked with dusky ; a more or less distinct dusky spot on chin and upper part of throat (except in A. breiosterii). Adult females : Similar to the males, ^ but withovit any red on breast, etc., the crown, however, red as in male. Young : No red whatever on crown or elsewhere ; whole head streaked with dusky and grayish or brownish white, the latter color prevailing on under portions; other- wise much as in adult female, but plumage of much softer, more " woolly" tex- ture and markings less shai'ply defined. {Note. — Both sexes have in summer a I rringilla (Linaria) brunneinucha BnANDT, Bull. Ac. St. Potorsb. Nov. 1841, 35. Leucoaticle brunneinucha Cadan., Mua. Hoin. i. 1S51, 154. ' Hypolia RiDQW., Bull. U. S. Qeol. & Qeog. Surv. Terr. No. 2, sec. Bor. May 11, 1876, 67. Type, Patter arctoui Pall. * Patter aretout, var. a, Pall., Zoog. Rosso-As. ii. 1826, 21. Leucoiticte arctoa Bon ap., Consp. i. 1850, 68T. 396 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. m blackish bill, the red of a brighter tint and the colors darker than in winter, during which season the bill is yellow tipped with black, the lighter markings more pro- nounced, and the plumage in general more or loss strongly suffused with huffy or light ochraceous-brown.) NeM a rather bulky structure composed of small twigs, straws, etc., mixed with feathers, warmly lined with soft feathers, etc., placed in bushes or small trees. Eg(js 2-5, pale bluish green, speckled, chiefly round larger end, with reddish brown, sometimes mixed with a few black specks or lines. a}. Adults with top of head (crown) bright red (usually crimson), and a dusky spot covering chin and upper part of throat; plumage without sulphur-yellow tinge in any part. b^. "Wing exceeding tail by less than length of tarsus ; rump plain white or pinkish ; sides very narrowly or sparsely, or not at all, streaked ; under tail-coverts with dai'ker shaft-streaks narrow and indistinct, or some- times altogether wanting; inner webs of tail-feathers very broadly edged with white; plumage in general very light, with whitish or light grayish prevailing on upper parts, the lower parts almost entirely white ; adult males with chest and sid.js of breast merely tinged with delicate peach-blossom pink, c*. Larger (length about 5.50-6.50), with proportionality thicker and less acute bill. Male : Wing 3.35-3.45 (3.37), tail 2.70-2.85 (2.75), ex- posed culmen .32-.37 (.35), depth of bill at base .30-32 (.31), tarsus .62--.70 (.66), middle toe .32-.37 (.35). Female: Wing 3.25-3.35 (3.31), tail 2.65-2.80 (2.74), expose* culmen .35-.38 (.36), depth of bill at base .30-.32 (.31), tarsus .62-.68 (.64), middle toe .32-.37 (.35). Hab. Northern Greenland (breeding from 69°-73° N. latitude) and eastern Arctic America, south to Labrador in winter. 527. A. homemannii (Holb.). Greenland Redpoll. c'. Smaller (length about 4.50-5.25), with proportionally smaller and more acute bill. Male : Wing 2.95-3.10 (3.02), tail 2.50-2.55 (2.52), ex- posed culmen .30, depth of bill at base .22-.25 (.23), tarsus .52-.58 (.55), middle toe .30-.32 (.30). Female : Wing 2.80-3.05 (2.87), tail 2.30-2.60 (2.46), exposed culmen .28-.32 (.29), depth of bill at base .20-.25 (.22), tarsus .50-.57 (.54), middle toe .28-.30 (.29). Eggs .68 X -51. Hab. Circumpolar continental regions ; in North America, south, in winter, rai-ely, to northern border of United States, 527a. A. hornemannii exilipes (Coues). Hoary RedpoU. fc*. Wing exceeding tail by more than length of tarsus ; rump distinctly streaked; sides distinctly, often broadly and heavily, streaked with dusky ; under tail-coverts with very distinct dusky mesial streaks ; inner webs of tail-feathers very slightly, if at all, edged with white ; plumage in general darker, with darker markings prevailing on upper, parts, the lower parts never entirely white ; adult males with chest and sides of breast deep madder-pink, c*. Smaller (length 4.50-5.25), with proportionally longer and more acute ACANTHIS. 897 C8 ; inner bill. (Wing averaging loss than 3.00 in males, less than 2.95 in females.) d}. Smaller (length about 4.50-5.00), with proportionally smaller bill. Male : AVing 2.80-3.05 (2.91), tail 2.20-2.50 (2.33), exposed cul- meii .32-.38 (.35), depth of bill at base .22-.27 (.24), tarsus .55- .60 (.57), middle toe .33-.35 (.34). Female: Wing 2.75-2.90 (2.84), tail 2.20-2.40 (2.31), exposed eulmen .30-.37 (.34), depth of bill at base .20-.25 (.22), tarsus .55-60 (.58), middle toe .30- .32 (.31). Eggs .69 X -48. Hab. Northern portions of northern hemisphere, except Greenland and certain sea-coast districts; in North America migrating south, in winter, to about 40°. 528. A. linaria (Linn.). Bedpoll. d*. Larger (length about 5.00-5.25), with proportionally larger bill. Male : Wing 2.85-3.05 (2.96), tail 2.25-2.45 (2.34), exposed eul- men .35-.43 (.39), depth of bill at base .25-.30 (.28), tarsus .58- .62 (.60). Feviale : Wing 2.80-3.00 (2.89), tail 2.25-2.50 (2.33), oxpo.sed eulmen .35-.43 (.40), depth of bill at base .27-.30 (.28), tarsus .55-.60 (.58). Hab. Northern coasts of Europe and Asia (Norway to Japan), and portions of coast of Alaska ; also occurring in winter in vicinity of Quebec* 528a. A. linaria holboellii Brehm. Holboell's Bedpoll. c*. Larger (length about 5.25-5.75), with proportionally shorter, thicker, and less acute bill. (Wing averaging more than 3.15 in males, moi'O than 3.05 in females ; colors also usually darker than in A. linaria and A. holboellii, the lateral lower parts usually much more broadly or heavily striped.) Male: Wing 3.05-3.30 (3.18), tail 2.35- 2.70 (2.53), exposed eulmen .32-,42 (.37), depth of bill at base .25- .30 (.28), tarsus .60-.70 (.65), middle toe .30-.40 (.36). Female: Wing 2.95-3.25 (3.08), tail 2.40-2.60 (2.51), exposed eulmen .33-.42 (.37), depth of bill at base .25-.30 (.28), tarsus .60-.68 (.63), middle too .35-38 (.37). Ilab. Southei'n Greenland in summer, migrating south, in winter, through Labrador to (sparingly) the northern border of the United States (New England, lower Hudson Valley, northern Illinois, etc.), and west to Manitoba. 5286. A. linaria rostrata (Coues). Greater Bedpoll. a'. Adults without red on top of head, or dusky spot on chin, and with portions of the plumage tinged with sulphur-yellow. Adult female {male unknown) : Above olive-brownish, streaked with dusky, the rump tinged with pale sulphur-yellow; beneath whitish, faintly tinged with dull buify or pale fulvous on chest, the sides and lower tail- coverts streaked with dusky ; wings with two pale fulvous bands across ' The only American spooimens of this form that I hare seen are fire from Kadiak (breeding birds) and the same number from Quebec (winter specimens). It cannot, of course, be stated where the latter came from, their migration from the northwestward or from the eastward (possibly Newfoundland) through the St. Lawrence Valley being equally possible. i: '■■\% -i 898 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. coverts; quills and tail-feathers narrowly edged with pale sulphur-yel- low ; wing 3.00, tail 2.50, tarsus .50, middle toe .30, Hab. Waltham, Massachusetts (one specimen, obtained November 1, 1870). — . A. brewsterii Ridow. Brewster's Linnet.' I - Gknus SPINUS Keen. (Page 383, pi. CVII., figs. 3, 4.) Species. or. Inner webs of tail-feathers, except two middle pairs, with a white spot or patch. 6'. No yellow on wings (except sometimes on lesser coverts). c'. Back yellow or brownish ; inner web of tail-feathers dusky, becoming white or Avhitish terminally. Adult male in summer : Pure lemon- yellow, the forehead, crown, lores, wings, and tail black ; tail- coverts, i.iiddle (sometimes lesser) wing-coverts, tips of greater wing-coverts, and part of margins of quills and secondaries white. Adult female in summer: Above olive-brownish or grayish, sometimes tinged with olive-greenish, the wings and tail blackish dusky, marked as in the male ; upper tail-coverts pale grayish or grayish white; lower parts dull grayish white, more or less tinged with yellow, especially anteriorly and laterallj' (sometimes entirely soiled yellow, except under tail-coverts). Adult male in winter : Similar to adult female, but wings and tail deeper black, with whitish mark- ings broader and more distinct. Adult female in ivinter: Similar to summer plumage, but more tinged with brownish, the lighter wing- and tail-markings broader and tinged more or less with bufFy brownish. Young : somewhat like winter adults, but much browner, all the wing-markings being light cinnamon, the plumage generally suffused with this color. Length about 4.45-5.40, wing 2.60-2.90, tail 1.80-2.10. Nest a very neat, cup-shaped structure composed of compactly woven plant-fibres, etc., lined with plant- down and other soft materials, placed in tall bushes or low trees. Eggs 3-5, .06 X .'17 plain pale bluish or bluish white. Hab. Whole of temperate Kor'h America; resident. 529. S. tristis (Linn.). American Ooldfinch. c'. Back olive-green or glossy black, or with a mixture of these colors ; inner webs of tail-feathers white, tipped with black (entirely black in S. psaltria columbiana ;* length about 4.00-4.50, wing 2.40-2.55, tail 1.70-1,90. (^Adult male: Upper half of head, wings, and tail deep black ; rest of upper parts varying from uniform olive- green to uniform glossy black ; base of quills with a more or less I No. 17, " Hypothetical List" of A. 0. U. Checlt List (p. 354). ' Chiysomiirii Columbiana Lafb., Rev. Zool. 1843, 292. Hab. Costa Rica to Colombia and Venezuela. SPINUS. 399 distinct white patch; lower parts entirely lemon-yellow. A'hilt female: Above plain grayish olive-green, beneath light greenish yellow ; no black on head ; wings and tail as in the male, but less deeply black, the white more restricted. Young : Similar to adult female, but tinged more or less with buffy, the wing-coverts tipped with buff.) d^. Adult male with back and ear-coverts plain olive-green. Nest and eggs like those of S. tristis, the latter smaller, averaging .59 X .44. Hab. Western United States, north to northern California, Oregon, Utah, and Colorado, south (in winter at least) to liower California, Sonora, Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. 530. S. psaltria (Say). Arkansas Ooldfinoh. d». Adult males with back and car-coverts either " solid" black or more or less mixed with black, c'. Adult males with back or ear-coverts, or both, more or less mixed with olive-irreen. Ifab. Southwestern United States and contiguous portions of Mexico, north to Arizona and Colorado (accidentally? to Alameda County, Caii ui uia), east to Texas and Nuevo Leon, Mexico. 530rt. S. psaltria arizonae (Coues). Arizona GoWfi: ch. e'. Adult males with back and ear-coverts "solid" glossy black, .uid yellow of lower parts brighter than in other races. Jfab. Mexico (except northwestern portions) and south to Costa Eica; north to southern Texas 5306. S. psaltria mexi- cana (Swains.). Mexican Ooldfinch. b*. Outer surface of wing-coverts, secondaries, and primaries chiefly yellow. (Inner webs of tail-feathers with a subterminal white patch.) Adult male: Anterior part of head, all round, including throat and fore-part of crown, black; above bi'ownish gray (the back sometimes tinged with olive-green), changing to bright yellowish olive-green on rump; sides of head and lateral under parts lighter brownish gray, becoming white on lower tail-coverts and middle of belly; chest and breast yellow. Adult female: Similar to male, but with- out black of head, and colors generally duller, the yellow less dis- tinct. (In winter, both sexes colored as in summer, but plumage softer with colors more subdued.) Young : Similar to adult female, but duller, with yellow, especially on breast, much less distinct, and lower parts in(l!: c». Adult : Top of head black ; back, etc., dark olive-green ; lower parts lighter olive-green (sometimes more grayish) ; wings and tail black, with terminal half of greater wing-coverts and terminal edges and tips of tertials bright olive-green ; a spot of bright yellow at base of primaries; wing 2.80, tail 1.80-1.90. Ilab. Guatemala. S. atriceps (Salv.). Salvin's Goldfinch.'' 6». Plumage conspicuously streaked, above and below, the head without any black. Adult: Above grayish or brownish, below whitish, everywhere streaked with dusky ; basal portion of secondaries and tail-feathers sulphur-yellow. Young: Similar to adult, but with more or less of a fulvous suffusion, especially on tips of wing-coverts. Length 4.50-5.25, wing 2.75-2.90, tail 1.85-1.95. Nest usually a rather flat though compact structure of fine twigs, rootlets, hair, plant-fibres, etc., lined with fine rootlets and hair. Eggs usually 3 or 4, about .62 X -50, pale greenish blue, speckled, chiefly on or round larger end, with reddish brown, usually mixed with a few small black markings. Hab. Northern North America, breeding from northern United States northward, and south in llooky Mountains; south, in winter, to Gulf States aad Mexico. 533. S. pinus (Wils.). Fine Siskin. Genus CARDUELIS Brisson.* (Pago 383, pi. CV., fig. 4.) Species. Adxdt (sexes alike) : Fore-part of head, all round, crimson ; lores, hinder part of crown, occiput, und bar from lat<^er half-way across side of neck, black ; rest of * Chri/iomitrin forreri Salv. & Godm., Biol. Contr.-Am,, Avos, 5. Nov. 1886, 429. « Chrynnmitria atricepii Sai.v., P. Z. S. 18fi3, i90. » Cardnelii BnissoN, Orn. IH. 1760, 53, Type, Fringtlla carJuelit LiKN. and tail- ellow, the parts I'ich V beneath, il same as 1.70-2.00, ; black of t of chest. », north at ucky. Goldfinch. ; black of )urango. Goldfinch.! >wer parts tail black, edges and )w at base Goldfinch.'' thout any i'crywhere il-fcathers >re or less . Length father flat ant-fibi*cs, r 4, about ind larger nail black northern south, in jie Siskin. PASSER. 401 ndcr part rest of head white, more or less tinged with buff; back and scapulars plain brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts white; wings and tail chiefly black; greater portion of greater coverts, basal portion of lower secondaries, and basal half or more of exposed portion of outer webs of primaries, pure gar.iboge-yellow ; secondaries, primaries, and middle tail-feathers tipped with white, the inner webs of outer tail- feathers partly white ; sides of breast, sides, and flanks plain cinnamon-brown ; rest of !ower parts dull white. Young : " Head, neck, back, and scapulars dull light wood-brown ; wings as iu the adult female, but the primaries are slightly and the secondaries broadly tipped witt brownish buft'; tail less marked with white, and tipped with huffy brown ; chin, thi'oat, and under parts dirty white, the throat and the breast washed with pale brcwn, the latter very indistinctly spotted with sooty brown." (Dresser.) Length 4.75-5.50, wing 2.90-3.15, tail 2.00-2.10, ex- posed culmen .45-.55. Nest a very neat, compact, cup-shaped structure, composed of fine grasses, mosses, etc., mixed and lined with plant-down, situated in bushes or small deciduous trees (often fruit trees). JEggs 4-6, .70 X -49, bluish or greenish white, or light greenish blue, marked with reddish brown round larger end. Hab. Europe and western Asia; introduced into and naturalized in portions of eastern United States (breeding in Central Park, New York City, vicinity of Cambridge, Mass., etc.). C. carduelis (Linn.). Goldfinch.' ' Genus PASSER Brisson." (Page 382, pi. CVIL, fig. 2.) Species. Common Characters. — Above brownish, the back streaked with black ; wing with two white bands ; lower parts dull grayish white or pale giayish ; ailult males with chin, throat, and lores black, and lesser wing-coverts chestnut. a'. Larger (wing 2.85-3.00) ; adult male with black of throat continued over chest, where forming a broad patch ; oar-coverts entirelj" dull grayish ; top of head grayish, with a largo patch of blight chestnut on each side, from eye back to sides ()\' nape ; length about 5.50-6.25, wing about 2.85-3.00, tail 2.35-2.50. Nest a bulky structure of dried grasses, etc., lined with feathers, placed in various odd nooks about honses, holes in trees, on branches of trees, etc. E(jgs 4-7, .86 X •<^3, dull wh. -^h, thickly speckled and dashed with dark brown and purplish gray. h,« dusky, edged with white. Young with wing mostly dusky, only the mid- dle coverts, tips of greater coverts and middle secondaries being white. b\ Smaller, with much smaller bill. M(de : Length about G. 50-7. 00, ",'ing 4.20-4.50 (4.38), tail 2.80-3.15 (2.90), culmen .40-.42 (.41), gonys .22- .20 (.23). Femah : Length about G.00-6.50, wing 4.00-4.10 (4.6g), tail 2.70-2.75 (2.74), culmen .39-,40 (.40), gonys .21-.23 (.22). Eggs .91 X .64. Hab. Circumpolar regions, except islands in Bering's Sea; south, in winter, to northern United States. 534. P. nivalis (Linn.). Sn> flake. ' Fn'npiHa montnna Link., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 183. Pamer monlanti- Kot:H, Baior. Zool. i. ISlf , : 'y. [A much less harmful opccios than P. (lomeaticvi, HvitiR mostly in buburbs nnd rural districts, where not iDcreaeing abnormally, and but little dostruotivo to grain and fruit-buds.] PLECTROPHENAX. 403 />'. Larger, with much Uirger and longer bill. Male: "Wing 4.25-4.70 (4.45), tail 2.85-3.20 (2.99), culmcn .47-.52 (.50), gonys .26-.29 (.28). Female : AVing 4.10-4.25 (4.20), tail 2.75-2.80 (2.77), culmcn .48-.50 (.49), gonys .24-.27 (.26), Eggs .93 X -69. Hub. Prybilof Islands, Alaska, and Com- mander Islands, Kamtschatka. — . P. nivalis townsendi RiDcnv. Prybilof Snowflake.' a'. Male with black on only two middle tail-tbathors, and on those restricted to a Bubterminal spot (sometimes almost obsolete) ; /(?mrt/t' with only four mid- dle tail-feathers chiefly blackish. Adult male in summer : Pure white, in- cluding entire bu^.k ; a blackish spot on inner web of first tertial (sometimes second also) ; terminal portion (less than exposed half) of longer quills black, this reduced on fifth quill (and, if present, on sixth also) to a small spot near tip of inner web, the outer Avebs of all edged and margined terminally with white; two middle tail-featliers marked near end of inner webs with a small black spot; bill entirely black. Iti winter, sLnilar, but top and sides of head washed Avith deep rusty, the hind-neck, back, rump, and band across chest more faintly tinged with same; bill yellow, tijjped with dusky. Adult female in summer: Pure white, the back and scapulars narrowly streaked with blackish (streaks broader and more wedge-shaped on scapulars), tertiala with most of concealed portion l)lackish, the outer webs partly huffy brown, outer wobs of second to fourth, fifth, or sixth quill dusky quite to the base, but broadly edged with white, all of them broadly margined at tips with the same; alula) dusky bordered Avith white, and prit.aiy coverts sometimes duskj' medially, but often entirely white ; four middle tail-feathers blackish or dusky, broadly margined (both webs) with white, this involving nearly Avhole of outer Aveb of next to middle pair; bill dusky. In wifter similar, but upper parts, especially top of head and ear-coverts, washed with rusty, and bill yellow, tipped Avith dusky. Young : Top of head, hind-neck, back, scapulars, rump, and loAver tail-coverts brownish gray (rather paler than in P. nivalis), tho scapulars and interscapulars dusky centrally, forming broad but indistinct streaks ; tertials Avith tips of both Avebs and broad edging to outer web umber-bi'OAvn, tho rest black ; wings otherwise chiefly Avhite, but mai"ked Avith dusky, as in adults ; loAver parts dull Avhite, purer posteriorly, tinged Avith pale smoky gray anteriorly ; bill lemon-yelloAv. Male : Length about 7.00-7.50, Aving 4.00-4.65 (4.62). "tail 3.10-3.15 (3.12). culmen .44, gonys .24-.25. Female: L^Migth about 6.50-7.00, wing 4.20-4.30 (4.25), tair2.70- 2.90 (2.83), culmen .42-.43, gonys .23. Hab. Breeding on Hall Island (prob- ably also St. Matthew's Island), Bering's Sea, and in winter visiting Avostern coast of Alaska (3t. Michael's to Nushagak). 635. P. hyperboreus Eidqw. McKay's Snowflake. 1 Now gubspooies. Typo, No. 106,695, Ottor Island, Boring's Son, Juno 8, 1886 j C. H. Townsond. 404 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. C^i' Genus CALCARIUS Bechstein. (Pago 383, pi. CVIL, fig. 6.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult males : Top of head black ; hind-ueck deep rufous or buff; rest of upper parts light brownish, broadly streaked with dusky or black; outer tail-feathers with more or loss of white. Adult females : Above similar to males, but without black on head, and usually without distinct rufous or buff on hind-neck ; lower parts mainly dull whitish or buffy. Nest on ground, composed of dried grasses, etc., lined with feathers, etc. J^ggs 3-6, dull whitish, spotted or speckled with brown (varying to nearly uniform brownish). a^ Wing more than 3.50 ; all the tail-feathers with inner webs dusky at base (in C. pifn-:s confined, on exterior feather, to inner edge). 6'. Inne. . ' f outer tail-feather chiefly dusky ; under wing-coverts and axil- lars , ish white, distinctly grayish beneath surface ; breast and belly white. Adult vude in summer : Head and chest deep black, relieved by a broad white or buffy stripe behind eye, continued downward (vertically) behind ear-coverts and then backward along sides of chest ; sides broadly streaked or striped with black ; rest of under parts white ; hind-neck deep chestnut-rufous ; lesser wing-coverts grayish, feathers black in centre. Adult male in winter : Black of head confined to crown, posterior and lower border of ear-coverts, lowo" part of throat, and patch on chest, and more or less obscured by whitish or pale bi'ownish tips to feathers ; sides of 1 cad (including lores and greater part of ear-coverts) mostly dull light brownish ; rufous on hind-neck also similarly obscured. Adult female in summer : Much like winter male, but markings more sharply defined, black areas of chest, etc.. more restricted and still more broken, hind-neck streaked with blackish, and size smaller. Adult female in ivin- ter : Similar to summer plumage, but browner and less sharply streaked above, hind-neck often without trace of rufous, lower parts dull brown- ish white, and dusky markings of chest, etc., very indistinct. Young : Above taw \y buffy, everj'-where (except on wings and tail) broadly streaked with black ; beneath pale buffy, the lower thi-oat, cliest, and sides of breast broadly streaked with blackish. Male : Length about 6.10-6.90, wing 3.60-3.90. Female : Length about 6.50-6.00, wing 3.50- 3.60. Fggs .83 X -00, varying from dull whitish spotted with brown to nearly uniform umber-brown. Hab. Circumpolar regions ; in North America migrating sout}\ward to northern United States, sometimes as far as South Carolina (rarely), Kentucky, Kansas, Nevada, etc. 536. C. lapponicus (Linn.). Lapland Longspur. 6'. Inner web of outer tail-feather chiefly white; under wing-covorts j.nd axil- lars wholly pure white ; entire lower parts buffy. Adult male in summer : Top and sides of head deep black, relieved by a broad white stripe bo- bind eye, a narrow white stripe along middle portion of car-coverts, and CALCARIVS. 405 tp rufous »r black ; milar to i- buff on omposcd )otted or , base (in and axil- [ind belly jved by a ertically) 8 broadly leck deep n centre. 3rior and on chest, feathers ; i) mostly Adult } sharply e broken, lie in ivin- streaked U brown- Young : broadly icst, and th about ing 3.50- brown to in North etimes as Longspur. .nd axil- summer : stripe bo- rcrts, and a white malar stripe, much widest posteriorly; hind-neck and entire lower parts deep ochraceous-buif, the first streaked with dusky ; anterior lesser wing-coverts deep black, posterior ones pure white, forming a con- spicuous bar, widest above. Adult male in winter : Black of head entirely replaced bj'' streaked brownish, the throat and chest also more or less streaked with dusky; otherwise much as in summer, but middle and greater wing-coverts distinctly tipped with white. Adult female in sum- mer : Much like winter male, but smaller, paler, and grayer, without deep black or pure white on lesser wing-coverts ; in winter, similar, but more buff}'. Male : Length 6.40-6.50, wing 3.60-3.70. Female :' Length about 5.50-6.00, wing 3.45-3.60. Eggs .83 X -50, similar to those of C. lapponi- cus, but averaging lighter in color, the whitish, distinctly sjiotted style prevailing. ITab. Interior of Arctic America (chiefly Mackenzie River Valley) in summer, bi'eeding north to Arctic coast and upper Yukon Valley ; south, in winter, over Great Plains and prairies to Illinois, Texas, etc 537. C. pictus (Swains.). Smith's Longspur. rt'. Wing not more than 3.50; all the tail-feathers (except middle pair) with basal portion of inner webs white (outer webs also, except two middle pairs). Adult male in summer: Top of head, stripe behind eye, spot on lower part of ear-coverts, chest, breast, and belly, black, the lower parts sometimes touched with rufous or chestnut ; hind-neck deep rufous; broad super- ciliary stripe, chin, and throat white ; cheeks pale buff, this sometimes overspreading lores, ear-coverts, chin, and upper throat ; infulljAumage, the lesser wing-coverts deep black, with posterior row pure white. Adult male in winter : Black of head and lower parts more or less ob- scured or even concealed by light brownish or dull buffy tips to the feathers ; otherwise, essentially as in summer. Adult female : Above light grayish buffj' brown, streaked with dusky ; beneath pale grayish buffy brown, or dull grayish buff, the breast and belly sometimes streaked with darker; under tail-coverts dull buff}' whitish. (Plumage softer and colors more blended in winter.) Young: Above duskj', the feathers edged and margined with dull whitish and pale brownish buff; wing-coverts tipped with dull whitish; an indistinct streaked whitish superciliary stripe; ear-coverts streaked dusky and pale brown- ish; malar region, chin, and throat white, flecked, more or less, with grayish dusky; rest of lower parts dall grayish buff, streaked, especially on breast, with dusky. Length 5.25-6.50, wing 3.20-3.50. Eggs .75 X .56, dull white, pinkish white, buffy white, or greenish white, distinctly speckled or spotted with various shades of brown and blackish. JIab. Great Plains, north to the Saskatchewan; south, in winter, to Texa.s, New Mexico Arizona, and table-lands of Mexico. 538. C. ornatus (Towns.). Chestnnt-oollared Longspur. # 406 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Genus RHYNCHOPHANES Baird. (Page 383, pi. CVIII., fig. 1.) Species. Tail-feathers (except middle pair) white, broadly tipped with black (outer feathers almost entirely white). Adult male in summer : Middle, and posterior lesser, wing-coverts rufous ; crown, rictal stripe, and crescentic patch on chest bUiclf ; sides of head grayish ; back, etc., gray or brownish, streaked with dusk}' ; lower parts (except chest) white, tinged laterally with grayish. Adult male in win- ter : Crown and other upjjer parts dull brownish buff, streaked with dusky; black rictal streak obsolete, and black patch on chest hidden by light dull huffy tips to feathers. Adult female: Similar to winter male, but without concealed black on chest or rufous on Aving-coverts ; the colors brownish above and dull huffy be- neath in winter, grayer above and whiter beneath in summer. Young : Upper parts dusky, the feathers broadly bordered with pale graj'ish buff; beneath white, distinctly washed with buff across chest, where sometines indistinctly streaked. Length about 5.12-6.50, wing 3.30-3.80, tail 2.25-2.80. Mest on ground in open phxces, composed of dried grasses, etc., lined with the same, usually mixed with hair and feathers. Eggs 3-6, .79 X -60, similar to those of Calcarius ornatus, but usually with grou"d-colo'' more olive. Hab. Great Plains, breeding from western Kansas north to tl.e Saskatchewan, migrating south, in winter, through Texas, New Mex- ico, and Arizona to plateau of Mexico 539. R. mccownii (Lawr.). McCown's Longspur. Genus POOCffiTES Baird. (Page 384, pi. CVIII., fig. 2.) Species. Adult : Above brownish or brownish gray, everywhere streaked with dusky ; lesser wing-coverts more or less distinctly rusty, sometimes inclining to rufous ; outer tail-feathei's partly white ; lower parts dull white, streaked along sides of throat and across chest with dark grayish brown. Young : Similar to adult, but markings less shai'ply defined. Nest on ground, in open grassy places, composed of dried grasses, etc. Eggs 3-6, pale buffy, pinkish buff}*, or dull whitish, stained with rusty brownish and speckled or otherwise marked with a deeper shade of the same, usually mixed with darker spots or lines. a'. Colors browner, with broader streaks ; wing and tail averaging shorter, and bill stouter; length 5.50-6.70, wing 2.95-3.40 (3.17), tail 2.40-2.75 (2.57), exposed culmen .38-.46 (.42), depth of bill at base .30-.35 (.32), tarsus .80-87 (.83). Eggs .81 X -60. Hab. Eastern United States, north to Nova Scotia and On- tario, west to edge of Great Plains, breeding from Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri northward 540. P. gramineus (Gmel.). Vesper Sparrow. a'. Colors grayer, with narrower sti*eaks ; wing and tail averaging longer, and bill more slender; length about 6,00-6.75, wing 3.00-3.50 (3.27), tail 2.40-2.80 (2.65), exposed culmen .40-.48 (.43), depth of hill at base .25-.28 (.26), tarsus AMMODRAMUS. 407 .1.) jk (outer posterior on chest h dusky ; lie in win- :y ; black y tips to black on buffy bc- r ; Upper ,th white, streaked. 1 in open with hair it usually n Kansas iew Mex- , (Lawr.)- Longspur. dusky ; rufous ; sides of adult, but 1 posed of ined with the same, and bill , exposed -.87 (.83). 1 and On- icky, and Sparrow. ', and bill 2.40-2.80 6), tarsus .82-.90 (.84). Eggs .84 X -60. Hab. Western North America, north into British America, east to Manitoba and eastern border of the Great Plains, south to plateau of Mexico. 540a. P. gramineus confinis Baird. Western Vesper Sparrow. Genus AMMODRAMUS Swainson. (Page 384, pi. CVIIL, figs. 3-7; pi. CIX., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Upper parts conspicuously streaked (except in A. ma- ritimus), the chest and sides also streaked in most species ; some species with the edge of the wing and a supraloral streak yellow. Nest on ground, in grassy places, or in grass or sedges in marshes. Eggs 3-6, speckled or spotted. a}. Outer pair of tail-feathora longer than middle pair; difference between lyngth of tail and wing much greater than length of bill from nostril (the wins; much the longer), and depth of bill at base much less than its length from nostril. h^. Tail three times as long as tarsus, flightly cmarginato, or double-rounuad, the depth of the emargination much less than the distance fr ^m eye to nostril, the feathers broader and less pointed at tip. Nest on gi-^uiid, in meadows or c'^her grassy places. Eggs pale brownish, varying to dull whitish, or greenish white, spotted, speckled, or blotched with brown, occasionally with a few darker lines or spots. (Subgenus Passerculus.) c'. Culmen straight or even depressed (concave) in middle portion, the bill decidedly compressed ; primaries exceeding tertials by more than length of exposed culmen ; upper parts conspicuously streaked with blackish. d^. Exposed culmen not longer than hind-toe, without claw, and w'ng more than seven times as long as exposed culmen. Above pale grajMsh, the top of head and back streaked with pale brown and blackish, the latter enclosed as a narrower streak within the former; median stripe on crown dull light grayish buff or dull buffy whitish ; superciliary stripe similar, but paler, rarely yellowish anteriorly ; outer sur- face of greater wing-coverts and tertials pale buffy brown ; malar stripe pale buff or whitish ; lower parts white tinged with pale brownish bxiff along sides (sometimes acroas chest also), the chest and side.-, streaked with brown (darker me- dially) ; length 6.00-6.75 (6.50), wing 2.85-.^.20 (.3.02), tail 2.25-2.55 (2.38), exposed culmen .38-.45 (.41), depth of bill at base .25-.28 (.26), tarsus .85-.95 (.93). Eggs .81 X .62. Hab. Breeding on Sable Island, Nova Scotia; in winter, migrating along Atlantic coast, south to Virginia and coa-^t of Texas... 541. A. princeps (Mayn.). Ipswich Sparrow. 408 r It' > NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. (P. Exposed culmen longer than hind-toe, without claw, and wing less than seven times as long as tarsus. Above grayish brown, streaked with black, the broad black streaks on back edged with narrower dull whitish or light buify grayish streaks ; superciliary stripe usually decidedly yellow, especially anteriorly, rarely without yellow ; be- neath white, sometimes slightly tinged with buffy laterally and across chest (especially in winter), the sides of throat, chest, sides, and flanks sti'eaked with blackish. Young essentially similar to adults, but lighter streaks of upper parts more butty, dusky streaks of lower parts less sharply defined, and superciliary stripe usually without yellow, and finely streaked with dusky. e\ Superciliary and median crown-etripes very distinct ; flanks rather narrowly streaked ; lower tail-coverts usually with- out visible streaks. /^ Wing averaging more than 3.00, and never (?) less than 2.90. General tint above light grayish brown, with broad black and narrower light grayish streaks of back sharply contrasted ; superciliary stripe usually decidedly j'cllow throughout (brighter anteri- orly); length about 5.80-6.15, wing 2.90-3.20 (3.07), tail 2.10-2.40 (2.24), exposed culmen .40- .50 (.46), depth of bill at base .25-.32 (.29), tarsus .85-.95 (.90). Hab. Northwest coast, from Una- lashka eastward and southward (to northern Cali- fornia in winter?) 542. A. sandwichensis (Gmfx.). Sandwich Sparrow. .A Wing averaging much less than 3.00, and never (?) more than 2.90. g^. Bill stouter (usually more than .22, and averaging .24, deep at base). Colors much as in A. sandwichensis, but aver- aging browner, with superciliary stripe less continuously or conspicuously yellow; length about 4.85-5.50, wing 2.60-2.90 (2.73), tail 1.90-2.20 (2.07), exposed culmen .38-.43 (.40), depth of bill at base .21-.27 (.24), tar- sus .78-.90 (.82). Eggs .78 X -56. Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from northern United States to Labrador and Hudson's Bay Territory. 542a. A. sandwichensis savanna (WiLs.). Savanna Sparrow. K'-.-jS'iII AMMODRAMUS. 409 g^. Bill smaller and more slender (usually less than .22, and averaging only .21, deep at base). h^. Paler and grayer, averaging more so than A. sandwichensis ; length 4.75-5.90, wing 2.65- 2.90 (2.80), tail 1.95-2.30 (2.14), exposed cul- men .37-.40 (.39), depth of bill at base .20- .22 (.21), tarsus .75-.85 (.80). Eggs .75 X .55. Hab. Western North America, except (in general) Pacific coast; breeding from Rocky Mountain plateau north to the Yukon district of Alaska, migrating south, in winter, to Mexico 5426. A. sandwichensis alaudi- nus (BoNAP.). Western Savanna Sparrow. A*. Dai'kcr and browner, averaging more so than A. savanna, with the breast and sides usually more heavily (sometimes more thickly) streaked, the whole head often suffused with yellow; wing 2.50-2.75 (2.65), tail 1.95-2.15 (2.02), exposed culmen .40-.43 (.41), depth of bill at base .21-.25 (.22), tarsus .65-.80 (.79). Eggs .75 X -56. Hab. Salt marshes about San Francisco Bay, California. 542c. A. sandwichensis bryanti Eidgw. Bryant's Marsh Sparrow. e*. Superciliary and median crown-stripes usually very indistinct (sometimes nearly obsolete) ; longer lower tail-coverts streaked with black (streaks rarely concealed). Similar to A. sandwichensis bryanti, but upper parts more heavily streaked with black on a much more uniform and more olivaceous brown ground, sides of head and neck darker, anterior portion of superciliary stripe duller, more olivaceous, yellow, lower parts more thickly and heavily marked with black, wing and tail shorter, and bill larger ; length about 5.00-5.25, wing 2.45-2.70 (2.58), tail 1.80-2.10 (1.97), exposed culmen .40-.50 (.44), depth of bill at base .21-.25 (.23), tarsus .78-.85 (.82). Hah. Salt marshes of southern Califor- nia, south to Todoa Santos Island, Lower California. 543. A. beldingi Ridqw. Belding's Harsh Sparrow, c*. Culmen regularly curved from the base, without depression in middle portion, the bill more swollen ; primaries exceeding secondaries by less than length of exposed culmen ; upper parts indistinctly streaked with darker. d}. Bill from nostril .36, or more ; depth of bill at base .26, or more ; general color above light brownish gray or grayish brown; 62 410 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. length about 5.30, wing 2.55-2.95 (2.71), tail 1.5)5-2.30 (2.11), exposed culmon .48-.52 (.49), deptli of bill i;t base ,26-.29 (.28), tarsus .80-.95 (.87). Hab. Coasts of southern California, Lower California, and Sonora; south, in wiutci', to Cape St. Lucas and Guaymas. 544. A. rostratus Cass. Large-billed Sparrow. (P. Bill from nostril only .32, depth of bill at base only .22 ; general color above dull brownish slate; length about 5.00-5.15, wing 2.55, tail 1.95, culraen .45, tarsus .82. Hab. Vicinity of Cape St. Lucas 544rt, A. rostratus guttatus (Lawr.). St. Lucas Sparrow. fc". Tail only two and a half times as long as tarsus, deeply emarginate, the lateral pair of feathers longest, the depth of the emargination equal to distance from eye to nostril, the feathers all narrow and pointed at tip. (Subgenus Centronyx Baird.) Adult : Head ochraceous or buffy, deepest on crown, nearly or quite white on chin and throat ; top of head streaked Avith black, es- pecially laterally ; maxillary stripe bordered above and below by blackish rictal and submalar stripes ; lower parts white, the chest, sides, and flanks streaked with black ; upper parts light brownish, vai'ied by lighter edgings and blackish spotting. Young : Similar to adult, but feathers of crown and back distinctly bordered with bufty, and streaks on chest less sharply defined. In lointer, the buffy coloring much more pronounced than in summer, strongly tingeing chest and sides. Length 5.10-5.85, wing 2.65-3.05. Nest on ground, in open grassy situations, composed of dried grasses, etc. Eggs 3-5, .79 X .59, whitish (varying in tint), spotted with reddish bi'own and lined with black. Hab. Great Plains, from Dakota and Montana to the Saskatchewan in summer ; south, in winter, to Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. 545. A. bairdii (Ald). Baird's Sparrow. a'. Outer pair of tail-feathers shorter than middle pair; difference between length of tail and wing not greater than length of bill from nostril, or else tail longer than w'ing and much graduated (" Coturtiiculus" leconteii), or depth of bill at base equal to its length from nostril (" Coturniculus" savannarum). fc*. Crown divided by a very distinct lighter median stripe, between two latei'al blackish ones. Nest on ground, bulky, with deep cavity, often more or less arched over on top, composed of dried grasses. Eggs 3-5, white, speckled or spotted, chiefly on larger end, with reddish bi'own, some- times mixed with a few small blackish markings and touches of lilac- gray. (Subgenus Coturnictilus Bonap.) c^ Tail double-rounded, the lateral feathers only a little shorter than mid- dle pair (difference between their tips much less than length of bill from nostril), the middle pair much shorter than next (longest) pair ; bill stout, its depth at base equal to or greater than length AMMODRAMUS. 411 the from nostril. Adult: Crown blackish or dark brown, streaked with light grayish bufty and divided by a very distinct median lino of pale grayish buffj rest of upper parts mixed grayish, bufty, and reddish brown, spotted with black ; sides of head, chin, throat, chest, and sides plain bufty, the chest and sides indis- tinctly streaked vvith brown in winter; belly white ; edge of wing yellow. Young : Essentially like adult, but with little if any red- dish brown on upper parts, which have feathers more conspicuously bordered with palo bufty and dull whitish, and the median crown- stripe more ashy whitish ; lower parts entirely dull huffy whitish, the chest distinctly streaked with dusky. d}. Darker colored, with (usually) shorter wing and tail and thicker bill ; length about 4.85-5.20, wing 2.35-2.G0 (2.43), tail 1.80- 2.00 (1.87), exposed culmen .40-.47 (.43), depth of bill at base .28-.31 (.29), tarsus .75-.82 (.73). Eggs .73 X -58. Hab. Eastern United States and southern Canada, wintering in Gulf States, Bahamas, Cuba, Porto Eico, and Gulf coast of Mexico 546. A. savannarum passerinus (AYils.). Grasshopper Sparrow. (P. Paler, with (usually) longer wing and tail, and more slender bill; length about 5.00-5.50, wing 2.50-2.60 (2.52), tail 1.76-2.00 (1.91), exposed culmen .40-.47 (.42), depth of bill at ba.se .20- .28 (.25), tarsus .75-.80 (.77). Eggs .75 X -57. Hab. Western United States, east to Great Plains, south over table-lands of Mexico 546rt. A. savannarum perpallidus Ridow. Western Grasshopper Sparrow. c*. Tail graduated, the latei-al feathers much shorter than middle pair (diff'erence between their tips much greater than length of bill from nostril), the middle pair longest. d}. Tail not longer than wing, its graduation decidedly less than length of exposed culmen ; bill stout, its depth at base nearly or quite equal to length from nostril ; a blackish rictal and (usually) siibmalar streak. Adult : Head and neck buff'}' olive, the crown heavily streaked, except along middle line, with black, the hind-neck much more narrowly streaked ; back and scapulars chestnut o.Lhers centred with black and narrowly edged or bordereu ^.\.h whitish; wings mainly chestnut; a blackish streak behind eye, another from corner of mouth, and another along each side of chin and upper tliroat (last sometimes indistinct) ; chin and throat pale buff" or huffy whitish ; chest, sides, and flanks deeper buffy', streaked with blackish; belly whitish. Young: Above dull brownish bufty, streaked and spotted with black ; beneath light buff", the sides (but not chest) streaked with black ; a distinct black streak from corner of mouth, but none on side of chin or throat. ''i- 'f 412 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. r-St\- Length about 4.75-5.25, wing 2.10-2.20, tail 1.90-2.05. E(j Female: Wing 2.18-2.42 (2.23), tail 1.90-2.13 (1.98), culmen .53-.58 (.56), depth of bill at base .2.3-.26 (.24), tarsus .85-.87 086). Eijgs .76 X .57, brow^nish white, finely speckled or simnkled with dull rusty brown. Hnb. Salt marshes of. Atlantic coast, from Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia to North Carolina. 549. A. caudacutus (Gmel.). Sharp-tailed Sparrow, d*. Colors of upper parts usually very sharply contrasted, especially the chalky white streaks of back, as compared with the rich umber-brown ground-color ; chest and sides usually very deep buff or ochraceous, never (?) very distinctly or sharply streaked with dusky. Male: Wing 2.12-2.33 (2.24), tail 1.98-2.21 (2.07), culmen .49-.53 (.51), depth of bill at base .23-.26 (.25), tarsus .80-.87 (.84). Female: Wing 2.15-2.20 (2.18), tail 1.83- 2.09 (1.99), culmen .50-.52 (.51), depth of bill at base .23-.26 (.25), tarsus .82-.85 (.83). Ilab. Fresh-water marshes of east- ern United States, chiefly in Mississippi Valley; east during migrations to marshes of Atlantic coast (Massachusetts to South Carolina) 549a. A. caudacutus nelsoni Allen. Nelson's Sparrow, c'. Edge of wing and supraloral streak yellow ; no distinct 8U])erciIiary sti'ipe ; malar stripe whitish. d}. Above nearly plain olivaceous, tinged with ashj', the wings and tail more brownish; beneath grayish white, the chest streaked with dull grayish. Young : Crown and back broadly streaked with black ; lower parts huffy white, the chest and sides streaked with dusky. Length about 5.25-6.00, wing 2.40-2.55, tail 2.10- 2.25, culmen .60-.67, tarsus .90-. 95. Eggs .80 X -62, greenish white or brownish white, eoarsf'y speckled with umber-brown. Hab. Salt marshes of Atlantic and Gulf coasts, from Massachu- setts to Texas.. 550. A. maritimus (Wils.). Seaside Sparrow. r olivc-bvown, striped with dark sepia-brown or sooty blackish, and chest brownish gray. Lores ashy or otherwise light-colored, as in Z. intermedia ; length about 5.75-6.75, wing 2.70-3.20 (2.92), tail 2.60-3.00 (2.75), exposed culmen .35-.48 (.41), tarsus .82-1.00 (.91). Eggs .84 X -64, colored like those of Z. intermedia. Hab. Coast ranges of California and north to British Columbia. 556. Z. garabeli (Nutt.). Gambel'B Sparrow. c*. Middle crown-stripe yellow anteriorly (whole forehead suffused with yellow in younger birds). Adult: Median crown-stripe yellow for anterior half, or more, then ashy. Immature birds with yellow duller and more or less streaked or flecked with dusky, the lateral stripes poorly de- fined, brownish, streaked with darker. (In genei'al coloring, except on head, closely resembling Z. gambeli.') Length about 7.00-8.00, wing 3.00-3.40, tail 3.25-3.50. Eggs .82 X -61, col- ored like the more distinctly spotted style of Z. leucophrys. Hab. Pacific coast, breeding from northern California (?) north to Norton Sound, Alaska; during migrations, cast, irregularly, to Rocky Mountains, casually to Wisconsin. 557. Z. coronata (P.all.). Oolden-crowned Sparrow. 6'. Back rusty brown, or chestnut, streaked with blackish ; chin and upper throat white, abruptly contrasted with ash-gray of lower throat and chest ; sides of forehead yellow. Adult: Top of head with a narrow grayish white median and two broad black lateral stripes ; superciliary stripe bright yellow ante- riorly (back to above eye), the rest whitish. Immature : Superciliary and median crown-stripes dull buffy or light brownioh, the former more or less distinctly yellowish anteriorly; lateral 'irown-stripoa dark brownish ; ash-gray of ear-coverts and chest obscured by brownish. Young : Broad lateral crown-stripes dull vandyko-b.o .. n, narrow median stripe dull whitish or pale brownish ; superciliary SPIZELLA. 417 le super, ng 2.90- i .38-.42 to those tylo pre- through- ninsula), II wintei", jico, east Sparrow, n crown- l stripes; ped with jh gray. termedia ; 2.60-3.00 L.OO (.91). 'w. Hab. iolumbia. I Sparrow. used with or more, ore or less poorly de- coloring, gth about X .61, col- leiicophrys. (?) north regularly, I Sparrow. iviid upper iroat and and two How ante- iperciliary he former wn-stripes soured by ko-b . o .. n, iperciliary stripe dirty brownish white, scarcely, if at all, yellowish anteri- orly; throat not distinctly whitish, and chest dirty brownish white, streaked with dusky. Length 6.30-7.65, wing 2.80-3.15, tail 3.05- 3.35. JEggs .83 X .59) similar in color to those of Z. intermedia. Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from northern United States northward ; west to edge of Great Plains, casually to Utah. 558. Z. albicollis (Gmel.). White-throated Sparrow. Genus SPIZELLA Bonaparte. (Page 385, pi. CIX., fig. 5.) Species. Common Characters. — Back and scapulars brownish, streaked with black ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain grayish or grayish brown, or else very indistinctly streaked ; greater wing-coverts (and usually middle coverts also) tipped, more or less distinctly, with white or light brownish ; lower parts plain whitish, grayish, or pale brownish (belly always white) in adult, streaked with dusky in young, except of S. atrigularis. a'. With head more or less conspicuously marked, but without black on chin or throat ; young, streaked beneath. b^. Wing with two distinct white bands ; lower mandible yellow ; adult with dusky spot in centre of chest. (Adult : Top of head and streak behind eye deep rufous ; rest of head and neck plain ashj', the hind-nock tinged with brown ; back mixed rufous and light tawny or dull buff'y, streaked with black ; lower parts pale ashy anteriorly and laterally, the sides and flanks tinged with butfy (strongly so in winter). Young : Top of head dull brownish, streaked with dusky ; superciliary stripe and sides of head and neck dull whitish, finely streaked with darker ; chest pale dull bufFy, tinged laterally with rusty, and distinctly streaked with dusky. Nest on ground or in low bushes, composed of dried grasses, feathers, etc. Eggs 3-5, colored like those of Zonotrichia leucophrys.) c*. Plumage darker throughout, the ground-color of back largely rusty or rufous, and the black streaks broader ; rufous of crown darker, and never with more than a slight indication of median ashy stripe ; outer webs of greater wing-coverts and tertials bright rufous or rusty ; whitish or light ashy edgings to tail-feathers narrower, wings and tail shorter, bill rather stouter, etc. ; length about 6.00-6.50, wing 2.80-3.10 (2.95), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.70). Eggs .76 X .58. Hab. Eastern North America, breeding in Labrador and region about Hudson's Bay ; south, in winter, through eastern United States, west to edge of Great Plains. 559. S. monticola (Gmel.). Tree Sparrow. c*. Plumage paler throughout, the ground-color of back with little if any 63 418 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. rusty or rufous, and the black streaks narrower ; rufous of crown paler and frequently (especially in wintei-) with distinctly indicated (sometimes broad and continuous) median ashy stripe ; outer webs of greater wing-coverts and tertials paler, more buffy or ochraceous ; whitish edgings to tail-feathers broader, wings and tail longer, bill rather more slender, etc. ; length about 6.00-6.75, wing 2.80-3.15 (3.07), tail 2.65-3.05 (2.85). Eggs .78 X .55. Hah. Western North America, breeding in Alaska (and for an undetermined distance southward), wintering in western United States, south to Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. 559a. S. monticola ochracea Brewst. Western Tree Sparrow. 6*. Wing without two distinct white bands ; lower mandible without yellow ; adult without dusky spot in centre of chest. &. Wing decidedly longer than tail. J}. Tarsus less than twice as long as culmen ; a distinct dusky streak behind eye. e'. Colors lighter, the adult with crown deep rufous and lower parts whitish or very pale ashy. Summer adult : Top of head rufous, sometimes with a more or less distinct indica- tion of an ashy median line ; forehead black, divided by a white median line; a broad white or pale grayish super- ciliary stupe, bounded below by a narrow blackish stripe through eye ; ear-coverts and sides of neck ashy ; lower parts white or ashy white, more tinged with ashy on sides ; bill black. Winter adult: Essentially similar to summer plumage, but colors duller and darker, more or less tinged with brown on lower parts, black on forehead indistinct or obsolete, and rufous of crown usually more or less stx'eaked with dusky; bill cinnamon-brownish. Young: Top of head light brownish, distinctly streaked with blackish ; super- ciliary stripe buffy whitish, narrowly streaked with dusky ; breast, etc., streaked with dusky. Nest in trees or bushes, often about houses, composed of slender grass-stems, etc., and lined with horse-hairs. Eggs 3-5, light greenish blue, speckled, chiefly on larger end, with black and bi'own. /*. Darker colored, the back decidedly tinged with rusty and more broadly streaked with black, ear-coverts usu- ally deeper gray, more distinctly' contrasted with purer white superciliary stripe and throat, the wings and tail averaging decidedly shorter; length 5.00-5.85, wing 2.55-2.90 (2.75), tail 2.20-2.60 (2.37). Eggs .69 X -BO. Hab. Eastern North Amoi'ica, north in the interior to Great Slave Lake, west to Great Plains ; wintering from about 40° southward. 560. S. socialis (Wilb.). Chipping Sparrow. SPIZELLA. 419 crown dicatcd 3r webs aceous ; ^er, bill 80-3.15 I North listanco Texas, parrow. yellow ; y sti*eak id lower Top of t indica- led by a h super- jh stripe r ; lower )n sides ; summer 58 tinged stinct or streaked of bead super- dusky ; bushes, ms, etc., sh blue, wn. sty and rtB usu- th purer and tail 15, wing 9 X BO. interior intoring Sparrow. /'. Paler, the back light brown, with little if any rusty tinge, and more narrowly streaked rith black, ear-coverts usually paler gray, contrasting less strongly with duller or more grayish white of superciliary stripe and throat, the wings and tail averaging decidedly longer ; length 5.25-5.90, wing 2.65-2.90 (2.80), tail 2.40-2.70 (2.51). Eggs .67 X -50. Mab. Western North America, east to Rocky Mountains, north to beyond 60°, in summer ; south, in winter, to southern Mexico. 560a. S. socialis arizonse (Coues). Western Chipping Sparrow. e'. Colors darker, the adult with crown dai'k chestnut and lower parts ashy, becoming whitish only on belly and under tail- coverts. (Otherwise like S. socialis in colors.) Wing 2.80, tail 2.45, culmen .40, tarsus .68. Hub. Highlands of Guate- mala. S. pinetorum Salv. Guatemalan Chipping Sparrow.' d*. Tarsus more than twice as long as culmen ; no dusky streak be- hind eye. Adult: Top of head dull tawny brown, indistinctly streaked with darker brown ; rest of head, including anterior por- tion of forehead, plain ashy, becoming gradually paler (almost white) on chin and throat ; chest very pale gray- ish buffy, the sides and flanks similar but rather doepor ; belly and under tail-coverts white ; back grayish tawny, broadly fc- caked with black; middle wing-coverts tipped with pale buffy, but greater coverts without light tips; bill cinnamon ; length (skin) about 4.50, wing 2.70, tail 2.50, culmen .35, tarsus .72. Hab. New Mexico (vicinity of Silver City). 564. S. wortheni Ridgw. Worthen's Sparrow.' c'. Wing not longer than tail (usually shorter). (IK Upper parts with more or less of rusty, and top of head and hind-neck without dusky streaks. {Adult: Top of head with two rusty or sandy brownish lateral stripes and a dull grayish median stripe, the latter often indistinct, sometimes nearly obsolete ; back streaked with black, on a uniform rusty, rusty and buff'y grayish, or chiefly buffy grayish, ground ; both rows of wing-coverts tipped with whitish or light buffy; a rusty streak behind ej'e, enlarged to a spot posteriorly, sides of head ^ Sp\»eUa p\netor»m Sai.VIN, P. Z. S. 18fi.1, 189. ' It is somowhat doubtful whether thla species is correctly placed in the section oharaotoriied by having the wing longer than the tail, since in the type, and only linown, specimen the tail-fenthers are very much worn. In i-aso, however, of its being dctorinincd by perfect specimens to belong in the same section with >Si. ptieilla and allies, it can be easily reoogniied by its peculiar coloration, an described above. ) 420 ~JS} NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Otherwise grayish, but tinged with brownish or buffy in win- ter ; sides of breast with a rusty spot ; lower parts whitish, tinged with grayish or buffy, or both, anteriorly; bill red- dish cinnamon. Young: Essentially like adult, but colors duller and more suffused, markings of head much less dis- tinct, and lower parts, especially breast, streaked with dusky.) e^ Color much more rusty above, with median grayish crown- stripe usually very narrow and indistinct (sometimes obso- lete), and wings and tail shorter ; length 5.10-6.00, wing 2,45-2.70, tail 2.50-2.80. Nest on or near ground in old weed-grown fields, thickets, etc., composed mainly of slender dry grass-stems. Eggs 3-5, .68 X -51, white, green- ish white, or buffy white, speckled with reddish brown. Hab. Eastern United States and southern Canada, west to edge of Great Plains (eastern Nebraska, Fort Smith, Arkansas, eastern Texas, etc.). 563. S. pusilla (Wils.). Field Sparrow. e'. Color much less rusty above, with median grayish crown-stripo always (?) broad and very distinct, the lateral ci'own-stripes and postocular streak much paler and less rusty brown, back pale grayish buffy, more narrowly streaked with black and slightly tinged or mixed with rusty, and wings and tail longer; length about 5.80-6.10, wing 2.60-2.80, tail 2.80- 3.10. Hab. Great Plains, from southern Texas (Laredo, etc.) north to Wyoming Territory and western Nebraska. — . S. pusilla arenacea Chadb. Western Field Sparrow.* (P. Upper parts without any rusty, and top of head and hind-neck dis- tinctly streaked with dusky, c'. Head distinctly striped ; ear-coverts light buffj' brown, in marked contrast with the very distinct broad superciliary and malar stripes of dull whitish, and ashy of sides of neck. Adult : Top of head pale raw-umber brown, broadly streaked with black and divided by a distinct median stripe of light bi'ownish gray ; light brown ear-coverts bordered above by a very distinct postocular streak of dark brown or dusky, and along lower edge by a rictal streak of the same ; whitish malar streak usually bordered below by a more or less distinct grayish or brownish streak along each side of throat ; hind-neck and sides of neck ashy, in more or less marked contrast with brown of ear-coverts and crown ; back light brown, broadly streaked with black. (/« winter, the colors much bi'owner, obscuring gray of neck and strongly tingoing chest and sides.) Young: 1 Spixella putilla areimcea Cuadbouu.se, Auk, iii. A{iril, ISSO, 243. SPIZELLA. 421 Upper parts mox-o buflfy or "clay-colored," with blackish streaks broader and less sharply defined ; dusky postocular and rictal streaks less distinct (sometimes nearly obsolete) ; chest, sides, and flanks streaked with dusky. Length about 5.00-5.75, Aving 2.20-2.50 (2.39), tail 2.30-2.60 (2.44). JVest in bushes in open situations. Eggs 3-6, .66 x -49, light greenish blue, speckled, chiefly on larger end, with brown. Mab. Great Plains, north to the Saskatchewan, west to base of Eocky Mountains, east, irregularly, to Wis- consin and northern Illinois, south to Texas and New Mexico (in winter, to Lower California and over table- lands of Mexico to Guanajuato). 561. S. pallida (Swains.). Clay-colored Sparrow. e'. Head not distinctly striped, and ear-coverts not distinctly brownish. Adult: Top of head, hind-neck, back, and scapulars light grayish brown, streaked with blackish; sides of head nearly uniform light grayish brown, but ear-coverts perceptibly (not conspicuously or abruptly) browner, usually without distinct dusky streak along upper or lower margins ; top of head without distinct me- dian stripe (usually with merely a trace of such stripe). {In winter, not essentially different, but general cast of plumage perceptibly browner than in summer.) Young : Essentially like adult, but chest and sides streaked with dusky, and streaks on upper parts less sharply defined. Length 5.00-5.60, wing 2.35-2.55 (2.45), tail 2.35-2.70 (2.51). Nest and eggs like those of S. pallida, but the latter usually moi'o distinctly marked, averaging about .68 X .49. Hab. Western United States, east to (and including) Eocky Mountains, south (in winter only ?) to northwestern Mexico. 562. S. breweri Cass. Brewer's Sparrow, a'. Head and neck plain grayish ; chin and upper throat black in adult. Adult : Head, neck, and lower parts plain ash-gray, changing to white on belly and lower tail-coverts ; chin and upper throat black ; back and scapulars rusty brownish, narrowly streaked with black. Young : Simi- lar to adult, but black of chin and throat replaced by the general gray color. Length about 5.50-5.75, wing 2.40-2.50, tail 2.70-2.90. JVest in bushes. Eggs 3-5, .68 X -50, plain light greenish blue. Jfab. Mexico, north to southern border of United States (lower Eio Grande to southern California) ; Lower California. 565. S. atrigularis (Cab.). Black-ohmned Sparrow. iHl ■: 422 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. fStt Genus JUNCO Waqler. (Page 385, pi. CIX., fig. 3.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult : Plumage chiefly plain grayish, entirely without streaks, and usually without distinct mai'kings on wings ; belly, under tail-coverts, and outer tail-feathers white. Young : Profusely streaked, both above and below, the ground-color of the lower parts everywhere dull whitish ; outer tail-feathers white, as in the adult. JVest usually on ground, rather bulky, composed of dried grass-stems, etc., lined with softer materials. Eggs 3-5, whitish, usually more or less speckled with reddish brown. a}. Sides ash-gray, like chest, or, if inclining to pinkish, this color not abruptly defined against, or contrasted with, gray or dusky of chest. b^. Back gray, like chest ; bill, in life, pale flesh-color, purplish horn-coloi', or pinkish white, with dusky tip ; iris dark brown, or claret-color, c'. Wing usually with two distinct white bands; larger (length about 6.00- 7.00, the wing averaging more than 3.25). Uniform plumbeous-gray, the head not darker ; bill, in life, livid pinkish, with dusky tip. 3Iale: Wing 3.15-3.65 (3.44), tail 3.00- 3.39 (3.20), culmen .52-.54 (.53), tarsus .85-.90 (.86). Female : Wing 3.23-3.48 (3.30), tail 3.10-3.28 (3.15), culmen .52-.54 (.53), tarsus .80-.88 (.84). Hab. Rocky Mountains, in Colorado and Wyoming, straggling east, in winter, to middle Kansas. 566. J. aikeni Eidgw. White-winged Jnnco. c*. Wing usually without trace of white bands ; smaller (length about 5.50- 6.25, the wing averaging less than 3.20). • rf^ Plumage slate-gray, the head perceptibly darker, approaching blackish slate (often ncarlj^ black anteriorly) in the male, the female (especially younger birds) often strongly tinged with brownish, the sides washed with light pinkish brown ; bill, in life, delicate light flesh-color, or pinkish white. 2fale : Wing 3.00-3.25 (3.09), tail 2.68-2.90 (2.82), culmen .46-.51 (.49), tar- sus .80-.86 (.83). Female : Wing 2.87-3.10 (2.95), tail 2.60-2.98 (2.74), culmen .47.-.50 (.49), tarsus .80-.85 (.83). Eggs .76 X .58, colored like those of Spizella piisilla. Hab. Northern North America, breeding from northern Maine to Alaska (except Pa- cific coast district, or south and east of the peninsula) ; in win- ter, whole of eastern United States, and sparingly westward to Pacific coast... 567. J. hyemalis (Linn.). Slate-colored Junoo. cP. Plumage much as in J. aikeni, but softer and more decidedly plum- beous, the wing-bands always (?) obsolete ; bill, in life, livid or purplish horn-color. Male : Wing 3.03-3.25 (3.17), tail 2.81-3.07 (2.97), culmen .50-.51 (.51), tarsus .88-.90 (.89). Female: Wing JUNCO. 423 J.OO- 2.98-3.10 (3.04), tail 2.80-2.8G (2.78), culracn .50-.51 (.50), tar- sus .89. Hab. Higher portions of southern AUeghanios. 5676. J. hy emails carolinensis Brewst. Carolina Jonco. f. Back rusty brown or rufous, decidedly different from color of chost. c^ Greater wing-coverts and tertials with outer webs chiefly or entirely gray, like rest of wing, d'. Bill light flesh-color or purplish Avhite, and iris dark brown, or claret-color, as in J. hyemalis ; head, neck, chest, eides. and upper parts except back, ash-gray, the belly rather ab- ruptly white, and the back rusty or rufous ; length about 6.00- 6.50. Male: Wing 3.18-3.42 (3.28), tail 2.93-3.27 (2.99), culmen .50-.52 (.51), tarsus .80-.87 (.82). Female: Wing 2.95-3.26 (3.08), tail 2.85-3.07 (2.96), culmen .50-.52 (.51), tarsus .77-85 (.81). Eggs .80 X -59, white, dull pinkish white, or greenish white, speckled (usually very minutely), chiefly on larger end, with reddish brown. Hab. Eocky Mountain district, breeding from Foi't Bridger southward. 569. J. caniceps (Woodh.). Oray-headed Janco. (P. Bill with upper mandible blackish, lower yellowish ; iris yellow ; plumage as in J. caniceps, but paler beneath, the much paler ash of chest and sides fading gradually into white of belly ; length about 6.25-6.60. Male : Win^j 3.05-3.40 (3.25), tail 2.97- 3.22 (3.11), culmen .49-.53 (.51), tai»us .77-.82 (.80). Female: Wing 3.10-3.20 (3.13), tail 2.93-3.10 (3.01), culmen .49-.52 (.50), tarsus .77-.81 (.79). Fggs .77 X -60, plain greenish white, some- times with very minute reddish brown sprinkling or " dusting" in ring round larger end. Hab. Southern Rocky Mountains (New Mexico and eastern Arizona), 570a. J. cinereus dorsalis (IIf.nry). Red-backed Jnnco. c*. Greater wing- coverts and tertials with outer webs chiefly rusty or ru- fous. (Upper mandible blackish, lower yellowish, and iris yellow, as in J. cinereus dorsalis.) dK Outer tail-feather with more than half of the inner web white ; rump gray (rarely tinged with olive) ; back bright rusty or rufous, e*. Eump and top of head slate-gray, the former sometimes tinged with olive ; lower parts entirely dull whitish, shaded, more or less, with palo gi'ayish anteriorly ; wing 2.77-3.20 (3.00), tail 2.75-3.12 (2.94), culmen .51-.53 (.52), tarsus .83- .90 (.87). Hab. Highlands of Mexico. J. cirerttus (Swains.). Mexican Junco.* c*. Eump and top of head clear ash-gray, the former without olive tinge ; lower parts usually decidedly ushy antei iorly 1 Fringilla einerea Swains., Philos. Mag. i. 1827, 435. Junco cinertui Cab., Mus. Hein. i. 1850, 134. 424 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ir and laterally ; length about 6.25-6.50, Male : "Wing 2.95- 3.30 (3.28), tail 2.88-3.33 (3.18), culmen .50-.53 (.51), tarsus .83-.90 (.86). Female : Wing 2.95-3.20 (3.04), tail 2.82- 3.18 (3.02), culraen .50-.53 (.51), tarsus .78-.87 (.84). Eggs .78 X -60, plain greenish white. Hab. Southern Ai-izona and adjacent parts of Mexico. 570. J. cinereus palliatus Hidqw. Arizona Jnnco. rf'. Outer tail-feather with rather less than half of inner web white; rump and back olivaceous, the latter tinged with rusty. Lower parts dull ash-gray inclining to whitish on belly; top of head dusky gray or slate-color; wing 3.02-3.13 (3.08), tail 2.98-3.07 (3.01), culmen .61-.62 (.61), tarsus .95-.98 (.97). Ifab. Highlands of Guatemala. J. alticola Salv. Guatemalan Junco.* a'. Sides distinctly light pinkish brown (vinaceous), or ochraceous, very different from color of chest. b^. Sides pinkish or vinaceous; bill, in life, pinkish, tipped with dusky, and iris dark brown, or claret-color (as in J. hyemalis and allies). &. Wing nearly or quite seven times as long as culmen. d}. Adult male with head, neck, and chest black, or very dark slaty ; back and scapulars umber-brown ; length 6.25-6.75, wing 2.90- 3.30 (3.09), tail 2.65-3.17 (2.85), culmen .45-.51 (.50), tarsus .77- .82 (.80), middle toe .54-.58 (.57). Adult female with head, etc., dull slate-gray, washed with brown on crown and hind-neck ; otherwise much like male, but colors duller ; length 5.65-6.75, ring 2.80-3.12 (2.91), tail 2.51-2.97 (2.76), culmen .48-.52 (.50), tarsus .78-.84 (.80), middle toe .53-.58 (.56). Eggs .75 X -58, similar iii color to those of J. hyemalis. Ilab. Western North America, breeding along Pacific coast, from California to Sitka. 567a. J. hyemalis oregonus (Towns.). Oregon Junco. d}. Adult male and female (sexes essentially alike) with head, neck, and chest clear plumbeous, the lores blackish, in strong contrast; back and scapulars hair-brown. Male : Wing 3.15-3.40 (3.26), tail 2.92-3.33 (3.07), culmen .48-.52 (.50), tarsus .80-.88 (.82), middle toe .53-.57 (.55). Female: Wing 2.95-3.28 (3.11), tail 2.70-3.12 (2.94), culmen .49-.50 (.50), tarsus .75-.83 (.80), mid- dle toe .52-.58 (.55). Eggs 4-5, .81 X -60, whitish, spotted with light reddish brown and lilac-gray, usually in ring or wreath round larger end. Hab. Eocky Mountain district, breeding from Fort Bridger northward. 568. J. annectens (Baird). Fink-sided Jnnco. c*. Wing less than five times as long as culmen. Adult (sexes alike) : Above dull slaty, decidedly, but not abruptly, > Junco alticola Salvin, P. Z. S. 1863, 189. AMPHISPIZA. 425 browner on the back ; head, neck, and chest slate-grayish, paler on throat and chest, darker on crown ; lores black. 3Iak : Wing 2.70-2.85 (2.75), tail 2.50-2.60 (2.56), culmen .55-.58 (.58), tarsus .80-.85 (.84), middle toe .55-.60 (.56). Female: Wing " 2.50-2.65 (2.57), tail 2.30-2.45 (2.40), tarsus .80-.85 (.81), middle toe .55-.60 (.56). Eggs .80 X -59, dull white, speckled, chiefly round larger end, with reddish brown. Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California... 572. J. insularis Eidgw. Onadalnpe Junco. b*. Sides ochraceous, or cinnamon-buif. Adult (sexes alike) : Entire back, scapu- lars, and wing-coverts nearly uniform cinnamon-brown (duller in female); sides and top of head and nock, with hind-neck, ash-gray, the latter tinged with brown ; chin, throat, and chest grayish white, the latter sometimes tinged with fulvous ; upper mandible black, lower bright 3'ellow (in life) ; iris bright yellow ; wing 2.60-2.80, tail 2.60-2.80, cul- men .45-.50, tarsus .80, middle too .55. Hab. Mountains of southern Lower California 571. J. bairdi Belding. Baird's Jnnoo. Genus AMPHISPIZA Coues. (Page 385, pi. CIX., figs. 6, 7.) Species. a'. A continuous white superciliary stripe. (Above plain grayish brown, the back very indistinctly streaked with darker in young only.) Adult (sexes alike) : Lores, chin, thi'oat, and chest uniform black ; a malar stripe (reaching not quite to bill), sides of chest, and belly, white ; sides grayish, becoming browner on flanks. Young: No distinct black mark- ings on head or neck ; chin and throat white, often more or less clouded or flecked with grayish, the chest more distinctly marked with the same ; wing-coverts and tertials light brown. Length 5.00-5.75, wing about 2.60-2.75, tail 2.65-2.90. Nest in bushes ("sage" bushes, and other desert shrubs), composed of fine thin shreds of bark, etc. JEggs .71 X -54, plain greenish or bluish white. Hab. Southwestern United States (from Texas to Lower California) and contiguous parts of Mexico, north, in the interioi", to Nevada, Utah, and western Colorado. 573. A. bilineata (Cass.). Black-throated Snarrow. rt*. A white supraloral spot, but no superciliary stripe. b^. No streaks on sides ; wing with two white bands, c'. Lesser wing-covcrts grayish or blackish. d^. Rump cinnamon-rufous ; lesser wing-coverts blackish. Adult: Up- per part of throat black, the point of the chin white; fore-neck and lower part of throat uniform ash-gray ; top of head gray- ish, streaked with black ; a broad white malar stripe ; lores and beneath eyes black ; sides and under tail-coverts light ochraceous-cinnamon ; belly white ; back brownish, broadly 64 426 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ■,-«'; streaked with black; wing about 2.80, tail 3.20-3.40. Hah. Southern Mexico (Vera Cruz, Puobla, etc.). A. mystacalis (Hartl.). Hartlaub's Sparrow.' d*. Rurap slato-gray; lesser wing-coverts slate-gray. Adult: Sides of chin and throat and spot on chest black, enclosing a white stripe ; top of head, lores, cheeks, and oar-coverts dull brownish slate ; sides and flanks slate-gray, middle of breast and belly white; under tail-coverts plumbeous, tipped with white; wing 2.75, tail 2.70, culmen .48, tarsus .80, middle toe .58. Hah. Mexico. A. quinquestriata (ScL. & Salv.) Five-striped Sparrow.' o*. Lesser wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous. Bump and sides brownish. Adult : Malar stripe, supraloral spot, and broad patch on chin and throat, white ; sides of chin and thi'oat, and very broad collar across chest (widest laterally), black; wing 2.50-2.70, tail 3.00-3.30, culmen .50, tarsus .85, middle toe .60. Hah. Southern Mexico (Puebla). A. humeralis (Cab.). Ferrari- Perez's Sparrow.* h''. Sides streaked with grayish or dusky ; wing without white bands. {Adidt : Supraloral spot, orbital ring, broad malar stripe, chin, throat, and lower parts generally, white ; more or less distinct stripe, or series of streaks, along each side of throat, and spot on middle of chest, dusky or gray- ish ; sides and flanks pale bi'ownish, or tinged with brownish, and streaked with darker. Young: Upper parts light grayish broAvn, streaked with dusky ; chest distinctly streaked with dark grayish ; wing-coverts tipped with dull buify whitish, or pale buff, producing two tolerably distinct bands ; otherwise, much like adult.) c^ Above dark hair-brown (grayer on head and neck), the bade usually without distinct streaks ; sides of throat marked with a broad, con- tinuous stripe of blackish ; sides and flanks light bi-own ; length about 5.50-5.75. 31ale : Wing 2.51-2.80 (2.64), tail 2.60-2.95 (2.77). Female: Wing 2.40-2.55 (2.60), tail 2.55-2.90 (2.77). Hah. Cali- fornia, south to Capo St. Lucas. 574. A. belli (Cass.). Bell's Sparrow. c*. Above light grayish brown, tinged with ash-gray, the back usually very distinctly streaked with dusky; i^tdes ' . throui marked with a series of narrow dusky grayish st^- ' i no continuous stripe; sides and flanks very faintly tinged ii,'ht brown ' 'Ugth 6.00- 7.00. Male : Wing 2.95-3.20 (3.09), 2.75-" 20 (2.yu). Female : Wing 2.90-3.10 (2.97), tail 2.75-3.07 (2.91.' ,. ^' ,t on ground, beneath ^ Zonotrichia mystacalis IIartl., Rev. Zool. Jan. 1852, .S. * Zonotrichia quinquestriata ScL. A Salv., P. Z. S, 1868, 323. Amphiapixa quinquestriata RiDOW., Ibis, Oct. 1883, 400. ^Hxmophila humeralis Cab., Mus. Hein. i. 1850, 132. Amphiipiza ferrariperezi RiDOW., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 332. PEVC.EA. 427 "sage" bush, composed of fine thin shreds of ''sage-brush" bark, dried grass-stems, etc. I^'jgs 3-4, .77 X -55, greenish white or dull grayish white, speckled, chiefly on larger end, w^ith reddish brown, mixed with a few darker markings. Hab. Artemisia plains of western United States, north to southern Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming Territories, east to Colorado and New Mexico, south to northern Mexico and interior of southern California (San Bernar- dino County, etc.). 574(7. A. belli nevadensis Eidow. Sage Sparrow.' Genus PEUC^A Audubox. (Page 386, pi. CX., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characteks. — Adults : Upper parts more or less streaked with rusty and grayish ; top of head streaked with brown, or rusty, and gi'ayish, or else plain rusty; no distinct light bands on wing; lower parts plain light dull grayish or dull buffy, the belly white or whitish. Young : Above more tawny or buffy, and more distinctly streaked, than in adult ; lower parts whitish or yellowish buff, the chest, etc., streaked with dusky. Ifest on or near ground. I^ggs 3-5, plain white or bluish white. a}. Tarsus not more than .85. b^. Lesser wing-coverts brown or rusty centrally, margined with paler, c'. Edge of wing more or less distinctly* tin^od with yellow. rf'. Middle tail-feathers without indications of distinct bars; flanks without distinct streaks, e*. "Whole belly and lower part of breast dull white, the sides, flanks, and chest pale grayish buff (deepest on chest). /^ Darker, the streaks on upper parts chestnut, the back always (?) streaked Avith black ; length 5.60-6.25, wing 2.20-2.50 (2.35), tail 2.38-2.70 (2.57), culmen .50-.52 (.51), depth of bill at base .26-.28 (.27), tarsus .76-.80 (.79). .Eggs .73 X -60, plain pure white. Hab. Florida and lower Georgia. 575. P. aestivalis Light. Fine-woods Sparrow. /'. Lighter, with streaks on upper pai'ts bright rusty, the back often (usually ?) without black streaks ; length 5.30-6.25, wing 2.35-2.60 (2.47), tail 2.55-2.70 (2.61), culmen 52-.60 (.56), depth of bill .27-.29 (.28), tarsus .75-.83 (.78). Hab. Southern Atlantic and Gulf States and lower Mississippi Valley, north to North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, Kentucky, southern Illinois and ^ With scarcely any doubt a distinct species. 1^1 428 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ill' r i**ii Indiana (to at least 40°), west to middle northern Texas 575a. P. aestivalis bachmani (AuD.). Baohman's Sparrow. e". Entire lower parts pale dull grayish buff, paler on throat, the middle of the belly sometimes nearly white. /'. Larger and lighter colored. Adult: Above dull light grayish brown, more or less mixed with rusty, the back, and sometimes top of head, stref.ked with black. Young: Above dull light graj'iah buff, everywhere broadly streaked with dusky ; lower parts pale dingy buff, the throat, chest, and sides of breast streaked with duskj , greater wing-coverts broadly edged with light tawny. Length about G.00--6.50, wing 2.45'-2.75 (2.55), tail 2.50'-2.90 (2.70), culmen .51-.55 (.53), depth of bill at base .25-.28 (.26), tarsus .60-.65 (.62). Eggs .72 X -58, plain pure white. Hab. Northern, central, and western Mexico, south to Guanajuato and Colima, north to southern Arizona and Rio Grande Valley. 576. + 577. P. mexicana (Lawr.). Mexican Sparrow.* /'. Smaller and darker colored ; upper parts heavily streaked with blackish on a grayish and rusty ground ; wing 2.50-2.55, tail 2.60-2.G5. Hab. Southeastern Mexico (Vera Cruz, etc.). P. botterii Scl. Botteri's Sparrow.* iP. Middle tail-feathers with decided indications of transverse bars, projected from a dark brown median stripe; flanks broadly streaked with dark brownish. Adult: Above grayish, spotted with clear umbei'-brown and dusky, the upper tail-coverts with eubtcrminal transverse, more or less ci'oscentic, spots of dusky ; beneath dull gray- ish white, faintly tinged with brownish on chest and sides; length 6.00-6.75, wing 2.50-2.70, tail 2.G5-2.90, culmen .50- .53, tarsus .77-82. Eggs .73 X -50, plain pure white. Hab. Southwestern border of United States (Texas to Arizoiia) and northern Mexico ; north, in summer, to middle Kansas. 578. P. cassini (Woonn.). Cassin's Sparrow. Edge of wing dull white or grayish. (Adult : Crown chiefly ferru- ginous, often quite tmiform ; upper parts grayish or grayish brown, the back and scapulars broadly streaked with rusty or brown ; 1 The minimum monsurements of wing and tail, as given above, are vcy unsatisfactory, the gpcoimcns from which they wore talvon having the quills ami tail-feathers much worn. The true average, therefore, should be considerably higher— at least 2.P0 for the wing and 2.75 for the tail. » Includes also P. nritoiiK Ilinnw., which proves to bo not separable. > Zunntrichia botlerii ScL., P. Z. S. 1857, 214. I'tucKa bolterii ScL., Cat. Am. D. 18G2, 116. PEVCJEA. 429 northern li (AuD.). Sparrow. iroat, the ull light list}', the th black. Brywhere alo dingy streaked ged with 2.4.5'-2.75 •3). depth 2). Eggs , central, i Col i ma, alley. (Lawr.). Sparrow.' streaked id ; wing !i Mexico Sparrow.* srso bars, 1 broadly •own and ansverso, lull gray- nd sides ; men .50- ie. Hab. Arizona) » Kansas. Sparrow. [ly ferru- h brown, brown ; Qlmcns from e, should bo lower parts light grayish brown, or dull grayish buff, paler on throat and belly; a distinct broad black streak on each side of throat, bordered above by a maxillary stripe the same color as throat ; a rusty postocular streak. Young : Upper parts, including top of head, dull brownish, streaked with darker; lower parts dingy pale grayish buff, the chest and sides streaked with dusky ; otherwise, much like adult.) d^. Feathers of back largely rusty or chestnut centrally ; prevailing color of upper parts dull brownish. e\ Smaller: Length about 5.50-5.75, wing 2.20-2.40 (2.32), tail 2.50-2.70 (2.58), culmen .48-.50 (.49), depth of bill at base .20-.22 (.21), tarsus .75-.80 (.79). Eggs .78 X .60, plain bluish white. Hab. California. 580. P. ruficeps (Cass.). Rufous-crowned Sparrow. €'. Larger: Length 6.10-6.P0, Aving 2.50-2.80 (2.G0), tail 2.75-3.00 (2.89), culmen .50.-58 (.52), depth of bill at base .25-.27 (.26), tarsus .78-.90 (.81). (Colors rather lesH bright than in P. ruficeps, with the rusty less bright and the lower parts rather less fulvous, but the difference very slight and not entirely constant.) Nest on ground, in or by tufts of grass. Eggs 3^, .83 X -60, plain white. Hab. Tablelands of Mexico, from Oaxaca north to Lower California, southern Arizona and New Mexico, and west- ern Texas. 580a. P. ruficeps boucardi (Sol.). Bouoard's Sparrow. rf'. Feathers of back dull brownish (not rusty) centrally, with black- ish shaft-streaks; prevailing color of upper parts ashy, es- pecially on back and scapulars ; measurements essentially as in P. boucardi. Hab. Eastern Mexico (highlands of Vera Cruz, etc.), north to central Texa?. 5806. P. ruficeps eremceca Buown. Rock Sparrow. b*. Lesser wing-covei'ts uniform bright cinnamon-rufous (except in first plumage). Adult: Top of head streaked broadly with dark rufous or rusty (sometimes nearly uniform rufous) and narrowly with grayish, the latter also foi-ming a move or less distinct median line; a broad superciliary strii)0 and sides of head generally light grayish ; upper parts brownish gray or light grayish brown, the l)ack and scapulars streaked with blackish ; lower parts grayish white ; a blackish streak along each side of throat, another from corner of mouth, and a rusty postooulivr streak. Young : Upper parts, including whole top of head, light bi'own, broad!/ streaked with blackish ; lesser wing-coverts dusky centrally, margined with pale brownish buff; lower parts whitish, the chest and sides broadly streaked with dusky. Length 5.70-5.90, wing 2.40-2.55, tail 2.80-3.00, tarsus 430 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. about .75. Eggs .75 X -54, plain bluish white. Hab. Southern Ari- zona 579. P. carpalis Coues. BnfoTu-winged Sparrow. z'. Tarsus .90, or more. Adult : Above brownish gray, the back and scapulars distinctly streaked with blackish; top of head umber-brown, streaked with black, and divided medially by a stripe of ash-gray ; eyelids conspicuously whitish, but this surrounded by dusky; malar stripe, chin, throat, and belly white ; chest palo brownish gray, changing to a more buffy tint along sides; a blackish streak along each side of throat; wing 2.70-2.75, tail 3.00-3.20, exposed culmen .47-50, depth of bill at base .27-.30, tarsus .90-.95. Hab. Southern Mexico (Oaxaca). P. notosticta Scl. & Salv. Oaxaca Sparrow.^ "Vii Genus MELOSPIZA Baird. (P.-';;e 386, pi. CX., figs. 2, 4.) Species. Common Characters. — Above grayish, brownish, olive, or rusty, more or less distinctly streaked, especially on the back, with darker ; top of head brownish, streaked with darker, and divided medially by a more or less distinct grayish stripe, or else chestnut, becoming black on forehead ; wings and tail brownish (usu- ally more or less rusty), the former without distinct light bands ; ear-coverts and superciliary stripe grayish, separated by a brownish or dusky pos,tocular streak ; a whitish, light grayish, or buffy malar stripe, bordered below by a more or less distinct brown or dusky streak along side of throat ; lower parts mainly whitish, the chest and sides usually streaked with rusty, brown, or dusky. Young similar to adults, but markings less sharply defined and colors more blended. Nest in low bushes or on ground. Eggs light greenish or dull bluish white, more or less spotted with brown. a}. First quill not longer than seventh ; malar stripe white or light grayish ; chest not distinctly bufiy. i'. Adult with chest white, very distinctly streaked or spotted with brown, rusty, or blackish ; top of head brown, divided by a more or less distinct median stripe of grayish, and without black on forehead or occiput ; postocular streak brown like crown. Eggs dull whitish, palo bluish green, dilute brownish, etc., blotched, spotted, speckled, or sprinkled with brown, c*. Wing less than 3.10, culmen less than .64. ro exten- >ro ochra- timcs de- patch at nng more ). Adult etc., broc- Bsponding iwny, and with wing-coverts much more distinctly tipped with white or buffy. Length 8.00-8.75, wing 3.30- 3.50 (3.43), tail 3.90-4.25 (4.07), exposed culmon .49-.54 (.52), tarsus 1.03-1.10 (1.08). Eggs .94 X .70. Hab. Great Plains, north to the Saskatche- wan, south (in winter only?) to Texas, east to Indian Territory, Kansas, Nebraska, etc., west to base of Rocky Mountains 588. P. maculatus arcticus Swains. Arctic Towhee. J/'. Darker, with white markings more restricted, and rufous of sides, etc., deeper; white edgings of primaries never developed into a basal patch ; white space on outer tail-feather occup^-ing not more (usually less) than terminal exposed half (1.10-1.35 long). Adult female with head, neck, chest, rump, etc., dusky gi'ayish brown. Young hardly distinguishable from corresponding stage of P. arcticus. Length 8.50-8.90, wing 3.40-3.(]0 (3.52), tail 4.00-4.40 (4.25), exposed culmen .50- .59 (.53), tarsus 1.03-1.12 (1.09). Eggs .95 X -68. JIab. Rocky Mountains and west to interior of California, north to eastern AVashington Territory, etc., south to northern Mexico and Lower Cali- fornia.. 588a. P. maculatus megalonyx (Baird). Spurred Towhee. c'. White streaks on back obsolete or concealed, except on outer- most interscapulars, and other white markings much re- stricted ; white at tips of wing-coverts I'cduced to small roundish spots, that on edges of quills and tertials very in- conspicuous — sometimes quite obsolete — that on outer tail- feathers less than 1.00 in length ; adult females with gen- eral color of head, neck, chest, and upper parts dai'k sooty brown or dusky sepia. (Rufous of sides, etc., also decidedly deeper.) /'. Larger, the wing averaging more than 3.30, tail avei'aging more than 3.80; length 8.00-8.G0, wing 3.25-3.45 (3.35), tail 3.60-4.10 (3.90), exposed culmen .52-.58 (.54), tar- sus 1.07-1.13 (1.10). Eggs .94 X -70. Hab. Pacific coast, from California to British Columbia.... 5886. P. maculatus oregonus (Bell). Oregon Towhee. /'. Smallei*, the wing averaging less than 3.10, tail averaging less than 3.60 ; length about 6.50-7.50, wing 2.90-3.25 (3.06), tail 3.25-3.80 (3.56), tarsus 1.00-1.10 (1.06). Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 589. P. consobrinus Riduw. Onadalnpe Towhee. il Si I' «•« . .... 438 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. cP. Back without white streaks. (Adult males with general color of upper parts dusky grayish brown, the outermost scapu- lars with outer webs partly white, and both rows of wing- coverts tipped with small white spots; only one or two outer tail-feathers with white terminal spots, these very small — less than .90 long.) e\ Larger ; Wing 3.30, tail 3.70, culraon .60, tarsus 1.15. Adult male: Head, neck, and chest brownish black, becoming dark grayish brown, indistinctly streaked with darker, on top of head and hind-neck ; back and scapulars umber- brown, tinged with rusty, broadly, though rather indis- tinctly, streaked with dusky. Ilab. Southern Mexico (Puebla). p. submaculatus Kidqw. Subtnaculated Towhee.* e'. Smaller: Wing 2.G0-2.80 (2.74), tail 3.00-3.15 (3.07), exposed culmen .49-.53 (.50), tarsus .9-4-1.01 (.98). Adult male : Head, neck, chest, and upper parts dark sooty graj'ish brown. Adult female : Similar to the male, but browner. Hab. Socorro Island, western Mexico. P. carmani Lawr. Socorro Towhee.' b'. Wings and tail olive-green. (Adult males with head, neck, and chest black, breast and belly white, and sides rufous, as in P. erythrophthalmus and allies; females unknown.) c^ Tail 4.50, or more ; top of head without rufous spot, and throat with- out white patch. d}. Back and scapulars streaked with blackish and pale yellow, the outer webs of exterior scapului's almost wholly of this color; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale yellow, form- ing two distinct bands across wing; three outer tail-feathers with terminal portion of inner web abruptly pale yellow or yellowish white, the spot on outermost feather about 1.10 long ; length about 8.75-9.00, v, ing 3.70-3.80, tail 4.60, culmen .70-.75, tarsus 1.15-1.25. Hab. Valley of Mexico. P. macronjrx Swains. Swainson's Towhee." rf*. Back and scapulars plain olive-green ; wing-coverts without dis- tinct yellowish tips, and whitish or light yellowish spots at tips of outer tail-feathers not sharply defined ; length about 8.00-8.50, tail 4.50, culmen .68, tarsus 1.15-1.25. Hab. South- ern Mexico (Oaxaca). P. chlorosoma Baird. Green-backed Towhee.* c*. Tail not moi'e than 4.00; top of head with a rufous spot, and throat with a white patch. ' Pipilo lubmaculatui RiDOW., Auk, iii. July, 1S86, 332. ' Pipilo carmani Lawr., Ann. Lyo. N. x. 1871, 7. * Pipilo macronyx Swains., Philos. Mag. n. 8. i. 1827, 434. * Pipilo chloroioma Baird, Hist. N. Am. B. it. 1874, 105. PIPILO. 439 Adult Adult male : Similar to same sex of P. macronyx, but with shorter tail, rufous of sides, etc., paler and raoi'O oehraceous, and differ- ing in coloration of the head, as above ; wing 3.60, tail 3.90, cul- mon .62, tarsus 1.15. Hub. Southern Mexico (Piiebla). P. complexus liioaw. Complex Towhee.' Throat and chest neither black nor brown, abruptly contrasted with color of breast, which is never white ; sides and flanks not rufous or rusty. 6'. Wings and tail olive-green ; edge of wing, under wing-coverts, and axillars bright yellow ; chest and sides plain ash-gray. Adult (sexes alike) : Crown and occiput uniform rufous ; forehead and sides of head deep ash-gray, the former with a broad white streak along each side; a white malar streak, bordered below by a dusk}' lino along each side of throat, passing posteriorly into ash of clust; chin and throat, abruptly, Avhito. Young: Above olive-grayish, streaked with dusky; lower parts dingy whitish, the chest, etc. streaked with dusky. Length 7.00-7.85, wing 3.00-3.30, tail 3.50- 3.90. Eggs .84 X -65, whitish, speckled or sprinkled with reddish brown (averaging rather paler, with finer speckling, than egg of P. erythrophthalmus, etc.). llab. Rocky Mountain district, north to eastern Oregon, Idaho, Montana, etc., west to Sierra Nevada, south into Mexico 590. P. chlorurus (Towns.). Green-tailed Towhee. b'. Wings and tail grayish brown ; edge of wing white or pale cinnamon-buffy, under wing-coverts and axillars pale cinnamon or brownish gray. Eggs white, greenish white, bluish white, or pale greenish blue, speckled or spotted, chiefly round larger end, with dark brown and black, often with short " pen-lines" of the latter color. cV Lores and chin whitish or buffy ; lower throat or chest, or both, flecked with dusky. d^. Throat white, crossed, at about the middle, by a band of oehra- ceous or buff, this occupying the posterior half, or more, of malar region. Above uniform grayish brown, the middle wing-coverts tipped, more or loss distinctly, with white ; chest, breast, and belly white, the first flecked with grayish, and along posterior boi'der of white throat-patch spotted with dusky, some- times forming a nearly continuous dusky line ; sides of breast and sides gray or brownish gray, flanks and under tail-coverts oehraceous ; length about 7.00, wing 3.25-3.30, tail 3.60-3.70. Hab. Southern Mexico (Oaxaca, Puebla, etc.). P. rutilus LiCHT. Sclater's Towhee.* (P. Throat (also chin and malar region) buffy, oehraceous, or tawny, e*. Paler, with throat, etc., buffy, sides ashy, middle of belly dis- 1 Pi'pih complexut Ridgw., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 3,32. *PipUo rutilu* LicHT., Preia-Vorz. 1830, No. 71. {P. albicollu ScL., P. Z. S. 1858, 304.) ^ ^5 J 440 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. tinctly white, under tail-coverts ochraeeous, and upper parta brownish gray. p. Top of head only slightly, if at all, browner or more ru- fescent than back; wing 3.40-4.00 (3.59), tail 3.G0- 4.25 (3.88), culmcn .60-.65 (.63), tarsus .95-1.05 (.99). Hab. Mexico, north nearly to United States boundary ; southern New Mexico? P. fuscus Swains. Brown Towhee.' /'. Top of head conspicuously rufcscent. (f. Largoi', with less abrupt contrast between grayish (or dull whitish) of chest and buffy of throat; chest and bides usually less distinctly or less deeply gray ; hinder portion of belly and flanks ochraeeous, like under tail-coverts. Young : Above dull grayish brown, very indistinctly streaked with darker, the middle and greater wing-cov- erts edged and tipped with pale fulvous; lower • parts dull white, changing to light fulvous on under tail-coverts, etc., the whole chest, breast, sides, sides of throat, etc., streaked with dusk}-. Length 8.10-8.80, wing 3.50-3.90 (3.73), tail 4.20-4.50 (4.34), exposed culraen .55-.63 (.60), tarsus 1.00-1.09 (1.03). Eggs .97 X -68, white, greenish white, or dull bluish white, speckled or spotted round larger end with black and rich madder-brown. Hab. New Mexico and Ari- zona 591. P. fuscus mesoleucus (Baird). G&xion Towhee. g*. Smaller, with more abrupt contrast between grayish of chest and buffy of throat (the latter often much palest posteriorly), chest and sides more distinctly or deeply gray ; hinder portion of belly white, of flanks grayish ; length about 7.90-8.25, wing 3.40-3.70 (3.52), tail 3.85-4.25 (4.08), exposed cul- men .53-.59 (.56), tarsus .93-1.06 (1.01). Eggs .91 X -65, greenish white or veiy pale greenish blue, speckled on or round larger end with black and dark brown, sometimes mixed with a few "pen- lines" of black. Sab. Lower California. 591a. P. fuscus albigula (Baird). Saint Lucas Towhee. t''. Darker, with throat, etc., cinnamon-ochi-aceous or tawny, sides grayish brown, middle of belly dull whitish or pale dull J Pipilo futcnt Swains., Philoa. Mag. n. s. i. 1827, 434. CARDINALIS. 441 upper grayish ' throat; or less d flanks ' ; Above streaked buffy, under tail-coverts deep tawny, and upper parts deeper brownish gray, or grayish brown. Light or tawny cinnamon -ochraceous of throat usually spotted or flecked with dusky ; top of head browner than back, but not rufescent. Young : Above similar to adult, but browner, the middle and greater wing- coverts edged and tipped with isabella-color ; beneath dull light butty, changing to dull tawny buff posteriorly and on throat, and to dull grayish brown along sides, the entire fore-neck, chest, breast, etc., streaked with grayish dusky. Length 8.50-9.00, wing 3.70^.00 (3.87), tail 4.40-4.75 (4.53), exposed culmen .55-.62 (.57), tarsus 1.10-1.16 (1.13). Eggs .99 X .61, colored like those of P. albigula. Hah. California. 591&. P. fuscus crissalis (Via.). Californian Towhee. c*. Lores and chin dusky ; lower throat and chest plain light butfy cinna- mon, or fawn-color. Above plain grayish brown, becoming more decidedly brown on top of head ; quills edged with grayish ; lower parts nearly uniform light fawn-color, paler on belly and changing to cinna- mon-tawny on under tail-coverts ; length 8.50-9.00, wing 3.40- 3.90, tail 4.75-5.00. Eggs .99 X -70, pale greenish blue or bluish white, speckled and scratched on or round larger end with dark brown, sometimes mixed with madder-brown. Hab. New Mexico and Arizona, north into southei-n Utah and Colo- rado 592. P. aberti Baird. Abert's Towhee. Genus CARDINALIS Bonaparte. (Page 382, pi. CXII., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult males bright vermilion-red, dai'ker on upper parts ; feathers round base of bill black (restricted to chin in C. phoeniceus). Adult females brownish above, pale tawny or buffy beneath, the crest, wings, and tail dulh reddish. Young much like adult female, but colors duller, the bill blackish. Nest a rather frail structure of fine rootlets, strips of grape-vine bark, etc., in bushes, brambles, grape-vines, or low trees. Eggs 2-4, white, greenish white, or brownish white, spotted or speckled with various shades of brown and lilac-gray. a*. Culmen nearly straight to near tip, where gently curved ; upper mandible about as deep as the lower, its edge slightly lobed anterior to the slight angle, without grooves ; color of bill bright vermilion-rcd in life ; feathers all round base of bill black, the throat also black. Adult females with under wing- coverts pinkish red. 6*. Feathers of crest soft, blended ; male with crest brownish red or deep ver- 66 442 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. milion, back and rump deep brownish rod ; tail 3.85 or more (usually moro than 4.00). c'. Adult male with black of lores distinctly connected across forehead. Adult male : Head, neck, and lower parts fine vermilion, the crest, much duller (more like color of upper parts). Adult female with breast, etc., grayish buffy or light tawny ; upper parts olive-grayish (wings and tail much as in the male) ; capis- trum (i.e., differently colored patch round base of bill, including upper part of throat) dull light grayish. Length 7.50-9.25, wing (male) 3.55-4.00 (3.70), tail 3.90-4.C0 (4.20), culmen .72- .82 (.78), depth of bill through base .60-.67 (.(52), tarsus .90-1.00 (.97). E(jgs .99 X -73. Hch. Eastern United States, north regularly to 40° (casually or irregularly nearly to northern border), west to edge of Great Plains, south to Gulf coast (Florida to southern Texas). 593. C. cardinalis Linn. Cardinal. c". Adult males with black of lores not connected across forehead ; bill stouter. J'. Color^i paler than in C. virginianus, tlio female with the capis- trum grayish white and very indistinct. c\ Larger: Length (male) about 9.40-9.50, wing 4.00-4.15 (4.0G), tail 4.60-5.10 (4.97), culmon .85-.90 (.86), depth of bill at base .65-.70 (.68). tarsus 1.07-1.12 (1.08). Eggs 1.00 X -'^5. Hab. Western Mexico, south to ^lazallan, north to southern Arizona 593a. C. cardinalis superbus Kidow. Arizona Cardinal. c". Smaller: Length (male) about 8 00-8.50, wing 3.60-3.80 (3.70), tail 4.30-4.60 (4.40), culmen .75-.85 (.79), depth of bill at base .62-.68 (.66), tarsus .95-1.05 (1.01). Eggs 1.00 X -72. Hab. Lower California 5936. C. cardinalis igneus (Haird). Saint Luoas Cardinal. d^. Colors darker and richer than in C. airdinalis, the female with the capistrum dark grayish, or grayish black, very distinct. d. Larger: Wing (adult males) 3.60, or moro, tail 4.20, or more. Wing 3.60-3.85 (3.67), tail 4.20-1.50 (4.29), culmen .82- .90 (.87). depth of bill at base .60-.7O (.67), tarsus ,95- 1.05 (1.0''). JLib. Eastern and central Mexico (north to IMiradov). C. cardinalis cocchieus Hinnw. Mexican Cardinal.' e*. Smaller: Wing (adult males) loss than 3.G0, tail less than 4.20. /'. Brighter colored, with smaller bill; female with breast, etc., brigl t ochraceouH-tawny, back tawnj- olive, the ' CardinalU viryinianui var. cocci«e»4# Ridqw., Am. Jour. Sol. i Arts, v. Jan. 1873, 39. PYRRHVLOXIA. 443 capistrum deep black ; wing (adult males) 3.30-O.40 (3.32), tail 3.85-4.10 (3.98), culmen .80-.85 (.81), depth of bill at base .G2-.C5 (.G3), tarsus .95-1.00 (.97). Uab. Yucatan. C. cardinalis yucatanicus IIiduw. Yucatan Cardinal.^ p. Darker colored, the adult female with breast, etc., dull tawny, back deep broccoli-brown, the capistrum blackish slate; wing (adult males) 3.55, tail 4.00, cul- men .80-.82, depth of bill at base .G7-.70, tarsus 1.00. Hab. Island of Cozumel, Yucatan. C. cardinalis saturatus liiouw. Cozumel Cardinal.' 6*. Feathers of crest stiffish, more distinctly outlined (cresi much as in C. phcc- niccus) ; ri'i j with crest light scarlet-vermilion, bii.ck light brownish red, the i '. edge not lobed, and tiie angle very abrupt ; color of bill in life (and in dried skins also) whitish brown ; feathers round base of bill red. ex- ce[(i, on chin and anterior border of malar region. Adult fcnudc with under wing coverts buC Adult miilr : Cfenoral coloration much like that of ('. carneus, but red of a ratfcer lighter hue, the chief difference consisting in the much more ro- strlcted black capistrum and the totally diflPeront color (as well as shap*) of the bill ; wing 3.30-3,55, tail 3.30-3.90. Jf.ih. Northern coast uf South America (Trinidad, Venezuela, rolombia, etc.). C. phoeniceuB Uoui.d. Venezuelan Cardinal.* Gkni's PYRRHULOXIA Bdnai'aute. (Page 382, pi. CXII., fig. ♦.) Species. Adult male: Crest, featherp bordering base of bill all rnund. tail-feathers, and basal portions of (luil's an.l sec()iularies, dark brownish red. or burnt-carmine; throiit and meilian lower parts ]turo caniiiiie-i-ed, tlie lateral lower parts light grayish; rest of upper parts plain gi.ivish; bill bright yellow or orange jti sum- mer, more horn-colored in winter or young birds. Adult /(■ male : T'^pper ]»arts as in tlie male, but red of crest, wings, and tail more restricted, as well as duller ; lowir 1 \ow sub.'pcciog. ' Ciirilhtnli» miiiirnliif Rlixnv., Drsnr. Now P]i. II. Coinmol, Feb. 2(1, IctSS, 4. » CtriUmxUi cnrneut Lkss., Rov. Zool. 1S4.1, 209. * CAr ro>o-2Jiiii. Length 7.00-8.50, wing 3.90-4.15, tail 3.25-3.55. Eggs .95 X -67. Mah. Eastern North Aint-rica. nortli to Canada, br "ling from northMtm United States northward; south, in wititer, through Cuba and America to northern South .America. 595. H. ludoviciana (Li.vn). Bose-breaated fl*. Under wing-eoverts clear gamlmge-yellow, or lemon-yellow. Adult viale : Head black, tin* throat, ami somotimos a posU* (occasionally a sTripo on middle of crowti also), light cini ceous ; wings und tail black, varied with whit«', us in // l'*^'* 1>ack mixt'il blar-k atid light cinnamon (sometinifs uniforn .i -i) ; collar round hind-neck, and most of lower parts uniform butfy mon ; belly and under wing-''overts lemon-yellow ; under ti whit*'. Adult fiuhile : Abovt> dusky gniyisli brown, streaked, e*ipeeiallj' on bat and middle line of crown, with pale I'ulvous or bulfy ; faoHeerciliary region, cheeks, rump, and lesser wing-coverts; female and young brown, paler beneath, the throat and middle of belly whitish.) c'. Blue a rich dark marine-blue shade, brightening on forehealufined ruco. ' Ci/itnofitj-i'n cDiicrHii Dv Bis, Bull. Ao. Brii.x. xxil. lHfi5, 150. " Cifrinnciimpun CaII., .'. f, O. I*<(H, I. Type, Oi/nnnlDxid fuinHiiin Bo^AP. ♦ Ci/anoluxiit fjardliiiii IloNAI-., CjU-^p. 1. 180(1, 5U2. I'unaerimi imnlUmt UlO«W,, Pr. U. Sv Nat. M';s. III. 1880, 182. PASSERIXA. 447 2.55, exposed culmen .45. Hab. Western Mexico (Mtxnzanillo Bay). P. parellina indigotica Riduw. Turquoise-fronted Bunting.' 6'. Gonj's more than .30 ; wing more than 2.85. Young male {luhdt male and female unknown) : Above brown (of a tint intermediate between bistre and raw-umbor) ; beneath similar but paler; quills edged with ash-gray; length (skin) 5.50, wing 2.90, tail 2.50, exposed culmen .50, gonys .32, depth of bill at base .42, tarsus .70. Hab. Southern Mexico (Tchuantepoc). P. sumichrasti Rinow. Sumichrast's Bunting.' a*. Bill smaller and less swollen, with lateral outlines nearl}' straight, and cutting- edge of upper mandible straight, or even concave in middle portion. (Sub- genus Passerina Vieill.) b\ Exposed culmen less than .45 ; depth of bill at base equal to or greater than length of bill from nostril, c'. Belly blue, white, purple, or dull buffy. d^. Wing with one or two white or jialc buflFy bands; belly pure white. Adult male: Head, neck, and upper parts turquoise-blue, ihe back darker anil duller; middle wing-coverts broadly and greater coverts narrowly tipped with white (Hometinies tinged with ochraceous) ; breast (sometimes sides also) deoji ochraceous. or tawnj- ; rest of lower parts white. Adult female: Above grayish brown, tinged with bliiish on rump, the wing coverts tipped with dull whitish or buffy; anterior lower ])arts pale dull l»utfy, deeper on chest, and fading into white on holly aiwl lower tail-covcrts. Yoitn//: Similar to ailiill female, but without blue tinge on rump. Length 5.00-(i.2r), wing 2.70-2,05, tail 2.30-2.80. Bjijs .74 X 55, jtlain bluish white, or very pale greenish blue. Jfab. Western United States, east to Groat Plains, south, in winter, to western Mexico. 509. F. amoena (Say). Lazuli Bunting. d*. Wing without nny distinct light bands ; belly not white, ov else breast mort^ or less distinctly streaked with darker, f'. Culmen gently curved ; cutting-edge of upjier mandible straight, or cvon faintly convex. Aale luifVy Ijrowni.sh, boooming nearly or •|uitt^ white on belly, deeper and more >tr less streaked with darker on bren»t and sides. Yo*tn« '<• Mu«., f «(!., Mnn«i»nil1ft nny, Feb. I«fl3; .John Xnnfnu. » New ii|ieal«{ t|fa^ No. .SOftsi, L'.S. Nut. Mus., J juv., IVhuaiilcin'c City, Ovi. 28, I86»; F. 8umieliia«t. 448 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. browner. Length 4.75-5.75, wing 2.60-2.80, tail 2.20-2.50. l^(j(js .73 X -53, similar in color to those of P. amoena (some- times pure white). Hab. Eastern United States and more southern British Provinces, west to edge of Great Plains; south, in winter, to Veragua. 598. P. cyanea (Linn.). Indigo Banting. e'. Culmcn strongly curved; cutting-edge of upper mandible dis- tinctly concave. Adult male : Forehead, suporciliarj' region, lessor wing-coverts, and rump lavender-blue or purplish ; crown and occiput wine-red, varying to vermilion ; back and scapulars maroon-purplish; sides of head and neck, and lower parts, generally plum-purplish, changing to au- ricula-purple or maroon on chest, the throat usually more reddish ; lores black. Adult female : Above plain brown- ish ; beneath entirely isabella-color, or dull grayish buff. /•. Eathcr larger, or with longer wing and tail ; adult male with red on occiput duller, purple of thx-oat more reddish (sometimes decidedly red), flanks duller and grayer, ami rump bluer ; length about 5.50, wing (male) 2.65-2.80 (2.71), tail 2.30-2.50 (2.39). Eggs .78 X -58, plain dull bluish white. Ilab. Eastern Mexico, north to lower Rio CJrande Valley in Te.xas, south to Puebla.. 600. P. versicolor (JJonap.). Varied Banting. p. Eather smaller, or with shorter wing and tail; adult male with red on occiput brighter, purple of throat less reddish (never decidedly red?), flanks brighter plum-purple, and rump more purplish blue, or laven- der; length about 5.50, wing (male) 2.50-2.05 (2.53), tail 2.05-2.30 (2.18). Hah. Lower California and west- ern Mexico (vicinity- of Mazatlan).. — . P. versicolor pulchra IIiduw. Beautiful Bunting.' Belly red or yellow. (/'. Tail purplish brown (male) or green (female). Adult male : Head and neck purplish smalt-blue ; eyelids, and entire lower parts, inchuling chin and throat, vermilion-rcd ; back and scapulars yellowish green ; rump dull purplish red. Adult female and young nude : Above i)lain olive-green, including tail ; beneath dull olive 3'ellowish. Young : Above dull olive, the wing-cov- erts indistinctly tipped with paler; beneath dull pale grayish buflTy, the breast and sides vi'ry indistinctly doudeil with gi'.iy- ish brown. Length 4.25-5.50, wing about 2.00-2.80, tail 2.45- 2.60. Eggs .77 X -57, bluish while, speckled, chiefly on or round larger end, with reddish brown. Ilab, Southern Atlantic and 1 Now 8ub«|iocic'8 ; typo, No. 8T.'>tU, U. S. Nut. Mud. MIriiflurci, Lowor Califurnin, April 1, 18^2 ; L. BclJing. SPOROPHILA. 449 Gulf States, north to North Carolina and southern Illinois; south, in winter, throui^h eastern Mexico and Central America to Panama 601. P. ciris (Linn.), Painted Bunting. iP. Tail blue (duller in female). Adult male : Top of head bri<5ht yel- lowish green ; rest of upper parts turquoise-blue, the back tinged with green ; lores, eyelids, and lower parts gamboge- yellow, deepening into orange on chest. Adult female : Above grayish olive, tinged with green (especially on head), changing to dull grayish blue on upper tail-coverts and tail ; lores, eye- lids, and lower parts dull light-yellowish ; tinged witii olive on chest and sides. Length about 4.50-5.00, wing 2.45-2.75, tail 2.00-2.40. Hab. Southwestern Mexico (Puebla and Tehuante- pec to Colima). P. leclancheri Lafk. Leclancher's Bunting.* 6'. Exposed culmen more than .45 ; depth of bill at base less than length of bill from nostril. Adult male: Rich cobalt-blue, more purplish on top of head, and changing gradually to fine cerulean-blue on posterior upper parts ; eyelids white; lores blackish; feathers of chest, breast, and upper belly bright vermilion or scarlet immediately beneath the surface; lower belly, flanks, and under tail-coverts uniform delicate flesh- piidc. Adult female: Above dull brown, changing to dull light grayish blue on rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail ; lower parts light tawny brown, changing to pinkish buff on belly and lower tail-coverts. Length 5.25-5.55, wing 2.70-2.85, tail 2.20-2.30. Hab. Southern Mexico (Tehuantcpec). P. rositse (Lawk ). Rosita's Bunting.!* Genus SPOROPHILA C.\banis. (Page 380, pi. CX., fig. 7.) Specks. Common Chauacters. — Adult males varied with black and white, or pale cinna- mon, or grayish (or all), the under wing-covorts and axillars, and spot at base of quills (sometimes concealed by primary coverts), always white. Adult females ]»lain brownish above, the wing with or without whitish bands ; lower parts plain olivo or dull buffy. f<'. Middle and greater wing-covcrts tipped with white, forming two more or loss distinct bands across wing. Adult male: Toji and sides of head, back, scapulars, wings, upper tnil-cov- erts, tail, and bund across chest, black ; rump brownish, or brownish gray ; spot on lower eyelid, chin, throat, broad collar round neck (some- > Pn»»rrinii hflnnvhri-l Lafu., Mbr. ZooI. IsM, Oin. |.|. 22. « CynnoKiiixn rotilit Lawh., Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. Fob. I«74, 307. 67 450 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Ki times interrupted on hind-neck), and rest of lower parts (except black chest-band), white or pale buflfy. Adult female: Above plain olive, rather lighter on rump, the wings varied by two whitish bands across tips of middle and greater coverts ; lower parts dull light olive-buflFy. Immature male: Variously intermediate in plumage, according to age, between adult male and female, as described above, several years evi- dently being required to attain the perfect plumage. Length 3.75-4.50, wing 1.90-2.10, tail 1.85-2.05. Nest in bushes, composed of fine rootlets, dried grasses, etc., horse-hairs, etc., very thin, sometimes semi-pensile. Eggs (unknown). Hah. Lower Rio Grande Valley, in Texas, south through eastern Mexico and Central America to Costa TJica. 602. S. morelleti (Bonap.). Morellet's Seedeater. a*. "Wing-coverts without lighter tips. 6'. Adult male : Top and sides of head, back, scapulars, wings, upper tail- coverts, tail, and band across chest black; rump and lower parts, pos- terior to black chest-band, pale tawny or cinnamon-buff; chin, throat, and sides of neck white, or buffy white. Adult female : Above plain grayish brown ; beneath pale grayish buffy, shaded with grayish brown across chest. Immature male: Similar to adult, but back, scapulars, wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail brownish gray, instead of black. Wing about 2.10-2.25, tail 1.90-2.00. Ilab. Western Mexico, north to Mazatlan and Guanajuato, south to Tehuantepec. S. torqueola Bonap. Ochraceous-rumped Seedeater.^ V*. Adult male : Entirely black, except under wing-coverts and axillars and a spot at base of quills (the latter sometimes concealed by primarj' coverts), which are pure white. Adult female : Uniform greenish olive, paler below. Wing about 2.10-2.25, tail 1.95-2.20. Ilab. Eastern Mex- ico (Vera Cruz) and south to Costa Rica. S. corvina Scl. Black Seedeater.* Genus EUETHEIA Reichenbacii. (Page 380, pi. CX., fig. 8.) Species. Common Ciiauacters. — Above plain olive-green, beneath blackish, graj'^ish, or whitish. Adult male with head and chest (sometimes nearly whole lower parts) black, the former with or without yellow markings. Adult female Avith the black and yellow wanting, or but faintly indicated, or (in E. cannra) with chin and upper throat chestnut-rufous and a band of yellow across lower throat, extending upward behind ear-coverts to above ey^s. • Sprrnwphiln tnrqnrohi HoNAP., Concp. i. IS.^O, 495. » Siieniwphila roiriim Sri,., P. Z. S. ISftK, .^Tit. Spornphlln corvina Cass., Pr. Ac. Phil. 18(55, 109. NoTK, — A fourth Me.iiciin spocics is S. pnrrn (Lawr,), — .V/ie/nio/i/nVfi pitrra Lawii., Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci. ii. 18S3, ;1S2), — from Tehiiantppec. I hnvo pocn the typo, which is a femiilo or young bird, nml believe it to bo a very distinct ("pecien, the mlult iimie of wliifii is unl. [Note. — On the ishiml of Coziimcl, Yiioatnii, occurs ii locnl race which eoinbincH perfectly the chanictcrs of E, olivaecn anil E, fimillu. This has boon naiucd by me E, olivacea intermedia, in Pr. Biol. 8oo. Wash, iii. 188.5, p. 22.] ' Loxia ctinura Qmel., S. N. i. 1788, 858. Euetheiti canora Qvsdl,, J. f. 0. 1874, 123. 452 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. a' Cr^ Lower parts whitish, the breast (sometimes middle of bellj- also) bright yellow. Adult male : Lesser and middle wing-coverts rufous ; a black patch, of ex- tremely variable shape and extent, on lower part of throat, sometimes con- tinued posteriorly along middle lino of breast, or anteriorly to the chin; breast extensively yellow, the forehead, superciliary stripe, and malar stripe more or less strongly washed or overlaid by the same. Adult female : Simi- lar to the male, but much duller, the yellow of breast, malar region, and superciliary stripe fainter and more restricted (often wanting except on breast); throat white, bordered along each side by dusky spots or streaks (the black spot of the male usually obsolete, but sometimes indicated). Young : Similar to adult female, but everywhere tingtvl with dull buify or pale ochraceous. Length 5.75-6.80, wing 2.80-3.30, tail 2.35-2.90. Kest of dried grass-stems, etc., in meadows and on prairies, in bushes, low weeds, or near ground. Eggs 3-5. .81 X -61, plain pale blue. Hob. Eastern United States (chiefly west of Alleghanics), west to Rocky Mountains, north to Massachusetts, Now York, Wisconsin, and Minnesota; south, in winter, through Middle America to northern South America ; southwest during miiirations to Arizona and Lower California. 604. S. americana (Gmel.). Dickcissel. Lower parts dark gray, becoming whitish on belly and lower tail-coverts. Adult male: Plumage of head, neck, and lower parts uniform slate-gray, relieved anteriorly by a distinct superciliary stripe, malar stripe, and broad stripe covering entire chin and throat, white ; the two latter separated by a narrow series of black streaks, which continue around posterior border of the white throat-patch, in the gray of the chest; upper parts grayish brown, the back and scapulars narrowly streaked with blackish ; belly and lower tail-coverts white, the former tinged with yellow ; length about 5.75, wing 2.86, tail 2.56. Hob. Chester County, Pennsylvania (only one specimen known). — . S. townsendii (Aud.). Townsend's Bunting.' i^* lJ»'^ fir I' Genus CALAMOSPIZA Bonaparte. (Pago 384, pi. CXII., fig. 3.) Species. Adult male in summer : Uniform black, with more or less of a slaty cast, tho middle and greater wing-coverts white, forming a verj' conspicuous patch on wing. Adult female : Above brownish gray, streaked with dusky, the white wing-patch smaller; lower parts white, streaked on bi'cast and sides with dusky. Adxdt male in win.er : Similar to adult female, but feathers of lower parts (especially on belly) black beneath tho surface, this showing when feathers are disarranged. Youtig : Similar to adult female, but more butfy, the feathers of upper parts bordered with iMiffv while, and streaks on lower parts narrower. Length 6.12-7.50, wing 3.20- 3.60, tail 2.85-3.35. Nest and eggs not distinguishable with certainty from those of Spi:u americana, the average measurements of the latter being .87 X -65. Hab. I See page 354, A. 0. U. Check Licit. EVPHOSIA. 453 Great Plains, breeding from middle Kansas northward to or beyond the United States boundary, migrating south and southwest, in winter, to Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Lower California, and northern Mexico; occasional west of Rocky Moun- tains (Utah, etc.), and accidental in Massachusetts. 605. C. melanocorys Stejn. Lark Banting. Family TANAGRIDiS. — The Tanagers. (Pago 321.) Genera. rt'. Wing less than 3.00, tail less than 2.00; bill very short and broad at base, the exposed culmen less than half as long as tarsus, and less than the width of the bill at base ; tail less than half as long as wing. Euphonia. (Pago 453.) rt'. Wing more than 3.00, tail more than 2.50 ; bill moderately lengthened, not broader than deep at base, the exposed culmen nearly or quite as long as the tarsus, and much greater than width of bill at base; tail more than hti'f as long as wing Piranga. (Page 453.) Gen-US euphonia Desmarest. (Page 453, pi. CXIII., fig. 5.) Species. Adult male: Top of head and hind-neck imiform light blue; forehead dark rusty or chestnut, margined behind by black ; rest of head and neck, with upper parts generally, uniform glossy blue-black, inclining to purplish steel-blue ; lower parts (except chin and throat) plain orange-rufous. Adult female: Top of head colored as in the male; upper parts olive-green, lower parts, including chin and throat, paler and more yellowish olive-green. Length about 4.70, wing 2.75, tail 1.80. Eggs "creamy white, with a few scattered spots and blotches, principally at the larger end, of two shades of brown." (Sclater.) Hab. Eastern Mexico and Central America, south to Veragua ; north to southern Texas ? GOG. E. elegantissima (Bonap.). Blue-headed Euphonia. Genus PIRANGA Vieillot. (Pago 453, pi. CXIII., fig. 1.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult males with more or less of rod in the plumage, often chierty or entirely red. Adult females, in most species, olive-greenish above. 3-ellowish beneath. Yonng (in nestling plumage) with lower parts distinctly sti-euked with grayish or dusky on a whitish or j-ellowish ground. JVest on trees, usually on lower horizontal branch, saucer-shaped, thin, constructed of wiry dead grass-stems, etc. JEggs 3-5, pale bluish or greenish, spotted or speckled with brown. rtV Wings plain-colored, without lighter bands or other markings. 6'. Wing decidedly more than 3.25 ; adult males with lower parts entirely red. c*. Cutting-odgo of upper mandible without angle or tooth-like projection IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k A (/ Pyranga bidentata SwAiNH., PbiloB. Mag. n. c. i. 1827, 438. HIRUNDINIDJE. 457 paler and more orange (very nearly the tint of red-load), the rump and ground-color of back olive-grayish, and wing-bands pure white. Adult female with yellow of lower parts and olive of upper parts much palei*. Length (of male, before skinning) 8.25, wing 3.85-3.95, tail 3.30-3.50, exposed culmen .70-75, depth of bill at base .38-.42. Hah. Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico. P. flammea Ridqw. Tres Marias Tanager.' Wing less than 3.00. {^Adult males rich scarlet-vermilion, the lores, scapu- lars, wingSj and tail deep black, the wings with two broad bands of pure white across tips of middle and greater coverts. Adult females bright olive-green above, yellow beneath; wings and tail grayish dusky, with olive edgings, the former with two white bands, as in males.) c'. With narrower wing-bands; adult male with the red a lighter, more scarlet, tint ; adult females with the yellow and olive less deep ; length (skins) about 5.10-5.50, wing 2.65-2.85, tail 2.30-2.55. Hab. Southern Mexico (north to Jalapa, Valley of Mexico, etc.), Guate- mala, and Salvador. P. leucoptera Trudeau. White-winged Tanager.s With broader wing-bands ; adult males with the red of a darker tint (almost carmine on upper parts) ; adult females with the yellow and olive more intense ; length (skins) about 4.90-5.20, wing 2.65-2.85, tail 2.35-2.55. Hab. Costa Eica and Veragua. P. leucoptera latifasciata Ridqw. Broad-banded Tanager.* &. Family HIRUNDINID^.— The Swallows. (Page 322.) Genera. a^. Nostrils opening directly upward, and with veiy little membrane bordering the inner edge. 6\ Wing 5.00, or more ; tail decidedly forked (for much more than length of tarsus) ; adult males (of North American and some tropical species) entirely glossy blue-black. (Largest of the Swallows.) Progne. (Pago 458.) 6'. Wing decidedly less than 5.00 ; tail nearly even (forked for much less than length of tarsus) ; adults (sexes alike in color) not black beneath. c^ Upper parts parti-colored, the crown and back blue-black, forehead whitish or rusty brown, rump cinnamon or buflPy ; throat and sides of head chestnut, rest of lower parts whitish media'\ grayish brown laterally ; edge of outer quill normal. Petrochelidon. (Page 459.) > Now gpocies; typo, No. 60824, <**■«!♦ Bum not yet been taken, however, in Cuba. < Himndo chalybea Quel., S. K. L 17£«, i^2J&, Prague chalybea BoiG, laia, 1841, 178. 1 460 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. <'•:■, attached to the face of overhanging cliffs or underneath the eaves of buildings. Eggs 3-5, white, siieckled or spotted with brown and lilac. a*. Chin, throat, and sides of head rich chestnut, the lower part of throat with a spot or patch of glossy blue-black. b\ Larger, with forehead white or pale isabella-color ; rump light cinnamon, or cinnamon-^buff ; young with chin and throat (often other parts of the head) usually more or less mixed or spotted with white ; tertials and tail-coverts margined with pale rusty or cinnamon ; chestnut of head wanting or only faintly indicated, top of head, back, etc., dull blackish, etc. ; length 5.00-6.00, wing 4.05-4.55, tail 2.00-2.20. Eggs .81 X -55. Hab. Whole of North America in summer; in winter, Middle America (and portions of South America ?). 612. P. lunifrons (Say.). Cliff SwaUow. b\ Smaller, with forehead rich chestnut, like throat and sides of head (rarely fawn-colored), and rump deeper cinnamon ; length about 4.50-5.00, wing 3.95-4.30, tail 2.00-2.20. Hab. Mexico and Guatemala. P. melanogaster (Swains.). Mexican Cliff Swallow.^ a*. Chin, throat, and sides of head pale cinnamon, the lower part of throat without black spot. Forehead deep chestnut, and rump deep cinnamon, as in P. melanogaster ; length about 4.50-4.75, wing 4.00-4.10, tail 1.90-2.00. Hab. Hayti, Cuba (and Yucatan ?). P. fulva (ViEiLL.) Cuban Cliff Swallow.* Genus CHELIDON Forster. (Page 458, pi. CXIV., fig. 2.) /Species. Common Characters.— ^f?M?fs .- Above glossy dark steel-blue, sometimes tinged with violet, the forehead rusty chestnut ; quills and tail-feathers blackish, with a faint dull greenish lustre, the inner webs of the latter (except middle pair) marked with a large spot of white, or very pale rusty ; chin, throat, and chest deep cinna- mon-rusty, the sides of the chest dark steel-blue or blue-black, sometimes confluent in the middle, thus forming a narrow collar ; rest of lower parts varying from rich rusty cinnamon to pale cinnamon-buffy. Young : Much paler beneath and duller above than adult, with chin, throat, and chest light rusty, and rustj" of forehead indistinct or obsolete. Nest a cup- or bowl-shaped structure, entirely open above, composed of pellets of mud, mixed with straws, etc., and lined with soft feathers, attached by one side to the sides or roof of a cave or to timbers within barns and other outbuildings. Eggs 3-5, white, speckled with brown and lavender. • Hirnndo vielaiiogaster SwAINS., Pliilos. Mag. n. s. i. 1827, 366. Petrochelidon melanoyaater Cab., Mus. Hein. i. 1850, 47. ' Iliruiido fulva ViEiLt., Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 62, pi. 30. Petrochelidon fulva Cad., Mus. Hein. i. 1860, 47. With five adults of true P. fulva from Cuba, and eiirht of P. fulva paeciloma (Gosbg) from Jamaica and Porto Rico, I have no didiculty in easily distinstuishiug tbo two forma by the characters pointed out by Professor Baird in " Review of American Birds" (p. 292). TACHYCINETA. 461 Paler : Lower parts tawny cinnamon or pale rusty in adult male (the chin and throat rusty cinnamon), pale cinnamon-butry in adult female; length 5.75-7.75, wing about 4.60-4.90, tail 3.70-4.10, forked, in adult male, for about 1.85-2.10. Eggs .77 X -S^- Hab. Whole of North America ; south, in winter, through Middle America and West Indies to various parts of South America 613. C. erythrogaster (Bodd.). Barn Swallow. Dai'ker: Lower parts bright cinnamon-rusty (much like throat of C. erythro- gaster), the chin and throat rich rusty chestnut ; length about 7.00-8.00, Aving 4.60-4.80, tail of adult male 4.15-4.80, forked for 2.25-2.85. Hob. Kamtschatka and eastei'n Sibei'ia in summer; south, in winter, to India. C. tytleri (Jerd). Kamtschatkan Barn Swallow.' Genus TACHYCINETA Cabanis. (Page 458, pi. CXIV., fig. 6.) Species. Common Characters. — Lower parts entirely white. Adults glossy dark steel- blue above, or else rich soft velvety bronzo-grecn, vai'ied with tints of purplish, violet, etc., the females usually'' considerably duller than the males; in winter, the secondaries (especially tertials) conspicuously margined with white, but otherwise as in summer. Young : Above dull brownish slate. Nest in holes, usually of trees, sometimes in cliffs or buildings. Eggs 3-6, plain pure white. a}. Ear-coverts dark steel-blue, or dusky, like upper parts ; feathers of lower parts entirely pure white, except at extreme base ; upper parts in adult uniform glossy steel-blue, varying to greenish. (Subgenus Iridoprocm CouEs.^) h^. Eump steel-blue (adult) or dull slate (young) like rest of upper parts ; no white on sides of forehead. Adult male: Above rich burnished steel-blue (var^'ing much in shade), the larger wing-feathers and tail blackish, faintly glossed with dull greenish ; lores deep black ; entire lower parts pure white. Adult female: Usually duller above than male, but often undistinguish- ablo. Young : Above entirely dull broM-nish slate. Length 5.00- 6.25, wing about 4.50-4.80, tail 2.30-2.50. Eggs .75 X .52. Ilab. Whole of North America ; wintering from southern Florida, Cuba, and Gulf coast, south to Guatemala. 614. T. bicolor (Vieill.). White-bellied Swallow. b^. Eump white (the feathers with fine blackish shaft-streaks) ; a white line on each side of forehead, along upper edge of lores. Otherwise hke T. bicolor, but much smaller; length about 4.10-4.80, wing 3.75-3.90, tail 1.80-1.90. Hab. Coasts of Central America and » Hlntndo tytleri .Tehd., B. Ind. iii. App. 1864, 870. {H. laturata Rinow. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 188.3, 95.) • fridoprocne CouEs, B. Col. Vttl. 1878, 412, Type, Hinindo bicolor Vieill. (See Baiiid, Rerieir Am. B. i. 1805, p. 296.) , 462 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. •aii southern Mexico, from Isthmus of Panama to Mazatlan and British Honduras. T. albilinea Lawr. White-rumped Swallow.' a". Ear-coverts partly or mainly white ; featliers of lower parts abruptly grayish beneath the surface ; upper parts in adult soft, metallic (but not burnished), green or greenish bronze, varied with tints of purplish, purplish bronze, violet, etc. (Subgenus ^^xchycinetn.) Adult male: Top of head, hind-neck, back, and scapulars rich green, either the head and neck or dorsal region, or both, usually overlaid by a more or less distinct wash of bronze or purple ; rump and upjier tail-coverts rich bluish green or bluish, usually mixed with rich plum-purple; a white patch on each side of rump, these in life often brought close to- gether so as apparentl}^ to form a continuous white band ; entire lower parts, including ear-coverts and line above posterior half (or more) of eye, pure white, but the feathers immediately beneath surface grayish. Aihdt female: Similar to the male, but much duller, the ear-coverts and hind-neck dull grayish, the formei*, however, more or less mixed with white. Young : Similar to same stage of T. bicolor, but with feathers of lower parts distinctly grayish beneath the surface, this showing through on anterior poi'tions, especially on breast. Length 4.75-5.50, wing about 4.30-4.75, tail 1.95-2.20. Eggs .73 X -51. Hab. Western United States, east to Eocky Mountains, south, in winter, to Guate- mala 615. T. thalassina (Swains.). Violet-green Swallow. ^^. ,», Genus CALLICHELIDON Bryant." (Page 458.) Species. Adult male : Above soft dull metallic green (not burnished), changing to more bluish green on wings, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail ; entire lower parts, in- cluding sides of head below level of eyes, pure white. Adidt female : Similar to male, but suborbital region and ear-coverts mottled grayish. Length about 6.50-5.70, wing 4.30-4.50, tail 2.60-2.85, forked for .85-.95. Hab. Bahamas. C. cyaneoviridis Bryant. Bahaman Swallow.' Genus CLIVICOLA Forster. (Pago 458, pi. CXIV., fig. 4.) Species. Adult : Above dull grayish brown or brownish gray, darker on head and wings, paler on rump and upper tail-coverts ; beneath white, interrupted by a broad band of brownish gray across chest, this continued along sides; usually, a more or less ^'i'i^' 1 Petrochefidon alhUinea Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1863, 2. Tachycineta albilinea Lawr., Mem. Bost. Soc. ii. 1874, 271. « Callichelidon " Bryant, MSS." Baird, Review Am. B. i. May, 1865, 303. Type, Hirundo eyaneoviridit Bryant. 'Hirundo eyaneoviridit Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soo. N. H. vil. 1859, 111. STELGIDOPTERYX. 463 oxtenaivo spot of same in middle of breast. Young : Similar to adult, but wing- coverts, secondaries, upper tail-coverts, and featliers of rump more or less distinctly bordered with buffy or whitish. Length about 4.75-5.50, wing 3.70-4.25, tail 2.10- 2.25. Nest in horizontal holes or burrows excavated in sand-banUs, banks of streams, etc. E(j(js 3-6, .70 X -49, pure white. Hub. Northern hemisphere in gen- eral; in America, eouth in winter to Cuba and Jamaica, and through Middle America to Brazil C16. C, riparia (Linn.). Bank Swallow. Genus STELGIDOPTERYX Baird. (Page 458, pi. CXIV., fig. 5.) Species. Adult: Above plain grayish brown, darker on wings and tail, the tertials usu- ally margined with paler brownish gray ; beneath plain brownish gray, t\w belly, anal region, and lower tail-coverts white. Young : Much like adult, but wing- coverts broadly tipped and tertials bx-oadly margined with cinnamon, the plumage in general more or less tinged or suffused with this color. Length 5.00-5.75, wing 4.00-4.70, tail 2.05-2.35. Nest in holes, usually in banks (as in GUvicohi rtpan'a), but often in abutments of bridges, etc. Eggs 3-G, .72 X -51) plain })ure white. Hab. United States (except extreme northern border, and Xew England except Connecticut), south, through Mexico, to Guatemala. 617. S. serripennis (Aud.). Rough-winged Swallow. Family AMPELIDiE.— The Waxwings, etc. (Page 322.) Genera. fl*. Wings pointed (first or second quill longest), decidedly longer than the short, even tail ; primai'ies apparently only nine, the first being excessively minute, neai'ly or quite concealed ; of those normally developed, the first or second longest; rictal bristles obsolete; frontal feathers filling completely the nasal fossae, and concealing the nostrils ; young with lower parts streaked. (Sub- family ^mpe^ma;) : Ampelis. (Pago 464.) a\ Wings much rounded, shorter than the rounded, cmarginated or graduated tail ; primaries obviously ten, the first always very evident ; of the remain- der, the third to fifth (actually, fourth to sixth) longest ; rictal bristles very distinct; frontal feathers not encroaching on nasal fossae; young not streaked beneath. (Subfamily Ptilogonatince}) bK Bill narrow, the width of upper mandible at posterior extremity of nos- trils decidedly less than length from nostril to tip; crest springing from centre of crown composed of narrow, somewhat recurved, feathers; adult male glossy black, with white on inner webs of quills ; adult fe- male dull brownish gray, with white edgings on wings. Phainopepla. (Pago 465.) 1 In reality a very distinot fnmily {Ptilogonatidee), peculiar to Mexico and Central America, and repre- sented by several strongly characterized genera. ■^^ t. ■; 464 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. b*. Bill broad, the width of upper mandiblo at posterior extremity of nostrils decidedly greater than length from nostril to tip ; crest covering whole top of head, composed of broad, loose-webbed, blended feathers ; adult males plumbeous, with black quills and tail, bright yellow under tail- covcrts, and largo white spaces on inner we^*" of tail-feathers; adult females like males, but plumbeous replaced by brownish or olive. Ptiliogonys} Genus AMPELIS Linnaeus. (Page 463, pi. CXIII., fig. 4.) Species. Common Characters. — Crown with a lengthened, pointed crest, of soft, blended feathers ; plumage very soft, the feathers of head, neck, and body perfectly blended, the prevailing color a soft fawn-color of vinaeeous grayish brown, changing to ashy on rump and upper tail-coverts j prevailing color of wings and tail slaty, the latter sharply tipped with yellow or red, preceded by blackish ; frontal points, lores, streak through eye (running beneath crest, on occiput"), and chin (sometimes throat also) velvety black ; anterior portion of malar region white. Young much duller than adult, the lower parts streaked with brownish or dull grayish on a whitish ground. JVest in trees, bulky, constructed of small twigs, rootlets, etc., mixed and lined with feathers and other soft materials. Eggs 3-5, pale dull bluish or pale purplish gray, spotted and dotted with dark brown, black, and purplish. a*. Tail tipped with gamboge-yellow ; tips of secondaries sometimes with horny appendages resembling red sealing-wax. b^. Larger (wing more than 4.25) ; lower tail-coverts, forehead, and cheeks deep cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous; flanks brownish gray; primary coverts and outer Avebs of secondaries tipped with white ; outer webs of quills tipped with white or yellow; length about 7.40-8.75, wing 4.40- 4.60, tail 2.75-2.90. Eggs .92 X -65. Hab. Northern portions of northern hemisphere ; in America, south to northern border of United States in winter, breeding far northward ''and in northern Eocky Mountains ?). 618. A. ^arrulus Linn. Bohemian Waxwing. i*. Smaller (wing less than 4.00) ; lower tail-coverts white ; forehead and cheeks same color as crest ; flanks yellowish olive ; wings entirely plain slate-gray (except the wax-like tips to secondaries, in some speci- 1 PtUiogonys SwAlJfS., Philoa, Mag. n. s., i. 1827, .368. Type, P. cincreus SwAlss. The male of tho single Mexican species (P. cinerettg) is uniform plumbeous, becoming ashy on head, which fades to nearly white anteriorly ; flanks bright golden olive, or oil-yellow, the under tail-corerts rich gam- boge-yellow ; eyelids white ; ear-coverts and occiput (beneath crest) soft grayish brown. The female is grayish brown where the male is plumbeous, the flanks wholly light brown, the wings and tail duller black, white spots on inner webs of tail-feathers more restricted, etc. An allied Quatemalan race (P. cfnereua molybdophanei, new subspecies) difl'ers in having the plumbeous decidedly deeper, the flanks olive-green instead of oil-yellow, etc. The dimensions are nearly the same (length about 7.75-8.00, wing 3.70, tail 4.00-4.25). A very fine Costa Rican species (P. caudatui Cab.), with long and much graduated tail but very similar plumage, is the type of tho subgenus Sphenotelua Baikd (Rev. Am. B. i. May, 1866, 412). PHAINOPEPLA. 465 horny mens) ; length 6.50-7.50, wing about 3.60-3.00, tail 2.30-2.60. Etjgs .87- ,61. Hub. Whole of temperate North America, south (in winter only?) to Guatemala and West Indies. 619. A. cedrorum (Yieill.). Cedar Waswing. a'. Tail tipped with rose-red ; tips of secondaries never with sealing-wax-like tips. Greater wing-coverts dull rod ; otherwise much like A. garrulus, but with- out yellow tips to quills, but these, as also sometimes the secondaries, usually tipped with rose-red. Hab. Japan. A. japonicus (Sieb.). Japanese Waxwing.' Genus PHAINOPEPLA Sclater. (Page 463, pi. CXIII., fig. 2.) Species. Adult male: Unifoi*m glossy blue-black, the inner webs of quills chiefly white; in ivinter, many feathers bordered wiib whitish. Adult female : Plain brownish gray, rather paler below, the wing-coverts secondaries, and lower tail-coverts mar- gined with white ; white on inner webs of primaries more restricted and less sharply defined than in male. Youvij ■ Similar to a'^lilt female. Length 7.00-7.75, wing 3.60-3.80, tail 3.8i,'-4.10. NeSi, ouucer-shar/ d, compact, of plant-fibres, etc., on mall trees. Egga 2-5, .87 X 63, light Ln'ayish or dull grayish white, thickly speckled with neutral tint, dark browr, and blackish. Hab. Arid region of Mexico, and contiguous portions of United Statos, from western Texas to southern Cali- fornia 620. P. nitens (Swains.). Fhainopepla. hanet. Family LANIID-ffi.— The Shrikes. (Page 323.) Genera. (Characters same as those given for the Family) Lanius. (Page i65.) Genus LANIUS Linn^li (Page 465, pi. CXIII., fig. 3.) Species. Common Characters. — Adults plain gray above, the sides of the head, wings, and tail black ; the wings with a white patch at base of quills and tail, with much white on exterior feathers and tips of others ; lower parts whitish. Young essen- tially similar to adults, but colors less strongly contrasted, the gray and white more or less tinged with brownish, and more or less vermiculated, or " waved," with narrow dusky bars ; wing-coverts tipped with dull light buffy. Nest a very bulky structure, composed of sticks, dried grass-stems, wool, feathers, etc., placed in small (usually thorny) trees or lodges. Eggs 4-7, dull whitish, spotted with light 'jrown or olive. 1 Bombicyvora japonica SiKBOLD, Hist. Nat. Jap. Stat. 1824, No. 2. Ampelit japonica Gray, Oen. B. i. 1346, 278. 00 466 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 'S' ^.x, a^ Inner webs of secondaries dusky next to shaft for much the greater part of their length ; tail-feathei's (except sometimes middle pair) white at base ; bill from nostril not more than .55. ¥. Wing 4.35, or m.re; lores never wholly deep black; nasal tufts always whitish or grayish on top ; basal half of lower mandible light-colored, except in summer adults, c'. A more or less distinct whitish spot on lower eyelid ; adult (and young) with breast distinctly undulated, or narrowly barred with grayish. Summer adult: Above pale ash-gray, becoming white or grayish white on forehead, superciliary region, hinder scapulars, lower rump, and upper tail-coverts ; lores chiefly blackish gray, but black anteriorly and immediately next to eye ; beneath white, the breast and anterior portion of sides narrowly barred or undulated with grayish. Winter adult : Similar, but basal half of lower mandible light brownish (horn-grayish in life), and lores chiefly light grayish (sometimes even mixed with whitish). Young in first winter: Above dull grayish brown, sometimes tinged with light umbei"- brown ; wings and tail much duller black; greater wing-coverts tipped (sometimes also narrowly edged) with pale brownish buffy ; white at base of quills indistinct (sometimes obsolete) ; ear-coverts dusky brownish ; lower parts brownish white, more strongly tinged with brown laterally, everywhere (except on chin and under tail- coverts) very distinctly waved or narrowly barred with dusky grayish. Young: Essentially like preceding, but hinder scapu- lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts more or less distinctly undulated with dusky, the greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and middle tail- feathers tipped with pale rusty, and antei'ior lower parts (in- cluding whole breast and anterior portion of sides) nearly uniform pale grayish brown, the darker undulations appearing only on close inspection. Length 9.25-10.75, wing 4.35-4.60, tail 4.50-4.70, bill from nostril .50-.55, tarsus 1.02-1.05. Eggs 1.05 X -76. Hab. ISorthern North America ; south, in winter, to Potomac and Ohio Valleys, Kansas, Colorado, Nevada, northern California, and oven Arizona 621. L. borealis Vieill. Northern Shrike. c*. No trace (?) of white on lower eyelid; adult without grayish undula- J;ions or bars on breast or other lower parts ; otherwise not obvi- ously difl'erent from L. borealis ; wing 4.35-4.50, tail 4.30-4.60, bill from nostril .62-.55, tarsus 1.00-1.10. Hab, Northern Asia and northern and eastern Europe. L. borealis sibiricus Boon. Siberian Shrike.^ 6'. "Wing less than 4.25 ; lores and nasal tufts always wholly black in adult ; 1 Lamim hore.nlin tihincun BoanANOW, " Rugsinn Shrikes, etc., p. 102, 1881." (Gapow.) L. major Pall. et AucT., nee Wilkes. Said to have been procured at Chiloat, Alaska (r/. Scralow, Auk, i. 1884, 202), but the oorreet identifl- cvtion perhaps open to doubt. LANIUS. 467 basal half of lower mandible never light-colored, except in young. (Adults above ash jray or slate-gray (varying much in shade), the scapulars, lower rump, and upper tail-coverts usually paler, sometimes nearly white ; lower parts white, sometimes tinged with grayish later- ally, usually not undulated or otherwise marked.) c\ Adults pure Avhite beneath, rarely much tinged laterally with grayish, and very rarely with obvious grayish undulations or bars on breast ; gray of upper parts of a pure ash- or slate-gray cast. d^. Darker, the upper tail-coverts usually not distinctly paler than rump, and never (?) whitish ; sides usually faintly tinged with gray; wing, tail, and tarsus averaging shorter, and bill larger; length 8.50-9.60, wing 3.75-4.00 (3.83), tail 3.65-4.25 (3.97), bill from nostril .43-.50 (.47), depth of bill at base .34-.38 (.35), tar- sus 1.00-1.10 (1.05). Eggs .97 X -73. Hab. More southern por- tions of eastern United States, but north, irregularly, to Ohio, Vermont, etc., regularly to Virginia and southern Illinois. 622. L. ludovicianus Linn. Loggerhead Shtike. d\ Paler, the upper tail-coverts usually more or less distinctly whitish, the scapulars more extensively white, the sides usu- ally very faintly, if at all, tinged with gray ; wings, tail, and tarsus averaging longer and bill smaller; length 8.00-10.00, wing 3.75-4.10 (3.94), tail 3.75-4.30 (4.06), bill from nostril .42-.50 (.46), depth at base .30-.35 (.32), tarsus 1.00-1.15 (1.09). Eggs .97 X -72. Jiab. Central region of North America, north to the Saskatchewan, south over table-lands of Mexico, west to Lower California, Arizona, Nevada, etc., east across Great Plains, and, sporadically, through basin of the Groat Lakes to northern New York.... 622a. L. ludovicianus excubitorides (Swains.). White-rumped Shrike. c*. Adults dull white or grayish white beneath, strongly gray laterally, the breast usually distinctly undulated or narrowly barred with grayish, under parts sometimes strongly tinged with palo brown or dull vinaceous; gray of upper parts having a more or less decided brownish, or less bluish, cast. About as dark above as L. ludovicianus (sometimes darker, es- pecially on head), the upper tail-coverts, however, somotimes abruptly light grayish, or even whitish, as in L. excubitorides ; tail averaging longer than in either of the more eastern forms, the average length of wing intermediate ; length 8.00-10.00, wing 3.70-4.00 (3.89), tail 3.75-4.50 (4.11), bill from nostril .43-.48 (.46), depth at base .30-.35 (.33), tarsus 1.05-1.15 (1.09). JSab. California, especially coast district. — . L. ludovicianus gambeli Binaw. California Shrike.' 1 New Bubspociofi. It is with extreino reluotnnoe that I have oonoluded to name, and attempt to character- iie, a third race of this Rpecios, yet I hare Tit oompelled to do 80, or else drop L, excubitoride*. Typical exam- 468 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. a'. Inner webs of secondaries white quite to the shai't for about the basal half, the white then abruptly narrowed to less than half the width of inner web, but very abruptly defined against the dusky ; tail-feathers without any white at base ; bill from nostril .60. Adult: Above very dark slate-gray, including upper tail-coverts, darker on head, where not becoming lighter next to black of lores and frontlet, the longer scapulars, however, passing terminally or exteriorly into whitish ; lower parts bluish gray, becoming white along median line, including whole chin and throat and under tail-coverts; length (mounted speci- men) about 8.75, wing 4.20, tail 4.40, exposed culmen 1.00, bill from nos- tril .60, depth at base .39, tarsus 1.20. Hah. Said to be California, but possibly some portion of the Old World. L. robustus (Baird). Baird's Shrike.* '^ fe.';', ,,. Family VIREONIDiE.— The Vireos. (Page 323.) Genera. a'. Lateral toes very unequal in length, the inner one, with its claw, not reaching beyond base of middle claw; logs and feet weaker. h^. Wing shorter than tail, extremely rounded, the fifth or sixth quill longest, and second shorter than secondaries ; tail much rounded, the difference between longest and shortest feathers nearly equal to length of bill from nostril ; bill weaker, relatively broader and more depressed at base. (The single known species with whole top of head and hind-neck, wings, and tail bright olive-gi'een ; back, scapulars, rump, throat, breast, sides, and flanks uniform slate-gray; chin and belly white; wing about 2.30.) NeocMoe.^ 6'. Wing equal to or longer than tail, less rounded, the third or fourth quill longest, and second much longer than secondaries; tail nearly even, or, if rounded, the difference between longest and shortest feathers much less than length of bill from nostril; bill stouter, and relatively narrower and higher at base. (Coloration very variable, but never at all resembling Neochloe.) Vireo. (Page 469.) a*. Lateral toes nearly equal in length, the inner one, with its claw, reaching de- cidedly beyond base of middle claw ; legs and feet stouter. pies of the Californian bird certainly cannot bo matched by speoimena from any portion of the country cast of the Sierra Xovndn, while there is not more of individual variation than exists in the other two forms. The re- uoniblanco is, on the wholo, closer to the darker-colored specimens of true L. ludovManiit (from the Gulf States), but the under parts are constantly much darker, and, in seventeen of the twenty-one specimens now before me, very percejttibly (sometimes distinctly) undulated on the breast ^vith grayish, this character being very excep- tional in L. Itifloricianue and still more rarely observable in L. e.rcubitorides. •' Laniim ludovicianim, var. rohnHtm Baird, Am. Xat. vii. ISfH, fi08. Laniui robutUi» Oabow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. 1883, 243. (See especially the important paper by Leouhard Stejnoger in Proc. Philad. Acad. 1885, pp. 01-90.) « Neochloe Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 213. Typo, N. brevipennU ScL. (Hah. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.) VIREO. 469 but 6*. Smaller (wing less than 2.50) ; bill small, nearly as broad as high at base, and tapering rapidly to the slender, slightly hooked tip. (Color olive- green or russet-olive above, with top of head and neck ash-graj'' or else with tail russet ; lower parts neither yellow nor green.) Hylophilua. (Page 478 ) b\ Larger (wing not less than 3.00) ; bill stout, much deeper than wide at base, the culmen curving rather abruptly towurd the strongly hooked tip. c*. Depth of bill at base only about half the exposed culmen. (Lower parts green, becoming yellow on throat, or else white with rufous band across chest ; upper parts bright gi'cen, with top of head sky- blue, or else olive, the sides of head striped with yellow, slate-color, white, and black.) Vireolanius} c'. Depth of bill at base much more than half the exposed culmen. (Lower parts yellow ; upper parts plain olive-green, becoming ash-gray on head and neck, the forehead and broad superciliary stripe rufous.) Cyclorhis? Genus VIREO Vieillot. (Page 468, pi. CXV., figs. 1-3, 5.) Species. Common Characters. — Above plain olive-green or olive-grayish, with or with- out white wing-bands ; beneath whitish or yellowish, or both. Nest a very beau- tiful basket-shaped structure suspended from a forked twig, composed of mosses, lichens, fine strips of bark, etc. Eggs white, usually more or less dotted or sparsely speckled round larger end with brown and blackish. a}. Spurious primary, if present, verj' narrow and pointed, and decidedly shorter than tarsus. 6'. Wing without light bands or other distinct markings. (Subgenus Vireosylva BONAP.) c\ Without any spurious primaiy, or else, if present, the exposed culmen .50, or more.' d}. Exposed culmen .50, or more ; middle of chest white, e'. A distinct dusky streak along each side of throat. Above plain dull olive-greenish, becoming gray on top of head, which has a more or less distinct dusky streak along each side of crown ; a conspicuous superciliary stripe of dull whitish, bordered below by a distinct dusky streak through the eye ; cheeks dull grayish white or pale brownish gray (whole side of head, including superciliary stripe, pomotimes strongly suf- fused with dull brownish buffy) ; lovv er parts white, » Vireolanius BoNAP., Consp. i. 1850, 330. Type, V. melitophrifi Du Hm. ' Ci)clorhi$ 8wAiif8., Zool. Jour. III. 1828, lfl2. Typo, Tanagm gulanehiit GMEt. • The exception is V. olivacetii, which is sniil to have $ometimei (but very rarely) a apurioui primary. rr^ ^ 470 #■ ;'ia;j»i NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. tinged with olive laterally, the axillars and under tail-coverts yellowish white, or very pale sulphur- yellow. Length about 5.50-5.76, wing 3.00-3.25, tail 2.20-2.50, exposed culmen .57- .65. Eggs .78 X -58. Hab. Cuba, Bahamas, and southern Florida. 623. V. altiloquus barbatulus (Cab.). Black-whiskered Vireo. e'. No trace of dusky stream along side of throat. /*. Top of head dull ash-gray, margined along each side by a dusky streak ; rest of upper parts olive-greenish. g^. Sides and flanks tinged with grayish olive ; axillars and under tail-coverts white, or very faintly tinged with sulphur-yellow ; length 5.50-6.50, wing about 3.10-3.30, tail 3.15-3.30, exposed culmen .50-.55. Nest usually in small trees, in woods, usually loss than ten feet from ground. J^ggs .81 X -56. Hab. Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay, etc., west to Rocky Mountains ; in winter, south through eastern Mexico and Central America to northern South America. 624. V. olivaceus (Linn.). Red-eyed Vireo. g*. Sides and flanks bright olive-yellow; axillars and under tail-coverts clear sulphur-yellow ; length about 6.25-6.75, wing 2.80-3.20, tail 2.05-2.50, ex- posed culmen .55-.60. Hab. Mexico and Central America, north to Lower Rio Grande Valley, in Texas (accidentally to Godbout, Pi'ovince of Que- bec), south to Ecuador and upper Amazon. 625. V. flavoviridis (Cass.). Yellow-green Vireo. /'. Top of head dull brownish gray or grayish brown, like the back and other upper parts. gK Above dull brownish gray ; wing 2.90-3.00, tail 2.35, exposed culmen .60-.65. Hab. Island of Cozumel, Yucatan. V. cinereus Bidqw. Cozumel Vireo.^ g*. Above dull brownish olive ; lower parts duller white medially, deeper olivaceous laterally ; wing 3.05, tail 2.40, exposed culmen .65. Hab. Coast of British Honduras. V. magister Baird. Belize Vireo.* 1 Vireooylvia cinerea RiDow., Dosor. N. B. Cozumel, 1885, 2. Vireo cinereut RiDow., Proo. U. 8. Not. Mus. viii. 1886, 666. » Vireotylvia magiiter " Baibd, n. 8." Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1871, 20. Vireo magiiier Salt. A GoDM., Biol. Centr.-Ain., Aves, i. 1881, 191. Y VIREO. 471 d*. Exposed culmen not more than .40. Above grayish olive-green, becoming more decidedly gray- ish on top of head ; a whitish superciliary stripe ; lower parts very pale sulphur-yellow, deepest on chest, the chin and belly white; length about 4.80, wing 2.50-2.75, tail 1.90-2.20, exposed culmen .38-40. Hab. Eastern North America, north to Manitoba and Hudson's Bay (breeding chiefly north of United States) ; south, in winter, to Guate- mala, Costa Eica, and Chiriqui (but not yet recorded either from Mexico or from any part of West Indies). 626. V. philadelphicus (Cass.). Philadelphia Vireo. c*. Wing with a well-developed spurious primary, longer than bill ; exposed culmen much less than .50. d'. Top of head dull ash-gray, not distinctly different from the grayish olive, or olive-gray, of back. {Adult: Above olive-grayish, becoming more decidedly gray on top of head, more tinged with pale olive-greenish on rump and upper tail-coverts; a whitish loral streak, extending back over eye, but scarcely beyond it; malar region, ear-coverts, and sides of neck pale brownish gray or pale grayish buffy ; lower parts dull white, more or less tinged with olive-yellowish laterally. Young : Top of head and hind-neck very pale grayish buff, the lores and superciliary region white ; ear- coverts still paler buffy ; back, scapulars, rump, and lesser wing-coverts buffy grayish ; lower parts entirely pure white, except under tail-coverts, which ai'e pale yellow ; wings and tail as in adult, but greater wing- coverts tipped with dull grayish buffy.) e'. Larger, with stouter bill ; upper parts (especially top of head) averaging rather paler and clearer grayish, the flanks more yellowish (or less olivaceous), the colors generally clearer or " cleaner" ; length 5.00-5.50, wing 2.65-2.95 (2.84), tail 2.10-2.40 (2.22), bill from nostril .30-.32 (.31), depth at base .15-.18 (.16), tarsus .68-.72 (.70). Nest in trees, usu- ally at a considerable height, in open copses, along banks of streams, or in shade-trees along streets in towns and cities. JEffgs .75 X 55. Hab. Eastern North America, north to Fort Simpson and Hudson's Bay, west to Great Plains ; south, in winter, to eastern Mexico. 627. V. gilvus (ViEiLL.). Warbling Vireo. e*. Smaller, with slenderer bill ; upper parts (especially top of head) averaging rather darker and duller grayish, flanks more olivaceous, the colors generally less clear ; length 4.76- 5.40, wing 2.55-2.85 (2.69), tail 2.00-2.30 (2.14), bill from nostril .29-.31 (.30), depth at base .15-.16 (.15), tarsus .65-.70 (.68). Nest as in F. gilvus. Eggs .73 X -Bl. Hab. ± I i.. - 472 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ■s, ,J.. Western United States, east to Rocky Mountains; south through central and western Mexico in winter. — . V. gilvus swainsoni (Baird). Western Warbling Vireo.* 6'. Wing with two distinct white bands across tips of middle and greater coverts. (Subgenus Lanivireo Baird.) d. No spurious primary ; loral streak, orbital ring, chin, throat, and breast yellow ; top of head olive-green. Posterior under parts white ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapu- lars ash-gray ; hind-neck and back olive-green ; tertials broadly edged with white ; length 5.00-5.85, wing 3.00-3.20, tail 2.00- 2.30. Nest in woods, usually at a considerable height from ground. Eggs .79 X -58, usually more heavily spotted than in other species. Hob. Eastern United States, west to edge of Great Plains; south, in winter, to Costa Eica. 628. V. flavifrons Vieill. Yellow-throated Vireo. c*. A more or less distinct spurious primary ; loral streak, orbital ring, chin, throat, etc., white ; top of head ash-gray or plumbeous (more brownish in winter). d}. Spurious quill minute (much shorter than exposed culmen) ; hind- part and sides of neck olive-green, like back and scapulai's ; chest and breast (especially sides of the latter) strongly washed with sulphur-yellow. (Otherwise much like V. solitari"S.) Wing 3.05, tail 2.20, bill from nostril .30, tarsus .72. Sab. Highlands of Guatemala (Coban, Vera Paz). V. propinquus (Baikd). Vera Paz Vireo.* dK Spurious quill well developed (much longer than exposed culmen) ; hind-part and sides of neck grayish, like top of head and ear- coverts ; chest and breast without yellow tinge. e*. Sides and flanks conspicuously olive or olive-green, distinctly tinged with yellow ; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive- green. (Young in first winter with anterior upper parts dull grayish brown, the lower parts dull bufiy white, the general aspect quite different from full adult plumage.) /\ Smaller (wing not more than 3.00, tail rarely more than 2.20). g^. Back, etc., brighter olive-green, more abruptly con- trasted with plumbeous-gray of head and neck, the latter deeper and clearer ; gray of cheeks more abruptly contrasted with white of throat ; sides and flanks usually more strongly tinged with 1 Vireo mainioni Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 336 (in text). Vireo gilvui, var, iwainioni Codes, Key, 1872, 121. » VireoRylvia propinqua Baird, Review Am. B. i. May, 1866, 348. This is either a very distinct -pooies or else, as suggested by Messrs. Salvin A Qodman {Biol. Cenlr.-Am., Ave$f i. p. 197) a hybrid betweer V. lolitariui and V. /lavi/ron». yiREO. 473 olive-green and yellow ; length 5.00-6.00, wing 2.90-3.00 (2.94), tail 2.10-2.20 (2.19), bill from nostril .29-.30 (.29), tarsus .70-.73 (.71). Nest in woods, in undergrowth or lower branches of saiall trees. Eggs .79 X -57. Hob. Eastern North America, north to Fort Simpson and Hudson's BaVj breeding chiefly north of United States ; soutb; in winter, through eastern Mexico to Guatemala. 629. V. solitarius (Wils.). Blue-headed Vireo. g*. B&C'k, etc.. more grayish olive-green, less abruptly (if at ail) contrasted with the duller ash-gray of head and neck ; gray of cheeks less abruptly contrasted with white of throat ; sides and flanks less strongly tinged with olive-green and j-ellow. (Yonng in first winter much browner than cor- responding stage of V. solitarius.) Length 5.00- 5.G0, wing 2.85-3.00 (2.90), tail 2.10-2.30 (2.16), biU from nostril .28-.31 (.30), tarsus .70-.78 (.74). Eggs .79 X -SS- -H<^*- Western United States, east to Rocky Mountains, but chiefly (if not ex- closively) Pacific coast in summer; in winter, south through western Mexico 629«. V. soli- tarius cassinii (Xantus). Cassin's Vireo. /*. Larger (wing decidedly more than 3.00, tail not less than Similar in plumage to V. solitarius, but upper parts much darker (" nearly uniform blackish plum- heona, with only a faint tinge of greenish on the bac-k,. which is essentially concolor with the crown") ; wing 3.03-3.30, tail 2.21-2.31, bill from nostril ,30-.36, tarsus .72-.75. Hab. Higher fioutbern Alleghanies (western North Carolina, etc.) — . V. solitarius alticola Brewst. Mountain Solitary Vireo.^ Sides and flanks tinged with plumbeous-gray, but with little if any olivaceous or yellowish tinge; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts plumbeous-gray, very slightly, if at all, tinged with olive-green. Above plumbeous, or plumbeous-gray, with the usual white markings on wings and sides of head ; lower partA white, the sides and flanks strongly tinged with plumbeous gray ; length 6.75-6.15, wing 3.05-3.30 1 Vireo lolilartm* nltiimlt B»f.wsT,, Auk, iii. Jan. 1866, 111. «0 1 474 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. *»■'■■'> ♦« (3.16), tail 2.30-2.55 (2.41), bill from nostril .30-.35 (.31), tarsus .72-.79 (.75). Eggs .79 X -59. Hab. Eocky Mountain district of United States ; south, in winter, through central Mexico.... 6296. V. solitarius plumbeus (Coues). Plumbeous Vireo. a'. Spurious primary always present and well developed, equal to or longer than tarsus, and broad, like other quills; wing more rounded. (Subgenus Vireo.) b^. Wing much longer than tail (the difference equal to or greater than length of bill from nostril), c*. Sides olivaceous or yellowish. d}. Median lower parts pure white or buffy white, in marked contrast with olive-greenish or yellowish of sides and flanks. e\ Wings blackish or dusky, the middle and greater coverts broadly and sharply tipped with white or pale sulphur- yellow. /'. Lores and orbital ring white ; cheeks and ear-coverts black or deep brownish gray, in marked contrast with pure white or bulfy white of throat. Adult male : Top and sides of head deep black, the lores and orbital ring pure white ; lower parts pure white, the sides and flanks olive-greenish, tinged with yellow ; upper parts olive-green, the wings and tail black, with pale olive-yellow edgings. Ad^dt female similar to male, but black of head usually duller, more slate-colored. Young in first autumn and winter : Top and sides of head dull grayish brown ; lores, orbital ring, and lower parts dull huffy white, or pale dull buffy, the sides brown-olive ; upper parts more brownish than in adult. Length 4.40-4.75, wing 2.15-2.30, tail 1.80-2.00. Nest 3-5 feet from ground, in bushes or small trees. Eggs usually 4, .72 X -51, plain white. Hab. Southern portion of Great Plains, north to Kansas; in winter, south into Mexico (Mazatlan, etc.) 630. V. atricapillus WooDH. Black-capped Vireo. /'. Lores and orbital ring yellow; cheeks and ear-coverts grayish, fading gradually into grayish white of throat. (Above olive-green, usually tinged, more or less, with ashy on hind-neck ; wings and tail dusky, with light olive-green edgings; chin, throat, and chest grayish white; belly and under tail-coverts pure white, the latter usually faintly tinged with sulphur-yellow ; sides and flanks sulphur-yellow, tinged with olive. VIREO. 475 Young : Above plain olive-gray, becoming more oliva- ceous posteriorly ; middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with pale buff, tertials broadly edged with yellowish white, secondaries narrowly edged with olive-yellowish, and px'imaries with pale grayish or grayish white; lower parts white, passing into very pale buflfy yellow on flanks and under tail-coverts; head-markings as in adult, but supraloral streak white, passing into pale yellowish over eye, and lores dull grayish.) g^. Smaller, and brighter colored, the supraloral streak, etc., deeper yellow, the sides and fl.anks bright sulphur-yellow ; length 4.50-5.00, wing 2.35-2.50, tail 1.90-2.10, culmen (from base) .55-.58, bill from nostril .27-.30, tarsus .72-78. Nest in bushes, in thickets or along borders of woods or swamps. Eggs .75 X -55. Hab. Eastern United States, west to Rocky Mountains; south, in winter, through eastern Mexico to Guatemala; resident in Bermudas.. 631. V. noveboracensis (Gmel.). White-eyed Vireo. g*. Larger and duller colored, the yellow everywhei'e paler, that on sides and flanks sometimes a mere tinge of pale sulphur-yellow; length about 5.00, wing 2.35-2.50, tail 2.10-2.20, culmen (from base) .60-.65, bill from nostril .32-.35, tarsus .78-.82. Hab. Key West, Florida. — . V. noveboracensis maynardi Brewst. Key West Vireo.* e^. Wings dull dusky grayish, the middle and greater coverts narrowly and not very sharply tipped with dull white. Top of head and hind-neck dull brownish gray, gradually changing to grayish olive-green on back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts; a rather indistinct loral streak and interrupted orbital ring, dull white ; cheeks and ear-coverts light brownish gray, fading gradually into dull white or buffy white of throat ; median lower parts white, the breast usually faintly tinged with sulphur-yellow; sides and flanks sulphur-yellow, tinged with olive ; under tail-coverts and under wing- coverts clear pale sulphur-yellow ; length 4.20-5.25, wing 2.05-2.30 (2.18), tall 1.80-1.95 (1.88), bill from nostril .28-.30 (.29), tarsus .70-.75 (.72). Nest in 1 Vireo novehoracensia maynardi Bbewst., MS. . 476 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ■«. ,>;.* bushes, in thickets. Eggs .68 X -48. Hah. Great Plains, and prairie districts of Mississippi Valley, north to Wyoming, Dakota, and Minnesota, east across Illinois; south, in winter, to southern Mexico. 633. V. bellii Aud. Bell's Vireo. iP. Median lower parts same color as sides and flanks, only (usually) paler, c'. Lores and orbital ring yellow. /'. Larger (wing 2.40, or more). (Length about 5.00, wing 2.40-2.60, exposed culraen .45-.52.) g^. Beneath dull whitish, tinged with olive-yellowish; above grayish olive, varying to dull olive-gray. Hab. Bahamas (New Providence, Abaco, Green Cay, Cat Island, and Eleuthera Island). V. crassirostris (Bryant). Large-billed Vireo.i J/'. Beneath deep sulphur-yellow or " King's yellow ;" above olive-green. Hab. Bahamas (Concepcion Island, Cat Island, Green Cay, Rum Cay, and Eleuthera Island). V. crassirostris flavescens Eidqw. Yellow Vireo.* /'. Smaller (wing not more than 2.25). In coloration intermediate between V. crassirostris and V. crassirostris flavescens; wing 2.10-2.25, tail 1.85-2.00, exposed culmen .40-.45. Hab. Southern Mexico, Honduras, and Guatemala; north to Yucatan and Mazatlan. V. ochraceus Salv. Ochraceous Vireo.^ €'. Lores and orbital ring dull whitish, the latter interrupted on upper eyelid. (Above plain olive or olive-grayish, becoming more decidedly olivaceous on rump, upper tail-coverts, and edges of secondaries and tail-feathers ; middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, producing two very conspicuous bands across wing; lower parts dull olive-whitish, the sides and flanks more decidedly, but never conspicuously, tinged with olive.) f\ Darker colored, with shorter wing and tail and, usually, stouter bill ; above decidedly olive, becoming more • Lanivireo era»»iro»tris Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. 18S9, 112. Vireo erai*iro$tri$ Baird, Review Am. B. i. 1866, .SBS, * New subspecies. Although occurring together with true V. cratsiro»trit on several islands, this form occurs exclusively on Rum Cay and Concepcion Island, while only the true V. crassiroatrit is found on Abaoo and New Providence. The separr^tic.i is based upon a very extensive collection (about 76 specimens), em- bracing large series from several of the islands above named. s Vireo oehraceui Salv., P. Z. S. 1863, 188. VIREO. 477 greenish posteriorly ; beneath decidedly tinged later- ally with olive-yellow; wing-bands narrow, tinged with olive-yellow ; length 4.25-4.75, wing 2.40-2.45 (2.43), tail 2.00-2.10 (2.06), bill from nostril .26-.29 (.28), tarsus .72-.76 (.75). Hab. California (resident). 632. V. huttoni Cass. Hatton's Vireo. /'. Paler and grayer, with longer wings and tail and (usually) more slender bill ; above olive-gray, tinged with olive-green posteriorly ; beneath very faintly tinged laterally with olive-yellowish ; wing-bands broader, pure white; length 4.90-5.20, wing 2.50-2.65 (2.58), tail 2.10-2.20 (2.16), bill from nostril .25-.30 (.28), tarsus .70-.75 (.72). Hab. Mexico, western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Lower California. 632a. V. huttoni Stephens! Brewst. Stephens's Vireo. c'. Sides (from ear-coverts to flanks, inclusive) light tawny. Above light brown, becoming more tawny on forehead, the sec- ondaries, primaries, and tail-feathers edged with pale olive; two bands across wing, and edges of tertials, white ; lores, orbits, and median lower parts white ; wing about 2.50, tail about 2.15. Hab. Island of Cozumel, Yucatan. V. bairdi Ridow. Baird's Vireo.^ 6'. Wing not much longer than tail (the difference less than length of exDOsed culmen). c'. Lower parts white 'usually more or less tinged with grayish or olive laterally). d}. "Wing less than 2.50, tail less than 2.25. e'. Middle wing-coverts not distinctly, if at all, tipped with white; bill from nostril less than .30. Above plain gray, more or less tinged with olive-green- ish posteriorly (sometimes on back also) ; greater wing- coverts (sometimes middle coverts also) narrowly, and not very distinctly or abruptly, tipped with white ; a rather indistinct supraloral streak and orbital ring grayish white, the lower portion of lores (from bill to eye) grayish or dusky; lower parts white, the sides and flanks tinged, more or less strongly, with olive- grayish and pale yellow ; length 4.80-5.25, wing 2.10- 2.30 (2.17), tail 2.03-2.20 (2.09), bill from nostril .25- .29 (.27), tarsus .70-.80 (.72). Nest in bushes, in thickets. Eggs .67 X -48. Hab. Southern and central I Virto bairdi RiDQW., Desor. New Bp. B. Coiumel, Feb. 26, 1886, 2 ; Proo. U. S. Nat. Mas. viii. 1886, 666. r,!^^ 478 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. California (north through Sacramento Valley), Lower California, and Arizona, 633a. V. bellii pusillus (Coues). Least Vireo.> d*. Middle wing-coverts distinctly tipped with white, like greater coverts ; bill from nostril more than .30. Colors as in V. pusillus, except as described above ; wing 2.20-2.30, tail 1.90-2.00, bill from nostril .33, exposed ciilmen .48, tarsus .78. Hub. West coast of Nicaragua and Costa Bica. V. pallens Salv. Pale Vireo.* d*. "Wing 2.50, or more, tail 2.40, or more. Colors as in V. pusillus, but lores entirely grayish white, and band across tips of greater wing-coverts less distinct (sometimes obsolete), the middle coverts never tipped with white; length about 5.60-5.75, wing 2.50-2.60, tail 2.40- 2.55, tarsus .70-.78. Nest in thorny bushes. Eggs .73 X .56. Hab. Southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, and northwestern Mexico. 634. V. vicinior Coues. Gray Vireo. c*. Lower parts yellow. rf'. Above dull grayish olive, the wings with two very narrow whitiso or pale yellowish bands; lores, orbital ring, and lower parts pale yellow, becoming distinctly olive-gray on sides; wing 2.15- 2.30, tail 2.20-2.30, tarsus .80-.90. Hab. Cuba. V. gundlachi Lkmb. Cuban Vireo. cP. Above bright yellowish olive-green ; wings without trace of light bands; superciliary stripe and lower parts bright yellow, the sides tinged with olive ; length about 5.50, wing 2.55-2.65, tail 2.40-2.60. Hab. Southwestern Mexico (Oaxaca to Tres Marias). V. hypochryseus ScL. Yellow Vireo.* Genus HYLOPHILUS Temminck.* Specie". (Page 469, pi. CXV., fig. 4.) Common Characters. — Above mostly or partly plain olive or olive-green, the head more or less different in color from other portions ; beneath plain light olive or olive-greenish, the throat (in one species whole of median lower parts) dull whitish. ' Unquestionably a good species, which should stand os V. pnailliit Codes. In a series of 22 specimens at this moment before me, including 11 from Arizona (embracing several so-called " intermediate" examples), there is not the slightest suggestion of intergradation with V. bellii. « Vireo pallen» Salv., P. Z. S. 186.3, 188. ' Vireo gundlachi Lgmdete, Aves de la Cuba, 1850, 29, pi. 6, fig. 1. « Vireo hypoehryteut ScL., P. Z. S. 1862, .'JOO, pi. 46. > Hylophilut Temm., pi. Col. iii. Livr. 29, 1823, text, and pi. 173, fig. 1. Type, H. thoraeieut Tbkm. CERTHIOLA. 479 a}. Top of head and hind-neck ash-gray ; rest of upper parts uniform olive-green ; lower parts dull whitish, the sides and flaiiics olive-green, and under tail- coverts palo yellow; length (skins) about 3.75-4.00, wing 2.00-2.20, tail 1.55- 1.70. Hab. Eastern Mexico and Guatemala, north to southern Texas (?). H. decurtatus (Bonap.). Short-winged Hylophilu8.> a}. Top of head tawny, brighter or more ochraceous on forehead ; rest of upper parts olive-tawny, mixed with olive on rump, the tail deep tawny brown ; chin and throat light grayish ; rest of lower parts palo yellowish olive, sometimes tinged Avith tawny on breast ; length (skins) about 4.00, wing 2.15-2.25, tail 1.80-1.90. Hab. Southern Mexico (Oaxaca, etc; and south to Costa Bica. H. ochraceiceps Scl. Ocbraceous-fronted Hylopbilus.' Family CCEREBID^.— The Honey Creepers. (Page 322.) Genera. (Characters same as those given for the Family)... Certhiola. (Pago 479.) Genus CERTHIOLA Sundevall. (Page 479, pi. CXIV., fig. 7.) Species. Common Characters. — Adults : Above plain dusky, or brownish slate, with top of head black, the rump always yellow or yellowish olive ; a more or less extensive white spot at base of longer quills ; ear-coverts blackish, like top of head, but sep- arated from the latter by a conspicuous superciliary stripe of white ; chin, throat, and malar region (sometimes chest also) uniform white, grayish white, or gray; breast (sometimes also belly and sides) bright yellow ; outer tail-feathers more or less broadly tipped with white. Young : Above (including top of head) dull olive- brownish or dull brownish gray, the wings and tail marked with white as in adult; superciliary stripe indistinct (sometimes obsolete); lower parts dull whitish, strongly tinged on breast, etc., with pale yellow (sometimes entirely dull yellowish). JVest in bushes or small trees, oven shaped, with entrance in one side, composed exteriorly of dried grass-stems, etc., lined with softer materials. Eggs 2-4, white or buffy white, finely speckled or sprinkled, chiefly on or round larger end, with umber- brown. a'. Adults with chin, throat, cheeks, and upper part of chest white, or grayish white ; back, scapulai's, etc., very dark sooty slate, or blackish, not distinctly, if at all, difPerent from top of head ; rump yellow. Young with chin and throat dull whitish, and upper parts dull brownish gray. 1 Sylvia decurtata Bonap., P. Z. 8. 1837, 118. Hylnphilus decnrtatui Baihd, Review, i. 1866, 380. li'nai brevipennii GiRAUD, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1850, 40. " Mezioo and Texas.") » Hylophilui ochraceioepi ScL., P. Z. S. 1859, 375. {He. 480 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. f,1 ; ^ 4 6'. Black loral streak narrower than the white above it ; cheeks white almost up to the eye ; white of throat extended over almost whole of chest, and yellow of breast not extended over flanks, which are pale grayish, sometimes faintly tinged with yellow ; rump usually pure gamboge-yel- low ; lower tail-coverts and anal region pure white ; length about 4.25- 4.75, wing 2.30-2.65, tail 1.65-1.95, exposed culmen .55-.65, tarsus .75-.80. Eggs .67 X -50. Hab. Bahamas, Florida Keys, and portions of adjacent coast of southern Floi'ida, north to Charlotte Harbor. 635. C. bahamensis Eeich. Bahama Honey Creeper. 6'. Black loral streak as wide as or wider than white above it, and continued backward broadly beneath eye ; white of throat extended over only upper part of chest; yellow of breast continued backward over flanks, and even tingeing anal region and lower tail-coverts ; yellow of rump usually perceptibly tinged with olive, and upper pai'ts in general aver- aging somewhat dfuker ; dimensions essentially the same as in C. halia- mensis. Hab. Cozumel Island, coast of Yucatan. C. caboti Baikd. Cozumel Honey Creeper.^ a*. Adult with chin, throat, and malar region deep ash-gray ; back, scapulars, etc., dull grayish olive or smoky slate, in marked contrast with black of top of head ; rump yellowish olive. Young : Chin, throat, etc., dull light grayish yellow, scarcely different from color of other lower parts ; upper parts dull smoky olive. White spot at base of quills much reduced in size ; rump yellowish olive- green, or olive-yellow ; entire lower parts posterior to throat oil-yellow, becoming paler and much duller on flanks and under tail-coverts ; length (skins) about 3.60-3.75, wing 2.05-2.30, tail 1.35-1.55. Hab. Middle America, from eastern Mexico to Chiriqui. C. mexicana Scl. Mexican Honey Creeper.* Family MNIOTILTIDiE.— The Wood Warblers. (Page 322.) *"^ Genera. Gape with very small bristles, or none. b^. Hind-toe, with claw, as long as naked portion of tarsus in front ; claw of middle toe on the same line, vertically, with the toe. Plumage striped with black and white, the latter prevailing on lower parts Mniotilta. (Page 483.) 6'. Hind-toe, with claw, much shorter than naked portion of tarsus, in front ; claw of middle toe (looking from above) set obliquely to the axis of the toe. c'. Middle toe, with claw, as long as or longer than tarsus, in front, the wing without white bands or other markings. 1 Certhiola caboti " Dxinn, MS." FiNscn, Verb, der K. K. Zool.-bot. QeielUob. Wien, 1871, 700. * Certhiola mexicana Sol., P. Z. S. 1860, 286. MNIOTILTID^. 481 (f. Inner webs of tail-feathers chiafly white; prevailing color yellow, the wings and tail bluish gray, back olive-green, and under tail- coverts white Protonotaria. (Pago 484.) d^. Inner webs of tail-feathers without white ; color plain brownish or olive above (the head sometimes striped), whitish or buffy beneath, e^. Bill very much compressed ; culmen straight, with basal por- tion elevated into a distinct narrow lidge ; top of head plain brown (sometimes with an indistinct paler spot in middle of crown) Helinaia. (Page 484.) e*. Bill very slightly compressed ; culmen gently curved, its base not compressed nor elevated ; top of head with two black stripes separated by a broader one of buff. Helmitherus. (Page 485.) Middle too, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus in front, or elso wing with two white bands.* d}. Gape without obvious bristles; bill very acute, usually without notch, and with straight outlines, very rarely slightly decurved at tip. e*. Difference between length of wing and tail equal to or greater than length of tarsus in front. Helminthophila. (Page 485.) c'. Difference between length of wing and tail decidedly less than length of tarsus in front Oreothlypis.* rf'. Gape with distinct bristles ; bill variable, but rarely as above. e*. Bill elongate-conical, with straight outlines, and without dis- tinct (if any) notch ; wing not more than 2.30. Above bluish or grayish, with triangular patch of olive- green on back ; wings usually with two white bands, and inner webs of outer tail-feathers with white spots; under parts with at least anterior half yellow. Compsothlypis. (Page 490.) e'. Bill variable, but always with decidedly curved outlines, and usually with distinct notch ; wing not less than 2.30 (usu- ally more than 2.50). • The exception is Dendroica dnminicn (Linn.). * Oreothlj/pie RiDOW., Aulc, I. April, 1884, 169. Type, Cnmpinthlypii gutlnralii Cab. Tlie type of this genus is slato-gray or plumbeous above, with a triangular patch of black on the back j chin, throat, and breast intense cadmium -orange; sides and flanks plumbeous, middle line of belly white. A Mexican species, which probably occurs within our borders, in western Texas or New Mexico, is very different from the type in coloration. The head and nock (except beneath) are plumbeous-gray, relieved by a broad white superciliary stripe ; back and rump bright olive-greon ; wings and tail plumbeoui-gray ; chin, throat, and breast yellow, the chest with a chestnut spot ; posterior lower parts white, the flanks tinged with gray. This is 0. tupereiliotc; { Gontroitrum luptreilioium IIartl., Rev. Zool. 1844, 216). In both species the sexes are essentially alike In ooicr.ition. 61 482 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ii ■■■' .y t if /*. Bill slender, its greatest depth less than half the distance fi'om nostril to tip, or elso^ width at base much greater than its depth, and tarsus with whole of outer side very distinctly scutellate. g^. Tail even or emarginato, usually very much shorter than wing (the difference usually exceeding length of tarsus)' Dendroica. (Page 492.) g^. Tail more or less rounded or graduated (or else with basal two-thirds hidden by coverts), never very much shorter than wing (sometimes longer), the difference never exceeding length of tarsus. I}. Lower parts whitish, conspicuously streaked with grayish brown or dusky, above plain brown or dusky, the head sometimes striped. Seiurus. (Pago 518.) A". Lower parts j-ellow or buffy, sometimes ashy, or mixed ashy and black, anteriorly ; above plain olive, olive-green, or grayish. i}. Bill straight ; above olive or olive-green, the head sometimes grayish. Geothlypis. (Page 520.) t*. Bill decidedly curved ; above gray (the head yellowish olive-green in one species). Teretistris} p. Bill stout but much compressed, its greatest depth not less than half its length from nostril to tip ; width at base not greater than depth ; outer side of tarsus smooth or " booted" for upper half, at least. . g^. Wing 2.90, or more ; above, including tail, olive or olive-green ; beneath yellow for anterior, white for posterior, half; no white on tail-feathci\s. Icteria. (Pago 526.) g*. Wing less than 2.75 ; above plumbeous, the tail black, with much white on outer feathers ; beneath red and white in males, whitish or buffy, tinged with red, in females Granatellus.* ' Tho single exception is " Oeothli/pis" poliocephala BAinn. ' Notable exceptions to tho Inst character are D. dominirn (Linn.) and D, palmarum (Qhgl.), one or both of which should in strictness bo removed from Dendroica, ' Teretintrin CAB., J. f. 0. ill. 1865, 475. Type, Anabatea /ernandinK Lehb. (Only two species known, both peculiar to Cuba.) * Oranatellui " Du Bits, Esq. Orn. (1850?) sub tab. 24." Type, O. venuitnt Du Bns. Four very beautiful species of this genus occur in Mexico, as follows : (t) 0. venuiitii* Dn Bns, in Colima, Tehuantopeo, eto. ; (2) O./rnni^enrm BAino, from Trea Marias; (.1) O. srilliri (Bonap.), from Cordova, etc. ; and (4) 0. boueardi RiDow., from Yucatan. A fifth spocios, O, pelzelni Scl., is found in tho Amacon Valley. MNIOTILTA. 483 a'. Gape with very distinct oinstles. ¥. Top of bead without distinct sti'ipes or yellow crown-patch. &. Lower parts yellow (throat sometimes black) ; tail not longer than wing, nearly even.. Sylvania. (Page 527.) c}. Lower parts without yellow (except in Central and South American species of Setophaga). d}. Bill broad and much depressed at base (as in certain Flycatchers) ; tail parti-colored, decidedly rounded, usually longer than wing. Plumage with more or less of red and black (except in female and young of S. ruticilla) Setophaga. (Page 529.) d}. Bill smallei', narrow and deep at base (as in some Titmice) ; tail unicolored, slightly emarginated, about as long as wing, or a little shorter, e*. Gi'ay above, with white rump and black crown ; face and throat red, rest of lower parts whitish. Cardellina. (Page 530.) e'. Prevailing color red, with white ear-coverts, or else with whitish tips to feathers of head and neck. Ergaticus. (Page 531.) 6'. Top of head distinctly striped, or else with a yellow crown-patch. (LowtJ parts at least partly yellow.) c^ No white on tail ; a black stripe on each side of crown, enclosing a broader one of light olive, ochraceous-orange, or chestnut ; wing and tail less than 2.50 Basileuterus. (Pago 531.) c'. Tail-feathers (except middle pair) tipped with a white spot; top of head black, with a yellow crown-patch ; wings and tail about 3.00. Euthhjpis} Genus MNIOTILTA Vieillot. (Pago 480, pi. CXV., fig. 7.) Species. Plumage black striped with white above, beneath white with black streaks; wing with two white bands, and tAvo outer tail-feathers with white spot near end of inner webs. Adult male : Throat thickly streaked with black, the latter some- times nearly uniform. Yoking male : Throat pure white, without streaks ; other- wise like adult. Adult female: Similar to young male, l>ut coloi's duller, the black less intense, and white of lower parts tinged with brownish, especially along sides. Nestling : Similar to adult female, but colors much duller and loss sharply defined, the head-stripes dull grayish instead of black, and the white parts tinged with fulvous. Length 4.55-5.50, wing 2.60-2.90, tail 1.95-2.25. Nest embedded in » Eirthh/pfn CAn., Mug. Rein. 1. 1850, 18. Type, E. tnchn/mosn Cab. The siaglo sjiocios of tliis gonna Is 5..')fl-B.00 long (wing nnd tail eiich about ^M) ; upper parts, except as described nbove, dnrk slate-color ; lower parts yellow, dceponing into tawny ochrnceous on cho. t, the lower tail- coverts whitish ; a white spot on lores, and a smaller white spot on each eyelid. It occurs as far north as Cordova and Mazatlan, perhaps farther. ■VI 'm 484 NORTH AMERICAN BTRDS. ra !^»* ^'^m ground in woods. Eggs 3-5, .67 X -57, creamy white, thickly speckled, chieflj- on larger end, with reddish brown. Hab. Eastern North America (north to Fort Simpson, Hudson's Bay, etc.) in summer ; Gulf States, West Indies, Middle Amer- ica, and northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela) in winter. 636. M. varia (Linn.). Black and White Warbler.' Genus PROTONOTARIA Baird. (Page 481, pi. CXV., fig. 8.) Species. Head and lower parts, except lower tail-coverts, yellow ; lower tail-coverts, lining of wing, and inner webs of tail-feathers, white ; back, scapulars, rump, and sometimes top of head, olive-green ; wings plain bluish gray or plumbeous. Adult male : Head, neck, and lower parts (except tail-coverts) intense cadmium-yellow, sometimes tinted with orange, the top of the head sometimes olive-greenish. Adult female : Similar to the duller-colored males, but yellow appreciably less pure, the top of the head always olive-greenish, and gray of wings and tail less bluish ; size somewhat less. Nestling: Head, neck, chest, fore-part of sides, and back olive, lighter on lower parts; no yellow beneath, except after moul*^ has commenced; otherwise much like adult female. Length about 5.00-5.50, wing 2.90-3.00, tail 2.25. Nest of mosses, built in deserted woodpeckers' holes or other cavities in trees or stumps standing in or near water. Eggs 3-7, .68 X -55, glossy white, creamy white, or creamy buff, thickly spotted with rich madder-brown and pur- plish gray. Hab. Willow swamps and borders of ponds and sti-eams, in bottom- lands of the Mississippi Valley and Gulf States, north regularlj^ to Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, etc., but rare or casual on the Atlantic coast north of Georgia ; in winter, Cuba, Central America, and northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela). 637. P. citrea (Bodd.). Prothonotary Warbler. Genus HELINAIA Audubon. (Page 481, pi. CXVI., fig. 1.) Species. Adult: Above plain olivo-brownish, more reddish bi-own on top of head and nape, sometimes on wings and tail also ; lower parts whitish, more or less tinged with j'cllowish, the sides more olivaceous; a dusky loral streak, continued behind the eye, bordered above by a distinct superciliary stripe of brownish white ; foro- • Two geographical racoa have been reoognizecl, thoir principal characters consisting chiefly of diCTcrenoes in proportions, as follows : Atlantie coast and West Indian ipeoimens.— Af«;e .• Wing 2.72-2.88 (2.78), tail 1.92-2.20 (2.07), culmen .45-.50 (.48), bill from nostril .32-.40 (..37), tarsus .60-.68 (.65), middle toe .60-.58 (.54). Female : 2.70, 2.00- 2,05 (2.02), .45-.48 (.40), .36-..18 (.37), .68-.r0 (.69), .60. (True M. varia.) Hiaiissippi Valley and Hiddle Amerioan •peoimeni.— Afafe ; Wing 2.70-2.00 (2.80), tail 2.00-2.24 (2.09), culmen .40-.4S (.44), bill from nostril .30-.38 (.32), tarsus .62-.65 (.63), middle toe .49-,58 (.62). Female : 2.60-2.76 (2.65), 1.92-2.00 (1.96), .40-.46 (.42), .32, .66, .60-.56 (.63). (M. varia borealii Nutt. ? Mniotilta bore .lit Nutt., Man. 1. b. 2d od. 1840, 706.) Furthor examination of extensive material is necessary to decide the question of whether the distinction can bo maintained. HELMITHERVS. 485 head usually with a more or less distinct median streak of pale yellowish or whitish ; bill light brownish ; iris brown ; legs and feet flesh-color. Nestling : General color unifoi^m dull cinnamon-brown, including head, neck, and lower parts, except belly, which is dirty white ; wings (except coverts) and tail essentially as in adult. Length 5.15-6.50, wing 1.85-2.13, tail 1.85-2.17, culmen .65-.74, tarsus .C5-.75. Nest bulky and loosely constructed, of dry leaves, fine grasses, etc., placed usually 4-8 feet up in cane (Arundinaria) stalks, near or over water. Eggs 1-3, .75 X .53, white, usually plain, but sometimes speckled or spotted with lilac or palo brown, Hab. Gulf States, from South Carolina and Florida to eastern Texas (Navarro County), and lower Mississippi Valley north to the lower Wabash (Knox County, Indiana) ; Jamaica in winter. 638. H. swainsonii Aud. Swainson's Warbler. Genis HELMITHERUS Rafinesque. (Pago 481, pi. CXVI., fig. 2.) Species. Adult: Head, neck, and lower parts buff, the first with two broad black stripes on the pileum and a narrower black postocular streak; upper parts plain olive- green ; upper mandible dark brown, lower paler ; iris dark bi'own ; legs and feet palo brownish flesh-color. Nestling : Head, neck, and lower parts deep buff, the black head-stripes of the adult indicated by indistinct stripes of dull brown ; back, scapulars, rump, and wing-coverts dull light brown, tinged with cinnamon, the greater coverts tipped with buff. Length about 5.00-5.75, wing 2.65-2.90, tail 1.90-2.20, culmen .60-.65, tarsus .70 ; female averaging slightly smaller. Nest em- bedded in ground, among dead leaves, ferns, etc. Eggs 2-5, .68 X -52, creamy white, or pinkish white, finely speckled, chiefly on or round larger end, with reddish brown. Hab. Eastern United States, north to Connecticut Valley, Great Lakes, etc., but chiefly south of 40° ; south, in winter, to Cuba, Jamaica, Yucatan, and through Central America to Panama.. 639. H. vertnivorus (Gmel.). Worm-eating Warbler. Genus HELMINTHOPHILA Eidqway. (Pago 481, pi. CXVI., fig. 5.) Species. Common Characters. — Length about 3.95-5.25. Nest on or very close to ground, in woods or thickets, composed of fine grasses, rootlets, etc., deeply cup- shaped, open above (in H. lucire in holes or behind bark of trees, stumps, etc.). Eggs 3-5, white, speckled, more or less, with brown. rt'. Middle and greater wing-coverts tipped, more or less broadly, with yellow or white. (A black or duskj' streak from bill to eye ; inner webs of three outer tail-feathers extensively white ; forehead yellow.) t'. Throat and car-coverts black in adult males, deep gray or dusky olive in females. c'. Cheeks and median lower parts white, or only slightly tinged with yellow, the sides and flanks ash-gray; back, scapulars, and rump ash-gray (sometimes tinged with olive-green) ; wing-bands yellow, 486 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. '^ usually nearly confluent, producing a nearly continuous patch ; adult female with throat and ear-covorts deep gray. Eggs .64 X -53, white, finely— usually sparsely and rather minutely— speckled with brown, chiefly on or round larger end. Hab. Eastern United States and British Provinces, breeding from about 40° northward; winter- ing in Cuba, eastern Mexico, Central America, and Colombia. 642. H. chrysoptera (Linn.). Golden-winged Warbler. c». Cheeks and lower parts pure gamboge-yellow, the sides tinged with olive ; back, scapulars, and rump bright olive-green ; wing-bands (usually, at least) white, narrower and more widely separated; adult female with throat and cheeks dusky olive-greenish, Hab. Northeastern United States (New Jersey, etc.). — . H. lawrencei Herrick. Lawrence's Warbler.' 6*. Throat entirely pure yellow or white, in both sexes; ear-coverts olive-green or light ash-gray for upper half, pure yellow or white for lower half; a narrow black streak behind ej-e. c'. Hind-neck, back, scapulars, and rump bright olivo-grsen ; lower parts (including sides of head, except as described) pure gamboge-yellow, the sides and flanks tinged with olive-green; wing-bands usually white, extremely variable as to width (sometimes nearly confluent, more rarely almost obsolete). Eggs .60 X -48, white, finely — usually minutely and rather sparsel}'- speckled with brown and black, chiefly on or round larger end. Hab. Eastern United States, north to Connecticut Valley, southern New York, the Great Lakes, and Minnesota (but chiefly west of Alleghanies, except north of 40°) ; south, in winter, to eastern Mexico and Guatemala. 641. H. pinus (Linn.). Blue-winged Warbler. c'. Ilind-neck, back, scapulars, and rump ash-gray ; lower pai'ts, including sides of head, upward nearly to eye, pure white, usually tinged on breast (sometimes on chin also) with yellow, the sides and flanks tinged with ash-gray; wing-bands either yellow or white, broad or narrow. Hab. Eastern United States (Virginia, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, etc.). — . H. leucobronchialis Brkvvst. Brewster's Warbler.* 1 Doubtless either a lij'brid of //. chrysoptera and H, pinug, or else a yellow dichromatic phase of the formnr. The latter supposition scorns, in the light of recently studied material, to bo the more probable solu- tion of tho case. ' This puzzling bird apparently bears tho same relation to IT. pinna that //. lawrencei does to H. chryanp- tera. In a Inrgo series of spocimons, every possible intermediate condition of plumage between typical //. pinua and H. leucnbritnchialia is soon, just as is the case with H. ehryanpicra and IT. Inirrencei. If we assume, therefore, that these four forms represent merely t'vo dichroio species, in one of which {H. pinus) the xun- thochroio (yellow) phase and in the other (//. chryaoptera) tho leuoochroio (white) phase represents tho normal plumage, — and admitting that these two species, in their various conditions, hybridize (which seems to be an incontrovertible fact), — we have an easy and altogether plausible explanation of tho origin of the almost interminably variable series of specimens which have found their way into tho " waste-basket" labelled "B. leucobronchialis," dH HELJtlNTHOPHILA. 487 V^arbler.' L'green half; a a*. Wings plain olive-green or gray. 6'. Inner webs of three outer tail-feathers marked with a large white spot, extending to the shaft. Adult male : Forehead and lower parts yellow ; a largo patch of black covering lower throaty chest, and upper breast j band across an- terior part of crown black ; rest of crown, with occiput, rather dull ash-gray ; ne#t of upper parts, including ear-coverts, uniform olive-green ; anterior half of lesser wing-covert region lomon-yel- low ; quills dusky, edged with light ash-gray. Adult female : With- out black on crown, and that of throat and chest replaced by dusky olive; otherwise much like male. Length about 3.95-4.50, wing 2.40, tail 1.95. (Bi!l more acute and decurved at tip than in other HelminthophU^.) Ne^it said to be placed " in low trees." Eggs (re- puted) 4, about .74 X -60, dull white, heavily wreathed round larger end with dark brown. {H. B. Bailey, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii. 1883, p. 38.) Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf States, from South Cai'olina (near Charleston) to Louisiana ; western Cuba in winter. 641). H. bachmani (Aud.). Bachman's Warbler. 6*. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers without white spot (if with broad white edging, this not extending nearly to shaft), c*. Upper tail-coverts olive-green ; wing 2.40, or more. d^. Lores and part of ear-coverts black. Adult male : Above olive-green ; lower parts (including under tail-coverts), smborbital spot, and forehead pure gamboge- yellow; length 4.75, wing 2.55, tail 2,00, exposed culmen .55, tarsus .75. Hah. Vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio. — . H. cincinnatiensis (Lanqd.). Cincinnati Warbler.' d^. Lores and ear-coverts without any black. e\ Under taii-covcrts and axillars pure white ; no rufous or chest- nut on crown, in any stage ; first quill equal to or longer than fourth (nsually longer, and sometimes longest). Advlt male in spring : Top of head and hind-neck pure ash-gray ; rest of upper parts plain olive-green ; quills dusky, edged with light ash-gray ; sides of head whitiit'h, relieved by a gray postocular streak, or mostly ash-gray, relieved by a superciliary streak and lem distinct suborbital space of white; lower parts white, the sides and flanks tinged with ash-gray (most strongly on sides of breast). Adult female in spring : Similar to male, but gray of head and neck UAually more or less tinged with olive-green, and whito • nelminthophaga cinctrinafieneif hufsws, Joar. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist. July, 1880, 119, 120, pi. 4. There are strong grounds for Mlvriag th'u Mnl t.i bo a hybrid between H, pinua and Oporomii /ormoaa, (See on this point Bull. Nutt. Om. Clab, r. UA«, f. 237.) 488 ..r t- NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. of lower parts usually more or less stained with pale olive-yellowish, especially on sides. Young in first autumn : Upper parts entirely olive-green ; lower parts (except under tail-coverts) strongly tinged with olive- yellow (chin, throat, chest, and sides sometimes uni- form pale olive-yellow or greenish sulphur-yellow). Hab. Northern North America, east of Eocky Moun- tains, breeding from Maine, northern New York, etc., to Fort Simpson and Hudson's Bay; migrating through eastern United States, chiefly west of Alle- ghanies (west to Eocky Mountains), south through eastern Mexico and Central America to Colombia. 647. H. peregrina (Wils.). Tennessee Warbler. Under tail-coverts yellow ; axillars yellow (except in H. vir- ginice) ; adult male (sometimes female also) with a con- cealed patch of orange-rufous or chestnut on crown ; first quill shorter than fourth. p. Axillars and under wing-coverts yellow; upper parts olive-green (the head and neck sometimes ashy) ; lower parts chiefly yellowish. g^. No distinct orbital ring; lower tail-coverts pale, rather greenish, or olivaceous, yellow, the longer ones with a concealed grayish central streak ; rest of lower parts pale yellow, more or less tinged or indistinctly streaked with olivaceous or olive-grayish ; crown-patch, when present, orange-rufous. A*. Above dull olive-green, sometimes tinged with graj'', especially on head ; lower parts pale yellow (becoming white on anal region), the darker indistinct streaks grayish; length 4.60-5.30, wing 2.31-2.52 (2.41), tail 1.92-2.10 (1.98). Eggs .63 X -49, white, or creamy white, finely speckled, chiefly on larger end, with reddish brown. Hab. Northern North America, breeding from Eocky Mountains to coast of Alaska (north of the peninsula) and Mackenzie Eiver district; migrating south through Mississippi Valley (more sparingly east of AUeghanies) to south Atlantic and Gulf States and eastern Mexico 646. H. celata (Sat). Orange-orowned Warbler. A*. Above bright olive-green, beneath bright green- ish yellow (nearly pure gamboge-yellow along median line), the darker indistinct streaks I EELMINTHOPHILA. 489 first olive-greenish; length about 4.70-5.00, wing 2.22-2.44 (2.38), tail 1.82-2.00 (1.95). E,jgs .63 X -49, colored like those of 11. cclata. Hab. tucific coast, breeding from coast ranges of southern California to Kadiak; south, in winter, to Lower California and western Mexico, and eastward during mi- grations to Colorado, Arizona, etc. 646a. H. celata lutescens Bidqw. Lntescent Warbler. A distinct white, or yellowish white, orbital ring; lower tail-coverts pure (though sometimes rather pale) gamboge-yellow, without concealed grayish streaks ; rest of lower parts pure gamboge-yellow in adults (females with belly and flanks whitish), paler and duller yellow (deepest on breast), but without indication of streaks, in immature speci- mens ; crown-patch, when present, chestnut. h}. Less brightly colored, the rump and upper tail- coverts less yellowish olive-green, and lower parts less intense yellow; wings and tail shorter. Young : Plain greenish olive above (duller anteriorly), the middle and greater wing-coverts distinctly tipped with pale olive- buffy ; anterior and lateral lower parts plain light olive, the belly and lower tail-coverts pale buffy yellow. Length about 4.20-5.00, wing (male) 2.30-2.45 (2.37), tail 1.85-1.90 (1.87). Eggs .61 X -47, colored like those of H. celata. Hab. Eastern iNorth America, breeding from northern United States north to Hudson's Bay and interior of British America; accidental in Greenland; in winter, south to eastern Mexico and Guatemala. 645. H. ruficapilla (Wils.). Nashville Warbler. h*. More brightly colored, the rump and upper tail- coverts more yellowish olive-green, the lower parts richer gamboge-yellow ; wings and tail longer; length about 4.75, wing (male) 2.40- 2.55 (2.47), tail 1.90-2.00 (1.97). Hab. Western United States, from Rocky Mountains to Pa- cific coast; in winter, south to western Mexico. 645a. H. ruficapilla gutturalis Bidqw. Calaveras Warbler. 62 < , 1 b.r, 490 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. p. Axillars and under wing-coverts pure white (tinged with buff in young) ; upper parts ash-gray, changing to yellowish olive-green on rump and upper tail-coverts ; lower parts chiefly white, the under tail-coverts and patch on chest (sometimes extended over throat) pure gamboge-yellow. Crown-patch (wanting in immature birds and some adult females) chestnut. Adult female with yellow of chest, etc., paler (and usually more restricted) than in male, and chestnut crown-patch usually less distinct (sometimes wanting). Young : Some- what like adult female, but browner, the lower parts tinged with buffy, the wing-coverts tipped with pale grayish buff, yellow of chest wanting, and no chestnut on crown. Length 4.75-5.00, wing about 2.30-2.50, tail 1.90-2.00. Eggs .61 X .47, creamy Avlnte, finely and rather densely speckled round larger end with chestnut and purplish gray. Hab. Mountain districts of west- ern United States (except Pacific coast), north to Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada; south through centi'al Mexico to Guanajuato. 644. H. virginise (Baird). Virginia's Warbler. (?. Upper tail-coverts chestnut (pale tawny in young) j wing not more than 2.30. Adult (sexes alike) : Above ash-gray, the rump and upper tail- coverts and patch on crown (except sometimes in female) chestnut ; orbital ring and lower parts white or buffy white. Young : Essentially like adult, but no chestnut on crown, the rump and upper tail-coverts pale tawny, and wing-coverts tipped with buffy. Length 4.00-4.65, wing about 2.20-2.30, tail 1.70- 1.90. Nest in holes or behind bark of trees, stumps, etc. Eggs 3-4, .57 X -^-t, white or creamy white, finely speckled, usually in dense ring round larger end, with reddish brown. Hab. VojUeys of lower Colorado and Gila Rivers, in Arizona and southeastern California, and south into Sonora. 643. H. luciae (Coop.). Lucy's Warbler. Genus COMPSOTHLYPIS Cabanis. (Page 481, pi. CXVI., fig. 3.) Species. Common Characters. — Above gray, bluish gray, or grayish blue, the back with a triangular patch of olive-green ; wings usually with two white bands ; inner webs of outer tail-feathers marked with a white spot (except sometimes in C. insu- ^vs. ' i mi*mmt COMPSOTIILYPIS. 491 laris) ; lower parts yellow, for anterior half at least, the color usually deepening on chest into orange-bx'ownish. {Females and immature males of certain species with whole upper parts tinged, more or less, with olive-green, and yellow of lower parts paler.) usually yome- lower a}. Eyelids white ; yellow of lower parts not extending farther back than breast, the sides and flanks white, tinged with bluish gray and rusty brown. Adult male: Above bluish gray (more blue on head), the back bright olive-green; wing with two broad white bands; chin, throat, and breast yellow; chest more or less tinged with orange-brown, this often bor- dered anteriorly by a blackish band across lower throat ; rest of lower parts white, the sides tinged with bluish gray and reddish brown. Adult female : Similar to the male, but paler, all the colors less pro- nounced. Young in first autumn : Upper parts in general tinged with olive-green ; yellow of lower parts paler. Young : Yellow of lower parts replaced by light grayish, the chin tinged with yellow ; above dull grayish, more olive on back, the wings and tail much as in adult female, but duller grayish. Length 4.12-4.95, wing about 2.20-2.40, tail 1.60-1.85. Nest placed within hanging tufts of lichens or " beard- mosses," or bunches of dead leaves and other rubbish caught on hang- ing branchlets during freshets. Eggs 3-5, .64 X -46, white, or creamy white, thickly speckled with reddish brown, chiefly round larger end. Hab. Eastern United States and Canada, breeding throughout ; in win- ter, southern Florida, more northern West Indies, eastern Mexico, and Guatemala 648. C. americana (Linn.). Parula Warbler. a*. Eyelids dusky; yellow of lower parts extending back over sides and upper part of belly (sometimes over whole surface except under tail-coverts). b^. Belly chiefly, or entirely, white ; wing with two broad white bands. cK White spot on inner web of outer tail-feather extending quite to shaft, for greater part of its extenl, in adult male, and very nearly to shaft in female. Adult male: Above bluish gray, or plumbeous, relieved by olive- gi'een patch on back and two broad white wing-bands ; lores deep black ; chin, throat, chest, breast, and sides gamboge-yel- low, deepening into a more saffron tint on chest ; rest of lower parts white, the flanks usually tinged with brown. Adidt fe- male : Much duller than male, the upper parts tinged with olive-green, lores dull grayish dusky, yellow of lower parts paler and duller, etc. Length 4.25-4.75, wing 2.00-2.20, tail 1.58-1.75. Hab. Lo*ver Rio Grande Valley in Texas (and, doubtless, adjacent portions of Mexico). 649. C. nigrilora (Coues). Bennett's Warbler, c*. White spot on inner web of outer tail-feather scarcely if at all touching shaft in adult male, and nearly obsolete in female, (f . Otherwise similar in color to C. nigrilora, but rather less bluish 492 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. gray above, the lores less deeply black in male and more de- cidedly grayish in female; wing 2.15-2.30, tail 1.90-2.00. Ilab. Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico. C. insularis (Lawr.). Tres Marias Parula.* d\ Above dull slate-gray (tinged with olive in females), the back dull olive-green ; lores dull grayish ; white wing-bands much nar- rower (nearly obsolete in some females) ; yellow and white of lower parts both much duller; white spots on inner webs of outer tail-feathers reduced to a mere edging (except in a few males, in which the white oblique spot is much smaller than in G. insularis) ; wing 2.10-2.20, tail 1.90-2.00. Hab. Socorro Island, off coast of northwestern Mexico. C. graysoni Ridgw. Socorro Warbler.* i'. Belly wholly yellow; wing without white bands, or with mere indications of them. Adult (sexes apparently alike in color") : Above dark grayish blue (almost indigo on top of head) ; lores deep black ; lower parts, except under tail-coverts, rich gamboge-yellow, deepening into rich saffron (some- times rufous-orange) on chest; wing about 2.00-2.15, tail 1.60-1.75. Hab. Guatemala to Peru. C. inornata Baird. Central American Parula.' Genus DENDROICA Gray. (Page 482, pi. CXVI., figs. 4, 6, 7 ; pi. CXVII., figs. 1, 2.) Species and Subspecies. Bill very acute, the tip very appreciably decurved ; tongue with the terminal half having the edges folded over upon the upper surface, the terminal por- tion deeply cleft and fringed. (Subgenus Perissoglossa Baird.) 6*. Inner webs of exterior tail-feathers with large white patch. Adult male : Top of head blackish ; sides of head and neck, rump, and lower parts gamboge-yellow, becoming much paler (sometimes white) on under tail- coverts; ear-coverts chestnut or rusty, and throat sometimes tinged with same ; a black line from bill to eye, continued behind the latter ; 1 Parula insularis Lawr., Ann. Lyo. N. Y. x. Feb. 1871, 4. Gompaothlypis insularis Stejn., Auk, i. Apr. 1884, 170. * New species. Although Mr. Lawrence mentioned both Tres Marios and Socorro specimens in his original description of Parula insularis, his description and measurements were taken from a specimen from the former locality, which may, therefore, be considered the typo. With the same material before me as that which Mr. Lawrence examined, I am able to appreciate readily the differences of plumage which ho pbints out as dis- tinguishing the birds from Socorro. In fact, I am somewhat surprised that he considered them the same species. The Socorro bird is, upon the whole, more different from C. insularis than the latter is from G. nigri- lora. ' Parula inornata Baird, Review, i. 1866, 171. Compaothlypis pitiayumi inornata Stejn., Auk, i. Apr. 1884, 170. mk DENDROICA. 493 11 throat, chost, and sides streaked with blaclt ; back olive-greenish; a white patch on wings, covering middle and greater coverts. (/;t autumn, markings much obscured by grayish and olive suffusion.) Adult female : Grayish olive above, binghter on rump, the wing-coverts merely edged with whitish ; beneath dull yellowish M'hito (sometimes deeper yellow- ish), streaked on chest, etc., with dusky ; white tail-spots much re- stricted. Length 4.70-5.65, wing 2.85, tail 2.15. Nest a very neat cup- shaped structure, about 2.25 deep and 3.00 across outside, with cavity 1.25 deep by 1.75 wide, composed of dried spruce twigs, grasses, spiders' webs, etc. ; placed in evergreen trees or bushes, usually not far from ground. Eggs 3-4, .70 X -52, dull white, buify white, or grayish white, speckled or spotted round larger end with dark brown or reddish bi'own and lilac-gray, occasionally mixed with a few smaller markings of black- ish. Hah. Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay, Lake Win- nipeg, etc., breeding from noi-thei'n New England northward (also in mountains of Jamaica) ; winters in Greater Antilles. 650. D. tigrina (Gmel.). Cape May Warbler. b*. Inner wf^bs of tail-feathers Avithout white spots. Adult male : Whole top of head and broad streak on side of head black ; back and lesser wing- co\ ^ .'ts dusky olive spotted or broadly streaked with black ; middle wing-coverts tipped with j'ellow, greater coverts with white ; rump, upper tail-covei"ts, and tail yellowish olive-green ; rest of plumage gam- boge-yellow, tinged with dusky olive on sides, the sides of chest, etc., streaked with black ; length 4.75, culmen .45, tarsus .75. Hab. Ken- tucky (Henderson ; known only fi'om Audubon's plate and descrip- tion) — . D. carbonata (AuD.). Carbonated Warbler. a*. Bill not very acute nor distinctly decui-ved at tip ; tongue gradually tapei-ing to the slightly cleft and fringed tip.' b^. A white spot at base of quills, in combination with other white mai'kings on wings; wing half as long again as tail. (Subgenus Peucedramus COUES.) Adult male : Head, neck, and chest orange-rufous, or deep ochraceous, sometimes tinged with olive ; lores and ear-coverts black, forming a conspicuous patch on side of head ; back, scapulars, and rump plain olive or dull olive-gray ; m.iddle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white; belly dull white. Adtdt female (and male in first year) : Head, nertk, and chest dull buflFy or yellowish, the top of the head and hind-neck tinged with olive-green, and black patch on side of head in male replaced by a much less distinct one of dusky (usually confined to ear-coverts) ; otherwise similar to male, but duller. Length 4.60-5.40, wing averaging about 3.00, tail about ' This character has not been tosted in all the species referred to this group, and may not prove dingnostio in the case of some of those not examined ; the indications, however, are strongly in favor of the probability that essentially the same style of tongue will be found in them all. ■fl^m; ■ ^^ni 494 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 2.30. Hah. Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico, north to southern border of United States (Texas to Arizona). 651. D. olivacea (Giraud). Olive Warbler. v. No white spot at base of quills, or else no other white markings on outer surface of wings ; wing less than half as long again as tail. (Subgenus Dendroica Gray.) c'. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers with a large patch or broad edging of yellow, but without white. d}. Tarsus not more than .75 (usually much less) ; adult male with crown olive-yellow or yellowish olive-green, without distinct orange-rufous suffusion. {Adult males : Above bright yellowish olive-green, the wing-feathors broadly edged with yellow ; rest of plumage pure gamboge-yellow, the chest and sides streaked with chestnut-red. Adult females : Colors duller, the yellow paler, and reddish otreaks on lower parts very indistinct or (usually) altogether Avanting. Young : Somewhat like adult female, but still duller, the lower parts sometimes dull whitish the upper parts more grayish. Length about 4.50-5.25, wing 2.35-2.65, tail 1.80-2.10. Nest a compact cup-shaped structure of grayish plant-fibres, sjiiders' webs, etc., lined with plant- down and soft feathers, built in trees (often in orchards or shade trees). Eggs 2-6, .06 X -48, greenish white or very pale greenish, spotted, usually in wreath round lai'gcr end, with umbor-brown, blackish, and lilac-gray.) e'. Deeper coloi'ed, the adidt male with chestnut streaks on breast and sides much broader and richer, the adult female de- cidedly deeper yellow. JIab. Eastern and northern North America, east of Eocky Mountains ; in winter, south through eastern Mexico and Central America to northern South America. 652. D. sestiva (Gmel.). Yellow Warbler. e*. P-ilev, the adult male with chestnut streaks on breast and sides averaging much narrower and ]»aler, the adult female de- cidedly paler yellowish. Hah. Western North America, cast to Rocky Mountains; in winter, south through west- ern and central Mexico and south at least to Panama. — . D. sestiva morcomi Coale. Western Tellow Warbler.* d*. Tarsus not less than .75 (usually decidedly more). c^ Adult males with top of head yellow, the crown sometimes more or less strongly tinged with orange-rufous. /'. Wing (male) 2.80, call 2.45 ; above light yellowish olive- green, becoming nearly pure lemon- yellow on top of I Dendroica eeitiva morcomi CoALE, Bull. Rldgw. Orn. Club Chic, No. 2, April, 1887, 82. DENDROICA. 495 head, rump, and upper tail-eoverts, the latter broadly streaked mcsially with olive-greenish ; beneath lemon- yellow, the breast and sides very sparsely and nar- rowly streaked with chestnut. Hah. Centi'al Moxico (Guanajuato), D. dugesi Coale. Dug6s's Yellow Warbler.' p. Wing (male) 2.40-2.G0, tail 2.00-2.20 ; above much darker olive-green, scarcely, if at all, more yellowish poste- riorly, the top of head usually more or less strongly tinged with orange-rufous; beneath rich gamboge- yellow, the breast and sides broadly streaked with bright reddish chestnut. Hab. West Indies in gen- eral, including Bahamas; Cozumel Island, "Yucatan. D. petechia (Linn.). Antillean Yellow Warbler.' c'. Adxdt males with whole head chestnut or chestnut-rufous. {Adult males : Head rich tawny rufous or chestnut, lighter, or more orange-tawny, on throat ; above olive-green, the wings dusky, with broad greenish yellow edgings; lower parts pure gamboge-yellow, the chest and sides usually nari'owly streaked, more o^ less, with rufous or orange- tawny. Adult females : Above grayish olive-green, beneath pale yellow, moi-e or less tinged with olive, especially on sides and flanks. Young : Like adult females, but lower parts dull yebcwish white (some specimens dull ash-gray above, yellowish white beneath, the throat, etc., streaked with rufous). Length about 5.00-5.50, wing 2.50-2 70, tail 2.10-2.25, tarsus about .80.) d^. Adult male with head bright orange-chestnut or oi*ango-tawny above, paler orange-tawny beneath. Hab. Coast of Honduras and Yucatan. D. bryanti Ridow. Bryant's Yellow Warbler.' rf'. Adult male with head rich chestnut. Hab. Lower California, and adjficont coast of western Mexico. C53. D. bryaiiti castaneiceps Rioaw. Mangrove Warbler. c'. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers with a largo spot of white (more re- stricted in females and youp^ d^. Outer surface of wing wiibo..^ lighter markings except a white spot at base of quills, and this sometimes obsolotc in females and young. 1 Vendioicn ditgeni CoALE, Bull. Ridg.v. Orn. Club Chic, No. 2, April, 1887, 83. Type, No. 105468, U. S. Kat. Mus. (f ad., Moro Leon, fluannjurto; A. DugCs. » Molacilla peferhiii LlNN., S. N. od. 12, i. 1700, .'i.'H. Dcmlrnica petechia ScL., P. Z. S. 1801, 71. This opooios, which inhabits tho West Indies at larf'o, i^ split up into many local races, man r less differ- ent froa> the typical form. The hitter bol"ngr to Jnniiiiaa, Thot occurring in Cuba and tho Bnharaas (and therefore not unlikely to roach occasiuna!!- limita in Florida) is 1), petechia gundluch (D, yundlacki Bauid, Review Am. B. i. 18^5, 10:). • Dcndroica vi~illoii, var. bn/noti i :r«W , Am, Nat. vH. Oct. 1873, 006, 496 NORTH AMERICAN IIRDS. 1.1 ,:a Adult male : Abovo dark dull blue, tht back sometimes indis- tinctly spotted with black ; sides of head, chin, throat, chest, sides of breast, and sides, uniform deep black ; rest of lower parts white. (7n winter, upper parts tinged with olive-green, the chin and throat varied, more or less, with white, and white of flanks tinged with brownish.) Adult female : Above plain dull olive or grayish green, sometimes tinged with blue; lower parts (including the portions which are black in the male) plain pale greenish buff. Young : Above dull brown, the wings (except coverts) and tail as in adults ; a dull yellowish white superciliarj'^ stripe ; below this, sides of head blackish in male, dull grajish brown in female; lower parts yellowish white, more brownish anteriorly. Length 4.70-5.50, wing 2.50-2.65, cail 2.05-2.25. Nest on trees in high woods, 20-50 feet or more from ground, compact, composed of fine dry grMPP';s, spiders' webs, lichens, strips of fine bark, etc., the cavil y 1.40 deep by 2.00 across. Eggs usually 4, .68 X --i'^- Sniffy whitish or greenish white, more or less heavily spotted or blotched with reddish brown. Hab, Eastern Korth America, breeding from northern New England and New York northward, and southward along higher Allegbanics ; in winter, Florida, Bahamas, and Greater Antilles. 654. D. cserulescens (Gmel.). Black-throated Blue Warbler. d*. Outer surface of wings with more or less distinct ligLter markinge, but without white spot at base of quills, c'. Rump yellow. ^'. Crown with a yellow patch (partly concealed). g^. Adult male : Lower parts, including chin and throat, white, the chest and sides broadly streaked with black (these streaks sometimes more or less con- fluent, forming a broken patch), and the sides of the breast with a yellow patch; upper parts bluish gray, becoming blackish on sides of head, which are marked by white supraloral and post- ocular streaks ; back broadly streaked with black ; wing with +avo white bands across tips of middle and greater coverts. Adult female: Similar to male, but much duller in color, with markings less conspicuously contrasted. Winter plumage {sexes essentially alike') : Upper parts strongly washed with umber-brown, and lower parts more or less suff'used with a paler wash of the same— the pattern of the summer plnmage b 'ing thereby DENDROICA. 497 much obscured ; streaks on chest, etc., and yellow patches indistinct. Young : No yellow anywhere, except sometimes on rump ; whole plumage thickly streaked, above and below, Avith dusky and grayish white ; tail much as in adult. Length 5.00-6.00, Aving 2.75-2.85, tail 2.20-2.30. Nest usu- ally low down, in coniferous trees. Eggs .70 X .53, creamy white, pale creamy buif, or dull white, spotted or blotched, chiefly on or round larger end, with brown and lilac-gray, sometimes mixed with smaller markings of blackish. Hub. Whole of North America, but rare west of Eocky Moun- tains, except along Pacific coast ; breeding from northern border of United States northward ; win- tering from about 40° southward to West Indies and through Middle America to Panama ; breeds in Jamaica. 655. D. coronata (Linn.). Myrtle Warbler. g'\ Similar to D. coronata, but throat yellow, and Bides of head dark plumbeous, without the white aupra- loral and postocular streaks, there being instead a white spot on each eyelid. Adult male with mid- dle and greater wing-coverts white, producing a large patch on wing. Adult ft-nale with chest ashy, more or less spotted with olack, the wing with two separated white bands. Length 5.12- 6.00, wing 2.85-3.20, tail 2.25-2.55. iV^esMn pine or spruce trees, composed of strips of fine bark, pine- needles, etc., lined with fine roots and hairs and a few soft feathers. Eggs .67 X -52, dull olivaceous- white, greenish white, ^r very pale dull greenish, sparsely spotted and dotted with black, brown, and lilac-gi"ay. Ilab. Western North America, noi-th to British Columbia, east to eastern base of Rocky Mountains (accidentallj'^ to Massachusetts); win- tering in valleys of western United States and pouth thi'ough western Mexico to Guatemala. 656. D. auduboni (Towns). Audubon's Warbler. /'. Crown plain grayish, without yellow spot. Adult male: Top of head plain bluish gray, lighter around boi'der (the superciliary region whitish) ; lores and ear-coverts deep black ; back black, Bometlmcs mixed with yellowish olive-green; wings black, with a large white patch covering both rows of coverts ; lower parts rich gamboge- G3 498 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. l^fei'i, yellow, the chest and sides boldly striped with deep black. Adult female : Similar to male, but colors duller, the back mainly (sometimes en- tirely) olive-green, wing-coverts with two sepa- rated white bands, streaks on lower parts nar- rower, etc. Autumnal plumage: Above olive, becoming grayish on head and greenish on back ; throat pale grayish ; no streaks across chest. Young : Above dull brown, very indistinctly clouded with darker; wings dusky, with two pale dingy yellowish or yellowish white bands across tips of coverts ; chest smoky brown, indis- tinctly streaked with lighter, chin and throat lighter brownish ; rest of lower parts pale sul- phur-yellow, broadly streaked with dusky, except on belly and under tail-coverts. Length 4.35- 5.00, wing 2.25-2.45, tail 1.85-2.05. Nest of fine twigs, grass- and weed-stalks, etc., lined with fine black rootlets, in small spruces or hemlocks, 3-35 feet from ground. Eggs .63 X -48, creamy white, blotched with rich brown, paler brown, and lilac (sometimes more finely spotted). Hab. Eastern Korth America, west to base of Eocky Mountains, breeding from northern parts of New England, New York, and Michigan to region about Hud- son's Bay; in winter, south to Bahamas, Cuba, and eastern Middle America, to Panama. 657. D. maculosa (Gmel.). Magnolia Warbler. e'. Rump not yellow. /*. Wing with two distinct white or whitish bands (light brownish in some specimens of D. vigorsii). g^. Wing-bands very distinct and decidedly white in all stages (though sometimes tinged with sulphur- yellow). h}. White on inner web of outer tail-feather occupy- ing not more than half the total area of the web. i}. Back usually streaked, never plain bluish gray or ashy; throat never bright yel- low. j\ Wing less than 2.75. A'. Adult male: Above grayish blue, the back streaked with black, and sides of crown tinged or clouded with same ; bencith pure white, DENDROICA. 499 tho sides broadly streaked with grayish blue and dusky, and chest crossed by a band of the same (sometimes interrupted in middle). Adult female: Above grayish olive-green, glossed with bluish, especially on crown ; su- perciliary stripe (this sometimes obsolete) and lower parts pale greenish yellow or pale greenish bufiy, the throat and belly nearly (sometimes quite) white; sides streaked with color of back, but no band across chest. Young male in first autumn : Similar to adult female, but whiter beneath and more bluish above. Young : Above bi'ownish gray, the crown divided by a median stripe of whitish ; sides of head and lower parts white, the first with a nar- row dark brownish gray streak through eye. Length 4.00-5.00, wing 2.40-2.70, tail 1.70-1.90. Nest in trees in high deciduous woods, 20-50 feet, or more, from ground, compact, cup-shaped, composed of plant-fibres, strips of fine bark, spiders' webs, etc. Eggs about .69 X -53, white, or dull greenish white, speckled with brown, chiefly round larger end. Zffl6. Eastern United States (west of Alleghanies) and south- ern Canada, east to central Now York ; south, in winter, to west- ern Cuba, Yucatan, and Guate- mala, and thence to Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia. 658. D. cserulea (TVils.). Cerulean Warbler. k\ Adult male: Top of head yellow, bordered laterally with black; ear-coverts, sides of neck, and lower parts pure white, the lat- i„. 500 KORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ter bordered on each side by a broad stripe of rich chestnut ex- tending continuously from sides of neck to flanks ; lores and a tri- angular patch on cheeks (touch- ing the chestnut stripe) black ; back striped with black and light olive-grayish, more or less mixed with light olive-yellowish. Adult female : Similar to male, but duller, the upper parts more decidedly olive-green (even on crown), the black markings on head indistinct, and chestnut on sides more restricted. Young in first autumn : Above bright olive- green, the wing-bands strongly tinged with sulphur-yellow; sides of head and thence back- ward to flanks plain ash-gray ; an orbital ring and median lower parts white. Length 4.60-5.25, wing 2.40-2.65, tail 1.95-2.10. Nest in small trees or under- growth in edge of Avoods, often near cultivated fields. Eggs .65 X .49, white, or creamy white, speckled, chiefly on or round larger end, with rusty brown, madder-brown, and lilac-gray, occasionally mixed with a few smaller black markings. Hab. Eastern United States and Can- ada, breeding north of 40", except in higher mountains ; in winter, south to Bahamas, eastern Mex- ico, and Central America, as far as Panama.... 659. D. pennsyl- vanica (Linn.). CheBtnnt- sided Warbler. f. Wing more than 2.76. k^. Under tail-coverts pale buff" ; upper tail-coverts and edges of quills bluish gray. Adult male: Top of head chestnut, bordered an- ■ai DENDROICA. 501 teriorly and laterally with black ; sides of head dull blackish ; sides of neck buif ; chin, throat, and sides deep cinnamon or chest- nut ; rest of lower parts light buflf; back streaked with black and grayish. Adult female: Above olive, streaked with black (crown sometimes tinged or streaked with chestnut) ; beneath buflfy, the sides (especially of breast) more or less tinged with rusty, the throat also sometimes tinged with same. Young male in first autumn: Above olive- green, streaked, especially on back, with black ; rump and upper tail-coverts grayish, simi- larly streaked ; lower parts pale buffy, tinged with olive laterally, the flanks strongly tinged with rusty or pale chestnut. Yoiinj female in first autumn: Similar to male, but plain olive-green above (the back sometimes indistinctly streaked), and flanks usually without distinct rusty tinge. Length 5.00-6.00, wing 2.75-3.00, tail 2.15-2.25. Nest in hemlock or other coniferous trees, 15-20 feet from ground. Eggs .71 X .51, Avhito, finely speckled on or round larger end with brown. Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from northern New England and northern Michigan to Hudson's Bay ; in winter, south through eastern Mexico and Central America to Cciom- bia.. G60. D. castanea (Wils.). Bay-breasted Warbler. k*. Under tail-coverts pure white ; up- per tail-coverts and edges of quills olive or olive-green. Adult male : Top of head uniform glossy 502 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. •t« black ; back streaked with black, grayish, and grayish white ; sides of head and lower parts white, the sides and flanks broadly streaked with black, and sides of throat with a series of blended black streaks, converging to an angle on chin. Adult female: Above olive or olive-grayish, every- where streaked with black ; be- neath white (usually tinged with olive-yellowish anteriorly), and streaked laterally with dusky. Young in first autumn : Like cor- responding stage of JD. castanea, but under tail-coverts pui-e white, upper tail-coverts and edges of quills olive or olive- greenish, and lower parts rather olive-yellowish, or dirty sulphur- yellow, than huffy. Young : Above dull grayish, everywhere streaked with black; beneath dull white, everywhere spotted with black, the spots triangular on breast, etc., but assuming a transverse shape on flanks and belly. Length 5.00-5.75, wing 2.80-2.90, tail 2.05-2.25. Nest on lower branches of coniferous trees (farther north often on ground), rather bulky, warmly lined with soft feathers. Eggs .72 X -53, white, creamy white, or light creamy buff^, spotted, speckled, or blotched (often wreathed) with brown and lilac- gray, sometimes mixed with a few small black specks. Hab. Eastern and northern Noi-th America, breeding from north- ern New England, Labrador, etc., to coast of Alaska (north of the peninsula) and of Arctic Ocean ; accidental in Greenland ; ■^MMMiiiiHii DENDROICA. 503 in winter, south to Bahamas, Cuba, and northern South Amer- ica (but not recorded from any portion of Middle America). 661. D. striata (Forst.). Black-poll Warbler, i'. Back plain bluish gray or ash-gray; throat bright yellow. (^Adult — sexes alike : Above plain bluish gray, becoming black on fore- head or sides of crown, or both ; a super- ciliary sti'ipe, sides of neck, broad wing- bands, and lower parts posterior to chest, pure white ; chin, throat, and chest, some- times also anterior portion of superciliary stripe, pure gamboge-yellow ; lores and large triangular patch covering cheeks and ear-coverts, enclosing white spot on lower eyelid, deep black ; sides and flanks broadly streaked with black. Young in first autumn: Essentially like adult, but gray of upper parts and white of lower parts much tinged with brown, black markings of head, etc., less distinct, and yellow of throat paler.) ;■'. Larger, with relatively longer bill ; su- perciliary stripe usually distinctly yellow anteriorly ; length 4.70-5.75, wing 2.45-2.75 (2.62), tail 2.00-2.30 (2.13), exposed culmen .42-.55 (.49). Nest usually (?) placed upon branches of pine trees ; " externally 2.80 inches in diameter by 1.70 in depth ; inter- nally 1.77 in diameter by 1.30 in depth," composed of strips of bark, small twigs, plant-down, etc. ; not un- frcquently concealed within pendent tufts of "Spanish" moss. Eggs .69 X -52, dull greenish white or gray- ish white, spotted, chiefly round larger end, with various shades of umber-brown and lilac-gray. Hob. Southern Atlantic States, north, regularly, to Maryland (near sea- coast), casually to New York, Mas- sachusetts, etc.; in winter (only?) . 504 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. south to Bahamas, Cuba, Hayti, and Jamaica.. 663. D. dominica (Linn.) Tellow-throated Warbler. /. Smaller, with relatively shorter ^ 111 ; eu- perciliary stripe usually entirely (?) white; length 4.50-5.50, wing 2.50- 2.70 (2.57), tail 2.00-2.20 (2.09), ex- posed culmen .40-.49 (.45). Hab. Mis- sissippi Valley, north to the Great Lakes ; south, in winter, to Gulf States, Mexico (both coasts), Yuca- tan, Honduras, and Guatemala. 663a. D. dominica albilora Baird. Sycamore Warbler. White on inner webs of outer tail-feathers occu- l^ying more than half the total area of the web (in adult males of some sjiecies occupy- ing almost the whole of inner web), j'. Throat yellow or orange, without admixture (superficial or concealed) of black. /. Crown with a central spot of yellow (in- distinct in young). Adult male: Top of head (except crown-spot), hind-neck, streak across lores, ear-coverts, and general color of upper parts, deep black ; rest of head, in- cluding chin, throat, and chest, pure cadmium-orange, most in- tense on throat and chest ; rest of lower parts pale yellow, or yellowish white, the sides streaked with black; back streaked with whitish and gra3'ish ; wing with a largo white patch covering both rows of coverts. Adxilt female : Simi- lar to male, but the black por- tions replaced by grayish brown, streaked with dusky (ear-cov- erts plain grayish brown), orange paler, and posterior lower parts white. Young male in first autumn : Similar to adult female, but darker above, wing DENDROICA. 505 sides : back a and largo Cr with two white banda, and pos- terior lower parts palo j-ellow. Young female in autuitin similar to male, but palor and duller in color, the upper parts more brown, with crown-spot nearly obsolete, the throat, etc, some- times pale buffy and streaks on sides dull grayish brown. Length 4.25-5.50, wing 2.50- 2.80, tail 1.90-2.10. Nest in evergreen trees, rather bulky, composed of downy materials, especially down of the cat-tail {Tijpha lati'folia), lined with fine lichens, horse-hairs, etc. ; 4.92 across by 1.65-2.16 deep out- side, the cavity 2.16 wide by 1.14 deep. Eggs .68 X -50, greenish whlio, or very palo bluish green, speckled or spot- ted, chiefly on or round larger end, with brown or reddish brown and lilac-gray. Ilab. Eastern North America (west, casually, at least, to Utah and New Mexico), breeding from more northei'n United States northward ; accidental in Green- land ; in winter, south through Bahamas, eastern Mexico and Central America to Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, etc. 662. D. blackburniae (Gmel.). Blackburnian Warbler. •r.^vii without trace of central yellow iput. {Adult — sexes alike : Above, including ear-coverts and sides of neck, ash-gray, the crown and back narrowly sti'eaked with black ; su- perciliary stripe, spot on lower eye- lid, malar region, chin, throat, and chest, gamboge-yellow ; rest of lower parts white, the sides streaked with black.) 64 606 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. '■•'•W A'. Larger, with superciliary stripe ex- tended beyond the eye, the pos- terior portion lighter yellow or even sometimes white; yellow of chest ending i-ather abruptly; wing -bands broader. Young: Above uniform dull grayish brown, without e^'-'^nks either on head or back /ur parts entirely dull grayish, the breast and sides streaked with dusky ; no distinct markings about head. Length 4.90-5.25, wing 2.40- 2.70, tail 2.10-2.30. Hab. South- ern Arizona and New Mexico, and south into Mexico. 664. D. gracise Coues. Grace's Warbler. A'. Smaller, with superciliary sti'ipe not continued beyond posterior angle of eye, and wholly rich yellow ; yellow of chest ex 'ided over breast, where fad rradually into the white ; w...^ .ands nar- rower; length about 4.00-4.50, wing 2.20, tail 1.80-1.90. Hab. Southern Mexico (Zapotitlan), Honduras, and Guatemala. D. decora (Ridqw.). Decorated Warbler.! i'. Throat entirely black in adult males, mixed black and yellow, or black and white, in adult females and young males (rarely white or yellow without any superficial black in immature females).' f. Sides of head white and black, or white and dull grayish. Adult male : Top and sides of head, chin, and throat deep black; broad stripe above ear-coverts, 1 Deiulroica gracite, var. decora Ridgw., Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 60S. Dcndrccca decora Salv. ecimens of true D. palmarum from Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica, and has received in one collection from the Bahamas more than fifty specimens, representing most of the islands in the group ; yet every one in this large series, and also among those from Key West, is absolutely typical. D. hi/pochr^nea has not yet been traced farther south than Ilibcrnia, northern Florida, its winter range being opparcntly restricted to the southern Atlantic and Oulf States. It would thus appear that tho respective migrations of the two forma intersect, though it may bo that both occur together, to some extent, during winter. Tho only examples of I). Jn/pochri/nca I have seen from any locality west of the Atlantic coast (an adult and a young of the year from " Mississippi River, Louisiana," February 5 and 21, 1870, in Mr. Hen- sbaw's collection) are in every respect typical of that form. SSB WW"* SEIURVS. 519 op of tbo ts white, logs near posed of white or f oi'ange- ital rinsr. md sides own, the irts pale dusky ; mt 5.40- edded in the en- pn North I 38°, or south, in I, Mexico iven-bird. tion of a 18 super- igh eye; ker than ider tail- ivnish or 3rly, but ail by a feathers lizing such Haiti, and ng most of absolutely its winter r that tho no extent, Etntic coast Mr. Hen- of upper parts tipped with light fulvous, producing a spotted appear- ance, and streaks on lower parts much less distinct than in adult, c'. Smaller, browner above, superciliary stripe usually more distinctly fulvous, and lower parts usually distinctly yellowish ; length 5.00- 6.00, wing 2.80-3.10 (2.94), tail 2.00-2.25 (2.14), exposed culmen .43-.50 (.47), tarsus .80-.88 (.83). A^est on or near ground in wet woods or on border of swamps, open above. J^ggs .75 x -57. Hub. Eastern North America, breeding from northern United States northward ; west to Mississippi Valley (but chiefly east of Allegha- nies ?), south, in winter, to Gulf States, West Indies, and northern South America.. 675. S. noveboracensis (Gmel.). Water-Thrush. c'. Larger, darker and sootier above, superciliary stripe less distinctly fulvous, and lower parts much less often distinctly yellowish ; length 5.50-6.50, wing 2.90-3.25 (3.14), tail 2.10-2.50 (2.35), ex- posed culmen .44-.55 (.51), tarsus .82-.90 (.87). Ilab. Western North America (chiefly in the interior), north to Alaska, east to Mississippi Valley (as far as western Indiana, Illinois, etc.) ; south, in winter, to Lower California, Mexico, and Central America. 675a. S. noveboracensis notabilis (Grinx.). Orinnell's Water-Thrush. t'. Superciliary stripe white ;. streaks on lower parts not darker than upper surface ; throat usually immaculate ; longer under tail-coverts entirely white or pale buff, or else with only the basal portion of one web brown- ish ; lower parts always more or less tinged with buff" laterallj' and pos- teriorly, but never with sulphur-yellow ; wing exceeding tail by more than length of tarsus. Above grayish brown, rather lighter and more olivaceous (or less brownish) than in S. ncevius ; superciliary stripe and lower parts white, the latter changing to buffy posteriorly and laterally ; bi'east, sides, and flanks broadly streaked with the color of the back. Young : Similar to adult, but upper parts browner, wing-coverts tipped with dull rusty, and sti'eaks on lower parts much less distinct (nearly obsolete) on sides and flanks. Length 5.75-6.40, wing 3.00-3.25 (3.15). tail 2.10-2.30 (2.15), exposed culmen .50-.56 (.53), tarsus .87- .91 (.89). Nest a bulky structure of dried leaves, fine rootlets, grasses, etc., carefully hidden in crevices among roots of upturned trees, old logs, stumps, or mossy banks — always in moist or swunipy woods. Eggs .73 X -59. Hob. Eastern United States, north to tho Great Lakes and southern New England, west to Great Plains; in winter, from Gulf States to West Indies, eastern Mexico, and Central America .... 676. S. motacilla (Vieill.). Louisiana Water-Thrush. 520 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. rf^ ■'«»- Genus GEOTHLYPIS Cabanis. (Pago 482, pi. CXVII., figs. 4-7.) Species. Common Characters. — Above plain olivo or olive-green, the head usually more or less different in color ; beneath yellow, the anterior portions sometimes grayish or blackish, and belly sometimes whitish ; adult males of some species with black patch on sides of head. Nest on or near ground, among bushes or weeds. Eggs white, speckled, more or less, with brownish. a>. Bill slender, little if any deeper than broad, its greatest depth much less than half its length from nostril, the culmen only slightly or moderately curved. lA. Tail decidedly shorter than wing, with more than the basal half concealed by the coverts ; first quill longer than fifth (sometimes longest) ; out- stretched feet reaching nearly (sometimes quite) to end of tail. (Sub- genus Oporornis Baird.) c*. Entire lower parts pure gamboge-j^ellow ; forehead and sides of head black, with a bright yellow superciliary stripe, involving hinder as well as upper border of eye ; feathers of crown tipped with slate- gray. (Sexes alike in color.) Adult : Above plain bright olive-green (except as described above), beneath continuous pure gamboge-yellow; in winter, similar, but gray tips to feathers on top of head more tinged with brown, and black on side of head somewhat obscured by grayish brown tips to the feathers. Young : Above olive-brown (including top and sides of head), the back and scapulars more decidedly brown ; wing-coverts tipped with light tawny brown ; ^ wings otherwise, and tail, as in adult ; beneath plain light dull olive, paler and more yellowish posteriorly ; no black nor yel- low on sides of head. Length 5.00-5.85, wing 2.55-2.80, tail 1.90-2.20, tarsus .80-.90. Nest a very bulky structure of dried leaves, etc., lined with fine (usually black ?) rootlets, on ground, in woods. Eggs .72 X -56, white, or creamy white, speckled or spotted with brown, reddish brown, and lilac-gray. Hab.- East- ern United States (chiefly west of Alleghanies\ no^ 'i +o Great Lakes and southern New England ; in inl . south to Cuba, and through eastern Mexico and Cen orica to Panama. 677. G. formosa (\V Kentucky "^ arbler. c'. Only the breast, belly, and under tail-coven "ire y low, the chin, throat, and chest grayish (sometimes mixed will black) in adult males, light grayish, dull light smoky bufi*, or dingy yellowish in adult females and immature birds ; no yellow on sides of head, nor black on top or sides of head, except sometimes on lores. (Sexes decidedly different in color.) r^H OEOTHLYPIK 521 d>. Wing 2.65, or moiVr, and dulding length of tail by at least two- thirda the length c biiffy vrsus. Adult male : Head, . chic, and chest ash-gray, darkest on chest and top of head; a continuous white orbital ring; rest of lower parts pale yellow. Adult female : Top of head gray- ish olive, sides of head nioro grayish ; chin and throat brownish white or dull light huffy, deepening into grayish brown or brownish gray on chest ; orbital ring brownish white ; otherwise like male. Young in first autumn : Simi- lar to adult female, but more tinged with brownish. Length 5.20-6.00, wing 2.65-3.00, tail 1.90-2.20, tarsus .75- .90. Nest on ground, in swampy woods, very compact. Eggs .76 X -54, colored much like those of G. formosa and G. Philadelphia. Hob. Eastern North America, breeding chiefly (entirely?) north of United States; winter resi- dence unknown. 678. G. agilis (Wils.). Connecticut Warbler. d'. Wing not more than 2.55, and exceeding length of tail by less than half the length of the tarsus, c^. No white on eyelids (except sometimes a slight indication in females or immature birds). Adult male : Head, neck, and chest deep ash-gray, the throat and chest more or less mixed with black, this often forming a distinct patch pos- teriorly ; iores dusky or dusky grayish ; rest of lower parts pure gamboge-yellow. Adult female : Similar to male, but chin and throat dull whitish or brownish white (some- times tinged with yellow), the chest dull ash-gray or grayish brown (sometimes inclining to dull yellowish); rest of head and neck dull gray, brownish gray, or olive. Young in first autumn : Similar to adult female, but more tinged with brownish, the throat and chest more suffused with yellowish. Length 4.90-5.75, wing (male) 2.30-2.55 (2.42), tail 2.00-2.25 (2.13), tarsus .79-.84 (.81); female somewhat smaller (wing 2.15-2.50, tail 1.80-2.05). Nest on or near ground, in woods. Eggs .71 X -54, colored like those of G. formosa and G. agilis. Hah. Eastern North America, breeding from higher Alleghanies, New York, New England, Michigan, etc., northward ; in winter, south to Costa Eica and Colombia (but not Mexico or West Indies) ; accidental in Greenland. 679. G. Philadelphia (Wils.). Mourning Warbler. e*. A distinct white spot on each eyelid, in both sexes. Adult male : Similar to same sex of G. Philadelphia, but lores deep black, in conspicuous contrast with the gray, feathers of throat and chest margined with paler gray, and chest 66 522 NORTL AMERICAN BlttDS. 1. /. without b Adult female and immature birds similar to c. ding stages of G. philodilphia, but eye- lids with a ^N^^Mnct whitish mark. Length 5.00-5.75, wing (male) 2.30-2.50 (2.38), tail 2.10-2.55 (2.28), tarsus .80-.87 (.85); female somewhat smaller (wing 2.25-2.30, tail 2.10-2.30). Nest near ground, in clumps of weeds, often in open places, in mountains. JSggs .71 X -53, white, or bufFy white, speckled on larger end with dark brown and lilac-gray, often mixed with a few fine blacic "pen- lines," an 1 sometimes touched with rusty stains. (Much like eggs of G. trichas.) Hah. Western North America (chiefly in mountains) north to British Columbia ; in win- tei', south through whoie of Mexico and Central America to Panama. Oenihli/pii tanneri Rinaw., Auk, iii. July, 1886, .336. • Oeothlypit coryi RiDOW., Auk, Hi. July, 1888, 334. » Grothlypit tpecioia ScL., P, Z. 8. 1853, 4J7. * New labgenuB. Typo, Oeothlypit polioeephala Baird. 526 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. men .40, depth of bill at base .15-.18, tarsus .85. Hah. Western Mexico (Mazatlan, etc.). G. pjliocephala Baird. Mazatlan Yellow-throat.' c*. Bill larger and stouter ; belly and anal region yellow, the sides and flanks light olive-grayish ; adult male with top of head dull brown- ish gray ; wing 2.25-2.35, tail 2.50 (or more, the feathers in both specimens being very much worn at tips), exposed culmen .45-.48, depth of bill at base .20-.22, tarsus .88. Hab. Eastern Mexico (Mirador, etc.) and Yucatan (Merida). G. palpebralis Binaw. Mirador Yellow-throat.* 6*. Eyelids entirely black in adult male (brownish or olive in female and young). Otherwise like G. palpebralis, but gray of head much deeper and purer, and extending over nape, and black of head more extensive (cross- ing anterior portion of forehead and entirely surrounding eye); bill rather less stout ; wing 2.30-2.35, tail 2.50-2.60 (or more, the feathers being much worn at ends), exposed culmen .'i5-.47, depth of bill at base .20, tarsus .90-.92. Hab. Guatemala and Bi'itish Hon- duras to Costa Eica. G. caninucha Ridow. Gray-naped Yellow-throat.* -n; Genus ICTERIA Vieillot. (Pago 482, pi. CXV., fig. 6.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult males : Above plain olive-green or olive-grayish ; throat, chest, and breast rich gamboge-yellow ; belly, anal region, and under tail- coverts white ; eyelids, supraloral streak, and malar stripe white ; lores deep black. Adult female : Similar to the male, but colors duller, with black and white markings less strongly contrasted. Young : Above plain dull olive or olive-grayish, the head with the white and black or dusky markings of the adult but indistinctly indi- cated ; malar region, chin, throat, chest, and breast grayish white (more tinged with grayish on chest), the yellow soon appearing in patches. Nest in briery thickets, composed exteriorly of dry leaves, thin strips of grape-vine bark, coarse grasses, etc., lined with finer grasses. J^ggs 3-5, pure white, or pinkish white, spotted, speckled, or sprinkled with reddish brown, or rich madder-brown, and lilac-gray. rt'. Above olive-green ; white malar stripe shorter ; wings and tail shorter ; length 1 Gfothli/pu polincrphald Baihd, Review, i. April, 1865, 225. * New species. Typo, No. 4174.'), U. S. Nut. Mus., J ad., Mirador, Mexico, Aug. 24 j C. Sartorius. (== 0. polincephnlii SnAnPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x., pi. ix., fig. 3.) s Oenthli/plH piiUocephnln, var. eiininurhn RiDow. in Hist. N. Am, B. i. 1874, 200. Qtothlypit camnxtclta Salv. k GoDM., Biol. Contr.-Ain., Avos, i. 1831, 153, pi. ix., fig. 2. NoTR. — It may bo explained that these three nearly-related species (or possibly subspecies, since inter- mediate specimens mny horonfter be found) nre diagnosed above entirely from spocimenj in summer plumngo, thus showing that Mr. Sharpo's suggestion (page 35tf, vol. x., Oat. B. Brit. Mus.) that they may represent seasonal differonooi: of plumage fails of verification. SFLVANIA. 527 6.75-7.50, wing (male) 2.90-3.20 (3.03), tail 2.90-3.35 (3.08). Eggs .89 X .67. Hab. Eastern United States, north to Ontario and southern New England, west to edge of Gi-cat Plains ; south, in winter, through eastern Mexico to Guatemala (Costa Rica ?) 683. I. virens (Linn.). Yellow-breasted Chat. a*. Above olive-gray (sometimes nearly pure gray); white malar stripe longer; wings and tail longer ; length 7.00-8.00, wing (male) 3.05-3.35 (3.13), tail 3.30-3.60 (3.43). Eggs .89 X -69. Hab. Western United States, east to Great Plains, south into Mexico. 683a. I. virens longicauda (Lawr.). Long-tailed Chat. Genus SYLVAN I A Nuttall. (Page 483, pi. CXVII., fig. 8.) Species. a}. Wing with two whitish bands. Adult male : Abova olive-green, the wing with two dull white bands, the outer tail-feathers with a white spot near end of inner web ; a narrow white orbital ring; lower parts pale yellow, fading into white pos- teriorly; length 5.00. Hab. Kentucky. (One of the so-called "lost species" of Audubon.) — . S. microcephala Eidqw. SmaU-headed Warbler.' a'. Wing without any markings. 6*. Upper parts olive-green. c'. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers with white patches. Adult male : Forehead and ear-coverts gamboge-yellow ; rest of head and neck, including chest, uniform deep black; rest of lower parts pure gamboge-yellow. Adult female : Similar to male, but with black of head usually much less distinct, some- times wholly absent, that of upper portions being replaced by olive-groen, that of throat, etc., by gamboge-yellow. Young in first autumn : Similar to adult female, without black on head. Length 5.00-5.70, wing 2.50-2.75, tail 2.20-2.40. Nest in low bushes in undergrowth of high, damp woods. Eggs 3-4, .70 X .53, white, or buffy white, speckled or spotted round larger end with reddish brown and lilac-gray, usually mixed with a few black specks or pen-linos. Hab. Eastern United States, north to southern parts of Michigan, Now York, and New England, west to edge of Great Plains ; south, in winter, to Cuba, Ja- maica, and through eastern Mexico and Central America to Panama 684. S. mitrata (Gmel.). Hooded Warbler. c*. Inner webs of tail-feathers without any white. (Adult males plain olive-green above, the crown glossy blue-black ; lower parts, and sides of head, gamboge-yellow. Adult females similar to adult male, but black crown-patch usually less distinct, often merely indicated, 1 For roferencos, see p. 357, A. 0. U. Chock List. 528 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. n "I *■*■! «...;;** and sometimes entirely wanting, the whole top of the head being uniform olive-green. Young in first autumn similar to adult fe- males, without black on crown.) dK Duller colored, with shorter wing and tail, and broader as well as darker-colored bill; length 4.25-5.10, wing (male) 2.15-2.35 (2.20), tail 2.05-2.25 (2.11). Nest embedded in ground, in swampy woods, somewhat like that of Helmitherus vermivorus or Mniotilta varia. Eggs 4-5, .60 X -48, white or creamy white, speckled with reddish brown and pale lavender or lilac-gray. Sab. Eastern and northern North America, west to and in- cluding Rocky Mountains, and to coast of Bering's Sea ; breec'- ing from northern border of United States (and higher Rockj Mountains?) northward; in winter, south through eastern Mexico and Central America to Panama. 685. S. pusilla (Wils.). Wilson's Warbler. cP. Brighter colored (the back bright yellowish olive-green, lower parts rich gamboge-yellow, the forehead, in adult males, often tinged with oi*ange), with longer m ing and tail, and narrower as well as paler-colored bill ; length 4.25-5.10, wing (male) 2.15-2.30 (2.21), tail 2.00-2.20 (2.10). Eggs .61 X .47. Hab. Western North America (chiefly along or near Pacific coast, north to Kadiak, Alaska) ; south, in winter, through western Mexico to Costa Rica. 685a. S. pusilla pileolata (Pall.). Fileolated Warbler. b\ Upper parts plumbeous-gray (tinged with olive in young and autumnal specimens). Adult male : Forehead spotted with black ; a yellow supraloral bar and an orbital ring of the same color; lores black; lower parts yellow, fading into white on under tail-coverts, the chest crossed by a series of black spots. Adult female: Similar to male, but without black spots on forehead, and those across chest much less distinct, and often olive-grayish or dusky instead of black ; yellow orbital ring and streak above lores less distinct. Young in fall : Similar to the duller-colored adult females. Length 5.00-5.75, wing 2.50-2.65, tail 2.20-2.40. Nest in clumps of weeds or tussocks of grass in swampy woods. Eggs 3-5, .68 X -51, colored like those of S. mitrata. Hab. Eastern North America, north to Newfound- land, southern Labrador, and Lake Winnipeg; south, in winter, through eastern Mexico and Central America to Ecuador. 686. S. canadensis (Linn.). Canadian Warbler. SETOPBAOA. 529 Genus SETOPHAGA -Swaixson. (Page 483, pi. CVIII., fig.s. 1, 2.) Species. Common Charactees. — Adult w/iles (sometimes females also) with plumage mainly red and black, or red and plumbeous. a}. Belly white; basal portion of sMrcondaries and quills and basal half (or more) of tail-feathers (except middle), light salmon-red or orange-red in adult male, yellow in female and young male ; sexes very unlike in coloration. Adult male .- Uniform glove by grayish olive, and on throat, etc., by grayish wliite ; wing- and tail-markings and patches on sides of breast yellow. Yoxing male: Similar to adult female, but browner above, the colored areas usually inclining more to orange or salmon-color; after first win- ter, the plumasre interspersed with glossy black feathers. Length 4.75- 5.75, wing 2.40-2.55, tail 2.30-2.45. Nest cup-shaped, compact, of plant- fibres, spiders' webs, etc., usually saddled upon horizontal branch or in fork, 7-30 feet from ground. E[ _,<> 3-5, .63 X -48, white, greenish white, or grayish white, speckled or i?,)Otted, chiefly round larger end, with brown and lilac. Hah. Eastern Xorth America, west to, and including, Rocky Mountains, north to Fort Simpson ; in winter, West Indies, eastern Mexico, Central America, and south to Ecuador. 687. S. ruticilla (Linn.). American Redstart. a*. Belly red (in both sexes) ; wings and tail without red or yellow markings, but outer feathers of latter white; sexes alike in coloration. bK Adult: Head, neck, cbe?*t, sides, and upper parts glossy blue-black, the wing with a large white patch, covering greater and middle coverts and edges of tertials ; no chestnut or rufous on top of head ; breast and belly rich carmine-reil ; lower eyelid and under tail-coverts pure white. Young: Above dull black, with white markings as in adult; beneath dull graj-ish dusky, sometimes of a more sootj' cast, the breast and belly without any red. Length about 5.00-5.50, wing 2.70-2.82, tail 2.35- 2.78. c*. Third tail-feather with greater part of its outer web and a large portion of inner web (at end) white. Nest placed within cavities in banks, among rocks, etc. Eggs 3-4, .65 X -48, white, finely speckled with reddish brown and lilac, ffab. Highlands of Mexico, north to southern Arizona and New Mexico (and Texas?). 688. S. picta Swains. Fainted Redstart, c*. Third tail-feather with outer web entirely black, and inner web with 67 -'•1, rat* If lir 630 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. very little white at tip (sometimes with none at all) ; white edgings to secondaries much narrower. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and extreme southern portion of Mexico (Chiapas). S. picta guatemalse Suarpe. Sharpe's Redstart.* fc'. Adult : Above dark plumbeous, or slate-gray, the forehead, sides of crown, lores, chin, and throat black ; crown with a patch of chestnut ; sides and flanks slate-gray ; under tail-coverts dark slate-color, broadly tipped with white; breast and belly vermilion-red, varying to orange-red. Yovng : " General color above sooty black, the wing-coverts like the back, edged with rusty brown at the tips . . . head a little more dusky than the back ; sides of face and throat dull ashy, washed with brown on the chin ; lower throat and sides of body dark chocolate-brown, the abdominal feathers paler and more chestnut and with whitish bases ; under tail-coverts pale fulvous." (Sharpe.) Length about 5.00-5.50, wing 2.30-2.70, tail 2.50-3.00. c'. White of tail more extended, always present on thii'd feather as a broad terminal spot, and often present on tip of fourth ; breast and belly always (?) pure vermilion or scarlet. Ifab. Highlands of Mexico, north to southern Texas ? 689. S. miniata Swains. Eed-bellied Redstart, c*. White of tail more restricted, reduced to a narrow terminal spot (some- times wanting altogether) on third feather and never found on fourth ; breast and belly usually more orange-red, sometimes of a decided orange tint. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala. S. miniata flammea Kauf. Kaup's Redstart.' ^4 Genus CARDELLINA Du Bus. (Page 483, pi. CXVIIL, fig. 3.) Species. Adult (sexes alike) : Forehead, lores, cheeks, chin, throat, and sides of neck rich vermilion-red, sometimes inclining to carmine; crown and ear-coverts deep black; occiput whitish ; upper parts uniform ash-gray, the rump white, and middle wing- coverts indistinctly tipped with same ; lower parts (except throat) whitish. Young : Whole top and sides of head dull umber-brown ; chin, throat, chest, breast, and sides of neck paler and more tinged with grayish ; posterior lower parts dull white ; back and scapulars grayish brown ; rump dull white ; middle and greater wing-coverts conspicuously tipped with buffy. Young in first autumn : Black of crown and ear- coverts obsolete or very indistinct, and red parts merely indicated by a slight tingcing of red on a smoky grayish ground ; upper parts was-hed with brown ; otherwise much like adult. Length about 5.00-5.50, wing 2.53-,2.80, tail 2.32-2.60. ^ Setophnga picta, Svr., a. tfunlemaln; Sharpo, p. xii.; [Setophnga picta] Subsp. a. Setophaga guatcmalK, and Setophaga giialenialn; p. 417 (sub. fig.), Shaupe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. s. 1885. * Seinphaga fammea Kai'p, P, Z. S. 1851, 50 ; [Setophaga miniata] Subsp. a. Setophaga flammea Sbarpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mas. x. 1885, 419. EROATICVS. 531 Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico, north to southern border of United States (aouthcrn Texas ? to southern Arizona). 690. C. rubrifrons (Giraud). Eed-faced Warbler. Genus ERGATICUS Baird. (Pago 483, pi. CXVIII., fig. 4.) Species. Common Characters. — Adults (sexes alike): Prevailing color red, the wings and tail dusky brownish. a^. Adult: Above plain dusky red, brighter on rump and upper tail-coverts; lower parts, including sides of neck and head (except car-coverts), brighter red, inclining to vermilion ; car-coverts silveiy white, in conspicuous con- trast ; wings and tail brownish dusky, the lesser and greater wing-covcrts broadly edged with brownish red, and middle coverts broadly tipped with pinkish red ; remiges and rectrices edged with dull light brownish red. Young : Above dull rusty brown ; beneath similar but paler, in- clining to cinnamon ; ear-coverts silvery white, as in adult. Length about 4.50-5.00, wing 2.30-2.50, tail 2.40-2.55. Hah. Highlands of eastern Mexico (north to southern Texas?) 691. E. ruber (Swains.). Red Warbler. <■<*. Adult: Head, neck, and chest light silvery pink, the feathers dusky at base (dark red on chest, where the underlying color is more exposed) ; rest of lower parts plain dull vermilion- red ; back and scapulars dark claret-red ; rump light pinkish red; about the size of E. ruber. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala. E. versicolor (Salv.). Pink-headed Warbler.' Genus BASILEUTERUS Cabanis. (Page 483, pi. CXVIII., figs. 5, 6.) Species. Common Characters. — Above plain olive-green, with top and sides of head chestnut; or olive-gray, the top of head with two black (lateral) and one (median) yellow or orange-rufous stripes ; beneath yellow, or with posterior half (or more) whitish. a*. Top of head with two black lateral stripes, enclosing a median stripe of yellow (var^'ing to orange-rufous) ; rest of upper parts plain olive-gray (sometimes tinged with olive-green); lower parts j'ellow, tinged with olive laterally; length about 4.50-5.00, wing 2.10-2.30, tail 2.00-2.10. Hab. Middle America, south to Veragua, north to eastern Mexico; southern Texas? 692. B. culicivorus (Light.). Brasher's Warbler. rt». Top of head chestnut or rufous, with or without black lateral and frontal border ; rest of upper parts plain olive-green. 1 Cardtllina verticolor Salt., P. Z. S. 1863, 188, pi. 24, fig. 4. Ergaticw* verticolor ScL. A Salt., Norn. Neotr. 1873, 11. rf5 Wf, '1 532 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. i'. Superciliary stripe bright yellow ; top of head with a black stripe on each side, and forehead black medially. Side of head rich chestnut, becoming blackish on lores ; lower parts yellow, changing to olive-green laterally ; length about 5.00, wing 2.30-2.60, tail 2.40-2.60. Hab. Guatemala and eastern 3Iexieo; southern Texas? 693. B. belli (Giuaud). Bell's Warbler. h*. Superciliary strij^e white ; top of head without any black. c'. Lower parts entirely yellow. Ear-coverts rufous, like top of head ; length about 4.50-5.00, wing 2.10-2.20, tail 2.25-2.60. Hab. Central America, from Panama to Guatemala. B. delatrii Bonap. Delatre's Warbler.' c'. Lower parts yellow only as far back as bi'cast, the belly white and flanks and under tail-coverts pale brownish buif. Otherwise like B. delatrii, but cheeks more extensively white ; length about 4.50-4.75, wing 2.00-2.10, tail 2.20-2.35. Hab. Southern Mexico, north to Mirador, Orizaba, and Mazatlan. B. rufifrons (Swains.). Rufous-crowned Warbler.^ Family MOTACILLIDiE.— The Wagtails and Pipits. (Page 322.) Genera. a'. Tail equal to or longer than wing ; plumage plain, both above and below. b^. Tail longer than wing, double-rounded or emarginate ; hind claw shorter than the toe, strongly curved ; back ash-gray or black. Motacilla. (Page 532.) 6*. Tail not longer than wing, rounded ; hind claw longer than the toe, slightly curved; back olive, olive-green, or brownish.... Budytes. (Page 534.) a'. Tail decidedly shorter than wing ; plumage usually much streaked below (sometimes above also) Anthus. (Page 535.) "■< Genus MOTACILLA Linn^us. (Page 532, pi. CXIX., fig. 1.) Species. a*. Lower parts pure white ; adults with black on chest (throat also, in summei') ; upper tail-coverts blackish or dark grayish ; third tail-feather black. Nest on ground, usually near water, composed of dried grasses, etc., lined with softer materials. Eggs 3-5, whitish, thickly speckled with brown. (Adults in summer — sexes essentially alike': Entire throat and chest uniform deep • Baiileuterui delatrii Bonap., Comp. Rend, xxxviii. 1854, 383. * Setophaga rvfifroM SwAiNS., An. in Menag. 1837, 2U4. Baaileuterut rufi/rom Bonap., Consp. i. 1850, 314. ' Except in M, lugent, in which the female has the back gray or much mixed with gray, instead of uniform black. ^ MOTACILLA. 533 black, with a strongly convex posterior outline ; forehead, superciliary re- gion, and sides of head pure white, some species having a black streak through eye ; crown and occiput, sometimes hind-neck also, and in one species the entire back, deep black ; bill entirely deep black. Adults in ic inter : Differing from summer plumage in having at least the upper por- tion, sometimes all, of throat white ; in gray-backed species the gray some- what tinged with brownish, in black-backed 8j)ecies the black of back re- placed by ash-gray. Young in first winter : Much duller in color than adults, with gray of a browner tint, black on top of head wanting or merely indi- cated, black below confined to a narrow crescent on chest, with sometimes a cluster or series of black spots extending upward from each extremity of the crescent along sides of lower throat; white of head more or less tinged with yellow. Young: Above dull brownish gray, including whole top of head, the latter usually with a blackish or dusky suffusion along each side of crown ; white of wings much reduced in extent, much less pure, or sometimes even replaced by light brownish gray ; chin and throat dull grayish white bordered posteriorly by a rather poorly defined dusky crescent across chest; sides of breast dull brownish gray; remaining lower parts dull white, purer posteriorly.) 6'. AVithout a black or dusky streak through eye ; adults with wing-coverts tipped with grayish white, forming two bands across wing. Back, scapulars, and rump always gray; length about 6.50-7.30, wing 3.25-3.55, tail 3.50-3.80 ; bill very slender. Eggs .78 X -60, white or grayish white, thickly speckled with grayish brown or dark brown. Hab. Europe and northi>rn Asia, wintei'ing in northeastern Africa and southern Asia ; accidental in Greenland. 694. M. alba (Linn.). White Wagtail. 6". With a distinct black or dusky streak through 'ye (except in first plumage) ; adults with exposed surface of middle and greater wing-coverts entirely white, forming a large patch on wing, c'. Hind-neck, back, scapulars, and rump always gra}'; adult with inner webs of quills chiefly dusky gray ; length about 6.75-7.50, wing 3.50-3.60, tail 3.50-4.00, exposed culmen .45-.50. Hab. Northeastern Siberia in summer ; south, in winter, through Transbaikal and China to Burmah ; occasional in Kamtschatka ; accidental in Lower Cali- fornia (and Aleutian Islands ?). 695. M. ocularis Swinh. Swinhoe's Wagtail. (?. Hind-neck always black in adults, the entire back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and rump deep black in fully adult male; adult female and winter male with back ash-graj' (more bluish than in 3f. ocularis), or gray clouded vith black ; adults with inner webs of quills pure white except at tips, and white on outer surface of wings much more extensive and continuous than in M. ocularis ; larger than M. ocularis ; length about 7.00-7.75, wing 3.50-3.95, tail 3.70-4.20, ex- posed culmen .50-.55. Hab. Kamtschatka, Amurland, Kurils, and ^nm 534 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. n *-.,^ Yozo in summer; southern Japan, Formosa, and eastern China in winter; accidental in Aleutian Islands (Attn ; Turner)? M. lugens (Kittl.). Kamtschatka Wagtail.' a'. Lower parts yellow (dull yellowish white in young, but lower tail-coverts always yellow), without black on breast ; upper tail-covorts olive-yellow or yellowish olive-green ; third tail-feather chiefly white. (Subgenus Calohates Kaup.') Adult male in summer: Above ash-gray, including top and sides of head ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts bright yellowish olive-green, or olive- yellow ; wings blackish, the tertials broadly edged with whitish ; a white superciliary stripe, and a malar stripe of same; chin and throat black; rest of lower parts primrose-yellow, deepening into gamboge on under tail-coverts. Adult female in summer : Similar to the male, but chin and throat white or pale yellow bordered laterally and posteriorly by black- ish or dusky spotting (sometimes with throat more extensively black). Adults in winter same as in summer, but throat white. Young in first winter : Brownish gray above ; suj^ereiliar}' stripe and chest strongly tinged with buff ; otherwise like adults. Young: Above brownish gray ; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale fulvous, buffy, or whitish, producing two bands on wing; lower parts dull white, faintly shaded with ashy on breast, the lower taii-coverts pale yellow. (In younger individuals the superciliary stripe and throat buffy.) Length about 7.00, wing 3.20-3.30, tail 3.50-3.80. Hab. Eastern Asia, breeding from China and Japan northward. M. melanope Pall. Gray Wagtail.' •>'■{' Genus BUDYTES Cuvier. (Page 532, pi. CXIX., fig. 2.) Species. Common Characters. — Adult males in summer: Top of head and hind-neck bluish gi"ay or ])lumbeous ; sides of head similar, but darker, separated from the lighter color above by a distinct white superciliary stripe ; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain olive-green ; wings brownish dusky, the coverts tipped with brownish white or pale brown, and tertials edged with same ; tail blackish, the two outer pairs of feathers partly white ; chin white ; rest of lower parts yellow, the chest usually more or less clouded with dusky. Adult female: Similar to male, but usually rather duller, the head more brownish gray, the yellow of under parts paler, etc. Adult (?) in winter: Above dull olivo-brown, including head; beneath yellow- ish buff, the chin white, and chest clouded with dusky, as in summer. Yoxing in first winter : Above dull olive-brown, including head ; superciliary stripe pale buff; lower parts chiefly white, the chest, breast, sides, and flanks dull light buff, the first clouded with grayish brown ; wing-coverts tipped, and tertials edged, with dull sulphur-yellow. Young : Above dull olive-brown, the top of head suffused 1 MotaciUn hif/ena KiTTi,., Kupf. Vog. 18.32, Ifi, pi. 21, fig. 1. 3 Cnlobaten Kai'P., NatUrl. Syst. 1829, 3.3. Type, Motncilla melannpc Pall. 3 Mulacitta melanope Pall., Keisi. Russ. Ueichs, iii. 1770, App. p. 69C. ANTHVS. fi35 with blackish laterally ; light •wing-markings dull buff-yellow ; superciliary stripe, broad malar stripe (widening on side of neck), and lower parts generally, dull light butf-yellow ; chin and throat dull white, bordered along each side by a broad streak of dull blackish, this confluent with a broken crescentic patch of same on chest. Length 5.50-G.80, wing 2.95-3.30, tail 2.G5-3.10. Nest on ground, concealed by projecting tussock or overhanging bank, composed of dry grass, etc., often lined with soft feathers. Eggs 3-7, dull white, brownish white, or pale isabella-color, densely speckled with ditferent shades of light brown. a}. Top of head and hind-neck lighter, more ashy, gray, the lores and ear-coverts not conspicuously darker ; lower parts purer yellow (often rich gamboge). Ilab. Europe, etc. B. flavus (Linn.). Yellow Wagtail.' a*. Top of head and hind-neck darker, more plumbeous, gray, the lores and ear- coverts usually conspicuously darker ; lower parts lighter, less pure yellow (varying from citron- to sulphur-yellow), the chest more distinctly blotched with dusky. Eggs .76 X -55. Hab. Alaska (north of the peninsula), eastern Siberia, and Kamtschatka, wintering in eastern China and the Moluccas. COG. B. flavus leucostriatus (Hom.). Siberian Yellow Wagtail. but Genus ANTHUS Bechstein. (Pago 532, pi. CXIX., figs. 3, 4.) Species. Common Characters. — Above brownish, more or less distinctly streaked with darker (nearly uniform grayish in summer plumage of A. pcnsilvaniciis), the wings with lighter edgings, and two more or less distinct light bands across tips of coverts ; bencitth paler (usually dull buffy — rarely whitish), the chest, and sometimes sides also, usually more or less distinctly streaked with darker; outer tail-feathers with more or less of white. Nest on ground, bulky and rather compact, composed of dried mosses, grasses, etc., lined with hair, feathers, etc. Eggs with a pale gi-onnd- color, but this usually overlaid by so dense a speckling or mottling of bi'own as to give a nearly uniform brown surface. a*. Tarsus longer than hind-toe, with claw ; inner web of outer tail-feather chiefly dusky. Eggs pale olive, olive-whitish, or pale chocolate-brown, thickly freckled with brown (sometimes nearly uniform chocolate-brown). (Sub- genus Anthiis.) 6'. Back, scapulars, and top of head plain brownish gray or brownish, or with very indistinct darker streaks. Adult in summer : Above brownish gray or grayish brown, the feathers of top of head and back showing more or less distinct darker cen- tres, most obvious on back ; wings and tail dusky, with light brown- ish gray edgings, the middle and greater coverts tipped with same ; superciliary stripe and lower parts light cinnamon-buff, paler on > Motacillafiava Linn., S. X. ed. 10, i. 1758, 185. Budytetflava Cuv., Rdg. An. 1817, 371. 536 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. rf«:i chin and upper throat, the chest (sometimes sides also) more or less streaked with dusky. Winter plumage : Above decidedly more brown than in summer ; beneath much duller buffy (without any cinnamon tint), iho streaks on breast usually broader. Young: Above dull brownish gray ; beneath dull brownish white, the chest spotted or broadly streaked with blackish. Length 6.00-7.00, wing 3.20-3.50, tail 2.65-2.85, tarsus .85-.90. Eggs .78 X -57. Ilab. Whole of North America, breeding from Labrador and high mountains of Colorado (above timber-lino), etc., to Arctic coast. 697. A. pensilvanicus (Lath.). American Pipit. 6'. Back, scapulars, and top of head umber-brown or tawny olive, conspicuously streaked with black, c*. Back and scapulars without distinct whitish streaks. d'. Rump and upper tail-covorts nearly plain brown or olive super- ficially, the darker streaks almost wholly concealed ; chin, throat, etc., never fawn-color. Summer adult : Above rather light umber- or olive-brown, the top of head narrowly and back broadly streaked with black ; wings and tail dusky, the mid- dle wingcovt rts broadly mai'gined terminally with dull buffy whitish, the greater coverts more narrowly margined with same ; beneath dull buffy whitish (the throat and bi-east some- times deep buffy), the chest and sides (including sides of throat) sharply streaked with brownish black. Winter plumage : Above brighter, more olive, brown, beneath decided huff, the mark-, ings as in summer. Young: Above light grayish brown, more broadly, but less sharply, streaked than in adult ; bc.icath light buffy, tinged with olive, streaked much as in adult. Length about 5.50-6.25, wing 3.00-3.20, tail 2.40-2.50, tarsus .85. Eggs .78 X -59. Hah. Europe ; northern Africa in winter ; occasional in southern Greenland. 698. A. pratensis (Linn.). Meadow Pipit, rf*. Rump and upper tail-coverts conspicuously streaked with black- ish ; chin, throat, etc., deep cinnamon buff or fawn-color in full adult plumage. Adult (full plumage^) : Superciliary stripe, malar region, chin, and throat (sometimes chest also) unifoiin fawn- color or cinnamon-buff; otherwise as in A. pratensis, except that the rump and upper tail-coverts are distinctly streaked or striped with biaokish. (Other plumages resembling correspond- ing stages of A. pratensis, but always distinctly streaked or striped with blackish on rump and upper tail-covcrts, and color of upper parts loss olivaceous — more brown in immature winter dross.) Length about 6.00-6.00, vnng 3.15-3.50, tail 2.35-2.55, ' This is ueually dcseriljod a» tlio sumnior ]iltiMin);e; but vi tho flvo gpocinions in tliiH i)Iuninf(o wliioli iiro At thlR muincnt l)oforc inc, two were bhot in Drouiiibvi iid oir iu Saler posloridHy, the clicHt and sides of breast streaked with black. Length 5.75-7.00, wing 3.20- 3.40, tail 2.35-2.60, tarsus .90. Ifab. Interior ))lains of Xorth America, breeding from central Dakota north to the Saskatchewan ; south, in winter, over southern plains to s 'Uhern Mexico (Piiebla). 700. A. spragueii (.Viu.). Sprague's Pipit. > Anthuf giiiltivi SwiNn., P. Z. 8. 1868, DO. G8 538 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Family CINCLID.'R - Dippers. (Page 323.) Genera. (Characters same as those given for the Family) Cinclus. (Page 538.) Genus CINCLUS Bkchstein, (Pago 538, pi. CXIX., tig. 5.) Species. Common Characters (of North American species). — Color plain grayish, the head sometimes more brownish; young and winter specimens with larger featliers of wings and those of posterior lower \nivi>i bordered with whitish, the lower parts decidedly whitish or much suffused with white in young. rt'. Adult in summer: Uniform slate-grayish, the head and neck more brownish (sometimes decidedly brown); bill entirely black. Winter pi umaye : Similar, but tertials. greater wing-covorts, and feathers of lower parts bordered ter- minally Willi whitish ; lower mandible light-colored on basal portion. Young : Similar lo winter plumage, but lower jjarts more or less mixed with white, anil tinged posteriorly with rusty. Length 7.0(1-8.50. wing 3.40-3.81, tail l.!)0--M2, culmen .CO-.TO, tarsus 1.00-1.20. i\W built witbin a very bu'kv oven-shaped structure composed of closely compacted green mosses, th' ti- trance on one side, the nest pr()))er embedded in the floor of the '■ house," •md ?omposed of fine rootlets, etc. ; the nest built among roeks near running water, often behind a casea.de. 7sV/(/6' 3-5, 1.02 X "0, plain pure white. Uiib. Mountainous districts of western North America, north to Alaska (Yukon Valley, where resident), south to Guatemala. 701. C. mexicanus Swains. American Dipper. rt*. Adult: Above bluish gray, or phunbeous, slightly liurker on head ; i>einaii ush- gray, lighter anteriorly, more plumbeous on .-iides. Youmj : Chin, throat, and chest whiti;; other lower parts grayish white, tinged with plumbewis laterally: wing-coverts tip|>ed with grayi:fiii>i ii\v\isn. Two cpeclo*! (1) ^f, iniii- r. ), of Mexico, which i* urmish lilup hcncnth, iis well n.i iilnivr, iiri'l (2) .V. hi/fxtlfucut Harti.., of whiiih if jiHrv whit* hcinnfh, cffpt iil(in>t siilcx ntnl Vrit))»ilu ScL. A Salv., Nom. Ncotr. IS"."?, 155. Tyi>o, Timjlodi/len leur<»jnnlrn Oon.n. {Ilnh. Southern Mi'xifo.) ' Thvi/ophiliin IJAinn, Review, i. AuguM, 18ft(, 127. Typo, Thryolhorm rvfulhiti LArn. (Six »i)c«ic« in Mc.vic'o anl (Ju.itoinnlii, with othorc farther cimtliwiinl.) » Uiniiui-liliin .'id.. Si Sai.v., 1*. Z. 3. ISOS, 17U. Type, Cyphorkinue leucuttictm Cau. {Bab. Sottlhcrn Mexico to northern South Americii.) OROSCOPTES. 541 Genus OROSCOPTES Baird. (Pago 538, pi. CXX., fig. 1.) Species. Adult: Abovo brownish gray, tho wiugs with two narrow white bands, and tho larger wing-feathers edged with pale grayish (whitish in fresh autumn plumage) ; inner webs of two or three, sometimes four, outer tail-feathers broadly tipped with white ; beneath dull white, tinged with huffy on flanks and under tail- coverts, tho chest, breast, and sides thickly marked with wedge-shaped longitudinal spots and streaks of dusky. Young : Similar to adult, hut upper parts indistinctly streaked with darker, and streaks on lower parts less sharply defined. Length 8.00-9.00, wing 3.95-4.19, tail 3.20-3.35, culmen .60-.65, tarsus 1.10-1.15. Nest very bulky, composed of sticks, shreds of bark, fine rootlets, etc., placed in bu.«.ho8 (usually of tho so-called " sage-bush," Artemisia tridentata). Eggs 3-5, 1.00 X -71, rich greenish blue, spotted with dove-brown. Hah. Artemisia or '•sage-brush" plains of western United States, chiefl}' within the Great Basin, south into Mexico in winter 702. Oroscoptes montanus (Towns.). Sage Thrasher. . Genus MIMUS Boie. (Page 539, pi. CXX., fig. 4.) Species. Common Characters. — Abovo brownish gray, or ash-gray, with or without darker centres to feathers of back, etc. ; tail-feathers (except middle) with while terminal spots or with much white on lateral feathers (these sometimes wholly white) ; wings u,>*ually with more or less conspicuous white edgings or jnitches ; beneath whitish, with or without dusky streaks on flanks. Young essentially simi- lar to adult, but breast speckled with dusky. Kcst very bulky, composed of sticks, and lined with finer materials, placed in thick bushes, thorny trees, hedge-i'ows, vines, etc. Eggs pale bluish or greenish, spotted with reddish brown. a'. Back plain graj", outer tail-feathers mostly or entirely white; flanks very in- distinctly or not at all streaked. fc'. Primary coverts and hasal portion of quills white, forming a largo and very conspicuous patch on spread wing. Adult : Abovo plain gray, tho wings and tail chiefly blackish ; beneath white, tinged nn breast with palo grayish finoro iMownish or li\iiT'y in autumn). Yoting : More brownish above, the bu*k indistinctly streaked or spotted with darker; breast distinctly spotted or speckled with dusky. Length 9.00-11.00, wing 4.10-4.90 (4.5S). tail 4.50-5.75 (5.04). exposed cubnen ,63".75 (.70), tarsus 1.20 1.38 (1.30). Eggs ,9T X .73, pale greenish blue, varying to pale dull bnfl'y, spotted with tvddish brown. ffecit'S. Aflvlt : Above plain brown, the wings atid tail more grayish; greater wing- coverts and secondaries (except toward base) elgcd with fulvous-brown, the former indistinctly tippeil with lighfer fulvous ; j)riinaries cuthern Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba; winters in more Bcuthern States (north to about 37°). 705. H. rufus (Linn.). Brown Thrasher. c*. Culmen Mttkriopttru* curvirontrit occidenlalit RiDGW., Proo. U. S. Nttt. Mu«. v. June 5, 1883, tf. (39 546 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. a*. Tarsus shorter than oxpoaed culmon ; gonys longer than middle too, without claw; tail exceeding wing hy more than length of tarsus; lower parts with- out trace of spots or streaks. (Subgenus JIarporhynchus.) ft'. Lower tail-coverts light fulvous or ochraceous. c'. Tarsus 1.50, or more ; middle toe .95, or more ; tail only slightly darker than back ; lower parts dull ochraceous butty, becoming nu)re ful- vous on under tail-coverts, and bufl^y whitish on throat, the breast, etc., shaded with grayish brown ; ear-coverts dusky, with distinct whitish shaft-streaks ; no distinct lighter malar streak nor darker streak along sides of throat ; upper parts deep grayish brown, the tail somewhat darker and browner; length about 11.50-13.00, wing 3.90-4.30 (4.13), tail 4.90-5.80 (5.34), culmen 1.35-1.75 (1.50), tarsus 1.40-l.CO (1.50), middle toe .95-1.12 (1.01). Eggs 1.20 X .85, light greenish blue, speckled with clove-brown. JLib. Coast district of California, south along Pacific coast of Lower California. 710. H. redivivus (Gamb.). Californian Thrasher, c*. Tarsus much less than 1.50, middle toe less than .95 ; tail much darker than back (but scarcely browner) ; lower parts pale brownish gray, becoming dull white on chin, throat, and belly, the under tail-coverts ochraceous-bufl^, in marked contrast ; ear-coverts light brownish gray, without distinct streaks; a distinct malar stripe of whitish, narrowly barred with dusky, bordered below by a distinct dusky streak along each side of throat ; upper parts ])lain delicate light grayish brown or brownish gray, the tail dusky, in marked con- trast. Young : Similar to adult, but upper tail-coverts more rusty, and ochraceous of posterior lower parts paler. Length about 10.50- 11.00, wing 3.70-3.90, tail 4.57-5.20, culmen 1.08-1.35, tarsus 1.12- 1.25, middle too .80-.88. Nest very bulky, composed of thorny twigs, and placed in bushes. Eggs 1.07 X -70, pale Iduish green or green- ish blue, minutely (usually rather sparsely) speckled with reddish brown. Hab. Valleys of Cila and lower Colorado rivers, and south intp Sonora.. 711. H. lecontei (Lawii.). Leconte's Thrasher. y. Lower tail-coverts deep rusty cinnamon, or chestnut. Adult : Above plain brownish gray or grayish brown, the tail darker; beneath similar, but paler, the chin and throat nearly white, and the under tail-coverts deep rusty cinnamon or chestnut; a whitish malar stripe, and beneath it a dusk}- streak along eacli side of throat. Young: Similar to adult, but more tinged with rusty above, especially on rump and tips of tail-feathers, and lower parts more fulvous. Length about 11.40-12.00, wing 3.90-4.10 (4.02), tail 4.80-G.40 (5.67), exposed culmen 1.20-1.50 (1.39), bill from nostril 1.02-1.25 (1.14), tarsus 1.28-1.30 (1.29). Eggs 1.07 X .75. plain pale gi'cenish blue. Ifab. New Mexico, Arizona, southern Utah, south- eastern California, and northern Lower California. 712. H. crissalis (Henry). Crissal Thrasher. CA MPVL ORUVNCIIVS. 547 Genus CAMPYLORHYNCHUS Simx. (Page 539, pi. CXXI., fi<,'. 1.) Species. Common CiiAKACTEns. — Largest of the Wrens (longtii 7.00 to nearly 8.00) ; top of head plain brown (varying in tint from sepia to burnt-umber); back lighter brown, streaked with wliite and blaek ; wings spotted with ]»ale grayish brown and whitish on a dusky ground ; middle tail-feathers brownish gray, transversely spotted with blaek; rest of tail blaek, transversely spotted m* broadly barred, more or less, with white; a conspicuous white superciliary stripe, bordered beneath by a dusky lino ; anterior lower parts white, more or less spotted with black; posterior lower parts pale cinnamon-buff, or very pale buff, more sparsely marked with black. Younrj es.sentially like adults, but streaks on back much less sharply defined, mark- ings on lower parts smaller, an

'^^. V ^ 6. A. (Goturniculus) henslowi. 7. A. (Goturniculus) lecontei. B. Man. N. Am. B. Plate CIX. 7. Amphispiza belli. 6. Amphispiza hilinenta. Plate ex. Man. N. Am. B. I. Peucsea aestivalis. 2. Melospiza fasciata. 5. Passerella megarhyncha 6. Embernagra riilivirgata. %. r^SJ rJZ:x==.=.^ /J) 0-^^^<:zC^' a' 7. Sporophila moreleti. 8. Euetheia hicolor. Man. N. Am. B. Plate CXI. "^C -4 ^1 /' ^ Plate CXI I. Man. N. Am. B. a I Am. B. Man. N. Am. B. I. Piranga erythromelas 2. Phainopepla nitens. 3. Lanius excubitorides. Plate CXIII. c rt tc u .2 c o J3 a 9 ;•" .:rfs Plate CXIV. Man. N. Am. B. <■■■■> li 3. Petrochelidon lunifrons. 4. Clivicola ripnria. 5. Stelgidopteryx serripennis. 6. Tachycineta malassina. 7. Certhiola flaveola. Man. N. Am. B. Plate CXV. 3. Vireo (Lanivireo) solitarius. 4. Hylophilus decurtatus. 7. Mniotilta varia, S. Protonotaria citrea. Plate CXVI. Man. N. Am. B. W 4. Dendroica (Peucedramus) olivacea 5. Helminthophila ruficapilla. 6. Dendroica coronata. 7. Dendroica (Perissoglossa) tigrina. Man. N. Am. B. Plate CXVII. •f? I. Dendroica doininica. 2. Dendroica palmarum. 3. Seiurus aurocapillus. 4. Geothlypis (Oporornis) formosa. 5. Geothlypis (Oporornis) Philadelphia. 6. Geothlypis (Oporornis) agilis. ^4=it^ 7. Oeothlsrpis trichas. 8. Sylvania mitrata. Plate CXVIII. Man. N. Am. B. i^ 4 I. Setophaga ruticilla. ^iiii^^^^ 3. Cardellina rubrifrons 2. Setophaga (Myioborus) miniata. 4. Ergaticus ruber. 5. Basileuterus culicivorus. 6. '^rsileuterus (Idiotes) belli. Man. N. Am. B. Plate CXIX. 5^ ^ <^l 6. Mimodes graysoni. Plate CXX. Man. N. Am. B. 4>i I. Oroscoptes montanus. 2. Galeoscoptes carolinensis. 5. Harporhynchus redivivus. Man. N. Am. B. Plate CXXI. bo a. 9 B 2. Salpinctes obsoletus. I. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus. 3. Thryothorus ludovicianus. 4. Catherpes mexicanus. 5. Thryothorus (Thryomanes) bewickii. 6. Cistothorus (Telmatodytes) palustris. 7. Troglodytes aetton. 8. Troglodytes (Anorthura) hiemalis. 9. Cistothorus stellaris Plate CXXII. Man. N. Am. B. M Z m I. Parus (Lophophanes) bicolor. 2. Auriparus flaviceps. 3. Parus atricapillus. 4. Chamsea fasciata. 5. Psaltriparus minimus. 6. Certhia americana. 7. Sitta carolinensis. Man. N. Am. B. Plate CXXm. / Plate CXXIV. Man. N. Am. B. W I. Pbyllopseustes borealis. 2. Polioptila csei'ulea. ¥, 1 3. Regulus (Cortbylio) calendula. 4. Regulus satrapa. 5. Saxicola cenanthe. / ^ w p' '%'