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MANUAL

North American Birds. .,

(of\

EGBERT RIDGWAY.

ILLUSTRATED BY m OUTLINE DRAWINGS OF THE
GENERIC CHARACTERS.

icHf m^ 01 Ob

PHILADELPHIA:

J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY.

1887.

PREFACE.

The object of the present volume is to furnish a convenient
manual of North American Ornithology, reduced to the smallest com-
pass, by the omission of everything that is not absolutely necessary
for determining the character of any given specimen, and including,
besides the correct nomenclature of each species, a statement of its
natural habitat, and other concomitant data.

Originally projected by Professor Spencer F. Baird, and based
essentially upon the grand National cabinet of American birds which
his energy, ability, and enthusiasm have developed from an unpre-
tentious nucleus into a collection unrivalled in extent and wholly
unique in scientific value, this work may be considered as, in a
measure, the consummation of a plan conceived by that illustrious
naturalist, whose works represent the highest type of systematic orni-
thology, and have furnished the model from which the younger gen-
eration of ornithologists have drawn their inspiration. Professor
Baird's great responsibilities and engrossing duties as Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution and Director of the United States National
Museum precluded the possibility of his completing the work which
he had so long cherished, and had even begun, when called to the
high positions which he has filled with so much advantage to science
and honor to himself.

Honored with the privilege of continuing the work commenced
by abler hands, the author has endeavored to fulfil his trust with
careful attention to the hope of its originator that the Manual of

iii

PREFACE.

North American Birds may serve as a handy book for the sportsman
and traveller, as well as for the resident naturalist, and that all may
find it a convenient and satisfactory means of identifying any North
American bird in all its variations of plumage.

ROBERT RIDGWAY.

Department op Birds,
United States National Museum,
April 11, 1887.

^pntfcr jr. 33atrti.

Just as this book is about to be issued, information has been re-
ceived of the death of Professor Baird, at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts.

It is unnecessary here to make more than passing reference to
Professor Baird's eminence as an ornithologist, — an eminence attained
through the inherent excellence of liis published works rather than
their extent. His influence in the development of American ornithol-
ogy has been greater than that of any other person, and no one else
has commanded so fully the respect, admiration, and confidence due
to his high attainments, the sterling qualities of his mind and heart,
and the integrity of his character. Indeed, it may vith truth be said
that every naturalist of eminence in the United States owes much of
his success to a personal acquaintance with Professor Baird, whose
sound advice, ready sympathy, and uniform kindness are reverently
and afiectionately remembered by all who are so fortunate as to have
enjoyed the privilege of his acquaintance.

Special reference has been made in the Preface and Introduction
to Professor Baird's intimate connection with the " Manual of North
American Birds," a work planned by him many years ago, but which
he was prevented, by engrossing public duties, from personally exe-
cuting. In spite of physical sufiering and harassing cares, he retained,
almost to the last moment, a lively interest in the work, which was
completed but a short time previous to his death.

R. R.

Washington, August 20, 1887.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION "of

KEY TO THE HIGHER GROUPS ..........**.' ^'''

Order Pygopodks— The Diving Birds *.!'.. ^

Family Podicipidae— The Grebes .'.*.''.'.'.'.' t

" UrinatoridaB— The Loons [ [

" Alcidae— The Auks, Mim-es, etc. ^

Order LoNGiPENNEs— The Long-winged Swimmers .' .' .* ." .*.".'.'.'.*.'.' gO

Family Stercorariidse— The Skuas and Jaegers . . . .* ^

" LaridiB— The Gulls and Terns 03

" Rynchopidse— The Skimmei-s ^

Order Tubinares— The Tube-nosed Swimmers !f

Family Diomedeidaj— The Albatrosses ....'.'.'.'..".'..'.. ^

" Procellariidaj— The Fulmars and Shearwaters . . ". eo

Order Steganopodes— The Totipalmate Swimmers „^

Family Phiethontidaj— The Tropic Birds ....."' !l

" Sulidte— The Gannets 74

" Anhingidaj— The Darters [ [

" Phalaerocoracidaj— The Cormorants '. --

" Pclccanidaj— The Pelicans l]

" FregatidsB-The Man-o'-War Birds J>

Order Anseres— The Lamellirostml Swimmers . . 04

Family Anatidie— The Ducks, Geese, and Swans 04

Order Odontogloss.e— The Lamellirostral Waders j^l

Family Phcenicopteridte— The Flamingoes ... ,1!

Order Herodiones— The Herons, Storks, Ibises, etc. .Zl

Family Plataleidae— The Spoonbills . . J^,

" Ibididae— The Ibises Jgr

" CiconiidiB— The Storks and Wood Ibises 194

" ArdeidsB— The Herons and Bitterns . . ,„*

Order Palitdicol^— The Cranes, Rails, etc

Family Gruidae— The Cranes ^^^

" AramidiB— The Courlans jf-

" Rallidie— The Rails, Gallinules, Coots, etc' .on*

Order LiMicoL^— The Shore Birds

Family Phalaropodidre— The Phalaropes .... . . . jjo

" Kecurvirostrid83— The Avocets and Stilts ^q

" ScolopacidoB— The Snipes, Sandpipers, etc. . ,47

" Charadriidte— The Plovers .*.".".. j-o

" Aphrizidffi-The Surf Birds and Turnstones 179

" Hsematopodida}— The Oyster-catchers . ] jg,

" Jacanidae— The Jacanaa ,"

' • loo

CONTENTS.

PAOE

Order Galling — The Gullinaceous Birds 184

Family Tetruonidiu — The Gi-ouse, Piirtridges, etc 184

" I'husiunidie — The rheasnnts, Turkeys, etc 205

" Crueidic — The Curassows and Guans 207

Order CoLUMBiB — The Pigeons 210

Family Columbidu) — The Tigeons 210

Order Rai'Tokks— The Birds of Prey 218

Family Cnthartidic — The American Vultures 218

" Faleoiiidaj— The Falcons, Hawks, etc 222

" Strigidie— The Barn Owls 255

" Bubonidic— The Horned Owls, etc 255

Order Psittaci — The Parrots, Macaws, Paroquets, etc 2tt8

Family Psittacid*— The Parrots, etc 2G8

Order Coccyoes — The Cuckoos, etc 271

Family Cuculidie— The Cuckoos 271

" Trogonidic — The Trogons 275

" Momotidte — The Motmots 277

" Alcedinidie— The Kingfishers .278

Order Pici— The Woodpeckei-s, Wrynecks, etc 280

Family PicidiB— The Woodpeckers 280

Order Macrochibks — The Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc 297

Family Caprinuilgidte — The Goatsuckers 297

" Micropodiduj— The Swifts 302

" Trochilidie— The Hummingbirds 303

Order Passeres — The Perching Birds 321

Family CotingidM— The Cotingas 323

" Tyrannid.3— The Tyrant Flycatchei-s 326

" Alaudidic— The Larks 340

" Corvida?— The Crows, Jays, Magpies, etc 350

" Sturnida;— The Starlings 364

" Icterida-— The Blackbirds, Orioles, etc 305

" Fringillidic— The Finches, Sparrows, etc 382

" Tanagrida? — The Tanagei-s 453

" Hirundinidne — The Swallows 457

" Ampolida;— The Waxwings, etc 463

" Lanlidw— The Shrikes 465

" Vireonidii? — The Vireos 468

" CcBrebidiB — The Honey Creepers 479

" MniotiltidiB— The Wood AVarblen 480

" Motacillid*— The Wagtails 532

'« Cinclidio— The Dippers 538

" Troglodytida> — The Wrens, Thrashers, etc 538

" CerthiidfB— The Creepers 557

" Paridm— rhe Nuthatches and Tits 558

" Sylviidre — The Warblers, Kinglets, and Gnatcatchers 566

" Turdidas— The Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats, Bluebirds, etc 571

Appendix 583

Index 595

INTEODUOTION.

In Classification, Nomenclature, and Numeration the present work corre-
sponds strictly with the " Check List of North American Birds" published by the
American Ornithologists' Union,' which represents the joint labors of a " Commit-
tee on Classification and Nomenclaturo' 'yipointed by the Union during its first
Congress, held in New York City, Septemi. i- 2G-29, 1883.

During the year which has elapsed gince the publication of the A. 0. U. Check
List several species have been add' ''■ to tLo Nor'-lj American fauna, while others
have been for the first cime described. Th« se mo of course included in the present
.7ork, being interpolated in their proper pii'/'es.' At the same time, it has been
considered desirable, in th'^ interest oi tbf student of North American Ornithol-
ogy, to include, for reasons stated farther on,' certain extralimital species from
contiguous countries. All such additional species have, however, been carefully
distinguished typographically, in oi'der that no confusion may arise, the method
of discrimination being as follows :

(1) All species which are undoubtedly North American, even though of doubt-
ful validity, are in larger tj'pe, those given in the A. O. U. Check List proper being
numbered as in that list, while eighteen of the twenty-six species composing the
so-called "Hypothetical List,"* and also those subsequently added to the fauna, ure
preceded by a dash ( — ) instead of a number. (2) All species which have not been
established as North American (the majority never having been claimed as such)
are printed in smaller type, and have neither a number nor a dash.

The Geographical Limits ai-e also, so far as numbered species are concerned,
those of the A. O. U. Check List ; but practically these limits have been enlarged so

* For lists of these additional species, see Appendix, pages 591-594.
' See under " Qeographical Limits."

* " Consisting of species which have been recorded as North American, but whoso status as North Ameri-
can birds is doubtful, either from lack of positive evidence of their occurrence within the prescribed limits . . .
or from absence of satisfactory proof oi their validity as species." Of the twenty-six species constituti-.g this
list, eighteen are unquestionably North American (one of them having been recently established as such), while
the remaining eight have very scant claims to a place in our fauna.

vii

(■?"

vin

INTRODUCTION.

as to include all the species known to inhabit Socorro Island, off the coast of north-
western Mexico, which is decidedly Nearctic, or North American, in its zoological
aflSnities, while in many crses other extralimital species have been included, for the
sake of comparison and also on account of the greater or less probability of their
occurrence within the southern boundary of the United States. In most cases this
ignoring of geographical limits has been confined to the inclusion of only the Mexi-
can,* Cuban, and Bahaman species of characteristically North American genera, or
of genera from the same regions belonging to North American Families, the Euro-
pean analogues of certain North American species, and species of northeastern Asia
which have been ascribed to Alaska, or which may from the close proximity of
their habitat be expected to occur thei*e. A notable departure from this general
rule has, however, been made in the Order Tubinares, consisting whoUj' of species
inhabiting the "high seas," whose more or less erratic or fortiiitous wanderings
render them specially liable to a place in the list of " accidental visitors" to any
sea-girt country, for which reason it has been considered desirable, as an aid to
ftiture research, to include all known species belonging to genera of which repre-
sentatives have been taken in North American waters.

Material. — Although the unrivalled collection of American birds and their
eggs forming part of the National Museum* has furnished by far the greater por-
tion of the material upon which this work is based, several other public museums,
as well as rich private collections, have been carefully studied. Thus, the American
Museum of Natural Historj', in New York City ; the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia ; the Boston Society of Nature) History ; the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology, in Cambridge, Mass. ; and the splendid private collections of Messrs.
George N. Lawrence, of New York City, William Brewster, of Cambridge, Mass.,
and H. W. Henshaw,' of Washington, D.C., have furnished indispensable material
in the way of extralimital species or more extensive series of certain North Amer-
ican species, for comparison, than had yet been secured by the National Museum.
It is not, however, the large number of specimens alone that has furnished the sub-
stantial basis of the following synoptical tables ; for, however much the proper dis-

1 Under the head of " Mexican" are included not only Mexico itself, but also Quatemala and Honduraa.
(See page vii, regarding typographical distinction between extralimital and North American species.)

' The total number of specimens of American birds in the National Museum collection at the end of June,
1886, was about .36,000, exclusive of dupliootes and mounted specimens ; the North American " study series" of
Paiteren and " Pienn'ir" (i.e., Macrnchiren, Pici, and Coccyges) alone aggregating nearly 13,000, counting only
those obtained from North America proper, as defined in the A. 0. U. Check List. At the same time, the collec-
tion of North American birds' eggs numbered 38,400 specimens, constituting by far the most extensive and valu-
able one in existence. Even before the addition of the magnificent private collection so generously donated by
Captain Charles E. Bendire, U.S.A., no other was comparable to it, either in the number of species represented
or in their careful identification, it having from the commencement been made a rule to destroy all specimens
regarding which there appeared the least doubt or suspicion. Captain Bendire's celebrated collection, while
representing fewer species, included far more extensive series of a largo number of species, showing extreme
variations of size, contour, and coloration, all perfectly identified, while it wa« wholly unique in the exquisite
preparation of the specimens.

* Speoial mention should be made of Mr. Henshaw's valuable ooUection (ombraoing more than 7000 speoi-
meuB and unusually complete series of many species), which through the owner's courtesy has been constantly
accessible to the author.

INTRODUCTION.

crimination of species and subspecies may be a question of material, a groat deal
depends upon our knowledge of the birds in life, their natural surroundings, and
other things which can be learne,^ only out of doors. Fortunately, a very large
number of accomplished field-naturalists have carefully observed the habits of our
birds, and through their published records have together contributed a vast store
of information which no single person could himself have gained. To the much
that has been gleaned from this source have been added the author's field-notes, col-
lected during the period extending from a recent date back to the year 1863, and
embracing many measurements of fresh specimens, notes on location of nests, fresh
colors of bill, eyes, feet, etc., and various other useful memoranda.

Measurements are in English inches and hundredths, except when otherwise
stated.* Whenever practicable, they have been taken from large series of speci-
mens, and the extremes given, as well as the average, which follows in parenthesis.
Thus, 5.75-6.50 (6.12) would indicate the minimum, maximum, and average, re-
spectively, of the measurements taken. In the case of closely-allied forms, or where
distinctive characters are largely a matter of dimensions or the proportionate meas-
urements of different parts, care has been taken to measure, whenever possible, an
equal number of specimens of the several forms to bo compared ; and specimens in
abraded or otherwise imperfect plumage, as well as young birds, have been excluded.
When there is any marked sexual difference in size, the number of males and females
measured of allied forms has also been made as nearly equal as possible. Length
is to be understood as moaning the total length (from end of bill to tip of tail) of
the fresh specimen, before skinning, unless otherwise stated. This measurement is
the least important of any for the purpose of determination of the species, being of
any value at all only when taken from the fresh specimen, before skinning, and even
then subject to much vai'iation, according to the amount of stretching to which the
bird is subjected. In a very largo number of species the author's measurements
from freshly-killed specimens are given, but in perhajis a majority of cases it has
been necessary to take measurements made by others. Owing to the fact that all
our leading authorities have been consulted on this point and only the extremes
given, it has boon found impracticable (even if desirable) to distinguish the latter
fronj the former, but it may be remarked that nearly all of those in which
the range of variation between the extremes is very great belong to the latter
category. Length of wing is from the "bend," or carpal joint, to tip of longest
primary, the rule being laid along the outer or convex side and the wing brought
up close to it for its entire length. Length of tail is from tip of longest feathers to
their apparent base, a point often vory difficult to determine, and subject to niore
or less vai'iation according to the method of preparing the skin, the amount of
shrinkage to which the flesh at the base of the tail has been subjected, etc. Length
of culmen is the chord of the curve, measured with dividers, from the tip of the
upper mandible to the extreme base of the culmen (this often more or less concealed
by feathers of the forehead) — unless the qualifying word " exposed" is prefixed, in
which case the measurement is similarly made to where the frontal feathers close

' Soo foot-note on page x., as to oonrorston of inches and decimals into milllmotrefl.

'I*

X INTRODUCTION.

over the base of the culmen. Depth of bill is also measured with dividers, and is a
measurement requiring extreme care. Length of tarsus is measured with dividers,
one point resting in the tibio-tarsal joint, on the outer side, the other on the lower
edge of lowermost tarsal scutella, In front (in Passerine and certain Picarian and
Raptorial birds), or to the more or less obvious transverse depression markin* the
line of separation between tarsus and base of middle toe (in most water birds and
some others). Length of middle toe is always measured with dividers from the
last-mentioned point to the base of the claw, on top, and not including the claw,
unless so stated.

Measurements of eggs represent the average of six specimens (more or less, ac-
cording to the extent of the series available for the purpose) which represent or
approximate the average size and form as neai'ly as could be determined by the eye
alone.

The names op colors used in the diagnoses are adopted from the author's " No-
menclature of Colors," ' in which may be found an elaborate though concise treatise
on the subject, designed especially for the uses of the naturalist, and in which 186
colors, embracing all that are named in descriptive ornithology, are depicted, by
hand-colored plates.

Illustrations. — With the exception of those which have already appeared in
the Beview of American Birds* History of North American Birds," and Water Birds
of North America* the illustrations have been made specially for the present work
by Mr. John L. Ridgway, under the author's supervision, and engraved by the cele-
brated " Jewett" process of Messrs. Matthews, Northrupp & Co., of Buffalo, N.Y.

Acknowledgments are specially due to Professor Baird, not only for the

[In this work is also ombodiod a " Glossary of terms used in descriptive ornithology," in which references
are given to all the plates. The latter include, besides those representing the colors, throe showing the exter-
nal anatomy or " topography" of a bird, with special reference to the names used in descriptions, one illus-
trating various cgg-oontours, one showing a comparative scale of standard measurements, and two upon which
are depicted the various forms or patterns of feather-markings. There is also, among other things useful to
the naturalist, a series of tables for the easy conversion of inches and decimals into millimetres, and vi'ce versu.'\

One volume, 8vo; date of publication (by signatures), June, 1864, to June, 18B6.

and Company | 1874. |

[This is the most recent work on North American ornithology, giving, besides technical descriptions,
synonymy, etc., a general account of the history ond habits of each species, as known up to date of publica-
tion. The size is small 4to, ond the total number of pages nearly 1800.]

* Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vols. XII. and XIII. The Woter
Birds of North America, By S. F. Baird, T. M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway. Issued in continuation of the pub-
lications of the California Geological Survey. J. D. Whitney, State Geologist. Boston, Little, Brown, and
Company, 1884.

[Two volumes, uniform in general style, typography, etc., with the " History of North American Birds,"
and in reality the conclusion of that work. Total number of pages 1104, embellished by numerous wood-cuti.]

INTRODUCTION.

privilege of consulting specimens and books so essential to the preparation of this
work, but also for the friendly advice and valuable suggestions which have ren-
dered comparatively easy the performance of a task which under less favorable
auspices would have been far morn difficult of accomplishment. For valuable
aid, always most cordially rendered, the author is much indebted to Dr. Leonhard
Stejneger, whoso well-known thorough bibliographical knowledge and excellent
judgment have greatly facilitated the settlement of many vexatious questions of
synonymy and difficult problems of relationship. To the authorities of the several
public museums and the owners of the private collections already mentioned, the
author is glad to have this opportunity of publicly expressing his sense of obliga-
tion for many courtesies, including, besides unrestricted access to the collections in
question, the loan of valuable and unique type specimens.

H. H.

i'i I

\ 1

North American Birds.

KEY TO THE HIGHER GROUPS.

Hind toe connected by web or membrane with the inner toe.

Order Steganopodes. (Page 73.)
Hind toe not connected with inner toe.

b\ Nostrils tubular • Order Tubinares. (Page 50.)

6*. Nostrils not tubular.

c^ Cutting-edges of bill more or less distinctly fringed or serrated.

d}. Legs short, or but slightly lengthened ; bill not abruptly bent

downward from the middle... Order Anseres. (Page 84.)

d*. Legs excessively lengthened ; bill bent abruptly downward from

the middle Order Odontoglossae. (Page 121.)

c'. Cutting-edges of bill not fringed nor serrated.

d'. Legs inserted far behind the middle of the body, which in standing
position is more or less erect, the toes webbed or conspicuously

lobed Order Pygopodes. (Page 4.)

d'. Legs inserted near the middle of the body, which in standing posi-
tion is nearly horizontal, or else toes not webbed,
e'. Anterior toes distinctly webbed, and tarsus shorter than tail.

Order Longipennes. (Page 20.)
e'. Anterior toes not distinctly webbed, or else tarsus decidedly
longer than tail, or else bill extremely small, with gape
very broad and deeply cleft.
/'. Lower portion of thighs naked, or else bill lengthened
and grooved along each side, the outer and middle toes
separated for their entire length.
g\ Hind toe well developed and inserted at same level
with anterior toes, the claws never excessively
lengthened ; loral or orbital regions, or both (some-
times whole head), naked.

Order Herodiones. (Page 122.)

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

g*. Hind toe (if present) small and inserted above the

level of the rest, or else size small or medium

(never as much as 8 feet long) ; loral and orbital

regions fully feathered, and middle claw with edge

not pectinated.

h}. If more than 3 feet long, the hind toe short and

elevated ; if under 3 feet long, the hind toe on

same level with anterior toes.

Order Paludicolae. (Page 134.)

h*. Never over 3 feet long (usually much less), the

hind toe (if present) short and elevated, or

else the claws excessively lengthened and

wings spurred.

Order Limicolse. (Page 143.)
/'. Lower portion of thighs feathered (or else middle and
outer toes united for at least half their length), the
bill if lengthened not grooved along the side.
g^. Bill strongly hooked, with a distinct naked cere at
base of upper mandible ; or if no naked cere, the
toes 2 in front and 2 behind.
h^. Toes 3 in front, or else outer too reversible.

Order Raptores. (Page 218.)
h*. Toes 2 in front, 2 behind (outer toe permanently

reversed) Order Psittaci. (Page 268.)

g*. Bill not strongly hooked, and without naked cere
at base of upper mandible ; or if with a cere, the
latter swollen and the bill straight,
/t*. Hind toe small and elevated, or else bill with-
out soft swollen cere.

Order Gallinai. (Page 184.)

A*. Hind toe (or toes) well developed and on same

level with anterior toes.

iK Bill with soft swollen cere at base of upper

mandible. Order Columbse. (Pago 210.)

iK Bill without soft swollen cere.

/. Wings very long, with 10 quills, tail
of 10 feathers, and gape very wide
and deeply cleft, or else bill long
and slender, tongue extensile, and
secondaries only 6 in number.
Order Macrochiies. (Page 297.)
j*. Wings not very long and gape not very
wide nor deeply cleft, or else wing
with only 9 quills and tail-feathers
12 in number.

KEF TO THE HIOHER GROUPS.

Toes only 2 in front, or if 3, the
middle and outer toes con-
nected for at least half their
length.
J}. Tail-feathers stiff and more or
less pointed, and bill more
or less chisel-like.

Order Pici. (Page 280.)
V. Tail-feathers neither stiff nor
pointed, and bill not chisel-
like.
Order Coccyges. (Page 271.)
Toes 3 in front, 1 behind, the middle
and outer toes not united for
half their length, lower part of
thighs feathered, and tarsus equal
to or longer than lateral toes.
Order Passeres. (Page 321.)

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Order PYGOPODES.— The Diving Birds.

(Page 1)
Families.

a}. Tail-feathers wanting.

Anterior toes lobed, the nails very broad, flat, and with rounded tips. (Sub-
order Podicipedes) Podicipidae. (Pago 4.)

a}. Tail-feathers present, but short. (Suborder Cepphi.)

t*. Hind toe present Urinatoridae. (Pago 6.)

v. Hind toe absent Alcidse. (Page 8.)

Family PODICIPID^.— The Grebes. (Pago 4.)

I^est a thick matted platform of rushes, sedges, etc., usually floating upon the
surface of the water in grassy or sedgy ponds or marshes. Eggs 2-5, dull white,
bluish white, or very pale bluish green, usually stained more or less (often quite
deeply) with light brown, by contact with decomposed vegetable matter.

Genera.

a'. Bill slender, the length of the culmen much more than twice the depth at the
base.
6*. Length^of culmen fivo or more times as much as greatest depth of the bill;

neck nearly as long as the body .^chmophorus. (Pago 4.)

6*. Length of culmen less than four times as much as greatest depth of the bill ;

neck much shorter than the body Colymbus. (Page 5.)

a*. Bill very stout, the length of the culmen less than twice as much as the greatest
depth of the bill Podilymbus. (Page 6.)

Genus .ffiCHMOPHORUS Coues. (Page 4, pi. I., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Pileum and cervix slaty black ; rest of upper parts slaty,
inner webs of remiges chiefly white; entire lower parts, including lower half of
head and all of neck except stripe down the cervix, pure satiny white. Downy
young : Above uniform brownish gray, lighter anteriorly ; lower parts uniform white.

a\ Length 24.00-29.00 inches ; wing 7.45-8.60 (average 8.07) ; culmen 2.60-
3.05 (2.78). Eggs 2-5, 2.40 X 1-54. Hab. Western North America
(chiefly the interior) from Mexico and Lower California to Manitoba.

1. ^. occidentalis (Lawr.). Western Grebe.

a\ Length about 22.00 inches; wing 6.70-7.75 (7.31); culmen 2.10-2.48 (2.25).
Eggs 2-5, 2.16X1-41. ffab. Western Noi'th America, chiefly along Pacific
coast — .JE. clarkii (Lawr.). Clark's Orebe.

COL r MB vs.

Genus COLYMBUS Linn^us. (Page 4, pi.

I, figs. 2, 3.)

Species.

Wing 5.00 inches or more.

b\ Bill about as long as the head. "Wing more than 6.00 inches. (Subgenus
Colymbus.)
c*. Feathers of lower parts pure white to the extreme base. Nuptial
plumage : Throat and chin huffy white, passing posteriorly into rich
ferruginous on the very prominent auricular frill, which is tipped
with black ; top of head and elongated tufts on each side of occiput
glossy black. Length 22.00-24.00; wing 6.80-7.75; culmen 1.75-
2.30. Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan, but no authentic record for any
portion of America.

C. cristatus Linn. Crested Grebe.*

c\ Feathers of lower parts white only superficially, the concealed portion
being distinctly grayish. Nuptial plumage : Top of head dull black,
somewhat glossy ; rest of head ash-gray, bordered above and poste-
riorly by whitish ; neck rufous.
dK Length about 17.50 ; wing 6.45-7.00 (6.63) ; culmen 1.50-1.55 (1.53).
Mab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere.

C. grisegena Bodd. Red-necked Grebe.*

(P. Length 18.00-20.50 ; wing 7.30-8.10 (7.65) ; culmen 1.65-2.40 (2.02).
Eggs 2-5, 2.23 X 1-37. Hub. North America, including Green-
land, breeding far northward ; eastern Asia.

2. C. holbcellii (Reinh.). Holboell's Orebe.

b\ Bill much shorter than head. Wing not more than 6.00 inches. (Subgenus

Dytes Kaup.)

cS Bill compressed (deeper than wide) at base. Nuptial plumage : Lower

neck and chest rufous ; sides of occiput with a very full dense

tuft of soft, blended, ochraceous feathers. Downy young: Whole

top of head dusky; sides of head whitish with two stripes and

several irregular spots of dusky ; a dusky streak on each side of

throat ; upper parts plain dusky grayish. Length 12.50-15.25 ; wing

about 5.75. Eggs 2-7, 1.78 X 1-20. Hab. Northern portion of

northern hemisphere, breeding in America chiefly north of the

United States 3. C. auritus Linn. Honied Orebe.

c*. Bill depressed (wider than deep) aL uaao. Nuptial plumage : Head, neck,
and chest black ; sides of head, behind eyes, with a tuft-like or
somewhat fan-shaped loose patch of slender ochraceous feathers.
Downy young : Top of head dusky, with several white markings, the
middle of the crown with a small naked, reddish space ; no dusky

* Colymbus criatatua LiNN., S.N. ed. 10, 1758, 135.

* Colymhtti griaegena BoDD., Tabl. P. E. 1783, 65.

nrnm

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Length

streak on side of throat, or elsewhere below level of eyes
12.00-14.00 ; wing 5.20-5.50.
d}. Three or four inner quills mostly or entirely white. Hab. Central
Europe and Asia.

C. nigricollis (Brehm). Eared Grebe.^

d*. Inner quills with inner webs wholly dusky. Colors generally
duller and bill more slender. Eggs 4-8, 1.75 X 1-19. Hab.
Western North America, north to Groat Slave Lake, south to
Guatemala, east to Mississippi Valley.

4. C. nigricollis californicus (IIeerm.). American Eared Grebe,
a*. Wing less than 5.00 inches. (Subgenus Podiceps Lath.)

Tarsus decidedly shorter than middle toe without claw. Nuptial plumage:
Top of head dull greenish black; rest of head dark gray or dull plum-
beous, the chin and throat dull black. Downy young : Top of head black,
with a rufous spot in middle of crown, and various white markings;
sides and underparts of head and neck white varied with black lines.
Length 9.00-10.50 ; wing 4.00. Eggs 1.35 X -94. Hab. Tropical America
in general, north to southern Texas and Lower California.

5. C. dominicus Linn. St. Domingo Grebe.

Genus PODILYMBUS Lesson. (Page 4, pi. I., fig. 5.)

Species.

Brownish above, silvery white beneath, the feathers dark grayish basally.
Nuptial plumage : Chin, throat, and anterior portion of malar region black ; rest of
head and neck brownish gray, darker above ; lower parts spotted with dusky ;
bill whitish, crossed about the middle by a black band. Winter plumage : Black
throat, etc., of nuptial plumage replaced by dull whitish, the rest of the head
browner ; lower parts without dusky spots ; bill brownish (paler on lower man-
dible) without black band. Young : Similar to winter adult, but sides of head more
or less distinctly striped with brown. Doiony young : Head and neck distinctly
striped with white and black, the crown with a rufous spot ; a rufous spot on upper
part of nape and on each side of occiput ; upper parts blackish, marked with four
strips of grayish white. Length 12.00-15.00 ; wing 4.50-5.00. Eggs 4-5, 1.72 X
1.99. Hab. The whole of America, except extreme northern and southern districts.

6. P. podiceps (Linn.). Fied-billed Grebe.

Family URINATORID.^.— The Loons. (Page 4.)

Genus.
(Characters same as those given for the family) Urinator. (Page 7.)

' Podicept nigrieollii Brebh, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 963. Culymhui uigricoUU Stbjn., Auk, ii., Got. 1885, 340.

VRINATOR.

)ot. 1886, 340.

Genus URINATOR Cuvier. (Page 6, pi. TI., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above blackish or slaty, beneath white. In summer,
upper parts spotted or speckled with white, the throat and fore-neck blackish or
chestnut. In winter, and in young, upper parts without white markings, and throat
and fore-neck white like rest of lower parts. Downy young uniform sooty grayish,
the belly white. Nest built on ground at edge of marsh or lake. Eggs 2, elongate-
ovate, deep brown or olive, rather sparsely speckled or spotted with dark brown
and blackish.

a\ Tarsus shorter than middle toe without claw ; fore-neck blackish in summer.
6'. Distance from base of culmen to anterior point of loral feathers, above
nostrils, greater than the distance from the latter point to anterior bor-
der of nostrils. Summer plumage with head and neck black all round,
the middle of the fore-neck and sides of lower neck each crossed by a
bar or transverse series of white streaks.
cK Tarsus shorter than exposed culmen ; bill in adult blackish (almost
wholly deep black in summer) ; head and neck glossed with velvety
green; white spots on scapulars broad as long; length 28.00-36.00;
wing 13.00-15.25 (14.06) ; culmen 2.75-3.50 (3.07) ; depth of bill
through base .90-1.05 (.96). Eggs 3.52 X 2.27. Ilab. Northern
part of noi'thern hemisphere, breeding from northern United States

northward 7: U. imber (Gunn.). Loon.

c'. Tarsus longer than exposed culmen ; bill in adult whitish (almost
wholly yellowish white in summer) ; head and neck glossed with
velvety violet-blue ; white spots on scapulars decidedly longer than
broad; length abou: 35.00-38.00 ; wing 14.85-15.45 (15.11); culmen
3.50-3.65 (3.59) ; depth of bill through base 1.00-1.20 (1.09). Hab.
Western Arctic America and northeastern Asia.

8. U. adamsii (Gray). Tellow-billed Loon.
t'. Di.stance from base of culmen to anterior point of loral feathers, not greater
than distance from the latter point to anterior extremity of nostril.
Summer plumage with upper part of head and hind part of neck gray-
ish ; throat and fore-neck black, without white streaks, but several lon-
gitudinal series of the latter down the side of the neck, between the
black and the gray.
cK Fore-neck and under side of neck glossed with velvety purple ; occi-
put and hind-neck deep gray, almost plumbeous. Length 26.00-
29.00 ; wing 12.15-13.20 (12.55) ; culmen 2.50-2.85 (2.60) ; depth of
bill at base, .75-.80 (.78). Eggs 3.09 X 1-96. Hab. Northern por-
tions of northern hemisphere, breeding in Arctic regions ; in North
America, south, in winter, to extreme northern United States, east
of the Eocky Mountains.

9. U. arcticus (Linn.). Black-throated Loon.

NORTH AMERICAN BIKDS.

c*. Fore-neck and under side of head glossed with dull bronzy greenish,
sometimes inclining to purplish'; occiput and hind-neck very palo
smoky grayish, sometimes nearly white. Wing 11.20-12.25 (11.54) ;
culmen 2.00-2.35 (2.15); depth ot bill at baso.55-.65 (.62). Eggs
3.11 X ^.92. Hah. Pacific coast of North America, from Alaska to
Lower California, breeding far northward.

10. U. pacificus (Lawr.). Pacific Loon,
a*. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw. Fore-neck rich chestnut in summer ;
head and neck plumbeous gray, the top of head and hind-neck streaked with
white; upper parts speckled with white. Summer plumage: Throat and
fore-neck plumbeous, like rest of head and neck, but marked down the mid-
dle with a wedge-shaped patch or stripe of rich chestnut. Winter plumage
and young: Throat and fore-neck white. Downy young: Above uniform
dusky, or sooty slate ; lower parts paler and more grayish. Length 24.00-
27.00 ; wing 10.00-11.50 ; culmen 2.25 ; tarsus 2.75. Eggs 2.82 X 1-76. Hab.
Northern portions of northern hemisphere, breeding in Arctic regions ; in
North America, south, in winter, nearly across the United States.

11. U. lumme (Gunn.). Sed>tIiroated Loon.

Family ALCID-ffi.— The Auks. (Page 4.)

N'est a cavity among rocks, usually on face of cliffs. Egg single, variable as to
form and color.

Genera.

fl'. Inner claw much larger and more strongly curved than the others ; corner of
mouth with a thick naked skin, or " rosette ;" bill excessively compressed,
nearly as deep as long, the terminal portion transversely grooved (except in
young), the basal portion with several accessory deciduous pieces, cast at end
of breeding season. (Subfamily Fratcrculina;.)
6'. Basal outline of permanent (terminal) portion of upper mandible convex ;
lower mandible wholly destitute of grooves, in all stages ; grooves of
upper mandible with concave side toward tip of bill. Nuptial ornaments :
Deciduous nasal shield or saddle widest toward culmen, where forming
an arched and much thickened ridge ; eyelids without horny append-
ages ; on each side of head a large pendent tuft of lengthened, silky,

straw-colored feathers . Lunda. (Page 10.)

6*. Basal outline of permanent (terminal) portion of bill concave, or nearly
straight and very oblique ; permanent (terminal) portion of lower man-
dible grooved (except in young) ; grooves of the upper mandible with
concave side toward base of the bill. Nuptial ornaments: Deciduous
nasal shield widest toward nostril ; basal outline of upper mandible con-
cave ; eyelids furnished with horny appendages ; head without orna-
mental tufts of plumes Fratercula. (Page 11.)

ALCJD^.

reenish,
Diy palo
(11.54);

)■ -Eggs

laska to

fie Loon,
ummer ;
ced with
•oat and
the mid-
plumage
uniform
h 24.00-
6. Hab.

;ed Loon.

ible as to

corner of
nprcssed,
except in
i,st at end

) convex ;
'ooves of
'naments :
B forming
■f append-
led, silky,
Page 10.)
or nearly
wer man-
iible vrith
Deciduous
dible con-
out orna-
Page 11.)

a*. Inner claw not obviously different in size or shape from the others ; corner of
mouth without thickened naked skin or " rosette."
6'. Anglo of chin much nearer to nostril than to tip of bill,

c*. Nostrils exposed, overhung by a more or less distinc*; horny scale, and
feathers of lores never reaching to anterior end of nostrils; second-
aries without white tips. (Subfamily Phalerince.)
d}. Gonys occupying more than half the total length of the lower
mandible, or else tip of upper mandible not abruptly dccurvcd
from a long, straight cuimen.
eS Distance from anterior border of nasal hollow to nearest loral
feathers equal to one half or more than one half the dis-
tance from the same point to the tip of the bill. (Phnlerece.')
p. Bill about as long as the head (cuimen about 1.00) ; wing

more than 6.50 Cerorhinca. (Pago 11.)

/', Bill much shorter than head (cuimen less than .75) ; wing
less than 6.50.
g^. Upper mandible broader than deep at base ; cuimen
nearly straight. (Wing about 5.00.)

Ptychoramphus. (Page 12.)

^'. Upper mandible higher than broad at base ; cuimen

decidedly curved.

h^. Lower mandible very narrow, strongly and very

regularly recurved, the tip acute ; edge of

upper mandible very regularly convex. (Wing

5.25-6.00.) Cyclorrhynchus. (Page 12.)

h?. Lower mandible more than half as deep as the
upper, not recurved, or else tip not acute ;
upper mandible with edge nearly straight or
else not regularly convex. (Wing 5.25 or

less.) Simorhynchus. (Page 12.)

c*. Distance from anterior border of nasal hollow to nearest loral

feathers equal to not more than one-fourth the distance

from the same point to the tip of the bill. {Brachyramphece.)

p. Tarsi scutellate in front, much longer than the horny

portion of the commissure.

Synthliboramphus. (Page 13.)
/'. Tarsi reticulate in front, not longer than horny portion of

commissure Brachyramphus. (Page 14.)

d}. Gonys occupying less than half the total length of the lower man-
dible ; cuimen straight to near the tip, where abruptly decurved.
(Cepphece.)
Loral feathers forming an acute angle. (Wing 6.50-7.50 ;

cuimen 1.00 or more.) Cepphus. (Page 16.)

c*. Nostrils completely concealed or enclosed within a dense, velvety
feathering, which extends from the lores to or beyond their an-

mmmmm

10 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

terior end ; secondaries sharply tipped with white. (Subfamily
Alcince.)
d}. Bill narrow, the culmen slightly or gently curved, both mandibles
destitute of grooves; tail rounded, the feathers not pointed.

{^Uriaece.) Uria. (Page 17.)

6}. Bill very deep, much compressed, culmen strongly curved, and one

or both mandibles transversely or obliquely grooved (except in

young) ; tail graduated, the feathers pointed. (^Alceoe.')

&. Size medium (culmen less than 1.50) ; bill much shorter than

head, the lower mandible with not more than two grooves,

or none ; wings well developed, admitting of sustained flight.

Alca. (Page 18.)

e*. Size very large (culmen more than 3.00) ; bill as long as the

head, the lower mandible with numei-ous grooves ; wings

rudimentary, not admitting of flight.. Plautus. (Page 19.)

6'. Angle of chin much nearer tip of bill than to nostril. (Subfamily Allina:.)

Bill very short and broad, the culmen much curved; size very small

(wing less than 5.00) ; secondaries sharply tipped with white.

Alle.» (Page 19.)

' ill'

Genus LUND A Pallas. (Page 8, pi. III., fig. 1.)

Species.

Above uniform sooty black, lower parts sooty grayish, the feathers of breast
and belly grayish white beneath the surface, this color sometimes showing through,
and breaking the continuity of the dusky. Nuptial plumage : Anterior portion of
side of head white; springing from each side of the crown, immediately above the
eye, a thick pendent tuft of lengthened, silky, straw-colored feathers ; terminal
half of bill bright red, basal portion olive-yellowish ; feet bright scarlet (in life).
Winter plumage : Side of head wholly dusky, but lighter in region of insertion of
the nuptial tufts, which are wholly absent ; basal deciduous horny covering of bill
replaced by soft, dusky broAvn skin ; feet flesh-color (in life). Young, first winter :
Similar to winter adult, but upper mandible destitute of grooves, and nuptial tufts
present in a rudimentary condition but of a light brownish color; terminal portion
of bill inclining to brownish orange-red. Young, first summer or autumn : Bill
smaller, narrower, and browner in color ; nuptial tufts wanting. Downy young :
Uniform dark sooty grayish, or blackish. Length 14.40-15.60 ; wing 7.75 ; culmen
1,30-1.45. Egg 2.86 X 192, more or less ovate, white (sometimes tinged with pale
huffy, pinkish, or brownish), usually more or less marked round larger end with
faint spots, splashes or streaks of pale brown, or lavender-gray, or both. Hab.
Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from southern California to Alaska, and
from Bering's Strait to Japan ; accidental in Bay of Fundy and Kennebec River,
Maine 12. L. cirrhata Pall. Tufted Puffin.

1 Alls Link, Besohr. Nat. Samuil. Univ. Rustook, i. 1800, 40 (not p. 17, as given in A. 0. U. Clieolc List).

FRATERCULA.

ibfamily

landiblea
pointed.
^igcl7.)
aud one
ixcept in

i-ter than
grooves,
ed flight.
Page 18.)
ig as the
s; wings
Page 19.)
' Allinai.)
iiy small

Page 19.)

of breast
through,
ortion of
ibove the

crminal
(in life),
ertion of
g of bill
s< ivinter :
tial tufts
il portion
vm : Bill
ly young :

; culmen
with pale
end with
h. Hub.
iska, and
oc River,
9d Puffin.

lok List).

Genus FRATERCULA Brisson. (Page 8, pi. III., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Upper parts, together with a band across fore-neck,
uniform blackish ; sides of head grayish or white ; lower parts pure white. Downy
young, uniform sooty blackish, or dark sooty slate, the belly white. Egg shaped and
colored like that of Lunda cirrhata.

a}. Grooves of the bill very oblique, broad, and distinct, the deciduous basal shields

occupying less than the basal half of the bill. Nuptial plumage : Chin and

whole throat grayish, the sides of the head gray ; horny process on upper

eyelid short, subconical ; length 11.50-13.75.

^'. Bill and general size smaller: Ciihnen 1.60-1.90, gonys 1.40-1.50, depth of

upper mandible at base .75-.90, of lower, .40-.50. Egg 2.46-1.74. Hab.

Coasts of the North Atlantic, from southern Greenland south, in winter,

in North America, to New Jersey, breeding as far south as the Bay

of Fundy 13. F. arctica (Linn.). Puffin.

i»*. Bill and general size larger: Culmen 2.00-2.30, gonys 1.40-1.60, depth of
upper mandible at base .85-1.00, of lower, .70.-80. Egg 2.65-1.82. Hab.
Coasts and islands of the Arctic Ocean, from Spitzbergen to northern
and western Greenland.

13a. F. arctica glacialis (Temm.). Large-billed Puffin,
a'. Grooves of the bill nearly vertical, narrow, and rather indistinct ; deciduous
basal shields occupying much more than the basal half of the bill Nuptial
plumage : AVhole throat blackish, the chin, onlj'-, gray ; sides of head white ;
horny process on upper eyelid elongated, horn-like. Downy young : Uniform
sooty blackish, the belly, abruptly, white. Length about 12.50-14.00 ; culmen
2.00-2.25, gonys 1.60-1.70, depth of upper mandible 1.15-1.25, of lower, .70-
.80. Egg 2.74-1.84. Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from
British Columbia to the Kurilo Islands.

14. F. corniculata (Naum.). Horned Puffin.

Genus CERORHINCA Bonaparte. (Pago 9, pi. IV., fig. 1.)

Species.

Bill much compressed, longer than deep, the culmen regularly curved, but
gonys nearly straight; upper parts ui 'form dusky; under portion and sides of
head and nock, down to the chest, together with sides, smoky plumbeous ; rest of
lower parts white, usually clouded with smoky gray ; a row of narrow, pointed,
white feathers along each side of occiput, commencing just above and behind tho
eye ; another row of similar but larger feathers across cheeks, from near corner of
mouth. Nuptial plumage : Base of upper mandible Burmountod by a compressed
upright horn, tho base of which clasps the mandible as a saddle, down to, and on-
closing the nostrils. Whiter plumage : Similar to nuptial dress, but breast more

IGBM

;^lll

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

uniformly gray, the belly more uniform white, and the horn-liko pi'occss at base of
upper mandible entirely absent. Young : Similar to winter adult, but white fila-
mentous feathers of head wanting, and bill smaller and darker in color. Downy
young : Uniform sooty grayii^h brown, very similar to corresponding stage of Lunda
cirrhata, but rather lighter in color and with more slender bill. Length 14.00-
15.50, wing 7.25, culmen, from cere, or anterior edge of horn, 1.00. Egg 2.70 X 1-82,
similar in form, color, etc., to those of Lunda and species of Fratcrcula. Ilab. Coasts
and islands of the North Pacific, from Lower California (resident) to Japan.

15. C. monocerata (Pall.). Bhinoceros Anklet.

Genus PTYCHORAMPHUS Brandt. (Pago 9, pi. VL, fig. 3.)

Species.

Above uniform slaty blackish, changing gradually into plumbeous on sides of
head and neck, throat, and fore-neck ; a white spot on lower eyelid ; lower parts
white, the sides (beneath wings) plumbeous; length 8.00-9.50, wing 4.75-5.25, cul-
men .75. Egg 1.83 X 1-34, ovate, pure white. Hah. Pacific coast of North America,
Irom Aleutian Islands to Lower California.

16. P. aleuticus (Pall.). Cassin's Anklet.

Genus CYCLORRHYNCHUS Kaup. (Page 9, pi IV., fig. 5.)

Species.

Above uniform blackish slate, beneath white; bill orange-red. Nuptial plu-
mage : Throat, fore-neck, and sides dusky ; a lino of narrow pointed white feather.'?
starting just below the oj'o, and extending back across the oar-coverts. Winter
plumage : Similar to summer dress, but throat, fore-neck, and sides partly or en-
tirely white ; white feathers behind eyes wanting? Young ('I) : Similar to winter
adult, but bill duller i*ed (or inclining to brownish), and entire lower parts, including
throat and fore-neck, continuous white;' length 9.00-10.40, wing 5.40-G.OO, culmen
al)out .00. Egg 2.12 X 1-46, dear bluish white. Ifab. Coasts of the North Pacific
from Sitka to the Kurile Islands.... 17. C. psittaculus (Pall.). Faroqnet Anklet

Genus SIMORHYNCHUS Merrem. (Page 9, pi. IV., figs. 2 to 4.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Upper parts blackish, the scapulars sometimes mixed
with white. Adults with a series of slender, pointed white feathers commencing
beneath the eye and extending backward across the oar-coverts. Eggs ovate, pure
white, sometimes faintly tinged with bluish.

a*. Wing more than 4.00; adult with a recurved frontal crest; lower parts uniform
sooty gray, the belly sometimes whitish ; no white on scapulars.

' The seasonal nnd other ehangos of plumngo in this species are not well umlorstood, anrl we have not tho
mnterial with which to detormine them. The above may, therefore, bo nut quite oorreot in some particulars.

SYNTIILIBORAMPHUS.

baso of
liito fila-
Downy
)f Lunda
,h 14.00-
) X 1.82,
1». Coasts
1.
B Auklet.

sides of
TQv parts
5.25, cul-
Aracrica,

B Auklet.

iptial plu-
feathers
Winter
ly or on-
to winter
including
), culmen
h Pacific
)t Auklet

4.)

lOS mixed
imencing
ato, pure

i uniform

javo not tho
irtloulars.

b^. Wing 5.00 or more ; adult in breeding season with several conspicuous de-
ciduous plates on basal portion of bill, including a roundish or semicir-
cular piece at corner of mouth ; no white feathers between bill and eye ;
belly never whitish. (Subgenus Simorhynchus.) Breeding plumage:
Bill bright orange-red, the tip horn-colored. Winter plumage : Bill horn-
colored, much smaller, through loss of the deciduous pieces. Young :
Frontal crest and white feather? beneath eye wanting, or but slightly
developed; bill much smaller, dusky brownish. Length 8.50-10.80;
wing about 5.25. Egg 2.14-1.49. Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific
from Kauiak, Unalashka, and the Prybilof Islands through the Aleutian
chain to Kamtschatka and northern Japan.

18. S. cristatellus (Pall.). Crested Auklet.
ft'. Wing less than 4.50 ; adult in breeding season without conspicuous deciduous
plates on basal portion ; belly whitish ; a moi'e or less distinct patch of
narrow, pointed, white feathers between bill and eye (indistinct or ob-
solete in young). (Subgenus Phaleris Temminck.) Breeding plumage :
Bill dull purplish red, the tip whitish. Winter plumage not materially
different. Young : Frontal crest and white feathers on sides of head
wanting or barely indicated ; bill dusky. Doxony young : Uniform sooty
slate, lighter beneath. Length 7.10-8.30, wing 4.10-4.25, culmen .35-.40.
Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific, from Unalashka through the Aleutian
chain to Kamtschatka... 19. S. pygmaeus (Gmel.). Whiskered Auklet.
fl'. Wing not more than 4.00; adult without frontal crest; lower parts white, some-
times blotched with dusky; scapulars with more or less white; baso of bill
with a small compressed knob on top. (Subgenus Ciceronia Reich.) Breed-
ing plumage: Lower parts white, more or less spotted or blotched with
dusky, this often forming a distinct band across tho chest. Winter plumage :
Lower parts, including sides of neck, entirely white ; white ornamental
feathers of forehead, etc., usually less developed. Young : Similar to winter
plumage, but bill smaller, scapulars more extensively white, and white orna-
mental feathers of forehead, etc., wanting. Downy young : Uniform sooty
slate, paler and grayer on lower parts. Length 5.50-7.20, wing 3.50-4.00,
culmen .35-.40. Eggs 1.58 X 110. Hab. Coasts] of the North Pacific, from
Japan and southern Alaska to the Aleutian and Prybilof Islands.

20. S. pusillus (Pall.). Least Auklet.

Genus SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS Brandt. (Page 9, pi. VI., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above plumbeous, beneath white. Breeding plumage :
Chin and part, or whole, of throat dusky ; top of head with a broad white stripe
along each side ; sides, from nock to flanks, uniform sooty blackish. Winter plumage :
Whole throat white, the chin plumbeous ; no white stripes on top of head ; sides
and flanks white, striped with slaty.

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

a}. Nevei' crested. Breeding plumage : Chin, throat, and fore-neck, with top and
sides of head, sooty black ; sides of neck and a broad stripe along each side of
occiput, pure white ; white stripes on side of occiput not extending forward
of the eye ; upper back streaked laterally with white. Winter plumage : Whole
throat white ; stripes on sides of occiput and streaks on upper part of back
wanting. Length 9.50-10.89, wing 5.25-5.50, culmen .60. Egg 2.42 X 1-55,
elongate-ovate, buffy (variable in shade from nearly white to almost an
isabella-color), speckled or otherwise marked all over with deep brown and
lavender-gray. Mab. Coasts of the North Pacific, from Japan and southern
Alaska (Sitka) northward 21. S. antiquus (Gmel.). Ancient Mnrrelet.

a'. Crested in the breeding season. Breeding plumage : Fore part of cx'own with a
loose crest of slender, lengthened feathers slightly curved or nearly straight ;
upper half of throat velvety plumbeous, with a truncated posterior outline;
ear-coverts deep plumbeous ; white stripes on sides of toj) of head extending
forward far beyond the eye ; upper back not streaked with white. Winter
plumage : Whole throat and malar region white, the chin, only, plumbeous ;
no white on top of head, and no crest. Downy young : Above brownish gray,
the back and rump indistinctly streaked with grayish white ; lower parts,
including chin, entirely pure white. Length about 9,50-11.00, 'ving 5.10-
5.50. Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific, from Japan (and Washington Ter-
ritory ?) northward. (Very doubtfully American.)

22. S. wumizusume (Temm.). Temminok's Murrelet.

Genus BRACHYRAMPHUS Brandt. (Page 9, pi. VI., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Size small (wing less than 5.50) ; bill small and slender,
much shorter than head (not longer than the short tarsus), compressed, and
pointed ; culmen gently curved, gonys nearly straight ; plumage very plain, with-
out ornamental feathers about head at any season.

a\ Tarsus shorter than middle too, without claw.

6'. Exposed culmen about equal to inner toe, without claw ; secondaries and
outer tail-feathers entirely dusky,
c'. Culmen .70 or less. Summer adult : Above dusky, barred more or less
with deep rusty ; beneath mixed white and sooty brown, in varying
relative proportion. Winter plumage : Above, interrupted by a white
collar across nape ; scapulars mixed with white, and feathers of
back, etc., tipped with plumbeous ; entire lower parts pure white,
the orbital and superciliary regions dusky, like top of head, and
outermost feathers of flanks striped with dark grayish. Young :
Above uniform dusky, with indistinct white collar and scapular
patches ; lower parts white, transve-sely mottled with dark sooty ;
bill much smaller and weaker than in adult. Length 9.50-10.00,
wing about 5.00, culmen .60-.70, tarsus .70, middle toe .92-1.00. Egg

1,1

BRACHYRAMPHVS.

top and
b side of
forward
; Whole
of back
I X 1.55,
moat an
own and
jouthern
Hurrelet.
n with a
straight ;
outline;
xtending
Winter
imbcous ;
ish gray,
er parts,
ng 5.10-
;ton Ter-

Uurrelet.

I slender,

ised, and 'I

in, with- 1

u'ies and 4.

or loss 1

1 varying |

y a white '1

,thers of %

'Q white, 1
»ead, and |

Young : M

scapular m

fk sooty ; 1

50-10.00, d|

.00. Egg S

2.14 X 1-42, ovate, ground-color huffy, speckled or otherwise marked
with various shades of brown. Hab. Pacific coast of North America,
from southern California to western Alaska.

23. B. marmoratus (Gmel.). Harbled Murrelet.
c*. Culmen .75. Summer adult : Similar to corresponding stage of B. mar-
moratus, but markings of upper parts buffy and dull whitish, instead
of deep rusty. Wing 5.50, culmen .75, tarsus .70, middle toe .95.
Hab. Coasts of northeastern Asia, from Japan to Kamtschatka.

B. perdix (Fall.). Partridge Murrelet.*

I*. Exposed culmen not more than two-thirds as long as inner too without claw ;
secondaries broadly tipped with white, and outer tail-feathers partly or
wholly white,
c'. Tarsus .60 or more. Summer adult : Above plumbeous, thickly marked
with irregular, mostly longitudinal, spots of buff; lower parts chiefly
white, the chest and sides washed with buff and irregularly spotted
and barred with dusky ; belly more faintly marked with more regular
crescentic bars. Winter plumage : Above glossy plumbeous, the back
and rump very narrowly and indistinctly barred with white ; scap;^
lars chiefly white ; sides of head (including lores and supox'ciliary
region), a narrow collar round hind-neck, and entire lower parts,
pure white, the sides of the breast crossed by a broad band of slate-
gray, narrowing to\vard the middle of the chest. Wing 5.10-5.80,
culmen .35-.45, depth of bill at base .20-.22, tarsus .60-.65, middle toe
.85-.95. Sab. Unalashka, through Aleutian chain to Kamtschatka
and northern Japan.

24. B. kittlitzii (Brandt). Kittlitz's Mnrrelet.
o' Tarsus .50. Wing 5.25, culmen .50, tarsus .50. Summer plumage : Above
grayish brown, head and neck spotted with white ; beneath white,
waved and spotted with brown. Ifab. San Bias, western Mexico.

B. brevirostris (Via.). Short-billed Murrelet.*

a'. Tarsus as long ps or longer than middle toe without claw.

b\ Lining of wing white ; above plain dark slaty, beneath entirely pure white ;
length 9.60-10.50, wing 4.50-6.25, culmen .70-.80, tarsus .90-.95, middle
toe .85. Hab. Southern California to Cape St. Lucas.

25. B. hypoleucus Xantus. Xantus's Mnrrelet.
6'. Lining of wing smoky gray, or slaty ; in plumage otherwise like B. hypo-
leucus; length about 10.26, wing 4.60, culmen .78-.80, tarsus .88-.90,
middle toe .80-88. Egg 2.03 X 1-40, ovate, ground-color buffy, isabella-
color, or fawn-color, thickly sprinkled, speckled, or otherwise marked
with dark brown. Hab. Lower California (vicinity of Cape St. Lucas).

26. B. craveri (Salvad.). Craveri's Murrelet.

• Ccpphiis perdix Pam.ar, Zoog. Roaso-Aa. li. 1826, 361, pi. 80. Drachyramphm perdix Stejn. Zeltsohr.
Ges. Cm. m. 1888, 2in, p. 7.

» Vria breviroitrii Vio., Zool. Jour. iv. 1828, 36i'. Possibly the same as B. kittlitxii BnANDT.

'7^

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus CEPPHUS Pallas. (Page 9, pi. II., fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Summer adults uniform black, with or without white
on wings. Winter specimens white, varied above (sometimes below also) with black,
the wings and tail as in summer. Young similar to winter adults, but white of
wings varied with dusky, the quills marked at tips with white. Bill black ; feet
bright I'ed in summer, pinkish in winter. Etjg varying from ovate to elongate-
ovate, greenish white or huffy white, heavily spotted or otherwise conspicuously
marked with dark brown and lavender-gray.

A large white patch on outer surface of wing.
b^. Under wing-coverts pure white.

c*. Greater wing-coverts white to the extreme base, sometimes a little
dusky along the basal portion of the shafts. Adult in summer : Uni-
form blackish, except a large roundish or oval patch of pure white
on the wing, including the greater, middle, and posterior lesser
coverts, these feathers all white to the base; axillars, under M'ing-
coverts, and basal half, or more, of inner webs of quills, pure white.
Winter plumage : Wings as in summer ; rest of the plumage pure
white, the upper parts varied with black. Young : Similar to winter
plumage, but white wing-patch broken by blackish tips to all the
leathers ; secondaries and primary coverts marked with white at
ends, and lower parts indistinctly barred with dusky. Downy young :
Uniform sooty blackish, paler and more grayish below. Length
about 12.50-13.50, wing 6.25-7.20, culmen 1.00-1.20, gonys .50, depth
of bill at nostril .35-.40. Egg 2.38 X 1-36. Hab. Circumpolar sea-
coasts, south in North America, in winter, to New Jersey and
Norton Sound, Alaska. (Breeding south to Hudson's Bay and coast

of Labrador.) 28. C. mandtii (Light.). Mandt's Guillemot.

<?. Greater wing-coverts with at least their basal half black, this often
showing as a narrow bar beyond tips of middle coverts ; plumage
otherwise as in C mandtii, and measurements nearly the same, but
bill larger and stouter; length 12.00-13.80, culmen 1.20-1.30, gonys
.55-.60, depth of bill at nostril .40-.45. Egg 2.25 X 1-55. Hab.
Coasts of northern Europe; also fi'om southern Greenland along
Labrador coast and south, in winter, to New Jersey; breeding from
Newfoundland and southern Labrador to vicinity of EastpDrt,

Maino(?) 27. C. grylle (Linn.). Black Onillemot.

fc'. Under wing-coverts smoky gray.

Greater wing-coverts black basally, this increasing in extent toward
edge of the wing, where occupyiufjj almost the whole extent of the
outermost feather, thus producing a broad black " wedge" between the
two white areas ; plumage otherwise as in C. grylle, with similar
seasonal changes, etc. ; length 13.00-14.00, wing 6.90-7.30, culmen

URIA.

1.20-1.40, gonys .55-.60, depth of bill at nostril .40-.42. Egg 2.41 X
1.64. Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific, from southern California to
the Aleutian Islands, and across to Kamtschatka and northern Japan.

29. C. columba Fall. Pigeon Onillemot.
No white on wings.

6'. A whitish area surrounding the eye; plumage otherwise dark sooty.
(Winter plumage and young unknown.) Length about 14.50, wing
about 7.76, culmen 1.55-1.70, gonys .75-.80, depth of bill at nostril .50.
Hab. Coa^s of northeastern Asia, from northern Japan to Sea of
Okhotsk, Kurile Islands, and Bering Island (accidental ?) ; Unalashka ? ?

C. carbo Pall. Sooty Guillemot.

P. No white anywhere, the plumage entirely dark sooty ; about the size of C.

carbo. Hab. High north Atlantic (Iceland, Greenland, and west side of

Cumberland Gulf). — . C. motzfeldi Benick. Black-winged Onillemot.

Genus URIA Brisson. (Page 10, pi. II., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Cuimen as long as or longer than the tarsus ; bill much
("impressed, the gonys more or less concave, and nearly as long as the culmen ; cutting-
edge of upper mandible notched near tip, its basal portion more or less thickened or
swollen ; a distinct longitudinal furrow in the feathering behind eyes ; upper parts
uniform dusky, the secondaries sharply tipped with white; lower parts white.
Summer plumage : Sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and fore-neck, uniform
velvety brown. Winter phimage : Chin, throat, fore-neck, and sides of head and
neck white, with a dusky stripe behind eye. Young : Similar to winter plumage,
but no white on side of occiput, and that of fore-neck faintly mottled with dusky ;
bill smaller. Downy young : Head, neck, and upper parts smoky grayish brown, the
head and neck finely streaked with dingy whitish ; lower parts whitish centrally.
Egg as large as that of a goose, elongate or ovate pear-shaped, and excessively vari-
able in color, the ground-color varying from white to ci-eam-color, pinkish, pale
blue, and yellowish green (the last two colors probably most common), and varie-
gated with variously-formed marks of black and brown.

a^. Depth of bill at angle less than one-third the length of the culmen ; top of head

and hind-neck smoky brown ; basal portion of cutting-edge of upper mandible

always dusky or similar in color to rest of the mandible. Summer plumage :

Sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and fore-neck, velvety smoky grayish

brown, sometimes marked with a narrow white postocular line, connected

with a white ring around eye." (Length 15.00-18.00.)

b\ Wing 7.75-8.30 (7.99), culmen 1.70-1.90 (1.81), gonys 1.05-1.20 (1.14), depth

of bill through angle .50-.60 (.52), tarsus 1.40-1.60 (1.51), middle toe

1.60-1.75 (1.70). Egg 3.26 X 1.99. Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic,

' Such spociincns constitute the U. ringvia BhOnn., by some authors considered a distinct species, and pos-
sibly entitled to such ranlt. Its proper status is a matter of doubt, and is a fit subject for special investigation.
Such specimens are only Itnown from the North Atlantic.

iJTMm

18 • NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

south, in winter, to New England, on Amorican side; breeding from

Nova Scotia northward 30. U.troile (Linn.). Mnrre.

b\ Wing 7.85-8.80 (8.30), culmen 1.60-2.50 (1.86), gonys 1.15-1.40 (1.27), depth
of bill through angle .55-.62 (.57), tarsus 1.35-1.60 (1.50), middle toe
1.65-1.85 (1.74). Egg 3.24 X 2.01. Hab. Pacific coast of North America,
south to southern California.

30a. U. troile californica (Bryant). California Mnrre.

a^. Depth of bill at angle more than one-third the length of the culmen ; top of head

and hind-neck sooty black ; basal portion of cutting-edge of upper mandible

thickened, and conspicuously light-colored in adult. Summer plumage : Sides

of head and neck, chin, throat, and fore-neck, velvety snufF-brown. (Length

14.50-18.50.)

b\ Wing 7.45-8.80 (8.24), culmen 1.40-1.50 (1.45), gonys .75-90 (.83), depth of

bill through angle .52-.58 (.55), tarsus 1.40-1.55 (1.45), middle toe 1.65-

1.75 (1.70). Egg 3.16 X 2.03. Hab. Arctic Ocean and coasts of the

North Atlantic, south, in winter, to New Jei'sey ; breeding from Gulf of

St. Lawrence northward.:.... 31. U. lomvia (Linn.). Brunnich's Knrre.

b\ Wing 8.15-9.25 (8.71), culmen 1.45-1.75 (1.65), gonys .85-1.00 (.92), depth

of bill through angle .55-.60 (.58), tarsus 1.45-1.60 (1.51), middle toe 1.70-

1.90 (1.81). Egg 3.21 X 2.01. Hab. Coasts and islands of Bering's Sea,

and Aleutian chain, fi'om Kadiak to Kamtschatka.

31a. U. lomvia arra (Fall.). Fallas's Mnrre.

Genus ALCA Linn^us. (Page 10, pi. V., fig. 2.)

Species.

Upper parts uniform black, the secondaries sharply tipped with white ; lower
parts pure white. Summer plumage : Head and neck (except top of head and hind-
neck) uniform velvety snuff-brown ; a white line fi*om the base of the culmen to the
eye ; bill black, both mandibles crossed about the middle by a white bar. Winter
adult : Whole under portion of head, fore-neck, and space behind ear-coverts, white ;
no white line between bill and eye ; bill as in summer, but without basal lamina.
Young : Similar in plumage to winter adult ; but bill smaller, without grooves, and
lacking the white bar. Downy young : Head, neck, and lower parts plain dull
whitish, usually more or less tinged above with brownish buif ; back, rump, and
flanks varying from pale brownish buff (the down dusky immediately beneath the
surface), more decidedly brownish posterior?^ , to dark sooty brown ; posterior and
lateral lower parts more or less tinged with sooty brownish or brownish buff.
Length 16.00-18.00, wing 8.00-8.50, tail 3.50, culmen 1.26, greatest depth of bill .90.
Egg 3.06 X 1-89, ovate or elongate pear-shaped, buffy, buffy whitish, pure white, or
white faintly tinted with bluish or greenish, very heavily spotted with dark brown
round larger end, and marked with smaller spots elsewhere, of brown and lavender-
gray. Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic, south, in winter, to southern New Eng-
land ; breeding from eastern Maine northward.

32. A. torda Linn. Razor-billed Ank.

PLAUTUS.

Genus PLAUTUS BrUnnich. (Page 10, pi. V., fig. 1.)

Species.

Upper parts uniform black, the secondaries sharply tipped with white ; lower
parts pure white. Summer plumage : Chin, throat, fore-neck, and sides of head and
neck, velvety dark snuff-brown, or soft blackish brown ; a large oval patch of white
covering the greater part of the space between bill and eyes ; bill black, its grooves
whitish. Length about 28.00-30.00, wing 5.75, culmen 3.15-3.50, greatest depth of
bill about 1.50. Egg (average size) 4.67 X 2.91, pyriform-ovate, pale olive-buify,
variously marked with brown and black. Hab. Believed to be now extinct ; for-
merly (previous to 1844), coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, chiefly on the
American side ; south to Massachusetts Bay, north to the Arctic circle.

33. P. impennis (Linn.). Great Ank.

Genus ALLE Link. (Page 10, pi. VL, fig. 4.)

Species.

Head, neck, and upper parts black, the secondaries sharply tipped with white,
and scapulars streaked with the same; lower parts white, the flanks striped with
dusky. Summer plumage : Sides of head and neck, with chin, throat, and chest,
uniform dark sooty brown. Winter adult : Chin, throat, etc., white, this color ex-
tending upward toward occiput ; feathers of chest dusky at base only. Young :
Similar to winter adult, but bill smaller and weaker, and colors duller. Downy
young : Uniform, sooty slate-color, paler or more grayish below. Length 7.25-9.15,
wing 4.50-4.75, culmen .50. Egg 1.90 X 1-29, ovate, very pale bluish green or green-
ish white. Hab. Arctic Ocean and coasts of the North Atlantic ; on the American
side south, in wintei", to New Jersey ; accidental on Detroit Eiver.

34. A. alle (Linn.). Dovekie.

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Order LONGIPENNES — The Long-winged

Swimmers. (P^ge i.)

Families.

«'. Bill with the lower mandible not longer than the upper, and not excessively
compressed.
6^ Covering of the upper mandible composed of three distinct pieces — a ter-
minal unguis, or hook, a lateral piece, and a cere-like piece saddled upon
the culmen, its edge overhanging the nostril.

Stercorariidae. (Page 20.)
b\ Covering of upper mandible consisting of a single piece, through which the

nostrils are pierced Laridse. (Page 23.)

rt*. Bill with lower mandible much longer than the upper, both mandibles excessively-
compressed, like a thin knife-blade, for terminal portion.

Rynchopidae. (Page 48.)

Family STERCORARIID^.— The Skuas and Jaegers. (Page 20.)

Genera.

a}. Size large (in bulk equal to the largest gulls), and form robust ; depth of bill at
base equal to not less than half the length of the upper mandible, measured
along the side ; tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw ; tail short, nearly
even, the middle pair of feathers scarcely projecting beyond the rest ; color
dull brownish, sometimes streaked (never barred) with paler, the base of the
primaries with a whitish patch Megalestris. (Page 20.)

a'. Size medium or rather small (not exceeding the medium-sized gulls), and form
more slender and graceful ; depth of bill at base less than half the length of
the upper mandible, measured along the side ; tarsus decidedly longer than
middle toe with claw ; middle rectrices in the adult projecting far beyond
the rest ; color plain slaty or dusky, often varied with white or yellowish,
in the adult, dusky barred with paler in young ; no white at base of primaries.

Stercorarius. (Page 21.)

Genus MEGALESTRIS Bonaparte. (Page 20, pi. VII., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — General color nearly uniform grayish brown or sooty,
usually indistinctly streaked with light rusty, or cinnamon, especially around neck
and on back ; quills whitish at base. Eggs olive, spotted with brown.

STERCORARIUS.

a}. Axillars and under wing-coverts sooty, with little or no rufous.

6'. Below graj'ish brown, with more or less distinct lighter, more cinnamon-
colored, spots or dashes on fore-neck and chest. Adult : Dull brown, the
scapulars, interscapulars, and wing-coverts striped medially with pale
cinnamon, the neck streaked with the same; lower parts indistinctly
striped with grayish brown and pale cinnamon, the former prevailing
(sometimes uniform). Sometimes (in melanistic specimens?) uniform
dusky or sooty brown, except white wing-spot. Young : Similar to adult,
but more distinctly streaked with yellowish, especially on head and nock.
Downy young (pi M. skua) : Uniform " brownish or cinnamon-gray . . .
rather darker in color on the upper parts than on the under surface of the
body." (Dresser.) Length about 22.00, wing 15.75-16.15 (16.91), cul-
men 2.05-2.10 (2.06), depth of bill at base .80-.88 (.82), tarsus 2.40-2.75
(2.63), middle toe 2.15-2.55 (2.40). Eggs 2-3, 2.74 X 1-96, ovate or
short-ovate, light brown or olive, rather sparsely blotched and spotted
with deep brown. Hab. Coasts and islands of North Atlantic, south to
Spain and (casually) Massachusetts ; California ?

35. M. skua (BRt)NN.). Skna.
i'. Darker colored, larger, and with stouter bill; under parts uniform dark
sooty, the neck however sometimes streaked with yellowish ; wing
16.05-16.90 (16.29), culmon 2.20-2.85 (2.38), depth of bill at base .95-1.00
(.98), tarsus 2.70-3.20 (2.95), middle toe 2.55-2.80 (2.67). Hab. Antarctic
seas, north to Cape of Good Hope and Capo Horn.

M. antarcticus (Less.). Antarctic Skua.'
rt'. Axillars and under wing-coverts chiefly deep cinnamon.
Lower parts uniform dull rusty or cinnamon.

M. chilensis (Bonap.). Chilian Skua.^

Genus STERCORARIUS Brisson. (Page 20, pi. VIL, fig. 2.)

Eggs 2-3, ovate or short-ovate, ground-color varying from pale greenish olive
and pale brown to very deep olive, relieved by a greater or less amount of spotting
of deep brown, usually mixed with stone-grayish.

Species.

a}. Culmen 1.45 or more, tarsus 2.00 or more, wing usually more than 13.50 ; length-
ened middle tail-feathers broad and rounded at ends. Light phase, adult : Top
and sides of head, with upper parts, sooty slate or dusky ; rest of head and
neck, including nape, together with lower jiarts, white, tho ear-covert region
tinged with straw-yellow, and the lower tail-coverts slaty. Young : Head,
neck, and lower parts dull buff, everywhere barred with dusky ; upper parts
brownish dusky, tho feathers of back, etc., tipped with buif, the rump and
upper tail-coverts spotted with same. Bark phase, adult : Entirely dark sooty

1 Lestrit antarcticut Less,, Trait6 Orn. 1831, 616. Megalestria antarcticut GIocld, P. Z, 8. 1869, 98.
' LeitrU antaretieut, var. b. chileniia Bonap., Consp. iU 1857, 207.

ii VI

22 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

slate, with a plumbeous cast in certain lights. Young : Entirely sooty slate,
the lower parts more or less ban*ed with buff. [Note. — The above so-called
light and dark " phases" represent the normal extremes of coloration. These
extremes, which are represented in comparatively a small number of speci-
mens, are connected by every possible intermediate condition of plumage,
specimens appi'oximating to the lighter extreme, but diflfering in having the
lower parts (especially chest and sides) and nape more or loss barred with
dusky, being most numerous.] Length about 20.00-23.00, wing 13.50-14.00,
middle tail-feathers 8.00-9.00, culmen 1.45-1.75, tarsus 2.00-2.10, middle too
1.60-1.75. Eggs 2.35 X 1-63. Hah. Northern portions of northern hemi-
sphere, along sea-coasts and larger inland waters, breeding far northward ; in
America, south, in winter, to New Jersey and the Great Lakes.

36. S. pomarinus (Temm.). Fomarine Jaeger.
a'. Culmen less than 1.45, tarsus less than 2.00, wing usually less than J3.50 ;
lengthened middle tail-feathers narrow and pointed at ends.
6'. Length of nasal shield, from base of unguis to frontal feathers, decidedly
.greater than from the former point to tip of upper mandible. In freshly-
killed or living specimens, tarsi black, like the feet. Light phase, adult :
Top of head and lores grayish brown ; rest of head, neck, and lower
parts white, the lower tail-coverts grayish, the head and neck tinged
with straw-yellow ; upper parts uniform slaty. Young : Head and neck
streaked with dusky and buffy, the latter usually predominating ; lower
parts barred or spotted with the same ; upper parts dusky, the feathers
bordered terminally with pale fulvous or buff". Dark phase, adult : En-
tire plumage uniform sooty slate-color, the quills darker. Young : Pre-
vailingly dark brownish slate, wings and tail darker, the middle of neck,
all round, indistinctly sti-eaked with whitish, and lower parts, except
chest and upper breast, barred with the same ; feathers of upper parts
narrowly tipped with bufty. Downy young (dark phase ?) : Uniform
silky grayish brown, lighter on lower parts. Length about 15.50-21.00,
wing 11.80-13.50 (12.67), longest tail-feathers 4.90-6.25 (5.40), culmen
1.15-1.40 (1.27), tarsus 1.50-1.85 (1.70), middle toe 1.20-1.45 (1.34). Eggs
2.30 X 1-64. Hah. Northern portions of northern hemisphere, breeding
toward Arctic regions ; south, in winter, to New York, Illinois, Colorado,
and even coast of Brazil..37. S. part^isiticus (Linn.). Parasitic Jaeger.
6'. Length of nasal shield, measured from bap;> of unguis to frontal feathers, not
greater than the distance from th • former point to the tip of the upper
mandible. In freshly-killed or Living specimens, tarsi light bluish, in
marked contrast with black of feet.' Adult : ' Top and sides of head
sooty black ; rest of head and neck, including ear-coverts and nape,
straw-yellow, paler on throat ; upper parts uniform smoky plumbeous or

1 In dried skins this color usually changes to a light olive or yellowish, or in very rare instances becomes
so darkened that the line of demarcation cannot be detected.

* So far as known, this species has no dark phase like S. paratiticuB.

LARIDjE.

slate-color, more ashy on back ; quills and tail-feathers blackish toward
tips ; chest (sometimes breast also), and more rarely the belly, white,
shading into grayish, the under tail-coverts, sides, and flanks (usually
belly also) uniform slate-gray. Length 20.00-23.00, wing 11.55-12.85
(12.25), longest tail-feathers 10.50-14.50 (12.89), culmen 1.10-1.30 (1.19),
tarsus 1.50-1.80 (1.66), middle too 1.08-1.30 (1.20). Eggs 2.16 X 1.54.
Hab. Northern parts of northern hemisphere, breeding in Arctic regions;
south, in winter, to northern United States.

38. S. longicaudus Yieill. Long-tailed Jaeger.

Family LARID.^. — The Gulls and Terns. (Page 20.)

Genera.

Depth of bill decidedly greater at the angle than at the nostril ; terminal por-
tion of oiilmen decidedly curved ; angle of lower mandible always distinct,
often very prominent ; tail usually even, but sometimes slightly oniarginato
(Bissa), deeply emarginate or forked (JCema), or graduated (Rhodostethia).
Size extremely variable (wing 8.75-20.00). (Subfamily Larince.)
b^. Tarsus roughened or serrate behind.

Tail even ; tarsus shorter than middle toe, with claw ; hind toe perfectly
developed, but jmall ; size medium (wing about 13.25) ; color entirely

white, the young scantily spotted with dusky Gavia. (Page 24.)

t'. Tarsus not roughened or serrate behind.

c^. Hind toe rudimentary or altogether absent.

Tail slightly emarginate; tarsus shorter than middle toe, without
claw ; size medium (wing about 12.00-13.00) ; adult white, with
bluish gray mantle ;* young, similar to adult, but hind neck with
a blackish patch, and lesser wing-coverts sometimes (in one spe-
cies) also with a black patch Rissa. (Page 24.)

c'. Hind toe perfectly developed, though small.

d^ Culmen decidedly more than two-thirds as long as tarsus.

e*. Tail even ; size, color, and all other characters extremely vari-
able Larus. (Pago 25.)

e*. Tail deeply emarginate or forked Xema. (Page 37.)

cZ*. Culmen decidedly less than two-thirds as long as tarsus.

Tail graduated, the lateral feathers 75-1.25 shorter than the

middle pair Rhodostethia. (Page 37.)

Depth of bill at angle less than at middle of nostrils ; terminal portion of culmen
straight, or but slightly curved, the bill being nari'ow and pointed ; angle of
lower mandible seldom prominent ; tail mors or less forked (except in Anous).
Size extremely variable (wing 6.50-17.50). (Subfamily Sternince.)

1 This is a special term used, chiefly in descriptions of birds of this family, to designate the back, scapu-
lars, and wings, when together colored differently from th«5 hsad, neck, rump, tail, and lower parts.

,!'!,'

24 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

6*. Tail more or less forked, the outer feather longest.

&. Tail much more than one-third as long as wing, usually (except in suh-
genus Thalassetis) forked for more than one-fifth its total length,
the outer feathers narrow and pointed at tips ; webs of feet occu-
pying more than half the interdigital space,
d*. Depth of bill at base equal to one-third the length of the exposed
culmen ; gonys shorter than outer toe, without claw.

Gelochelidon. (Page 38.)
<P. Depth of bill at base less than one-third the length of the exposed
culmen ; gonys longer than inner toe, without claw.

Sterna. (Page 39.)
c'. Tail little more than one-third as long as wing, forked for less than one-
fifth its total length, the outer feathers broad and rounded at tip ;
webs of feet occupying less than half the interdigital space.

Hydrochelidon. (Page 4(5.)
i". Tail graduated Anous. (Page 47.)

Genus GAVIA Boie. (Page 23, pi. VIII., fig. 1.)

Species.

Adult : Entirely pure white, the shafts of the primaries pale yellowish ; bill yel-
lowish ; feet Mack. Yoxing : Similar to adult, but quills, primary coverts, and ttiil-
feathers each marked with a spot of dusky at tip, the lesser wing-coverts spotted
with same. Length 15.00-19.50, wing about 13.25, culmen 1.40. Hab. Arctic
Ocean, south, in winter, along Atlantic coast of North America to Newfoundland
and New Brunswick 39. G. alba (Gukn.). Ivory Gull.

Genus RISSA Leach. (Page 23, pi. VIII., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adults with head, neck, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail,
tips of secondaries, and entire lower parts pure white; mantle bluish gray, the
quills varied with white r.nd black; bill yellowish, feet blackish or bright red in
life. Young similar to adults, but 1 ind-ncck crossed b}' a blackish collar or patch,
and sometimes (in E. tridorfi/la) a blackish patch on lesser wing-coverts and black
band across tip of tail. Downy young white, tinged above with bulTy and yellowish
gray, but without spots or other distinct m-vi-kinga. J^ggs 2-5, ovate, or short-ovate,
olivaceous-white, grayish white, brownish white, or buffy, blotched and spotted
with bi'own and lavender-gray.

o^ Logs and feet black, or dusky. Summer adult : Pui'e white, the mantle deep
poarl-gray ; five outer quills with terminal portion black, this decreasing from
about 3.25 on the outer quill to .75 (more or '.ess) on the fifth, the outer web
of the first almost wholly black ; the fifth, and sometimes the fourth, tipped
with white. Winter adult : Similar, but hind part of head and neck washed

I '

LARUS.

with gray, and a dark plumbeous suffusion before and behind eyes. Young :
Somewhat like winter adult, but lower part of hind-nock crossed by a black
patch, the anterior lesser wing-coverts black, and tail with a broad black
band at tip. Doicny young : Head, neck, wings, and lower parts immaculate
white, the hind-neck and basal portion of wings more or less tinged with
buff; back, rump, and flanks yellowish gray, the down darker at base. Length
about 16.00-17.70, wing about 12.25, culmen 1.40-1.50, tarsus 1.30, middle toe,
with claw, 1.80.
b^. Hind toe absent, or very rudimentary. Eggs 2.26 X 1-61- Ilnb. North
Atlantic, south, in winter, to middle Atlantic States and Great Lakes.

40. R. tridactyla (Linn.). Kittiwako
i'. Hind too well developed, though minute, and usually armed with a distinct
nail. Eggs 2.36 X 1-63. Hab. Bering's Sea and North Pacific.

40a. R. tridactyla pollicaris Stejn. Pacific Kittiwake.
Legs and feet bright ved (becoming yellowish in dried skins). Summer adult :
Pure white, the mantlo dark bluish gray, or plumbeous ; Ave innermost quills
plumbeous, the inner webs broadly edged with white, the outer tipped with
the same ; five outermost quills black toward ends, the third, fourth, and
fifth tipped with plumbeous. Winter adult : Similar, but hind-nock and
auriculars washed with plumbeous. Young . Similar to winter adult, but
hind-neck crossed by a blackish band, ear-coverts crossed by a smaller black
band, and a suffusion of same in front of eye. {No black or dusky on iving-
coverts or tail.) Doivny young : Not distinguishable from corresponding stage
E. tridactyla {?). Length about 14.00-15.80, wing about 13.00, culmen 1.20,
tarsus 1.25, middle toe, with claw, nearly 2.00. Eggs 2.28 X L66. JTab.
Coasts and islands of Bering's Sea.

41. R. brevirostris (Bnucii). Red4egged Kittiwake.

Genus LARUS Linn^us. (Pago 23, pi. VIII., figs. 3, 4 ; pi. IX., fig. 3.)

Species}
Nest a rudely constructed platform of rubbish (sticlvs, dried grass, etc. — the
materials varying according to the locality and tho species), slightly hollowed,
placed among rocks, in uuirshes, or other localities near the sea-shore or other largo
bodies of water. Eijgs 2-4, ovate, their ground-color some shade of pale brownish,
olive, light blr'si!. groonish, or buffy, irregularly spott' ' or blotched with brown
and lavender-grayish.

a'. Head entirely white In summer.

b^. Under wing-coverts entirely pure white ; head, neck, entire lower parts,
tips of secondaries, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail uniform pure white;
mp.ntlo (i.e., back, scapulars, and wings, except primaries) uniform gray-
ish, varying in shade from pale pearl-gray to deep slate.
c\ Primaries uniform pale pearl-gray, fading gradually into while at tips.

' Tho young birds of this genua seldom offoring very »'•
on the adulU alune,

distinctive charaotora, tbia analysis ia bnseJ

26 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

rf'. Wing 16.25 or more, and not more than 2.36 times as long as the

tail ; exposed culmon 1.83 or more. Adult in su,nmer : Mantle

very pale pearl-gray. Adult in winter : Similar, but head and

neck streaked with pale brownish gray. Young : Grayish

white, tinged with brownish gray on lower parts, the upper

parts transversely mottled with same. Immature (second

year ?) : Entirely white, including mantle and primaries.

Downy young : Grayish white, paler below ; head and neck

irregularly marked with scattered large spots of dusky, the

back, wings, and rump irregularly clouded with dark grajnsh.

e'. Length 26.00-32.00, wing 16.75-18.75 (17.99), tail 7.40-8.50

(8.07;, culmon 2.30-2.70 (2.52), depth of bill through angle

.80-.95 (.88), through base .83-1.00 (.93), tarsus 2.60-3.05

(2.85), middle toe (with claw) 2.68-3.00 (2.84). Eggs

3.13 X 2.14. Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic, and

Arctic seas from Cumberland Gulf to Spitzbergen ; south,

in winter, to Long Island and the Great Lakes.

42. L. glaucus Brunn. Glaucous Gull.

e\ Length about 25.00-28.00, Aving 16.25-18.00 (17.12), tail 7.00-

7.50 (7.28), culmon 1.88-2.30 (2.06), depth of bill through

angle .72-.85 (.79), through base .70-.80 (.75), tarsus 2.40-

2.78 (2.57), middle toe (with claw) 2.35-2.75 (2.55). Eggs

3.05 X 2.03. Hah. Bering's Sea and adjacent waters,

northeastward to Point Barrow, southwest (in winter) to

Japan.... — . L. barrovianus Ridgw. Point Barrow Gull.

d^. Wing not more than 17.00 (usually less than 16.00), and nearly

2.50 (avei-aging 2.41) times as long as the toil ; exposed c^Jmen

not more than 1.70. In plumage oxactl}' like X. glaucus and

L. barrovianus.

Length 24.00-26.00, wing 14.75-16.50 (15.41), tail 6.00-6.70
(6.41), culmen l.fiO-1.70 (1.67), depth of bill through angle
.62, through base .55-.62 (.50), tarsus 2.10-2.40 (2.22), mid-
dle too (with claw) 2.10-2.35 (2.21). Eggs 2.79 X 1-89.
Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic; south, in winter, to
Massachusetts and the Great Lakes.

13. L. leucopterus Faber. Iceland GulL
c'. Primaries marked with distinct white tips and darker subterminal
spaces.
d^, Darker spaces of primaries gray.

c\ Second quill vory pale pearl-gray, or bluish white, vorj- broadly
tipped with white, the outer web with an elongated space
of gray, everywhere vory sharply defined against the paler
ground-color.

> Lanu bitrrovianu$ RiDGW., Auk, ili. July, 1880, 330,

LARVS.

and

•If

p. "Wing 17.00, or less ; culraen 1.90, or less. Adult : Exactly
like L. leucopterus, except in the coloration oi" the pri-
maries; length about 23.00-24.00, wing 16.00-17.00,
culmen 1.60-1.90, depth of bill through angle .55-66,
tarsus 2.10-2.40, middle toe (with claw) 2.15-2.30.
ffiib. Western coasts of North Atlantic, from Cum-
berland Gulf south, in winter, to New York.

45. L. kumlieni Brewst. Eumlien's GnlL

/'. Wing 13.25, culmen 2.35. Adult : In plumage exactlj' like

L. kumlieni ; depth of bill through angle .80, tarsus 3.05,

middle toe (without claw) 2.40. Hah. Norton Sound,

Alaska 46. L. nelsoni Hensh. Nelson's Qall.

e*. Second quill deep ash-gray, either to the extreme tip, or else with
very small white tip and small white spaces some distance
from the tip, on one or both webs.
Adult: Mantle pearl-gray, darker than in anj* of the pre-
ceding. In winter, head and neck clouded (not streaked)
with sooty gray. Young : Prevailing color deep ash-
gray, nearly uniform, and inclining to plumbeous, be-
low, but above relieved by a coarse irregular spotting
of grayish white or pale dull buff, the head and neck
indistinctly streaked with the same. Immature (second
year?): Similar, but mantle mixed with pearl-gray,
and lower parts with whitish. Length 23.70-2. 75,
wing 16.25-17.30, culmen 2.20-2.60, depth of bill
through angle .80-.90, tarsus 2.35-2.90, middle toe
(without claw) 2.05-2.45. Eggs 2.88-2.03. Ifab.
Coasts of the North Pacific and Bering's Sea, from
Japan northward, across through Aleutian chain, and
south, in winter, to California.

44. L. glaucescens Naum. Olanoons-winged Onll,
(/'. Darker spaces on primaries black.

c\ Shafts of primaries, in black subtcrminal spaces, white.

Adult : Mantle dark slate, the primaries mostly black,
with white tips and spots near end ; rest of plumage
pure white. In vnnter, top of head and hind-nock
streaked with (hisky. Young : Above dusky, the feath-
ers bordered with pale huffy ; quills blackish, with
narrow whitish tips; tail dusky, crossed by a narrow
subterminal band of grayish, or brownish, white ;
head, neck, and lower parts white, the top of head and
hind-neck streaked, the lower parts clouded or irregu-
larly spotted with grayish brown. Downy young:
Grayish w'ntc, the upper parts marbled or irregu-
larly spotted with dull grayish ; head with numerous

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

irregular spots of blackish, the principal of which are
two on the crown (one behind the other), four across
the occiput, about thi'ce (small ones) on lores, the rest
irregulai'ly distributed. Length 28.00-31.00, wing
17.60-19.50, culmen 2.40-2.60, depth of bill through
angle .98-1.05, tarsus 2.70-3.10, middle too 2.10-2.50.
Eggs 3.05 X 2.12, the ground-color averaging deeper
brownish and the spots larger than in L. glaucus.
Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic ; in America, south,
in winter, to Long Island.

47. L. marinus Linn. Oreat Black-backed Gull.
c'. Shafts of primaries black, except within the white spaces.
p. Two outer primaries without distinct gray " wedges" on
inner webs.
g^ A.nglo of lower mandible very prominent, the depth
•' the bill through the angle being decidedly
ater than at base ; middle toe, with claw, as
i',!.g as tarsus. Summer adult : Mantle deep plum-
beous. Winter adult : Top of head and hind-neck
streaked with dusky; otherwise as in summer.
Young : Above brownish slate, irregularly varied
with grayish white ; quills and tail-feathers uni-
form dull black, narrowlj'' tipped with white ;
lower parts brownish gray, '^louded or irregidarly
spotted with grayish white, the breast and belly
nearlj- uniform grayish. Doicny young : Grayish
buffy white, the head with distinct black blotches
of indefinite arrangement ; upper parts clouded or
irregularly blotched with brownish dusky ; lower
parts, except throat, immaculate. Length 24.00-
27.00, wing 15.75-17.00, culmen 2.00-2.35, depth
of bill at angle .85-.95, tarsus 2.45-2.65, middle toe
(without claw) 2.00-2.45. Uggs 2.S7 X ^M. Hab.
Pacifio coast of United States, south to Cape St.
Lucas... 49. L. occidentalis AuD. Western Gull.
g*. Angle of lower mandible not very prominent, the depth
of the bill at angle being little if any greater than
through base. In plumage not e8> .itially different
from L. occidentalis, but feet yellow, instead of flosh-
colored, in life ; wing 16.00-17.00, culmen 2.00-2.10,
depth of bill through angle .60-.68, through base
.G0-.72, tarsus 2.18-2.68, middle toe 1.65-1.95. Ifah.
Northern Etiropo, south, in winter, to Africa.

L. fuscuB Link. Lesser Black-backed Oull.'

> Laru»/uicn» Linn., S. N. od. 10, i, 1758, T36.

LARVS.

ica.

Bd Qull.>

/'. Second primary with a distinct gx*ay wedge on inner web.
g^. Depth of bill through angle contained less than four
and a half times in the length of the tarsus ; lower
mandible with a red subterminal spot.
li}. Mantle deep plumbeous -gray, inclining to slate-
color.
i\ Culmon 2.22 or more ; depth of bill at base
.75 or more; third quill with a distinct
white "mirror" or large spot on inner
web between the black and the gi\ay ;
mantle nearly the same color as in L.
occidentalis, but averaging a little darker ;
rest of plumage (except primaries) pure
white ; feet dull purplish flesh-color in
life , length about 26.50, wing 16.75-18.00,
culmon 2.15-2.35, depth of bill through
angle .75-.90, at base .75-.82, tarsus 2.60-
2.75, middle toe (without claw) 2.08-2.40.
ITab. Coast of northeastern Asia, from
Japan (?) to Ivamtschatka and north-
ward to Arctic Ocean north of Bering's

Strait 48. L. schistisagus Stejn.

Slaty-backed Qull.
i*. Culmen 2.15 or less; depth of bill at angle
.65; third quill without white spot on
inner web between black and gray ;
mantle same color as in L, occidentalis,
but apparently averaging a little paler;
rest of plumage (except primaries) pure
white ; feet yellow in life ; length about
20.00, wing 16.50-17.25, culmen 2.00-2.15,
depth of bill at angle .02-.65, at base .05-
.70, tarsus 2.60-2.72, middle toe 1.78-2.10.'
Hab, Northern Asia ; accidental in south-
ern Greenland.

50. L. affinis Eginii. Siberian Ooll.
A". Mantle light plumbeous-gray, or lighter,
i*. Bill without black spots in adult.

/. Mantle plumbeous-gray, or very deep
pearl-gray ; eyelids (in life) orange-
red, and feet yellow ; otherwise ex-
actly like argentatus and smithso-
nianus, with the markings of the

' T'ao gpeoimens moMured are all females. Males would Bomowlmt exceed these dimensions.

nnnwninT ir'TT-'"" " • ^ "'"'

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

primaries averaging intermediate ;
length about 26.00, wing 15.15-18.30,
culmen 1.90-2.20, depth of bill
through angle .60-.80, tarsus 2.15-
2.20, middle too (without claw) 1.60-
2.15. JIab. Southern Europe and
central Asia, from the Mediterranean
to Bering's, China, and Japan Seas,
and down the North American coast

to California, in winter 52. L.

cachinnans Fall. Pallas's OnlL
j'. Mantle delicate pearl-gray, decidedly
paler than in L. cachinnans ; eyelids
(in life) yellow, and feet pale flesh-
color. Young : Brownish gray, nearly
uniform on lower parts, the head and
neck streaked, and the upper parts
irregularly varied with pale grayish
buff or dull whitish ; quills, their
coverts, and tail-feathers, dusky
blackish ; bill blackish, paler basally.
Doxcny young : Grayish white, the
lower parts (except throat) immacu-
late ; head marked with irregular
spots of black ; back, wings, and rump
clouded with dusky grayish.
A*. W^>ite near end of outer quill usu-
ally extending to extreme tip,
without interruption by a sub-
terminal black bar ; the latter, if
present at all, usually very small
and rarely continuous; length
about 23.00, wing 15.75-17.90
(16.38), culmen 1.86-2.20 (2.07),
depth of bill through angle .72-
.80 (.77), tarsus 2.30-2.72 (2.50),
middle toe 1.90-2.25 (2.07). Eggs
2.91 X 1-98. Hah. Europe, etc. ;
casual in eastern North America ?
51. L. argentatus BrOnn.
Herring Oull.
A'. White near end of outer quill always
separated from the white tip by
a distinct subterminal bar or
spot of black, this rarely less

LARUS.

than .50 of an inch wide, and
often extending to the extreme
tip; length 22.50-26.00, wing
16.25-17.50 (17.24), culmen 1.95-
2.50 (2.24), depth of bill through
angle .68-.85 (.79), tarsus 2.30-
2.80 (2.57), middle toe (without
claw) 1.85-2.25 (2.10). Eggs
2.85 X 2.01. Hab. Whole of
North America, south, in win-
ter, to Cuba and Lower Califor-
nia; breeding from Maine, etc.,

northward 51a. L. argen-

tatus smithsonianus Coues.
American Herring Gull.
i'. Lower mandible with a black spot near end,
the upper also sometimes with a black
spot.
Adult: Mantle deep plumbeous-gray,
as in L. cachinnnns; bill yellow, with
red spot near end of lower mandible,
this enclosing, or adjacent to, a
smaller black spot ; iris deep brown,
and feet (in life) pale pea-green or
sage-green. Young : Above coarsely
spotted with brownish gray and pale
grayish buff, or dull whitish, the
quills and tail-feathers dull blackish ;
head, neck, and lower parts mottled
or clouded with grayish white or
brownish graj'' ; bill dusky with black
tip. Downy young : Grayish white,
the head with irregular black spots,
most numerous above ; upper parts
clouded with duskj' grayish. Length
20.00-23.00, wing 15.00-16.75, culmen
1.65-2.15, depth of bill at angle .60-
.75, tarsus 2.00-2.60, middle toe (with-
out claw) 1.70-1.95. Eggs 2.61 X
1.80. Hah. Western Lorth America,
chiefly in the interior, from Mexico

to Alaska 53. L. californicus

Lawr. California Onll.
g^. Depth of bill through angle contained at least four
and a half times in the length of the tarsus.

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

h}. Bill with a black band near tip.

Adult : Mantle pale pcavl-gray (much as
in L. argentatus) ; bill greenish yellow,
crossed near end by a very distinct black
band, the tip sometimes tinged with
ox"ange ; iris pale yellow, eyelids vermil-
ion-red J feet (in life) pale yellow, some-
times tinged with greenish. Young :
Above brownish dusky, the feathers
broadly bordered and otherwise varied
with palo grayish buff or dull whitish ;
quills blackish, the shorter ones bluish
gray basally and tipped with white ; tail
with basal half (or more) palo grayish,
the subterminal third (or more) blackish,
the tip narrowly white; lower parts
white, spotted along sides with grayish
brown; bill blackish, paler toward base.
Length 18.00-20.00, wing 13.60-15.75, cul-
men 1.55-1.75, depth of bill at angle .50-
.65, tarsus 1.90-2.45, middle toe (without
claw) 1.30-1.60. £'r7<7s2.39xl-71. Hab.
Whole of North America, breeding far
noi'thward ; south, in wintei", to Cuba

and Mexico 54. L. delawarensis

Ord. Eing-billed Gull.
A*. Bill without black in adult.

/. Gray "wedge" on inner web of third
quill never tipped with white, and
not carried definitely farther than
tip of sixth, usually not much beyond
tip of seventh, quill. Adult : Mantle
pearl-gray (about intermediate in
shade between that of L. californicus
and L. argentatus) ; rest of plumage,
except quills, pure white. Young :
Head and neck soiled whitish, striped
with grayish brown ; back, scapulars,
and wing-coverts dull grayish brown,
margined with grayish white ; basal
half of tail white, terminal half
blackish or dusky, narrowly tipped
with white ; lower parts dull white,
spotted and otherwise marked with
dull brown. Downy young : " Gov-

Young :
striped
ipulars,
brown,

; baeal
half

tipped
I white,
ed with

" Cov-

ered all over with soft yellowish
gray down, whiter in tint on the
face, throat, and abdomen ; forehead
blackish brown ; entire upper parts
spotted here and there with large
blackish spotb, one or two spots be-
ing also on the throat, under parts
generally unspotted, except that on
the flanks there are some irregular
black marks. It may be distin-
guished from the young of other
Gulls by a large black spot which
touches the base of the upper man-
dible, and which is never absent,
though often varying in size."
(Dresser.) Length 17.00-18.50,
wing 14.00-14.60 (14.30), culmen
1.35-1.60 (1.45), depth of bill through
angle .38-.50 (.44), tarsus 1.90-2.25
(2.02), middle toe 1.32-1.65 (1.43).
Eggs 2.29 X 159. Hab. Northern
portions of eastern hemisphere ; ac-
cidental in Labrador?

56. L. canus Linn. Mew OnlL
Gray wedge on inner web of third quill
always terminated with white, and
this carried beyond tip of the sixth
— often fiven beyond the tip of the
fifth — quill; even the second quill
often with a white spot at end of the
gray "wedge" on inner web; plu-
mage of adult otherwise as in Ii.
canus, but black of primaries much
more restricted. Nearly adult : Sim-
ilar to the adult in every respect
except coloration of the primaries,
which have the dark spaces slaty or
very dull blackish, instead of deep
black, and more extended, the white
tips of some of the quills wanting ;
tail sometimes (in younger individu-
als) more or less blotched with dusky
at tip, and upper coverts sometimes
(in still younger birds) faintly barred
with grayish brown. Young : Above

I' '

34 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

grayish brown, the feathers bordered
with pale grayish bujBfj rump and
upper tail-coverts pale grayish buif
or dull buffy white, marked more or
less distinctly with irregular grayish
brown spots ; basal half of tail ; :ray-
ish white, or pale grayish, trans-
versely mottled with darker, the
terminal portion dusky grayish
brown, forming a well-defined broad
band, the extreme tip whitish ; head,
neck, and lower parts nearly uniform
light brownish gray. Older: Similar,
but light borders to feathers of back,
, etc., purer white ; basal half of tail

uniform grayish white; lower parts
■white, the breast and sides spotted
with light grayish brown; upper
parts more or less tinged with the
pearl -gray of the adult plumage.
Length 16.50-18.00, wing 13.20-14.60
(13.93), culmen 1.25-1.70 (1.45), depth
of bill through angle .40-.50 (.45),
tarsus 1.70-2.10 (1.94), middle toe
1.30-1.55 (1.44). Eggs 2.29 X 1-61.
Jfab. Northwestern North America,
breeding far north ; south, in winter,
along Pacific coast to southern Cali-
fornia 55. L. brachyrhynchus

Rich. Short-billed OnU.
J'. Under wing-coverts entirely uniform brownish gray, like outer surface of
wings; under parts, rump, etc., brownish gray, and tail black, at all
seasons and ages.

Summer adult : Head and upper neck white ; tail black, tipped with
white; quills black; upper parts, uniform plumbeous-slate, the
secondaries broadly tipped with white ; lower parts uniform deep
ash-gray ; bill bright red in life. Winter adult : Similar, but head
dusky (darker than body). Young: Sooty grayish brown, the
feathers of the upper parts bordered with grayish white or pale
buff. Immature (second year ?) : Entire plumage uniform sooty
grayish brown, the tail and quills dusky. Length 17.50-21.00,
wing 13.50, culmen 1.50. Hab. Pacific coast of North America,
from British Columbia to Panama.

57. L. heermanni Cass. Heermann's Onll.
a*. Head uniform black or dusky in summer. (Lower neck, entire under parts,

LAJtUS.

trdered
ip and
shbuflf
a ore or
Trnyish
il ,;ray-

trans-
er, the
grayish
i broad
1 ; head,
uniform
Similar,
of back,
f of tail
er parts

spotted
; upper
vith the
)lumage.
20-14.50
5), depth
50 (.45),
idle toe

X 1-61.
\.merica,
I winter,

srn Cali-

ynchus

led OnU.

rface of
at all

l»ed with
(ate, the
cm deep
[lit head
|wn, the

or pale
sooty
kO-21.00,

America,

'B OnU.

br parts,

rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, uniform pure white, more or less rose-
tinted in breeding season ; mantle some shade of gray.)
6*. Tarsus much longer than middle toe, with claw.

Summer adult : Head sooty slate-color ; mantle plumbeous-slate ; five
outer primaries entirely black, or sometimes with a small terminal
spot of white; rest of quills plumbeous, tipped with white, the sixth
sometimes with a subterminal black spot; bill and feet (in life)
dark brownish red. Winter adult : Head and neck white, the oc-
ciput and eai'-coverts spotted or mottled with brownish gray, the
eyes more or less surrounded by the same ; otherwise as in summer.
Young : Head, neck, breast, and sides nearly uniform brownish gray,
dai'ker on occiput and hind-neck, tinged with buff beneath ; mantle
grayish brown, the feathers broadly bordered with pale grayish buff;
centre of rump light brownish gray ; rest of rump, with upper tail-
coverts and posterior lower parts, white ; basal half of tail light
gray, subterminal portion black, the tip narrowly white. Downy
young : Above grayish fulvous, varying to umber-brown, the head
Irregularly striped or spotted, the back, wings, and rump marbled,
with dusky ; lower parts paler, the breast and belly more ochreous,
the fore-neck, sides, flanks, and ventral region faintly mottled with
darker. Length 15.00-17.00, wing 13.00, tail 5.00, culmen 1.V5, tarsus
2.00, middle toe, with claw, 1.50. Eggs 2.18 X 1-55. Hab. Atlantic
coast of United States, south, in wintei', through West Indies and
along both coasts of Middle America, and as far as the lower Ama-
zon 58. L. atricilla Linn. Laughing OulL

6'. Tarsus not longer than middle toe, with claw.

c'. Wing more than 10.00 ; culmen more than 1.00.

d^. Bill brownish or reddish, its depth through the angle more than
one-fourth the culmen. Summer adult : Bill bright red (in life),
with more or less distinct darker subterminal band ; head deep
plumbeous-black, with a white spot on each eyelid ; mantle deep
plumbeous; quills bluish gray, the shafts white, all broadly
tipped with white, and the five outer ones marked with a sub-
terminal space of black; lower parts deeply tinted (In fresh
specimens) with rose-pink, and middle tail-feather tinged Avith
pearl-gray. Winter adult: Similar, but head white, the occi-
put, region round eyes, and ear-coverts, grayish dusky ; bill and
feet duller red. Young : Top and sli'-'S tf head (except forehead
and lores), with back and scapulars, grayish brown, the longer
scapulars bordered terminally with pale grayish buff; quills
dusky (inner webs more plumbeous), tipped Avith white ; centre
of rump bluish gray ; rest of rump, with upper tail-coverts,
entire lower parts, forehead, lores, and eyelids, white. Length
13.50-15.00, wing 11.25, culmen 1.30, depth of bill at nostrils .35,
tarsus .60, middle toe, with claw, 1.60. Eggs 2.11 X 1-53. Mab.

36 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Interior of North America, breeding from Iowa northward ;
in winter, south through Middle America and western South
America, to Peru.

59. L. franklinii Sw. & Rich. Franklin's Gull,
d*. Bill deep black, its depth through the angle less than one-fourth
the length of the culmen. Summer adult : Head dark plumbeous ;
mantle delicate pale pearl-gray ; three outer quills chiefly white,
the outer web of the first and terminal portion of all, black ;
rest of quills pale pearl-gray, tipped with white, the fifth and
sixth marked with a subterminal black space; rest of '^'"mage
pure white ; feet rich orange-red in life. Winter adu cad

white, the occiput tinged with grayish, the ear-coverts marked
with a dusky spot ; otherwise, as in summer, but feet (in life)
pale flesh-color. Young : Sides of head and neck, with entire
lower parts, upper tail-coverts, and basal two-thirds of tail,
white ; top of head and upper back brownish gray ; a dusky
spot on ear-coverts; scapulars and feathers of back grayish
brown, tipped with pale buff; central lesser wing-coverts dusky
brownish gray; rest of wing-coverts, greater part of inner
primaries, with upper part of rump, bluish gray ; band across
end of tail black or dusky, the tip narrowly white. Length
about 12.00-14.00, wing 10.25, culmen 1.20, depth of bill at
nostrils .25, tarsus 1.40, middle toe, with claw, 1.40. Eggs 1.95
X 134. Hab. Whole of North America, breeding fa north-
ward ; in winter, not yet recorded from south of tl lited
States, though reported from Bermudas,

60. L. Philadelphia Ord. Bonaparte's OqII.
c*. Wing much less than 10.00; culmen less than 1.00.

Summer adult : Head deep black ; mantle delicate pale pearl-gray,
the quills similar, tipped with white and usually without black
markings. Winter adult : Head white, the occiput tinged with
gray, and cai'-coverts with a dusky spot ; otherwise as in sum-
mer. Young : Forehead, lores, cheeks, entire lower parts, upper
tail-coverts, and greater part of tail, white ; occiput, ear-coverts,
and most of upper pa^ts sooty blackish, the feathers (except
on head and neck) bordered terminally with pale buff. Length
10.40-11.50, wing 8.75-9.00, culmen .90, tarsus 1.00, middle toe
(without claw) .90. Hab. Europe and parts of Asia and Africa ;
accidental in Bermudas and eastern Arctic America ?

Larus minutus^ Pall. Little Gull.

'^I

I Larut minutua Pall., Reis. Russ. Reichs, iii. App. No. 35, 1771, 702.

XEMA.

svard ;
South

sOoU.
fourtli
bcous ;
white,
black ;
th and
"inago
Lkid
narked
in Uto)
I entire
of tail,
t dusky-
grayish
9 dusky
»f innev
d across
Length
f bill at

iJggS 1.95
noi'th-
\ited

te's GuU.

arl-gray,
ut black
jed with
in sum-
ts, upper
coverts,
(except
Length
iddle toe
Africa ;

,ittle Gull.

Genus RHODOSTETHIA Macgillivray. (Pago 23, pi. VII., fig. 3.)

Species.

Summer adult : Mantle and under surface of wing uniform pale poail-gray, the
secondaries and innermost quills very broadly tipped with pinkish white, and
outer web of first quill chiefly black ; rest of plumage white, usually more or less
(sometimes very strongly) tinged with delicate peach-blossom pink, the middle of
the neck encircled by a narrow black collar. Winter adult : Similar, but black col-
lar absent, a blackish spot immediately in front of eye, and top of head tinged with
pearl-gray. Young, second summer f Similar to summer adult (including collar), but
smaller wing-coverts, inner secondaries, primary-coverts, alulse, and adjacent small
feathers, together with three outer quills, blackish, the inner web of the latter, how-
ever, with marginal half pearl-gray ; remaining quills pearl-gray, becoming white
on innermost quills, and all of them tipped with black ; third, fourth, and fifth tail-
feathers bi'oadly tipped with black. Young : Back and scapulars heavily spotted
or clouded with dusky or sooty blackish, this color prevailing on lower back, where
the feathers have buflfy tips ; top of head and hind-neck also clouded with dusky ;
middle tail-feathers with the end sooty black for about .85, the succeeding feathers
on each side tipped with black in decreasing extent to the third, which has but a
slight mottling of dusky at extreme tip ; wing-coverts dusky, or sooty, tipped with
pale huffy ; two innermost quills pure Avhite, the rest parti-colored ; head, neck,
and lower parts chiefly white, mai'ked anteriorly (except on chin and throat) with
narrow bars of dusky. Length 11.50-14.00, wing 9.50-10.50, tail 4.00-5.50 (gradu-
ated for .75-1.25), culmen .65-.75, tarsus 1.20-1.25, middle toe 1.00-1.05. Egg
(single specimen) 1.90 X 1.30, in color like that of .X'ema sabinii {fide Seebohm, P.
Z. S. 1886, 82). Hab. Arctic Ocean, south, in autumn or winter, to northern Alaska,
Kamtschatka, Disco Bay, Faroes, Heligoland, and (accidentally) England.

61. R. rosea (Macoil.). Ross's Onll.

Genus XEMA Leach. (Page 23, pi. IX., figs. 1, 2.)

Species.

Culmen much shorter than tarsus ; tail forked for not more than the length of
the tarsus; wing not more than 11.25; legs and feet blact . (Subgenus
-rTewirt.) Summer adult : Head and upper neck uniform plumbeous, bordered
below by a black collar; mantle deep bluish gray; quills black, the five in-
nermost ones varied with white and plumbeous; rest of plumage white; bill
black, tipped with yellowish. Winter adult: Similar, but head and neck
white, exce) t ear-coverts and back of head and neck, which are dull dusky
plumbeous. Young : Mantle brownish gray, each feather darker eubtermi-
nally, and margined at tip with pale fulvous or buffy ; tail white, with a broad
black band near end, this again nan-owly tipped with white ; upper tail-
coverts and entire lower parts white. Downy young (fide Middendobff) :

38 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Upper parts rusty yellow, spotted with black; lower parts whitish gray.
Length 13.00-14.00, wing 10.10-11.15, tail 4.50-5.00 (forked for about .60-
1.00), culmen 1.00, tarsus 1.25, middle toe, with claw, about 1.25. Eggs 2-5,
1.78 X 1-26, ovate, or short-ovate, deep olive (varying in intensity, however),
rather indistinctly spotted or blotched with brown. Hab. Arctic regions;
in North America south, in winter, to New York, the Great Lakes, and
Great Salt Lake (casually to Bermudas and Peru).

62. X. sabinii (Sab.). Sabine's GnlL
a*. Culmen nearly as long as tarsus ; tail forked for at least one and a half times
the length of the tarsus ; wing about 16.00 ; legs and feet rea. (Subgenus
Creagrus Bonap.). Summer adult : Head and upper part of neck sooty slate,
with a whitish patch at base of bill ; mantle pearl-gray, the wing-coverts
and outer webs of scapulars whitish ; quills black, the shorter ones tipped
with white; rest of plumage white; bill black, with yellowish tip; legs and
feet bright red. Young : Plumage generally, including head and neck,
white ; hind-neck, back, and scapulars, ashy brown, the tips of the feathers
maigined with white; tail-feathers (except outermost) with a black subter-
minal spot ; a dusky space immediately in front of eye, and another on ear-
coverts. Length about 23.00, wing 16.00, tail 8.00 (forked for about 3.30),
culmen 1.85, tarsus 1.90, middle toe, with claw, 2.00. Hab. Pacific coast of
South America; Monterey, California?

— , X. fur cata (Neb.\ Swallow-tailed Gull.

Genus GELOCHELIDON Brehm. (Page 24, pi. IX., fig. 4.)

Species.

Summer adult : Top of head and hind-neck deep black ; upper parts pale pearl-
gray, rest of plumage pure white ; bill deep black, foet blackish. Winter adult :
Similar, but head and neck white, the hind-neck tinged with grayish, the ear-
coverts and spot in front of eye darker grayish. Young : Similar to winter adult,
but upper parts washed with bufT or day-color, the top of head, hind-neck, back,
and scapulars sometimes streaked with dusky. Doivny young : Above light gray-
ish buff, with seroral largo and tolerably well defined dusky spots on hinder half
of head, a distinct dusky stripe down each side of hind-neck and upper back, the
wings, rump and flanks with rather dirtinct largo spots of dusky; lower parts
white, tinged with grayish on sides of throat ; bill brownish, inclining to orange (in
life) on lower mandible ; feet dull brownish orange (in life). Length 13.00-15.25,
wing n.75-12.2^, tail 5.50 (forked for 1.50-1.75), culmen 1.40, depth of bill at base
.45. Kest along sea-beach, in sand or shingle. Eggs 1.84 X 1-33, ovate, light huffy,
varying to pale olivc-buify, distinctly spotted and blotched with deep brown and
lavender-grayish. Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan ; in America, Atlantic side, from
Brazil iiorth to Long Island, casually to Massachusetts; very rare inland; both
coastb of southern Mexico and Central America in winter.

63. G. nilotica (Habsblq.). Onll-billed Tern.

STERNA.

Genus STERNA Linn^cs. (Page 24, pi. X., figs. 1-3 ; pi. XI., figs. 1, 2.)

^ecies.
Wing more than 9.00.
b\ Wing more than 12.00.

c^. Tail much less than half as long as wing, forked for less than one-fifth
its total length ; feathers of occiput shoi't, blended ; depth of bill at
base equal to nearly one-third the exposed culmen ; inner webs of
quills entirely gray, or slaty. (Subgenus Thalasseus Kaup.)
Adult in spring : Above pale pearl-gray, becoming white on tail,
and more silvery gray on quills ; whole top of head, and nape,
uniform glossy black ; rest ot plumage pure white ; bill coral-
red (drying orange-red) with dusky tinge near tip ; feet black.
Adult immediatehj after pairing season : Similar to spring plu-
mage, but black on top of head mixed with white. Winter
adult: Similar to summer adult, but black of crown, etc.,
streaked, instead of speckled or flecked, with grayish white.
Young : Above pale grayish, marked with a few roundish and
more or less hastate spots of dusky, largest on tortials ; top of
head grayish white, the crown flocked with black, this color
increasing in extent posteriori^'-, until nearly uniform on occi-
put ; tail-feathers marked with a dusky subterminal spot ; rest
of plumage white ; bill dull orange-reddish. Doxcny young :
Above grayish white, the down of the head dusky gray beneath
the surface; back and rump finely and indistinctly mottled
with grayish ; throo and fore-neck uniform pule grayish, rest
of lower parts white. Length 19.00-22.50, wing 15.00-17.40,
tail 5.30-6.75 (forked for about .75-1.60), culmen 2.48-3.10,
depth of bill through base .73-.95, tarsus 1.60-1.90, middle toe
1.15-1.40. Nest (usually solitary) a depression in sand near
sea-sliore. Eggs 2-3, 2 66 X 1-77, ovate or elliptical-ovate, pale
grayish bufl', varying to olive-buflf or dull whitish buflf, more or
less spotted with brown and stone-gray or lavender-gray. Hah.
North America in general, but rare on Pacific coast ; breeding
in isolated and widely separated localities throughout its range.
(Also occurs in various portions of eastern hemisphere, includ-
ing Australia.) 64. S. tschegrava Lefech. Caspian Tern.

c*. Tail more than half as long as wing, forked for at least half its total
length ; feathers of occiput lengthened, lanceolate, forming a dis-
tinct crest ; depth of bill at base much less than one-third the length
of the exposed culmen ; inner webs of quills with inner margin ab-
ruptly and broadly white. (Subgenus Actockelidon Kaup.)
. d'. Bill deep orange, or orange-rod.

e*. Depth of bill at base more than one-fourth the length of the
exposed culmen. Adult in spring : Above pale pearl-gray,

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

ill!

l: a.

h f

paler (nearly white) on upper tail-coverts and tail ; whole
top of head, including occipital crest, glossy black ; rest of
plumage pure white ; bill deep orange, feet blackish. Adult
just after pairing season : Similar, but forehead and forepart
of crown white, only the occipital crest and hinder part of
crown being uniform black. Winter plumage : Similar to
summer plumage, but black of occiput also mixed more or
less with white, and bill paler orange. Young : Somewhat
like winter adult, but upper parts sparsely spotted with
dusky brown, these spots largest on tertials ; tail-feathers
brownish or dusky near tips ; top of head speckled white
and dusky, the occipital crest br'^ slightly developed ; bill
dull orange. Length 18.00-21. uO, wing 14.00-15.00, tail
6.00-8.00, forked for about half its tot."' ' ngth; culmen
2.40-2.75, depth of bill at base .65-.75, arsus 1.35-1.45.
Nest (usually many together) a depression in sand, near
sea-shore. Eggs 1-3 or 4, 2.61 X 1-78, ovate, elongate-
ovate, or subacute-ovate, buffy, cream-color, or whitish,
handsomely spotted (sometimes lined) with dark bi-own or
black, these markings usually suffused exteriorly with light
brown and purplish gray. Hab. Coasts and larger inland
waters of United States, and southward, breeding north to

about 40° 65. S. maxima Bodd. Royal Tern.

c*. Depth of bill at base less than one-fourth (about one-fifth) the
length of the exposed culmen ; plumage same as that of S.
maxima, but lower parts very deeply tinged with rose-, or
peach-blossom, pink, and occipital crest more developed;
length about 16.00-17.00, wing 12.40-12.50, tail 6.60-7.30,
forked for about 2.60-3.50 ; culmen 2.26-2.55, depth of bill
through base .45-.50, tarsus 1.05-1.25. Eggs 2.15 X 1-45,
ovate, creamy white, boldly spotted (chiefly round larger
end) with black and various shades of rich warm brown.
Hab. Pacific coast of Middle America, north to San J'ran-

cisco, California 66. S. elcgans Gamb. Elegant Tern.

d*. Bill deep black, usually with yellowish or whitish tip ; plumage
the same as in ^Sf. maxima and S. elegans, but usually less pinkish
beneath than the latter ; length 14.00-16.00, wing about 12.50,
tail 6.00 (forked for about 2.35), culmen 2.25, depth of bill at
base .48, tarsus 1.00. Nest a depression in sand by sea-shore.
Eggs 1.99 X 1-38) ovate, white, huffy, or rich cream -color,
handsomely but variously marked (often with zigzag liros)
with diff^orent shades of rich brown, black, etc. Hab. South
Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States, north to southern
New England; south, in winter, to West Indies and Middle
America (both coasts).

67. S. sandvicensis acuflavidus (Cabot). Cabot'i Tern.

STERNA.

Wing less than 12.00 ; occipital feathers short and blended,
c*. Mantle bluish gray, the tail chiefly white ; inner webs of quills largely
white. (Subgenus Sterna.)
dK Top of head without any black at any season.

Adult in summer: Head, axillars, lining of wing, and tail-
coverts, white, the first with a dusky stripe along each
side, entirely surrounding eye, and extending back over
car-coverts ; rest of plumage pale pearl-gray, the quills
inclining to silvery white ; bill black in middle portion, the
base and tip yellowish. Winter plumage : Similar, but lower
parts white ; bill dusky, tipped with yellowish. Length
15.00-16.00, wing 9.70-10.60, tail 4.60-6.00 (forked for about
1.60-2.60), culmen 1.50-1.70, tarsus .92-.96. Hab. Atlantic
coast of South America ; casual on Atlantic coast of United
States (New Jersey).

68. S. trudeaui Aud. Trndeau's Tern.
fP. Top of head chiefly or entirely uniform black in summer,
e'. Top of head entirely black in summer.

/'. Only one web of outer tail-feather entirely white.

g^. Inner web of outer tail-feather grayish or dusky
toward end, the outer web entirely white. Sum-
mer adult: Above pale pearl-gray, lower parts
pure white ; entire top of head and nape uniform
deep black ; bill (in life) dull orange, dusky at tip ,
feet fine orange-red. Winter plumage: Similar,
but Whole top of head white, tinged on occiput
and nape with grayish, the side of the head with
a dusky stripe surrounding eyes aud extending
across ear-coverts ; tail shorter and less deeply
forked than in summer, the exterior feathers
broader and less elongated ; bill duller orange, and
feet much less intense red ; bill dusky or dull
brownish orange, darker at tip. Young : Similar
to winter plumage, but top of head, hind-neck,
back, scapulars, tertials, and wing-coverts over-
laid by a wash of umber-brown, nearly uniform on
back and crown ; sides of head tinged with same ;
tail-feathers all distinctly dusky terminally, especi-
ally on inner webs. Downy young : Light brown-
ish buff', the breast and belly whitish ; upper parts
coarsely and irregularly marbled with black, the
sides of the head with a few scattorcd small mark-
ings of the same. Length about 14.00-15.00, wing
9.50-10.30, tail 6.00-7.70 (forked for 2.30-5.00),
culmen 1.50-1.66, tarsus .90-1.00. Neat of dead

190RTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

grasses, etc., in marshes (fresh- or salt-water), often
upon " windrows" of sea- weed. Eggs 1.78 X 1-23,
ovate or short-ovate, varying from olive-buff to
olive-brown, coarsely spotted or blotched with
dark brown or blackish. Hab. Temperate North
America, north to Manitoba, south, in winter,
to Brazil.

69. S. forsteri Nutt. Forster's Tern.
g*. Inner web of outer tail-feather entirely white, the
outer web dusky, in abrupt contrast.
h}. Summer adult : Lower parts pale lavender-gray,
or grayish white ; whole top of head and nape
deep black ; rest of upper parts deep pearl-
gray, the rump, upper tail-coverts, and greater
part of tail pure white ; bill bright vermilion-
red, blackish at tip ; feet (in life) rich orange-
vermilion. Winter adult: Similar, but fore-
head, crown, and anterior part of lores white,
mixed with black on crown ; entire lower
parts pure white ; bill and feet less intensely
red. Young : Orbital region, occiput, and
nape, dull black; crown mixed blackish and
grayish white ; foi'ehead, lores, entire lower
parts, upper tail-coverts, inner webs of rectri-
ces, and tips of secondaries, white; rest of
upper' parts pale pearl-gray, the scapulars,
interscapulars, and tertials, tipped with pale
buff, and marked with a subterminal cres-
centic spot, or lunule, of dusky brown ; an-
terior lesser wing-coverts duskj'-, forming a
distinct bar across wing ; bill brownish dusky,
the base of mandible paler and more reddish ;
feet pale reddish. Downy young : Above pale
fulvous or grayish buff (the precise shade
very variable) coarsely and irregularly mar-
bled with dusky, except on forehead ; lower
parts white, more or less tingod with buff or
pale fulvous on sides and flanks, the throat
and cheeks distinctly dusky, or grayish.
Length 13.00-16.00, wing 9.75-11.76, tail 5.00-
7.00 (forked for 3.50, more or less), culmen
1.25-1.50, depth of bill at base about .33, tar-
sus .66-.85. Nest usually a depression in
sand or gravel near sea-shore. Eggs 2-4, 1.67
X 117, averaging a little paler in ground-

STERNA.

color and less heavily blotched than those of S.
forsteri. Hab. Eastern temperate North Amer-
ica, and various parts of eastern hemisphere.
70. S. hirundo Linn. Common Tern.
h*. Summer adult : Lower parts deep lavendei'-gray,
changing to white only on lower tail-coverts
and on sides of head adjacent to the black
cap ; upper parts deep pearl-gray, the tips of
secondaries, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail
pure white, in marked contrast ; bill rich car-
mine, usually without distinct blackish tip;
feet intense carmine. Winter adult ; Similar,
but lower parts white (sometimes tinged with
grayish), and forehead, crown, and fore part
of lores white, the crown streaked or mixed
with black. Young : Orbital region, occiput,
and hind part of crown dull black ; forehead,
anterior part of lores, and crown white, the
latter stained with brown and mixed Avith
Mackish ; feathers of dorsal region and wings
tipped with pale buff and marked with a sub-
terminal crescent or lunule of brownish dusky,
these markings larger on tertials and longer
scapulars, and smaller on back ; lower rump,
upper tail-coverts, and entire lower parts,
white, the chin, throat, and sides of jugulum
and breast, icained with pale dull brownish;
basal half of bill dull orange-red, terminal
portion blackish ; feet light reddish. Downy
young : Similar to that of 8. hirundo, but
usually darker colored. Length 14.00-17.00,
wir.g 10.00-10.75, tail 6.60-8.50 (forked for
4.00-5.00), culmen 1.08-1.40, depth of bill
through base 30, tarsus .56-.65, middle toe,
with claw, .80-.85. Eggs 1.62 X 115, not
distinguishable with certainty from those of
S. hirundo, but usually with darker ground-
color and heavier spotting, ffab. Circum-
polar regions, south, in winter, to Middle
States and California; on Atlantic coast
breeding south to Massachusetts.

71. S. paradissea Biit)NN. Arctic Tern.
g*. Both webs of outer tail-feathers entirely white.

Summer adult : Above delicate pale pearl-gray,
fading into silvery white on upper tail-coverts

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

and tail ; lower parts exquisitely delicate pale
peach-blossom pink, fading into pure white in
dried skins ; entire top of head, with nape, uni-
form deep black ; bill black, tinged at base (in
life) with reddish ; feet bright red in life.
Winter adult : Similar, but forehead and anterior
part of crown white, the latter tinged with
grayish and indistinctly streaked with blackish.
Young : Pileum and nape pale buffy grayish,
finelj'^ mottled or sprinkled with darker, and
streaked, especially on crown, with dusky ; or-
bital and auricular regions dusky blackish;
remainder of head, and entire lower parts, white,
the nape and sometimes side of breast finely
mottled with buffy gray; pale pearl-gray of
back and scapulars overlaid by pale buff, irregu-
larly mottled with dusky, each feather with a
Bubmarginal dusky U-shaped mark ; bill brown-
ish duskjj^; feet duskj^ (in dried skins). Length
14.00-17.00, Aving 9.25-9.75, tail 7.25-7.75 (forked
for 3.50-4.50), culmen 1.50, depth of bill at base
.35, tarsus .85, middle too .75. Eggs 2-4, 1.66 X
1.21, similar to those of S. paradiscca, but ground-
color averaging lighter and markings smaller.
Hab. Atlantic coast of United States; West
Indies, and various parts of Old World.

72. S. dougalli Montaq. Roseate Tern.
e*. Top of head black, with a broad white patch on forehead, ex-
tending backward on each side of crown to above eyes ; a
black stripe across lores.

Summer adult: Above deep plumbeous-gray, beneath
paler, more lavender-gray ; tips of secondaries, upper
and lower tail-coverts, tail, sides of head, chin, under
wing coverts and axillars pure white; bill and feet
entirely deep black. Winter ad idt, unknown. Young:
Forehead, lores, crown, and entire nape, smoky gray-
ish brown, deepening on occiput into dark sootj', this
color extending laterally nearly or quite to eye; the
smoke-color of nape extending laterally over side of
neck and breast, or sometimes oven tingeing the jugu-
lum and fore-neck ; back, scapulars, inner wing-coverts,
and tertials dull slate-blackish, broadly and sharply
bordered terminally with yellowish ochraceous ; upper
rump dark brownish slate, feathers narrowly tipped
with pale fulvous, this pi-eceded by a dusky subter-

STERNA.

uni-

upper

under

»d feet

Young :

ty, this
•0 ; the
side of
le jugu-
covcrts,
sharply
upper
tipped
subter-

minal bar; lower rump and upper tail-coverts plum-
beous-gray, the longer feathers tipped with buff; reo-
trices pale bluish gray, the feathers becoming dusky
subterminally ; lower parts, except as described, white ;
maxilla dusky, mandible light reddish (brownish in
dried skins), the terminal third or fourth dusky ; legs
and feet light reddish. Length 13.25-15.00, wing
9.75-10.75, tail 6.50-7.00 (forked for 2.40-3.75), culmen
1.25-1.40, depth of bill at base .38, tarsus, .60-.75,
middle toe .80-.85. Eggs 1.69 X 112, similar to those
of S. paradiscea, but averaging rather deeper in ground-
color, with larger markings. Hab. Eastern Aleutian
Islands and northward along coast to or beyond
Norton Sound.

73. S. aleutica Baird. Aleutian Tern.
Mantle and six to ten middle tail-feathers slaty or blackish ; inner webs
of quills entirely dusky. (Subgenus Haliplana "VVaqler.)
d}. Adult: Upper parts, including hind-neck, continuously uniform
sooty black, the outer pair of tail-featiiers chiefly white ; fore-
head, sides of head, and entire lower parts white, sometimes
faintly tinged with bluish gray posteriorly ; bill and feet deep
black. Young: Entirely dark sooty brown, more grayish on
lower parts, the anal region and under wing-coverts white ;
scapulars and wing-coverts narrowly but distinctly tipped with
white. Downy young : " Head, neck, throat, and entire upper
parts, dark gray with a silvery tinge, closely dotted with gray-
ish white ; rest of under parts white." (Dresser.) Length
15.00-17.00, wing 12.00, tail 7.00-7.50 (forked for about 3.00-
3.60), culmen 1.80, tarsus 1.00. Eggs (deposited on rocks or
ground, usually without nest) 2.02 X 1-40, white, creamy white,
or cream-color spotted with rich chestnut, usually mixed with
fainter spots of purplish gray. Hab. Tropical and subtropical
sea-coasts of both hemispheres ; in North America, north to
the Carolinas and western Mexico, casually to New England.

75. S. fuliginosa Gmel. Sooty Tern.
d}. Adult : Lower hind-neck and upper back grayish white, deepening
into brownish slate on wings, etc., and deep black on top of
head ; forehead, sides of head, and entire lower parts pure
white; two outer pairs of tail-feathei's white; bill and feet
black. Young : Entire lower pai*ts, with cheeks, forehead, and
sides of crown, white, as in adult ; nape, occiput, and middle
of ci'own brownish dusky; the last streaked with grayish
white ; upper parts grayish brown ; the scapulars, interscapu-
lars, and tertials margined terminally with gi*ayish white.
Length about 14.00-15.00, wing 10.50, tail 6.00-7.00, culmen

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

1.40-1.60, depth of bill at base .35-.40, tarsus .85. Hah. Tropi-
cal eea-coasts in general ; accidental on Florida coast.

76. S. ansethetus Scop. Bridled Tern,
a'. Wing less than 7.00. Tail about half as long as wing, forked for about half its
length. (Subgenus Sternula Boie.)
Summer adult : Above uniform pale pearl-gray ; lower parts, with forehead
and stripe on each side of crown, back and above eyes, pure white ;
stripe from bill to eye, with crown, occiput, and nape, uniform deep
black ; bill bright yellow, usually with blackish tip ; feet bright orange-
yellow (in life). Winter adult : Similar to summer plumage, but lores,
forehead, and ci'own grayish white (pure white anteriorly) ; bill dull
yellowish, or dusky ; feet pale yellow. Young : Somewhat like winter
adult, but lesser wing-coverts chiefly dusky slate (forming distinct
patch), scapulars and interscapulars with submarginal V- or U-ehaped
marks of dusky, and quills darker. Downy young: Above grayish white,
varying to delicate buff-yellow, sometimes immaculate, but usually finely
mottled with dusky grayish, the head distinctly marked with irregular
dots of blackish ; lower parts wholly immaculate white. Length 8.50-
9.75, wing 6.60, tail 3.50 (forked for about 1.75), culmen 1.20, tarsus .60.
Nest a depression in shingly beach. Eggs 2-4, 1.28 X 0.91, white, buffy
Avhite, or buff, spotted with brown and purplish gray. Hab. United
States (rather southerly) south, in winter, through Middle America
(both coasts) to northern coasts of South America.

74. S. antillarum Less. Least Tern.

Genus HYDROCHELIDON Boie.

Species

(Page 24, pi. XII., fig. 2.)

fl'. "Wing less than 9.00. Head wholly dusky or black in summer adult.
6^ Tail and upper coverts deep gray or plumbeous.

Summer adult: Head, neck, and lower parts uniform black or plumbeous,
the lower tail-covei'ts, however, white; upper parts uniform plum-
beous. Winter adult : Head, neck, and lower parts white, the orbits
and ear-coverts dusky ; above as in summer. Young : Similar to
winter adult, but feathers of back, etc., tipped with dull brownish,
anterior lesser wing-coverts dusky, and sides washed with plumbe-
ous. Downy young : Above umber-brown, with a few coarse, irreg-
ular mottlings of black ; forehead, crown, throat, and chest plain
sooty brown ; side of head, including lores, dull whitish ; belly
white centrally, sooty gray exteriorly.
c\ Summer adult with lower parts (sometimes head also) plumbeous, little
if any darker than upper surface. Hab. Europe, and parts of Asia
nnd Africa. H. nigra (Linn.). Black Tern.i

> Sterna nigra Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1768, 137. Hydrochelidon nigra Boie, IsU, 1822, 663.

ANOUS.

c*. Summer adult with lower parts always black or very dark plumbeous,
much darker than upper surface ; length 9.00-10.25, wing 8.25, tail
3.75 (forked for .90), culmen 1.10. Nest in marshes. Eggs 1.35 X
0.98, brownish buff or olive-buff, heavily spotted and blotched with
dark brown. Hab. Temperate North America, south, in winter, to
South America, as far as Brazil and Chili.

77. H. nigra suhnamensis (Gmel.). American Black Tern.
b*. Tail and upper coverts white, sometimes tinged with gray.

Summer adult: Head, neck, and lower parts black, the under tail-
coverts white ; upper parts plumbeous, more silvery on wings, the
anterior lesser coverts being white; legs and feet bright red (drying
brownish). Young : " Posterior portion of the crown, a patch on
the side of the head, and one on the hind-neck dark sooty gray, the
feathers with lighter mai'gins, the patch on the hind-neck with
brownish markings ; rest of the head, neck, and entire under parts
pure white; back and scapulars blue-gray, broadly tipped with
blackish gray ; wings as in the adult in winter, but the wing-
coverts tipped with light reddish brown ; rump and upper tail-
coverts white; tail light French gray, becoming darker towards
the tip." (Dresser.) Doiony young: "Upper parts warm reddish
buff, boldly marked with black on the crown, nape, back, wings,
and rump ; under parts gi'ayish buff with a sooty tinge, marked
with sooty gray on the upper throat ; space round the eye nearly
white." (Dresser.) Length about 9.50, wing 7.60-& 20, tail 2.80-
3.25, culmen .90-.95. Nest in marshes. Eggs 1.36 X 0.99, essen-
tially similar in coloration to those of H. nigra surinamensis. Hab.
^ Europe, etc. ; accidental (?) in North America (Lake Koshkonong,

Wisconsin).

78. H. leucoptera (Temm.). White- winged Black Tern.
Wing more than 9.00. Head with a broad white stripe on each side, in summer
adult. Summer adult : Top of head and hind-neck black ; broad stripe on
side of head (from chin and corner of mouth to behind ear-coverts), lower
tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts white ; rest of plumage uniform plum-
beous. Hab. Europe, etc. ; accidental in West Indies.

H. leucopareia (Natt.). Whiskered Tern.'

b plain
; belly

8, little
of Asia
:k Tern.»

Genus ANOUS Leach. (Pago 24, pi. XII., fig. 1.)

S2)ec'es.

Common Characters. — Plumage uniform sooty brownish, becoming hoary on
forehead or top of head. Nest on trees or bushes around borders of oceanic islands,
rather bulky, composed of sticks, etc. Egg single (usually, at least), huffy or buffy

1 Sterna leucopareia Natt., in Temm. Man. 1S20, 726. Hydrochelidon leucopareia Gould, Handb. B. Austr.
ii. 1865, 406.

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

speckled or spotted, chiefly round larger end, with brown

and

whitish, sparsely
purplish gray.

a*. Lores dusky, in abrupt and marked contrast with the hoary of the forehead.
6*. Only the forehead distinctly whitish.

Uniform sooty brown, becoming gradually grayer on neck, and pass-
ing gradually through intermediate shades to white on forehead;
quills nearly black. Youny (?) : Similar, but head uniform grayish
brown, the frontlet hoary grayish. Length 13.00-16.35, wing 10.00-
10,50, tail 6.00, culmen 1.75, depth of bill at base .38. Hgg averaging
2.06 X 1-37. Hob. Intertropical seas generally, also coast of south-
ern Atlantic and Gulf States 79. A. stolidus (Linn.). Noddy.

b*. Whole top of head distinctly whitish.

c*. White of crown changing gradually into ashy on hind-neck ; plumage
of body, etc., sooty brown. Hab. Intertropical seas and coasts
generally, including Gulf coast of Mexico.

A. tnelanogenys Gray. Black-cheeked Noddy.*
c*. White of crown abruptly defined against sooty brown of hind-neck ;
plumage of body, etc., sooty black. Hab. Southwestern Pacific.

A. leucocapillus Gould. White-crowned Noddy.*

a}. Lores hoary whitish, like forehead. Hoary ash of occiput and hind-neck

changing gradually into sooty brown on chin and throat, the cheeks being

grayish. Hab. Indian Ocean.

A. tenuirostris (Temm.). Slender-billed Noddy.*

Family RYNCHOPIDiE.--THE Skimmers. (Pago 20.)

Genera.
(Characters same as given for the Family) Rynchops. (Page 48.)

Genus RYNCHOPS Linnaeus. (Page 48, pi. VI., fig. 5.)

Species.

a*. Secondaries very broadly tipped with white ; tail white, only the middle pair
of feathers grayish or dusky; under wing-coverts white. Summer adult:
Forehead, sides of head, and entire lower parts, white ; upper parts, including
hind-neck, top of head, and ear-coverts, black, the secondaries and inner pri-
mai'ies broadly tipped with white ; tail white, the middle feathers chiefly
grayish brown ; basal half of bill, with legs and feet, bright vermilion-red
in life (changing to dull whitish in dried skins) ; terminal portion of bill

1 Anons tnelanogenys Gray, Gen. B. iii. 1840, fiCl, pi. 182.

« Anout leucocapillui Goulp, P. Z. S. 1845, 103 ; Birds Austr. pt. vli. 1848, pi. 35.

> Sterna tenuiroBtrii Tkuh., PI. Col. 202 (1838). Anous tenuirottriB Saunoers, P. Z. S. 1876, 670, pi. 61,
fig. 1.

RYNCHOPS.

black. Winter adult : Similar as to plumage, but the black more brownish,
and interrupted by a white collar across hind-neck. Young: Above light
buif, each feather with a central spot of black, these largest on scapulars ;
lores and beneath eye uniform pale buff; lower parts white. Downy young :
Above pale grayish buff, irregularly and sparsely mottled with blackish ; lower
parts plain white. (Lower mandible not longer than upper in very young
birds.) Length 17.00-20.00, wing 14.75-15.75, tail 5.50 (forked for about
1.20), culmen 2.20-2.80, lower mandible 2.90-4.10. Nest a depression in sand,
near sea-shore. Eggs 2-5, 1.74 X 1-32, ovate, or short-ovate, white, buffy
white, or pale buff, marked with largo bold spots of rich dark or deep brown,
and smaller, fainter spots of purplish gray. Hab. Sea-coast of warmer parts
of America ; on the Atlantic side, north, regularly, to New Jersey, casually

to Nova Scotia 80. R. nigra Linn. Black Skimmer.

Secondaries without white tips ; tail dusky, the feathers with paler edges ; under
wing-coverts brownish gray ; otherwise similar to M. nigra, but averaging
larger, with longer bill and wing especially. Hab. Coasts of South America
(Peru ; Demerara, etc.).

R. melanura Bois. Black-tailed Skimmer.'

lii/nchopa melannrua " BoiB," Swains. Anim. in Mcnag. 1838, 340.

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

ii'

Order TUBINARES. — The Tube-nosed Swim-
mers. (Page 1.)

Families.

a'. Wings very long ; nostrils opening in anterior end of horizontal nasal tubes,
i'. Nasal tubes widely separated by the intervening culmen ; size very largo
(equal to a large goose or larger) ; wing very narrow, with very nu-
merous (39-50) remiges Diomedeidse. (Pago 50.)

h*. Nasal tubes united, and resting upon the basal portion of the culmen ; size
and other characters extremely variable, but usually medium-sized or
small, and remiges never more than 39 (usually 30, or less).

Procellariidse. (Pago 53.)
a*. Wings very short, and general appearance decidedly Auk-liko ; nostrils opening
upwards, as parallel longitudinal slits, at very base of culmen.

Halodromidae. (Extralimital.)

Family DIOMEDEID.ffi.--THE Albatrosses. (Page 50.)

Nest a mound-like heap of grasses, etc., with depressed top, built upon the
ground in open situations, on oceanic islands. Egg single, ovate, or elliptical ovate,
white, sometimes speckled or spi*inkled on larger end with reddish brown.

Genera.

(/'. Sides of lower mandible without longitudinal groove ; wing three or more times
as long as the short, rounded tail.
h^. Upper division of the bill much broadest at base, where joined closely to the

lateral division Diomedea. (Page 50.)

h*. Upper division of the bill narrow, and of equal width from the middle of
the culmen to the base, where widely separated from the lateral division
by the interposition of a strip of naked skin extending from the nasal

tubes to the forehead Thalassogeron. (Page 52.)

a'. Sides of lower mandible with a distinct longitudinal groove, extending the entire
length of the lateral division ; wing only about twice as long as the gradu-
ated or wedge-f.haped tail Phcebetria. (Vwgi "iS)

Genus DIOMEDEA LiNNiEus. (Page 50, pi. XIII.

2.)

Species.

' Culmen very concave; feathers at base of upper mandible extending i an angle
nearly or quite to the base of the nasal tube, those at the base of the lower
mandible forming a still more decided angle. (Subgenus Diomedea!)

DIOMEDEA.

Wing 26.60-29.00 inches ; total length, 44.00-55.00, extent, 125.00-130.00.
Adult : "White, the remiges blackish. Young : Dusky, with fore part of
the head whitish (older individuals with more white, according to age).
Egg 4.95 X 3.15, white, minutely sprinkled over large end with brownish
(adventitious stain in pores of shell ?). Hub. Southern seas in general,
north, casually or very irregularly, to Florida (Tampa Bay) and coast
of Washington Territory.

— . D. exulans Linn. Wandering Albatross.*
Culmen slightly concave, the bill more compressed ; feathers at base of maxilla
extending in a nearly straight obliquely transverse line far back of the nasal
tube, those at the base of the lower mandible also extending nearly straight
across.
b^. Lateral division of the bill naiTower at base than in the middle. (Sub-
genus Phoebastria Eeich.')
c\ Length 28.50-36.00, wing 18.50-20.50, culmen 4.00-4.25, depth of bill at
base 1.45-1.60, tarsus 3.50-3.70, middle toe 4.05-4.40. Adult : Uni-
form dusky, more grayish below, the tail-coverts, base of tail, and
anterior portion of the head white ; bill dusky purplish brown ; feet
black. Young : Similar to adult, but upper tail-coverts dusky, and
white of head more restricted (sometimes almost obsolete). Hab.
North Pacific; on the American side, from coast of California
(very abundant) to Alaska.

81. D. nigripes Aud. Blaok-footed Albatross.
c*. Length 33.00-37.00, wing k2 OG 23.00, culmen 5.50-5.60, depth of bill

at base 1.95-2.05, tarsus 3.SO-4.00, middle toe 4.65-4.90. Adult:
White, becoming straw-yellow on head and neok ; tail-feathers,
remiges, etc, slaty brown, the primaries with yellow shafts. Young :
Uniform sooty or dusky, the head and neck nearly black ; shafts of
primaries straw-yellow ; bill and feet pale brownish. Hab. North
Pacific ; on the American side occurring from California to Alaska,
but chiefly northward.

82. D. albatrus Pall. Short-tailed Albatross.
b*. Lateral division of bill broader at base than in middle. (Subgenus Thalas-

sarche Eeich.')
c^ Lower parts white ; upper parts plain dusky.

d^ Under wing-coverts chiefly, or in large part, white. Adult (and
young f) : Head, neck, rump, upper tail-coverts, and entire
lower parts white, the sides of the head with a more or less
distinct grayish stripe, darkest near the eye ; back and scapu-
lars brownish slate, more ashy anteriorly, the wings plain
dusky ; color of bill varying from pale yellowish in adult to
dark horn-color in young; wing 19.50-20.50, tail 8.00-8.50,

1 Diomedea exulani Link., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 132.

' Phoebastria Bbicii., Syst. Av. 1852, p. v. Type, Diomedea brachytira Tehm., = D. albatru* Pall.

• Thalaisarche Reich., Syst. Av. 1852, p. v. Type, Diomedea melanophryi Boie.

62 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

cnlmfen 4.50-4.60, tarsus 3.05-3.38, middle toe 3.90-4.32. Hah.
Southern seas, especially South Pacific, casual off coast of Cali-
fornia — . D. melanophrys BoiE. Spectacled Albatross.^

(P. Under wing-coverts uniform dark slaty or grayish brown. Similar
in plumage to D. melanophnjs, except under wing-coverts, which
aro uniform dusky instead of partly white; bill olive-brownish,
the nails dusky ; wing 20.00, tail 9.00, culmen 5.00, depth of
bill at base 1.75, tarsus 3.00, middle too (with claw) 4.75. Hab.

(Unknown.)

D. gilliana Coues. Gill's Albatross.*

c*. Lower parts partly grayish bro\vn ; upper parts varied with duskj^ and

white.

Adult (f): Head and neck white, washed with yellow; belly

grayish brown, freckled with white ; upper back and rump

transvei'sely varied with dusky and white. Hab. Pacific coast

of South America (Callao Bay, Peru).

D. irrorata Salvim, Speckled Albatross.'

Genus THALASSOGERON Eidgway. (Pago 50, pi. XIV., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult: Upper parts chiefly uniform dark brownish
slate, more plumbeous on back, especially anteriorly ; rump and upper tail-coverts
white ; tail grayish, the feathers with yellowish white shafts ; lower parts white ;
head and neck sometimes white shaded with plumbeous on top of former and
hinder part of latter, sometimes entirely light ash-gray, always with a darker space
immediately in front of and behind eye, with a white spot on lower cj'elid.

a'- Culmen 4.50 or less ; wing 21.00, or less ; bill blackish, with yellowish culmen.

h^. Culmen continuing bi-oad and flat to the extreme base, which is broad and
slightly rounded ; tarsus more than 3.00 ; lower mandible with a yellow-
ish stripe along lower edge, from base nearly to the nail ; culmen pale
yePowish or greenish ; length about 35.00-37.00, wing 17.75-21.00. tail
8.00-9.00, culmen 4.35-4.50, depth of bill at base 1.70-1.75, tarsus 3.25,
middle toe (without claw) 4.30-4.35. Egg 4.18 X 2.C3. Hab. Southern
oceans (except South Atlantic?), north, casually, to coast of Oregon.

83. T. culminatus (Gould). Tellow-nosed Albatroaa.

6'. Culmen much compressed, narrowing to an acute angle at extreme base ;
tarsus less than 3.00; lower mandible without yellow along lower edge,

^Dinmrdea ntflnnnphn/o " DoiB," Temm. PI. Col. No. 4S6 (1838). GouLD, B. Auitr. pi. 43. B. B. & R.
Water n. N. Am. ». 1884, 857.

» Diomeden gilUnna CotiER, Proo. Ao. Nut. Sol. Phil. Mtty, 1806, 181. Typo in luuB. Philadoiplila Aoadouiy
Natural Solonoos. (Pcwsibly youiiR of /). melnnnf.hryi.)

» Diomedta irrorata Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1883, 430.

PHCEBETRIA.

Hab.
3f Cali-
tatroBS.^

Similar
, Avhich
)wni8b,
spth of
. Hab.

batross.'
sky and

r; belly
d rump
ic coast

ibatross.*

L-)

rownish
l-coverts
9 white ;
ner and
er space

culmen.
oad and
yoUow-
ncn pale
1.00. tail
8UB 3.25,
Jouthern
gon.

Jbatrosa.
ne base ;
iror odf^e,

B. D. A R.

la Aoudouiy

but with a transverse bar of yellow (orange in life) across the base ;
culmen orange-yellow in life ; wing about 19.00, tail 7.00, culmen 4.50,
depth of bill at base 1.50, tarsus 2.75, middle toe (with claw) 4.25. Hab.
Indian, Antarctic, and South Pacific Oceans.

T. chlororhynchus (Gmel.). Qreen-billed Albatross.'
fl'. Culmen 4.75 or more ; wing 22.00 ; bill light-cobred (pale grayish, with palo
yellowish culmen and nails in life), with black lino across base of upper man-
dible and yellow bar at base of lower. (" Clouded with dark gray" in
young.) Culmen 4.75-4.90, depth of bill at base 1.90-2.00, tail 10.00, tarsus
3.25, middle too (with claw) 5.00. Hab. South coast of Van Diemon's Land.

T. cautuB (Gould). Cautious Albatross.*

Genus PHCEBETRIA Reichenbacii. (Pago 50, pi. XIV., fig. 2.)

Species.

Adult (?); Neck, back, and lower parts pale smoky gray; sides of head, chin,
and throat deep spoty, nearly black around eyes ; eyelids whitish ; wings and tail
dark sooty slate, tho shafts of primaries and tail-feathers yellowish toward base ;
bill doop black, tho grooves whitish; feet palo reddish or yellowish. Yoxing{?):
Entire head deep sooty blackish, fading gradually into deep smoky gray on lower
parts, back, rump, and upper taii-covcrts ; wings and tail sooty slate, tho shafts of
tho quills and tail-feathers yellowish white; eyelids conspicuously white, except
anteriorly ; bill and feet as in supposed adult. Length 34.00-37.00, extent 78.00-
84.00, wing 20.00-21.50, tail 10.50-13.00, the outer feathers 3.00-5.50 shorter.
Egg 3.96 X 2.63, white, minutely sprinkled with brown on larger end. Hab. South
Pacific, north (casually ?) to coast of Oregon.

84. P. fuliginosa (Gmel.). Sooty Albatross.

Family PROCELLARIIDiE.— The Petrels. (Pago 50.)

Nest a hole among rocks (usually on face of cliffs). Egg single, white (unless

adventitiously stained).

Genera.

rf*. Secondaries 13, or more. (Snbfsuiiil.y ProccUarh'no!.)

fe'. Size very largo (wing 17.00 or more) ; tail-feathors 16 ; bill longer than

tarsus Ossifraga. (Pago 67.)

ft*. Size medium or small (wing 15.00 or less) ; tail-feathers 12-14 ; bill shorter
than tarsus.
c'. Wing more than 7.00.

dK Culmen more than half as long as miiMlo too, with claw.

c'. Inner side of edge of upper mandible without distinct fringe-
like processes.

> Dinmnifn chtnrorhl/nchn QmRu., S. N. 1. 17SS, 569.

* Diomedta eaula Qovld, P. Z. S. vill. 1840, 177; D. Austr. pi. 40.

■

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

p. Bill cylindrical or compressed at base, where not broader
than deep.
g^. Partition between nostrils very thin (very much nar-
rower than width of a single nostril), entirely
within the nasal tubes.
h^. Gonys very slightly or not at all concave, the tip
not distinctly decurved ; nasal tubes decidedly
longer than gonys... Fulmarus. (Page 57.)
h*. Gonys very strongly concave, the tip distinctly de-
curved ; nasal tubes not decidedly longer (usu-
ally shorter) than gonys (except in Bulweria).
i*. Depth of bill at shallowest part more than
one-foui'th the length of the lower man-
dible, measured along the side.
/. Tail more or less graduated, and without
white tip.
A:^ Tail less than half as long as wing,
and graduated for less than one-
third its length ; cutting-edge of
lower mandible decidedly con-
cave ; nail of lower mandible oc-
cupying at least one-third the
total length of the mandible,
measured along its side ; plu-
mage and size very variable.

^strelata. (Page 63.)
A'. Tail more than half as long as wing,
and graduated for more than
one-third its length ; cutting-
edge of lower mandible straight,
or very slightly concave ; nail
of lower mandible occupying de-
cidedly less than one-third the
total length of the mandible,
measured along its side ; color
uniform dusky ; wing about 8.00.
Bulweria. (Pago 69.)
/. Tail slightly rounded, and with a distinct
white tip.

Cutting-edge of lower mandible
straight, and nail of lower man-
dible occupying less than one-
third its total length, as in Bul-
weria ; plumage bluish above,
and on sides of chest, the lower

PROCELARIID^.

andiblo

3r man-

vn ono-

in Bui-

above,

lower

parts, forehead, tips of longer
scapulars and of tail white; wing

about 8.00 Halobcena}

P. Depth of bill at shallowest part decidedly-
less than one-fourth the length of the
lower mandible, measured along its side ;
plumage bluish gray above, becoming
white on forehead and blackish on wings;
beneath entirely white; wing about

9.00 Cookllaria}

g\ Partition between nostrils very thick (as wide as or
wider than nostril), ending anteriorly "flush"
with, or but little behind, the anterior rim of the
nasal tubes.
h}. Space between nasal tubes and base of unguis not
greater than length of the latter; nostrils not
visible from above ; color uniform sooty black
(browner below), with or without white mark-
ings on head ; wing 13.50 or more.. Majaqueus.*
A'. Space between nasal tubes and base of unguis
decidedly greater than length of the latter ;
nostrils partly (usually entirely) visible from
above ; color and size very variable, but wing
never more than 15.00 (usually much less).

Puffinus. (Page 58.)
/'. Bill flattened, broader than deep at base.

Branches of lower mandible bowed widely apart, the
space between mostly unfcathered ; plumage spotted
white and dusky above, entirely white beneath.

Daption. (Page 69.)
e'. Inner side of edge of upper mandible with distinct fringe-like
proccKses ; color bluish above, the tail tipped with black-
ish ; beneath white ; wing about 7.00-7.50.
/'. Culmen concave ; lateral outlines of bill straight.

Pseudoprion.}
p. Culmen straight ; lateral outlines of bill decidedly convex.

Prion}

(P. Culmen less than half as long as middle too, with claw; tail

even ; hind claw very largo, equal in length to the nasal tubes,

measured along the top ; color entirely pure white... Pagodroma*

• Ilalohfenn " Is. OEOFPit. 183fl," Uohav. Coimp. ii. 1857, 193. Type, ProccUnrin cmrulea Umel.
' Ihokilnnn BoNAi'., Compt. Roml. xllii. 185rt, 904. Type, Proeellnria cookii OnAr.

" Maj'nqueuii Rricr., Av. Sy»t. 1852, p. Iv. Type, Proeellnria Kquinoctinlit LlNW.

• Pifudopn'fin Coueh, Pr. Ao. Nat. Scl, Phil. 18M, IM. Type, Prion Uirtur Qould.

> Prion LAcferinr, M(n\. de I'lnnt. IHOO-lHfll, 514. Typo, Prnctllnrin riUata QUKL.

• Payodroma BoSAr., Consp. II. 185fl, 192. Typo, Proeellnria nivea Ombl.

mmmt

66 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

c*. "Wing less than 7.00.

d}. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe, with claw ; tail much
rounded, or slightly graduate d ; plumage wholly dusky.

Halocyptena. (Page 69.)

cP. Tarsus not longer than middle toe, with claw; tail emarginate,

even, or at most only very slightly rounded.

e*. Tail even, or very slightly rounded ; tarsus twice as long as

the culmen ; color uniform dusky, with white upper tail-

^ coverts Procellaria. (Page 69.)

e*. Tail emarginate or slightly forked; tarsus less than twice as
long as the culmen ; color variable.

Oceanodroma. (Page 70.)
a*. Secondaries 10. (Subfamily Oceanitince.)

6'. Tarsus exceeding middle too, with claw, by less than the length of the bill

(measured from forehead) ; basal division of middle toe shorter than

rest of toe, including nail.

c*. Culmen (from frontal feathers) less than half as long as middle toe, with

claw.

d}. Front of tarsus distinctly scutellate ; distance from tip of U\i\ to

end of longest upper coverts shorter than middle too ; first quill

shorter than third; lower parts white, forward to the chest;

no white on upper parts Garrodia}

d*. Front of tarsus not scutellate ; distance from tip of bill to end of

longest upper coverts much greater than length of middle toe

with claw ; lower parts dusky^ or striped with dusky ; upper

tail-coverts white.

e'. Claws narrow, pointed ; first quill much shoi'tor than third ;

belly and flanks uniform dusky... Oceanites. (Page 71.)

e*. Claws broad, flat, blunt ; first quill longer than third ; belly

and flanks white striped Avith dusky Pcalea?

c*. 0;ilmen (from frontal feathers) more than half as long as middle toe,
with claw ; tarsus 2J times as long as culmen, appreciably scutel-
late in front ; nails broad, flat, and blunt ; first quill much shorter

than third Pelagodroma. (Page 72.)

6*. Tarsus exceeding middle toe by more than the length of the culmen; basal
division of middle toe longer than rest of toe, including nail ; culmen
(from frontal feathers) more than half as long as middle toe, with claw;
tarsus 2} times as long as culmen, the anterior scutella) sometimes ap-
preciable, sometimes obsolete ; nails excessively broad (nearly us broad
as long), flat, triangular ; first quill decidedly shorter than third.

Cymodroma. (Page 71.)

' Odiroiliit Fonnr.s, P. 7., S. 1881, 7M, Type, Pmccllnria nrreit OouLD.

» Peateit Ridow., Auk, ill., July, 1888, .334. Typo, Thalauidroma lineata Pealb.

FULMARVS.

Genus OSSIFRAGA Hombron & Jacquinot.

Species.

(Page 53, pi. XV, fig. 1.)

Light phase: Head, neck, and lower parts white; upper parts dusky, the
feathers (especially scapulars) sometimes tipped with paler; bill light yellowish.
(Sometimes entirely white, relieved only by scattered brown feathers.) JDark
phase : Uniform dark sooty brown, sometimes with whitish feathers round base
of bill; bill olive-yellowish or grayish white; length, about 30.00-36.00, extent
72.00-84.00, wing 17.00-21.00, culmen 3.50^.00. Ifab. Southern seas, north on
Pacific coast of America (casually) to coast of Oregon.

85. O. gigantea (Gmel.). Oiant Fulmar.

Genus FULMARUS Leach. (Pago 54, pi. XVI., figs. 1, 2.)

Species.

I*. B.U short and stout, its greatest depth very nearly half the total length (meas-
ured from frontal feathers) ; nasal tubes separated from the unguis by a very
narrow space, measuring much less than half as much in length as the former;
tail-feathers 14. (Subgenus Fulmarits.)
b^. Nasal tubes distinctly dusky, the whole bill sometimes olive-brownish.

c\ Light phase : Head, neck, and lower parts white ; upper parts bluish
gray, the quills darker. Dark phase : Entirely smoky gray. Length
18.00-20.00, wing 12.50-13.75 (13.04), culmen 1.45-1.58 (1.50), depth
of bill at base .65-.80 (.75). Egg 2.85 X 2.01. Hah. North Atlantic.

86. F. glacialis (Linn.). Fulmar.

c*. Similar in color to F. glacialis, but much smaller; wing 11.80-12.00

(11.90), culmen 1.30-1.38 (1.33), depth of bill at base .00-.70 (.03).

ITab. North Atlantic, south on American side to coast of New

England 86a. F. glacialis minor (Kjaerb.). Leaser Fulmar.

fc'. Nasal tubes light-colored ; bill never dark-colored.

c'. Light phase: In plumage not with cei'tainty distinguishable from the
corresponding phase of F. glacialis. Dark phase : Much darker than
the corresponding phase of F. glacialis, the color being a uniform
deep sooty plumbeous in living and freshly-killed birds, changing
to deep sooty brownish in very old skins. Length 17.00-19.00, wing
11.90-12.35 (12.06), culmen 1.35-1.05 (1.48), depth of bill at base
.65-.70 (.68). Egg 2.82 X L96. Hab. North Pacific, south along
American coast to western Mexico.

B6b. F. glacialis glupischa Stejn. Faciflo Fulmar.

c*. Light phase : Similar to corresponding phase of the preceding, but the

bluish gray of the upper parts broken by a more or less extensive

admixture of white. No dark phase known. Win;; 12.10-12.90

(12.46), c ilmen 1.40-1.60 (1.49), depth of bill at baBo".65-.76 (.72).

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

irr<

Egg 2.83 X 1-91- Sdb. Bering's Sea and portions of the North Pa-
cific 86c. F. glacialis rodgersii (Cass.). Kodgers's Fulmar.

rt*. Bill long and slender, its greatest depth much less than half the total length
(measured from frontal feathers) ; nasal tubes separated from the unguis by
a space measuring much more than half as much in length as the former.
6*. Bill cylindrical at base, or measuring as much in width as in depth ; space
between nasal tube and base of unguis about equal to the length of the
former; upper parts plain; head white; tail-feathers 14. (Subgenus
Priocella IIombr. & Jacq.);
Head, neck, and lower parts white ; upper parts pale pearl-gray, the
quills darker, with inner webs chiefly white; length 18.00-18.50,
wing 13.00, culmen 1.75-2.10, depth of bill at base .65. Hab. South-
ern seas, north along Pacific coast of America to coast of Washing-
ton Territory... 87. F. glacialoides (Smith). Slender-billed Fnlmar.
b*. Bill compressed, or higher than broad, at base ; space between nasal tube
and base of unguis less than the length of the former ; upper parts parti-
colored ; head dusky ; tail-feathers 12. (Subgenus Thalassoica Eeich.*)
Head and neck sooty grayish, darker on top ; back, scapulars, rump,
tip of tail, primary-coverts, lesser wing-coverts, and greater part of
primaries, sooty slate ; lower parts, secondaries, greater wing-coverts,
inner webs of primaries, tail (except terminal band), and upper tail-
coverts, white; wing 12.50, culmen 1.40. Hah. Antarctic seas.

F. antarcticus (Gmkl.). Antarctic Fulmar.*

Genus PUFFINUS Brisson. (Page 65, pi. XVI., figs. 3, 4.)

Species.
'. Nostrils only partially visible from above, the nasal tubes elevated and inflated
anteriorly, where broader than at base; under wing-coverts dusky, and
lower parts white. (Subgenus Priofinus Hombr. & Jacq.)
6'. Above ash-gray, more or less tinged with brown, darker on top of head,
quills, and tail-feather ; lower parts white, except under wing-coverts
and under tail-coverte, which ai*e deep smoky grayish ; bill light yel-
lowish, with deep black culmen and nasal tubes, the side of lower man-
dible also mostly black; wing 12.25-13.60, culmen 1.76-1.86, depth of
bill in front of nostril .50-55, tarsus 2.25-2.30, middle toe, with claw,
2.90. Hah. South Pacific, north, casually, to coast of California.

97. P. cinereus (Gmel.). Black-tailed Shearwater.

6'. Above brown, the upper tail-coverts tipped with white; wings and tail

blackish ; lower parts white, including under wing-coverts and tail-

covcrts ; bill yellowish, passing into dusky at tip ; wing 15.00, tarsus

2.35, middle toe, with claw, 3.15. Hah. Antarctic seas.

P. geliduB (Omel.). Ice Petrel.*

• Thataitnicn Reich., Syst. Av. 1852, p. iv. Type, Proceltaria antarcltca Qmbl.

« ProceUnria antnrcHcn Dmel., 8. N. i. pt. U. 1788, 666. Tkallatoiea antaretica RfilCB., Syst. Av. 1862, p. iv.

* Proeellnria gelida Omkl., S. N. i. 1788, 664.

PVFFINVS.

irater.

tail
tail-
arsuB

» p. iv.

a}. Nostrils completely visible from above, the nasal tubes depressed and bevelled
anteriorly, where narrower than at base j under wing-coverts white, or else
lower parts also dusky.
6*. Tail much less than half the wing, slightly rounded, or moderately gradu-
ated (the graduation not more than two-thirds the length of the tarsus).
(Subgenus Puffinus.)
c*. Lower parts white.

d\ Wing more than 12.00.

e*. No distinct line of demarcation between white of throat, etc.,
and smoky gray of top and sides of head and neck ; bill
yellowish ; above brownish gray, feathers of back, etc.,
tipped with paler; sides of head and neck transversely
undulated with ash-gray and white.
/'. Lower tail-coverts entirely white.

g\ Length about 18.00, wing 13.00-14.00, eulmcn 1.80-
2.00, depth of bill through base .65-.70, tarsus 1.85-
2.00, middle toe 2.10-2.25. Downy young : Uni-
form sooty grayish brown. Hab. Middle eastern
Atlantic ; a specimen from Greenland said to bo
in Lej'den Museum (cf. Schleq. Mus. P.-B., Pro-
cellarice, 1863, p. 24).

P. kuhlii (Bote). Cinereous Shearwater.'
g\ Length about 20.00-22.00, wing 13.75-14.50, culmen
2.10-2.25, depth < bill at base .75-.80, tarsus 2.20-
2.25, middle toe ;i'.45. Hab. "Western North At-
lantic (oflf coast of Massachusetts).

88. P. borealis Cory. Cory's Shearwater.
/*. Lower tail-coverts uniform dark sooty grayish.

Length 19.00, wing 12.50-13.25, culmen 1.60-1.70,
depth of bill through base .65-.75, tarsus 2.05-2.12,
middle toe 2.15-2.40. Hab. Eastern Pacific Ocean
from California to Chili.

91. P. creatopus Coues. Fink-footed Shearwater.

€*. White of throat, etc., separated very abruptly from the dusky

color of top and sides of head and neck ; bill blackish.

Above smoky grayish brown, feathers of back, etc., with

paler tips ; longer upper tail-coverts mostly white ;

belly more or less clouded with smoky gray, the flanks

and lower tail-coverts mostly grayish brown ; length

19.00-20.00, wing 11.50-13.00, culmen 1.80-1.85. Hab.

Atlantic Ocean generally.

89. P. major Faber. Greater Shearwater.
<P. Wing loss than 10.00.

e'. Above sooty slate, without white tips to wing-oovorts, etc.

> For references, 8ee A. 0. U. Cbeok List, p. 850.

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

/*. Tarsus 1.75, or more.
g\ Tail 3.10, or less.

Above uniform sooty blackish, the head and
neck not perceptibly paler ; lower tail-coverts
mixed white and dusky, in greatly varying
relative amount; length 13.00-15.00, wing
8.50-9.25, tail 2.60-3.10, culmcn 1.35-1.40,
depth of bill at base .40-.45, tarsus 1.70-1.80,
middle toe 1.65-1.70. Downy young: Sooty
brownish gray above, grayish white below.
Egg 2.36 X 1-62. Hab. Northern Atlantic
(chiefly the eastern side) and Mediterranean

Sea 90. P. puffinus (BrUnn.). Manx

Shearwater.
g^. Tail 3.25, or more.

Above uniform sooty slate, appreciably paler on
head and neck ; lower tail-coverts wholly sooty
grayish; length 12.25-15.00, wing 9.00-9.10,
tail 3.25-3.80, culmen 1.30-1.40, depth of bill
at base .35, tarsus 1.75, middle toe 1.70-1.75.
Egg 1.79 X 1-27. Hab. Pacific Ocean, from

Lower California to New Zealand 93, P.

gavia (FoRST.). Blaok-vented Shearwater.
p. Tarsus 1.65, or less.

g^. Lower tail-coverts with more or less of dusky.

h}. Above uniform sooty black ; white of under side
of head extending upward ncarl}'- or quite to
the eye, sometimes involving part of the lores ;
length about 11.00, wing 7.60-8.40, tail 3.50,
culmen 1.20-1.25, depth of bill at base .35,
tarsus 1,50-1.65, middle toe 1.45-1.60. Egg
2.05 X 1-45. Hab. Warmer parts of Atlantic
Ocean, north, casually, to coast of New Jer-
sey 92. P. auduboni Finsch. Audubon's

Shearwater.
A'. Similar in color to P. auduboni, but smaller, the
bill shorter and more slender, the wing longer;
wing 7.00, tail 3.26, culmcn .98, tarsus 1.44,
middle toe 1.42. Hab. Pacific Oce.an ? (" King
George's Sound" *).

P. tenebroBus Pelz. Pelzeln's Shearwater.'

• L\TBAM ("Synopsis," iii. pt. ii. p. 417) says "King George's Sound, on the American coast"; but voM
Pelzeln (Ibis, 1873, p. 47) tliinlcs tliat this is a mistalte, King George's Sound on the west coast of Australia
being meant instead.

* PuffiiiiiB tenebrottit Pelz., Ibis, 1873, 47.

PUFFINUS

(/'. Lower tail-coverts entirely white.

A'. Dusky of head extending far below the eye, the
white being almost confined to throat and
fore-neck ; wing 8.30, culmen 1.25, tarsus 1.55,
middle toe, with claw, 1.85. Hab. Indian
Ocean, and southeastward to New Zealand.

P. obscurus (Gmel.). Dusky Shearwater.*

/i*. Dusky of head not descending below the eye, the

eai'-coverts and greater part of lores being

Avhite ; wing 6.50, culmen about 1.00, tarsus

1.25. Hab. Australian seas.

P. assimilis Gould. Allied Shearwater,
c*. Above plumbeous, the larger wing-coverts, scapulars, etc., nar-
rowly tipped with whitish.
Lower parts entirely white ; wing 7.30, tail 2.70, culmen
1.07, tarsus 1.70, middle toe, with claw, 1.95. Hab.
South Atlantic.

P. elegans Giql. & Salvad. Elegant Shearwater.*
Lower parts uniform dusky, or sooty gray (the chin and throat some-
times whitish).
d}. Bill black or dusky.

e^. Culmen much longer than the combined length of the first
two divisions of the outer toe.
/^ Wing more than 11.00 ; bill horn-gray or dusky brownish ;
under wing-coverts mottled with white and smoky
gray, and with dusky shaft-streaks.
g^. Under wing-coverts gray, transversely mottled with
white at tips; length about 16.00, wing 11.15-
12.00, culmen 1.60-1.75, depth of bill at base .50-
.55, tarsus 2.05-2.15, middle toe 2.05-2.20. Egg
2.58 X 1-78. Hab. North Atlantic, from the New-
foundland Banks to South Carolina on the Ameri-
can side.

94. P. Strickland! Eidgw. Sooty Shearwater.

gf". Under wing-covcrts white, ti'ansvorsoly mottled with

gray at tips; wing 11.15-12.00, culmen 1.55-1.70,

depth of bill at base .45-.55, tarsus 2.12-2.36,

middle toe 2.05-2.25. Hab. South Pacific, north,

on American side, to California 95. P. griseus

(Gmel.). Dark-bodied Shearwater.

' Procellaria obicura Gmbl., S. N. i. pt. ii. 1788, 550. Puffimu obtcurui Reich., Novit. Syuop. Av. Natat.
Dec. 1850 (second page).

' Pi«^.iM« aiiimiliii Gohld, P. Z. S. 18.37, 186; B. Austr. vii. pi. 69.

' Ptiffinut elcgaiiB OiQLiOLi & Salvadori, Ibis, 1869, 67, 68. Saltin, Rowley's Orn. Miso. pt. ir. 1876, 266,
pi. 34.

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

p. Wing less than 10.00; bill deep black; under wing-covcrts

uniform deep sooty black.

Uniform sooty black, the lower parts much darker

and browner than in stricklandi and griseus ; wing

9.80, tail 3.50, culmen 1.25, tarsus 1.70, middle too,

with claw, 1.98. Ilab. Pacific Ocean (Christmas

Island).

P. nativitatis Streets. Christmas Island Shearwater.'

e*. Culmen loss than the combined length of the first two divisions

of the outer toe.

Above dark sooty slate, beneath deep sooty gray, paler

on throat, where sometimes inclining to whitish ; wing

10.00-11.10, tail 3.20-3.60, culmen 1.20-1.28, depth of

bill at base .35-.50, tarsus 1.90-2.00, middle toe, with

claw, 2.18-2.42. Hab. Pacific Ocean, from Alaska and

Kamtschatka to Australia 96. P. tenuirostris

(Temm.). Slender-billed Shearwater.
<P, Bill light-colored (pinkish or fleshy white in life), the nails black-
ish. Hab. Off western coast of Australia.

P. carneipes Oould. Flesh-footed Shearwater.*
f. Tail nearly or quite half as long as the wing, graduated for about as much
as the length of the tarsus. (Subgenus Theillus Gloger.')
c^ Lower parts uniform sooty grayish.

d}. Bill dusky or brownish, with flesh-colored or reddish tinge in life ;
wing 10.50-11.25, tail 5.00-6.00 (graduated for about 2.00), cul-
men 1.60, tarsus 1.90, middle too, with claw, 2.35. Hab. Aus-
tralian seas P. sphenurus Gould. Wedge-tailed Shearwater.*

d*. Bill " greenish orange," with black tip and culmen ; rather larger
than P. sphenurus. Hab. Indian Ocean, from western Australia
to Cape of Good Hope.

P. chlororhynchus Less. Green-billed Shearwater.'
c*. Lower parts white.

Top and sides of head white, spotted and streaked with blackish ;

wing 11.25-12.50, tail 5.85 (graduated for about 1.80), culmen

1.85, tarsus 1,85, middle too, with claw, 1.30. Hab. Japanese seas.

P. leucomelas (Temm.). Streaked Shearwater.*

» Puffimw {Nectrxt) nativitatis Strrkts, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 7, 1877, 29.

* Puffinut carneipei Oould, P. Z. 8. 1844, 57.

» Theillut Gloo., " V. Fror. Notii. 1827, xvi. 279." Typo, Piiffinu* chlororhynchua Lk88. (?).

* Puffinua sphenurut Gould, Ann. Mag. N. H. let ser. xiii. 1844, 365 ; B. Austr. vii. pi. 68.

* Puffinui chlororhynchut Less., Trait*, 1831, 613.

* Proeellaria leucomeiat Tehm., Pi, Col. livr, 99, pi, 587 (1838), Pnffimta leucomelat Bonap., Consp. ii.
185G, 203.

JESTRELATA.

Genus ^STRELATA Bonaparte. (Page 54, pi. XVI., fig. 6.)

Species.

Inner webs of primaries wholly dusky, except sometimes toward base,
i'. Plumage largely or chiefly white beneath,
c'. Upper tail-coverts same color as back.
d}. Wing more than 9.00.

e^ Tail ash-gray, the exterior feathers whitish, mottled with
gray ; back, scapulars, rump, etc., plain ash-gray or light
plumbeous; wings much darker; lower parts white, the
sides of the chest and neck waved or barred with ash-
gray.
f\ Wing 11.50-12.00, tail 5.00-5.90, culmen 1.45-1.50, tarsus
1.65-1.70, middle toe, with claw, 2.40-2.45; top of
head almost entirely white. Hab. South Pacific and

Indian Oceans.

JB,. lessoni (GARy.). Lesson's Petrel.^

/'. Wing 9.50-10.50, tail 4.50, cuhncn 1.10, tarsus 1.33, middle
toe, with claw, 1.75 ; top of head deep ash-gray, except
anteriorly. Hab. South Pacific and Antarctic Oceans.

JE, mollis (Gould). Downy Petrel.*
e*. Tail uniform dusky, the exterior feathers sometimes mottled
with whitish.
/*. Axillars and under wing-coverts uniform smoky gray or
dusky,
gr*. Culmen 1.25, or more.

h}. Width of upper mandible at base equal to the
height of the closed bill at base.
Head, neck, and chest uniform sooty grayish
brown, darker above, where nearly the
same shade as the uniform dai'k sooty
color of the upper parts generally ; entire
sides, flanks, and outer webs of exterior
lower tail-coverts sooty grayish brown,
like under surface of wing; rest of lower
parts white; wing 11.10, tail 4.70 (gradu-
ated for 1.40), culmen 1.28, width of bill
at base .65, depth .65, tarsus 1.75, middle

1 Procellarin leiioni Oabnot, Ann. Sc. Nat. vii. 1826, 54, flg. 4. JEttrelata lessoni Cass., Proo. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phil. 18fi2, 327.

* Procellaria mollii GoCLD, Ann. * Mag. N. H. xiii. 1844, 363; B. Austr. vll. pi. 60. ^ttrelata mollii
CouKS, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 150.

64 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

toe, with claw, 2.15. Hnb. South Pacific
(Tahiti).

JB,. rostrata (Peale). Thick-billed Petrel.>
A'. "Width of upper mandible at base decidedly less
than height of closed bill at base,
i*. Under tail-coverts dusky.

Head, neck, and chest smoky grayish
brown, paler on chest (where feath-
ers are white immediately beneath
the surface), still paler on throat,
where almost white ; sides and top of
head, hind-neck, back, and scapulars
deeper smoky brownish gray, the
dorsal feathers with paler narrow
tips ; wings, rump, and tail dusky ;
breast and belly soiled white ; wing
12.17-12.50, tail 5.15-6.40 (graduated
for 1.60), culmen 1.42-1.60, tarsus
1.65, middle too, with claw, 1.95-2.42.
Hab. Southern oceans, including vi-
cinity of Tiorra del Fuego.
M. incerta (Sciileq.). Schlegel's Petrel.*
t*. Under tail-coverts white.

Otherwise, much like jE. incerta, but
throat and a superciliary space more
distinctly white; wing 12.00-12.21,
tail 5.00-5.50, tarsus 1.49-1.60, mid-
dle toe, with claw, 2.20. Hah. South
Pacific.

M. magenue Giql. & Salvad. Magenta

Petrel.*
g*. Culmen, 1.14, or less.

A*. Tail 4.75, or more ; culmen 1.12, or more.

Above uniform dusky, more grayish an-
teriorly, especially on forehead; chest,
entire sides, and under surface of wing
dusky sooty brown, more gray across
chest ; thi'oat whitish ; breast, bellj'-, and
greater part of under tail-coverts white ;
wing 11.20-11.41, tail 4.75-5.50, culmen
1.12-1.14, tarsus 1.30-1.35, middle toe,

' Procellaria roitrata Peale, Zool. U. S. Kxpl. 1848, 296, tttl. pi. 41. jEslrelata rostrata Coves, Pr. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 144.

s Procellaria incerta ScnLEG., Mas. P.-B., Prncellarim, 1863, 9. jEttrelata incerta CODES, Pr. Ao. Nat.
Sol. T>hil. 1866, 147.

'^ ^utrelata magenta GiGL. & Saltao., Ibis, 1869, 61. Saltin, Rowley's Om. Miso. pt. iv. 1876, 251, pi. 30.

jESTRELATA.

with claw, 1.83-1.90. Hab. South At-
lantic (island of Trinidad).

JE,. arminjoniana Giul. & Salvad. Ar-

minjon's Petrel.'
h}. Tail 4.60, or less; culmen 1.10, or less.

Similar in color to uE. arminjoniana, but
much darker above, the color indininij to
uniform sooty black throughout, the fore-
head and chest more brownish ; Aving
10.50-11.10, tail 4.40-4.G0, culmen 1.08-
1.10, tarsus 1.28-1.35, middle toe, with
claw, 1.70-1.78. Hah. South Tacific
(Ilondon and Christmas Islands).
JE. parvirostris (Pealk). Small-billed Petrel.'
/*. Axillars and under wing-coverts white.

Upper parts, including hind-neck and upper tail-
coverts, uniform brownish slate, darker on wings
and tail and nearly black on head, the feathers of
hind-neck and the upper tail-coverts (the latter
■^ery abruptly) white beneath the surface; fore-
head, lores, cheeks, and entire lower parts white,
the sides and longer lower tail-coverts sometimes
irregular]}' barred with dusky; wing 11.80-12.00,
tail 5.50-5.75 (graduated for about 2.40), culmen
1.22, tarsus 1.40, middle toe, with claw, 1.78. Hah.
Middle Pacific, from Sandwich Islands to the
Galapagos.

JE. phasopygia Salv. Dark-rumped Petrel.*
d*. "Wing less than 9.00.

Plumage much as in JE. pho'opi/gia, but back, scapulars, and
upper tail-coverts decidedly plumbeous, the latter not white
beneath surface ; wing 8.40-8.60, tail 3.80-4.00 (graduated
for about 1.40), culmen .95-.98, tarsus .95-1.00, middle toe,
with claw, 1.30-1.32. Hah. Southern oceans generally.

JE. leucoptera (Gould). White-winged Petrel.*
c*. Upper tail-coverts plain white, in marked contrast with color of back.

1 ^itrelata arminjoniana GiQL. & Salvad., Ibis, 1860, 62. Salviit, Rowley's Cm. Miso. pt. iv. 1876, 252,
pi. !il.

* Protellaria parvirottrit Peale, Zool. U. S. Expl. 1848, 298, Atl. pi. 40. jEstrelata parviroetrit CoUBS,
Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 146.

* (Etlrelata phaopygia Salvih, Trans. Zool. Soo. Lond. i.x. pt. ix. 1875, 507, pi. 88, fig. 1. (Galapagos.)
? (Eatrelata landwichenais RiDflW., Water B. N. Am. ii. 1884, .'595, in text. (Sandwich Islands.)

* Prncellarin leucoptera QoiiLD, P. Z. S. 1844, 57 ; B. Austr. pi. 51. (-■ J^atrelata cookii CoCFS et Al'CT. .
but, having compared specimens, I am able to sny that Procellaria leucnptera Godld and P. cookii Gray are
not only specifically distinct but belong to entirely diflerent genera, the latter being the type of Conkilnria
BoNAP., distinguished from uEttrelata, among other characters, by its lengthened, slender, Shearwater-like bill,
as noted on page 65.)

66 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Top of head, and upper parts generally, except upper tail-coverts,
uniform dusky, the back and scapulars paler, with perceptibly
still paler terminal margins to the feathers ; upper tail-coverts,
basal half (approximately) of tail, hea 1 and neck, except top
of the former (and sometimes the hind-neck also), together with
lower parts, including axillars and under wing-coverts, pure
white; the sides of the chest sometimes with a brownish gray
wash; length 14.00-16.00, wing 11.40-11.75, tail 4.80-5.30
(graduated for 1.25-2.00), culmen 1.22-1.38, tarsus 1.40-1.45,
middle toe, with claw, 1.98-2.10. Hab. Middle Atlanac, strag-
gling to coasts of North America (Florida and Long Island)
and Europe.... 08. ./£. hasitata (Kuul). Black-capped Petrel
h*. Plumage of lower parts chiefly or entirely dusky.

c'. Upper tail-covorts pale smoke-gray or grayish white, in marked
contrast.

Entirely (except upper tail-coverts) uniform sooty brownish,
rather paler and grayer below ; wing 10.80-11.00, tail 4.95-5.00
(gravluated for 1.18-1.20), tarsus 1.38-1.40, middle toe, with
claw, 1.95-2.00. Hab. Jamaica and adjacent portions of Carib-
bean Sea.

A: . jamaicensis (Bancroft). Jamaican Petrel.*
c*. Upper tail-''ov'M'ts dusky, like rost of plumage.
d^. Winj^ .nore than 9.50.

I'}. Plumage sooty black above.

Lower parts very dark sooty slate, tbe feathers white
beneath the surface ; wing 10.75-12.00, tail 4.50-5.G0
(gradiuited for about 1.20), culmen 1.35. tarsus 1.55-
1.00, middle toe, with claw, 2.20-2.40. Jfah. Southern
Atlantic, and Antarctic Ocean in vicinity of Kevguolen
Island.

M, atlantica (Oori.rt). Atlantic Petrel.*
e'. Plumage slaty or dark sooty grayish or plumbeous above.

/'. Larger (wing more than 11.00); wing 11.20, tail 4.55,
culmen 1.10, tarsus 1.25, middle toe, with claw, 1.80.
Hab. South Atlantic (vicinity of Trinidad Island).

JE. trinitatis (\w\.. & Sai.vad. Trinidad Petrel.*
p. Smaller (wing less tlian 11.00) ; wing 9.08-10.20. tail 4.17-
4.35, culmen 1.05-1.08. tarsus 1.35-1.46, middle too,
with claw, 1.69-1.78. JTab. Sotithern oceans.

/B. brev! JBtris (Lkss.). Short-billed Petrel.*

• Prorrflnriii fnmnirrntiii BANriioKT, Zool. Jour. v. 1828, 81. (Ktlrclatn jnmaiveutiii A. A E. NkwtoK,
llandb. .Tain. 1881, 117.

' ri-<>crir,ir!n nihintii'ii floi'l.n, Ann. Mng. N. II. xiii. 1811, .^62.

• .Kxtirlntii irinitatid Sai.vad. A (lioi,., Ibl«, 186tf, O.'i. SALvrjf, Rowley'i Orn. MIso. pt. iv. 1878, 253
pi. M2.

• Proeellan'it hrrvirottrit Lmh., Trnlttf, IS.'ll, (511. (Kutrclitta btt trotlrin Salvin, Rowley's Orn. MIm. pt.

kL'%u.

JESTRELATA.

with

Petrel.*

I)V0.

Iiil 4.55,
]w, 1.80.
jnd).

Petrel.*
lil 4.17-
jllo too,

Petrel.*

Nkwtoh,

iMiio. pt.

d*. Wing lesa than 9.50.

Plumage sooty blackish ; wing 9.15, tail 3.82 (graduated for
about .44), culmen 1.10, tarsus 1.46, middle too, with claw,
1.55. Hab. Wost coaaL of Africa; vicinity of Bourbon
Island.

JE. aterrima (Sohleo.). Black Petrel.'
a*. Inner weba of primaries abruptly white for at least the inner half.
^'. Wing more than 9.00.

c'. "Back unitbrm grayish, brownish, or dusky.
<Z*. Top of head, back, etc., plain dusky.

e*. Shafts of quills whitish ; head, neck, and upper parts plain
dark brownish gray, paler (nearly white) on throat and
fore-neck ; bnnist, flanks, and under tail-coverts brownish
graj' ; reat cf iower parts sometimes white, some'imea
entirely dui>ky ; wing 11.19-11.(54, tail 3.91-4.17, c*ilmen
1.20. Hah. South Pacific, from Sunday Island to Juan
Fernamlez.

JE. neglecta (Srni.En.). Neglected Petrel.'
c*. Shafts of quills dark browei ; head, neck, and upjicr parts plain
dark slaty (leathers of head and neck whito beneath sur-
face, those of back, etc., white at base) ; upper tail-coverts
and tail brownish ash-gray; lores, chin, throat, and ini<ler
tail-coverts white, the first mi.xcd with l)lackisli ; breast,
Wily, sides, and flanks ])lain brownish jilumbeotis, the
feaihors ]>iiro white immediately beneath surface; thighs
and chest whiie irregularl}' bariod or vermiculated with
deep grayish ; wing 10.00, tail 4.00 (graiiuated for .90)
oiiimen 1.02, dojith of bill at base .50, tarsus 1.20, middlo
toe, with claw, 1.55. ILih. Antarctic Ocean.

JE. gularis (1'kai.k). Peale's Petrel.*
d}. Top of head white, s]M»tted with grayish.

Hack and scapulars line bluish gray, or jilumbeoua ; lesser
wiiig-covcrts slaty blackish ; greater and middle coverts
white-gray, broadly mai'gined wjt.i white; tail mostly
white, irregularly l)arred and vermicidaled with gray;
lores, cheeks, (diiii, throat, middle of chesl, and un<lcr tail-
coverts immaculate pure white ; a blackish spot imme-
diately beneath eye ; sides of neck and chest densely

V. lH7n, 2.1.') (in U'\\). .Kuti-vliitn r/nurd roiKM, Pr. Ai'. Nut. Sd. Plliln. ISdit, HS (px Pnirrllnrin yritrn Kmi,,
nee Lath.). (tUlrrlnlo ktildrriViWV.r, Hull. V S. Nut. Miis. No. 2, 187.'), 28 (Kormiolen IkIiiikI).

> I'litrrllnri'n alrrrimn " VpnnKAI'X," iScill.KO. Mug. P.-B., Pnicelliirir, ISfl.'l, 0. ^Kutrrtnln iitrrrimn
Corns. Pr. Ap. Nut. BpI. Phil. \M(\. \M.

' I'ritrrllnriii uriihrtii Srill.Kil.. Mllf. P.-H., PftirrUnriir, 180.1, 10, .1-Utrrlixtit nrijhrtii Coi'Kd, Proo. Ac,
Nnf.Soi. Phil. 1800, 147.

' I'nirillaiiii ipilnri^ Pk.m.k, Zonl. V. S Kxpl. Kxi). 1818, 2Ul). (Eitrtliila yularit U11KW8T., Uull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, iv. 1881, Ul (purl).

jBssmmmmmmm

68 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

mottled and vermiculated with ash-gray and white, but
the former prevailing ; lower breast, belly, sides, and
flanks smoky plumbeous superficially, but the feiithcrs all
pure white immediately beneath the surface; wing 10.15,
^ail 4 (graduated for .90), culmen 1.00, tarsus 1.25, middle
too, with claw, 1.70. Mab. North Pacific, in vicinity of
Alaska (Kadiak).

100. JE. fisheri Eioaw. Fisher's Petrel
c*. Back plumbeous or plumbeous-blacU, the feathers bordered with gray-
ish, or whitish, producing a scaled appearance.
dK Above plumbeous-black, the feathers of back and scapulars mar-
gined with gray; hind-neck white, with tips of the feathers
pale gray; forehead and lower parts white; wing 11.50, tail
5.00, tarsus 1.40, middle toe, with claw, 1.90. Hab. Eastern
South Pacific (island of Masafuora"*

JE. externa Salv. Salvin's Petrel.*
d*. Above, including whole top of head, dark bluish gray, the foiitlicrs
of back and scapulars broadly bordered terminally with ashy
white, the middle and greater wing-coverts similarly marked ;
chin, throat, chost, centre of breast, and under tail-coverts plain
white; n-nt of lower ])arts vermiculated and irregularly barred
with slate-gray or plumlieous, this becoming uniform and some-
what darker on belly; tail chiefly plain light brownish gray;
wing 9.8H tail :i95, culmen 1.03. depth of bill at base .40, tarsus
1.I57, middle toe, with claw, 1.70. Jfah. Unknown; the siii'^^lo
B])ecimen obtained huving been taken in Livingston Co., New
York, in April, 1880.

99. /E. scalaris Brewst. Scaled Petrel."
ft'. Wing not more than 9.00.

Above slati'-grav or ])lumbeous. becoming more jmhy anteriorly, thin
changing to white on lbrehea<l and over eyes, outer surface of
wings uniform ; lower parts entirely white, except sides of breast,
which are ash-gray, like hind-neck ; wing 8.70-9.00, tail 3.80-4.00
(graduated for about 1.00), cuhnen 1.04-1.05. tai'sus 1.07-1 12. luidillo
too, with claw, 1.40. Ifuli. Mastern South Pacific.

JE. defllippiana (iioL. & Salvao. De Filippi's Petrel.'

' (H'trrliiln rxtrrnn f AI.V., Thii«, .Iillv, \K!t, MT.'l.

' ( ".I'. 'lulnrlH" iif tlin A. O. II. Clieok LlHt, but not Prorclliiriti giilariii PlCAl.ti,) A^ntrrinta nrnlitrim
IJiir.WHT., All!., iii. .Inly, IHdft, ;i(H).

.Knlrelnla drJilippiitHn OlOI.. A Salvad,, Ibix, 1800, 6.1.

BVLWERIA.

\ita ordliirit

Genus BULWERIA Bonaparte. (Page 64, pi. XIV., fig. 5.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Plumage entii*ely dusky sooty brownish darker on
upper parts.

a'. Greater wing-coverts rather light sooty grayish brown, like lower parts; above
dark sooty brown, paler on greater wing-coverts, nearly black on lesser wing-
coverts and quills ; lower partH uuiform sooty grayish brown. Downy yomuj :
Uniform dark sooty brown. Length about 10.00, wing 7.70-8.00, tail 4.50-
4.75, graduated lor 1.45-1.75, culinen .85-1.00, tarsus .yO-1.10, middle toe .95.
£!g(j 1.73 X 1-2. Bab. Eastern Middle Atlantic, chiefly in the vicinity of
the Canaries and Madeira ; accidental at Bermudas and near coast of Green-
land 101. B. bulweri (Jard. & Selbv). Bulwer's Petrel.

rt'. Greater wing-coverts blacki.sh, like rest of wings. ("Like T. buliccri, but with

bill rather larger; and it is without the sooty brown on the wings." —

Gray.)

B. tnacgillivrayi (Gray). Macgillivray's Petrel.*

Genus DAPTION Stepdens. (Page 55, pi. XIL, fig. 3.)

tSpecies.

Lower parts (except chin and throat), rump, upper tail-coverts, and basal two-
thiidsof tail, together with greater portion of scapulars and secondaries, white; back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts, marked with triangular spots of dark sooty plumbeous ;
wing, excojn as descrilted, chiefly sf>oty plumbeous, as is also the terminal third of
the tail; bill deep black ; length about 15.00, wing 10.25-11.00, culmen about 1.25.
J£ab. Southern seas in general, north, on Pacific coast of America (accidentally
only ?) to California 102. D. capensis (Linn.). Pintado Petrel.

Gb!»tt.s HALOCYPTENA Coues. (Page 56, pi. XIL, fig. 4.)

Species.
ish. lighter and more brownish on lower parts, middle and
H. and fore part of head ; bill atid feet uniform bhuk ; length
4.80 tail 2.50. the outer feathers .40 shorter; culmen .45, tarsus
Hah. Coust of Low«'r California.

103. H. microsoma CouEs. Least Petrel.

»^rROCELLARIA Linnjehs. (Page 5(5, pi. XVII., fig. 4.)

Speries.
*'l««RArTER8. — General roWrr nooty blackish, paler or more sooty
below, tbe upiMT tail ''overt* white; hill and feet wholly black.

Thalw

(BtUitMrim) M>icy,m»*,mfi U. R. URAr, Cut. Ulrdt U\. PkolHr, 1869, 5(1.

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

a*. Longer upper tail-coverts broadlj' tipped with black ; under side of wing with
more or less of white; tail even, or slightly rounded ; length 5.50-5.75, wing
4.50^.90, tail 2.40-2.fi0, eulmen .40-.50, tarsus .90, middle toe .60-.G5. Eijg
1.09 X .83. Hab. North Atlantic, south to Newfoundland Banks and
western coast of Africa 104. P. pelagica Linn. Storm Petrel.

a'. Longer upper tail-coverts entirely white ; no while on under side of wing ; tail
emarginate('. ; wing 5.20, tail 2.40, the middle leathers .20 shorter ; tarsus .85,
middle toe (with claw?) .70. Hab. Vicinity of the Galapagos Islands.

P. tethys BoxAF. Galapagos Storm Petrel.'

Genus OCEANODROMA Reichenbach. (Page 56, pi. XVII., figs. 1, 2.)

/Species.

Common Characters. — Above dusky or grayish, with or without wliito on
U])per tail-coverts ; lower parts uniform bluish gray or sooty, or white interrupted
by a grayish band across chest.

a}. No white on upper tail-coverts.

i'. A white dollar round hind-neck.

Lower parts wiiito, with a grayish collar across chest; upper parts
grayi."<li, the quills blackish, the forehead and sides of head white;

length aliouL 8.25, wing ?, tail 3.75, tarsus 1.00. Hab. North

Pacific (" Noi'thwest coast of America").

— . O. hornbyi (Gray). Hornby's Petrel.
6'. No white collar round hind-neck.

c' Color bluish gray, aliove and below.

Uniform bluish gray, fading to white on chin, throat, and under
tail-coverts; orbital region, longer scapulars, innermost wing-
coverts, anterior and outer lesser wing-coverts, together with
quills, dusky; other lesser coverts, middle and greater coverts,
and tertials, broadly edged with ashy white; length 8.00-9.20,
wing 5.90-0.40. tail 3.75-4.00 (forked" for about 1.00). Eipj 1.37
X 103. Ildb. North Pa<'i(ie, south on the .Xmeviean side to

Oregon 105. O. furcata (Gmel.). Fork-tailed Petrel.

c*. Color sooty brownish or dusky, al)oA-;> and below.
J}. Wing more tliar> fi.50 ; tarstjs 1.00. or more.

r'. Sooty blackish. lighter and browner beneath, the greater wing-
coverts and out(M' webs of tertials light grayish brown;
wing O.SO, tail 3.90 (forked tor about 1.20), tarsus 1.20.
Hab. Coast of Me.xici), north to Lower California.

107. O. melania (Honai'.). Black Petrel.

r*. Sooty slate-color, the bead, including throat, appreciably jmler

and more plumbeous; greater wing-coverts light grayish;

> f'roritllnrin trthi/f DnNAP,, C'nin)). Umid. xxxviii. 1804, 602; Cunxp. ii. 1857, 1U7. Salv. Trans. Zoul. Suo.
LuuU. Ix. pt. ix. 1875, 507, pi. 88, flg. 2.

OCEANITES.

wing 6.90, tail 3.80 (forked for about 1.20), tarsus 1.00.
Hab. Coast of Pei*u.

O. markhami (Salv.). Markbam's Petrel.'
d}. "Wing less than 6.00 ; tarsus less than 1.00,

Smoky pluihbeous, the wing-coverts lighter and more brown,
quills and tail dusky, rump and upper tail-coverts ashy
plumbeous; wing 5.30-5.40, tail 3.30-3.50 (forked for .70-
.90), tarsus .80-90. Hab. Coast of California.

108. O. homochroa (Coues). Ashy Petrel,
a*. Upper tail-coverts white.

i'. Upper tail-coverts without black tips; tail-feathers grayish at base; uni-
form sooty, darker above ; upper tail-coverts white, usually more or less
mixed with grayish; length 7.50-8.90, wing 0.00-0.30, tail 3.50-4.00
(forked for .80-.90), tarsus 90-.95 ; feet (including webs) entirely black.
E(jg 1.33 X .97. Mab. Seas of the northern hemisphere.

lOG. O. leucorhoa (Yieill.). Leach's Petrel.

b*. Longer upper tail-coverts broadly tipped with black; tail-feathers exten-

.'iively pure white at base ; bill and feet (including webs) entirely black ;

wing 5.80-6.30, tail 3.00-3.15 (forked for .20-.30), tarsus .85-.90. Hub.

Sandwich Islands.

O. cryptoleucura IliDuw. Sandwich Island Petrel.'

Genus OCEANITES IvEYSEnLiNo & Blasius. (Pago 5G, pi. XVII., fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Sooty blackish, lighter beneath, the tail and quills
nearly or quite black ; upper tail-coverts white.

a*. Belly cnlirely dusky; webs of feet mostly yellowish ; tail even or very slightly
cmarginated ; length about 7.00-7.25, wing 5.70-0.20, tail 3.00-3.25, tarsus
1.30-1.36. Hab. Cosmopolitan (on the high soas).

109. O. oceanicus (Ktiii.). Wilson's Petrel
«'. Belly white ; webs of feet apparently wholly clunky ; tail distinctly enuirgiiiated;
wing 5.20, tail 2.30 (forked for about .30), tarsus 1,15. Huh. Coast of Chili.

O. gracilis (Klliut). Graceful Petrel.'

Genus CYMODROMA Ripoway. (Page 60, pi. XV^, fig. 3.)

Species.

Common CHAnArxERS. — IToad, neck, brt-ast, and upper parts dusky, varying
from brownish black to ])lunibeouH, the fcathei's of back and scapulars sometimes
(in fresh plumage) margined terminally with ashy whitish.

> (',viiio.'*<..-...i m.ir<'Ani».'8Al.v.. I'. Z. S. tHSIl, 4,1(1.

• C!tm,i,l>„rin rrii/ihilxinirn Hiimw,. IVoo. U. P. Nut. Mun. iv. 1882, Xt7 ; Water B. N. Am. ii. IHSi, 400.

* Thiilatiiiiruma yrucilii Klliut, Ibia, Out. 18&9, 3U1. Uctnnilei grafilii Cot M, Pr, Au. Nut, S«.i. I'hil.
\MA, 86.

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

a'. Lower tail-coverts and belly white.

6'. Throat and collar round hind-neck white ; length 8.75-9.00 ; tail emarginatcd
for about .75; tarsus 1.65-1.75, middle toe, with claw, 1.25, or more.
Hab. Intertropical seas.

C. tropica (Gould). Tropical Petrel."

i'. Throat usually with only concealed white, and witbout white on hind-neck ;

length 7.50-8.00, wing G.00-6.50, tail 3.00-3.30, even; tarsus 1.40-1.60,

middle too, with claw, 1.05-1.10. Hab. Intertropical seas, north,

casually, to coast of Florida.

110. C. grallaria (Vieill.). White-bellied Petrel.
a}. Lower tail-coverts and belly dusky.

No while on hind-neck, but throat sometimes white, and feathers of
forehead white beneath surface; dusky of belly usually connected with
that on chest ; length 8.50-8.75 ; tail usually cmarginuted for about .75 ;
wing 6.25-6.75, tarsus 1.60-1.70, middle toe, with claw, 1.05-1.15. Hub.
South Pacitic.

C. melanogaster (Gould). Black-bellied Storm Petrel.'

Genus PELAGODROMA Eeichenbach. (Pago 56, pi. XV., fig. 2.)

Species,

Forehead, superciliary stripe, and lower parts, pure white ; top of head, broad
stripe behind eye, and upper parts genenilly, slate-color, sometimes inclining to
plumbeous; upper tail-coverts light ash-gray; quills and tail-feathers blackish;
bill black ; tai'si deep black ; feet black, the webs mostly yellowish ; wing 5.90-0.40,
tail 2.90-3.30 (forked for .25-.35), tarsus 1.52-1.70, middle toe, with claw, 1.37-1.40.
Hab. Southern seas, accidental otf coast of Massachusetts.

111. P. marina (Lath.). White-faced Petrel.

» ThidnnHidvima tropica GoilLP, P. Z. S. 1S.17, .'ififi,

' Thalamidroma mvlanogattra Gould, Ann. Mag. N. II. xiii. 18t4, 367 ; B. Austr. vii. 1848, pi, 62.

STEQANOPODES.

Order STEGANOPODES.— The Totipal-
MATE Swimmers. (Pagoi.)

Families.

rt'. Nostrils distinct ; lateral toes nearly equal, and nearly as long as the middle
one; whole head feathered.

Bill conical, compressed, pointed, without terminal hook, or unguis ;
culmen curved ; edge of upper mandible very concave ; tail short, gradu-
ated, the middle pair of feathers, in adults, very narrow and greatly

elongated Phaethontidse. (Page 73.)

a*. Nostrils not perceptible ; lateral toes unequal, and one or the other of them
much shorter than the middle one ; head partly naked.
6". Bill conical, the tip of the upper mandible without distinct hook, or
unguis,
c*. Bill very thick through the base, the tip slightly curved ; tail about
half as long as the wing, graduated or cuneate, the feathers narrow-
ing toward the rather pointed tips Sulidee. (Pago 74.)

c*. Bill slender, the outlines (culmen especially) nearly straight; head
very smal', the neck extremely long and slender ; tail nearly as long
as the win^Tf, rounded (fan-shaped when spread), the feathers very
broad, tho middle pair transversely corrugated in the adult.

Anhingidae. (Pago 76.)
6'. Upper mandible terminated by a distinct hook, or unguis.

c'. Tarsus moderately lengthened, much longer than the hind too, including
its claw.
d\ Bill shorter than middle too, compressed ; gular sac small, scarcely
distensible; outer too much longer than middle.

Phalacrocoracidee. (Page 77.)
rf*. Bill much longer than middle toe, much flattened ; gular pouch very
largo, and greatly distensible ; outer toe shorter than middle.

Pelecanidac. (Pago 81.)
c*. Tarsus excessively short, hardly equalling the hind too (including its
claw) in length.

Wings and tail oxccssively lengthened, the latter deeply forked;
middle too much longer than the outer, its claw flattened and
fringed on inner edge ; webs very small, occupying less than
half the space between tho toes Fregatidee. (Pago 82.)

Family PHAETHONTIDiE.— The Tropic Birds. (Pago 73.)

Genera.

(Characters same as those of tho Family) Phacthon. (Pago 74.)

!«

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus PHAETHON Linn^us. (Page 73, pi. XVIIL, fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Plumage very compact, satiny; color white (sometimes
tinged with pink or salmon-color), varied with blackish on uj)per parts ; bill red,
orange, or yellow in adults ; tarsi and base of toes yellowish, rest of feet black. Nest
a cavity among rocks on sea-shore of oceanic islands. Egg ovate, dilute claret-
brown or whitish speckled, sprinkled, spotted, or blotched with deep claret-brown.

a}. Elongated middle tail-feathers with their webs very much bi-oader than the
moderately rigid shaft.
i'. Bill yellow or orange. Adult : lengthened tail-feathers pinkish or salmon-
colored, with black shafts ; no black bars on upper part.s, the black being
in form of patches on scapulars, etc. Young : Upper parts irregularly
barred with black ; tail-feathers marked with a black spot near the end,
the middle pairs not elongated. Length (of adult, including lengthened
tail-feathers) 2.5.00-32.00. wing about 11.00, elongated tail-feathers 20.00,
or less, culmen 2.25. Egg 2.21 X 1-54. Hab. Intertropical seas, chiefly
middle westoim Atlantic, especially in vicinity of the Bermudas and
throughout West Indies, north to Florida ; South Pacific (Samoan
Islands) ; accidental in western New York.

112. P. flavirostris Brandt. Tellow-billed Tropic Bird.
b*. Bill coral-red. Adult: Lengthened middle tail-feathers pure white, with
white shafts (except toward base) ; upper parts irregularly barreil with
blackish. Young: (Xot seen.) Length (of adidt with perfectly devel-
oped middle tail-feathers) 30.00-35.00, wing 11.75-12.50, elongated tail-
feathers 22.00, or less, culmen about 2.50. Egg 2.22 X 1-59. Hab. Coasts
of tropical America (both sides), north to Lower California and "West
Indies ; casual at the Newfoundland Banks.

113. P. eethereus Linn. Red-billed Tropic Bird.
a*. Elongated middle taii-feathors with their webs much narrower than the very
rigid shaft.

Bill yellowish. Adult: Lengthened middle tail-foathers dull reddish, with
black shafts ; wing 13.00, or more, culmen about 2.50. Hub. South
Pacific.

P. rubricaudus Bodd. Red-tailed Tropic Bird.>

Family SULID^.— The Gannets. (Pugo73.)

Genera.
(Characters same as for the Family) Sula. (Pago 75.)

> Phaeton rubricauda BoDD., Tabl. P. E. 1783, 57 {ex Burr. PI. Eul.979).

SULA.

Genus SULA Bbisson. (Pago 7-4, pi. XIX., figs. 1, 2.)

Nest a rude platform of sticks, etc., on rocks, trees, or bushes by sea-shore.
Eggs 1-2, elliptical or olongatc-ovato, chalk-white superficially, but beneath the
calcareous crust pale greenish blue.

Species.

a}. Whole lower jaw, together with chin and entire throat, naked. (Subgenus
Sula.)
h^. Young with upper parts variegated.

Young (J) : Head, neck, and lower parts white ; upper parts dark
grayish brown, the feathers with white tips ; bill purplish, the
upper mandible trrayirth horn-color; feet dusky (in dried skins);
wing 14.G0, tail 7.75, culmen 3.G0, depth of bill at base 1.20. Hab.
Coast of Peru.

S. variegata (Tsciiudi). Peruvian Booby.*
V*. Young with upper parts unicolored.

'■'. Naked skin of face and throat blackish (dark bluish in life).

Adult : White, the remiges, greater wing-coverts, primaiy coverts,
and aluloj dark sooty brown ; middle tail-feathers houry whitish,
dusky at tips ; rest of tail-feathers dark sooty brown, whitish
basally ; feet reddish (drying pale brownish or yellowish).
Young : Head, neck, and upper parts plain dark grayish brown,
part of the back and rump streaked with white; lower parts
white, the flanks streaked with grayish ; length 25.50-29.00,
wing lG.15-17.80, tail 7.75-fl.lO, culmen 3.95-4.15. depth of bill
at base 1.40-l.fiO. Eggs 2, 2.46 X 1-74. JIab. Intertropical
seas, especially the South Pacific and in West Indies, breeding
north to the Bahamas ; southern Florida.

114. S. cyanops SiNP. Blne-faoed Booby.

c*. Naked skin of face and throat light colored (yellowish or reddish in

life).

</'. Feet greenish or yellowish. Adult : Head, neck, breast, and upper

parts dark sooty bi-own, the head and neck hoary grayish, in

older (?) specimens, sometimes nearly white anteriorly; lower

parts, from breast backward, white. Young: Nearly uniform

sooty brown, paler beneath. Length 30.00-31.00, wing 14.15-

10.60 (15.72), tail 6.50-9.70 (8.23), culmen 3.J5-3.95 (3.74),

depth of bill at base .95-1.40 (1.24). Egga 2, 2.24 X 1-58. JIab.

Tropical and subtropical coasts of America, north to Georgia

and northwestern Mexico 115. S. sula (Linn.). Booby.

> Di/iponi* variegatu* TBcntJDi, Wolgm. Arohlv. 1843, 300. Sula variegata ScL. i Salv., No«n. Neotr.
1873, 1S4.

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

cP. Feet always reddish. Adult: White, the head and neck tinged
with buff, the shafts of the tail-feathers yellowish; remiges
hoary slate. Young: Above sooty brown, the quills and tail-
feathers more hoary ; head, neck, and lower parts light smoky
gray. (Plumage extremely variable, scarcely two specimens
being alike.) Length about 27.00-30.00, wing 14.00-16.10
(15.04), tail 7.75-10.65 (8.93), culmen 3.05-3.50 (3.26), depth
of bill at base .95-1.20 (1.07). Eggs 2, 2.56x1-80. J£ab.
Intertropical seas, north to Florida and Lower California.

116. S. piscator (Linn.). Bed-footed Booby.
«'. Lower jaw (i.e., malar region), together with sides of chin and throat, densely
feathered. (Subgenus Dysporus.)

Legs and feet blackish. Adult: White, the remiges dusky brown, the
head and neck above washed with buff. Young: Dusky, everywhere
streaked or speckled with white. Downy young : Entirely covered with
fluffy yellowish white down. Length 30.00-40.50, wing about 19.50, tail
10.00, culmen 4.00. Eggs 1, 3.00 X 1-92. Hab. Coasts of the North At-
lantic, south, in winter, to the Gulf of Mexico and northern Africa;
breeding from Nova Scotia and British Islands northward.

117. S. bassana (Linn.). Gannet

Family ANHINGIDiE.— The Anhingas. (Pago 73.)

Genera.
(Characters as given for the Family) Anhinga. (Pago 76.)

Genus ANHINGA Brisson. (Page 76, pi. XIX., fig. 3.)

Species.

Adult male in summer : Head, neck, and body glossy greenish black ; other
parts deep black, the scapulars and lesser wing-coverts beautifully spotted (longitu-
dinally) with light silvery gray ; exposed surface of middle and greater wing-
coverts light silvery gray ; tail broadly tipped with pale brown, passing into
whitish termimilly ; sides of neck and hinder part of head, ornamented with length-
ened, loose-webbed, or hair-like feathers of a dirty whitish or pale grayish lilac
color; feathers of hind-neck also elongated and hair-like, forming a sort of mane,
but black. Adult male in winter : Similar, but lacking all the elongated feathers of
Lead and neck. Ao'dt female in summer : Head, neck, and breast grayish buff, darker
on top of head, lighter on breast, where bordered below by a band of chestnut next
to the black of the belly ; sides of upper nock with a few whitish loose-webbed
feathers; otherwise, colored like the male. Adult female in winter : Similar to sum-
mer plumage, but lacking entirely any ornamental, or lengthened, feathers on head
or neck. Young in second year {?) : Similar to adult female, but lower parts duller

PHA LA CROCORA X.

black, tho chestnut chest-band wanting, and upper parts much duller black, or
dusky grayish brown, with the light markings indistinct. Young in first year:
Similar to tho preceding, but lower parts dull grayish buft, darker posteriorly ;
transverse corrugations on tail-feathers obsolete. Downy young : Entirely uniform
buff. Length 32 25-36.00, wing about 14.00, tail 11.00, culmen 3.25. Kest a rudo
structure of sticks, etc., in trees or bushes overhanging or near fresh-water rivers,
ponds, or lakes. Eggs 2-4, 2.12 X 1-34, ovate or elongate-ovate, pale bluish green,
with a more or less continuous white calcareous superficial covering. Hah. Tho
whole of tropical and subtropical America, north to South Carolina, southern
Illinois (vicinity of Cairo), and western Mexico.

118. A. anhinga (Linn.). Anhinga.

Family PHALACROCORACIDiE.— The Cormorant.s. (Pago 73.)

Genera.

(Characters same as for tho Family) Phalacrocorax. (Pago 77.)

Genus PHALACROCORAX Bhisson. (Pago 77, pi. XX., figs. 1, 2; pi. XXIL,

fig. 1.)

Kest a rude structure of sticks, etc., placed on trees, bushes, or rocks, near
water. Eggs 2-5, elongate-ovate, palo bluish green, with a more or less continuous
white chalky crust.

Species.

a'. Bill stout, with decidedh' curved upper outline, tho middle portion of the cul-
men being appreciably concave, tho terminal nail, or unguis, more or less
arched, strongly hooked, and occupying one-third, or more, of the entire
length of the upper mandible, measured to tho base of the culmen. (Sub-
genus Phalacrocorax.)
6'. 'Tail-feathers 14.

Adult : A whitish patch adjoining base of gular pouch ; rest of head,
neck, and lower parts blue-black ; back and wing-coverts grayish
brown, each feather bordered with black. Nuptial 'plumage : Head
ornamented with M-hite filamentous feathers, occiput with a short
mane-like crest, and flanks with a large white patch. Young in sec-
ond year (^f) : Head, nock, and chest dull grayish brown, becoming
dusky on top of head and hind-neck, and brownish white on throat;
rest of lower parts brownish dusky, mixed with white along tho
median lino. Young in first year (f) : Upper part of throat, chest,
breast, and middle of belly, white, streaked, except on throat, with
grayish brown ; top of head, and greater part of neck, grayish
brown. Nestling : Naked skin dull livid slate, feet purplish dusky,
with yellowish brown legs, tho gular sac and inside of mouth flesh-
color. Length 34.00-40.00, wing 12.90-14.00, tail 7.25-7.75, culmen

^>K^>

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

.I'-ij

&
^

1.0

I.I

1.25

2.5

«" Itf 1 2.2

iiiiii

U III 1.6

^;.

->..

c?^i

Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

33 WIST MAIN STRUT

WIBSTER, iM.Y. 14S80

(716)873 4503

'^v

5i^

ijitAs-itUsJiiH

78 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

2.30-2.85. Eggs 2.50 X 161. Hab. Europe, together with portions
of Asia and Africa; Atlantic coast of North America, south, in
winter, to coast of New Jersey.

119. P. carbo (Linn.). Cormorant.
h\ Tail-feathers 12.

c'. Wing more than 11.00. Adult: Greenish black; back and wings slaty
brown, the feathers bordered with black. Nuptial plumage : On
each side of the crown, behind eye, a tuft of lengthened, narrow,
curved, somewhat loose- webbed feathei's ; gular jiouch bright
orange (in life). Young in first year (J): Head and neck grayish
brown, lighter next to gular sac, dai'ker on top and behind ; lower
pai'ts brownish, darker laterally' and posteriorly ; gular sac yel-
lowish. Young, before moulting {?): Similar to the preceding, but
throat, fore-neck, chest, and bi'east paler, sometimes quite white,
or much mixed with this color.
dK Nuptial crests chiefly or entirely black.

e'. Length 29.00-33.50, wing 12.00-13.00 (12.50), culmen 2.00-2.45
(2.25). Eggs 2.52 X 1-59. Hab. Northeastern North
America, south, in winter, to Gulf coast, breeding from

northern United States northward 120. P. dilophus

(Sw. & High.). Double-crested Cormorant.

e\ Length 21.25-30.00, wing 11.20-12.50 (11.75), culmen 2.00-2.40

(2.17). Eggs 2.36 X 1-48. Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf

States, and lower Mississippi Valley, north to southern

Illinois.

Il8a. P. dilophus floridanus (Aud,). Florida Cormorant.
d^. Nuptial crests chiefly or entirely white.

e\ Length about 36.00, wing 12.50-14.00 (13.70), culmen 2.25-2.55
(2.40). Hab. Northwest coast of North America, from
Alaska south (in winter) to California... 1186. P. dilophus
cincinatus (Brandt). White-crested Cormorant.
e\ Length about 25.00-31.00, wing 11.75-13.00 (12.23^ culmen
i.90-2.35 (2.15). Eggs 2.40 X 1-47. Hab. Coast of Cali-
fornia, south to western Mexico (Socorro Island).. 118c. P.
dilophus albociliatus Eidqw. Farallone Cormorant,
c*. "Wing less than 10,50.

Adult: Brownish black, with a white line bordering the base of
the gular sac ; mantle dull brownish slate, the feathers bordered
with black. Nuptial plumage : Head, neck, and ventral region
ornamented with scattered, small, short, white filamentous
feathers; pouch brownish in life. Young: Head, neck, and
lower parts grayish brown, darker on top of head, hind-neck,
sides, and under tail-coverts, much paler (sometimes whitish)
on upper y)art of throat (adjacent to gular sac). Young, before
moulting (?) ; Similar to the preceding, but throat, foro-neek,

PHALACROCORAX.

chest, and breast much paler, sometimes nearly white, or much
mixed with this color. Length 23.00-28.75, wing 9.95-10.40,
culmen 1.70-2.00, Eggs 2.21 X 1-42. Hub. Mexico, Cuba,
Gulf States, and lower Mississippi Valley north to southern
Illinois (vicinity of Cairo) and eastern Kansas.

121. P. mexicanus (Brandt). Mexican Cormorant,
rt'. Bill slender, with upper outline nearly or quite straight, the nail small, not

arched, and occupying not more than one-fourth the total length of the
upper mandible, measured to the base of the culmen (except in P. perspicil-
latus, in which, however, other characters than the last mentioned are as
above).
b\ Tail verj' short (less than half as long as the wing), slightly rounded, com-
posed of 14 feathers ; bill decidedly higher than broad at base ; no
crests or tufts on head or white patch on flanks in nuptial plumage.
(Subgenus Compsohaliexis Ridqw.)

Adult : Head and neck glossy blue-black, with a patch of light brown
or bi'ownish white adjoining base of gular sac ; lower parts soft
dark bottle-green ; scapulars and wing-coverts dark dull greenish,
bordered narrrowly with black. Nxiptial plumage : Uppermost
scapulars and sides of neck ornamented with long, white or pale
straw-colored bristly filaments ; gular sac blue. Young : Head, neck,
and rump silky dark brown, nearly black on hind-neck ; upper part
of throat and median lower parts paler brown ; chest, breast, sides,
and flanks, brown. Length about 35.00, wing 10.50-11.75, tail 5.50-
6.50, culmen 2.G0-2.95. Eggs 2 54 X 1-53. Uab. Pacific coast, from
Cape St. Lucas to the Columbia River.

122. P. penicillatus (Brandt). Brandt's Cormorant.
/;'. Tail much longer than wing, graduated, composed of 12 feathers (except in

perspicillatus) ; bill broader than high at base ; nuptial plumage orna-
mented with double crests, or tufts (one on crown, the other on nape),
of broad soft feathers, and flanks with a large white patch. (Subgenus
Urile BoNAP.)
c*. Culmen less than 2.50 ; tail-feathers 12.

rf'. Feathering on side of lower jaw forming a deep projecting angle,
the point of which advances forward to beyond the anterior
angle of the eye.
Adult: Feathers of forehead advancing to base of culmen ;
gular sac and naked lores dull coral-red, or reddish brown ;
head and neck rich, glossy, silky violet-black, more purplish
toward head, the lower part of the neck inclining to steel-
blue, changing gradually to silk}' dark green on lower
parts; rump also silky dark green; scapulars and wing-
coverts bottle-green, tinged more or less with bronzy
purplish. Nuptial plumage : Neck and rump ornamented
with narrow, pure white filamentous feathers, and flanks

-..i-^:^-. .-,j-.v.st2sA

80 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

with a largo patch of pure white. Young: Uniform

brownish dusky, lighter and inclining to brownish gray on

head, the uj^per parts darker and more glossy, with a faint

greenish reflection. Nestling : Covei'cd with down of a

uniform dark sooty gray color. Length 25.00-29.00.

e\ Wing 9.50-10.60 (10.10), tail 6.00-6.75 (6.30), culmen

1.70-2.00 (1.85). Ilab. Coast of Kamtschatka, and

Aleutian Islands ; south, in winter, to Kurils and

northern Japan.

123. P. pelagicus Pall. Pelagic Cormorant.

e\ Wing 10.00-11,40 (10.80), tail 6.25-8.50 (7.00), culmen

1.70-2.10 (1.95) ; bill much stouter than in pelagicus.

Eggs 2.34 X 1-48. Hah. Coast of Alaska, from Norton

Sound south to Washington Tei-ritory 123rt. P.

pelagicus robustus Hidow. Violet-green Cormorant.
e». Wing 9.30-10.50 (9.79), tail 5.80-7.00 (6.30), culmen
1.65-2.00 (1.81); bill more slender than in pelagicus.
Eggs 2.29 X 1-49. Hah. Pacific coast, from Washing-
ton Territory to western Mexico (Mazatlan and Cape
St. Lucas)... 1236. P. pelagicus resplendens (Aud.).

Baird's Cormorant.
tP. Feathering on side of lower jaw forming a slight or very obtuse
angle, the point of which docs not advance farther forward
than beneath the middle of the eye (usually not nearly so
far).
Adult : Feathers of forehead separated from the oaso of the
culmen by a strip of bare skin, connecting the naked lores ;
gular pouch blue, bordered behind by purplish red corru-
gations ; lores, orbits, and naked frontal skin bright orange
(in life) ; plumage very similar to that of P. pelagicus, but
neck decidedly more blue, the scapulars and wing-coverts
decidedly purplish. Young : Uniform brownish dusk}*,
with a faint purplish cast, the upper parts darker and
more glossj'. Downy young : Covered with down of a
uniform sooty grayish brown color. Length 31.00-35,00,
wing 10.50-11.60, tail 6.30-8.00, culmen 2.05-2.30. Eggs
2.44 X l-tO- ff<Jf>- Prybilof, Aleutian, and Kuril Islands,
and coast of Kamtschatka, south, in Avinter, to northern

Japan 124. P. urile (Gmel.). Red-faced Cormorant.

c*. Culmen 3.75, or more ; tail-feathers 14.

Nuptial plumage : Head rich, glossy, silky violet-purple, neck
glossy greenish blue, body rich dark green ; head and neck
ornamented with slender straw-yellow filamentous feathers, and
flanks with a large patch of white; scapulars and wingcovorts
deep purplish ; quills and tail-feathers black, the latter with

PELECANVS.

white shafts. (In life, eye surrounded by a broad white ring
of nai<ed sltin ; naked skin round base of bill, and gular sac,
mixed red, white, and blue.) Length about 36.00 ; weight
about 12-14 lbs.; wing 13.00, tail 9.00, culmen 3.75. Hab.
Formerly, Bering Island, but now extinct there ; possibly still
existing in some of the westernmost Aleutian Islands.

— . P. perspicillatus Pall. Fallas's Cormorant.

Family PELECANIDiE.— The Pelicans. (Page 73.)

Genera.
(Characters same as for the Family) Pelecanus. (Pago 81.)

Genus PELECANUS Linn^us. (Page 81, pi. XXL, figs. 1, 2.)

Eggs 1-4, oval, ovate, or elongate-ovate, with rough chalky shell, pure white,
but usually much blood-stained.

Species.

a}. Tail-feathers 24; lower jaw densely feathered; color white, with blackish
reniiges. (Subgenus Cyrtopelicanus Reich.')

Adult : Entirely white, with quills entirely black, the secondaries also
chiefly black. Nuptial plumage : Culmen with a median elevated horny
ridge, situated a little forward of the middle portion ; a pendent occipital
crest of white or pale straw-yellow ; lanceolate lesser wing-covoi-ts and
similarly formed feathers of chest, pale straw-yellow, or, rarely, purplish
buff; pouch and bill chiefl}'^ reddish (in life), the former paler terminally ;
feet intense orange-red. Post-mtptial plumage: Similar in all respects to
the preceding, except that the appendage to culmen and the occipital
crest are wanting (having been shed), the latter replaced by a patch of
short grayish feathei's. Winter adult : Plumage as in the jireceding, but
gray occipital patch wanting, yellowish color of chest and lesser wing-
coverts paler, and colors of bill, face, pouch, and feet much less intense,
a clear lemon-yellow being the prevailing tint. Young : Plumage white,
but lesser wing-coverts and feathers of top of head brownish gray cen-
trally, chest-feathers short, blended, and pure white, the bill, pouch, face,
and feet pale yellowish. Length about 4i-nearly 6 feet, extent 8J-
ncarly 10 feet, weight about 17 lbs, wing 20.00-2.5.25, culmen 11.05-15.00.
Nest a inide mound or heap of gravel and rubbish, flattene ' -r slightly
hollowed on top, on beach or bench usually of island in some lake or largo

' The typical Biib)i;Rnu3 {Pelecanus proper), having for its typo the P. onocrotalni of Bouthern Europe, is
not ropresontod in Auierioa.

■■^. —--..■■-., ,-ii.*-i:y;«i»"».

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

inland body of water. Eggs 1-3 or 4, 3.34 X 2.22. JTab. Whole of tem-
perate North America, north in the interior to about Gl°, south, in
winter, as far as Guatemala ; rai-e along Atlantic coast of the United

States 125. P. erythrorhynchos Gmel. American Wiiite Pelican.

a\ Tail-feathers 22 ; lower jaw entirely naked ; color chiefly grayish mixed with
dusky. (Subgenus Leptopelicanvs Reich.)

Nuptial plumage : Head, and feathers bordering base of gular pouch, all
round, white, the top of the former sometimes straw-yellowish ; rest of
neck rich velvety reddish brown, varying from light reddish chestnut
to seal-skin brown, or nearly black ; upper part of hind-neck with a
more or less distinct crest of chestnut ; upper pai'ts silvery gray, the
feathers of back, rump, lesser wing-coverts, etc., edged with dark brown,
producing a striped or streaked appearance ; lower parts dark brownish
gray, the sides, etc., streaked with silvery white. Winter adult: Similar,
but whole head and neck white, except for a straw-yellow tinge on the
former and on the lower part of the fore-neck. Young : Head and neck
light brownish gray, somewhat mottled with paler tips to the feathers;
back, wing-coverts, etc., dull brown, the feathers tipped with pale ful-
vous ; lower parts white, tinged with brownish gray laterally and pos-
teriorly.

6'. Smaller, with pouch always dull greenish dusky or olive-dusky;
length about 4-4} feet, wing 18.50-21.00, culmen 9.40-12.20. Nest
a slight heap or mound of gravel, etc., on or near sea-beach. Eggs
3.01 X 1-95. Hab. Coasts and islands of Gulf of Mexico and Carib-
bean Sea, including West Indies ; north, regularly, to North Caro-
lina, accidentally (blown by storm?) to Illinois.

126. P. fuscus Linn. Brown Pelican.

¥. Larger, with pouch red during pairing season ; length 4} feet, or

more, wing 20.50-23.25, culmen 12.25-14.75. Hab. Pacific coast

from WaJiington Territory to western Mexico (perhaps to Panama,

or farther) .. 127. P. californicus Eidow. California Brown Pelican.

Family FREGATIDiE.— The Man-o'-War Birds. (Pago 73.)

Genera.
(Characters same as for the Family) Fregata. (Page 82.)

Genus FREGATA Cuvier. (Page 82, pi. XVIIL, fig. 2.)

Species.

a*. Culmen more than 4.15.

Adult male: Entirely black, the lanceolate scapulars and interscapulars
glossed with metallic bottle-green and reddish purple. Adult female :

FREQATA.

Dull black, the central lesser wing-eoverrs light grayish brown, the
scapulars etc., only slightly metallic, and not lanceolate ; brelst and
^deswh..sh >^-«^: Head, neck, breast, and belly, white; otherwise
much as in the adult female. Downy young .- Covered with very fluftV

5.15 (4.62). Nest a rude structure of sticks on trees or bushes Cusuallv
mangroves) along sea-shore. Eggs (usually only 1), 2.70 x 83 pu e
white, oval, ovate, or elongate-ovate. hL Tropical and^^subtropi^a
seas, chiefly north of the equator; north regularly to Florida, Te'xas,
and California, accidentally to Nova Scotia, Ohio, and Kansas.

Culmen less than 4.15. ^^^' ^' ^''""^ ^^'''''■^- Man-o'-War Bird.

^'^ PJ;™^^: T^7nI ^^^^^?^^ ^•^'''°* ^^'"^ ^- ^^"^'^^^ W^"g 20.50-25.25
(21.53) tail 15.75-17.10 (16.27), culmen 3.65-4.10 (3.90). Hab Tronical
parts of the South Pacific. ^ -L topical

^- "^'nor (Gmel.). Lesser Man-o'-War Bird.'

188*; m """"^ ""■""'• ^'""' '• ^' '• ''''' '''' ^'■«^'"« -•«- «--v., in B. B. 4 R. Water B. N. Am. ii.

''?.'^.'yv*>:' lw i )ri taii ifraj iiB ag ' a ii

'»dmm

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Order ANSERES. — The Lamellirostral

Swimmers. (Page i.)

Families.

(Characters same as for the Order) Anatidse. (Page 84.)

Family ANATID.^. — The Ducks, Geese, and Swans. (Page 84.)

Eggs numerous, always unmarked, with a hard and usually smooth shell.

Genera.

a\ Neck shorter than hody.

b^. Tarsus shorter than middle toe, without claw.

c'. Lower mandible without trace of laraellre along the side, but with a
series of distinct, tooth-like serrations along the upper edge.
(Subfamily Mergince.)
d\ Culmen longer than tarsus, and three times, or more, the depth of
bill at base,
e'. Serrations of both mandibles very conspicuously tooth-like,
and strongly inclined backward at tips.

Merganser. (Page 88.)
e'. Serrations of both mandibles short, blunt, and not distinctly

inclined backward at tips Lophodytes. (Page 89.)

d*. Culmen shorter than tarsus Mergus. (Page 90.)

c*. Lower mandible with a very distinct series of lamellae along the side,
in addition to the series along upper edge. (Subfamily Anatinoe.)
d}. Lower portion of tarsus in front with a row of transverse scutellae.
e'. Lores entirely densely feathered ; wing less than 12.00.
/*. Tail normal.

g^. Hind-toe without a distinct membraneous lobe.
A'. Bill not spatulate.

I*. Tail-feathers narrow and pointed at tip.

/. Tail graduated for less than one-third its
total length, or else consisting of only
14 feathers, and culmen shorter than
middle toe without tarsus.

Anas. (Page 90.)

f. Tail graduated for more than one-third

its total length, consisting of 16

ANATIDM.

feathers, and culmen longer than
middle toe, without claw.

•2 m Dafila. (Page 97.)

I . Tail-feathers broad and rounded at tips.

J.2 T5-11 , ^^^' (Page 98.)

A. Bdl spatulate (very broad near end and narrow

n^ TXA. ^*^^Th Spatula. (Page 96.)

g . Hind toe with a broad, membraneous lobe

h\ Feathering on lores or forehead not reacbinc.
^ beyond posterior border of nostril.
i\ Graduation of tail less than length of bill from
nostril.

j\ Loral feathering with a decidedly convex
anterior outline; nail less than one-
third as wide as width of bill across
^ middle portion. Aythya. (Page 101.)

; . Loral feathering with straight or even
slightly concave anterior outline;
nail more than one-third as wide as
bill across middle portion.
_ _ ^ . Netta. (Page 100.)

I . Graduation of tail much more than length of
bill from nostril.
/. Distance from tip of bill to loral feather-
ing less than graduation of tail.
k\ Distance from anterior end of nos-
tril to loral feathers equal to or
greater than width of bill at
base.

l^. Distance from anterior end of
nostril to tip of bill much
less than from same point
to loral feathers; tail less
than twice as long as tarsus.
Glaucionetta. (Page 104.)
P- Distance from anterior end of
nostril to tip of bill much
greater than from same
point to loral feathers;
tail more than twice as
long as tarsus.
Charitonetta. (Page 106.)
«*. Distance from anterior end of nos-
tril to loral feathering much less
than width of bill at base.

'.mmm

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

U. Distance from posterior end of
nostril to loral feathers
equal to or greater than
length of nostril ; anterior
outline of loral feathering
strongly convex.
Histrionicus. (Page 107.)
/*. Distance from posterior end of
nostril to loral feathers less
than half the leni'th of the
nostril ; anterior outline of
loral feathering forming a
nearly straight line, run-
ning obliquely backward
and downward from near
nostril to corner of mouth.
Clangula. (Pago 106.)
j*. Distance from tip of bill to loral feather-
ing greater than graduation of tail.
kK Distance from posterior border of
nostril to angle of mouth much
less than half the distance from
anterior border of nostril to tip
of upper mandible.
P. Width of bill at base equal to
one-half the length of cul-
men ; speculum plain white.
Camptolaimus. (Page
107.)
P. Width of bill at base much less
than one-half the length of
the culmen ; speculum dark-
colored (steel-blue or violet
in male), bordered before
and behind by a white bar.
Eniconetta. (Page 107.)
A'. Distance from posterior border of
nostril to angle of mouth equal
to or greater than distance from
anterior end of nostril to tiu of
upper mandible.

Oidemia. (Page 110.)
h\ Feathering of forehead or lores reaching anteri-
orly to or beyond posterior end of nostril,
i*. Feathering of forehead continuous with that

ANATIDyE.

of lores, and advancinEf quite to the

nostril Arctonetta. (Pago 108.)

i*. Feathering of forehead separated from that
of lores by the interposition of a more or
less extensive naked angle, or prolonga-
tion of naked skin of the bill.

Somateria. (Pago 108.)

/'. Tail more than half as long as wing, much graduated, the

feathers with narrow webs and very stiff shafts, their

bases scarcely hidden by the short coverts.

g^. Nail of bill very small, hardly visible from above, and

bent abruptly backward beneath the tip of the

upper mandible ; outer toe longer than middle.

Erismatura. (Page 113.)
g*. Nail of bill normal (/.e. large, almost wholly visible
from above, and not bent abruptly backward at
tip) ; outer toe shorter than middle.

Nomonyx. (Page 114.)
e\ Lores wholly or partially naked ; wing more than 12.00.

Cairina.* (Page 100.)
d*. Lower portion of tarsus in front without transverse scutellte.

Dendrocygna. (Page 118.)

Tarsus longer than middle toe, without claw. (Subfamily Anserince.)

c*. Serrations on eutting-edge of upper mandible visible from outside for

greater portion of the tomium, the latter decidedly sinuatcd, or

concave.

d^. Bill very stout, its depth through base equal to much more than

half the length of the culmen ; color of adults white, with

blackish primaries, or else with head and part of neck white,

the wing-coverts plain bluish gray Chen. (Page 114.)

<f. Bill weaker and more depressed, its depth through base less than
half the length of the culmen ; color of adults never white, or
with white head, or bluish gray wing-coverts.

Anser. (Page 115.)
Serrations on edge of upper mandible visible only near angle of mouth,
the tomium very slightly or not at all sinuated.
d}. Nostril near middle of nasal fosste ; cutting-edge of upper mandible
not appi'eciably or regularly sinuated ; bill and feet always
entirely black ; head partially or entirely black ; tail-coverts

and crissum white Branta. (Page 116.)

<P. Nostril at lower anterior extremity of nasal fosste; cutting-edge
of upper mandible appreciably and regularly sinuated, or con-
cave; bill and feet light-colored ; head white (sometimes stained

> Cairina Fleuino, Phil, of Zool. 1822, 260. Type, Anat iioachata Linn.

88 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

with rusty) in adult ; tail-coverts and crissum grayish, barred

with dusky and whitish Philacte. (Page 118.)

a*. Neck as long as or longer than body. (Subfamily Cygnina;.)

Largest of American Anafidce (length more than thrte feet) ; color entirely
pure white, with black bill and feet, in adult, grayish in young.

Olor. (Pago 120.)

Genus MERGANSER Brisson. (Page 84, pi. XXI., fig. 4.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult male with head and upper neck greenish black,
the occiput crested ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, plain ash-gray ; rest of upper
parts mainly pied black and whitish ; lower parts rich creamy white or pale salmon-
color. Adult female, with head and upper neck cinnamon-brownish (occiput crested,
as in the male), chin and part of throat white; upper parts grayish, with some
white on wings; lower parts buify white..

rt*. Distance between nosti'il and nearest feathering at base of upper mandible much
- greater than height of upper mandible at base ; feathering at base of upper
mandible, on sides, projecting very slightly forwai'd, and not forming a
distinct angle,
i". No visible black bar across white of wing-coverts. Adult male: Head and
upper neck greenish black, the top of the latter with a soft " bushy"
crest, conspicuous only when ei'ectcd ; chest and other lower parts rich
creamy white, or (especial)}^ in freshly-killed specimens) delicate palo
salmon-color; wing 10.70-11.00, culmcn 2.05-2.30, tarsus 1.90-2.00,
middle toe 2.35-2.60. Adult female : Head and upper neck tawny brown
or cinnamon, the chin and throat whitish, the occiput with a conspicuous
pointed crest ; upper parts chiefly ash-gray, with white on secondaries
and greater wing-coverts; wing 9.75-10.25, culmcn 1.80-1.90, tarsus
1.65-1.80, middle toe 2.35. Hab. Northern parts of the eastern hemi-
sphere, from western Europe to Kamtschatka.

M. merganser Linn. Merganser.*
6". A very conspicuous black bar across white of wing-coverts. (Plumage
not otherwise essentially different from that of M. merganser, but feath-
ering at base of bill having a quite distinct outline.) Downy young :
Upper half of head, and bin eck, rusty brown, more reddish on the
latter, where encroaching on sides of neck; remaining upper parts hair-
brown, relieved by four white spots ; lower parts, including rest of head
and neck, white ; a stripe on lower half of lores, white ; beneath this, a
narrowe.' stripe of deep brown, and a similar, but broader, brown stripe
on upper half of lores. Male: Length 25.00-27.00, wing 10.50-11.25,
culmen 1.90-2.20, tarsus 1.90-2.00, middle toe 2.40-2.50. Female : Length

1 Mergun merganter LiNN., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 129.
No. 29, 1886, 176.

Merganser merganser Stejn., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mu8.

LOPHODYTES.

1, barred
LVgO 118.)

entirely

ago 120.)

ih black,
of upper
3 salmon-
t crested,
ith some

ble much
of upper
)rming a

lead and

" bushy"

[arts rich

["ate palo

90-2.00,

ly brown

spicuous

ondaries

tar.su8

[•n hemi-

crganser.*
lumage

it feath-
young :
on the

rts hair-
of head

h this, a
n stripe
0-11.25,
Length

Nat. Mas.

21.00-24.00, wing 9.60-9.7.'). culmcn 1.80-2.00, tarsus 1.8.')-1.90, middle toe
2.25-2.40. Eggs 2.(53 X 1-82, ovMo, or elliptical-ovate, pale buff, or buffy
white. Hah. Whole of North A merica, breeding south to northern border
of United States.. 129. M. americanus (Cass.). American Merganser,
a*. Distance between nostril and nearest feathering on sides of base of upper man-
dible decidedly less than height of upper mandible at base ; feathering on
sides of base of upper mandible projecting far forward, and forming a very
decided, though obtuse, angle.

Adult male : Head dull greenish black, the occiput with a long pointed
crest ; neck and sides of chest dull brownish buff, or light cinnamon,
Btreaked with black; other lower parts mainly white, usually tinged
with cream- or salmon-color. Adult female : Very similar in coloration
to the same sex of M. americanus, but smaller, and very readily distin-
guishable by the different position of the nostrils, etc., as noted above.
Downy young : Above hair-brown, the posterior border of each wing and
a large spot on each side of the rump, yellowish white ; lower parts,
including cheeks, yellowish white ; sides of head and neck rusty cinna-
mon, paler on lores, which are bordered above bj'' a duskj' stripe, and
beneath by a dark rict.i^ stripe; lower ej-elid whitish. Length about
20.00-25.00, wing 8.60-9.U'.', culmen about 2.50, tarsus 1.80-1.90, middle
toe 2.40. Eggs ovate ar elliptical-ovate, 2.57 X 1-79, light olive-buff.
Hab. Northern por i n of northe?') tiemisphere, breeding northward.

130. M. serrator (Linn.). Red-breasted Merganser.

Genus LOPHODYTES Rkichenbach. (Page 84, pi. XXL, fig. 3.)

Species.

Adult male : Head (except crest), neck, and most of npper parts black; crest
pure white with a sharply defined black border or rim ; lower parts white, the
sides of the chest cT'ossed by two black crescentic bars (projected from the black
of the back), the sides light cinnamon, finely waved with black. Adult female :
Head (except crest), neck, chest, and upper parts grayish brown, darker above ;
crest reddish hair-brown or dull cinnamon, smaller and of looser texturo than in
the male ; chin and upper throat, belly, etc., white. Young : Similar to adult
female, but crest rudimentary, the sides and under tail-coverts more distinctly
brown. Downy young : Above deep hair-brown, darkest on back and rump ; hi'der
border of arm-wing, a small spot on each side of back, and one on each side of
rump, grayish white ; lower half of head brownish buff or light fulvous, paler on
chin and throat; chest light dingy brownish, sides darker; belly white. Length
about 17.25-19.25, wing 7.50-7.90, culmen 1.50. JVest in holes in trees, usually at
a considerable height. Eggs 6-10, 2.09 X 1-75, broadly oval, white. Hab. North
America in general; north to Alaska and (accidentally) Greenland; south to
Mexico and Cuba ; casual in Europe.

131. L. cucuUatus (Linn.). Hooded Merganser.

mme^mmm

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus MERGUS Linn^us. (Page 84.)

Species.

Adult male: Prevailing color pure white, but this relieved as follows: A patch
covering lores and jirrowly surrounding eyes, deep black with a greenish reflec-
tion ; under portion of crest glossy greenish black ; back, rump, some of the wing-
coverts, secondaries, and two narrow crescentic bars across sides of chest, deep
black ; upper tail-coverts and tail ash-gray ; length about 16.50, wing 7.75, culmen
1.10. Adult, female : Upper part of head, including lores, reddish brown ; rest of
head, with neck (except behind), and lower parts, white ; upper parts, sides, and
flanks ash-gray, darker on back ; chest tinged with pale ashy ; smaller than the
male, and crest less developed. Downy young : "Upper parts, including sides of the
head below the eye, but only on the back of the neck, dark blackish brown, darkest
on the crown and the lower part of the back ; at the base of the wing-joint a white
spot, and another close to it, but rather lower down the back, and on each side of
the rump another white spot ; below the eye a very small white spot ; underparts
white ; breasts and flanks pale grayish or sooty brown." (Dresser.) JIab. Europe,
etc. ; accidental or occasional in eastern North America (?).

M. albellus Linn. Smew.*

Genus ANAS Linn^us. (Page 84, pi. XXII., figs. 2-5 ; pi. XXIII., fig. 1.)

Species.

a^. Ciilmen longer than middle toe, without claw.

b^. Width of upper mandible near tip more than one-third the culmen, the
upper and lateral outlines of upper mandible more or less convex for
terminal half,
c'. Wing more than 8.00 ; scapulars and larger tertials broad, an(i without
light-colored median stripes in adult male. (Subgenus Anas.)
d*. Smaller wing-coverts uniform grayish brown or brownish slate;
tertials without light edgings; sexes very different in plumage;
wing with two distinct white bands.

Adult male: Head and neck soft, brilliant metallic green;
chest rich dark chestnut, separated from green of neck by
a collar of pure white; speculum rich metullic violet, bor-
dered anteriorly by a black bar, this preceded by a white
bar, and posteriorly by n black subterminal and white
terminal band. Adxdt female (and male in breeding season) :
Wings as above ; elsewhere varied with dusk}'' and ochra-
ceous or bufl'y, the former on central or median portion of
the feathers, and predominating on upper parts, the latter
on edges, and prevailing on lower parts. Downy young:

» Mevgua nlbdhit LtNN., S. N. ed. 10, I. 1768, 129.

ANAS.

Above olivaceous, relieved by two pairs of yellowish spots,
one pair on the back, just behind the wings, the other on
each side of the base of the tail ; lower parts, including
sides of head and broad superciliary stripe, yellowish buff,
d'^epest on head, paler and duller posteriorly ; side of head
marked by a narrow but very distinct stripe of dark
brown, extending from upper basal angle of the maxilla
to the eye, and thence to, and confluent with, the oliva-
ceous of the occiput; beneath this stripe an auricular spot
of dusky ; sides crossed by two olivaceous patches, con-
fluent with the olive of the back. Length about 20.00-
25 00, wing 10.25-12.00, culmen 2.00-2.40, tarsus 1.50-1.80,
middle toe 1.90-2.15. Eggs 2.32 X 1-67, pale olive-buff',
pale greenish buff', or pale huffy pea-green. Hab. "Whole of
northern hemisphere.

132. A. boschas Linn. Mallard,
d*. Smaller wing-coverts distinctly bordered or margined with buff
or ochraceous, and tertials edged with same ; sexes alike in
plumage.
e\ Wing without any white bands.

/'. Cheeks, chin, and entire throat distinctly streaked with
dusky; dusky markings largely predominating in ex-
tent over the lighter (huffy or ochraceous) ; lower
basal corner of upper mandible without black spot;
speculum usually deep violet. Downy young: Above
olive-brown, slightly relieved by three pairs of light
dull uiiff spots, as follows: One on posterior border
of arm-wing (this sometimes indistinct), one on sides
of back, just behind wing, and one on sides of rump,
near base of tail ; top of head and hind-neck olive-
bi'own, like back, etc. ; rest of head and neck, with
lower parts, pale dingy buff, paler on belly ; sides of
head marked with a narrow dusky streak, from upper
basal angle of bill to eye and thi-nce back to occiput ;
a dusky auricular spot, continued less distinctly back
to nape Length 21.00-24.50, wing 10.50-11.50, cul-
men 2.00-2.35, tarsus 1.70-1.80, middle toe 1.90-2.10.
Eggs 2.43 X 1-75, pale dull bnff or palo greenish buff.
Hab. Eastern North America, breeding fi'om more
northern United States to Hudson's Bay, including
whole of Labrador. (Western and southern limits
imperfectly determined.)

133. A. obscura Gmel. Blaok Duck.

/'. Cheeks, chin, and throat plain buff; ochraceous or Vuff

markings predominating in extent over the darker

mmmmmmmmmm

It «

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

markings; lower basal angle of upper mandible with
a triangular black spot ; speculum usually bluish
green; about the size of ^. obscura. Eggs 2.15 X 1-61,
pale dull buff or pale grayish buff. Hab. Southeastern
United States, from Florida to Kansas.

134. A. fulvigula Eidqw. Florida Dnck.
e'. Wing with one or more white bands.

p. Wing more than 8.75, with two white bands.

Chin, throat, and lower part of cheeks plain buffy ;
dusky prevailing on upper parts, lower parts with
dusky and ochraceous in about equal proportion ;
wing 8.90-10.00, culmen 1.85-2.05, tarsus 1.60,
middle toe 1.95. Hab. Southern Mexico (Puebla,
etc.).

A. diazi EiDow. Mexican Duck.>
/-. Wing less than 8.75, with only one white band.

Only the chin and upper part of throat unstreaked
buff; dusky and ochraceous markings nearly
equal in extent, the latter, however, rather pre-
dominating on lower pai'ts ; speculum dark metal-
lic green, followed, successively, by a velvety black
subterminal and a pure white terminal bar, each
about .35 wide ; wing 8.50, culmen 1.65, tarsus
1.30, middle toe 1.70. Hab. Western Mexico
(vicinity of Mazatlan).

A. aberti Ridow. Abert's Duck.'
Wing loss than 8.00 ; scapulars and tertials lanceolate, and marked
with buffy or whitish median stripes in adult males. (Lesser wing-
coverts plain light bluish, last row of middle coverts white spotted
or blotched with dusky, speculum bronzy greenish.) (Subgenus
Querquedula Stephens.)
d}. Culmen usually leas than 1.C5. Adult male: Head and neck dull
plumbeous, with a large crescent-shaped patch of white in
front of eye, faint gloss of metallic lavender-purple on sides of
occiput, the crown dusky ; lower parts pale chestnut, spotted
with black. Adult female (and adult male in breeding season) :
Above dusky, varied with dull buff}' ; head, neck, and lower
parts dull brownish white, or pale dull buff, the head and neck
streaked with dusky (except on chin and upper throat), the
lower parts more or loss spotted with same, the belly sometimes
(especially in younger birds) immaculate. Young: Similar to
adult female, but whole belly immaculate, and speculum dull
grayish brown, without metallic gloss. Length 14.60-16.00, wing

1 Anrm dinti Rinnw., Auk, iii. July, 1886, .3,')2.

* Aiiat aberti RiDOW., Proo. U. S. Nat. Mua. i. 1878, 250.

ANAS.

Mexico

;ck dull

lito in

sides of

spotted

7.00-7.50, culmeu 1.40-1.65, tarsua 1.20-1.30, middle toe 1.40-
1.45. Eggs 1.84 X 1-34, pale buif. Hab. North America in
general, but chiefly east of Rocky Mountains ; in winter, whole
of West Indies and Middle America, south to Ecuador.

140. A. discors Linn. Blue-winged Teal.
<P. Culmen usually more than 1.65. Adult male: Head, neck, and
lower parts uniform rich glossy chestnut, the top of head
blackish, the belly duller (sometimes blackish). Adult female
(and male in breeding season) : Similar to corresponding stage of
A. discors, but averaging larger (the bill especially), the plumage
darker, only the upper throat (sometimes chin only) unstreaked,
the belly usually heavily spotted and the breast deeply tinged
with light brown. Young : Similar to adult female, but mark-
ings of lower parts much ny,rrower, streak-like. Downy young :
Above dark olivaceous, varied by a spot of deep greenish buff
on each side of back (behind wings), and a spot of clearer yel-
lowish on each side of rump, at base of tail ; top of head and
hind-neck similar to back, but darker ; forehead, broad super-
ciliary stripe, sides of head and neck, and lower parts generally,
deep buff-yellow, the sides of the head marked with a distinct
narrow stripe of dark brown. Length about J 5.50-17.00, wing
7.20-7.75, culmen 1.65-1.85, tarsus 1.25-1.35, middle toe 1.40-
1.50. Eggs 1.87 X 1-41, pale buff. Hab. Western America,
from the Columbia Eiver to Chili, Argentine Republic, and
Falkland Islands ; east, casually or irregularly, to Mississippi
Valley (Louisiana, Illinois, Nebraska, etc.).

141. A. cyanoptera Yieill. Cinnamon Teal.
Width of upper mandible near tip less than one-third the length of the cul-
men, the upper and lateral outlines straight for terminal half (Wing
less than 8.00.) (Subgenus Nettion Kaup.)
c*. Adult male : A bi'oad white bar across side of breast ; inner webs of
outermost scapulars vermiculatod with dusky and whitish, the
outer webs with a longitudinal spot of black, bordered internally
by a white line ; head and upper neck chestnut-rufous, varied by
a broad patch of bright metallic green from eye backward, this
bordered beneath by a line of pale buflfy or whitish ; a similar line
on each side of forehead, continued backward, less distinctly, along
upper edge of the green patch ; a short tuft or " mane" of bluish
black on upper hind-neck ; chin and upper throat dull black ; lower
neck, upper back, scapulars, sides, and flanks, delicately waved
with black and white ; speculum bright metallic green, the lower
feathers black, tipped with white ; lower tail-coverts black medially,
with a cream-colored patch on each side. Adult female; Wing much
as in adult male ; upper parts grayish dusky, varied by dull buflTy
edgings and bars ; head, neck, and lower parts brownish white,

^smmmmmmmmmmm

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

rt»

the head and neck speckled with dusky, the markings enlarged
and aggregated on pileum so us to form the prevailing color, and
also along upper border of auricular region, producing a more or
less distinct postocular stripe ; crop, sides, and flanks heavily
spotted with dusky ; belly sometimes plain whitish, but usually (?)
speckled. Young male: Similar to adult female, but entire belly
and sides immaculate white. Downy young: Above grayish brown,
with a light grayish buff spot on each side of back and a similar
pair on rump; wings crossed near end by a light grayish buff bar;
head, neck, and lower parts dull light b * the pileum and nape
grayish brown, darker on top of head, wht scarcely reaching the
forehead ; a dusky postocular streak, and an oblong dusky auric-
ular spot. Length 12.50-15.00, wing 6.25-7.40, culmen 1.40-l.GO,
tarsus 1.25, middle toe 1.30-1.35. Eggs 1.75 X 1-28, pale dull buff.
Hab. Whole of North America, breeding chiefly north of the United
States, in winter, south to Honduras and Cuba.

139. A. carolinensis Gmel. Green-winged Teal.
c'. Adult male : Similar to corresponding stage of A. carolinensis, but no
white bar on side of breast, black and whitish undulations of sides,
etc., much coarser, inner webs of outermost scapulars wholly and
outer webs partly white, the exposed portion of outer webs mostly
black ; other plumages not distinguishable with certainty from cor-
responding stages of A. carolinensis (?) ; size about the same as A.
carolinensis. Eggs 1.76 X 130, pale dull buff. Hab. Northern por-
tions of eastern hemisphere ; occasional in eastern North America.

138. A. crecca Linn. European Teal
Culmen shorter than middle toe, without claw.

b^. Distance from anterior border of nostril to tip of upper mandible more
than three times the distance from same point to nearest loral feathers ;
lamella) numerous, fine, more than 30 being visible from outside ; tail-
feathers 16. (Subgenus Chaulelasmus Bonapahte.)

Adult male: Head and neck pale brownish or whitish, thickly speckled
with black ; top of head sometimes plain light brown ; crop varied
with crescentic bars of white and black, the latter predominating;
sides, back, and scapulars finely undulated with slate-color and
white; many of the longer scapulars plain brownish gray, broadly
edged with paler ; middle wing-covert region bright chestnut, the
anterior lesser coverts brownish gray, and the posterior ones deep
black, the last row deep velvety black ; speculum white, the lower
feathers ashy, nari'owly tipped with white; crissum and upper tail-
coverts deep velvety black ; bill bluish black, iris brown, legs and
feet dull orange-yellow, the webs dusky. Adult male in breeding
season : Similar to the winter male, but colors duller, crown dusky,
rump and breast tinged with rnsty, and under parts more spotted
with dusky. Adult female: Colors chiefly brownish dusky and

ANAS.

Dclarged
)lor, and
more or
heavily
ually (?)
iro belly
li brown,
a similar
3uff bar;
md napo
hing the
iy aui'ic-
1.40-1.60,
dull buff,
lo United

ged Teal.

s, but no
of sides,
loUy and
bs mostly
from cor-
limo as A.
hern por-
Lm erica.
ean Teal.

)le more

feathers ;

de; tail-

Ispecklod
|p varied
jinating ;
)lor and
broadly
[nut, the
les deep
le lower
Iper tail-
legs and
\breeding
dusky,
1 spotted
jky and

brownish white, in longitudinal streaks on head and neck and in
irregular transverse spots and bars on other portions; the dusky
predominating above, the white below ; wing nearly as in the male,
but the chestnut absent or barely indicated, and the gray of the
wing-coverts more or less barred and tipped with white ; belly and
lower part of breast pure white, throat finely streaked with dusky.
Downy young : Above dull dark brownish, with a spot of sulphur-
yellow on each side of rump and back of each wing, tbe wings also
mai'ked with this color; "forehead, space round the eye, throat,
and chest pale sulphur-j-ellow; abdomen white, shaded with sul-
phur-yellow, on the lower part sooty gray." (Dresskr.) Male :
Length 19.25-21.75, wing 10.25-11.00, culmen l.GO-1.75, tarsus 1.45-
1.70, middle toe 1.80-1.90. Female: Length about 18.00, wing
10.00-10.25, culmen 1.55-1.G5, tarsus 1.60," middle toe 1.75-1.80.
Eggs 2.09 X 1-57, pale bu'^ or buffy white. Hab. Northern hemi-
sphere in general, breeding in temperate regions.

135. A. strepera Linn. Gadwall.
¥. Distance from anterior border of nostril to tip of upper mandible less than
three times the distance from the same point to nearest feathers of
lores; lamella) coarser, less than 15 being visible from outside; tail-
feathers 14, tbe tail much graduated. {Adult males with forehead and
fore part of crown, posterior half of middle wing-covert region, and
belly, plain white ; speculum metallic green anteriorly, velvety black
posteriorly ; crop plain vinaceous ; sides, flanks, scapulars, and back,
delicately waved with dusky upon a paler ground ; under tail-coverts
plain black.) (Subgenus Marcca Stephens.)
cK Adult male in tointer : Head and upper neck plain rufous, the forehead
varying from white to ochraceous; crop and sides of breast vina-
ceous ; sides, flanks, and whole back white, waved with blackish.
Male after breeding season : " Head and neck as in the old female ;
back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and wing dark ashy blackish
gray; the fore parts of the back with indistinct whitish vermic-
ulations, the rest of the back and scapulars edged with fulvous ;
■wings as in winter dress ; but the larger coverts are ashy blue-
gray, not white, the median coverts being darker with rather
lighter edges ; tail as in the winter dross ; undei'parts white ; the
upper part of the breast and flanks rusty brown ; under tail-coverts
white with a grayish tinge, and having large blackish brown central
blotches." (Dresser.) Adult female : Head and upper neck palo
rusty, speckled and barred with dusky, especially on crown ; upper
parts dusky brown, the feathers edged and more or less barred with
pale brown and whitish ; white patch on wing-coverts merely indi-
cated by white tips to feathers ; speculum grayish, without lustre ;
crop, sides, and flanks indistinctly barred with grayish brown, and
dull light rufous, or fulvous; rest of lower parts white, the lower

96 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

tail-coverts barred with brown. Young male: Similar to adult
female, but more richly colored. Length 18.00-20.00, wing 10.00-
11.00, culmen 1.35-1.45, tarsus 1.45-1.60. Eggs 2.23 X 1-53, pale
buff. Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere ; occasional
in eastern North America, and frequent in Alaska.

136. A. penelope Linn. Widgeon,
c*. Adult male : Head and upper neck whitish, thickly flecked (except on
forehead and part of crown) with blackish, the former ornamented
on each side by a broad space of bright metallic green, extending
from eye to occiput ; crop, sides, and flanks vinaceous, all excejit
tbe first waved with black ; back and scapulars grayish white
(usually tinged with vinaceous) waved with black. Adult female :
Head and neck dull whitish, streaked with dusky ; ci'op, sides, and
flanks dull vinaceous ; upper parts dusky grayish brown, irregularly
and coarsely barred with dull white, or buffy; smaller wing-coverts
dull dark grayish, tipped and edged with white. Young male :
Similar to adult female, but colors moi-e pronounced and pattern
better defined, especially the wing-markings. Downy young : Above
dark olive-brown, relieved by a spot of greenish buff on posterior
border of each wing, one on each side of back, and one on each side
of rump ; top of head and hind-neck, dark olive, like back ; rest of
head and neck, with lower parts, pale olive-buff or fulvous, the side
of the head with a dusky streak, extending from bill, through eye,
to occiput. Length 18.00-22.00, wing 10.25-11.00, culmen 1.30-1.50,
tarsus 1.45-1.65. Eggs 2.06 X 1-48, pale buff. Hab. North America
in general, breeding chiefly north of the United States ; south, in
winter, to Guatemala and Cuba.

137. A. americana Gmel. Baldpate.

Genus SPATULA Boie. (Page 85, pi. XXIII., fig. 3.)

Species.

Adult male : Head and neck dark metallic bluish green ; breast and outer
scapulars white, the former sometimes spotted with dusky ; rest of lower parts
uniform chestnut, the crissum dark metallic bluish green, bordered anteriorly by a
band of finely undulated grayish white ; wing-coverts light grayish blue, the last
row tipped with white, forming a narrow band across the wing ; speculum bright
metallic green, very narrowly tipped with white ; bill deep black, iris bright yel-
low, and feet rich orange-red in life. Adult female : Wings as in the male, but
colors rather duller; rest of plumage grayish brown, varied with brownish white,
above, the head and neck brownish white, streaked with dusky, the lower parts
similar but spotted instead of streaked; bill bi'own, the mandible orange; iris and
feet as in the male. Young male : Similar to the adult female, but colors richer, the
abdomen tinged with chestnut. Young female: Similar to the adult, but wing-cov-
erts dull slate-gray with little or no blue tinge, the speculum dusky, faintly glossed

DAFILA.

with green, and rather broadly tipped with brownish white. Downy young : Above
grayish brown, with a brownish white spot on each side of back, and a correspond-
ing pair on the rump ; pileum darker brown than nape ; rest of head and neck, with
entire lower parts, pale gra3nsh fulvous, or dull pale buflF, shaded with grayish
across jugulum ; side of head with a dark brown stripe, from upper postei'ior angle
of bill to eye, and thence back about half Avay to occiput ; beneath this a similar
stripe crossing auriculars and extending back towards nape. Length 17.00-21.00,
wing 9.00-10.00, culmen 2.60-2.90, width of bill at end 1.10-1.20, at base .60, tarsus
1.40-1.50. Eggs 2.12 X 1-48, pale olive-buff or brownish buff. Hah. Northern
hemisphere in general, breeding chiefly northward.

142. S. clypeata (Linn.). Shoveller.

Genus DAFILA Stephens. (Page 85, pi. XXIII., fig. 4.)

Species.

a}. LoAver half of head plain brown (male) or dull whitish streaked with dusky
(female) ; tail dusky or grayish, the feathers (except middle pair) with paler
edges ; lower parts white, sometimes streaked, but never spotted, with
dusky ; secondaries narrowly tipped with white or buffy ; bill lead-color with
black stripe on culmen (in mule) or entirely dusky (female). (Subgenus
Bafila.)

Adult male: Head and upper neck plain hair-brown, darker on crown, and
faintly glossed on sides of occiput with metallic green and purple ; upper
half of hind-neck black, with a white sti'ipe on each side, confluent with
the white of the crop and other lower parts ; back, sides, and flanks
finely waved with white and dusky ; longer scapulars velvety black,
edged with whitish ; tertials silvery gray^ marked with a velvety black
median sti"ipe; speculum varj-ing from dull metallic green to bronzy
purple, tipped with white, and crossed by a subterminal bar of velvety
black ; wing-coverts uniform brownish gray, the last row broadly' tipped
with cinnamon, producing a distinct bar; length about 26.00-30.00,
wing 10.25-11.20, middle tail-feathers 7.25-9.50, culmen 1.85-2.15, tarsus
1.55-1.85. Adult female : Above grayish dusky, varied with ii-regular
bars of j'cllowish white or pale ochraceous, these markings often U-
shaped ; wing much as in the male, but colors duller, the smaller cov-
erts tipped with whitish ; head and neck dingy whitish, everywhere
streaked, except sometimes on throat, with blackish ; lower parts chiefly
white, the flanks and under tail-coverts streaked with dusky ; length
21.00-23.50, wing 9.60-10.10, middle tail-feathers 4.50-5.00, culmen 1.80-
2.10, tarsus 1.65. Male in breeding plumage: Similar to adult female, but
wings as in spring and winter plumage. Young male : Similar to adult
female, but markings on upper parts more transverse, and belly some-
times (always?) streaked with dusky. Young female : Similar to young
male, but speculum pale brownish, more or less marked with dusky an-
teriorly ; lower parts everywhere thickly streaked with dusky. Downy

1«

98 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

young : Above grayish olive, with a dull white stripe along each side of
back, a white space on wing, and a yellowish white superciliaiy stripe ;
below grayish white tinged with sulphur-yellow (this deeper in younger
individuals) ; a brown stripe behind each eye, and an indistinct spot of
same over ears. Eggs 2.21 X 1-47, varying from pale brownish buiF to
pale grayish green. Hab. Northern hemisphere in general ; in North
America, breeding fi-om northern United States northward, and winter-
ing south to Cuba and Panama 143. D. acuta (Linn.). Pintail.

n^. Lower half of head, with upper foro-neek, plain white ; tail creamy buff, fading
into white at tip ; lower parts buflF, marked everywhere with roundish spots
of black, largest on sides; secondaries veiy broadly tipped with buff; basal
half of bill, on sides, pale-colored (rose-red in life) ; sexes alike. (Subgenus

Poecilonetta Eyton.*)

D. bahamensis (Linn.). Bahama Pintail. '

Genus AIX Boie. (Page 85, pi. XXIIL, fig. 5.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adnlt males with the plumage strikingly variegated
with boldly contrasted and brilliant colors ; head varied with rich metallic green
and purple and pure Avhite ; chest rich purplish chestnut ; sides of breast crossed
by a broad bar of pure white immediately followed by one of velvety black ; sides
and flanks buffy, delicately waved with black, the tips of the broad outermost
feathers broadly barred with purest white and most intense black ; bellj' white ;
upper parts varied with velvety black and various metallic hues, the outer webs
of the pr'maries hoary, passing into white at tips. Adult females with head plum-
beous or brownish gray, vai'ied with white; chest brownish, spotted with white;
upper parts without black, but with much metallic purple.

a*. Feathering at base of upper mandible extending much farther forward below

than above, the upper basal portion of the mandible forming a very deep

angle between the feathering of the forehead and that of the lores ; depth of

bill at base much gi-eater than its width ; feathers on sides of head and neck

short and velvety ; innermost tertial of normal form ; tail half as long as the

wing, graduated, the feathers very broad, and extending far beyond the

coverts. (Subgenus Aix.)

Adult male : Head metallic green, purple, and violet relieved by a pure

white line extending backward from the angle of the upper mandible

along each side of the crown and upper border of the crest; another

from behind the eye backward along the lower edge of the crest, and

two much broader transverse bars crossing the cheeks and side of neck,

respectively, and confluent with a white throat-patch ; upper parts chiefly

velvety black, varied with metallic tints of bronze, purple, blue, and

1 Poecilonntta Eyton, Monog. Annt. 1838, 1)0. Type, Anat bahameniii Linn.

> Aiiat bakameHiii Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1768, 224. Dafila bahamettM Gray, Qen. B. iii. 1840, 615.

AIX.

green ; chest rich chestnut glossed with reddish purple, and marked
with triangular white spots ; sides of breast crossed with a broad pure
white bar and a broad deep black one immediately behind it ; sides and
flanks delicately waved with black on a buff or pale fulvous ground, the
outermost' feathers beautifully ornamented with broad cresccntic bars
of pure white and velvety black ; belly white ; bill (in life) beautifully
varied with jet-black, milk-white, lilac, red, orange, and yellow ; length
about 19.00-20.50, wing 9.00-9.50, culmeu 1.40. Adult female : Feathers
round base of bill, around eye (and extending thence back to the occi-
put), chin, and whole throat, white ; rest of head leaden gray, the crown
and slightly developed occipital crest glossed with greenish ; chest
brownish, spotted with buff or whitish ; remaining lower parts chiefly
white ; upper parts chiefly grayish brown, richly glossed on wings,
scapulars, etc., Avith reddish purple and other metallic tints ; length
about 17.00-19.50. Downy young : Above dark hair-brcwn, darker, or
approaching clove-brown, on top of head and tail ; a dingy whitish bar
along posterior edge of arm-wing, and a roundish spot of same on each
side of rump ; lores, superciliary stripe, and sides of head generally,
bright suljihury buff, crossed by a broad stripe of blackish brown, from
eye to occiput ; lower parts dingy white, the sides more brownish, cross'>d
on flanks by a whitish bar. Nest in holes in trees, often at a great height
from the ground. Eggs 2.08 X 1-58, pale buff, or buffy white. Ilab.
Whole of temperate North America; Cuba; accidental in Europe.

144. A. sponsa (Linn.). Wood Duck.
Feathering at base of bill extending farther forward above than below, and
forming a straight line from the side of the forehead to the lower basal cor-
ner of the mandible ; depth of bill at base not greater than its width ;
feathers on side of neck (in adult male) much elongated, forming a conspicu-
ous ruff of soft narrow feathers ; innermost tertial with the shaft much bent,
giving the outer web of falcate form, the inner (upper) web widened into an
excessively broad sail-like oi-nament ; tail itiuch less than half as long as wing,
nearlj' even, and shorter than the lower coverts. (Subgenus Dendronessa

SWATNSON.')

Adxdt male : Smaller than A. sponsa ; similar in general stylo of coloration,
but middle upper portion of crest chestnut, lengthened feathers of sides
of neck tawny chestnut, streaked with ochraceous, whole loral region
buff, etc. Hab. Eastern Asia (domesticated extensively in China and
Japan).

A. galericulata (Linn.). Mandarin Duck.»

• Dendronessa SwAiss., F. B. A. ii. 1831, 497. Type, Anas galericulata Lisy.

» Anas galericulata Linn., 8. N. etl. 10, i. 1758, 128. Aix galericulata " Evtov, Mon. Anat. 1838."

100

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genits CAIRINA Fleming.' (Page 87.)

Species.

Adult male: Head, neck, and lower parts, uniform glossy brownish black;

tipper parts brilliant metallic blackish green, glossed with purple anteriorly and on

rump ; wing-coverts, above and below, entirely pure white ; caruncles along sides

of forehead, etc., bright pinkish red, or rose-i*ed, in life ; bill varied with blackish

and pinkish white or light rose-color; length nearly 3 feet, wing about 16.00,

tail 9.00, tarsus 2.00, or more. Adult female : Entirely brownish black, except some

of the upper greater wing-coverts, which are white ; upper parts glossed with

metallic green and purple ; length about 2 feet, wing 12.50, tail 5.50, tarsus

2.00. Hob, Tropical America, from Paraguay and southern Brazil to Mexico;

Louisiana ?

C. moschata (Lixx.). Muscovy Duck.^

Genus NETTA Kaitp. (Page 85, pi. XXIII., fig. 2.)

Species.

Adult male : Head and upper neck vinaceous-rufous, the full, soft, " bushy"
crest paler, and more ochraceous ; lower neck, stripe along hind-neck, most of the
lower parts, and rump, uniform brownish black ; back and scapulars light brown,
with a broad ti'ansverse bai*, or patch, on outer portion of scapular region ; specu-
lum chiefly white ; anterior border and under side of wing, and a very large patch
on flanks, white ; bill and feet bright vermilion-red in life; length about 21.00,
wing 10.20, eulmen 2.00. Adult female : Crest much smaller than in male ; upper
half of head and stripe down hind-neck, light hair-brown ; rest of head and neck,
with lower parts in general, pale grayish, the chest and sides more brownish ;
rump dark brownish ; no white scapular patch, and white anterior border to wing
indistinct; bill dusky or brownish^ the tip paler (pinkish in life); wing 9.90, eul-
men 1.90. Immature male : Much like the adult female, but crest still less devel-
oped, and more reddish ; under part and sides of head interspersed with cinnamon-
colored feathers ; breast, etc., mixed with black feathei'S ; white scapular patch
distinctly indicated. Downy young : Upper parts dull olive-gi'ay, lower parts and
scapular spot pale yellowish gray; lores with two olive-gray stripes, one ascending
over eye, and bordering a yellowish gray superciliary stripe, the other passing
below the eye, across cheeks and ear-coverts. Eggs 2.19 X 1-68, pale olive-buff'.
Hah. Southern and eastern Eui'ope, together with portions of Africa and Asia;
accidental in eastern United States (Fulton Market, New York City).

145. N. rufina (Pall.). Rnfons-crested Dnck.

1 Cnirina " Flgmino, Phil, of Zool. 1822, 260." Type, Aiian motchata Linn.

» Anas motchata Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 124. CaMna moachata "Plem., Philoa. Zool, 1822, 260."

AVTHVA.

101

I black;
■ and on
ig sides
blackish
t 16.00,
jpt some
ed with
\, tarsus
Mexico ;

vy Duck.'

i;9

" bushy"
st of the
t brown,
specu-
ge patch
at 21.00,
; upper
nd neck,
ownish ;
to wing
90, cul-
devel-
tinamon-
\r patch
arts and
cending
passing
ive-buff.
d Asia;

id Dnck.

, 260.'

Genus AYTHYA Boie. (Pago 85, pi. XXIV., fige. 1-3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males with the head and part of the neck uni-
form chestnut or black, the lower neck uniform black (except in a few exotic
species) ; back and scapulars waved with white and black ; speculum bluish gray,
or white, tipped with black ; lower parts white. Adult females with head, neck,
chest, and upper parts plain brownish, the head paler or whitish next the bill ;
speculum as in the male.

rt'. Culmen longer than inner toe, with claw ; bill not wider near end than at base ;
head and neck reddish in adult males,
i'. Bill much shorter than middle too without claw, its greatest width nearly
half the length of tho culmen, the end moderately depressed, and the
nail decidedly hooked. (Subgenus Aythya.)

c*. Adult male : Head and upper half of neck rich chestnut-red, glossed
with reddish purple ; lower neck, chest, upper back, rump, and tail-
coverts (above and below) black ; back, scapulars, sides, and flanks
waved or vermiculated with white and black, in nearly equal pro-
portion ; belly immaculate white. Adult female : Head and neck
gi'ayish brown, darker above, the fore part of the former lighter,
almost white on chin and upper throat; back, scapulars, chest, sides,
and flanks dull grayish brown, the feathers tipped with paler, or
fulvous. Downy young : Above ochraceous olive-brown, with an
indistinct yellowish spot behind each wing, another on the hind
border of tho arm-wing, and a third on each side of the rump ;
whole sides of head and neck, with lower parts in general, deep
buff-3'ellow, paler and duller on belly and ventral region ; no dark
markings on side of head. Length 17.00-21.00, wing 8.50-9.25,
culmen 2.05-2.25, greatest width of bill .75-.85. Eggs 2.42 X 1-73,
pale olive-buff or palo dull greenish buff. Hab. Whole of North
America, breeding from Maine and California northward.

146. A. americana (Eyt.). Bedhead.

c'. Adult male: Head and whole neck chestnut-rufous, without distinct
purple gloss ; back, scapulars, and whole lower parts, except chest
and under tail-coverts, white, everywhere finely waved or vermic-
ulated with dusky ; otherwise like A. americana, but upper man-
dible (in life) pale blue only between nostril and end, tho basal por-
tion being dusky. Adult female : Differing from tho same sex of
A. americana chiefly in tho color of the bill (hardly appreciable in
dried specimens) and in the different propoi-tions. "Wing 8.00-8.50,
culmen 2.20-2.40, greatest width of bill .70-.78. Hah. Europe, with

portions of Africa and Asia.

A. ferina (Linn.). Pochard.*

» Anai ferina Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 126. Aythya ferina Boie, Isis, 1822, 664.

102

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

6». Culmen as long as middlo too, without claw, its greatest width not more
than one-third the length of Liie eulmeii ; the end much flattened, and
nail very Hlightly hooked. (Suhgenus Aristonetta Baihd.')
Adult male: Head and neck reddiHh brown, the former blackish on top;
chest, upper back, lower rump, and upper and under tail-coverts,
black ; rest of jtlumage (except quills, etc.) white, the upper parts,
sides, flanks, and ventral region, finely waved or vermiculated with
dusky. Adult female: Head, neck, chest, and upper back, raw-
umber brown, the fore part of the head and fore-neck whitish ;
scapulans, sides, and flanks similar, but tips of the feathers vermicu-
lated with whitish. Length about 20.00-2:J.50, wing 8.75-9.25,
culmen 2.10-2.50, greatest depth of bill .75-.80. Egjs 2.48 X 1-76,
pale grayish drab or very pale grayish olive-green. Ilab. Whole
of North America, breeding iiir northward.

147. A. vallisneria (Wils.). Canvas-back.
a\ Culmen as long as outer toe, with claw ; bill wider at end than at base ; head
and neck black in adult nuiles. (Subgenus Fuligula Stephens.)
6*. Speculum white, tipped with black.

cK Back and scapulars in adult male grayish white irregularly waved or
zigzagged with black ; no pendent crest on occiput.
rf^ Flanks immaculate white.

e\ Six inner quills with a distinct white space on the inner web.
Adult male : Head, neck, and chest uniform black, the first
with a greenish gloss ; wing-coverts dusky, " grizzled" with
grayish white; bill (in life) pale grayish blue, or bluish
white, with black nail. Adult male at end of breeding sea-
son : '• Plumage resembling that of the female, but the
brown on the head and neck is blackish brown, the back is
more barred with dirty white, the beak is lighter blue, and
the eyes richer yellow." (Dresseu.) Adidt female: Head
and neck snuff-brown, the former white round base of bill ;
chest, ventral region, and lower tail-coverts pale grayish
brown, fading into white on belly, etc. ; sides and flanks
deeper bi'own ; upper parts nearly plain brownish dusky,
the wings much as in the male. Downy young : " Crown,
nape, and upper parts uniform dark olive-brown ; throat,
sides of the head, and fore part of the neck, yellowish
white ; a dull gi-ayish band crosses the lower neck, rest of
the under parts dull yellowish, the flanks grayish yellow."
(Dresser.) Length 18.00-20.00, wing 8.25-8.50 (8.42),
'5-2.05 (2.00), greatest width of bill .90-1.00

imen

• Aristonetta Baird, B. N. Am. 185S, 79.3. Typo, Anaa valliimeria WiLS, This subgenus, which was unani-
mously accepted by the A. 0. U. Committoo, was accidentally omitted from the Check List.

AVTirrA.

108

(.95), least width .70-85 (.78). Hah. Northern portions of
Old World, from western Europe to Kumtschutku.

A. marila (Linn.). Scaup Duck.'

e*. Six inner quills without distinct white Hpaces on inner wclw;

otherwiHo not appreciably different from A. viarila ; len;L;th

18.00-20.00, wing 8.25-9.00 (8.G3), culmen 1.85-2.20 (2.03),

greatest width of bill .85-1.05 (.97), least width .70-.90

(.79). E(jgs 2.5-1 X 1-71, pale buffy olive-gray. Hah. North

America in general, breeding far northward; south, in

winter, to Guatemala.

148. A. marila nearctica Stejn. American Soanp Duck.

d*. Flanks vcrmiculated or zigzagged with blackish.

eK Similar to A. marila nearctica (including absence of distinct
white spaces on six inner quills), but black of head in male
glos.sed with purplish instead of green ; length 15.00-1G.50,
wing 7.50-8.25 (7.81), culmen 1.58-1.90 (1.75), greatest
width of bill .80-.95 (.89), least width .G0-.78 (.(19). Eijgs
2.25 X 1-58, same color as in F. marila nearctica. Hah.
North America in general, breeding northward ; south, in
winter, to Guatemala and West Indies.

149. A. afRnis (Eyt.). Lesser Scaup Duck,
c'. Similar to A. affinis, but six inner quills Avith a distinct white
space on inner webs, as in A. marila. Hah. Eastern Asia
(Japan and southward).

A. affinis mariloides (Yiu.). Chinese Scaup Duck.'

c}. Back and scapulars, in adult male, black, sometimes minutely sprinkled

with whitish ; a long, pendi at occipital crest.

Otherwise, in color, much like A. marila; wing 7.60-8.10, culmen

1.85-1.90, greatest width of bill .75-.85. Hah. Northern parts

of Old World, from western Europe to Kamtschatka.

A. fuligula (LixN.). Crested Scaup Duck.'
b*. Speculum bluish gray. ~~~

Adult male : Head, neck, chest, under tail-covcrts, and upper parts black, the
head with a violet-purple gloss, and middle of neck with a more or less
distinct collar of chestnut ; chin with a triangular white spot ; bill trans-
versely banded with black, grayish white, and plumbeous. Adult female :*

1 Anna maritn LiNN., Faun. Succ. 2d ed. 1761, 39. Aijlhya marila BoiK, Isis, 1822, 664.

^ Fuliijula mariloides Via., Zool. Blossom, 1839, 31 (in text). Aythya affinis mariloides Stbjn., Orn. Expl.
KamU. 1885, 161.

» Anas fulii/ula LiNjj., S. N. od. 10, i. 1758, 128. Aythya /uliijula Stejn., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No, 29,
1885, 160.

*The female of this species resembles very closely in coloration that of the Red-head (A. americana), but
may be readily distinguished by the very diflferent proportions, the aTerago measurements of the two being
about as follows :

A. americana. Wing 8.50, culmen 1.90, greatest width of bill .85, least width .75, tarsus 1.60, middle toe
2.30.

A. OOUaris. Wing 7.50, culmen 1.80, greatest width of bill .85, least width .65, tarsus 1.35, middle toe 2.00.

mm-

mmm

104 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Top of head and back of neck dai'k brown, rest of head and neck paler,
becoming nearly or quite white antei'ioi'ly and on throat ; chest, sides,
and flanks deep fulvous brown ; breast and belly white ; upper parts
nearly uniform dull dark brown, the speculum bluish gray, as in the
male. Downy young : Above grayish brown, relieved b}'- seven spots of
light buff, as follows : A small spot in middle of upper back, a largo
patch on each side of back, another on each side of rump, and a bar
across hinder border of each wing; top of head and hind-neck deep
grayish brown ; rest of head and neck, including forehead, with lower
parts, light dingy buff, the flanks crossed by a brown transverse patch ;
side of head without any markings, except a spot of grayish brown on
ear coverts. Length 15.50-18.00, culmen 1.75-2.00, tarsus 1.30-1.45,
middle toe 2.00-2.15. Eggs 2.23 X 1-57, same color as in nearctica and
affinis. Hab. North America in general, breeding northward ; south, in
winter, to Guatemala and West Indies.

150. A. coUaris (Donoy.). Eing-necked Duck.

Genus GLAUCIONETTA Stejneger. (Page 85, pi. XXIV., fig. 4.)

Species.
Common Characters. — Adult males with head and upper neck black, glossed
with green, blue, or violet, and relieved by a white patch between bill and eye;
upper parts pied black and white, lower parts entirely white, the flanks streaked
with black. Females with head and upper neck brown, chest and part of upper
surface grayish, collar round nock and most of lower parts white ; wing dusky,
with white on wing-coverts and secondaries. Young males similar to adult females,
but white loral spot of adult more or less distinctly indicated, and gray of chest
less extensive (sometimes quite obsolete). Male in post-nuptial plumage : Similar to
young male, but wing-coverts more continuously white.

a\ Iloight of upper mandible at base, measured from point of frontal angle to
nearest point on cutting-edge, loss than distance from anterior edge of lorai
feathering to anterior end of nostril, and usually little if any greater than
distance from latter point to tip of upper mandible. Adult male : Head and
upper neck glossy greenish black, with a largo roundish or oval spot of
white on lower part of lores; white wing-patch uninterrupted by black
bands or bars. Adult female : Brown of head (usually deep hair-brown or
grayish umber) reaching down only to upper part of neck, and not so far in
front as elsewhere ; gray of chest narrower, usually less deep, and Avhito
collar broader ; gi-eator wing-coverts usually without distinct blackish tips ;
nail of bill not more than .20 wide. Downy young : Upper parts, including
upper half of head, to below eyes, broad band across chest, sides, and thighs,
uniform deep sooty brown, lighter and more grayish on chest, the upper
parts varied by about eight white spots ; chin, throat, and cheeks pure
white, in abrupt and decided contrast with the circumjacent brown; remain-
ing lower parts (except chest) grayish white.

GLAUCIONETTA.

105

wing

b\ Smaller, with relatively smaller bill. 3Iale : Length about 18.00,

8.00-9.00 (8.52), bill from tip to extremity of frontal angle 1.65-1.80
(1.73), depth of bill at base .95-1.05 (.99), width .70-.75 (.74), width of
nail .18-.20, tarsus 1.30-1.55 (1.43), middle too 2.15-2.30 (2.22). Female:
Wing 7.40-8.00 (7.72), bill from tip to frontal angle 1.40-1.60 (1.50),
depth at base .75-.85 (.81), width .60-.08 (.65), width of nail .18, tarsus
1.10-1.45 (1.32), middle toe 1.80-2.45 (2.05). Hab. Northern portions of
eastern hemisphere.

G. clangula (Linx.). Golden-eye.*
v. Larger, with relatively larger bill. Male : Length 18.50-23.00, wing 9.00-
9.30 (9.18), bill from tip to extremity of frontal angle 1.85-2.0f. (1.95),
Septh at base 1.00-1.10 (1.03), width .82-.85 (.84), width of nail .25,
tarsus 1.50-1.60 (1.57), middle toe 2.40-2.60 (2.45). Female: Length
about 16.50, wing 7.90-8.30 (8.14), bill from tip to frontal angle 1.60-
1.75 (1.64), depth at base .85-.90 (.89), width .70, width of nail .20, tarsus
1.40-1.48 (1.44), middle too 2.05-2.20 (2.12). Eggs 2.38 X 1-71, dull light
pea-green, occasionally ranging to dull pale olive-buffy. Hab. North
America generally, breeding irom Maine and Canada northward ; in
winter, south to Cuba and Mexico.

151. G. clangula americana (Bonap.). American Oolden-eye.
Height of upper mandible at base, measured from extremity of frontal angle to
nearest point on eutting-edge, equal to distance from anterior point of loral
feathering to anterior end of nostril, and much greater than from latter point
to tip of upper mandible.
Adult male : Head and upper neck glossy blue-black, with a large vortical
wedge-shaped patch of white across lores; white wing-patch crossed by
a broad bar or band of black j length 21.00-23.00, wing 9.00-9.40 (9.17),
bill from tip to frontal angle 1.65-1.80 (1.75), depth at base .95-1.10
(1.03), width .75-.85 (.81), width of nail .35, tarsus 1.50-1.60 (1.57),
middle too 2.45-2.50 (2.47). Adult female : Brown of head (usually a
deep sepia or purplish snuff-brown), descending to middle of neck, all
round ; gray of chest broadei*, and usually deeper, and white collar nar-
rower, than in same sex of O. clangula ; greater wing-coverts always (?)
distinctly tipped with blackish ; nail of bill not less than .23 wide ; wing
8.25-8.75 (8.40), bill from tip to frontal angle 1.40-1.70 (1.56), depth at
base .80-.95 (.88), width .70-.80 (.73), width of nail .23-.30 (.26), tarsus
1.30-1.60 (1.46), middle too 2.10-2.25 (2.19). Eggs 2.47 X 177, dull pea-
green or pale grayish pea-green. Hab. Northern North America, breed-
ing from Gulf of St. Lawrence and Rocky Mountains of Colorado north-
ward ; Greenland ; Iceland ; south, in winter, to New York, Illinois,
Utah, etc. ; accidental or occasional in Europe.

152. G. islandica (Gmel.). Barrow's Oolden-eye.

> Aii.j) clangula Linn., S. N. cd. 10, i. 1758, 125. Olaucionetta clangula Stej.v., Pruo. U. S. Nat. Mub. vii.
1885, 4UU.

■H

106

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus CHARITONETTA Stejneoer. (Page 85, pi. XXIV., fig. 5.)

Species.

Adult male : Head and upper neck rich silky dark metallic green, bronze, and
violet-purple, with a large patch of pure white extending from behind the eye to
and across the occiput; lower neck, lower parts, wing-coverts, secondaries, and
outer scapulars, pure white ; upper parts, except as described, black ; length 14.25-
15.25, wing 6.75-6.90, culmen 1.10-1.15. Adult female : Head, neck, and upper parts
generally dusky grayish brown ; a spot on ear-coverts, inner secondaries, and some-
times a portion of the greater wing-coverts, white ; lower parts white^ tinged an-
teriorly, laterally, and posteriorly with brownish gray; length 12.25-13.50, wing
5.90-6.00, culmen .95-1.00. Eggs 1.98 X 1-46, dull light buff. Ilab. Whole of North
America, breeding northward 153. C. albeola (Linn.). Bnffle-head.

Genus CLANGULA Leach. (Page 86, pi. XXV., fig. 4.)

Species.

Adult male in icinter : Sides of head light smoke-gray, the eyelids and rest of
head and neck, upper part of chest, and upper back, white ; a dusky patch on each
side of neck ; breast and most of upper parts black, the scapulars pale pearl-gray or
gi-ayish white ; lower parts white, the sides tinged with pearl-gray. Adult male in
summer : Fore part of head pale grayish ; eyelids and space behind eye white ; rest
of head and neck, with upper parts generally, sooty blackish or dark sooty brown,
the upper back varied with fulvous, and scapulai's edged with same ; breast and
upper belly dark sooty grayish, remaining lower parts white, shaded on sides with
pale pearl-gray. Adult female in winter: Head, neck, and lower parts chiefly
white ; top of head dusky ; chest grayish ; upper pai'ts dusky brown, the scapulars
bordered with light brownish, sometimes tipped with grayish. Adult female in sum-
mer : Head and neck dark grayish brown, with a whitish space surrounding the eye,
and another on each side of neck ; otherwise much as in winter plumage, but scapu-
lars chiefly light brown or fulvous, with dusky centres. Young : Similar to winter
female, but much more uniform above, with scarcely any lighter borders to scapulars,
the head and nock light brownish gray, darker on crown, and whitish before and
behind eye. Downy yoting : Above dark hair-brown, relieved only by a few grayish
white markings on side of head, about eye, beneath which is a distinct dusky stripe
running from the corner of the mouth to the hind-head ; lower parts white, inter-
rupted by a dark brown band across chest. Length (of male) 20.75-23.00, wing
8.50-9.00, middle tail-feathers 8.00-8.50, culmen 1.10; the female smaller (about
16.00-16.G0 long), with middle tail-feathers not conspicuously lengthened. Eggs
2.05 X 1-49, pale dull grayish pea-green, varying to dull light olive-buff. Hab,
Northern portion of northern hemisphere; in America, south, in winter, to nearly
acroas the United States 154. C. hyemalis (Linn.). Old-iquaw.

HISTRIONICUS.

107

5.)

>nze,

and
le eye to
ries, and
th 14.25-
per parts
,nd some-
nged an-
.50, wing
of North
iffle-head.

id rest of

b on each

I'l-gray or

'It male in

lite ; rest

y brown,

cast and

ides -with

chiefly

scapulars

le in sum-

f the eye,

ut scapu-

o winter

capulars,

'ore and

grayish

cy stripe

te, inter-

00, wing

(about

Eggs

■ff. Hah.

o nearly

d-iqnaw.

Genits HISTRIONICUS Lesson. (Page 86, pi. XXV., fig. 3.)

Species.
Adult male in winter : Lores and broad stripe on each side of crown, spot over
cars, short stripe down each side of hind-neck, narrow collar round lower neck,
broad bar across each side of breast, middle portion (longitudinally) of outer scap-
ulars, greater part of tertials, spot near tip of greater wing-coverts, and spot at
each side of base of tail, white ; broad stripe along each side of crown, together
with entire sides and flanks, bright rufous ; rest of plumage chiefly bluish plum-
beous, deepening into blackish along the margins of the white markings ; speculum
dark metallic violet-blue. Adult male in summer : Colors very much duller than in
the winter plumage, the pattern of which is imperfectly indicated ; speculum dull
dusky brownish gx*ay with little metallic gloss ; lower parts grayish white, spotted
with grayish brown, the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts nearly uniform gray-
ish brown. Adult female : Much like the summer male, but the head, neck, and
chest grayish brown, with a distinct white spot on the ear-covert region, and the
fore pai*t of the head (laterally) inclining to white. Young : Similar to the adult
female, but browner and more uniform above, the chest, flanks, and under tail-
coverts decidedly brownish. Length 15.00-17.50, wing 7.40-8.00, culmen 1.05-1.10.
Eggs 2.30 X 1-62, buffy white or pale buff? (Identification doubtful.) Ilab. North-
ern portion of northern hemisphere ; in Ameinca, south, in winter, to Middle Ttates,
Ohio Valley, and coast of California, breeding south to Newfoundland, northern
Eocky Mountains, and the Sierra Nevada, as far as lat. 38°.

155. H. histrionicus (Linn.). Harlequin Duck.

Genus CAMPTOLAIMUS Gray. (Page 86, pi. XXV., fig. 2.)

Species.
Adult male : Head, neck, chest, scapulars, and wings (except quills) white ;
rest of plumage, including stripe on top of head and broad ring round neck, deep
black; stiff'ened feathers of cheeks bi'ownish white. Adult female : Uniform brown-
ish gray, the wings more plumbeous; tertials silvery gray, edged with blackish;
secondaries white, pi-imaries dusky. Young male: Similar to the adult female, but
chin and throat white, and white chest of adult male strongly indicated ; greater
wing-coverts white. Length about 18.00-23.75, wing 8.50-8.90, culmen l.CO-1.70,
tarsus 1.50-1.60, middle toe 2.25-2.40. Ilab. Formerly, northern Atlantic coast of
North America, south, in winter, to Long Island, New Jersey, and the Great Lakes.
Believed to be noio nearly if not quite extinct.

156. C. labradorius (Gmel.). Labrador Duck.

Genus EN ICON ETTA Gray. (Page 86, pi. XXV., fig. 5.)

Species.
Adult male : Head and upper nock satiny white, the stiflbnod feathers of lores
and short occipital tuft olivo-groen ; space round eyes, chin, throat, lower neck (all

■RH

108

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

round), middle of back, scapulars, tertials and secondaries glossy blue-black ; scapu-
lars striped with satiny white, and tertials with inner webs wholly of this color ;
all the wing-coverts, anterior scapulars, and sides of back, pure white ; speculum
rich dark violet or violet-blue, tipped with white ; lower parts deep tawny, becom-
ing dusky or blackish on belly and fading into a more buflfy or ochreoua tint on
chest, sides, and flanks. Adult female : Above dusky and fulvous, the former pre-
vailing ; head and neck light brownish, speckled with dusky ; chest and breast light
rusty brown, irregularly spotted or barred with dusky ; belly uniform sooty brown ;
wing-coverts dusky, tipped with brownish gray; falcate tertials mostly dusky, and
speculum much less brilliant than in the male. Young : Similar to adult female,
but tertials much less falcate, and speculum dull dusky, with little if any metallic
lustre. Length 16.00-18.00, wing 8.00-8.50, culmen 1.40-1.45. Eggs 2.30 X 1.62,
varying from pale olive-buff to pale grayish olive-green or pale dull pea-green.
Hab. Arctic and subai'ctic coasts of northern hemisphere ; Aleutian Islands, east to
Unalashka, Kadiak, and Fort Kenai on the Alaskan coast.

157. E. stelleri (Pall.). Steller's Duck.

Genus ARCTONETTA Gray. (Page 87, pi. XXVI., fig. 1.)

Species.

Adult male in winter: Satiny "pad" encii'cling eye, dull vvulte, bordered ante-
riorly and postei'iorly by a vertical black lino ; lores and forehead covered by a
"cushion" of stiflFcned feathers (like the -'pile" of velvet plush), whitish anteriorly,
shading into olive-green and this into light greenish buff; crown and occiput cov-
ered by a cowl or hood of pendent, stiffened, hair-liko feathers of a light olive-
green color ; a broad stripe of darker green beneath the eye ; rest of head and neck
white ; lower parts, rump, etc., plain plumbeous drab, or dark smoky gray ; entire
back, scapulars, wing-coverts (except greater), falcate tertials, and patch on each
side of rump, yellowish white ; bill orange (in life). Adult female : Above barred
with light fulvous and black; lower parts similar, the abdomen, however, plain
grayish brown ; head and neck light grayish buff, finely streaked with dusky, the
throat, however, nearly immaculate; wings grayish brown, the greater coverts
and secondaries indistinctly tipped with whitish. Length about 21.50, wing 10.00,
culmen 1.00. Eggs 2.57 X 1-77, pale olive-buff, varying to pale grayish olive-green
or pea-green. Hab. Coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound to Point Barrow.

158. A. fischeri (Brandt). Speotaoled Eider.

Genus SOMATERIA Leach. (Page 87, pi. XXV., fig. 6; pi. XXVI., fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males with the plumage pied black and white
(the lower parts chiefly black, the upper surface mostly white), the breast more
buff or cream-colored, the head varied with light green, black, etc. Females and
young with the plumage barred with dusky and pale fulvous or rusty, the head and

SOMATERIA.

109

neck streaked with the same. Length about 20.00-26.00. Eggs pale olive-buff, palo
dull olive-green or grayish pea-green.

a}. Anterior point of feathering on forehead reaching only about half-way from the
point of the naked angle on side of forehead to nostril ; feathering of lores
extending forward to at least beneath the posterior end of the nostril;
adult males with scapulars and tertials white, the top of head chiefly black.
(Subgenus Somateria.)
6*. Distance from anterior point of loral feathering to extremity of naked angle
on side of forehead, much greater than from same point to tip of upper
mandible ; adult male without any black on throat,
c*. Adult male with angle on side of forehead narrow and pointed ; black
of head bordered beneath by pure white, except at posterior
extremity only.
dK Adult male with bill dull grayish olive in life, the breast deeper,
more vinaceous, buff, the tertials less falcate; bill from poste-
rior end of nostril 1.65, angle from anterior extremity of loral
feathering to extreme point 1.46, depth of upper mandible (at
frontal apex) .92. Adult female with bill much heavier than in
the next, with nail larger and more strongly hoo.<ed ; bill from
posterior border of nostrils 1.47-1.53, angle 1.38-1.43, depth of
upper mandible .80-.90. Ifab. Northern Europe.

S. mollissitna (Link.). Eider.*
d". Adult male with bill orange-yellowish in life, the breast paler buff,
the tertials more strongly falcate ; bill from posterior end of
nostril not more than 1.55, angle 1.38-1.52, its width across
middle not more than .30, depth of upper mandible .90-1.03.
Adult female : Bill from nostril 1.30-1.50, angle 1.20-1.40, depth
of upper mandible 0.78-0.95. Doicny young : Above grayish
brown, fading gradually into paler grayish on lower parts, the
abdomen inolining to gi'ayish white ; chin and a broad super-
ciliary stripe palo brownish, in strong contrast with a dark
brown stripe on side of head. Eggs 2.97 X 1-97. Hab. Eastern
Arctic America, including Greenland ; south to northern Lab-
rador in summer and to northern border of United States in
winter.

159. S. moUissima borealis (Brehm). Greenland Eider.'

c". Adult male with angle on side of forehead broad and rounded ; black of

head bordered beneath by pale green for nearlj' its entire length.

Bill from posterior end of nostril 1.35-1.48, angle from anterior

extremity of loral feathering 1.75-2.00, its width across middle

1 For references, see No. 159, A. 0. U. Cheek List: the Amerionn bird proves to be not the true S. mollhuima,
however, but a fairly distinguishable race, chariicterijtod as above.

* Pfatt/pui bnrenfiiiC. L. nnKHH, Lehrb. Burop. Vtig. 1824, 813. Sotnateria molliitlma borealU A. E. Brehm,
Ver«. Samml. Bur. V8g. 1866, 14.

mmmmm

110 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

not less than .45, depth of upper mandible at frontal apex
1.00-1.28. Adult female : Bill from posterior end of nostril 1.32,
angle 1.87 (width .22), depth of uj^per mandible .78. Eggs 2.97
X 2.01. Hab. Atlantic coast of North America, from Maine to
Newfoundland and southern Labrador; south, in winter, to the
Delaware and the Great Lakes.

160. S. dresseri Sharpe. American Eider.

6". Distance from anterior extremity of loral feathering to extremity of naked

angle on side of forehead, less than distance from same point to tip of

ujiper mandible ; adult male with a V-shaped mark of black on throat.

Plumage otherwise essentially as in S. mollissima and S. dresseri ; bill

of adult male bright orange or orange-red in life, with paler tip.

Male: Wing 11.75-12.75, culmen 1.80-2.20, length of bill to point

of basal angle 2.50-3.10, greatest width of angle .20-30, tarsus 2.00-

2.30. Female : Wing 1 1.50-12.50, length of bill to point of basal

angle 2.50-2.65. Eggs 2.96 X 1-96. Hab. Northwestern America,

east to Great Slave Lake ; northeastern Asia.

161. S. v-nigra Gray. Pacific Eider.
ft". Anterior point of feathering on forehead reaching as far forwai'd as posterior
end of nostril, the loral feathering extending only about half as far. Adult
male with scapulars and tertials black, the top of the head light bluish gray ;
lateral base of upper mandible, in adult male, enlarged into a very conspicu-
ous bi'oad lobe, the width of which at widest part exceeds the depth of upper
mandible at anterior end of nostril. (Subgenus Erionetta Coues.)
Adult male with a V-shaped mark of black on throat, as in S. v-nigra. Fe-
male and young hardly different in plumage from other species, but very
readily distinguishable by different outline of feathering at base of upper
mandible, as pointed out above. Wing 10.50-11.25, bill to end of basal
lobe 1.20-1.30 in male, about 2.00 in female, tarsus 1.80-1.86. Eggs 2.77
X 183. Hab. Northern portions of northern hemisphere ; south, in
winter, to New Jersey and the Great Lakes.

162. S. spectabilis (Linn.). King Eider.

Genus OIDEMIA Fleming. (Page 86, pi. XXVIL, figs. 1-4.)

Species.
Common Characters. — Adult males uniform black, with or without white
speculum, and with or without white patches on head ; bill brightly colored in life
with tints of yellow, orange, or red, but partly black. Adxdt females plain brown-
ish, lighter and more grayish beneath, the white head-markings of the male (if
any) indistinctly indicated.

rt'. Length of commissure much less than inner too, without claw ; adult males
entii'ely uniform black ; bill of adult male much swollen on top at base ;
distance from anterior end of nostril to nearest feathers of forehead greater
than distance from same point to tip of bill. (Subgenus Oidemia.) •

OIDEMIA.

Ill

6'. Nail of bill much flattened, scarcely hooked at tip. Adult male: Bill black,
with a yellow or orange spot on culmen immediately in front of the
basal knob. Adult female : Above soot}'^ brown, beneath paler, inclining
to light grayish brown on breast and belly ; bill wholly dusky, the basal
half of the culmen level, or scarcely if at all elevated at base. Win"
8.00-9.20, culmen 1.90, depth of upper mandible at base .98-1.00 in male,
.50 in female, tarsus 1.50-1.60. Hub. Northern portions of eastern hemi-
sphere.

O. nigra (Linn.). European Scoter.*
i*. Nail of bill distinctly ai'ched, and decidedly hooked at tip. Adult male :
Basal half of upper mandible, including whole of knob, yellow or
orange ; rest, including entire edge, black. Adult female : Above dusky
grayish brown, the feathers of dorsal region with paler tips; lower
parts paler grayish brown, the lighter tips broader, though want-
ing on the posterior portions; lateral and undei*-parts of head nearly
uniform light gi-ayish brown, in decided contrast with dark brown of
pileum and nape ; bill uniform blackish. Yotinr/ : Much like adult
female, but lighter beneath, where indistinctly barred (mostly beneath
the surface) with grayish brown. Length 17.00-21.50, wing 8.75-9.50,
culmen 1.65-1.80, depth of upper mandible at base .85-.95 in male, .70
in female, tarsus 1.65-2.00. Eggs 2.55 X 1-80, pale dull buff or palo
brownish buff. Hah. North America, breeding northward ; in winter,
south to New Jersey, the Great Lakes, and California.

163. O. americana Sw. & Rich. American Scoter.
Length of commissure much more than length of inner toe without claw.
6'. Feathering of head advancing much farther forward on lores than on fore-
head ; sides of upper mandible at lower portion of base sunken ; wing
with a white speculum, (Subgenus Melanitta Boie.)
c'. Loral feathers separated from nostril by a space nearly or quite
equal to length of nostril ; male with lower part of swollen basal
portion of upper mandible, on sides, unfeathered ; sides of bill
orange-yellow in life ; basal portion of culmen elevated but not
forming an abrupt knob ; plumage uniform black, or brownish
black, relieved by a white wing-speculum and a white patch be-
neath and behind eye. Adxdt female: Sooty grayish, or dusky
grayish brown, darker above; wing with a white speculum, but no
white on head ; bill wholly dusky. Downy young : " Crown, nape,
hind-neck, and sides of the head to a line from the base of the
lower mandible deep brown; a small white spot below the eye;
upper parts uniform dark brown with an olivaceous tinge; a small
white patch of down on the wings ; under-piii'ts white, the ui:)per
breast crossed by a dull brown band." (Dresser.) Length about
21.00, wing 10.65-11.40, culmen 1.40-1.70, depth of upper mandible

> Ana» nigra Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 123. Oidemia nigra Flbu., Brit. Anim. 182S, 119.

112

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

i:i

at base 1.10-1.30, tarsus 1.80-2.10. Eggs 2.87 X 1-92, pale cream-
color. Hob. Northern portiorts of eastern hemisphere ; accidental in

Greenland 164. O. fusca (Linn.). Velvet Scoter.

(?. Loral feathering separated from nostrils bj'' a space much narrower
than length of nostril; male with swollen lateral base of upper
mandible entirely feathered, the sides of bill bright red or orange-
red in life.
d}. Width of bill at widest part equal to or greater than distance
from nostril to tip, the lateral outlines stronglj' convex ; knob
with anterior outline sloping backward ; distance from frontal
feathering to where outline of knob begins to incline down-
ward not more than .45 ; sides of bill, in life, orange-red ;
plumage as in 0. fusca. Length 19.75-23.00, wing 10.65-11.40,
eulmen 1.40-1.70, depth of upper mandible at base 1.10-1.30,
tarsus 1.80-2.10. Eggs 2.68 X 1-83, pale dull buff, varying to
cream-color. Hab. Northern North America ; south, in winter,
to Chesapeake Bay, the Great Lakes, and southern California.
165. O. deglandi Bonap. White-winged Scoter.
(P. Width of bill at widest pai't less than distance from nostril to tip,
the lateral outlines nearly parallel ; knob of male with anterior
outline decidedly concave, the top forming a more or less con-
spicuous projection ; distance from frontal feathers along top
of knob to anterior extremity not less than .55 ; sides of bill
bright red in life ; plumage as in O. fusca and O. deglandi, but
b]{ick usually much more intense. Uab. Northeastern Asia
(Kamtschatka to Japan).

O. stejnegeri Ridqw. Kamtschatkan Scoter.'

b\ Feathering of head advancing much farther forward on forehead than on

lores ; sides of bill at base with swollen portion entirely naked ; wing

without white speculum. (Subgenus Pelionetta Kaup.)

Adult male : Uniform deep black, the lower parts more sooty ; a patch

on forehead and another on hind-neck, pure white (one or the other

of them occasionally absent) ; bill reddish in life, the swollen base,

on each side, marked with a conspicuous large spot of jet-black ;

length about 20.00-22.00, wing 9.25-9.75, eulmen 1.30-1.60, tarsus

1.55-1.85. Adult female : Top of head and hind-neck dusky; rest

of head grayish brown, usually with an indistinct whitish patch

near corner of mouth ; upper parts dusky, the feathers sometimes

with paler tips ; lower parts grayish brown, paler on belly, the

feathers of breast and sides tipped with dull whitish ; bill wholly

dusky, scarcely swollen at base; length about 18.00-19.00. Young :

Similar to adult female, but side of head with two quite distinct

whitish patches, one near base of bill, the other over ears ; color of

1 New species. (—0. deglandii Stejk., Cm. Expl. Kamtsoh. 1885, 174.)

ERISMATURA.

113

upper parts more uniform, and plumage everywhere of softer
texture. Eggs 2.47 X 1-70, pale buff, or pale creamy buff. Hah.
North America in general, breeding far northward; south, in winter,
to Jamaica, the Carolinas, Ohio River, and Lower California ; acci-
dental in Europe 166. O. perspicillata (Linn.). Surf Scoter.

Genus ERISMATURA Bonaparte. (Page 87, pi. XXVI., fig. 4.)

Species.

Common Chabacters (of American species). — Adxdt males with upper parts
uniform rich reddish chestnut ; head partly or entirely black, the bill fine light
blue in life. Females and young, dull grayish brown above, finely mottled (some-
times indistinctly barred) with paler; sides of head dull whitish, crossed by a
longitudinal dusky bar or band.

a\ "Width of bill near end .90-.95.

Adxdt male : Above, including neck, bright reddish chestnut ; top of head
black ; entire side of head, below eyes, white ; lower parts, from chest back,
whitish (the feathers dark brownish gray immediately beneath the sur-
face, and this sometimes completely exposed by wearing away of the
light-colored tips), sometimes overlaid by a bright rusty wash or stain.
Adult female and young male : Above grayish brown, finely mottled and
sometimes indistinctly barred with grayish buff; top of head darker;
rest of head grayish white, crossed longitudinally by a stripe of mottled
brownish, from corner of mouth to ear-coverts; neck pale brownish
gray, lower parts dull whitish (on surface). Downy young : Above dark
smoky brown, darker on head ; a whitish spot on each side of back ; be-
low eye, from bill to occiput, a stripe of brownish white, and beneath
this a narrower one of dusky brown, confluent with the brown of the
nape ; beneath, grayish white, shading into sooty brown on chest.
Length about 13.50-16.00, wing 5.75-6.00, culmen about 1.50-1.60.
Eggs 2.42 X 1-80, oval or ovoid, white or pale buffy, with finely but dis-
tinctly granulated surface. Hab. Temperate North America, south to
New Granada and West Indies.

167. E. rubida (Wils.). Raddy Duck.

a\ Width of bill near end only .70-.85.

Adult male: Head and neck (except lower half of latter in front) uniform
black ; rest of plumage essentially as in corresponding stage of E. rubida.
Adult female: Similar to same sex of ^. rubida, but darker and very dis-
tinctly barred on the sides and upper parts with light fulvous or buffy.
Hab. Southern South America.

B. ferruginea Ettoit. Ferruginous Duck.'

' EaUmatura ferruginea Eyton, Mon. Anat. 1338, 170.
15

114

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus NOMONYX Ridgway. (Page 87, pi. XXVI., fig. 2.)

Species.

Adult male : Foro-part and top of head, black ; rest of head, with neck, dark
rusty cinnamon ; back and sides rusty, striped with black ; belly, etc., yellowish
rusty, the feathers occasionally showing dusky centres ; wings brown, with a con-
spicuous white speculum on greater coverts. Immature {?) male : Top of head, two
stripes on side of head, and general color of upper parts, dull black ; spaces between
head-stripes, also cheeks and chin, dull white; neck and chest rusty chestnut,
sometimes with a purplish tinge ; rest of lower parts dull ochraceous, the feathers
with concealed dusky central spots ; middle and greater wing-coverts, basal portion
of secondaries, and whole of axillars, white ; back and scapulars varied with bars
and borders of rusty. Adult female : Similar to the preceding, but black less intense
and more broken, the rusty paler (sometimes replaced by ochraceous) and spotted
with black; belly dull ochraceous white, and wing-speculum smaller. Length
about 12.00-14.50, wing about 5.50-5.75, tail 3.50^.50, culmen 1.30-1.37. Hub.
Tropical America in general, including the West Indies ; accidental in the eastern
United States (Lake Champlain, New York, and Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin).

125. N. dbminicus (Linn.). Masked Duck.

Genus CHEN Boie. (Page 87, pi. XXVIII., figs. 1, 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult with whole head and at least part of the neck
white* (in two of the three species the plumage entirely white, except quills, which
are blackish) ; the bill dull purplish red (in life), with whitish nail, and feet pur-
plish red. Young with head and neck grayish, the rest of the plumage either
chiefly grayish brown or else striped with grayish on a whitish ground ; bill and
feet dusky.

a^. Bill very robust, the commissure widely gaping, and enclosing a broad blackish

space, extending from the corner of the mouth nearly to the tip of the bill ;

feathering at base of upper mandible, along each side, having a very convex

outline ; culmen 1.95 or more.

b\ Plumage chiefly grayish brown, the rump (usually) and wing-coverts bluish

gray.

Adult : Head and part of neck, and sometimes rump and part of lower

surface, white ; greater wing-coverts and secondaries (including

tertials) edged with white. Young : Similar to adult, but head and

neck uniform deep grayish brown, only the chin being white.

Length 26.50-30.00, wing 15.00-17.00, culmen 2.10-2.30, tarsus 3.00-

' In some specimens the head more or less stained with bright rusty, or orange-rufous, from contact with
ferruginous matter.

ANSER.

115

contact with

3.30, middle toe 2.15-2.50. Hab. Interior of North America, east of
Eocky Mountains, breeding on the eastern shores of Hudson's Bay;
migrating south, in winter, through Mississippi Valley to the Gulf
coast ; occasional on Atlantic coast.

— . C. caerulescens (Linn.). Blue Ooose.'
b"*. Plumage of adult entirely white, except primaries and their coverts; young
grayish white, the upper parts striped with dusky grayish.

Adult : Uniform pure white, the head often stained with rusty ; pri
marics black, becoming grayish basally, their coverts, and the
alulae, ash-gray. Young : Head, neck, and upper parts pale grayish,
the feathers of the latter with whitish edges and (especially wing-
coverts and tertials) striped medially with darker; rump, upper
tail-coverts, tail, and lower parts plain white,
c*. Length about 23.00-28.00, wing 14.50-17.00 (16.36), culmcn 1.95-
2.30 (2.15), tarsus 2.80-3.25 (3.01), middle toe 2.00-2.50 (2.34).
Eggs 3.13 X 2.12. Hab. Western North America, breeding in
Alaska ; migrating south, in winter, to southern California and
Mississippi Valley ; northeastern Asia.

169. C. hyperborea (Pall.). Lesser Snow Ooose.
<?. Length about 30.00-38.00, wing 17.35-17.50 (17.42), culmen 2.55-
2.70 (2.63), tarsus 3.15-3.50 (3.28), middle toe 2.60-2.80 (2.70).
Hab. Eastern North America ; breeding grounds unknown, but
probably arctic regions east of Mackenzie River ; United States
(Mississippi Valley to Atlantic coast) only during migrations
and in winter.
169a. C. hyperborea nivalis (Forst.). Greater Snow Goose,
a*. Bill comparatively weak, the commissure not gaping, and not enclosing a dis-
tinct blackish space ; feathering at base of upper mandible, along each side,
forming a nearly straight, oblique line ; culmen 1.70 or less.

Adult with basal portion of upper mandible often wrinkled and warty;
plumage, at all ages, as in G. hyperborea, but young rather lighter in
color, with the darker stripes of upper parts less strongly contrasted;
length 20.00-26.00, wing 13.75-15.50, culmen 1.50-1.70, tarsus 2.30-3.00,
middle toe 1.80-2.05. Hab. Interior of Arctic America in summer; mi-
grating south, in winter, to southern California, and eastward to Mon-
tana 170. C. rossii (Baird). Ross's Snow Goose.

Genus ANSER Brisson. (Page 87, pi. XXVIII., fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Plumage brownish, the feathers of back, etc., with
lighter tips ; lower parts pale brownish gray or grayish white, becoming pure
white on under tail-coverts ; upper tail-coverts white ; tail dusky, tipped with white.

^ References given on page 351 (" Hypothetical List") of the A. 0. U. Cbecic List. It is, however, beyond
question a good species.

HiH

116 • NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

a\ Culmen not more than 2.30, tarsus less than 3.00.

Adult : Foro part of head, all round, to about half way across lores and
forehead, white ; rest of head grayish brown (darkest next the white),
as arc also the neck and upper parts, the latter varied by distinct gray-
ish tips to the feathers ; lower parts grayish white, blotched or irregu-
larly spotted with black; anal region, crissum, and tail-coverts white;
greater wing-coverts ash-gray tipped with white ; secondaries blackish
edged with white ; bill light colored (yellowish or orange in life), with
white nail ; feet light-colored (orange or reddish in life). Young :
Similar to adult, but fore-part of head dusky instead of white, lower
parts without black markings, and nail of bill dusky.
b\ Length about 28.00, wing 14.75-16.00, culmen 1.60-1.75, depth of upper
mandible at base about .90, width .85-1.05, tarsus 2.25-2.80. Eggs
3.06 X 2.03. Hob. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere ; south-
eastern Greenland?. 171. A. albifrons (Gmel.). White-fronted Ooose.
b*. Length 27.00-30.00, wing 14.25-17.50, culmen 1.80-2.35, depth of upper
mandible at base .90-1.20, width .85-1.05, tarsus 2.60-3.20. Eggs
3.16 X 2.07. Hnb. North America, breeding far northward ; in

winter, south to Mexico and Cuba 171a. A. albifrons gambeli

(IIartl.). American White-fronted Ooose.
ft*. Culmen more than 2.30, tarsus more than 3.00.

Adult : Head and neck grayish brown ; upper parts brownish gray, the
feathers tipped with grayish white ; rump blackish brown, lower parts
brownish gray, becoming white posteriorly, the upper tail-coverts and
sides of rump also white ; bill chiefly light-colored (orange in life ?), the
nail, culmen, and basal half of lower mandible black ; feet light-colored
(orange-yellowish in life) ; length about 30.00-32.00, wing 18.50, or less,
culmen 2.35, tarsus 3.10. Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemi-
sphere ; said to have occurred in Canada and at Hudson's Bay (fide
Nuttall). • - A. segetutn (Gmel.). Bean Goose.^

Genus BRANTA Scopoli. (Page 87, pi. XXVIII., fig. 4.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Bill and feet entirely deep black, at all ages ; head and
neck black, one or the other, or both, relieved by white patches ; tail-coverts
white; tail and quills unifoi'm black; upper parts brownish, the feathers with
lighter tips; lower parts (from thighs forward) grayish white (in B. leucopsis only),
grayish, brownish, or dusky.

a}. Head partly white.

6*. Head black, with a somewhat triangular whitish patch on each cheek,
usually confluent on throat, but sometimes separated by a black throat-
stripe ; chest grayish or brownish, like breast and belly.

1 Anat legetum Quel., S. N. i. 1788, 612. Anter segetum Metkr, Tosohb. ii. 1810, 554.

BRANTA.

117

c'. Lower parts light brownish gray, fading gradually into white on anal

region ; white eheolc-patches usually contluont on throat ; white collar

round lower neck usually wanting, rarely distinct.

d}. Larger (wing usually more than 16.00, culmen usually more than

1.75) ; tail-feathers usually 18-20 ; length about 35.00-43.00,

wing 15.60-21.00, culmen 1.55-2.70, tarsus 2.45-3.70. Eggs

3.55 X 2.27. Hab. Temperate North America, breeding chiefly

within the United States.

172. B. canadensis (Linn.) Canada Ooose.
cP. Smaller (wing usually less than 16.00, culmen usually less than
1.75) ; length about 25.00-34.00, wing 14.75-17.75, culmen 1.20-
1.90, tarsus 2.25-3.20. Eggs 3.18 X 2.10. Hub. Arctic and sub-
arctic America; south, in winter, through United States, chiefly
west of Alleghanies; northeastern Asia (Japan to eastern

Siberia) 172a. B. canadensis hutchinsii (Sw. & Eicii.).

Hutohins's Ooose.
c*. Lower parts deep grayish brown or brownish gray (often not con-
spicuously paler than upj^cr parts), abruptly defined against white
of anal region ; white cheek-patches usually separated by a black
throat-stripe, or black mottling on throat ; white collar round lower
neck usually very distinct,
i'. Larger (wing more than 16.00, culmen more than 1.25) ; tail-
feathers u.sually 18-20; length about 35.00; wing 16.25-18.1 •<»
culmen 1.40-1.65, tai'sus 3.05-3.25. Hab. Northwest co;i
of North America, north to Sitka ; south, in winter, to Cali-
fornia 1726. B. canadensis occidentalis (Baird).

White-cheeked Ooose.
cP. Smaller (wing less than 16.00, culmen less than 1.25) ; tail-feathers
usually 14-16; length about 23.00-25.00, wing 13.60-14.50,
culmen 0.95-1.15, tarsus 2.40-2.75. Eggs 3.02 X 2.00. Hab.
Pacific coast of North America, breeding chiefly about the
shores of Norton Sound and the lower Yukon ; south, in winter,
to California, and, more rarely, to upper Mississippi Valley (Wis-
consin, etc.).

173c. B. canadensis minima Eidqw. Cackling Ooose.
6'. Head mostly white, the lores, occiput, neck, and chest (sometimes back
also) black. Above bluish gray, the feathers marked with a broad sub-
terminal bar of black and a narrow terminal bar of white ; lower parts
grayish white, the sides and flanks brownish gray, the feathers with
whitish tips; length 23.50-28.00, wing 14.90-16.90, culmen 1.10-1.45,
tarsus 2.50-3.00. Eggs 3.71 X 2.38. Hab. Northern Europe ; occasional
on Atlantic coast of North America (Hudson's Bay to North Carolina).

175. B. leucopsis (Bechst.). Barnacle Ooose.
2'. Head entirely black.

b*. Middle of nock with a patch of white streaks on each side ; upper parts

118 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

brownish gray, the feathers narrowly tipped with grayish white ; lower
parts pale grayish, in conspicuous and abrupt contrast with black of
chest, and gradually fading into the white of anal region and crissum.
Young : Similar to adult, but wing-coverts and secondaries broadly
tipped with white, forming conspicuous bars ; white on sides of neck
reduced to small specks ; lower parts paler and more uniform. Length
23.50-30.50, wing 12.30-13.60, culmen 1.20-1.50, tarsus 2.10-2.40. Eg<js
2.92 X 2.02. Hah. Sea-coasts of Europe and eastern North America,
breeding only within the Arctic circle ; casual or occasional in upper
Mississippi Valley during winter.

173. B. bernicla (Linn.). Brant.
6*. Middle of neck encircled by a broad white collar, interrupted only behind ;
upper parts nearly uniform dark sooty brown ; lower parts dark sooty
slate, not distinctly, if at all, contrasted with black of chest, but
abruptly defined against white of anal region and crissum. Young :
Similar to adult, but collar indistinct or obsolete, the larger wing-
coverts and secondaries broadly tipped with white, and feathers of
sides and flanks uniform brownish gray, without white tips. Length
22.00-29.00, wing 12.70-13.50, culmen 1 20-1.35, tarsus 2.20-2.50. Eggs
2.87 X 1-87. Hab. Western Arctic Amex'ica, migrating south, in winter,
along Pacific coast to Lower California, and very rarely straggling to
Atlantic coast (Long Island).

174. B. nigricans (Lawb.). Black Brant.

Genus PHILACTE Bannister. (Pago 88, pi. XXVIII,, fig. 4.)

Species.

Adult: Head and hind-neck white, the former frequently stained with orango-
rufoua; throat and nock (except behind) plain dusky; basal half of tail slate-color,
terminal half white; rest of plumage bluish gray, handsomely barred with black
and white, these markings very sharply contrasted on upper parts, but much less
distinct on lower, which are more or less tinged with fulvous. Young: Similar to
adult, but with head and whole neck dusky, the former speckled, especially on top,
with white; mark'no;? in general less distinct than in adult. Length about 26.00,
wing 14.30-15.7'j, culmen 1.40-1.66, tarsus 2.60-2.85, middle toe 2.40-2.50. Eggs
3.16 X 2.12. Uah. Coast of Alaska, north of the peninsula, chiefly about the shores
of Norton Sound and valley of the lower Yukon.

176. P. canagica (Sevast.). Emperor Goose.

Genus DENDROCYGNA Swainson. (Pago 87, pi. XXV., fig. 4.)

Species.

a}. Plumage much spotted or speckled, without large areas of uniform color.

Above dull brown, the feathers paler at tips; nock streaked with pale

DENDROCYQNA.

119

te ; lower

black of

crissum.

1 broadly

3 of neck

Length

to. Eg<js

America,

in upper

). Erant.

Y behind ;

irk Booty

host, but

Young :

;er

wing-

athers of

Length

50. Eggs

in winter,

ggling to

ick Brant.

h ornnge-
ate-color,
ith black
nuoh less
Similar to
y on top,
Hit 26.00,
50. Eggs
ho shores

ror Goose.
I)

or.

Yith pale

fulvous and dusky ; lower parts dull whitish, irregularly spotted with
black. Hab. West Indies (Jamaica and St. Croix).

D. arborea Linn. Tree-duck.^
a\ Plumage chiefly uniform, in distinctly defined areas of different colors.

b\ Belly plain light tawny-cinnamon, or fulvous, the flanks striped with

paler.

Adult : Back and scapular region black, the feathers tipped with ful-
vous or cinnamon; upper tail-coverts white ; head and neck plain
tawny, like lower parts, the top of head and hind-neck darker;
bill black ; length about 20.00-21.00, wing 8.10-8.90, culmen 1.65-
1.95, tarsus 2.10-2.40, midd'e too 2.30-2.80. Hab. Tropical and
subtropical North America, north to California, Nevada, and Louisi-
ana ; also, southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentine llepublic.

178. D. fulva (Gmel.). Fulvous Tree-duck.
b*. Belly uniform black.

c*. Under tail-coverts white, spotted with black ; bill light-colored (red in
life); above reddish brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts
black.
d^. Adult: Lower part of neck, all round, and chest, reddish brown, or
cinnamon, like the back. Young : Similar, but pattern of color-
ation much less distinct, and colors duller ; the reddish brown
raplaced by dingy grayish, tinged with rusty, the belly, flanks,
etc., grayish white, tinged with dusky; bill and feet dusky.
Downy young : Above blackish brown, varied by lai'gc, sharply
defined areas of sulphury buff; lower parts pale buff-yellow,
the belly whitish. Length 19.75-24.00, wing 9.20-9.70, cul-
men 1.90-2.15, tarsus 2.25-2.60, middle too 2.25-2.70. Eggs
2.12 X 1-56, white, sometimes tinged with pale olive greenish or
buffy. I£ab. Middle America, including Rio Grande Valley in
Texas.

177. D. autumnalis (Linn.). Black-bellied Tree-duck.
d*. Adult: Lower part of nock, all round, including chest, brownish
gray, abruptly contrasted' with the chestnut-brown of the back.
Hab. Northern South America.

D. discolor Scl. & Salv. Colombian Tree-duck.*
c'. Under tail-covorts uniform black.

Adidt: Chest and lowe> •>art of neck, all round, rich chestnut;
sides yellowish whiti , b red with blackish ; fore part of head
white ; rest of head, and upper part of neck, black, with a white
prtch on fore-neck. Hab. Eastern South America and western
Africa.

D. viduata (Linn.). Brazilian Tree-duck.>

1 .4iin» arborea LiNS., S. N. ed. 12, i. 17M, 207. Dcnrlmci/ijna arboren EvT., Mon. Anat IS.IS, 110.

' Deniirori/gna dincolor Sri„ A 8 At, v., N'>m. Nootr. 1873, 101.

' Altai viduata LiKN., S. N, oJ. 12, i. 176^, 205. Dtndrocygna viduata Err., Mon. Anra. 1838, 110,

■■

120

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus OLOR Wagler. (Pagj 88, pi. XXIX., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adults with whole plumage pure white, the head often
stained with rusty ; bill either entirely black, or black and yellow ; iris dark brown ;
feet black. Young ashy, sometimes tinged with brownish, the bill flesh-color (or at
least partly of this color), and feet grayish, or whitish. Eggs white or buffy
white.

rt'. Distance from the anterior corner of the eye to posterior end of the nostrils
much greater than from the latter point to the tip of the bill.
6*. Basal portion of bill and entire lores yellow in adult.

c\ Yello V of bill surrounding nostrils ; wing 23.00 or more, and culmen 4.00
or more ; length about 4J-5 feet, extent 7-8 feet, wing 23.00-26.00,
culmon (including naked space on forehead) 4.00-4.75, tarsus 4.00,
middle toe 5.00-6.00. Eggs 4.28 X 2.88. Mab. Northern parts of
eastern hemisphere; occasional in southern Gi*eenland.

175. O. cygnus (Linn.). Whoopiiig Swar.

c". Yellow of bill not extending as far forward as the nostrils ; win r mss

than 23.00, and culmen not more than 3.50; length less Ihun •' feet,

extent about 6 feet, wing 20.00, culmen 3.50, tai'sus less than 4.00,

middle too 4.50. Hab. Northern portions of eastern horaisphei-o.

O. bewickii (Yarr.). Bewick's Swan.'*
b\ Basal portion of bill, with lores, black, the latter usually with a small
yellow spot.

Length about 4J feet, extent 7 feet, wing 21.00-22.00, culmen 3.80-
4.20, tarsus 4.00-4.32, middle too 5.40-5.90. Eggs 4.19 X 2.72. Hab.
North America in general, breeding far northwar 1 ; casual west to
Commander Islands, Kamtschatka : accidental in Scotland.

180. O. columbianus (Ord). Whibtling Swan.
a'. Distance from anterior corner of eye to posterior end of nostril not greater than

from the latter point to the tip of the bill.

Bill and lores entirely black ; length 5-5} feet, extent 8 to nearly 10 fc ,
wing 21 00-27.50, culmen 4.30-4.70, tarsus 4.54-4.95, middle toe 6.00
6.50. £"(7,(75 4.46x2.92. jHaft. Interior of North America, more rare or
less generally distributed toward the Pacific coast, rare or casual along
the Atlantic coast ; breeding from Iowa and Dakota northward.

181. O. buccinator (Eich.). Trumpeter Swan.

> Ci/gnu» bcioiokii Yarb., Trans. Linn. Soo. xvi. 1830, 453. Olir betoickii Stejn. Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. v.,
1882, 201.

PH(ENICOPTER US.

12i

the nostrils

Order ODONTOGLOSS.E.-The Lamel-

LIROSTRAL GrALLATORES. (Page 1.)

Fainilies.

(Characters samo as those given for the Order).... Phoenicopteridse. (Page 121.)

Family PHCENICOPTERID.E.-.The Flamingoes. (Page 121.)

Genera.
(Characters same as those given for the Family)... Phoenicopterus. (Page 121.)

Genus PHCENICOPTERUS Linn^us. (Page 121, pi. XXIX., fig. 2.)

Speciss.

scailct) on wings; flanRs rosy carmine; primaries and secondaries deep bltclc-
termma third of bill black ; basal portion whitish or yellowish. Young : ^Gmy h
white the wings varied with grayish and dusky. Downy young : EntLly white

llZ\t"\ ''•''-''•''' ""^' ^^'^O-UM, culmen 5.2ojarsus'l2.00-14.S Egs
d.55 X 2 18 elongate-ovate or cylindrical-ovate, pure chalk-white. Hab. Tropical

South Amenca; Galapagos? 182. P. ruber Linn. American Flamingo.

ran

mmmmmm

122

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS,

Order HERODIONES.— The Herons,
Stork's, Ibises, etc. fPagei.)

Fmnilies.

a\ Sides of upper mandible with a deep narrow groove extending uninterruptedly
from the nostrils to the tip. (Suborder Ibides.)
b\ Bill very broad and excessively flattened, greatly widened toward end, only

the extreme tip decurved Plataleidae. (Page 122.)

b\ Bill slender, nearly cylindrical, or even narrower than deep toward end,
gradually but decidedly decurved or bent downward for nearly the

whole length Ibididse. (Page 123.)

a'. Sides of upper mandible without any groove.

6'. Hind toe ^iserted above the level of the anterior toes ; claws broad and flat,
restini^ - ''.orny pad or shoe, the middle one not pectinated. (Sub-
order C a ; Ciconiidae. (Page 124.)

i'. Hind toe insert. . on the same level with the anterior toes ; claws narrow,
arched, the under surface free, the middle one with its inner edge dis-
tinctly pectinated. (Suborder Herodii.)
&, Bill lancc-shaped, or compressed, narrow, and pointed, the lateral out-
lines nearly straight, and the gonys several times longer than the

width of the lower mandible Ardeidae. (Page 126.)

c*. Bill shaped much like an inverted boa^; cxcessivcl}' broad, the lateral
outlines much bowed, and the gonys not longer than the width of
the lower mandible , Cochleariidce}

Family PLATALEIDiE. — The Spoonbills. (Page 122.)

Genera.
(Characters same as those given for the Family) Ajaja. (Pago 122.)

Genus AJAJA Reichknbach. (Page 122, pi. XXXI., fig. 1.)

Species.

Adult: Neck, back, and breast white; tail orange-buff, the shafts deep pink;
rest of plumage pale rose-pink, the lesser wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts
glossy intense carmine. Immnture (second yearf): Similar to adult, but lacking
the cannino of the wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts, and tail peach-blossom
pink instead of orange-buff. Young: Head completely feathered, except around
base of bill ; plumage chiefly white, becoming delicate peach-blossom pink on
wings, tail, and hinder lower parts; outer webs of bastard wing, primary coverts,

i The Doat-btlla, reprosontod by tho singlo genus Cochleariui BnissoN (type, Oancroma cochlearia Linn. r.

GUAR A.

123

and wide borders to exterior primaries (chiefly on outer webs), deep snuff-brown.
Lengtli about 28.00-35,00, wing 14.10-15.30, culmen 6.20-7.15, greatest width of
bill 2.00-2.20, tarsus 3.75-4.65, middle toe 2.95-3.35. Eggs 2.57 X 1-73, ovate, white,
or buffy white, blotched, spotted, and stained with various shades of brown. Hab.
Tropical America in general, north to southern Atlantic and Gulf States, and casually
(formerly at least) to California and southern Illinois.

183. A. ajaja (Linn.). Roseate Spoonbill.

Family IBIDIDiE.— The Ibises. (Page 122.)

Genera.

Head of adult wholly naked anteriorly; feathers of crown short, close, and
blended; plumage of wings and tail pui-e white or scarlet in adult (the
former with glossy black tips to longer quills), dull grayish brown or dusky
in young Guara. (Page 123.)

Head of adult wholly fenchered, except lores; feathers of crown distinctly
lanceolate and sli.^htly elongated, forming a short rounded crest when
erected; plumage of wings and tail highly metallic, in both old and young.

Plegadis. (Page 123.)

Genus GUARA Eeichenbach. (Page 123, pi. XXX., fig. 2 )

Species.
Common Characters. — Adults with the plumage entirely uniform white or
scarlet, except tips of the longer quills, which are glossy black. Young, uniform
dark brownish gray, the belly white. Eggs greenish white, buffy, or pale brown-
ish, stained, blotched, and spotted with brown.

a}. Adult : Pure white (tinted with delicate pink in freshly-killed specimens), the
tips of the longer quills glossy greenish black. Young : Uniform grayish
brown, the rump, tail-coverts, base of tail, and under parts of body white.
Length 21.50-27.50, wing 10.30-11.75, culmen 4.15-6.30, tarsus 3.10-4.00,
middle too 2.15-2.70. Eggs 2.24 X 1-48. Hab. Tropical America in general,
including "West Indies ; north, regularly, to North Carolina, southern Illinois
and Indiana, and Lower California, casually to Great Salt Lake, Long Island,
and Connecticut 184. G. alba (Linn.). White Ibis.

a'. Adult : Pure intense scarlet, the tips of the longer primaries glossy blue-blaok.
Young: Dark brownish gray, the belly white. Length about 28.00-30.00,
wing 10.80-11.00, culmen 6.00-6.50, tarsus ".70-3.80," middle toe 2.55-2.60
Eggs 2.12 X 146. Hab. Eastern coasts of tropical America, north, casually,
to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas 185. G. rubra (Linn.). Scarlet Ibis.

Genus PLEGADIS Kaup. (Page 123, pi. XXX., fig. 1.)

Species.
Common Characters. — Adults with head, neck, and (in some species) lower
parts uniform chestnut, the upper parts metallic green, bronze, and purple, most

124

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

'■jp

brilliant on under surface of wings and tail. Young : Head and neck streaked
with white and dusky, and lower parts uniform grayish brown or dusky, the upper
parts much as in the adult. Eggs plain greenish verditer blue.

a}. Legs and feet long and slender, the tarsus with a nearly continuous frontal series
of transverse scutellse. Adult with neck, back, lesser wing-coverts, and
lower parts rich chestnut. Young with lower parts dull grayish brown.
b^. Adult : Lores greenish in life, blackish in dried skins ; feathers suiTound-
ing base of bill blackish. Downy young : Blackish, " with a broad white
band over the crown ; legs and bill yellowish, the latter black at the
base and tip, and with a central black band." (Dresser.) Length
about 22.00-25.00, wing 10.20-11.85, culmen 4.30-5.45, tarsus 2.90-4.30,
middle toe 2.10-2.80. Eggs 2.01 X 1-47. Hab. Warmer parts of the
eastern hemisphere; also, more southern portion of eastern United
States, and West Indies.. 186. P. autumnalis (Hasselq.). Glossy Ibis,
i'. Adult : Lores lake-red in life, pale brownish or yellowish in dried skins ;
feathers surrounding base of bill white. Young not obviously different
from cori'esponding stage of P. autumnalis. Downy young when newly
hatched : Clothed with uniform blackish down, the bill whitish, with
dusky base. Older : Similar, but base and tip of bill, and band across
iriJille portion, blackish ; the intervening spaces pinkish white. Length
about 19.00-2G.00, wing 9.30-10.80, culmen 3.75-6.00, tarsus 3.00-4.40,
mid'^le toe 2.10-2.85. Eggs 2.05 X 1-41. Hab. Tropical America in
general (except West Indies?), south to Argentine Eepublic and Chili,
and western North America, from Texas and Lower California to

Oregon 187. P. guarauna (Linn.). White-faced Glossy Ibis.

a'. Legs and feet comparatively short and stout, the tarsus with frontal scutellaa
more or less irregular and interrupted. Adult with head and upper neck
dark chestnut- brown, the lowc neck and lower parts violet-blackish ; lesser
wing-coverts metallic green and bronzed purple, the back dark metallic
green. Young with lower parts dusky, glossed with violet. Wing 10.15-
12.00, culmen 3.40-5.10, tarsus 2.70-3.85, middle too 1.80-2.30. Hab. Vicinity
of Lake Titicaca, Peru ; Chili.

P. ridgwayi (Allen). Peruvian Glossy Ibis.*

Family CICONIID^.— The Storks and Wood Ibises. (Page 122.)

Genera.

a^. Bill docurved toward end, with the tip blunt and rounded; toes lengthened, the
middle one at least half as loig as the tarsus. (Subfamily Tantalince.)
6*. Adult with whole head and part of neck naked, the skin hard and scurfy,
except on top of head, which is covered with a smooth, nearly quadrate.

1 Fiilcinclhit ridgwayi Allen, Bull. Mas. Cuiiip. Zool. iii. July, 1876, 355. PUgadii ridgwayi RiDGW., in
B. B. & R. Water B. N. Am. i. 1884, 94.

TANTALUS.

125

streaked
le upper

tal series
rts, and
>wn.

urround-
ad white
k at the
Length
1.90-4.30,
ts of the
I United
)ssy Ibis.
5d slcins ;
diffei'ent
ten newly
ish, with
id across
, Length
3.00-4.40,
nerica in
^nd Chili,
wrnia to
ossy Ibis.
scutell©
per neck
; lesser
metallic
g 10.15-
Vicinity

}S8y Ibis.^

age 122.)

oned, the

ice.)

d scurfy,

]^uadrate,

or somewhat shield-shaped, plate ; nostrils subbasal ; tertials longer than
primaries, and with their webs compact or normal.

Tantalus. (Page 125.)
b*. Adult with only the front part of the head (all round) naked, the skin not
scurfy or corrugated ; nostrils strictly basal ; tertials shorter than pri-
maries, and with their webs somewhat decomposed Pseudotantalus}

a*. Bill straight to the tip or else slightly recurved toward end, the tip pointed ;
toes short, the middle one much less than half as long as the tarsus. (Sub-
family Ciconiinx.)
6'. Entire head and neck feathered, except lores and a narrow strip on each
side of throat; bill straight to the tip; tail very short and deeply
forked, the broad and stiffened lower tail-coverts extending far beyond

its tip Euxenira.*

. 6'. Entire head and neck (except occipital patch) naked ; bill enormously large,
slightly rcfjurved towai'd tip; tail normal Mycteria. (Page 125.)

Genus TANTALUS Linnaeus. (Page 125, pi. XXXI., fig. 2.)

Species.

Adult : Plumage white, the remiges and tail glossy greenish black, with purjjlo
and bronze reflections; under wing-coverts pale I'ose-pink in breeding plumage;
bill and naked scurfj' skin of head and upper neck dull grayish dusky. Young :
Head covered, except anteriorly, with rather scant, somewhat "woolly," feaihers,
the neck also entirely feo+hercd ; plumage of head and neck grayish browj-, bo-
coming darker on occiput, \, hero inclining to dark sooty ; rest of plumage as in
adult, but white duller, or more grayish (said to be wholly replaced by dusky gray
in very young birds), and black of remiges and tail less metallic. Immature (second
year?) : Head entirely bare and scurfy as in adult, but whole neck feathered, as in
young ; plumage intermediate. Length 35.00-45.00, wing 17.60-19.50, culmen 6.10-
7.30, tarsus 7.00-8.50, middle toe 3.85-4.30. Eggs 2-3, 2.74 X 1-80, chalk-white,
usually more or less stained, in streaks, with pale brownish. Hab. AVhole of tropical
and warm-temperate America, norih to New York (casual), Ohio, Indiana, Wiscon-
sin, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and California.. 188. T. loculator Linn.. Wood Ibis.

Genus MYCTERIA Linnaeus. (Page 125, pi. XXXII., fig. 1.)

Species.

Adult : Plumage entirely white ; bill, naked skin of head and neck, with legs
and feet, black, the lower part of the naked neck encircled by a collar of bright
red (in life). Young : Plumage entirely, or prevailingly, brownish gray ; occiput
crested with a somewhat " bushy" tuft of blackish hp'r-like feathers. Length about

• Pteudotantnliit RiDOW., Pr. U. S. Nnt. Mus. v. 1883, 550. Type, Tantalm tli» Lii»x.

* Euxenura RiDOW., Bull. U. S. Geol. ft Geog. Surv. Terr. iv. No. 1, 1878, 260. Type, Ardea maguari
Omeu

126

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

4J feet, wing 24.50-27.00, culmen 9.75-13.00, tarsus 11.25-12.50, middle toe 4.20-4.80.
Hab. Continental tropical America, north to Texas.

189. M. americana Linn. Jabim.

«•

d'.

Family ARDEID-ffi.— The Herons. (Page 122.)

Genera.

Tail-feathers 10, very short, scarcely more stiff than the coverts ; outer toe de-
cidedly shorter than the inner; claws lengthened, slightly curved. (Sub-

fanu\y Botaurince.) Botaurus. (Page 126.)

Tail-feathers 12, more lengthened, and decidedly more stiff than the coverts ;

outer toe as long as or decidedly longer than the inner ; claws comparatively

short and strongly curved. (Subfamily Ardeince.)

i^ Bill comparatively long and narrow, the culmen longer than the tarsus, and

equal to at least five times the greatest depth of the bill ; plumage of the

young not conspicuously different in pattern from that of the adult.

Ardea. (Page 128.)

6". Bill comparatively short and thick, the culmen not longer than the tarsus,

and equal to not more than four times the greatest depth of the bill;

plumage of the young conspicuously different in pattern from that of

the adult Nycticorax. (Page 132.)

Genus BOTAURUS Stephens. (Page 126, pi. XXXIII., figs. 1, 2.)

Species.

a}. Size large (wing more than 9.50) ; sexes alike in coloration, and young not ob-
viously different from adults. (Subgenus Botaurus.)
6*. Neck plain ochraceous, or minutely freckled, the fore-neck striped with
whitish ; wing-coverts minutely freckled with different shades of ochra-
ceous and rustj^ ; a blackish or dull grayish stripe on side of neck ;
lower parts distinctly striped.
' Prevailing color ochraceous, this much varied above by dense mottling
and freckling of reddish brown and blackish ; quilis and their coverts
slate-color, tipped with pale cinnamon ; lower parts, including fore-
neck, pale buff, striped with brown ; length 24.00-34.00, wing 9.80-
12.00, culmen 2.50-3.20, tarsus 3.10-3.85, middle toe 2.90-3.60. Eggs
1.88 X 1-43, pale olive-drab, or pale isabella-color. Hab. Whole of
temperate and tropical North America, south to Guatemala, Cuba,
Jamaica, and Bermudas ; occasional in British Islands.

190. B. lentiginosus (Montao.). American Bittern.

b*. Neck transversely barred with blackish and ochraceous; wnng-coverts

coarsely variegated, in irregular, somewhat "herring-bone," pattern,

with blackish on an ochraceous ground-color ; no black or grayish stripe

BOTAVRVS.

127

on side of aeck; lower parts nearly immaculate; wing 10.10, culmen
3.25, tarsus 3.75, middle toe 3.75. Hab. Tropical America, north to

Nicaragua.

B. pinnatus (Waol.). South American Bittern.'
a'. Size very small (wing less than 6.00) ; sexes more or less diffei'ent in color (ex-
cept in A. involucris f), and young appreciably different from adults. (Sub-
genus Ardetta Gray.)
h^. Upper parts not conspicuously striped ; adult males with top of head,
back, scapulars, rump, and tail uniform glossy black.

c'. Quills tipped with cinnamon-rufous, or pale cinnamon ; adult male with
a distinct narrow stripe of buff along each side of back.
Adult male : Sides of head and neck ochraceous, deepening into
chestnut on hind-neck ; chin, throat, and fore-neck whitish,
striped with pale buff; central portion of wing-covert region
buff, surrounded by cinnamon-rufous ; lower parts buff-whitish.
Adult female : Similar to the male, but black replaced by brown,
and scapular stripes much broader. Young: Similar to adult
female, but feathers of back and scapulars tipped with buff.
Length 12.00-14.25, wing 4.30-5.25, culmen 1.00-1.90, tarsus
1.50-1.75, middle toe 1.40-1.60. Eggs 1.20 X -93, white, or
greenish white. Hab. Whole of temperate North Amei*ica, and
tropical America south to Brazil.

191. B. exilis (Gmel.). Least Bittern.

c*. Quills without rufous or cinnamon tips ; adult males without trace of

lighter stripe along sides of back.

d}. Adult male: Lower tail-coverts dull black; wing-coverts rich

chestnut; neck similar, the lower parts more rufous; length

(skin) 10.80, wing 4.30, culmen 1.80, tarsus 1.40. JTab. Southern

Florida (Caloosahatchie Eiver ; near Lake Okeechobee).

— . B. neoxenus (Cory). Cory's Least Bittern.*
d\ Adult male : Lower tail-coverts white ; wing-coverts pale grayish
buff, becoming nearly white, on greater coverts ; neck similar,
but darker and more tinged with buff; lower parts pale buffy,
becoming white medially and posteriorly. Adult female : Back,
scapulars, and rump umber-brown, streaked narrowly with
buffy (except on lower back and rump) ; rest of plumage much
as in adult male, but more decidedly buffy, the fore-nock con-
spicuously striped, the sides, etc., more narrowly striped, or
streaked. Length about 12.00-13.00, wing 5.50-5.80, culmen
1.76-1.85, tarsus 1.60-1.70. Hab. Europe, etc.

B. minutus (Likn.). European Least Bittem.i
b\ Upper parts conspicuously striped with black and ochraceous ; quills broadly

> Ardeapinnata "Licht." Waol,, IbIs, 1829, 663. Botaurui pinnatut Gbat, Gon. B. iii. 1847, 65T.

» Ardetta neoxena Cory, Auk, iii. April, 1886, 262; ib. July, 1886, 408.

Ardta minnta Lixx., S, X. ed. 12, i. 1766, 240. Botauru* minutu* Boik, Isii, 1822, 5S0.

128 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

tipped with rufous ; wing about 4.85, culmen 2.00. Hab. Southern South
America.

B. involucris (Yieill.). Azara's Least Bittern.*

Genus ARDEA Linnaeus. (Page 126, pis. XXXIV. to XX-^VI.)

Species.

(Nest of coarse sticks, placed usually in trees. Eggs plain bluish gveen, vary-
ing in depth of color.)

a}. Culmen decidedly shorter than tarsus, the latter more than one and a half times
as long as the middle too (without claw).
6'. Tarsus much less than twice as long as middle toe (without claw).
c>. Wing more than 13.00.

d^. Wing more than 17.00. Adxclt with scapular plumes narrowly
lanceolate, with compact webs; head crested, the occiput
during pairing season with two or more long, slender, com-,
pactly webbed plumes ; plumes of lower neck stiffened, nar-
rowly lanceolate, or aeicular. (Subgenus Ardea.)
e*. Color entirely pure white ; length 45.00-54.00, wing 17.00-
21.00, culmen 6.00-7.00, tarsus 8.00-8.75. Eggs 2.60 X
1.84. Hab. Southern Florida, chiefly on eastern side j
Cuba ; Jamaica ?

192. A. occidentalis Aud. Oreat White Heron.
e'. Color nearly uniform bluish gray above, lower parts striped
with black and white.
f^. Thighs and edge of wing cinnamon-rufous.

g^. Lower parts white, narrowly striped or streaked with
black ; tarsus more than 8.50 ; legs and feet olive
in adult.
h\ Adult with head entirely white, the forehead
streaked with blackish. Young : Forehead
and crown dull slate-color, narrowly streaked
with white; feathers of occiput white with
dusky tips ; wing-coverts spotted with rusty,
the lower and more posterior with large
wedge-shaped white spots. Length 48.00-
50.00, wing 20.00-21.00, culmen 5.95-6.50,
tarsus 7.95-8.25. Eggs about 2.60 X 1-84.
Hab. Florida Keys and Cape Florida; Ja-
maica?; accidental in southern Illinois (Mount
Carmel, Sept. 11-22, 1876)... — . A. wuerde-
manni Baird. Wurdemann's Heron.^
h*. Adult with occiput and sides of crown black (as

1 Ardea involuerit ViEtLL,, Eno. M6th. 1823, 1127. Ardetta involucrit ScL. i Salv., P. Z. S. 1869, 634.

ARDEA.

129

1 South
Bittern.^

a, vary-

ilf times

larrowly
occiput
er, com--
led, nar-

g 17.00-

s 2.C0X
svn side ;

te Heron.

,8 striped

iked with
Ifeet olive

forehead
^'orehead
I streaked
lite with
[th rusty,
Ith large
Ih 48.00-
1.95-6.50,
ko X 1-84.
I'ida ; Ja-
18 (Mount
merde-
I'b Heron.^
I black (as

Il869, 634.

in A. hetodias), the forehead and middle of
crown pure white. Young not essentially
different from same stage of A. wuerde-
mamii? Length about 48.00-54.00, wing
20.00-20.50, culmen 6.50-7.00, tarsus 8.50-
9.00. Eggs about 2.65 X 1-85. Jfab. Western
Florida.

193. A. wardi Ridqw. Ward's Heron.

g*. Lower parts black or dusky, broadly striped with

white (the two colors in nearly equal proportion

in young, however) ; tarsus not more than 8.00 ;

loffs and feet black in adult.

Adult : Occiput and sides of crown black ; fore-
head and centre of crown pure white (exactly
as in A. wardi). Young : Whole top of head
dusky, some of the feathers with paler shaft-
streaks ; wing-coverts without white spots or
distinct rufous spots. Length about 42.00-
50.00, wing 17.90-19.85, culmen 4.30-6.25,
tarsus 6.00-8.00. Eggs 3-6, about 2.50 X
1.50. Hab. North America in general, north
to Hudson's Bay and Sitka; south through-
out West Indies and Middle America, and as
far as Colombia and Venezuela ; Galapagos ? ;
Bei'mudas.
194. A. herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron.
/*. Thighs and edge of wing white.

gK Adult with occiput and sides of crown black, the
forehead and centre of crown pure white (as in
A. herodias and A. wardi) ; neck ash-gray ; length
about 37.00, wing about 18.50, culmen 4.80, tarsus
6.00-6.25. Eggs 2.40 X 1-71. Hab. Northern
portion of eastern hemisphere ; accidental in
southern Greenland.

195. A. cinerea Linn. European Blue Heron.
</'. Adidt with entire top of head black ; neck pure
white ; wing 18.50-20.00, culmen 5.85-6.75, tarsus
7.20-8.00. Hab. South America.

A. cocoi Linn. Cocoi Heron.*

<f. Wing less than 17.00. Ada" i.t nuptial plumage with the scapular

plumes excessively elongated, reaching far beyond end of tail,

their shafts thick and stiffened, their webs decomposed ; head

without crest or plumes, and feathers of lower neck (in Amer-

» Ardea coeoi Link., S. N. ed. 12, i. 1766, 237.
17

130 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

ican species) soft, broad, and not lengthened ; color always

wholly pure white. (Subgenus Ilerodias BoiE.)

Length 37.00-41.00, wing 14.10-16.80, culmen 4.20-4.90, tar-

sua 5.50-6.80. Eggs 2.28 X 1.60. I£ab. Nearly the whole

of Amei'ica, north (casually at least) to British Pi'ovinces

and Oregon, south to Chili and Patagonia.

196. A. egretta Gmel. American Egret.
c». Wing less than 11.00.

d}. Adult with occipital, jugular, and scapular plumes greatly devel-
oped, with much decomposed webs; the scapular plumes ex-
tending to or beyond the tail and recurved at tips; color
always entirely pure white. (Subgenus Go "'• Kaup.)
Length 20.00-27.25, wing 8.20-10.50, culn ..08-3.65, tarsus
3.15-4.50. Eggs 1.68 X 1-34. Hab. Whole of tropical and
warm-temperate America, north (more or less regularly)
nearly across United States, and south to Chili and Argen-
tine Bepublic. 197. A. candidissima Gmel. Snowy Heron.
d*. Adult with scapular and jugular plumes elongated, narrowly lan-
ceolate, compact-webbed ; occipital plumes slender, only a few
of them much elongated ; color varying from uniform dark
slate-blue, with maroon-colored head and neck, to wholly pure
white. (Subgenus Florida Baird.)
Adult usually uniform dark slate-blue, with maroon-colored
head and neck, but not unfrequently " pied" with white,
or even almost wholly white, with bluish tips to longer
quills. Young usually pure white, w longer quills
tipped with slate-blue. Length 20.0( 0, wing 9.00-

10.60, culmen 2.70-3.30, tarsus 3.15-4.0u. ^ggs 1.73 X 1-28.
Hab. Whole of tropical and warm-temperate North Amer-
ica (except western United States), north to Massachusetts,
Illinois, Kansas, etc., south to Colombia and Guiana and
throughout West Indies.

200. A. cserulea Linn. Little Bine Heron.
6'. Tarsus twice as long as middle toe, without claw.

idult with feathers of entire neck (excepting throat and upper fore-
neck) elongated and narrowly lanceolate, most lengthened on occi-
put and lower fore-neck; scapular plumes much lengthened (ex-
tending beyond end of tail), with shafts straight and stiffened, the
webs decomposed, but with the bair-like fibrillae rather close to-
gether ; color uniform, or else irregularly patched with white and
slaty. (Subgenus Dichromanassa Eidgwat.)
c*. Adult plain slate-color, the head and neck cinnamon- or vinaceous-rufous.
Young plain grayish, tinged here and there with rusty. Length
27.00-32.00, wing 11.90-13.60, culmen 3.30-4.00, tarsus 4.90-5.75.
Eggs 1.97 X 1-46. Hab. Warmer portions of eastern United States,

.jf

■i

ARDEA.

131

north to Florida and southern Illinois (vicinity of Cairo) ; Mexico
(both coasts, including Lower California'* lu id Guatemala ; Culm;

Jamaica 198. A. rufa Bodd. Reddish Egret.

c*. Color entirely pure white, at all ages ; size of A. rufa. Hub. Gulf coast,
from Florida to Texas, and south to Honduras and Guatemala (both

coasts); Cuba — . A. pealei Bonap. Feale's Egret.

a'. Culmen equal to or longer than tarsus, the latter less than one and a half times
as long as the middle toe (without claw).
6*. Wing more than 8.00 ; culmen and tarsus more than 3.00.

Adult with an occipital tuft of several moderately lengthened lan-
ceolate, compact- webbed feathers; jugular feathers broadly lan-
ceolate, with compact webs, and distinct outlines ; scapular plumes
lengthened, straight and hair-like, extending to a little beyond the
tail ; color never wholly white. (Subgenus Hydranassa Baird.)
Adult : Head, neck, and upper parts bluish plumbeous, the lan-
ceolate plumes with a chalky or glaucous cast, the color darker
on head and neck ; plumes of occiput and nape rich maroon
purplish, the longer feather among the former white ; jugular
plumes rich maroon purplish and plumbeous-blue ; chin and
upper part of throat pure white, continued in streaks, mixed
with rufous and plumbeous, down the fore-neck; "train" {i.e.,
scapular plumes) light drab; lower parts plain white. Young:
Head and neck chiefly light rusty, the malar region, chin, and
throat I Lire white; fore-neck streaked white and rusty; lower
parts, rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white; upper parts
(except rump, etc.) plumbeous, the back tinged and the wing-
coverts spotted with rusty. Length 23.00-28.00, wing 8.35-
10.80, culmen 3.30-4.15, tarsus 3.20-4.15. Eggs 1.78 X 1-29.
Hab. Warmer portions of eastern North America, north, casu-
ally, to New Jersey, Indiana, etc. ; whole of Mexico (including
Lower California) and West Indies.

199. A. tricolor ruficollis (Gossg). Louisiana Heron.
W. Wing not more than 8.00 ; culmen and tarsus less than 3.00.

Adxdt with scapular plumes and feathers of top of head moderately
lengthened, lanceolate, soft, and with compact webs ; jugular plumes
broad, soft, and blended ; color never \7hite. (Subgenus Butorides
Blyth.)
c'. Neck maroon-chestnut, rufous, or rusty.

d^. Head and neck (except top of former) uniform chestnut-rufous,
without white markings on throat and fore-neck ; wing-covertt*
very narrowly edged with rusty. Young: Plumage nearly
uniform rusty brown. Wing 6.40-7.00, culmen 2.20-2.75, tarsus
1.85-2.30. Hab. Cuba. a. brunnescens Gundl. Brown Heron.'

^ Ardea bninnetcena " Oundl. MSS.," Lemb. Aves de Cuba, 1830, 84, pi. 12. Butorides brunnetana Baird,
B. N. Am. 1858, 677 (in test).

132 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

cP. Throat and fore-neck striped with whitish.

Adult : Whole top of head glossy dark bottle-green or green-
ish black; rest of head, with greater part of neck, rich
chestnut, varying in tone from cinnamon to maroon ; scap-
ular plumes plumbeous, or glaucous, glossed with green,
and with whitish shafts ; wing-coverts metallic bottle-green
distinctly bordered with buff or whitish ; innermost pri-
maries tipped naiTowly with whitish ; lower parts plain
grayish. Young : Much like adult, but top of head usually
strcakod anteriorly with rusty; sides of head and neck
streaked with ochraceous or buff, on a duller rusty ground ;
lower parts whitish, striped with dusky ; light borders to
wing-coverts broader, the two or three median rows of
covets marked with wedge-shaped spots or streaks of
white. Length 16.50-22.50, wing 6.30-8.00, culmen 2.00-
2.55, tarsus 1.75-2.15. Eggs 1.50 X 1.14. Hab. Whole of
temperate North America, West Indies, Middle America,
and northern South America, to Colombia and Venezuela ;
north to Ontario and Oregon ; Bermudas.

201. A. virescens Linn. Oreen Heron.
c*. Neck ash-gray.

Otherwise much like A. virescens. Hah. South America, except
northern portion.

A. striata Linn. Streaked Heron.

Genus NYCTICORAX

Stephens. (Page 128, pi.
XXXVIIL,^fig. 1.)

XXXVIL, figs. 1, 2; pi.

Species.

Common Characters. — Adults : Prevailing colors bluish gray, black, and white,
the head (exccjjt just after breeding season) ornamented with several very much
lengthened narrow whito plumes; bill black, and iris reddish. Young, brownish,
striped longitudinally with white. Eggs pale bluish green.

a'. Culmen about as long as the tarsus ; gonys nearly straight, and lateral outlines
of bill slightly concave ; tareuo but little longer than middle toe ; scapulars
broad, blended. (Subgenus Nyctkorax.')

Adult : Top of head, back, and scapulars uniform glossy greenish black ;
forehead, sides of head, chin, throat, and lower parts generally white,
often tinged with delicate cream-yellow ; neck (except in front) and aidvis
pale ash-gray ; wings, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, deep ash-gray.
Immature (second year f) : Similar to adult, but scapulars and interscapu-
lars uull ash-gray, like the wings, and white of forehead obscured by

> Ardea striata LiNN., S. N. rd. 10, i. 1758, 144. liutorldei itriatuii Kioow., in B. D. it R. Hiat. N. Am. B.
i. 18d4» 61.

NYCTICORAX.

133

or green-
eck, rich
on ; scap-
th green,
ttle-green
most pri-
I'ts plain
d usually
and neck
Y ground ;
orders to

rows of
treaks of
nen 2.00-
Wholo of

America,
enezuola ;

ien Heron.

3a, except
ced Heron.
, 2; pi.

blackish of crown ; colors generally more sombre, with median lower
parts less purely white. Young : Above light brown, tinged with cin-
namon (especially on quills), each feather (except quills and tail-
feathers) marked with a median tear-shaped or wedge-shaped stripe of
white, the quills with small white spots at tips ; tail-feathers plain ash-
gray ; sides of head and nejk, and entire lower parts, striped with
grayish brown and white, the chin and throat plain white medially.
Jjength about 23.00-26.00, wing 11.00-12.80, culmen 2.80-3.10, tarsus
3.10-3.40, middle toe (without claw) 2.65-3.10. Eggs 2.01 X 1-47. Hab.
Nearly the whole of America, except Arctic regions.

202. N. nycticorax naevius (Bodd.). Blaok-orowned Night Heron.

Culmen much shorter than tarsus (only a little longer than middle toe) ; gonys

convex, and lateral outliiios oi bill straight, or sometimes even perceptibly

convex ; tarsus much longer than middle toe ; scapulars lengthened, narrow

(but not pointed), somewhat loose-webbed. (Subgenus Nydherodius Eeich.)

Adult : Top of head and elongated patch on side of htad, white, the first

often stained with rusty brown, and in freshly-killed or living specimens

deeply tinted with delicate primrose-yellow ; rest of head black ; plumage

in general bluish plumbeous, plain beneath, but on upper parts striped

with black. Young : Above sooty grayish brown, streaked with dull

white or pale buff, the streaks more wedge-shaped on wing-coverts;

lower pans soiled whitish, striped with brownish gray. Length 22.00-

28.00, wing 10.50-12.65, culmen 2.50-3.00, tarsus 3.10-4.20, middle too

2.20-2.65. Eggs 1.90 X 1.42. Mab. Whole of tropical and subtropical

America, including W it Indies ; north regularly to Missouri, Illinois,

Indiana, and North Carolina, irregularly or casually much farther.

203. N. violaceus (Linn.). Yellow-crowned Night Heron.

md white,
eiy much
brownish,

d outlines
scapulars

sh black;
ly white,
and sidvOS
ash-gray,
iterscapu-
curod by

t. N. Am. B.

134

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

'4"

Order PALUDICOL2E. — ^The Cranes, Rails,

AND CoURLANS. (Page 2.)

Families.

a}. Size very large (wing 17.50, or more) ; head partly naked and warty in adult, or
else with ornamental plumes; hind toe small, much elevated; middle toe
less than half aa long as the tarsus. (Suborder Grues.)

Gruidse. (Page 134.)

a*. Size medium to very small (wing less than T '.50); head entirely feathered, or

else with only a frontal " shield" naked ; hind toe lengthened (nearly as long

as the first division of the middle toe), inserted .rly on a level with the

anterior toes ; middle toe nearly as long as the ta. us. (Suborder Balli.)

b^. Wing 11.00-14.20 ; first quill shorter than seventh, its inner web very narrow,

except near end ; tail-feathers well developed, firm.

Aramidse. (Page 135.)

fc'. "Wing less than 10.00 ; first quill longer than sixth, its inner web normal ;

tail-feathers almost rudimentary (nearly hidden by the coverts), soft ;

bill and feet very variable in form Rallidee. (Page 136.)

Family GRUID-ffi.— The Cranes. (Page 134.)

Genera.
(Characters same as those given for the Family) Grus. (Page 134.)

Genus GRUS Pallas. (Page 134, pi. XXXIX., figs. 1, 2.)

Species.

(Nest on ground in marsh or wet meadow. Eggs pale olive or olive-bufiy,
spotted with brown, reddish brown, and purplish gray.)

aK Tarsus 11.00, or more; bill stout, its depth through the base about one-fourth

the length of the culmen ; distance from posterior end of nostril to base of

upper mandible much more than one-half the distance from anterior border

of nostril to tip of upper mandible. Adult with plumage white, and cheeks

naked.

Adult: Plumage pure white, the quills black. Young: General color

white, but this overlaid by patches of light cinnamon or rusty, the

upper parts chiefly of this color; head entirely feathered. Length

ARAMUS.

135

50.00-54.00, extent 92.00, wing 22.00-25.00, culmen 5.35-5.80, depth of
bill at base 1.40, tarsus 11.00-12.00, middle toe 4.25. Eggs 4.04 X 2.50.
Hab. Interior of North America north to the Saskatchewan, south to
Florida and central Mexico.

204. G. americana (Linn.). Whooping Crane,
a*. Tarsus 10.00, or less ; bill more slender, its depth through base less than one-
fourth the length of the culmen ; distance from posterior end of nostril to
base of upper mandible less than one-half the distance from anterior end of
nostril to tip of upper mandible. Adult deep slate-gray or brownish, the
cheeks normally feathered.

Adult: Entire plumage slate-gray, varying from a bluish or plumbeous
shade to brownish, sometimes tinged or even extensively washed with
rust}', the primaries darker, the cheeks and throat paler, sometimes
almost white. Young : Entirely brown, more or less washed, especially
on upper parts, with tawny cinnamon or rusty ; head entirely feathered.
b\ Larger: Length 40.00-48.00, wing 21.00-22.50 (21.83), culmen 5.15-
6.00 (5.47), depth of bill at base .95-1.10 (1.01), tarsus 9.90-10.65
(10.25), middle toe 3.40-3.60 (3.50), bare part of tarsus 4.60-5.00
(4.78). Eggs 3.98 X 2.44. Hab. United States, chiefly from Mis-
sissippi Valley west to Pacific coast, south into Mexico, and east-
ward along Gulf coast to Florida and Georgia.

206. G. mexicana (Mt)LL.). Sandhill Crane.
b\ Smaller : Length about 35.00, wing 17.50-20.00 (18.70), culmen 3.04-
4.20 (3.61), depth of bill at base .70-.80 (.77), tarsus 6.70-8.44 (7.57),
middle toe 2.60-3.36 (2.91), bare portion of tibia 2.90-3.50 (3.13).
Eggs 3.66 X 2.28. JIab. Northern North America, from Hudson's
Bay to Alaska, migrating south through western United States, east
of Rocky Mountains, to Mexico.

205. G. canadensis (Linn.). Little Brown Crane.

Family ARAMID^.— The Courlans. (Page 134.)

Genera.
(Characters same as those of the Family) Aramus. (Pago 135.)

Genus ARAMUS Vieillot. (Pago 135, pi. XXXVIIL, fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Prevailing color dark brown (the quills and tail-
feathers glossed with purplish), the head and nock (sometimes back and lower
parts also) striped with white. Nest on bushes or clumps of rank grasses or reeds
along side of marsh or stream.

a'. White stripes extending over back, wing-coverts, and lower parts. Young simi-
lar to adult, but white stripes much narrower and less sharply defined, and

136 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

the brown color lighter and duller. Downy young : " Covered with coarse
tufty feathers of a black color." Length 25.00-28.00, wing 11.00-13.00, cul-
men 3.50-4.75, tarsus 3.50-5.20, middle toe 3.30-3.50. Eggs 4-7 (sometimes
as many as 15 ?), 2.32 X 1-70, pale dull buff, spotted, daubed, and stained with
brown and purplish gray. Mab. Greater Antilles, Florida, coast of Gulf of
Mexico, and south to Costa Eica (both sides).

207. A. giganteus (Bonap.). Limpkin.
a^ White markings confined to head and neck. Wing 12.50-14.20, culmen 4.30-
4.70, tarsus 4.60-5.20. Hab. Eastern South America.

A. scolopaceus (Gmel.). Brazilian Courlan.*

Family RALLID.^. — The Rails, Gallinules, and Coots. (Page 134.)

Genera.

a'. No frontal process, or shield-like extension of bill over forehead. (Subfamily
Ballinai.')

6*. Bill slender, as long as, or longer than, the tarsus Rallus. (Page 136.)

6'. Bill stout, not more than two-thirds as long as the tarsus (usually much
less),
c*. Middle toe (without claw) not shorter than tarsus ; base of gonys not

forming a decided angle Porzana. (Page 139.)

c'. Middle toe shorter than tarsus; base of gonj's forming a decided

angle Crex. (Page 140.)

a*. Forehead covered by a shield-like extension of the culn\en.

b^. Toes without lateral lobes or flaps. (Subfamily Gallinulince.)

c*. Nostril small, oval; middle toe (without claw) shorter than tarsus;
inner posterior ftice of tarsus covered by a single row of large

quadrate scutellee lonornis. (Page 140.)

c*. Nostril elongated, slit-like ; middle too (without claw) longer than tar-
sus ; inner posterior face of tarsus covered with several irregular

rows of small hexagonal scales Gallinula. (Page 141.)

6". Toes provided with conspicuous lateral lobed membranes, or " flaps." (Sub-
family JPu^icmaj.) Falica. (Page 141.)

Gknus rallus LiNNiBUs. (Page 136, pi. XL., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above brownish or grayish, striped, more or less dis-
tinctly, with darker; chin and upper throat whitish ; fore neck, chest, and breast,
plain cinnamon, varying to buffy grayish ; sides, flanks, and axillars barred with
brown or dusky and whitish. Downy young : Entirely uniform glossy black. Nest

1 Ardea icohpacea Omeu, S. N. i. pt. ii. 1788, 647.
1817, 801.

Aramut tcolottaceuB ViEiLL., Nouv. Dlot. N. II, vii.

RALLUS.

137

lot. N. II. vli.

a platform-like structure of dried grasses, sedges, etc., supported in tufts of grass
or sedges in marshes or ponds. Eggs 6-15, white, buffy white, dull buff, or palo
brownish buff, rather sparingly spotted and speckled with rusty brown and
purplish gray.

a}. Larger (wing more than 5.00).

b^. Ground-color of upper parts grayish (varying from ash-gray to olive-
gray)-
c^ Breast, etc., pale cinnamon-buff, tinged with ashy across chest ; darker

stripes on back, etc., usually indistinct (sometimes almost obsolete) ;
flanks, etc., grayish brown, broadly barred with white, but without
darker bars ; length 13.50-15.60, wing 5.40-6.30 (5.79), culmen 2.10-
2.60 (2.36), depth of bill at narrowest part .22-.30, at base .47-.50
(.49), tarsus 1.85-2.27 (2.00), middle toe 1.70-2.00 (1.83). Eggs 1.72
X 1-20. Hab. Salt-water marshes of Atlantic coast, north, regularly,
to Long Island, casually to Massachusetts.

211. R. longirostris crepitans (Gmel.). Clapper Sail.
<?. 33reast, etc., deeper cinnamon ; darker stripes on back, etc., very dis-
tinct ; flanks, etc., darker or deeper brown, more narrowly bai'red
with white, and with more or less distinct narrow dusky bars bor-
dering tho white ones.
d}. Above ash-gray, broadly and sharply striped with blackish bi'own
or brownish black ; breast, etc., dull cinnamon, strongly shaded
with olive-gray laterally; sides of neck olive-gray, shaded with
ash-jray, this passing into slate-gray on sides of head, especi-
ally behind eye ; ground-color of flanks, etc., darker brown ;
length about 12.00-14.00, wing 5.60-5.70 (5.65). culmen 2.10-
2.45 (2.27), least depth of bill .22-.28 (.25), tarsus 1.95-2.00
(1.97), middle toe 1.75-1.80 (1.78). Hah. Coast of Louisiana ;

western Florida? 211a. R. longirostris saturatus Hf.nsh.

Louisiana Clapper Rail,
d*. Above olive-gray or grayish olive, broadly, but usually not sharply,
striped with blackish brown ; breast, etc., uniform deep cinna-
mon, not strongly shaded with gray laterally, tho sides of tho
neck dull grayish cinnamon, and sides of head without pure
gray; ground-color of flanks, etc., lighter brown ; length 17.00-
18.00, wing 6.20-6.70 (6.63), culmen 2.25-2.50 (2.40), least depth
of bill .30^.35 (.33), depth at base .50, tarsus 2.10-2.30 (2.18),
middle toe 1.90-2.15 (2.04). Eggs 1.75 X 1-24. Hah. Salt-water
marshes of Pacific coast (Lower California to Oregon).

210. R. obsoletiis Ridow. California Clapper Rail.
6*. Ground color of upper parts distinctly brownish (varying from deep raw-
umber brown or olive-brown to ftilvous-brown), very distinctly, and
usually sharply, striped with brownish black,
c*. Flanks, etc., with the lighter (pure white) bars very broad (averaging

■■

138 . NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

.10 or more in width), the ground-color varying from clear brown
(darker next to white bars) to brownish black ; upper parts vary-
ing from fulvous-brown to an almost ochrey tint, the blackish stripes
very sharply defined ; breast, etc., deep cinnamon, usually distinctly
paler posteriorly and medially ; length 17.00-19.00, wing 5.90-6.80
(6.43), culmen 2.12-2.50 (2.35), least depth of bill .27-.35 (.30), depth
at base .50-55 (.52), tarsus 2.10-2.40 (2.28), middla too 1.85-2.50
(2.07). Eggs 1.63 x 1-22. Hab. Fresh-water marshes of eastern
United States, north to Wisconsin, southern Michigan, Ohio, etc.
(casually to Massachusetts, Maine, and Ontario), west to the Great

Plains 208. R. elegans AuD. King Bail.

c*. Flanks, etc., with lighter bars very narrow (averaging decidedly less
than .10 wide), the ground-color varying from clear hair-brown
to cinnamon-brown ; upper parts umber-brown or olive, distinctly,
but usually not sharply, striped with blackish brown ; breast, etc.,
uniform deep cinnamon, not distinctly paler posteriorly or me-
dially.
• d'. Flanks hair-brown, distinctly barred with pure white, the white
bars bordered on each side by a blackish bar ; ground-color of
upper parts olive ; lores dark brown, bordered above by a stripe
of pale cinnamon ; length about 15,00-16.00, wing 5.70-6.40
(6.03), culmen 2.25-2.50 (2.37), least depth of bill .29-.35 (.31),
depth at base .50, tarsus 1.88-2.10 (1.93), middle too 1.75-1.90
(1.81). Hab. Eastern coast of Lower California (La Paz;
Espii'itu Santo Island, etc.).

209. R. beldingi Eidqw. Belding's RaU.
(P. Flanks cinnamon-brown, indistinctly barred with pale cinnamon
and rusty whitish, but without darker bars; ground-color of
upper parts umber-brown ; lores rather pale brown, bordered
above by a white sti'ipe ; wing 5.90-6.00 (5.96), culmen 2.00-
2.40 (2.17), least depth of bill .22-.30 (.26), tarsus 1.80-2.08
(1.93), middle too 1.70-1.92 (1.81). Hab. Central and western

Mexico.

R. tenuiroBtris (Lawr.). Mexican King Rail.>

a*. Smaller (wing loss than 4.50).

Above olive-brownish, broadly striped with blackish ; wing-coverts deep
rusty, or chestnut-rufous ; breast, etc., deep cinnamon ; flanks and axil-
lars dusky, barred with white. Immature specimens with lower parts
mixed more or less extensively with black. Length 8.12-10.50, wing
3.90-4.25, culmen 1.45-1.60, tarsus 1.30-1.40, middle toe 1.20-1.40. Eggs
1.24 X -94. Hab. Whole of temperate North America, north to British
Columbia and Hudson's Bay, south to Guatemala and Cuba.

212. R. virginianus Linn. Virginia Bail.

> Ritllui elegant var. tenuivottrii Lawr., Am. Nat. viii. Fob. 1874, 111.

PORZANA.

139

Genus PORZANA Vieillot. (Page 136, pi. XLI., figs. 1-3.)

Species.

a}. Secondaries without white.

b\ Wing more than 4.00; above olive-brownish, striped with black. (Sub-
genus Porzana.)
c'. Nock and breast olive, speckled with white ; flanks brown, narrowly
and irregularly barred with white. Adult : Broad supei-ciliary
stripe, malar region, chin, and throat, uniform gi-ayish ; car-coverts,
neck, and chest light hair-brown, irregularly speckled with white.
Young : Superciliary stripe finely speckled with white ; malar
region, chin, and throat whitish, speckled with brown, the breast
and belly washed with pale buflf. Length about 3.50, wing 4.20-
4.50, culmen .68-.72, tarsus 1.20-1.30, middle toe 1.25-1.35. Hggs
8-12, 1.32 X -95, dull buffy, spotted with vandyke-brown and pur-
plish gray. Hab. Northern portion of eastern hemisphere ; occa-
sional in Greenland 213. P. porzana (Linn.). Spotted Crake.

c*. Neck and breast without white specks j flanks broadly and regularly
barred with white and slate-coloA. Adult : Anterior portion of
head, with chin and throat, uniform black j top of head olive-brown,
with a broad median sti-ipe of black ; rest of head and neck, with
chest and breast, plain plumbeous. Young : Lores and superciliary
stripe bi'ownish, the chin and throat whitish ; rest of head and
neck, with chest and breast, light brownish. Downy young : Uni-
form dull black, the shorter down interspersed with numerous long,
glossy black, hair-like filaments; on throat, a tuft, directed for-
wards, of stiff', coarse, orange-colored, bristle-like feathers. Length
7.85-9.75, wing 4.15-4.30, culmen .75-.90, tarsus 1.25-1.35, middle
toe 1.30-1.45. Eggs 8-12, 1.23 X -89, brownish buff", rather sparsely
spotted with brown and purplish gray. Hab. Whole of temperate
North America, breeding from northern United States northward ;
in winter, south to West Indies, Middle America, and northern

South America 214. P. Carolina (Linn.). Sera.

6'. Wing less than 3.75 ; above dusky, sometimes speckled with white. (Sub-
genus Creciscus Cabanis.)
c*. Wing 2.95 or more ; back speckled with white.

Adidt : Head, neck, and lower parts plain dark plumbeous, or
slate-color, darker (sometimes nearly bla^k) on top of head ;
belly and under tail-coverts brownish black, barred with white ;
hind-neck and back dark chestnut-brown, marked with small
dots and irregular bars of white. Young : Similar to adult, but
breast, etc., dull grnyieh, the throat whitish, and top of head
tinged with reddish brown. Downy young: "Entirely bluish
black." Length B.00-6.00, wing 2.50-3.20, culmen .50-.60,

■■n

140

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

depth of bill through base .20-.25, tarsus .85-.90, middle toe
.80-1.00. Eggs about 9, 1.01 X .79, Avhite, or buffy white,
sprinkled, or finely speckled, chiefly on larger end, with dark
reddish brown or chestnut. Hah. United States (north to
Oregon, Kansas, Illinois, Massachusetts, etc.), and south through
West Indies, Middle America, and greater part of South
America, to Chili.. 216. P. jamaicensis (Gmel.). Black Kail.
<?. Wing 2.50 ; back without white markings.

Wing 2.50, culmen .60, depth of bill through base .15, tarsus .75,
middle toe .85. Hab. Farallone Islands, California.
216a. P. jamaicensis coturniculus Baird. Farallone Bail.
a'. Secondaries white. (Subgenus Coturnicops Bonaparte.)

Head, neck, and breast ochraceous ; flanks dusky, barred with whitish ;
under tail-coverts cinnamon ; under wing-coverts and axillars white ;
upper parts ochraceous, broadly striped with black and narrowlj' barred
with white; length 6.00-7.75, wing 3.00-3.60, culmen .50-.60, tarsus
.95-1.00, middle toe .90-1.00. Eggs 6 or more, 1.12 X .83, creamy bufl',
densely sprinkled and speckled on larger end with rusty brown. Hah.
Eastern North America, north to Nova Scotia and Hudson's Bay, west
to Utah and Nevada ; Cuba ; Bermudas.

215. P. noveboracensis (Gmgl.). Yellow Rail.

Genus CREX Bechstein. (Page 136, pi. XLI., fig. 4.)

Species.

Adult : Above light brown, striped tvith black ; wings rusty or reddish brown
with a few whitish bars or spots on greater coverts ; axillars and under wing-coverts
light cinnamon, the latter edged with white; head ash-gray, the crown and a
broad stripe on side of head light brown ; throat, bellj'^, and ventral region white ,
fore-neck and chest pale brownish or drab ; sides and under tail-coveris barred with
brown and white. Young : Similar, but without any gray on head. Downy young :
Uniform dark sooty brown, the head blackish. Length about 10.00-10.50, wing
5.70-6.00, culmen .86-.90, tarsus 1.50-1.60, middle toe 1.30. Eggs about 11, 1.49 X
1.07, light buff^, or pale olive-buff", spotted, longitudinally, with cinnamon-brown, or
rusty, and purplish gray. Hah. More northern portions of eastern hemisphere;
accidental in eastern North America (Greenland, Bermudas, Long Island, etc.).

217. C. crex (Linn.). Com Crake.

Genus IONORNIS Eeichenbach. (Pago 136, pi. XLIL, fig. 1.)

Species.

Adult : Head, neck, and lower parts slaty bluish pm'ple, darker on belly and
thighs ; lower tail-coverts white ; upper parts bright olive-green, changing to bright
verditer-blue toward ihe purple of the lower parts ; wings brighter green than back,
shaded with bright verditer-blue ; frontal shield dusky or bluish ; bill bright rod.

O A LUNULA.

141

liddle toe
Py white,
vith dark
(north to
b through
of South
lack Sail.

tarsus .75,
Hone Rail.

whitish ;
,rs white ;
vly barred
,60, tarsus
eamy buff,
(vn. Hab.
Bay, west

3II0W Ban.

sh brown

ng-coverts

wn and a

on white ,

irred with

my young :

50, wing

1, 1.49 X

)rown, or

tnisphere ;

etc.).

)m Crake.

tipped with yellow. Young : Above light brown, tinged with greenish on wings;
beneath pale fulvous or buffy, the belly whitish ; bill dull yellowish, and frontal
shield much smaller than in adult. Downy young : Said to be entirely black.
Length 12.50-14.00, wing 7.00-7.50, culmen (including frontal shield) 1.85-1.95, tar-
BUS 2.25-2.50, middle too 2.25-2.35. Eggs 6-10, 1.55 X 113, pale cream-color, or
creamy white, speckled (sometimes also sparingly spotted), chiefly round larger end,
with brown and purplish gray. Hab. Nearly the whole of tropical and warm-
temperate America, north, casually or irregularly nearly across the United States
east of the Great Plains, but apparently wholly absent from the Pacific coast, in-
cluding Lower California 218. I. martinica (Linn.). Purple OaUinule.

Genus GALLINULA Brisson. (Page 136, pi. XLII., fig. 2.)

Species.

Uniform plumbeous, sometimes mixed with whitish on lower parts and washed
with brown on back, the edge of the wing, the lateral under tail-coverts, and broad
stripes on flanks, white. Summer adult : Bill and frontal shield bright vermilion-
red in life, the former tipped with greenish yellow ; belly uniform plumbeous.
Winter adult : Similar, but frontal shield smaller, and belly suff^used with whitish.
Young : Similar to winter adult, but frontal shield rudimentary and, with the bill,
brownish ; whole extent of lower parts, including sides of head, suffused with
whitish, the throat sometimes almost wholly white ; white flank stripes less dis-
tinct (sometimes nearly obsolete). Downy young: Glossy black, the lower parts
sooty along the median line ; throat and cheeks interspersed with silvery white
hairs. Length 12.00-14.50, wing 6.85-7.25, culmen (to en ' of frontal shield) 1.70-
1.85, tarsus 2.10-2.30, middle toe 2.50-2.60. Eggs 8-13, 1.74 X 1-19, buff, pale bufl',
brownish buff, or buffy brown, sparsely spotted with dark brown. Hab. Whole
of tropical America and temperate North Amei'ica, north to British Provinces.

219. G. galeata (Light.). Florida Gallinule.

Genus FULICA Linn^us. (P.age 136, pi. XL., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Uniform slaty or plumbeous, the head and neck 'larker
(nearly black in adults) ; edge of wing whitish ; bill whitish in adults. Eggs pale
dull buff, finely dotted or sprinkled with brownish black and purplish gray.

a}. Only the edge of the wing and a very narrow edge to first quill white ; entire
bill and frontal shield whitish ; length about 16.00, wing 7.70-8.80, culmen
(including frontal plate) 1.70-2.00, tarsus 2.25-2.35, middle toe 2.85-3.16.
Eggs 2.11 X 147. Bab. Europe, Asia, and northern portions of Africa ; acci-
dental in Greenland 220. F. atra Linn. European Coot.

a*. Lateral and posterior lower tail-coverts and tips of secondaries white ; bill with
a dark brownish spot near end of each mandible.
b\ Frontal shield dark brown. Summer adult : Bill (in life) milk white, tinged

142 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

with bluish terminally, a spot near the end of each mandible and the
frontal shield dark brown ; belly uniform slaty plumbeous. Winter
adult : Similar, but frontal shield reduced in size, and the belly suflfused
with whitish. Young : Most like winter plumage, but lower parts much
Buffuseci with whitish, especially on throat and belly ; frontal shield rudi-
mentary, and bill, in life, dull flesh-color, tinged with olive-greenish, the
spots obsolete (dull light brownish in dried skins). Downy young :
Blackish, the head and neck ornamented with orange- or salmon-colored
crisp filamentous bristles, the upper parts more sparsely covered with
similar but paler (whitish or pale orange-buflf) filaments ; bill orange-
red, the upper mandible tipped with black. Length 13.00-16.00, wing
7.25-7.60, culmen (to commencement of frontal shield) 1.25-1.60, tarsus
2.00-2.20, middle toe 2.45-2.65. Eggs 6-12, 1.91 X 1-32. Hab. Whole of
North America, Middle America, and most of West Indies; north to
Greenland and Alaska, south to Veragua (and Trinidad ?).

221. P. americana (Gmel.). American Coot.
b\ Frontal shield whitish (pale brownish in dried skins), like bill, oval or ellip-
tical, much wrinkled; bill more slender; otherwise, very similar to F.
americana. Hab. Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe and St. John's).

F. caribsea Sidgw. Caribbean Coot.*

1 FtiHca caribfea RiDflw., Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. vii. Sept. 17, 1884, 359.

LJMICOLJE.

143

I and the

Winter
J suiFusod
arts much
lield rudi-
enish, the
mj young:
on-colorod
ered with

II orange-

6.00, wing

.60, tarsus

Whole of

; north to

rican Coot.

al or ellip-
lilar to F.

)•

)bean Coot.'

Order LIMICOLiC — The Shore Birds.

(Page 2.)

Families.

a\ Tarsus more than twice as long as middle toe, with claw ; naked portion of thigh
much longer than middle toe, with claw.... Recurvirostridse. (Page 146.)
a*. Tarsus less than twice as long as middle toe, with claw; naked portion of thigh
shorter than middle toe, with claw.
b^. Claws normal.

c*. Toes with distinct, usually scalloped, lateral membranes; tarsus ex-
tremely compressed Phalaropodidae. (Page 143.)

c*. Toes without distinct lateral membranes ; tarsus not unusually com-
pressed.
<?. Front of tarsus covered by a continuous row of transverse scutellro.
e'. Bill slender, with blunt and more or less rounded (sometimes
expanded) tip, the exposed culmen longer than middle toe

without claw Scolopacidse. (Page 147.)

fi*. Bill stout, culmen arched toward tip, its exposed portion
shorter than middle toe (without claw), or else pointed and

wedge-shaped at tip Aphrizidse. (Pago 179.)

d*. Front of tarsus covered with small hexagonal or irregular
scales.
e^. Bill shorter than tarsus, not compressed, the anterior portion
of culmen more or less distinctly arched.

Charadriidse. (Page 172 )
g". Bill longer than tarsus, much compressed terminally, the

culmen not arched Hsematopodidae. (Page 181.)

b'. Claws excessively lengthened, straight, and acute, that of the hind toe
longer than the toe itself. Jacanidse. (Page 183.)

Family PHALAROPODIDiE.— The Phalaropes. (Page 143.)

Genera.

a}. Bill broad, flattened, somewhat widened toward end ; nostrils separated from
loral feathers by a space equal to the depth of the upper mandible at base.

Crymophilus. (Page 144.)

a*. Bill slender, nearly cylindrical, not perceptibly widened toward end ; nostrils
separated from loral feathers by a space equal to much less than the depth
of the upper mandible at the base Phalaropus. (Page 144.)

wwmnmmm

144

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus CRYMOPHILUS Vieillot. (Page 143, pi. XLIIL, fig. 3.)

Species.

Adult female in summer : Enti'ro lower parts deep pui-plish cinnamon ; sides of
head white ; fore part and top of head uniform dark plumbeous or blackish ; hind-
neck plain cinnamon and plumbeous; back and scapulars light ochraceous or buff,
striped with black. Adult male in summer : Similar to the female, but top of head
and bind-ncck streaked with ochraceous (or buffy) and blackish, the white on side of
head more restricted and less abruptly defined, and size somewhat less. Winter
plumage : Head, neck, and lower parts pure white, the occiput and space about
eyes dark plumbeous ; upper parts uniform pearl-gray, or light plumbeous. Young:
Top of head, hind-neck, back, and scapulars dull black, the feathers edged Avith
ochraceous ; wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts plumbeous, the middle cov-
erts bordered with pale buff, the tail-coverts with ochraceous ; head and neck (ex-
cept as described above) and lower parts white, the throat and chest tinged with
brownish buff. Downy young : Above bright tawny buflf, marked with bi'oad
irregular stripes of black ; broad superciliary stripes bright tawny buff, separated
anteriorly only by a nai'row and somewhat interrupted dusky streak ; crown bright
umber-brown bordered with black ; chin and throat light fulvous-buff, changing to
smoky buff on chest ; rest of lower parts dull whitish. Length 7.50-8.75, wing
5.25-5.50, culmen .80-.95, tarsus .80-.85, middle toe .75-.80. Eggs 3^, 1.24 X -86,
pale drab, olive-drab, olive-buflF, or pale brown, heavily spotted with dark brown.
Hab. Northern portions of northern hemisphere, breeding far northward ; in
America, south, in winter, to Middle States, Ohio Valley, and Cape St. Lucas.

222. C. fulicarius (Linn.). Red Phalarope.

I :

t'-"-

Genus PHALAROPUS Brisson. (Page 143, pi. XLIIL, figs. 1, 2.)

Species.

i'. "Wing less than 4.50 ; tarsus less than 1.00 ; web between outer and middle toes
extending to or beyond second joint of the latter ; lateral membrane of all
the toes broad and distinctly " scalloped." (Subgenus Phalaropus.)

Adult female in summer : Above dark plumbeous, the back striped with
ochraceous or buff; wings dusky, the greater coverts broadly tipped
with white ; lower parts white ; chest and sides of neck rufous. Adult
male in summer: Similar to the female, but colors duller, the rufous
almost confined to sides of neck, and less distinct, the chest chiefly
mixed white and grayish. Winter plumage : Fnrrhf 1 superciliary
stripe, sides of head and neck, with lower p '-ts nerally, pure white;
top of head grayish, the feathers with dr ' ' .it-streaks and whitish
borders ; a blackish spot in front of eye, ; .'lo of head, i iii beneath
eye, across ear-coverts mixed dusky and nyish bite; upper parts
chiefly grayish ; sides of chest washed or clouded v th grayish. Young :
Top of head dusky, with or without streaks ; back and scapulars black-

PHALAROPUS.

145

3.)

sides of
sh ; hind-
19 or buff,
p of head
on side of
. Winter
ice about
Young :
Iged with
iddie cov-
ncck (ex-
igcd with
ith broad
separated
vvn bright
anging to
3.75, wing
.24 X .86,
'k brown,
ward ; in
cas.

lalarope.

2.)

ddlo toes
xne of all

5ed with
tipped
Adult
lie rufous
chiefly
(erciliary
white ;
whitish
beneath
ler parts
Young :
rs black-

ish, distinctly bordered with buff or ochraceous; middle wing-coverts
bordered with buff or whitish ; forehead, supra-auricuhir stripe, lores,
and lower parts white, the chest and sides of breast sometimes suffused
with dull brownish ; ear-coverts dusky. Downy young : Above bright
tawny, the rump with three parallel stripes of black, enclosing two
of paler fulvous than the ground-color; a triangular patch of brown
on crown, bounded irregularly with blackish ; a black lino over ears ;
throat and rest of head pale tawny ; rest of lower parts white, be-
coming grayish posteriorly. Length 7.00-8.00, wing 4.00-4.45, culnien
.80-.90, tarsus .75-.80, middle toe .65-.75. Eggs 3-4, 1.20 X -82, pale
olive-drab or olive-buff, thickly speckled or spotted with dark brown.
Hub. Noi . horn portions of northern hemisphere, breeding far north-
ward 223. P. lobatus (Linn.). Northern Fhalarope.

a*. "Wing more than 4.50 ; tarsus more than 1.00; web between outer and middle
toes not reaching to second joint of the latter; lateral membrane of all the
toes narrow and not distinctly " scalloped." (Subgenus Steganopus Vieill.)
Adult female in summer : Forehead and crown pale bluish graj', the former
with a blackish line along each side; occiput and hind-neck white,
changing to plumbeous-gray on back ; stripe on side of head and con-
tinued broadly down side of neck deep black, changing gradually on
lower portion into rich dark chestnut, this continued backward along
each side of back ; short stripe above lores and eyes, chin, cheeks, and
throat, pure white ; fore-neck and chest soft buflFy cinnamon ; rest of
lower parts white ; length 9.40-10.00, wing 5.20-5.30, culmen 1.30-1.35,
tarsus 1.30-1.35, middle toe .90-1.00. Adult male in summer: Smaller
and much duller in color than the female, with the beautiful tints and
pattern of the latter but faintly indicated ; length 8.25-9.00, wing 4.75-
4.80, culmen 1.25, tarsus 1.20-1.25, middle toe .90. Winter plumage:
Above plain ash-gray; upper tail-cover*^ , superciliary stripe, and lower
parts white, the chest and sides of breast shaded with pale gray. Young :
Top of head, back, and scapulars dusky blackish, the feathers distinctly
bordered with buff; wing-coverts also bordered with pale buff or
whitish ; upper tail-coverts, superciliary stripe, and lower parts, white,
the neck tinged with buff. Downy young : Bright tawny, paler beneath,
the belly nearly white ; occiput and hind-neck with a distinct median
streak of black, on the former branching laterally into two narrow
irregular lines ; lower back and rump with three broad black stripes ;
flanks with a black spot, and region of tail crossed with a wide bar of
the same. Eggs 3-4, 1.28 X -S^, pale grayish buff varying to brownish
buff, thickly speckled and spotted with dark brown or brownish black.
Hah. Temperate North America, but chiefly the interior; north to
eastern Oregon, the Saskatchewan, and Nova Scotia;, south, during
migrations, to Brazil and Patagonia. (Not recorded from Pacific slope
of California, Oregon, or Washington Territory.)

224. P. tricolor (Vieill.). Wilson's Fhalarope.

mumimmmm

146

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Family RECURVIROSTRIDiE.-

Genera.

-The Avocets and Stilts.

(Pago 143.)

a'. Hind toe present ; anterior toe?* all webbed ; bill decidedly recurved toward tip.*

Recurvirostra. (Page 146.)

a'. Hind loo absent ; no web between inner and middle toes, and that between
outer and middle toes occupying less than half the space ; bill very slightly
or not at all recurved toward tip Himantopus. (Page 146.)

Genus RECURVIF^riTRA Linnaeus. (Page 146, pi. XLIV., fig. 1.)

Species.

a}. Outer scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts, also part of secondaries and
greater wing-coverts, white.
Wings (except secondaries and terminal half of greater coverts), inner
scapulars, and adjacent feathers of back, brownish black ; lower parts,
rump, outer scapulars, and middle of back, white ; tail ashy white or
paie ashy. Summer adult : Head (except anteriorly), neck, and chest
light cinnamon. Winter plumage : Head, neck, and chest white, tinged,
more or lesn, with pale bluish grrvy, especially on top of head and hind-
neck. Young : Similar to winter plumage, but quills slightly tipped
with whitish, scapulars, etc., tipped or transversely mottled with buflfy
or pale fulvous, and hind-neck tinged with light rufous. Length 15.50-
18.75, wing 8.50-9.00, culmen 3.40-3.G5, tarsus 3.70-3.80, middle toe
1.60-1.70. .Eggs 3-4, 1.93 X 1-35, pale olive, olive-buff, or drab-buflf
(rarely creamy buff), thickly spotted (sometimes sparsely lined also)
Avith dark brown or black. Hab. Temperate North America, north,
in the interior, to the Saskatchewan and Great Slave Lake ; south, in
wintci', to Guatemala, Cuba, and Jamaica.

225. R. americana Gmel. Amerioan Avocet.

a'. No white on upper parts, except head, neck, and rump. Hab, Andes of Chili.

R. andina Philippi & Landk. Chilian Avocet.'

Genus HIMANTOPUS Brisson. (Page 146, pi. XLIV., fig. 2.)

Species.

fl*. White of forehead not extending over the crown ; black of hind-nock continuo us

with that of the back.

Adult male : Forehead, spot behind eye, lores, cheeks, entire lower parts

(including fore-neck, throat, and chin), rump, and upper tail-covorts,

pure white (sometimes tinged with pinkish in breeding season) ; rest of

1 Recurvirottra aniii»u PuiLiPPi A, Landbeck, Weijsm. Archlv, 1803, 131. Haktimo, Ibis, 1874, 257, pi. 9.

SCOLOPACIDJE.

147

dai'ies and

head and neck, back, scapulars, and wings, uniform glossy greenish
black ; tail pale ashy ; iris crimson, and legs and feet delicate lake-red or
rose-pink, in life. Adult female: Similar to the male, but back and
scapulars brownish slate, and black of other portions duller. Young :
Similar to adult female, but feathers of back, scapulars, and tertials bor-
dered with buff or dull whitish, the blackish of head and neck finely
mottled with the same. Downy young : Above light fulvous-grayish,
mottled with dusky, the back and rump marked with several largo black
blotches ; head, neck, and lower parts fulvous-whitish, the top of head
and hind-neck grnyish, the crown with a median black sti'eak and occi-
put with several spots of blackish. Length 13.50-15.50, wing 8.50-9.00,
culmen 2.50, tarsus 4.00, middle toe 1.37. Eggs 3-4, 1.79 X 1-23, similar
in coloration to those of Recurvirostra americana. Hab. Temperate
North America, from northern United States southward; south, in
winter, to Peru, northern Brazil, and West Indies.

226. H. mexicanus (MUll.). Blaok-necked Stilt,
a*. "White of forehead extending back to and including the occiput ; black of nape
separated from that of the back by a white bar or " collar."

Otherwise, similar to H. mexicanus. Hab. Southern South America
(Brazil, Argeatiuo Eepublic, Chili, etc.).

H. brasiliensis Breum. Brazilian Stilt.

continuous

Family SCOLOPACID.^. — The Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.

(Page 143.)

(Nest usually on ground, in meadows, marshes, or along banks of streams.
Eggs 2-4.)

Genera.

a*. Back of tai'sus with a continuous row of transverse scutellro.

6'. Ears situated directly underneath the eyes ; tip of upper mandible thick-
ened, with cutting-edges brought near together; plumage the same at
all stages and seasons. (Subfamily ScQlopacinm.)
c'. Thighs entirely feathered; top of head with transverse bands.

d}. First quill longer than second, and broad like the rest; outer webs

of quills spotted Scolopax. (Pago 149.)

rf*. Three outermost quills abruptly much shorter and narrower than
tde fourth ; outer webs of quills plain.

Philohela. (Page 150.)
c'. Lower part of thighs naked ; top of head with longitudinal stripes.

Gallinago. (Page 150.)

6*. Ears situated decidedly posterior to the eyes ; tip of upptir mandible thin,

with cutting-edges far apart; plumage very different in winter and

I H{manto^,\u ImiUkniit Bubum, VUg. Deutiohl. 1831, ^84.

148

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

: j-

summer, and young different in color from adult. (Subfamily
Tringince.)

. Bill only slightly or not at all widened at tip.
d}. Hind-toe present.

e'. No trace of web between anterior toes.

p. Exposed culmen longer than middle toe, with claw ; inner
webs of quills and under primary coverts not mottled.

Tringa. (^Page 152.)

/*. Exposed culmen shorter than middle toe, with claw ; inner

webs of quills and under primary coverts beautifully

mottled Tryngites. (Page 169.)

e". Middle toe united at base to one or both of the lateral toes by
a distinct web.
p. Tail more than half as long as the wing, graduated for as
much as the length of the culmen.

Bartramia. (Page 168.)
p. Tail not more than half as long as the wing, and if grad-
uated, the graduation not more than one-half the
length of the culmen.
g^. Tail longer than the exposed culmen.

/t'. Wing less than 4.00. (All anterior toes w^ebbed

at base.) Ereunetes. (Page 161.)

h*. Wing not less than 4.00.

i'. Exposed culmen less than one-fifth as long as

the wing Pavoncella. (Page 1G8.)

I*. Exposed culmen more than one-fifth as long
as the wing.

where hard and

Bill narrow at tip,
smooth on top.
A'. Wing less than 4.50.

Actitis.
k*. Wing more than 4.50.
l^. Axillars uniform
dusk}'.

(Page 169.)
grayish or

m*. Quills entirely dark-col-
ored ; no web between
inner and middle toes
at base.. Heteractitis.
(Page 167.)

w?. Quills with a conspicuous
white patch at base ; a
distinct web between
inner and middle toes,
at base.. Symphemia.
(Pago 167.)

r'i

SCOLOPAX.

149

P. Axillars white, or barred with
white and dusky.

Totanus. (Page 164.)
J*. Bill slightly widened at tip, which (at
least in dried specimen) is pitted or
wrinkled on top.

Micropalama. (Page 152.)
gf*. Tail shorter than exposed culmen.

h}. Terminal portion of both upper and lower man-
dibles grooved medially and pitted or wrinkled
(as in Gallinago) ; wing less than 7.00.

Macrorhamphus. (Page 150.)

A*. Terminal portion of upper and lower mandibles

entirely smooth and hard ; wing more than

7.00 Limosa. (Page 162.)

d*. Hind-toe absent Calidris. (Page 162.)

c*. Bill excessively widened and flattened at tip, its greatest width equal to
about half the length of the exposed culmen.

Eurynorhynchus. (Page 160.)
a*. Back of tarsus covered with small hexagonal scales. (Subfamily Numenince.)
Bill decidedly arched or decurved ; wing 8.00 or more.

Numenius. (Page 170.)

Genus SCOLOPAX Linn^us. (Page 147, pi. XLV., fig. 1.)

Species.

Adult : Above rusty brown, cvei'y where variegated with dusky and light
grayish and buify, the middle line of the back and the scapulars marked with large
irregular black spots or blotches, the scapulars much mixed posteriorly with light
grayish and the sides of the interscapular region almost continuously light grayish,
forming a pair of well-defined V-shaped marks on each side of the rusty black-
spotted areas ; quills with outer webs spotted with pale cinnamon in transverse
series, the exterior quill broadly edged with pure white; forehea<l and fore part of
crown brownish gray ; hind part of crown with occiput black, crossed bj'' two nar-
row bands of light rusty or ochraceous, and bordered anteriorly and posteriorly,
respectively, by two others ; a dusky stripe from corner of mouth to eye ; lower
parts in general pale fulvous-grayish irregularly barred with dark brown. Downy
young : General color rusty ochraceous, the upper parts marked with large blotch-
like areas of deep rusty, and an indistinct band of the same across chest. Length
about 13.50, wing 8.00, culmen 3.00-3.26, tarsus 1.60, middle toe 1.30. Eggs 1.71 X
1.37, rounded ovate, pale dull buff or dull buffy white, spotted with raw umber and
purplish gray. Hab. Northern parts of eastern hemisphere; occasional in eastern
North America 227. S. rusticola Linn. European Woodoook.

mmum

150

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus PHILOHELA Gray. (Page 147, pi. XLV., fig. 1.)

Species.

Adult : Occiput with three transverse bands of black alternating with three
much narrower ones of ochraceous, or yellowish rusty ; upper parts varied with
pale ashy, rusty, and black, the latter in form of large spots ; quills plain brownish
gray ; head, except as described above, chiefly plain cinnamon-ashy, i*elieved by a
dusky line from corner of mouth to eyes and another across ear-coverts ; lower
parts plain light cinnamon, much tinged with light ashy. Downy young : General
color light rusty buff", unvaried on lower parts ; broad stripe down rump, and other
markings on upper parts very dark chestnut, or seal-brown. Length 10.50-11.75,
wing 4.80-5.70, culmen 2.50-nearly 3.00, tarsus 1.25, middle toe 1.37. Eggs 1.51 X
1.14, short ovate or rounded ovate, huffy, spotted with rusty brown and purplish
gray. Hab. Eastern United States, noi'th to British Provinces, west to the Plains ;
accidental in Bermudas 228. P. minor (Gmel.). American Woodcock.

-5

Genus GALLINAGO Leach.

(Page 147, pi. XLV., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Tail with a subtcrminal band of rufous, succeeded by a
black bar; top of head blackish, divided medially by a line of pale buff; feathers of
back, etc., blackish, broadly edged exteriorly with pale buff; under wing-coverts,
axillars, and sides sharply and broadly barred with slate-color on a pure white
ground ; length 10.00-12.00. Eggs pale olive, olive-grayish, or pale olive-brown,
heavily spotted, especially on larger end, with deep brown and purplish gray.

a*. Tail-feathers usually 14 ; under wing-coverts with white prevailing, the dark
bars everywhere narrower than the white interspaces ; culmen usually more
than 3.80; wing 5.00-5.30, culmen 2.80-3.00, tarsus 1.25-1.45, middle too
1.15-1.40; outer tail-feathers much broader than in G. delicata. Eggs 1.57
X I'll- Hob. Europe and northern Asia and Africa; accidental in Bermu-
das, and occasional in Greenland.

229. G. gallinago (Linn.). European Snipe.

fl'. Tail-feathers usually 16 ; under wing-coverts everywhere broadly barred with
slate-color, these bars, as well as those on the axillars, nearly as broad as the
white interspaces ; culmen usually less than 2.75 ; wing 4.90-5.C0, culmen
2.50-2.70, tarsus 1.20-1.30, middle toe 1.10-1.35. Eggs 1.55 X 109. Ilab.
Whole of North and Middle America, and West Indies, and northern South
America; breeding from northern United States northward.

230. G. delicata (Ord). Wilson's Snipe.

Genus MACRORHAMPHUS Leach. (Page 149, pi. XLVI.. fig. 2.)

Species.
Common Characters. — Rump and upper tail-coverts white, the former with
U- or V-shaped marks, the latter with transverse bars, of dusky ; tail grayish dusky,

MA CRORHAMPHVS.

151

or slaty, barred with white. Summer adult : Sides of head and neck, throat, fore-
neck, chest, breast, and sides (sometimes entire lower parts), light cinnamon, usu-
ally more or less flecked, speckled, or barred with dusky ; top of head and hind-neck
streaked with pale cinnamon, or buffy, and dusky ; back, scapulars, etc., varied
with dusky and light cinnamon, or buffy. Winter plumage :^ Belly, anal region,
and indistinct superciliary stripe, white ; rest of plumage plain ash-gray, intermixed
more or less with white on breast and sides ; wing-coverts bordered with whitish.
Young .•* Back, scapulars, and tertials varied with blackish and light brown or clay-
color, the latter chiefly along edges of feathers ; lower parts soiled white, tinged,
especially on breast, w'ith pale brownish, the chest and sides indistinctly speckled
with dusky.

rt'. AYeb between inner and middle toes very indistinct ; culmen not more than 3.00,
wing not more than 6.00, and tarsus not more than 1.75 ; lower back entirely
white ; axillars barred to tips with dusky, and under wing-coverts much
varied with same ; tertials, scapulars, etc., more or less barred with light
cinnamon or buffy, in summer plumage. (Subgenus Macrorhamphus.)
h\ Length about 10.00-11.00, wing 5.25-5.90 (average 5.65), culmen 2.00-2.55
(2.30), tarsus 1.20-1.55 (1.35), middle toe .90-1.05 (.95). Summer adult
with belly whitish, the breast and sides speckled with dusk}-. Eggs
1.65 X 113, light buffy olive, distinctly spotted and speckled, especially
on larger end, with deep brown. Hab. Eastern North America, breed-
ing far northward ; Nushagak River, Alaska (straggler ?).

231. M. griseus (Gmel.). Powitoher.
b\ Length 11.00-12.50, wing 5.40-6.00 (average 5.74), culmen 2.10-3.00 (2.72),
tarsus 1.35-1.75 (1.58), middle toe .95-1.15 (1.01). Summer adult with
cinnamon-color of lower parts deeper and much more uniform, covering
entii'o belly ; sides distinctly barred with dusky. Eggs 1.74 X 1-21, pale
olive-grayish, boldly spotted, especially over larger end, with deep van-
d^'ko-brown. Hab. North America in general (except northeastern por-
tion), but chiefly the Western Province, breeding in Alaska, etc., north
to Arctic Ocean... 232. M. scolopaceus (S.w). Long-billed Dowitoher.
rt*. Web between inner and middle toes very large (almost equal in extent to that
between outer and middle toes) ; culmen more than 3.00, wing more than
6.00, and tarsus more than 1.76 ; lower back dusky, the feathers edged and
margined with wliitc; axillars white, barred or spotted toward base only
with dusky, and under wing-ooverts almost entirely white; tertials, scapu-
lars, etc., edged, but not barred, with pale cinnamon, in summer plumage.
(Subgenus Pseudoscolopax Blyth.')

M. semipalmatuB (Jerd.). Setnipalmated Snipe.*

' Winter plumngo and young of U. ifmipnlmalui not seen by mo, and perhRps difTorrnt in stylo of coliirn-
tion from tho same Rtnf(C!! of tho American Bpccics,

' PHcudoHt-olopiij: Blytii, Jour. At, Soo. Ucng. xvii. 184f., 252. Typo, Mncrorhnmphui §emtpalmatu»
Jerd.

> Pieudoicohpajt temipnlmatuB " JgnD." Bi rrn, Jour. Ag. Soo. Bong. xvi.. IS48, 262.

152

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus MICROPALAMA Baird. (Page 149, pi. XLIII., fig. 4.)

Species.

Summer adult : Upper parts varied with black, pale gray, and light buff, the
first prevailing on back and scapulars; wing-coverts grayish, margined with paler;
upper tail-coverts white, marked with dusky streaks and bars ; top of head dusky,
streaked with whitish ; ear-coverts and patch on each side of occiput, light rusty ;
streak of dusky from eye to corner of mouth ; rest of head, with neck, dull white,
streaked with dusky, the lower parts whitish barred with dusky. Winter plumage :
Upper parts uniform ash-gray, except tail-coverts, wings, and tail, which are as in
summer; superciliary stripe and lower parts white, the chest, sides of neck, and
lower tail-coverts streaked with grayish. Young: Back and scapulars durOcy, aH
the feathers bordered with pale buff or buffy whitish; wing-coverts bordered with
pale buff and white; upper tail-coverts nearly immaculate white; lower parts
soiled white, the chest and sides more or less strongly washed with buff, and indis-
tinctly streaked with grayish. Length 7.50-9.25, wing 5.00-5.30, culmen 1.55-1.75,
tarsus 1.55-1.70. Eggs 1.42 X 1-00, pale grayish buff, or grayish buffy white, boldly
spotted with rich vandyke-brown and purplish gray. Hab. Eastern North America
breeding far northward ; south, in winter, to Brazil, Peru, and West Indies ; Ber-
mudas during migrations 233. M. himantopus (Bonap.). Stilt Sandpiper.

Genus TRINGA Linn^us. (Page 148, pi. XLVII., figs. 1-3 ; pi. XL VIII., figs. 1, 2.)

Species.

a}. Wing 6.00 or more ; middle pair of tail-feathers noc longer than the rest. (Sub-
genus Tringa.)
6'. Wing less than 7.00; summer adult with lower parts uniform light cinna-
mon. Summer adult : Above light grayish, irregularly varied with black
and tinged with pale rusty ; rump and upper tail-coverts white, iiTcgu-
larly barred and spotted with dusky ; distinct superciliary stripe and
lower parts generally, uniform pale vinaceous-cinnamon, paler on belly ;
under wing-coverts, axillai'S, flanks, and lower tail-coverts white, usually
more or less marked with dusky. Winter plumage: Above plain ash-
gray, the feathers with indistinct darker shaft-streaks ; rump and upper
tail-coverts white, barred with dusky ; lower parts white, the throat,
fore-neck, chest, and sides streaked and otherwise marked with dusky.
Young : Above ash-gray, each feather bordered with whitish and with
a subedging of duskj' ; lower parts whitish, sometimes tinged with dull
buffy on breast, etc., the neck and chest streaked and flecked with dusky,
the sides indistinctly barred and spotted with the same; otherwise, like
adult. Downy young : " Forehead warm buff, with a central black line ;
over the eye a double black line ; crown, from centre backwards, black,
slightly varied with rufous, and dotted with buff; nape creamy buff,
slightly varied with blackish; upper parts . . . black slightly varied

TRINQA.

153

with reddish brown and profusely dotted with creamy white; under
parts very slightly washed with warm buff." (Dresser.) Length 10.00-
11.00, wing 6.50, tail 2.50. Hab. Sea-coasts throughout northern hemi-
sphere and nearly throughout southern hemisphere in winter ; in North
America, shores of the Great Lakes also.

234. T. canutus Linn. Knot.
h*. "Wing more than 7.00; summer adult with lower parts white, heavily
spotted anteriorly with dusky; wing 7.40, tail 2.80, oulmen 1.60, tar-
sus 1.35, middle toe .85. Hab. Coast of Eastern Asia (Japan, etc.).

T. crassirostris Temm. & Schleo. Large-billed Sandpiper.^
a'. Wing less than 6.00 ; middle pair of tail-feathers longer and more pointed than
the rest.
6*. Tarsus shorter than middle toe (with claw), the latter decidedly shorter
than exposed culmen. (Subgenus Arquatella Baird.)
c*. Summer adult and young Avith little if any rusty on upper parts, the
former without dusky patch or extensive clouding on breast.
Summer adult : Top of head dusky streaked with dull light buify ;
scapulars and interscapulars blackish, irregularly spotted and
indented with dull buff, and bordered terminally with whitish ;
fore-neck and chost white, streaked with duskj' ; breast dull
light grayish, spotted with darker. Winter plumage : Upper
parts uniform sooty blackish, glossed with purplish, the scapu-
lars, interscapulars, and wing-coverts bordered terminally with
dark plumbeous-gray ; chest uniform mouse-gray, or brownish
plumbeous, other ' j'vor parts white. Young: Above dusky, the
scapulars, interscaj ulara, and wing-coverts bordered with pale
grayish buff. Downy young: Above hair-brown, lighter and
grayer on hind-neck, the brown irregularly marbled with black,
the wings, back, and rump thickly sprinkled with white downy
flecks; head grayish white, tinged with fulvous, variously
marked with black, the lores having two distinct longitudinal
streaks ; lower parts dull grayish white. Length 8.00-9.50,
wing 4.85-5.40 (5.06), culmen 1.10-1.45 (1.20), tarsus .90-1.00
(.99). Eggs 1.44 X 1-02, pale olive, varying to greenish or
brownish or even huffy, spotted and clouded with various
shades of brown, ffab. Sea-coasts and shores of larger inland
waters of Europe and eastern North America, breeding far
northward; south, in winter, to Middle States and Great

Lakes 235. T. maritima BrUnn. Purple Sandpiper.

c*. Summer adult and young with much rusty on upper parts, the former
with a more or less distinct patch, or extensive clouding, of dusky
on breast.
<r. Smaller and darker colored. Summer adult : Upper parts dusky,

» Tringa cratiiroitri* Tbmk. A Schlko., Faun. Jap. Aves, 1847, 107, pi. 14.

154

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

with purplish gloss, tho top of head streaked with rusty, the
scapulars and interscapulars widely bordered by a brighter
shade of the same; fore-neck and chest irregularly clouded
with pale buff or soiled white and sooty plumbeous, the breast
more coarsely clouded, with more or less of a blackish patch on
each side. Winter plumage : Hardly distinguishable from corre-
sponding stage of T. maritima, but lighter borders to feathers
of upper parts of a clearer, more bluish plumbeous, and the
grayish of the chest more varied or broken by white. Young :
Scapulars and interscapulars conspicuously boi-dered with bright
rusty, ochraceous, and whitish ; wing-coverts broadly bordered
with pale buff or whitish ; breast and sides buffy white, sti'eaked
with dusky. Downy young : Above bright rusty fulvous, irreg-
ularly marbled with black, the ornamental velvety flecks coarser
and less purely white than in T. maritima ; head light fulvous,
marked as in T. maritima ; sides distinctly tinged with fulvous.
Length 7.50-9.00, wing 4.50-5.15 (4.86), culmen .98-1.25 (1.13),
tarsus .88-1.00 (.95). Eggs 1.46 X 1-00, pale olive-buff, varying
to light brownish buff, spotted longitudinally, ani somewhat
spirally, with vandyke-brown, or ',?f^p umber, tueso darker
markings sometimes prevailing over the ground-color. Hab.
Aleutian Islands and coasts of Bering's Sea, north to Kowak
Eiver, Alaska, west to Commander Islands, Kamtschatka.

236. T. couesi Eidow. Aleutian Sandpiper.
<f . Larger and lighter colored. Summer adult : Top of head broadly
streaked with buff; scapulars and interscapulars widely bor-
dered with bright ochraceous or ochraceous-rufous ; fore-neck
and chest pure white, sparsely streaked with brownish gray ;
breast white, streaked anteriorly and clouded posteriorly with
dusky, tho latter forming more or less of a patch on etu li side.
Winter plumage : Above light plumbeous or ashy, the scapulars
and interscapulars darker contrail}' and with paler borders;
wing-coverts edged with pure white ; chest with white pre-
vailing. Young : Similar to corresponding stage of T. couesi,
but colors much paler, with light borders to feathers of back,
etc., broader, the dark centres correspondingly decreased.
Downy young : Similar to that of T. couesi, but paler in color,
the dark streaks on lores not reaching to the eye. Length
about 9.50-10.00, wing 5.00-5.40 (5.16), culmen 1.15-1.45 (1.33),
tarsus .95-1.00 (.98). Eggs 1.50 X 107, light brownish buff,
heavily spotted with rich vandj'ke-brown and clouded with
pui-plish gray. Hab. Prybilof Islands, Bering's Sea; adjacent
coast of Alaska, south of Norton Sound, in winter.

237. T. ptilocnemis Cou£a. Prybilof Sandpiper.

TRINQA.

165

b\ Tarsus longer than middlo too and claw, or else toes very slender, without
distinct lateral membrane,
c*. Exposed culmen not longer than tarsus (or else exceeding it by not
more than half the length of the basal phalanx of the middle toe),
and less than half as long as the tail. (Subgenus Actodromas
Kaup.)
<r. Wing more than 4.50.

c'. Eump and median upper tail-coverts plain brownish black or
dusky.
/'. Shafts of all the quills white for a portion of their length ;
exposed culmen shorter than tarsus. Summer adult :
Top of head bright rusty, streaked with black ; scap-
ulars and intei'scapulars rusty, tipped with pale gray-
ish brown and white, and broadly striped with black ;
superciliary stripe, malar region, chin, and throat,
white, streaked and flecked with dusky ; fore-neck and
chest buff broadly streaked and spotted with dusk}- ;
rest of lower parts white, with V-shaped marks of
grayish brown, except on belly. Winter plumage:
Above grayish brown (more rusty on top of head),
streaked and striped with dusky; superciliarj' stripe
and lower parts dull white; chest and sides of breast
pale grayish bulf, the former indistinctly streaked with
dusky, lower tail-coverts with dusky shaft-streaks.
Young : Whole top of head bright rusty, sharply
streaked with black; scapulai's, etc., bright ochraceous-
rusty, striped with blackish and bordered terminally
with white; superciliary stripe, malar region, chin,
throat, belly, and lower tail-coverts white, the first
two finely streaked with dusky, the last with dusky
shaft-streaks. Length about 7.50-9.00, wing 4.90-
5.50, culmen .95-1.05, tarsus 1.10-1.25. I£ab. Western
coasts and islands of Pacific Ocean, from Australia to
Kamtschatka and Alaska (numerous and probably

breeding) 238. T. acuminata (ITorsf.).

Sharp-tailed Sandpiper.
/*. Shaft of outer quill, only, white ; exposed culmen longer
than tarsus. Summer adidt : Above light clay-color or
brownish buff, broadly striped with black ; fore-neck
and chest light buflfy grayish, broadly streaked with
dusky ; chin, upper part of throat, and lower parts
from breast backward, plain white. Winter plumage :
Similar to summer dress, but upper parts more uni-
form, with blackish markings less distinct, the lighter
tints less rusty or buffy. Young : Much like summer

156

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

adult, but lighter tints above more rusty, the scapulars
and outermost interscapulars tipped exteriorly with
white, the chest, etc., more buft'y and more narrowly
streaked. Length 8.00-9.50, wing about 5.00-5.50, cul-
men 1.10-1.20, tarsus 1.00-1.10. Eggs 1.44 X 102, pale
grayish buff varying to pale olive-greenish, boldly and
heavily blotched with rich vandyke-brown and clouded
with puq)lish gray. Hab. Nearly the whole of Amer-
ica, but in summer confined to Arctic and subarctic
districts ; occasional in Europe.

239. T. maculata Yieill. Pectoral Sandpiper,
c*. Rump dusky, the feathers bordered with pale grayish, buffy,
or whitish.
/*. Upper tail-coverts all white, but sometimes marked with
dusky.
<7'. Wing less than 5.50. Summer adult: Top of head
buffy, broadly streaked with black ; back and scap-
ulars mixed light brownish gray and grayish buff,
tinged more or less with rusty ochraceous, and
broadly striped with blackish, these markings
more wedge-shaped on scapulars ; upper tail-cov-
erts white, often nearly or quite immaculate,
sometimes with a few, mostly concealed, sagittate
or V-shaped, marks of dusky ; superciliary stripe
and lower parts white ; sides of head and neck,
fore-neck, chest, and sides, streaked with dusky,,
these streaks broadest and most distinct on chest,
sparser, larger, and more cuneate or V-shaped on
flanks. Winter plumage : Upper parts plain brown-
ish gi'ay, with indistinct narrow mesial streaks
of dusky ; otherwise as in summer, but streaks
on chest, etc., less distinct. Young: Scapulars
and interscapulars blackish, margined terminally
with white and laterally with rusty, those of
middle of back (longitudinally) also tipped with
rusty; feathers of top of head and rump, also
tertials, margined with rusty; wing-coverts bor-
dered with pale grayish buff; otherwise like winter
plumage, but chest, etc., suffused with buffy.
Length 6.75-8.00, wing 4.90-5.00, culmen .90-1.00,
tarsus .95-1.00. Eggs 1.37 X -94, light olive or
olive-brownish, spotted (usually rather finely)
with deep brown and dull purplish gray. Hab.
Eastern North America, breeding far northward ;
in winter, south through West Indies and over

TRiyOA.

167

irked with

eastern South America, to Falkland Islands; occa-
sional in Europe 2-40. T. fuscicoUis Vieill.

Bonaparte's Sandpiper.
"Wintr more than 5.50. Summer adult: Similar to cor-
responding stage of T. fuscicoUis, but ground-color
of upper parts brownish gray, with only the least
ti'ace of ochraeeous on some of the longer scapu-
lars, and upper tail-coverts conspicuou.sly varied
with broad V-shaped marks of grayish dusky ;
length about 9.50, wing 5.80, culmen 1.25, tarsus
1.20. Ilab. Long Island, New York (only one
specimen known, obtained May 24, 1833).

— . T. cooperi Baird. Cooper's Sandpiper.
/'. Median upper tail-coverts plain dusky.

Sutinner adult: Crown pale grayish buff, broadly
streaked with brownish black; scapulars and in-
terscapulars irregularl}' spotted with brownish
black and pale grayish buff, the former largely
predominating; chest pale grayish buff, streaked
and spotted with dusky grayish brown ; super-
ciliary stripe, chin, and throat white, the first
finely but sparsely streaked with dusky; lower
parts posterior to cheat plain white. Winter
plumage: Above plain huffy grayish brown, the
feathers with rather indistinct dusky mesial
streaks ; feathers of rump and median upper tail-
coverts dusky, bordered terminally with dull
buffy ; lower parts dull white, the sides of neck,
chest, and sides of breast strongly washed or suf-
fused with dull buff^y. Young: Above dull gray-
ish buff, the scapulars and interscapulars dusky
centrally and margined terminally with white;
top of head streaked with dusky ; otherwise much
as in winter plumage, but chest streaked with
dusky. Length 7.00-7.60, wing 4.60-4.85, culmen
.90-1.00, tarsus 1.00. Eggs 1.30 X 93, light
creamy buff, sometimes tinged with rusty, thickly
speckled and spotted with deep reddish brown or
chestnut. Hah. America in general, but chiefly
the interior; breeding along arctic coast, and mi-
grating in winter south to Chili and Argentine
Eopublic.

241. T. bairdii Coues. Baird's Sandpiper.
d*. Wing less than 4.00.

e*. Middle too, without claw, shorter than exposed culmen ; shafts

168 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

of all tho quills white for greater portion.' Summer adult :
Scapulars and interscapulars bordered and irregularly in-
dented with rusty ochraeooua, these lighter markings some-
times extended nearly or quite to the shaft, thus dividing
tho black into more or less completely separated spots;
terlials broadly edged with rusty ochraceous; rump and
upper tail-coverts plain brownish black, tho outermost
feathers of the latter partly or entirely white ; top of head
rusty ochraceous, broadly streaked with black; fore-neck
and chest dull brownish white, streaked with dusky; rest
of lower parts plain white. Winter plumage : Above plain
brownish gray, with dusky shaft-streaks ; chest pale gray-
ish, very indistinctly streaked with darker; rest of lower
parts plain white. Young : Similar to summer adults, but
scapulars and outermost interscapulars with white tips to
outer webs, and lacking the concealed ochraceous bars;
lower parts more as in winter plumage. Length 5.00-6.75,
wing 3.50-3.75, culmen .75-.92, tarsus .75. Eggs 1.15 X .83,
pale grayish bufify, varying to pale brownish, thickly spotted,
speckled, or sprinkled with deep chestnut and dull purplish
gray. Hab. America in general, but breeding only in ai^ctic
and subarctic districts.

242. T. minutilla Yieill. Least Sandpiper.
e'. Middle too, without claw, longer than exposed culmen ; shafts
of all the quills, except first, wholly dark brown. Summer
adult : Very similar to corresponding stage of T. minutilla,
but feathers of back more broadly edged with tawny
ochraceous, and scapulars more bi'oadly edged with a
brighter, more rusty shade of tho same, these feathers with-
out any trace of bars or indentations of tho lighter color.
Winter plumage, not seen. Young, hardly distinguishable
from summer adult. Length about 5.50-6.20, wing 3.45-
3.65, culmen .70-.80, tarsus .85-.90. Hab. Asia, breeding
toward arctic coast ; accidental (?) in Alaska (Otter Island,
Bering's Sea, June 8, 1885).

— . T. damacensis (Horsp.). Long-toed Stint.'
c*. Exposed culmen exceeding tarsus by at least half the length of the

middle toe, without claw, and moi*e than two-thirds as long as

tail.
d^. Tarsus less than one and a half times as long as middle toe, with-

1 To this secUon belong also tho type of the subgenus, T. minntn Leisl. ; also, T, tcmminckii Leisl., and
T, rujicnilis Pall., of tho northern portions of the eastern hemisphere.

' Tolanua damacenalu IIoiiSF., Tr. Linn. Soo. xiii. 1821, 129. Tringa damncenfit Swisil., P. Z. S. 1863,
316. Rinow. Auk, iii. 1888, 275 (Otter Island, Alaska; Chas. H. Townsend). Actodromaa damacentU Stejn.,
Cm. Expl. Kamtschat. 1385, 116 (Boring Island, Kamtschatka).

TRINQA.

159

a Leisl., and

out claw ; median upper tail-coverts dusky ; lower parts white
and blackish in summer adult. (Subgenus Pelidnn Cuvii-a.)
e*. Summer adult : Above light dull rusty or tawny, streaked and
spotted with blackish ; anterior lower parts white, or
grayish white, streaked with dusky ; belly covered by a
more or less continuous patch of blackish. Winter plumage :
Above plain ash-gray or brownish gray, sometimes with
indistinct dusky shaft-streaks; an indistinct superciliary
stripe and lower parts white, the neck and chest indis-
tinctly streaked with grayish, the sid"« and flanks some-
times also sparsely streaked. Young : Back and scapulars
dusky, the feathers broadly bordered with rusty, ochra-
ceous, or buflfy, this becoming paler (often whitish) on tips
of some feathers ; wing-coverts bordered with bufiy ; top
of head light rusty, streaked with blackish ; sides of head
and neck dull buffj'-, indistinctly streaked with dusky;
lower parts white, the breast and belly spotted with
black.
/'. Smaller and duller in color. Summer adult with back
varied with dull ochreous or buffy, and blackish of belly
not in strong contrast with speckled or otherwise va-
ried dull grayish of breast. Downy young : " Covered
■with rather close down; crown velvety black, this
color narrowing to a point on the forehead, and mar-
gined all around with buffy white; hind crown slightly
spotted with white ; upper parts deep black slightly
varied with rufous, and dotted hero and there with
white ; sides of the head white with a warm buffy
tinge ; a dark streak passes from the base of the bill
over the eye, and another below it, and behind the cyo
there is a dark patch ; rest of under-parts grayish
white." (Dresser.) Length about 7.50, wing 4.30-4.75,
culmen 1.15-1.40, tarsus .85-1.00, middle too .70-.75.
Eggs pale olive-buff, spotted, somewhat spirally (some-
times speckled), with different shades of vandyke-
brown and purplish gray. Hab, Europe, etc.; acci-
dental or casual in eastern North America (west side
of Hudson's Bay).... 243. T. alpina (Linn.). Dunlin.
/'. Larger and brighter colored. Summer adult with back,
etc., varied with bright rusty ochraceous, and black of
belly conspicuously contrasted with nearly immaculate
grayish white of breast ; length 7.60-8.75, wing 4.60-
4.95, culmen 1.40-1.75, tarsus 1.00-1.15, middle too .70-
.80. £ggs 1.43 x 1-01, dull brownish or grayish buff or
olive-buff, blotched, spotted, and stained with chestnut-

Ki'

160 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

brown. Hab. Noi-th America in general, breeding far
northward; eastern Asia.... 243a. T. alpina pacifica

(CouEs). Eed-backed Sandpiper.

d}. Tarsus one and a half times as long as the middle too, with claw ;

upper tail-coverts entirely white ; head, neck, and lower parts

rufous or chestnut in summer adult. (Subgenus Ancylocheilus

Kaup.)

Summer adult: Head, neck, and lower parts (except anal
region and lower tail-coverts), deep cinnamon-rufous or
chestnut; upper parts varied with blackish and rusty.
Winter plumage : Above plain brownish gray, with indis-
tinct dusky shaft-stroaks ; superciliary stripe, upper tail-
coverts, and lower parts, white, the chest indistinctly
streaked with gi-ayish. Young : Back and scapulars
dusk}-, the feathers edged with dull huffy or light ochra-
ceous, and bordered terminally with whitish ; lesser and
middle wing-coverts bordered terminally with dull buff;
otherwise much like winter plumage, but chest and sides
of breast washed with dull buff. Length about 7.00-9.00,
wins.; 4.80-5.20, culmon 1.38-l.GO, tarsus 1.10-1.20. Eggs
1 50 X 1.04, pale grayish or greenish huffy, spotted with
deep brown, etc. (hardly distinguishable from eggs of T.
vxaculata or T. alpina pacifica), Hab. Eastern hemisphere
in general ; occasional in eastern North America and in
Alaska 244 T. ferruginea BiiUnn. Curlew Sandpiper.

Genus EURYNORHYNCHUS Nilsscn. (Page 149, pi. XLIV., fig. 3.)

Species.

Summer adult . Head, neck, and chest rusty, the cro.vn streaked and the back
spotted with dusky ; scapulars and tertials lighter rusty, or ochraceous, the central
portion of each feather black ; wing-coverts brownish gray, with dusky shaft-
streaks ; lower parts from breast back, white, the sides more or less snotted with
dusky. Winter plumage : Forehead, cheeks, and entire- xmder jiarts white ; ui)per
parts (except forehead) dusky, the feathers margined with pale grayish. Young :
Back and scapulars dusky, the feathers bordered tern.lnally with dull whitish,
these borders beconiiiig rusty on anterior portion of back and scapulars; wiiig-
coverls dusky centrally, with still darker shaft-streaks, and margined with brown-
ish gray, the greater tipped with white; top of head dull grayish, spotted with
dusky, the feathers edged with ru( „y; rest of head, nock (except behind), aiul
lower parts while, cloudetl with light grayish brown, ai.d suffused with dull bully
anteriorly. Length about COO, wing 3.35-3.90, culmen .80-1.00, width of bill near
tip about .45. tarsus .SU-.90. J/ah. Eastern Siberia in summer, straggling across to
coast of Alaska (Choris Peninsula) ; in winter, south to India.

245. E. pygmsus (Linn.). Spoon-bill Sandpiper.

EREVNETES.

161

Genus EREUNETES Iixiger. (Pago 148, pi. XLVIIL, fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — TJuinp slate-grayish ; upper tail-coverts and middle tail-
feathers dusky, rest of tail-feathers ash-gray; wing-coverts and tortials brownish
gr.aj', with darker shaft-streaks, the greater coverts tipped with white; superciliary
region and lower parts white, the former finely streaked with dusky. Summer
n(hilts with feathers of back, scapulars, etc., blackish centrally, their edges more or
less buffy or rusty; chest streaked or spotted with dusky. Winter plumage with
upper ])ai't8 plain grayish, the feathers witii darker shaft-streaks; chest nearly or
quite immaculate. Yovng : Much like summer adult, but chest tinged with didl
buflfy, and without streaks, and tiio scapulars and feathers of back margined termi-
nally with white. Doir','/ ijoring : Forehead whitish, divided medially by a black
lino; crown chestnut, ma: olod posteriorly with IjJack and white; occiput marbled
whitish ; a lino of black on lores, forking just in front of eye, the upper branch run-
ning toward anterior corner of eye, tho other inclining downward ; upper parts i\\\-
vous-brown or rusty laterally, black centrally, the whole surface thickly bespangled
with white downy tufts; throat fulvous-whitish; other lower parts dull whitish,
ucarl}'- pure on belly. Length about 5.25-6.75.

a\ Culmen .68-.75 (.72) in male, .80-.f)2 (.84) in female. Summer Oifulf \\ ith littlo
rusty on upper jiarts, tho prevailing color aliove being grayish brown, tingod
on sidti^ of head (above car-coverts), scapulars, etc., with pale buffy cinnamon,
but thi.' often nearly absent ; chest narrowly streaked with dusky. Ynuiig
with littlo of rusty or ochraceous on iijipor parts. Miile : Wing 3.fi5-3.!»0
(;i(i9), culmen .r)8-.75 (.72), tarsus .S()-.90 (.85). middle toe .55-.n5 (02).
Female: Wing 3.85-4.00 (3.01), culmen .S0-.n2 (.84), tarsus .85-.05 (.V)0),
midiile toe .55-.(J5 (.61). Etjij^ 1.21 X 0-8f>, pale dull grayish iiuff, sprinkled,
speckled, or spotted with dark brown and purplish gray. J fab. Northern
and eastern North America, breeding from Labrador and weitern shoren
of Hudson's Bay to northern Alaska; west, during migrations, to Hocky
.Iilountains 246. E. pusillus (TiiNN.). Semipalmated Sandpiper.

«'. Ciiimen .85-.n5 (.88) in male, 1.00-1.15 (1,0,)) in female. Summer adult with
upper parts chiefly rusty, or bright rust> cinnamon, tlM^ feathers spottccl ci'ii-
trally with black, the rusty or cinnamon sonu>timt's uniform along sides of
head (al)ove ear-coverts), and a mo-e or less dii-'tinct strip** of same on side
of head ; chest and I'reast thickly marked with broad streaks (sometimes
widened into triangular spots) of dusky, tho sides marked with sasjittato
spots of tho saJne. Young : Upper p.rts, including toj) of head, with rusty
ochraceous ]irevailing. Dnwnff young : Trusty areas of upper purls more t'x-
tended and i>righter in color, Male: Wing 3.(iO-.3.75 (:{.(JS), euhuen .85-,!>5
(.88). tarsus .85-.n0 (.87), middle toe .55-.()0 (.50). Female: Wing 3.70-3.IM)
(3.82). culmen 1.00-1.15 (1.05), tarsus .90-.!)5 (,!>3), middle toe .tl0-.fi5 (.61).
Eggs 1.24 X t>.87, deep cinnamoubutfv, sprinkled, speckled, or thickly spotted

162

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

with bright rusty brown or chestnut, the general tispcet decidedly rusty.'
Hah. Western North America, breeding north to shores p^ Norton Sound,
Alaslca ; during migrations occurring more or less plentifully a'ong Atlantic
coast 247. £. occidentalis Lawr. Western Sandpiper.

Genus CALIDRIS Cuvier. (Page 149, pi. XLIY., fig. 4.)

Sjiecies.

Lower parts white, immaculate on belly, sides, flanks, under tail-covorts, axil-
lars, and under wing-coverts; gi'cater wing-coverts broadlj' tipped witli white, and
inner primaries wliite at base of outer webs. Summer adult: Above liglit rusly,
spotted with blackish, many of the ieathcrs tipped with whitish ; licad. neck, and
chest pale rusty, Htreaivod and speckled with dusky. Winter phiviaije : Aliovo very
pale uniform ash-gray, inclining to pearl-gray (the anterior lesser wing-coverts de-
cidedly «larkei*), varied onl}' by slightly darker shaft-streaks to the feathers ; throat
and chesl, like rest of lower parts, immaculate pure white. Spnm/ plumage: Above
light grayish, coarsely spotted with black (streaked on head and neck), and tinged
here and there with rusty; chest speckled with dusky. Yoxmcj : Aiiove j)ale gray-
ish, spotted with black and whitish, the latter on the tips of tlu' feathers; chesL
immaculate white, faintly tinged with dull buff. LfUgth 7.00-8.75. wing 4.70-6.00,
culmcn .!»•>-!. 00, tarsus .90-1.05, middle toe .55-.G0. jtV/r/.s- 1.41 X -91. I'.irht olive-
lirown, finely sjxitted <>r speckled with darker, the markintrs larger and more
lilended on larger end. Hah. Nearly cosmopolitan, but breodinj; only in ■ n-rn
portion of northern hemisphere 248. C. arenaria (Lin.n.). Sa-.^- ang.

Genus LIMOSA Brisson. (Page 149, ph XLIX., fig. 1.)

Species.

a\ Wings without any white patch,
i' Tail distinctly l)arrcd.

c'. Upper tail-coverts pale cinnamon, barred with black ; a.xillara and ui r
wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous.

Pn^vailiuLT color pale cinnamon or ocliracefMis the hfud aiiwl nek
streaUed, the remaining upper ])arts ivrcgnlarly barn*<! »»<{
spotted, with brownish dusky. Adult : 1-'.east. sides, and fixiusH
barrvd with dusky. Young: Rr(>ast, sides, and flat
maculate, and decjx'r ochraceous tlian in adidt. LerticA
20,50. wing 8.50-9.00, culmcn 3.50-5 (H*., tarsus 2.75-8i*^(
toe about 1.40. /•%.<? 2.27 X 1<»0. pale olive, varritif *»• li#t
grayish buflPy, iiTcgidarly and rather sparsely iipaltiud «Pliil
dark brown and didl purplish gray. Ilah. North AaarilM ki

' Tlio PRK" of flin two nppolci< of thiK )t«nHii illffer cmiKlnnlly iiml very decidedly in •vl.-tttliua, i
tlio ttbuvu (lt'n«ri|ilioiin, wliicU ar« lmi<»«l i>n » vrry Itiry •••iim ol oaoIi.

lly rusty.'
)n Sound,
'r Atlantic
Sandpiper.

rerts, axil-
whitc, and
fflit rusty,

nccU, and
ibovc very
coverts de-
irs , throat
uje : Altovo
and tinged

pale gray-
icr.s ; cliesl
r 4.70-5.00,
liijht olivc-

aud more
u ''vrn

8a^ ie Aug.

ami uttier
iit)«i no'k

;IIT'''' U^d

LIMOSA.

163

general, breeding from Iowa, Dakota, etc., north to Alaska,
nii"-rating south in winter to Guatemala, Yucatan, and Cuba.

249. L. fedoa (Linn.). Marbled Oodwit.

c'. Upper tail-coverts white, spotted with dusky ; axillars and under wing-

coverta white, marked irregularly with dusky.

d}. Rump white, marked with broad, acuminate streaks of dusky;

bead, neck, and lower parts very deep cinnamon in summer

adult; length about 17.00, wing 8.25-8.50, culmen 2.95-3.80,

tarsus 2.00-2.15, middle toe 1.10-1.20. JIab. Northoi-n portion

of eastern hemisphere.

L. lapponica (Lixn.). Bar-tailed Qodwit.'
d*. Rump dusky, the feathers margined with white ; head, neck, and
lower parts paler cinnamon in summer adult. Summer adult :
Head, neck, and lower parts, plain cinnamon-color; back and
scapulars irregularly varied with blackish, whitish, and light
rusty; wing-coverts light grayish, Avith dusky shaft-streaks
and whitish margins. Winter plumage : Head, neck, and lower
parts whitish, the head and neck streaked, the breast and sii'es
scatitily and irregularly barred, with grayish brown ; back and
scapulars plain brownish gray ; otherwise, as in summer. Youn;/:
Above, inclmling wing-coverts, light buffy gniyitth, or dull day-
color, irregularly varied with dusky; lower parts dull buflTy
whitish, shaded across chest with dee])er grayish buff. Length
14.(10-1(5.00, wing 8.25-9.15, ci.lmen 3.15-3.55, tarsus 2.00-?.20,
middle toe 1.10-1.20. E<j(js 2.25 X ^^5, similar in color to
thoHd oi' L. fedoa. Hah, Coasts of eastern Asia and across to
Alaska, migrating south in winter to New Zealand and Austra-
lia; Lower California (casual, in winter).

250. L. lapponica baueri (N.vlm). Pacific Godwit.
6'. Tail not distinctly barred, but uniform black, with white base an<l tip.

Upper tail-coverts crossed by a broad band of pure white ; longer
upper tail-eoverts, rump, and axillars plain sooty bliickish, or dusky ;
under wing-coverts chiefly dusky. Hummer phinuK/e : Head and
neck pale chestnut, streaked with dusky ; lower piirts deeper chest-
nut, barriMl with dusky; back, etc., blackish, irregularly varied with
biilty. Whiter pi II moi/'' : liack, etc., plain dull bi-ownish gray; head,
neck, and lower iiarts dull Avliitisli. or ])al(^ gi'ayisb biitly, shaded
with brownish gray anteriorly. YotDnj : Hack, etc.. dull brownish
gray, each feather marked with a submarginal dusky crescent and
margini'd terminally with huffy; beneath pale dull grayish butfy,
the belh whitish and chest more gi'ayisli. Fiength 14.O0-l(».75,
wii»2 H I0-8.(i0, culmen 2.H5-:{.»5, tarsus 2,2r)-2.50. middl.* toe 1,15-
1.30. E<j(j!^ 2.20 X l't2, ovate, deep olive, hair-brown, or broccoli-

»nar ln\

(I Lm*^%. N. oti. 10, i. I7.'>s, 1 17. Lio.unn hij,j,„<,(.„ Uit.u, Ucn, U. lli. 1840, 670.

164

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

brown (sometimes paler), ustially more or less spotted with darker
brown, but sometimes nearlv uniform. Hab. Northern North
America, east of Eocky Mountains (west to Pacific coast in
Alaska), migrating south, in winter, through eastern United States,
western Cuba, and Middle America to southern South America.

251. L. hsemastica (Linn.). Hudsonian Oodwit.
a*. Wing with two white patches, one at base of quills, the other occupying greater
portion of secondaries.

Upper tail-covcrts, rump, and tail, much as in L. hcemnsficn ; axillars and
under wing-coverts pure white. Summer adult : Head, neck, and cliL'st
cinnamon or rusty, the first two streaked, the last barred, with dusky ;
rest of lower parts white, the breast and sides barred with dusky ; back,
etc., mixed black, rusty, and whitish. Winter plumage : Head, neck,
back, and scapulars plain dark brownish gray ; chest plain pale grayish;
rest of lower parts plain white. Young: "Head dull brownish, the
feathers edged with rufous-buff . . . back earthy brown, with here and
there a blackish brown feather, all being edged witl; dull rufous . . .
sides of head, nock, and breast dark buff; flanks washed with buff."
Downy young : " Rusty yellow, marked with black, especially on crown
and rump; a narrow streak through the eye, wing-joints, cheeks, and
belly, light yellowish." (Duesseb.) Length al)out 15.00, wing 8.00-
9.80, culmon 3.70-4.95, tarsus 2.80-3.80, middle too 2.00-2.12. Eggs 2.17
X 1.50, deep grayish olive, indistinctly spotted with deeper olive-brown.
Hab. Northern portion of eastern hemisphere; accidental in Greenland.

252. L. limosa (Linn.). Black-tailed Oodwit.

Genus TOTANUS Becustein. (Pago 149, pi. L., figs. 1, 2.)

Species.

Common CiiAnAcxERs. — Above grayi.>sh or brownish, more or less varied with
white or dusky, or both ; head and nock streaked, and tail barred, with white and
gn-yish or dusky ; lower parts white, the chest (sometimes other portions also")
movo or less streaked or spotted with dusky.

(iV Bill longer than middle too, with claw.

6'. Tarsus more than one and a holf times as long as the middle too, without
claw. (Subgenus Totonvs.)
c'. Nasal groove occupying less than half the total length of the upper
mandible; exposed culmon as long as tarsus to base of hind toe •
wing 7.00 or more,
d'. Bill decidedly recurved ; entire lower back and rump pure white ;
flanks and lower tail-coverts without markings. Summer
athilf : Hack and scapulars hlackisli, the feathers odgofl with
light ash-gray; foro-nock streaked with duskj'. Winter plu-
mage : Back and scapi'lars grayish, the feathers bordered with

1 darker
1 North
:'oast in
d States,
rica.

L Oodwit.
r greater

liars and
ind chest
1 dusky ;
:y; back,
id, neck,

grayish ;
nish, the

here and
fou9 . . .
ith buflf."
on crown
iceks, and
•ing 8.00-
Eggs 2.17
ve-hrown.
freenhmd.
id Oodwit.

TOT AN vs.

165

,ned with
Itvhite an<l
ions also")

without

I ho upper
|iind toe •

|re white ;

Siiiiimcr
Igeil with

.rod with

grayish white; fore-neck plain white. Young: Back, scapu-
hirs, etc., light brownish gray, the feathers margined with
paler, and with a subeilging of dusky, in the form of an irregu-
lar lino inside the whitish border ; these markings changed on
tertials into short, zigzag, oblique bars along the edge of both
webs; fore-neck, sides, etc., immaculate, as in winter adult.
Downy young: "Upper parts black and gray, with reddish
tinge ; forehead, sides of head, and whole under-parts white ; a
Btreai; through the eye, a tine line along the forehead, a larger
spot on the crown, a few lines or spots over the arm, sides of
rump, and tail-down black, often mixed with reddish brown."
(Meves, Jid<' Dresser.) Length 12.50-14.50, wing 7.00-7.80,
culmen 2.15-2.20, tarsus 2.25-2.05, middle toe 1.12-1.30. Eggs
1.95 X 1-39, dull brownish butt", spotted with Vandyke- and
madder-brown and purplish gray. Hah. (Jreater part of
eastern hemisphere, but only far northward during summer;
accidental in eastern Xorth America (Florida)?

253. T. nebularius (Gunn.). Oreenshank.
rf'. Bill very slightly or not at all recurved ; lower back and upper
rum]i grayish, spotted with dusky ; flanks and lower tail-coverts
barred with dusky. Summcraibdt : Above varied willi blackish-
])ale gray, and white, the first predominating, the last in the
form of spots along the edges of the feathers ; throat streaked
with dusky ; rest of lower parts (oxeejjt belly) spotted or barred
with the same. Winter phinKtgo : Above rather light ash-gj'ay,
without the blackish, but with the white, spotting of summer
dress; fore-neck, etc., much more narrowly streakod, and mark-
ings of other lower parts much sparser and less distinct.
Young : Siiuihir t<» winter adult, but darker and more brownish
al><>ve, tile whitish sjiotting tinged with light brownish biitf.
Length 12.15-15.00. wing 7.50-7.75, culmen 2.20-2.30, tarsus
2.50-2.V5, middle toe 1.35-1.50. Eggs 1.43 X 120, brownish
butVy, distinctly but very irregularly spotted with rich van-
dyke- or madder-brown. II<il>. Nt-aily the whole of America,
but Invoding only in ihemon: northern jtortionsof the northern
continent (south to northern Iowa and Illinois?).

254. T. melanoleucus ((tmel). Oreater Tellow-legps.
c'. Nasal groove occupving more than luill' the total ii'iigih of the upper

mandilile; exposed culnuii mueh shorter than tarsus to batte of hind

tou ; wing 'oss than 7.00.

IMumage essentially similar, in all stages, to that of T. vwlanoJeu-
cus ; legs also ytdlow in lile; length 9.50-11.00, wing 0.10-
(1.«m, eidnten l.:io-l,55, tarsus 2.00 2.15, middle toe 1,00-1.15.
/!,';/;/.i 1.09 X 1-I'». "iilly (viiriiil'l' as to shade), diHtimtiy (some-
times broatil^) spotted or blotched with dark aiuddor- or van-

166

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

' 'si'

'ft

dyko-brown, and puiplis»h gray. Hab. Northern North America
in summer; migrating southward (chiefly east of Rocky Moun-
tains) to West Indies, Buenos Aires, Chili, etc. ; accidental in

Europe 255. T. flavipes (Gmel.). Yellow-legs.

h^. Tarsus much less than one and a half times as long as the middle toe, with
claw. (Subgenus Jlelodromas Kaup.')
c\ Upper tail-coverts dusky, barred with white; middle tail-feathers
dusky, spotted along edges with white. Summer adult: Above
olivaceous-slate, rather sparsely speckled with white; fore-neck
distinctly streaked with dusky. Winter plumage : Above dark ashy,
less distinctly speckled with white, the fore-neck less distinctly
streaked. Youmj : Above graj'ish brown, thickly speckled with
dull buff; sides of head and neck nearly uniform grayish. Length
7.50-8.60, wing 5.00-5.40, culnien 1.15-1.30, tarsus 1.25-1.90, middle
toe 1.00, E<j<j (identification doubtful, but probably correct) 1.32
X -90, dull light buffy, thickly sjiotted and clouded with rich mad-
der-brown and purplish gray. IJab. Temperate North America in
summer, southern United States and tropical America in general in

winter 256. T. solitarius (Wii.s.). Solitary Sandpiper.

c". Ujiper tail-coverts pure white, nearly or quite immaculate ; middle
tail-feathers widelj- barred witii white ; otherwise, very similar in
plumage, in all stages, to T. solitarius. Downy young: "Covered
Avith close fine down; head grayish buff; a black line passes through
each eye from the base of the bill to the nape; another broad lino
passes through the centre of the crown, and joins with one on each
side of the crown at the nape, forming a patch, which is continued
in a In'oad line to the rump ; ujiper parts grayish buff and rufous,
variegated with black, the latter forming to some extent a broad
line on each side of the bod}' ; chin, throat, and under-parts white."
(Dhksser.) Length about 10.00, wing 5.40-5.70, culmon 1.30-1.40,
tarsus 1.25-1.40, middle toe .95-1.00. Nest not built by this species,
but the abandoned nest of some tree-building bird, as a thrush, jay,
or pigeon, often ut a consiileraljle height from the ground. F.ggs
3-7, 1^1-1 jix X l:i\—^TiT' P'^'^ "grayish sea-green, sparingly marked
with . . . jmrplish gray . . . and dark brown." (Dresskr.) Ilab.
Northern portions of eastern hemis))here; accidental in eastern
North America (Nova Scotia).

257. T. ochropus (Linn.). Green Sandpiper.

»'. Bill much shorter than mi<ldle toe, with claw. (Subgenus Rhyacophilus Kaii*.)

Under wing-coverts white, the exterior ones spotted with dusky; wing

4.75-4.90 culmen 1.10-1.15, tai-sus 1.40-1.45, middle too 1.00-1.05. I/ah.

Eastern iiemis]ihere.

T. glareola (Linn.). Wood Sandpiper.'

' Hrlitdromiit Kai'I', Nntnrl. 8y»t. 1S20, 144. Typo, Tiincfn orhropuH Tit»!».

» Triniji, yhinoh, LiN.v., S. N. imI, 10, I. ITS'*, 14U. 7'.>«ihh» jh,n;,ltt Tkmm., Mnn. (I'Orn. 1S15, 421.

SYMPUEMIA.

167

klod with

I Sandpiper.'

Genus SYMPHEMIA Eafinesque. (Page 148, pi. L., fig. 3.)

Species.

Largest of the family (except species of the genera Numenius a»i(l Limosa), the
wing measuring 8.00 or more; quills blackish, with nearly the basal half white,
producing a very conspicuous patch on the spread wing. Summer adult: Above
brownish gray, irregularly varied with dusky; lower parts white, tinged with
grayisli on fore-neck and buff along sides, the former, with chest, streaked or
spotted with dusky, the latter barred with the same. Winter plumoije : Above plain
ash-gray; bonoatii immaculate white, the fore-neck shaded with grayish. Young :
Above brownish gray, the feathers margined with buff or pale ochraceous ; sides
much tinged with the same, and tineiy mottled transversely with grayish.
Downy yoxnuj : Above dull grayish white or pale brownish gray, tinged here and
there with pale brown, coarsely and irregularly marbled with dusky; fore-part
and sides of forehead plain dull whitish ; sides of head, with entire lower parts, dull
white, the lores crossed, from eye nearly to bill, by a very distinct line of dusky;
behiiul the eye two dusky lines, a shorter and broader one running from eye into
the dusky mottling of occiput, a longer and narrower one commencing immediately
beneath, and running back into dusky mottling on nape. Length about 15.00-
17.no, wing 7.50-9.00, culmen 1.90-2.60, tarsus 1.95-2,85, middle toe 1.35-1.40. Eggs
2.13 X 153, pale buffy, varying from a brownish to a gra^yish olive shadi!, spotted
with various shades of brown (usually rich madder-brown or Vandyke), and pur-
plish gray. Jlah. Temperate North America; south, in winter, to West Indies,
Bnizil, etc. ; accidental in Europe 258. S. semipalmata ((J.MEr,.). Willet.

Genus HETERACTITIS STEjNEOEa. (Page 148, pi. XLV., fig. 3.)

Species.

Co.M.MON riiAiiACTERS. — Upper parts uniform, or nearly uniform, grayish ; lower
parts white, more or less extensively barred with dusky in summer, washed with
gray across chest and sides in winter, the young with gray of sides, etc., faintly
mottled with whitish.

(j'. Nasal groove (measured from loral feathers) two-thirds as long as the exposed
culmen ; uj^jcr tail-coverts uuilbrm gray, or with merely a narrow eilging
of whitish.

Summer cuhtU : Alxn'c uniform plumbeous-gray; lower parts white,
shaded across chest and along sides with ])luml)eou.s, the fore-neck
streaked, and other jiarts (including belly and lower tail-coverts) barred,
with dusky. Wintrr plumage .- Similar, but without any bars on lower
parts. Young : Similar to winter plunnvgo, but scapulars, tertials, ami
upper tail-coverts indistinctly spotted along edges with white, and
plumbeous of sides, otc, faintly mottled with the same. Length 10,50-
11.30, wing 6.50-7.30, culmen 1.60-1.60, tarsus 1.25-1.35, njiddle toe 1.00-

168

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

1.05. Hab. Pacific coast of America, from tho Galapagos and Lower
California to Aleutian Islands and Korton Sound, Alaska, and Com-
mander Islands, Kunitscbatka ; also, tho more oastei-n Pacific islands
(Pomotu group, Marquesas, Tahiti, Tongatabu, Palmyra, Samoa, Upolu,

Fiji, etc.) 259. H. incanus (Gmel.). Wandering Tatler.

«*. Nasal groove (measured I'rom frontal feathers) oidy about one-half as long as
tho exposed culmcn ; upper tail-coverts distinctly barred with wliito.

Summer adult : Belly and under tail-coverts immaculate white, tho dark
bars of other lower parts narrower than in H. incanus ; otherwise simi-
lar to that species, but gray of a browner shade ; size smaller. Hab.
Shores and islands of tho western Pacific, from Australia, Borneo, etc.,
to Kauitschatka (mainland).

H. brevipes (Vieill.). Polynesian Tatler.*

Genus PAVONCELLA Leacii. (Pago 148, pi. XLIX., fig. 3.)

Species.

Above varied with black, buff, and gray, tho scapulars and tcrtials obliquely
barred ; beneath white, varied on chest ami throat ; inner webs of primaries finely
mottled toward base ; three outermost tail-feathers plain, tho rest barred ; sides of
rump white. Adult male : Colors varying with the individual, scarcely two being
alike; the '•capo" usually glossy black, ochraceous, or whitish, the '"rulf" usually
chestnut, glossy black, buff, whitish, or ochraceous, these colors either plain,
streaked, or barred, according to tho individual. Adult female: No "ruff" or
''cape," and head completely feathered; plunnigc barred with blackish, buff, white,
and rusty, tho belly and lower tail-coverts usually immaculate white. Young :
Back and scapulars brownish black, the feathej-s bordered with buft' or ochraceous ;
top of head ochraceous streaked with black; lower parts i>Iain buffy anteriorly,
whitish posteriorly. Lc>ngth 10.00-12.50. wing 6.40, tail 2.U0, culmon 1.25, tarsus
1.75, middle toe, with claw, 1.40. Eijgs 1.71 X 1--0, light olive or olive-buff, spotted
with vandykc-brown or bistro. Hah. More northern portions of eastern hemisphere ;
occasiomd in eastern United States (Maine, Mas.sachusetts, Long Island, Ohio,
etc.) 260. P. pugnax (Linn.). Buff.

Genus BARTRAMIA Lesson. (Pago 148, pi. LI., fig. 1.)

Species.

Adult: Above light brownish, tho feathers more ochraceous toward edges,
spotted and barred with blackish ; crown blackish, divided l)y a nuMlijui lino of
butt'; rest of head and neck ochraceous or buffy, streaked with dusky, except chin
and throat, which are plain whitish ; tail-feathers (except middle pair) light buff,
broadly tipi)ed with white, marked near ends with a broad black spot, and, anterior

' Tiilnniin In-eilpm ViElia.., Nouv. Diet. N. 11, vi. ISflT, 41U. Jhteiuclitiii fcctii'/jc* Stkj.n., Orn. E.\J)1.
Kaiut. 1886, 137.

TRYNGITES.

169

d Lower
nd Com-
ic isltinds
a, Upolu,
ag Tatler.
3 long as

the dark
vise simi-
ei'. Hab.
[•uco, etc.,

an Tatler.*

obliquely

I'ies finely

; sides of

vvo being

" usually

ler plain,

rutl" or

itf, white,

Young :

iraeeous ;

nteriorly,

!5, tarsus

r, spotted

Inisphere ;

id, Ohio,

.). Kaff.

I'd edges,
In line of

jept chin

|ght bull',

lOin. Expl.

to this, with a few irregular narrow dusky bars. Inner web of outer quill marked
with broad bars of white, on other quills broken up into a confused mottling; axil-
lars white regularly barred with clear slate-color ; belly and lower tail-coverts plain
dull whitish or very pale buff (buff and ochraceous tints much deeper in winter).
Young : Similar to adult, but buffy tints deeper, dusky streaks on fore-neck and chest
much less distinct, and the back plain dusky, with distinct buff margins to the
feathers. Downy young : Above coarsely and irregularly mottled with blackish on
a grayish white ground tinged with light rusty ; lower parts buffy white, with
several blackish spots on flanks, one beneath eye, a smaller one on lores, and a
larger, nearly perpendicular one behind ears. Length 11.00-12.75, wing G.50-7.00,
culmen 1.10-1.15, tarsus 1.90-2.05, middle too .90-1.05. Eggs 1.79 X 1-30, ovate or
short-ovate, creamy buff or dull buffy white, speckled and spotted, chiefly round
larger end, with dark brown and purplish gray. Hub. Eastern and central North
America in general, west to edge of the Great Basin, north to the Yukon Valley and
Nova Scotia; south, in winter, to Brazil and Peru; occasional in Europe, and
accidental in Australir 261. B. longicauda (Becust.). Bartramian Sandpiper.

Genus TRYNGITES Cabanis. (Pago 148, pi. LII., fig. 2.)

Species.

Upper parts dull grayish buff or brownish, varied with blackish ; lower parts
buff, streaked or speckled on chest with dusky; axillars white; under primary
coverts and inner webs of quills beautifully mottled or speckled with dusky on a
whitish ground. Adult : Feathers of back, etc., blackish centrally, and without
whitish borders. Young : Feathers of back, etc.. distinctly bordered with whitish,
the black and brown less sharply contrasted ; mottling on inner webs of quills, and
under primary coverts, much more minuto and delicate than in adult. Length
7.00-8.90, wing 5.10-5.50, culmen .75-.80, tarsus 1.15-1.30, mi.ldle toe .75-.85. Eggs
1.53 X 1-0^, buffy graj-ish white, varying to pale olive-buff, boldly Hjwtted, longitu-
dinally (and somewhat spirally) with dark Vandyke- or madder-brown and purplish
gray. Jfah. North America in general, especially the interior, breeding far north-
ward ; south, in winter, to Uruguay and Peru ; occasional in Europe.

262. T. subruficollis (Vieill.). Buff-breasted Sandpiper.

Gencs ACTITIS Boie. (Page 148, pi. LIL, fig. 1.)

Species.

Common CnAiiACTEns. — Above plain grayish brown, with a faint greenish or
bronzy lustre, in summer adults or young slightly relieved by more or less of dusky
streaking or barring, or both ; outer tail-feathers barred with white, the rest (ex-
ce])t middle pair) tipped with the same; secondaries broadly ti])]>e(l with white,
and with more than their basal half (abruptly) white ; inner webs of second to
tenth quills (inclusive) with a longitudinal white patch, increasing in depth toward
the tenth, on which it touches the shaft ; superciliary stripe (sometimes not very
distinct) and lower parts chiefly pure white.

B^SSSrSBBBg^SSSSi

!3SSa

170

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

a}. Summer adult with lower parts marked everywhere with roundish spots of
blackish. Winter adult : Above plain grayish olive, with a taint bronze gloss,
with no markings except dusky shaft-streaks, except on wing-coverts, which
are more or less barred with dusky ; lower parts immaculate white, faintly
shaded across chest with brownish gray, most distinct laterally. Young:
Similar to winter plumage, but wing-coverts, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts
more or less barred with pale dull buff and dusky. Downy young : Above
yellowish gray, with a narrow black stripe down back, continued anteriorly
to the bill; a narrow black line on each side of head, through eye; lower
parts dull white. Length about 7.00-8.00, wing 4.05-4.(30, culmen .90-1.05,
tarsus .90-1.05. Eggs 2-5, 1.25 X -90, short-ovate, buffy, more or less thickly
speckled and spotted with dark brown and black. Hah. Whole of North
America ; south, in winter, through West Indies, Middle America, and northern
South America to Brazil • accidental or occasional in Eui'ope.

263. A. macularia (Linn.). Spotted Sandpiper,
a'. Summer adult with lower parts plain white, except chest, which is pale brownish
gray, streaked with darker.

Other plumages very similar to corresponding stages of A. macularia;
length about 6.50-7.50, wing 3.80-4.40, cuhnen 1.00-1.05, tarsus .95-1.05.
JJah. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere, east to Commander
Islands, Kamtschatka.

A. hypoleucos (Lixx.). Common Sandpiper (of Europe).^

Gencs NUMENIUS Brisson. (Page 149, pi. XLIX., fig. 2.)

Species.

rt*. Feathers of thighs without lengthened bristly points.
6'. Hump not white.

c\ Secondaries and quills rusty cinnamon, the outer webs of latter dusky;
axillars deep cinnamon, without distinct bars ; lower parts pale cin-
namon.
Above pale cinnamon, tinged hero and there with grayish, varied,
transversol}', with blackish, the top of head narrowly streaked
with dusky, but without median light stripe; secondaries and
quills cinnamon-rufous, the outer wel)s of the hitter dusky.
Doicny young : Buff}- yellow, deeper above, tinged with sulphur-
yellow beneath ; up])er parts coarsely and irregularly marbled
with black ; bill straight, about 1.40 long. Length about 20.00-
20.00, wing 10.00-11.00, culmen 2.30 (young of year)-8.50, tar-
sus about 2.25. Eggs 2-4, 2.59 X LSI, light grayish buff or palo
butly brown, spotted, blotched, or speckled with umber-brown.
ILib. Whole of temperate North America, migrating south to
Guatenuila, Cuba, aii<l Jamaica.

264. N. longirostris Wils. Long-billed Cnrlew.

> Ti-imjit lii/pnlvuviiH Linn., S. N. oJ. 10, i. I"i8, Mi). Avtitin hi/poUtwo» BoiE, litis, 1822, 5(10.

NUMENIUS.

171

spots of
>nzc gloss,
rts, which
to, faintly
Young :
ivil-coverts
g : Above
anteriorly
ye ; lower
1 .90-1.05,
!ss thickly

of North
il northern

Sandpiper.

) brownish

mnculnria;
IS .95-1.05.
ommander

»f Europe). 1

)

;er dusky ;
8 palo ciu-

sh, varied,
y streaked
laries and
er dusky,
h sulphur-
y marbled
out 20.00-
)-S.50, tar-
urt' or palo
)er-brown.
r south to

<*. Secondaries and quills mainly or entirely dusky brownish ; axillars palo
dull cinnamon or bufty, distinctly barred with dusky ; lower parts
palo dull buffy.
d}. Crown with two broad lateral stripes of brownish dusky, enclosing a
nari'ower median stripe of butfy ; breast, etc., narrowly streaked
with dusky ; inner webs of quills spotted with buff toward
edges; length 16.50-18.00, wing 9.00-10.25, culmen 3.00-4.00,
tarsus 2.25-2.30, middle too 1.35-1.40. Eggs 2.27 X 1-5", l»vlo
olive, spotted with dull brown. Hab. Whole of North
America; south, in winter, through "West Indies, Middle
America, and greater part of South America ; breeding far
northward.... 205. N. hudsonicus Lath. Hudsonian Curlew,
d'. Crown narrowly streaked with dusky, and without lighter median
stripe; breast, etc., with V-shaped marks of ilusky ; inner webs
of quills entirely dusky ; length 12.C0-14.50, wing 8.00-8.50,
culmen 2.25-2.50, tarsus 1.70-1.80, middle toe 1.00. Eggs 2.04
X 1.43, palo olive-greenish, olive, or olive-brownish, distinctly
spotted, chiefly on larger end, with deep or dark brown. Hab.
Northern and eastern North America, breeding far northward ;
migrating south, in winter, through Middle America to southern
extremity of South America.

2G6. N. borealis (Fobst.). Eskimo Curlew.
6'. Eump plain white.

Similar to N. hudsonicus, but plumage in general rather graj'cr, tho
rump white, and the axillars white, barred with grayish brown;
length about 17.00, wing 9.30-10.50, culmen 3.00-3.G0, tarsus 2.30-
2.50, middle too 1.40. Eggs 2.39 X 166, light olive-brownish or
buffy olivo, spotted with bistre and vandyke-brown. JLib. Northern
portions of eastern hemisphere; occasional in Greenland.

267. N. phseopus (Linn.). Whimbrel.
a'. Feathers of thighs terminated by long, bristle-like points.

Upper tail-coverts and tail ochraceous, the latter crossed by regular narrow
bands (»f dusky brown; top of head plain dark brown, divided medially
by a stripe of buff; axillars pale cinnamon or pinkish buft', widely barred
with dark brown ; upper parts in general sooty brownish, coarsely and
irregularl}' varied with buffy ; lower parts dull butfy, tho cheeks, nock,
and chest streaked with brown, tlio sides irregularly barred with tho
same; length about 17.25, wing 9.50-10.40, culmen 2.70-3.70, tarsus
2.00-2.40, middle toe 1.35-1.50. ILib. Islands of Pacific Ocean and coast
of Alaska 2GS. N. tahitiensis (Gmel.). Bristle-thighed Curlew.

ed Curlew.

600.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

m
m

IIIM

131

ul m

2.2
2.0

1.8

1.25

1.4 1.6

« 6"

►

"^1

Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

»3 WIST MAIN STRriCT

VVBBSTIR, N.Y. 14530

(J-f!) nT?-4503

'<^\^

^^^

^<p

172

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Family CHARADRIID-ffi.— The Plovers. (Page 143.)

Genera.

(Nest on ground in meadow or near water, the nest itself often a mere depres-
sion in ground. Eggs 2-A, more or less pyriform-ovate, light olive or buffy, more
or less spotted or speckled with brown or blackish.)

rt^ Wing more than 8.00 ; plumage of upper parts partly metallic ; head crested.

Vanellus. (Page 172.)
a'. Wing less than 8 00 ; plumage without metallic tints ; head not crested.

6'. Plumage of upper parts much speckled or spotted ; lower parts uniform

black medially in summer dress Charadrius. (Page 172.)

6*. Plumage of upper parts plain ; lower parts always white medially.

^gialitis. (Page 174.)

Genus VANELLUS Brisson. (Page 172, pi. LV., fig. 1.)

Species,

Stimmer adult : Fore-part and top of head, chin, throat, and breast, uniform
blue-black ; side of head and neck white, becoming grayish on hind-neck ; upper
parts chiefly metallic bottle-green, bluish and coppery purple, the first predomi-
nating ; upper tail-coverts rufous ; basal half and tip of tail white, the rest dull black ;
belly, etc., white, becoming pale rufous on lower tail-coverts. Wi7iter plumage : Simi-
lar to summer plumage, but anterior part of lores, together with chin and throat,
white, the white of side of neck, etc., tinged with buff. Downy young : Top and sides
of head and enti;\) upper parts dull light brownish gi'aj', mottled with black, the
shoulders tinged with light rusty and the rump with large spots of deep black ;
hind-neck, chin, throat, and entire lower parts except chest, white, the first tinged
with light ash}'; chest dusky grajnsh. Length about 13.00, wing 8.50-9.00, culmen
1.00, tarsus 2.00, middle toe 1.00-1.10. Eggs 1.85 X 1-33, varying from dull light
grayish buff to deep olive-buff, sj^otted with bi'ownish black. Hah. Northern por-
tions of eastern hemisphere; occasional in Greenland; accidental in Alaska and on
Long Island? 269. V. vanellus (Linn.). Lapwing.

Genus CHARADRIUS Linnaeus. (Page 172, pi. LIV., figs. 1, 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Summer adults with most of lower parts and sides of
head (up to and including loi'es and oav-covcrts) uniform black ; forehead, sides of
crown, and sides of nock and chest, adjoining the black, plain white; upper parts
speckled or spotted with blackish and whitish or yellowish. Winter adults without
any black on lower parts, which are whitish, the chest, sides of neck and head, etc.,
streaked with brownish gray ; the upper parts spotted with grayish and dusky
(sometimes mixed with yellowish). Young similar to winter adult, but above
speckled with yellowish.

CHARADRIUS.

173

a'. A very small rudimentary nind toe ; axillars sooty blackish. (Subgenus Squata-
rola CcviER.)

Summer adult : Lower parts, except sides of chest, thighs, anal region, and
lower tail-coverts (which are white), and sides of head up to and in-
cluding lores and ear-coverts, uniform black ; upper parts irregularly
spotted with dusky and whitish, except on forehead and thence back to
sides of breast, which are immaculate white. Winter adult : Black of
lower parts replaced by plain white, the foi*e-neck and chest, however,
streaked and somewhat spotted with dusky ; upper parts with white
spotting replaced by grayish. Young: Similar to winter adult, but
upper parts speckled with palo yellowish. Downy young: Above olive-
yellowish, marbled with blackish, the hind-neck white ; a blackish line
along sides of crown, another from bill to eye (across lores), and a less
distinct, somewhat curved, streak beneath eye ; lower parts white.
Length 10.50-12.00, wing 7.50, culmen 1.10, tarsus 1.95, middle toe 1.15.
£!ggs 2.04 X 1-43, light huffy olive, spotted and speckled with dark brown
and brownish black, or deep black. Hab. Northern portions of northern
hemisphere, breeding far northward ; nearly cosmopolitan during migra-
tions 270. C. squatarola Linn. Black-bellied Plover.

a". No hind toe ; axillars grayish or white. (Subgenus Charadrius.)
6*. Axillars and under wing-coverts white.

Summer adult : Above dusky, speckled with bright ochre-yellow ; sides
of head (up to and including lores and auriculars), chin, throat, and
lower parts, uniform dull black, or dusky, that of the head and neck
bordered behind by a broad pure white stripe, extending from fore-
head to sides of chest. Winter adult : No black on lower parts,
which are white on throat and belly, elsewhere light brownish
gray, sti'eaked on chest, etc., with darker ; upper parts less marked
■with yellow than in summer (?). Young : Similar to winter adult,
but upper parts strongly marked and conspicuously speckled with
yellowish, the chest, etc., strongly suffused with the same. Downy
young : Bright "golden," varied with black on the head and back,
the hind-part of the head bright yellow j a spot under the eye and
under sui'face of the body pure white. Length about 10.50, wing
6.80-7.20. culmen .85-90, tarsus 1.50-1.65, middle toe .95-1.00. Eggs
2.07 X 1-40, dull light grayish buff, olive-buff, or brownish buff,
spotted with brownish black. Hab. Northern Europe in summer,
south into Africa in winter; breeding also in eastern Greenland.

271. C. apricarius Linn. Golden Plover.

6*. Axillars and under wing-coverts smoky gray. (Otherwise, in all stages,

much like C. apricarius.)

<?'. With longer wings, relatively shorter tarsi and toes, and less golden

coloration, especially in immature and winter plumages; length

9.50-10.80, wing 6.80-7.40 (7.09), culmen .80-1.00 (.92), tarsus 1.65-

1.82 (1.70), middle toe .80-1.06 (.90). Eggs 1.90 X 1-30, pale buffy

iilHIl

174 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

brown, light dull buffy, pale grayish buff, or olive -buff, spotted,
chiefly round larger end, with black, the larger of these spots often
confluent. Hab. Breeding in Arctic America, east of coast of
Bering's Sea and Straits, migrating south, in winter, throughout
nearly the whole of America (except Pacific coast?), as far aa
Patagonia... 272. C. dominicus MtJLL. American Oolden Plover,
c*. With shorter wings, relatively longer tarsi and toes, and decidedly
more golden coloration, especially in immature and winter plu-
mages; length 7.80-10.00, wing 6.10-6.80 (6.40), culmen .85-1.00
(.92), tarsus 1.55-1.85 (1.72), middle toe .85-.95 (.90). Eggs 2.02 X
1.30, similar in coloration to those of C. dominicus. Hab. Breeding
in northern Asia, and Alaskan coasts of Bering's Soa and Straits ; in
winter, south through India, China, etc., to Australia and Polynesia.
272a. C. dominicus fulvus (Gmel.). Pacific Oolden Plover.

Genus /EGIALITIS Boie. (Page 172, pi. LII., figs. 3-5; pi. LIII., figs. 1-3.)

Species.

a}. Tail at least half as long as the wing, extending half its length, or more, bej'ond
tips of closed wings; graduated for more than length of inner toe, Avithout
claw; rump and upper tail-coverts ochraceous; chest crossed by two black
bands. (Subgenus Oxyechus Eeichenbach.)

Adult : Upper parts generally, except rump and upper tail-coverts, grayish
brown ; forehead, stripe over ear-coverts, chin, throat, collar round hind-
neck, and lower parts, white ; fore-part of crown, stripe aci'oss lores,
collar completely encircling lower part of neck, and broad band across
breast, black ; tail chiefly pale ochi'aceous, varied with white, dusky,
and grayish; bill black; eyelids bright oi-ange-red in life. Young:
Similar to adult, but feathers of tipper parts more or less distinctly mar-
gined with pale rusty or ochraceous. Downy young : Top of head and
upper parts generally grayish brown, the two areas encircled with black,
and separated by a white collar across nape ; lower parts white, inter-
rupted by a black collar completely encii-cling the lower neck, and
forming a broad band across t'liew^23cj;t«rrg>^v' line of black across lores;
sides and flanks light brownish buff; a broad bar of black along humeral
region, and a narrow stripe of same along middle of rump ; hand-wing,
and hinder edge of arm-wing, white. Length 10.00-11,25, wing 6.20-6.75,
tail 3.60-4.10, culmen .70-.90, tarsus 1.40-1.55. Eggs 1.47x1-04, pale
dull buffy, thickly speckled and irregularly spotted with black. Hab.
Whole of temperate North America, migrating in winter to West Indies,
Middle America, and northern South America; Bermudas.

273. A. vocifera (Linn.). Killdeer.

a'. Tail less than half as long as wing, reaching but little if any beyond tips of the

latter when folded ; even, or graduated for much less than length of middle

too, without claw ; rump concolor with the back ; chest crossed by only one

band (black, grayish, or rufous), or none at all.

^GIALITIS.

175

b\ Culmen equal to middle toe, with claw. (Subgenus Ochthodromus Eeichen-

BACH.)

Adult male: Forehead, superciliary stripe, and lower parts white;

upper parts brownish gray ; fore-part of crown, streak across lores

(sometimes wanting), and band across chest, black. Adult female :

Similar to the male, but black replaced by brownish gray, usually

moi'e or less tinged with ochraceous or light rust3^ Young : Similar

to adult female, but feathers of upper parts margined terminally

with paler. Downy young : Crown and occiput light grayish buft",

irregularly marbled with black ; back and rump similar but more

grayish, the mottling coarser and less distinct ; arm-wing light buflf,

mottled with dusky; hand-wing entirely pure white; forehead,

superciliary region, sides of head, collar round hind-neck, and lower

parts white; a post-ocular black streak. Length about 7.50-7.90,

wing 4.50, culmen .80, tarsus 1.25, middle toe .75.

c'. Nape and sides of occiput only slightly tinged with ochraceous.

Female with lores chiefly or entirely white, and band across chest

usually grayish, tinged more or less with ochraceous. Eggs 1.38

X 1-02, dull light huffy, very irregularly speckled and zigzagged

with black or dark brown and purplish gray. Ilab. Atlantic and

Gulf coasts, noi'th to Long Island (casually to Nova Scotia);

both coasts of Mexico, north to Cape St. Lucas in winter.

280. A. wilsonia (Ord). Wilson's Plover.

c*. Nape and sides of occiput very deeply suffused with ochraceous

or rusty. Female with lores chiefly or wholly brownish gray, and

band across chest usually ochraceous or light rusty. Ifab. West

Indies and northern Atlantic coast of South America, to Bahia.

A. wilsonia rufinucha Ridqw. Rufous-naped Plover.*
f. Culmen much shorter than middle loe, with claw.

c*. Tarsus twice as long as bill, measured from anterior point of loral
feathering; no band across chest, {fiuhgcnua Podasocys Coves.)
Summer adult (sexes alike) : Upper parts light grayish brown,
sometimes tinged with buff or ochraceous ; lower parts dull
white, more or less shaded with pale buffy grayish across
chest (more or loss suffused with buff or ochraceous in spring) ;
forehead and superciliary stripe purer white ; fore-part of
crown, and streak across lores, black. Winter plumage : Similar
to summer dress, but black markings of head wanting, and
plumage more strongly .tinged Avith buff. Young : Similar to
winter plumage, but whole side of head and neck, and cb t,
deep creamy buff, and all the feathers of upper parts distinctly
bordered with light buff. Downy young : Above brownish buft',

• jEg!aUt\» mhoniuit var. vufiituvhin Rinr.w., Am. Nat. viil. Feb. 1874, 109.
Spix, a v. Bros. il. I82ft, 77, pi. 94. {Cf. Pel*., Orn. Bras. 1870, 297.)

? Charadriut eraiiiroitriii

I ,1 j.ai-iBw^we^niBi

Ifi.

176

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

mottled with black, this forming a distinct marbling on crown
and occiput, where the ground-color is lighter and clearer buff;
lower parts immaculate pale buif. Length 8.00-9.10, wing
6.00, culmen .80-.90, tarsus 1.50-1.60, middle toe .70. Eggs 1.47
X I'll, varying from light olive to deep cream-color, rather
sparsely and irregularly speckled and lined with dark brown,
black, and purplish gray. Hab. Western North America, east
to the Great Plains ; accidental in Florida.

281. /E. montana (Towns.). Mountain Plover.
Tarsus less than twice as long as bill, measured from anterior point of
loral feathering ; chest with a black, grayish, or rusty band, some-
times interrupted in the middle portion. (Subgenus jEgialitis
BoiE.)
d^. Nape crossed by a more or less distinct white collar.

e^. Bill decidedly shorter than middle toe, very stout (except in
jE. dubid), its basal half light-colored (orange or yellow in
life), except in jE. dubia.
p. A distinct web between base of inner and middle toes.

Above grayish brown; foi'ehead, ring round hind-
neck, and lower parts white. Summer adult:
Lores, fore-part of crown, and broad band across
chest black (usually duller in female). Winter
plumage : Similar to summer dress, but black
markings replaced by grayish brown. Young :
Similar to winter plumage, but feathers of upper
parts margined terminally with light buff. Downy
young: Above pale grayish brown, mottled with
black ; frontal crescent, collar round hind-neck,
and entire lower parts white. Length 6.50-7.50,
wing 4.65-5.00, culmen .48-.55, tarsus .95-1.05.
Eggs 1.26 X -94, pale dull buffy or olive-buff,
speckled or irregularly spotted, chiefly on or
around larger end, with dark brown or blaclc.
Hab. Whole of North America, breeding far north-
ward ; south, in winter, throughout West Indies,
Middle America, and northern South America, to
Brazil, Peru, and Galapagos... 274. JE.. semipal-
mata Bonap. Semipalmated Plover.
/'. No web between base of inner and middle toes.

gf*. Upper parts deep grayish brown, as in jE. semipal-

mata.

h}. Bill stout, the basal half light-colored (yellow or

orange in life) ; no whitish bar behind black

patch on fore-part of crown. (Plumage very

similar, at all stages, to that of uE. semipal-

JEOIALITIS.

177

merica, to

mata, but adult with black or grayish brown
band across chest much broader.) Downy
young : " Forehead white ; crown grayish
brown, mottled with light stone-gray; from
the base of the bill around the nape a black
band passes, and is broadest on the nape ; a
broad collar round the neck and the under-
parts pure white ; back and upper parts gen-
erally grayish stone-brown, finely mottled
with dirty white and blackish brown."
(Dresser.) Length about 7.50, wing about
5.00, culmen .50-55, tarsus 1.00, middle toe
.60-.65. Eggs 1.40 X 1-00, similar in colora-
tion to those of ^. semipalmata. Hab.
Northern portions of eastern hemisphere,
and eastern portions of Arctic America.
275. JE,. hiaticula (Linn.). Eing Plover.
h?. Bill slender, entirely black; a whitish bar im-
mediately behind black patch on fore-part of
crown. (Otherwise much like jiE. hiaticula,
but much smaller.) Length about 6.00, wing
4.35-4.70, culmen .50-.52, tarsus 1.00-1.05,
middle toe .55-.60. Hab. Northern portions
of eastern hemisphere, including western
Africa; accidental in California (?) and

Alaska (?) 276. ^. dubia (Scop.).

Little Ring Plover.
g*. Upper parts pale brownish gray.

Summer adult: Forehead, lores, collar round
hind-neck, and lower parts pure white; patch
on forepart of crown, and one across each
side of chest (the two sometimes connected
on middle of chest), black (duller or more
grayish in female). Winter plumage : Similar
to summer adult, but black or dusky replaced
by light brownish gray. Young : Similar to
winter plumage, but feathers of upper parts
distinctlj' bordered terminally with pale buff
or whitish. Length 6.26-7.50, wing 4.50-4.80,
culmen .45-.50, depth of bill at base .20-.22,
tarsus .85-1.00, middle toe .55.
h}. Black patches on sides of chest wholly sepa-
rated or very imperfectly connected. Eggs
1.27 X -96, pale buffy rather sparingly
speckled with black and purplish gray.

178

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Hah. Chiefly the Atlantic coast of the
United States, north to southern Labra-
dor ; West Indies in winter.
277. JE,. meloda (Ord). Piping Plover.
A*. Black patches on sides of chest more or lees
completely coalesced. Eggs 1.27 X -93,
colored as in JE. meloda. Hah. Mississippi
Valley, and north to Lake Winnipeg.
277a. JE,. meloda circumcincta Bidqw.
Belted Piping Plover,
c*. Bill much longer than middle toe (without claw), very slender,
wholly black.
Summer adult: Above light brownish gray, the crown
and occiput often varying to light buff; forehead,
superciliary region, lores, and lower parts pure
white ; patch on forepart of crown, ear-coverts, and
transverse patch on each side of chest black, usually
much duller, or dusky grayish, in female. Winter
plumage : Similar to summer dress, but black mark-
ings replaced by brownish gray. Young : Similar to
winter plumage, but feathers of upper parts distinctly
bordered terminally with whitish. Downy young :
Above pale grayish buff, interrupted by a white collar
across hind-neck, the whole colored portion mottled
with black; forehead, hand-wing, iind loAvor parts
white ; a dusky streak behind eye. Length 6.25-7.00,
wing 4.20-4.30, culmen about .60, tarsus .90-1.05,
middle toe .55-.60. Eggs 1.21 X -87, pale dull buflfy,
speckled with dark brown and black. Hah. Western
North America, south to Mexico, and, in winter, to
Chili ; western Cuba ?

278. JE. nivosa Cass. Snowy Plover.
cP. Hind-neck without trace of white or dusky collai*.

e*. Bill very slender, the culmen equal to or longer than middle
toe (without claw).
Above grayish brown, the feathers with paler margins,
more or less tinged with rufous, especially on crown,
ear-coverts, and sides of neck ; forehead, cheeks, and
lower parts pure white, interrupted by a black band
across chest ; anterior half of crown and a distinct
loral stripe black. Young : Black of crown and lores
absent or barely indicated, and black chest-band nar-
rower or oven interrupted in middle portion. Wing
3.70-4.15, culmen .60, depth of bill through base
.15-.17, tarsus 1.00-1.10, middle toe .50-.55. Hab.

ill!:

APHRIZIDJE.

179

Tropical America in general (except West Indies)
north to southern Mexico.

JE. coUaris (Vieill.). Azara's Ring Plover.'
e*. Bill stout, the culmen decidedly shorter than middle toe
(without claw).

Summer adult: Above grayish brown, beneath white;
hind-neck and broad band across chest clear cinnamon-
rufous ; lores, orbital region, and ear-coverts black, the
foraier bordered above by a white line, sometimes
meeting on forehead. (^Female usually with rufous
paler and less abruptly defined than in the male, and
black markings of head less distinct.) Winter plumage :
Somewhat similar to summer dress, but rufous entirely
absent, the chest crossed by an indistinct grayish
brown navrow band, becoming broader and deeper in
color laterally ; black of ear-coverts, loral streak, etc.,
replaced by dull grayish brown ; forehead white.
Young : Much like winter dress, but plumage more
or less suffused with buff, and feathers of upper parts
distinctly bordered with buff or dull ochraceous.
Length 6.25-7.00, wing about 5.15-5.40, culmen .62,
tarsus 1.15, middle toe .73. Eggs 1.43 X 1-05, pale dull
olive, varying to huffy olive, rather sparsely and
irregularly speckled with dark brown and black.
Hab. Northern Asia, south in winter to Malay Archi-
pelago, Philippines, Australia, etc.; accidental on
Choris Peninsula, Alaska.

279. JE. mongola (Pall.). Mongolian Plover.

Family APHRIZID/B. — ^The Surf Birds and Turnstones.

(Page 143.)

Genera.

a'. Tarsus decidedly longer than culmen; tail emarginate; terminal portion of
bill somewhat swollen, with the upper outline decidedly convex (as in the
Plovers, Charadriidce) Aphriza. (Page 180.)

a*. Tarsus not longer than culmen ; tail slightly rounded ; terminal half of bill com-
pressed and pointed, with the upper outline straight, or sometimes even
slightly concave Arenaria. (Page 180.)

i Charadriu* collarii V»iu., Eno. M£th. ii. 1823, 334. JEgialUit eoUarit ScL. <fc Salt., P. Z. S. 1869,

S&3.

180

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus APHRIZA Audubon. (Page 179, pi. LV., fig. 2.)

Species.

Summer adult: Head, neck, back, and scapulrrs spotted and sti'eaked with
dusky and whitish, the scapulars with a few large, irregular spots of rufous ;
upper tail-coverts, basal half of tail, a broad band across ends of greater wing-
coverts, tip of tail, and lower parts from breast backward, white, the sides and
under tail-coverts spotted with duskj'. Winter adult: Head, neck, breast, and
most of upper parts plain dusky, or brownish slate ; white areas as in summer.
Young : Upper parts (except upper tail-coverts, etc.) brownish gray, the feathers
narrowly bordered with whitish ; throat, fore-neck, and breast white, streaked with
dusky grayish ; lower parts and upper tail-coverts white. Length about 10.00,
wing 7.00, culraen .95-1.00, tarsus 1.20-1.25, middle toe .90-.95. Hab. Pacific
coast of America, from Alaska to Chili ; Sandwich Islands ?

282. A. virgata (Gmel.). Surf Bird.

Genus ARENARIA Brisson. (Page 179, pi. LV., fig. 3.)

(Nest on or near sea-beach, consisting of little more than a mere depression in
sand, gravel, or shingle. Eggs 2-4, more or less pyriform-ovate, light olive, speckled
with brownish.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Lower parts (except chest), upper part of rump, upper
tail-coverts, and greater wing-coverts, white ; rest of plumage chiefly dusky, the
upper parts sometimes varied with white and rufous.

a*. Throat white. Adult : Upper parts varied, more or less, with rufous ; head
mostly white ; chest uniform deep black. Young : Upper parts without
rufous, but the feathers with ochraceous or buffy margins; head mostly
dusky; chest mottled dusky. Downy young (about three days old, fide
Collett) : "Blackish gray, slightly washed with yellowish, and here and there
tipped with black ; along the crown is a narrow black band reaching to the
forehead, though not quite to the base of the bill ; a similar stripe extends
from the base of the upper mandible to the eye; and there is a black spot at
the gape; sides of the throat gray ; belly white ; wing and scapulars coloi'ed
like the back." (Dresser.) Length 9.00-9.90, wing 6.00, culmen .80-.90,
tarsus 1.00. Eggs 1.58 X 113, light grayish olive, thickly sprinkled and
speckled with vandyke-brown. Hnh. Entirely cosmopolitan, but chiefly
along sea-coasts 283. A. interpres (Linn.). Turnstone.

a*. Throat dusky. Summer adult : Upper parts uniform bronzy brownish black ;
head, neck, and chest similar, with white streaks on forehead and chest, and
a large white spot on lores. Winter plumage : Similar to summer adult, but
head, neck, and chest uniform brownish dusky. Young : Similar to winter

Pliiiii::

HJEMATOPUS.

181

plumage, but head, etc., more grayish, and feathers of upper parts margined
terminally with pale buffy or whitish. Length about 9.00, wing 5.80-6.10,
culmeu .83-1.00, tarsus 1.00-1.10. Eggs 1.62 X 112, similar in coloration to
those of A. interpres. Hab. Pacific coast of North America, north to Aleu-
tian Islands, south to Monterey, California ; accidental in India.

284. A. melanocephala (Yia.). Black Tarnstone.

Family HiEMATOPODID^.— -The Oyster-catchers. (Pago 143.)

Genera.

(Characters same as those given for the Family).. Hsematopus. (Pago 181.)

Genus HZEMATOPUS Linnaeus. (Page 181, pi. LI., fig. 2.)

(^Nest on or near sea-beach, consisting of a mere depression in sand, gravel, or
shingle. Eggs 2-A, ovate, light olive or olive-buffy, speckled or spotted with dark
brown, blackish, and purplish gray.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Bill bright red in the adult (drying to dull reddish or
j'ollowish) ; head, neck, and upper parts blackish (plumage entirely blackish in
some species).

a}. Plumage parti-colored or pied (white beneath).

b^. Entire rump and lower back white.

Adult : Head, neck, chest, and upper parts blackish ; lower back,
rump, upper tail-coverts, base of tail, greater wing-coverts, and
lower parts white. Adult in winter: "Differs from summer plu-
mage in having a white patch on throat, and the white spot under
the eye is rather larger." (Dresser.) Young : Similar, but black
portions more brown, the feathers of back and wings with rusty
borders, bill more brownish, etc. Downy young : " Head, neck, and
upper parts generally sooty grayish, the down tipped with rusty
buff, and variegated, especially on the crown and back, with black ;
under-parts below throat black." (Dresser.) Length about 16.00,
wing about 10.25, culmen 3.10, depth of bill at base .55, tarsus 2.00,
middle toe 1.40. Eggs 2.23 X l-S"*, deep dull buff, sharply spotted
(sometimes lined a)so) with vandyke-brown, brownish black, and
purplish gray. Hab. Sea-coasts of Europe, and of parts of Asia
and Africa ; occasional in Greenland.

285. H. ostralegus Linn. Oyster>oatoher.

6'. Entire rump and lower back dusky.

c'. Breast white, like belly, etc. ; bill very stout, its greatest depth forward
of nostril exceeding .46 of an inch ; middle toe, with claw, more
than 1.75.

182

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

d}. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts (except greater) grayish brown,
or brownish slate ; upper tail-coverts entirely wh:"te in adult ;
under primary coverts almost wholly white. Adult:. Head
and neck plumbeous-black ; bill bright red (in life). Young :
Head and neck dull blackish, the top of the former speckled
with pale brown ; feathers of upper parts bordered with dull
buff; bill brownish. Downy young : Head and neck dull light
grayish, finely mottled with darker, and with a narrow line of
black behind eye ; rest of upper parts light fulvous-gray, finely
mottled with darker, and relieved by two narrow stripes of
black along the back ; lower parts white. Length 17.00-21.00,
wing 9.80-10.25, culmen 2.85-3.50, greatest depth of bill for-
ward of nostril .48-.55, tarsus 2.05-2.55, middle toe (without
claw) 1.20-1.55. Eggs 2-3, 2.21 X 1-58, light dull creamy buff,
spotted with black, dark brown, and purplish gray. Jfab.
Coasts of America, from Nova Scotia and southern California
to southern Brazil and Chili.

286. H. palliatus Temm. American Oyster-catcher.
d'. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts sooty black ; shorter upper
tail-coverts entirely black, the longer ones varied with black at
ends ; under primary coverts chiefly black ; wing 10.00, culmen
3.12-3.42, greatest depth of bill forward of nostril .50, tarsus
2.12-2.20, middle toe, without claw, 1.65. Sab. Galapagos
Islands.

H. galapagensis Hidow. Galapagos Oyster-catcher.^

c'. Breast uniform black ; bill very slender, its greatest depth forward of

nostril not exceeding .40 of an inch ; middle toe, with claw, much

less than 1.75.

Adult : Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts (except greater) sooty

black, with faint greenish gloss; upper -tail-coverts (except

shorter median ones), entirely white; nearly all the under

wing-coverts uniform black; wing 10.00-10.60, culmen 3.00-

3.05, greatest depth of bill forward of nostril .38-.40, tarsus

1.75-1.95, middle toe 1.20-1.30. Hab. Tierra del Fuego.

H. leucopodus l ''.not. White-footed Oyster-catcher.'
a'. Plumage entirely blackish.

Adult : Uniform brownish black, or dark sooty brown, the head and neck
plumbeous-black. Young : General color more brownish, many of the
feathers (especirlly wing-coverts and scapulars) having paler (dull buff
or rusty) tips.
bK Length 17.00-17.50, wing 9.60-10.75, culmen 2.50-2.95, greatest depth of bill
forward of nostril .45-.52, tarsus 1.85-2.25, middle toe 1.30-1.65. Eggs
2.18 X 1-52, light olive-buff or huffy olive, speckled or sparsely spotted

^ ffsematopui galapngensis RiDOW., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 331.

^ H«matoput leucopodus Oarnot, Ann. des So. Nat. vii., 1826, 47.

JACANA.

183

with brownish black and purplish gray. Hab. Pacific coast of North
America, from Lower California north to the Aleutian Islands and
across to the Kurils.... 287. H. bachmani Aud. Black Oyater-catcher.
Length 18.00-20.00, wing 10.25-10.80, culraen 2.82-3.00, greatest depth of
bill anterior to nostril .60, tarsus 2.10-2.20, middle toe 1.70-1.75. Mab.
Coast of Chili.

H. ater Yisill. Chilian Black Oyster-catcher. ^

Family JACANID.^. — The Jacanas. (Page 143.)

Geriera.

(Characters same as those given for the Family) Jacana. (Page 183.)

Genus JACANA Brisson. (Page 183, pi. LVI., fig. 6.)

Specirr,.

Adult: Head, neck, chest, and upper baclv uniform greenish black; quil'p and
secondaries pale yellowish green, bordered at tips with dusky ; rest of plumage
uniform rich purplish chestnut. Your ' Top of he-^a grayish brown, boi'dered
aloro^ each side by a broad superciliary stripe of buffy white ; a dusky streak be-
ii-i... eye extending to hind-neck, which is ai .«■ dusky or dull brownish ; rest of
head and neck, with whole }3wer part3, except sides, buffy white; upper parts
grayish brown, the feathers more or lesa distinctly tipped with rusty buff (obsolete
in older specimens), the quills pale greenish, as in adult. Length about 8.50, wing
4.50-5.40, culmen 1.15-1.40, tarsus 1.90-2.35, middle toe 1.85-2.:i5. Eggs 1.22 X -94,
olive-tawny or tawny olive, marked all over with confused " pen-lines" of black, and
occasional " blots" of same. Hab. Whole of Middle America, from northern Mexico
(including the lower Eio Grande Valley in Texas) to Panama ; Cuba ; Haiti.

288. J. gymnostoma (Wagl.). Uezioan Jacana.

1 Hxmatopus ater Vieill., Qal. Ois. ii. 1825, 88, pi. 220.

184

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

yiliiiiik..;.

Order GALLINiS. — The Gallinaceous Birds.

(Page 2.)

Families.

a}. Hind-toe small, short (much less than half as long as lateral toes), and inserted
above the level of the anterior toes. (Suborder Phasiani.)
b^. Tarsi without spurs ; head entirely feathered (except sometimes over eyes),

and tail not vaulted Tetraonidae. (Page 184.)

b\ Tarsi with spurs ; head naked, or else tail long and vaulted.

Phasianidse. (Page 205.)

a*. Hind-toe well developed, lengthened (decidedly more than half as long as the

lateral toes), and inserted on a level with the anterior toes. (Suborder

Penelopes.) Cracidse. (Page 207.)

Family TETRAONID.^.— The Grouse, Partridges, and Quails.

Genera. (^"8° "''■>

a}. Tarsi and nasal fossse entirely naked; sides of toes not pectinated; smaller

(wing less than 6.00). (Subfamily Perdicince.)

6'. Cutting-edge of lower mandible without serrations; upper part of tarsus

feathered below the joint ; first quill longer than seventh.

c\ Tail very short, composed of 12 soft feathers entirely concealed by the

coverts ; first quill longest, or at least longer than third ; small

(wing not over 4.50) Coturnix. (Page 186.)

c*. Tail more than one-third as long as wing, extending considerably be-
yond coverts, and composed of 18 firm, broad feathers ; first quill
shorter than sixth ; rather large (wing over 6.00). Perdix.^

f. Cutting-edge of lower mandible, toward end, more or less serrated ; upper
part of tarsus not feathered below joint ; first quill shorter than seventh,
c*. Tail at least half as long as the wing, the feathers normal, and very
distinct from the coverts; claws normal, the middle one much
shorter than exposed culmen.
d}. Tail about as long as the wing ; very largo (wing more than 5.60,
tarsus about 2.00); plumage very plain, -the head without a

distinct ci'est Dendrortyx.*

d*. Tail decidedly shorter than Aving; medium to veiy small (wing
not more than 5.50, tarsus much less than 2.00) ; plumage
much varied, the head more or less conspicuously crested.

> Perdix Briss., Orn. i. 1760, 219. Type, Tetrao perdix LiKK.

This genus inoludoB the Partridge of Europe {P. perdije), a handsome game bird, about as much larger
than the American " Bob Whites" ns the Intter are larger than the Quail of Europe {Coturnix coturnix).
* Dendrortj/x OOULO, Mon. Odont. 1850, 20. Type, Ortyx macroura JiRD. & Sklby.

TETRAONID^.

185

e^. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing; bill small and
weak, its depth at base less than length of middle claw.

Callipepla. (Page 191.)

e". Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing; bill stouter, its

depth at base decidedly greater than length of middle

claw.

/'. Head with a conspicuous crest of long narrow feathers

exceeding tarsus in length ; plumage of upper parts

plain olive ; wing more than 5.00.

Oreortyx. (Page 190.)
p. Head not conspicuously crested, or else with longest
feathers much shorter than tarsus ; plumage of upper
parts much varied with spots, bars, and other mark-
ings; wing less than 5.00.
. g^. Head not distinctly crested... Colinus. (Pago 186.)

gf*. Head distinctly crested Eupsychortyx}

<?. Tail much less than half as long as wing, the feathers soft, narrow at
tips, and hardly distinguishable from the coverts ; claws very large,
broad, and blunt, the middle one nearly as long as the exposed culmen.
Head with a full soft crest of blended feathers; sexes exceed-
ingly different in colors Cyrtonyx. (Page 193.)

a'. At least upper half of tarsus feathered (usually feathered to toes) ; nasal fossae
densely feathered ; sides of toes pectinated in winter (the points deciduous in
summer) ; larger (wing more than 6.00). (Subfamily Tetraonince.)
6'. Legs feathered down to base of toes.

c*. Tail longer than wings, graduated, the feathers narrow and pointed ;

wing more than 10.00 Centrocercus. (Page 204.)

c*. Tail shorter than wings, not graduated (or else extremely short, with
middle pair of feathers longer than rest), the feathers broad and
rounded, or nearly truncated, at tips ; wing less than 10.00.
d}. Tail about half as long as wing, graduated or much rounded.

e*. Tail graduated, with middle pair of feathers projecting much
beyond the rest ; no tufts or other elongated feathers on

neck Pedioceetes. (Page 203.)

e*. Tail rounded, middle pair of feathers not projecting beyond
rest; sides of neck with a conspicuous tuft of straight,
rather stiff feathers, and beneath these an inflatable air-sac.

Tympanuchus. (Page 2^2.)

d}. Tail more than half as long as wing, rounded or nearly even ; no

tufts, ruffs, or other conspicuous feathers on neck.

e*. Toes feathered ; tail less than two-thirds as long as wing ;

plumage becoming chiefly or entirely pure white in

winter Lagopus. (Pago 193.)

> Eup»yehortyx OotiLD, Mon. Odoiit. 1860, 15. Type, Tetrao cn»talu§ Link.

MMH

mmmmmm

186

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

e*. Toes entirely naked ; tail two-thirds to four-fifths as long as

wing ; plumage never white. Dendragapus. (Page 194.)

Lower portion of tarsus completely naked ; tail nearly as long as wing,

fan-shaped ; sides of neck with a broad tuft or ruff of soft, broad-webbed

feathers Bonasa. (Page 197.)

Genus COTURNIX Bonnaterre.* (Page 184.)

Species.

Adult male : Above light brown, the back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-cov-
erts broadly and sharply streaked with buff, each buff streak' being bordered along
each side by a narrow blackish streak ; in addition to these markings the feathers
have narrow bars of blackish and pale buffy brown, the scapulars with irregular
spots of the former ; wing-coverts barred with dusky and buffy, and marked with
narrow mesial streaks of buffy or whitish ; quills dull grayish brown, spotted or
irregularly barred on outer webs with ochraceous-buff ; a distinct superciliary
stripe of buffy or dull whitish ; under-part and sides of head and neck whitish or
buffy, the middle of the throat with more or less of a brownish or dusky longitu-
dinal patch, connecting below with a dusky or brownish stripe extending obliquely
upward to ear-coverts ; below and behind these brownish markings, and usually
separated from them by a whitish or buffy space, another, usually interrupted line
of dusky or brownish spots, these sometimes blended into a continuous stripe ; chest
and breast light cinnamon-brownish, with paler shaft-streaks, the lateral portions
more broadly streaked, the lighter streaks bordered along each side by blackish ;
rest of lower parts buffy, the sides and flanks streaked with dusky. Adult female :
Similar to the male, but thi'oat without dusky markings, and chest and breast
buffy, spotted, longitudinally, with blackish. Downy young (partially feathered) :
" Centre of crown dark brown, with a central buff stripe ; sides of the crown warm
reddish buff; upper parts generally blackish brown, barred with warm buff, and
marked with long buffy white stripes ; chin, throat, and sides of head buffy white ;
rest of the under-parts buffy white, closely spotted with blackish brown."
(Dresser.) Length about 7.00, wing 4.10-4.30, culmon .25-.30, tarsus 1.00-1.15.
Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere in general ; introduced into (and
pariially naturalized in ?) various portions of eastern United States.

C. coturnix (Link.). European Quail.>

Genus COLINUS Lesson. (Page 186, pi. LVI., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Upper parts mottled grayish, tinged more or less with
rusty and more or less vermiculated with dusky and whitish ; quills plain grayish,
and tail chiefly bluish gray ; lower parts usually whitish, varied with black and

' Coliirnix BoNNATBKnB, Tiibl. Enoyl. et M6th. I. 1790, 217. Type, Tetrao ooturmx Linn.

> Tetrao eottimix LiHH., S. K. ed. 10, t. 1768, 161. Coturnix coturnix LicuT., Norn. Mub. Berol. 1864, 84.

COLINVS.

187

rusty, the sides and flanks striped with rufous. (Adult males of some species with
lower parts chiefly uniform cinnamon-rufous.) Adult males with head black, or
striped with black and white, or brown and white. Adult females with head striped
with brown and ochraceous or buflf, the chin and throat entirely of the latter color.
Nest of dried grasses, etc. (sometimes arched over on top), embedded in ground or
placed on ground, in meadows, grain-fields, etc. Eggs numerous (12-upward of
20), pyriform-ovate, white, usually more or less stained (adventitiously ?) with light
brown.

a^ Adult males with feathers of sides and flanks rufous edged with white and with

black line between white and rufous, or else entirely rufous. Adult females

(except in G. virginianus cubanensis) with feathers of sides and flanks rufous

edged with white, the two colors separated by a blackish line.

bK Adult males with lower parts always whitish, varied with black and rusty

as abo\ e described.

Adult males: Broad superciliary stripe, and broad patch covering chin,
throat, and malar region, white ; rest of head black, sometimes,
especially in winter plumage, mixed with or overlaid by brown ;*
sides of neck spotted with white and black, the spots of triangular
form. Adult females similar to males, but throat-patch and super-
ciliary stripe buff or ochraceous, and the darker stripes of head
chiefly brown or rusty. Young : Top of head and ear-coverts dusky
slate, or dull grayish ; rest of head dull soiled whitish ; chest and
breast dull grayish brown or bi'ownish gray, streaked with whitish ;
belly plain white ; back rusty brownish, more or less streaked with
whitish and spotted with blackish. Downy young : Head dingy butf,
paler, or nearly white, on throat, with a blackish line behind eye
and a small spot of same above corner of mouth ; a patch of chestnut
on occiput, graduall}' narrowing anteriorly to a line along middle of
forehead ; upper parts nearly uniform chestnut ; lower parts pale
grayish buff', deepening into dull brownish on sides.
c*. Feathers of flanks with the black markings narrow, only occasionally, or
not at all, interruptir\g the white edgings ; black markings on breast
and belly narrow, always much narrower than the white inter-
spaces ; chest usually chiefly, or entirely, light cinnamon,
d'. Upper parts with much of rusty, usually with conspicuous large
black blotches on scapulars, tertials, and lower back, and with-
out very distinct light bars. Adult male usually without a well-
defined band of uniform pale cinnamon across the chest, imme-
diately beneath the black collar.
e^. Larger, with colors averaging lighter, especially on lower
parts, where black markings are narrow and usually de-

I Partially melanigtio example8 tomotiincs occur in which the throat Ib partly or even wholly black.
The Ortyx ea»taneu* of Gould was probably baaed on a gpocimen of thla character.

BBSESB^B^

::!'

„i:.

i"!

188 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

cidedly V-shaped. Length 9.50-10.75, wing 4.30-4.70 (aver-
age about 4.55), tail 2.40-2.90 (2.70), culmen .55-.65 (.59),
depth of bill at base .33-.40 (.35), tarsus 1.20-1.50 (1.38),
middle toe 1.10-1.22 (1.18). Eggs 1.19 X -94. Hab.
Eastern United States, west to eastern Minnesota, Ne-
braska, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas, south to
Georgia, Alabama, and other Gulf States.

289. C. virginianus (Linn.). Bob White.
^. Smaller, with colors averaging darker, especially on lower
parts, where black markings are broader and usually more
transverse. Wing 4.10-4.50 (average about 4.28), tail 2.60-
2.90 (2.76), culmen .57-.62 (.60), depth of bill at base .36-
.42 (.38), tarsus 1.13-1.28 (1.19), middle toe 1.03-1.17 (1.09).
Eggs 1.17 X -92. Hab. Florida, except extreme southei*n

portion 289a. C. virginianus floridanus (Coues.)

Florida Bob White.
d\ Upper parts with little rusty (except anteriorly), an olive-grayish
tint prevailing, the scapulars, tertials, and lower back usually
without conspicuous black blotches, and the general surface
usually distinctly barred with lighter ; black markings of lower
parts usually broad and neai'ly transverse, as in C. virginianus
floridanus. Adult male usually with a very distinct band of
uniform pale cinnamon across chest, immediately beneath the
black collar.

Wing 4.20-4.65 (4.39), tail 2.20-2.70 (2.44), culmen .50-.60

(.59), depth of bill at base .30-.40 (.36), tarsus 1.15-1.35

(1.27), middle toe .95-1.15 (1.07). Eggs 1.17 X .91. Hab.

Texas and northeastern Mexico, north to western Kansas.

2896. C. virginianus texanus (Lawr.).

Texan Bob White.
c\ Feathers of flanks with black markings heavy, broken into irregular
figures, often enclosing a white spot — the edge never continuously
white ; black markings on breast and belly very irregular or much
broken, with frequently a longitudinal tendency; chest usually
chiefly or entirely black, or striped with black and rufous, in the
male, coarsely spotted with black, dull white, and rusty in the
female.
Wing 4.00-4.15 (4.07), tail 1.91-2.20 (2.07), culmen .68-.63 (.60),
depth of bill at base .30-.35 (.32), tarsus 1.12-1.17 (1.14), middle
too 0.98-1.08 (1.04). Hab. Cuba and southwestern Florida.
— . C. virginianus cubanensis (Gould). Cuban Bob White.*
v. Adult males with lower parts chiefly uniform cinnamon-rufous or cinnamon-
color.

> Orlyx ciibanentit Gould, Mon. Odont. 1850, pi. 2.

COLINVS.

189

c^ Adult males with throat-patch and broad superciliary stripe always
white.
d}. Very similar la color to C. virginianus texanus, but darker, the
female hardly distinguishable from the same sex of that species,
the male, however, very differently colored beneath, the lower
parts being uniform cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous; wing 4.10-
4.50 (4.39), tail 2.50-3.00 (2.83), culmen .55-.60 (.58), tarsus
1.06-1.40 (1.23), middle toe 1.05-1.23 (1.12). Hab. South-
western Mexico, from San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, and Guada-
lajara to Mazatlan ; Sonora; southern Arizona?

290. C. graysoni (Lawr.). Grayson's Bob White,
rf*. Similar to C. graysoni, but still darker in color, with the black
across fore-neck spread downward over the chest, and the size
decidedly smaller; wing about 3.80-4.00, tail 2.05, culmen .60,
tarsus 1.10, middle toe 1.05. Hab. Southeastei'n Mexico (Vera
Cruz).

C. pectoralis (Gould). Black-breasted Bob White.*

c*. Adult males with whole under side of head black, the white superciliary

stripe usually much reduced in width or sometimes obsolete.

d'. Smaller and darker. Adult male with black of throat extended

over the breast (as in C. pectoralis), and feathers of breast, etc.,

sometimes margined with black ; wing 4.00-4.20, tail 2.25-2.60,

exposed culmen .50-.55, tarsus 1.10, middle toe .95-1.05. Hab.

Southern Mexico (Tabasco and Tehuantepec).

C. coyolcos (Mull.). Coyolcos Bob White.*
d'. Larger and much lighter coloi-ed. Adult male with black of throat
not extended over chest, which is entirely uniform cinnamon or
cinnamon-rufous, like other lower parts. Female hardly dis-
tinguishable from that of G. virginianus texanus, but usually
with a more decided pale cinnamon band or patch across
upper part of chest and the belly more distinctly and heavily
barred. Wing 4.40-4.70 (4.49), tail 2.70-3.00 (2.81), culmen
.52-.65 (.60), depth of bill at base .32-.40 (.35), tarsus 1.12-1.30
(1.18), middle too 1.00-1.10 (1.06). Hab. Sonora and southern

Arizona 291. C. ridgwayi Brewst. Masked Bob White.

Adult male with feathers of sides and flanks white centrally, with broad rufous

margins. Adult female with feathers of sides and flanks clear umber-brown

centrally, this enclosed within a broad U-shaped mark of black, the edges

broadly white.

Adult male : Sides of forehead, superciliary stripe, lores, cheeks, and whole

chin and throat, uniform black ; broad stripe along each side of crown and

> Ortyx pwtoralu QouLD, P. Z. S. 1842, 182; Mon. Odoiit. 1850, pi. 6.

* Tetvao coyoleot {err, typ.) MUllrh (Ph. St.), Nat. Syst. Suppl. 1776, 129. Tetrao coyolcos Ghrl., S. N.
i. 1788, 763. Ortyx coyoleot Qould, Mon. Odont. 1850, pi. 6. Colimti coyoleot Brbwbt., Auk, ii. Apr. 1885,
200 (in text).

190 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

occiput, another from beneath eye across ear-covei'ts, and ground-color
of chest, dull white ; middle of crown and occiput rusty brownish, mixed
with dusky ; feathers of hind-neck and upper back rufous, each marked
with, a central oval spot of rusty white ; feathers of breast and belly
white centrally, broadly bordered with black. Adult female : Very simi-
lar to same sex of C. virginiamis cubanensis, but smaller, the sides and
flanks less barred with black, more white on breast, and ground-color of
upper parts clearer grayish. Wing 4.00-4.20, tail 2.25-2.60, culmen .60,
tarsus 1.12-1.20, middle toe 1.05-1.10. Hab. Yucatan.

C. nigrogularis (Gould). Yucatan Bob White.*

Genus OREORTYX Baird. (Page 185, pi. LVI., fig. 3.)

Species.

Adult male : Upper parts plain brown or olive, the inner webs of the tertials
broadly edged with buffy or ochraceous, producing, when wings are closed, a dis-
tinct sti'ipe on each side of rump ; breast and part of head plumbeous ; crest black ;
entire throat uniform rich chestnut, growing blackish along upper posterior border,
and sending a blackish branch up to the eye ; chin, anterior portion of malar region,
lower portion of lores, and distinct line bordering the throat-patch from the pos-
terior angle of the eye downward, white ; flanks rich chestnut, broadly barred with
black and white ; thighs rufous, and under tail-coverts black. Adult female : Hardly
distinguishable in color from the male, but crest usually smaller. Young : Head,
neck, and back grayish brown, speckled with white ; breast more decidedl}- gray,
with larger, more triangulai*, white spots ; throat and cheeks mixed whitish and
dusky ; crest-feathers blackish, their tips speckled or zigzagged with pale fulvous ;
scapulars, wing-coverts, tertials, and tail-feathers pale brownish, finely vermiculated
with dusky, the first more or less blotched with black, and the tertials edged with
the same, with a subedging of pale fulvous ; belly whitish ; flanks washed with
chestnut; a dusky patch on ear-coverts, with a whitish line just above. Downy
young : Head and neck light brownish buff^, deeper on lores, forehead, and a very
broad superciliary stripe, the space enclosed between the two latter, of opposite
sides, and also a broad stripe down middle of back and rump, dark chestnut, bor-
dered along each side by blackish ; a broad pale buffy or dull whitish stripe along
each side of rump, throwing off, at about midway of its length, a lateral branch
obliquely across the flanks, this lest also bifurcating ait about the middle and throw-
ing off posteriorly a broad stripe parallel with that of the rump, the space between
the two, and also that bordering the outer side of anterior half of rump-stripe and
anterior edge of main flank-stripe, brownish black, or dark seal-brown ; on side of
head, behind eye, a broad V-shaped mark of brownish black, having its apex at the
posterior corner of the eye ; breast and belly dull grayish white. Length about
10.50-11.50, wing 5.25-6.40, tarsus 1.18-1.40. Eggs 1.36 X 102, cream-color, or
creamy buff", varying as to depth of color.

1 Ortyx nigrogulari* Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, 181 ; Mon. Odont. 1850, pi. 4.

CALLJPEPLA.

191

Bob White.*

a}. Above deep olive-brown or umber, this color usually continued uninteiTuptedly
over hind-neck to the crest ; inner edges of tertials deep buff or ochraceous ;
forehead entii-ely ashy. Hab. Pacific coast district, from Sau Francisco
north to "Washington Territory.

292. O. pictus (DouQL.). Mountain Partridge.

a*. Above grayish olive, the hind-neck usually partly or wholly plumbeous, like the
breast ; inner edges of tertials light buff or buffy whitish ; forehead distinctly
paler (often whitish) anteriorly. Hab. Sierra Nevada (both sides) from
eastern Oregon southward ; southern coast district of California ? ; Lower
California? 292a. O. pictus plumiferus (Gould). Flamed Partridge.

Genus CALLIPEPLA Waqler. (Page 185, pi. LVI., figs. 4, 5.)

Species.

a}. Tail three-fourths as long as wing, or longer ; flanks striped ; tail-feathers plain
bluish gray ; tertials and scapulars without black spots; inner webs of ter-
tials edged with buffy or whitish, producing a conspicuous stripe along each
side of rump when wings are closed ; wing 4.50, or more.
b\ Crest short, blended with, or not separated distinctly from, general feather-
ing of the crown ; sexes essentiaHy alike in plumage. (Subgenus
Callipepla.)
Adult : Tip of crest white ; rest of head plain light brownish or gray-
ish, paler and more buffy on thvoat ; hind-neck, upper back, and
anterior lower parts bluish gray, each feather sharply bordered
with black, producing a scaled appearance ; scapulars and wings
pale brownish ; flanks streaked with white ; other lower parts
buffy, the belly sometimes with a patch of chestnut-brownish.
Young : Upper parts brownish gray, becoming more decidedly
brown on scapulars and wing-coverts, the feathers marked with a
mesial streak of white, and (except on hind-neck) spotted with
blackish ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ash-gray, some-
times more or less distinctly spotted with white ; lower parts dull
whitish, the breast brownish gray, marked with wedge-shaped streaks
or spots of white, often mixed with dusky spots. Length about 9.50-
12.00, wing 4.50-5.00, tail about 4.10-4.50, tarsus about 1.30. Eggs
1,24 X -94, white, huffy white, or pale buffy, usually more or less dis-
tinctly sprinkled or speckled with brown,
c^. Scapulars and wings pale grayish brown, or brownish gray ; belly
pale buffy or whitish, usually without trace of chestnut or brown
patch, in either sex. Hab. Northwestern Mexico and contiguous
border of United States, from western Texas to southern Arizona.
293. C. squamata (Via.). Scaled Partridge,
c". Scapulars and wings deep grayish brown (sometimes hair-brown) ;
posterior lower parts deeper buffy (sometimes decidedly ochra-
ceous), the belly with an extensive patch of rusty chestnut

192 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

in the male (sometimes indicated in the female also). Hah.
Eastern Mexico (south to San Luis Potosi) and lower Eio
Grande Valley of Texas.

293a. C. squamata castanogastris Erewst.
Chestnnt-bellied Scaled Partridge.
6'. Crest lengthened, very distinct from general feathering of crown, very nar-
row at the base, all the feathers enclosed between the more or less
appressed webs of the anterior plume ; sexes very different in plumage.
(Subgenus Lophortyx Bonaparte.)
c\ Crest black ; throat uniform black in adult males, and tertials without
chestnut.
d}. Flanks olive-brown or grayish, streaked with white. Adult male :
Belly with black scale-like markings, iind a central patch of
chestnut; forehead buify whitish, with black shaft-streaks; oc-
ciput olive, or smoky brown. Adult female : Head without
black or white markings, the prevailing color plain smoky
grayish or brownish ; belly without chestnut patch, and black
scale-like markings less distinct. Young : Above finely mottled
brownish, mai'ked with whitish mesial streaks, widening at tip,
and bordered aiong each edge with blackish ; throat plain dull
whitish ; belly dull white, faintly barred with grayish ; chest
dull grayish, with triangular whitish spots. Downy young:
Dingy whitish, the upper parts tinged with pale rusty, and
irregularly mottled, longitudinally, with deeper brownish ; a
broad stripe of deep brown from occiput down nape ; ear-coverts
with an indistinct dusky spot; lower parts plain dull whitish.
Length about 9.50, wing 4.35-4.70, tail 4.10-4.70, tarsus 1.20-
1.25. Eggs 1.23 X -94, white, buffy white, or pale buff, more or
less distinctly sprinkled, speckled, spotted, or blotched with
some shade of umber-brown.

e'. Upper parts deep smoky brown, the inner edges of tertials
deep buffy or ochraceous ; flanks deep olivaceous or smoky
brown. Hah. Coast valleys of California, Oregon, and
Washington Territory.

294. C. californica (Shaw). California Partridge.

«'. Upper parts grayish brown, with inner edges of tertials buffy

or whitish ; flanks olive-grayish, or grayish brown. Hah.

Interior districts of California and Oregon, south to Cape

St. Lucas 294a. C. californica vallicola Einaw.

Valley Partridge.
d*. Flanks rich chestnut, streaked with white. Adult male: Belly
without scale-like markings, and with a central patch of black;
forehead dusky ; occiput rufous. Adult female: Similar to that
of C. californica vallicola, but flanks chestnut, and belly without
scale-like markings. Young : Above grayish brown, minutely

CYRTONYX.

103

lis without

mottled, the feathers with white shaft-streaks, widening at end,
and with a dusky spot on each side ; belly dull white, without
trace of markings ; chest brownish gray, the feathers tipped
and streaked with whitish. Length about 9.50-10.00, wing
4.45-4.70, tail 4.10-4.70, tarsus 1.20-1.25. Eggs 1.25 X 94, sim-
ilar to those of C. californica, but usually with deeper ground-
color and larger and more distinct spots. Ilab. Northwestern
Mexico and conti,j,uous portions of United States, from Arizona
to western Texas, north to southern Utah.

295. C. gambeli (Nutt.). Gambel's Partridge.
c'. Crest buffy or ochraceous ; throat white, spotted with black, and ter-
tials blotched with chestnut, in adult male.

Adult male: Sides of head streaked with black and white; hind-
neck broadly streaked or striped with bluish gray and rusty ;
upper parts mainly grayish bi"Own, the tertials and longer
scapulars chestnut, broadly edged on both toebs with white;
breast and belly bluish gi*ay, the latter marked with roundish
spots of white; flanks mainly deep cinnamon-rufous, the
feathers edged, or spotted along edges, with white ; wing 4.25-
4.50, tail 3.50-3.60, tarsus 1.25. Hab. Western Mexico (vicinity
of Mazatlan).

C. elegans (Less.). Elegant Partridge.'

Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing ; flanks broadly and sharply banded

with black and white ; tail-feathers brownish, barred with dusky and

whitish ; scapulars and tertials spotted with black, the inner webs of the

latter without light edging; wing less than 4.00; sexes alike in plumage ;

crest narrow, distinct from feathers of crown, but with webs not appressed.

(Subgenus Philortyx Gould.')

b\ Cheeks, chin, and throat white ; bill black ; wing 3.80-3.90, tail 2.40-2.60,

tarsus 1.10-1.12. Hab. Southwestern Mexico (Plains of Colima, etc.).

C. fasciata (Qocld). Banded Partridge.*
fc'. Cheeks, chin, and throat black ; bill brownish ; wing 3.80, tail 2.00, tarsus
1.00. Hab. Southeastern Mexico (Pueblo).

C. personata Ridqw. Black-faced Partridge.^

Genus CYRTONYX Gould. (Page 185, pi. LVI., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males : Sides of head marked with bold black and
white stripes, the chin and throat, and narrow collar across fore-neck (ascending to
beneath crest), intense velvety black ; longer feathers of crest uniform brownish ;

1 Ortyx elegant Lrss., Cent. Zool. 1832, pi. 61. CalUpepla elegans Qocld, Mod. Odont. 1850, }>1. 18.
» Philortyx Godld, Mon. Odont. 1850, 17. Type, Ortyx faictatug Govld.
' O^tyx faieiatut Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, 133.
* Philortyx pertonaiui Ridqw., Auk, ill., July, 18S6, 333.

194

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

upper parts brownish, more or less barred and spotted with black, and conspicu-
ously streaked with whitish, buff, or rufous; outer webs of quills spotted with
"white ; anal region, thighs, and lower tail-coverts uniform velvety black.

a}. Adult male without rufous or chestnut on flanks.

Adult male : Crest plain brownish, spotted with black anteriorly ; sides of
head chiefly pure white, relieved by a stripe (widening posteriorly) of
dark plumbeous extending from corner of mouth backward to beneath
ears, throwing off a branch (darker in color) on each side of forehead,
and a postocular black stripe or elongated patch ; scapulars, etc., marked
with broad medial streaks of buffy or whitish ; entire sides and flanks
dark plumbeous, marked with numerous round spots of pure white ;
belly and middle lino of breast dark chestnut. Adult female : Prevailing
color light pinkish cinnamon, the upper parts streaked and barred much
as in the male; head without white or black stripes; sides with a few
irregular streaks or bars of black. Younr/ : Similar to adult female, but
lower parts dull whitish, many of the feathers, especially on breast and
sides, with transverse spots of blackish, on both webs. Doiony young :
Head pale brow^n, becoming gradually whitish on throat, the occiput
with a broad patch of chestnut ; a blackish streak behind eye ; upper
parts rusty brownish, indistinctly spotted with dusky, the rump bor-
dered along each side by a whitish stripe ; lower parts nearly uniform
dull white. Length about 8.75, wing 4.90-5.30, tarsus 1.05-1.10, middle
toe .85-.90. Egg (identification very doubtful) : 1.21 X -90, plain white.
Hab. Western and central Mexico, from Mazatlan and Valley of Mexico
north to western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

296. C. montezumae (Yio.). Hassena Partridge.

a*. Adult males with flanks varied with rufous or chestnut.

b\ Adult male with flanks rich chestnut, slightly varied with black and
plumbeous. ITab. Guatemala and southern Mexico.

C. ocellatus Gould. Ocellated Partridge.*
fc'. Adult male with flanks plumbeous, barred and spotted with chestnut. Hab.
" Mexico."

C. sallsei Verr. Salle's Partridge.'

Genus DENDRAGAPUS Elliot. (Page 186, pi. LYII., figs. 1, 2.)

(^Nest on ground in woods. Eggs about 8-15, buffy or pale brownish, sprinkled,
speckled, or, more rarely, spotted with dark brown.)

1 Orti/x ocellatua Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, 75 (Guatemala). Cyrtonyx ocellatut Gould, Men. Odont. 1850,
pi. 8.

Cyrtonyx Bumichranti Lawr., Ann. Lyo. N. Y. i. lS7'f, 61 (Tehuantepeo).

Obs. — ^There are differences observable between two males from Guatemala on the' one hand, and one from
Tehuantepeo (the type of C. sumichratti) on the other. If these should prove constant the latter bird would
require recognition as a geographical race ( 0. ocellatui mmichraiti).

' Cyrtonyx talleei Vbrrbaux, Arcana Naturn, i. 1860, pi. 4.

DENDRAGAPUS.

195

Odont. 1850,

Species.

rt'. Tail of 20 feathers ; sides of neck in male with a distinct inflatable air-sac ; wing
of malo more than 7.00. (Subgenus Dendragapus.)

Adult male: Above dusky .grayish or dull blackish, usually more or less
mottled, especially on wings (sometimes distinctly and coarsely mottled
over whole surface) ; tail black, with or without gray terminal band ;
lower parts chiefly plain slate-gray, more or less varied with white on
flanks, etc. ; length about 20.00-23.00, wing 9.40-10.00, tail 8.00, weight
about 2J to 3J lbs. Adult female : Similar to the male, but decidedly
smaller and colors much less uniform, the upper parts more or less dis-
tinctly spotted and barred with huffy or brownish, the chest and anterior
part of sides similarly marked ; length about 17.50-19.00, wing about
8.70, tail 6.00. Young : Above yellowish brown, the feathers with con-
spicuous shaft-streaks and terminal triangular spots of white, and rather
large transverse roundish spots of black ; secondaries with broken or
mottled bands of dusky and white ; lower parts dull whitish, the chest
and sides spotted with black ; head huffy whitish, spotted with black on
crown, and marked along side of head by a dusky stripe. Downy young :
Above mixed pale chestnut-brown and brownish white, mottled with
blackish, this forming six rather irregular and indistinct stripes down
rump, and an indefinite number of more confused stripes on top of head,
where, howevei", the mottlings are sometimes broken into irregular
spots ; on side of head behind eye several irregular spots of black ; lower
parts plain dull white. Eggs buff or cream-color, more or less distinctly
sprinkled or speckled (more rarely spotted) with umber-brown.
. 6'. Tail tipped with a distinct ash-gray band.

c\ Lighter colored, with broader tail-band (.50-.80 wide on outermost
feather), distinct whitish space on side of neck, and throat mostly
white. Adult male : Above dark slaty, everywhere finely mottled
with gray and light brownish, the hinder scapulars usually with
distinct shaft-streaks and terminal spots of white ; tail-band 1.00-
1.50 wide on middle feathers, .50-.80 wide on outermost. Eggs 1.9-t
X 1.39. Hab. Rocky Mountains, west to the Wahsatch, south to
New Mexico (San Francisco Mountains) and Arizona (White Moun-
tains), north to South Pass.

297. D. obscurus (Sat). Dusky Gronse.
c*. Darker colored, with narroAver tail-band (not more than .40 wide on
outermost feather), no distinct whitish space on side of neck, and
throat dusky, bordered with white, in adult male. Adult male :
Above sooty blackish, sometimes nearly uniform, but usually more
or less mottled with, brownish, especially on wings ; scapulars usu-
ally without distinct white streaks or spots ; tail-band less than 1.00
(usually about .60) wide on middle feathers. Adult female much
darker than in D. obscurus, the upper parts sometimes deeply washed

'< ' }}.

196

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

■with dai'k rusty. Youitg : Similar to eorrespondini^ 8tu.£?e of D. oh-
scwrMS, but darker colored and more rusty. Eggs 1.89 X 1-36. Hah.
Mountains near Pacific coast, from California to Sitka.

297^. D. obscurus fuliginosus Eidqw. Sooty Orouse.
6*. Tail without a distinct terminal band of gray. In other respects similar to
D. obscurus, but tail-feathers broader, more truncated at tip, the tail more
even. Eggs 1.84 X 1-30. Hab. Northern Rocky Mountain?, from cen-
tral Montana northward.

2976. D. obscurus richardsonii (Sab.). Richardson's Oronse.
f. Tail of 16 feathers ; no obvious air-sac on side of neck ; wing less than 8.00
(Subgenus Canachites Stejn.)

Adtilt males : Above transversely varied with black and grayish ; beneath
black, with a white border to the throat, and broad white tips to man}' of
the feathers, the sides and flanks with wedge-shaped streaks of white ; tail
black, with or without rufous tip. Adult femole: Above barred with black,
gray, and ochraceous, or bufiy, the first predominating; beneath whitish
(more bufly or ochraceous anteriorly), distinctly and broadly barred with
black ; flanks and scapulars usually streaked medially with white. Downy
young : Pale buff-yellow, the top of head, back, and wings pale rusty, or
fulvous ; stripe on side of head (from bill to end of ear-coverts), two
spots on crown, and transverse spots on back and wings black. Length
14.70-16.20, wing about 6.50-7.35, tail 5.00-5.75. Eggs bufly or pale
brownish, more or less speckled or spotted with deep brown.
6'. Adult male with tail tipped with ochraceous-rufous, the upper tail-
coverts without white tips. Adult female with tail-feathers broadlj''
ochraceous or ochraceous-rufous at tips. Downy young : Occiput,
back, and rump uniform bright rusty, the first completely encircled
with black, and the last sometimes marked with two stripes of the
same ; rest of plumage, including forehead, fore-part of crown, and
broad superciliary stripe, brownish buff", tinged with lemon-yellow
on lower parts ; two black spots on middle line of forehead, and a
black line on side of head, sometimes interrupted in front of eye.
(To be immediately distinguished from young of the Ptarmigans by
naked toes.) Eggs 1.71 X 1-22. Hab. Northern North America,
east of Eocky Mountains, from northern portions of New England,
New York, Michigan, and Min: csota to Alaska (I'eaching coast at
Kadiak, St. Michael's, etc.).

298. D. canadensis (Linn.). Canada Oronie.
b*. Adult male with tail black to extreme tip (or else tip narrowly mar-
gined with pure white), the upper tail-coverts broadly tipped with
pure white. Adult female with tail-feathers narrowly white at tips.
Eggs 1.68 X 1.24. Hab. Northern Eocky Mountains (chiefly north
of the United States), and west to the coast ranges.

299. D. franklinii (Douql.). Franklin's Oronse.

BONASA.

197

Genus BONASA Stephens. (Pago 180, pi. LVIII., fig. 1.)

lin's Orouse.

Species.

Adult male : Above varied with black and different shades of brown or graj',
the scapulars and wing-coverts with mesial streak of buff or whitish, the rump and
upper tail-coverts with cordate or oval spots of pale grayish or dull butfy ; tail gray
or rusty, with several narrow, irregular bands of a paler shade, each immediately
preceded by o. narrower zigzag blackish bar, and crossed near end by a broad sub-
terminal band of black or dark brown, succeeded by a narrower terminal band of
mottled light grayish, and preceded by a similar band ; neck-tufts varying from
deep black to light rufous, the feathers with glossy terminal margins; throat butfy
or ochraceous, sometimes varied with dusky ; rest of lower parts mixed white and
butfy (the latter chiefly beneath the surface), marked with broad bars of brown,
broadest and darkest on flanks; lower tail-coverts buffy, broadly tipped with white.
Adult female: Essentially similar to the male in plumage, but smaller, and with the
neck-tufts I'udimentary or obsolete. Young : Scapulars, wing-coverts, and feathers
of back palo brownish, marked with large black spots and a broad median stripe of
buff; .oondaries, including tertials, finely mottled palo brown, rather indistinctly
barreu, at rather wide intervals, Avith paler buffy brownish, each bar of this color
immediately preceded by a narrower one of dusky, the outer webs of the tertials
spotted along the edge with black ; quills dull grayish, irregularly, somewhat ser-
ratcly, edged with dull butfy ; head buffy (chin and throat almost white), spotted
on top with black, the ear-coverts dusky, streaked with pale buffy or dull whitish ;
chest ochraceous-buff, gradually fading into white on breast and other lower parts,
all the feathers of chest and breast spotted on edges with blackish, producing a
coarsely and irregularly striped appearance ; sides and flanks marked with larger
spots of black ; tail-feathers mottled grayish, more or less tinged with I'usty, and
crossed by several broad blackish bars separated by narrower grayish ones. Downy
young : Above chestnut-buff", deepening into pale chestnut on occiput, fore-part of
wings, lower back, and rump ; rest of plumage very pale buff, deeper on sides of
head, which are marked with a conspicuous black stripe commencing at posterior
corner of eye and extending across ear-coverts. Length 15.50-19.00, wing 7.00-7.50,
tail 5.50-7.00. Nest on ground in woods.' Eggs 6-10 or more, buffy, usually plain,
but sometimes slightly speckled with brown.

a'. Paler, with brown markings on lower parts rather indistinct (except on flanks),
and more or less concealed on bi'east and belly by broad whitish tips to the
feather", these brown markings usually without distinct darker edges ; bars
on flanks usually clear hair-brown.
6'. Upper parts mostly or entirely rusty, the tail usually rusty ochraceous.
Eggs 1.58 X 1-18. Hab. Eastern United States, west to edge of Great
Plains (?), north to Massachusetts (lowlands), south to Georgia (up-
lands), Tennessee, Arkansas, etc.

300. B. umbellus (Linn.). Raffed OroQse.

198 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

b\ Upper parts mostly or entirely grayish, the tail always gray. Eggs 1.59 X
1.15. Hab. Kocky Mountains and northward to Alaska (Yukon Valley),
east to Manitoba.

3006. B. umbellus umbelloides (Dougl.). Gray Ruffed Grouse.
a'. Darker, with brown markings on lower parts very conspicuous, everywhere ex-
posed, and bordered by very distinct dusky bars ; bars on flanks very dark
brown, or brownish black.
' 6'. Upper parts with more or less of gray, often mostly grayish, the tail usually
gray (sometimes tinged with ochraceous). Hab. Eastern Oregon and
Washington Territory, east to Moose Factory, Nova Scotia, Maine, etc.,
southward on mountains of New England, New York, etc.

300a. B. umbellus togata (Linn.). Canadian Ruffed Grouse.
6". Upper parts dark rusty, with little if any admixture of gray, the tail usu-
ally deep rusty (very rarely grayish). Eggs 1.64 X 1-20. Hab. North-
west coast, from northern California to Bi-itish Columbia.

300c. B. umbellus sabini (Dougl.). Oregon Ruffed Grouse.

Genus LAGOPUS Brisson. (Pago 185, pi. LVIII., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Winter plumage pure white, the tail black in most
species, and sometimes the lores black also. Summer plumage with upper parts
(except part of wings) and chest varied with brown, buffy, or grayish and black.
Nest on ground in open situations. Eggs about 10-16, more or less heavily spotted
or marbled with dark brown or black on a buffy or light rusty ground.

a\ Tail black.

b\ Bill stout (depth at base .40 or more) ; length 14.00-17.00, wing about 7.00-
7.50, bill, from nostril, .40-.42, depth at base, .40-.45 ; winter plumage
never with black on head,
c^ Shafts of secondaries white.

Male in spring : Head and neck rich chestnut, usually becoming
darker below (sometimes quite blackish) ; rest of plumage
white, the back, scapdlars, and rump interspersed with feathers
of deep brown or rusty, barred with dusky. Ifale in summer :
Head, neck, and lower parts (except middle of belly, anal
region, and legs) deep cinnamon-rufoue, uniform on throat,
fore-neck, and chest, barred with black on sides, flanks, and
under tail-coverts, tinged with slaty on upper belly ; quills and
outermost wing-coverts white ; rest of upper parts (continu-
ously) irregularly barred with tawny brown and black, most
of the feathers indistinctly tipped with whitish.. Female in
summer: Above coarsely and irregulai'ly barred and spotted
with black and ochraceous or buffy (the former rather predomi-
nating), many of the feathers margined terminally with white ;

LAGOPVS.

199

iffed Orouse.

quills, secondaries, and outermost wing-coverts white; lower
parts varying from ochracoous to buffy whitish, coarsely and
irregularly barred with black. Young : Above coarsely and
irregularly varied with black and ochraceous-buff, the latter
mostly on or near margins of feathers ; chest, breast, and sides
ochraceous-buff, coarsely barred with black ; other lower parts
dull white. Downy young : General color olive-buff, tinged with
sulphur-yellow on lower parts, and with rusty on chest and
upper parts; crown chestnut, bordered all round by a black
line, which is continued from occiput down hind-neck in a
broad stripe; two more or less distinct blackish stripes on
rump, and other upper parts irregularly varied, more or less,
with black ; a black sti-eak on side of head (most distinct and
continuous behind eye). Eggs 1.74 X 1-22, ground-color varying
from pale buffy to deep brown, more or less speckled, eiirinkled,
spotted, or marbled with rich brown or black. Hab. Northern
portions of northern hemisphere ; south, in winter, in America,
to Sitka, noi'thern New York, etc.

301. L. lagopus (Linn.). Willow Ptarmigan,
c*. Shafts of secondaries black, and quills (sometimes a few of the wing-
covorts also) more or less blotched or mottled with dusky. (Sum-
mer plumages and young unknown.) Ilab. Newfoundland.

301a. L. lagopus alleni Stejn. Allen's Ftannigan.
6*. Bill small and slender (depth at base less than .40) ; length 13.00-14.75,
wing about 7.00-7.50, bill from nostril about .35, depth at base about
.27-.35 ; winter plumage with lores deep black in male (sometimes in
female also),
c^ Summer males with upper parts coarsely vermiculated, the back and
scapulars with large black blotches (occupying centi-al portions of
feathers).
Ground-color of upper parts in summer males grayish brown.
c*. Summer male: Above grayish brown coarsely vermiculated
with black, the vei-miculations having a general tendency
to form irregu'.ar zigzag bars ; scapulars and interscapulars
largely black centrally, producing large blotches or irregu-
lar spots ; outermost wing-coverts, quills, and secondaries
(except tertiais) white ; top of head blackish, the feathers
tipped with light brownish ; lores black ; rest of head
mixed dusk^' and white, the latter predominating on
cheeks, chin, and throat ; chest and upper breast regularly
barred with blackish and light umber-brown ; sides simi-
larly marked, but bars finer and more confused ; rest of
lower parts white, the lower tail-coverts with concealed
portion dusky, or sooty slate. Summer female : Bright
ochraceous, irregularly spotted and barred above with

a".

200

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

black, beneath more regularly and distantly barred with
the same; quills, secondaries, and bend of wing white.
Fall plumage : Ground-color of upper parts pale brownish,
mixed with grayish, very minutely freckled and more
coarsely verraiculated with dusky, the latter having a ten-
dency to form irregular spots and coarser bars on back and
scapulars ; outermost wing-coverts, quills, and secondaries
white; head and neck more fulvous and more distinctly
barred with dusky ; chest, upper breast, sides, and flanks
colored and marked much like upper parts, but vevmicula-
tions more regular (forming distinct bars anteriorly), and
black spots wholly wanting. Fggs 1.69 X l-l'J', not with
certainty distinguishable from) those of L. lagopiis, but
usually less heavily spotted, or less densely speckled, the
general aspect averaging lighter in color. Hab. Arctic
America in general, except northern extremity of penin-
sula of Labrador and region thence northward, Greenland,
and the Aleutian Islands; southeastwai'd to Gulf of St.
Lawrence (Anticosti).

302. L. rupestris (Gmel.). Rock Ptarmigan.
e*. Summer male : Similar to corresponding stage of L. rupestris,
but less regularly and coarsely barred above. Summer fe-
male : Above chiefly black, this varied irregularly with
pale grayish buff, mostly in fin-m of borders to the feathers
and spots along their edges, or, occasionally, imperfect
bars, these latter most distinct on wings, Avhere the two
colors are in about equal proportion ; lower parts light
grayish buff, everywhere coarsely bari'ed with black.
Young : Above light brown, irregulai'ly barred and
coarsely blotched with black, this prevailing on back,
scapulars, and tertials ; chest, breast, sides, and flanks
with ground-color more huffy, this more regularly and
coarsely barred with black ; rest of lower parts dull white.
Downy young : Similar to same stage of L. htgopus, and
perhaps not always distinguishable with certainty, but
usually darker, with less of rusty tinge above, chestnut of
crown darker, sides of head more strongly tinged with
olive-grayish, black markings behind eye bi-oadcr, and
usually a black streak or spot under eye, which is appar-
ently wanting in L. lagopus. Eggs 1.65 X 1-17, similar in
color to those of L. rupestris. Hab. Greenland, islands
on western side of Cumberland Gulf, and northern ex-
tremity of Labrador (Ungava) 302(T. L. rupestris

reinhardti (Brehm). Oroenland Ptarmigan,
rf*. Ground-color of upper parts in summer male dark brownish gray.

LAGOPVS.

201

Summer male : Above dark brownish gray, vermiculated and
coarsely spotted with black,'many of the feathers tipped
with white ; chest, upper breast, and sides similar, but
without the black central blotches to the feathers ; head
and neck more coarsely barred with black, gi'ayish white,
and pale grayish buff, the lores entirely black; throat,
wings (except tertials, etc.), belly, and lower brea;-;t white ;
under tail-coverts dusky grayish, tipped with white. Sum-
mer female : More coarsely bax'red with black and grayish
white, mixed with buff, the light bars on chest and under
tail-coverts more ochraceoua. Ilab. Newfoundland.

303. L. welchi Brewst. Welch's Ptarmigan.

c^. Summer males with upper parts very finely and densely vermiculated,

the back and scapulars usually without black spots or blotches

(never with these very conspicuous ?).

d}. Summer male : Ground-color of upper parts deep umber-brown ;

chest barred with bright tawny brown and black, the lower

portion frequently interspersed with uniform blackish feathers.

Summer female : Not obviously different from the same sex of

L. rupestris. Ilab. Island of Unalashka, Aleutian chain.

3026. L. rupestris nelsoni Stejn. Nelson's Ptarmigan,
rf'. Summer male : Ground-color of upper parts pale raw-umber brown,
mixed with pale grayish ; chest and neck barred with pale
brownish ochre and black, the lower portion of the former
without admixture of dusky feathers. Summer female :
Ground-color of upper parts ochraceous, mixed with pale
grayish buff, narrowly and irregularly barred with black
(but with very little of black spotting), many of the feathers
tipped with white ; sides and flanks similar, but more regularly
barred, and without traces of spots ; chest and neck coarsely
barred Avith ochraceous and black. Hah. Island of Atkha,
Aleutian chain 302c. L. rupestris atkhensis (Turner).

Turner's Ptarmigan.

Tail white.

Summer male : Above pale fulvous or dull grayish buff, coarsely ver-
miculated, barred, and irregularlj' spotted with black ; chest, upper
breast, sides, and flanks very heavily spotted (transversely) and
barred with black on a whitish ground, usually more or less mixed
with feathers having a pale fulvous ground and more narrowly
barred with black. Summer female : Similar to male, but usually
more buffy(?). Fall male: Ground-color of upper parts pale fulvous
or tawny, mixed with grayish, finely freckled, vermiculated, and
irregularly barred with black, occasional feathers showing largo
irregular spots of the latter color, middle tail-feathers partly or
entirely fulvous, finely i'rockled (lud vermiculated with dusky;

202 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

head and neck more coarsely and regularly barred ; chest, breast,
sides, and flanks nearly like upper parts. Fall female : Similar to
male, but more ochraeeous, with heavier black markings (?).
Young : Above light brownish gray, or grayish brown, densely
vermiculated with black, and with scattered irregular large spots
of the same ; two outer quills partly white, four innermost ones
entirely white, the rest dull grayish ; tail-feathers mottled brownish,
like back ; anterior and lateral lower parts dull buffy, ii*regularly
barred, vermiculated, and spotted with black ; rest of lower parts
plain dull grayish buify white. Length 12.00-13.00, wing 6.50-6.70.
Eggs 1.68 X 1-15, cream-color or buff, speckled with dai'k brown and
black. Hab. Alpine summits of Eocky Mountains, south to Now
Mexico, north into British America (as far as Fort Ilalkett, Liard's
Eiver), west to higher ranges of Oregon, "Washington Territory,
and British Columbia.

304. L.. leucurus Swains. White-tailed Ptarmigan.

Genus TVMPANUCHUS Gloger. (Page 185, pi. LIX., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above brownish, barred (sometimes spotted also) with
dusky and buff; beneath white broadly barred or banded with brown ; quills
brownish gray, their outer webs spotted with buff or whitish ; chin, throat, and
checks buff, the last marked with a cluster of brown or dusky spots ; a dark brown
stripe on sido of head, fi'om corner of mouth beneath eye and across upper part of
ear-covercs ; above this a buff stripe, interrupted above the ej^e. Adult male : Sides
of neck with an erectile tuft of rather stiff elongated feathers, the longest of which
arc 2.50 or more in length ; tail-feathers without bars or other markings, except the
narrow whitish tip. Adult female : Neck-tufts rudimentary, the longest feathers
not more (usually much less) than 2.00 in length ; tail-feathers with numerous
distinct bars of light brown or buffy. Nest on gi*ound in meadows or other open
situations. Eggs 8-12, or more, light drab, olive, or dull buffy, usually plain, but
sometimes slightly speckled with darker.

' Darker bars of back and rump single, very broad, solid black ; brown bars on
sides and flanks .30 or more wide, unicolored; wing more than 8.50 in
adult male, usually much more than 8.00 in adult female.
b^. Scapulars without conspicuous whitish terminal spots ; neck-tufts of male
composed of more than ten parallel-edged feathers, with obtusely
rounded or, sometimes, nearly truncated tips. Young : Above, includ-
ing tail, light brownish, the feathers with conspicuous mesial streaks
of white and largo blotches of black ; outer webs of quills spotted with
whitish ; top of head rusty brownish, with a median black patch or
stripe ; a dusky patch on ear-coverts ; lower parts buffy whitish, with
rather Irregular broad bars of grayish brown, these breaking up ante-

PEDIOCJETES.

203

riorly into spots ; chest tinged with brownish. Downy young : Bright
buff-yellow, tinged with lemon-yellow, washed on chest and sides with
pale rusty ; a narrow streak behind eye, several irregular spots on crown
and occiput, stripe across shoulder, and longitudinal blotches down back
and rump, black. Male: Length about 18.00-19.00, wing 8.60-9.40
(9.04), tail 4.00-4.30 (4.16). Female : Length about 17.50, wing 8.60-8.75
(8.65), tail 3.60-4.00 (3.80). Eggs 1.66 X 1-24. Hab. Prairies of Mis-
sissippi Valley, south to Louisiana and Texas, west to middle Kansas,
Nebraska, and Dakota, north to Wisconsin, east to Indiana and Kentucky.

305. T. americanus (Eeich.). Prairie Hen.
f. Scapulars with large and very conspicuous terminal spots of buflfy whitish j
neck-tufts of adult male composed of not more than ten lanceolate,
pointed feathers. Male : Wing 8.60, tail 4.00. Fejnalc : Wing 8.00, tail
3.90. Hab. Island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. (Formerly,
also Long Island, Now Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, Virginia, etc., but
now apparently extinct except on Martha's Vineyard, and there in

danger of extermination.) 306. T. cupido (Linn.). Heath Hen.

Darker bars of back and rump treble, consisting of a perfectly continuous brown
bar enclosed between two narrower black bars ; darker bars of sides ana flanks
.25, or less, wide, bicolored, the broader light brown bar being enclosed be-
tween two narrower dusky ones ; wing less than 8.50 in adult male, usually
much less than 8.00 in adult female.
Neck-tufts of adult male with feathers broad and rounded at tips, as in
T. americanus. Male: Wing 8.20-8.30, tail 4.00-4.20. Female: Wing
8.00-8.20, tail 3.50-4.00. Hab. Eastern border of Great Plains, from
Nebraska (?), southwestern Kansas, southwestern Missouri (?), and
western part of Indian Territory to western Texas.

307. T. pallidicinctus Eidqw. Lesser Prairie Hen.

Genus PEDIOC^TES Baird. (Pago 185, pi. LIX., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult male : Above varied with irregular spotting and
barring of black and brownish ; wing-coverts with largo roundish white spots, and
scapulars streaked medially with same ; outer webs of quills spotted with white ;
beneath white, varied with mostly V-shaped marks of dusky, chiefly on anterior
and lateral portions. Adult female : Similar to male, but somewhat smaller, and
with middle tail-feathers shorter. Young : Above brownish, spotted and barred
with black and conspicuously streaked with white ; outer webs of quills spotted
with white ; lower parts dull whitish, the chest, breast, sides, and flanks spotted
with dusky. Doxcny young : Bright buflfy yellow, the upper parts tinged with light
rusty and coarsely marbled with black ; a small black spot on middle of crown,
and several larger black markings on occiput and hind-neck, but fore-part of head,
all round, immaculate. Length 15.00-19.00, wing 8.60-9.00, tail 4.00-6.50. Nest

204

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

on ground in open situations. Eggs about 6-12, or more, varying from olive-buflfy
to deep brown, often plain, but usually more or less speckled with dark brown.

a}. Very dark-colored, with black or dusky largely predominating on upper parts, the
white scapular streaks and wing-spots showing in strong relief; feathering on
legs deep brownish gray. Eggs\.12y^\.2-i. Hab. Interior of British America,
north to Fort Simpson, Fort Kesolution, and Great Slave Lake, south to
Moose Factory, Temiscamingue, Lake Winnipeg, and northern shore of Lake

Superior 308. P. phasianellus (Linn.). Sharp-tailed Oronse.

a-. Lighter colored, the general color of upper parts buffy grayish or light brownish

of various shades, always predominating over black markings, the white

markings on scapulars and wings not conspicuously contrasted with the

general color ; feathering of feet pale brownish gray.

1?. Ground-color above buffy grajush or pale grayish clay-color, with little if

any rusty tinge. Eggs 1.70 X 1-23. Hab. Northwestern United States,

south to northern California, Nevada, and Utah, east to western edge

of Great Plains in Montana, north, chiefly west of Eocky Mountains (?) to

Fort Yukon, Alaska 308fl. P. phasianellus columbianus (Ord).

Columbian Sharp-tailed Oronse.

V\ Ground-color above more rusty or ochraceous. Eggs 1.66 X 1-23. Hab.

Great Plains of United States, north to Manitoba (?), east to Wisconsin

and northern Illinois, west to eastern Colorado, south to eastei'n New

Mexico 3086. P. phasianellus campestris Ridgw.

Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse.

Genus CENTROCERCUS Swainson. (Page 185, pi. LX., fig. 1.)

Species.

Adult male: Above mixed grayish and buffy, very ii-regularly varied with
black, the tertials bordered terminally with w^hite, and some of the feathers (especi-
ally wing-coverts) having mesial streaks of the same ; quills brownish gray, some-
times mottled along edges with paler ; cheeks, chin, and throat spotted black and
white, the former usually predominating (sometimes uniform on first) — this blackish
area bordered behind by a more or less distinct white crescent, the extremities of
which reach upward to the eyes ; fore-neck black, the feathers sometimes bordered
or edged with grayish white ; below this (on chest) dull grayish or whitish, the
feathers with very stiff, wiry black shafts; belly uniform black, the surrounding
portions chiefly white; lower tail-coverts black, broadly tipped with white; length
about 26.00-30.00, wing 12.00-13.00, tail 11.00-13.00, weight 4i to 8 lbs. Adult fe-
male : Similar to male, but much smaller, the chin and throat entirely white, black
patch on fore-neck replaced by speckled grayish, etc. ; length 21.60-23.00, wing
lOiit 10.50-11.00, tail 8.00-9.00. Young: Somewhat like adult female, but much
'o> owner above, black abdominal area indistinct, and markings of lower parts gen-
erally less distinctly defined. Downy young : Above brownish gray, coarsely and
irreguliiJ'ly marbled with black, these markings most conspicuous on head. Nest on

PHASIANUS.

205

ground. Eggs 6-15, 2.19 X 1-48, varying from pale olive-buflf to light olive-greenish,
speckled, sprinkled, or spotted with deep brown. Hab. Artemisia or " sage-brush"
plains of the Eocky Mountain plateau, north into British America, south to New
Mexico, Utah, and Nevada 309. C. urophasianus (Bonap.). Sage Qrouse.

Family PHASIANID<ffi.— The Pheasants, Turkeys, etc. (Page 184.)

some-

;e, black

Genera.

a}. Head feathered, except sometimes on sides (around eyes) ; tail lengthened,
graduated, and vaulted, the feathers usually tapering to a point; plumage
of sexes entirely different, the female much smaller than the male, and with-
out brilliant coloring. (Subfamily Phasianince.)... Phasianus. (Page 205.)

a}. Head naked, the skin wrinkled and warted, the forehead with more or less con-
spicuous extensile appendage (smaller in females) ; tail moderately length-
ened, rounded, not vaulted, the feathers broad and nearly truncated at tips ;
plumage of sexes essentially alike, but females duller in color than males.
(Subfamily J/e^ea^irma?.) Meleagris. (Page 206.)

Genus PHASIANUS Linn^eus.^ (Page 205.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Form elegant, carriage graceful, and plumage hand-
some (that of the male exquisite). Adult males : Adorned with rich metallic colors,
variegated by handsome markings or peneUlings. Adult females : Brownish, more
or less mottled, spotted, and otherwise varied with dusky, the lower parts, however,
chiefly plain buffy brownish.

fl'. Adidt males with neck metallic greenish or bluish ; sides of occiput with a more
or less conspicuous tuft of elongated feathers. Adult females with all the
tail-feathers barred, for their whole length, with blackish and whitish on a
mottled brownish ground.
6'. Adult males with breast (sometimes sides and flanks also) rich coppery chest-
nut, with metallic purple and coppery reflections,
c^ Adult male without white on neck ; length about 2J feet, wing 9.50-10.50
inches, tall 17.50-20.00. Adult female : Length about 20.00-24.00,
wing 8.50, tail 11.00-12.00. Young male : Similar to adult female.
Downy young : " Sides of head, throat, and under parts, yelloAvi.sh
white; forehead dull rusty yellpwish, with a dark brown central
stripe, which broadens towards the nape ; behind the ear is a black
spot ; upper parts generally yellowish, variegated with rusty red
and brown, and with blackish brown stripes." (Dresser.) Hab.

» Phattanut LiiiN., S. N. ed. 10, 1. 1768, 168. Type, P. colchteui Link.

206

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Europe in general, except colder portions; introduced into (and
naturalized in?) eastern United States. (Introduced into Europe
from western Asia.)

P. colchicus Linn. Pheasant.^

c'. Adult male with white collar round neck, much narrower (sometimes

interrupted) before and behind ; otherwise closely resembling P.

colchicus. Hah. China. (Introduced into and partially naturalized

in western Oregon ?)

P. torquatus Gmkl. Ring-necked Pheasant.*
6'. Adult male with breast, sides, and flanks rich dark green.

Length about 24.00-27.00, wing 9.60, tail 16.00. Adult female very similar
to same sex of P. colchicus and P. torquatus, but tail more numerously
barred and with more reddish or purplish ground-color; length about
20.00, wing 8.25, tail 10.50. Hab. Japan ; introduced into and naturalized
in western Oregon.

P. versicolor Vieill. Green Pheasant.'

a*. Adult male with neck rich chestnut, with coppery red and purplish reflections ;

sides of occiput without tufts. Adult female with tail (except four middle

feathers) uniform chestnut, tipped with white, this immediately preceded by

a subterminal black bar.

Adult male : General color chestnut and rufous, glossed with coppery red

and purplish, the rump broadly streaked with white; tail light rufous,

crossed at wide intervals by broad bands of deep chestnut, each of these

preceded by a black bar, this again by mottled whitish ; length about

36.00, wing 9.00, tail 28.00. Female: Length about 18.00-20.00, wing

8.25, tail 8.50. Hab. Japan ; introduced into and naturalized in western

Oregon.

P. soemmerringii Temm. Copper Pheasant.*

Genus MELEAGRIS Linnaeus. (Pago 205, pi. LXI., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Quills slaty, barred with white ; secondaries similar,
but with more white ; tail brown or gray, barred with black ; plumage in general
more or less brilliantly metallic. Nest on ground in woods. Eggs 10-18, or more,
light buffy, thickly (but sometimes indistinctly) speckled or sprinkled with brown.

a^. Tail and its coverts tipped with chestnui, rusty, or whitish ; ground-color of
tail brown ; feathers of lower back, rump, and lower parts metallic, tipped
narrowly with velvety black ; greater wing-coverts dull copper-color, tipped
with velvety black. Adult males with a conspicuous beard-like tuft of stiff

1 Phaiianus colchicua LiNH., S. N. ed. 10, 1758, 158.

* Phaiianna torquatut Omrl., 8. N. i. 1788, 742.

* Phntianut veriicolor ViGtLL., Gal. Ois. ii. 1834, 2.3, pi. 205.

* PhaeianuB latmmtrringii Tbmm., PI. Col. r. 1838, 82 livr. pli. 487, 488.

CRACIDM

2or

coarse black bristles depending from centre of chest, and with log-spur
shorter than hind-toe, conical, and blunt. Adult male : Length about 48.00-
50.00, wing 21.00, tail 18.50, weight 16-40 pounds. Adult female considerably-
smaller (average weight about 12 pounds), the colors duller.
b^. Tail tipped with deep rusty, its coverts ant. leathers of lower rump tipped
with rich dark chestnut. Eggs 2.55 X 1-79. Hab. Eastern United
States, north to southern Canada, south to Florida and eastern Texas,
west to edge of Great Plains.

310. M. gallopavo (Linn.). Wild Tuikey.

b*. Tail, tail-coverts, and feathers of lower rump tipped with buffy whitish.

Eggs 2.35 X 1-79. Hab. Table-lands of Mexico, and north to southern

border of United States (western Texas to Arizona) ; south to Vera

Cruz (temperate region).

310a. M. gallopavo mexicana (Gould). Mexican Turkey.
Tail and its coverts tipped with intensely brilliant metallic copper bronze ;
ground-color of tail ash-gray ; feathers of lower back and rump rich steel-
blue, those of lower parts bronzy black — all tipped with intensely rich metallic
golden and coppery bronze ; greater wing-coverts brilliantly metallic copper-
bronze, without black tips. Adult male Avithout beard-like tuft on chest, and
with leg-spur longer (in older birds much longer) than hind-toe, thorn-shaped
and very sharp. Size considerably less than in the more northern species.
Hab. Yucatan and adjacent portions of Honduras (and Gtiatemala?).

M. ocellata Temm. Ocellated Turkey.*

Pheasant.*

Family CRACID.^. — The Curassows and Guans. (Pago 184.)

Genera.

a*. Cere wholly naked, the nostrils exposed; tarsi entirely naked. (Subfamily

Cracince.')

V. Bill very stout, its depth through base equal to or greater than chord of

culmen, the top of the cere elevated, distinctly arched; feathers of crest

recurved at tips ; throat mostly feathered. (Very large : length 2i to 3

feet.) Grax}

f. Bill much weaker, its depth through base less than chord of culmen, the top
of cere not distinctly elevated nor arched ; feathers of crest (if any) not
recurved at tip ; throat naked, except a median narrow strip.
c*. Larger (length about 2} to 3 feet) ; throat with a more or less distinct
median " dewlap."
<P. Sexes alike in color, brownish above, striped with whitish be-
neath Penelope.*

> Meleagri* ocellata Teuh., PI. Col. livT. 19, 1838, pi. 112.

» Crax Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1768, 167. Type, C, rubra Linn., = C, globieera Linn, et Acer.

* Penelope Mbrrkh, Aves loon, et Desor. ii. 1786, 40. Type, Meteagri* orietata Linn.

208 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

cP, Sexes unlike in color ; male uniform black, female black, vermicu-

lated or irregularly barred witb rufous Penelopina}

c*. Smaller (length less than 2 feet) ; throat without median " dewlap" ; plu-
mage plain, the tail with whitish or rufous tip. Ortalis. (Page 208.)
a*. Cere densely covered with erect velvet-like feathers, concealing the nostrils;
upper part of tarsi feathered in front and on sides. (Subfamily Oreophasina'.)
Male with a tubercular vertical horn on top of head Oreophasis?

Genus ORTALIS Merkem. (Page 208, pi. LXI., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters (of Mexican and Central American species). — Above plain
olive-brownish or olive-grayish, the tail darker and with a distinct greenish or
bluish gloss ; anterior lower parts colored like upper surface, the rest of lower parts
different (chestnut-rufous, light brownish, or dull whitish).

fl\ Head with a conspicuous crest, the anterior feathers of which incline forward,
over base of bill ; posterior lower parts and tips of tail-feathers chestnut-
rufous; length about 2 feet (or more), wing 9.50-10.50, tail 11.00-12.00.
Hob. Western Mexico, north to Mazatlan.

O. wagleri Gray. Wagler's Chachalaca.*
fll Head not conspicuously crested, all the feathers reclining backward ; posterior
lower parts and tips of tail-feathers pale brownish, light ochraceous, or
whitish.
6\ Quills olive, or olive-grayish.

c*. Wing not more than 8.50 ; feathers of neck blended ; under tail-coverts
isabella-color, or buffy brownish ; tip of tail varying from isabella-
color to white.
d}. Belly dull light brownish.
e\ Tip of tail white.

f\ Belly pure white ; length about 16.50, wing 7.30, tail 8.00.
Hab. West coast of Guatemala and Nicaragua.

O. leucogastra (Gould). White-bellied Chachalaca.*
/*. Belly dull fulvous-brown, or isabella-color. Adxdt : Above
plain grayish olive, faintly glossed with bronzy green-
ish, more dull slaty on head and neck ; tail dusky bronzy
greenish, changing to dull bluish, broadly tipped with
white, except middle feathers ; middle line of throat
blackish ; lower parts generally dull brownish, some-
what paler on middle of belly, but deepening into more
decided, or more fulvous, brownish on flanks and under

1 Penelopina Reich., Tauben. 1862, 162. Type, Penelope nigra Fbas.
» Orcophasit Gray, Uen. B. iii. 1 844, 495. Type, 0. derbianut Gray.
» Ortalirla xnagleri GRAY, List Gallin. Brit. Mas. 1867, 11.

* Penelope leuoogaater Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, 105. Ortalida leucogastra Gray, List Gallin. Brit. Mas.
1867, 13.

ORTALIS.

209

tail-coverts; length 19.75-24.00, wing 7.50-8.60, tail
9.00-10.50. Nest in trees or bushes, usually 4-10 feet
from ground, carelessly constructed of sticks, grasses,
leaves, etc. Eggs usually 3, 2.34 X 1-60, creamy white,
with very hard, distinctly granulated shells. Hab.
Northeastern Mexico, from Vera Cruz north to lower
Eio Grande Valley (both sides).

311. O. vetula maccalli (Baird). Chaohalaoa.*

e". Tip of tail dull buffy brown, or isabella-color ; colors generally

darker than in maccalli, and size decidedly less (length

about 21.00, wing 7.70, tail 9.00). Hab. Guatemala and

southern Mexico (Isthmus of Tehuantepec).

O. vetula plumbeiceps Gray. Guatemalan Chachalaca.*
cP. Belly dull whitish.

Tip of tail brownish white; otherwise like maccalli, but
smaller (size of plumbeiceps). Hab. Yucatan.

O. vetula pallidiventris Bidqw. (subsp. nov.).
Yucatan Chachalaca.
c*. Wing 9.00, or more ; feathers of neck distinctly lanceolate ; under tail-
coverts deep ochraceous, tip of tail pale ochraceous.

O. poliocephala Waol. Gray-necked Chachalaca.^
6". Quills chestnut.

Otherwise very similar to 0. plumbeiceps, but much browner above.

O. cinereiceps Gray. Costa Rican Chachalaca.*

.^It is possible that this may be the true 0. vetula of Wagler {Penelope vetula Wagl., Isis, 18.30, 1112),
which seems to agree exactly in color with 0. maccalli ; but the size is much smaller, the length being given
as 18 inches, the tail 9.70. The locality is given as simply " Mexico," and it may be that a fourth local race, to
which Wagler's name is strictly applicable, may exist in some portion of Mexico specimens from which have
not come under my observation.

' Ortalida plumbeiceps Gray, List Gallin. Brit. Mus. 1867, 11.

' Penelope poliocephala Wagl., Isis, 18.30, 1112. Ortalida poliocephala Waol., Isis, 1832, 1227.

* Ortalida cinereiceps Oray, List Gallin. Brit. Mus. 1867, 12.

210

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Order COLUMBiE. — ^The Pigeons. (Pago 2.)

Families.

(Characters same as those given for the Order) .. Columbidse. (Pago 210.)

Family COLUMBIDiE.— The Pigeons or Doves. (Page 210.)

(^Nest a flat frail platform of sticks, straws, etc., usually in ti-ees. Eggs 2, plain
white or bufEy white.)

Genera.

a^. Tarsus shorter than lateral toes. (Subfamily Columbines.)

6'. Tail much shorter than wing, slightly rounded, the feathers broad and

rounded, or nearly truncated, at tips Colutnba. (Page 211.)

b\ Tail nearly as long as wing, graduated, the feathers narrow and pointed at

tips Ectopistes. (Page 212.)

a'. Tarsus longer than lateral toes. (Subfamily Zejiaidince.)
b^. Front of tarsus covered by transverse scutellse.
c*. Wing more than 5.00.

d}. Terminal portion of outer quill abruptly narrowed.

Engyptila. (Page 214.)
cP. Terminal portion of outer quill not narrowed.

e\ Outer webs of only second and third quills very slightly sinu-
ated (sinuation scarcely perceptible).
f\ Tail-feathers 12 ; tail rounded, less than three-fourths as
long as wing, the feathers broad and rounded at tips.
g^. Culmen longer than lateral toes, without claws ; tail
nearly three-fourths as long as wing; a white
patch covering larger wing-coverts.

Melopelia. (Page 214.)

gr*. Culmen shorter than lateral toes, without claws ; tail

^ barely more than two-thirds as long as wing; no

white patch on wing-coverts.

Zenaida. (Page 213.)
/'. Tail-feathers 14 ; tail graduated, usually more than three-
fourths (always more than two-thirds) as long as
wing, the feathers more or less narrowed at tips.

Zenaidura. (Page 212.)
e*. Outer webs of second to fifth quills, inclusive, distinctly sinu-
ated ; tail less than two-thirds as long as wing.

Geotrygon. (Page 216.)

COLUMBA.

211

;o2.)

igo 210.)
s 210.)
s 2, plain

road and
age 211.)
lointed at
»age 212.)

'age 214.)

htly sinu-

burths as
I at tips,
aws ; tail
a white

>age 214.)
laws; tail
I wing; no

'ago 213.)
lan threa-
long as
tips.

'age 212.)
Ictly sinu-

>age 216.)

c*. Wing less than 4.00.

(P. Tail as long as or longer than wing, lateral feathers graduated and

narrowed at tips Scardafella. (Pago 215.)

(P. Tail much shorter than wiug, rounded, the feathers broad at end;*.

Columbigallina. (Page 214.)
b''. Front of tarsus covered with hexagonal scutella).

Otherwise like Geotrygon, but tarsi decidedly longer than middle toe,
with claw Starncenas. (Page 217.)

Genus COLUMBA Linnaeus. (Pago 210, pi. LXII., figs. 1, 2.)

Species.

a}. Terminal third of tail abruptly lighter in color than the basal portion, the two
shades (of grayish) separated by a blackish band ; lower tail-coverts white.
Above plumbeous, browner on back, more bluish on rump, the wing-
coverts paler and narrowly edged with white; quills dusky. Adult
male : A narrow half-collar of white across upper portion of hind-neck,
the rest of the hind-neck dull metallic bronzy green ; head, fore-neck,
and lower parts more or less purplish, or glaucous-vinaceous, or violet,
/ becoming more pinkish on belly and plumbeous on sides ; bill yellow (in
life) with black tip. Adult female : Similar to the male, but usually
much duller m color, the white nuchal bar indistinct or even obsolete,
the breast grayer, belly whitish, hind neck less metallic, and size rather
less. Young : Somewhat like adult female, but feathers of upper
parts narrowly and rather indistinctly margined with paler; head and
neck dull plumbeous (in male) or light grayish brown (in female), with
Indistinct paler tips to feathers ; no trace of white bar on nape, and
lower parts dull grayish, tinged with brown on breast. Length 15.00-
IG.OO, wing 8.00-8.80, tail 6.00-6.50. Hab. Western United States, from
Eoeky Mountains to the Pacific coast, and south through Mexico to
highlands of Guatemala 312. C. fasciata Say. Band-tailed Pigeon.

a\ Tail of a uniform shade throughout ; lower tail-coverts slate-gray.

6'. Neck same color all round, and entirely destitute of metallic gloss. Adult
male : Head, neck, and breast purplish chocolate, or vinaceous-chestnut,
the lesser and upper middle wing-coverts similar, but brighter, or less
vinaceous ; back, scapulai's, and tertials grayish brown or olivaceous ;
rest of plumage dark plumbeous or slaty, clearest on rump and flanks,
paler on under wing-coverts, darker on tail. Adult female : Similar, but
rather smaller and color duller. Length 13.75-14.60, wing about 7.50-
7.80, tail 5.40-5.50. Eggs 1.47 X 1-06. Hab. Mexico and Central Amer-
ica, south to Costa Rica, north to southern Texas and Lower California.

313. C. flavirostris Wagl. Bed-billed Pigeon.

6'. Hind-neck ornamented by a " cape" of metallic brassy or bronzy green or

purplish, each feather distinctly bordered with velvety black. Adult

(sexes alike'): Entire top of head white or pale grayish huffy; upper

212 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

part of hind-neck dark maroon ; rest of plumage uniform dark plumbe-
ous; length 12.00-14.25, wing 7.00-7.80, tail 5.50-5.80. Eggs 1.41 X 102.
Hab. Greater Antilles, Bahamas, and Florida Keys ; also, Santa Cruz,
St. -Tiartholomew, and coast of Honduras.

314. C. leucocephala Linn. White-crowned Pigeon.

Genus ECTOPISTES Swainson. (Page 210, pi. LXIII., fig. 1.)

Species.

Tail shading from dusky on middle feathers, thi'ough gradually lighter shades
of gray, to white on outer webs of lateral pair, the inner web of each feather
(except middle pair) with a transverse blackish spot preceded by one of rufous.
Adult male : Head, neck, rump, and under wing-coverts uniform plumbeous ; other
upper parts grayish brown, or drab, the outermost scapulars, innex*most wing-
coverts, and tertials spotted with black ; nape and sides of neck glossed with
changeable metallic reddish purple ; chest and breast deep vinaceous-mifous, pass-
ing gradually into soft pinkish vinaceous on sides ; belly and under tail-coverts
white. Adult female: Similar to the male, but head brownish gray, gradually
paler toward throat; chest and breast grayish brown, or drab, gradually changing
to pale brownish gray on sides; metallic gloss on neck less distinct; size some-
what less. Young : Somewhat like adult female, but wing-coverts and scapulars,
also feathers of head, neck, and chest narrowly tipped with whitish, producing a
mottled appcai'ance ; rusty margins to quills more distinct, and bordering their
tips. Length 15.00-17.25, wing 8.00-8.50, tail 8.20-8.75, the female somewhat
smaller. -Eggs 1.47 X 1-02. Hab. Deciduous forest-region of eastern North
America, west, casually, to Washington Territory and Nevada ; Cuba.

315. E. migratorius (Linn.). Passenger Pigeon.

Genus ZENAIDURA Bonaparte. (Page 210, pi. LXIII., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters (of North and Middle American species). — Tail-feathers
(except middle pair) grayish, paler at tips, and crossed bjj- an irregular subterminal
band of dusky ; upper parts plain brownish, the tertials, with adjacent wing-cov-
erts or scapulars, or both, marked with a few roundish, oval, or oblong spots of
black ; axillars and under wing-co /erts bluish gray, or plumbeous.

rt'. Secondaries not tipped with white,

b\ Lower tail-coverts light creamy buff. Adult male: Occiput light bluish gray,
with a glaucous "bloom"; rest of head and neck vinacoous-cinnamon,
paler on throat and forehead, the chin whitish ; sides of neck glossed
with changeable metallic purple; a spot of blue-black beneath ears;
chest and breast delicate vinaceous, changing to creamy bulf posteriorly,
paler on lower tail-coverts. Adult female : Similar to the male, but head
light drab, paler on throat, and whitish on chin, the occiput scarcely
if at all bluish ; breast light drab, or grayish olive-brown, changing to

ZENAIDA.

213

plumbe-
1X102. '
ita Cruz,

id Pigeon.

•)

;er shades
h feather
of rufoua.
us; other
oat wing-
ssed with
foua, pasa-
ail-coverts
gradually
changing
size some-
scapulara,
•oducing a
ring their
somewhat
jrn North

^er Pigeon.

lilfeathers
ibterminal
wing-cov-
g spots of

uish gray,
cinnamon,
ck glossed
eath ears;
osteriorly,
, but head
scarcely
langing to

pale buffy on posterior lower parts ; motallic gloss on nock less distinct,
the black ear-spot smaller and duller. Young : Much duller in color
than adult female, with the tints more brownish ; feathers of upper
parts, head, neck, and chest, with distinct paler tips or terminal margins ;
no metallic gloss on neck, or distinct black spot beneath ears. Length
11.00-13.00, wing 5.70-6.10, tail 5.70-6.50, culmen .50-.55. Nest vari-
ously situated; j%^s 1.10 X -84. Hnb. Whole of temperute North Amer-
ica, north to Canada, southern Maine, etc., south to Panama and West

Indies 316. Z. macroura (Linn.). Mourning Dove.

fc'. Lower tail-coverts cinnamon-color. Yoxing {adult unknown) : Much darker
in color than Z. macroura, the entire lowor parts, including under tail-
coverts, uniform deep rusty cinnamon. Wing about 6.00, tail 4.80-5.00,
culmen .80. Bab. Socorro Island, western Mexico.

Z. graysoni Lawr. Socorro Dove.^
a'. Outer webs of secondaries broadly tipped with white.

Adult male (Jemnle and young unknown) : Entire lower parts uniform deep
vinaceous, somewhat paler on lower tail-coverts. (Plumage exactly that
of paler-colored specimens of Zenaida amabilis.) Wing 6.00, tail 4.80.

Mab. Yucatan (Merida).

Z. yucatanensis L.vwr. Yucatan Dove.'

Genus ZENAIDA Bonaparte. (Pago 210, pi. LXIII., fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above olive-browr. or russet, the tertials and adjacent
wing-coverts or scapulars spotted with black ; head, neck, and breast cinnamon-color,
reUevcd by a spot or streak of blue-black beneath ear-coverts and reflections of
c'langeablo metallic purple on sides of neck; tail-feathers (except middle pair)
plumbeous or slaty, broadly tipped with a lighter shade of the same, and crossed by
a aubterminal band of black ; outer webs of secondaries brcudly tipped with white.

a'. Under tail-coverts deep cinnamon ; head and neck purplish cinnamon or deep
vinaceous; len-ll\ 10.00 -11..50, wing 6.00-6.25, tail 4.00-4.40. Eggs 1.19 X
.92. Hab. Florida Keys, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Santa Cruz,
Sombrero, iiud coast of Yucatan.. 317. Z. zen-'da (Bonap.). Zenaida Dove.

a'. Under tad-coverts whitish, usually sli-'htly tin'-e ' i-ith vinaceous or grayish;
head and neck (especially the latter) cinnatnon-''ufous ; a little larger than
Z. zenaida. Hah. Lesser Antilles (St. Bartholomew, St. Vincent, Barbuda,
Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Grenada, St. Euatatius, etc.).

Z. castanea (Waol.). Antillean Dove.*

' Zeimiuiira grayfoni LAWn., Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1871, 17.

* Zennidura yucctanensU Lawr., Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ix. 1860, 208. (Perhnps a hybrid botwoon Z, mnernu .
and Zenaida nmiihilin.)

' Cohimhn cnnfrnni Waot,., Pyst. Av. 1827, 289, Colut"' .1 Sp. 77. {Z. martinicana Br. el AucT., but not
Columba martinica Linn.)

214

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus ENGYPTILA Sundevall. (Pr.ge 210, pi. LXII , fig. 3.)

Species.

Adult male : Above plain olive-brownish, the occiput, hind-neck, and sides of
neck glossed M'ith metallic reddish purple; top of head bluish gvay, fjiding into
creamy white on forehead ; rest of head and neck, with lower parts, pale vinaceous,
or vinaceous-white, deeper on chest and upper part of breast, the chin, belly, and
under tail-coverts pure white, the sides tinged with grayish brown or olive; axillara
and under wing-coverts chestnut-rufous; middle tail-feathers like back, the resu
slaty black, broadly tipped with white. Adult female: Similar to the male, but
colors duller, with vinaceots tints less pronounced, and metallic gloss on hind-neck
less distinct. Length about 11.50-12.50, wings 6.00-6.50, tail 4.25-4.50. Nest in
vines or bushes. Eggs 1.17 X 87, dull buffy white. Hab. Mexico and Guatemala,
north to lower Eio Grande Valley in Texas.

318. E. albifrons (Bonap.). White-fronted Dove.

Genus MELOPELIA Bonaparte. (Page 210, pi. LXIV., fig. 3.)

Species.

Two middle tail-feathers grayish brown, the rest plumbeous or slaty, with the
terminal fourth white (tinged with gray toward middle feathers), the plumbeous or
slate of basal portion darker next to the lighter terminal portion ; secondaries
broadly edged terminally with white ; larger wing-coverts Avhito, producing a largo
white longitudinal patch on wing. Adult male: Above grayish brown or drab,
grayer on wings, more plumbeous on rump ; head, neck, and chest light brownish
gray, more or less tinged with pale vinaceous, the occiput and hind-neck irr>lining
to glaucous lilaceous ; sides of neck glossed with metallic golden green changing to
purple; a spot of blue-black immediately beneath oar-coverts; other lower parts
light pearl-gray, becoming whitish on lower tail-coverts. Adult female : Similar to
the male, but colors duller, with little if any lilaceous or vinaceous tinge to chest,
etc. Young : Similar to adult female, but colors still duller, the feathers of upper
parts with paler tei'minal margins, and the chest with a faint rusty tinge. Ijongth
11.00-12.25, wing 6.30-6.80, tail 4.80-5.25. Nest in bushes or Ioav trees. Eggs 1.17
X .88, very light creamy buff or buffy white. Hab. Mexico and Central America,
south to Costa Rica, north to southern border of United States (Texas to Arizona
and Lower California) ; Cuba ; Jamaica.

319. M. leucoptera (Linn.). White-winged Dove.

Genus COLUMBIGALLINA Boie. (Pago 211, pi. LXIL, fig. 4.)

Species.

Common Characters. — AduU males with top of head bluish gray, or tinged with
this color, rest of upper parls plain grayish brown or chestnut, the uppermost wing-
coverts (sometiraeiit scapulars also) moro or less marked with steol-bluo or black ;

COL VMBIQALLINA.

215

sides of
ding into
Mnaeeous,
belly, and
); axillars

the res I,

male, but

hind-neck

Nest in

uateraala,

ited Dove.

, Avith the

nbeous oi'

peondavies

ig a largo

or drab,

brownish

irolining

anging to

wer parts

Similar to

to chest,

of upper

licngth

Eijgs 1.17

America,

) Arizona

gred Dove.

ged with
oat wing-
er black ;

inner webs of quills rufous ; tail (except middle feathers) blackish ; lower parts
chiefly vinaceous. Adult females much duller, the lower parts dull light vinaceous-
grayish, or light brownish.

ft'. Axillars and under wing-coverts chestnut-rufous.

Adult male : Head, neck, and lower parts pinkish vinaceous, the feathers
of the breast dufeky grayish brown centrally, and those of head and neck
margined with a darker shade of the ground-color; occiput and napo
bluish gray, or glaucous ; upper parts in general plain grayish brown,
the innermost v/ing-coverts (which are often vinaceous, like lower
parts) mai'ked with small spots of dark metallic violet. Adult female :
Similar to male, but colors much duller, the vinaceous replaced by light
brownish gray (sometimes slightly vinaceous). Young : Somewhat like
adult female, but still duller, or more gi'ajnsh, the feathers, especially of
upper parts, narrowly margined terminally with whitish. Length 6.00-
7.00, wing 3.10-3.60, tail 2.60-2.80, exposed culmen .41-.48, tarsus .60-
.66. Eggs .84 X -64. Hab. Whole of Middle America, West Indies, and
northern South America ; north to southern! Atlantic and Gulf States
(casually to District of Columbia), Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and
Lower California 320. C. passerina (Linn.). Oround Dove.

rt'. Axillars and most of under wing-coverts black.

Adidt male: Above vinaceous-chestnut, becoming bluish gray on top of
head, and light vinaceous on forehead ; lower parts plain deep vinaceous,
paler on chin. Adult female : Above dull bi-ownish, sometimes tinged
with rusty; lower parts plain grayish brown, or brownish gray. Wing
about 3.50-3.70. Hab. Middle America and northern South America,
north to Orizaba and Colima, Mexico.

C. rufipennis (Boxai'.). Rufous Ground Dove.*

Genus SCARDAFELLA Bon.\parte. (Page 211, pi. LXII., fig. 5.)

Species.

Common Characters.— Grayish bi'own above, each feather with a terminal
hofder or crescentic bar of dusky ; inner web of quills, except terminal portion,
iuA.'!^ , under wing-coverts partly black ; lower parts pale grayish vinaceous, pass-
ing into white or buff posteriorly, marked like upper parts ; lateral tail-foathers
with terminal half white, the i-est black.

fit*. Larger wing-coverts, belly, and lower tail-covorts white ; breast distinctly squa-
mated with dusky ; wing about 4.00, tail 4.00. Hab. South America (Brazil,
Venezuela, eastern Ecuador, etc.).

S. squumosa (Tumm.). Scaled Dove.*

' Tnlpaeotia niflpennin BoifAP., Conjp. ii. J'iiil, 79.

» Columba squamota Temm., Pfg. et Oal. i. 1811, pi. 89. Scrtrdc{/e(la iqunmota BoNAP., Consp. il. 1864, 86.

216

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

rt*. Larger wing-coverts pale brownish gray, like rest of coverts ; belly and lower
tail-coverts buff; breast very indistinctly bquamated; wing 3.75 or less, tail
more than 4.00,
Adult: Lower parts j>alo grayish vinaceous anteriorly (neai'ly white on
chin), passing into buff on belly, flanks, and lower lail-coverts; chin,
throat, and upper part of chest immaculate, but feathers of other por-
tions tipped with blackish, these bars broadest on flanks ; upper parts,
including all the wing-coverts, grayish brown, each feather tipped with
a crescentic bar of blackish. Young : Similar to adult, but less pinkish
beneath, and grayish brown of upper parts somewhat mottled by occa-
sional whitish tips to feathers. Length about 8.00, wing 3.70-3.75, tail
4.00-4.40. Eggs .82 X 64. Hab. Mexico and Guatemala, north to
Bouthern border of United States (southern Texas to southern Arizona.)

321. S. inca (Less.). Inoa Dove.

Genus GEOTK rGON Gosse. (Page 210, pi. LXIV., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Upper parts mainly uniform chestnut, the back (some-
times other portions also) with more or less of metallic gloss ; lower parts plain
dull whitish, ochi'aceous or huffy, deepening into brownish or vinaceous on chest.

a}. Quills rufous, on both webs, in adult (partly rufous in young) ; feathers of neck
blended,
ft*. Belly and under tail-coverts whitish, or very pale uuffy; back brilliantly
metallic.

Afhdt: Forehead and lores dull chestnut; res*^ of upper head with
hind-nock dull metallic bronzy green, changing to purplish ; back
brilliantly metallic rsddish purple ; rest of upper parts mainly dull
chestnut, more or less glossed with metallic pui-ple, especially on
rump and lesser wing-covert^; a broad wKitish malar stripe, extend-
ing back to occiput, across ear-coverts ; beneath this a narrower and
less distinct stripe of brown or chestnut ; anterior lower parts pale
vinaceous, becoming whitish on chin and throat; posterior lower
parts dull white, or ve.y pale huffy ; length 10.60-11.75, wing 6.00-
6.60, tail 4.20-5.75. Hab. Haiti, Cuba, Bahamas, and Florida Keys.
322. G. martinica (Gmel.). Key West Qaail-dove.
b*. Belly and under tail-coverts deep ochraceous ; back not brilliantly metallic.
Adult: Above deep purplish chestnut, with metallic reflections (of
purplish red) only in certain lights ; chin and throat huffy whitish ;
bordered along each side by a dark purplish chestnut stripe, with a
buffy malar stripe above it — neither very sharply defined ; fore-neck
and chest vinaceous or vinaceous-brown ; rest of lower parts deep
ochraceous-buff or ochraceous. Young: Above deep sepia-brown
(with an olive oast in some lights), the wing-coverts sometimes

STARNCENAS.

217

d lower
less, tail

;rhite on
9; chin,
her por-
er parts,
>ed with
pinkish
by occa-
3.75, tail
lorth to
Irizona.)
Lca Dove.

ik (some-
rts plain
chest.

J of neck

•illiantly

sad with

ih ; back

|inly dull

ially on

extcnd-

iwer and

irts pale

ir lower

ig 6.00-

la Keys.

lail-dove.

etallic.
ions (of

hitish ;

I, with a

ire-neck

•ts deep

brown

letimes

mixed with rusty ; forehead, chest, etc., dull cinnamon-brown ; rest
of under parts brownish huffy ; quills mainly dusky, but inner webs
broadly edged with rufous, especially toward base. Wing 5.30-6.00,
tail 3.10-3.60. Hab. Tropical America in general (including West
Indies), north to Cuba and eastern Mexico (Miradoi*).

G. tnontana (Linn.). Ruddy Quail-dove.*
a\ Quills entirely dusky, on both webs ; feathers of neck very distinctly outlined.
Adult : Top of head slaty or plumbeous, becoming paler (sometimes whitish
or pale vinaceous) on forehead ; hind-neck dull greenish bronze ; rest of
upper parts nearly uniform dark chestnut, slightly glossed with violet-
purple on back ; chin and throat pale buffy or butfy whitish ; chest vary-
ing from dull brownish to buffy vinaceous or even grayish brown ; rest
of lower parts buffy, deeper on sides and flanks; length (skin) about 9.50-
11.00, wing 5.80-6.20, tail 3.50-4.40. Hab. Guatemala and southern
Mexico, north to Mirador.

G. albifacies Scl. Mexican Quail-dove.'

Genus STARNCENAS Bonaparte. (Pago 211, pi. LXIV., fig. 1.)

Species.

Adult: General color plain olive-brown above and dull rusty beneath, the
breast sometimes with a glaucous-purplish tinge ; top of head dull cobalt-blue, bor-
dered below by black ; a wide white stripe running from chin beneath eye to
occiput; throat and chest black, bordered below by a semicircular line of pure
white, the feathers of the upper and lateral portions of the black area tipped with
blue; length 10.75-12.50, wing 5.40-5.70, tail 4.00-4.25. Hab. Cuba and Florida
Keys 323. S. cyanocephala (Linn.). Blue-headed Ctnail-dove.

• Coinmba montana Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 163. Oeotryijon monlana Bonap., Consj). ii. lSo4, 72.
» Oeotrygon albi/acies ScL., P. Z. S., 1858, 98.

218

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Order RAPTORES.— Birds of Prey.

(Pago 2.)

Families.

i}. Head entirely nakeu, or else only partially covered with down (in young) ; nos-
trils longitudinal ; a distinct web between inner and middle toes, at base ;
hind-toe short, elevated, the feet wholly unfit for grasping, (Suborder Sar-

corhamphi.) Cathartidse. (Page 218.)

J*. Head entirely feathered or only partially naked ; nostrils vertical or roundish ;

no web between inner and middle toes ; hind-toe well developed, with large,

sharp claw, inserted at the same level with anterior toes, the feet specially

adapted for grasping.

&'. Eyes lateral, not surrounded by disks of radiating feathers ; cere exposed ;

outer toe not reversible (except in Pandion). (Suborder Falcones.)

Falconidae. (Page 222.)
i*. Eyes directed forward, surrounded by disks of radiating feathers ; cere con-
cealed by lora! and frontal bristle-like feathers; outer toe reversible.
(Suborder Sfriges.)
c\ Inner too as long as middle too ; inner edge of middle claw pectinated ;
feathers -jv. liinuur part of tarsus recurved, or pointed upwai'd; first
quill longer than third, none of the quills with inner webs sinuated

or emarginatcd Strigidse. (Pago 255.)

c". Inner toe decidedly shorter than middle too ; inner edge of middle claw
not pectinated ; feathers on hinder part of tarsus (if present) pointed
downwai'd ; first quill shorter than third, and at least one (one to
six) quill with inner web sinuated or emarginated.

Bubonidse. (Pago 255.)

Family CATHARTIDSE.— The American Vultures. (Pago 218.)

Genera.

i\ Cere decidedly shorter than the upper mandible ; bill very strong, with all its
outlines decidedly convex. Adult males with a fleshy "comb" or lobo sur-
mounting the top of the cere.
6'. Plumage of adult commencing on the neck with a very distinct collar of
whito cottony down ; primaries decidedly longer than secondaries ;
throat with a median " dewlap" ; " comb" of adult male extending from
near anterior border of cere to middle of the crown ; sexes very different,
the female lacking entirely tho "comb" or other fleshy appendages to
the head; very large (wing 30.00, or more) Sarcorhamphus.^

i Sarcoihamphu* Duii£ril, Zool. Anal. 1800, 32. Type, by vilmination, Vultur gryphut Lixk.

GVPAGUS.

219

ft'. Plumage commencing on neck with broad, normally developed feathers;
primaries not longer than secondaries ; throat without any " dewlap" ;
" comb" of adult male attached only to middle of cere, above nostril ;
sexes alike; size medium (wing less than 25.00).

Gypagus. (Pago 219.)
a'. Cere decidedly longer than upper mandible; bill comparatively weak. Adult
males without fleshy " comb" or lobe surmounting cere.
b^. Entire neck bare of feathers ; plumage commencing abruptly with lanceo-
late or penicillate feathers, these continued over breast and belly ; head
much elongated, the upper outline of the cere elevated posteriorly above
the level of the flattened forehead ; very large (wing 30.00, or more).
Nostril very small, occupying not more than the basal third of the
nasal fossro, its anterior end acute ; bill small, the mandibles de-
cidedly broader than deep, the lower as deep as the upper ; skin of
head and neck smooth ; tail even.... Pseudogryphus. (Pago 220.)
b\ Head only, or with only upper part of neck, naked ; plumage commencing
gradually on upper part or middle of neck with broad, normal feathers,
those of the breast and belly broad and blended ; foi-ehcad elevated
above the upper outline of cere; bill stronger, with hook of upper man-
dible well developed ; much smaller (wing less than 25.00).
c^ Nostrils very largo and broad, occupying the whole of the nasal fossa),
both ends broadly rounded ; wing lengthened, the quills reaching to
or beyond tip of the n.. 'ch rounded tail... Cathartes. (Page 220.)
c*. Nostrils small and narrow, occupj'ing only the posterior half of the
nasal fossae, the anterior end pointed ; wing short, rounded, the
quills scarcely reaching to the middle of the even or slightly emar-
ginated tail Catharista. (Pago 221.)

Genus GYPAGUS Vieillot. (Page 219, pi. LXIV., fig. 5.)

Species.

Adult : Upper neck (" ruff") plumbeous, the feathers white at base ; tertials,
secondaries, quills, gi*eater and primaiy coverts, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail,
black, the secondaries grayish exteriorly and edged with white ; rest of plumage
deep vinaceous-buff or pinkish cream-color above, white beneath ; naked skin of head
and upper neck very brilliantly colored in life with yellow, orange, red, blue, etc.;
iris white ; bill dull red in dried skins, said to bo orange and black in life. Yovng :
Entirely plain blackish brown, the bill and naked skin of head dusky. Length
27.00-34.00, wing 19.00-20.00, tail 9.50-10.00, culmen 1.30-1.'.), tarsus 3.60-3.65,
middle too 3.00-3.30. Eggs 3.70 X 2.65, plain white. Hah. Whole of tropical America,
except West Indies, north to southern Arizona ?

Q. papa (L:nn.). King Vulture."

I Vulture pppa Link., 8. N. od. 10, i. 1758, 86. Oj/pagut papa Vieill., Nouv. Diet, xxxvi. 1819, 456.

220

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus PSEUDOGRYPHUS Eidgway. (Page 219, pi. LXIV., fig. 4.)

Species.

Adult: Dull black, the outer webs of greater wing-coverts and secondaries
hoary grayish, the foi-mer tipped and the latter edged with white ; axillars and
under wing-coverts pure white ; bill whitish or pale yellowish, and naked skin of
head and neck yellowish or orange in life. Young : Similar to adult, but feathers
of upper parts more distinctly bordered with brownish (producing a squamate ap-
pearance), the outer webs of greater wing-coverts and secondaries dusky, and with-
out any white on axillars or under wing-coverts ; bill and naked skin of head and
neck dusky, the latter more or less covered with soft sooty grayish down. Downy
young : Dull white, the naked skin of head and neck dull yellow. Length 44.00-
55.00 inches, extent 8J to nearly 11 feet, weight 20 to 25 pounds, wing 30.00-35.00
inches, tail 15.00-18.00, culmen 1.50, tarsus 4.40-5.00, middle toe 4.00-4.50. Nest a
cavity or recess among rocks or a hollow in stump, log, or tree-trunk. Eggs 1-2,
4.46 X 2.48, elongate-ovate, plain pale dull grayish green or dull greenish white.
Hub. Pacific coast of United States, north to the Columbia ; southern Utah ? (Now
much reduced in numbers, and extinct in many localities where formerly abun-
dant.) 324. P. californianus (Shaw). California Vulture.

Genus ' ATHARTES Illiger. (Page 219, pi. LX., fig. 2 ; pi. LXIV., figs. 6, 8.)

Species.

Common Characters. — General color black, uniform on lower parts (sometimes
on upper parts also) ; bill white, and naked skin of head reddish or yellowish in
adult, both dusky in young.

a}. Upper portion of neck, all round, naked ; wing 20.00, or more.

b^. Plumage of upper parts grayish brown, the feathers glossy blackish cen-
trally, the secondaries edged with grayish or whitish ; naked skin of
head (in adult) livid crimson in life.
Adult : Neck and lower parts uniform dull black ; upper parts black-
ish, with a greenish and violet gloss, the feathers of the back, the
scapulars, and wing-coverts with margins broadly (but not abruptly)
light grayish brown ; edge of secondaries light grayish brown, vary-
ing to light ashy ; shafts of quills and tail-feathers pale brown, vary-
ing to yellowish white ; bill chalk-white ; iris grayish brown ; naked
skin of head and upper neck (in life) dull livid crimson, brightening
to lake-red on cere, the lores and top of head sometimes with whitish
wart-like papillro. Young : Similar to adult, but bill blackish, and
naked skin of head and neck livid dusky, and the brownish margins
to wing-coverts, etc., less distinct. Doiony young: Covered with
pure white cottony down, the head, however, naked, and sallow
dusky. Length 26.00-32.00, extent about 6 feet, wing 20.00-23.00

CATHARISTA.

221

inches, tail 11.00-12.00, culmen 1.00, tarsus 2.25-2.30, middle toe
2.50. Nest a cavity among rocks or in hollow of a log, stump,
or tree-trunk, without additional material. Eggs 2, 2.74 X 1-89,
ovate or broadly elliptical ovate, white, buffy white, or greenish
white, more or less spotted or blotched with rich brown (madder or
burnt-umber) and purplish gray. Hub. Nearly the whole of temper-
ate and tropical America, including West Indies ; south to Falkland
Islands and Patagcaia, north, more or less regularly, to southern
New England, New York, the Saskatchewan, and British Columbia.

325. C. aura (Linn.). Turkey Vulture.
6'. Plumage of upper parts entirely uniform dull black ; naked skin of head
and upper neck of adult yellow in life.
Wing 20.00, tail 12.00, culmen .82, tarsus 2.50, middle toe 2.40. Hab.
Amazonian region of South America (Guiana to eastern Peru).

C. pemigra (Sharpe). Amazonian Turkey Vulture.*
a*. Upper part of hind-neck feathered quite to the occiput ; wing less than 20.00.
Adult : Entirely uniform black (as in C. pemigra), the shafts of the quills
white ; " bill and cere reddish white ; crown and lower side of head pale
violet or sky-blue ; side of head, neck, and throat beautiful gray-oi'ange ;"
iris red ; bill white. Immature : " Iris blackish gray ; head in very
young birds reddish gray, whitish on crown and over the eye ; neck
bluish, subsequent to which the head becomes reddish violet, with a
whitish blue patch on the occipital region." (Gtjrney.) Doivny young :
" The down is light rufous ; the bill, the lower part of the face, and the
cheeks, are black ; the rest of the head light rufous washed with brown ;
the iris chocolate ; the feet flesh-color, with blackish scales." * Length
about 22.00-25.00, wing 18.00-18.50, tail 8.50-9.00, culmen .80-.90, tar-
sus 2.10-2.40, middle toe 2.15-2.25. Hab. Eastern tropical America
(except West Indies), from Brazil to eastern Mexico (Vera Cruz) ;

southern Texas?

C. burrovianus Cass. Burroughs's Turkey Vulture.'

black-

ick, the

ruptly)

, vary-

naked

toning

(vhitish

h, and

argins

d with

sallow

^23.00

Genus CATHARISTA Vieillot. (Page 219, pi. LXIV., fig. 7.)

Species.

Adult : Entire plumage uniform dull black, the quills grayish basally (hoary
whitish on under surface), their shafts pure white ; bill dusky with yellowish or
whitish tip ; naked skin of head and fore-neck dusky. Young : Not obviously

1 (Ennpt pemigra Sharpb, Cat. B. Brit. Mu8. i. 1874, 26. Oathartea pemigra Ridow., Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, V. 1880, 83.

* Professor A. Dugds, of Guanajuato, Mexico, in letter. I refer somewhat doubtfully the bird which he de-
scribes to O. bitrrovianug, for the reason that it certainly is not 0. awa nor Catharitta atrata, and no other
species besides these and G. burrovianui is Itnown to inhabit Mexico. Drawings went by Professor Dugga, rep-
resenting both the bird under consideration and the corresponding stage of Catharitta atrata, show conclusively
that it is a true Cathartet.

* Ciithartet burrovianui C<iss., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii. 1845, 212,

99*?

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

different from the adult (?). Length 23.00-27.00 ; extent about 54.00 ; wing 16 50-
17.50, tail 7.50-8.50, culmen .90-.95, tarsus 3.00, middle toe 2.90. Nest a hollow in
stump, log, or tree-trunk, or secluded spot among undergrowth of woods. Eggs
1-2, 3.09 X 2.01, ovate or broadly elliptical-ovate, similar in coloration to those of
Cathartes awra, but usually more sparsely marked. Hub. Whole of tropical and
warm-temperate America, south to Argentine Eepublic and Chili, north regularly
to North Carolina and lower Mississippi Valley, irregularly or casually to Maine,
New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Dakota, etc. (Apparently wanting in western
Mexico and California) 326. C. atrata (Bartr.). Black Vnlture.

Family FALCONID.^. — Vultures, Falcons, Hawks, Eagles, etc.

(Page 218.)

Genera.

a}. Outer toe not reversible ; claws graduated in size from the largest (that of hind-
toe) to the smallest (that of outer toe), broader and (except in Elanus)
grooved on under side.
6^ Nosti'il not circular, nor linear and oblique, with the upper end the posterior
one, nor with central bony tubercle. (Subfamily Accipitrince.)

cK Tail deeply forked Elanoides. (Page 224.)

c\ Tail not deeply forked.

(P. Wing not more than 18.00.
c*. Tarsi naked in front.

/'. Front of tarsi covered with minute roundish scales ; claws

not grooved beneath Elanus. (Page 224.)

/'. Front of tarsus covered with large transverse scutellte;
claws grooved beneath.
g^. Cutting-edge of upper mandible notched.

Ictinia. (Page 225.)
g^. Cutting-edge of upper mandible not notched.

h}. Tip of upper mandible produced into a conspicu-
ous lengthened hook.

Rostrhamus. (Page 225.)
h*. Tip of upper mandible not pi-oduced into a con-
spicuous lengthened hook.
I*. Face encircled by a "ruff" of short, stiffened,
compact feathers, as in the Owls.

Circus. (Page 226.)
P. Face not encircled by a ruff.

/. Tail decidedly more than two-thirds as
long as wing.
A*. Depth of bill at base not decidedly
less than chord of culmen ; mid-
dle toe equal to or longer than

FALCONID^.

223

naked portion of tarsus in front;
lores densely feathered.

Accipiter. (Page 227.)
A*. Depth of bill at base decidedly less
than chord of culmen ; middle
toe much shorter than naked
portion of tarsus in front ; lores
nearly naked.

Parabuteo. (Page 228.)

p. Tail not more than two-thix'ds as long as

wing.

A'. Primaries exceeding secondaries by

less than length of naked portion

of tarsus in front.

Urubitinga. (Page 238.)

k\ Primaries exceeding secondaries by

much more than length of naked

portion of tarsus in front.

IK Wing less than four times as

long as tarsus.

Asturina. (Page 239.)
P. "Wing more than four times as
long as tarsus.

Buteo. (Page 229.)
e*. Tarsi densely feathered in front and on sides, down to base of

toes Archibuteo. (Page 240.)

<P. Wing more than 18.00.

e^ Tarsus densely feathered, all round, down to base of toes.

Aquila. (Page 2'41.)
e*. Tarsus naked, all round, for lower third, or more.

p. Wing much rounded (fifth to seventh quills longest, the
first shortest), the secondaries very largo and broad,
reaching nearly or quite to tips of quills ; tail nearly
as long as wing ; occiput conspicuously crested ; feet

enormously developed Thrasaetus. (Page 242.)

/*. Wing pointed (third to fifth quill longest, the first longer
than ninth), the secondaries only moderately devel-
oped, their ends falling ft; ^i ort of tips of quills; tail
less than two-thirds as 1 ug as wing; occiput not
crested ; feet moderately developed.
g\ Tail rounded, consisting of 12 feathers.

Haliaeetus. (Page 242.)
g*. Tail graduated, or wedge-shaped, consisting of 14

feathers Thalassoaetus. (Page 243.)

6*. Nostril small, circular, with a conspicuous central bony tubercle, or else

224

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

narrow, obliquely vortical, with the upper end the posterior one. (Sub-
family Falconinoe.')
c'. Nostril circular ; cutting-edge of upper mandible with a strong tooth-
like projection, separated from the strongly hooked tip by a distinct

notch Falco. (Page 244.)

c". Nostril linear, obliquely vertical, the upper end posterior to the lower ;
cutting-edge of upper mandible without distinct tooth or notch.

Polyborus. (Pago 253.)

a}. Outer toe reversible ; claws all of the same length, narrower and rounded on

underside Pandion. (Page ''^^.^

Genus ELANOIDES Gray. (Pago 222, pi. LXV., fig. 1.)

Species.

Head, neck, entire lower parts (including under wing-coverts and basal half of
secondaries, underneath), and band across rump, pure white ; back, wings, and tail
plain polished blackish; tertials white, with blackish tips. Adult: White of head
and neck immaculate ; back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts with a soft velvety
gloss of dark bronzy purplish, the other black portions Avith a glaucous or chalky
cast. Young : Head and neck narrowly streaked with dusky ; the black of back,
etc., less glossy, more brownish, and with greenish instead of bronzy purjilo reflec-
tions ; quills, tail-feathers, and primary coverts narrowly bordered at tips Avith
Avhito. Length 19.50-25.50, Aving 15.40-17.70, outer tail-feathers 12.50-14.50, cul-
men 0.70-0.80, tarsus 1.00-1.30, middle too 1.00-1.20. Nest in tops of tall t- ,
usually near water-courses. Eggs 2-3, 1.87 X 149, white or buffy white l
spotted or blotched, chiefly round larger end, Avith hazel-broAvn, chestnut, or a.ou
madder-brown. Hab. Tropical and warm-temperate portions of continental
America, north in the interior regularly to Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, etc., along
Atlantic coast casually to Pennsylvania and southern New England ; accidental in
England 327. E. foriicatus (Linn.). Swallow- tailed Kite.

Genus ELAN US Savignt. (Page 222, pi. LXV., fig. 2.)

Species.

Adult : Above plain pale bluish-gray, becoming gradually white on head and
tail, with a large patch of uniform deep black covering lesser wing-covert region ;
loAver parts entirely pure white ; a black spot in front of and partly surrounding
eye. Young : SomoAvhat like adult, but tinged with rusty, and with indistinct
dusky streaks, on upper parts, the wing-feathers narrowly tipped with white ; tail
with an indistinct subterminal band of dusky; breast stained, or indistinctly,
blotched or streaked, with yellowish rusty. Length 15.15-16.75, wing 11.50-13.30,
tail 5.90-7.40, culmen .65-.80, tarsus 1.20-1.50. Nest on trees, near wator. Eggs
2-3, 1.71 X 1-31, handsomely marbled or clouded with various shades of rich mad-
der-brown on a paler (sometimes whi+ish) ground. Hab. Tropical and subtropical

ICTLXIA.

225

(Sub-

America (except "West Indies), north to South Carolina, southern Illinois (I'ssual ?),
and central California 328. E. leucurus (Vieill.)- White-tailed Kite.

Genus ICTINIA Vieillot. (Pago 222, pi. LXV., fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adults: Uniform plumbeous, becoming lighter (whitish)
on head and darker (blackish) on quills and tail ; inner webs of quills partly rufous.
Young : Lower parts whitish, striped with brown ; upper parts varied with whitish

and brown ; tail crossed by several narrow whitish bands.

•

fl*. Adult : Wings lighter than tail, the secondaries hoary whitish ; inner webs of
quills with indistinct spots of rufous, and outer webs with verj'- indistinct
stripe of the same ; tail without white markings. Young : Head, neck, and
lower parts white, sometimes tinged with buff (especially on thighs), longi-
tudinally spotted or striped with brown ; upper parts blackish brown, the
feathers margined terminally with whitish, and with concealed spots of the
same ; tail blackish, crossed by several (about three exposed) narrow bands
of dusky grayish, this changing to white on inner webs ; under wing-coverts
buffy, spotted with rusty. Length 13.00-15.50, wing 10.60-12.30, tail 6.00-
7.00. Nest in tops of trees, usually near rivers. Uggs 2-3, 1.63 X 1-32, white
usually sparsely and very faintly marked (adventitiously stained ?) with pale
brownish. Hab. More southern united States, east of Kocky Mountains,
north regularly to Georgia, southern Illinois, Kansas, etc., casually, or irregu-
larly, to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Iowa ; south, through eastern Mexico,
to Guatemala 329. I. mississippiensis (Wils.). Mississippi Kite.

a'. Adult : Wing concolor with the tail, the secondaries black ; inner webs of pri-
maries almost wholly rufous, the outer webs with only a trace of this color;
tail with about three narrow bands of white, across inner webs. Young :
Above blackish, the feathers bordered terminally with white; head, neck,
and lower parts whitish, striped with blackish. Wing 10.50-12.20, tail 5.60-
6.80. Hab. Tropical America (except West Indies), north to southern
Mexico, south to Paraguay.

I. plutnbea (Omei..). Plumbeous Kite.^

'im

Genus ROSTRHAMUS Lesson. (Page 222, pi. LXV., f g. 4.)

Species.

Adult : Uniform slate-color, becoming nearly black on quills and tail, the wing-
coverts inclining to brownish gray, the head and neck with more or less of a glau-
cous or chalky cast, the fonner nearly black anteriorly ; tail-coverts and base of tail
white ; tip of tail light grayish brown ; bill black ; cere and feet rich orange or
orange-red, and iris crimson, in life. Young : Tail much as in adult. Upper parts

1 Faleo plumbeuB Omkl., S. N. i. 1788, 283. Tctinia plumbea Vikill., Nouv. Diet. 1816, 24.

■ft,
■'('■

226

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

blackish brown, each feathor tipped or bordered terminally with rasty or ochra-
cecus ; head and neck streaked with the same ; superciliary stripe and lower parts
ochraceous (vai'ying to buffy whitish), spotted or striped with dusky. Length
16.00-18.00, extent 44.00-46.00, wing 12.90-14.25, tail 7.20-8.50, oulmen 1.00-1.10.
Nest built on top of bushes or tall rank grasses in open marshes. Eggsi usually 2,
1.70 X i-43, blotched, marbled, and stained with various shades of brown on a paler
(sometimes bluish white) ground-color. Hab. Whole of tropical America, except
part of West Indies ; south to Argentine Eepublic and Ecuador, north to Florida
and Atlantic coast of Mexico 330. R, sociabilis (Vieill.). Everglade Kite.

Genus CIRCUS LACfipiDE. (Page 222, pi. LXVII., fig. 1.)

Species.

Adult male : Head, neck, chest, and upper parts uniform light bluish gray, the
occiput darker and streaked with whitish, tinged with rusty ; longer quills blackish
toward tips ; upper tail-coverts plain white ; tail bluish gray, mottled with white
toward base, narrowly tipped with white, crossed near end by a broad blackish
band, and. anterior to this, by five to seven narrower and less distinct dusky
bands ; the inner webs whitish, with the bands more distinct, and sometimes tinged
with rusty ; under surface of wing (except terminal third, or more, of quills), and
lower parts from breast backward, white, the larger under wing-coverts and lower
parts with more or less numerous transverse (usually cordate) apots oT rusty or
brown. Adult female : Above dusky brown, the head and neck stniaked, the lesser
wing-coverts spotted, and feathers of rump edged, with rusty ; upper tail-coverts
plain white; tail brown, paler at tip, and crossed by six or fieven very regular and
distinct bands of blackish ; the brownish spaces becoming graduallj' paler and more
rusty to outer feathers, which are more ochraceous ; sides of head light dull buffy,
with a dusky stripe behind oyo ; feathers of " facial disk" bufl', each with a median
streak of dark brown ; chin, throat, and lower parts generally, dull buffy whitish,
varying to deeper dull buff'y, striped (oxcopt on chin and throat) with brown, the
stripes becoming gradually much 'narrower posteriorly. Young : Above blackish
brown, the head and neck streaked and lesser wing-coverts spotted with deep
rusty; upper tail-covorts white, tinged more or less with ochraceous; tail crossed
by four broad bands of black, the interspaces boing dark brown on middle feathers,
changing gradually to ochraceous on outer fea^iers ; eai'-coverts uniform rich davk
brown; feathers of "facial disk" dark bro\vn, broadly edged with rufous; lower
parts rich rusty ochraceous, gror;ing gradually paler posteriorly, the bi'east and
sides narrowly and (usually) indi.stinotly streaked with darker, but elsewhere im-
maculate. Downy young : Entirely pale cinnamon-buffy, tinged with grayish on
back, and becoming almost white on lower parts. Length 19.50-24.00, wing 12.90-
16.00, tail 8.80-10,50, tarsus 2.85-3.25, midUe too 1.20-1.56. Nest on ground, in
meadows, usually near ponds or ma^-'shos. Eggs 3-8, 1.80 X l'4i, white, or bluish
white, usually plain, but often more or less spotted or blotched with pale brown.
Bab. Whole of North America; south, in winter, to Panama, Bahamas, and Cuba.

331. C. hudsonius (Linn.). Marsh Hawk.

ACCIPITER.

227

Genus ACCIPITER Brisson. (Page 223, pi. LXVI., figs. 1-3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adults uniform bluish gray above, the top of the head
darker, feathcs of occiput pure white beneath surface; tail crossed by several bands
of blackish and narrowly tipped with white ; lower parts white, the breast, sides,
and flanks barred with grayish, dusky, or rufous. Young : Dusky brown above,
more or less spotted with lighter, the feathers bordered with rusty ; tail grayish
brown, banded with blackish, and narrowly tipped with white ; lower parts white
or huffy, striped with brown or dusky.

rt*. Bare portion of tarsus in front longer than middle toe ; wing less than 12.00.
(Subgenus Accipiter.)
b^. Tail even or slightly emarginate ; wing not more than 8.80 ; top of head in
adult not conspicuously different in color from back. Adult male : Above
bluish gray, the top of the head darker but not inclining to black ; sides
of head light lasty, streaked with darker; breast, sides, etc., mixed
vinaceous-rufous and white, in transverse spots and bars, the first with-
out ashy tinge laterally; length 10.00-11.50, wing 6.10-7.10 tail 5.80-6.10,
tarsus 1.90-2.05. AduU female : Similar in color to the male, but upper
parts less bluish, white of lower parts less pure and rufous spotting of a
less vinaceoue tint ; length 12.50-14.00, wing 7.80-8.80, tail 6.60-8.20,
tarsus 2.00-2.25. Young: Dusky brown above, the feathers bordered
with rusty and more or less mixed with white spotting (mostly con-
cealed); lower parts white, often tinged with buff, striped with clear
brown or dusky, the sides, flanks, and thighs transversely spotted with
same. Nest very variable in situation and character, but usually in
trees — often in hollowp among rocks or in trees. Eggs 2-5, 1.47 X 116,
white, gi'eenish white, or bluish white, usually very heavily blotched
with brown. Hab. Whole of North America; south, in winter, to

Guatemala 332. A. velox (^V'ILs.). Sharp-shinned Hawk.

6*. Tail decidedly rounded ; wing not less than 8.85 ; top of head in adult black,
in marked contrast with bluish gray of back. Adult male: Similar in
plumage to corresponding stage of A. vclo.r, but top of head blackish,
sides of head more or less washed with bluish gray, and sides of breast
tinged with the same ; length 14.00-17.00, wing 8.85-9.40, tail 7.80-8.30,
tarsus 2.30-2.60. Adult female : Colors duller than in male, the upper
parts less bluish, the hind-neck and sides of head washed with dull
rusty, top of head duller, more brownish, black, and sides of breast
without ashy tinge; length 18.00-20.00, wing 10.10-11.00, tail 9.00-10.50,
tarsus 2.60-2,85. Young: Similar to corresponding stage of A. velox,
but rather less broadly striped beneath, with much less of transvorso
.spotting on flanks, etc. Downy young: Uniform white. Nest usually in
high trees (often a deserted crow's nest). Eggs 1.93 X l-BO, usually plain

228 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

bluish white, rarely faintly spotted with pale brownish. Hab. "Whole
of temperate North America, including greater part of Mexico.

333. A. cooperi (Bonap.). Cooper's Hawk.
a*. Bare portion of tibia in front shorter than middle toej wing more than 12.00.
(Subgenus Astur Lacj^pIide.)

6*. Adult : Above, including whole back, clear bluish gray, or plumbeous, with
blackish shaft-stroaks ; top of head deep black, the feathers pure white
beneath surface ; tail bluish gray, crossed by about four dusky bands,
these sometimes nearly obsolete on upper surface ; lower parts white,
the breast, belly, sides, and flanks thickly zigzagged or irregularly
barred with slaty grayish, the feathers, especially on breast, often with
dusky mesial streaks. Young : Above dusky gr«^ 'sh brown, more or less
spotted with pale buff or whitish, the feathers margined with buff', those
of head and neck edged or streaked with same ; tail ligh ayish brown,
narrowly tipped with white, and crossed by four distinc. jands of dusky,
with a fifth, less stronglj- marked, concealed by upper coverts ; lower
parts whitish, or pale buff', with distinct narrow stripes of blackish, those
more tear-shaped on belly, broader and more spot-like on sides and
flanks. Male: Length about 22.00, wing 12.00-13.25, tail 9.50-10.50,
tarsus 2.70-3.05. Female: Length about 24.50, wing 13.50-14.25, tail
11.50-12.75, tarsus 2.70-3.05. Nest in trees. Eggs 2-3, 2.31 X 1-74,
white, or glaucous-white, sometimes very faintly marked with pale
brownish. Hah. Northern and eastern North America, bi'ceding chiefly
north of the United States, except in higher mountains; west to and
including Rocky Mountains, where breeding as far south as Colorado.

334. A. atricapillus (Wils.). American Goshawk.

6*. Adult : Above dark plumbeous, the back inclining to sooty blackish ; other-
wise like A. atricapillus, but markings on lower parts much heavier, and
darker in tint. Young : Above brownish black, this color predomi-
nating largely over the lighter markings ; stripes on lower parts much
broader than in A. atricapillus, and deep black, the thighs with large,
often cordate, spots of the same. Eggs 2.34 X 1-79. ffab. Pacific coast,
north to Sitka, and breeding southward to at least 30° in Sierra Nevada.
334^;. A. atricapillus striatulus Eidow. Western Goshawk.

Genus PARABUTEO Eidgwat. (Pago 223, pi. LXVL, fig. 4.)

Species.

Common Characters.— "Wing 11.65-14.60, tail 9.00-11.00, culmon 0.82-1.10,
tarsus 2.78-3.75, middle too 1.52-2.00. Adult: Prevailing color dark chocolate-
brown, or sooty, sometimes uniform, sometimes varied by whitish or ochraceo.is
spotting; lesser wing-coverts, and tibiee, deep rufous; tail-coverts white; tail black,
with white base and tip. Young: Plumage greatly variegated. Above dusky
brown, the feathers edged with rusty, head and neck streaked with ocbraceous ;
lower parts pale ocbraceous, or bufiy whitish, the breast and belly with longitudinal

b. Whole

r'sHawk.

an 12.00.

0U8, with
ure white
ky bands,
rts white,
•regularly
ften with
ore or less
buff, those
ish brown,
( of dusky,
rts; lower
kish, these

sides and
9.50-10.50,
-14.25, tail
!.31 X 1-74,

with pale
ling chiefly
lest to and

dorado.
Qoshawk.

sh ; other-

avier, and
predomi-

nrts mu(jh
ith largo,

cific coast,

Ira Nevada.
Qoshawk.

0.82-1.10,
I chocolato-
achracoo is

tail black,
bve dusky
jihracoous ;
Ingitudinal

BVTEO.

229

ovoid spots of blackish; tibisB with transverse bars of dark rusty j lower tail-
coverts with black shaft-streaks; lesser wing-covert region merely washed with
rufous; tail grayish brown, whitish at tip, and crossed by numerous (about 19)
narrow bands of dusky.

a}. Adult never with the darker portions of the plumage uniform, but more or less
broken, especially on lower parts, with whitish and buffy spotting and streak-
ing; tibiae barred with ochraceous; wing 11.65-14.60, tail 9.00-10.50, culmen
.82-1.02, tarsus 2.78-3.40, middle toe 1.52-2.00. Hah. South America, as far
as Chili and the Argentine Eepublie.

P. unicinctus (Temm.). One-banded Hawk.>

a}. Adult with the darker portions of the plumage perfectly uniform ; prevailing
color uniform dark sooty brown ; lesser wing-coverts, under wing-coverts,
and thighs plain rich chestnut-rufous ; middle wing-coverts dusky medially,
rufous on edges ; tail black, the base and a broad band at tip, white ; tail-
coverts white, the upper sometimes with blackish shaft-streaks. Immature :
Similar to adult, but the blackish above broken by ochraceous edgings, the
head and neck thickly streaked with the same; lower pai'ts ochraceous, striped
or longitudinally spotted with dusky ; thighs narrowly barred with rusty and
dark brown ; tail as in adult, but white band at tip narrower and less sharply
defined, and inner webs of feathers more or less distinctly barred with dusky,
grayish brown, and white.' Downy young : Above pale chestnut-bufFy, paler
(almost dull whitish) across hind-neck; lower parts entirely dull whitish,
tinged, more or less, with dull brownish buff. Male : Length 17.50-21.00,
wing 12.35-13.75, tail 9.80-10.20, culmen .90-.95, tarsus 3.15-3.20, middle toe
1.65-1.70. Female: Length 21.00-24.00, wing 14.25-14.50, tail 10.80-11.00,
culmen 1.08-1.10, tarsus 3.40-3.75, middle toe 1.90-2.00. Nest on bushes or
low trees. £ggs 2-3, 2.11 X 1-61, white, glaucous-white or buffy white, usu-
ally more or less marked with light brownish. Hab. Middle America, north
to southern border of LTnited States (Louisiana to Lower California).

335. P. unicinctus harrisi (Aud.). Harris's Hawk.

Genus BUTEO Covier. (Page 223, pi. LXVIIL, figs. 2-5; pi. LXXIL, fig. 8.)

Species.

a*. Tail more than half as long as wing ; tarsus much loss than half as long as tail ;
primaries exceeding secondaries by much less than length of tail.
6'. Wing more than 13.60.

c'. Outer webs of quills without white, buffj% or ochraceous spots,
rf*. Four outermost quills with inner webs distinctly emarginated.

i
I -I

1 Faleo unieinctu* Tkhm., PI. Col. i. 1824, pi. .tl.t. Parabufeo unioinctut RiDOW. in B. B. &, R. Hist. N.
Am. B. iii. 1874, 249.

* In this stage uiucli resembling the adult of P, unieinetut.

230

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

^. Middle toe decidedly longer than bare portion of tarsus in
front ; length of cere on top less than depth of bill at an-
terior edge of cere.
/'. Outer webs of quills (in adult) plain hoaiy grayish, paler,
or more ashy, at tips ; naked portion of tarsus, in front,
2.00.
Adult : Head, neck, and lower parts white, the first
streaked with dusky, these streaks more crowded
across cheeks, where forming a rather distinct
" mustache" ; throat very narrowly streaked, the
sides, flanks, and lower part of belly (sparsely),
more broadly streaked with dusky, and sides of
breast with broader, somewhat wedge-shaped,
markings of the same ; thighs tinged with buffy
or ochraceous; under wing-coverts white, with a
large dusky patch covering anterior portion of
lesser covei't region ; upper parts in general dark
slaty brownish, tinged here and there ashy and
somewhat broken by irregular admixture of
whitish, especially on scapulars and larger wing-
coverts ; rump blackish ; upper tail-coverts white,
tinged with rufous, and crossed by irregular,
distant bars of dusky; tail mostly light rufous,
but this much broken by ii'regular longitudinal
washes and " daubs" of ashy, and darker longitu-
dinal mottlings or interrupted streaks, on both
webs ; crossed near end by an irregular but dis-
tinct band of blackish, the tip white, and the basal
portion whitish ; length about 21.60, wing 15.75,
tail 9.10, culmen 1.05, tarsus 3.25, middle toe 1.70.
Hab. California (Santa Clara) ; only one example
known. — . B. cooperi Cass. Cooper's Hi^nhawk.
/'. Outer webs of quills grayish brown, marked with quad-
rate dusky spots, producing bands; bare portion of
tarsus in front less than 2.00.
g^. Middle toe usually more than 1.60 (minimum 1.50,
maximum 1.95) ; tail of adult usually with much
of rufous, with or without darker bands ; young
with tail grayish brown, crossed by nine or ten
distinct narrow bands of dusky.
A*. Head and neck uniform dark sooty brown or
blackish, or else streaked with white (very
rarely, if ever, streaked with buffy or ochra-
ceous". Adult: Tail confusedly or irregu-
larly mottled with grayish, rusty, white, and

BUTEO.

231

' tarsus in
bill at an-

rish, paler,
LS, in front,

;e, the first
•e crowded
er distinct
•eaked, the
(sparsely),
id sides of
Ige-shaped,
with huffy
ite, with a
portion of
ineral dark
I ashy and
lixture of
irger wing-
erts white,

irregular,
jht rufous,
)ngitudinal
er longitu-
on both
ir but dis-
the basal
ring 15.76,

e toe 1.70.
10 example

Eonhawk.
vith quad-
portion of

mum 1.50,
vith much
ids; young
ine or ten

brown or
hite (very
or ochra-
or irrcgu-
whiiQ, and

dusky, either color predominating (except
the last) according to the individual, crossed
near end by a more or less distinct fibter-
minal band, and tipped with whitish ; upper
parts chiefly (sometimes entirely) dark sooty
brown or blackish (varying to deep black) ;
lower parts varying from entirely deep sooty
brown or black to pure white, but, if the lat-
ter, always more or less streaked and spotted,
especially across belly and on sides of breast,
with dusky. Young : Tail banded with gray-
ish brown and dusky, the two colors of about
equal extent; otherwise, much like adult.
Male : Length 20.00-21.00, wing 14.25-16.10,
tail 8.80-10.00, culmen .98-1.00, tarsus 2.75-
3.50, middle toe 1.50-1.70. Female: Length
22.00-23.50, wing 15.75-16.50, tail 9.10-10.00,
culmen .98-1.10, tarsus 2.85-3.50, middle toe
1.60-1.80. Hab. Gulf States and lower Missis-
sippi Valley, north, casually, to Kansas, Iowa,
Illinois, and Pennsylvania, east to Georgia.
338. B. harlani (Aud.). Harlan's Hawk.
/tV Feathers of head and neck more or less distinctly
edged with ochraceous or rusty. Adult : Tail
rufous, paler at tip, usually crossed near end
by a narrow band or bar of blackish (rarely
with more Oi 'ess distinct narrow bands, or
indications of bands, anterior to the subter-
minal band) ; upper parts chiefly or entirely
dusky grayish brown, sometimes irregularly
broken by admixture of whitish and brownish
gray ; lower parts varying from entirely pure
white (usually with dusky streaks across
belly) to wholly sooty blackish, with or with-
out rusty on breast. Young : Tail grayish
brown, varying to dull ochraceous, crossed by
nine or ten well-defined narrow bands of
blackisli ; otherwise much like adult, but
usually with much loss of tawny or ochra-
ceous. Male : Length about 19.00-22.50, ex-
tent of wings 49.00-53.00, wing 13.50-16.50,
tail 8.50-10.00, culmen .95-1.08, tarsus 2.40-
3.20, middle toe 1.60-1.70, weight 2-3 pounds.
Female: Length 23.00-26.00, extent 64.00-
67.50, wing 16.26-17.76, tail 9.60-10.50, cul-

232

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

men 1.00-1.15, tarsus 3.15-3.40, middle toe
1.60-1.70, weight 3-4 pounds. Nest usually
in tall trees. Eggs 2-4, 2.30, or more, X 1-80,
or more, dull white or bluish white, usually-
more or less spotted or blotched with brown.
, Tail of adult always (?) with a subterminal
black bar, or else prevailing color of plu-
mage white.
/. Plumage never chiefly blackish.

A*. Deeper colored, with dusky and
grayish brown prevailing on
upper parts, the lower parts
more or less buflfy, especially
posteriorly ; adult with tail deep
rusty rufous. Eggs 2.38 X 1-81.
Mab. Eastern North America,
west to border of Great Plains ;
occasional in eastern Mexico;
Panama (casual ?).

337. B.ljorealis (Gmel.).
Red-tailed Hawk.
A*. Lighter colored, with much white
en upper parts, tail pale rufous
(usually without the dusky sub-
terminal bar), the lower parts
entirely pure white, or pale
buffy only on thighs, etc., with
little if any spotting across belly.
Eggs 2.31 X 180. Ilab. Great
Plains, from Minnesota to Texas ;
east, irregularly or casually, to
Iowa and northern Illinois.

337a. B. borealis kriderii
HooPEs. Erider's Hawk.
f. Plumage often chiefly blackish, some-
times entirely sooty, except tail and
its upper coverts.

Adult : Varying, individually, from
a light extreme which is scarcely
distinguishable from true B. bo-
realis to a uniform dark sooty
brown, through every conceiva-
ble intermediate plumage; some
melanistio specimens have the
whole chest and breast rusty

BUTEO.

233

ruBty

or rufous (corresponding to the
white area of very light-colored
birds), but this is wholly obliter-
ated in the complete melanism.
Young : Darker throughout and
more heavily spotted beneath
than in true B. borealis, the plu-
mage sometimes wholly dusky
(except the tail), as in the adult.
Tail of adult always with a
black subterminal bar, and
frequently with several,
more or less complete, ad-
ditional bars. Eggs 2.31 X
1.80. Hub. Western North
America, south into Mexico,
east to Eocky Mountains
(casually to Illinois).
3376. B. borealis calurus
(Casp.). Western Red-tail.
t"". Tail of adult without any black bars ; other-
wise, much like B. borealis calurus. Hab.
Cape St. Lucas.

337c. B. borealis lucasanus Eidow.
St. Lucas Red-tail.
g^. Middle toe not more than 1.55; tail of adult (and
young) grayish brown, sometimes slightly touched
with rufous, crossed by an indefinite number (but
varying from about 10 to 13) of narrqvv bands of
dusky, which become gradually indistinct and
finally obsolete towai'd base.

Plumage exceedingly variable, but usually a
mixture of sooty brown and whitish, in vari-
able relative quantity; sometimes entirely
dusky (except tail) and raroly almost entirely
white ; length about 20.00-23.00, wing 15.50-
16.60, tail 8.80-10.00, culmen .85-.96, tarsus
3.00-3.50, middle too 1.40-1.55. Hab. Northern
portions of eastern hemisphere ; accidental in
Michigan ?
336. B. buteo (Linn.). European Bnzsard.
(?, Middle toe not decidedly longer than bare portion of tarsus in
front ; length of cere on top greater than depth of bill at
anterior edge of cere.
Plumage uniform black, or blackish brown, the feathers
80

234

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

puro white at bases; tail grayish brown or grayish,
more or less banded with black, the inner webs, how-
ever, chiefly white. Adult: Tail black, crossed by
three broad zones, which are ash-gray on outer webs
and pure white on inner. Young : Tail dark grayish
brown (the inner webs partly, sometimes entirely,
white), crossed by numerous narrow, oblique bands of
black. Male : Length 18.50-19.60, extent 49.50, wing
15.00-15.60, tail 8.50-9.15, culmen .73-.88, tarsus 2.40-
2.70, middle toe 1.60-1.65. Female : Length 20.85-21.50,
extent 53.10, wing 16.50-17.40, tail 9.00-10.75, culmen
.90-1.00, tarsus 2.70-2.80, middle toe 1.80-1.85. Eggs
2-4, 2.19 X 1-72, dull white, usually spotted or speckled,
chiefly on larger end, with umber-brown. Hab. Mid-
dle America, north to southern California, Arizona,
Texas, etc., south to northern South America.

340. B. abbreviatus Cab. Zone-tailed Hawk.
<P. Only three outer quills with inner webs distinctly emarginated.

Tail grayish brown, or brownish gray, sometimes with a hoary
tinge, crossed by an indefinite number (about 9 or 10) of nar-
row dusky bands, which toward base of tail become gradually
indistinct and finally obsolete. Adult male, normal plumage :
Above nearly uniform grayish brown; forehead, chin, and
throat white, usually abruptly defined and forming a distinct
patch ; chest and upper part of breast usually plain rufous
or cinnamon (rarely mixed or broken with whitish) ; rest of
lower parts bufiy whitish, sometimes immaculate, but usually
more or less barred or spotted with brownish ; length 19.50-
20.00, extent 48.00-50.50, weight li-2} pounds, wing 14.40-
16.00, tail 8.00-9.00, culmen .80-.90, tarsus 2.30-2.75, middle
toe 1.40-1.60. Adult female, normal plumage : Similar to the
male, but chest-patch grayish brown instead of rufous, or
cinnamon ; length 21.00-22.00, extent 50.50-56.00, weight 2^
3J pounds, wing 14.75-17.25, tail 9.00-10.00, culmen .80-.95,
tarsus 2.50-2.90, middle toe 1.60-1.65. Melanistic phase, both
sexes : Whole plumage uniform sooty brown, the under tail-
coverts sometimes spotted or barred with rusty or whitish.
(Note. — In different individuals may be seen every possible
intermediate condition of plumage between this complete
melanism and the light-colored normal plumage described
above.) Young: Tail as in adult; above blackish brown varied
with buffy or ochraceous ; head, neck, and lower parts creamy
buff (deeper in younger, paler in older individuals), the lower
parts usually more or less spotted with blackish, the head and
neck streaked with same. JVest on bushes or low trees, some-

BVTEO.

235

and

times among rocks. Eggs 2-4, 2.23 X 1-73, white, dull glau-
cous white, 01" buify white, usually more or less spotted with
brown. Hah. "Western North America, north to Alaska and
•western side of Hudson's Bay, east to Wisconsin, Illinois, and
Arkansas (casually to Massachusetts), and south through Mid-
dle America and greater part of South America to Argentine

Bepublic 242. B. swainsoni Bonap. Swainaon's Hawk.

Wing less than 13.50.
c*. Middle toe longer than bare portion of tarsus in front. (Subgenus
Buteola Bonaparte.)
Adult : Above sooty blackish or blackish brown, the feathers of
occiput pure white beneath surface, and the frontlet usually
more or less conspicuously whitish ; tail slaty g .'ayish, varying
to grayish brown, very narrowly tipped with white, and broadly
banded with black, the black bands sometimes wider than the
grayish interspaces, the latter 5-7 in number. Young with
tail more narrowly banded, the grayish brown bands usually
broadest, and 8-9 in number.

d}. Lower parts black, or dark sooty brown, like the upper;
young with feathers much spotted, beneath surface with
white, the lower parts sometimes slightly varied with
white and ochraceous, the under wing-coverts sometimes
spotted with same. Male: Wing 11.20-11.70, tail 7.00-
7.30, culmen .70-.75, tarsus 2.05-2.25, middl toe 1.35-1.40.
Female: Wing 11.90-13.10, tail 7.50-8.00, culmen .78-.85,
tarsus 2.50-2.65, middle toe 1.50-1.60. Hab. Tropical
America in general, except West Indies, north to north-
ern Mexico and (casually ?) southwestern Florida.

— . B. fuliginosus Scl. Little Black Hawk.'
d*. Lower parts white. Adult male: Forehead, anterior portion
of lores, fore-part of malar region, and lower parts gen-
erally, immaculate pure white ; sides of chest with a
patch of rufous or cinnamon, the feathers with dusky
shaft-streaks; wing 10.50-12.00, tail G.00-7.00, culmen
.68-.75, tarsus 2.05-2.30, middle toe 1.35-1.40. Adult
female : Similar to the male, but sides of chest grayish
brown instead of rusty. Wing 12.70, tail 7.20, tarsus
2.30, middle toe 1.65. Young : Above dull brownish, the
scapulars, wing-coverts, etc., usually margined with buffy
or light fulvous, the top and sides of head and neck
streaked with same; lower parts white, sometimes
streaked with brownish, the sides of chest without brown
or rusty patch. Hah. Tropical America in general (except

:l i

I Buteo fuliginotui ScL. P. Z. S. 1868, 860. (Said to be the black phase of B. brachjfurui VieiLL.)

I'l

236

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

"West Indies), north to eastern Mexico and (casually?)
Florida (Palatka).

344. B. brachyurus Yieill. Short>tailed Hawk.
<?. Middle toe shorter than naked poi-tion of tarsus in front. (Subgenus
Buteo, part.)

Only three outer quills with inner webs emarginated. Adult:
Tail blackish, crossed by 2-4 broad bands of light brownish
gray or brownish white, and nan'owly tipped with whitish ;
upper parts nearly uniform dusky brownish, darker on back ;
beneath brownish (varying to dull rufous or rusty) anteriorly,
usually more or less broken by white transverse spotting ; pos-
terior lower parts white, barred or transversely spotted with
dull rufous. Young: Tail grayish brown, crossed by 5-7 narrow
bands of dusky, and tipped with whitish ; sides of head and
entire lower parts dull white, or buffy, marked longitudinally
with blackish or dusky, on breast, sides, etc., the cheeks with a
rather distinct " mustache" of dusky streaks. Male : Length
about 13.25-15.00, wing 9.85-10.70, tail 6.50-7.00, culmen .70,
tarsus 2.15-2.80, middle toe 1.20-1.38. Female: Length about
16.00-18.00, wing 11.00-11.40, tail 7.00-8.00, culmen .70-.80,
tarsus 2.20-2.70. Nest in trees (often a deserted crow's nest).
Eggs 2-4, 1.93 X 1-56, bufify whitish, variously spotted and
blotched with brown. Hab. Eastern Noi'th Amei'ica, north to
Now Brunswick and the Saskatchewan, west to edge of Great
Plains, south (in winter only?) through Middle America and
West Indies to northern South Amei*ica.

343. B. latissimus (Wils.). Broad-winged Hawk.
Outer webs of primaries distinctly spotted with white, buffy, or ochraceous.
Tail narrowly banded with white, buffy, or ochraceous, lesser wing-
coverts more or less rusty. Av.,*^?^; Head, neck, and lower parts more
or less rusty, or cinnamon, the first two streaked with dusky, the
posterior lower parts more or less barred or transversely spotted with
whitish ; quills and tail black, the former spotted on outer webs with
white, the latter crossed by about six narrow bands of and tipped with
the same. Young : Head, neck, and lower parts buffy or dull whitish,
streaked and striped or longitudinally spotted with dark brownish ;
quills and tail dusky, the former extensively spotted on basal portion
of outer webs with buffy or ochraceous, the latter crossed by numer-
ous narrow bands of dull buffy or pale grayish brown (the more ante-
rior ones more ochraceous). Downy young: Uniform dull grayish
white. Nest in large or tall trees. Eggs 2-4, white, glaucous-white,
buffy white, or pale brownish, variously marked (spotted, blotched, or
stained) with various shades of brown.
c\ Adult with head and neck distinctly rusty.

d}. Adult : Eufous or rusty of anterior lo^wer parts (chest and breast)

BUTEO.

237

usually distinctly barred or transversely spotted with white.
Young : Lower parts usually with whitish predominating, and
basal half of outer webs of quills extensively ochraceous, buffy,
or whitish. 3Iale : Length 17.50-19.50, wing 11.25-13.50, tail
8.00-9.70, culmen .75-.90, tarsus 2.70-3.25, middle toe 1.30-1.50.
Female : Length 19.00-22.00, wing 13.35-14.25, tail 9.00-10.00,
culmen .80-.90, tarsus 3.10-3.20, middle toe 1.35-1.50. Eggs
2.13 X 1-69. JIab. Eastern North America, north to Nova
Scotia and Canada, west to edge of Great Plains.

339. B. lineatus (Gmel.). Red-shouldered Hawk.
d*. Adult : Rufous or rusty of anterior lower parts (chest and breast)
usually (always?) unbroken. Young: Lower parts with deep
brownish or dusky prevailing; butfy or ochraceous spots on
outer webs of quills much reduced in extent. Male : Wing
12.00-12.50, tail 8.00-9.00, culmen .78, tarsus 2.90, middle too
1.40-1.52. Female: Wing 13.00, tail 9.50, culmen .90, tarsus
3.00-3.12, middle too 1.50. Eggs 2.19x1-71. Hab. Pacific
coast of United States (and south into Mexico ?).

3396. B. lineatus elegans (Cass.). Eed-breasted Hawk.
c*. Adult with head and neck grayish, with little if any rufous tinge.

Adidt : Head and neck brownish gray, the feathers with dusky
shaft-streaks ; those of occiput white, with dusky tips ; back and
scapulai's dull ash-gray, the feathers with large terminal or sub-
terminal spots of dusky (occupying most of exposed portion of
each feather) ; lower parts (including breast) barred with white
and pale ochrey rufous. Young : Similar to corresponding stage
of B. lineatus, but smaller and darker in color. Wing 10.90-12.75,
tail 7.70-8.50, culmen .80-.90, tarsus 2.90-3.20, middle toe 1.25-1.45.

Hab. Florida 339a. B. lineatus alleni Ridgw.

Florida Red-shotildered Hawk,
a*. Tail less than half as long as wing; tarsus about half as long as tail ; primaries
exceeding secondaries by nearly the length of the tail. (Subgenus Tachy-
triorchis Kaup.')

Only three outer quills with inner webs distinctly emarginated. Adult
male: Above (except rump) plain bluish gray (varying to slaty or even
dusky), the anterior lesser wing-coverts rufous, the longer scapulars
much tinged with the same; tail white, crossed near end by a broad
band of black, anterior to which are numerous narrow bars or lines of
slate-gray or plumbeous, or dusky ; rump and lower parts pure white,
the throat sometimes dusky or grayish ; flanks, rump, and under wing-
coverts usually faintly barred with ashy, dusky, or rufous. Adult female:
Similar to adult male, but rufous patch on lesser wing-coverts more

» Taehytriorchia Kaup, Class. Siug. u. V6g. 1844, 123.

ViBILL.

Type, Falco pterooht Tmuu., = F. albicaudatui

288

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

extended, and colors generally darker. Young: Tail hoary grayish,
growing gradually darker terminally, passing narrowly into dull whitish
or rusty at tip, and crossed by numerous narrow and very indistinct bars
of darker, these becoming gradually obsolete towai'd base of tail ; gen-
eral color of plumage brownish black, the lower parts more or less varied
with whitish, huffy, or ochraceous. Downy young : Upper half of head
dark sooty brown, becoming nearly black around eyes ; hind-neck, upper
back, and wings lighter sooty brown, fading gradually into dull brownish
buff on posterior upper parts and huffy whitish on lower parts. Male :
Wing 14.50-16.75, tail 7.50-9.00, tarsus 3.30-3.60, middle toe 1.55-1.80.
Female : Wing 17.00-17.75, tail 8.25-10.30, culmeu .95-1.05, tarsus 3.30-
3.70, middle toe 1.60-1.80. ]\^est on low trees or bushes (usually a
yucca). Fggs 2-4, 2.37 X 1-89, white, more or less blotched with reddish
brown. Hab. Whole of Middle America, north to southern Texas ; por-
tion of eastern South America.

341. B. albicaudatus Yieill. White-tailed Hawk.

Genus URUBITINGA Lesson. (Page 223, pi. LXX., fig. 2.)

Species.
Common Characters. — Adults, uniform plumbeous-black, the upper tail-cov-
erts, band across tip of tail, and other white bands on tail, pure white. Young :
Above varied with blackish brown and ochraceous, the former prevailing ; lower
parts ochraceous or pale buffy, striped with dusky, the thighs barred with the
same ; tail crossed by numerous narrow bands of blackish and light grayish, mixed
with white.

a\ Tarsus 4.30 or more ; upper tail-coverts in adult plain white.

h^. Tail, of adult, with only two to three white bands, the broadest one more
than 2.50 (2.60-4.50) wide ; thighs often without white bars, these when
present never (?) conspicuous ; under wing-coverts destitute of white
markings, or else merely speckled with white; wing 16.50-18.00, tail
11.75-12.00, culmen 1.30, tarsus 4.90-5.00, middle toe 1.90-2.10. Hab.
Ti'opical America, north to Costa Rica (and Nicaragua ?), south to Chili,
Paraguay, and the Argentine Popublic.

U. urubitinga (Gmel.). Brazilian Urubitinga.*

6'. Tail, of adult, with three to four (usually three) white bands, the broadest
one not more (usually much less) than 2.00 (1.20-2.00) wide; thighs
always marked (usually conspicuously barred) with white; under wing
coverts always (?) barred or speckled with white; wing 15
10.50-11.50, culmen 1.10-1.35, tarsus 4.30-4.85, middl
Hab. Guatemala and southern Mexico, north to Vera
pec, and Mazatlan. U. ridgwayi Gurnet. Mexi^

"•>-!' )0,tail

.0-1.90.

. i'ehuanto-

n Urubi ngaJ

* Falco urubitinga Qmel., S. N. i. 1788, 265. Falco zonuru$ Shaw, Gen. Zool, vii. 1809, 62. [ ubitinga
tonura ScL., Trans. Zool. Soo. Lend. 1858, 262,

» Urubitinga xonura p. ? RiDow., Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. ii. No. 2, 1876, 169. Urubitinga

ridguiayi QuRNEr, List Diurn. B. Prey, 1884, 77, 148.

ASTVRINA.

239

Tarsus 3.50 or less ; upper tail-coverts in adult black barred or tipped with white.
Adult: Uniform black, with a chalky or glaucous cast in certain lights;
upper tail-coverts narrowly tipped with white ; tail black, the tip and
base white, and crossed at about the middle by a broad band of white of
variable width. Young : Above brownish black, varied by ochraceous or
rusty edgings and spots ; head, neck, and lower^parts pale ochraceous,
striped with brownish black ; thighs barred Avith the same ; tail crossed
by about seven narrow oblique bands of black and whitish, of variable
relative width. Downy young : " Covered with dense woolly down, nearly
white on head and breast, passing into grayish posteriorly upon the head,
throat, sides of breast, tibiae, and back." (Mearns.) Male: Length
about 21.50; wing 13.15-14.90, tail 7.90-9.75, culmen 1.00-1.05, tarsus
3.20-3.40, middle toe 1.60-1.70. Female: Length about 22.50, wing
14.25-16.00, tail 9.25-11.00, culmen 1.05-1.10, tarsus 3.00-3.50, middle
toe 1.65-1.80. Nest in large trees. Eggs 2-3, 2.10 X 1-75, plain white.
Hub. Tropical America in general, north to southern Arizona.

345. U. anthracina (Light.). Mexican Black Hawk.

Genus ASTURINA Vieillot. (Page 223, pi. LXVIII., fig. 1.)

Species.

a*. Adult with upper parts very indistinctly barred, or almost uniform. Young,
with thighs distinctly barred with dusky, and lighter tail-bands grayish
brown.

Adult: Above deep ash-gray, the top of head and hind-nock with fine
blackish shaft-streaks, the wing-coverts with indistinct paler bars; upper
tail-coverts plain white ; tail black, tipped with gray'^h or white, and
crossed by two to three narrow bands of white, the anterior one nar-
rower and more or less interrupted ; quills black, margined at tips with
whitish ; lower parts white, everywhere, except on lower tail-coverts,
very regularly barred with deep cinereous, these bars narrower, and the
white interspaces correspondingly wider, on fianks and abdomen. Young :
Above dark brown, the head and neck streaked, the middle wing-coverts
and greater portion of outer webs of scapulare irregularly spotted, with
ochraceous or buffy (usually of a pinkish cast) ; upper-tail-coverts white,
marked near tips with one or two small spots of dusky ; tail grayish
brown, tipped with paler (the extreme tip usually whitish), and crossed
by six or seven narrow bands of black, these becoming gradually, but
decidedly, smaller toward the base; lower parts white, more or less
tinged (especially on sides and under wing-coverts) with pinkish buff,
the breast, belly, and sides with largo tear-shaped or wedge-shaped
stripes or longitudinal spots of blackish, the thighs narrowly barred
with the same. Length about 16.00-18.00, wing 9.50-11.70, tail 6.70-
8.20, culmen .75-1.00, tarsus 2.50-2.85, middle too 1.35-1.75. JVest in
trees. Eggs 2-3, 1.99 X 1-59, white, usually very faintly and sparsely

240

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

(adventitiously?) stained with pale brownish. Hah. Middle America,
south to Panama, north to southern border of United States, straggling
as far as southern Illinois.

346. A. plagiata Schleg. Mexican Ooshawk.
a*. Adult with upper parts (including head and neck) very distinctly barred with
grayish white. Young with thighs plain white or buffy, and lighter
tail-bands v-hitish.

A. nitida (Lath.). South American Goshawk.*

Genus ARCHIBUTEO Brehm. (Pago 223, pi. LXIX., fig. 1.)

Sj/ecies.

a'. Bill small and weak, the width of gape (from corner to corner of mouth) only
1.35-1.45.
Adult, normal phase: Head and neck whitish, streaked with dusky; rest
of upper parts irregularly varied with white, grayish, and dusky (the
lighter tints predominating), usually mixed, more or less, with rusty or
ochraceous ; rump with dusky prevailing ; upper tail-coverts and basal
portion of tail (more or less extensively — sometimes for more than half
its length) white ; terminal portion of tail crossed by a broad subter-
minal band of grayish or dusky, und, anterior to this, usually by several
narrower, irregular, or sometimes broken bands ; quills dusky grayish,
more or less distinctly banded with darker, their inner webs, however,
immaculate anterior to their crnargination ; lower parts chiefly whitish,
but this spotted or otherwise varied, chiefly on breast, by dusky, the
thighs sometimes tinged with ochraceous or rusty. Young, normal
pkas,'- : Very much like adult, but terminal or subterminal portion of
tail plain graj'ish brown, the basal portion plain whitish ; lower parts
whitish or bulfy, ct'ossed over belly, flanks, and anal region by a very
broad bolt or transverse area of unifoi-m deep brownish or duskj''.
Downy young : Plain grayish white. Male : Length about 19.50-22.00,
wing 15.75-16.80, tail 9.00-10.00. Female: Length about 21.50-23.60,
wing 16.15-18.00, tail 9.00-11.00.

6'. Averaging lighter in color, with loss (often with none) of ochraceous
or rusty ; rarely melanistic. Ilab. Northern portions of eastern
hemisphere.

A. lagopua (BrVnn.). Rough-legged Hawk.*
b*. Averaging darker in color, with more of ochraceous or rusty ; fre-
quently melanistic, some specimens being entirely deep black, with
the exception of forehead, inner webs of quills (anterior to emar-
ginations), and more or loss distinct, usually broken, narrow bands
across basal portion of tail, which are whitish. (Note. — This

> FaUo nilidut Latr., Index Orn. i. 1790, 40. A§tHrina nilida BoifAP., Conip. 1. 1850, 30.
* So far as evidence to date tenda to show, the typical form of this Rpooios, if a distinctively American race
be rooogniied, must be expunged from the list of North American birds.

AqUILA.

241

condition affects both old and young, and is connected with the
normal plumage by a scries of specimens possessing, in every pos-
sible degree, intermediate characters.) JVest variously situated.
Eggs 2-3, 2.31 X 1-74, white, buflPy white, or pale buffy, usually
more or less marked (sprinkled, spotted, or blotched) with brown.
Hab. Whole of North America, breeding chiefly north of United

States 347a. A. lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmel.).

Amerioan Songh-legged Hawk.
«". Bill much larger and stronger, and broader at base, the width of gape (measured
from corner to corner of mouth) 1.70-1.90.

Adult, normal phase : Upper parts generally and thighs ferruginous, the
former streaked, the latter barred, with dusky ; secondaries and quills
plumbeous, the latter with a hoary cast ; tail white, washed with palo
ash-gray, more or less stained, usually longitudinally, chiefly along edges
of feathers, with light rusty, and sometimes crossed near tip bj' an in-
distinct subterminal bar or narrow band of dusky ; lower parts (except
thighs) pure white, sometimes slightly streaked with dusky. Young :
Above grayish brown, the feathers edged with rusty or ochraceous ;
thighs white, more or less spotted with dark brownish or dusky; tail
with basal third (appi'oximatcly) white (inner webs wholly white), the
rest brownish gray, usually with several, more or loss distinct, darker
narrow bands. Melanistic phase {adult) : General color deep chocolate-
brown, more or less varied above by rusty spotting and edgings ; lower
parts mixed rusty and chocolate, either tint prevailing; tail as in nor-
mal pha.so. Male : Length about 22.50, wing 15.90-17.00, tail 9.50-10.50.
Female: Length about 24.00, wing 17.00-18.80, tail 10.50-11.00. Nest
usually in trees. Eggs 2-3, 2.42 X 1.88, white, or bulfy white, usually
more or less spotted, blotched, or clouded with brown or grayish purple
(or both). Hah. Western United States, east to across Great Plains
(occasionally to Illinois), north to the Saskatchewan, south into Mexico.
348. A. ferrugineus (Light.). Ferfuginons Rough-leg.

Genus AQUILA Brisson (Page 223, pi. LXIX., fig. 2.)

Species.

Adult: Nearly uniform dark brown, the lanceolate feathers of hind-neck and
feathers of tarsus of a paler or rioro tawny hue ; quills black ; tail blackish, more
or loss clouded, or very irregularly banded, with grayish. Young : Similar to
adult, but basal half to two-thirds of the tail plain white, the feathers of breast,
etc., white beneath surface, and feathers of tarsi paler (sometimes nearly white).
Male: Length about 30.00-36.00, extent about 6J-7 foot; wing 23.00-24.70, tail
14.00-15.00, culmon 1.50-1.02, tarsus 3.G5-3.80, middle toe 2.40-2.80. Female:
Length about 35.00-40.00. extent about 7-7} feet, wing 26.00-27.^0, tail 15.00-16.00,
culmon 1.68-1.86, tarsus 4.15-4.26. middle too 2.55-2.80. Nest usually on cliff's, but
Bomotimes on trees. Eggs 2-3, 2.93 X 2.34, oval or roundod-ovato, whitieh, usually

242

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

speckled, spotted, blotched, or clouded with brown and purplish gray (rarely im-
maculate). Hah. Northern portions of northern hemisphere, chiefly in mountain-
ous regions 349. A. chrysaetos (Linn.). Golden Eagle.

Genus THRASAETUS Gray. (Page 223, pi. LXX., fig. 1.)

Species.

Adult : Prevailing color of upper parts, with chest, black, the upper parts
usually more or less mottled or marbled with gray; head and neck grayish,
darker on the crest, paler on throat ; tail broadly banded with black and mottled
ashy, the bands of the latter color about four in number ; lower parts, posterior to
chest, pure white, the thighs, and sometimes other portions, narrowly barred with
black. Young : Above light ash-gray, marbled with black, this forming about five
broken bands on middle tail-feathers, but confused on other rectrfces; quills mottled
with dusky; head, neck, and entire lower parts white, the longer crest-feathers
and the chest tinged with ash-gray. Male: Wing about 21. "0, tail 16.00, culmen
1.80, tarsus 4.50, middle toe 2.85, hind claw 2.25. Female: Length about 40.00,
extent about 7 feet, wing 24.50, tail 18.50, culmen 2.20, tarsus 5.00, middle toe 3.80,
hind claw 3.00. Sab. Tropical America in general, south to Bolivia and Paraguay,
north to Mexico, or, rarely, oven to the mouth of the Eio Grande (and in Louisiana?).

350. T. harpyia (Linn.). Harpy Eagle.

Genus HALI-ffiETUS Savigny. (Page 223, pi. LXXI., fig. 1.)

Species.
Common Characters. — Adults uniform dusky brown (the feathers with paler
margins), the tail white; head and neck also white, or else much lighter colored
than body ; bill, cere, and feet deep yellow ; iris pale yellow (except sometimes in
H. albicilla). Young : Prevailing color duskj^, mixed more or less with brown and
whitish, according to age ; bill and cere black ; iris deep brown.

rt'. Adult with head and nock light grayish brown, or brownish gray, and tail-coverts
d'lsky. Young with plumage largely light cinnamon-brown or isabolla-color.
Adtdt: Head and neck light grayish brown, grayish fulvous, or brownish
gray, not abruptly lighter than the body ; tail white ; rest of plumage
dusky grayish brown (margins of feathers paloi), the quills nearly black.
Young : Prevailing color above light umber-brown, cinnamon-brown, or
isabella-color, each feather with a median streak and terminal spot of
blackish brown ; breast broadly striped with brownish black on a
brownish white and isabolla-colored ground ; rest of lower parts nearly
plain dull isabelia-brown, each feather with a median streak and ter-
minal spot of blackish, the thighs darker and more uniform. Doicny
young : *' Covered all over with dull sooty down, with long tufts of
whitish down shooting through . . . hero and there." (Dresser.)
Male: Length 31.00-34.00, wing 23.00-2G.00, tail 11.50-12.00, culmen
2.06-2.20, tarsus 3..S0-3.80, middle too 2.50-2.85. Fnmde : Length 36.00-
40.00, wing 27.80-28.00, tail 14.00-10.00, culmen 2.20-2.46, tarsus 3.50-

THALASSOAETUS.

243

arcly im-
nountain-
ien Eagle.

per parts
grayish,
I mottled
sterior to
rred with
ibout five
Is mottled
t-feathcrs
0, culmen
)ut 40.00,
> toe 3.80,
*araa;uay,
uisiana?).
py Eagle.

ith paler
colored
Jtimes in
•own and

il-coverts
lla-color.
)rowni8h
plumage
ly black,
rown, or
spot of
ck on a

nearly
and ter-

Downy
tufts of

RESSER.)

culmen
h 36.00-
us 3.50-

3.G5, middle toe 2.95-3.50. Nest on cliffs near sea-ehore. Eggs 2-3, 3.00
X 2.30, plain dead white. Hab. Northern jjortions of eastern hemi-
sphere, and southeastern Greenland.

351. H. albicilla (Linn.). Gray Sea Eagle.
a*. Adult with head and neck pure white, in abrupt contrast with color of body ;
tail-coverts also white. Young with plumage blackish, grayish brown, and
white, without cinnamon-brown or isabella-color. Adult : Head, neck, tail-
coverts, and tail entirely white ; rest of plumage dusky grayish brown, varying
to brownish black (the margins of the feathers usually paler). Immature (sec-
ond or third year) : Head and neck blackish, the lanceolate feathers of hind-
neck tipped with pale brownish, all the feathei*8 pure white beneath surface ;
upper parts mixed grayish brown and blackish, usually with more or less
admixture of whitish ; tail blackish, the inner webs of feathers more or less
blotched or " spattered" with whitish ; lower parts mixed white and dusky,
either color predominating, according to the individual. Young, first year :
Whole plumage nearly uniform black, the feathers of lower parts, however,
with their bases white, this more or less concealed in places, producing a
somewhat spotted or blotched appearance. Downy young : Uniform sooty
gray. Nest on tall trees, usually near lakes or rivers, sometimes on cliffs.
Male: Length 30.00-35 00, extent about 7 feet, wing 20.00-25.90, tail 11.00-
15.25, culmen 1.85-2.25, tarsus 2.65-3.40, middle too 2.35-2.90, hind claw
1.68-1.90. Female: Length 34.00-43.00, extent about 7 to 8 feet, wing
23.50-28.00, tail 12.50-16.00, culmen 1.90-2.35, tarsus 3.25-3.70, middle toe
2.55-3.10, hind claw 1.60-2.00. Nest usually on large trees. Eggs 2-3, 2.90
X 2.27, plain white. Hab. Whole of North America, and across Aleutian
chain to Commander Islands, Kamtschatka.

352. H. leucocephalus (Linn.). Bald Eagle.

Genus THALASSOAETUS Kaup.' (Pago 223, pi. LXXI., fig. 2.)

Species.
Adult : General color dark grayish brown, the forehead, lesser and middle wing-
coverts, thighs, rump, tail-coverts, and tail, pure white ; lanceolate feathers of hind-
neck pale grayish brown, with lighter edges; bill, cere, and feet intense yellow in
life; iris pale yellow. Ynung : Entirely dusky brownish, or with more or less ad-
mixture of white, according to age, on those poi'tions which are white in adult;
bill more or loss obscured with dusky. Male : Length 37.60-38.00, extent 87.50,
wing 23.25, tail 13.60 (gra<luatod for 4.10), culmen 2.45. Female: Length about
41.00, extent 93.00, wing 24.00-26.00, tail 14.25, culmen 2.60-2.76, hind claw 1.95.
Downy young : Uniform smoky brownish gray. Hab. Sea-coasts and larger rivers
of Kamtschatka and borders of Okhotsk Sea, south, in winter, to Japan ; occasional

or accidental in Aleutian Islands?

T. peUgicuB (Pam..). Kamttchatkan Sea Eagle.'

> Thaln»tnalilu» Kaiip, ClnM. Fttug. VI)(?. 1844, 12:». Typo, Aqiiila pelagica Pali,.

* Aqnilit pelagica Fall., Zuug Ruwo-Ai. i. 1826, 343, pi. 1, ThalattoaMttu ptlagicui Kaup, Hui. Sonck.
Hi. 1840, 301.

''i;

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS,

,'#'

Genus FALCO LiNNiEus. (Page 224, pi. LXXII., figs. 1-5 ; pi. LXXIII., figs. 1-3.)

Species.

a^. Only one quill (the outermost) with inner web emarginated near tip ; first quill
longer than fourth.
6'. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe (without claw) ; first quill shorter
than third,
c*. Tarsus densely feathered in front and on sides for the upper two-
thirds, the edges of the feathering meeting on the posterior side.
Ifest usually on cliff's. Eggs 2-4, about 2.30 X l-TS, varying from
pale cinnamon or tawny to huffy, more or less distinctly sprinkled,
speckled, or marbled with deeper cinnamon-brown — sometimes
almost uniformly cinnamon-color. (Subgenus Hierofalco Cuvier.)
d}. Lower tail-coverts immaculate white, the thighs also usually im-
maculate ; prevailing color of whole plumage white. Adult :
Top of head and hind-neck usually narrowly streaked with
dusky, but often immaculate ; rest of upper parts more or less
barred, or transversely spotted, with slate-dusky; lower parts
usually immaculate, or without well-defined markings. Young:
Upper parts with longitudinal spots or stripes of dusky (this
less slaty than in adult) ; lower parts usually distinctly striped.
Male: Length about 21.00-22.50, wing 14.00-14.75 (14.49), tail
8.50-9.50 (8.94). culmen .90-.98 (.92), tarsus 2.30-2.50 (2.43),
middle too 1.95-2.05 (1.98). Female : Length about 23.00-24.00,
wing 15.50-16.50 (16.00), tail 9.00-10.00 (9.49), culmen .95-1.08
(1.03), tarsus 2.30-2.50 (2.47), middle toe 2.05-2.15 (2.09). Eggs
2.26 X 1-27. Hab. Circumpolar regions, breeding in Greenland,
northeastern (and other?) portions of Arctic America, Com-
mander Islands, etc.

353. F. islandus BrUnn. White Oyrfalcon.
d*. Lower tail-coverts always more or loss marked with dusky ; upper
parts with little if any white, except, sometimes, on top of head
and hind-nock. Adult with upper parts banded with dusky
and bluish gray (sometimes uniform dusky anteriorly), the
flanks and thighs barred, banded, or transversely spotted with
dusky. Young without transverse bars on upper parts (ex-
cept sometimes on tail), and lower parts with all the markings
longitudinal,
e'. Lighter colored : Top of head much streaked with white, often
with white prevailing, the lighter tail-bands usually whitish
and nearly as broad as the darker interspaces. Adult, with
anterior upper parts everywhere more or less distinctly
barred with very pale grayish, grayish white, or buffy
whitish, those lighter bars sometimes nearly equal in

FALCO.

245

figs. 1-3.)

first quill

11 shorter

per two-
rior side,
ing from
;prinklcd,
ometimcs

UVIER.)

lually im-
Adult :
kt'd with
•e or less
v^er parts
Yoimg:
sky (this
y striped.
4.49), tail
)0 (2.43),
00-24.00,
.95-1.08
9). Eggs
reenlnnd,
ca, Com-

yrfaloon.

upper
) of head

dusky
•ly), the
ted with
arts (ex-
nark ings

ito, often
whitish
ult, with
istinctly
or huffy
}qual in

width to the darker ones ; darker and lighter bands on tail
usually very sharply contrasted, the former often slate-
gray, the latter pale ash-gray or dull whitish ; flanks and
thighs never very heavily banded or spotted with slaty,
but always more or less marked with this color. Young :
Dark stripes of lower parts usually decidedly narrower than
white interspaces; upper parts in general usually much
spotted with whitish or light buffy, in addition to the
lighter margins (often conspicuous) to the feathers ; outer
webs of quills more or less distinctly spotted with whitish
toward base. Male: Length about 20.00-21.00, wing
13.40-15.00 (14,10), tail 8.00-9.30 (8.51), culmen .88-.98
(.90), tarsus 2.10-2.65 (2.40), middle toe 1.80-2.20 (1.96).
Female: Length about 22.00-24.50, wing 15.25-16.50
(15.76), tail 9.10-10.50 (9.72), culmen .95-1.10 (1.01), tar-
sus 2.30-260 (2.46), middle toe 1.98-2.15 (2.08). Eggs
3.37 X 1-72. Hab. Extreme northern portions of Europe
(except Scandinavia), Asia, and North America, including
Iceland and southern Greenland ; south, in winter, to
northern border of United States.

354. F. rusticolus (Linn.). Gray Gyrfalcon.
Darker colored: Top of head usually with dusky prevailing,
often uniform dusky, lighter tail-bands bluish gray, and
usually narrower than dusky interspaces. Adult with an-
terior upper parts (back, scapulars, and wing-coverts)
rather indistinctly barred with bluish gray, often nearly
plain dusky ; flanks heavily banded or spotted with dusky,
and thighs heavily barred with slaty (the white ground-
color tinged with bluish gray posteriorly). Young : Dark
stripes of lower pai'ts usually about equal in width to
white interspaces, sometimes much broader (under parts
sometimes plain dusky) ; upper surface of tail never (?)
continuously banded with whitish, sometimes almost plain,
or, if barred at all, the bars interrupted, much narrower
than the dark interspaces, and never (?) approaching white
in color; upper parts usually plain grayish brown, the
feathers more or less distinctly margined with paler, but
usually with little if any whitish spotting.
/'. Lower parts with white prevailing, or at least equal in
extent to the dusky. Male .• Wing 13.75-14.25 (13.97),
tail 8.00-8.75 (8.26), culmen .90-.92 (.96), tarsus 2.80-
2.50 (2.36), middle toe 1.90-2.00 (1.96). Female: Wing
15.26-16.00 (15.52), tail 9.00-10.50 (9.82), culmen 1.00-
1.10 (1.03), tarsus 2.26-2.65 (2.48), middle to-^ 2.06-2.16
(2.10). Egga 2.31 X 1-76. Hab. Northern Europe and

246

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Arctic America, from northern Labrador and coasts

of Hudson's Bay to Alaska 354rt. F. rusticolus

gyrfalco (Linn.). Oyifalcon.
/*. Lower parts with dusky prevailing, sometimes entirely
dusky, except on lower tail-coverts, which are always
(?) spotted with white. Male: Wing 14.00-14.60
(14.20), tail 14.75-16.25 (15.89), culmen .98-1.05 (1.02),
tarsus 2.40-2.70 (2.47), middle toe 2.05-2.15 (2.11).
Female: Wing 14.75-16.25 (15.89), tail 9.60-10.00
(9.85), culmen .98-1.05 (1.02), tarsus 2.55-2.70 (2.62),
middle toe 2.05-2.15 (2.11). Eggs 2.26 X 1.77. Hah.
Coast of Labrador; south, in winter, to Maine, Canada,

and New York' 3546. F. rusticolus obsoletus

(Gmel.). Black Gyrfalcon.
Tarsus feathered for not more than upper half, the posterior side
almost wholly naked. (Subgenus Gennaia Kaup.*)
Top of head grayish brown, streaked with dusky ; outer web of
tail-feathers without distinct lighter spots (usually quite plain),
and outer webs of quills without trace of spots ; secondaries
with lighter spots on outer webs ; under parts and nuchal collar
white, the flanks heavily spotted or blotched with dusky, the
under tail-coverts sparsely spotted with same. Adult male:
Above pale grayish brown (usually tinged more or loss with
rusty), indistinctly but broadly barred with wale clay-color or
dull grayish huffy anteriorly nnd pale bluish gray posteriorly.
Adult (f) female: Above grayish brown, without distinct or
well-defined lighter bars, but feathers margined with pale
rusty brown or dull whitish, both the ground-color and these
edgings paler on posterior portions; tail tipped with buffy
whitish, the feathers edged with a paler tint of the ground-
color. Young {both sexes) : Above grayish brown, the feathers
distinctly margined with light rusty ; lower parts pale buffy or
buffy whitish, with broader dusky streaks, the dusky flank-
patch larger and more uniform than in the adult, and the ax-
illars unbroken dusky. Young in first summer : Similar to the
preceding stage, but ground-color above darker, with rusty
margins to feathera more distinct, the ground-color of the lower
parts light ochraceous or creamy buff. Male : Length about
17.00-18.00 (weight about IJ pounds), wing 11.60-12.50, tail
6.40-f.50, culmen .70-.75, tarsus 1.85-2.15, middle toe 1.60-
2.00. Female : Length about 18.50-20.00 (weight sometimes 4}
pounds), wing 13.26-14.30, tail 8.00-9.00, culmen .85-.90, tarsus
2.05-2.40, middle toe 1.85-2.15. iVesf usually on cliffs. Eggs 2-5,

1 Oennaia Kaup, IsU, 1847, 69. Type, Falcojugger Gray.

FALCO.

247

,nd coasts
asticolus
Qyifalcon.

9 entirely
re always
4.00-14.60
.05 (1.02),
15 (2.11).
9.60-10.00
70 (2.62),
77. Hah.
3, Canada,
tbsoletus
Qyrfalcon.
erior side

er web of

ite plain),

(condaries

3hal collar

iusky, the

\ult male:

less with

^-color or

)steriorly.

istinct or

vith pale

md these

ith buffy

) grouud-

) feathers

) buffy or

ky flank-

d the ax-

ar to the

th rusty

;ho lower

th about

2.50, tail

oe 1.60-

jtimes 4}

0, tarsus

2.06 X 1-60, creamy white, vinaceous-white, or pale vinaceous-
buffy, sprinkled, speckled, or irregularly spotted with madder-
brown. Hah. Western United States, east to eastern border
of Great Plains (occasionally to Illinois), south into Mexico.

355. F. mexicanus Schleq. Prairie Falcon.
Tarsus not decidedly longer than middle toe (without claw), often shorter;
first quill longer than third,
c*. First and second quills equal and longest; second with inner web
slightly sinualed near tip ; adult and young very different in color,
the latter with stripes instead of bars beneath, and without bars on
upper parts. Nest on cliffs or in hollows of giant trees. Eggs 3-4,
2.20, or less, X 1-70, or less, varying in color from buffy to deep cin-
namon- and hazel-brown, usually more or less broken into spotting
or blotching, but sometimes nearly plain ; spots varying from hazel-
to rich madder-brown. (Subgenus Bhynchodon Nitzsch.)
d'. Adult with top of head sooty black, or deep black, appreciably or
decidedly darker than back ; chest creamy buff, buffy white, or
pure white, often immaculate, never very heavily spotted with
blackish. Young with lower parts ochraceous or buffy striped
with dusky, the feathers of upper parts bordered with buffy,
ochraceous, or rusty. Male: Length 15.50-18.00, wing 11.30-
13.00, tail 6.00-7.60, oulmen .75-.80, tarsus 1.60-1.90, middle toe
1.78-2.05. Female: Length about 18.00-20.00, wing 13.00-14.75,
tail 6.90-9.00, culmen .85-1.00, t ' ms 1.95-2.20, middle too 1.95-
2.30.
e'. Adult with chest usually distinctly streaked with, or marked
with tear-shaped spots of, blackish. Young paler, with
ground-color of lower parts pale buffy or buffy whitish.
Hah. Europe and portions of Asia.

F. peregrinuB Tdnbt. Peregrine Falcon.*

e*. Adult with chest usually immaculate. Young more deeply

colored, with ground-color of lower parts frequently deep

ochraceous. Eggs 2.10 X 1-60. Hah. Whole of America,

south as far, at least, as Chili ; eastern Asia?

356. F. peregrinus anatum (Bonap.). Dnok Hawk.
d\ Adult with top of head dark slaty, or plumbeous-slate, uniform
with back; chest heavily spotted with blackish, and dusky
bars of remaining under parts very broad. Young with lower
parts sooty black, streaked with pale buffy or buffy white, the
feathers of upper parts without rusty margins. Male: Wing
12.90-13.00 (12.96), tail 6.60-6.90 (6.75), culmen .80 -.88 (.84),
tarsus 1.88-2.00 (1.94), middle toe 1.88-1.95 (1.91). Female:
Wing 14.60-14.75 (14.66), tail 7.70-8.00 (7.84), culmen .96-1.00
(.96), tarsus 2.00-2.25 (2.16), middle toe 2.06-2.21 (2.13). Hab.

> Faleo peregrinui TuNBT., Orn. Brit. 1771, 1.

248 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Aleutian Islands, west to Commander Islands, and south along
Pacific coast to Oregon.

356a. F. peregrinus pealei Eidqw. Feale's Falcon.
c*. Second quill longest, but first longer than third; second with inner
web not appreciably sinuated near tip ; adult and young not very
different in plumage, the latter not distinctly striped beneath ; size
small (wing not exceeding 12.00 — usually much less). (Subgenus
Neofalco Ridgw.')
d}. Wing 9.50, or more; under tail-coverts ochraceous, or white and
rufous, with large transverse spots of black ; upper tail-coverts
barred with white or pale ashy. Adult: Above plumbeous
black, distinctly bordered with bluish plumbeous ; throat and
chest immaculate white centrally and anteriorly, rufous later-
ally and posteriorly ; thighs plain rufous. Young : Above uni-
form dull black, the feathers sometimes slightly margined with
rusty ; throat and chest varying from white to ochraceous or
rufous, this always deepest laterally and posteriorly; thighs
sometimes thickly spotted transversely with blackish. Male:
Length about 12.50, wing 9.50-9.90, tail 5.40-5.50, culmen .72,
tarsus 1.40-1.55, middle toe 1.75. Female: Length about 15.00,
wing 10.90-12.00, tail 6.00-6.25, culmen .90, tarsus 1.50-1.60,
middle toe 1.86-2.10. Hob. Tropical America in general (ex-
cept West Indies), north to southern Mexico.

F. deiroleucus Tkmm. Temminck's Falcon.*
d}. Wing not more than 9.00 ; under tail-coverts deep rufous, usually
immaculate, but sometimes slightly barred with white and
dusky ; upper tail-coverts indistinctly barred with plumbeous.
Adult : Above plumbeous-black, the feathers with bluish
plumbeous tips and edges, and, on rump, etc., more or less
distinctly barred with same; throat and chest buffy whitish,
becoming deeper buffy or ochraceous posteriorly. Young :
Similar to adult, but upper parts without plumbeous bars or
tips, and sometimes having a slight brownish cast, the feathers
usually with indistinct rusty margins ; throat and chest deep
ochraceous, the latter usually with a few dusky streaks. Male :
Length about 9.50-10.00, wing 7.20-8.80, tail 5.00-5.50, culmen
.58, tarsus 1.25-1.60, middle toe 1.15-1.30. Female: Length
about 11.00, wing 8.50-9.00, tail 5.00-5.50, culmen .58, tarsus
1.48-1.55, middle toe 1.30-1.40. Hab. Tropical America in
general (except West Indies), north to northern Mexico (Nuevo
Leon and Mazatlan).

P. albigularis Daud. White-throated Falcon.*

> New Rubgenus; type, Fnlco albigularii Daud.
' Falco doiruleucm TiCHM., PI. Col. i. 1825, pi. .348.
1 Fulco albujulnrii Daud., Traits, ii. 1800, 131.

FALCO.

249

uth along

»'s Falcon.

ith inner

not very

sath; size

Subgenus

rhite and
il-coverts
lumbeous
iroat and
bus later-
bove uni-
ined with
iceous or
'; thighs
I. Male:
ilmen .72,
)ut 15.00,
1.50-1.60,
leral (cx-

} Falcon.'

1, usually

aite and

inibeous.

bluish

or less

whitish,

Young :

bars or

feathers

est deep

Male :

culmen

Length

\, tarsus

srica in

(Nuovo

Falcon.*

a*. Two outer quills with inner webs emargiaatod near tip ; first quill shorter than
fourth. •

J*. Tarsus not decidedly longer than middle toe ; basal segment of toes covered
with small hexagonal or roundish scales.
Adult males: Bluish gray above, with blackish shaft-streaks; hind-
neck spotted or mixed with whitish and huffy or ochraceous ; quills
dusky ; tail crossed by a greater or less number of blackish bands,
and tipped with whitish; lower parts whitish, huffy, or light rusty,-
striped with brownish or dusky. Adult females : Brownish above,
the tail usually with a greater or less number of lighter (usually
narrow) bands ; top of head streaked with blackish, and feathers of
back and rump with shaft-streaks of the same; lower parts much as
in the male, but without rusty tinge. Young (both sexes) : Much like
adult female, but darker, or else much tinged above with ochraceous
or rusty. (Subgenus Msalon Kaup.)
c'. Middle tail-feathers of adult male crossed by about six imperfect, mostly
concealed, blackish bands, besides the broad and continuous subter-
minal one; that of adult female and young crossed by about eight
light bands, including terminal band. Adult male with closed tail
showing one black band, this a broad subterminal one ; inner web
of longest quill with about ten white spots; hind-neck, breast, and
sides more deeply rusty than thighs; dark markings on breast
linear, and streaks on cheeks crowded into a distinct "mustache";
length about 11.00, wing 7.60-8.00, tail 5.10-5.30, culmen .45-.50,
tarsus 1.35-1.45, middle too 1.15. Adult female : Tail with about
eight narrow pale bands (more on lateral feathers), the first two
or three concealed, however, by upper coverts ; upper parts usually
much spotted with a lighter tint than ground-color; length about
12.00-14.00, wing 8.G0-9.00, tail 6.00-6.30, culmen .52-.55, tarsus
1.45-1.47, middle toe 1.20-1.25. Young : Similar to adult female,
but more or less tinged with rusty, the lighter spots on upper parts
more distinct. Hab. Europe, etc. ; accidental at sea near coast of

Greenland.

F. regulus Pall. Merlin.'

c*. Middle tail-feathers of adult male crossed by not more than four black-

ish bands besides the broad subterminal one, that of female and

young never with more than six light bands, including terminal one.

Adult males with closed tail showing more than one black band ;

inner web of longest quill with less than ten white spots ; hind-neck,

breast, and sides less tinged with rusty than thighs ; markings on

breast broad, stripe-like, and streaks on cheeks not crowded into a

distinct "mustache."

d}. Middle tail-feathers with not more (altogether) than four blackish

or five lighter bands.

> Fiiho regulun Pall., Rcis. Russ. Reiohs. ii., Anhang, 1773, 707.

250

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

e*. Inner webs of quills distinctly barred or transversely spotted
with whitish ; tail-bands distinct, in both sexes, at all stages;
outer webs of quills destitute of distinct grayish, buffy,
or ochraceous spots, and general color of plumage darker.
Adult female and young with whitish or huffy ]>revailing on
lower parts. Male: Length about 10.00-11.00, wing 7.40-
7.80 (7.65), tail 4.65-5.20 (4.87), culmen .48-.50, tarsus 1.30-
1.40, middle toe 1.15-1.25. Female : Length about 12.50-
13.25, wing 8.35-8.00 (8.50), tail 5.30-5.50 (5.38), culmen
.55-.60, tarsus 1.55-1.60, middle too 1.35. Nest very va-
riously situated (in cavity of cliff or in hollow of tree,
on branches of trees, etc.). Eggs 2-4, 1.59 X 1-23, usually
more or less spotted or blotched with deep rustj'^ brown,
hazel-brown, or cinnamon, on a paler (sometimes buffy
whitish) ground-color. Ilab. Whole of North America,
breeding chiefly north of United States; south, in win-
ter, to West Indies, Middle America, and northern South

America 357. F. columbarius Linn. Pigeon Hawk.

e'. Inner webs of quills not distinctly barred or spotted, and tail-
bands, except whitish tip, indistinct, or obsolete. Adult
female and young : Above plain blackish brown ; lower parts
very heavily marked with dusky. (^Adult male unknown.')
Male : Wing 7.35-7.70, tail 5.25-5.60, culmen .48-.50, tarsus
1.30-1.45, middle toe 1.20. Female: Wing 8.25-8.50, tail
6.70-5.80, culmen .55-.60, tarsus 1.50-1.60, middle too 1.35-
1.40. Hab. Northwest coast, from northern California (in
winter) to Sitka.

357a. F. columbarius suckleyi Eidqw. Black Merlin,
rf'. Middle tail-feathers crossed by (altogether) five darker and six
lighter bands; outer webs of quills distinctly spotted with light
grayish in adult male, and buffy or ochraceous in adult female
and j^oung, and general plumage paler. Adult male: Above
pale bluish gray (top of head usually more or less tinged with
light rusty or ochraceous) ; tail crossed, on middle feathers, by
five blackish and six light bluish gray (or five bluish gray and
one white — terminal) bands, the lighter ones often clouded or
mixed with white ; outer webs or quills distinctly spotted with
light grayish ; wing 7.70-8.05 (7.94), tail 4.90-5.30 (5.11), culmen
.50-.60, tarsus 1.42-1.55, middle toe 1.20-1.30. Adult female:
Above rather light earthy brown, more or less distinctly barred
or transversely spotted with a lighter shade ; tail crossed, on
middle feather, by six very distinct and entirely continuous
narrow bands of buffy whitish ; secondaries distinctly banded
with ochraceous, and outer webs of quills distinctly spotted
with a lighter tint of the same; length about 12.00-13.50, wing

FALCO.

251

8.80-9.10 (8.95), tail 5.70-6.30 (5.92), culmen .55-.60, tarsus
1.30-1.40, middle toe 1.15-1.25. Young (both sexes) : Similar to
adult female, but more decidedly buffy below, and upper parts
more or less tinged with rusty. Egg (single specimen) 1.52 X
1.22, buffy white, handsomely marbled and irregularly spotted
with madder-brown. Hab. Interior of North America, breed-
ing from Rocky Mountains of Colorado (?) northward, and
straggling west to Pacific coast ; south, in winter, to Texas and
Arizona (pi-obably into Mexico).

358. F. richardsonii Bidow. Richardson's Merlin.
b*. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe ; basal phalanx of toes with trans-
verse scutellfB.
c'. Bill robust, the length of the cere on top equal to about one-third
the culmen; transverse scutelliu on basal phalanx of toes largo
and almost uninterrupted; second and third quills longest, first
equal to or shorter than fourth ; sexes essentially alike in color,
and young not very different from adults ; size medium (wing more
than 9.00). (Subgenus Rhynehofalco Eidqw.)

Adult : Above plain bluish gray or plumbeous, the secondaries
broadly tipped with whitish ; tail darker towards end, tipped
with white, and crossed by about eight narrow bands of the
same ; a broad stripe behind eye, middle of car-coverts, with
entire chin, throat, and chest, immaculate white, the postocular
stripe changing to orange-rufous on occiput, where the two of
opposite sides are confluent ; sides and flanks slaty blackish,
narrowly ban-ed with white ; thighs and lower tail-coverts
light rufous, or rusty ochraceous. Young : Similar to adult,
but colors duller, the gray above less bluish, rufous or ochra-
ceous of thighs, etc., paler, the chest more or less buffy and
striped with dusky. Male: Length about 15.00, wing 9.20-
10.70, tail 6.30-8.00, culmen .60-.68, tarsus 1.70-1.85, middle
toe 1.35-1.50. Female: Length about 17.00-18.00, wing 11.00-
11.60, tail 7.80-8.80, culmen .71-80, jtarsus 1.80-2.00, middle too
1.55-1.70. Nest on low trees or bushes (usually yuccas or
cacti). Eggs 2-4(?), 1.78x1-57, dull white or buffy white,
thickly speckled and irregularly spotted with vandyke-brown.
Hab. Tropical America in general {except West Indies), north
to southern Texas and Now Mexico.

359. F. fusco-ccerulescens Yieill. Aplomado Falcon.
c*. Bill small, the length of the cere on top less than one-fourth the chord
of the culmen ; transverse scutellaj interrupted at extreme lower
part of tarsus and extreme base of toes ; tarsus much longer than
middle toe (without claw) ; sexes very different in color, and young
of both sexes (in American species) essentially like adults. Nest in
holes, usually in dead trees. Eggs 2-5, 1.45, or less, X 116, or less,

rt.!

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

varying from pure white, with few markings (very rarely quite im-
maculate), to deep cinnamon-buff (usually an intermediate shade)
more or less sprinkled, speckled, spotted, or blotched with rusty
brown or cinnamon. (Subgenus Tinnunculus Vieill.)
Adult males with tail chestnut-rufous, crossed by a broad subter-
minal black band (sometimes with more or less distinct nar-
rower bands anterior to this, especially on lateral feathers), and
tipped with whitish or rufous; wing-coverts grayish blue, or
plumbeous, usually more or less spotted with black ; sides of
head with one or two (usually two) black obliquely vertical
stripes, the enclosed space whitish ; lower parts varying from
pure white (the throat and under tail-coverts always white),
through shades of buff and ochraceous, to deep rufous, with
or without black spots. Young males similar to adults, but
feathers of upper surface more or less distinctly margined
with whitish, the colors generally more suffused. Adult fe-
males : Tail rusty, crossed by numerous narrow bands or bars
of dusky ; wingcoverts also ferruginous, barred with dusky,
like back and scapulars ; head marked as in male. Young fe-
male: Similar to adult, but colors softer, deeper, and more
blended,
rf'. Back always entirely rufous or rusty, with or without black bars
or spots ; breast, etc., varying from white to deep ochraceous
with or without dusky markings; forehead and ear-coverts
distinctly whitish,
e'. Inner webs of quills barred entirely across with white and
dusky ; " mustache" across t<heeks always conspicuous ; no
distinct white superciliary sti'ipe.

Top of head varying from bluish gray to dark slate, the
crown with or without a rufous patch. Male : Length
about 8.75-10.60, wing 6.55-8.05 (7.16), tail 4.20-5.45
(4.73), culmen .50, tarsus 1.26-1.55, middle toe .95.
Female: Length 9.50-12.00, wing 6.90-8.15 (7.57), tail
4.50-5.60 (5.14), culmen .50-.55, tarsus 1.40-1.45,
middle toe .90-1.00. Eggs 1.38 X l.H. Sab. Whole
of temperate North America, and south (in winter
only?) through Middle America to northern South
America.

360. F. sparverius Linn. American Sparrow H&wk.
e*. Inner webs of quills white, merely serrated along the shaft
with dusky; "mustache" across cheeks indistinct or quite
obsolete ; a conspicuous white superciliary stripe.

Otherwise like F. sparverius, but scapulars and wing-
coverts usually with fewer black markings, and lower
parts usually immaculate white in male, stained or

POLYBORUS.

268

tinged with orango-rufous or salmon-color. Male:
Wing 6.80-7.30, tail 4.90-5.20, culmon .46-51, tarsus
1.30-1.45, middle too .90. Female: Wing 7.00-7.60,
tail 4.70-5.60, eulmcn .50-.52, tarsus 1.40, middle too
.91. Hab. Cuba and Haiti.

F. dominicensis Gmkl. Haitien Sparrow Hawk.*
fiack rufous only in the female and young male, plumbeous or
dark bluish gray in adult male; breast, etc., deep rusty or
rufous ; forehead and ear-coverts dusky.
Adult male : Above, except tail, entirely dark plumbeous, or
slate-gray, or else chiefly of this color; a blackish collar
across hind-neck ; breast and sides deep rufous, sometimes
inclining to chestnut ; throat grayish white, or light gray-
ish ; inner webs of quills grayish, transversely clouded or
mottled with dusky. Young male : Similar to adult, but
back and scapulars mixed with more or less of rufous,
rusty of breast paler, etc. Adult female : Lower parts
deep rusty ; inner webs of quills rusty, marked with about
twelve transverse bars or narrow spots of dusky. Male:
Wing 6.90-7.10, tail 4.80-5.10, culmen .50, tarsus 1.45-1.48,
middle too .90. Female: Wing 7.00-7.50, tail 5.00-5.15,
culmen .50, tarsus 1.35-1.40, middle too .88-.90. Hab.
Cuba and Haiti ; accidental or casual in southern Florida.
361. F. sparverioides Via. Cuban Sparrow HawL

Genus POLYBORUS Vieillot. (Page 224, pi. LXYII., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Tail dull white, or pale isubella-color, narrowly barred
with grayish or dusky, and crossed at end by a broad band of dark brown or black-
ish. Adult : Whole top of head, together with greater portion of body and wings,
blackish, or dark brown ; cheeks, neck, chest, and tail-coverts dull white or pale
Isabella-color; nape, back, and breast (sometimes wing-coverts and belly also)
barred with whitish (or palo isabella-color) and dusky. Yoking: Plumage striped
with dull brownish and dull whitish or dull bulfy, the pileum plain dull brownish ;
tail as in adult.

rt'. Eump and upper tail-coverts, in adult, white (with or without bars) ; tail

white, the narrow bars grayish, the terminal dark band 2.00, or more,

wide.

6'. Scapulars, breast, belly, and middle wing-covorts barred with blackish and

whitish in adult, striped in young; tail-coverts ban-ed; wing 16.00-17.70,

1 Falco domiiiicentii Omel., S. N. i. 1788, 285.

254

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

tail 10.00-11.00, culmen 1.20-1.41, taraus 3.70-4.70. Ilab. South America,
except northern portions. p. tharus (Mol.). Caracara.>

t'. Scapulars, sides, belly, and middle wing-coverts plain black in adult, plain
dull browni.sh in young; tail-coverts plain white. Adult: Upper half
of head, scapulars, wings, lower back, rump, belly, sides, flanks, and anal
region plain dull black, or brownish black ; upper back and breast black,
barred with white ; lower portion of head, neck (all round), chest, and
tail-coverts soiled white, the chest transversely spotted with black ; basal
two-thirds (or more) of tail white, crossed by about 13-14 narrow bars
of dusky, these growing less distinct basally ; terminal zone of tail uni-
form black. Young : IJlack of adult replaced by dull brownish, darkest
on top of head ; white and dusk}' areas gradually blended, those portions
which are barred in the adult being striped with the tw^o colors; tail rfs
in adult. Length 20.50-25.00, wing 14.60-16.50, tail 8.80-10.00, culmen
1.20-1.48, tarsus 3.20-3.75. ^''est on trees, bushes, or cliffs. Eggs 2-4,
2.30x1-74; ground-color cinnamon, pale umbor, brownish white, or
walnut-brown, variously marked (usually blotched or stained) with
deeper brown (burnt-umber, ch'^stnut, or clarct-brown). Hab. Middle
America and northern Soulli A nerica, south to Guiana and Ecuador,
north to .southern border of United States (Florida to Lower California).

362. P. chcriway (Jacq). Andabon'B Caraoara.

a*. Hump and upper taii-coverls dull brownish btiff, or light isabeila-color, broadly

barred with dull brown ; tail brownish buff, or pale isabella-color, with broad

bars of grayish i)rown bordered by narrower zigzag bars or lines of dusky,

the terminal dark band less than 2.00 wide.

Adult: Upper half of head, lesser wing-coverts, secondaries, primary cov-
erts, terminal portion of primaries, under side of wing (including axillars),
and terminal zone of tail, plain blackish brown; ear-coverts, cheeks, and
throat plain dirtj' whitish or pale brownish buffy ; rest of plumage
barred with dusky lirownish and dull brownish buff or dirty brownish
white. Young: Quills, tail, tail-coverts, head, and lesser wing-coverts
much as in adult; rest of ])lumage more or less distinctl}' striped with
dull brown and dirty brownish white or dull buffy, the former prevail-
ing, and sometimoH nearly uniform, on upper parts. Downy young:
Light brownish buff, with a brown patch covering arm-wing and scapu-
lar region, an<l another covering top of head. Wing 15,00-16.40, tail
10.50-11.05, culmen 1.25-l.:r.. tarsus 3,50-3.75. J[,iIk Guadalupe Island,
Lower California 'M>'^. P. lutosus Uinow. Guadalupe Caraoara.

fJENrs PANDIGN S.wiony. (Page 224, pi. LXX., fig. 3.)

Species.
Adult male: Above plain dusky grayish brown, the tail more grayish, narrowly
tipped with white, and crossed by about six or seven narrow bands of dusky ; head,

> Fiiku Ihttrif MoL., 8p. Cliil. 1782, Mi, Ui. J'<,li/l,orut ihiuut Stiuckl., Orn. Syu. 1855, 1U.

STRIX.

265

neck, and entire lower parts pure white, the chest sometimes slightly blotched or
spotted with brown, but usually' immaculate ; sides of head with a dusky stripe
from lores across ear-coverts, and top of head usually more or less marked with
dusky. Adult female : SimHar to the male, but c'-est much more heavily spotted or
blotched with brown (never immjtculate). Young: Above blackish brown, each
feather distinctly bordered terminally with white or buify; otherwise like adult,
the sexes differing in same manner. Dovny young: Dull sootj' grayish or dusky
above, more or less mixed or tinged with rusty or fulvous, relieved by a broad
whitish stripe down middle of back and rump; a dusky stripe on sides of head, and
three others on top of head, separated bj'- whitish stripes; hinder portion of wing
whitish, anterior poi'tion dusky; lower parts dull whitish, the chest brownish or
dusky. Length 20.75-25.00, extent about 65.00, wing 17.00-21.00, tail 7.00-10.00,
culmen 1.20-1.45, tarsus 1.95-2.40. \'id on trees near water, very bulky, composed
of largo sticks, etc. Eggs 2-A, 2.J ?• X ^.77, the ground-color varying from liuffy
white through various shades of buti* to pale cinnamon, boldly spotted or blotched
with rich chestnut or madder-bnjwn and purplish gray. Hnb. Temperate and
tropical America in general, north to Hudson's Bay and Alaska.

3G4. P. haliaetus carolinensis (Gmel.). American Osprey.

Family STRIGIDiE.— The Barn Owls, (rage 218.)

Genera.
(Characters same as those given for the Family) Strix. (Page 255.)

Genus STRIX LiNNyrcns. (Page 255, pi. LXXiV., fig. 1.)

Species.

Ground-color of upper parts ochraceous-yellow, this overlaid, more or less con-
tinuously, 1>3' a grayish HU])orfi('ial tint, finely mottled and speckU'd with dusky and
white; quills and tail-feathors with more or less distinct, distant, dusky hands, of
variable numi a/ ; lower parts varying from plain snowy white to bright tawny,
speckled w.th dusky; face varying from pure white to tawny; lengtli ir).00-'Jl.(IO,
wing'ri50-ll.(M), tail 5.70-7.50, culmen .90-1.00. tarsus 2.2.)-3.00. middle toe 1.25,
or more, y^.^^ in IkiIIdw trees, in towers, bi'Ifries, e!". Eggs 3-10, l.fi5 X 131,
ovate, phvi!i white. JLih. United States generally (rarer nortln\ :ir<l) ;ni'l >rc.\ico.

3G5. S. pratincola Honai*. American Barn Owl.

Family BUBONID.^. — Tiil: Horned Owl.s, etc. (Page 218)

(Rggs invariably plain white, usually oval, or broadly oval, sometimes nearly
spherical.)

Genera.
rt'. Wing more than 10.00.

l>^. Length of eon' along top equal to or exceeding chord of culmen, the upper
uutlinu decidedly arched toward I'aso.

256 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Ear-oponing immeneo, extending almost the entire height of the Bkull,

the two ears conspicuously asymmetrical Asio. (Page 257.)

b*. Length of cere along top less than chord of culmen, the upper outline uot

arched.

c*. Ear-opening very large, with a distinct anterior operculum or " flap,"

the two ears conspicuously asymmetrical. (No ear-tufts.)

d". Smaller (wing 12.00-15.00, tail less than 10.00) ; bill larger, more

exposed ; at least the terminal scutclla of each toe exposed ;

eyes larger, with irides dark brown or nearly black ; feet larger,

and facial disk relatively smaller Syrnium. (Pago 258.)

d\ Larger (wing 16.00-18.00, tail 12.00 or more) ; bill relatively much
smaller, and nearly hidden by feathers; toes entirely covered
with feathers; eyes I'elatively much smaller, with irides yellow ;
feet relatively much smaller; and facial disk much broader.

Scotiaptex. (Page 250.)

c'. Ear-opening small, without anterior operculum, or ■ Ila]»," the two ears

not distinctly asymmetrical.

d\ Ear-tufts very conspicuous; tail reaching beyond tip of longest

lower coverts ; two or three outer quills with inner webs emur-

giiuUed; toes covered with short but dense f'eatbors, the claws

wholly exposed ; bill exposed Bubo. (Page 262.)

(P. Ear-tufts rudimentary ; tail not reaching beyond tips of longest
lower coverts; four outer (juills with inner webs emarginated ;
toes covered with long hair like feathers, partly or wholly con-
cealing the claws; bill nearly concealed by the loral featheix.

(Very large; wing 17.(H» to 19.00.) Nyctea. (Page 204.)

a'. Wing less than 10.00.

b^. Tarsus less than twice as long as middle toe, and much les^ than half as long
as tail,
c'. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing. graduate<l. (No ear-tutls;

wing about 0.00.) Surnia. (Page 264.)

H. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing, i-ven, or slightly rounded.
tIK Ear-opening very large (lu'arly equal to height of skull). witli»unto-
rior operculum or flap, the two earscons{>ii uously uhymiiu't rical.

(No ear-tufts ; wing 5,25-7.20.) Nyctala. (Pi>_c 20(>.)

(/*. Ear-opening small, without anterior operculum, the two ears sym-
metrical,
c'. Nostril large, oval, opening in anterior edge of cere; ear-tufls
conspicuous; small (wing 5,40-7.80).

Megascops. (Pag«' 260.)
c*. Nostril small, cirrular. opening nt^ar tlu< mid<ll«' of tin- inflated
cere; no ear-tnfts; very snutll (wing .'1.50-4,40).
/'. Tarsus not longer than middle (oe. densely feathered; tail
mure than half as lung as wing, rounded.

Glaucidium. (Page 266.)

ASIO.

257

/'. Tarsus longer tbun middlo toe, scantily haired; tail lesa
than half as long as wing, even.

Micrath^fie. (Page 266.)

6'. Tarsus more than twice as long as middle toe, and about half as long as tail.

(Wing 6.15-7.50) Speotyto. (Page 265.)

Genus ASIO Brisson. (Page 256, pi. LXXIV., figs. 2, 3.)

Species.

n\ Ear-tufts very conspicuous ; upper parts finely mottled or vormiculated with
dusUy, buffy, and grayish white, the first predominating; lower parts buffy,
overlaid, more or less continuously, with whitish, and marked with ragged,
or " herring-l)f)no," stripes of duslc}'. (Subgenus Asio.)
b\ Ends of all the quills normal; toes feathered; face ochraceous.

c". Dusky of u])per parts disposed in broad stripes, contrasting more or less
conspicuously with the paler ground-color; lower parts ochraceous,
conspicuously striped, l)ut not distinctly barred, with dusky. (Size
of .1. wilsonionufs.) Hub. Northern parts of eastern hemis])hcr('.

A. otuH (Linn.). Long-eared Owl.>
c*. Dusky of upper parts in form of confused mottling, not contrasting con-
spicuously with the paler ground-color; lower parts whitish (ochra-
ceous ln'ueath surface), nuirked with irregular dusky bars which are
much broader than the mesial streaks with which they are confiu-
ent ; length 1:100-16.00, wing 11.50-12.00, tail 6.00-6.20, culmcn .65,
tarsus 1.20-1.25. Nest, usuall.y the deserted one of u crow, heron,
magpi--, or other bird of similar size. E<}(js 3-6, 1.66 X 1-28. ovate
or ovoid. Hah. Whole of temperate North America, south to table-
lands of Mexico.

366. A. wilsonianus (Less.). Amerioan Longp*eared Owl.
V Enrl** of longer quillx narrow, ilmt of tlu' first almost I'alcate ; toes naked;
liM'c (iDiky or with dull grayish prevailing.

Aiiovc <iu'*Uy, slightly broken i)y sparse mottling of yellowish white;
low- r |i;ii'tM grayish white, coarsely barred and irregidarly striped
with duf^ky ; wing about 13.00, tail 6.80, culmcn .90, tarsus 1.55.
Hitb. Kiistern tropical America, north to eastern Mexico ami Culia.

A. Btygius Waoi.. Stygian Owl.'

^f tm- I it.ttry : color (above ami below) ochraceous or bully whitish,

■ >i ;rre(|, with dark brown. (Sid)genus Hi'iwhyotu!* ({ori.n )

jt (tlor varyinu: (iuilivldually) Ironi bri;;;it tawny ochraceous

il 111 . this r"li»«ved by conspicuous stri|Kvi < f dark brown, those

ot iic l.wrer parts growing gnulually narrower ])osteriorly, and dis-

ing altogether on legs and lower tall-coverts; wings irregularly

• .Vfrtr ..»H» !*»»..>*. N. WJ t*. «. lf»», #1. y4»t(. ..fu« LRU).., Miin, .I'f. . 1. IS2H, lift.
> SyrutUtfui <«yyi»« WAai... 1«L«, IMK ttfl. Aiiu ot^ijiut Stiucki.., Urn. \&yn, i. \^t>i>, 207.

258 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

varied with dusky and ochraceous, tho quills with large (often partially
confluent) spots of the latter; tail ochraceous or buffy, paler on outer
feathers, and crossed with about five dusky bands ; face blackish around
eyes, the eyebrows whitish. Young : Above dark sepia-brown, tho
feathers broadly tipped with ochraceous-buff; face uniform brownish
black; lower parts wholly plain pale dull bufty, tinged with smoky
grayish anteriorly. Length 13.80-1G.75. wing 11.80-13.00, tail 5.80-
fi.lO, cnlmen .60-.65, tarsus about 1.75. Neat on ground, in open situa-
tions, usually among bushes or tall grasses. Eggs'H-fi, 1.59 X 123. ITab.
Entire western hemisphere, except Galapagos and part of West Indies ;
also, nearly throughout eastern hemisphere, excepting Australia, etc.

367. A. accipitrinus (Pall.). Short-eared Owl.

Genus SYRNIUM Savigny. (Page 256, pi. LXXYII., fig. 2.)

S2)ccies.

Common Ciiahacters. — Above deep umbor- or sepia-brown, barred or spotted
with huffy or Avhitish ; face dull grayish or dingy grayish white, usually with nar-
row darker concentric rings; quills s))otted with ])ale brown and whitish, and tail
crossed by about six to eight narrow bands of the same; lower parts whitish (huffy
or ochraceous beneath surface), barred and striped, or spotted, with b''own ; iris
bi'ownish black ; bill yellowish.

(/'. Head, neck, and breast broadly barred with deep brown and whitish, or huffy;

sides, flanUs, ami other posterior lower parts striped with deep brown.

6'. Top of toes feathered, except on tcrmimxl portion.

Face without darker concentric rings; colors deep sepia-brown and

grayish white, tho latter with little or none of ochraceous on lower

parts, where the stripes are very dark, almost blackish, brown ;

wing 14.80, tail 9.00, culmen .95. Hab. Eastern Mexico (Mirador,

etc.).

S. nebulosum sartorii Kinow. Mirador Barred Owl.^

Face with more or loss distinct darker concentric rings; colors deep

umber-brown and huffy whitish (deeper buff, or ochraceous, beneath

surface). Young: Head, neck, !\r.d entire lower parts broadly

barred with rather light umber-brown and jiale buff'y and whitish,

the brown and lighter bars about equal in width ; back, scapulars,

and wiiig-eoverts similarly marked, hut the bars broader, tho brown

ones of a deeper lint, and the terminal portion of each feather

broatllj' white, producing a spotted appearance; quills, socDudarios,

and tail-feathers (when grown out) as in ad\ilt. Length 19.75-li4.00,

wing about 13.00-14.00, tail about 9.00. Nest in trees (usually in

hollows). Eggs 2-3, 1.94 X 1<>5. Hab. Eastern North America,

> •Vyrnt'iim ncbiilo'iim, var, I'lrturii, Ribuw., in Ili't. N. Aiu. D. iii. I^'i, 20. (Tliii! \* ]niMih\y n distinct
tpoclos from S. uvhulomim.)

SCOTIAPTEX.

2S9

north to more southern British Provinces; south to Geoi'gia and

northern Texas 3G8. S. nebulosum (Forst.). Barred Owl.

6'. Top of toes naked, except a small pointed strip on outer side of basal joint
of middle toe.
Plumage essentially as in S. nebulosum, but averaging slightly darker.
Mab. Gulf States, from Florida (and lower Georgia?) to Texas.

3G8a. S. nebulosum alleni Kidqw. Florida Barred Owl.
Head and neck deep brown, marked with roundish white spots; whole of lower
parts barred and transversely spotted with brown.

Length about 19.00, wing 12.00-13.50, tail 8.50-9.00, culmen .90. Egg 2.05
X 1.80. Hab. Highlands of Mexico, north to New Mexico, Arizona,
California, and Lower California.

3G9. S. occidentale Xantus. Spotted Owl.

Genus SCOTIAPTEX Swainson.' (Pago 256, pi. LXXVII., fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Dusky grayish brown and grayish white, the former
prevailing above, the latter predominating beneath ; the upper surface varied by
irregular markings having a trauHverso tendency, the lower parts with the dark
markings in the Ibrm of ragged longitutlinal stripes, giving way to transverse bars
on the flanks; face grayish white, with narrow concentric rings of dusky; bill palo
yellow; iris yellow; toes very densely clothed with hairlike feathers; length
25.00-30.00, extent 54.00-GO.OO, wing about lG.00-18.00, tail 11.00-12.50, culmen
1.00.

<<'. Plumage with dark sooty tints predominating, liie inner webs of primaries with-
out a distinct wbitisii patch on basal portion. Nest usvsally in trees. Eggs
2-3, 2.16 X 171. ILib. Northern North America, breeding far northward;
south, in winter, to northern border ol' T'oitod States.

370. S. cinereum (Gmel.). Great Gray Owl.

d'. Plumage with light mottled brownish gray and grayish white prevailing, the
inner webs of quills with distinct whitish patch on basal portion. Downy
young: "Upper jiarts very inmli darker than in the adult, dull (almost
sooty) chocolate-browii ; the head covered with close dark feathers very
slightly tipjjcd wiili whitish brown; upi)er ])arts very little nuirked with
■white; facial disk scarcely detined ; under parts sooty brown closely barred
with dull white ; wings anil tail iiuicli darUcr than in the adult, the outer
prinmries only indistinctly burred with dull grayish brown." (Dresser.)

• SrolitMplrjr SWAIX*., ClaMlf, B, H. 18.17, 217. Ty|>0, Stii.r riNfffn Umri..

NoTK. — Tho Huli!itituti'>n of Vtiln Cxv. for .SVuli'n^/i .r Swams. i\s the nnmc for ♦hl« urniis wim «n error.
StrU Hr<ile»ti» Pali,., the typo <>f Vliil't, I mil flrtVT oonvincoil, from rccont tcry oft^o^^l rxniiiinntion nml ooin-
parinon wil'i hoth .V. .-itt^rw tii<i !^i.r •friV/n/n l,i?()c. (tho iHttcr hcinn '''i* '.V|ie of tho ({(•huj' .Vyrni'um fAVlfl.v.),
IB mu.'ih iiiori'' ncKrly relntivl, KlriiotiiriiRx and utherwi»«, lo the Inttor, — lu much m^ iM fitut, thatrVti/ri can raak
nt ra<»« oily M a <uhgo»«» of Sgrninm.

260 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Hab. Nortbem portions of Eurojje and Asia, straggling to western Alaska
(shores of Norton Sound).

370a. S. cinereum lapponicum (Eetz.). Lapp Owl.

Genus NYCTALA Brehm. (Page 256, pi. LXXV., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adults: Above brown, more or less spotted w^ith
white; beneath white, broadly striped with brown. Young: Above plain brown,
the wings and tail as in adults; face plain dusky, the "eyebrows" white, in con-
spicuous contrast; lower parts plain brownish anteriorly, plain ochraceous pos-
teriorly.

a}. Wing 6.50, or more, tail more than 4.00.

6'. Smaller and paler; legs whitish, usually without spots; lower tail-coverts
with narrow brown mesial streaks or shaft-streaks ; wing 6.50-6.90
(6.74), tail 4.20-4.40 (4.27). Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemi-
sphere.

N. tengmalmi (Gmkl.). Tengmalm's Owl.i
fc'. Larger apd darker; logs and feet usually buff}', more or less (sometimes
thickly) spotted with brown ; lower tail-coverts with broad mesial
stripes of brown; length 9.00-12.00, wing 6.60-7.40 (7.12), tail 4.10-4.70
(4.42). JS^est in trees. Egrjs 2-4, 1.35 X 114. Hnb. Northern North
America ; south, in winter, to northern border of United States.

371. N. tengmalmi richardsoni (Bonap.). Richardson's Owl.
a'. Wing less than 6.00, tail less than 3.50. Plumage much as in JV. richardsoni, but
with less white on top of head and hind-neck, stripes on lower parts more
reddish, and feet always (?) plain whitisli or bufFy ; length 7.25-8.50, wing
6.2.5-5.90 (5.58), tail 2.80-3.25 (3.02). Nest in holes in trees or in deserted
nests of other birds. Eggs 3-5, 1.19 X LOO. Hab. Northern United States
and British Provinces, rarely south of 40° in eastern portions, but in moun-
tainous western districts south to southern Mexico.

372. N. acadica (Gmel.). Saw-whet Owl.

Genus MEGASCOPS Kaup. (Page 236, pi. LXXV., fig. 2.)

Species.
Common Characters. — Outer w(d)s of outermost scapulars mostly whitish,
buffy, or pale rusty, with blackish terminal bonier, producing a more or less con-
spicuous liglit-colored stripe along each side ol' bucl. ; feathers of jiluinage in general
with blackish shaft-streaks, or bro.ider mesial streaks, the latter, especially on lower
parts, usually throwing off narrow transverse bars ; outer webs of quills with con-
spicuous, largo, more or loss quadrate whitish or buf^y sjiots. and tail niore or less
distinctly (never sharply) banded with a paler lint than the ground-color; ground-

' Strix tengmalmi Ovr.i,., 8. N. i. 1788, 201. N^ctala tenijmulmi UoNAr., Ooog. A Conip. List, 1838, 7.

MEGASCOPS.

261

color of upper surface in general usually more or less broken by lighter and darker
vormieuiations. Young, with whole plumage, excepting remigcs and tail-feathers,
simply barred or narrowly banded with dull grayish or whitish, the longitudinal
and other markings being wholly absent. Nestling : Entirely white. Nest in holes
in trees. Hggs 2-6.

aK Toes more or less distinctly feathered or bristled on upper side.

6'. Dichromatic ; the plumage presenting two totally distinct phases, one gray-
ish, the other bright rufous, which have no relation to sex, age, or season.
(Eastern races.)
c'. Larger, the wing averaging more than 6.00.

Length 7.50-10.00, wing 6.00-7.10 (6.43), tail 3.05-3.50 (3.26).
Eggs 1.42 X 1-19' ^«6. Eastern United States and British
Provinces, except lower portions of South Atlantic (and Gulf?)
States, west to Groat Plains.

373. M. asio (Linn.). Soreeoh Owl.
c\ Smaller, the wing averaging less than 6.00.

d\ Much darker than M. asio, with markings on lower parts more
numerous and more extended. Gray phase, deep grayish
brown, varying to decided umber-brown, above ; legs usually
deep brownish, thickly barred with darker. Rufous phase,
more richly colored than corresponding plumage oi M. asio, the
legs usually bright rusty. Wing 5.60-6.40 (5.98), tail 2.65-3.20
(3.00). Eggs 1.30 X 1.10. Hub. Lower South Carolina and
Georgia, and whole of Florida.

373a. M. asio floridanus Ridgw. Florida Soreeoh OwL
d\ Slightly darker than M. asio, with light mottlings on upper parts
(in both phases) much coarser and more conspicuous. Rufous
phase with rufous predominating on lower parts. Length 6.50-
9.00, wing 5.60-6.30 (5.96), tail 3.10-3.40 (3.28). Eggs 1.34 X
1.17. Hah. Soutiiern Texas and eastern Mexico, south to Gua-
temala... 3736. M. asio mccallii (Cass.). Texan Soreeoh Owl.
I?. Monochromatic ; the plumage presenting in all individuals essentially the
same character, corresponding to the grayish phase of the eastern races.
(Western races.)
c'. Smaller, the wing averaging loss than 6.75.

d\ Plumage nearly pure ash-gray above, the usually broad blackish
mesial streaks in conspicuous contrast; blackish bars on lower
parts very numerous, narrow; black border to face without
admixture of brown, and black spots on breast usually without
distinct brown exterior suffusion ; length about 6.50-8.00, wing
6.10-7.00 (6.41), tail 3.10-3.70 (3.44V Eggs 1.31 X Ml- Hub.
Northwestern Mexico and contiguous border of United States, in
Arizona and New Mexico, north to Colorado (Colorado Springs).
373/. M. asio trichopsis (Waql.). Mezioan Soreeoh Owl.

262

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

cP. Plumage grayish brown, or decidedly brownish gray, above, the
blackish mesial streaks usually narrower and less conspicuously
contrasted ; bars on lower parts coarser and less crowded ; black
border to face usually with distinct admixture of brown, and
black spots on breast with distinct brown exterior suffusion ;
length about 8.50-10.00, wiug 6.30-7.20 (6.G0), tail 3.30-3.90
(3.58). Eggs 1.34 X 1-16. Hab. California.

373c. M. asio bendirei (Brewst.). California Screech Owl.
c*. Larger, the wing averaging more than 6.75.

d\ The grayer specimens hardly distinguishable in plumage from M.
asio bendirei, but size decidedly greater; plumage varying to
deep umber-brownish (especially in specimens from Pacific
coast district); wing 6.92-7.80 (7.25), tail 3.65-4.60 (4.26).
Eggs 1.50 X 1-27. Hab. Northwest coast, from Oregon to
Sitka, and cast to northern Montana (Ilellgate).
373^/. M. asio kennicottii (Elliot). Kennicott's Screech Owl.
d*. Very light-colored, pure white largely predominating on lower
parts, the upper parts varying from pale huffy grayish to pale
dull grayish cinnamon, with the white spots on outer webs of
exterior scapulars and quills larger than in other forms, the
latter sometimes more or less confluent ; wing 6.70-7.50
(6.91), tail 3.30-4.00 (3.66). Jlob. Higher Rocky Mountains,
from Colorado to eastern ^Montana (Fort Custer).. 373t'. M. asio
maxwelliee (Hiduw.). Becky Mountain Screech Owl.
Toes entirely naked, to extreme base.

Adult : Above finely mottled grayish, relieved by irregular blackish mesial
streaks ; outer webs of outermost scapulars bright ochraceous or orange-
rufous (white beneath surface) ; outer webs of lower middle wing-coverts
white, forming conspicuous spots; lower parts whitish, marked with
very distinct broad mesial streaks and naiTower bars or transverse lines
of blackish ; face and throat — sometimes whole upper parts — sometimes
more or less tinged or washed with orange-rufous. Young: Above
mottled transversely with grayish and whitish, but without any longi-
tudinal markings ; lower parts similarly but more coarsely and regularly
barred. Wing 5.10-5.60, tail 2.60-3.00. Eggs about 1.13 X .96. Ifab.
Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico, and northward to Colorado and
northern California (Fort Crook).

374. M. fiammeolus (Kaup). Flammulated Screech Owl.

Genus BUBO DuMfRiL. (Page 256, pi. LXXVL, fig. 1.)

Species.
Common Characters. — Plumage irregularly varied with buffy, tawnj', or whitish

(or all together), and dusky, in variable relative extent,
deserted hawk's or crow's nest). Eggs 2-3.

Nest in trees (often a

BUBO.

263

Lower parts barred with dusky, but without stripes ; anterior upper parts des-
titute of stripes ; iris bright yellow. (Subgenus Bubo.)

Adult: Above vermiculated with blackish on a dull graj'ish or grayish

brown ground-color (sometimes almost white), the outer webs of quills

marked with quadrate spots of lighter and darker, and tail crossed by

about seven narrow bands of mottled dusky ; eyebrows and lores whitish ;

part of throat and middle of chest white ; rest of lower pai'ts more or

less ochraceous or tawny (tips or exposed portion of feathers usually

whitish), the sides, flanks, etc., distinctly and regularly bai'red with

dusky. Young : Quills and tail-feathers as in adult ; rest of plumage

dull buffy or ochraceous, everywhere barred with dusky. Male: Length

18.00-23.00, extent about 49.00-52.00, wing about 14.50-15.25, tail 8.25,

weight about 3i pounds. Female: Length 22.00-25.00, extent about

57.00, wing 16.00, tail 9.00.

I}. Darker colored, with dusky markings more extensive or more numerous (or

both), the plumage usually with much mixture of tawny or ochraceous.

c'. Moderately dark-colored, the face usually more or less rusty, and the

plumage usually with an excess of ochraceous or tawny rufous.

E(j<js 2.12 X 1-81. Hab. Eastern North America, south through

eastern Mexico to Costa Rica.

375. B. virginianus (Gmel.). Great Horned Owl.

c*. Extremely dark-colored, the face usually sooty brownish, mixed with

grayish white, the plumage usually without excess of ochraceous

or tawny — sometimes Avith none. Egg (single) 2.24 X 1-90- Hab.

Northwest coast, from Oregon north to Alaska ; Lal)rador.

375o. B. virginianus saturatus Ridqw. Dnaky Homed Owl.
i'. Lighter colored, with the light grayish and buffy tints of the ground-color
largely prevailing over the darker markings, the lower parts purer white,
c'. General aspect of plumage above grayish, with more or less of buffy
admixture ; dark markings of lower parts distinct. Eggs 2.13 X 1-78.
Hah. Western United States (except northwest coast), eastward across
Great Plains (straggling to northern Illinois, Wisconsin, and western
Canada), north to Manitoba, south over table-lands of Mexico.
375<7. B. virginianus subarcticus (Hoy). Western Homed Owl.
c'. General aspect of plumage above white, through fading of the ground-
color and restriction of dark markings; beneath pure white, with
dark markings, usually much restricted. Eggs 2.19 X 1-91. Hab.
Arctic America, chiefly in the interior; south, in winter, to northern
Rocky Mountains and Great Plains (Dakota, Montana, etc.).

3756. B. virginianus arcticus (Swains.). Arotiu Homed Owl.
Lower parts striped with black, but without bars; anterior upper parts also
striped with black (the ground-color, both above and below, ochraceous) ; iris
deep brown. (Subgenus Rhinoptynx Kaup.')

> Ithinoptjjtxx Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, 114. Type, Strix mtxicana Ombl.

264

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Wing 11.20-12.00, tail 6.00-6.50. Hob. Tropical America in general (except
West Indies), north to Mexico.

B. mexicanus (Gmel.). Striped Horned Owl.>

Genus NYCTEA Stephens. (Pago 256, pi. LXXVI., fig. 2.)

Species.

Adult male: Plumage pure white, sometimes almost immaculate, but usually
marked more or less with transverse spots or bars of clear slaty brown on top of
head, back, and scapulars, the quills and tail-feathers with dusky spots near ends;
lower parts usually marked more or less on belly, sides, and flanks with narrow
bars of clear slaty brown, but those markings sometimes altogether wanting;
length about 20.00-23.00, wing 15.50-17.30, tail 9.00-9.70, culmon 1.00. Adult fe-
male: Much darker colored than the male, only the face, fore-neck, middle of
breast, and feet being immaculate, other portions being heavily barred with dusky,
the top of head and hind-neck spotted with the same ; length 23.00-27.00, wing
17.30-18.70, tail 9.70-10.30, culmon 1.10, Downy young: Uniform dusky brown, or
deep sooty grayish, paler on legs and feet. Nest on ground. £(jgs 5-10, 2.24 X
1.76. Hab. Extreme northern portions of northern hemisphere in summer, mi-
grating southward in winter (in North America almost across the United States,
and even reaching, accidentally, the Bermudas).

376. N. nyctea (Linn.). Snowy Owl.

Genus SURNIA Dum£ril. (Page 256, pi. LXXIIL, fig. 4.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult: Top of head and hind-neck spotted with white
and blackish, or dark brown, in vaiying relative proportion ; a patch of uniform
blackish or dark brown on each side of hind-neck, and another across hinder por-
tion of oar-coverts ; rest of upper parts brown, the scapulars heavily s])ottod or
blotched, wings more or loss spotted, upper tail-coverts broadly and distinctly
barred, and tail narrowly and indistinctly barred, with white ; face and lower
parts white, the lower breast, belly, sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts very regu-
larly barred with brown. Young: Upper parts dark sepia-brown, the feathers
of top of head and hind-neck tipped with dull grayish butt", which constitutes the
prevailing color; feathers of back, and scapulars, indistinctly tipped with dull gray-
ish buff; lores and car-coverts plain brownish black, rest of face dull whitish ; lower
parts dull whitish, deeply shaded across chest with dark sooty brownish, other
portions being bn .ally but rather indistinctly barred with brown, these markings
narrower and more confused anteriorly, and on logs. Length about 14.75-17.50,
wing about 9.00, tail 6.80-7.00.

' Strix mexicana Qmel., S. N. i. 1789, 288. Bubo mexicnniit Riuow., in Hist. N. Am. B. ili. 1874, 01.

SPEOTYTO.

265

a*. Light-colored, with white largely prevailing on top of head, hind-neck, and
scapular region ; dark markings of head usually dark brown, nuieh reduced
in size; bars on lower parts narrow, rather light brown. Hah. Northern
portions of eastern hemisphere, from Xorway to Kamtschatka and moro
northern Asiatic shores of Bering's Sea (Plover Bay) ; accidental in western
Alaska (St. Michael's) ? 377. S. ulula (Linn.). Hawk Owl.

a*. Dark-colored, with black or brownish black prevailing on top of head and hind-
nock, and deep brown on scapular region — the brown of back, etc., usually
much darker than in S. ulula ; dark patches on sides of head, etc., more ex-
tensive, and deep black or brownish black ; bars of lower parts much broader,
and (usually) darker. Nest on pine or spruce trees. Hggs 2-6, 1.51 X 1-23.
JIab. Northern North America ; south, lu winter, to northern border of
United States; British Islands?

377a. S. ulula caparoch (Mt)LL.). American Hawk Owl.

Genus SPEOTYTO Glooer. (Page 257, pi. LXXVIL, fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adults: Above brownish, spotted, ban'od, and some-
times otherwise varied with white or buify ; lower parts white or bufty, broadly
barred, or transversely spotted, with brown ; eyebrows, chin, and space on middle
of chest plain white; a collar of mixed brown and buffy across throat; legs plain
white or buffy. Young : Above plain brown, except wings and tail, which are
marked as in adults; upper tail-coverts, and large space on wing-covert area, with
lower parts, plain buff; anterior lesser wing-coverts darker brown than back ; upper
throat, and broad space across chest, plain Avhito. Nest at extremity of hole or
burrow in ground. £(jgs 3-11.

a'. Lower parts with ground-color distinctly buffy or much tinged with buff, the
lower tail-coverts never (?) spotted ; upper parts earthy brown, with buffy
spotting and barring; length 9.00-11.00, wing 5.80-7.20 (6.69), tail 3.15-
3.50 (3.3-4), culmen .55-.60 (.58), tarsus 1.70-1.92 (1.80). Eggs 1.27 X 103.
Hab. Western North America, north to or beyond northern boundary of
United States, east to Great Plains, south to Guatemala ; accidental in New
York (city) and Massachusetts.

378. S. cunicularia hypogaea (Bonap.). Burrowing Owl.

n*. Lower parts nearly pure white, with little if anj"- buff tinge, except on thighs
and lining of wings ; upper parts clear sepia-brown, with nearly pure white
spotting and barring; wing 6.30-6.70 (6.47), tail 3.00-3.50 (3.15), culmen
.58-.68 (.61), tarsus 1.65-1.80 (1.75). Eggs 1.2-t X 1-02. JIab. Florida and
adjacent Bahama Islands (New Providence).

378a. S. cunicularia iloridana IIidqw. Florida Bnrrowing Owl.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

1.25

m
m

IIM

|40

IIM

IM,

1.8

U III 1.6

^;.

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

.#^

33 WIST MAIN STXBIT

WnSTER.N.Y. MSBO

(716) 872-4 '>03

266

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

■-.i

Genus GLAUCIDIUM Boie. (Page 257, pi. LXXV., fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Upper parts grayish, brownish, or rufous, the wings
and scapulars more or less spotted with whitish, the tail barred with white or
rufous, the top of the head (in adults) streaked or speckled with whitish (plain in
young) ; lower parts whitish, sti-iped with blackish, brown, or rufous ; eyebrows
whitish ; face encircled by a dusky border.

Sides of breast and fore-part of sides brownish, more or less distinctly spotted
with paler (spots sometimes indistinct, or partly concealed); tail-bands
always white, the interspaces blackish ; top of head speckled or dotted with
whitish in adult, plain plumbeous or slaty in young ; lower parts striped
with blackish ; color of back varying from slaty graj'ish to deep umber- or
sepia-brown ; length 6.50-7.50, wing 3.40-4.00, tail 2.40-2.80. Egg (single
specimen, identification somewhat doubtful) 1.17 X -88. Hab. Western
North America, north British Columbia, east to Colorado and New Mexico,
and south through highlands of Mexico to Guatemala.

379. G. gnoma Waql. Pygmy Owl.

Sides of breast and forepart of sides plain brown or rufous, without trace of
lighter markings; tail-bands varying from white to rufous, the intei spaces
varying from grayish brown to blackish or dark rusty ; top of head narrowlj''
streaked with whitish or pale rusty in adult, plain in young ; lower parts
striped with brown or rufous ; color of back, etc., varying from grayish
brown to bright rufous ; length 6.50-7.00, wing 3.50-4.60, tail 2.20-3.50. Hab.
Whole of tropical America (except West Indies), north to southwestern bor-
der of United States (southern Texas to Arizona).

380. G. phalsenoides (Daud.). Ferruginous Pygmy Owl.

Genus MICRATHENE Coues. (Page 257, pi. LXXV., fig. 4.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above grayish or brownish, finely mottled with darker,
and indistinctly speckled with pale rustj'' ; an interrupted whitish collar across hind-
neck ; outer webs of outermost scapulars white ; wings spotted with whitish and
pale rusty ; tail brownish, crossed by 6-6 narrow, usually interrupted, bands of pale
brownish or rusty; eyebrows, lores, and "cnivat" under chin white; lower parts
white, marked with ragged, rather longitudinal, blotches of pale brownish or rusty,
finely mottled with darker.

a*. Prevailing tint grayish, or grayish brown ; bands on tail narrower, always (?)
interrupted on middle feathers; length 5.50-6.26, wing 4.00-4.40, tail 1.90-
2.30. Neat in hole of giant cactus. Egga 3-4, 1.01 X 'S?. Hab. Southwestern

MICRATHENE.

267

United States (southern Arizona and southeastern California) and Lower
California, south to southern Mexico (Puebla and Guanajuato).

381. M. whitneyi (Cooper). Elf OwL
Prevailing tint deep brownish, the spots and bands more decidedly rusty ; bands
on tail broader, not interrupted on middle feathers; wing 4.05-4.25, tail
1.90-2.20. Hab. Socorro Island, western Mexico.

M. graysoni RiDow. Socorro Elf Owl.i

1 Micrathene graysoni Ridgw., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 333.

■ ■

268

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

.li

Order PSITTACI. — The Parrots, Macaws,
Paroquets, etc. (Page 2.)

Families.
(Characters same as those given for the Order) ... Psittacidae. (Page 268.)
Family PSITTACIDiE. (Page 268.)

North and Middle American Genera.

a^. Tail graduated, the feathers narrowed toward tips.

6*. Cheeks naked; tail longer than wing, graduated for more than half its

length; very large (wing more than 12.00) Ara}

b^. Cheeks densely feathered ; tail shorter than wing, graduated for less than
half its length ; small or medium (wing not more than 12.00).
c'. Wing more than 3.50 ; upper mandible very little if any broader than
high at base.
d^. Second or third quill longest.

e'. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing ; wing more than
5.00.
/'. Bill very large, much compressed, the tip of lower man-
dible much produced, truncated, and flattened ; gonys
flattened ; tail graduated for only about one-third its
length ; cere densely feathered, concealing the nostrils ;

wing 8.00, or more Rhynchopsitta. (Page 269.)

/'. Bill smaller, less compressed, with tip of lower mandible
less produced, and gonys rounded ; tail graduated for
much more than one-third its total length ; cere naked
in some species, densely feathered in others; wing less
than 8.00 in all North American species.

Conurus. (Page 269.)
e'. Tail less than twcJ-thirds as long as the wing ; wing less than
5.00.

Core naked on top Brotogeris.*

d\ First quill longest.

Tail (in northern species) less than two-thirds as long as

1 Ara BniasoN, Om. iv. 1760, 184. Type, A. bratiliennii BnK»,, = A. chlornptera Qray. For synopsis of
Mexican species, see Appendix.

» lirotogerit Via., Zool. Jour. ii. 1826, 400. Type, Puittacm pyrrhnptcnm LiNS.

One Mexican and Central Amorioan species, /?. ^oii' (LiNS.) ; color uniform green, paler bolow, upper wing-
oovorts olivo-brownish, and spot on chin orange ; length about 6.50 inches.

" ■

RHYNCHOPSITTA.

269

;aws.

'age 268.)

I half its

Ara}

less than

ider than

lore than

(ver man-
d; gonys
-third its
) nostrils ;
'age 269.)
mandible
mated for
ere naked
wing less

>age 269.)
less than

^rotogeris?

>) long as

r BynopsiB of
upper wing-

wing; wing (in northern species) less than 5.00; top of

cere feathered Myiopsitta}

c*. Wing not more than 3.50; upper mandible very much broader than
high at base ; tail scarcely more than half as long as wing ; cere

feathered on top Psittacula}

a'. Tail slightly rounded, the feathers broad at ends.

Third or fourth quill longest ; cere always naked, with nostrils exposed.

Amazona?

Genus RHYNCHOPSITTA Bonap;>rte. (Page 268, pi. LXXIII., fig. 2.)

Species.

Adult: Forehead, fore-part and sides of crown, lores, and anterior lesser wing-
coverts, poppy-red ; under primary coverts lemon-yellow ; under surface of quills,
secondaries, and tail olivaceous dusky ; rest of plumage uniform grass-green, rather
paler and duller on lower parts, but much brighter on sides of head ; bill entirely
blackish. Younger: Similar to adult, but bill whitish, with a triangular dusky
space on each side (extending upward from cutting-edge about half-way to culmen
and anteriorly- as fur as the notch) ; red of forehead not extending over eye ; red
on thighs and along edge of wing interrupted and very inconspicuous. {Young in
first plumage probably without any red, the plumage entirely green, except on under
surface of wing and tail, and bill probably entirely whitish.) Length 16.00-16.75,
wing 8.50-10.50, tail 6.30-7.00, graduated for 2.25-2.35, culmen 1.45-1.55, height of
bill at base 1.65-1.75. Hab. Northern and central Mexico (pine region) ; south-
western Texas and southern New Mexico.*

— . R. pachyrhyncha (Swains.). Thick>billed Parrot.

Genus CONURUS Kuhl. (Page 268, pi. LXXVII., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters (of North American and Mexican spocids). — Prevailing
color uniform green ; adults with or without yellow or orange on head.

a}. Cere and nostrils entirely concealed by dense feathering ; culmen rounded.

Adult: Head and upper neck pure gamboge-yellow, the forehead, lores, and
cheeks deep orange or orange-red; upper parts rich parrot-green, the
tcrtials, tips of greater wing-coverts, and basal portion of outer webs

1 Myinpsiiia BoNAP., Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1854. 150. Typo, Ptittacus murinm Gmf.l.
One Mexican nnd Central American species, M. lineola (Cass.) ; color uniform green, lighter beneath, more
or less distinctly borred above and along sides with blacltish; length about 6.00 inches.

* Psittacula Bniss., Orn. iv. 1760, 382. Typo, P. brasilieniii Bmsa., = P»iltacu» pnnerimis Link.

One species found in western Mexico as far north as Maaiatlan (P. eynnopyga SouANcfi) is uniform green,
lighter beneath, the male with rump and some of the under wing-oovorts fine light blue; length about 4.50
inches.

' Amatona Less., Traitfi, 1331, 189. Typo, Piittacui pulvervilentu* Ghel. For aynopiis of Mexican species,
100 Appendix.

* Dr. R. W. SauFELDT, V.S.A., tn tpiit.

270

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

of quills yellowish green or greenish yellow ; rest of quills dark bluish ;
lower parts clear light yellowish green; edge of wing and thighs tinged
with orange. Immature : Similar to adult, but head and neck entirely
green, except forehead and lores, which are dull orange-red. Young
(first plumage): Similar to preceding, but with little if any orange on
forehead or lores. Length 11.35-14.00, wing 7.00-7.60, tail 6.40-7.10.
JVest in hole of large tree (usually cypress or sycamore). Eggs 1.39 X
1.07, ovate, short ovate, or rounded ovate, pure white. Hab. Formerly,
entire Mississippi Valley, Gulf States, and southern Atlantic States, north
(casually ?) to Michigan, Marjdand, or even to Albany, New York, regu-
larly to Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Nebraska, etc., west to eastern Colora lo
and Texas; now nearly exterminated, and existing only in compara-
tively restricted and isolated localities in lower Mississippi Valley and

Gulf States 382. C. carolinensis (Linn.). Carolina Paroquet.

Cere partly naked, the nostrils exposed ; culmen flattened.
6*. Wing 6.50, or more ; quills and secondaries green. (Color unifonn grass-
green, including quills, paler on lower parts ; under surface of quills and
tail-feathers yellowish olive.)
c\ Eather smaller, with weaker bill, relatively larger feet, and more yel-
lowish green lower parts ; wing 6.70-7.00 (6.87), tail 5.40-6.30 (5.96),
culmen 1.00-1.10 (1.03), depth of upper mandible at base .50-.60
(.55), width .55-.65 (.60), tarsus .66-.75 (.71), middle toe .85-1.00 (.91).
Hab. Southern Mexico to Nicaragua.

C. holochlorus Scl. Green Parakeet.'
c'. Eather larger, with stouter bill, relatively weaker feet, and more deeply
green lower parts ; wing 6.50-6.70 (6.59), tail 6.10-6.50 (6.29), culmen
1.00-1.12 (1.07), depth cf upper mandible at base .57-.61 (.59), width
.61-.65 (.63), tarsus .70-.72 (.70), middle too .85-.89 (.86). Hab.
Socorro Island, western Mexico.

C. holochlorus brevipes Baird. Socorro Parakeet.'
6'. Wing 5.50, or less ; quills and secondaries partly blue.

c*. Bill horn-colored, the ends of both mandibles whitish ; throat and chest
dull olive or olive-brownish ; belly dull yellowish olive or olive-yel-
lowish, in contrast with bright green of sides and flanks ; top of
head entirely green ; wing 5.00-5.40, tail 4.60-5.10. Hab. Southern
Mexico, and south to Nicaragua. C. aztec SouANcfi. Aztec Parakeet."
c*. Bill buffy whitish (sides of lower mandible horn-colored in young);
throat and chest yellowish olive ; belly clear yellowish green, like
sides and flanks ; top of head dull verditei-bluo, the forehead bufly
orange in adult; wing 6.10-5.50, tail 4.20-4.80. Hab. Southern
Mexico, from Orizaba and Mazatlan south' to Costa Eica.

C. petzii (Wagl.). Petz's Parakeet.*

> Conurug holochhnit ScL., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1869, 224.

* Oonunti holochlorut var. brevipei Baird, Ann. Lyo. N. Y. 1871, H.
•■• Cotturut attec SouAf.cfi, Rov. et Mug. Zool. 1857, 97.

* Sittace petMti Waol., Mod. Piitt. 1832, 650. Conurus peltii Gray, Qen. B. ii. 1845, 413, sp. 13.

c bluish ;
i8 tinged
entirely
Young
•ange on
.40-7,10.
s 1.39 X
ormerly,
es, north
rk, regu-
Coloralo
L'orapara-
illoy and
Paroquet.

m grass-
[uills and

noro yel-
30 (5.96),
.50-.60
l.OO (.91).

Parakeet.!

•e deeply
culmen
9), width
1). Hab.

Parakeet.'

ind chest
)live-yel-
top of
Southern
Parakeet.'
young) ;
eon, like
ad buffy
Southern

?arakeet.*

p. 13.

CUCULID^.

271

Order COCCYGES. — The Cuckoos, etc.

(Page 3.)
Families.

a}. Toes 2 before, 2 behind.

¥. Bill as long as head, compressed, with cutting-edges smooth ; nostrils ex-
posed ; no distinct I'ictal bristles ; tarsus nearly or quite as long as longest
anterior toe (sometimes longer), naked for greater part of its length ;
anterior toes separated to extreme base; plumage without bright or
metallic colors. (Suborder Cmcm^j.) Cuculids. (Page 271.)

6*. Bill much shorter than head, thick and broad at base, with cutting-edges
serrated ; nostrils concealed by antrorse bristles ; gape with strong bris-
tles ; tarsus much shorter than longest anterior too, chiefly or entirely
feathered; anterior toes united for basal half; plumage with bright or
metallic colors (except in young). (Suborder Trogones.)

Trogonidae. (Page 275.)
a'. Toes 3 before, 1 behind. (Suborder Alcyones.)

6'. Bill not longer than head, the culmen gently but decidedly curved, the cut-
ting-edges serrated; tail (ir^ typical genus) much longer than wing, with
middle pair of feathers much longer than the rest, and usually with the
webs interi'upted near end ; tarsus longer than middle toe.

Momotidse. (Pago 277.)

bK Bill longer than head, with straight outlines, the cutting-edges smooth (in
all American species) ; tail much shorter than wing, with middle feathers
(in American species) not longer than the rest; tarsus only about half as
long as middle toe Alcedinidae. (Pago 278.)

Family CUCULID^.— The Cuckoos, Anis, etc. (Page 271.)

Genera.

a\ Tail-feathers 8 ; bill nearly as deep as long, the culmen elevated into a much
compressed convex crest ; plumage (in typical genus) uniform blackish.

(Subfamily Crotophagina:.) Crotophaga. (Pago 272.)

a*. Tail-feathers 10; bill less than half as deep as long, the culmen not elevated nor

compressed ; plumage more or loss varied. (Subfamily Coccygina'.)

b^. Bill longer than head, straight to near the rather abruptly decurved tip ;

loral feathers stiff, bristly, and plumage generally coarse or harsh ; tarsus

much longer than outer pxiterior toe, with claw ; very Inrge (wing more

than 6.00, tail 12.00 or more"), and plumage much striped.

Geococcyx. (Pago 272.)

b*. Bill not longer than head, the culmen gently curved for the greater part of

its length ; loral feathers and general plumage soft and blended ; tarsus

272

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

shorter than outer anterior toe, with claw ; small (wing less than
6.00, tail less than 8.00), and plumage without stripes.

Coccyzus. (Page 273.)

Gencs CROTOPHAGA Linn^us. (Page 271, pi. LXXIX., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Plumage entirely dull black, the feathers of head, neck,
and body edged or bordered with dull metallic bluish, greenish, or bronzy ; wings
and tail faintly glossed with metallic bluish or violet. Young, uniform dull sooty
black. Nest usually on trees (sometimes in reedy marshes), composed of sticks,
etc., lined usually with loaves. Eggs 5-8 — sometimes numerous - (evidently de-
posited by several birds) — dull glaucous-blue, but this usually covered by a super-
ficial white chalky crust.

a}. Upper mandible smooth, or with a few transverse wrinkles ; length 12.00-15.00,
wing 5.50-6.00, tail 7.50-8.30. Eggs 1.35 X 101. Hah. West Indies and
eastern South America ; rare or casual in southern Florida and Louisiana,
and accidental near Philadelphia 383. C. ani Linn. Ani.

a*. Upper mandible with several distinct longitudinal grooves, parallel with the
culmen ; length 12.00-14.50, wing 5.50-6.50, tail 7^30-8.30. Eggs 1.26 X ■^^^
Hab. Middle Amei'ica (both sides) from lower Eio Grande Valley in Texas
and Lower California to Peru.

384. C. sulcirostris Swains. Groove-billed Ani.

Genus GEOCOCCYX Waqler. (Page 271, pi. LXXIX., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Plumage conspicuously striped with dull whitish or
buflFy and bronzed brown, the latter glossed with green ; naked skin before and
behind eye brightly colored (blue, white, and red, or orange) in life.

a}. Wing more than 6.00, tail more than itf^O; throat and chest light brownish,
streaked with dusk}' ; above glossy blue-black anteriorlj* and metallic green-
ish brown postoriorlj'^, the feathers broadly edged Avith whitish ; lower parts
whitish, the chest and fore-neck tinged with pale brownish or dull ochraceous,
and streaked with blackish ; tail-feathers (except two middle pairs) broadly
tipped with white, the outer webs glossy blue-black, the inner webs greenish ;
length 2'?.00-24.00, wing 6.50-7.00. tail 11.50-12.00. Nest in bushes or low
trees, rudely constructed of sticks, grasses, etc. Eggs 2-12, 1.54 X 1-17, ovate,
white, or bulfy white. Hab. Northern Mexico and contiguous portions of
United States, north to western Indian Territory and Kansas, southern
Colorado, and California; Lower California.

385. G. californianus (Less.). Road*rDimer.

coccvzus.

273

less than
:*age273.)

ead, neck,
y; wings
lull sooty
of sticks,
ently de-
r a super-

.00-15.00,
idies and
jouisiana,
NN. Ani.
with the
.26 X ■9'4.
in Texas

lilled Ani.

hitish or
sfore and

)rownish,
lie green-
flT^or parts
hraceous,
) bi'oadly
greenish ;
8 or low
17, ovate,
rtions of
southern

d-ranner.

a'. Wing less than 6.00, tail less than 11.00; throat and chest plain buff or buflfy
whitish ; above metallic bi'onzy brown, becoming blue-black anteriorly,
each feather broadly edged with whitish ; beneath buflfy whitish or buff,
including throat, fore-neck, and chest, the sides of the latter streakedwith
black ; two middle tail-feathers bronzy brown, the rest metallic greenish,
broadly tipped with white ; wing about 5.50, tail about 10.30. Hab. Guate-
mala and southern Mexico, north to Yucatan, Vera Cruz, and Mazatlan.

G. affinis Haktl. Mexican Road-runner.*

Genus COCCYZUS Vieillot. (Page 272, pi. LXXX., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above plain brownish gray or grayish brown, with
more or less of a faint bronzy lustre, the color usually becoming more grayish on
head, on side of which (over ear-coverts) is a darker stripe ; lower parts plain
whitish, buflfy, or ochraceous ; tail-feathers (except middle pair) more or less dis-
tinctly tipped with whitish. Nest a slight flat structure of sticks, etc., usually on
small trees or lower branches of larger trees.

a}. Basal half, or more, of lower mandible yellow ; adult with tail-feathers (except
middle pair) black, broadly and abruptly tipped with white ; young with tail-
feathers grayish dusky, broadly, but not sharply, tipped with dull white.
6*. Inner webs of quills chiefly rufous, the outer webs more or less tinged with
same toward base ; lower parts white tinged with pale ashy on fore-neck,
chest, and thighs.
d. Smaller, with proportionally smaller and weaker bill; length 11.00-
12.70, wing 5.40-5.80 (5.61), tail 6.00-6.15 (6.07), exposed culmen
.97-1.01 (.99), depth of bill at base .32-.34 (.33). Eggs 2-4, 1.21 X
.88, dull pale glaucous-green or glaucous-white. Hab. Eastern
North America, north to New Brunswick, Canada, etc., west to
edge of Great Plains, south, in winter, to West Indies, eastern
Mexico, and Costa Rica.

387. C. americanus (Linn.). Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
c'. Larger, with proportionally larger and stouter bill ; length 12.30-13.50,
wing 5.50-6.00 (5.84), tail 6.10-6.90 (6.59), culmen 1.02-1.08 (1.05),
depth of bill through base .37-.40 (.39). Hab. Western United States,
north to Oregon, east to New Mexico and Colorado, south over table-
lands of Mexico — . C. americanus occidentalis Eidqw.

Californian Cnokoo.*

b\ Quills without rufous on either web ; lower parts buffy or ochraceous, paler
anteriorly.
c\ Larger, with lower parts much more deeply colored ; lower parts deep

' Geoeoceyx affinis Hartlaud, Rev. Zool. 1844, 216.
' Xew gubspeoies.

274

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

ochniceous, often including even the throat ; wing 4.95-6.05 (5.40),
tail 6.45-7.95 (6.98), exposed culmen 1.00-1.22 (1.10), depth of bill
near base .35-.47 (.40). Hab. West Indies in general (except Ba-
hamas) and borders of Caribbean Sea, from Guiana to Honduras ;
Key AVest ; coast of Louisiana.

386. C. minor (Gmel.). Mangrove Cuckoo.'
c*. Smaller and with lower parts much paor in color; posterior lower parts
buff (sometimes quite pale, and never approaching the deep ochra-
ceous tint of C. minor) ; anterior lower parts (chin, throat, and
chest) pale ashy, or grayish white, paler anteriorly, the throat usu-
allj^ more or less tinge(^with buff; length 11.75-12.25, wing 5.05-
5.35 (5.23), tail 6.25-6.90 (6.65), exposed culmen 0.98-1.15 (1.06),
depth of bill near base 0.33-0.40 (0.36). Hab. Bahamas and

Florida Keys — . C. maynardi Ridgw. Maynard's Cuckoo.'

a*. Bill without any yellow (basal portion of lower mandible leaden bluish in life) ;
adult with tail-feathers (except middle pair) grayish brown (with bronzy
green lustre on upper surface), narrowly tipped with white, this preceded
by a less distinct subterminal bar of dusky; young with white tips to tail-
feathers narrower and less distinct, the dusky subterminal bar obsolete.
Adult : Above bronzy grayish brown, with an olivaceous cast, becoming
grayish on forehead and lores ; chin and throat pale huffy grayish (some-
times more distinctly huffy) ; rest of lower purts white, faintly tinged on
breast and sides with grayish ; naked eyelids bright red in life. Young :
Above dull brown, with a coppery bronze lustre, becoming more gray-
ish or olivaceous on tail, but more rusty on Avings, especially on quills ;
lower parts much as in adult; naked eyelids pale yellowish in life.
Nestling : Feathers of upper parts tipped with whitish. Length about
11.00-12.70, wing 5.12-5.05, tail 6.25-7.00. Eggs 2-4, 1.11 x .78, deep
glaucous-green or verditer-blue. Hab. Eastern North America, north to
Labrador and Manitoba, w^est to Eocky Mountains, south, in winter, to
West indies, Middle America, and northern South America.

388. C. erythrophthalmus (Wils.). Black-billed Cuckoo.

* Pure synonymes of this species are lenieulug Lath., hclviventrU Cab., dominicus Set. (nee Linn,), and «e»i-
otes Cad. Coccyziu eenicuhta of Audubon also belongs here, the supposed Floridan specimen given him by Mr.
Ilarris, and now before me, being this species and not the Bahama one (C. maynardi), which raises the suspicion
that it, like the specimens of Lampornit "mango" {i.e., violicauda) obtained from the same source, probably
came from Guiana. C. minor is divisible into several more or less strongly characterized local races, but I
shall not attempt such subdivision here.

* Dedicated to Mr. C. J. Maynard, the accomplished author of the "Naturalist's Guide" and "Birds of
Eastern North America," whose valuable descriptions of the birds of Florida — his special field of investigation —
include an interesting account of the peculiar haunts of this species.

TROQON.

275

(5.40),
I of bill
opt Ba-
oduras ;

Cuckoo.'

er parts
1 ochra-
)at, and
oat usu-
ig 5.05-
) (1.06),
las and
Cnckoo.'
in life) ;
, bronzy
preceded
} to tail-
ete.

)ecoming
ih (some-
inged on
Young :
>re gray-
n quills;
in life.
1 about
78, deep
north to
dnter, to

I Cuckoo.

), and nesi-
hira by Mr.

e suspicion
je, probably
races, but I

"Birds of
Bstigation —

Family TROGONIDiE.— The Trogons. (Pago 271.)

Genera.

rt'. Middle wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts normally developed, blended ; head

not crested nor "horned" Trogon. (Page 275.)

rt'. Middle wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts unusually developed, more or less
lanceolate or falcate, with very distinct outlines ; head crested or " horned."

6'. Head with a bushy or compressed crest Pharomachrus}

b^. Head with slender ear-tufts Euptilotis?

Genus TROGON Linn^us. (Page 275, pi. LXXXI., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males: Back, scapulars, rump, and middle tail-
feathers metallic green, sometimes varied with blue or coppery, the middle tail-
feathers tipped with opaque black ; wing-coverts grayish, in some species finely
undulated with white ; breast, belly, and under tail-coverts fine red or yellow, bor-
dered anterioi'ly by a white band across breast. Adult females similar to males, but
metallic hues of back, etc., replaced by plain grayish or brownish.

a^. Under parts red ; females and young brown above.

I?. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers chiefly white, more or less barred with
dusky or black, in both sexes,
c'. Adult male : Crown, occiput, hind-neck, back, scapulai's, rump, and upper
tail-coverts rich metallic bronzy green, varying to golden or coppery
bronze (the rump and upper tail-coverts always more green than
the back — sometimes pure green) ; middle tail-feathers deep metallic
bronze, varying to rich copper-color, broadly tipped with black ;
wings (except primaries) delicatelj' undulated with white and black,
the two colors in nearly equal amount ; quills dusky, with outer
webs chiefly grayish white ; forehead, lores, sides of head, chin, and
throat, dull opaque black ; chest metallic greenish or coppery bronze,
like back; a pure white band across breast; behind this, all the
lower parts pure scarlet-vermilion ; exposed portion of outer tail-
feathers white, with a broad terminal space immaculate, but rest,
on both webs, irregularly and narrowly barred, or marked with
zigzag lines, of blackish. Adidt female : Metallic colors of male
replaced by light grayish brown, becoming more rufescent (some-
times cinnamon-rufous) on middle tail-feathers ; forehead, sides
of head, and throat, dull grayish ; outer tail-feathers much more

1 Pharomachrut Db la Llavb, Registro Trimcstre, i. num. 1, 18.32, 48. Type, P. mocinno Db la Llate.
One Mexican species {P. mocinno), tlie magnificent Quetcal, or royal bird of the Aztecs.
* Euplilotit QouLD, Mon. Trog. pt. i. 1868, pi. vi. Type, Trogon neoxtnu* Gould.

276

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

coarsely and regularly barred with black. Young male : Head, neck,
and chest dull brownish gray, paler on chin, browner on chest and
occiput, almost black on lores, beneath eyes, and terminal portion
of ear-coverts; an orbital ring (interrupted on middle portion of
upper eyelid and anterior half of lower lid), and broad oblique bar
across middle portion of ear-coverts, white; back and scapulars
grayish brown, becoming more russet on lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts ; middle, and many of lesser, wing-coverts buffy
white, bordered with black, producing conspicuous large spots ;
greater wing-coverts and tertials pale grayish brown, finely sprinkled
with dusky, and tipped with a large spot of buffy white ; lower parts
grayish white, the breast and upper belly coarsely spotted or mottled
with brownish gray ; tail much as in adult female. Length about
11.25-12.00, wing 5.10-5.50, tail 6 50-7.20. JTab. Central and northern
Mexico, north to southern Texas (lower Eio Grande Vallej-) and
southern Arizona.

389. T. ambiguus Gould. Coppery-tailed Trogon.

c*. Adult male : Similar to same sex of T. ambiguus, but upper parts bronzy
green, the middle tail-feathers golden green, wings more coarsely
undulated, with white exceeding the blackish lines in width (?), and
outer tail-feathers more broadly and regularl}- barred with black.
Adult female : With black bars on outer tail-feathers broader and
less numerous (?). Length about 12.00, wing 5.00-5.30, tail 7. Hab.
Guatemala, southern Mexico, and Salvador (Libertad).

T. elegans Gould. Elegant Trogon.'
P. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers uniform black, or black naiTowly barred
with white, in adult males, destitute of bars (except sometimes — in T.
puella — a terminal white and narrower subterminal black bar).

c*. Adult viale : Upper parts and chest pure metallic green, more bi'onzy
on back ; wings very minutely zigzagged and freckled with white,
the markings hardly distinguishable at a little distance ; quills with-
out whitish edgings ; outer tail-feathers entirely black, except the
very broad and abrupt white tip. Adult female. ~*uter web of outer
tail-feathers broadly barred with black and white, the inner web
chiefly uniform black, without any bars. Length about 12.00, wing
5.50-6.00, tail 7.40-7.50. Hab. Guatemala and southern Mexico.

T. tnexicanus Swains. Mexican Trogon.*

c*. Adult male : Upper parts and chest bronzy green, as in T. mexicanus ;
wings very distinctly undulated with white, the quills edged with
the same ; outer tail-feathers distinctly but narrowly barred across
both webs with white, and rather narrowly tipped with the same.
Adult female : Outer web of outer tail-feathers plain white, some-

1 Trogon elegana Gould, P. Z. S. 1834, 26.

* Trogon mexieanut Swains., Philos. Mag, n. 8. i. 1827, 440.

MOMOTUS.

277

times minutely and indistinctly freckled with grayish ; inner web
chiefly plain dusky grayish, with white tip and dusky subterminal
bar. Length about 10.50-11.50, wing 5.10-5.50, tail 5.50-6.50. Hub.
Central America, south to Veragua, north to tierra caliente of eastern
Mexico (Vera Cruz).

T. puella Gould. X&lapa Trogon.^
a*. Lower parts yellow ; females slate-color or plumbeous above.

6'. Outer web of outer tail-feathers uniform black, except broad and abrupt
white tip. Adult male : Head, neck, and chest dull black ; back, scapu-
lars, and middle tail-feathers metallic green ; rump and upper tail-coverts
metallic blue, sometimes inclining to violet. Adult female : Head, neck,
chest, and entire upper parts uniform deep slate. Length about 11.00,
wing 5.50-5.75, tail 5.80-6.00. Hab. Central America, north lo Yucatan,
south to Costa Eica.

T. melanocephalus Gould. Black-headed Trogon.'
6'. Outer web of outer tail-feather white, except at base. Adult male : Head,
neck, and chest slate-gray or plumbeous, glos«.->)d (except anteriorly)
with metallic green; back and scapulars bri^jhL metallic green, tinged
with golden ; rump and upper tail-coverts n:otallic grceri ii blue ; middle
tail-feathers metallic green. Adult female : Head nowk, chest, and entire
u.>pr.. parts uniform slate-gray. Length about 10.00-12.00, wing 5.40-
5.70, tail about 6.00. Hab. Southwestern Mvj.v:i<o, north to Mazatlan.

T. citreolus Qould. Citreoline Trogon.^

Family MOMOTID-ffi.— The Motmots. (Page 271.)

Genera.
(Characters same as those given for the Family) ... Momotus. (Page 277.)
Genus MOMOTUS Brisson.* (Page 277, pi. LXXXI., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — General color plain gi*eenish, thiged more or less with
olive; rather lengthened and stiffened ear-coverts chiefly black, but partly blue; a
narrow tuft of rather lengthened and somewhat stifl'ened black feathers (sometimes
edged with blue) in middle of chest ; lengthened and (usually) spatulate middle
tail-feathers verditer-blue toward ends, their tips black.

a'. Top of head bright blue or green, encircled with deep black ; lores deep black ;
lower parts, including flanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts, olive-green-

» Trogon puella Gould, P. Z. 8. 1845, 18.

> Trogon melanocephalut GocLD, Mon. Trog. 1838, pi. 12.

» Trogon citreolus Oocld, P. Z. S. 1835, 30.

* Momotui Briss., Orn. iv. 1760, 465. Type, Ramphattot momota Linn.

278

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

ish, sometimes tinged with russet ; ear-coverts black, bordered above by a

line of bright light greenish blue or bluish green (this sometimes almost

obsolete).

¥. Whole top of head bright verdLter-blue, varying to verdigi'is-green, duller

centrally ; length about 14.20-15.00, wing 5.30-5.70, middle tail-feathers

8.80-9.15, exposed culmen 1.40-1.55, Hab. Eastern Mexico, north to

Eio Grande Valley (Nuevo Leon).

M. csenileiceps Gould. Blue-crowned Motmot.^
6*. Top of head deep black centrally, this entirely surroun^ded by bright verditer-
blue, the latter bordered exteriorly, from eyes backward, by rich pur-
plish ultramarine-blue ; size about the same as in M. cceruleiceps. Hab.
Central America, from Veragua to southern Mexico.

M. lessonii Less. Lesson's Motmot.*
a*. Whole top of head and hind-neck uniform rufous ; lores dull grayish, mixed
with dusky ; lower parts pale glaucous-green (sometimes tinged with buffy
anteriorly), changing to dull whitish on flanks, anal region, and under tail-
coverts ; a large spot of purplish smalt-blue underneath eye, on malar region,
and ear-coverts usually largely ultramarine- or smalt-blue; length about
12.00-13.00, wing 4.50-5.00, middle tail-feathers 6.50-7.50, exposed culmen
1.40-1.60. Mab. Southwestern Mexico, north to Mazatlan.

M. mexicanus Swains. Rufous-crowned Motmot.*

Family ALCEDINID^.— The Kingfishers. (Page 271.)

Genera.

(Characters same as those given for the Family) Ceryle. (Page 278.)

Genus CERYLE Boie. (Page 278, pi. LXXX., figs. 2, 3.)

(Nest at extremity of horizontal burrow in earth-banks. Eggs usually 6, ovate
or oval, pure white, with smooth, somewhat glossy surface.)

Species.

Wing 6.00, or more ; tai'sus about as long as hind-toe, much shorter than inner
anterior toe ; plumage without metallic gloss. (Upper parts plumbeous-blue,
or bluish plumbeous, more or less streaked with black, especially on top
of head, the tail-feathers transversely spotted with white, these markings
usually more or less hidden in closed tail ; chin, throat, and collar round hind-
neck pure white.) (Subgenus Streptoceryle Bonap.)
6'. Wing more than 7,00, culmen more than 3.00 ; belly, sides, and flanks uni-

1 Momotui cmndeictp* Qould, P. Z. S. 1836, 18.

* Momotui lettonii Lb88., Rev. Zool. June, 184S, 174 (ReaIc|jo, Nicaragua).

> Momotui mexicanui Swains., Philos. Mag. n. s, i. 1827, 443.

ove by a
is almost

en, duller
l-feathers
north to

I Motmot.^
verditer-
rich pur-
OS. Hah.

I Motmot.*
ih, mixed
rith buffy
nder tail-
ir region,
;th about
d culmen

i Motmot.>

fl)

•age 278.)

Y 6, ovato

lan inner
50UB-blue,
Y on top
markings
ind hind-
inks uni-

CERYLE.

279

form rufous; outer webs of quills without white spotting at base.
Adult male : Lower tail-coverts and anal region pure white, and rufous
of belly covering breast, and reaching to white of throat. Adult female:
Lower tail-coverts and anal region rufous ; breast plumbeous-blue, usu-
ally bordered behind by white. Length about 15.50-17.00, wing about
7.50. Hab. Tropical America in general (except West Indies), north to
southern Mexico.

C. torquata (Linn.). Great Rufous-bellied Kingfisher.'
6*. Wing less than 7.00, culmen less than 3.00; belly white ; outer webs of quills
spotted with white toward base. Adult male : Above bluish plumbeous,
the tail transversely spotted with white, and baeul hnlf of primaries
coarsely spotted with same ; a white spot on sides of forehead, above
lores; lower parts pure white, interrupted by a broad band of bluish
plumbeous across breast ; white of throat encircling hind-neck. Adult
female: Similar to the male, but sides and flanks, and a more or less
strongly indicated (never complete ?) band across belly, rufous. Young :
Similar to adult, but the male with the breast-band and sides tinged with
rusty. Length 11.00-14.50, wing 6.00-6.50, tail 3.80-4.30, culmen 2.00,
or more. Eggs 1.36 X 1-05. Hab. Whole of North America, and south
to Panama and the West Indies.

390. C. alcyon (Linn.). Belted Kingfisher,
a*. Wing less than 4.00; tarsus longer than hind-toe, and almost as long as inner

anterior toe; plumage metallic greenish above. (Subgenus Chloroceryle

Kaup.)
Adult male : Above dark metallic bottle-green, interrupted by a white collar
across hind-neck, the secondaries, primaries, and tail spotted with white,
in transverse series ; lower parts pure white, interrupted by a band of
dark metallic green across breast; sides spotted with dark greenish,
these spots continued as an interrupted band across belly. Adult female :
Similar to the male, but green band across breast replaced by one of deep
rufous ; no green spots across belly. Young male : Similar to adult, but
breast more or less tinged with rusty. Length 6.75-8.50, wing 3.40-
3.50, tail 2.70-2.75, exposed culmen 1.65-1.85. Eggs .96 X .75. Hab,
Middle America and northwestern South America, north to south-
western border of United States (southern Texas to Arizona), south to
western Feru 391. C. cabanisi (Tschudi). Texan Kingfisher.

i Alctdo torqnaia Linn., S. N. ed. 12, i. 1766, 180.

Ceryle torquata fiONAP., P. Z. S. 1S37, 108.

280

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS,

Order PICI. — The Woodpeckers, Wrynecks, etc.

(Page 3.)
Faviilies.

(Characters same as those given for the Order) Picidae. (Page 280.)

Family "PICIDJE. — The Woodpeckers. (Page 280.)

Genera.

a}. Outer hind-toe longer than outer anterior toe.
h^. Two hind-toes.

c'. Conspicuously crested, and size very large (wing 7.00, or more).

Campephilus. (Page 281.)
c*. Without crest, and size small (wing not more than 5.00).

d}. Nasal groove extending nearly to tip of bill ; terminal half of bill
not distinctly compressed,
c'. Tongue greatly extensile ; plumage much varied with black
(or brown) and white, the latter prevailing on lower parts.

Dryobates. (Page 281.)
e*. Tongue very slightly extensile ; plumage uniform black, with
white head and white spotting on basal portion of quills.

Xenopicus. (Page 286.)

d*. Nasal groove running out on cutting-edge of upper mandible, about

half-way to tip ; terminal portion of bill distinctly compressed.

Tongue scarcely extensile Sphyrapicus. (Page 288.)

6*. Only one hind- toe.

Bill bi'oad and much flattened Picoides. (Page 286.)

a'. Outer hind-toe not longer than outer anterior toe.

6*. Head conspicuously crested; large (wing not less than 7.25 — usually

much more) Ceophlccus. (Page 289.)

6*. Head not crested ; small or medium (wing less than 7.25 — usually much
loss).
c*. Upper mandible with a distinct lateral ridge and nasal groove, the tip
more or less truncated ; plumage of lower parts without spots, the
under surface of quills and tail-feathers without yellow or red.

Melanerpes. (Page 290.)

c*. Upper mandibie without distinct lateral ridge or nasal groove, the tip

scarcely or not at all truncated ; plumage of lower parts spotted

with black ; under surface of quills and tail-feathers chiefly yellow

or reddish, the shafts brighter yellow or red.

Colaptes. (Page 295.)

CAMPEPHILUS.

281

295.)

Genus CAMPEPHILUS Gray. (Page 280, pi. LXXXII., fig. 1.)

Species.
Common Characters (of North American species). — Bill ivoiy-yellow or
whitish ; plumage mainly black, with a white scapular stripe and other markings,
the occipital crest scarlet or glossy black.

a\ Plumage glossy black, with scapulars, secondaries, ends of shorter primaries,
and under wing-coverts pure white; cx*est of female entirely glossy blue-
black.
6\ A white stripe down each side of neck ; nasal tufts white.

c^ White neck-stripe not extending to the bill ; black feathers of crown as
long as or longer than underlying scarlet ones of crest ; length (fresh)
19.75-21.00, extent of wings 30.00-32.00, wing 9.00-10.00, tail 6.25-
6.80, culmen 2.60-2.80. Eggs 1.31 X -86. Hab. Formerly, southern
Atlantic and Gulf States and lower Mississippi Valley, north to
North Carolina, eastern Missouri, southern Illinois and Indiana,
and west to eastern Texas ; now apparently confined to restricted
localities in Gulf States (including Florida) and lower Mississippi

Valley 392. C. principalis (Linn.). Ivory-billed Woodpecker.

c*. White neck-stripo continued to base of bill; black feathers of crown not
reaching to tip of scarlet crest ; wing 9.50-9.70, tail 6.50-7.00, ex-
posed culmen 2.30-2.40. Ifab. Cuba.

C. principalis bairdi (Cass.). Cuban Ivory-billed Woodpecker.*

il No white stripe on side of neck ; nasal tufts black ; length about 23.00-

24.00, wing 11.70-13.20, tail 8.00-9.50, exposed culmen 2.70-3.60. Jfab.

Western Mexico, north, along Sierra Madre, nearly if not quite to

United States boundary ; southeastern Arizona ?

C. imperialis (Gould). Imperial Woodpecker.*

a*. Plumage chiefly dull brownish black, the low^er parts, except breast, barred with

black and pale fulvous; crest of female bright red (whole head red in male).

Length about 12.00-13.00, wing 7.50-8.00, tall 4.80-5.20, exposed culmen

1.85-2.20. Hab. Southern Mexico, and south to Costa Rica.

C. guatemalensis (Hartl.). Guatemalan Ivory-billed Woodpecker.*

Genus DRYOBATES Boie. (Page 280, pi. LXXXIII., figs. 1-2; pi. LXXXVL,

fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above black or brown, more or less spotted or
otherwise varied with white; lateral tail-feathers white, with or without black

1 CampephiluK bairdi CA8S., Proa. Ao. Nat. Sol. Phila. 1863, 322. 0, principalit, var. bairdi B. B. <l R.
Ui8t. N. Am. B. ii. 1874, 496.

* Pictia imperialii QouLn, P. Z. 8. II. 1832, 140. Campephilut imperialis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 83.

* Picus guatemaleH»i§ Hartl., Rev. Zool. 1844, 214. Camptphilui guaiemalen*ii ScL., Cat. Am. B. 1863,
331.

282

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

bars; sides of head striped with black and white; lower parts whitish (some-
times stained a light brownish or smoky tint), usually more or less varied with
dusky. Adult male with more or less of red on head, usually on occiput. Adult
female without any red on head. Young with crown more or less extensively
red or yellow.

a}. Back varied with white.

6'. Back striped or marked longitudinally with white ; lower parts without
black markings, except scraetimes on sides of breast or, more rarely,
on flank,
c'. Lateral tail-feathers without black bars; culmen 1.00, or more; wing
usually more than 4.00.
rf'. Middle and greater wing-coverts and tertials conspicuously spotted
with white,
c*. Lores partly or entirely black, the white superciliary stripe
being thus cut off from the white or pale brownish of the
nasal tufts.
p. Wing more than 5.00, culmen 1.40, or more.

Length aboiit 10.00-11.00, wing 5.02-5.40 (5.25), tail
3.60-3.80 (3.70), culmen 1.40-1.62 (1.49). Hab.
Northern North America, west to Alaska and
British Columbia, south, in winter, to northern
border of United States.

393a. D. villosus leucomelas (Bodd.).
Northern Hairy Woodpecker.
/*. Wing not more than 5.00; culmen not more than 1.35.

g^. Larger: Length about 8.50-9.00, wing 4.50-5.00
(4.70), tail 3.10-3.60 (3.37), culmen 1.18-1.35
(1.24). Eggs .93 X -69. Hah. Eastern United
States, except south Atlantic and Gulf States.
393. D. villosus (Linn.). Hairy Woodpecker.
g*. Smaller: Length about 8.00-8.75, wing 4.40-4.80
(4.51), tail 3.00-3.20 (3.04), culmen 1.12-1.24
(1.14). Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf States,
north to Georgia and Tennessee.

3936. D. villosus audubonii (Swains.).

Sonthern Hairy Woodpecker.

c'. Lores chiefly or entirely white, thus connecting the white

superciliary stripe with the white or light brownish of the

nasal tufts.

Length about 7.00-8.00, wing 3.95^.35 (4.12), tail 2.85-
3.10 (2.96), culmen 1.00-1.22 (1.10). Hab. Bahamas.
D. villosuB maynardi Ridow. Bahaman Hairy

Woodpecker.*

» Picut iniularit Maymard, The Nat. in Florida, i. No. 4, 1886; not of Gould, 1862.

DRYOBATES.

283

(P. "Wing-coverts and tertials plain black, or else with very little of
white spotting,
e*. Larger, with lower parts usually white (frequently pure
white, rarely smoky grayish); length about 9.00-10.00,
wing 4.70-5.30 (5.00), tail 3.20-3.75 (3.43), culmen 1.12-1.40
(1.26). Eggs .96 X -75. Hab. Western United States, east
to Eocky Mountains, south to table-lands of Mexico.

393c. D. villosus harrisii (Aud.).
Harris's Woodpecker.
e'. Smaller, with lower parts usually deep smoky brown (rarely
smoky gray) ; length about 7.00-8.00, wing 3.80-4.90
(4.24), tail 2.45-3.20 (2.75), culmen .95-1.18 (1.00). Hab.
Central America, south to Veragua, north to eastern
Mexico (Puebla and Vera Cruz).

D. villosus jardinii (Malh.). Jardine's Woodpecker.*
c". Lateral tail-feathers with a greater or less number of black bai's ; cul-
men not more than .80 ; wing usually less than 4.00,
d}. Middle and greater wing-coverts conspicuously spotted with white ;
length about 6.25-7.00, wing 3.40-4.05 (3.72), tail 2.25-2.90
(2.51), culmen .68-.82 (.73). Eggs .77 X -58. Hab. Northern
and eastern North America, and, sporadioally, western North
America (Colorado, California, etc.) also.

394. D. pubescens (Linn.). Downy Woodpecker.
d*. Middle and greater wing-coverts plain black, or else but slightly
spotted with white; length about 6.25-7.00, wing 3.55-4.15
(3.76), tail 2.30-2.70 (2.51), culmen .70-.80 (.75). Eggs .74 X
.56. Hab. Western United States, east to Rocky Mountains,
north to British Columbia, south to New Mexico.

394a. D. pubescens gairdnerii (Attd.).

Oairdner's Woodpecker.

h*. Lack barred with white; sides and flanks spotted or streaked (or both)
with black.
c\ Ear-coverts entirely white ; lores black ; male with a narrow (usually
concealed) streak of red along each side of occiput.
Length about 7.50-8.50, wing 4.50-5.00, tail 3.20-3.50, exposed
culmen .75-.85. Eggs .91 X -68. Hab. Southeastern United
States, north regularly to North Carolina and Tennessee
(irregularly to New Jersey), west to Indian Territory and
eastern Texas.

395. D. borealis (Vieill.). Red-cookaded Woodpecker.
c\ Ear-coverts black or brown, bordered above and below by a white
stripe; lores whitish, dull grayish, or dusky; adult males with a
patch of red extending entirely across the occiput.

284

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

d}. Back barred with black and white; wings black, spotted and
barred with white ; middle lino of breast unspotted,
e*. Forehead smoky brownish, like nasal tufts (the ground-color
sometimes nearly hidden, however, by whitish spotting) ;
crown often speckled, but not streaked, with white ; lateral
tail-feathers with inner web (sometimes outer web also)
barred for entire length, or at least for all of exposed por-
tion ; ground-color of lower parts usually smoky white, or
pale smoky brownish. Adult male with whole crown red,
or spotted with red (unless the red tips to feathers happen
to be worn off), the red immediately preceded by a white
speck or spot.
/*. Outer tail-feathers barred regularly with black, on both
webs, for whole length.
/. Smaller (length about 6.00-6.75, wing less than
3.90).
hK Wing 3.80-3.85 (3.82), tail 2.30-2.40 (2.33), ex-
posed culmen .70-.79 (.74) ; black stripes on
side of head narrower, the malar stripe usu-
ally whitish anteriorly ; black bars on back
usually appi'eciably narrower than the white
ones ; scarlet on head of male lighter, ffab.
Southeastern Mexico (Vera Cruz, Puebla,
etc.).

D. scalaris (Waql.). Ladder-backed

Woodpecker.^
h\ Wing 3.30-3.55 (3.44), tail 2.10-2.20 (2.14), ex-
posed culmen .60-.75 (.69) ; black stripes on
sides of head broader, the malar stripe usu-
ally dusky or blackish anteriorly ; black bars
on back usually a little broader than the
white ones ; scarlet on head of male darker.
Hab. Yucatan.

D. scalaris parvus (Cabot). Cabot's Ladder-
backed Woodpecker.*
g\ Larger (length 7.00-7.75, wing 3.90-4.25).

Wing 3.90-4.25 (4.06), tail 2.45-2.75 (2.59), ex-
posed culmen .83-.93 (.87); in coloration
not constantly different from true scalaris,
except that the black stripes on sides of
head are usually broader, the lower one
usually more extended toward sides of
breast. Eggs .80 X -62. Hab. Table-lands

' Picui tcalarit Waol., IbIb, 1829, 611.

* Pioui parvtti Cabot, Boat. Jour. N. I' v. 1849, 90.

DRYOBATES.

285

of Mexico, and southern border of United
States, from Texas to Arizona.

396. D. scaiaris bairdi (Scl.).
Texan Woodpecker.^
/'. Outer tail-feather barred with white only on terminal
half or less, except sometimes on inner web.
g^. Primary coverts with at least one row of small white
spots.
h}. Larger, with slenderer bill and much broader
black bars on back (bars about .15-.20 wide);
length about 7.25-7.75, wing 3.95-4.10 (4.02),
tail 2.70-2.90 (2.81), exposed culmen .91-.94
(.93). Hah. Southern portion of Lower Cali-
fornia 396a. D. scaiaris lucasanus

(Xantus). Saint Lucas Woodpecker.
A". Smaller, with stouter bill and much narrower
black bars on back (bars only about .10 wide);
length about 6.25-6.50, wing 3.70-3.75 (3.72),
tail 2.20-2.40 (2.30), culmen .70-.80 (.75). Hab.
Western Mexico (vicinity of Mazatlan).

D. scaiaris sinaloensis Ridow. Mazatlan

Woodpecker;'

g^. Primary coverts plain dusky, without trace of white

on outer webs ; black bars on back broad, as in D.

lucasanus; length about 6.75-7.00, wing 3.80-3.95

(3.88), tail 2.45-2.55 (2.50), exposed culmen .74-.88

(.82). Hab. Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.

D. scaiaris graysoni Baird. Grayson's Woodpecker.*

e". Forehead deep black, abruptly defined against the white, smoky

white, or dull buff of nasal tu^ts ; crown often streaked,

but not speckled, with white ; lateral tail-feathers with not

more than two di.stinct black bars, these near end (a third

occasionally indicated) ; ground-color of lower parts nearly

pure Avhite ; adult male with whole crown black, or black

streaked with white, the red being confined to occiput and

nape.

Lencrth about 7.00, wing 3.90-4.20 (4.06), tail 2.60-3.05
(2.78), exposed culmen .77-.82 (.80). Eggs .82 X -61.
Hab. California.'

397. D. nuttallii (Gamb.). NuttaU's Woodpecker.

<P. Back and wings broAvn, the former barred or transversely spotted

with white, and primaries spotted with same; whole breast

» Picm bairdi " (Sclatek)" Malh., Mon. Plo. i. 1861, 118, pi. 27, flgs. 7, 8.

* New subspeoies.

• Picui icalarii var. grayioni Baird, Hist. N. Am. B. ii, 1874, 615 and 617 (in text).

286

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

spotted or broadly streaked with dark brown. Hah. South-
eastern Mexico (Jalapa, etc.).

D. stricklandi (Malh.). Strickland's Woodpecker.*
a'. Back without any white. Upper parts plain brown or light sepia, the quills,
also inner webs of secondaries, spotted with white; whole breast and sides
spotted with dark brown, the flanks and under tail-coverts barred or trans-
versely spotted with the same. Adult males with a rather narrow occipital
band of red, as in D. villosus and D. pubescens ; young males with nearly
whole top of head red.
b\ Larger: Length 7.40-8.40, wing 4.40-4.65 (4.49), tail 2.55-2.95 (2.81), exposed
culmen .90-1.05 (.98). Hab. Southern Arizona and adjacent portion of
northwestern Mexico.

398. D. arizonsB (Hargitt). Arizona Woodpecker.*
6*. Smaller; Length 6.25, wing 4.10, tail 2.60, exposed culmen .78. Hab. South-
western Mexico (Sierra Madro of Colima).

D. arizonse fraterculus Einaw. Colima Woodpecker.^

Genus XENOPICUS Baird. (Page 280, pi. LXXXIV., fig. 1.)

Species.

Adult male : Head, neck (except hinder part), upper part of chest, and basal
portion of quills white ; occiput with a transverse patch or broad band of bright
red ; rest of plumage uniform black. Adult female : Similar to the male, but with-
out any red on head. Young ni.ile: Similar to adult, but black of a duller shade,
and red of head consisting of a squarish patch on middle of crown, instead of a
band across occiput. Length about 8.90-9.40, wing 5.00-5.10, tail 4.00^.05. Eggs
.94 X -70. Hab. Mountains of Pacific coast, including Sierra Nevada (both slopes),
from Washington Territor}' to southern California.

399. X. albolarvatus (Cass.). White-headed Woodpecker.

Genus PICOIDES Lac^pede. (Page 280, pi. LXXXII., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above black (head glossed with bluish), the quills
spotted with white (back also varied with white in some species) ; a broad white
stripe on side of head beneath eye and ear-coverts, and beneath this a more or less
distinct black stripe ; lower parts white, the sides and flanks barred with black ;
lateral tail-feathers white (without distinct bars in American species) ; adult male
with yellow patch on crown.

• Picut (Leuconotopicui) ttricklandi Malh., Rev. Zool. viii. 1845, 373. (Not Dryobalet ttricklandi o{ tho
A. 0. U. Check List, No. 398.)

« Picut arixonx HAnoiTT, Ibis, April, 1886, 115 ( = No. 398, " Dryohatei ttricklandi Malh." of the A. 0. U.
Check List, but not Picus Hrieklandi Malh.).

> New subspecies ; type, No. 30106, 9 ad., U. S. Nat. Mus., Sierra Nevada of Colima, April, 1863, J. Xantus.

PICOIDES.

287

a}. No white on back noi* on top of head.

Length about 9.50-10.00, wing 4.85-5.25, tail 3.60, eulmen 1.40-1.60. Eggs
.95 X -^l. Hab. Northern North America, south to northern border of
United States, and farther on high mountain ranges, especially westward,
where breeding on Sierra Nevada south to at least 39°.

400. P. arcticus (Swains.). Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker.
fl'. Back (especially along middle line) varied with white, and top of head also usu-
ally more or less mixed with white.
b^. Back with detached white bars, always less in width than the black inter-
spaces ; white postocular streak or stripe usually indistinct, black bars
on sides usually broader, and adult female frequently with whole top of
head solid black — never very conspicuously varied with white.

Wing-coverts always unifoi'm black; length about 9.00, wing 4.40-
4.60 (4.37), tail 3.10-3.75 (3.34), eulmen 1.10-1.25 (1.17). Eggs .92
X .70. Hab. Northern North America east of Rocky Mountains ;
south, in winter, to northern border of United States.

401. P. americanus Brghm. American Three-toed Woodpecker.

fc*. Back with more or less confluent white bars, always broader than black

interspaces, or else longitudinally blotched or striped with white; white

postocular streak usual!}' broader and more conspicuous ; black bars on

sides usually narrower, and adult female usually with top of head much

varied with white.

c*. Back usually'' distinctly barred with black (rarely continuously whita

along middle line), secondaries more distinctly spotted with white

(sometimes wing-coverts also spotted, more or less numerously, Avith

white), white spots on quills larger, and female sometimes with

white prevailing on top of head : length about 9.50, wing 4.50-4.70

(4.58), tail 3.10-3.7& (3.41), eulmen 1.10-1.25 (1.22). Hab. Alaska,

north of the mountains, south to Nushagak, and eastward through

arctic British America to Foi-t Reliance, Great Slave Lake.

401a. P. americanus alascensis (Nelson). Alaskan

Three-toed Woodpecker,
c*. Back continuously white along the middle line, with fcAv if any black
bars, the markings being mostly longitudinal ; secondaries less dis-
tinctly spotted with white, white spots on quills smaller, wing
coverts never (?) spotted or speckled with white, and adult female
never (?) with much white streaking on top of head ; length about
9.50, wing 4.65-5.00 (4.93), tail 3.20-3.65 (3.49), eulmen 1.1.^-1.30
(1.26), the bill more slender than in alascensis. Hab. Rocky Moun-
tains, north to Fort Liard, Fort Simpson, Fort Kenai, and Kadiak,

south to New Mexico 4016. P. americanus dorsalis Baird.

Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker.

288

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus SPHYRAPICUS Baird. (Page 280, pi. LXXXIII., fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Belly plain yellowish or white ; upper parts black, more
or less varied with white, the inner webs of middle pair of tail-feathers largely or
chiefly white.

a}. Eump mixed black and white ; belly pale sulphur-yellow, or whitish ; sexes not
very different in color.
b^. Chest with a black patch, and sides of head with white stripes in adult.
Advlt male with crown, forehead, chin, and throat crimson -red. Adult
female with chin and at least part of throat (entire throat in S. varius)
white, the forehead and crown sometimes (in individuals of S. varius)
glossy black,
c'. Nape brownish white. Adult male with red of throat separated from
the white stripe on cheeks by a distinct and continuous black malar
stripe, connecting with the black patch on chest. Adult female with.
chin and throat entirely white, and red sometimes wanting on top
of head. Young : Black, red, and white of head, neck, and chest
nearly or quite wanting, the general color being a dull light
mottled brownish tint, the pattern of the adult but faintly indi-
cated. Length 7.75-8.75, Aving (male) 4.80-5.00 (4.92), tail 2.90-
3.20 (3.07), culmen 1.00-1.08 (1.04). Eggs .86 X -66. ITab. North-
ern and eastern North America, breeding from northern United
States northward ; south, in winter, to West Indies, Mexico (both
coasts), and Guatemala.

402. S. varius (Linn.). Yellow-bellied Sapsaoker.
c*. Nape more or less tinged with red (often with a distinct red band or
transverse patch). Adult. male with red of throat extending, in
middle portion, quite to the white cheek-stripe, the black malar
stripe being thereby obliterated, except at extremities. Adult
female with lower part of throat (sometimes nearly whole throat)
red. Length 8.00-8.75, wing (male) 4.92-5.10 (5.03), tail 3.10-3.40
(3.26), culmen .95-1.02 (.99). Eggs .87 X -65. Hab. Rocky Moun-
tain district of United States, west to eastern slope of Sierra Nevada
and Cascade ranges, south into mountains of Mexico.

402a. S. varius nuchalis Baird. Ked-naped Sapsucker.
ft*. Chest without black patch, and sides of head without white stripes.

Adult (sexes alike) : Head, neck, and chest uniform red, or with white
markings and black chest-patch of S. varius and S. nuchalis showing
indistinctly through the plumage. Young : Similar to same stage
of S. varius and 8. nuchalis, but darker, the head, etc., usually with
a pronounced dull purplish red suffusion. Length about 8.50-9.25,

CEOPHLCEUS.

289

wing (male) 4.70-5.05 (4.88), tail 3.10-3.50 (3.28), culmen 1.00-1.08
(1.03). Eggs .94 X -^0. Hub. Pacific coast district, south to Fort
Tejon, California, north to southern Alaska.

403. S. ruber (Gmel.). Red-breasted Sapsncker.
a}. Kiimp plain white; belly bright sulphur-yellow or lemon-yellow (except in
young) ; sexes extremely dissimilar in plumage.

Adult male: General color glossy black (with blue gloss, except on wings
and tail), relieved by two white stripes on side of head, a large white
patch covering middle and greater wing coverts, and small white spots
on quills ; throat with a median stripe of bi'ight red. Young male :
Similar to adult, but black duller and everywhere without gloss, belly
whitish, or very faintly yellowish, and throat-stripe white. Adult
female: Head nearly uniform light brown, the throat sometimes (but
rarely) with a red stripe ; sides, flanks, and upper parts regularly barred
with black and white ; no white patch on wing-coverts ; chest usually
with more or less of a black patch. Young female: Similar to adult, but
mai'kings less 8hai*ply defined, colors duller, the belly whitish, and chest
Avithout black patch. Length 9.00-9.75, wing 5.25-5.50, tail 3.80-3.90,
culmen 1.00-1.20. Eggs .96 X -06. Hah. Western United States, from
(and including) Rocky Mountains to Pacific coast.

404. S. thyroideus (Cass.). WilliamBon's Sapsncker.

Gentts CEOPHLCEUS Cab.4nis. (Pago 280, pi. LXXXIY., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — General color dull brownish black, or dark sooty slate,
the under wing-coverts, throat, and one or more stripes on side of head (including
one down side of neck) whitish ; male with whole top of head, including occipi-
tal crest, and a broad malar stripe, bright red ; female with only the crest red, the
forehead, crown, and malar stripe being brownish or dusky.

a'. No white scapular stripe ; lower parts uniform dusky, the flanks usually indis-
tinctly barred with whitish ; wing 8.90, or more.

Adult male: Uniform dull dusky slate, varying to sooty blackish, the chin
and throat, two stripes on side of head, one on side of neck, under
wing-coverts, and basal half of quills, white, more or less, especially on
hidden portions, tinged with sulphur-yellow ; whole top of head, including
occipital crest, and a broad malar stripe, bright red. Adult female : Sim-
ilar to the male, but malar stripe, forehead, and crown brownish gray
or grayish brown. Length about 15.15-19.00, extent of wings 25.00-
29.25, wing 8.90-10.00, tail 6.60-7.40, culmen 2.10-2.65. Eggs 1.27 X -96.
Ilab. Whole of North America, in heavily-wooded districts.

405. C. pileatus (Linn.). Pileated Woodpecker.
a}. A white scapular stripe ; lower parts, posterior to breast, barred with blackish

(

290 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

and pale fulvous, or brownish white ; wing less than 7.50. Hah. Central
America and Mexico, north to Mirador and Mazatlan, south to Panama.

C. scapularis (Via.). Delattre's Woodpecker.*

Genus MELANERPES Swainson. (Page 280, pi. LXXXV., figs. 1-3.)

Species.

Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts plain glossy blackish (grayish, indistinctly

barred with dusky in young of M. erythroccphalus).
b\ Lower parts, rump, and upper tail-coverts white ; plumage of neck and
lower parts soft, blended ; wing less than 6.00. (Subgenus Melanerpes.)
c^. Adult male : Whole head, neck, and chest uniform rich crimson, bordered
below, against white of breast, by black (this sometimes concealed) ;
wing-coverts, back, and scapulars glossy blue-black ; lower back,
rump, upper tail-coverts, lower parts, and whole exposed portion of
secondaries uniform pure white, the belly usually tinged with oi'ange
or reddish. Adult female : Similar to the male, but with inner secon-
daries more or less spotted, in ti'ansverse series, with black, and black
collar between white of breast and crimson of chest more conspicu-
ous. Young : Head, neck, and chest brownish gray, streaked with
dusky ; secondaries crossed near ends by one or more black bands ;
wing-coverts, scapulars, and back dull grayish, barred with dusky.
Length about 9.25-9.75, wing 5.30-5.70, tail 3.60-3.75. Eggs .97 X
.75. Hab. Eastern United States, west to Rocky Mountains (occa-
sionally still farther westward) ; rare or casual east of Hudson River.
406. M. erythrocephalus (Linn.). Red-headed Woodpecker.
c'. Adult male : Upper parts in general, eai'-coverts, and broad band across
chest, glossy greenish blue-black ; feathers round base of bill,
including chin and upper part of throat, dull black ; lower parts
generally, rump, tail-coverts, patch on base of primaries, forehead,
and thence to lower part of throat, white, the last more or less
tinged with sulphur-yellow (sometimes brightly of this color);
crown and occiput crimson-red. Adult female : Similar to the male,
but fore-part of crown glossy blue-black. Youmj : Similar to adults,
with same sexnal difference in color of crown, but colors duller.
d}. Width of white or yellow frontal patch and black crown-patch
in female together decidedly greater than width (longitudi-
nallj^) of red occipital patch ; white or yellow frontal band not
loss than .30 wide ; wing averaging decidedly more than 5.50.
e*. Greater part, or whole, of chest streaked with white ; wing
5.30-5.90 (5.54), tail 3.10-3.60 (3.42), culmen, 1.10-1.22
(1.16). Hab. Central America and Southeastern Mexico,

1 Picui scapularis ViG., Zool. Jour. iv. 1828-29, 364.

MELAXERPES.

291

Aving

south to' Co8ta Eiea, north to Jalapa, Cordoba, Tchuanto-
pec, etc.

M. formicivorus (SwAtN.s.). Striped-breasted Woodpecker.'
e*. Greater part of chest uniform glossy black, the white streaks
being confined to posterior half, or less ; length about
8.50-9.50, wing 5.30-G.OO (5.G1), tail 3.00-4.00 (3.64), cul-
men 1.00-1.40 (1.16). IJggs .91 X -71. Mab. Central,
northern, and western Mexico and contiguous border of
United States, from western Texas to California, and north
along Pacific coast to British Columbia ; south, through
western 3Iexico, to Jalisco (Tonila) and Sierra Nevada of
Coliraa(?); northern Lower California 407. M. formi-
civorus bairdi Eidqw. Califomian Woodpecker.
(P. Width of white or yellow frontal band and black crown band in
female together decidedly loss than width (longitudinally) of
red occipital patch; white or yellow frontal band less than .30
wide ; wing averaging decidedly less than 5.50.

Greater part of chest streaked with white ; throat usually
decidedly brighter sulphur-yellow than in other forms ;
length about 8.25-9.00, wMng 5.20-5.55 (5.38), tail 3.30-3.50
(3.37), culmen 1.15-1.25 (1.20). Hab. Southern portion of
Lower California.... 407^. M. formicivorus angustifrons

Baiud. Narrow-fronted Woodpecker.
h*. Lower parts chiefly pinkish red (in adult) or grayish (in young), rump and
upper tail-coverts glossy blackish ; plumage of lower parts harsh, hair-
liko ; wing more than 6.00. (Subgenus Asyndesmus Coues.)

Adi It (sexes alike) : Upper parts, lower tail-coverts, and thighs uni-
form dark metallic greenish, or greenish black ; fore-part of head,
including cheeks, dark crimson ; chest and collar round hind-neck
light hoary grayish ; breast, belly, sides, and flanks pinkish red,
lighter anteriorly. Young: No red on head, which is dull blackish
above and on cheeks, and dusky grayish on throat ; client dirty
light grayish ; sides dusky ; belly dull reddish. Length 10.50-11.50,
wing 6.50-6.80, tail 4.40-4.70. Eggs 1.08 X .79. Hab. Western
United States, east to Black Hills and Rocky Mountains.

408. M. torquatus (Wilson). Lewis's Woodpecker.

Back, scapulars, and wings barred with white. (Subgenus Centurus Swainson.)

6'. Sides distinctly oarred with blackish ; lesser wing-coverts not varied with

white. Hab. Central America, north to southern Mexico, south to

Veragua.

M. pucherani (Malh.). Pucheran's Woodpecker.^

b*. Sides without bars ; lesser wing-coverts varied with white.

109.

• PicuB formicivorus SwAiNS., Philos. Mng. i. 1827, 439. Melanerpet formicxvorut Bonap., P. Z. S. 1837,

* Zehrapicus pucherani Malh., Rev. Zool. 1849, 542; Mou. Pio. ii. 1862, 227, fl. 103, figs. 1, 2.

292 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

c*. A blackish patch above or surrounding eye, or else (in female of M.
hypopolius) entire occiput and hind-ueck smoky brownish gray.
d}. Hind-neck red or yellow ; middle of belly red or yellow.
e\ Middle of belly yellow.

Adult male : Crown and occiput bright red, the hind-neck
rich orange or yellow; orbits surrounded with black,
broader above and behind the eye ; rest of head smoky
grayish, more or less tinged anteriorly with bright
yellow. Adult female : Similar to the male, but red of
crown and occiput replaced by grayish, sometimes mixed
with black posteriorly. Wing 4.50-4.90, tail 3.10-3.60,
culmen .95-1.10. Hab. Southern and western Mexico,
from Puebla north to Mazatlan.

M. elegans (Swains.). £Iegant Woodpecker.'
e*. Middle of belly red.

/'. Larger (wing 5.50 or more) ; plumage much tinged or
stained, above and below, with ochraceous-yellow.
Hab. Cuba.

M. superciliaris (Temm.). Superciliary Woodpecker.'
/'. Smaller (wing less than 5.50) ; plumage not distinctly
stained with ochraceous-yellow.
g^. Darker, the forehead dull white or pale smoky gray-
ish or brownish, the nasal tufts only partly red-
dish or yellowish, the white bars of back, etc.,
stained with pale brownish. Mab. Abaco Island,
Bahamas.

M. blakei Kidqw. Blake's Woodpecker.*

y*. Paler, the forehead pure white, the nasal tufts wholly

bright red, white bars of back, etc., very slightly

if at all tinged with brownish, lower parts paler,

etc. Hab. Watling Island, Bahamas.

M. nyeanus Kidqw. Nye's Woodpecker.*
d*. Hind-neck soft smoky bi'ownish gray; middle of belly whitish.

Adult male with a patch of red on crown and a tinge of red
on cheeks ; adult female without red on crown, and with
red on cheeks more distinct. Hab. Southern Mexico (Pu-
ebla, etc.).

M. h}rpopolius (Waol.). Gray-breasted Woodpecker.*
c'. No black over or around eye.
dK Middle of belly red.

lis.

> Picui elegant SwAiita., Phiios. Mag. i. 1827, 439. Ccnlurtm elegant Gray, Qen. B. ii. 1840, 442.

' Picut itiperciliarit Tbmm., PI. Col. livr. 73, 1827, pi. 433. Cen«urut tiiperciliarit Bonap., Consp. i. 1850,

3 Centurnt blakei Rtdow., Auk, lil. July, 1886, 337.

* Centurut nyennui Riuow,, Auk, iii. July, 1886, 336.

* Pictti hjfpopoitut Waol., Ibis, 1820, 614. Centurut hjfpopoliut Light., Nomenol. 1854, 76.

MELANERPES.

293

bright

e'. Larger (wing 4.85 to more than 5.00) ; frontlet (nasal tufts)
red.
p. Middle tail-feathers varied with white ; red of crown in
male confluent with that of nasal tufts ; belly paler
red, or pinkish red. Adult male : Whole top of head
and hind-neck bright red. Adult female: Similar to
male, but crown ash-gray. Young : With colors much
duller than in adult, and all the markings less sharply
defined ; the red of the head indistinct, that of the
belly often replaced by dull buffy. Length (fresh)
9.00-10.10, wing 4.85-5.50, tail 3.50-3.95, culmen 1.00-
1.20. Eggs .96 X -71. Hab. Eastern United States,
west to eastern base of Eockj' Mountains, south to
Florida and central Texas ; x'are or accidental east of
Hudson Kiver.

409. M. carolinus (Linn.). Bed-bellied Woodpecker.

/'. Middle tail-feathers entirely uniform black; white bars

of back, etc., very much narrower than black ones ;

red of crown in adult male separated from that of

nasal tufis by a white band ; middle of belly intense

red.

g^. Eump and upper tail-coverts immaculate white;

lower parts paler. Hab. Yucatan.

M. dubius (Cabot). Uxmal Woodpecker.^
<7*. Rump and upper tail-coverts more or less barred or
otherwise marked with black; lower parts darker.
Hab. Cozumel Island, Yucatan.

M. leei Ridgw. Lee's Woodpecker.*
c". Smaller (wing less than 4.50); frontlet (nasal tufts) yellow.
(Otherwise similar in color to M. dubius, but middle tail-
feathers more or less varied with white toward base.)
/^ Larger and lighter colored, with less white on middle
tail-feathers ; wing 4.20-4.40. ITab. Yucatan.

M. rubriventrif (Swains.). Swainson's Woodpecker.*
/'. Smaller and darker, with more Avhite on middle tail-
feathers; wing 3.80-3.95. Hab. Cozumel Island,
Yucatan.

M. pygmseus Ridqw. Pygmy Woodpecker.*
d*. Middle of belly yellow or (rar ly) orange,
e*. Hind-neck yellow, orange, or orange-red.

/'. Bars on back, etc., narrow, the white ones decidedly nar-

■ Picui dubiut Oabot, Jour. BoHton Soo. v, 1846, 91.

' Centurut leei RiDow., Dcsor. N. Sp. B. CoKumel, Feb. 26, 1885, 3.

' Centurui rubnventrin SwAiNS., Anim. in Menag. 1838, 354.

* C*nturu$ ruhriventrii pytjmKiif Ridow., Proo. U. S. Nat. Ma*, viii. Oct. 17, 1885, 670.

[

294

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

rower than the black ones ; breast, etc., deep smoky-
gray, or olive-gray ; adult male with red crown-patch
usually confluent with orange or orange-red of nape ;
middle tai' -feathers usually varied with white. Hah.
Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, and southern Mexico,
north to Jalapa and Mirador.

M. santa-cruzi (Bonaf.). Santa Cruz's Woodpecker.^
/". Bai's on back, etc., broader, the white ones equal to black
ones in width ; breast, etc., pale brownish gray or dull
grayish white ; adult male with red crown-patch usu-
ally entirely surrounded by ash-gray — rarely confluent
with the orange, orange-red, or yellow of nape ; middle
tail-feather always (?) entirely black.

Adult male : Crown with a bright red patch, usually
surrounded by pale grayish (paler, sometimes
nearly white, across forehead), but sometimes con-
fluent posteriorly, along the median line, with the
orange of the hind-neck ; frontlet bright yellow.
Adult female : Similar to the male, but crown en-
tirely light graj'ish (paler anteriorly), the yellow
of frontlet and belly and orange or yellow of hind-
neck paler. Young : Much duller in colors than
adult, the markings much less sharply defined,
and the bright colors of head but faintly indi-
cated ; bi-east indistinctly streaked with dusky.
Wing 5.20-5.65, tail 3.40-3.75, culmen 1.20-1.40.
Eggs .99 X -75. Hab. Northeastern Mexico and

southern Texas 410. M. aurifrons (Wagl.).

Oolden-fronted Woodpecker.
e*. Hind-neck soft light grayish brown, or smoky drab.

Eump and upper tail-coverts regularly barred with black.
Adult male: Head, neck, and most of lower parts uni-
form soft smoky drab or light grayish brown, the
middle of the crown with a crimson patch. Adxdt
female : Similar to the male, but no red on crown.
Young : Not essentially diflTerent from adult, but
markings less sharply defined, and colors duller.
Wing 5.00-5.30, tail 3.50-3.90, culmon .95-1.25. Eggs
.98 X .70. Hab. Southern Arir.ona, southeastern Cali-
Tornia, Lower California, and western Mexico, south
to Mazatlan.

411. M. uropygialis (BAinn). Oila Woodpecker.

> Centurut nutta-ciuii Uonap., P. Z. S. 1837, 116.

COLAPTES.

295

Genus COLAPTES Swainson. (Page 280, pi. LXXXVI., fig. 2.)

Species.
Common Characters. — Back, scapulax-s, and wing-coverts brownish, barred
with black ; rump and upper tail-coverts white, the latter broadly barred or
otherwise marked with black ; outer surface of quills and upper surface of tail-
feathers black, the shafts of these feathers bright yellow or red ; under surface
of quills and tail-feathers paler yellow or reddish, the latter with a broad black
terminal band; lower parts pale vinaceous, marked with small roundish or
cordate spots of black, the chest with a large transverse, somewhat crescentic,
patch of black. Adult males with a broad malar stripe, or " mustache," of black or
red.

a}. Shafts, etc., yellow.

bK Occiput with a red patch ; throat light pinkish cinnamon, or vinaceous ; top

of head grayish ; male with the " mustacho" deep black.

c\ Eump immaculate white; length 12.00-12.75, wing 5.50-6.60 (6.15),

tail 4.00-4.95 (4.45), exposed culmen 1.25-1.40 (1.33). Eggs 1.10 X

.85. Hab. Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay and

Alaska (Yukon Valley, to Sitka), west to Great Plains.

412. C. auratus (Linn.). Flicker.

c\ Eump thickly spotted with black ; wing 5.35-5.75, tail 4.30-4.80. Hab.

Cuba.

C. chrysocaulosus Gundl. Cuban Flicker.^

6'. Occiput without any red ; throat ash-gray ; top of head cinnamon-brown ;
"mustacho" of male bright red; length 11.20-11.70, wing 5.35-6.15
(5.75), tail 3.75-4.30 (4.05), exposed culmen 1.30-1.55 (1.38). Eggs 1.10
X -83. Hab. Southeastern California, Lower California, southern Ari-
zona, and Sonoi'a 414. C. chrysoides (Malh.). Gilded Flicker.

a'. Shafts, etc., red.

6'. Top of head dull brown, graj'ish brown, or brownish gray, becoming per-
ceptibly grayer (or less distinctly brown) on hind-neck, more rusty or
cinnamon-colored on forehead, lores, and superciliary region ; rump usu-
ally immaculate white ; back, etc., grayish brown, varying to a burnt-
umber tint, narrowly barred with black, these bars always much nar-
rower than the brown interspaces; " mustacho" of male bright scarlet.
c^. Exposed culmen usually much less than 1,60 ; wing averaging decidedly
more than 6.25 ; crown grayish brown, or brownish gray, becoming
browner anteriorly ; rump pure white, or slightly tinged with deli-
cate pinkish ; shafts pux'e orange-vermilion, or scarlet, the inner
webs of quills and under surface of tail deep pinkish red, varying
to orange-red.
d}. Lighter colored, with back grayish brown, lower parts pale vina-

> Colaptet chryiocautoHui QuNUL., Ann. Lyo. N, Y. vi. 1858, 273.

296 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

ceous, or vinaceoua-white, throat ash-gray, and crown light
grayish brown or brownish gray; length 12.75-14.00, wing
6.45-7.15 (6.66), tail 4.40-5.20 (4.86), exposed culmen 1.34-1.53
(1.46). Eggs 1.13 X -88. Hab. Whole of western United
States and table-lands of Mexico, except northwest coast and
Lower California; east to Rocky Mountains (occasionally
across Great Plains to Kansas).

413. C. cafer (Gmel.). Red-shafted Flicker/
d}. Darker, with back deeper brown (sometimes of a warm burnt-
umber tint), lower parts deeper vinaceous, throat deeper ash-
gvay (sometimes almost plumbeous), and top of head deeper
brownish ; wing 6.35-7.00 (6.63), tail 4.70-5.20 (5.01), exposed
culmen 1.35-1.60 (1.47). Hab. Northwest coast, north to
Sitka, south to northern California (chiefly in coast district).
413a. C. cafer saturatior Eidgw. Northwestern Flicker.
c^. Exposed culmen not less than 1.60, the bill slenderer and more curved ;
wing avei'aging less than 6.25 ; crown cinnamon-brown, becoming
deej) cinnamon anteriorly; rump vinaceous- white; shafts red-lead
color, the under surface of quills and tail a paler shade of the
same.

Wing 5.90-6.25 (6.05), tail 4.50-5.00 (4.72), exposed culmen 1.60-
1.85 (1.70). Hah. Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

415. C. rufipileus Eidqw. Guadalupe Flicker,
i*. Entire top of head and hind-neck uniform deep cinnamon, strongly and very
abruptly contrasted with ash-gray of ear-coverts, etc. ; rump distinctly
spotted with black ; back, etc., light cinnamon-brown, broadly barred
with black, these bars about the same width as the lighter interspaces ;
" mustache" of male carmine-red ; size about the same as in C cafer.
Hab. Guatemala.

C. mexicanoides Lafr. Quatemalan Flicker.^

1 It may hereafter prove expedient to Hcparato the birds of the United States from those of Mexico as repre-
senting a geographical race. Eight specimens from Mexico (Valley of Mexico, Mirador, Saltillo, Puebla, etc.)
arc much smaller than northern examples, and with a single exception (an example from Saltillo, Coahuila)
have the black bars on tho back, etc., much narrower. The extreme and average measurements of this series
are os follows: wing 5.90-6.50 (O.l.'J), tail 4.00-4.70 (4.41), exposed culmen 1.20-1.40 (1.30). If separated, the
United States bird would have to be called C. cafer collan'g (Vig.), the Colaptes collana of Vigors (Zool, Jour,
iv. 1329, 384; Zool. Beechey's Voy. 1839, 24, pi. 0) having been based on speoimons from Monterey, Cali-
fornia.

* Culaptei mexicanoidei Lafr., Rev. Zool. 1844, 42.

CAPRIMULQIDJE.

297

Order MACROCHIRES. — The Goatsuckers,

Swifts, etc. (Page 2.)

Families.

«'. Secondaries more than six ; bill short, very broad at base, the gape deeply cleft ;
plumage not metallic.
6*. Middle toe much longer than lateral toes, its claw with inner edge pecti-
nated ; gape more or less distinctly bristled ; plumage much spotted,
the feathers soft, with downy or moth-like surface. (Suborder Capri-

mulgi.) Caprimulgidae. (Page 297.)

6*. Middle toe not distinctly longer than lateral toes, its claw with edge not
pectinated ; gape without bristles ; plumage plain and compact, the
feathers with smooth surface. (Suborder Cypseli.)

Micropodidse. (Page 302.)
a*. Secondaries only six ; bill long as head, or longer, slender, the gape not deeply
cleft ; plumage more or less metallic. (Suborder Trochili.)

Trochilidae. (Page 303.)

Family CAPRIMULGID^.— The Goatsuckers. (Page 297.)

(Eggs deposited on bare ground, dead leaves, gravel, or sand, 2, broadly ellip-
tical-oval, plain or spotted.)

Genera.

a^. Gape without conspicuous bristles ; tail emarginated.

Chordeiles. (Page 300.)
a'. Gape with conspicuous bristles ; tail even or rounded.

6'. Tarsus shorter than middle toe, and feathered in front almost to the toes ;

first quill longer than fourth Antrostomus. (Page 298.)

b*. Tarsus longer than middle toe, entirely naked in front ; first quill shorter
than fourth,
c'. Tail even, much shorter than wing, the latter less than 6.00; quills

without white patch Phalaenoptilus. (Page 299.)

c*. Tail much rounded, nearly equal to or longer than wing, the latter 6.00
or more ; quills with a white patch... Nyctidromus. (Page 300.)

298 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus ANTROSTOMUS Gould. (Page 297, pi. LXXXVII., fig. 1 ; pi.

LXXXVIII., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Upper parts brownish and grayish, much mottled and
otherwise varied with blackish ; outer webs of quills spotted with ochraceous, but
(in North American species) without any white spot ; lower parts pale fulvous or
buffy, mottled or barred with dusky ; throat with a white, ochraceous, or buffy
transverse patch ; tail ol' male with white on terminal portion of inner webs.

rt*. Bristles of gape with lateral filaments.

Adult male : Terminal third, or more, of three outer tail-feathers white,
or buffy. Adult female : Outer tail-feathers without any white or buffy
patch; length about 11.00-12.00, wing 8.70-8.90, tail 6.25-630. Eggs
deposited on ground or dead leaves in woods, 1.39 X 1-01, pulo pinkish
buff, marbled with pale brown and lilac-gray. Hab. Southern Atlantic
and Gulf States and lower Mississippi Valley, north to North Carolina and

southern Illinois 416. A. carolinensis (Gmel.). Chnck-will's-widow.

a'. Bristles of gape without lateral filaments.

6'. Nostrils large, opening vertically from out a nearly circular tubular case ;
rictal bristles verv large and much lengthened, extending nearly half
their length beyond tip of bill; top of head with ground-color distinctly
brownish, the whole surface marked with broad, serrate-edged streaks
of black ; adult males with white tail-patches occupying less than ter-
minal third of three or four outer feathers, and decreasing in extent
from exterior feather,
c*. Wing 7.00, or more ; four outer tail-feathers tipped with white in male,
three outer ones tipped with buff in female ; length about 10.50-
11.00, wing 7.00-7.25, tail 5.50-5.70, longer rictal bristles 1.80-2.00.

Hab. Cuba.

A. cubanensis Lawr. Cuban Whippoorwill.^

c*. Wing less than 7.00 ; three outer tail-feathers tipped with white in
male, with buff in female; length about 10.00, wing 6.60-6.70, tail
5.20-5.35, longer rictal bi-istles about 1.20-1.40. Hab. Eastern Mexico
(Miradoi', La Parada, etc.).

A. macromystax (Waol.). Mexican Whippoorwill.*

b^. Nostrils small, inconspicuous, not distinctly raised above general level of

base of bill ; rictal bristles much weaker, reaching less than half their

^ongth beyond tip of bill ; top of head more or less distinctly grayish,

■■ I rowly streaked laterally, and very broadly streaked medially, with

lark; adult male with white tail-patch occupying more than terminal

1 Antro$tomu» cubaii/ninii LAwn., Ann, Lyo. N. Y. vil. May, 1860, 260.

* Caprimulgus maeromt/ttax AVaoi.., Isis, 1831, 533. Antro$tomu» macromylax ScL., P. Z. S. 1866, 137.

PHAL^NOPTIL US.

290

thii'd of three outer tail-feathers, and increasing in extent from exterior

feather,
c*. Smaller, with white tail-patch of male more extended, throat-bar
chiefly or wholly white in adult male, the lores and auriculars less
tawny. Young : Scapulars, wing-coverts, sides of neck, etc., bright
ochraceous-buff, the first marked with large roundish spots of
black ; top of head finely mottled grayish, spotted, instead of
marked longitudinally, with black, the spots larger in centre of
crown ; lower parts almost plain light buffy ; otherwise, essentially
like adult. Length about 9.50-10.00, wing 5.80-6.70, tail 5.10-6.50,
longer rictal bristles about 1.40-1.70 (but much slenderer than in
A. macromystax). Eggs deposited on ground or dead leaves in woods,
1.12 X -S-l, creamy white or pure white, spotted or blotched with
lilac-gray, or lilac-gray and pale brown. Hab. Eastern United
States, north to British Provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Manitoba, etc.), west to edge of Great Plains; south, iu winter,
through eastern Mexico to Guatemala.

417. A. vociferus (Wils.). Whippoorwill.
'. Larger, with white tail-patch of adult male less extended, throat-bar
largely or entirely ochi'aceous in adult male, the lores and auriculars
(whole plumage, in fact) more tawny; length 9.60-10.20, wing 6.27-
6.65, tail 5.03-5.45, longer rictal bristles about 1.40-1.80. Hab. Table-
lands of central Mexico, north to southern Arizona.

417a. A. vociferus arizonse Brewsx. Stephens's Whippoorwill.

Genus PHAL^NOPTILUS Eidqway. (Page 297, pi. LXXXIX., fig. 1.)

Species.

Adult male : Top of head soft velvety grayish, barred with dusky ; under tail-
coverts plain buff; upper parts in general soft bi'ownish gray, with a veiy velvety,
moth-like surface, relieved by irregular spottings and zigzags of black, the outer
webs of the quills spotted with deep buff, or ochraceous ; thi-oat with a lai'go trans-
verse patch of white ; other lower parts (except tail-coverts) barred with blackish
and light buffy; tail-feathers (except middle pair) broadly tipped with white.
Adult female : Similar to the male, but usually with white tips to tail-feathers nar-
rower. Young : Much like adult, but colors' above more silvery gray, mixed more
or less with bright rusty or ochraceous, the black markings smaller and less dis-
tinct, the white of throat and tail reduced in extent, and tinged with ochraceous
or rusty. Length 7.25-8.50, wing 5.60-5.75, tail 3.70-3.90.- Eggs deposited on
ground in open places, .99 X -78, plain dead white, usually with a faint buffy or
pinkish tinge. Hab. Western United States, east to across Great Plains, south to
southern Mexico 418. P. nuttalli (AuD.). Foorwill.

.-.(ij

300

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus NYCTIDROMUS Gould. (Page 297, pi. LXXXYIII., fig. 2.)

Species.

Adult male : Above finely mottled brownish gray or brownish, the crown with
a central series of broad black streaks, the scapulars handsomely variegated with
black and buff in large, somewhat V-shaped, markings ; base of six outer primaries
white, forming a large patch over both webs, the rest of the quills plain dusky ;
outer tail-feathers nearly uniform blackish ; next mostly white, with outer web
chiefly dusky ; third also mostly white, the outer web edged with dusky ; four
middle tail-feathers without any white, their ground-color mottled brownish gray,
relieved by irregular " herring-bone" blotches of dusky along the shaft; lower parts
buffy, regularly barred with dusky, the throat crossed by a distinct collar of pure
white ; length 12.00-13.50, wing 6.75-7.50, tail 6.75-7.40. Adult female : Similar to
the male, but smaller, more brownish, the colors duller and less handsomely con-
trasted, the white of quills and tail-feathers more restricted, that of former occu-
pying only four outer quills, of latter occupying only terminal poi-tion (for .75-
1.75) of the inner webs of second and third feathers, the blackish basal portion of
which is bi'oadly, though more or less irregularly, barred and mottled with ochra-
ceous; length about 10.50-11.50, wing 6.00-6.30, tail 5.80-6.00. Young: Much
paler than adult, the lower parts nearly immaculate pale dull buffy, the wing-
coverts and tertials with this color prevailing ; dark markings on top of head in
form of somewhat ti'iangular, drop-shaped, or diamond-shaped spots, each imme-
diately surrounded by a paler tint than the general surface ; sexes distinguished as
in adult stages. Eggs deposited on ground or dead leaves in woods or thickets,
1.16 X -84, deep pinkish buff, or salmon-buff, sparselj* speckled or spotted with rusty
or cinnamon. Hab. "Whole of tropical America (except West Indies), north to
lower Kio Grande Yalley in Texas 419. N. albicoUis (Gmel.). Paranqne.

Genus CHORDEILES Swainson. (Page 297, pi. LXXXVII., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above mottled with blackish and grayish (sometimes
varied, more or less, with ochraceous), the tail more or less distinctly banded with
dusky ; quills chiefly plain dusky, several of the longer ones marked near the
middle portion with a more or less extensive white or buffy spot; lower parts
whitish or buffy, barred with dusky, the throat with a more or less conspicuous
A-shaped white or buffy patch ; adult males with a broad bar of white across tail
near tip (except on middle feathers). Young : Much more finely and profusely
mottled than in adults, with less of dusky above and dusky bars on lower parts less
distinct ; upper parts often more or less suffused or mixed (especially in C. texensis
and C. virginianus henryi) with pale cinnamon or rusty buff.

a*. White or (rarely) buffy spot or patch on quills situated mainly or wholly
anterior to tip of seventh quill, the space between this white patch and the

CHORDEILES.

301

primary coverts unspotted dusky; secondaries not distinctly, if at all,
spotted with buffy or ochraceous; general color above very variable, but
•with dusky markings rarely distinctly longitudinal, or streak-like; first
quill usually longest.
6'. Darker, with dusky markings predominating above.

c\ Larger: Wing 7.30-8.25 (7.79), tail 4.30-4.75 (4.52). Eggs deposited in
open situations (fields, etc.), 1.19 X -85) pale olive-buff, buffy white,
grayish white, etc., thickly speckled and dashed, in varying char-
acter and quantity, with deep brown, olive, or even blackish, usually
mixed with clouding or marbling of pale purplish gray. Hab.
Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay, west to edge of
Great Plains (to Pacific coast along northern border of United
States) ; south, in winter, to Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica (breeds ?),
Middle America, and portions of eastern South America.

420. C. virginianus (Gmel.). Nighthawk.
c'. Smaller: Wing 6.60-7.25, tail 3.85-A30.^ Eggs 1.13 X -80, the markings
averaging bolder and darker than in C virginianus. Hab. Southern
Florida, Cuba, and Jamaica.

4206. C. virginianus minor (Cab.). Cuban Nighthawk.
6'. Paler, with light grayish, buffy, or ochraceous markings predominating
on upper parts ; length 9.15-10.00, wing 7.65-8.50 (7.89), tail 4.25-4.95
(4.59). Eggs 1.19 X -86, averaging paler than those of true C. virgini-
anus. Hab. Western United States, east, occasionally, to western and
northern Illinois, south to table-lands of Mexico.

420a. C. virginianus henryi (Cass.). Western Nighthawk.
White (or buffy) spot or patch on quills situated usually mainly or wholly pos-
terior to tip of seventh quill, the space between this patch and the primary
coverts usually distinctly spotted with buff or ochraceous ; secondaries con-
spicuously spotted with ochraceous ; general color above dull grayish, mot-
tled and streaked with dusky ; first quill usuallj'' shorter than second ; length
about 8.00-9.00, wing 6.60-7.30 (7.11), tail 4.10-4.75 (4.37). Eggs 1.08 X
.77, dull white, grayish white, etc., finely speckled with olive or vandyke-
brown (averaging much paler in coloration than eggs of G. virginianus henryi).
Hab. Southwestern border of United States (Texas to southern California),
and south to Costa Eica 421. C. texensis Lawr. Texan Nighthawk.

I Florida specimens are not quite tj'pical, being larger than those from Cuba or Jamaica, and, as a rule, with
less ochraceous in their plumage. Four Florida specimens (Miami, Marco, and Clearwater), compared with four
from Jamaica and two from Cuba, measure as follows :

Florida tpecimena: Wing 7.00-7.25 (7.15), tail 4.10-4,30 (4.13).

Clifton tpecimeni : Wing 6.75-7.00 (6.88), tail 4.00-4.30 (4.15).

Jamaican ipecimeni : Wing 6.60-7.00 (6.80), tail 3.85-4.00 (3.95).

302

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Family MICROPODID-ffi.— The Swifts. (Page 297.)

Genera.

a}. Tarsi and part of toes feathered, the hind-toe directed either forward or laterally,

not backward. (Subfamily Jf«<?ro/)oo!m(c.) Micropus. (Pago 303.)

a'. Tarsi and toes naked, the hind-toe directed backward. (Subfamily Chceturince.)
b\ Tail rounded, or even, the feathers usually with distinct spinous points;

Aving less than 5.50 Chaetura. (Pago 302.)

6*. Tail slightly forked, or emarginate.

c\ Tail-feathers without spinous points j wing less than 7.00; no white

collar Cypseloides. (Pago 302.)

c\ Tail-feathers with distinct, though small, spinous points ; wing 8.00 or
more; a white collar Hemiprocne}

Genus CYPSELOIDES Streubel. (Page 302, pi. LXXXIX., fig. 2.)

Species.

Adult : Uniform dusky or blackish, becoming more sooty grayish on head and
neck, the forehead more hoary. Young : Similar, but feathers bordered terminally
with whitish. Length about 7.00-7.50, wing 6.50-7.50, tail 2.30-3.00. Hab.
Western United States (north to Colorado, Nevada, and British Columbia), and
south to Costa Eica ; Jamaica, Haiti, and other West India islands.

422. C. niger (Gmel.). Black Swift.

Gentjs CH.ffiTURA Stephens. (Page 302, pi. LXXXIX., fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Plain dusky, or dark sooty grayish, above, the wings
darker, the rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail usually paler ; lower parts plain sooty
grayish, darker posteriorly, paler (sometimes dull whitish or whitish gray) ante-
riorly. Or else, uniform sooty, the throat not paler (C brunneitorques, ?), or black-
ish, with broad collar of rufous round neck (C. brunneitorques, %).

a\ Throat distinctly paler than other parts ; male without rufous collar.
6'. Wing 5.00, or more.

Length about 4.76-5.50, wing 5.00-5.25, tail (including spines) 1.90-
2.15. Kest a shallow half-saucer-shaped structure of dried twigs,
glued together with the bird's saliva, and with the same adhesive
substance fastened to the inside of a hollow tree (with the entrance
from above), a disused chimney, or similar place. Eggs 4-6, ellip-

1 Hemiprocne NiTzscH, Pterylog. 1840, 12.3. Typo, by eliminatinn, Hirundo xonarii Shaw.
This genus includes two Mexican species — the largest members of the family — either of which may possibly
occur as a straggler within our southwestern border.

MICROPVS.

803

tical-ovate, plain pure white. Hab. Eastern North America, north
to Labrador and to 50° in the interior, west to edge of Great

Plains 423. C. pelagica (Linn.). Chinmey Swift.

b*. "Wing decidedly less than 5,00.

c*. Kump, upper tail-coverts, and tail light sooty grayish, very much
lighter than the olive-duskj^ back ; breast and belly light sooty
grayish; length about 4.15-4,50, wing 4.30-4.75, tail (including
spines) 1.50-1.90. Nest like that of C. pelagica, but only (?) in hol-
low trees. Eggs .71 X -49. Hab. Western United States (chiefly
Pacific coast), north to British Columbia; south, in winter, to

Guatemala 424. C. vauxii (Towns.). Vaux's Swift.

c*. Upper parts entirely blackish (very slightly paler on rump, etc.), glossed
with olive-greenish on back and with bluish on wings ; breast and
belly deep sooty grayish brown ; wing 4.20-4.60, tail (including
spines) 1.70-1.75.' Hab. Southern Mexico (Yucatan, including
Cozumel, Tehuantepec, etc.), Guatemala, and south to Costa Rica.

C. gaumeri Lawr. Gaumer's Chimney Swift.'
a\ Throat not paler than rest of under parts ; male with a broad collar of rufous
round neck ; length about 4.75-5.00, wing 4.80-5.20, tail 1.80-2.10. Hab. Cen-
tral America, north to eastern Mexico (Orizaba), south to Ecuador.

C. brunneitorques Lafr. Lafresnaye's Chimney Swift.*

Genus MICROPUS Meyer & Wolf. (Page 302, pi. LXXXIX., fig. 4.)

Species.

Above dull blackish, usually becoming lighter and grayer on forehead; sides
and unaer tail-coverts also dull blackish; other lower parts, tips of secondaries
(outer webs only), and a patch on each side of rump, white; length 6.50-7.00, wing
5.30-5.90, tail 2.50-2.70. Hab. Western United States (in mountains), and south to
Guatemala 425. M. melanoleucus (Baird). White-throated Swift.

Family TROCHILID-iSi. — The Hummingbirds. (Pago 297.)

(Nest a beautifully felted cup-shaped structure, composed of plant-down,
spiders' webs, lichens, etc. — the last exteriorly, the first internally. Eggs 2, ellipti-
cal-ovate or elliptical-oval, large in propoi'tion to size of the bird, plain pure white.)

Genera.*
a}. Anterior toes united for basal half; bill much compressed (except at base), about

• These spines usually worn entirely off in Yucatan specimens.

« Ckmtiira gaumeri Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Ac. Soi. ii. No. 8, March, 1S82, 245.

• Ohmtura brunneitorquet Lafr., Rev. Zool. 1844, 81.

• Chanuiters of all the Mexican genera are given, for the reason that almost any species of Ilummingbird
found on the table^Iands or mountains of Mexico may reasonably be expected to occur within our borders. In

Illl|:!l

fim

304 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

two-thirds as long as wing, decidedly arched ; tail graduated, the middle pair
of feathers much longer than the others, all tipped with white.

Plumage very dull, almost devoid of metallic tiolors Phcethornis}

a*. Anterior toes all cleft to the base ; bill never much compressed (usually broader
than deep), less than two-thirds as long as wings (except in Calothorax and
some species of Doricha), usually nearly straight (distinctly curved only in
Campylopierus, Lampornis, Calothorax, and some species* of Doricha) ; tail va-
riable in form, but, if graduated, the middle pair of feathers neither elongated
nor white-tipped.
¥. Inner webs of two outer tail-feathers white, except at end.

Secondaries rufous, tipped with dai'ker; wing about 2.10-2.40.

Eupherusa}
6'. Inner web of two outer tail-feathers without white, except sometimes
at tip.
c\ Exposed culmen not more than .45; tail even, two-thirds as long as

wing, the latter 1.75-2.00 Abeillia?

c*. Exposed culmen decidedly more than .45.

d}. Tail nearly as long as wing, wedge-shaped, with feathers broad and
rounded at tips ; shafts of three outer quills much (sometimes

enormously) thickened; wing about 2.60 Sphenopr actus*

(P. Tail much shorter than wing; if wedge-shaped, the feathers narrow
and pointed at tips,
e'. Exposed culmen less than one-fourth as long as wing.

Quills and secondaries rufous, with darker tips or termi-
nal margins ; tail plain dark purplish, tipped with dull
light grayish in female ; male with throat purplish
red, the remaining under parts rich purplish blue ; wing

about 2.65-3.20 Lamprolaima.^

e*. Exposed culmen more than one-fourth as long as wing.
/'. Exposed culmen one-half as long as wing, or longer.

</'. "Wing 2.20, or more ; tail rounded, the feathers

fact, at least two of them {Lamprolaima rhaiiti ? anil Cnmpylnpterus hcmileuci'i-aa ?) have probably already been
seen by ornithologists. (See last foot-notes on pages 304 and 305.)

1 Phiethornis Swains., Zool. Jour. 1827, 357. Type, Trochiliia supercilioti;} Lc.jn. (One species in southern
Mexico, and numerous species farther south.)

' Fiipheruaa Gould, Mon. Troch. pt. xiv. 1857. Typo Orniamya exiniif. 'Dulattr. (One species in southern
Mexico, another in Ouatemala, a third in Costa Rica and Veragua.)

' Abeillia BoNAP., Consp. i. 1850, 79. Type, Orniamya aheillei Delattr. (One species in southern
Mexico and Central America.)

* Sphenoproctu* Cab. &, Hein., Mas. Hein. iii. 1860, 11. Type, Orniamya pampa Less. (One species in
southern Mexico, another in Ouatemala.)

* Lamprolaima Reich., Auft. der Colib. 1853, 9. Type Orniamya rhami Less. (One species in highlands of
Mexico and Guatemala. This is possibly the species referred to in " Birds of the Xorth-West," p. 273, but
erroneously identified by Dr. Coues as Euf/enea fulgena, as follows : — " Mrs. Maxwell, of Boulder [Colorado],
. . . informs me that she has seen on two or three occasions a Hummingbird with a flaming-red throat and
breast, much larger than the present species [Selaaphorut platycercus], a straggler from Mexico, perhaps, aa yet
undetected within the limits of the United States.")

TROCHILID^.

305

broad; bill long, stout, and straight, nearly as
long as tail ; outer tail-feathers tipped with white

in both sexes Floricola}

g\ "Wing loss than 2.00 (1.30-1.70) ; tail forked in males,
double-rounded in females ; bill slender, distinctly
curved (except in two or three species of Doricha) ;
outer tail-feathers tipped with white only in fe-
males ; wing about 1.30-1.70.
h}. Tail shorter than wing or exposed culmen, the
feathers pointed in adult males.

Calothorax. (Page 316.)»
h*. Tail longer than wing, or else longer than ex-
posed culmen, the feathers not pointed in

either sex Doricha}

/*. Exposed culmen less than half as long as wing.

g^. Tail 2.25, or more, rounded, feathers very broad, the
three outermost broadly tipped with white in both
sexes; shafts of three outer quills very stroni]^,
ofteii enormously thickened ; wing 2.90-3.20 ;
adult male (of the Mexican species) with head,
neck, and lower parts rich metallic violet or
violet-blue, the female gray beneath, with blue

throat Campylopterus.*

g\ Tail less than 2.25.

h}. Tail more than three-fourths as long as wing,

forked for more than one-fourth its length,

the feathers broad and rounded at tips; adult

males wholly bright green beneath, the tail

blue-black, or bronze-black.

i}. Middle tail-feathers blue-black, like the rest

(tipped with dull grayish in Mexican

species); females and young males with

outer tail-feathers grayish white, or pale

'^■(i

1 Floricola Elliot, Class. & Synop. Trooh. Sept. 1S78, 82, Type, Trochilut longiroKtria Vibill. (Two
species inhabiting pine forests of Mexican higlilanda, another in Guatemala, two or three others in mountains
of northern South America.)

* As a subgenus of Trochilus, in accordance with the A. 0. U. Checlc List, hst in reality a very distinct
genus.

' Doricha Reicr., Aufz. dor CoUb. 1853, 12. Type, Trochilut enicurut Vieill. (One Mexican, one Guate-
malan, and two Bahaman species.)

* Gampylopterut SwAiNS,, Zool. Jour. 1826, 328. Type, Trochilv.a largipennit Bodd. (One Mexican speoias,
— a splendid bird, — one peculiar to Guatemala, and several in northern South America. The first, C, hemileu-
euriit (LiCBT.), is the largest hummingbird found north of the Isthmus of Panama, bein^ nearly six inches in
length. It is very possibly the species to which Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U.S.A., refers in a letter dated June 9 ,
1886, as having been seen by him the day before, near Fcrt AVingate, New Mexiuo, and which he described as
being "fully large enough for Eugenet fulgent, and whirred like an old quail."

306

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

grayish, at tip and base, blue-black in

middle portion Chlorostilbon}

■C. Middle tail-feathers bronzy ; females and young
males without grayish base or tip to outer

tail-feathers Sporadinus.*

Tail less than three-fourths as long as wing,
variously shaped, but never forked for more
than one-fourth its length ; adult males vari-
ously colored, but never entirely green,
beneath,
i*. Lower parts pure white, the sides sometimes
green, or spotted with green; sexes
alike.
/. Exposed culmen decidedly more than
half as long as tail; top of head
usually metallic blue or violet.

Uranomitra.*

f. Exposed culmen not more than half as

long as tail ; top of head never blue

or violet Agyrtria.*

i*. Lower parts never pure white.

/. Tail bright bluish sreen or greenish blue,
crossed near end by a broad band of
blue-black.

Breast and sides of head deep blue ;
throat brilliant green, the centre
of each feather darker; sexes
alike ; wing 2.60-2.80.

Petasophora.^
f. Tail not bluish green, etc.

k^. Feathering of forehead extended
forward as far as anterior end
of nostrils, and partly or en-
tirely covering the scale ove*
nostrils.

* Chlnroitilbon Gould, Mon. Troch. pt. v. 1853. Type, Trovhilus pvcherani BouRC. & MuLS. (Threo spcoies
in Mexico, one in Porto Rico, and about six in South America.)

> Sporadinui Bo.vAr., Rov. ot Mag. Zool. 1854, 255. Typo, Trochilut riccordi Qert. (One species in Haiti,
one in Cuba and Saharaas, and apparently one peculiar to Bahamas.)

» Uranomitra Rkicb., Auf/.. der Colib. 1853, 10. Type, Trochilua francim Bounc. & MuLS. (Four species
in Mexico, opj in Hondurn!<, one in Colombia, and one in Peru.)

* Agyriria Reich., Troch. Enum. 1855, 7. Type, Trochit:t» breviroitn's Less. (Two Mexican ond numerous
South American species ; some of the latter with lower parts mostly green ; one of the former with bufly or
rufouM belly and flanlcg.)

* Petntophora Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, 13. Type, Tiochiliii lerrirottiii Vieill. (One spooios in Mexico
and Guatemala, aevoral in Central and South America.)

e-black in
lorostilbon}
'< and young
ip to outer
poradinus.*
as wing,
for moi*e
<nales vari-
ly green,

sometimes
3u ; sexes

lore than
) of head
)let.

'anomitra?
m half as
lever blue
Agyrtria.*

mishblue,
d band of

leep blue ;
the centre
er ; sexes

'asophora.^

extended
erior end
y or en-
cale ovei.'

Fhreu epeoies

>io8 Id Haiti,

Four spcoios

nd numerous
rltli bufty or

OS in Mexico

TEOCmUD^.

807

l^. Wing more than 2.40.

m'. Tail partly rich chestnut,
glossed with bright pur-
ple; bill rather dis-
tinctly curved.

Lampornis}
w*. Tail without chestnut or
bright purple,
n*. Tail wholly (male) or
partly {female)
greenish bronze.
Adult male with
throat brilliant
emerald-green,
breast black-
ish, and crown
rich violet or
violet-blue.
Eugenes.
(Page 309.)
n*. Tail wholly or chiefly
blackish.
Outer tail-feath-
ers sometimes
broadly tipped
with white, or
grayish ; lower
parts deep dull
grayish, tinged
with green on
sides, or dull
white medially
and green lat-
erally; a con-
spicuous white
streak behind
eye; adult
males with
throat blue,
reddish pur-
ple, or light
emerald-green,

> Lnmpornit Swains., Zool. Jour. iii. 1827, 358. Type, TfochC'ir, i.i ^ j LiNN. (One Moxioan, leveral West
Indian, and several South American spooies,)

308

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

not very bril
liant; wing
about 2.50-
3.20.

Cceligena.
(Page 310.)
l\ Wing less than 2.25.

Adult males with a brilliant
gorget of metallic red
or purple... Trochilus.
(Page 310.)
k*. Feathering of forehead scarcely ex-
tended beyond posterior end of
nostrils, the scale over latter
therefore for the greater part,
or entirely, naked, and the bill
very broad at base ; wing about
1.90-2.15.
V. Tail bluo-black in tnale, deeply
emarginated, and with mid-
dle feathers tipped with dull
grayish ; in female shallowly
emarginated, green basally,
blue-black terminally, the
outer feathers tipped with
grayish white; adult males
metallic green beneath, the
throat bluish.

lache. (Page 319.)
Z*. Tail not blue-black.

m*. Exposed culmen more than
half as long as tail.
r}. Tail rufous, or chest-
nut, the feathers
usually with dusky
or bronzy terminal
margins.

Amazilia.
(Page 316.)
n'. Tail dull greenish,
with dusky sub-
terminal band (ex-
cept on middle
feathers), the outcv
feathers broadly

EUGENES.

309

TQvy bril
L; wing
It 2.50-

oeligena.
'age 310.)

% brilliant
tallic red
'ochilus.
age 310.)
rcely ex-
)r end of
Br latter
ter part,
I the bill
ng about

e, deeply
vith mid-
with dull
iballowly
. basally,
ally, the
ped with
ult males
eath, the

age 319.)

lore than
tail.

or chest-
feathers

th dusky

terminal

tnazilia.
age 316.)
greenish,
ky Bub-
•and (ex-
middle
;ho outcv
broadly

tipped with dull
light grayish
brown; plumage
in general very
dull, the lower
parts dull brown-
ish gray.

Phceoptila}
m*. Exposed culmen not more
than half as long as
tail.
Adult males with
cheeks black, bor-
dered above by a
white stripe or
spot ; forehead and
chin deep blue, or
blue-black; throat
brilliant emerald-
green.. Basilinna.
(Page 318.)

Genus EUGENES Gould. (Page 307, pi. XC, fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males with top of head rich metallic violet or violet-
blue, the chin and throat brilliant emerald-green or light bluish green ; upper parts
dark bronzy green ; lower parts (except throat and lower tail-coverts) plain dusky
greeninb or dull brorzy ; lower tail-coverts paler greenish or bronzy, bordered with
pi'ler Adutt fauales with top of head dull brownish gray or grayish brown, rest
o* u|)pi T pai'ts bronzy green ; lower parts pale brownish gray, the sides and flanks
grceu ; a small white postocular spot.

tiUjjed n-iu

Adult m.-h.: Breast very dark bronzy green, appearing jjeariy black in some
lights ; length about 5.00, wing 2.90-3.10, tail 1.90-2.00, culmon 1.00-1.20.
Adult female : Outer tail-feathers very broadly (for about .35-.45) tipped with
pale gray or dull grayish white ; wing 2.60-2.75, tail 1.80-1.90, culmen 1.00-
1.16. Young: Similar to adult female, but feathers of upper parts bordered
terminally with pale buffy. ffab. High/ands of Mexico and Guatemala,
north to southern Arizona.. 426. E. fulgens (Swains.). Rivoli Hummingbird.

ididt male: Breast dull bronzy, or bronzy green, the feathers dull brownish
'^TRj immediately beneath surface ; lower tail-coverts green margined with

1 Phitnptiln Gould, lotr. Men. Trooh ooi. «d. 1801, 160.
known ipooioi poouliai' to Mexico.)

Typo, Cj/anomya (/) tordida Qovld. (The single

.4-

111

iii^i

310 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

pale huffy ; wing 3.00-3.15, tail 1.90-2.00, culmen 1.20-1.30. Adult female :
Outer tail-feathers more narrowly (for ahout .20-.25) tipped with darker
brownish gray ; wing 2.90, tail 1.85-1.90, exposed culmen 1.40-1.50. Hab.
Highlands of Costa Bica. E. spectabilis (Lawb.). Admirable Hummingbird.^

Genus CCELIGENA Lksson. (Page 308, pi. XC, fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Chaeacters. — ^Above rather dull metallic greenish, changing to pur-
plish black on upper tail-coverts and tail ; ear-coverts dusky, bordered above by
a conspicuous white streak ; lower parts deep dull grayish, tinged with green
on sides, or dull white medially and green laterally ; outer tail-feathers sometimes
broadly tipped with white ; adult males with throat blue, reddish purple, or pale
emerald-green, not very brilliant.

a\ Lower parts dull grayish, glossed v. .t jn on sides.

6*. Outer tail-feathers broadly and aci t!y tipped -^ith white in both sexes;
adult male with throat dull metallic azure-blue ; length about 4.50-5.00
(of male before skinning, 5.40), wing 2.90-3.20, tail 1.85-2.20, exposed
culmen .90-1.00. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico, north to
southern Arizona.

427. C. clemencise Less. Bine-throated Hnminingbird.
b*. Outer tail-feathers more narrowly and indistinctly tipped with dull brown-
ish gray ; adult male with throat metallic reddish purple, the feathers
narrowly bordered with light brownish gray ; length about 4.50, wing
2.60, tail 1.80. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico, north to
Jalapa. C. henrica (Less. & D.klattr.). Henri Delattre's Hummingbird.'

a\ Lower parts dull white medially, metallic green laterally.

Adult male with throat pale emerald-green, the feathers bordered with
white ; length about 4.25, wing 1.40-1.70, tail 1.65-1.75, exposed culmen
.85-.90. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala.

C. viridipallens (Bourc. & Muls.) Pale -green-throated Hummingbird.*

Gbnus TROCHILUS Linnjbus. (Page 308, pi. XC, figs. 4, 7-10; pi. XCI.,

figs. 1-7.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Upper parts metallic greenish, varying from nearly
pure green to bronzy ; median lower parts whitish. Adult males with a portion, or

> Heliomaiter upeclabiliii Lawr., Ann. Lyo. N. Y. viH. 1867, 472. Eugenei ipeetabilii MuLS., Hist. Nat.
Oia. Mouoh. ii.'l876, 216.

* OrnUmya henriea Less, k Delattr., Rov. ZooI. 1839, 17. Cceligina henrici Cab. A Hisiir., Mug. Hoin. iii.
1860, 15.

, > Trochilui viridipalUnt BouRO. A MuLS., Ann. Soo. Lyons, 1846, 821. daligma viridipalhn* Muls., Hist.
Nat. Ois. Mouch. i. 1877, 185.

TROCHILUS.

311

It female:
th darker
50. Mab.
nmingbird.*

ig to pur-
above by
ith green
loraetimes
0, or pale

th sexes;

4.50-5.00

exposed

north to

mingbird.

II brown-
feathers
.50, wing
north to
mingbird.'

red with
i culmen

mingbird.*
?1. XCI.,

a nearly
)rtion, or

, Hist. Nat.
IB. Hoin. iii.
Idls., Ilist.

the whole, of the throat brilliant metallic (sometimes top of head similar), the
tail-feathers (except middle pair) without white tips ' or green bases. Adult females
and young with chin and throat dull whitish, or pale grayish (sometimes spotted
centrally with the metallic color of the male), the rectrices (except middle pair)
greenish basally, black subterminally, and tipped with white.

a\ Exposed culmen less than half as long as wing, the bill straight.
6*. Middle tail-feathers narrower near end than at base.

c\ Exposed culmen .60, or more ; outer tail-feathers without white tips in
adult males.
d^. Outer tail-feather not decidedly shorter than middle pair, and not
conspicuously narrower than the next ; adult males with six in-
nermost quills abruptly much smaller and narrower than the
rest, the top of head greenish like back, or dusky, the tail-
feathers (except middle pair) pointed. (Subgenus Trochilus.)
c'. Adult male : Chin, only, opaque velvety black, the rest of the
gorget intense metallic crimson, changing to golden red ;
tail forked for about .30-.35 ; length about 3.07-3.25, wing
1.60, tail 1.25, exposed culmen .55-65. Adult female: Tail
double-rounded, the outer feathers about as long as middle
pair (sometimes a little shorter), the middle pair wholly
green, the rest green basally, then black, the three outer
pairs broadly tipped with white ; length about 3.50-3.85,
wing 1.80, tail- 1.20, culmen .70. Young male : Similar to
adult female, but throat streaked with dusky, feathers of
upper parts more or less distinctly margined with pale
buffy, and tail more forked. Young female: Similar to
young male, but throat without streaks, and tail more
rounded. Eggs .50 X -31. Hab. Eastern United States,
north to Canada, west to Great Plains, south, in wintei*, to
Cuba, eastern Mexico, and Central America, to Veragua.
428. T. colubris Linn. Ruby-throated Hummingbird.
e*. Adult male : Chin and throat opaque velvety black, bordered
below by a broad band of metallic violet, changing to
green and blue ; tail slightly forked, or emai'ginatod (depth
of fork only about .10 of an inch) ; length about 3.30-
3.75, wing 1.70-1.75, tail 1.25, culmen .70-.75. Adidt
female : Tail much rounded, the middle feathers about the
longest; plumage not essentially different from that of
female T. colubris; length about 3.90-4.10, wing 1.90-2.00,
tail 1.25-1.35, culmen .78-.80. Young: Similar to adult
female, but feathers of upper parts margined terminally
with light buffy or pale rusty, the male with throat

' Except in species of AttMi,

■"■""

312

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Streaked with dusky. Eggs .49 X -31. Hah. "Western
United States, east "to Rocky Mountains, south over table--

lands of Mexico 429. T. alexandri Bourc. & Muls.

Dlaok-ohinned Hummingbird.
<f*. Outer tail-feather decidedly shorter than middle pair, or else de-
cidedly longer, ; bruptly narrower than the next,' and top of
head colored like the gorget,
e'. Tail without any rufous ; adult males with tail forked (but feath-
ers not pointed), and top of head brilliant metallic reddish
purple, or violet, like gorget. (Subgenus Calypte Gould.)
f\ Outer tail-feather in adult male abruptly much narrower
than the others ; rump and middle tail-feathers metallic
green or bronze, like back.
g^. Adult male : Head, including ruff, brilliantly burnished
metallic amethyst-violet, changing to blue and
green ; length about 2.75-3.20, wing 1.75-1.90, tail
1.10, culmen .65-.68. Adult female : Lower parts
grayish white, very faintly tinged with gi'een on
sides and flanks ; centre of throat usually more or
less spotted with metallic violet-purplish ; length
about '].5E -3 70, wing 1.70, tail 1.05, culmen .70.
Young : Similar to adult female, but metallic
colors rather duller, and feathers of upper pai'ts
narrowly tipped or margined Avith buffy whitish.
Nest about 1.50 wide by 1.00 deep externally, the
cavity about 1.00 wide by .80 deep, composed of
grayish lichens, small strips of thin bark, spiders'
webs, etc., lined with downy materials, including
(usually) a few soft feathers. Eggs .45 X -30.
Hab. Lower California, southern California and
Arizona, and western Mexico, south to Mazatlan.
430. T. costae (Bourc). Costa's Hammingbird.
^*. Adult male: Head, including ruff, brilliant metallic
changeable purplish red, with violet reflections ;
length about 3.40-3.60, wing 1.90-2.00, tail 1.30-
1.45, culmen .65-.70. Adult female : Lower parts
pale grayish, glossed on sides and flanks with
green ; centre of throat usually more or less
spotted with metallic reddish purple; length about
3.80-4.15, wing 2.05, tail 1.30, culmen .75. Eggs
.48 X -32. Hab. Valleys of California, and south
through Arizona to table-lands of Mexico.

431. T. anna (Less.). Anna's Hummingbird.

1 Except in Calypte hehnm, which see.

TROCHILUS.

313

/*. Lateral tail-feather in adult male not distinctly narrower

than the rest; rump and upper tail-coverts metallic

blue (in both sexes).

Adult male : Head, including ruff, metallic purplish

red; length about 2.50, wing 1.15-1.40, tail .90,

culmen .50. Hab. Cuba.

T. helense (Gundl.). Princess Helena's Hummingbird.^
e*. Tail with more or less of rufous, more or less graduated (mid-
dle feathers longest, or equal to longest) in both sexes;
adult males with top of head greenish or bronzy, totally
different from color of gorget (except in T. floresif). (Sub-
genus Selasphorus Swains.)
p. Middle pair of tail-feathers entirely green ; gorget of adult
male soft, rather light, rose-pui-ple, or solferino ; wing
more than 1.90.

Adult male: Tail-feathers, except middle pair, dull
purplish black, the next to middle pair distinctly
edged with rufous (the next pair sometimes nar-
rowly edged with same) ; length about 3.50-4.00,
wing 1.92-2.05, tail 1.40-1.60, exposed culmen .62-
.70. Adult female: Three outer tail-feathers rufous
at base and broadly tipped with white, the inter-
vening space blac'-ish, with some green next to
rufous on second and third feathers ; fourth fcatbor
green to extreme base, but edged with rufous and
mai'ked by a large terminal or subterminal spot
of black ; length about 4.10-4.25, wing 2.00-2.10,
tail 1.45-1.50, exposed culmen .70-.72. Eggs .50
X -33. Hab. Rocky Mountains of United States,
north to Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho Territo-
ries, west to Sierra Nevada (?), south over table-
lands of Mexico to highlands of Guatemala.

432. T. platycercus Swains.
Broad-tailed Hnmmingbird.
f*. Middle tail-feathers partly rufous ; gorget of adult male
intensely brilliant metallic firo-red, changing to orange,
brassy green, and crimson, the feathers much length-
ened laterally and posteriorly; wing less than 1.90.
g^. Adult males with top of head dull bronzy or green-
ish, the middle tail-feathers rufous, marke'^' on ter-
minal portion with a dusky mesial streak, the outer
feather with inner web entirely rufous, the belly.

> Orthorhynehm helenie "Oi7NDt., sus manuscrttos," Lehd., Avea dc la Isia de Cuba, 1850, 70, pi. 10, fig. 2.
Calyptt heleim Qould, MoQ. Trooh. ili. pi. 130.

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

sides, and flanks also rufous. Adult females with
all the tail-feathers rufous for basal half (but green
on middle pair running along median portion
nearly to base), tho- three outer feathers broadly
tipped with white and marked by a subterminal
broad band of blackish ; belly white, but sides,
flanks, and under tail-coverts light rufous. Young
males : Similar to adult female, but feathers of upper
parts bordered with pale rusty, the rump show-
ing much rufous, and throat usually with one or
more feathers (new moult) of bi'ight metallic red.
Yoting females : Similar to young males, but rump
entirely green, and throat showing only dull green-
ish specks.
h\ Adult male: Tail-feathers broad, the second (from
middle) with a deep notch near end of inner
web, and outer web sinuated near tip ; outer
feather more than .10 broad ; upper parts
rufous, the crown (and, rarely, the back)
glossed with dull metallic green; length about
3.25-3.70, wing 1.50-1.60, tail 1.30-1.35, cul-
men .60. Adidt female : Outer tail-feather
more than .10 wide ; length about 3.50-3.90,
wing 1.75-1.80, tail 1.25-1.30, culmen .65-.70.
Eggs .48 X .31. Hab. Western North Amer-
ica, noi'th bcj-ond northern border of United
States (to or beyond Sitka on Pacific coast),
east to Eocky Mountains, south over table-
lands of Mexico 433. T. rufus Gmel.

Rufous Hummingbird.
A*. Adult male: Tail-feathers narrow, tho second
(from middle) without notch or sinuation ;
outer feather much less than .10 broad ; whole
back, as well as crown, bright metallic green;
length about 3.25-3.30, wing 1.50-1.55, tail
1.10-1.20, exposed culmen .60-.65. Adult fe-
male: Outer tail-feather not more than .10
wide; length about 3.40, wing 1.65-1.70, tail
1.05-1.15, exposed culmen .68-.70. Eggs .48
X .32. JTab. Coast district of California,
north to British Columbia, south to Arizona.
434. T. alleni (Hensh.).
Allen's Hummingbird.
g\ Adult male with top of head brilliant metallic red,
like gorget, the middle tail-feathers green bordered

TROCHILUS.

315

lales with
but green
portion

broadly
bterminal
)ut sides,
Young
i of upper
np show-
th one or
tuUic red.
)ut rump
uU green-
in d (from

of inner
p ; outer
)er parts
le back)
:th about
1.35, cul-
il-feather
1.50-3.90,
1 .65-.70.
h Amer-
f United
ic coast),
er table-
ts Gmel.
lingbird.

second
n nation ;
I ; whole
c green ;
.55, tail
idult fe-
-han .10
1.70, tail
Eggs .48
lifoi'nia,
rizona.
Iensh.).
ingbird.
lie red,
ordered

with rufous, the outer tail-feather wholly dusky,
the belly white, the sides and flanks green. Adult
female unknown. Length 3.25, wing 1.75, tail 1.40,
exposed culmen .65. Hab. Mexico (Bolanos) and
southern California (San Francisco)
— . T. floresii (Gould). Floresi's Hnmmingbird.^
c\ Exposed culmen not more than .50 ; ^ jter tail-feathers broadly tipped
with A^hite in both sexes. (Adtilt males bronzy green or bronzy
above, the middle tail-feathers broadly edged with rufous on inner
web, the other tail-feathers with basal half rufous, then purplish
black, the two or three outermost broadly tipped with white ; gor-
get rich metallic purplish ; chest and other median lower parts
white, the sides and flanks rufous, tinged or spotted with greenish
or bronzy. Adult females similar to males, but throat dull white,
spotted with dull greenish or bronzy; under tail-coverts pale ru-
fous ; four middle tail-feathers without rufous edgings.) (Subgenus
Atthis Eeichenbach.)
<f. Adult male : Outer quill narrow, abruptly attenuated at tip ; gor-
get brilliant metallic reddish violet, with decided violet tints
in certain lights; basal half (approximately) of tail rufous, ter-
minal half black, the three outer feathers broadly tipped with
white ; chest and middle line of belly white, sides and flanks
light rufous, tinged with green. Adult female : Whole throat
whitish, but otherwise similar to the male. Length about
2.75, wing 1.30-1.50, tail .95-1.10, culmen .48-.50. Hab.

Eastei'n Mexico and southern Texas 435. T. heloisa

(Less. & Delattr.). Heloise'8 Hummingbird.

d*. Adult male with outer quill broad, not attenuated at tip ; gorget

metallic reddish pui-ple, without violet tints ; otherwise much

like T. heloisa; wing 1.35,. tail 1.00-1.05, culmen .38-.40. Hab.

Highlands of Guatemala.

T. elHoti RiDow. Elliot's Humming-bird.*
b'. Middle tail-feathers broader near end than toward base. (Subgenus Stellula
Gould.)

Adidt male: Feathers of gorget narrow, elongated, pure white basally,
metallic purplish terminally ; tail-feathers plain dusky, edged with
rufous toward base; sides and flanks tinged with rufous; length
about 2.75-3.00. wing 1.50-1.60. tail .90-1.10, exposed- culmen .55-
.58. Adult female: Tail more rounded than in male, feathers dull
green basally and tipped with white (except middle pair) ; throat

• Selatphornt Jloretii QouLD, Mon. Troch. pt. xxiii. Sept. 1, 1861 (vol. IH. pi. 1.S9).

This is porsibly a hybrid between T. anna and T. rufui. The capture of the San Francisco specimen (in
May, 1886) is recorded, by Mr. Walter E. Bryant, in "Forest and Stream," vol. xxvi. No. 22, July 24, 1886,
p. 426.

» AtthU ellioti RiDQW., Proo. U. 8. Nat. Mug. i. July 1, 1878, 9.

316"

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

«!ll

liin

iiiiife^

whitish, sometimes spotted centrally with dull metallic purple;
otherwise much like adult male; length about 3.50, wing 1.75-1.80,
tail 1.10-1.16, culmen .58-.60. Eggs .47 X -31. Hab. Western
United States, north to British Columbia, Idaho, and northern
Montana, east to Eocky Mountains, south to table-lands of Mexico.
436. T. calliope Gtould. Calliope Hummingbird.
Exposed culmen more than half as long as wing, the bill decidedly curved.
(Adult males with tail deeply forked, uniform purplish black, except four
middle feathers, which are green, like upper parts ; gorget (the feathers of
which are much elongated laterally and posteriorly) brilliant metallic ame-
thyst-purple, changing to violet-blue ; median lower parts white, sides and
flanks mixed bronzy green and pale rufous. Adult females green above,
light cinnamon-buffy beneath (but belly and under tail-coverts white), tail
much less deeply forked than in male, with broader feathers, the three outer-
most of which are broadly tipped with white and rufous at base.) (Subgenus
Calothorax Gray.)
6*. Adult male with outer tail-feather much narrower than the next and taper-
ing to a narrow point; length about 3.40-3.60, wing 1.40-1.60, tail 1.25-
1.35, exposed culmen .85-.90. Adult female : Wing 1.65-1.80, tail 1.20-
1.25, exposed culmen .75-.90. Hab. Table-lands of Mexico, north to
southern Arizona.... 437. T. lucifer (Swains.). Lucifer Hummingbird,
i'* Adult male with outer tail-feather not narrower than the next, and not
tapering to a narrow point ; length about 3.10-3.25, wing 1.50, tail 1.50,
exposed culmen .75. Adult female: Wing 1.65, tail 1.15, exposed culmen
.75. Hab. Southwestern Mexico (Oaxaca).

T. pulchra (Gould). Beautiful Hummingbird.^

Genus AMAZILIA Lesson. (Page 308, pi. XC, fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above green, bronze-green, or bronzy, the tail rufous,
chestnut, bronzy, purple, or blue-black ; lower parts green anteriorly, or entirely
light cinnamon ; sexes alike.

a\ Lower parts partly green. ^

6*. Secondaries entirely dusky.

cS Belly and flanks dull brownish gray, the latter glossed with green;
outer tail-feather with outer web chiefly or entirely dark bronzy ;
upper tail-coverts uniform chestnut; tail deep chestnut, feathers
bordered terminally with bronzy ; lower tail-coverts deep cinna-
mon-rufous. Young similar to adult, but rump tinged with rufous,
and forehead washed with rusty ; length about 4.00, wing 2.00-2.35,
tail 1.45-1.70, exposed culmen .70-.90. Hab. Whole of Central

1 Calothorax pulchra OouLO, Ann. t Mag. N. U. ser. 3, iv, 1859, 97.

AMAZILIA.

317

America and eastern Mexico, north to southern Texas, south to
western Ecuador.

438. A. fuscicaudata (Eraser). Rieffer'a Hummingbird,
c*. Belly and flanks cinnamon-rufous, cinnamon, or ochraceous ; outer tail-
feather entirely rufous, except sometimes a narrow margin (of dull
bronzy) to outer web ; upper tail-coverts chiefly green or bronzy ;
tail light chestnut, or chestnut-rufous, the feathers (except outer)
broadly margined terminally with bronzy or violet-dusky, the
middle feathers sometimes entirely bronzy or violet-dusky.
d}. Lower breast, belly, sides, and 'flanks pale cinnamon, or cinnamon-
bufl", not abruptly defined against green of more anterior por-
tions; length about 4.00-4.50, wing 2.15-2.30, tail 1.50-1.70,
exposed culmen .70-.80. Hab. Eastern Mexico, north to lower
Eio Grande Valley in Texas.

439. A. cerviniventris Gould. Bnff-bellied Hummingbird.
d'. Lower breast, belly, sides, and flanks deep cinnamon, or cinnamon-
rufous, abruptly contrasted with green of more anterior por-
tions; wing 2.20-2.25, tail 1.40-1.60, exposed culmen .70. Hab.

Yucatan.

A. jrucatanensis (Cabot). Cabot's Hummingbird.'

b*. Secondaries rufous or chestnut at base.

c\ Tail mainly chestnut, or rich purple- bronze.

rf*. Outer webs of quills (except longer ones) chiefly chestnut or

rufpus; secondaries chestnut or rufous tipped with dusky;

outer tail-feathers deep chestnut; wing 2.10-2.20, tail 1.30-

1.40, exposed culmen .70-.75. Hab. Southern Mexico, north

to Jalapa.

A. beryllina (Licht.). Berylline Hummingbird.*

d*. Outer webs of quills with rufous only at extreme base, and some-
times concealed or nearly obsolete ; secondaries dusky for at
least terminal half of exposed portion ; outer tail-feathers very
dark chestnut, bordered terminally with bright purple or
bronze; middle tail-feathers usually richer bronze or purple
than in A. beryllina; wing 2.10-2.25, tail 1.30-1.40, exposed
culmen .65-.78. Hab. Guatemala.

A. marise (Boubc). Marift's Hummingbird.*
c'. Tail neither chestnut nor purple-bronze.
d}. Tail greenish bronze. Hab. Mexico.

A. ocai Gould. D'Oca's Hummingbird.*

1 Troehiltu gueatanentit Cabot, Proo. Nat. Hist. Soo. Boat. 1846, 74. Amatilia yueatanenns Gould, Mon.
Troch. pt. xxiii. 1861 (vol. v. 1861, pi. 308).

' 7'rochilus beryllinus Light., Preis-Verz. 1830, No. 26. Amazilia beryllina Gould, Mon. Trooh. pt. zzii.
1861 (vol. V. 1861, pi. 312).

* IVoehilui maria BouRC, Ann. Soo. Ag. Lyon, is. 1846, 319. Amazilia marim Elliot, Class, ft Synop.
Trooh. 1879, 222.

* Amazilia ocai Gould, Ann. Mag. N. H. ser. 3, iv. 1859, 96 ; Mon. Trooh. v. 1861, pi. 289.

UBita

318 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

d*. Tail rich bluo-black. Hub. Guatemala and Nicaragua.

A. cyanura Gould. Blue-tailed Hummingbird.^
a'. Lower parts entirely uniform cinnamon. •

h\ Smaller: Wing 2.15-2.25, tail 1.40-1.50, exposed culmen .80-.88. Hab.
Nicaragua, Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and southern Mexico, north
to Yucatan and Mazatlan.

A. cinnamomea (Le.ss.). Cinnamomeous Hummingbird.'
6». Larger: Wing 2.50-2.70, tail 1.75-1.85, exposed culmen .90-1.05. Hab.
Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.

A. graysoni Lawr. Grayson's Hummingbird.*

Genus BASILINNA Boie. (Page 309, pi. XC, fig. 6.)

• Species.

Common Characters. — Above metallic green, darker or duller on top of head ;
tail mainly chestnut or blackish, the middle feathers, however, with more or less
green ; a broad and very conspicuous white stripe behind eye, with a black, dusky,
or brownish one immediately beneath it, across ear-coverts. Adult males with fore-
head and chin black or deep blue, the throat and upper part of chest brilliant
metallic emerald-green. Adult females with top of head dull brownish (sometimes
tinged with green), and lower parts pale cinnamon, with or without green spots on
throat, or dull grayish white, with sides green.

a'. Tail mainly chestnut ; posterior lower parts pale cinnamon. Adult male : Fore-
head and chin opaque black, or dull blue-black; middle tail-feaUievs chestnut
centrally, metallic green exteriorly, the rest'without dusky subterminal bar
or spot. Adult female : Lower parts pale cinnamon, with or without green
spots on throat ; middle tail-feathers entirely green, the rest marked by a
more or less distinct subtei-minal spot of dusky. Length about 3.30-3.50,
wing 2.00-2.10, tail 1.30-1.45, exposed culmen. 65-.70. Nest about 1.50 in
diameter by about .80 in height, the cavity about 1.00 X .55-.60; composed
of various soft vegetable fibres (especially raw cotton, spiders' webs, etc.), and
attached to small twigs. Eggs .47 X '31. Hab. Southern portion of Lower
California 440. B. xantusi (Lawr.). Xantus's Hummingbird.

a*. Tail mainly blackish ; posterior lower parts dull whitish, mixed with grayish
brown and greenish. Adult male with forehead and chin deep rich blue ;
middle tail-feather entirely metallic green or bronze, the others tipped with
green or bronzy. Adult female: Lower parts dull light grayish, or grayish
white, more or less spotted with green, the sides almost continuously of this
color; middle tail-feathers entirely green or bronzy, the others black, the
two or three outer ones tipped with dull grayish. Length, about 3.25-3.40,

1 Amagilia cyanura Gould, Mon. Troch. pt. xviii. 1850 (vol. v. pi. 316).

* Onxiamya cinnamomea Less., Rev. Zool. 1812, 175. Amazilia :innamomea Elliot, Class. & Synop. Troch.
1879, 219.

' Amazilia {Pyrrhophicna) fjraytoni Lawr., Ann. Lyo. N. Y., 1867, 404.

I A CHE.

319

wing 2.00-2.30, tail 1.30-1.50, exposed culmen .65-.68. Ilab. Iligblanda of

Guatemala and Mexico.

B. leucotis (ViKiLL.). White-eared Hummingbird.^

Genus IACHE Elliot. (Page 308, pi. XC, fig. 5.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males m'. lalHc grass-gi'een above, the tail-feathers
blackish, with dull gray tips (broadest on middle feathers) ; downy thigh-tufts pure
white ; under tail-coverts whitish or light grayish, mixed with darker ; rest of
lower parts metallic green, bluish green, or blue ; bill pale brownish (red in life) on
basal portion, blackish at end. Adult females metallic grass-green above, pale gray-
ish beneath, the two exterior tail-feathers tipped with pale brownish gray, and all
with the basal half green.

a*. Under tail-coverts in adult males white or grayish, with or without darker
centres.
b^. Under tail-coverts whitish on margins, darker in centro ; upper tail-coverts
blue or green.
d. Under tail-coverts white with dull gray o ntres in adult male, entirely
white in young. Adult male: Upper parts grass-green, sometimes in-
clining to bronzy green; chin and throat rich metallic blue, passing
gradually into rich green on breast and belly ; length about 3.50-
3.75, wing 2.00 -2.20, tail 1.35-1.50 (forked for .25-.35), culmen .75-.85.
Adult female: Above grass-green, becoming dull gray on forehead;
lower parts uniform pale ash-gray ; basal half of tail, with whole
extent of its middle feathers, green, the two outer feathers tipped
with dull gray ; a whitish streak behind eye, with a dusky space
immediately beneath it and extending beneath eye ; length 3.88-
4.10, wing 2.00-2.15, tail 1.25-1.30 (forked for about .15), culmen
.78-.85. Young male : Similar to adult female, but tail as in adult
male; lower tail-coverts uniform white; feathers of upper parts
margined with pale buff; new feathers appearing on throat bluish
green (instead of blue, as in adult), becoming more bluish toward
chin. Young female : Similar to adult, but feathers of upper parts
bordered with pale buff. Hab. Western Mexico, south to Colima,
north to southern Arizona.

441. I. latirostris (Swains.). Broad-billed Hnmmingbird.

c*. Under tail-coverts entii*ely white in adult (?) male. Adult (?) maL :

Upper parts " reddish bronze" ; throat and upper parts of breast

metallic bluish green ; under parts bronzy green with a coppery

I
i

1 Trochilus leucotis YiEiLL., Xouv. Diet. ed. 2, xxii. 1818, 428. Batilinna leucotis Reich., Aufz. der Colib.
1853, 13.

320 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

lustre ; length 3.25, wing 1.90. tail 1.15, culmen .75. JSab. Western
Mexico (Mazatlan).

I. magica (Muls. & Vkrr.). Magic Hummmgbird.*
¥. Under tail-coverts in adult male dusky gray, glossed with green, and bor-
dered with grayish white ; upper tail-coverts dull smoke-gray, like tips
of middle tail-feathers.
Adult male : Above bronze-green or greenish bronze ; chin and throat
metallic emerald-green (with a bluiiih cast only in certain lights) ;
remaining under parts bronzy green or greenish bronze ; wing
2.10, tail 1.40 (forked for .25-.35), culmen .70. Hab. Tves Marias
Islands, western Mexico.

I. lawrencei Berl. Lawrence's Hummingbird.*
a*. Under tail-coverts in adult male uniform blue-black.

Adult male: Above metallic bronze-green, including upper tail-coverts;
the hind-neck more grass-green, and the forehead brilliant metallic
greenish blue, passing into shining green on crown ; entire chin and
throat rich deep metallic blue, with a purplish cast in certain lights;
breast and belly deep bluish green, the sides more bronzy; wing 1.90-
2.00, tail 1.30 (forked for .50), culmen .65. ITab. Southern Mexico
(Tehuantepec).

I. doubledayi (Bourc). Doubleday's Hummingbird.*

1 Ilyhc.harit magica Muls. A Verb., Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, xviii. 1872, 110. lache magica Elliot,
Syncp. Trooh. 1879, 2.36, [Possibly the young male of /. latiroitritj]

* lache lauirencei I*BRLEPSca, MS.

• Troohilus doubledayi Bouuc, P. Z. S. 1871, 16. lache doubledayi Elliot, Synop. Trooh. 1879, 236.

Western

PASSERES.

321

miiigbird.'
and bor-
like tips

nd throat
lights) ;
e J wing
3 Marias

tningbird.*

-coverts ;
metallic
chin and
n lights;
ng 1.90-
» Mexico

ningbirrt.'

icu ELLrOT,

), 235.

Order PASSERES. — Perching Birds. (Pages.)

Families.

^ Tarsus cylindrical, or with hinder portion rounded; encircled with a singh
horny envelope (divided into scutellsD anteriorly and on outer side), this
sometimes extending all round (though separated by a seam along inner
side), but often widely separated on inner side or behind (or both), the
intervening space occupied by grunular scales, reticulations, or plain naked
skin. (Suborder Clamatores.)
6'. Inner toe with basal phalanx united to that of middle toe ; posterior face of

tarsus reticulate Cotingidse. (Page 323.)

b*. Inner toe entirely free at base from middle toe ; posterior face of tarsus not

reticulate Tyrannidee. (Page 326.)

;'. Tarsus compressed behind, with comparatively sharp posterior edge (or else
hind-claw longer than its digit, and straight), the enveloping membrane
divided in>,o two or three longitudinal segments, which may be either divided
into transverse segments, or scuteD®, or fused into continuous plates. (Sub-
order Oscines.)
6'. Posterior half of tarsus not comprei^sed, but rounded, and divided into dis-
tinct segments, or scutellio, like the anterior half

Alaudidae. (Page 346.)
6'. Posterior half of tarsus compressed, with two lateral plates uniting behind
in a comparatively sharp ridge, and for the most part undivided,
c*. Primaries apparently only 9 (the 10th being exceedingly rud'mentary),
the tip of the bill not hooked.
d^. Bill variously formed, but gape never twice as long as culmen;
outer primary never twice as long as innermost,
e'. Bill straight.

/'. Bill coiiOid ; if slender, the angle of the gonys forward of
the nostril.
g^. Bill without notch, and without bi'istles at gape.

Icteridae. (Page 365.)
g*. Bill notched, and with bristletf at gape.

hK Nostrils concealed by feathers, or pointed an-
teriorly and overhung by a distinct scale
or borny membrane, or else base of cutting-
edges forming a distinct angle.

Fringillidae. (Page 382.)

h*. Nostril exposed, rounded anteriorly, without

distinct overhanging scale or membrane, and

cutting-edges of bill not forming a distinct

angle at the base.. Tanagridee. (Pago 453.)

322

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

nirai!

p. Bill not conoid ; angle of gonys not forward of the nostril.
g^. Tertials not elongated, but with their tips falling far
short of the ends of the longest primaries ; hind-
claw much shorter than its digit.

Mniotiltidae. (Page 480.)
g*. Tertials much elongated, their tips reaching nearly to
end of longest primary ; hind-claw nearly as long
as, or longer than, its digit.

Motacillidae. (Pago 532.)
e*. Bill curved downward to the very acute tip.

CGerebidae {Certhiola:" (Page 479.)

(f . Bill very short, very broad at base, and deeply cleft, the gape more

than twice as long as the culmen ; outer primary mor' 'an

twice as long as the innermost Hirundinidee. (Pag i57.)

c*. Primaries obviously 10, or else tip of bill hooked,
d*. Tarsi distinctly scutellate.

e*. Bill only moderately or very slightly hooked at tip.

/*. Tarsus not longer than middle toe, with claw ; bill short,
depressed, its width at base exceeding length of the

gonys Ampelidee. (Page 463.)

/*. Tarsus longer than middle toe, with claw, or else the bill
elongated, not depressed, narrower at base than length
of the gonys.
g^. Bill not hooked at tip.
h\ Tail-feathers normal.

i}. Nasal feathers erect or inclined backward.
/. Bill linear, but often curved, the culmen
always more or less so; first pri-
mary well developed, extending be-
yond tips of coverts.

Troglodytida:. (Page 533.)
j*. Bill elongate-conical, the culmen straight ;
first primary minute, not reaching
to tips of coverts.

Sturnidee. (Page 364.)
t*. Nasal feathers directed forwai-d.

/. Larger (wing more than 4.00 inches).

Corvida:. (Page 350.)
f. Smaller (wing less than 4.00 inches).

A*. Bill without notch, more or loss
conoid... Paridse. (Page 558.)
k*. Bill notched, very slender.
Sylviidae {Polioptilina:). (Page 566.)
h*. Tail-feathers stiff, pointed at tip.

Certhiidee. (Pago 567.)

CQTINGIDJE.

323

g^. Bill slightly hooked at lip.. Vireonidae. (Page 468.)

e*. Bill strongly hooked and toothed Laniidse. (Page 465.)

Tarsi not divided into scutellaj, except at extreme lower portion,
e'. Without rictal bristles ; nostrils linear ; tail excessively short.

Cinclidae. (Page 538.)
e'. With distinct rictal bristles ; nostrils oval ; tail normally de-
veloped.
/^ Smaller (wing less than 3.00 inches) ; young not spotted.
Sylviidae (Sylviince, Regulirm). (Page 566.)
/'. Larger (wing more than 3.00 inches) ; young distinctly
spotted Turdidse. (Page 571.)

Family COTINGID^.— The Cotingas. (Page 321.)

Genera.

a*. Nostrils wholly exposed ; lores and orbits naked Tityra}

a*. Nostrils more or less hidden by bristly feathers ; lores and orbits feathered.

6*. Tip of bill very slightly hooked ; tail decidedly rounded or graduated ;
males with second quill very small or rudimentary,
c*. Tail graduated for only about half the length of the exposed culmen ;
tarsus stouter, the inner side (posterior half) with a series of large

scutellse; bill more cylindrical Platypsaris. (Page 324.)

C*. Tail graduated for about as much as full length of exposed culmen ;
tarsus slender, the inner side (posterior half) covered by naked

skin; bill more flattened Pachyrhamphus. (Page 325.)

fc'. Tip of bill very distinctly hooked ; tail nearly even ; males with second

quill larger than first.

c*. Color uniform tawny (darker above) ; wing six times as long as exposed

culmen, more than four times as long as tarsus ; culmen more or

less distinctly convex, cutting-edge of upper mandible straight or

slightly concave, and tip of bill gradually decurved.

d*. Tarsus stout, very little longer than' middle too, with claw, the

upper third feathered in front ; culmen curved throughout, and

cutting-edge of upper mandible slightly concave ; wing 5.00, or

more Laniocern.}

(P. Tarsus slender, decidedly longer than middle toe, with claw, en-
tirely naked ; culmen nearly or quite straight to near tip, and
cutting-edge of upper mandible straight; wing less than 5.00
(in Mexican species) Lipaugm?

• TUi/ra ViBiLLOT, Analyse, 1816, ."59. Typo, Lnniui ca}/anu» Lin», (One speoios in Mexico, with othora
in Central and South America.)

*/ '•'ocera Lrss., Rev. Zool. 1840, !<63. Type, L. innguinaria hKsn,, = Ampclii hypnpyrrha ViEiLL.
(One itpeciea in Mexico.)

* Lipangui {err, typ.) BoiB, leia, 1828, 318, Type, Muioienpa timpltx LiciiT. (One apeoiei in Mexioo.)

'ff".

324 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

<?. Color brown above (usually streaked with darker on top of head), the
rump yellowish or tawny, in marked contrast ; lower parts more or
less distinctly streaked anteriorly, on a light grayish or olive-yel-
lowish ground ; wing not more than four times as long as exposed
culmen, decidedly less than four times as long as tarsus; culmen
more or less distinctly concave in middle portion, and cutting-edge
of upper mandible correspondingly convex, the bill being thus
somewhat recurved ; tip of bill very abruptly and strongly hooked.

Attila}

Genus PLATYP SARIS Sclater.' (Page 323, pi. XCV., fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males : Above nearly uniform grayish or black-
ish, the top of head always darker than back (or else the latter black also) ; beneath
varjMng from deep slate-gray to nearly pure white, the chest (sometimes lower
throat also) usually with a patch of pure rose-red. Adult females and young males:
Above with more or less of tawny, the back and rump in some species mixed with
grayish ; top of head varying from dull slate-gray to glossy black ; lower parts
varying from dull ochraceous to butfy white.

a'. Adult males with rose-colored patch on chest (rarely replaced by patch of
whitish, faintly tinged with rosy) ; adult females and young males with back
and rump dark rusty, rusty grayish, or nearly pure gray.
6*. Adidt males with breast, belly, flanks, etc., distinctly, or very decidedly,
ash-gray,
c'. Adult male : Top of head glossy blue-black, passing gradually into dull
sooty shite on forehead ; rest of upper ]iarts uniform slate-gray,
sometimes decidedly darker on back. Adult female : Top of head
blackish slate, becoming paler and browner on forehead; rest of
upper parts dark rusty, duller on back, where sometimes approach-
ing a deep hazel or burnt-umber tint. Young male : Similar to adult
female, but top of head glossy black, as in adult male ; in older in-
dividuals, the black of adult plumage appearing on back, sides of
head, etc., and rose-color tinting tha throat. Length about 6.50-
6.75, wing 3.30-3.75, tail 2.60-3.00, exposed culmen .00-.68. Hab.
Eastern Mexico (north to Rio Grande Valley), south to Salvador.

P. aglais (Lafr.). Rose-throated Becard."
c*. Adult male: Top of head dull slate-black posteriorly, gradually be-
coming deep smoky gray on forehead ; rest of upper parts uni-

' Attiln Lrsron, Tralt6 Cm. 18.S1, HM. Type, A. bratilientii Less. (Two, possibly three, spooios in
Mexioo and Guatomnla.)

' Platypiarit ScL., P. Z. S. 1857, 72 (ex Donnp., 1854, nomen «t 'wm). Typo, Pachyrhrtrnphm lati-
roKlnf Bp.

<* Puchyrhynchu* aglaim hkrn., Rev. Zool. 1839, 98. PlatypiarU aglaim Suhichr. Mem. Boat. Soo. i.
1809, 658. *

PA CHYRHAMPHUS.

325

head), the
ts more or
olive-yel-
is exposed
3; culmen
tting-edge
jing thus
y hooked.
AUila}

) .

or black-
; beneath
les lower
ng males :
ixed with
iver parts

patch of
vith back

lecidedly,

into dull
late-gray,
) of head
; rest of
ipproach-
r to adult
older in-

sides of
:)ut 6.50-
18. Hab.
Ivador.
d Becard.'
ually he-
arts uni-

, B])ooioB in
mjihut lati-
lost. Soo. i.

form deep ash-gray. Adult female : Top of head dull slate-gray
(but little darker than back of male), becoming lighter and more
brownish on forehead ; back, scapulai's, and upper part of rump
uniform brownish gray ; collar across hind-neck, lower rump, and
upper tail-coverts pale tawny, tinged with gray ; lower parts buiTy,
nearly white on chin, but much deeper (almost tawny) on ear-
coverts. Length about 6.70, wing 3.40-3.50, tail 2.75-2.80, exposed
culmen .52-.55. Hab. Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.

P. insularis Bidqw. Grayson's Becard.^
R Adult males with breast, belly, flanks, etc., bufty whitish or very pale gray-
ish, sometimes nearly pure white.
Adult male : Above similar to P. insidaris, but back, etc., decidedly
lighter, more ashy, gray. Adult female : Top of head slate-black
posteriorly, gradually passing into ash-gray on forehead; back,
scapulars, and rump dull brownish gray or grayish brown, the
wings and tail mora rusty ; usually a more or less distinct collar of
dull ochraceous across hind-neck ; lower parts varying from deep
ochraceous-buff to buffy white. Length about 6.50-6.75, wing 3.40-
3.65, tail 2.70-3.00, exposed culmen .58-.65. Hab. Western and
southern Mexico (Mazatlan to Yucatan).

P. albiventris Lawr. Xantus's Becard.'
a''. Adult males without rose-colored patch on chest or throat ; adult females with
upper parts, except top of head and tips of ouills, uniform clear iawnj- rufous.
Adidt male: Top of head slate-black, deeper and somewhat glossy poste-
riorly, duller and more slaty on forehead ; rest of upper parts uniform
slate-gray ; lower parts uniform ash-gray, rarely paler and very slightly
tinged with rosy on chest. Adult female : Top of '- jad dark slaty, in
very abrupt and conspicuous contrast with rufous of back ; lower parts
pale buffy, paler (sometimes nearly Avhite) on belly and chin. Length
about 6.25, wing 3.50-3.70, tail 2.60-2.85, exposed culmen .62-.65. Hab.
Nicaragua and western Costa Eica.

P. latirostris (Ionap.). Gray-throated Becard.^

Genus PACHYRHAMPHUS Gray.* (Page 323, pi. XCV., fig. 2.)

Species.

oK Wings and tail parti-colored ; sexes very different in color. Adult male: Top of
head glossy blue-black ; hind-neck, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
uniform ash-gray ; back glossy black superficially, but feathers ash-gray be-
neath the surface ; scapulars mostly white ; wings black, with white tips to

1 New upooios ; throe specimens examined.

» Hndrontrimuii albiventriii Lawr., Ann. Lyo. N. Y. viii. 1807, 475. (Sixteen specimens examined.)

' Pachyrhamphug IntirottriH Bonap., Compt. Rend, xxxviii. 18.54, fiSS.

* Pachyrhamphui Qray, List Qon. B. 1838, 41. Type, Packyrhynchnt cuvieri Spix, m. Tityra viritiig

VlElLL,

i, r

326 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

middle coverts and broad white edgings to greater coverts and tertials ; tail
black, the feathers broadly tipped with white (decreasing in width toward
middle pair) ; sides of head and entire lower parts plain light ash-grayi nearly
white on throat, middle of belly, and under tail-coverts. Adult female : Top
of head glossy black, mixed with rusty, especially on forehead ; wings dusky,
thi middle and greater coverts broadly tipped, and other wing-feathers edged,
with tawny ochracet us ; rest of upper parts plain bright tawny, or tawny
ochraceous, the tail-feathers with a broad subterminal patch of black ; sides
of head and entire lower parts uniform buffy ochraceous. Young male : Simi-
lar to adult female, but paler and more yellowish beneath. Length about
6.25-7.00, wing 3.10-3.25, tail 2.60-2.70, exposed culmen .50-.60, tarsus .70-.80.
Hab. Eastern Mexico (north to Eio Grande Valley) and south to Guatemala.

P. major (Cab.). Thick-billed Becard.*
a'. Wings and tail unicolored (plain rusty or tawny rufous); sexes alike in color
(the adult male being distinguished by rudimentary second primary).
Above uniform deep tawny rufous, darker on top of head ; lower parts
entirely plain tawny ochraceous, paler on chin and middle of belly ; length
about 5.25-6.50, wing 3.00-3.10, tail 2.45-2.60, exposed culmen .45-.50, tar-
sus .75-.80, Hab, Central America (Guatemala to Colombia).

P. cinnamomeus Lawr. Rufous Becard.^

Family TYRANNIDiE.— The Tyrant Fylcatchers. (Page 321.)

■4k

'4^

Genera.

a'. Tail much longer than wing, very deeply forked Milvulus. (Page 327.)

a''. Tail not longer than wing, not deeply forked.

b^. Bill from nostril more than half as long as tarsus, the culmen straight for
most of its length,
c'. Adults with a bright-colored (yellow, orange, or red) concealed patch
on crown ; tarsus not longer than middle toe, with claw.
d}. Plumage not striped.

e\ Bill broad at base, its width at nostrils much more than half
the distance from nostril to tip ; adults with outer quills

abruptly narrowed at tip Tyrannus. (Pago 328.)

e'. Bill narrow at base, its width at nostrils not more than half
the distance fi-om nostril to tip ; adults with outer quills

not narrowed at tip Pitangus. (Pago 330.)

d*. Plumage conspicuously striped. (Wing about 4.50.)

Myiodynastes. (Page 331.)
c*. Adults without bright-colored patch on crown; tai-sus longer than

' linthmidnru* major Cab., WoiRin. Arohiv, 1S47, I. 24.1. Pachi/rhnmphui nwjor ScL., P. Z. 8. 1857, 78,
i> Pachyrhamphu* cinnamomem LAwn., Ann. Lyo. N. Y. vii. 1801, 295.

rtials; tail
th toward
ay; nearly
}iale : Top
ig8 dusky,
lers edged,
or tawny
ick; sides
ale : Simi-
5th about
us .70-.80.
uatemala.
id Becard.i
e in color
primary),
wer parts
y; length
)-.50, tar-

is Becard.i

ge 321.)

•age 327.)
raight for
led patch

than half
ter quills
age 328.)
han half
;er quills
age 330.)

age 331.)
rer than

1857, 78.

MILVVLUS. 327

middle toe, with claw (or else a conspicuous white cottony patch on
each side of rump'),
d'. Tail-feathers partly i-ufous; lower parts unifonn ashy for ante-
rior half (approximately), pale yellowish for posterior portion.

(Wing about 3.25^.50.) Myiarchus. (Page 332.)

d\ Tail-feathers without any rufous ; lower parts not colored as in d}.
e*. "Wing at least six times as long as tarsus. (Wing about 3.00-

4.25.) Contopus. (Page 336.)

e\ Wing not more than five times as long as tarsus.

/'. Sexes alike in color, the plumage without any red, and
destitute of streaks on lower parts.

g^. Wing more than 3.25 Sayornis. (Page 335.)

gr'. Wing less than 3.25 Empidonax. (Page 339.)

J*. Sexes very different in color, the adult male with whole
top of head and lower parts scarlet, the female and
young distinctly streaked beneath. (Wing about

3.25.) Pyrocephalus. (Page 345.)

b'. Bill from nostril less than half as long as tarsus, the culmen much curved,
c'. Wing more than 3.00 ; lower parts, except throat, pure lemon-yellow ;
a broad white superciliary stripe; middle of crown, in adult, with a

concealed orange patch Myiozetetes. (Page 331.)

c*. Wing less than 2.50 ; lower parts dull whitish or yellowish white ; no
superciliary stripe, and top of head without concealed colored
patch Ornithion. (Page 345.)

Genus MILVULUS Swainson. (Page 326, pi. XCI., fig. 8.)

Species.

a}. Tail-feathers black, the outer one edged with white ; top of head deep black ;
axillars pure white. Adult male : Back light bluish gray ; entire lower parts
pure white ; middle of crown with a concealed patch of bright lemon-yellow ;
length about 12.00-14.50, wing 4.10-4.75, tail 9.00-10.00. Adult female:
Similar, but rather smaller, with tail shorter, and yellow crown-spot shorter.
Young : Similar to adult, but tail much shorter (sometimes scarcely forked),
colors duller, the wing-coverts bordered v.Mth pale rusty, and no yellow on
crown. Hab. Tropical America in general, including Lesser Antilles; north,
normally, to southern Mexico, accidentally to Mississippi, Kentucky, and
New Jersey 442. M. tyrannus (Linn.). Fork-tailed Flycatcher.

a*. Tail-feathers chiefly white ; top of head ash-gray ; axillars red or orange. Adult
male : Above light bluish gray, the back tinged with red ; lower parts white,
faintly tinged with bluish gray anteriorly, the sides, flanks, and under tail-
coverts strongly washed with salmon-pink ; axillars and concealed spot in

middle of crown scarlet ;

length

about 12.00-15.00, wing 4.40-5.16, tail

1 In " Contoput" (i.e., Nuttallornit) borealit.

328

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

.0;
■^5

-V-

7.00-10.00. Adult female : Similar to the male, but rather smaller, the tall
shorter, axillars less intensely red, the flanks, etc., paler salmon-color, and
crown-spot indistinct. Young : Similar to adult female, but crown-spot
wanting. Nest of sticks, etc., lined with feathers and other soft materials,
built in trees. I^ggs 3-5, .88 X -66, pure white, or creamy white, boldly
but sparingly spotted with rich madder-brown and lilac-gray. Hab.
Eastern Mexico and southwestern prairie districts of United States, north
to Indian Territory, southern Kansas, and southwestern Missouri ; acci-
dental at Key West, Florida, at Norfolk, Virginia, New Jersey, New Eng-
land, Manitoba, and even at York Factory, Hudson's Bay Territory ; south
to Costa Eica 443. M. foriicatus (Gmel.). Scissor*tailed Flycatcher.

Genus TYRANNUS Cuvier. (Page 326, pi. XCIL, fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Uniform grayish or blackish above, the middle of the
crown with a concealed patch of yellow, orange, or orange-red (except in young) ;
lower parts white, shaded with grayish on sides of chest, or else ashy anteriorly and
pale yellow posteriorly. Nest bulky, built in trees. Eggs handsomely spotted with
various shades of brown on a white or cream-colored ground.

a}. Lower parts white.

b^. Tail slightly rounded, deep black, with abrupt white tip; upper half
of head deep black ; bill small, its length from nostril to tip less than
length of tarsus.

Adult : Middle of crown with a concealed patch of orange-red ; wing-
coverts edged or bordered with pure white or grayish white.
Young : No colored patch on crown ; wing-coverts and upper tail-
coverts bordered with pale rusty or fulvous, white tail-band and
chest tinged with same, and colors duller generally. Length 8.00-
9.00, wing 4.45-4.75, tail 3.40-3.75, bill from nostril .50-.57. Nest
of sticks, rootlets, etc., lined with wool, feathers, etc., built upon
trees. Eggs 3-5, .95 X -69, white spotted with rich madder-brown,
or chestnut, and lilac-gray. JIab. Temperate North America
(chiefly east of Eocky Mountains and rare on Pacific coast) ; south,
in wintei', to Middle America and western South America to Bo-
livia; Cuba; Bahamas 444. T. tyrannus (Linn.). Kingbird.

b*. Tail decidedly emarginate, without abrupt white tip; bill very large, its
length from nostril to tip exceeding length of tarsus,
c*. Above grayish brown, the head brownish dusky or dark brown ; crown-
patch orange-rod; wing 6.20-5.30, tail 4.00-4.25, bill from nostril

1.00-1.06. Hab. Cuba and Bahamas.

T. magnirostris D'Orb. Qreat-billed Kingbird.^
c^. Above, including top of head, plumbeous-gray. Adult: A concealed

^ Tjfraiinui magtUrottrit D'Ons., La Sagra's Cuba, Ois. 1S39, pi. 13.

TVRANNUS.

329

acci-

orange-colored patch in middle of crown ; wing-coverts and upper
taii-covert8 without rusty or buft'y margins. Young : No crown-
patch ; wing-coverts and u^iper tail-coverts more or less distinctly
bordered with pale rusty, ochraeeous, or butfy. Length about 8.90-
9.80, wing 4.45-4.80, tail 3.50-4.05, bill from nostril .75-.82. Nest on
horizontal branches of (usually small) trees, loosely constructed of
twigs, roots, etc., with little if any lining. Uggs usually 3, 1.00 X
.71, deep cream-color or pinkish buff, spotted or dashed (or both)
with madder-brown and purplish gray. Hab. West Indies and
coasts of Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, north to Florida,
Georgia, and South Carolina ; accidental in Massachusetts.

445. T. dominicensis (Gmel.). Gray Kingb'^Td.
a'. Lower parts yellow, the throat and chest grayish or whitish.

6*. Bill excessively stout, all its outlines convex, its depth at base .38, or more,
width .53, or more.
Above olive-gray, wings and tail browner, head darker ; crown-patch
lemon-yellow; chin and throat white, chest more ashy, rest of
under parts sulphur-yellow ; wing 5.00-5.50, tail 4.00-4.50, bill from
nostril .75-81, depth at base .38-43, width .53-.60. Hab. Mexico,
north to Orizaba and Mazatlan.

T. crassirostris Swains. Thick-billed Kingbird.*
b*. Bill much less stout, its outlines straight, depth at base less than .38, width
less than .53.
c^ Tail decidedly emarginate ; length of bill from nostril nearly or quitO
equal to length of tarsus.
Adult male: Head, neck, chest, and back light ash-gray, the last
tinged with olive-greenish ; wings and tail dusky brownish
gray, with paler brownish gray edgings; lower parts, in-
cluding breast, rich lemon-yellow (the breast tinged with
olive), the chin and throat grayish white. Adult female:
Similar to male, but rather smaller, with tail less deeply
emarginate, orange-red crown-spot more restricted, and quills
less conspicuously narrowed at tips. Young : Similar to adult,
but no colored crown-patch, wing-covcrts bordered with palo
buffy, and yellow of lower parts jialer. Length about 9.00-
10.00, wing 4.40-5.00, tail 3.75^.40, bill from nostril .60-.75.
Nest on trees, composed of small twigs, fine roots, etc., and
lined with the latter, togeth'^r with " the black hair-like heart
of the Spanish moss." (Sennett.) Eggs 4, .98 X -75, bul!',
spotted with rich brown, chiefly round larger end. Hub. Mex-
ico and Guatemala, north to southern border of United States
(southern Texas to Arizona).
446. T. melancholicus couchi (Baird). Conch's Kingbird.

> Tjfiannut eraiiiroitiii Swains., Quar. Jour. Soi,, xx. 1826, 278.

mM.i

880

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Tail even ; length of bill from nostril much less than length of tarsus.

d}. Head, neck, and bi-east light ash-gray, paler on chin and throat ;
wings dusky, with indistinct paler edgings ; tail deep black,
the lateral feathers with outer webs abruptly white. Adult
male : Longer quills with tips contracted into lengthened nar-
row points. Adult female: Similar to male, but tips of longer
quills less distinctly attenuated, and orange-red crown-spot more
restricted. Young : similar to adult, but colors paler and duller,
the wing-coverts bordered with pale buffy, yellow of belly, etc.,
much paler, and colored crown-spot wanting. Length 8.00-
9.50, wing 4.75-5.25, tail 3.65-4.00, bill from nostril .50-.55.
Nest and eggs like those of T. tyrannns, the latter averaging
.97 X -68. Hab. "Western North America, east across Great
Plains (accidentally to Maryland, New Jersey, New York,
Maine, etc.), south, in winter, through western Mexico to
Guatemala 447. T. verticalis Say. Arkansas Kingbird.

d*. Head, neck, and breast dark ash-gray or plumbeous, the chin and
fore-part of malar region abruptly whitish ; wings light brown-
ish gray, with broad paler edgings ; tail dull black, indistinctly
tipped with pale brownish gray, the lateral feathers with outer
webs indistinctly pale grayish. Young : Similar to adult, but
colors much duller, the wing-coverts bordered with pale fulvous
or rusty buff, yellow of belly, etc., paler and duller, and colored
crown-patch wanting. Length about 8.75-9.00, wing 5.00-5.40,
tail 3.70-4.20, bill from nostril .55-.60. Nest and eggs not es-
sentially different from those of T. tyrannus and T, verticalis.
Hab. Mexico and Guatemala, north to along eastern base of
Eocky Mountains to southern Wyc^^ing, and coast district of
southern California to about lat. 37° ; south to Costa Rica.

448. T. vociferans Swains. Cassin's Kingbird.

Genus PITANGUS Swainson. (Page 326, pi. XCII., fig. 3.)

Species.

Forehead, superciliary stripe, and band across nape white ; crown with a large
partially concealed patch of bright lemon- or gamboge-yellow ; back, scap-
ulars, and rump plain light olive-brown ; outer webs of greater wing-
coverts, secondaries, primaries, and tail-feathers, broadly edged with rufous,
the inner webs of quills and tail-feathers almost entirely of this color ; lores
and ear-coverts deep black, producing a conspicuous broad stripe along side
of head ; chin, throat, and malar region pui'e white ; rest of lower parts, in-
cluding under wing-coverts, continuous deep sulphur- or pale lemon-yellow ;
length about 10.00-11.00, wing 4.90-5.10, tail 3.90-4 00, exposed culmen 1.15-
1.25, tarsus 1.05. Nest very bulky, dome- or oven-shaped, with entrance on
one side, composed of coarse straws, lichens, etc., lined with finer materials.

MVIOZETETES.

331

and placed in thorny trees. Eggs 3-5, 1.18 X -80, buffy white speckled and
spotted (the markings mostly longitudinal), ci)icfly on larger end, with
madder-brown and purplish gray. Ilab. Middle America and northern
South America, north to lower Ilio Grande Valley in Texas.

449. P. derbianus (Kaupj. Derby Flycatcher.
Whole top and sides of head plain brownish slate, or dusky, becoming lighter
and more ashy on forehead ; middle of crown with a rather small concealed
patch of brownish orange-yellow, or orange-rufous; back, scapulars, and
rump plain slate-gray or dull ash-gray, slightly tinged with olive ; wings
dusky, the middle and greater coverts and tertials conspicuously margined
with dull whitish, the quills narrowly edged with the same ; tail dull black-
ish, or dusky, tipped will, dull light grayish, the outer web of lateral feather
also dull light grayis'h ; lower parts dull whitish, purer on throat and belly,
faintly shaded with ashy on breast, and passing into pale sulphur-yellow on
axillars, under wing-coverts, flanks, and under tail-coverts ; upper tail-coverts
broadly but rather indistinctly margined with rusty; length (skins) about
8.00-8.50, wing 4.15-4.40, tail 3.40-3.90, exposed culmen .95-.1.00, tarsus .85-
.90. Hab. Bahamas P. bahamensis Bkyant. Bahaman Petarchy.'

Genus MYIOZETETES Sclater. (Page 327, pi. XCV., fig. 1.)

Species.
Adult : Crown and occiput dull brownish gray, enclosing a concealed patch of
bright orange-red ; forehead and broad superciliary stripe white ; lores, malar and
suborbital regions, and ear-coverts deep brownish gray (darker than top of head),
producing a very broad stripe along side of head ; hind-neck and sides of neck like
crown, but tinged with olive-green ; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and rump
plain olive, or dull olive-green, brighter posteriorly ; upper tail-coverts duller (some-
times more grayish) olive, occasionally margined with rusty ; wings and tail dusky
grayish brown, the feathers edged with ])aler — the secondaries (especially tertials)
with distinct olive-j'ellowish margins ; chin and throat white ; rest of lower parts
pure gamboge-yellow. Young : Similar to adult, but crown without the concealed
orange-patch, white portions of head more or less tinged with yellowish, and larger
wing-feather and tail-feather margined with light rusty. Length about 6.50-6.75,
wing 3.65-4.00, tail 2.20-2.40, exposed culmen .50, tarsus .80. Nest similar to that
of Pitangus derbianus, but smaller. {Eggs unknown.) Hab. Middle America, south
to Colombia, north to northern Mexico (and southern Texas ?).

450. M. texensis (Giraud). Oirand'a Plycatcher.

Genus MYIODYNASTES Bonaparte. (Page 326, pi. XCIII., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above brownish, striped with black, the lower rump,
upper tail-coverts, and tail rufous, streaked medially with black ; wings dusky, with

* Pitangui bahameniii Bryant, Proc. Boat. Soc. N. H. ix. 1864, 279.

332

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

conspicuous ligbt edgings; a broad dusky stripe on pido of head, involving lores
and eiir-covorts ; above this a superciliary stripe of while or yellowish, and below
it a broad white or yellowish malar stripe ; chin and throat (at least medially)
white, narrowly streaked with dusk^'- ; rest of lower parts yellowish or whitish,
the chest, breast, and sides broadly streaked with dusky. Adult with a concealed
crown-patch of lemon- or gamboge-yellow.

a}. Chin and a broad stripe on each side of throat dunky, forming a conspicuous
yy-shaped mark ; lower parts, except middle of throat, clear sulphur-yellow ;
supei:ciliary and malar stripes white; length about 7.75-8.00, wing 4.25-4.60,
tail 3.30-3.60, culmen .80-.90. Hab. Mexico and Central America, north to
southern Arizona, south to Panama.

451. M. luteiventris Scl. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher,
a*. Chin and whok tliroat vhite, the latter bordered laterally by a brownish and
dusky stripe along lower half of malar region; lower parts whitish, tinged,
more or less, with sulphur-yellow, chiefly on sides ; supei'ciliary and malar
stripes pale dull yellowish.
6'. Darker, the prevailing color of the upper parts grayish olive-brown ; wing
4.40-4.50, tail 3.65-3.75, exposed culmen .85-.90. Hab. Cayenne, Trini-
dad, Tobago, etc.

M. audax (Gmel.). Bold Flycatcher.^

W. Paler, the prevailing color of the upper parts light olive, mixed, more or
less, with buflfy yellowish.
c*. With longer bill, and plumage more rufescent above, especially on top
of head ; wing 4.10-4.45, tail 3.40-3.75, exposed culmen .90-1.05.
Hab. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and north to Costa Rica.

M. audax nobilis (Scl.). Noble Flycatcher.'
<?. With shorter bill, and almost total absence of rusty tinge to upper
parts ; wing 4.25-4.40, tail 3.50-3.60, exposed culmen .80-.90. Hab.
Southeastern Mexico (Yucatan to Mirador).

M. audax insolens Bidow. Insolent Flycatcher.*

Genus MYIARCHUS Cabanis. (Page 327, pi. XCIII., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above plain grayish brown or olive (the top of head
sometimes much darker), the wings dusky, with more or less distinct lighter
edgings; tail-feathers sometimes uniform dusky, but usually with more or less
rufous, especially on inner webs, which are sometimes entirely of this color ; quill
(occasionally adjacent secondaries also) sometimes edged with rusty; anterior lowe
parts plain ashy or ashy white (the breast obsoletely streaked in M. fiammulatus),
the poste"ior lower parts (from breast back) varying from deep sulphur-yellow to

» Muncicapa audax Gmel., S. N. i. pt. ii. 1788, 934. Mijiodynattct audax Scl., P. Z. 8. 1859, 43. (The
above diagnosis based on examination of two spocimens only, these from Tobago.)
« Myiodijuastet nohilii Scl., P. Z. S. 1859, 42.
s New Bubspeoies. Type, No. 27977, U. S. Nat. Mu8., Mirador (Vera Cruz), Mexico; Dr. C. Sartorius.

MVIARCIIUS.

333

yellowish white. Young with more rufous on tail, etc., than adults. Ned usually
in holes of trees. Eggs 3-6, curiously marked with fine "i^en-lines" and intricate
poncillings of black and various shades of rich purplish brown over a huffy or
creamy brown.

a'. Inner webs of tail-feathers chiefly rufous.

6'. A broad dusky stripe, of uniform width, along inner side of shaft of outer

tail-feathers. (Above olive, browner on top of head, and more or less

tinged with rusty on upper tail-coverts ; outer webs of quills edged

with rusty; chin, throat, and breast pale ashy, sometimes almost

white on throat ; rest of under parts pale sulphur-yellow.)

c\ Smaller : Length about 8.50-9.00, wing 3.80-4.20 (4.01), tail 3.80-4.25

(4.04), bill from nostril .62-.75 (.66), tarsus .82-.92 (.90). Eggs .87

X -68, avoroging much paler than those of M. crinitus. Ilab.

Eastern and southern Mexico, north to lower Eio Grande Valley

in Texas, south to Guatemala and Salvador.

453. M. mexicanus (Kaup). Mexican Crested Flycatcher.

(?. Larger: Length about 9.40-10.00, wing 4.04-4.60 (4.30), tail 4.10-4.60

(4.29), bill from nostril .68-.82 (.73), tarsus .97-1.02 (1.00). Hab.

Western Mexico, north to southern Arizona; south, in winter, to

Tehuantepec 453a. M. mexicanus magister Ridgw.

Arizona Crested Flycatcher.
h*. Without a broad dusky stripe along innijr b'de of shaft of outer tail-
feather, except sometimes near tip.
c^ Throat and chest deep ash-gray, belly bright sulphur-yellow, back,
etc., decidedly olive.

Length about 8.50-9.00, wing 3.90-4.40, tail 3.50-4.20, bill from
nostril .55-.65, tarsus .78-.82. Eggs .88 X -66. Hab. Eastern
United Slates, north to southern Canada, west to edge of
Great Plains ; south, in winter, through eastern Mexico and
Central America to Costa Rica.

452. M. crinitus (Linn.). Crested Flycatcher,
c*. Throat and chest very pale ashy, sometimes almost white on former ;
belly pale sulphur-yellow ; back, etc., grayish brown.
d}. Inner web of outer tail-feather dusky at tip (excepting in young,
in which tail-feathers are rufous, with median dusky stripe), the
outer web distinctly whitish.
Length about 8.00-8.50, wing 3.80^.25, tail 3.65-4.20, bill
from nostril .52-.60, tarsus .88-.95. Eggs .87 X -65, colored
and marked like those of M. mexicanus. Hab. Western
United States, east to Rocky Mountains, south over high-
lands of Mexico (to lowlands of Tehuantepec in winter).
454. M. cinerascens Lawr. Ash-throated Flycatcher.
d}. Inner web of outer tail-feather without dusky at tip, and outer
web not distinctly whitish.

334

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

e^ Smaller • tail not decidedly, if at all, shorter than wing; upper
tail-coverts not distinctly tinged with rusty; wing 3i40-
3.70 (3.57), tail 3.35-3.80 (3.56), bill from nostril .40-.56
(.50), tarsus .30-.88 (.85). Hub. Southern Mexico (Guana-
juato, Tehuantepec, Chiapas, etc.), and south to western
Costa Rica (La Palma).

M. nuttingi Riuow. Nutting's Flycatcher.^
e*. Larger ; tail decidedly shorter than wing ; upper tail-coverts
decidedly tinged with rusty (sometimes with rusty pre-
vailing); wing 3.65-3.90 (3^1), tail 3.45-3.60 (3.52), bill
from nostril .60-.62 (.61), tarsus .85-.90 (.87). Hab.
Nicaragua.

M. bracbyurus Bidqw. Nicaragua!) Crested Flycatcher.*
a'. Inner wobs of outer tail-feathers chiefly (sometimes entirely) dusky or dull
grayish brown,
ft'. Width of bill at frontal feathers decidedly less than length of gonys ; no
trace of stz-eaks on breast,
c'. Bill very little flattened, its depth through middle nearly equal to
width at same place.
J'. Belly and flanks sulphur-yellow ; middle wing-coverts tipped with
dull graj'ish brown ; quills very distinctly edged with rusty.
Wing 3.40-3.50, tail 3.50-3.60, bill from nostril .52-.55, tarsus
.81-.85. Hab. Yucatan.

M. yucatanensis Lawr. Yucatan Crested Flycatcher.'

</'. Belly and flanks white or yellowish white ; middle wing-coverts

tipped wi*h palo brownish gray or grayish white; quills very

indistinctly, if at all, edged with rusty.

e'. Middle wing-covcrts tipped with light brownish gray ; top of

head deep sepia-brown; wing 3.20-3.45 (3.33), tail 3.20-

3.40 (3.33), bill from nostril .55-.58 (.57), tarsus .78-.80.

Hab. Cuba.

M. sagrse Qundl. Cuban Crested Flycatcher.*

e*. Middle wing-covcrts tipped with grayish white ; top of head
hair-brown ; wing 3.35-3.55 (3.46), tall 3.25-3.50 (3.40), bill
from nostril .58-.60 (.59), tarsus .85-.80 (.85). Hub. Ba-
hamas.

M. lucaysiensis Bryant. Bahaman Crested Flycatcher.*

c*. Bill much flattened, its depth in middle portion not more than two-
thirds its width at same place.

» Mifiitrchtit Hutl!,i;i! Rrnow., Proo. U. S. Nut. Miis. v. Pqit. 5, 1882, 305. (Typo, No. 87301, U. S. Nut.
Mus., I.a Piiimn, CDsta Rica, Apr. 27, 1882 j C. C. Nutting.)

« Now spooius; tjpo, No. 91057, U. S. Nat. Mus., iad., Omotcnoc, NIonrngua, Moroh 7, 1883 j CO.
Nutting.

' Mj/iarchiit j/ucataneniit» Lav?r,, Proo. Ac. Nat. Sol, Phil. 1871, 235.

* Mutcicapa mgrm Gundu, Jour. Bost. Soo. N. H. vi. 1852, 313, Myiarchut tagrm Qcxdl., .T. f. 0. 1872,
424.

* Tyrannula (MyinrchuB) ttotlda (var. liicaytieniit) BnvANT, Pr. Bost. Soo. N. II. xl. 1866, 66.

SAYORNIS.

S35

d\ Tail with distinct rufous edgings to inner webs, or else without
distinct rusty edgings to outer webs,
e*. Darker, the top of head more or less sooty, decidedly dai'ker
than back ; quills, secondaries, and tail-feathers conspicu-
ously edged with rusty, and upper tail-coverts strongly
tinged with same; inner webs of tail-feathers usually
broadly edged with rufous ; length about 7.00, wing 3.10-
3.40 (3 24), tail 3.00-3.40 (3.24), bill from nostril .50~.58
(.52), tarsus .75-80 (.77). Hub. Eastern Mexico, north to
lower Rio Grande Vallej'' in Texas ; Guatemala.

455. M. lawrenceii (Giraud). Lawrence's Flycatcher.

c'. Paler, with top of head hair-brown or olive, very little dai'ker

than color of back ; quills, secondaries, and tail-feathers

usually without distinct rusty edgings — often without any

rusty ; inner webs of tail-feathers usually without rufous

edges; length 7.00-7.30, wing 2.90-3.25 (3.11), tail 3.00-

3.25 (3.14), bill from nostril .48-.55 (.51), tarsus .70-.75 (.73).

Hab. Western Mexico, north to southern Arizona, south, in

winter, to southern Mexico, including Yucatan .. 455a. M.

lawrenceii olivascens Eioaw. Olivaceous Flycatcher.

<P. Tail-feather without rufous edgings to inner webs, but outer webs

very distinctly edged with rusty, and upper tail-coverts strongly

tinged with same ; belly and flanks very pale eiulphur-yellow.

Top of head dull sooty, but scarcely brownish ; back dull

grayish hair-brown ; wing 3.00, tail 3.00, bill from nostril

.50, width at base .33, tarsus .80.

M. platyrhjmchus Rtnow. Cozutnel Flycatcher.*

h*. Width of bill at frontal feathers very little, if any, less than length of gonys ;

breast very indistinctly clouded or streaked with pale grayish.

Top of head olivaceous, like back ; middle, greater, and last row of

lesser wing-coverts tipped with buffy or light rusty ; length about

6.00, wing 2,90-3.00, tail 3.00-3.10, bill from nostril .40, width at

base .40, tarsus .70-.72. Hab. Southwestern Mexico (Mazatlan to

Tehuantopec).

M. ilammulatus Lawr. Flammulated Flycatcher.'

Genus SAYORNIS Bonaparte. (Pago 227, pi. XCIV., fig. 3.)

Species,

Common Characters. — Above plain olive-gra5'ish or blackish, the tail black or
dusky, its lateral feathers with outer webs edged with whitish ; lower parts vary-
ing in color according to species. Young: Similar to adults, but winj^-coverta

' AfyiitrehuK }>lfily>'hi/nrhuii Rinow,, Descr. N. Sp. B. Cozumel, 1885, 3.
* Mjfiarchu* Jlammulutut Lawk., Ann. Lyo. X. Y. zl. July, 1874, 71.

336

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

tipped with light rusty. Nest a compact and bulky felted mass, decorated exteri-
orly with mosses, etc., and lined with soft feathers, attached to rocks, to beams
of buildings, bridges, etc. Eggs 3-6, pure white, sometimes finely but sparsely
speckled round larger end with dark brownish.

a}. Belly white or very pale yellowish.

6'. Above olive-grayish, dai-ker on top of head ; lower parts entirely whitish,
more or less strongly tinged posteriorly with pale yellowish, the sides
of the breast tinged with olive-grayish ; length about 6.25-7.00, wing
3.25-3.55, tail 3.00-3.40. Eggs M X -55. Hab. Eastern North America ;
south, in winter, to eastern Mexico and Cuba.

456. S. phcebe (Lath.). Phoebe.

b*. Above, together with anterior and lateral loAver parts, slate-black ; belly

and lower tail-coverts white; length about 6.25-7.00, wing I' 55-3.80.

tail 3.45-3.75. Eggs .74 x -55. Hab. Mexico and northward, along

Pacific coast to Oregon, eastward to southern Texas.

458. S. nigricans (Swains.). Black Phoebe,
a*. Belly light cinnamon, or tawny ochraeeous.

Above light bi'ownish gray, the tail black ; anterior loAver parts light
brownish gray, posterior portions light cinnamon or tawny ochraeeous ;
length about 7.50-8.05, wing 3.90-4.25, tail 3.35-3.75. Eggs .76 X .59,
always immaculate (?). Hab. Western United States, eastward across
Gi"eat Plains, north to the Saskatchewan, and south into Mexico.

457. S. saya (Bonap.). Say's Phoebe.

Genus CONTOPUS Cabanis. (Page 327, pi. XCIV., figs. 1, 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above plain grayish brown or olive-grayish, usually
darker on top of head, lighter on rump; wings and tail dusky, the wing-coverts
with more or less distinct paler (usually dull grayish) tips, the secondaries edged
with the same (these edgings broader and more whitish on tertials) ; lower parts
paler than upper, the throat and belly usually whitish or pale yellowish ; upper
mandible black, lower light-colored, except at tip ; feet blackish. Young: Similar
to adult, but wing-coverts narrowly tipped with buffy, ochraeeous, or light rusty.
Nest on trees (usually on a stout hoi'izontal branch), very compact, saucer-shaped.
Eggs 2-4, pale cream-color, handsomely wreathed round larger end with spots of
rich brown and lilac-gray or lavender.

a}. Tarsus shorter than middle toe, with claw ; primaries exceeding Becondnrics by
+WO and a half times the length of the tarsus; wing exceeding tail by about
half the length of the latter; first quill much longer than fourth, often
longer than third ; a very conspicuvnis white cottony patch on each side of
rump ; median lower parts white, or very pale yellowish (scarcely inter-

CONTOPUS.

337

rupted on breast), the lateral portions deep grayish brown, or brownish
gray, in strong contrast. (Subgenus Nuttalloryiis Kidgw.')

Adult: Above brownish slate, some of the feathers usually with darker
shaft-streaks ; wings and tail dusky blackish, the wing-coverts tipped
with brownish gray and tertials edged with whitish ; a conspicuous tuft
of white cottony feathers on each side of rump (usually concealed by
wings) ; middle line of body beneath, from chin to crissum, white, the
lateral portions brownish gray (usually with darker shaft-streaks), this
sometimes extending across the chest, thus interrupting the white.
Young : Similar to adult, but tips to wing-coverts (narrowly) dull huffy
or fulvous. Length 7.10-7.90, wing 3.90-4.50, tail 2.80-3.50, exposed
culmen .58-.70, tarsus .55-.60. Eggs .82 X -61, creamy buff, spotted,
usually in more or less of a distinct ring round larger end, with deep
rusty brown or chestnut and purplish gray. ffab. Higher mountain
districts of United States, and coniferous forests of lowlands from
northern border (Now England to Michigan, etc.) northward, and south
through higher mountains to Colombia.

459. C. borealis (Swains.). Olive-sided Flycatcher.
Tarsus longer than middle toe, with claw ; primaries exceeding secondaries by
less than twice the length of the tarsus ; wing exceeding tail by less than
one-fourth the length of the latter ; first quill much shorter than fourth,
sometimes shorter than fifth ; no conspicuous white cottony tuft on side of
rump ; median lower parts not abruptly lighter than lateral portions.
(Subgenus Contopus Cabanis.)
6'. Wing more than 3.75.

Above plain grayish brown, tinged with olive, the wings without very
distinct lighter markings; beneath plain light olive grayish, the
chin whitish, the belly and under taii-coverts pale dull yellowish ;
length 7.70-8.00, wing 3.80-4.45, tail 3.60-3.90. Hab. Highlands of
Guatemala and Mexico, north to southern Arizona.

460. C. pertinax Cab. Coues'a Flycatcher.
b\ Wing less than 3.75.

c'. Belly and under tail-coverts white or pale sulphur-j'cllowish ; under
wing-coverts dull light olive-grayish, sometimes tinged with
yellowish.
d}. Exposed culmen much less than twice the width of bill at nostrils,
c'. Second quill decidedly longer than third, and fourth quill much
longer than fifth ; wing 3,00, or more (usually more than
3.15).
/'. Lores dull grayish, not distinctly or abruptly different
from color of foi-ehead and car-coverts ; throat not
pure white.

' i

> New Biibgenus; more properly a dlsttnct genua, so numerouB and positive are the dtfferenoes from all the
«peole8 of Contopui proper.

338

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

g\ Lighter and more olivaceous above, the median lower
parts more distinctly whitieh, or less extensively
interrupted with olive-grayish on breast; wings
and tail shorter ; length 5,90-6.50, wing 3.00-3.45
(3.27), tail 2.50-2.90 (2.71), exposed culmen .43-
.52 (.48), width of bill at base .24-.30 (.28), tarsus
.48-.53 (.51). Nest a very beautiful saucer-shaped
structure covered exteriorly with green and gray
lichens, built usually upon a thick horizontal
branch. Eggs .71 X -53, pale creamy buff or
creamy white, spotted, usually in ring round
larger end, with rich madder-brown and lilac-gray.
Sab. Eastern North America, north to Canada,
etc., west to edge of Great Plains; south, in winter,
to eastern Mexico and Guatemala.

461. C. virens (Linn.). Wood Pewee.
g*. Darker and less olivaceous above, the median lower
parts less distinctly whitish, or more extensively
interrupted with olive-grayish across breast; wings
and tail longer ; length 6.20-6.75, wing 3.15-3.55,
(3.34), tail 2.50-2.95 (2.74), exposed culmen .44-
.51 (.48), w'dth of bill at base .27-.32 (.29), tarsus
.49-.56 (.52). Nest composed chiefly of plant-
fibres (sometimes, though rarely, ornamented with
lichens), ofton built in forks of branches. Eggs
.69 X -54, colored like those of C. virens. Hob.
Western North America, east to Great Plains,
north to British Columbia and interior of British
America, south, in winter, through Mexico and
Central America to Costa Rica.. 462. C. richard-
sonii (Swains.). Western Wood Pewee.
/*. Lores whitish, in strong contrast with color of forehead
and ear-coverts ; throat pure white ; otherwise very
similar in color to C. virens, but bill much longer,
broader, and more flattened ; length (skin) 5.G0, wing
3.20, tail 2.60, exposed culmen .55, width of bill at
base .35, tarsus .50. Hah. Yucatan.

C. albicollis Lawr. White-throated Wood Pewee. >
e*. Second quill not conspicuously (if any) longer than third, and
fourth not conspicuously longer than fifth ; wing not more
than 3.05 (usually less than 3.00).

Above dull olive, decidedly darker on top of head, lighter
on rump; wings and tail dusky, the former varied by

> Conlopui albicolUt Lawr., Ann. Lyo. N. Y. Ao. Sci. iii. No, 5, Jan. 5, 1885, 156.

EMPIDONAX.

889

dull olive-grayish tips to wing-coverts and paler (some-
times ncai'ly white) edges to tertials ; chest and sides
of breast olive grayish, the sides and flanks much
tinged with same; chin and throat whitish, sometimes
tinged with sulphur-yellow; belly pale sulphur-yellow;
under wing-coverts dull buffy, tinged or mixed with
olive-grayish ; length (skins) 5.30-5.50, wing 2.80-3.05,
tail 2.60-2.75, exposed culmen .47-.50, tarsus .50-.55.
Hab. Yucatan (including Cozumel) and southern
Mexico (Cordova, etc.).

C. brachytarsus Scl. Schott's Wood Pewee.'
<?. Exposed culmen about twice as long as width of bill at nostrils.

Colors much as in C. schottii, but grayer ; length (skins) 5.25-
5.70, wing 2.65-2.90, tail 2.40-2.70, exposed culmen .55-.60,
width of bill at nostrils .25-^0, tarsus .60-.65. Hab. Ba-
hamas.

C. bahamensis Bryant. Babatnan Wood Pewee.'
c'. Belly, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts light ochraceous.

Otherwise in color much like C. brachytarsus, but bill shaped as
in C, bahamensis ; length (skins) 5.60-6.00, wing 2.75-2.80, tail
2.70-2.80. Hab. Cuba.

C. caribaeus (D'Orb.). Cuban Wood Pewee.*

Genus EMPIDONAX Cabanis. (Pago 327, pi. XCIV., fig. 4.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above plain brownish, grayish, olive, or olive-greenish,
the wings with two lighter bands (across tips of greater and middle coverts), the
secondaries edged with the same color as the wing-bands, except toward base, there
being always a more or less distinct dusky bar behind tips of greater coverts ; lower
parts whitish, yellowish, or buffy, shaded with grayish, olive, or ochraceous across
chest ; upper mandible black, or dark brown, lower mandible pale-colored ; legs and
feet black.

a'. Lower parts whitish or sulphur-yellowish, shaded, more or less, across breast
with grayish or olivaceous.
6*. Width of bill at nostrils decidedly greater than half the length of the ex-
posed culmen.

' Empidonax brachi/tnriua ScL., Ibis, 1850, 441. Contoput braeki/tnrtut ScL., Cat. Am. B. 1862, 281. Cnv
topu» ichottii Lawr., Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ix. 1860, 202. (Types of both compared, also additional specimeng of
C. tchnttU.)

* Empidonax bahameniit Brtant, Proo. Host. Boo. N. H, vii. 1869, 109. Contoptu b ihnmen$it Cory, Bds.
Bahama Is. 1880, 101.

* Mtueipeta earbata D'Ord, La Sagra's Cuba, 1839, 77. ContoptM curiAcH* B. B. A R. Hist, N. Am. B. ii.
1874, 361.

[

;

340 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

c'. Upper parts umber-brown, the top of head sometimes much darker
(sooty).

Above dull brown, darker on top of head, the wing-bands varying
from dull light brownish buflf to tawny ; chin and throat white ;
rest of lowet- parts pale smoky buff, shaded with smoky brown
across breast (whole lower parts dull whitish in much worn
plumage) ; under wing-coverts and thighs deep buff or ochra-
ceous ; wing 2.35-2.40 (2.37), tail 2.15-2.32 (2.24), culmen .60-
.67 (.64), bill from nostril .32-.35 (.33), width at base .30, tarsus
.67-.68 (.67). Hab. Southeastern Mexico (Vera Cruz) to high-
lands of Guatemala.

B. albigularis Scl. White-throated Flycatcher.*
c*. Upper parts olive, olive-greenish, or olive-grayish.
d}. Lower parts distinctly yellowish.

e*. Under wing-coverts pale buff, deepening into ochraceous on
edge of wing. (Length 5.50-6.00.)

Adult : Above dull grayish olive (more brownish in win-
ter), the wing-bands dull light huffy grayish (more
huffy in winter) ; lower parts pale dull yellowish, in-
clining to sulphur-yellow on belly and under tail-cov-
erts, and falntlj' shaded with dull grayish brown across
breast. Young : Similar, but browner above, with wing-
bands ochraceous, or rusty buff, the sulphur-yellow of
belly, etc., replaced by dull white! Male : Wing 2.50-
2.90 (2.65), tail 2.35-2.60 (2.43), culmen .57-.63 (.61),
bill from nostril .29-.33 (.31), width at base .25-.28
(.27), tarsus .64-.69 (.68). Female: Wing 2.30-2.60
(2.44), tail 2.20-2.45 (2.32). Msts in clefts of old
stumps or logs, or similar situations, bulky, composed
of mossee, etc. Eggs .69 X -51, huffy white or pale
buff, speckled, chiefly round larger end, with rusty
brown, or cinnamon. Hab. Western United States,
north to Sitka ; south, in winter, to western Mexico.
464. E. difficilis Baird. Western Flycatcher.'
c'. Under wing-coverts yellowish white, or pale sulphur-yellow.*
p. Wing-bands not darker (usually paler) than lower parts.
(Length 5.10-5.80.)
Adult : Above dull olive-green, the wing-bands pale
olive-yellowish ; beneath pale dull sulphur-yellow,
shaded with olive across breast. Young : Similar,
but duller, with wing-bands huffy or ochraceous.
Male: Wing 2.55-2.75 (2.64), tail 2.10-2.30 (2.18),

' Empidonnx nlhigtilnriii Scl., Ibis, 1859, 122. Smpidonax axlllari§ RiDOW., in Hist. Am. D. !i. 1874, .363.
* Called " Baird's Flyoatoher" in the A. 0. U. Check List, but thlH name belongs properly to E. bairdii
Sob.

EMPIDONAX.

341

culmen .48-.59 (.54), bill from nostril .30-.32 (.31),
width at base .25-.28 (.26), tarsus .64-.68 (.66).
Female: Wing 2.40-2.50 (2.45), tail 2.00-2.25
(2.11). Nest embedded in mossy bank, stump, or
log, composed of green moss, dry leaves, fine
sticks, etc., lined with fine black rootlets, dried
grass-blades, etc. ; external diameter about 4.00-
4.50, depth about 2.25-4.00; cavity about 1.25-
1.50 deep by 2.00 across. Eggs usually 4, .73 X
.51, colored like those of E. difficilis. Hab. East-
ern North America, breeding from northern
United States northward ; south, in winter,
through eastern Mexico and Central America

to Panama 463. E. flaviventris Baird.

Tellow-bellied Flycatcher.
/'. Wing-bands darker than lower parts.
g^. Above dull olive.

Adult: Above dull olive, the wing-bands dull
light olive, sometimes inclining to russet ;
lower parts pale olive-yellowish, more de-
cidedly olivaceous on breast; edge of wing
dull ochraceous or fulvous ; wing 2.60-2.80
(2.72), tail 2.40-2.55 (' 9), culmen .58-.60
• (.59), bill from nostril .32-.33 (.32), width at

base .25, tarsus .65-.70 (.68). Hab. Southern
and eastern Mexico (Oaxaca, Cordoba, Mira-
dor, etc.).

B. bairdii Scl. Baird's Flycatcher.^
^'. Above bright olive-green. ,4(?u/f; Above bright olive-
green, the wing-bands similar, but paler, some-
times inclining to ochraceous; lower parts green-
ish sulphur-yellow, distinctly shaded across breast
and along sides with olive-green ; edge of wing
clear sulphur-yellow; wing 2.50-2.90 (2.75), tail
2.15-2.65 (2.44), culmen .60-.63 (.61), bill from
nostril .32-.35 (.34), width at base .28-.30 (.29),
tarsus .68-.72 (.70). Hab. Highlands of Guatemala.
E. salvini Bidow. Salvin's Flycatcher.'
d}. Lower parts not distinctly yellowish,
e*. First quill longer than seventh.

/*. First quill usually equal to or longer than fifth ; color uni-
form olivo-green or greenish gray above. (Length
6.60-6.90.)

> Empidonax bairdii ScL., P. Z. S. 1858, .301.
' Empidonax lalt'ini Rioaw., Ibis, Oct. 1880, 469.

342

NORTH AMEBICAN BIRDS.

'¥
U'

Adult : Above varying from greenish gray to olive-
green, or even (in some winter specimens) almost
russet-olive, the top of the head similar to the
back ; wing-bands buff or buffy whitish ; lower
parts white, more or less strongly tinged with sul-
phur-yellow laterally and posteriorly, and (usu-
ally very faintly) shaded across breast with olive
or grayish. Young : Similar to adult, but with
wing-bands deeper oehraceous, and feathers of
upper parts (especially crown and rump) nar-
rowly tipped with paler, producing an inconspic-
uous mottling. Male: Wing 2.75-3.10 (2.83), tail
2.30-2.70 (2.49), culmen .62-.G9 (.66), bill from
nostril .32-.39 (.35), width at base .28-.30 (.30),
tarsus .59-.67 (.62). Female: "Wing 2.55-2.70
(2.65), tail 2.25-2.35 (2.32). Nest a very thin, flat
structure secured between forks near the ex-
tremity of a (usually depending) branch, com-
posed of fine rootlets, tree-catkins, etc. Eggs
2-4, .71 X -53, pale creamy buff or creamy white,
sparsely speckled or spotted, chiefly on larger end,
with deep rusty brown or maddei'-brown. Hab.
Eastern United States ; south, in winter, through
eastern Mexioo and Central America to Ecuador ;
Cuba.

465. E. acadicus (Gmgl.). Acadian Flycatcher.
p. First quill usually shorter than fifth ; color olive or
grayish brown above — never distinctly greenish.
g^. Tail even, or very slightly rounded ; wing averaging
more than 2.60. (Length 5.50-6.50.)
h}. Adult: Above olive, usually decidedly grayer
on head ; wing-bands varying from dull
brownish gray, or grayish brown, to nearly
white ; lower parts white, tinged more or
less with sulphur-yellow posteriorly, and
shaded with olive-grayish on sides of breast ;
under wing-coverts very pale buffy yellow.
Young: Similar, but rather browner above
and more distinctly tinged with yellow be-
neath, the wing-bands deep buff, or oehra-
ceous. Male: Length about 5.80-6.25, wing
2.70-2.86 (2.75), tail 2.35-2.60 (2.51), culmen
.64-.73 (.69), bill from nostril .35-.40 (.38),
width at base .27-.31 (.29), tarsus .65-.72
(.68). Female : Length about 5.55-6.00, wing

EMPIDONAX.

343

2.55-2.65 (2.60), tail 2.20-2.50 (2.38), other
measurements about as in male. Nest deep
cup-shaped, bulky, usually built between forks
of an upright twig or branch, in bushes, com-
posed of plant-down, straws, etc. Eggs 2-4,
.71 X -53, similar in color to those of E. aca-
dicus, but averaging paler, both in ground-
color and in markings. Hab. Western North
America, north to Sitka and Fort Simpson ;

south, in winter, into Mexico 466. E. pu-

sillus (Swains.). Little Flycatcher.
h*. Similar to E. pusillus, but averaging more de-
cidedly olivaceous above and more distinctly
tinged with yellow beneath, the bill shorter
and broader, and tarsus shorter. Male : Wing
2.60-3.00 (2.81), tail 2.40-2.60 (2.48), culmcn
.60-.64 (.62), bill from nostril .32-.37 (.34),
width at base .29-.30 (.30), tarsus .64-.67 (.66).
Female: Wing 2.50-2.65 (2.58), tail 2.25-2.35
(2.30). Nest and eggs as in E. pusillus, the
latter averaging .73 X -53. Hab. Eastern
North America; south, in winter, through
Middle America to northern South America.
466a. £. pusillus traillii (Aud.).
Traill's Flycatcher.
g^. Tail slightly, but decidedly, emarginated; wing av-
eraging less than 2.60. (Length 4.90-5.50.)
Hardly distinguishable in color from E. pusillus
and E. traillii, but wing-bands usually whiter.
Male: Wing 2.30-2.60 (2.49), tail 2.10-2.40
(2.30), culmen .53-.59 (.56), bill from nostril
.27-.31 (.29), width at base .23-.27 (.25),
tar8U8 .59-.68 (.65). Feynale : Wing 2.20-2.40
(2.33), tail 2.10-2.25 (2.18). Nest very com-
pactly felted, cup-shaped, composed chiefly of
grayish plant-fibres, placed in fork of upright
branches of bushes or small trees. Eggs 2-4,
.64 X -49, plain buffy white. Hab. Eastern
North America, breeding from northern
United States northward ; south, in winter,
through Middle America, to Panama.
467. E. minimus Baird. Least Flycatcher.
Width of bill at nosti'ils less than half the exposed culmen.
c'. Outer web of outer tail-feather not abruptly paler than inner web;
culmen .55, or less ; tarsus less than .70. (Length 5.25-5.75.)

|i-

344

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Adult: Above olive, usually more grayish anteriorly, especially
on hind-neck ; Aving-bands dull light grayish, more or less tinged
with olive; lower pai'ts varying from dull grayish white,
faintly tinged with yellowish on flanks, etc., to decided olive-
yellowish, the breast always strongly shaded with olive or
olive-grayish, and the throat never distinctly whitish (usually
distinctly grayish). Male : Length about 5.50-5.75, wing 2.G0-
2.80 (2.72), tail 2.30-2.50 (2.38),'culmcn .53-.59 (.56), bill from
nostril .26-.29 (.27), width at base .22-.2-i (.23), tarsus .60-.G8
(.63). Female : Length about 5.25, wing 2.45-2.75 (2.61), tail
2.15-2.40 (2.25). Nest and eggs like those of E. minimus (?).
Hab. Western North America, north to Lesser Slave Lake;
south, in winter, to southern Mexico.

468. E. hammondi (Xantus). Hammond's Flycatcher.

c». Outer web of outer tail-feather abruptly paler than inner web (usually

distinctly dull whitish) ; culmen .58, or more ; tarsus usually more

than .70, (Length 5.75-6.40.)

dK Colors otherwise much as in E. hammondi, but averaging grayer,

Avith paler (often distinctly whitish) throat. Male: Wing

2.70-2.95 (2.83), tail 2.55-2.80 (2.67), culmen .62-.69 (.65), bill

from nostril .32-.38 (.36), width at base .24-27 (.26), tarsus .71-

.77 (.74). Female : Wing 2.55-2.75 (2.64), tail 2.50-2.65 (2.52).

JVest usually in aspen bushes, similar in composition, etc., to

that of E. vnnimus. Eggs .69 X 51, plain buffy white. Hab.

Western United States, south to southern Mexico, cast to

Eocky Mountains.

469. E. obscurus (Swains.). Wright's Flycatcher.
d?. Deep brownish olive above, the wing-bands varying from olive
to pale olive-grayish ; lower parts dull yellow, shaded across
breast with olive-brown ; wing 2.92-3.00, tail 2.65-2.75, culmen
.60, bill from nostril .30, width at base .22-.25, tarsus .68. Hab.
Southern Mexico (Orizaba ; city of Mexico).

E. fulvipectus Lawk. Narrow-billed Flycatcher ^
?'. Lower parts deep buff, deepening into ochraceous on breast and sides.
i'. Upper parts deep hair-brown, tinged with umber.

c*. Lower parts soft pinkish buflf, inclining to isabella-color on breast, paler
on throat and belly, the under tail-coverts nearly white ; wing 2.70,
tail 2.45, culmen .52, bill from nostril .28, width at base .21, tarsus
.60. Hab. Eastern Mexico and southern Texas (?).

470. E. fulvifrons (Giraud). Fulvous Flycatcher.

c'. Lower parts bright ochraceous-buflF, inclining to deep ochraceous on

breast, and pale buffy yellow on belly, the throat buff'y whitish and

lower tail-coverts yellowish white ; wing 2.35-2.55 (average 2.43),

1 Empidonax /ulvipecttt* Lawr., Ann. Lyo. N. Y. x. Fob. 1871, 11.

PyROCEPIIALUS.

345

tail 1.90-2.15 (2.05), culmen .4&-.50 (.49), bill from nostril .25-.27
(.26), width at baso .20, tarsus .52-.58 (.56). Hub. .Southern Mexico.
E. fulvifrons rubicundus (Cau. & IIkin.). Ruddy Flycatcher.^
b^. Upper parts dull grayish brown.

Lower parts pale buff, brightening into ochraceous-buft' on breast and
anterior portion of sides. Young : AYing-bands buff (instead of
light grayish brown or dull grayish white), the lower parts much
paler and duller buff, without ochraceous tinge. Length about 4.75-
5.10, wing 2.20-2.45 (2.34), tail 1.95-2.14 (2.06), culmen .50-.55 (.52),
bill from nostril .25-.27 (.26), width at base .20-.22 (.21), tarsus .51-
.60. Hub. Southern Arizona and New Mexico, south into western
Mexico.
470a. E. fulvifrons pygtnaeus (Coues). Buff-breasted Flycatcher.

Genus PYROCEPHALUS Gould. (Page 327, pi. XCIL, tig. 2.)

Species.

Adult male : Whole top of head and entire lower pai'ts bright scarlet ; ear-cov-
erta and upper parts (except top of head) brownish gray, the wings and tail darker
(sometimes nearly black). Adult female : Above brownish gray, including crown;
lower parts whitish, more or less tinged with pale red or salmon-color posteriorly,
the bi'east more or less streaked with grayish. Immature male: Similar to adult
female, but with red feathers intermixed on crown and anterior lower parts.
Young: Above gi'ayish, the feathers bordered with whitish; beneath whitish,
without any reddish tinge posteriorly. Length about 5.50-6.25, wing 3.20-3.40,
tail 2.60-2.80. Nest shallow and very compact, somewhat like that of Contopus
virens. Eggs 2-4, .68 X -52, pale olive-buff or dull buffy (rarel}'^ nearly white),
boldly and heavily spotted, chiefly in wreath round larger end, or noav middle,
with dark vandyke-brown or brownish black and purplish gray. Ilab. Mexico
and Guatemala, and north to southern border of United States (southern Texas to
Arizona) 471. P. rubineus mexicanus (Scl.). Vermilion Flycatcher.^

Genus ORNITHION Hartlaub. (Page 327, pi. XCV., fig. 4.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above plain brownish gray, or olive-gray ; wings more
dusky, the coverts tipped with light brownish gray or brownish, the tertials, sec-
ondaries, and quills edged, more or less distinctly, with the same, the secondaries,
however, with the basal fourth, or more, of exposed portion uniform dusky ; lower
parts dull grayish white, or yellowish white, tinged with grayish laterally, es-
pecially on sides of breast ; sides of head light grayish, without distinct mark-

* Einpidnnax rubicundiia Cab. <k Heix., Mus. Heln. ii. Sept. 1859, 70, foot-note. Einpidonnx fuleifrom
rubicundui Ridgw., Pr. Biol. Soo, Wash. ii. 1885, 109.

* A rare melanistic plumago is uniform gepia-brown, tinged in male with wino-purpio on crown and lower
parts. This condition is comparatively frequent in the common South American form, or true P. rubineiu

(BODD).

346

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

ings, though lores and orbits are more or less distinctly palor. Young with wing-
bands ochraccous or palo rusty, and lower parts more buffy whitish.

a}. Smaller and browner, with lower parts more tinged with sulphur-yellowish,
the bill smaller and more slender; length about 4.50, wing 2.10-2.15 (2.12),
tail 1.70-1.95 (1.84), culmen .39-.40 (.40), exposed culmon .28-.30 (.30), depth
of bill at base .13-.14, tarsus .55-.ti0 (.57). Hab. Central America and eastern
Mexico, north to lower llio Grande Valley in Texas.

472. O. imberbe (Scl.). Beardless Flycatcher.

a*. Larger and grayer, with little if any sulphur-yellow tinge to grayish white
lower parts, the bill larger and thicker; length 4.30-4.80 (4.50), wing 2.04-
2.28 (2.18), tail 1.78-2.04 (1.89), culmen .40-.42 (.41), exposed culmen .30-.35
(.32), depth of bill at base .14-.15, tarsus .52-.58 (.56). Hab. Wo^tern Mexico,
north to southern Arizona, south to Mazatlan.

472a. O. imberbe ridgwayi Brewst. Bidgway's Flycatcher.

Family ALAUDID.^. — The Larks. (Page 321.)

Genera.

A spurious primary; tail deeply emavginate; crown with a blunt erectile crest
of soft, normal feathers ; plumage of adult mainly dull brownish, much
streaked above and below Alauda. (Page 346.)

No spurious primary ; tail even or slightly rounded ; crown without crest, but
on each side of occiput an erectile, narrow, horn-like tuft of lengthened
black feathers; plumage of adult with plain brownish or vinaceous tints pre-
vailing above, the lower parts mainly plain white, the head and chest with
bold black markings (less conspicuous in females)... Otocoris. (Page 347.)

Genus ALAUDA Linn^us. (Page 346, pi. XCVI., tig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adults : Above light brownish, everywhere streaked
with black, most broadly on back ; wings dusky, the feathers with pale brownish
edges and borders; lower parts and superciliary stripe whitish, the chest pale
brownish or tawny buff, distinctly streaked with brownish black ; sides and flanks
also tinged with pale tawny, and usually more or less distinctly, but narrowly,
streaked with deeper brownish or dusky; ear-coverts light brownish or tawny,
becoming darker (sometimes blackish) along upper margin ; outer tail-feathers
white, with more or less of dusky along edge of inner web, especially toward base.
In lointer, the plumage generally more tawny, and feathers of crown, back, etc.,
with more or less distinct whitish terminal margins. Young: More tawny than
•winter adults, with more conspicuous white terminal margins to feathers of upper
parts, which instead of having a mesial blackish streak are marked with a sub-
terminal spot of dark brown ; tertials light tawny brownish, widely bordered with

OTOCORIS.

347

pale dull buffy, aurrounding a narrow subniargin of diark brown ; chest oehra-
coous-butfy, indistinctly streaked or spotted with bright tawny brownish. Nest on
gfound in meadows or open grassy places. Egys 3-6, dull buffy whitish, pale
grayish brown, etc., thickly speckled or sprinkled with umber-brown, the latter
color sometimes nearly uniform.

a*. Duller or grayer in color, the upper parts, chest, etc., with tawny tinge less
pronounced, black spots or streaks on back averaging narrower, and bill
shorter ; length about 7.00-7.75, wing 4.35-4.60, tail 2.90-3.10, exposed cul-
men .45-.50, tarsus .90-1.00. Eggs .90 x -61. Mab. Europe and portions of
Asia and Africa ; accidental in Greenland and Bermudas, and introduced,
though not successfully naturalized, in eastern United States (liong Island,
near Cincinnati, etc.) 473. A. arvensis Linn. Skylark.

a'. Brighter or more tawny in color, black spots on back averaging larger, and bill
longer; length 6.80-7.80 (7.30), wing 4.25-4.70, tail 2.85-3.00, exposed cul-
men .43-52, tarsus .95-1.10. Ilab. Commander Islands, Kamtschatka, Kurils,
and northern Japan ; western Aleutians (?).

A. blakiBtoni St£jx. Kamtschatkan Skylark.^

Genus OTOCORIS Bonaparte. (Pago 346, pi. XCVI., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult viales in spring and summer: Above varj-ing from
vinaceous-gray to tawny cinnamon, the back and scapulars grayer or browner, and
more or less distinctly streaked with dai-ker ; a bi'oad patch covering fore-part and
sides of crown, lores, patch beneath eye (covering also anterior and lower portion
of ear-coverts), and patch across chest, uniform black ; bar or band across forehead
and extending backward as a broad superciliary stripe, middle portion of ear-
coverts, malar region, chin, throat, and sides of neck, varying from pure white to
deep primrose-yellow, the hinder portion of ear-coverts more or less distinctly gray-
ish ; sides (especially of breast) vinaceous or cinnamon, like nape, etc., the flanks
usually Somewhat streaked ; rest of lower parts usually white, but sometimes (in
0. giraudi and 0. strigata) partly or even wholly pale yellow ; wings (except lesser
and middle coverts) grayish brown, the feathers edged with paler; tail (except
middle feathers) black, the outer web of exterior feather chiefly white, and that of
next feather edged, toward tip, with same. Adult males in fall and winter : Essen-
tially like the foregoing, but black markings of head more or less obscured by
light-colored tips to feathers, the plumage generally softer and colors more blended,
the chest often streaked, clouded, or washed with grayish. Adult females : Similar
to males, but decidedly smaller, with black head-markings much less distinct (that
on top of head never well defined or continuous), the bold pattern of these mark-
ings as seen in the male seldom more than merely indicated ; vinaoeous or cinnamon
tints of males much less pronounced (sometimes almost wholly wanting), and
plumage generally more extensively streaked. (Seasonal differences as in males.)

1 Alauda blaki»toni Stejn., Proo. Biol. Soo. Wash. ii. Apr. 10, 1SS4, OS.

348

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Young: Above mixed dusky and light brownish (in varitvble rehitive quantity),
conspicuously spoclclod oi* dotted with wldte or pale butty ; wing-coverts conspicu-
ously margined with pale dull butl'y ; lower parts whitish, the (jhest more or less
tinged with paie brownish butf and speckled or clouded with dusky ; no distinct
head " pattern." Nest composed ol" fine dried grass-stems, etc., embedded in ground,
under shelter of tussock of grass, a stone, etc. i^ygs 3-5, pale olive, pale dull
butty, dull olive-whitish, etc., finely but usually densely speckled or sprinkled with
olive-brown (rarely, pale cinnauion-butt", speckled with cinnamon-rusty).

a}. Wing of male averaging more than 4.40, that of female averaging 4.12, or more.
6'. Darker, the hind-ntck, I'ump, etc., deeper vinaceous-cinnamon, the throat
and superciliary stripe usually deep primrose-yellow. Young with sooty
blackish prevailing on upper parts, the chest and sides distinctly tinged
with browinsh butt" and speckled or mottled with dusky. Male: Length
aiiout 7.50-8.00, wing 4.20-4.G0 (4.41), tail 2.70-3.10 (2.98). Female:
Wing 3.05-4.55 (4.10), t-iil 2.50-3.10 (2.78). Ifuh. Northeastern North
America (region about Hudson's Bay, including Labrador), Greenland,
and northern Europe; in winter, south to the Carolinas, Illinois, etc.

474. O. alpeitris (Linn.). Horned Lark.
^'. Paler, the hind-neck, rump, etc.. lighter, more a. !iy, or lilaceoua, vinaceous,
the throat usually whii • or but faintly yellowish, the superciliary stripe
pure white. (Young unknown.) Male: Length about 7.50-8.00, wing
4.30-4.65 (4.43), tail 2.85-3.20 (3.10). Female: Wing 4.00-4.20 (4.12),
tail 2.60-2.80 (2.73). Eggs .91 X -tiS. Hab. Northwestern North
America, breeding from Alaska southward, east of Hockj- Mountains,
nearly to United States boun<hiry ; in winter, south over more northern
CJreat Plains and Great Basin of United States, as lar as Kansas, Utah,
and Nevada.

474'f. O. alpestris leucolaema (Coue.s). Pallid Homed Lark.
«'. Wing averaging less than 4.20 in males, less than 4.00 in females.

/>'. Wing averaging more than 4.10 in males, more than 3.80 in female^.

c'. Dark-colored, as in 0. alpextris (but rather paler), with young very dark,
as in that I'orm. Male: Length about 7.00-7.50, wing 4.00-4.30
(4.13), tail 2.90-3.10 (2.99). Female: Length 6.7.5-6.85, wing 3.70
4.00 (3.84), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.73). Egg<i .85 X -62. Hab. Upper Mis-
sissippi Valley and n-gion of the (Jreat T^akes (especially within
United States), east, locally, to New York ; south, in winter, to
Virginia ami northeastern Texas.

474/). O. alpestrif praticola (ITknsii.). Prairie Homed Lark.
f'. Paler colored, like O. leueohvma. but with throat usually distinctly (some-
times strongly) primrose-yellow. Young vary ])ale-colored, with
prevailing color of upper parts light grayish butt', or ])alo bufi"y gray-
ish. Mate: Length 7.00-7..50, wing 4.05-4.30 (4.16), tail 2.75-3.16
(2.90). Female : Jji'w^ih about 6.50-6.75, wini; ..70-1.00 (3.84), tail
2.50-2.80 (2.68). Eggs .86 X -CO. Hab. Great Plains and iiocky

OTOCORIS.

349

Mountain district (including Groat Basin) of United States, south
to New Mexico and northern Arizona.

474c. O. alpestris arenicola IIensh. Desert Honied Lark.

6*. "Wing averaging less than 4.00 in adult males, less than 3.80 in females.

c'. Back not hroadly or conspicuously streaked with dusky, and inedian
lower parts never whollj' pale j'ellowish.
rf'-. General aspect of upper parts grayish (decidedly so in female) ;
male with breast, as well as throat, superciliary stripe, etc.,
usually pale yellow, the breast usually flecked with grayish
brown in both sexes. Male: Length about G.50-6.75, wing
3.80-3.85 (3.83). tail ?.60. Female: Length about 5.80-G.OO,
wing about 3.50, tail 2.35. Hab. Eastern and southeastern
Texas.

474>^/. O. alpestriii ^Iraudi IIensh. Texan Horned Lark.
d'. General aspect of upper parts decidedly ruddy (more brownish in
female) ; breast usually pure white, without markings, in both
sexes.
e^ Larger and less brightly colored, the male with hind-neck,
rump, etc., vinacoous-cinnamon. Mulr : Length about
6.75-7.25, wing 3.80-4.15 (3.99), tail 2.80-3.00 (2.91). Fe-
male: Length about G.50-7.00, wing 3.75-3.80 (3.78), tail
2.70-2.80 (2.75). Hah. Tablo-laiuls of Mexico, north to
southern Now Mexico and Arizona, and westward across

southern California to the coast 474('. O. alpestris

chrysoisema (Waoi,.). Mexican Horned Lark.
<*'. Smaller and brighter colored, the male with hind-m-ck-. rump,
etc., rich tawny cinnamon. Male : Length about G. 50-7. (HI,
wing 3.70-4.10" (3.88), tail 2.G0-2.90 (2.74). Fruuil,' : Length
about G.00-G.50. wing 3.50-3.70 (3.G1), tail 2.3.5-2.05 (2.49).
EaqH .80 X 59. Huh. Interior valleys of California.
474/". O. alpestris rubea ITkn.sii. Ruddy Horned Lark.
c*. Back bvoa'Iy and conspicuously streaked or sti'i])('d with dusky. :uid
; :io({ian lower parts usually partly, sometimes who'iy, pale yellow.
Otherwise much like 0. rubra, but dull olivv I)rown or grayish
brown ground-color of back and scapulars much more strongly
contrasted with vinacoous-cinnamon of hind-neck, rump, etc.,
the fenuilo with upper p.-'.rts more olivacoous and much more
sharply and conspicuously streaked. Male: Tiongth al)out
6.75-7.25, wing 3.70-4.10 (3.94), tail 2.70 5 05 (2.88). Female:
Length about G.25-G.50, wing 3.G0-3.85 (3.G0), tail 2 50-2.80
(2.G2). /fab. Coast district of Oregon, Washington Territory,
and Hritish Columbia; south, in winter, to ])ortions of Cali-
fornia aiid western Nevada 4747. O. alpestris strignta

IIensh. Streaked Horned Lark.

360

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Family CORVID-ffi.— The Crows, Jays, Magpies, etc. (Pago 322.)

Genera.

a\ Tail equal to or longer than wing; wing short, rounded, the pri'uaries exceed-
ing secondaries by much less than length of tarsus, the fourth, fifth, or sixth
quills longest. (Subfamily Garrulince.)
b\ Tail much longer than wing, graduated for half its length or more, the
fcpthers becoming narrower toward tips.
c\ Nostrils covered by bristles; head not crested; orbits partly naked;
wings and tail metallic bluish and greenish, the latter without

white tips; scapulars pure white Pica. (Page 351.)

c*. Nostrils exposed; head conspicuously crested; orbits entirely foalh-
erod; wings and tail plain cobalt-blue, the latter with broad white

tips; scapulars blue, like back, etc Odocitta.^

t'. Tail not much longer than wing, not graduated for more than about one-
third its length (usually much less), the feathers not becoming narrower
toward tips.
c\ Head, neck, and chest uniform deep black ; back glossy bright blue, in

abrupt contrast with the black Cis.vjlnph(i.^

c'. Head, neck, and chest not uniform deep black, or else top of head con-
spicuously crested ; back not bright blue, or else top of bead same
color,
rf*. Nostrils exposed ; large (wing more than 7.25, tail more than
7.50). (Color chiefly dull brownish.)

Psilorhinus. (Patrc 352.)
(P. Nostrils covered; smaller (wing less than 7.00, tail less tlian 7.00).
eV Color chiefly blue or green.

1 CalncHtii OnAY, Li-'t fJcn. B. 1S(1, 50. Typo, Picn f,irmn»,t Swains.

This f;cnii!< (■•intainjt two well-known i<pppip», one, C. rulliii (Vin.i, holonKins to western Mexico (north
to Mnxntinn), tlio other, <'. furmmin (fiwAlss.l, inlinbitini; Hoiitliern Mexico, nml Houlhwiinl lu ('(mIii Kicii. A
third Hpecie8 prohiihly exists in tlie wooileil ilistrietn in the interior of Lower riililbrniii. ''. inlliei is |ierlmp8
the finest of all (jlarruline birds, nieasurinu two to two and a half foet in total lenRtli (of which the tail consti-
tut08 nhout two-thirdH) ; the color* are bright nml boldly contraRtcd, wliilo the crown is oniaiiiciitcd by a v#ry
conspicuous recurved crest.

* ChiolnplKi HonaI'., Consp. i. ISftO, ,'!S0. Type, Plfn tnnhhiKinnn LAFn.

This genus includes two very beautiful species which eomc close to our limits, both oecurrinj? in the state
of Slnaliia, western Mexico. The type of the ircnus, C. minhhtiiiiiiia, luis the head, neck, upper back, and lower
parts uniforui deep black. chnnKinir to dull blue on under lailooverts, the upper parts bright cobalt or ariiro-
blue, becoming iiltnuonrine blue on the tail : on the foreheail there is n. slender, hair-like crest, and llu' nostrils
are partly- -sometimes wholly — exposed; bill and feet usually dec]i black, sometimes bright yellow; lenitth
Bbout 12.00, wlnjt S.S.I-S.SO, tail fl. 00-0 .50. llnh. Western Mexico, north at least to Ma»intlnn. C. bteehtii
(Pirn hrvrhiil Vio., Zool. .Tour, iv. |S2S, .'l.'i.'?) is n larger nml still finer species, of similar coloration, but with
the blue of n rich smalt sbmle; it hn-ks the frontal crest and has the nostrils completely oovarod, and may pos
dlbly require generic or subgenerio separation from <7(<i«.7<)/)A<r ,■ length about 18,00-10.00, wing 7.00, tnil 7.50-
8.50. Iluh. V'csturn Mexl'o (vicinity of Mazntlan, and on Tres Marias).

PICA.

S51

/*. Color chiefly blue.

g^. Head with conspicuous crest.

Cyanocitta. (Pago 353.)

g*. Head without ei'est Aphelocoma. (Page 355.)

/'. Color chiefly green, Avith outer tail-feathers yellow.

Xanthoura. (Pago 358.)

e". Color dull slaty or graj'ish above, dull grayish or brownish

beneath, the head partly white in adults. (Young wholly

dusky.) Perisoreus. (Page 358.)

Tail much shorter than wing; wing long and pointed, the primaries exceeding
longest secondaries by more than the length of the tarsus, the third, fourth,
and fifth quills longest. (Subfamily Corvinoi.)
ft'. Wing 9.00, or more ; plumage entirely glossy black (in North American
species) ; bill compressed, much higher than broad.

Corvus. (Pago 3G0.)

ft'. Wing loss than 9.00; plumage mainly grayish or blue; bill cylindrical,

scarcely or not at all higher than broad.

c\ Nostrils concortlod by an antrorso tuft of feathers; color ash-gray, with

black on wings and tail, the latter mainly white, and soeondaries

broadly tipped with white Picicorvus. (Pago 364.)

c'. Nostrils wholly exposed ; color uniform dull blue, brighter on head.

Cyanocephalus. (Page 364.)

GENU8 PICA CuviER. (Pago 350, pi. XCVIII., fig. 2.)

Spcn'es.
Common Characters. — Wings metallic greenish blue, varied with groonish or

("Kim -linios both), tho inner webs of quills chiefly whito ; tail rich nu'tallic
BW iuii with bronze, purple, and violet neor end ; scapulars, belly, sides, and
pure wlid!t.e ; other parts blackish. Adult : Head, neck, breast, back, tail-
i»wcn'tH. and thirli- cp li:;i<'l: tho top of tho head more or loss distinctly glossed
iriik MMlatlic LT' isli or hntnzy. Young: Tleail. ruick, etc., dull black, without
WKMUk gi«»»»^ u <rnwn. A'csf of coarse, often thorny, sticks, lined with finer
•iri^ aiMl p-f^tli'ts. arcl |»rot*'fti'(l by a loose canopy of coarse, often tliorny, twigs,
4hv «MnB< ^. till"' like latter on one side. E'jgi^ 3-10. pale olivo-l)utfy, dull
,<«r ■" . n mIi, thickly speckled, clouded, sprinkled, or dashed with

4^. SB dHpiilllaife an n:i> • skin of nrbital region blackish.

'' Ftsmttmrn of tlm»at vitluMU white beneath surfac(^ ; wing 6.00-7.55(7.24),
tail 8.40- !.»- ;tf) (;>.:{(H. exposed oulm<-u 1.10-1.25 (1.21), tarsus 1.57-1.80
(J.6H). Mm. Nortuom and central hurope.

P. pica (Linn.). Magpie.'

fern., 8. ^. fgtWrJt'MtM, t06.

r^ii SnAHPR, Cat. Q. Drit. Mux, Hi. IS'", 62.

352

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

b'. Feathers of throat spotted with white beneath surface; averaging larger,
tlie bill especially; iris with an outer ring of grayish blue; length (fresh)
17.40-21.75, wing 7.30-8.40 (7.93), tail 9.30-11.95 (10.65), expo-sed cul-
men 1.15-1.42 (1.26), tarsus 1.70-1.92 (1.82). Eggs 1.30 X -91. ffab.
Western North America (except California), from New Mexico and
Arizona to Alaska, east to Eocky Mountains (casually to Michigan
and northern Illinois ?).

475. P. pica hudsonica (Sab.). American Magpie.
rt'. Bill and naked skin of orbital region bright yellow.

Otherwise like P. hudsonica, but averaging decidedly smaller ; length
about 16.00-18.00, wing 7.20-7.70 (7.38), tail 9.30-10.30 (9.68), exposed
culmon 1.04-1.17 (1.11), tarsus 1.63-1.89 (1.82). Eggs 1.23 X .87. Hab.
California 476. P. nuttalli AuD. Tellow-billed Magpie.

Genus PSILORHINUS RUppell.' (Pago 350, pi. XCVII., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above uniform brown, darker on head, and becoming
grayish on tail; chin, throat, and chest uniform brown, thu remaining lower parts
varying from pale brown to white.

a*. No white on tail.

Adult: Head, neck, and chest uniform dark brown, gradually changing
into a lighter shade of the same on upper parts, and into still paler
grayish brown, brownish gray, or isabella-color (rarely whitish) on
lower parts ; bill and feet varying from black to yellow. Young :
Scarcely diflforont from adult, except in texture of plumage. Length
ibout 16.00-18.00, wing 8.00-8 50, tail 8.25-9.30. Hab. Eastern Mexico,
north to the Rio Grande Valley, south to T'.iumntopec.

P. morio (Wagl.). Brown Jay.*
a'. Tail-feathers, except midt'lo pair, broadly tipped with white.

6*. A distinct malar patch of light bluish gray; belly and under tail-coverts
whitish; length about 16.00-18.00, wing 7.60-8.40, tail 8.50-8.90. Hab.
Eastern Mexico (Mirador) and coast of Honduras fPearl Bay, Mosquito
coast).

P, cyanogenys Okay. Blue-cheeked Brown Jay.*
b*. No grayish blue malar patch ; otherwise like P. ryanogon/s ; length about
15.00-16.00, wing 7.30-8.20, tail 7.00-8.80. Hah. Southern Mexico to
Costa Rica.

P. mexicanus Ul^pp. White-tailed Brown Jay.*

' PnHorhtnuK lll'pp., Mils. Ppnokcnb. is:t7, lf"». Tyjio, P. nirn'mitm RI'pp.

« /','<•<• morio Wa(II,., I><i», lS2St, 1!t\. Pmlorhiiiui moCv>Qn\y, (Jcr». H, ii. IRID, .108,

' Ptilorhmun r^fannyrnyn SiiAnPB. Cat. D. Rrit. Mua. iii, IH77, 1 10, pi. {ei Guav, IIu '.J-lint, ii. p, fl, dmrr.

X II I III).

* /'«i7ui/itHM« mcricaniii UlM'P,, Mui. iSonultanb, 18H7, 18U, pi. II, ftg. 2.

CYANOCITTA.

353

Genus CYANOCITTA Strickland. (Pago 351, pi. C, fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Upper parts mainly blue, the secondaries and tail
(sometimes greater coverts also) barred with black ; head black or vai'ied with
black ; lower parts uniform blue, or whitish with a black collar across chest.

(0. Lower parts whitish; greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and tail-feathers (ex-
cept middle pair) broadly tipped with white. {Adult : Crest and back light
purplish blue ; wings an<l tail bright cobalt-blue, the greater coverts, sec-
ondaries, and tail barred with black; sides of head, chin, and throat purplish
whitish, bordered posteriorly by a black collar, commencing under the crest,
widening into a crescent across chest, and sending forward a streak to the
eye ; lores and narrow frontal band also black ; breast and sides smoky
grayish, belly and under tail-coverts white. Young: Similar, but colors
duller and less sharply contrasted.)
b\ Larger, with more white on tips of secondaries and tail-feathers (on outer
tail-feather 1.00, or more, in extent) ; length 11.00-12.50, wing 5.00-5.70
(5.28), tail 5,05-5.70 (5.3G), exposed culmon .93-1.06 (1.00), tarsus 1.24-
1.45 (1.37). Nest of dried twigs, rootlets, etc., built usually in trees, often
in orchards or about houses. -Eijos pale olive, isabella-color, greenish, or
bufty, rather sparsely spotted or 8pe(;kled with brown. Hah. Eastern
North America, except Florida, north to Fur Countries, west to Great

Plains 477. C. cristata (Linn.). Blae Jay.

6'. Smaller, with less white on tips of secondaries ami tail-feathers (tiiat on
outer tail-feather less than 1.00 in extent) ; length 10.00-11.50, wing 4.80-
5.30 (5.02). tail 4.80-5.50 (5.08), culmon .93-1.03 (.98), tarsus 1.2G-1.42
(1.34). I£ab. Florida.

477rt. C. cristata florincola Coues. Florida Blue Jay.
a'. Lowor parts blue; wing and tail without any white.
i\ No whitish spot over eye.

c'. Head (including crest), neck, and back doop black, or brownish black,
the foreheail not conspicuously (oIUmi not at all) streaked on fore-
head with blue ; blue of Rocondarics and tail a deep Rerlin-lilue shade,
that of rump and lower parts paler; length aboiit 12.00-13,00, wing
5,55-6.20 (5,86), tail 5.30-6.35 ^5.74), culmrn .96-1,18 (1.09), tarsus
1,65-1. 81 (1.72). Nest in coniferous trees. /%.s 3-5, 1.30 X .90, usu-
ally pale blui«ih green, speckled with dove-brown, sometimes jialo
greenish gray, s])ecklod with reddish brown. ffdh. iVorthwest
coast, north to Sitka, south to northern ('alil'ornia (on coast only).

478. C. stelleri ((Jmki„). Steller's Jay.

c*. TToad, nock, and back brownish slaty, the crest more or loss strongly

tinged with blue, anii forehead conspicuously streaked with the

same; blue t-»f soconduines and tail much lighter (deep axuro), that

354

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

•t:

of rump and lower parts a dull turquoise tint; length 11.75-13.00,
wing 5.50-6.10 (5.67), tail 5.10-5.75 (5.41), exposed culinen 1.00-1.20
(1.07), tarsus 1.53-1.73 (1.64), Nest in coniferous trees (often in
holes), 10 to 50 or more feet from ground, bulky, " made loosely of
sticks, stems of weeds, and lined with fibrous rootlets and grasses."
Eggs 3-4, 1.19 X -87, " light blue, speckled and spotted with dark
brown." (Goss.) Hah. Sierra Nevada (both slopes) from Fort
Crook to Fort Tejon ; southern coast ranges of California (?).

478rt. C. stelleri frontalis (Ridgw.). Bine-fronted Jay.
6*. A whitish spot over eye.

c'. Head and fore-neck black.

d}. "White spot over eye smaller (sometimes indistinct) ; streaks on
forehead light blue, sometimes indistinct.

Back dusky, and blue very deep, as in C. stelleri; length
about 12.50-13.75, wing 5.90-6.60 (6.14), tail 5.80-6.65
(6.07), exposed culmen .97-1.08 (1.01), tarsus 1.80-1.68
(1.66). Ilab. Northern Rocky Mountains, south to Wah-
satch range (near Provo, Utah), west to eastern Oregon
and Washington Territory.

— . C. stelleri annectens (Baird). Blaclc-lieaded Jay.'

(P. White spot over eye very conspicuous, never indistinct ; streaks on

forehead bluish white, or pure white.

e*. Chest dull smoky bluish ; blue of rump and lower p.irts a light

dull turquoise hue (as in C. frontalis) ; length about 11.75-

13.75, wing 5.65-6.40 (5.93), tail 5.25-0.25 (5.72), exposed

culmen 1.03-1.14 (1.07), tarsus 1.57-1.72 (1.65). Nest in

trees (usually conifers). Eggs 3-6, 1.25 X -86, colored like

those of C. siclleri. Hah. Southern Rocky Mountains, north

to southern Wyoming, west to Uintah Mountains, Utah and

highor mountains of Arizona, south to northern Mexico.

47S/>. C. stelleri macrolopha (Baiiu)). Long-crested Jay.

«''. Chest deep blue; blue of rump and lower parts of a greenish

azure hue; otherwise similar to C macrolopha, but back

darker, more tinged with blue, and size somewhat smaller;

wing 5..5.5-6.00 (5.82), tail 5.4.5-5.75 (5.59), exposed culmen

1.00-1.12 (l.O(i), tarsus 1.03-1.76 (1.70). Hab. Highlands

of central Mexico, east to Mirador.

C. steHeri diademata (Honai*.). Diademed Jay.'

cK Head (except on sides) and fbro-ius k deep blue. Pluniago oiitirely

blue, except sides of head, the lores, nasal tufts, and postocular

• {C)ian«\,r,t nlfllrri] var. niinrrlrim n.\fnn, in Hist. N. Am. D. il. 1871, 2S1 (in toxl). Ci/nnorilla »le.lleri
nnnrruni, Rmow., Nom. N. Am. B. ISSI, No. 2im/».

» Cyanoijarnilun ilimlemalut BoN.il'., Conep. i. 1850, 377. Ci/nnocilta dia'hmata BcL., Cut. Am. I). 18(11,

ij:!.

APHELOCOMA.

355

region deep black ; white spot above eye larger than in other
forms ; wing 5.50-5.95 (5.73), tail 5.00-5.75 (5.57), exposed culmen
.97-1.07 (1.02), tarsus 1.60-1.72 (1.67). Hab. Portions of southern
Mexico (Mirador, Orizaba, Xalapa, near city of Mexico, Oaxaca,
Sierra Madre of Colima, etc.) and south to Guatemala and Honduras.

C. stelleri coronata (SwAixs.). Coronated Jay.^

Genus APHELOCOMA Cabanis. (Page 351, pi. C, fig. 2.)

Species.

rt'. Lower parts chiefly light grayish or whitish.
6'. Tail longer than wing.

c*. Forehead and nasal tufts hoary whitish.

Adult : Head, neck, chest, wings, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail,
and under tail-coverts dull azure-blue ; forehead, nasal tufts,
and superciliary region pale hoary grayish blue; back and
scapulars light brownish gray; chin and throat light ash-
gray, or grayish white, finely streaked with darker, the ash-
gray continued in broad stripes on chest; rest of lower parts
light brownish gray ; length 10.50-12.50, wing 4.25-4.50 (4.40),
tail 5.30-5.90 (5.73), culmen .90-.99 (.94), ^ tarsus 1.35-l.GO
(1.47). N'est of twigs, rootlets, etc., in thickets or low trees.
Eggs L]3 X -79, pale greenish, spotted with pale reddish brown
or rusty. Hah. Florida.

479. A. floridana (Barth). Florida Jay.
c*. Forehead and nasal tufts bright blue, like crown.

d}. Lower tail-coverts bright blue, markedly diff'ercnt from color of

belly.

c'. Back and scaptilarsdull slaty grayish, tinged with blue ; breast,

sides, and flanks light ash-gray ; blue of upper parts, etc.,

.a light dull azure hue; length 11.50-12.75, wing 4.70-5.35

(6.02), (ail 5.20-6.20 (5.08), culmen .93-1.06 (1.01), tarsus

1.45-1.59 (1.55). Kest in thickets or low trees. Eggs 3-6,

1.10 X -79, pale green, pale greenish buff", or pale grayish

green, rather sparsely marked with very distinct dots or

small spots of deep madder-brown. Jfih. Middle Province

of Unit(M| States, north to eastern Oregon, Idaho, Montana,

and Wyoming, west to western Nevada and Arizona, east

to Colora<lo and New Moxico. and south into northwestern

Mexico.. 480. A. woodhousei (Baird). Woodhouse's Jay.

c*. Back and scapulars dark sepia-brown, without blue tinge;

breast, sides, and flanks brownish white, or very palo

i«i.

* Ourrului curonatui Swai.ns,, Philoa. Mag. i. 1827, 4;I7. Cj/anocilUt corunala Strk'KL., Ann, N. II. 1845,

356

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

brownish gray; blue of upper parts, etc., a very deep
azure— almost Berlin-blue— shade ; length about 11.50-
12.25, wing 5.20-5.30 (5.27), tail 6.05-6.25 (6.15), culmen
1.15-1.30 (1.22), tarsus 1.70-1.80 (1.75). Hab. Santa Cruz
Island, southern California.

— . A. insularis Hensh. Santa Cruz Jay.*
(P. Lower tail-coverts white, or else vciy slightly tinged with blue.
eK Sides of head blackish, with little, if any, blue tinge ; breast
grayish white or very pale grayish, like belly ; back and
scapulars brownish gray, without blue tinge.
/•. Sides of chest bright blue, the middle portion streaked
with blue ; white superciliary stripe very distinct.
g^. Larger, with smaller bill and feet, the blue darker,
the lower parts less purely white ; length about
11.50-12.25, wing 4.70-5.20 (4.93), tail 5.45-6.10
(5.71), culmen .87-1.03 (.96), tarsus 1.50-1.94
(1.62). Nest in thickets or low trees. Eggs 3-6,
1.13 X -81, pure bluish green, speckled with clove-
brown ; dull greenish white, speckled or spotted
with chestnut, or light bufFy spotted with ru.^ty
brown and lilac-gray. Hab. Pacific coast of United
States, from southern California to Oregon, cast to
western Nevada.

481. A. californica (Via.). California Jay.
g*. Smaller, with larger bill and feet, the blue lighter, the
loAver parts more purely white; length 11.50-12.00,
wing 4.5.5-5.00 (4.63), tail 5.20-5.80 (5.53), culmen
.94-1.07 (1.03), tarsus 1.43-1.60 (1.50). Hab. Lower
California (vicinity of Capo St. Lucas). — . A. cali-
fornica hypoleuca Ridow. Zantns's Jay.*
/'. Sides of chest dull brownish gray, the middle portion
dull white, streaked with brownish gray or light
grayish brown ; white superciliaiy stripe less distinct
(though always apparent).

Otherwise scarcely different in color from A. cali-
fornica ; length (skins) about 11.00-11.50, wing
5.40-5.55 (5.48). tail 5.95-6.10 (6.00), culmen .98-
1.01 (1.00), tarsus 1.60. Hab. Southern Mexico
(Orizaba, Oaxaca, Atliseo, etc.).

A. Bumichrasti (Ridow.). Sutnichrast's Jay.*

' Aphalocomn iiiDuhirifi IIrnrii., Auk, Hi. Oct. ISSB, 4.12.

' No«v Hiibiipccic!! ; bniiod cm nmny siiociinona from Cupn St. Liioa.', Ln Pax, nnil cnntijjiinuR localities, oollected
by .1. XantuH and L. Boldiit);.

" Ci/iiiwvitta rali/iiniicit var. a ii ni i eh rntt I RiDaw., in Illst. X. Am. B. ii. 187-J, 283. Apheloeoma $umiehraili
SuABi'ii, Cat. U. Drit. Mud. iii. 1877, lU.

APHELOCOMA.

357

e*. Sides of head uniform bright blue, like crown, etc. ; breast

deep brownish gray, changing ratlier abruptly to pure

white on belly and lower lail-coverts ; back and scapulars

dark slaty gray, strongly tinged with blue.

Adult : Chest light grayish blue, broadly streaked with

white (as in A. calif ornica); superciliary streak very

indistinct, or obsolete ; length (skin) about 11.50, wing

6.40, tail 5.70, exposed culinen .95, tarsus l.GO. Hab.

"Mexico" (locality unknown).

A. cyanotis Ridgw. Blue-eared Jay.'
Tail shorter than wings,
t'. Tail 5.50, or less.

Adult: Above bright light azure-blue, including whole side of
head, down to throat, the Lack and scapulars dull grayish blue,
or plumbeous ; chin and throat dull white, deepening into dull
light brownish gray on breast, this again fading into pure
white on lower belly and under tail-coverts ; length (fresh)
1150, wing 5.80-5.90, tail 5.30-5.40 (graduated for only about
. .30), viulmen 1.05-1.10, tarsus 1.60. Hab. Lower Rio Grande
Valley, and south w^ard.

A. couchi (Baird). Couch's Jay.'
c». Tail more than 5.50.

(/'. Tail even, or very slightly rounded.

Colors of A. couchi ; length 13.00, tail 7.00. Hah. " Mexico."

A. ultramarina (Bonaf.). Ultramarine Jay.'
d\ Tail decidedly rounded.

e^. Colors of A. couchi, but rather paler above, the chest rather
more decidedly ashy, and throat more grayish ; length
about 11.50-13.00, wing 6.10-6.50 (6 34), tail 5.65-6.10
(5.8C), graduated for .50-00, culmen 1.00-1.08 (1.02), tarsus
1.58-1.66 (1.60). Nest a loose, frail structure of dry twigs
and rootlets, built in small trees. Eggs 2-5, 1.17 X -84, plain
greenish blue, very similar in color to those of the Robin
{3It'i'nla migratoria). Hab. Northwestern Mexico, and con-
tiguous portions of Arizona and New Mexico.

482. A. sieberii arizonse Ridgw. Aiirona Jay.

€*. Colors much darker and brighter than in ^1. ari::ona', the back

more or less strongly tinged with azure-blue (Kometimes

almost uniform with head, etc.); length about 11. 50-13. v)0,

wing 6.70-7.40 (7.06), tail 6.30-6.75 (6.58), culmen 1.00-1.0,8

• New epocicgj type, No. 840,5, II. S. Nut. Mu». j " John Taylor, Esq., Mexico, Sept. 18.36."

' Cymioritlu rntichi Baiiid, B. N. Am. 1853, 588 ; cd. 1800, pi. 00, fig. 2. Aphihcoma couchi Sharpk, Cut.

B. Brit. Mu8. iii. 1877, 110,

' Ci>rvn» vltrntLnriiiuH BoNAi'., Jour. Ao. Nat. Sol, Phil. 8vo, iv. 1825, 387. Aphelocomn ultramarina

SnARPR, Cat. B. Brit. Mu8. ill. 1877, 115.

358

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

(1.02), tarsus 1.58-1.66 (1.60). Ilab. Southern Mexico
(Vera Cruz and southward).

A. sieberii (Waol.). Sieber's Jay.'
a*. Lower parts entirely uniform rich blue, like upper parts.

Plumage entirely uniform rich azure-blue, except lores, which are deep
black, and under surface of wings and tail, which are dull black ; size of
A. sieberii. Hab, Uighlands of Guatemala and southern Mexico.

A. unicolor (Du Bus). Unicolored Jay.*

Genus XANTHOURA Bonaiarte. (Page 351, pi. XCIX., fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adults uniform bright green above, becoming more
bluish toward tips of middle tail-feathers ; nasal tufts, triangiUar patch covering
anterior portion of malar region (reaching upward to eye), and Avhole toj) of head
(except anteriorly), rich campanula-blue; anterior part of forehead white, changing
gradually into blue of crown ; tail, except four niiddle feathers, pure primrose-yel-
low ; sides of head (except as described above), chin, throat, and chest, uniform deep
black, with abrupt semicircular outline against breast ; rest of under parts light
green or j'cllow. Young: Similar to adult, but colors duller, the blue of crown
tinged with green, white of forehead stained with, or replaced by, yellow, black of
head much duller, and lower parts pale creamy yellow.

rt'. Lower parts pale verdigris-green, more or less tinged, especially beneath sur-
face, with pale primrose-yellow ; length 11.00-12.00, wing 4.40-4.80, tail 5.10-
5.80. Nest in small, usually thorny, trees or in thickets. E(j(js 2-4, 1.08 X
.79, pale buff or pale grayish buff, thickly speckled with umber-brown, JIab.
Eastern Mexico, north to lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, south to Vera
Cruz and Puehla 483. X. luxuosa (Less.). Oreen Jay.

a\ Lower parts chiefly or entirely primrose-yellow ; otherwise like X luxuosa.
Hab. Southern Mexico (Colima, Tehuantepcc, etc.), Yucatan, and Guate-
mala.

X. luxuosa cyanocapilla (Cab.). Yellow-bellied Green Jay.'

Genus PERISOREUS Bonaparte. (Page 351, pi. XCVI., fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Advlts with forehead, nasal tufts, sides of head, throat,
and chest white, or whitish ; oci-iput (sometimes nearly whole top of head) grayish,
dusky, or blackish ; upper parts uniform dusky grayish or brownish, the tail-feathers

1 Pkn lirherii Waoi.., Syiit. Av. 1827, Pica, up. 23. Aphelocomn airben' Cab., Mu8. Hcin. i. 1851, 221.

' Cynriociirdx wiicnlnr Du Bu8, Hull. Ac. Hoy. Brux, xiv. pt. 2, 1847, 10;i. Apheloeoma unicolor Siiahpk,
Cut. n. Brit. MuB. iii. 1877, 118.

* Ci/iiiiiiriirnjr rt/niinrn/ilHiiii C\n. in TaoUuJi FiiuDU Por. 184-4-46, 23o. XuHlhiira ci/aitoeapiUa Sharpb,
Cat. B. Brit. Mu8. 'ii. 1S77, 131.

PERISOREUS.

359

indistinctly (thougli sometimes broadl}') tipped with whitish ; lower parts plain
grayish or whitish. Young, entirely plain dusky, varj'inj^ from a slaty to a brown-
ish tint. Nest in conil'erous trees, bulky, composed of dried twigs, shreds of bark,
etc., lined with softer materials. E(j(js 2-5, with palo ground-color (often dull
whitish) speckled with brown and purplish gray.

a\ Feathers of back without distinct paler shaft-streaks ; breast, belly, sides, and
flanks grayish, much darker than throat and chest.
b\ Adult with whole occiput and hinder part of crown (somctimoa whole
crown) blackish or dusky grayish, this touching (sometimes surround-
ing) the eye; young with top of head uniform dusky, like back,
c'. Blackish of hood scarcely bordering eye underneath ; occiput dull sooty
blackish, or dark sooty slate, the white on forehead usually extend-
ing buck to or beyond ])osterior border of ej'e.

Breast, etc., light brownish gra}', always much paler than back.
Young, uniform sooty slate, with nasal tufts, lores, and chin
deep black ; a whitish rictal stripe (usually indistinct). Length
11.00-12.10, wing 5.G0-5.90 (5.75), tail 5.05-6.35 (COO), culmen
.95-1.08 (1.00), tarsus 1.33-1.47 (1.39). Eggs 1.12 X .81, dull
white, drab-white, or ver}' pale grayish buff, speckled with hair-
brown or grayish brown, and lilac-gray. Hab. Northern New
England and New York, northern Michigan and Minnesota,
northward to Hudson's Bay and interior arctic regions.

484. P. canadensis (Linn.). Canada Jay.
c*. Blackish of hood broadly bordering eye all round ; occiput deeper black,
the white (or pale smoky) of forehead usually not reaching as far
back as posterior border of eye.
<?'. Colors extremely dark, the breast, etc. (except in much worn or
faded plumage), deep slate-gray (sometimes nearly as dark as
back), almost abruptly contrasted against white of chest; fore-
head usually pure white, or but faintly tinged with smoky yel-
lowish. Young, uniform deep slate-color, without sooty tinge,
the nasal tufts and lores deep black, the throat nearly black ;
an indistinct graj'ish rictal stri])o. Length about 11.00-12.00.
wing 5.30-5.80 (5.53), tail 5.30-5.85 (5.64), culmen .95-1.09
(1.02), tarsus 1.35-1.47 (1.40). JLib. Coast-region of Labrador
(interior also?), north to Hudson's Strait.

484(?. P. canadensis nigricapillus Rinnw. Labrador Jay.
d*. Colors almost equally dark, but more dingy, the white of forehead
usually much obscured by a smoky brownish or yellowish wash,
and gray of breast, etc., more or less tinged with same. Young,
uniform brownish slate-color, thb lores, nasal plumes, and orbits
blackish ; an indistinct rictal stripe of light grayish brown, or
smoky gray (sometimes whitish). Length about 10.00-12.00,
wing 5.20-5.75 (5.54), tail 5.20-6.00 (5.66), culmen .94-1.08

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

*^ m

112.5

2.2

2.0

1.8

1.25

1.4

1.6

M 6" -

►

Photogmpriii

Sciences

Corporation

33 WIST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. M580

(716) 872-4503

L-C

-fv

360

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

(1.01), tarsus 1.30-1.42 (1.37). Hub. Alaska, except southern
coast-district.

4846. P. canadensis fumifrons Eidow. Alaskan Jay.

6'. Adult with whole head white, except occiput, which is plumbeous gray, this
color not reaching antei'iorly to the eye; young with top of head dull
white, tinged with grayish browu.

Adult : Head and neck pure white, the occiput and upper hind-neck
deep plumbeous-gray; back and other upper parts lighter plumbeous-
gray ; breast, belly, sides, and flanks light brownish gray. Young :
Nasal tufts, lores, and orbits blackish dusky ; whole crown, and a
broad malar stripe, dull whitish, tinged with pale brownish gray ;
throat dusky grayish; rest of lower parts more brownish gray, the
feathers of belly, etc., tipped with paler. Length about 11.25-
13.00, wing 5.90-6.30 (6.10), tail 5.80-6.35 (6.07), culmen .97-1.08
(1.03), tarsus 1.35-1.44 (1.40). Nest in coniferous trees, bulky
(about 7.00 across by 4.00 in height), composed of dead twigs,
pine-needles, dried grasses, strips of bark, etc., lined with finer vege-
table materials, feathers, etc. ; cavity about 4.00 across by 2.00 deep.
JEcfgs 3-5, 1.15 X -86, grayish white, speckled with various shades of
brown. Hab. Rocky Mountains, south to Arizona (White Moun-
tains) and New Mexico, north into British America.

4S4a. P. canadensis capitalis Baiud. Rocky Mountain Jay.
a". Feathers of back with distinct paler shaft-streaks ; breast, belly, sides, and
flanks white, like throat and chest.

Adult : Upper half of head, except forehead and nasal tufts, sooty black ;
forehead and nasal tufts white, sometimes tinged with bi'ownish ; back
and scapulars varying from dull brownish gray to sepia-brown, the
feathers with distinct though narrow whitish shaft-streaks ; wings and
tail brownish gray, the wing-covci*ts, tertials, and tail-feathers narrowly
(sometimes indistinctly) tipped with whitish ; lower parts entirely
white, sometimes very faintly tinged postei'iorly with pale brownish or
brownish gray. Young : Dull grayish sooty brown, paler and more
decidedly brownish below, darkest on top of head. Length about 9.50-
11.00, wing 5,15-5.75 (5.53), tail 6.20-5.90 (5.56), culmen .84-.99 (.92),
tarsus 1.23-1.40 (1.30). Eggs 1.04 X -79. grayish whiter, greenish white,
or very pale grayish green, speckled with hair-brown and lilac-gray.
Hab. Northwest coast, from northern California (Humboldt Bay) and
northern Sierra Nevada (both slopes) north to British Columbia.

485. P. obscurus Rioow. Oregon Jay.

Genus CORVUS Linnaeus. (Pago 351, pi. XCVIL, fig. 1 ; pi. XCVIII., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Entirely black, the plumage more or less glossy. Nest
a bulky structure of coarse sticks, etc., in trees or on cliffs (according to the

CORVVS.

361

d twigs,

locality). Eggs 2-7, pale bluish green, pale olive, or olive, spotted or dashed (or
both) with olive-brown (sometimes nearly uniform olive, from density of
markings).

a'. Feathers of throat lanceolate, distinct from one another. (Ravens.) (iVes< usually
among I'ocks.)
bK Feathers of neck dull gray at base ; nasal tufts covering not more than
basal half of upper mandible ; exposed culmen 2.40, or more, wing more
than 15.00.
t'. Third quill equal to or longer than fifth.

d}. Bill relatively shorter and higher, lanceolate feathers of throat

less developed, more purplish in color, and plumage usually

leas lustrous; wing 16.75-18.00 (17.25), tail 9.40-10.00 (9.60),

exposed culmen 2.65-3.00 (2.81), depth of bill through nostril

1.05-1.12 (1.08), tarsus 2.78-2.95 (2.86). ffab. Europe and parts

of Asia. C. corax Linn. Raven.*

d^. Bill relatively longer and shallower, lanceolate feathers of throat

larger, more violet or bluish, and plumage usually more

lustrous.

e\ With smaller or slenderer bill, the tarsus more slender, with

less of upper portion concealed by feathering of lower

part of thighs ; length about 21.50-26.00, wing 15.10-18.00

(16.87), tail 9.00-li.OO (9.86), exposed culmen 2.40-3.05

(2.80), depth of bill through nostril .82-1.05 (.94), tarsus

2.60-3.00 (2.78). Eggs 1.98 X 1.29. Hub. Western United

States, and south to Guatemala.

486. C. corax sinuatus (Waql.). Mexican Raven.
€'. With larger or stouter bill, tar.su8 shorter and stouter, with
more of upper portion concealed by feathering of lower
part of thighs ; length about 22.00-26.50, wing 16.50-18.00
(16.99), tail 9.20-10.50 (9.86), exposed culmen 2.65-3.45
(3.03), depth of bill at nostrils .95-1.12 (1.04), tarsus 2.60-
2.80 (2.65). Eggs 2.02 X 1-38. Hab. Northern North
America, from Greenland to Alaska, south to British Co-
lumbia, Canada, New Brunswick, etc'

— . C. corax principalis Eidqw. Northern Raven.'
c'. Third quill decidedly shorter than fifth.

Otherwise like C. corax principalis, but still larger; wing 16.75-
18.10 (17.44), tail 10.00-10.85 (10.49), exposed culmen 3.00-3.40

• Corvuf cornx Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 105.

* From lack of spooimong, I am unablo to determine which form Ravens from the eastern United States
belong to.

' New subspeoles, for which there is unfortunately no older name available, Cnmis camtvortm BAnrn. and 0. >
lugitbrit AoASS, are purely nnmina nudn ; C, corax var. littnralin Hold. ( 1 81.3 ) is preoccupied ( C. littornliH Biirhh,
1831) ; while 0, voci/eruii CAnoT, quoted by Coiies and others as a synonyme of 0. coraje, is in reality Pailofhinui
tnexioanui RUpp,, and is described from Yucatan.

S62 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

(3.20), depth of bill at nostrils 1.05-1.10 (1.08), tarsus 2.60-2.85
(2.75). Hab. Commander Islands, Kamtsehatka. (Probably
also westernmost Aleutians.)

C. corax behringianus Dybowski. Bering's Raven.'

v. Feathers of neck, all round, pure white at base ; nasal tufts covering much

more than basal half of upper mandible ; exposed culmen less than 2.40,

wing less than 15.00.

Length 18.75-21.00, wing 13.10-14.25 (13.67), tail 7.50-8.60 (8.10),

exposed culmen 2.00-2.35 (2.15), depth of bill at base .85-.90 (.87),

tarsus 2.20-2.50 (2.35). Eggs 1.74 X 1-21, with markings averaging

finer and more longitudinal than in other species. Hah. Southwestern

United States and table-lands of Mexico; north to Indian Territory,

Kansas, Colorado, and southern California, south to Guanajuato and

Puebla 487. C. cryptoleucus Couch. White-necked Raven.

a}. Feathers of throat short, blended. {Crows.) (Nest usually in trees.)

b^. Nostrils completely hidden by the fully-developed nasal tufts ; corner of
mouth feathered.
d. Tarsus 2.15, or more; lower parts glossed with violet (on margins of
feathers) like upper parts; wing averaging more than 11.75, tail
averaging more than 7.00.
d\ Largoi', with relatively larger and thicker bill.

e'. Wing and tail averaging longer, but bill and feet decidedly
smaller; length 17.00-21.00, wing 11.90-13.25 (12.36), tail
6.90-8.00 (7.43), exposed culmen 1.80-2.05 (1.92), depth of
bill at base .72-.82 (.76), tarsus 2.20-2.40 (2.27). Eggs 1.69
X 1.17. Ilab. Eastern North America, except southern
Florida and arctic districts.

488. C. americanus Aud. American Crow.

c'. Wing and tail averaging shorter, but bill and feet decidedly

larger; length about 20.00, wing 11.50-12.30 (12.15), tail

7.00-7.70 (7.23), expo.sed culmen 2.00-2.20 (2.08), depth of

bill at base .75-.85 (.80), tarsus 2.40-2.50 (2.45). Hab.

Southern Florida.

488(1. C. americanus floridanus Baird. Florida Crow.

il'^. Smaller, with relatively smaller and more slender bill.

Length about 18.5l)-19.25, wing 11.10-12.75 (11.95), tail 6.45-
7.80 (7.10), exposed culmen 1.60-1.95 (1.78), depth of bill
at base .62-.70 (.68). tarsus 2.15-2.40 (2.23). Hab. Western
United States, north to Washington Territory (Puget
Sound), Idaho, Montana, etc., south to northern Mexico,
east to Rocky Mountains.

— . C. americanus hesperis Ridqw. California Crow.'

1 Corvim corajt hehriniilaiinn DviiowsK. Bull. Soo. Zool. Franco, ISS.'?, 30.S,

' Now guh!<noulo3 ; a very strongly oharaotorizod raoo which also differs markedly in habits and notos from
the eastern bird.

CORVUS.

363

c\ Tarsus less than 2.10; wing averaging less than 11.00, the tail aver-
aging less than 7.00.
d^. Plumage glossed with violet or purple above, lustreless black or
very faintly glossed with purplish beneath,
e'. Larger and less glossy, the lower parts dull dead black (some-
times with barely perceptible violet gloss), the upper parts
glossed with dull violet (as in C. americanus) ; length about
16.00-17.00, wing 10.10-11.10 (10.72), tail 6.00-6.90 (6.43),
exposed culmeu 1.60-1.90 (1.75), depth of bill at base
.65-.72 (.70), tarsus 1.80-2.05 (1.93). Eggs 1.56 X 1-08.
Hab. Northwest coast, from Washington Territory (and
Oi'egon ?) to Kadiak, Alaska.

489. C. caurinus Baird. Northwest Crow.

e". Smaller and more glossy, the lower parts glossy black, with

slight (?) purple reflections, the upper parts more distinctly

glossed with purple ; length about 15.00, wing 10.35, tail

6.00, " bill" 1.80, tarsus 2.00. Hab. Cuba.

C, minutus Gundl. Cuban Fish Crow.^
d}. Plumage glossed with violet-bluish, greenish blue, or steel-blue
above, with greenish en lower parts,
e*. Larger and less glossy, the upper parts glossed with violet-
bluish, changing to a more greenish blue tint on head,
neck, and lower parts ; length about 15.00-17.50, wing
10.20-11.40 (10.88), tail 6.00-7.00 (6.37), exposed culmen
1.60-1.80 (1.71), depth of bill at base .58-.65 (.61), tarsus
1.70-2.00 (1.87). Eggs 1.47 X 1.04. Hab. Atlantic and
Gulf coasts of United States, from Long Island to Louis-
iana 490. C. ossifragus WiLs. Fish Crow.

e'. Smaller and much more glossy, the upper parts soft stocl-blue,
changing to violet on crown, the lower parts rich soft
greenish blue; length about 12.00-14.50, wing 9.20-9.60
(9.32), tail 5.80-6.40 (6.11), exposed culmen 1.50-1.65
(1.55), depth of bill at base .50-.58 r.54), tarsus 1.50-1.70
(1.62). Hab. Western Mexico (vicinity of Mazatlan).

C. mexicanus Gmkl. Mexican Crow.*
fc'. Nostrils scarcely concealed by the short, imperfectly developed nasal tufts ;
corners of mouth naked.
Entirely violaceous-black, the feathers everywhere smoky gray be-
neath surface ; wing 11.00. tail 7.75, culmen (t- base) 2.45, depth of
bill at base .80. Hab. Cuba.

C. nasicus Trmm. Cuban Crow.*

• Corvut minutnn fluvni,., Jour. Dost. Soo. vi. 1852, 315.
» Corvw* mexicanni Gmki.., S. N. 1. 1788, 375.

• CorwM* Ha«icii« Tbmm., PI. Col. li. 1838, pi. 413.

364

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus PICICORVUS Bonaparte. (Page 351, pi. XCIX., fig. 1.)

Species.

Adult : Uniform ash-gray, becoming white on fore-part of head ; wings and
two middle tail-feathers glossy black, the secondaries broadly tipped with white ;
tail, except middle feathers, mainly white. Young : Similar to adult, but colors
duller and browner. Length about 12.00-13.00, wing 7.10-8.00, tail 5.10-5.40. Mst
in coniferous trees (sometimes in cavities), bulky, composed of dried twigs, lined
with rootlets, etc. Bggs 1.27 X -94, dull white, sparingly speckled, chiefly on larger
end, with brown and pui'plish gray. Hab. Higher coniferous forests of western
North America ; north to Putnam River, Alaska, south to Arizona, east to (and in-
cluding) Rocky Mountains... 491. P. columbianus (Wils.). Clarke's Nutcracker.

Genus CYANOCEPHALUS Bonaparte. (Page 351, pi. XCIX., fig. 2.)

Species.

Adult : Uniform grayish blue, becoming deeper blue on head, the throat bright
blue, sti-eaked with white. Young : Uniform dull grayish blue, lighter beneath.
Length about 10.00-11.75, wing 5.70-6.00, tail 4.80-4.85. A^est in piflon trees, 5-10
or more feet up, bulky, composed of shreds of piiion, cedar, and sage-brush bark,
grass- and weed-stalks, small twigs, etc. IJggs 3-5, 1.16 X -85, pale greenish blue
or bluish or greenish white, thickly but finely speckled with olive-brown. Hab.
Plateau region of western North America, chiefly between Rocky Mountains and
Sierra Nevada, entirely across United States.

492. C. cyanocephalus (Wied). Finon Jay.

Family STURNIDiE. — The Starlings. (Page 322.)

Genera.
(Characters same as those given for the Family) Sturnus. (Page 364.)

Genus STURNUS Linn^us. (Page 364, pi. C, fig. 3.)

Species.

Adult in summer (sexes alike) : Glossy greenish and purplish black, speckled,
more or loss extensively and conspicuously, with light bufly brown and whitish ;
greater wing-covcrts, secondaries, quills, and tail-featho^s edged with light brown-
ish buff^; bill yellow. Adult in winter : Light brown (on upper parts) and whitish
(on lower parts) spotting much more conspicuous than in summer, often obscuring
or nearly concealing the underlying glossy green and purple ; bill blackish. Young :
Plain grayish brown, the throat whitish, edges of greater wing-coverts, secondaries,
quills, and tail-feathers light dull buffy. Length about 7.60-8.50, wing 6.00-5.10, tail

ICTERIDM.

365

2.60-2.90, exposed culmen .95-1.00, tarsus 1.15-1.25. Nest in holes of trees, about
buildings, etc. Eggs 4-7, 1.17 X -83, plain pale greenish blue or bluisii white. Hob.
Europe and northern Asia ; accidental in Greenland.

493. S. vulgaris Linn. Starling.

Family ICTERID^.— The Blackbirds, Orioles, etc. (Page 321.)

Genera.

Outlines of bill nearly or quite straight, the tip not decurved, the commissure

neither inflected nor sinuated. (Subfamily Icterince.)
6*. Bill stout, conical, its depth through the base equal to at least one-third the
length of the culmen. {Agelaice.)
c\ Tail-feathers sharply pointed at tips; middle toe, with claw, longer

than tarsus Dolichonyx. (Page 366.)

c'. Tail-feathers not pointed at tips ; middle toe, with claw, not longer than
tarsus.
d}. Bill much shorter than head, its depth through base equal to
about half the length of the exposed culmen, the latter dis-
tinctly convex ; plumage uniform blackish or dusky, streaked

only in young Molothrus. (Page 367.)

d*. Bill nearly as long as head, its depth thi'ough base less than half

the length of the exposed culmen, the latter very straight ;

sexes remarkably diff'erent in size.

e'. Claws smaller, the lateral ones scarcely reaching to base of

middle one ; first quill shorter than fourth ; plumage of

male uniform black, with bright red lesser wing-coverts;

of female, dusky, more or less streaked with white.

Agelaius. (Page 368.)
e*. Claws larger, the lateral ones reaching to beyond base of mid-
dle one; first quill longer than fourth (sometimes longest) ;
plumage of male uniform black, with yellow head, neck, and
chest, and white wing-patch ; of female, dusky, with yel-
lowish throat and chest... Xanthocephalus. (Pago 368.)
6'. Bill slender, its depth through base decidedly less than one-third the length
of the culmen.
c*. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing, the feathers sharp-pointed ;
wing short, the tertials lengthened (reaching almost to tips of pri-
maries) ; bill long (longer than head), slender, the culmen much flat-
tened ; feathers of top of head with stifl'ened, glossy shafts ; out-
stretched feet reaching beyond tip of tail ; color above brownish,
baiTed and streaked with black, beneath yellow, with a black
crescent on chest, the sexes not essentially different.

Sturnella. (Page 371.)

*4:

366 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

c'. Tail nearly or quite as long as wing, the feathers not pointed at tips ;
wing moderate, the tertials not lengthened ; bill shorter than head,
the culmen nari'ow, not flattened ; feathers on top of head without
stiffened shafts ; outstretched feet falling far short of tip of tail ;
color black and yellow, orange, or chestnut in adult males (some-
times in females pIso), usually with more or less of white on wings.

Icterus. (Page 372.)
rt'. Outlines of bill distinctly curved, the tip distinctly dccurved, the commissure
distinctly inflected and sinuatod. (Subfamily Quiscalince.)
6\ Tail much shorter than wing, neai'ly even, not folded laterally ; bill shorter

than head, slender Scolecophagus. (Page 378.)

b*. Tail longer than wing, graduated, and folded laterally ; bill as long as jr
longer than head, stout Quiscalus. (Page 379.)

.#
'.«,'

Genus DOLICHONYX Swainson. (Page 365, pi. CI., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult male in spring : General color black, the occiput
and hind-neck, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts whitish or bufiy. Adult
female : General color ochraceous, tinged with grayish brown, paler (more buffy
yellowish) beneath ; upper parts and flanks streaked with dusky ; crown divided
by a median buffy stripe. Adult male in fall and winter : Similar to adult female,
but colors rather darker, or deeper. Young (not set;n). JSfest in tussocks of grass
or among weeds in meadows. Eggs 2-5, dull white or bi'ownish white, heavily
spotted or blotched with vandyke-brown, usually with a few fine lines or irregular
markings of blackish.

Adult male with hind-neck usually deep buff', inclining to ochraceous ; streaks
on back also deep buff or ochraceous ; lower back rather deep ash-gray.
yl<i«?f /ema^e with ground-color of plumage deep olive-buffy. Length 6.30-
7.60, wing 3.70-4.00 (3.88), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.83). Eggs .83 X -61. Hab. East-
ern North America, west to edge of Great Plains, bi-eeding in northern
United States and more southern British Provinces; in winter, south to
"West Indies an ' South America 494. D. oryzivorus (Linn.). Bobolink.

Adult male with hind-neck and streaks on back paler buff", often neai'ly pure
white ; lower back very pale ashy, or grayish white. Adult female with
ground-color of plumage pale grayish buff". Length (male) about 7.00-7.25,
wing 3.75-4.10 (3.94), tail 2.75-3.00 (2.89). Hab. Great Plains, east to Da-
kota, north to Fort Garrj'^ and Manitoba, west to Salt Lake Valley and
eastern Nevada (Ruby Valley).

494a. D. oryzivorus albinucha EiDaw. Western Bobolink.

MOLOTHRVS.

367

Genus MOLOTHRUS Swainson. (Pago 365, pi. CL, fig. 2.)

Species.

(Ko nest, but eggs deposited in nests of other species.)

a}. Culmen not more than .72 ; adult males with head brown. Adult males : Head,
neck, and chest uniform brownish (varying greatly in tint) ; rest of plumage
glossy black, with a greenish I'eflection, changing to purplish next to the
brown of the neck, especially on upper back. Adult females : Plain brown-
ish gray, darker on upper parts, paler on chin and throat, the feathers,
especially on back and breast, with indistinct darker shaft-streaks. Young :
Above dull brownish gray, the feathers bordered with pale buffy ; lower
parts dull light buffy, broadly but rather indistinctly streaked with dull
brownish gray.
bK Larger: Length (male) about 7.75-8.25, wing 4.00-4.60 (4.31), tail 2.90-3.35
(3.08), culmen .61-.72 (.66), tarsus .98-1.12 (1.05); female considerably
smaller. Eggs .87 X -66, dull white, greenish white, or brownish white,
speckled or ppotted, more or less densely, with brown. Hab. United
States and more southern British Provinces; south, in winter, to southern

Mexico 495. M. ater (Bodd.). Cowbird.

b\ Smaller: Length (male) about 7.00-7.50, wing 3.70-4.15 (3.93), tail 2.85-
3.00 (2.91), culmen .57-.63 (.60), tarsus .93-1.00 (.96) ; female smaller.
Eggs .76 X -59, colored like those of M. ater. Hab. Mexico and con-
tiguous portions of United States, from Texas to Arizona and Lower

California 495a. M. ater obscurus (Gmel.). Dwarf Cowbiru.

a*. Culmen .75, or more ; adult male with head black. Adult male : Head, neck,
back, and lower parts uniform glossy black, with a soft bronzy lustre, duller
on head ; lesser and middle wing-coverts, outermost scapulars, and rump
glossed with violet; wings in general, upper tail-coverts, and tail glossy
blue-black, changing to greenish ; iris bright red ; length about 9.00-9.50,
wing 4.60-4.80, tail 3.70-3.80, culmen .85-.90, tarsus 1,15-1.25. Yoking male:
Entirely blackish, with distinct gloss only on wings, etc., the lower parts,
back, etc., without bronzy lustre. Adult female : Above dark brownish gray,
the feathers of back, etc., with darker, somewhat glossy centres, the wing-
coverts, etc., with paler margins ; lower parts lighter brownish gray, the
feathers sometimes showing distinct dusky shaft-streaks; length about
8.00-8.50, wing about 4.10, tail 3.25, culmen .75, tarsus 1.05. Eggs .88 X -72,
plain greenish white or dull bluish white. Hab. Mexico and Central
America, south to Panama, north to lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas.

496. M. aeneus (Waql.). Bronzed Cowbird.

368

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus XANTHOCEPHALUS Swainson. (Page 365, pi. CI., fig. 3.)

Species,

Adult male in summer: Head, neck, and chest yellow, varying in tint from a
lemon to an orange (rarely to pinkish saifron) shade ; primary coverts and lower
greater coverts white; rest of plumage uniform black; length about 10.60-11.10,
wing 5.65-5.80, tail 4.50-4.85. Adult male in winter: Similar to summer plumage,
but yellow of top of head obscured by brownish tips to the feathers. Adult female :
Brownish dusky, the throat and chest dull yellowish, and breast mixed with white ;
length about 9.00-10.00, wing 4.40-4,65, tail 3.50-3.70. Young male, first winter :
Similar to adult female, but larger and deeper colored. Young (nestling) : General
color isabella-brown, lighter beneath ; wings and tail blackish. Nest fastened to
upright reeds or similar supports in marshes, composed of dried grass, sedges, reeds,
etc. Eggs 2-6, 1.05 X -71, dull white, grayish white, pale grayish bi-own, or (more
rarely) pale graj-ish green, thickly speckled or sprinkled with umber-brown or
olive, occasionally with a few " pen-lines" of black. Hab. Western North America,
in marshes, east, regularly, to Wisconsin, Illinois, Kansas, and Texas, accidentally
to Massachusetts, South Carolina, and Florida.

497. X. xanthocephalus (Bonap.). Yellow-headed Blackbird.

Genus AGELAIUS Vieillot. (Page 365, pi. CI., fig. 4.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adxdt males uniform deep black, ornamented by a patch
of bright red covering lesser wing-coverts, the middle coverts (except in A. guber-
nator) buffy, ochraceous, or white, forming a conspicuous band along posterior bor-
der of the red patch ; in winter, with uniformity of the black more or less broken
by rusty terminal borders to the feathers, especially on back and scapulars, and
color of middle coverts more pronounced. Adult females : Above more or less con-
spicuously streaked with dusky, and brownish or grayish (sometimes mixed with
rusty), the wing-feathers with distinct lighter edgings ; a distinct light superciliary
stripe, with a dusky one immediately beneath it ; lower parts distinctly sti'iped, or
bi'oadly streaked, with dusky and whitish, the chin and throat usually more or less
tinged with buffy or pinkish ; in winter, the colors much browner, with more or less
of rusty above, and white of lower parts less pure. (In the tAvo Cuban species, the
females uniform black, like the males.) Young : Essentially like adult females, but
ground-color of lower parts never (?) white, the lighter streaks being some shade
of buffy, markings more suffused, and textnre of plumage different. Nest attached
to upright stems of sedges, reeds, etc., or to branches of bushes or small trees, in
marshes or swamps, compact, composed chiefly of dried grasses. Eggs 3-5, pale
bluish, varying to olive, variously marked with black, brown, and purplish gray,
usually in irregular " pen-lines" and blotches.

AGELAIUS.

369

Wing exceeding tail by length of tarsus ; sexes decidedly different in color, the

lesser wing-coverts of adult male bright red.
6*. Adult males deep black, with very faint dull bottle-greenish gloss, the lesser
wing-coverts bright vermilion-scarlet, the middle coverts never pure
white ; adult females with texture of plumage comparatively harsh, but
with colors extremely variable,
c'. Adult females much streaked below, and never uniform above.

d^. Adult males with middle wing-coverts wholly huffy or ochraceous
(feathers nearly white at tips in midsummer plumage) ; adult
females with white predominating on lower parts, and with a
very conspicuous white superciliaiy stripe,
e*. Adult female darker coloi-ed ; lower parts with white and dusky
in about equal amount, or else the latter predominating ;
chin and throat often tinged, more or less, with cream-color
or huffy ; lighter markings on upper parts less conspic-
uous.

Male: Length about 9.00-10.00, wing 4.60-5.05 (4.88),
tail 3.55-3.95 (3.84), culmen .88-1.00 (.94), depth of
bill at base .45-.50 (.49), tarsus 1.12-1.20 (1.14). Fe-
male: Length about 7.50-8.50, wing 3.80-^.25 (3.99),
tail 3.10-3.40 (3.12), culmen .72-.80 (.79), depth of bill
at base .40-.50 (.42), tarsus 1.00-1.05 (1.03). Uggs .97
X -67. Hab. Temperate North America in general,
except western Mexico and lower Colorado Valley;
north to Great Slave Lake, south to Costa Rica.

498. A. phoeniceus (Linn.). Bed-winged

Blackbird.
e'. Adult females lighter colored ; lower parts with white de-
cidedly prevailing over dusky; chin and throat often
tinged with delicate pale pink, but not with buffy or
cream-color; lighter markings on upper parts very con-
spicuous.
/^ Larger, with smaller bill, and upper parts lighter colored.
Male : Length about 9.00, wing about 5.05, tail 4.00,
culmen .90, depth of bill at base .45, tarsus 1.20. Fe-
male : Prevailing color of upper parts light grayish
brown (more clay-colored and much mixed with rusty
in winter), the top of head narrowly streaked with
dusky, but with scarcely any indication of lighter
median stripe (often with none at all), the back and
scapulars broadly streaked with dusky ; length about
7.50-8.50, wing 4.00-4.25 (4.10), tail 2.95-3!20 (3.09),
culmen .72-.85 (.78), depth of bill at base .38-.42 (.39),
tarsus 1.00-1.12 (1.04). Hab. Northwestern Mexico
and lower Colorado Valley, in southern California and
47

870

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Arizona; south to Mazatlan — . A. phoeniceus

sonoriensis Kidgw. Sonoran Rec'-wing.'

/'. Smaller, with larger bill, and upper parts darker. 2Tale :

Length about 8.00-8.50, wing 4.50, tail 3.40-3,70 (3.55),

culmen 1.00-1.05 (1.03), depth of bill at base .40-.42

(.41), tarsus 1.10-1.2;; <^1.15). Female: Ground-color

above mixed grayish brown and rusty (the latter

chiefly on back and scapulars), the top of head

streaked with black and divided by a very distinct

lighter median stripe ; back and scapulars broadly

streaked with black and buff)- whitish ; length about

6.50-7.00, wing 3.60-3.80 (3.67), tail 2.70-2!90 (2.81),

culmen .75-.85 (.79), depth of bill at base .38-.40 (.39),

tarsus .95-1.05 (.99). Hah. Bahamas and southern

Florida (Miami, Key West, etc.)... — . A. phoeniceus

bryanti Rmaw. Bahaman Red-wing.*

d}. Adult males with the middle wing-coverts more or less extensively

black terminally, the basal jtortion buff or ochraccous (but

usually concealed by lesser coverts) ; adult females with dusky

largely prevailing on lower parts (often nearly uniform dusk}-),

and with superciliary stripe not sharply defined (often very

judistinct).

Male: Length about 9.00-10.00, wing 4.90-5.65 (5.17), tail
3.50-4.05 (3.83), culmen .81-1.02 (.89), depth of bill at
base .40-.49 (.46), tarsus 1.20-1.30 (1.23). Female: Above
nearly uniform brownish dusky, the top of head, back,
and scapulars more or less distinctly streaked with paler,
and the wing-feathers with narrow paler (sometimes
whitish) edgings ; lower parts brownish dusky, more or
less distinctly streaked (never conspicuously) with dull
brownish gray, the chin and throat pale butfy or pinkish,
the latter marked with triangular spots of dusky, in lon-
gitudinal Sv. )8; length about 7,50-8.50, wing 4.05-4.35
(4.21), tail 2.90-3.25 (3.04), culmen .75-.78 (.70), depth of
bill at base .38, tarsus 1.05-1.10 (1.07). Eggs 1.00 X -69.
Hah. Valleys of California and westei'n Oregon, and south
into Mexico.

499. A. gubernator (Wagl.). Bioolored Blackbird.
(?. Adult female entirely uniform deep black, including lesser wing-coverts.
( Adult male exactly like that of A. phainiceus in color.)

1 New subspecies ; twelve females and one male examined.

*New subspecies. Tiie adult male is not oppreciably different in plumage from either the common A,
phaeniceuB or the Cuban A. assimilia, but differs in proportions from both. The National Museum possesses,
besides Bahaman specimens, an adult male and a female from Miami, Florida (C. J. May.nard, collector), and
an adult female from Key West (" Albatross" collection).

STVRNELLA.

371

niceus
'wing.'

2fale :
) (3.55),

.40-.42
iid-color
3 latter
)f bead
distinct
broadly
h about
) (2.81),
40 (.39),
.outhcrn
eniceus
jd-wing.*
ensively
)us (but
h dusky

dusky),
ten very

.17), tail
• bill at
; Above
back,
th paler,
metiines
more or
r'lih dull
nnkish,
in lon-
05-4.35
eptb of

00 X -Ga.

id south

lackbird.

-coverts.

common A,
1 possesses,
lector), and

Male: Length about 8.50, wing 4.15-4.30, tail 3.30-3.60, culinen
.92-.95, depth of bill at base .48, tarsus 1.10-1.15. Fnitak' :
Length about 7.00, wing 3.70-3.80, tail 3.05-3.25. Hob. Cuba.

A. assimilis Gunol. Cuban Red-wing.'

6'. Adult male glossy blue-black, the plumage with a soft silky texture, the

lesser wing-coverts deep crimson or burnt-carmine, the middle coverts

white (tinged with buff in winter plumage) ; adult females with the

plumage very soft or silky in texture.

Adult male : CJlossy blue-black, the lesser wing-coverts rich burnt-
carmine, red posteriorly (next to white or pale bully middle coverts),
pure rich scarlet toward the shoulders) ; middle coverts white,
more or less tinged with butf; in winter, feathers of back and
under parts bordered terminally with dull light brown (not rusty),
and middle wing-covorts more decidedly tingod with butf; length
about 8.50-9.00, wing 4.70-4.90 (4.83), tail 3.50-3.85 (3.G7), cuhnen
.90-.98 (.93), de].*li of bill at base .38-.40 (.40), tarsus 1.10-1.20
(1.13). Adult femoLe: Very similar in color to same sex of A. guber-
nator, but decidedly grayer 'n general cast of plumage (correspond-
ing stagca jeing compaiod), and texture of plumage decidedly
softer or smoother;" length about 7.00-7.50, wing 4.10-4.40 (4.23 j,
tail 2.95-3.60 ("16), culmon .78-.82 (.80), depth of bill at base .31-
.3b (.35), tarsus 1.00-1.08 (1.04). Eggs .96 X -55. Hab. Valleys of
Pacific coast, from .southern California to western Oregon.

500. A. tricolor '^Nutt.). Tricolored Blackbird.

a*. Win"- exceeding tail bj'- decidedly less than length of tarsus ; sexes not appreciably

different in color, the lesser wing-coverts (in both sexes) tawny ochraceous.

Plumage entirely glossy black, except lesser wing-covorts. Male: Length

about 7.25, wing 4.00, tail 3.;^>5, tarsus .95. Female: Length about 6.77.

wing 3.80, tail 3.10, tarsus .90. Hab. Cuba.

A. humeralis (Vio.). Vigors's Red-wing.'

Genus STURNELLA Vieillot. (Page 365, pi. CIV., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult : Above brownish or grayish, striped and barred
with black ; crown divided medially by a whitish or buffy stripe ; side of head
whitish, with a dusky streak behind ej'es; throat and breast bright yellow; a black
crescent on chest; flanks and under tail-coverts whitish, streaked with dusky;

1 Agelaius n»»\mUU ^Gpndl. MSS.) Lkmb., Aves de Cuba, 1850, 64, pi. 9, fif?. 3.

* I have been unablt to discover nny infallible or positive difference in plumage between the females of A.
tricolor and A. gnhernntor, except that in the texture, which can only be depended on as a test after one liiis
become used to comparing specimens ; the female of A. ifuhernatnr averages decidedly .browner, however, with
relatively shorter and stouter bill, usually more rounded tail, and slightly shorter tarsus.

Leiatet humeralis Via., Zool. Jour. Hi, 1828, 442, Agelaius humeralii Bonap., Consp. i. 1850, 430

872

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

lateral tail-feathers partly white. Young : Colors much duller, and markings less
distinct ; black mark on chest only faintly indicated. Length, males, about 9.50-
11.00, fomaLo, 8.00-10.00. Nest on or embedded in ground, in meadows, composed
of dried grasses, sometimes arched over on top. Eggs 3-6, white, speckled with
reddish brown, blackish brown, and lilac-gray.

a'. Yellow of throat not encroaching laterally on malar region ; color darker and

browner above, with heavier and more confluent black markings, the flanks

and under tail-coverts distinctly huffy.

6*. Larger, with larger bill and smaller feet. Adult male: Wing 4.40-5.00,

(4.74), culmen 1.20-1.52 (1.29), tarsus 1.54-1.71 (1.63). Adult female :

Wing 3.95-4.30 (4.11), culmen 1.04-1.17 (1.12), tarsus 1.40-1.49 (1.42).

Eggs 1.10 X -78. Hab. Eastern North America, west to edge of Great

Plains, north to Canada 501. S. magna (Linn.). Meadowlark.

6*. Smaller, with smaller bill and larger feet. Adult male: Wing 4.20-4.80
(4.40), culmen 1.13-1.30 (1.22), tarsus 1.50-1.72 (1.62). Adult female:
Wing about 3.90-4.10, tail 2.70, culmen 1.05, tarsus 1.50. Hab. Eastern
and central Mexico and south to Costa Rica ; north to southern Texas
(lower Rio Grande Valley) and southern Arizona.

501a. S. magna mexicana (Scl.). Mexican Meadowlark.
a*. Yellow of throat spread laterally over the malar region ; color paler and grayer
above, with black markings less conspicuous, those on tertials and middle
tail-feathers in form of isolated narrow bars, not connected along the shaft,
as is usual in magna and mexicana ; flanks and lower tail-coverts white, very
faintly, if at all, tinged with buflP.
Adult male: Wing 4.85-5.30 (5.01), culmen 1.20-1.36 (1.29), tarsus 1.50-
1.60 (1.54). Adult female: Wing 4.30-4.60 (4.41), culmen 1.10-1.22
(1.17), tarsus 1.33-1.43 (1,41). Eggs 1.15 X -81. ffab. Western North
America, north to British Columbia and Manitoba, east regularly to
Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas, sparingly to Illinr» and Wis-
consin J south through western Mexico.

5016. S. magna neglecta (Aud.). Western Meadowlark.'

'Hi

Genus ICTERUS Brissgn. (Page 366, pi. CII., figs. 1-3.)

Species.

a\ Depth of bill at base decidedly less than half the length of the exposed culmen.
6'. Bill not decurved terminally. (Subgenus Icterus.')

' Without much doubt a distinct species. The ooourronce of botli .9. neglecta and S. magna together in
many portions of the Mississippi Valiey, ench in its typical style (the ranges of the two overlapping, in
fact, for a distance of several hundred miles), taken together with the excessive rarity of intermediate speci-
mens and the universally attested radical difference in their notes, nro facts wholly Incompatible with the theory
of their being merely geographical races of the same species.

ICTERUS.

373

iugs less
out 9.50-
jomposed
ded with

Li'kei' and
lie flanks

4.40-5.00,
t female :
t9 (1.42).
of Gi'eat
adowlark.
4.20-4.80
\t female:
. Eastern
n-n Texas

adowlark.

id grayer

id middle

ho shaft,

hite, very

8US 1.50-
1.10-1.22
rn North
ularly to
and Wis-

idowlark.'

d culmcn.

together in
irlapplng, In
ediato speoi-
h the theory

c^. Feathers of throat slenderly lanceolate ; orbits naked.

Adult (sexes alike) : Head, neck, chest, back, scapulars, wings,
and tail uniform black ; middle and part of greater wing-cov-
erts, and broad edgings to secondaries, white; rest of plumage,
including lesser wing-coverts and broad collar across hind-neck,
yellow or orange ; length about 9.00-10.00, wing 4.10-5.00, tail
3.80-4.30, culmen 1.25-1.50, tarsus 1.2.5-1.35. Hab. Caribbean
coast of South America ; West Indies (introduced ?) ; accidental
at Charleston, South Carolina.

502. I. icterus (Linn.). Troupial.
c*. Feathers of throat normal (ohort and blended) ; orbits feathered.

d}. Tail shorter than wing, graduated for less than length of culmen.
Adult male : Head, neck, chest, breast, back, scapulars,
greater wing-coverts, secondaries, primaries, and terminal
(or subterminal) portion of tail (including nearly whole
length of middle feathers) uniform deep black ; tips of
greater wing-coverts and tail-feathers (except middle pair),
and narrow edgings to quills and secondaries (sometimes
worn off), white ; rest of plumage bright lemon-yellow
(duller in younger birds), the middle wing-coverts fading
into whitish at tips. Adult female : Above olive-greenish,
the back and wings grayer, the first with more or less dis-
tinct dusky shaft-streaks ; middle and greater wing-coverts
broadly tipped with white, forming two distinct bands ;
tail dull olive terminally and on middle feathers, the rest
olive-yellow ; lower parts entirely olive-yellow. Young
male : Variously intermediate in plumage between the
adult male and female, according to age. Young of year:
Similar to adult female, " but with all the wing-feathers
edged and tipped with white, the wing-bands yellowish,
the tail tipped with yellow, the breast obscured by brown-
ish, and the yellow of the under parts paler and greener."
(Brewst.) Length about 7.70-8.50, wing 3.80-4.20, tail
3.30-.!. 90, culmen .95-1.00, tarsus .90-.05. (Female aver-
aging smaller than male.) Nest pensile or semi-pensile,
usually built in yuccas, composed of fibres of the yucca,
dried grasses, etc., lined with softer msiterials. Eggs .3-4,
.97 X -67. bluish white, speckled and finely pencilled round
larger end with black, and faintly clouded with lilac-gray.
JTab. Central Mexico, and north to southern boi-der of
United States (southern Texas to Arizona) ; Lower Cali-
fornia 504. I. parisorum BoNAP. S<*ntt's Oriole.

cP. Tail longer than wing, graduated for much more than length of
culmen. (Adult with head, upper neck, chest, wings, except
lesser and middle coverts, and tail, black; rest of plumage

374

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

yellow, more or less tinged with olive-greenish on upper sur-
face.)
e'. Scapulars entirely olive-greenish or yellowish, like back ;
middle wing-coverts yellow ; outer webs of gi-eater wing-
coverts tipped with whitish (sometimes inclining, more or
less, to yellow or grayish), and tertials broadly edged with
same. Young : Without any black, the upper parts entirely
olive-green, the lower parts wholly yellow, tinged laterally
with olive. Length about 8.75-10.50, wing 3.75-4.25, tail.
4.15-4.40, culmen .90-1.10, tarsus .95-1.10. Nest semi-pen-
sile, fastened usually between upright twigs, composed of
dried grasses, etc. Eggs .89 X -65, white, finely speckled
or "dusted," chiefly on larger end, with brown, usually
mixed with stains of lilac-gray. Hab. Central and north-
ern Mexico, north to lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas.
503. I. audubonii Giraud. Audubon's Oriole.
e'. Scapulars and middle wing-coverts partly (sometimes entirely)
black ; wings without any white markings ; otherwise very
similar to I. audubonii, but averaging a little smaller. Hab.
Southern Mexico (tierra caliente) north to Vera Cruz.

I. melanocephalus (Waol.). Black-headed Oriole.^
6*. Bill distinctly decurved terminally.

&. Tail longer than wing, graduated for at least as much as length of
tarsus ; adult males yellow, or orange, and black,
d*. Tail graduated for much more than length of tarsus ; adults with
entire head and neck black. (Adult vmles : Head, neck, chest,
back, scapulars, wings, except lesser and middle coverts, upper
tail-coverts, and tail, uniform deep black ; rest of plumage yel-
low, or orange, the lower tail-coverts sometimes black. Adult
females similar, but colors duller. Young males : The black first
appearing on wings, chest, throat, cheeks, and forehead, the
black of head and neck at one stage occupying precisely the
same area as in adult male of I. cucullatus. Older : Head, nape,
fore-part and sides of nock, and chest entii-ely black, but lower
hind-neck, back, and scapulars olive-yellow, like lower back and
rump.* Still older : Similar to the last, but back and scapulars
mixed with black. Young of year: Without any black, the
upper parts dull olive, duller and browner on back, the
wings and middle tail-feathers dusky, with olivaceous edgings,
rest of tail-feathers olive, with yellowish edges, and lower

' Paaropnliui mdnnncephalun Waol., Isia, 1829, 756. Tcterui melanocephahit IIahn A Ki.'steh, Vfig. aus
Agien, Lief. vi. 2, pi. 3.

> In this gtago exactly resembling t'li coloration the fully aJult plumage of /. melanoctphalut and /. audu-
bonii, except that the seoondaries, etc., lack the white edgings of the latter, while in F. tcagleri the tail-oovorta
are black.

ICTERUS.

375

parts entirely light yellow, tinged with olive laterally and

across chest.)

e*. Larger (wing 3.85, or more). Adult with tail-coverts entirely

black ; greater wing-coverts abruptlj'" white at base (this

concealed by middle coverts, however) ; length about 8.80-

9.50, wing 3.85-4.25, tail 4.00-4.60, eulmen .90-1.00, tarsus

.90-1.00. Hab. Mexico and Guatemala, north to Mexican

side of Eio Grande.

I. wagleri Scl. Wagler's Oriole. *

e'. Smaller (wing not more than 3.55). Adult with tiiil-coverta
chiefly (sometimes entirely ?) yellow ; greater wing-coverts
black to extreme base ; upper part of breast sometimes with
more or less of chestnut next to black of chest ; wing 3.25-
3.55, tail 3.50-4.00. Hob. Southern Mexico, and south to
Costa Eica.

I. prosthemelas (Strickl.). Strickland's Oriole.*
Tail graduated for not more than length of tarsus ; adult males
with black of head and neck confined to frontlet, lores, cheeks,
malar region, chin, throat, and chest ; wing with two white
bands. (Adult males: Back, scapulars, wings, and tail black,
the wings with white markings ; other portions yellow, orange,
or orange-red. Adult females : Above light olive-greenish,
more grayish on back ; wings dusky grayish, with lighter
brownish gray edgings, the middle and greater coverts tipped
with white ; tail yellowish olive ; lower parts entirely yellow,
tinged with olive on flanks, etc. Young males, second year:
Similar to adult females, but chin, throat, chest, malar region,
and lores black more or less continuously, as in adult. Young
in first year : Similar to adult female, but colors paler and
duller, the plumage generally, especially on upper parts, suf-
fused with pale brownish. Length 6.50-8.50, wing 3.30-3.60,
tail 3.50-4.20.)
c". Adult males with breast, etc., orange or orange-red.

/'. Adult male with breast, etc., orange or dull orange-red.
Nest usually composed of the " Spanish" moss ( Tilland-
sia), often built inside of hanging tufts or tresses of
this parasite. Eggs 3-5, .86 X -58, white, speckled,
chiefly on larger end, with hair-brown, usually mixed
with a few small black specks or lines. Hab. Southern
and eastern Mexico, north to lower Eio Grande Valley
in Texas.

505. I. cucullatus Swains. Hooded Oriole.

!!■

\ '

.■ f

» fclerun wnghri Sri.., P. Z. S. 1857, 7.

* Xanthorn\u profthemtlai SrnicKL., Contr. Orn. 1850, 120, pi. 62. Icterut proithemelat ScL,, P. Z. S.
1856, 301.

376

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

m:^

/'. Adult male with breast, etc., intense orange-red, some-
times almost scarlet. Hab. Yucatan.

I. cucullatus igneus Bidqw. Fiery Oriole.^
e'. Adult male "with breast, etc., saffron-j^ellow, varying to gam-
boge (never orange). Nest exceedingly variable in form
and composition, but usually pensile or semipensile, and
composed of grass-stems (often green) and various plant-
fibres. Eggs .89 X -62, averaging with decidedly darker
and heavier markings than those of true J. cucullatus. Hab.
Western Mexico, north to Arizona, Lower California, and
southern California.. 505a. I. cucullatus nelsoni Eidgw.

Arizona Hooded Oriole.
<:l Tail shorter than wing (the latter less than 3.25), graduated for much
less than length of tarsus ; adult male chestnut and black.

Adult male : Head, neck, middle of chest, back, scapulars, wings
(except lesser and middle coverts), and tail deep black, the
greater wing-coverts, quills, and secondaries edged, more or less
distinctly, with pale chestnut or whitish ; rest of plumage uni-
form rich dark chestnut or bay, deepest on bi'east. Adxdt fe-
male : Upper parts yellowish olive, much duller and grayer on
back and scapulars ; wings grayish dusky, with two white
bands, all the feathers with paler brownish gray edgings; tail
yellowish olive, like rump, etc. ; lower parts entirely light olive-
yellow. Young male, second year : Similar to adult female, but
lores, chin, and throat black. (The chestnut and rest of the
black appearing in patches, increasing in extent, dui'ing suc-
cessive seasons.) Young of year: Similar to adult female, but
suffused with brownish, especially on upper parts. Length
6.00-7.25, wing 2.90-3.25, tail 2.65-3.20. Nest composed of
green wiry grass-stems, interwoven into a firm basket-like
structure usually supported between upright twigs near the
extremity of a branch (but sometimes partlj' pendulous), lined
with softer materials. Eggs 3-5, .79 X -57, pale bluish, bluish
white, or greenish white, speckled and "pen-lined" with brown
and black, usually mixed more or less with lilac-gray. Hab.
Eastern United States, Avest to Great Plains ; south, in winter,
through Middle America to Panama.

506. I. spurius (T>inn.). Orchard Oriole.
rt". Depth of bill at base equal to half the length of the exposed culmen. (Sub-
genus Yphantcs Vieillot.)
h\ Wing usually not more than 3.80, tail not more than 3.15 ; adidt male with
whole head black, lesser wing-coverts wholly orange or yellow, white
of wings confined to tips of greater coverts and narrow edgings of

' Icterut cucullatun igneu» RiDOW., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. April 20, 1885, 19.

ICTERUS.

377

quills and secondaries (the middle coverts sometimes whitish), and tail
blacK across middle portion.

Adult male : Head, neck, middle line of chest, back, scapulars, wings
(except lesser and middle coverts), and greater part of tail black •
broad tips to greater wing-coverts, and narrow edgings to some of
the quills and secondaries (these sometimes worn away), white; rest
of plumage, including lesser and middle wing-coverts, base and tip
of tail (except middle feathers — but on outer feathers occupying
nearly half their total length), rich cadmium-orange, sometimes
varying to intense orange-red, very rarely to lemon-yellow. Adult
female : Very variable in color, but usually (?) with upper parts
olive, indistinctly streaked or spotted with black, the wings duskj-,
with two white bunds, and light grayish edges to most of the
feathers J rump dull ochraceous-orange ; tail duller, more olivaceous,
orange ; lower parts dull orange, paler on flanks, the throat usually
with more or less admixture of black. {_Note. — The adult female
often has the black pattern of head, neck, and back as in male, but
the color much duller and less uniform. The young male also varies
between the two extremes (adult male and female) as described
above, and cannot in any stage be with certainty distinguished
from the adult female except b}' dissection.] Young of year : Simi-
lar to adult female, as described above, but colors softer and more
blended, and upper parts suffused with brownish. Length about
7.00-8.15, wing 3.50-3.90, tail 2.85-3.35. Nest more or less purse-
shaped and pensile, suspended from extremity of drooping branches,
composed of various textile substances, as various natural plant-
fibres, strings, etc., compactly interwoven, the nest proper com-
posed of softer materials arranged within the supporting pouch.
Eggs 3-5, .89 X -60, dull white, greenish white, or brownish
white, curiously streaked or irregularly "pen-lined" with brown
and black, sometimes mixed with brown spots or stains. Ilab.
Eastern North America, north to New England, Ontario, and the
Saskatchewan, west across Great Plains ; south, in winter, through
eastern Mexico and Central America to Panama.

507. I. galbula (Linn.). Baltimore Oriole.
Wing not less than 3.80 (in adult), tail not less than 3.10 (averaging de-
cidedly more) ; adidt males with whole malar region yellow or orange,
an orange streak over loi*cs (sometimes prolonged into a superciliary
stripe), lesser wing-coverts entirely, or for the greater part, black, white
of wings covering whole of middle and outer webs of greater coverts,
besides very broad edges to tortials and secondaries, and tail yellow or
orange, with middle feathers and tips of the others black.
(?*. Adult male : Forehead, distinct superciliary stripe, ear-coverts, sides, and
flanks yellow or orange ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
yellow or orange, more or less tinged with olive. Adult female : Top

■jr.

i.r

ii.

378

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

l\'!-

of head and hind-neck yellowish olive, becoming brighter yellowish
(sometimes distinctly orange or yellow) on foi'ehead and superciliary
region ; back olive-grayish, streaked with black ; wings dusky, the
middle coverts white, the greater coverts tipped with white and
broadly edged with light grayish, the other quills and secondaries
also edged with light gi'ayish ; lower back light olive-grayish ; rump,
upper tail-coverts, and tail bright yellowish olive, sometimes in-
clining to ochraceous-orange ; sides of head, with anterior lower
parts, dull orange or orange-yellow, the throat usually with more or
less of black ; flanks (sometimes sides and belly also) pale dull
grayish ; under tail-coverts light yellowish. Young male in second
year, similar to adult female. Young of year : Similar to adult
female, but colors paler and duller, suffused more or less with pale
brownish, and no trace of black on throat (and yellow sometimes
almost wanting). Length 7.50-8.60, wing 3.80-4.15, tail 3.10-3.70.
Nest and eggs hardly distinguishable from those of I. galbula, the
latter, however, averaging slightly larger (.95 X -64). Hab. West-
ern United States, east to and including Kocky Mountains ; south,
in winter, into Mexico.

508. I. bullocki (Swains). Bullock's Oriole.
c^. Adult male: Forehead, superciliary region, ear-coverts, sides, flanks,
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black. Adult female:
" Above gray, mixed with yellowish and variegated with black ;
wings blackish, edged with white ; below yellowish, middle of
belly whitish, flanks grayish; tail yellowish olivaceous, with
darker tips." Wing 4.20, tail 3.20-3.50. Hab. Central and southern

Mexico.

I. abeillei (Less.). Abeille's Oriole.'

Genus SCOLECOPHAGUS Swainson. (Page 366, pi. CIV., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males uniform black, more or less glossy ; females
uniform brownish gi'ay or slaty. Nest a bulky structure of dried twigs, shreds of
bark, mosses, etc., placed in trees. £!ggs 2-7, pale bluish green, pale olive, or dull
rusty brownish, variously speckled, spotted, or blotched with brown (sometimes
nearly uniform deep rusty brown).

a'. Bill slender, its depth through base much less than holf the lateral length of
lower mandible. Adult male in summer : Uniform glossy black, with a faint
dark bluish gloss on head and neck and of bluish green elsewhere. Adult
male in lointer : The black more or less extensively overlaid by rusty brown
above and buffy below. Adult female in summer : Uniform dusky brownish
slate, without gloss, the lower parts inclining to plumbeous. Adult female

I Xanthorn' ' abeillei Less., Rev. Zool. 1839, 101. Tcleru* abeillii ScL., P. Z. 8. 1860, 252.

y'ellowish
)erciliaiy
usky, tbe
'bite and
condaries
ih ; rump,
times in-
ior lower
1 more or
pale dull
in second
to adult
with pale
ometimes
3.10-3.70.
Ibula, the
ab. West-
8 ; south,

k's Oriole.
9, flanks,
t female:

h black ;
liddle of
)us, with

southern

i's Oriole.'
[2)

; females
hreds of
or dull
ometimes

ength of
,Y a faint
Adult
by brown
brownish
lit female

>2.

qUISCALUS.

379

in winter : Much washed or overlaid by rusty on upper and huffy on lower
parts. Young : Similar to winter female, but colors duller and more uni-
form, and texture of plumage looser. Length 8.20-9.75, wing 4.25-4.75, tail
3.65-4.20. Eijgs .99 X -73. Hab. Eastern and noi-thern North Ameiica, west
to Bering's Sea and Great Plains ; breeding from northern United States

northward 509. S. carolinus (Mull.). Rnsty Blackbird.

fl*. Bill stout, its depth through base nearly equal to half the lateral length of
lower mandible. Adult male in summer : Uniform glossy greenish black, the
head and neck glossy violet- black. Adult male in winter: Similar to sum-
mer plumage, but head, neck, back, and breast more or loss — generally very
slightly — obscured by grayish brown tips to feathers. Adult female : Uni-
form brownish slate, more brownish anteriorly, posteriorly more slaty, and
with a poft, silky gloss. Length 8.75-10.25, wing 4.G5-5.25, tail 3.85-4.50.
Eggs 1.03 X •74. Hab. Western North America, east to Great Plains (occa-
sionally to Illinois, etc.), north to the Saskatchewan, south to table-lands of
Mexico 510. S. cyanocephalus (Wagl.). Brewer's Blackbird.

Genus QUISCALUS Yieillot. (Page 366, pi. GUI., figs. 1, 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males : Uniform glossy blackish, often with varied
metallic hues. Adult females : Decidedly smaller than males, the colors duller
(sometimes markedly different).

a'. Tail not decidedly longer than wing (usually decidedly shortei') ; adult males
with varied rich metallic tints (the head and neck rich, silky steel-blue,
violet, or brassy green) ; adult females similar, but duller. Nest a coarse and
bulky but compact str'icturo composed of coarse dried grasses, built in trees
(often in cavities). Eggs 3-6, pale green or greenish blue, pale olive, or dull
olive-whitish, coarsely spotted and irregulai'ly lined with brown and black
(sometimes dull rusty brown, marked with darker). (Subgenus Quiscalus.)
6'. Plumage of body above and below, with mixed metallic tints (usually sev-
eral on each feather, especially on back and scapulars), the color of head
and neck usually' not abruptly defined against the color of the body ;
wing-coverts usually with mixed metallic tints ; wings and tail usually
bluish violet or bluish,
c'. Larger, with smaller bill; length about 11.00-13.50, wing (male) 5.45-
6.05 (5.71), tail 5.05-5.70 (5.46), graduation of tail 1.00-1.60 (1.26),
exposed culmen 1.13-1.23 (1.17), tarsus 1.35-1.45(1.40). Female:
Length about 11.00-11.50, wing about 5.00, tail about 4.80. Eggs
1.18 X -84. Hab. Atlantic coast of United States (except southern
Florida), north to Massachusetts, west to eastern Tennessee.

511. Q. quiscula (Linn.). Purple Orackle.
c'. Smaller, with larger bill ; length about 10.40-12.00, wing (male) 5.20-

'■Ik'

3S0

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

:'!^:

ir.:

5.40 (5.29), tail 4.60-5.20 (4.93), graduation of tail 1.00-1.35 (1.10),
exposed culmen 1.19-1.30 (1.24), tarsus 1.35-1.47 (1.40), Eggs 1.12
X .78. Hab. Florida (chiefly southern portion), and west along
Gulf coast to Louisiana.

511a. Q. quiscula aglsus (Baird). Florida Orackle.
6'. Plumage of body, above and below, perfectly uniform brassy olive or bronze,
never with mixed tints, and always very abruptly defined against the
color (steel-blue, violet, purple, or brassy green) of neck ; wing-coverts
never with mixed metallic tints ; wings and tail always purplish or
violet-purplish, never bluish.

Length (male) about 12.00-13.50, wing 5.45-5.95 (5.65), tail 5.25-5.90
(5.52), graduation of tail 1.15-1.60 (1.36), exposed culmen 1.12-1.26
(1.17), tarsus 1.40-1.46 (1.44). Female: Length about 11.00-11.50,
wing 5.00-5.05, tail 4.80-4.90. Eggs 1.18 X -81. Mab. Eastern North
America, west of Alleghanies, including whole of Kew England
(except coast of Long Island Sound) ; north to Hudson's Baj', west
to Rocky Mountains, south to Louisiana (?) and Texas; occasion-
ally east of Alleghanies, from Virginia northward.

5116. Q. quiscula seneus (Eidgw.). Bronzed Qrackle.'
Tail decidedly longer than wing; adult males without varied metallic tints, the
plumage being uniform glossy blue-black, or dark steel-blue, becoming grad-
ually more purplish anteriorly, or greenish, changing anteriorly to blue;
adult females exceedingly different from males, being very much smaller, the
plumage dusky brownish above, light brownish beneath. JVest a very bulky
structure of dried grasses, Spanish moss, etc., usually compacted together
with an internal plastering or stiffening of mud, built in low^ trees, or bushes,
in swampy situations. Eggs 3-5, ovate or conic-ovate, pale bluish or green-
ish, pale drab, pale olive, dull purplish gray, etc., grotesquely lined with
black and brown. (Subgenus Megaquiscalus Cassin.)
6\ Bill stouter (greatest depth at base of gonys more than .40 in male, .35, or
more, in female), the tip decidedly decurved ; adult females dull dusky
brown above, the lower parts similar posteriorly, becoming paler an-
teriorly ; no distinct superciliary stripe.
c^ Adult male with tail 8.30, or more.

Adult male with metallic gloss violet over all anterior portions,
including whole back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and all of
lower parts except flanks and under tail-coverts ; length 17.00-
18.75, wing 7.35-8.00 (7.59), tail 8.30-9.35 (8.80), exposed cul-
men 1.47-1.69 (1.60). Adult female: Above dusky brown, with
a metallic greenish gloss, becoming more decidedly brown and
less glossy on head and neck ; superciliary stripe (sometimes
indistinct) and lower parts dull fulvous-brown, becoming more
bufTy on chin and throat and dusky on flanks and under tail-

> With scarcely a doubt, a distinct species from Q. quiacula.

qUISCALUS.

881

west

coverts; length about 11.50-13.50, wing 5.70-6.50 (5.94), tail
5.40-6.30 (5.98), exposed culmen 1.20-1.42 (1.34). Eg(js 1.31 X
.87. Ilab. Eastern Mexico, north to southern Texas, south to
Nicaragua.

512. Q. macrourus Swains. Great-tailed Orackle.
c*. Adult male with tail not more than 7.50.

d'. Plumage (both sexes) essentially as in Q. macrourus, but size very-
much less.
Adult male : Length 14.00-15.70, wing 6.25-7.05 (6.62), tail
6.20-7.60 (6.92), exposed culmen 1.36-1.43 (1.40). Adult fe-
male : Length about 11.00-11.75, wing 5.15-5.50 (5.32), tail
4.80-5.20 (5.00), exposed culmen 1.15-1.18 (1.17). llab.
Western Mexico (north to mouth of Colorado Kiver ?).

Q. graysoni Scl. Grayson's Grackle.'
d*. Adult male with metallic gloss greenish, changing through steel-
blue on back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and lower breast to
violet on head, neck, chest, and upjier breast ; length about
15.00-17.50, wing 7.00-7.50 (7.22), tail 6.80-7.55 (7.14), exposed
culmen 1.48-1.68 (1.59). Adult female : Similar in color to
same sex of Q, macrourus, but lighter and more tawny beneath,
rnd much browner above, the head and neck of an umber tint ;
length about 11.50-13.00, wing 5.55-5.75 (5.61), tail 5.10-5.55
(5.31), exposed culmen 1.14-1.30 (1.24). Eggs 1.26 X -89. Hab.
South Atlantic and Gulf coast of United States, north to Vir-
ginia, west to Texas.

513. Q. major Vieill. Boat-tailed Orackle.

i*. Bill more slender (greatest depth, at base of gonys, not more than .35 in

male or .30 in female; adult female with top of head, hind-neck, and

upper back bright rusty brown, the lower parts bright taAvny, becoming

buffy on belly and dusky on flanks and under tail-coverts.

Adult male : " Uniform dark purplish black, with slight metallic reflec-
tions; wings and tail dark shining black . . . length 13 inches,
wing 6.7 ; tail, middle rectrice 7, external 4.3." Adult female :
Length about 10.00-10.50, wing 5.20, tail 4.40-5.10, exposed culmen
1.12. Hab. Central Mexico.

Q. tenuirostris Swains. Slender-billed Orackle.'

1 Quitcalui palustria "Swains.," of authors, but not of Swainsox. QtiUcalua graysoni ScL., Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xi. 1880, 307.

* Quiscalm tenuiroitrii SWAINS., An. in Menag. 1838, 290.

- 2f

382

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Family FRINGILLID-ffii.— The Finches, Sparrows, etc. (Page 321.)

Genera.
a}. Mandibles falcate, crossed at tips Loxia.

a*. Mandibles not falcate nor crossed at tips.
6*. Conspicuously crested.

(Page 392.)

c*. Culmen strongly curved, and cutting-edge of upper mandible deeply

sinuatcd or concave in middle portion.. Pyrrhuloxia. (Pago 443.)

c'. Culmen only slightly curved, and cutting-edge of upper mandible more

or less convex in middle portion Cardinalis. (Page 441.)

Not crested,
c'. Width of bill at base equal to its length, and basal outline of lower man-
dible, underneath, doubly concave Pyrrhula. (Page 388.)

c*. Width of bill at base decidedly less than its length, and basal outline
of lower mandible, underneath, simply concave,
rf'. Depth of bill at base greater than length of hind-toe, with claw,
and more than three-fourths as long as tarsus.

Coccothraustes. (Page 386.)
cP. Depth of bill at base less than length of hind-toe, with claw, and
less than two-thirds as long as of tarsus,
e'. Nasal plumules covering nearly basal half of upper mandible.

Pinicola. (Page 387.)
e". Nasal plumules covering very much less than basal half of
upper mandible.
/'. Base of gonys midway between tip and lateral base of

lower mandible Plectrophenax. (Page 402.)

/'. Base of gonys decidedly nearer to lateral base than
tip of lower mandible.
g^. Gonys slightly convex; a light brownish spot or
speculum at base of quills.. Passer. (Page 401.)
gf'. Gonys not appi'eciably convex ; no light spot or
speculum at base of quills.
h^. Primaries exceeding secondaries by more than
length of tarsus,
i*. Wing at least five times as long as tarsus.
/. Wing less than 3.50.

A'. Tail three-fourths as long as wing ;
nasal tufts conspicuous.

Acanthis. (Page 395.)

A'. Tail less than two-thirds as long a»

wing ; nasal tufts inconspicuous.

?'. Exposed culmen decidedly

shorter than tarsus ; adults

without red on head, and

FRINOILLID^.

888

with under parts either yel-
low or else conspicuously
streaked.

Spinus. (Pago 308.)
P. Exposed culmen not decidedly,
if at all, shorter than tar-
sus ; adults with front part
of head (all round) red, and
lower parts neither yellow
nor streaked.

Carduelis. (Page 400.)

f. Wing more than 3.75 Leucosticte.

(Page 393.)

i*. Wing less than five times as long as tarsus.

/. First quill decidedly longer than fourth.

k\. Depth of bill at base equal to or

greater than length of exposed

culmen.

Carpodacus. (Page 389.)
A*. Depth of bill at base decidedlj' less
than length of exposed culmen.
U. Tail emarginate, the middle
feathers narrow and pointed
at tip.
m>. Gonys shorter than hind-
toe (without claw) and
less than depth of bill.
Calcarius.
(Page 404.)
m*. Gonys longer than hind-
toe (without claw) and
greater than depth of
bill. Rhynchophanes.
(Page 406.)
P. Tail rounded, the middle feathers
broad and rounded at tip.
Chondestes. (Page 414.)
/. First quill decidedly shorter than fourth.

Habia. (Page 444.)
h\ Primaries exceeding secondaries by less than
length of tarsus.
i}. Depth of bill at base equal to length of hind-
toe, with claw.... Guiraca. (Page 445.)
t*. Depth of bill at base much less than length
of hind-toe, with claw.

!'♦

884

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

/. Tail-foathers narrow, tbo middle ones, at

least (sometimes all), acuminate.

A'. Distance from bend of wing to tips

of longest greater wing-coverts

greater than from latter jjoint to

tip of longest quill.

Spiza. (Pago 451.)

A'. Distance from bend of wing to tips

of longest greater wing-coverts

less than distance from latter

point to tip of longest quill.

P. Middle toe, with claw, decidedly

shorter than tarsus.

Poocaetes. (Page 406.)

P. Middle toe, with claw, not

shorter than tarsus.... Am-

modramus. (Page 407.)

f. Tail-feathers broader, not acuminate.

A^ Wing more than 2.25.

IK Hind-claw decidedly longer than
its digit.
7>i'. Bill tapering very rapidly
to the acute tip, the
cutting-edge of upper
mandible distinctly con-
vex or lobed toward
base ; nostrils concealed
by small antrorse feath-
ers Passerella.

(Page 433.)
m'. Bill tapering gradually to
the rather obtuse tip,
the cutting-edge of the
upper mandible not
convex or lobed toward
base ; nostrils exposed.
Pipilo. (Page 435.)
P. Hind-claw not longer than its
digit.
tn}. Tertials elongated much
beyond secondaries,
nearly equalling long-
est primaries.

Calamospiza.
(Page 452.)

FRINOILLID^.

lie ones, at
linato.
ing to tips
ng-covcrts
er jioint to

Page 451.)
ng to tips
ng-coverts
■om latter
quill.
, decidedly

IS.

Page 406.)
claw, not
18.... Am-
Page 407.)
ainate.

)nger than

ly rapidly
I tip, the
of upper
inctly con-
d toward
concealed
Drse feath-
isserella.
Page 433.)
idually to
btuse tip,
Igo of the
lible not
3d toward
exposed,
'age 435.)
than its

;ed much
3ondaries,
ing long-

iiospiza.

*age 452.)

885

m'. Tcrtials scarcely, if at all, longer than secondaries,
and much shorter than longest primaries.
nK Outer tail-feather largely (sometimes wholly)

white Junco. (Page 422.)

n^ Outer tail-feather with little or no white.

o\ Lower mandible much deeper than upper;
adult males very brightly colored, with
more or less of blue in plumage.

Passerina. (Page 446.)

0*. Lower mandible not deeper than upper;

adult males not brightly colored, and

without any blue in plumage.

p\ Tail plain blackish or dusky, with or

without whitish edging to outer

feathers.

Amphispiza. (Pago 425.)
j)*. Tail brownish, grayish, or olive-green-
ish, usually without markings.
q\ Tail olive-green ; first quill much
shorter than secondaries.

Embernagra. (Page 434.)
q^. Tail brownish or grayish ; first quill
not shorter than secondaries,
r'. Primaries exceeding secondaries
by more than length of ex-
posed culmen; distance be-
tween tip of outer and mid-
dle (or longest) tail-feathers
much less than length of
hind-toe, without claw.
5*. Tail more or less rounded,
the middle feathers
longest, or equal to
longest; wing 3.00, or

more Zonotrichia.

(Page 414.)
si Tail emarginate or double-
rounded, the middle
feathers shorter than
the longest; wing less
than 3.00.

Spizella. (Page 417.)

r*. Primaries exceeding secondaries

by not more than length of

exposed culmeu ; distance
49

386

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

between tip of outer and
middle (longest) tail-featbers
equal io or greater than
length of hind-toe, without
claw.
s^. Tail double-rounded, but
outer feathers much
shorter than middle
pair ; graduation of tail
less than length of ex-
posed culmen, and tail
exceeding wing by
much less than leni'th of
bill from nostril... Me-
lospiza. (Page 430.)
s*. Tail simply, but very much,
rounded, the middle
feathers longest or equal
to longest, its gradua-
^ tion greater than length

of exposed culmen ; or
else tail exceeding wing
by more than lenp-th of
bill from nostril.
Peucsea. (Page 427.)
Wing less than 2.25.
l^. Culmen strongly curved ; bill broad as high at base.

Sporophila. (Pago 449.)

f. Culmen nearly straight; bill much narrower than high at

base Euetheia. (Page 450.)

Genus COCCOTHRAUSTES Brisson. (Page 382, pi. CV., fig. 1.)

Spec>es.

a}. Tips of four innermost primaries much widened at end, the inner webs emargi-
nate at tips, the outer webs somewhat recurved, or semifalcate. (Subgenus
Coccothraustes} )
a'. Tips of four inner primaries of normal form. (Subgenus Hesperiphona Bonap.)
6'. Adult male with head smoky olivo. relieved by a yellow frontal crescent and
blackish patch on crown ; aduit female with crown dull grayish brown,
throat bordered along each side Ly a blackish streak, and upper tail-
coverts tipped with white.

Adult male ; Crown blackish, bordered anteriorly and laterally by a

> The typical subgonua not represented in America.

PINICOLA.

387

uter and
l-featbers
;er than
I, without

ded, but
•8 much

middle
ion of tail
5th of ex-
, and tail
'ing by
I length of
ril... Me-
'age 430.)
eiy much,

middle
st or equal
s gradua-
lan length
III men ; or
ding wing
Icngih of
Hi/
•age 427.)

ISO.

ago 449.)

bU high at

ago 450.)

emargi-
Subgenus

BONAP.)

^cent and
I brown,
iper tail-
illy by a

yellow patch covering forehead and superciliary region ; rest of
head, with neck and back, uniform deep olivaceous, changing grad-
ually to yellow on scapulars and posterior portions of body, above
and below ; wings, tail, and upper tail-coverts black ; tertials. uni-
form dull white, the secondaries and inner webs of tail-feathers
sometimes tipped with the same. Adult female : Whole top of head
dull brownish or brownish-gray; rest of head, with neck and most
of the body; lighter grayish, tinged more or less with olive-yellow,
the throat bordered along each side by a dusky str'iak ; a whitish
patch at base of inner primaries. Young: Similar to adult female,
but colors much duller and more brownish, with markings less
sharply defined, the dusky streak on sides of throat sometimes
nearly obsolete ; lower parts paler and more buffy, with little or
none of gray ; bill dull horn-color, or brownish instead of yellowish
green. Length about 7.00-8.50, wing 4.20-4 50, tail 2.75-3.20, cul-
men .75-.80, depth of bill at base .55-.70. Ilab. Western North
America, north to British Columbia and the Saskatchewan; east
(irregularly, in winter) to Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa;
casually to Ohio and Ontario ; south over table-lands of Mexico to
highlands of Vera Cruz.

514. C. vespertinus (Coop.). Evening Grosbeak.
6'. Adult male with head entii'ely black ; adult female with top of head black
(sharply defined), no dusky streak on sides of throat, and upper tail-
coverts without white tips. Ilab. Highlands of Guatemala and southern

Mexico.

■C. abeillii (Less.). Abeille's Grosbeak.'

Genus PINICOLA Vieillot. (Pago 382, pi. CY., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males: General color dull rose-pink or madder-
pink (rarely varying to a light vermilion tint), changing to ash-gray on scapulars,
flunks, belly, and under tail-coverts, the plumage everywhere being of this color be-
neath the surface ; scapulars and feathers of back dusky centrally, causing u spotted
apj)carance; wings and tail dusky, the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped
with white (this sometimes tinged with pink) and tertials broadly edged with same ;
hccondai'ies, primai'iep. and tail-feathers nai'rowly edged with light grayish. Adult
females with wings and tail as in the male, but rest of plumage grayish, without
any red, but changing to a more or less bright olive-tawny tint on head and lower
rump, the bi'cast sometimes tinged with same. Young: Similar to adult female,
but colors duller and more blended, the wing-bands dull bufFy instead of pure
white, and texture of plumage very different. [iVbfe. — Apparently adult males are
occasionally found in Avhich the plumage is not distinguishable from that of the

> Uuirac^ abcittli Less., Re- Zool. 1839, 41. Coccothrauitei abeillii ScL. & 8alv.. Ibis, 1859, 19.

388

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

female ; in others, the general plumage is that of the female, except that the
olivaceous or tawny color on head, etc., is replaced by a more reddish tint (varying
from light dull orange-red to deep madder-brown).] Nest a rather flat thin struc-
ture, of fine rootlets, etc., in coniferous trees. Eggs greenish or bluish, spotted with
brown and blackish.

a}. Smaller (wing not more than 4.30. and averaging less than 4.28), with relatively
larger bill and shorter tarsi, and colors much duller, the females with
plumage chiefly olivaceous.

Length about 8.00-8.50, wing 4.20-4.30 (4.25), tail 3.60-3.70 (3.65), ex-
posed culmen .55-.65 (.61), tarsus .80-.90 (.84). Hah. Northern Europe
and Asia.

P. enucleator (Linn.). Pine Grosbeak.'
a*. Larger (wing very rarely less than 4.30, and averaging more than 4.40), with
relatively smaller bill and longer tarsi, and colors much brighter, the females
with plumage usually chiefly grayish.
h^. Larger, with propoi-tionally much smaller bill and longer tail ; length 8.25-
9.00, wing 4.50-5.00 (4.68), tail 3.70-4.45 (4.10), exposed culmen .53-.59
(.56), tarsus .87-.92 (.90). Eggs 1.01 X -74, deep greenish blue or bluish
green, rather sparingly spotted with dark brown and black. Hab.
Northern North America in general, breeding from northern New Eng-
land, Labrador, etc., to Alaska (except coast south of the peninsula), and
south in higher Rock}' Mountains to Utah and Colorado j in winter,
south to northern United States.

515. P. enucleator canadensis (Cab.). American Pine Grosbeak.'

6'. Smaller, with proportionally much larger bill and shorter tail ; length about

8.00-8.50, Aving 4.25-4.60 (4.45), tail 3.00-3.80 (3.70), exposed culmen

.57-.62 (.00), tarsus .88-.92 (.90). Hab. Kodiak to Sitka, Alaska. (Also

probably southward to higher Sierra Nevada of California.)

— . P. enucleator kodiaka Eidow. Kodiak Fine Grosbeak.^

Genus PYRRHULA Bhisson. (Pago 382, pi. CV., fig. 3.)

Species.

Adult male : "Whole top of head, with feathers around base of bill, glossj' blue-
black ; hind-neck, back, scnpulars, and lesser and middle wing-coverts uniform
ash-gray; rump plain white; upper tail-coverts, tail, and tcrlials glossy blue-black,
inclining to dark violaceous steel-blue : greater wing-coverts black, very broadly
tipped with light ash-gray, passing into white terminally ; quills dull blackish ;

* Loxia enucleator Linn., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1788, 171. Pinicola enucleator Cab., Mu«. Hoin. i. 1851, 167.

* Pinicoln paiiailcuiiiii Cab., Mux. Hcln. i. Aug. 1851, 167.

' New subspocicH. In Cabanis's Jonrnnl filr Oruithologie, 1 880, page 156, Von Homcyer desoriboB a Pinicola
Jlammnla from " northwestern America," which may possibly bo this form, though that it is more likely to be
the ordinary Alaskan bird would appear from the statement that the tail is lomjer than the ordinary American
bird, which is exactly the reverse of the Kodiak bird. It may be, however, that " longer" is an error, or slip
of the pen, for " shorter."

CARPODACUS.

389

that the

(varying

lin struc-

tted with

relatively
lies with

3.65), ex-
a Europe

Grosbeak.^
.40), with
le females

igth 8.25-
lin .53-.59
or bluish
ik. Hab.
^few Eng-
sula), and
n winter,

rosbeak.'

th about
culmeu
(Also

rosbeak.'

)8sy blue-
uniform
uo-black,
7 broadly
blackish ;

1851, 167.

!8 a Pinicnla
llkoly to bo
y Aiiiorioan
rror, or slip

sides of head, throat (but not chin), and rest of lower parts, except lower tail-
coverts, uniform pale ash-gray, lighter on cheeks; lower tail-coverts and under
wing-coverta white. Adult female : Similar to male, but lower parts and sides of
head vinaceous-gray, or cinnamon-gray, instead of clear ash-gray. Length about
6.50, wing 3.50-3.55, tail 3.00-3.25. Hab. Northern Alaska (Nulato) and portions
of Siberia 516. P. cassini (Baird). Cassin's Bullfinch.

Genus CARPODACUS Kaup. (Page 383, pi. CVI., figs. 2, 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males with the plumage partly or chiefly red-
dish ; adult females olivaceous or grayish above, streaked with darker, beneath
whitish, conspicuously streaked with dusky or brownish gray.

a'. Tail very much shorter than wing, deeply emarginated ; adult males with wing-
feathers edged with reddish. Nest a rather flat, thin structure, composed of
fine dry rootlets, grasses, etc., on horizontal branches of trees. £^ggs 2-4,
greenish blue or bluish green, finely speckled, chiefly on larger end, with
black and dark brown. (Subgenus, Carpodacus.)
b\ Lower tail-coverts without distinct dusky streaks; depth of bill through
base equal to or greater than length of gonys. Adidt males: Above dark
dull madder-pink, clearer on rump, deeper and brighter on top of head,
the back moi-e or less obscured by darker centres to feathers, and often
(especiall}' in winter) b}'^ grayish edgings; feathers of back streaked me-
diall}' with dusky; lower parts, except belly and lower tail-coverts,
dull madder-pink, the sides strongly tinged or washed with this color.
Ad idt females : Above olivaceous, mixed with grayish, and streaked with
darker; sides of head with two distinct brownish stripes, or patches, one
covering ear-coverts, the other on each side of throat, the two sepa-
rated by a whitish maxillary stripe; lower parts dull white, conspicu-
ously streaked with dusky. Young : Similar to adult female, but colors
duller, markings less distinct, and edgings of wing-feathers more buffy
or tawny,
c'. First quill usually longer than fourth. Adult male with sides and
flanks usually not tinged with brown, and not distinctly streaked ;
if streaked, the streaks usually narrow, and sharply defined ; back
more distinctly streaked, red of crown brighter, and that of rump
paler and clearer. Adidt female: Top of head and back distinctly
streaked ; sti-eaks of lower parts broader, darker, and more sharply
defined. Length 5.50-6.25, wing (males) 3.15-3.40 (3.27), tail 2.30-
2.50 (2.40). Eggs .80 X .57. Hab. Eastern North America, breed-
ing from northern United States northward.

617. C. purpureas (Gmel.). Purple Finoh.
c*. First quill usually shorter than fourth. Adult male with sides and flanks

390

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

■J*

usually strongly suffused with brownish and broadly though not
sharply streaked with darker ; back very indistinctly streaked, the
central portion of the feathers being less dark and the edges darker
than in C. pttrpureus ; red of crown darker and that of rump much
darker and duller than in C. purpureus. Adult female with upper
parts more uniform, and streaks on lower parts rather narrower,
less sharply defined, and paler than in C. purpureus. Length 6.00
-6.50, wing (male) 3.10-3.20 (3.13), tail 2.40-2.60 (2.49). Eggs
.77 X -56. Hah. Pacific coast of United States, from southern
California to Bi-itish Columbia, breeding in mountains.

517rt. C. purpureus californicus Baird.
California Purple Finch,
ft*. Lower tail-coverts with distinct streaks of dusky ; depth of bill through
base less than length of gonys. Adult male: Top of head bright crim-
son ; back and scapulars pinkish brown, the feathers edged with light
grayish and sti'eaked medially with dusky ; rump neai°ly uniform dull
pinkish ; throat and breast pale dull rose-pink ; rest of lower pai'ts
white, the sides scarcely tinged with pinkish, and lower tail-coverts
conspicuously streaked with dusky. Adult female : Above olive-grayish,
streaked with dusky ; sides of head nearly uniform grayish olive, finely
streaked with dusky ; lower parts white, conspicuously streaked with
dusky. Young : Similar to adult female, but streaks on lower parts
narrower and less distinct, and wing-edgings more ochraceous. Length
6.50-6.95, wing 3.60-3.95, tail 2.60-3.00. Eggs .86 X .60. Ilab. Western
United States, north to British Columbia, east to Eocky Mountains,
and south over highlands of Mexico.

518. C. cassini Baird. Cassin's Purple Finch.
a". Tail rot decidedly shorter than wing, not distinctly emarginated ; adult males
with wing-feathers edged with pale grayish. Nest a well-built, compact
structure, composed of dried grass-stems, plant-fibres, etc., built in trees or
about houses (often within deserted nests of other species). Eggs 3-6, bluish
white, or very pale greenish blue, sparsely speckled, chiefly round larger end,
with black. (Subgenus Burrica Eidgw.')

Adult males : Above brownish gray (this sometimes overlaid or replaced by
a wash or suffusion of ^oddish), without distinct streaks on back ; rump,
forehead, superciliary stripe, malar region, chin, throat, and chest reddish
— these reddish areas sometimes running together, the red thus covering
the greater extent of the plumage; rest of lower parts whitish, more or
less extensively streaked with dark graj'ish brown ; wings and tail dusky
grayish brown, the feathers edged with a paler shade of the same. Adult
females: Above entirely grayish brown, indistinctly streaked with darker ;
beneath everywhere white, broadly streaked with dark grayish brown.
Voting : Similar to adult female, but back more distinctly streaked,

1 New Bubgenua. Typo, Fringilla mexicana MCll.

CARPODACUS.

391

3ugh not
aked, the
es darker
mp much
th upper
larrower,
igth 6.00
)• Eggs
southern

IS Baird.
tie Finch.

tb rough
;ht crim-
'ith light
form dull
ver parts
il-coverts
j-grayish,
ve, finely
ked with
v^er parts
Length

Western
ountains,

)le Finch.

xilt males

compact

trees or

-6, bluish

I'ger end,

>laced by
; rump,
t reddish
covci'ing
more or
lil dusky
e. Adult
I darker ;
1 brown,
(troaked.

streaks on lower parts narrower and less distinct, and wing-coverts
tipped with dull buffy.
6'. Bill from nostril not more than ,35, its depth at base not more than .35 ;
tarsus not more than .70.
&. Adult male with the red absolutely restricted within very definite and
sharply-defined limits, its area including only the forehead and a
broad superciliary stripe (reaching back to occiput), the malar
region, chin, thi'oat (sometimes chest also), and rump; its tint a
very intense carmine or crimson. Otherwise, not obviously different
from true C. frontalis. Wing (male) 3.05-3.10 (3.08), tail 2.60-2.80
(2.70). ^a6.* Eastern and southern Mexico (Vera Cruz, etc.).

C. mexicanus (MVll.). Crimson-fronted House Finch.'
C*. Adult male with the red spreading at least over breast (sometimes over
whole lower parts, except anal i"egion and lower tail-coverts, and
occasionally even tingeing the latter), and also invading, more or less,
the crown, hind-neck, back, etc. ; or else, if absolutely restricted
within very definite limits, the tint not an intense carmine or crim-
son. Length about 5.75-6.25, wing (male) 2.35-3.30 (3.08), tail
2.40-2.80 (2.57). Eggs .80 X .55. Hab. Western United States,
from Rocky Mountains to Pacific coast (chiefly south of 40° in
the interior), and south through western and central Mexico to
Colima and Guanajuato; Lower California.

519. C. mexicanus frontalis (Say). House Finch.*
6*. Bill from nostril .40, or more, depth at base .40, or more, tarsus .75, or
more.
In plumage similar to C. frontalis (verus), but darker ; length about
6.00-6.50, wing 3.10-3.35 (3.27), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.83), bill from nos-
tril .40-.45 (.43), depth of bill at base .40-.50 (.46), tarsus .75-.85
(.80). Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

520. C. amplus Eidow. Onadalupe Eonse Finch.

1 Fn'ngilla mexivana MtlLL., Syst. Nat. Suppl. 1766, 165. Carpodacus mexicanus Ridgw., Pr. Biol. Soo.
Wash. ii. 1885, 111.

* After a very careful comparison of more than a hundred adult males (in red or partially red plumage), I
am now quite convinced that the supposed race named Carpndacua rhodocolpus by Cadanib (519a. C, frontalis
rhodno.olpua, Crimson House Finch, of the A. 0. U. Check List) is entirely untenable. The easily recogniza-
ble differences of color (maximum extension of the red) which have led to its recognition prove to be, in the
light of this abundant new material, not correlative with locality, as supposed, but are evidently on individual
peculiarity, perhaps dependent upon age. I am not at all certain, however, that the Lower-Californian bird
should not bo separated. A considerable percentage of the specimens which I have been able to examine are
80 peculiar that nothing approaching them can be found in the very large scries from other localities. These
peculiarities consist, (1) in the smaller general size, (2) rather more swollen bill, and (.3) greater extension
of the red. This last peculiarity is carried to such an extreme that in all of the "Cape St. Lucas" specimens
the under tail-coverts uro deeply tinged with pink, while in some even the wing-bands are pinkish-; in several
the pure deep madder-pink of the breast is continued backward over the belly and flanks, where the usual
dusky streaks are entirely obliterated. From the insufficient material at my command I am unable to form a
decided opinion in the matter, but the indioations appear very strong that n local race, peculiar to the southern
portion of Lower California, will eventually have to be reoognixed, in antioipation of which I propose the name
Oarpodacut frontalii ruberrimui.

lit.

I- ^

392

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus LOXIA Linn^eits. (Pago 382, pi. CVI., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males chiefly reddish, with dusky wings and tail,
the former sometimes marked with white ; females plain olive, tinged with grayish
or yellowish, sometimes more or less streaked with darker; young light olive-
grayish, everywhere streaked with dusky.

Wings without white markings. Adult males dull red (usually brighter on

rump), the wings and tail uniform dusky. Adult females olivaceous instead

of red, the olive varying in shade from a grayish to a yellowish east, often

strongly tinged, in places, with the latter color. Young : Pale dingy grayish

or light olive, paler beneath, everywhere (except on wings and tail) streaked

with dusky.

b\ Smaller : Length 5.50-6.25, wing 3.20-3.60 (average about 3.40), tail 1.85-

2.40 (average about 2.15), culmen .50-.68 (average about .62), depth of

bill .30-.40 (average about .35), tarsus .58-.68 (average about .63). Nest

a rather flat structure, in coniferous trees, composed externally of spru'

twigs, shreds of soft bark, etc., lined with horse-hair, fine rootlets, etc. ;

cavity about 2.50 across by 1.25 deep, external diameter about 4.00.

Eggs usually 4, .75 X -57, pale greenish, spotted with various shades of

brown, mixed with purplish gray. Hab. North America in general, but

chiefly far northward, and east of Great Plains ; breeding, sporadically,

south to Maryland and Virginia near coast, and to northern Georgia,

Tennessee, and Kentucky in mountains.

521. L. curvirostra minor (Brehm). American Crossbill.
b*. Larger : Length about 6.80-7.25, wing 3.85-4.10 (average nearly 4.00), tail
2.50-2.60 (2.54), culmen .72-.82 (.78), depth of bill .45-^50 (.49), tarsus
.65-72 (.70), lower mandible averaging heavier, compared with the
upper, and colors brighter, than in L. minor. Hah. Southwestern United
States, from western Kansas, Colorado, and Ai'izona, south through
highlands of Mexico.

521a. L. curvirostra stricklandi (Eidgw.). Mexican CrossbilL'
;*. Wing with two broad white bands (on tips of middle and greater coverts), the
two confluent at upper portion. Adult male : General color purplish red or
dull rosy, occasionally tinged with yellow or orange ; scapulars, wings, and
tail deep black, the former varied with white, as described above ; back
clouded with blackish. Adult female : Olive-greenish or grayish above, paler.

1 A large mnjority of the spcciraens from western North America, north of Colorado and Arizona, and a
" sprinkling" of those from cnstorn North America (especially in New England and the British Provinces), are
intermediate between L. minor and L. ntrlcl-landi, as defined above. This connecting series, which in the north-
western portion of the TInitcd States is sufficiently uniform in its characters to be worthy of recognition as a
geographical race, has already been named by me L. curvtroitra bendirei. (See Proo. Biol. Soo. Washington,
ii. 1884, 101 ; author's extras published April 28, 1884.)

LEUCOSTICTE.

393

and tail,

grayish

it olive-

often more yellowish, beneath ; wings and tail as in male, but duller black.
Young : Pale olivaceous, more dingy whitish, tinged with yellowish, be-
neath, everywhere streaked with dusky ; wings and tail much as in adults.
Length 6.00-6.50, wing 3.50, tail 2.60. Hnb. Northern North America,
breeding from northern New England and higher northern Rocky Moun-
tains northward; south, in winter, to or beyond hit. 40°.

522. L. leucoptera Gmel. Wliite*winged Crossbill.

jhter on
i instead
.st, often
■ grayish
streaked

tail 1.85-
lepth of
i). Nest
of spru' '.
lets, etc. ;
out 4.00.
hades of
leral, but
■adically,
Georgia,

Crossbill.

00), tail
tarsus
with the
United
through

rossbilL^

srts), the
red or
ngs, and
back
ve, paler,

ona, and a
^incoa), are
the north -
nition as a
Washington,

Genus LEUCOSTICTE Swainson. (Page 383, pi. CVI., figs. 4, 5.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult : Plumage uniform brownish, above and below,
(sometimes slightly broken by whitish or reddish tips to the feathers) ; tail-coverts
dusky, broadly tipped with rose-pink, or else pale hoary gray or silvery white,
with darker shaft- streaks. In summer, bill entirely deep black, feathers of anterior
lower parts without paler tips or margins, and red tints brighter. In winter, bill
yellow, tipped with blackish, feathers of anterior lower parts tipped or margined
terminally with whitish, the red tints of a pinkish hue. Young : Plain brownish,
without black or gray on head or rosy tips to tail-coverts, etc. Nest built among
rocks, bulky, composed of grasses, etc., lined with soft feathers. Eggs pure white,
without markings.

a\ Sides of lower mandible with a distinct oblique ridge near base ; tail-feathers,
primaries, secondaries, greater wing-covert3, and primary coverts dusky,
edged with paler; tail-coverts dusky, broadly tipped with rose-piuk in adults.
(Subgenus Leucosticte.)
6'. Nasal tufts white.

c^. Head of adult partly ash-gray.

d'. Tarsus .85, or more, culmen .50, or more ; wing usually more than
4.30, tail usuallj'- more than 3.30.

Adult: Forehead and fore-part of crown black; throat dusky;
rest of head uniform ash-gray ; general color of plumage
dark chocolate-brown, with a chestnut cast on breast, the
feathers of posterior portions tipped with rose-pink.
Young: Uniform grayish brown, more or less washed
with a more umber tint; wings and tail dusky slate, the
feathei's bordered with palci ; edges of greater wing-coverts
and tertials dull buffy ; no trace of pink on tail-coverts,
etc., or of gray or black on head. Length about 7.50-8.50,
wing 4.20-4.85 (4.49), tail 3.15-3.90 (3.49), culmen .50-.62
(.57), tarsus .85-1.00 (.95). Eggs .95 X -67. JTab. Aleutian
and Prybilof Islands, Alaska ; west to Commander Islands,
Kamtschatka, east to Kadiak.

523. L. griseonucha (Brandt). Aleutian Leucosticte.
fiO

394

NORTH AMFRICAN TiTRDS.

(p. Tarsus not more than .85 (usually much less), culmcn not more
than .50 (usually less), wing usually much less than 4.30, tail
usually less than 3.00.
e^. General color deep cinnamon-brown.

/'. Gray of hind-head strictly limited to that portion above
the ear-coverts; length 5.75-6.85, wing 3.80-4.40 (4.11),
tail 2.75-3.30 (3.00), culmen .40-.50 (.46), tarsus .75-
.86 (.79). Hab. Interior of British America, near
Rocky Mountains; south, in winter, through Rocky
Mountain district of United States (chiefly eastern
slope) to Colorado; east, occasionally, to western

Iowa 524. L. tephrocotis Swains.

Oray-crowned Lencosticte.
p. Gray of hind-head spread more or less extensively below
upper margin of ear-coverts, sometimes involving en-
tire head, except the black frontal patch; length about
6.30-7.00, wing 3.80-4.30 (4.03), tail 2.70-3.30 (2.95),
culmen .40-.50 (.46), tarsus .75-.85 (.77). Hah. Pacific
coast ranges of northwestern North America, from
Oregon (?) northward; in winter, coast, from Ka-
diak southward, and southeastward through moun-
tains of the Great Basin to western Nevada and

eastern Colorado 524a. L. tephrocotis litto-

ralis (Baird). Hepburn's Lencosticte.
c'. General color sooty blackish (male) or sooty slate (female).

Adult male : Pattern of head exactly as in L. tephrocotis ;
the cinnamon-brown of that species replaced in the
male by sooty black (more brownish on back) and sooty
grayish in female ; length about 6.50-7.00, wing 3.80-
4.25 (4.05), tail 2.80-3.15 (2.98), culmen .40-.45 (.43),
tarsus .75-.80 (.78). Hab. In winter, central Rocky
Mountaiud, in Colorado and Wyoming, west to Uintah
Mountains, Utah ; summer range unknown,

525. L. atrata Ridqw. Black Lencosticte.
c*. Head of adult (and young) without any ash-gray.

AdMlt male: General color light tawny brown (much less rufes-
cent than in L. tephrocotis and L. littoralis), deeper on throat,
where sometimes tinged with purplish ; top of head blackish
anteriorly, grayish brown or brownish gray posteriorly (not
markedly diflFerent from the general color of head and body), the
edges of the feathers more grayi&h, sometimes producing a
somewhat scaled appearance. Adult female : Similar, but very
much paler and duller, the pinkish tints much less distinct,
sometimes almost obsolete. Young: Plain light brownish, the
wing-coverts more buify; no pinkish on tail-coverts, etc., nor

ACANTHIS.

395

black on foi-ehcad. Length about 6.50-7.25, wing 4.00-4.40
(4.15), tail 2.80-3.35 (3.09), culmen .40-.48 (.45), tarsus .70-.80
(.77). Hub. High mountains of Colorado in summer (10,000
feet and upwar^j) ; lower districts, and south to northern
Mexico, in winter.

526. L. australis (Allen). Browii*oapped Lenoostiote.
6'. Nasal tufts black.

Adult : Head blackish ; hind-neck light rusty ; general color of body-
dark chocolate-brown ; otherwise, much like L. tephrocotis, and
allies, the size about the same. Hab. Northeastern Asia, from
Kamtschatka to northern Japan.

L. branneinucha (Brandt). Japanese Leucosticte.'
a*. Sides of lower mandible without oblique ridge; tail-feathers, primaries, second-
aries, primary coverts, and greater coverts light hoary gray or silvery
white, with darker shaft-streaks ; tail-coverts without rosy tips. (Sub-
genus Hypolia Eidqwat.')
Adult : General color plain sepia-brown, paler, and sometimes more tawny,
on hind-neck, the Jail, etc., silvery whitish, as described above ; length
about 6.00-6.50, wing 4.60, tail 3.15. Hab. Northeastern Asia (Siberia,
etc.) ; accidental on Aleutian Islands (?)

L. arctoa (Brandt). Silvery-winged Leucosticte.'

Genus ACANTHIS Bechstein. (Page 382, pi. CVII., fig. 1.)

I.* i

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males: Above streaked with dusky upon a
brownish, grayish, or whitish ground, the rump sometimes immaculate white or
pinkish ; top of head bright red (except in A. breiosterii) ; wings and tail dusky, the
feathei's edged with paler, the middle and greater wing-covei*ts tipped with whitish
or pale brownish ; superciliary region and lower parts chiefly whitish, but antei'ior
lower parts (except in A. breiosterii) more or less tinged with red, and sides usually
more or less streaked with dusky ; a more or less distinct dusky spot on chin and
upper part of throat (except in A. breiosterii). Adult females : Similar to the males,
^ but withovit any red on breast, etc., the crown, however, red as in male. Young :
No red whatever on crown or elsewhere ; whole head streaked with dusky and
grayish or brownish white, the latter color prevailing on under portions; other-
wise much as in adult female, but plumage of much softer, more " woolly" tex-
ture and markings less shai'ply defined. {Note. — Both sexes have in summer a

I rringilla (Linaria) brunneinucha BnANDT, Bull. Ac. St. Potorsb. Nov. 1841, 35. Leucoaticle brunneinucha
Cadan., Mua. Hoin. i. 1S51, 154.

' Hypolia RiDQW., Bull. U. S. Qeol. & Qeog. Surv. Terr. No. 2, sec. Bor. May 11, 1876, 67. Type, Patter
arctoui Pall.

* Patter aretout, var. a, Pall., Zoog. Rosso-As. ii. 1826, 21. Leucoiticte arctoa Bon ap., Consp. i. 1850,
68T.

396

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

blackish bill, the red of a brighter tint and the colors darker than in winter, during
which season the bill is yellow tipped with black, the lighter markings more pro-
nounced, and the plumage in general more or loss strongly suffused with huffy or
light ochraceous-brown.) NeM a rather bulky structure composed of small twigs,
straws, etc., mixed with feathers, warmly lined with soft feathers, etc., placed in
bushes or small trees. Eg(js 2-5, pale bluish green, speckled, chiefly round larger
end, with reddish brown, sometimes mixed with a few black specks or lines.

a}. Adults with top of head (crown) bright red (usually crimson), and a dusky spot
covering chin and upper part of throat; plumage without sulphur-yellow
tinge in any part.
b^. "Wing exceeding tail by less than length of tarsus ; rump plain white or
pinkish ; sides very narrowly or sparsely, or not at all, streaked ; under
tail-coverts with dai'ker shaft-streaks narrow and indistinct, or some-
times altogether wanting; inner webs of tail-feathers very broadly
edged with white; plumage in general very light, with whitish or light
grayish prevailing on upper parts, the lower parts almost entirely white ;
adult males with chest and sid.js of breast merely tinged with delicate
peach-blossom pink,
c*. Larger (length about 5.50-6.50), with proportionality thicker and less
acute bill. Male : Wing 3.35-3.45 (3.37), tail 2.70-2.85 (2.75), ex-
posed culmen .32-.37 (.35), depth of bill at base .30-32 (.31), tarsus
.62--.70 (.66), middle toe .32-.37 (.35). Female: Wing 3.25-3.35
(3.31), tail 2.65-2.80 (2.74), expose* culmen .35-.38 (.36), depth of
bill at base .30-.32 (.31), tarsus .62-.68 (.64), middle toe .32-.37 (.35).
Hab. Northern Greenland (breeding from 69°-73° N. latitude) and
eastern Arctic America, south to Labrador in winter.

527. A. homemannii (Holb.). Greenland Redpoll.
c'. Smaller (length about 4.50-5.25), with proportionally smaller and more
acute bill. Male : Wing 2.95-3.10 (3.02), tail 2.50-2.55 (2.52), ex-
posed culmen .30, depth of bill at base .22-.25 (.23), tarsus .52-.58
(.55), middle toe .30-.32 (.30). Female : Wing 2.80-3.05 (2.87), tail
2.30-2.60 (2.46), exposed culmen .28-.32 (.29), depth of bill at base
.20-.25 (.22), tarsus .50-.57 (.54), middle toe .28-.30 (.29). Eggs .68
X -51. Hab. Circumpolar continental regions ; in North America,
south, in winter, rai-ely, to northern border of United States,

527a. A. hornemannii exilipes (Coues). Hoary RedpoU.
fc*. Wing exceeding tail by more than length of tarsus ; rump distinctly
streaked; sides distinctly, often broadly and heavily, streaked with
dusky ; under tail-coverts with very distinct dusky mesial streaks ; inner
webs of tail-feathers very slightly, if at all, edged with white ; plumage
in general darker, with darker markings prevailing on upper, parts, the
lower parts never entirely white ; adult males with chest and sides of
breast deep madder-pink,
c*. Smaller (length 4.50-5.25), with proportionally longer and more acute

ACANTHIS.

897

C8 ; inner

bill. (Wing averaging loss than 3.00 in males, less than 2.95 in
females.)
d}. Smaller (length about 4.50-5.00), with proportionally smaller bill.
Male : AVing 2.80-3.05 (2.91), tail 2.20-2.50 (2.33), exposed cul-
meii .32-.38 (.35), depth of bill at base .22-.27 (.24), tarsus .55-
.60 (.57), middle toe .33-.35 (.34). Female: Wing 2.75-2.90
(2.84), tail 2.20-2.40 (2.31), exposed eulmen .30-.37 (.34), depth
of bill at base .20-.25 (.22), tarsus .55-60 (.58), middle toe .30-
.32 (.31). Eggs .69 X -48. Hab. Northern portions of northern
hemisphere, except Greenland and certain sea-coast districts;
in North America migrating south, in winter, to about 40°.

528. A. linaria (Linn.). Bedpoll.
d*. Larger (length about 5.00-5.25), with proportionally larger bill.
Male : Wing 2.85-3.05 (2.96), tail 2.25-2.45 (2.34), exposed eul-
men .35-.43 (.39), depth of bill at base .25-.30 (.28), tarsus .58-
.62 (.60). Feviale : Wing 2.80-3.00 (2.89), tail 2.25-2.50 (2.33),
oxpo.sed eulmen .35-.43 (.40), depth of bill at base .27-.30 (.28),
tarsus .55-.60 (.58). Hab. Northern coasts of Europe and
Asia (Norway to Japan), and portions of coast of Alaska ; also
occurring in winter in vicinity of Quebec*

528a. A. linaria holboellii Brehm. Holboell's Bedpoll.
c*. Larger (length about 5.25-5.75), with proportionally shorter, thicker,
and less acute bill. (Wing averaging more than 3.15 in males,
moi'O than 3.05 in females ; colors also usually darker than in A.
linaria and A. holboellii, the lateral lower parts usually much more
broadly or heavily striped.) Male: Wing 3.05-3.30 (3.18), tail 2.35-
2.70 (2.53), exposed eulmen .32-,42 (.37), depth of bill at base .25-
.30 (.28), tarsus .60-.70 (.65), middle toe .30-.40 (.36). Female:
Wing 2.95-3.25 (3.08), tail 2.40-2.60 (2.51), exposed eulmen .33-.42
(.37), depth of bill at base .25-.30 (.28), tarsus .60-.68 (.63), middle
too .35-38 (.37). Ilab. Southei'n Greenland in summer, migrating
south, in winter, through Labrador to (sparingly) the northern
border of the United States (New England, lower Hudson Valley,
northern Illinois, etc.), and west to Manitoba.

5286. A. linaria rostrata (Coues). Greater Bedpoll.
a'. Adults without red on top of head, or dusky spot on chin, and with portions of
the plumage tinged with sulphur-yellow.
Adult female {male unknown) : Above olive-brownish, streaked with dusky,
the rump tinged with pale sulphur-yellow; beneath whitish, faintly
tinged with dull buify or pale fulvous on chest, the sides and lower tail-
coverts streaked with dusky ; wings with two pale fulvous bands across

' The only American spooimens of this form that I hare seen are fire from Kadiak (breeding birds) and
the same number from Quebec (winter specimens). It cannot, of course, be stated where the latter came from,
their migration from the northwestward or from the eastward (possibly Newfoundland) through the St.
Lawrence Valley being equally possible.

'■■\%

-i

898 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

coverts; quills and tail-feathers narrowly edged with pale sulphur-yel-
low ; wing 3.00, tail 2.50, tarsus .50, middle toe .30, Hab. Waltham,
Massachusetts (one specimen, obtained November 1, 1870).

— . A. brewsterii Ridow. Brewster's Linnet.'

I -

Gknus SPINUS Keen. (Page 383, pi. CVII., figs. 3, 4.)

Species.

or. Inner webs of tail-feathers, except two middle pairs, with a white spot or
patch.
6'. No yellow on wings (except sometimes on lesser coverts).

c'. Back yellow or brownish ; inner web of tail-feathers dusky, becoming
white or Avhitish terminally. Adult male in summer : Pure lemon-
yellow, the forehead, crown, lores, wings, and tail black ; tail-
coverts, i.iiddle (sometimes lesser) wing-coverts, tips of greater
wing-coverts, and part of margins of quills and secondaries white.
Adult female in summer: Above olive-brownish or grayish, sometimes
tinged with olive-greenish, the wings and tail blackish dusky,
marked as in the male ; upper tail-coverts pale grayish or grayish
white; lower parts dull grayish white, more or less tinged with
yellow, especially anteriorly and laterallj' (sometimes entirely soiled
yellow, except under tail-coverts). Adult male in winter : Similar to
adult female, but wings and tail deeper black, with whitish mark-
ings broader and more distinct. Adult female in ivinter: Similar
to summer plumage, but more tinged with brownish, the lighter
wing- and tail-markings broader and tinged more or less with
bufFy brownish. Young : somewhat like winter adults, but much
browner, all the wing-markings being light cinnamon, the plumage
generally suffused with this color. Length about 4.45-5.40, wing
2.60-2.90, tail 1.80-2.10. Nest a very neat, cup-shaped structure
composed of compactly woven plant-fibres, etc., lined with plant-
down and other soft materials, placed in tall bushes or low trees.
Eggs 3-5, .06 X .'17 plain pale bluish or bluish white. Hab. Whole
of temperate Kor'h America; resident.

529. S. tristis (Linn.). American Ooldfinch.
c'. Back olive-green or glossy black, or with a mixture of these colors ;
inner webs of tail-feathers white, tipped with black (entirely black
in S. psaltria columbiana ;* length about 4.00-4.50, wing 2.40-2.55,
tail 1.70-1,90. (^Adult male: Upper half of head, wings, and tail
deep black ; rest of upper parts varying from uniform olive-
green to uniform glossy black ; base of quills with a more or less

I No. 17, " Hypothetical List" of A. 0. U. Checlt List (p. 354).

' Chiysomiirii Columbiana Lafb., Rev. Zool. 1843, 292. Hab. Costa Rica to Colombia and Venezuela.

SPINUS.

399

distinct white patch; lower parts entirely lemon-yellow. A'hilt
female: Above plain grayish olive-green, beneath light greenish
yellow ; no black on head ; wings and tail as in the male, but less
deeply black, the white more restricted. Young : Similar to adult
female, but tinged more or less with buffy, the wing-coverts tipped
with buff.)
d^. Adult male with back and ear-coverts plain olive-green. Nest and
eggs like those of S. tristis, the latter smaller, averaging .59 X
.44. Hab. Western United States, north to northern California,
Oregon, Utah, and Colorado, south (in winter at least) to liower
California, Sonora, Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas.
530. S. psaltria (Say). Arkansas Ooldfinoh.
d». Adult males with back and car-coverts either " solid" black or more
or less mixed with black,
c'. Adult males with back or ear-coverts, or both, more or less
mixed with olive-irreen. Ifab. Southwestern United States
and contiguous portions of Mexico, north to Arizona and
Colorado (accidentally? to Alameda County, Caii ui uia),
east to Texas and Nuevo Leon, Mexico.

530rt. S. psaltria arizonae (Coues). Arizona GoWfi: ch.

e'. Adult males with back and ear-coverts "solid" glossy black, .uid

yellow of lower parts brighter than in other races. Jfab.

Mexico (except northwestern portions) and south to Costa

Eica; north to southern Texas 5306. S. psaltria mexi-

cana (Swains.). Mexican Ooldfinch.
b*. Outer surface of wing-coverts, secondaries, and primaries chiefly yellow.
(Inner webs of tail-feathers with a subterminal white patch.)
Adult male: Anterior part of head, all round, including throat and
fore-part of crown, black; above bi'ownish gray (the back sometimes
tinged with olive-green), changing to bright yellowish olive-green
on rump; sides of head and lateral under parts lighter brownish
gray, becoming white on lower tail-coverts and middle of belly;
chest and breast yellow. Adult female: Similar to male, but with-
out black of head, and colors generally duller, the yellow less dis-
tinct. (In winter, both sexes colored as in summer, but plumage
softer with colors more subdued.) Young : Similar to adult female,
but duller, with yellow, especially on breast, much less distinct,
and lower parts in(l!:<tinctly streaked. Length 4.50-4.70, wing
2.50-2.85, tail 2.00-2.25. Eggs 3-5, .58 X .44. pure white or buffy
white. Hab. California ; southeastward, in winter, to Arizona (Fort

Whipple) 531. S. lawrencei (Cass.). Lawrence's Ooldfinch.

Inner webs of tail-feathers without white spot, but with basal portion yellow ;

secondaries or primaries, or both, also yellow at base.
6\ Plumage not streaked, the head partly, or entirely, black in adults.

c*. Adult (sexes alike ?) : Head, all round, fore-neck (down to chest), wings,

400 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

and tail black; basal portion of primaries, secondaries, and tail-
feathers gamboge-yellow; upper parts greenish olive-yellow, the
back sometimes spotted or clouded with dusky; lower parts rich
gamboge-yellow. Young: Head olive above and yellow beneath,
like body; colors all duller, but pattern of wings and tail same as
in adult. Length about 4.50-4.75, wing 2.40-2.70, tail 1.70-2.00,
exposed culmen .42-.48.
d}. More yellowish olive above and brighter yellow beneath ; black of
throat extending back to, and including, upper part of chest.
Bab. Highlands of Guatemala and southern Mexico, north at
least to mountains of Vera Cruz ; accidental in Kentucky.

532. S. notatus (Du Bus). Black-headed Goldfinch.

(f. More olive-green above, more olivaceous-yellow beneath ; black of

throat not extending to chest. Hab. Mountains of Durango.

S. forreri (Salt. & Godm.), Ferrer's Goldfinch.>

c». Adult : Top of head black ; back, etc., dark olive-green ; lower parts

lighter olive-green (sometimes more grayish) ; wings and tail black,

with terminal half of greater wing-coverts and terminal edges and

tips of tertials bright olive-green ; a spot of bright yellow at base

of primaries; wing 2.80, tail 1.80-1.90. Ilab. Guatemala.

S. atriceps (Salv.). Salvin's Goldfinch.''

6». Plumage conspicuously streaked, above and below, the head without any

black.

Adult: Above grayish or brownish, below whitish, everywhere

streaked with dusky ; basal portion of secondaries and tail-feathers

sulphur-yellow. Young: Similar to adult, but with more or less

of a fulvous suffusion, especially on tips of wing-coverts. Length

4.50-5.25, wing 2.75-2.90, tail 1.85-1.95. Nest usually a rather flat

though compact structure of fine twigs, rootlets, hair, plant-fibres,

etc., lined with fine rootlets and hair. Eggs usually 3 or 4, about

.62 X -50, pale greenish blue, speckled, chiefly on or round larger

end, with reddish brown, usually mixed with a few small black

markings. Hab. Northern North America, breeding from northern

United States northward, and south in llooky Mountains; south, in

winter, to Gulf States aad Mexico.

533. S. pinus (Wils.). Fine Siskin.

Genus CARDUELIS Brisson.* (Pago 383, pi. CV., fig. 4.)

Species.

Adxdt (sexes alike) : Fore-part of head, all round, crimson ; lores, hinder part
of crown, occiput, und bar from lat<^er half-way across side of neck, black ; rest of

* Chri/iomitrin forreri Salv. & Godm., Biol. Contr.-Am,, Avos, 5. Nov. 1886, 429.

« Chrynnmitria atricepii Sai.v., P. Z. S. 18fi3, i90.

» Cardnelii BnissoN, Orn. IH. 1760, 53, Type, Fringtlla carJuelit LiKN.

and tail-
ellow, the
parts I'ich
V beneath,
il same as

1.70-2.00,

; black of
t of chest.
», north at
ucky.

Goldfinch.
; black of
)urango.

Goldfinch.!
>wer parts

tail black,
edges and
)w at base

Goldfinch.''
thout any

i'crywhere
il-fcathers
>re or less
. Length
father flat
ant-fibi*cs,
r 4, about
ind larger
nail black
northern
south, in

jie Siskin.

PASSER.

401

ndcr part
rest of

head white, more or less tinged with buff; back and scapulars plain brown ; rump
and upper tail-coverts white; wings and tail chiefly black; greater portion of
greater coverts, basal portion of lower secondaries, and basal half or more of
exposed portion of outer webs of primaries, pure gar.iboge-yellow ; secondaries,
primaries, and middle tail-feathers tipped with white, the inner webs of outer tail-
feathers partly white ; sides of breast, sides, and flanks plain cinnamon-brown ;
rest of !ower parts dull white. Young : " Head, neck, back, and scapulars dull
light wood-brown ; wings as iu the adult female, but the primaries are slightly and
the secondaries broadly tipped witt brownish buft'; tail less marked with white,
and tipped with huffy brown ; chin, thi'oat, and under parts dirty white, the throat
and the breast washed with pale brcwn, the latter very indistinctly spotted with
sooty brown." (Dresser.) Length 4.75-5.50, wing 2.90-3.15, tail 2.00-2.10, ex-
posed culmen .45-.55. Nest a very neat, compact, cup-shaped structure, composed
of fine grasses, mosses, etc., mixed and lined with plant-down, situated in bushes or
small deciduous trees (often fruit trees). JEggs 4-6, .70 X -49, bluish or greenish
white, or light greenish blue, marked with reddish brown round larger end. Hab.
Europe and western Asia; introduced into and naturalized in portions of eastern
United States (breeding in Central Park, New York City, vicinity of Cambridge,

Mass., etc.).

C. carduelis (Linn.). Goldfinch.'

' Genus PASSER Brisson." (Page 382, pi. CVIL, fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above brownish, the back streaked with black ; wing
with two white bands ; lower parts dull grayish white or pale giayish ; ailult
males with chin, throat, and lores black, and lesser wing-coverts chestnut.

a'. Larger (wing 2.85-3.00) ; adult male with black of throat continued over chest,
where forming a broad patch ; oar-coverts entirelj" dull grayish ; top of head
grayish, with a largo patch of blight chestnut on each side, from eye back to
sides ()\' nape ; length about 5.50-6.25, wing about 2.85-3.00, tail 2.35-2.50.
Nest a bulky structure of dried grasses, etc., lined with feathers, placed in
various odd nooks about honses, holes in trees, on branches of trees, etc.
E(jgs 4-7, .86 X •<^3, dull wh. -^h, thickly speckled and dashed with dark
brown and purplish gray. h<Jh Europe, etc; unfortunately introduced
into the United States, where it nov^ occurs univcsally throughout in-
habited districts.

P. domesticus (Lixn.). European House Sparrow.*

a'. Smaller (wing loss than 2.85) ; adult male with black of throat not continued
over chest ; ear-coverts with a largo black spot ; top of head entirely liver-

• Fringilln carduclin Livx.. S. y i,d. 10, 1, 1768, 180. CartlufHn carduelit Scn^irr., Orn. Mus. 1789, 23.
' Pniier Brirs., Orn. iii. TC ■ I Typo, F.i»r)!Un dnmettieit LIN^f.

» FHngilla domcfti-a Lin;*,, S. N. eJ. 10, 1. 1768, 183. Paiter domeiticuii Sch.ki'P., Orn. Mub. 1780, 24.

402 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

brown, or purplish chestnut ; length about 5.00-6.00, wing 2.80, or less, tail
2.40, or less. Nest in holes of trees, about isolated buildings, etc., essentially
similar to that of P. domesticus. Eggs 4-G. .78 X -55, similar to those of P.
domesticus, but a.veraging " smaller and usually darker and redder." (See-
BOHM.) Hab. Europe, etc. ; introduced into the United States, where it is
thoroughly naturalized in the vicinity of St. Louis, Mo.

P. montanus (Linn.). European Tree-Sparrow.i

Genus PLECTROPHENAX Stejnsger. (Page 382, pi. CVH., fig. 5.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Prevailing color white, the inner webs of tail-feathers
(except sometimes of two middle pairs) entirely so. Adidt males in summer with
head, neck, entire lower parts, lower back, rump, secondaries (except, sometimes,
tertials), and greater pai't of wing-coverts, entireh^ pure white; back and scapulars
black or white ; bill entirely deep black. {In winter, the upper parts, sides of head,
and chest washed with rusty ; bill yellow, the extreme tip dusky.) AuitH females
smaller than males, the upper parts entirely streaked, the wing:? with ^viMcb less
white, etc. Young: Top of head, hind-neck, and back and rump dull grayish,
indistinctly streaked with darker; lower parts dull whitish, more or less tinged
anteriorly with grayish (sometimes uniformly grayish on throat, chest, etc.). Kest
on ground, composed of dried grasses, etc., lined with finer grasses and feathers.
Eggs whitish (varying from a dull purplish to a greenish tint), speckled, chiefly
on larger end, with various shades of brown, usually mixed with a few small black
markings.

rt'. 3Iale with four to six, female with six middle tail-feat? ers entirely or chiefly
black or dusky ; upper tail-coverts black or dusliy for whole of concealed
portion. Adult males with back, scapulars, alula, and much the greater part
of longer quills (both webs) black. Adult females with top of head, back,
scapulars, and lower back broadly streaked with black (this largely prov.ail-
ing). longer quills blackish or dusky quite to tips of primary covert lo ■^:■cr
and greater coverts dusky, tipped and margined with white, prinuiry c vvr>,«
dusky, edged with white. Young with wing mostly dusky, only the mid-
dle coverts, tips of greater coverts and middle secondaries being white.
b\ Smaller, with much smaller bill. M(de : Length about G. 50-7. 00, ",'ing
4.20-4.50 (4.38), tail 2.80-3.15 (2.90), culmen .40-.42 (.41), gonys .22-
.20 (.23). Femah : Length about G.00-6.50, wing 4.00-4.10 (4.6g), tail
2.70-2.75 (2.74), culmen .39-,40 (.40), gonys .21-.23 (.22). Eggs .91 X
.64. Hab. Circumpolar regions, except islands in Bering's Sea; south,
in winter, to northern United States.

534. P. nivalis (Linn.). Sn> flake.

' Fn'npiHa montnna Link., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 183. Pamer monlanti- Kot:H, Baior. Zool. i. ISlf , : 'y.
[A much less harmful opccios than P. (lomeaticvi, HvitiR mostly in buburbs nnd rural districts, where not
iDcreaeing abnormally, and but little dostruotivo to grain and fruit-buds.]

PLECTROPHENAX.

403

/>'. Larger, with much Uirger and longer bill. Male: "Wing 4.25-4.70 (4.45),
tail 2.85-3.20 (2.99), culmcn .47-.52 (.50), gonys .26-.29 (.28). Female :
AVing 4.10-4.25 (4.20), tail 2.75-2.80 (2.77), culmcn .48-.50 (.49), gonys
.24-.27 (.26), Eggs .93 X -69. Hub. Prybilof Islands, Alaska, and Com-
mander Islands, Kamtschatka.

— . P. nivalis townsendi RiDcnv. Prybilof Snowflake.'
a'. Male with black on only two middle tail-tbathors, and on those restricted to a
Bubterminal spot (sometimes almost obsolete) ; /(?mrt/t' with only four mid-
dle tail-feathers chiefly blackish. Adult male in summer : Pure white, in-
cluding entire bu^.k ; a blackish spot on inner web of first tertial (sometimes
second also) ; terminal portion (less than exposed half) of longer quills black,
this reduced on fifth quill (and, if present, on sixth also) to a small spot near
tip of inner web, the outer Avebs of all edged and margined terminally with
white; two middle tail-featliers marked near end of inner webs with a small
black spot; bill entirely black. Iti winter, sLnilar, but top and sides of head
washed Avith deep rusty, the hind-neck, back, rump, and band across chest
more faintly tinged with same; bill yellow, tijjped with dusky. Adult female
in summer: Pure white, the back and scapulars narrowly streaked with
blackish (streaks broader and more wedge-shaped on scapulars), tertiala with
most of concealed portion l)lackish, the outer webs partly huffy brown, outer
wobs of second to fourth, fifth, or sixth quill dusky quite to the base, but
broadly edged with white, all of them broadly margined at tips with the
same; alula) dusky bordered Avith white, and prit.aiy coverts sometimes
duskj' medially, but often entirely white ; four middle tail-feathers blackish
or dusky, broadly margined (both webs) with white, this involving nearly
Avhole of outer Aveb of next to middle pair; bill dusky. In wifter similar,
but upper parts, especially top of head and ear-coverts, washed with rusty,
and bill yellow, tipped Avith dusky. Young : Top of head, hind-neck, back,
scapulars, rump, and loAver tail-coverts brownish gray (rather paler than
in P. nivalis), tho scapulars and interscapulars dusky centrally, forming broad
but indistinct streaks ; tertials Avith tips of both Avebs and broad edging to
outer web umber-bi'OAvn, tho rest black ; wings otherwise chiefly Avhite, but
mai"ked Avith dusky, as in adults ; loAver parts dull Avhite, purer posteriorly,
tinged Avith pale smoky gray anteriorly ; bill lemon-yelloAv. Male : Length
about 7.00-7.50, Aving 4.00-4.65 (4.62). "tail 3.10-3.15 (3.12). culmen .44, gonys
.24-.25. Female: L^Migth about 6.50-7.00, wing 4.20-4.30 (4.25), tair2.70-
2.90 (2.83), culmen .42-.43, gonys .23. Hab. Breeding on Hall Island (prob-
ably also St. Matthew's Island), Bering's Sea, and in winter visiting Avostern
coast of Alaska (3t. Michael's to Nushagak).

635. P. hyperboreus Eidqw. McKay's Snowflake.

1 Now gubspooies. Typo, No. 106,695, Ottor Island, Boring's Son, Juno 8, 1886 j C. H. Townsond.

404

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

C^i'

Genus CALCARIUS Bechstein. (Pago 383, pi. CVIL, fig. 6.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males : Top of head black ; hind-ueck deep rufous
or buff; rest of upper parts light brownish, broadly streaked with dusky or black;
outer tail-feathers with more or loss of white. Adult females : Above similar to
males, but without black on head, and usually without distinct rufous or buff on
hind-neck ; lower parts mainly dull whitish or buffy. Nest on ground, composed
of dried grasses, etc., lined with feathers, etc. J^ggs 3-6, dull whitish, spotted or
speckled with brown (varying to nearly uniform brownish).

a^ Wing more than 3.50 ; all the tail-feathers with inner webs dusky at base (in
C. pifn-:s confined, on exterior feather, to inner edge).

6'. Inne. . ' f outer tail-feather chiefly dusky ; under wing-coverts and axil-
lars , ish white, distinctly grayish beneath surface ; breast and belly
white. Adult vude in summer : Head and chest deep black, relieved by a
broad white or buffy stripe behind eye, continued downward (vertically)
behind ear-coverts and then backward along sides of chest ; sides broadly
streaked or striped with black ; rest of under parts white ; hind-neck deep
chestnut-rufous ; lesser wing-coverts grayish, feathers black in centre.
Adult male in winter : Black of head confined to crown, posterior and
lower border of ear-coverts, lowo" part of throat, and patch on chest,
and more or less obscured by whitish or pale bi'ownish tips to feathers ;
sides of 1 cad (including lores and greater part of ear-coverts) mostly
dull light brownish ; rufous on hind-neck also similarly obscured. Adult
female in summer : Much like winter male, but markings more sharply
defined, black areas of chest, etc.. more restricted and still more broken,
hind-neck streaked with blackish, and size smaller. Adult female in ivin-
ter : Similar to summer plumage, but browner and less sharply streaked
above, hind-neck often without trace of rufous, lower parts dull brown-
ish white, and dusky markings of chest, etc., very indistinct. Young :
Above taw \y buffy, everj'-where (except on wings and tail) broadly
streaked with black ; beneath pale buffy, the lower thi-oat, cliest, and
sides of breast broadly streaked with blackish. Male : Length about
6.10-6.90, wing 3.60-3.90. Female : Length about 6.50-6.00, wing 3.50-
3.60. Fggs .83 X -00, varying from dull whitish spotted with brown to
nearly uniform umber-brown. Hab. Circumpolar regions ; in North
America migrating sout}\ward to northern United States, sometimes as
far as South Carolina (rarely), Kentucky, Kansas, Nevada, etc.

536. C. lapponicus (Linn.). Lapland Longspur.

6'. Inner web of outer tail-feather chiefly white; under wing-covorts j.nd axil-
lars wholly pure white ; entire lower parts buffy. Adult male in summer :
Top and sides of head deep black, relieved by a broad white stripe bo-
bind eye, a narrow white stripe along middle portion of car-coverts, and

CALCARIVS.

405

tp rufous
»r black ;
milar to
i- buff on
omposcd
)otted or

, base (in

and axil-
[ind belly
jved by a
ertically)
8 broadly
leck deep
n centre.
3rior and
on chest,
feathers ;
i) mostly
Adult
} sharply
e broken,
lie in ivin-
streaked
U brown-
Young :
broadly
icst, and
th about
ing 3.50-
brown to
in North
etimes as

Longspur.

.nd axil-

summer :

stripe bo-

rcrts, and

a white malar stripe, much widest posteriorly; hind-neck and entire
lower parts deep ochraceous-buif, the first streaked with dusky ; anterior
lesser wing-coverts deep black, posterior ones pure white, forming a con-
spicuous bar, widest above. Adult male in winter : Black of head entirely
replaced bj'' streaked brownish, the throat and chest also more or less
streaked with dusky; otherwise much as in summer, but middle and
greater wing-coverts distinctly tipped with white. Adult female in sum-
mer : Much like winter male, but smaller, paler, and grayer, without deep
black or pure white on lesser wing-coverts ; in winter, similar, but more
buff}'. Male : Length 6.40-6.50, wing 3.60-3.70. Female :' Length about
5.50-6.00, wing 3.45-3.60. Eggs .83 X -50, similar to those of C. lapponi-
cus, but averaging lighter in color, the whitish, distinctly sjiotted style
prevailing. ITab. Interior of Arctic America (chiefly Mackenzie River
Valley) in summer, bi'eeding north to Arctic coast and upper Yukon
Valley ; south, in winter, over Great Plains and prairies to Illinois,

Texas, etc 537. C. pictus (Swains.). Smith's Longspur.

rt'. Wing not more than 3.50; all the tail-feathers (except middle pair) with basal
portion of inner webs white (outer webs also, except two middle pairs).
Adult male in summer: Top of head, stripe behind eye, spot on lower part
of ear-coverts, chest, breast, and belly, black, the lower parts sometimes
touched with rufous or chestnut ; hind-neck deep rufous; broad super-
ciliary stripe, chin, and throat white ; cheeks pale buff, this sometimes
overspreading lores, ear-coverts, chin, and upper throat ; infulljAumage,
the lesser wing-coverts deep black, with posterior row pure white.
Adult male in winter : Black of head and lower parts more or less ob-
scured or even concealed by light brownish or dull buffy tips to the
feathers ; otherwise, essentially as in summer. Adult female : Above
light grayish buffj' brown, streaked with dusky ; beneath pale grayish
buffy brown, or dull grayish buff, the breast and belly sometimes
streaked with darker; under tail-coverts dull buff}' whitish. (Plumage
softer and colors more blended in winter.) Young: Above duskj', the
feathers edged and margined with dull whitish and pale brownish
buff; wing-coverts tipped with dull whitish; an indistinct streaked
whitish superciliary stripe; ear-coverts streaked dusky and pale brown-
ish; malar region, chin, and throat white, flecked, more or less, with
grayish dusky; rest of lower parts dall grayish buff, streaked, especially
on breast, with dusky. Length 5.25-6.50, wing 3.20-3.50. Eggs .75 X
.56, dull white, pinkish white, buffy white, or greenish white, distinctly
speckled or spotted with various shades of brown and blackish. JIab.
Great Plains, north to the Saskatchewan; south, in winter, to Texa.s,
New Mexico Arizona, and table-lands of Mexico.

538. C. ornatus (Towns.). Chestnnt-oollared Longspur.

406

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus RHYNCHOPHANES Baird. (Page 383, pi. CVIII., fig. 1.)

Species.

Tail-feathers (except middle pair) white, broadly tipped with black (outer
feathers almost entirely white). Adult male in summer : Middle, and posterior
lesser, wing-coverts rufous ; crown, rictal stripe, and crescentic patch on chest
bUiclf ; sides of head grayish ; back, etc., gray or brownish, streaked with dusk}' ;
lower parts (except chest) white, tinged laterally with grayish. Adult male in win-
ter : Crown and other upjjer parts dull brownish buff, streaked with dusky; black
rictal streak obsolete, and black patch on chest hidden by light dull huffy tips to
feathers. Adult female: Similar to winter male, but without concealed black on
chest or rufous on Aving-coverts ; the colors brownish above and dull huffy be-
neath in winter, grayer above and whiter beneath in summer. Young : Upper
parts dusky, the feathers broadly bordered with pale graj'ish buff; beneath white,
distinctly washed with buff across chest, where sometines indistinctly streaked.
Length about 5.12-6.50, wing 3.30-3.80, tail 2.25-2.80. Mest on ground in open
phxces, composed of dried grasses, etc., lined with the same, usually mixed with hair
and feathers. Eggs 3-6, .79 X -60, similar to those of Calcarius ornatus, but usually
with grou"d-colo'' more olive. Hab. Great Plains, breeding from western Kansas
north to tl.e Saskatchewan, migrating south, in winter, through Texas, New Mex-
ico, and Arizona to plateau of Mexico 539. R. mccownii (Lawr.).

McCown's Longspur.

Genus POOCffiTES Baird. (Page 384, pi. CVIII., fig. 2.)

Species.

Adult : Above brownish or brownish gray, everywhere streaked with dusky ;
lesser wing-coverts more or less distinctly rusty, sometimes inclining to rufous ;
outer tail-feathei's partly white ; lower parts dull white, streaked along sides of
throat and across chest with dark grayish brown. Young : Similar to adult, but
markings less shai'ply defined. Nest on ground, in open grassy places, composed of
dried grasses, etc. Eggs 3-6, pale buffy, pinkish buff}*, or dull whitish, stained with
rusty brownish and speckled or otherwise marked with a deeper shade of the same,
usually mixed with darker spots or lines.

a'. Colors browner, with broader streaks ; wing and tail averaging shorter, and bill
stouter; length 5.50-6.70, wing 2.95-3.40 (3.17), tail 2.40-2.75 (2.57), exposed
culmen .38-.46 (.42), depth of bill at base .30-.35 (.32), tarsus .80-87 (.83).
Eggs .81 X -60. Hab. Eastern United States, north to Nova Scotia and On-
tario, west to edge of Great Plains, breeding from Virginia, Kentucky, and
Missouri northward 540. P. gramineus (Gmel.). Vesper Sparrow.

a'. Colors grayer, with narrower sti*eaks ; wing and tail averaging longer, and bill
more slender; length about 6,00-6.75, wing 3.00-3.50 (3.27), tail 2.40-2.80
(2.65), exposed culmen .40-.48 (.43), depth of hill at base .25-.28 (.26), tarsus

AMMODRAMUS.

407

.1.)

jk (outer
posterior
on chest
h dusky ;
lie in win-
:y ; black
y tips to
black on
buffy bc-
r ; Upper
,th white,
streaked.
1 in open
with hair
it usually
n Kansas
iew Mex-
, (Lawr.)-
Longspur.

dusky ;

rufous ;
sides of

adult, but
1 posed of
ined with
the same,

and bill
, exposed
-.87 (.83).

1 and On-
icky, and
Sparrow.

', and bill
2.40-2.80
6), tarsus

.82-.90 (.84). Eggs .84 X -60. Hab. Western North America, north into
British America, east to Manitoba and eastern border of the Great Plains,
south to plateau of Mexico.

540a. P. gramineus confinis Baird. Western Vesper Sparrow.

Genus AMMODRAMUS Swainson. (Page 384, pi. CVIIL, figs. 3-7; pi. CIX.,

fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Upper parts conspicuously streaked (except in A. ma-
ritimus), the chest and sides also streaked in most species ; some species with the
edge of the wing and a supraloral streak yellow. Nest on ground, in grassy places,
or in grass or sedges in marshes. Eggs 3-6, speckled or spotted.

a}. Outer pair of tail-feathora longer than middle pair; difference between lyngth
of tail and wing much greater than length of bill from nostril (the wins;
much the longer), and depth of bill at base much less than its length from
nostril.
h^. Tail three times as long as tarsus, flightly cmarginato, or double-rounuad,
the depth of the emargination much less than the distance fr ^m eye to
nostril, the feathers broader and less pointed at tip. Nest on gi-^uiid, in
meadows or c'^her grassy places. Eggs pale brownish, varying to dull
whitish, or greenish white, spotted, speckled, or blotched with brown,
occasionally with a few darker lines or spots. (Subgenus Passerculus.)
c'. Culmen straight or even depressed (concave) in middle portion, the bill
decidedly compressed ; primaries exceeding tertials by more than
length of exposed culmen ; upper parts conspicuously streaked with
blackish.
d^. Exposed culmen not longer than hind-toe, without claw, and w'ng
more than seven times as long as exposed culmen.
Above pale grajMsh, the top of head and back streaked with
pale brown and blackish, the latter enclosed as a narrower
streak within the former; median stripe on crown dull
light grayish buff or dull buffy whitish ; superciliary stripe
similar, but paler, rarely yellowish anteriorly ; outer sur-
face of greater wing-coverts and tertials pale buffy brown ;
malar stripe pale buff or whitish ; lower parts white tinged
with pale brownish bxiff along sides (sometimes acroas chest
also), the chest and side.-, streaked with brown (darker me-
dially) ; length 6.00-6.75 (6.50), wing 2.85-.^.20 (.3.02), tail
2.25-2.55 (2.38), exposed culmen .38-.45 (.41), depth of bill
at base .25-.28 (.26), tarsus .85-.95 (.93). Eggs .81 X .62.
Hab. Breeding on Sable Island, Nova Scotia; in winter,
migrating along Atlantic coast, south to Virginia and coa-^t
of Texas... 541. A. princeps (Mayn.). Ipswich Sparrow.

408

It' >

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

(P. Exposed culmen longer than hind-toe, without claw, and wing less
than seven times as long as tarsus.

Above grayish brown, streaked with black, the broad black
streaks on back edged with narrower dull whitish or light
buify grayish streaks ; superciliary stripe usually decidedly
yellow, especially anteriorly, rarely without yellow ; be-
neath white, sometimes slightly tinged with buffy laterally
and across chest (especially in winter), the sides of throat,
chest, sides, and flanks sti'eaked with blackish. Young
essentially similar to adults, but lighter streaks of upper
parts more butty, dusky streaks of lower parts less sharply
defined, and superciliary stripe usually without yellow, and
finely streaked with dusky.
e\ Superciliary and median crown-etripes very distinct ; flanks
rather narrowly streaked ; lower tail-coverts usually with-
out visible streaks.
/^ Wing averaging more than 3.00, and never (?) less than
2.90.

General tint above light grayish brown, with broad
black and narrower light grayish streaks of back
sharply contrasted ; superciliary stripe usually
decidedly j'cllow throughout (brighter anteri-
orly); length about 5.80-6.15, wing 2.90-3.20
(3.07), tail 2.10-2.40 (2.24), exposed culmen .40-
.50 (.46), depth of bill at base .25-.32 (.29), tarsus
.85-.95 (.90). Hab. Northwest coast, from Una-
lashka eastward and southward (to northern Cali-
fornia in winter?) 542. A. sandwichensis

(Gmfx.). Sandwich Sparrow.
.A Wing averaging much less than 3.00, and never (?) more
than 2.90.
g^. Bill stouter (usually more than .22, and averaging .24,
deep at base).
Colors much as in A. sandwichensis, but aver-
aging browner, with superciliary stripe
less continuously or conspicuously yellow;
length about 4.85-5.50, wing 2.60-2.90 (2.73),
tail 1.90-2.20 (2.07), exposed culmen .38-.43
(.40), depth of bill at base .21-.27 (.24), tar-
sus .78-.90 (.82). Eggs .78 X -56. Hab.
Eastern North America, breeding from
northern United States to Labrador and
Hudson's Bay Territory.

542a. A. sandwichensis savanna
(WiLs.). Savanna Sparrow.

K'-.-jS'iII

AMMODRAMUS.

409

g^. Bill smaller and more slender (usually less than .22,
and averaging only .21, deep at base).
h^. Paler and grayer, averaging more so than A.
sandwichensis ; length 4.75-5.90, wing 2.65-
2.90 (2.80), tail 1.95-2.30 (2.14), exposed cul-
men .37-.40 (.39), depth of bill at base .20-
.22 (.21), tarsus .75-.85 (.80). Eggs .75 X .55.
Hab. Western North America, except (in
general) Pacific coast; breeding from Rocky
Mountain plateau north to the Yukon district
of Alaska, migrating south, in winter, to

Mexico 5426. A. sandwichensis alaudi-

nus (BoNAP.). Western Savanna Sparrow.
A*. Dai'kcr and browner, averaging more so than A.
savanna, with the breast and sides usually
more heavily (sometimes more thickly)
streaked, the whole head often suffused with
yellow; wing 2.50-2.75 (2.65), tail 1.95-2.15
(2.02), exposed culmen .40-.43 (.41), depth of
bill at base .21-.25 (.22), tarsus .65-.80 (.79).
Eggs .75 X -56. Hab. Salt marshes about
San Francisco Bay, California.

542c. A. sandwichensis bryanti Eidgw.
Bryant's Marsh Sparrow.
e*. Superciliary and median crown-stripes usually very indistinct
(sometimes nearly obsolete) ; longer lower tail-coverts
streaked with black (streaks rarely concealed).
Similar to A. sandwichensis bryanti, but upper parts more
heavily streaked with black on a much more uniform
and more olivaceous brown ground, sides of head and
neck darker, anterior portion of superciliary stripe
duller, more olivaceous, yellow, lower parts more
thickly and heavily marked with black, wing and tail
shorter, and bill larger ; length about 5.00-5.25, wing
2.45-2.70 (2.58), tail 1.80-2.10 (1.97), exposed culmen
.40-.50 (.44), depth of bill at base .21-.25 (.23), tarsus
.78-.85 (.82). Hah. Salt marshes of southern Califor-
nia, south to Todoa Santos Island, Lower California.
543. A. beldingi Ridqw. Belding's Harsh Sparrow,
c*. Culmen regularly curved from the base, without depression in middle
portion, the bill more swollen ; primaries exceeding secondaries by
less than length of exposed culmen ; upper parts indistinctly streaked
with darker.
d}. Bill from nostril .36, or more ; depth of bill at base .26, or more ;
general color above light brownish gray or grayish brown;

410

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

length about 5.30, wing 2.55-2.95 (2.71), tail 1.5)5-2.30 (2.11),
exposed culmon .48-.52 (.49), deptli of bill i;t base ,26-.29
(.28), tarsus .80-.95 (.87). Hab. Coasts of southern California,
Lower California, and Sonora; south, in wiutci', to Cape St.
Lucas and Guaymas.

544. A. rostratus Cass. Large-billed Sparrow.

(P. Bill from nostril only .32, depth of bill at base only .22 ; general

color above dull brownish slate; length about 5.00-5.15, wing

2.55, tail 1.95, culraen .45, tarsus .82. Hab. Vicinity of Cape

St. Lucas 544rt, A. rostratus guttatus (Lawr.).

St. Lucas Sparrow.

fc". Tail only two and a half times as long as tarsus, deeply emarginate, the

lateral pair of feathers longest, the depth of the emargination equal

to distance from eye to nostril, the feathers all narrow and pointed

at tip. (Subgenus Centronyx Baird.)

Adult : Head ochraceous or buffy, deepest on crown, nearly or quite
white on chin and throat ; top of head streaked Avith black, es-
pecially laterally ; maxillary stripe bordered above and below by
blackish rictal and submalar stripes ; lower parts white, the chest,
sides, and flanks streaked with black ; upper parts light brownish,
vai'ied by lighter edgings and blackish spotting. Young : Similar
to adult, but feathers of crown and back distinctly bordered with
bufty, and streaks on chest less sharply defined. In lointer, the
buffy coloring much more pronounced than in summer, strongly
tingeing chest and sides. Length 5.10-5.85, wing 2.65-3.05. Nest
on ground, in open grassy situations, composed of dried grasses,
etc. Eggs 3-5, .79 X .59, whitish (varying in tint), spotted with
reddish bi'own and lined with black. Hab. Great Plains, from
Dakota and Montana to the Saskatchewan in summer ; south, in
winter, to Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

545. A. bairdii (Ald). Baird's Sparrow.
a'. Outer pair of tail-feathers shorter than middle pair; difference between length
of tail and wing not greater than length of bill from nostril, or else tail
longer than w'ing and much graduated (" Coturtiiculus" leconteii), or depth of
bill at base equal to its length from nostril (" Coturniculus" savannarum).
fc*. Crown divided by a very distinct lighter median stripe, between two latei'al
blackish ones. Nest on ground, bulky, with deep cavity, often more or
less arched over on top, composed of dried grasses. Eggs 3-5, white,
speckled or spotted, chiefly on larger end, with reddish bi'own, some-
times mixed with a few small blackish markings and touches of lilac-
gray. (Subgenus Coturnictilus Bonap.)
c^ Tail double-rounded, the lateral feathers only a little shorter than mid-
dle pair (difference between their tips much less than length of bill
from nostril), the middle pair much shorter than next (longest)
pair ; bill stout, its depth at base equal to or greater than length

AMMODRAMUS.

411

the

from nostril. Adult: Crown blackish or dark brown, streaked
with light grayish bufty and divided by a very distinct median
lino of pale grayish buffj rest of upper parts mixed grayish,
bufty, and reddish brown, spotted with black ; sides of head, chin,
throat, chest, and sides plain bufty, the chest and sides indis-
tinctly streaked vvith brown in winter; belly white ; edge of wing
yellow. Young : Essentially like adult, but with little if any red-
dish brown on upper parts, which have feathers more conspicuously
bordered with palo bufty and dull whitish, and the median crown-
stripe more ashy whitish ; lower parts entirely dull huffy whitish,
the chest distinctly streaked with dusky.
d}. Darker colored, with (usually) shorter wing and tail and thicker
bill ; length about 4.85-5.20, wing 2.35-2.G0 (2.43), tail 1.80-
2.00 (1.87), exposed culmen .40-.47 (.43), depth of bill at base
.28-.31 (.29), tarsus .75-.82 (.73). Eggs .73 X -58. Hab.
Eastern United States and southern Canada, wintering in
Gulf States, Bahamas, Cuba, Porto Eico, and Gulf coast of

Mexico 546. A. savannarum passerinus (AYils.).

Grasshopper Sparrow.
(P. Paler, with (usually) longer wing and tail, and more slender bill;
length about 5.00-5.50, wing 2.50-2.60 (2.52), tail 1.76-2.00
(1.91), exposed culmen .40-.47 (.42), depth of bill at ba.se .20-
.28 (.25), tarsus .75-.80 (.77). Eggs .75 X -57. Hab. Western
United States, east to Great Plains, south over table-lands of

Mexico 546rt. A. savannarum perpallidus Ridow.

Western Grasshopper Sparrow.

c*. Tail graduated, the latei-al feathers much shorter than middle pair

(diff'erence between their tips much greater than length of bill from

nostril), the middle pair longest.

d}. Tail not longer than wing, its graduation decidedly less than

length of exposed culmen ; bill stout, its depth at base nearly

or quite equal to length from nostril ; a blackish rictal and

(usually) siibmalar streak. Adult : Head and neck buff'}' olive,

the crown heavily streaked, except along middle line, with

black, the hind-neck much more narrowly streaked ; back and

scapulars chestnut o.Lhers centred with black and narrowly

edged or bordereu ^.\.h whitish; wings mainly chestnut; a

blackish streak behind eye, another from corner of mouth,

and another along each side of chin and upper tliroat (last

sometimes indistinct) ; chin and throat pale buff" or huffy

whitish ; chest, sides, and flanks deeper buffy', streaked with

blackish; belly whitish. Young: Above dull brownish bufty,

streaked and spotted with black ; beneath light buff", the sides

(but not chest) streaked with black ; a distinct black streak

from corner of mouth, but none on side of chin or throat.

''i-

412

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

r-St\-

Length about 4.75-5.25, wing 2.10-2.20, tail 1.90-2.05. E(j<js .74
X .57. Mab. Eastern United State.s, north to Ontario and
southern New England, west to edge of Great Plains; winters
in Gulf States.. 547. A. henslowii (Auu.). Henslow's Sparrow.
iP. Tail decidedly longer than wing, iis graduation greater than length
of exposed culmen ; bill small and slender, its depth at base
less than length from nostril ; no dusky rietal or submalar
streaks. Adult: Median crown-stripe butt' a"*"norly, the rest
pale buffy grayish or dull butty whitish ; latei i^jes streaked

blackish and brownish, the -former usually predominating
(nearly uniform black in summer) ; hind-neck streaked chest-
nut and pal 3 buffy or buffy grayish ; sides of head, including,
broad superciliary stripe, buffy (deeper, almost ochraceous, in
winter, paler, sometimes nearly white, in summer), the lores
and ear-coverts light gra^'ish or brownish, the latter bordered
above by a blackish streak, becoming larger posteriorly ; ante-
rior and lateral lower parts buffy, the sides and flanks streaked
with blackish ; belly white ; upper parts brownish, spotted or
striped with blackish and streaked Avith whitish or buffy.
Yonng : General color buff, deeper above, paler beneath, the
belly whitish; upper parts streaked and striped with blackish,
the chest, sides, and flanks more narrowly st iked with the
same. Length 4.40-5.50, wing 1.87-2.0G, tail 2.25. Xest in

damp or marshy meadows. I'Jggs about .75 ,^ , speckled or
spotted sparsely on larger end with brown and black (sometimes
thickly speckled or sprinkled with brown). Hab. Great Plains
and more western prairies, breeding from Dakota, Minnesota,
etc., to Manitoba, migrating southward and eastward, in winter,
through Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, etc., to South Carolina, and
Gulf States from Florida to Texas.

548. A. leconteii (Aud.). le Conte's Sparrow.
i'. Crown without distinct median stripe. JVest on or near ground, in
marshes, supported between upright stalks of sedges or coarse grasses
(sometimes in low bushes), composed of dried grasses or sedges, the en-
trance occasionally through one side. I^ggs 3-5, whitish speckled or
spotted with bi'own. (Subgenus Ammodramus Swains.)
c'. Edge of wing very pale yellowish, supraloral streak deep buff or ochra-
ceous, like the rest of the very distinct superciliary stripe ; malar
stripe deep buff or ochraceous. (Above olivaceous, mixed or glossed
with ashy, the sides of the back streaked with ashy, buffy, or
whitish, the crown with two broad lateral stripes of sepia-brown
enclosing a narrower and less distinct one of grayish ; chest and
sides more or less distinctly washed with buff or ochraceous (often
deeply of this color) and streaked with dusky or grayish. Young :
Above dull ochraceous, the back broadly streaked with black, and

AMMODRAMUS.

413

sides of tbo crown chiofly of the lattei* color; lo^vor parts entirely

buff, streaked on chest with dusky.)
d}. Colors of upper part usually not shaqily contrasted ; chest often
nearly white, and frequently with the streaks dusky, or black-
ish, and very sharply defined ; length 4.80-5.85. Male: Wing
2.17-2.36 (2.27), tail 1.90-2.25 (2.06), culmen .53-.5') (.57), depth
of bill at base .23-.27 (.25), tarsus .86-.91 (.89> Female: Wing
2.18-2.42 (2.23), tail 1.90-2.13 (1.98), culmen .53-.58 (.56), depth
of bill at base .2.3-.26 (.24), tarsus .85-.87 086). Eijgs .76 X
.57, brow^nish white, finely speckled or simnkled with dull rusty
brown. Hnb. Salt marshes of. Atlantic coast, from Prince
Edward Island and Nova Scotia to North Carolina.

549. A. caudacutus (Gmel.). Sharp-tailed Sparrow,
d*. Colors of upper parts usually very sharply contrasted, especially
the chalky white streaks of back, as compared with the rich
umber-brown ground-color ; chest and sides usually very deep
buff or ochraceous, never (?) very distinctly or sharply streaked
with dusky. Male: Wing 2.12-2.33 (2.24), tail 1.98-2.21
(2.07), culmen .49-.53 (.51), depth of bill at base .23-.26 (.25),
tarsus .80-.87 (.84). Female: Wing 2.15-2.20 (2.18), tail 1.83-
2.09 (1.99), culmen .50-.52 (.51), depth of bill at base .23-.26
(.25), tarsus .82-.85 (.83). Ilab. Fresh-water marshes of east-
ern United States, chiefly in Mississippi Valley; east during
migrations to marshes of Atlantic coast (Massachusetts to

South Carolina) 549a. A. caudacutus nelsoni Allen.

Nelson's Sparrow,
c'. Edge of wing and supraloral streak yellow ; no distinct 8U])erciIiary

sti'ipe ; malar stripe whitish.
d}. Above nearly plain olivaceous, tinged with ashj', the wings and
tail more brownish; beneath grayish white, the chest streaked
with dull grayish. Young : Crown and back broadly streaked
with black ; lower parts huffy white, the chest and sides streaked
with dusky. Length about 5.25-6.00, wing 2.40-2.55, tail 2.10-
2.25, culmen .60-.67, tarsus .90-. 95. Eggs .80 X -62, greenish
white or brownish white, eoarsf'y speckled with umber-brown.
Hab. Salt marshes of Atlantic and Gulf coasts, from Massachu-
setts to Texas.. 550. A. maritimus (Wils.). Seaside Sparrow.
<P. Above black, indistinctlj' streaked with olive and grayish ; beneath
white, broadly streaked on breast and sides with black ; edge
of wing and short stripe on sides of forehead bright yellow ;
length 5.75-6.25 (5.95), wing 2.25-2.40, tail 2.10-2.50, culmen
.50-.60, tarsus .80-.92. Hab. Southeastern Florida (marshes of

Indian Eiver) 551. A. nigrescens Eidgw.

Dusky Seaside Sparrow.

414

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

rate

Genus CHONDESTES Swainson. (Page 383, pi. CIX., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above brownish or brownisli pray, the back streaked
with blackish; tail-feath( rs (except middlo pair) broadly tipped with white;
lower parts chieflj white. Adxdt : Crown and ear-coverts chestnut, the former
divided medially by a pale brownish gray or grayish buff stripe (whitish anteri-
orly), the chestnut passing anteriorly into l^liickish ; a black streak across 'ores,
and one along each side of throat ; a small black spot on middle of chest. Young :
Crown and ear -coverts gi-a3ash brown, the former streaked with blackish ; whole
plumage usually more or less suffused with buffy, and chest streaked with dusky.
JVcst on ground or in bushes or trees, composed of dried grasses, etc. Eggs 3-5,
pure white (sometimes with a faint bluish or bi'ownish tinge), speckled and lined,
chiefly on larger end, with black and dark brown.

a}. Averaging darker and grayer, with black stieaks on back broader and chestnut
of head rather darker; wings and tail shorter; length 5.75-6.75, wing 3.20-
3.80 (3.49), tail 2.70-3.00 (2.82). Eggs .80 X -61. ITab. Mississippi Valley,
north to southern Michigan, east to Ohio (casually to Atlantic coast), south
to eastern Texas, Louisiana, etc.

552. C. grammacus (Say). lark Sparrow.

a'. Averaging paler and browner, with black streaks on back narrower, and chestnut
of head rather lighter ; wings and tail longer; length G. 50-7. 25, wing 3.35-
3.70 (3,58), tail 2.60-3.35 (2.93). Eggs .80 X -63! JIab. Western United
States, fast to Great Plains and middle Texas, south over table-lands of
Mexico.

552rt. C. grammacus strigatus (Swains.). Western lark Sparrow.

Genus ZONOTRICHIA Swainson. (Page 385, pi. CIX., fig. 4.)

Species.

Common Characters, — Back brownish, streaked with blackish ; lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts plain olive-brownish or gr.ayish brown ; wing with two
white bands; tert'als and uppermost greater wing-coverts broadly edged with
chestnut, this passing terminally into white ; tail without Avhite ; lower parts plain
whitish or grayisli (streaked in young). Adults with head wholly- black {Z. quer-
yla), or else with a broad black stripe on each side of crown. Nest on or near
ground, in open places (sometimes in bu.shes), composed of dried grasses, etc.
Eggs 3-5, pale greerash bhio, greenish white, or buffy whitish, spotted, speckled,
or sprinkled with rusty brown.

a\ Top of head black, without trace of median stripe, or of yellow ; sides and flanks

ZONOTRICHIA.

415

light buffy brown, broadly streaked with dusky ; adult with whole chin and
throat, lores, and top of head uniform black.
Adult: Sides of head dull brownish white or light grayish brown; rest
of head mainly uniform blaok ; breast (except centrally) and belly pure
white. Immature : Top of head black, but this much obscured by
whitish or buffy borders to feathers ; whole side of head, including sides
of forehead and superciliarj'^ region, buffy; chin and throat white, bor-
dei'ed along each side by a blackish streak (sometimes blotched with
black) ; middle of chest blotched or spotted with black rv dark brown ;
otherwise like adult ; length 6.75-7.75, wing 3.20-3.G0 (average about
3.40), tail 3.30-3.75. F<jgs (identification somewhat doubtful), .87 X -68,
buffy whitish, thickly speckled with burnt-umber, slightly mixed with
purplish gray. Hab. More eastern Great Plains and more western
prairies, breeding from eastern Montana (?) north to Manitoba ; south,
in winter, to Texas, and east to Iowa, western lUinoIs, Missouri, etc.

553. Z. querula (Nutt.). Harris's Sparrow,
a'. Top of head black or brown, divided bj^ a distinct median stripe of white, buff,
3'ollow, or gray ; sides and flanks grayish brown, without di.><tinct streaks,
or else with sides of forehead yellow and back rusty brown ; adults with
chin and throat whitish or light grayish.
b^. Back gray, grayish brown, or smokj^ brown, streaked with brown or black;
chin ana throat not abruptl)^ white; sides of forehead not yellow.
c^. Middle crown-stripe entirely white, ashy, or buffy ; top of head without
yellow.

Adults with lateral crown-stripes deep black, median stripe white or

pale ashy ; a broad white superciliary stripe, below which is a

narrower black stripe behind eye (sometimes continued in front of

it). Immature, with lateral crown-stripes and streak behind eyo

chestnut-brown or burnt-umber brown, middle crown-stripe dull

buffy, superciliary stripe dull light buffy grayish.

d'. Edge of wing white; white or buffj' median crown-stripe broad as

or broader than lateral black or brown stripes; adults with

back ashy streaked with burnt-umber or vandyke-brown, and

chest ashy.

c*. Lores black or dark brownish, the white, grayish, or dull buff

Bupcrciliaiy stripe not reaching to 1)111 ; length 6.50-7.50,

wing 3.00-3.30 (3.19), tail 2.80-3.20 (3.00), exposed cubnen

.38-.45 (.41), tarsus .90-.98 (.91). E<j(js .85 X -61, palo

greenish blue, varying to pale cinnamon-brown, speckled,

sprinkled, or spotted with reddish brown. Hab. Breeding

from higher mountain ranges of western United States,

Sierra Nevada, Rocky Mountains, and eastward, north of

Great Lakes, to Labrador; in winter, over whole of United

States, and south into Mexico.

654. Z. leucophrys (Fonsx.). White-crowned Sparrow.

■f

416

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

r.Wt

e". Lores entirely I'ght ashy or buffy, continuous with the super,
ciliary stripe of same color; length 6.00-7.17, wing 2.90-
3.30 (3.09), tail 2.85-3.10 (2.98), exposed culmen .38-.42
(.40), tarsus ,85-.92 (.88). Eggs .86 X -60, similar to those
of Z. leucophrys, but cinnamon-colored or rusty style pre-
dominating, instead of the reverse. Hab. Breeding through-
out Alaska (except coast east and south of the peninsula),
and eastward through Mackenzie Eiver basin ; in winter,
south throughout western United States into Mexico, east
to edge of Great Plains (casually farther).

555. Z. inte ..edia Ridgw. Intermediate Sparrow.
(P, Edge of wing pale yellow ; white, ashy, or buffy median crown-
stripe usually narrower than ' c or brown lateral stripes;
adult with back smoky brown .>r olivc-bvown, striped with
dark sepia-brown or sooty blackish, and chest brownish gray.
Lores ashy or otherwise light-colored, as in Z. intermedia ;
length about 5.75-6.75, wing 2.70-3.20 (2.92), tail 2.60-3.00
(2.75), exposed culmen .35-.48 (.41), tarsus .82-1.00 (.91).
Eggs .84 X -64, colored like those of Z. intermedia. Hab.
Coast ranges of California and north to British Columbia.
556. Z. garabeli (Nutt.). Gambel'B Sparrow.
c*. Middle crown-stripe yellow anteriorly (whole forehead suffused with
yellow in younger birds).

Adult: Median crown-stripe yellow for anterior half, or more,
then ashy. Immature birds with yellow duller and more or less
streaked or flecked with dusky, the lateral stripes poorly de-
fined, brownish, streaked with darker. (In genei'al coloring,
except on head, closely resembling Z. gambeli.') Length about
7.00-8.00, wing 3.00-3.40, tail 3.25-3.50. Eggs .82 X -61, col-
ored like the more distinctly spotted style of Z. leucophrys.
Hab. Pacific coast, breeding from northern California (?) north
to Norton Sound, Alaska; during migrations, cast, irregularly,
to Rocky Mountains, casually to Wisconsin.

557. Z. coronata (P.all.). Oolden-crowned Sparrow.
6'. Back rusty brown, or chestnut, streaked with blackish ; chin and upper
throat white, abruptly contrasted with ash-gray of lower throat and
chest ; sides of forehead yellow.

Adult: Top of head with a narrow grayish white median and two
broad black lateral stripes ; superciliary stripe bright yellow ante-
riorly (back to above eye), the rest whitish. Immature : Superciliary
and median crown-stripes dull buffy or light brownioh, the former
more or less distinctly yellowish anteriorly; lateral 'irown-stripoa
dark brownish ; ash-gray of ear-coverts and chest obscured by
brownish. Young : Broad lateral crown-stripes dull vandyko-b.o .. n,
narrow median stripe dull whitish or pale brownish ; superciliary

SPIZELLA.

417

le super,
ng 2.90-
i .38-.42
to those
tylo pre-
through-
ninsula),
II wintei",
jico, east

Sparrow,
n crown-
l stripes;
ped with
jh gray.
termedia ;
2.60-3.00
L.OO (.91).
'w. Hab.
iolumbia.
I Sparrow.
used with

or more,
ore or less
poorly de-
coloring,
gth about
X .61, col-
leiicophrys.
(?) north
regularly,

I Sparrow.

iviid upper
iroat and

and two
How ante-
iperciliary
he former
wn-stripes
soured by
ko-b . o .. n,
iperciliary

stripe dirty brownish white, scarcely, if at all, yellowish anteri-
orly; throat not distinctly whitish, and chest dirty brownish white,
streaked with dusky. Length 6.30-7.65, wing 2.80-3.15, tail 3.05-
3.35. JEggs .83 X .59) similar in color to those of Z. intermedia.
Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from northern United States
northward ; west to edge of Great Plains, casually to Utah.

558. Z. albicollis (Gmel.). White-throated Sparrow.

Genus SPIZELLA Bonaparte. (Page 385, pi. CIX., fig. 5.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Back and scapulars brownish, streaked with black ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain grayish or grayish brown, or else
very indistinctly streaked ; greater wing-coverts (and usually middle coverts also)
tipped, more or less distinctly, with white or light brownish ; lower parts plain
whitish, grayish, or pale brownish (belly always white) in adult, streaked with
dusky in young, except of S. atrigularis.

a'. With head more or less conspicuously marked, but without black on chin or

throat ; young, streaked beneath.

b^. Wing with two distinct white bands ; lower mandible yellow ; adult with

dusky spot in centre of chest. (Adult : Top of head and streak behind

eye deep rufous ; rest of head and neck plain ashj', the hind-nock tinged

with brown ; back mixed rufous and light tawny or dull buff'y, streaked

with black ; lower parts pale ashy anteriorly and laterally, the sides

and flanks tinged with butfy (strongly so in winter). Young : Top of

head dull brownish, streaked with dusky ; superciliary stripe and sides

of head and neck dull whitish, finely streaked with darker ; chest pale

dull bufFy, tinged laterally with rusty, and distinctly streaked with

dusky. Nest on ground or in low bushes, composed of dried grasses,

feathers, etc. Eggs 3-5, colored like those of Zonotrichia leucophrys.)

c*. Plumage darker throughout, the ground-color of back largely rusty or

rufous, and the black streaks broader ; rufous of crown darker, and

never with more than a slight indication of median ashy stripe ;

outer webs of greater wing-coverts and tertials bright rufous or

rusty ; whitish or light ashy edgings to tail-feathers narrower, wings

and tail shorter, bill rather stouter, etc. ; length about 6.00-6.50,

wing 2.80-3.10 (2.95), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.70). Eggs .76 X .58. Hab.

Eastern North America, breeding in Labrador and region about

Hudson's Bay ; south, in winter, through eastern United States,

west to edge of Great Plains.

559. S. monticola (Gmel.). Tree Sparrow.
c*. Plumage paler throughout, the ground-color of back with little if any

418

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

rusty or rufous, and the black streaks narrower ; rufous of crown
paler and frequently (especially in wintei-) with distinctly indicated
(sometimes broad and continuous) median ashy stripe ; outer webs
of greater wing-coverts and tertials paler, more buffy or ochraceous ;
whitish edgings to tail-feathers broader, wings and tail longer, bill
rather more slender, etc. ; length about 6.00-6.75, wing 2.80-3.15
(3.07), tail 2.65-3.05 (2.85). Eggs .78 X .55. Hah. Western North
America, breeding in Alaska (and for an undetermined distance
southward), wintering in western United States, south to Texas,
New Mexico, and Arizona.

559a. S. monticola ochracea Brewst. Western Tree Sparrow.
6*. Wing without two distinct white bands ; lower mandible without yellow ;
adult without dusky spot in centre of chest.
&. Wing decidedly longer than tail.

J}. Tarsus less than twice as long as culmen ; a distinct dusky streak
behind eye.
e'. Colors lighter, the adult with crown deep rufous and lower
parts whitish or very pale ashy. Summer adult : Top of
head rufous, sometimes with a more or less distinct indica-
tion of an ashy median line ; forehead black, divided by a
white median line; a broad white or pale grayish super-
ciliary stupe, bounded below by a narrow blackish stripe
through eye ; ear-coverts and sides of neck ashy ; lower
parts white or ashy white, more tinged with ashy on sides ;
bill black. Winter adult: Essentially similar to summer
plumage, but colors duller and darker, more or less tinged
with brown on lower parts, black on forehead indistinct or
obsolete, and rufous of crown usually more or less stx'eaked
with dusky; bill cinnamon-brownish. Young: Top of head
light brownish, distinctly streaked with blackish ; super-
ciliary stripe buffy whitish, narrowly streaked with dusky ;
breast, etc., streaked with dusky. Nest in trees or bushes,
often about houses, composed of slender grass-stems, etc.,
and lined with horse-hairs. Eggs 3-5, light greenish blue,
speckled, chiefly on larger end, with black and bi'own.
/*. Darker colored, the back decidedly tinged with rusty and
more broadly streaked with black, ear-coverts usu-
ally deeper gray, more distinctly' contrasted with purer
white superciliary stripe and throat, the wings and tail
averaging decidedly shorter; length 5.00-5.85, wing
2.55-2.90 (2.75), tail 2.20-2.60 (2.37). Eggs .69 X -BO.
Hab. Eastern North Amoi'ica, north in the interior
to Great Slave Lake, west to Great Plains ; wintering
from about 40° southward.

560. S. socialis (Wilb.). Chipping Sparrow.

SPIZELLA.

419

crown
dicatcd
3r webs
aceous ;
^er, bill
80-3.15
I North
listanco

Texas,

parrow.

yellow ;

y sti*eak

id lower
Top of
t indica-
led by a
h super-
jh stripe
r ; lower
)n sides ;
summer
58 tinged
stinct or
streaked
of bead
super-
dusky ;
bushes,
ms, etc.,
sh blue,
wn.

sty and
rtB usu-
th purer
and tail
15, wing
9 X BO.
interior
intoring

Sparrow.

/'. Paler, the back light brown, with little if any rusty tinge,
and more narrowly streaked rith black, ear-coverts
usually paler gray, contrasting less strongly with
duller or more grayish white of superciliary stripe and
throat, the wings and tail averaging decidedly longer ;
length 5.25-5.90, wing 2.65-2.90 (2.80), tail 2.40-2.70
(2.51). Eggs .67 X -50. Mab. Western North America,
east to Rocky Mountains, north to beyond 60°, in
summer ; south, in winter, to southern Mexico.

560a. S. socialis arizonse (Coues).
Western Chipping Sparrow.
e'. Colors darker, the adult with crown dai'k chestnut and lower
parts ashy, becoming whitish only on belly and under tail-
coverts. (Otherwise like S. socialis in colors.) Wing 2.80,
tail 2.45, culmen .40, tarsus .68. Hub. Highlands of Guate-
mala.

S. pinetorum Salv. Guatemalan Chipping Sparrow.'
d*. Tarsus more than twice as long as culmen ; no dusky streak be-
hind eye.

Adult: Top of head dull tawny brown, indistinctly streaked
with darker brown ; rest of head, including anterior por-
tion of forehead, plain ashy, becoming gradually paler
(almost white) on chin and throat ; chest very pale gray-
ish buffy, the sides and flanks similar but rather doepor ;
belly and under tail-coverts white ; back grayish tawny,
broadly fc- caked with black; middle wing-coverts tipped
with pale buffy, but greater coverts without light tips;
bill cinnamon ; length (skin) about 4.50, wing 2.70, tail
2.50, culmen .35, tarsus .72. Hab. New Mexico (vicinity
of Silver City).

564. S. wortheni Ridgw. Worthen's Sparrow.'
c'. Wing not longer than tail (usually shorter).

(IK Upper parts with more or less of rusty, and top of head and
hind-neck without dusky streaks. {Adult: Top of head with
two rusty or sandy brownish lateral stripes and a dull grayish
median stripe, the latter often indistinct, sometimes nearly
obsolete ; back streaked with black, on a uniform rusty, rusty
and buff'y grayish, or chiefly buffy grayish, ground ; both rows
of wing-coverts tipped with whitish or light buffy; a rusty
streak behind ej'e, enlarged to a spot posteriorly, sides of head

^ Sp\»eUa p\netor»m Sai.VIN, P. Z. S. 18fi.1, 189.

' It is somowhat doubtful whether thla species is correctly placed in the section oharaotoriied by having the
wing longer than the tail, since in the type, and only linown, specimen the tail-fenthers are very much worn.
In i-aso, however, of its being dctorinincd by perfect specimens to belong in the same section with >Si. ptieilla
and allies, it can be easily reoogniied by its peculiar coloration, an described above.

)

420

~JS}

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Otherwise grayish, but tinged with brownish or buffy in win-
ter ; sides of breast with a rusty spot ; lower parts whitish,
tinged with grayish or buffy, or both, anteriorly; bill red-
dish cinnamon. Young: Essentially like adult, but colors
duller and more suffused, markings of head much less dis-
tinct, and lower parts, especially breast, streaked with dusky.)
e^ Color much more rusty above, with median grayish crown-
stripe usually very narrow and indistinct (sometimes obso-
lete), and wings and tail shorter ; length 5.10-6.00, wing
2,45-2.70, tail 2.50-2.80. Nest on or near ground in old
weed-grown fields, thickets, etc., composed mainly of
slender dry grass-stems. Eggs 3-5, .68 X -51, white, green-
ish white, or buffy white, speckled with reddish brown.
Hab. Eastern United States and southern Canada, west
to edge of Great Plains (eastern Nebraska, Fort Smith,
Arkansas, eastern Texas, etc.).

563. S. pusilla (Wils.). Field Sparrow.
e'. Color much less rusty above, with median grayish crown-stripo
always (?) broad and very distinct, the lateral ci'own-stripes
and postocular streak much paler and less rusty brown,
back pale grayish buffy, more narrowly streaked with black
and slightly tinged or mixed with rusty, and wings and tail
longer; length about 5.80-6.10, wing 2.60-2.80, tail 2.80-
3.10. Hab. Great Plains, from southern Texas (Laredo,
etc.) north to Wyoming Territory and western Nebraska.
— . S. pusilla arenacea Chadb. Western Field Sparrow.*
(P. Upper parts without any rusty, and top of head and hind-neck dis-
tinctly streaked with dusky,
c'. Head distinctly striped ; ear-coverts light buffj' brown, in
marked contrast with the very distinct broad superciliary
and malar stripes of dull whitish, and ashy of sides of neck.
Adult : Top of head pale raw-umber brown, broadly
streaked with black and divided by a distinct median
stripe of light bi'ownish gray ; light brown ear-coverts
bordered above by a very distinct postocular streak of
dark brown or dusky, and along lower edge by a rictal
streak of the same ; whitish malar streak usually bordered
below by a more or less distinct grayish or brownish
streak along each side of throat ; hind-neck and sides of
neck ashy, in more or less marked contrast with brown of
ear-coverts and crown ; back light brown, broadly streaked
with black. (/« winter, the colors much bi'owner, obscuring
gray of neck and strongly tingoing chest and sides.) Young:

1 Spixella putilla areimcea Cuadbouu.se, Auk, iii. A{iril, ISSO, 243.

SPIZELLA.

421

Upper parts mox-o buflfy or "clay-colored," with blackish
streaks broader and less sharply defined ; dusky postocular
and rictal streaks less distinct (sometimes nearly obsolete) ;
chest, sides, and flanks streaked with dusky. Length
about 5.00-5.75, Aving 2.20-2.50 (2.39), tail 2.30-2.60 (2.44).
JVest in bushes in open situations. Eggs 3-6, .66 x -49,
light greenish blue, speckled, chiefly on larger end, with
brown. Mab. Great Plains, north to the Saskatchewan,
west to base of Eocky Mountains, east, irregularly, to Wis-
consin and northern Illinois, south to Texas and New
Mexico (in winter, to Lower California and over table-
lands of Mexico to Guanajuato).

561. S. pallida (Swains.). Clay-colored Sparrow.
e'. Head not distinctly striped, and ear-coverts not distinctly
brownish. Adult: Top of head, hind-neck, back, and
scapulars light grayish brown, streaked with blackish;
sides of head nearly uniform light grayish brown, but
ear-coverts perceptibly (not conspicuously or abruptly)
browner, usually without distinct dusky streak along
upper or lower margins ; top of head without distinct me-
dian stripe (usually with merely a trace of such stripe).
{In winter, not essentially different, but general cast of
plumage perceptibly browner than in summer.) Young :
Essentially like adult, but chest and sides streaked with
dusky, and streaks on upper parts less sharply defined.
Length 5.00-5.60, wing 2.35-2.55 (2.45), tail 2.35-2.70
(2.51). Nest and eggs like those of S. pallida, but the latter
usually moi'o distinctly marked, averaging about .68 X .49.
Hab. Western United States, east to (and including) Eocky
Mountains, south (in winter only ?) to northwestern Mexico.
562. S. breweri Cass. Brewer's Sparrow,
a'. Head and neck plain grayish ; chin and upper throat black in adult.

Adult : Head, neck, and lower parts plain ash-gray, changing to white on
belly and lower tail-coverts ; chin and upper throat black ; back and
scapulars rusty brownish, narrowly streaked with black. Young : Simi-
lar to adult, but black of chin and throat replaced by the general gray
color. Length about 5.50-5.75, wing 2.40-2.50, tail 2.70-2.90. JVest in
bushes. Eggs 3-5, .68 X -50, plain light greenish blue. Jfab. Mexico,
north to southern border of United States (lower Eio Grande to
southern California) ; Lower California.

565. S. atrigularis (Cab.). Black-ohmned Sparrow.

iHl ■:

422

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

fStt

Genus JUNCO Waqler. (Page 385, pi. CIX., fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult : Plumage chiefly plain grayish, entirely without
streaks, and usually without distinct mai'kings on wings ; belly, under tail-coverts,
and outer tail-feathers white. Young : Profusely streaked, both above and below,
the ground-color of the lower parts everywhere dull whitish ; outer tail-feathers
white, as in the adult. JVest usually on ground, rather bulky, composed of dried
grass-stems, etc., lined with softer materials. Eggs 3-5, whitish, usually more or
less speckled with reddish brown.

a}. Sides ash-gray, like chest, or, if inclining to pinkish, this color not abruptly
defined against, or contrasted with, gray or dusky of chest.
b^. Back gray, like chest ; bill, in life, pale flesh-color, purplish horn-coloi', or
pinkish white, with dusky tip ; iris dark brown, or claret-color,
c'. Wing usually with two distinct white bands; larger (length about 6.00-
7.00, the wing averaging more than 3.25).

Uniform plumbeous-gray, the head not darker ; bill, in life, livid
pinkish, with dusky tip. 3Iale: Wing 3.15-3.65 (3.44), tail 3.00-
3.39 (3.20), culmen .52-.54 (.53), tarsus .85-.90 (.86). Female :
Wing 3.23-3.48 (3.30), tail 3.10-3.28 (3.15), culmen .52-.54 (.53),
tarsus .80-.88 (.84). Hab. Rocky Mountains, in Colorado and
Wyoming, straggling east, in winter, to middle Kansas.

566. J. aikeni Eidgw. White-winged Jnnco.
c*. Wing usually without trace of white bands ; smaller (length about 5.50-
6.25, the wing averaging less than 3.20).
• rf^ Plumage slate-gray, the head perceptibly darker, approaching
blackish slate (often ncarlj^ black anteriorly) in the male, the
female (especially younger birds) often strongly tinged with
brownish, the sides washed with light pinkish brown ; bill, in
life, delicate light flesh-color, or pinkish white. 2fale : Wing
3.00-3.25 (3.09), tail 2.68-2.90 (2.82), culmen .46-.51 (.49), tar-
sus .80-.86 (.83). Female : Wing 2.87-3.10 (2.95), tail 2.60-2.98
(2.74), culmen .47.-.50 (.49), tarsus .80-.85 (.83). Eggs .76 X
.58, colored like those of Spizella piisilla. Hab. Northern North
America, breeding from northern Maine to Alaska (except Pa-
cific coast district, or south and east of the peninsula) ; in win-
ter, whole of eastern United States, and sparingly westward to
Pacific coast... 567. J. hyemalis (Linn.). Slate-colored Junoo.
cP. Plumage much as in J. aikeni, but softer and more decidedly plum-
beous, the wing-bands always (?) obsolete ; bill, in life, livid or
purplish horn-color. Male : Wing 3.03-3.25 (3.17), tail 2.81-3.07
(2.97), culmen .50-.51 (.51), tarsus .88-.90 (.89). Female: Wing

JUNCO.

423

J.OO-

2.98-3.10 (3.04), tail 2.80-2.8G (2.78), culracn .50-.51 (.50), tar-
sus .89. Hab. Higher portions of southern AUeghanios.

5676. J. hy emails carolinensis Brewst. Carolina Jonco.
f. Back rusty brown or rufous, decidedly different from color of chost.

c^ Greater wing-coverts and tertials with outer webs chiefly or entirely
gray, like rest of wing,
d'. Bill light flesh-color or purplish Avhite, and iris dark brown,
or claret-color, as in J. hyemalis ; head, neck, chest, eides.
and upper parts except back, ash-gray, the belly rather ab-
ruptly white, and the back rusty or rufous ; length about 6.00-
6.50. Male: Wing 3.18-3.42 (3.28), tail 2.93-3.27 (2.99), culmen
.50-.52 (.51), tarsus .80-.87 (.82). Female: Wing 2.95-3.26 (3.08),
tail 2.85-3.07 (2.96), culmen .50-.52 (.51), tarsus .77-85 (.81).
Eggs .80 X -59, white, dull pinkish white, or greenish white,
speckled (usually very minutely), chiefly on larger end, with
reddish brown. Hab. Eocky Mountain district, breeding from
Foi't Bridger southward.

569. J. caniceps (Woodh.). Oray-headed Janco.
(P. Bill with upper mandible blackish, lower yellowish ; iris yellow ;
plumage as in J. caniceps, but paler beneath, the much paler
ash of chest and sides fading gradually into white of belly ;
length about 6.25-6.60. Male : Win^j 3.05-3.40 (3.25), tail 2.97-
3.22 (3.11), culmen .49-.53 (.51), tai»us .77-.82 (.80). Female:
Wing 3.10-3.20 (3.13), tail 2.93-3.10 (3.01), culmen .49-.52 (.50),
tarsus .77-.81 (.79). Fggs .77 X -60, plain greenish white, some-
times with very minute reddish brown sprinkling or " dusting"
in ring round larger end. Hab. Southern Rocky Mountains
(New Mexico and eastern Arizona),

570a. J. cinereus dorsalis (IIf.nry). Red-backed Jnnco.
c*. Greater wing- coverts and tertials with outer webs chiefly rusty or ru-
fous. (Upper mandible blackish, lower yellowish, and iris yellow,
as in J. cinereus dorsalis.)
dK Outer tail-feather with more than half of the inner web white ;
rump gray (rarely tinged with olive) ; back bright rusty or
rufous,
e*. Eump and top of head slate-gray, the former sometimes tinged
with olive ; lower parts entirely dull whitish, shaded,
more or less, with palo gi'ayish anteriorly ; wing 2.77-3.20
(3.00), tail 2.75-3.12 (2.94), culmen .51-.53 (.52), tarsus .83-
.90 (.87). Hab. Highlands of Mexico.

J. cirerttus (Swains.). Mexican Junco.*

c*. Eump and top of head clear ash-gray, the former without

olive tinge ; lower parts usually decidedly ushy antei iorly

1 Fringilla einerea Swains., Philos. Mag. i. 1827, 435. Junco cinertui Cab., Mus. Hein. i. 1850, 134.

424

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

and laterally ; length about 6.25-6.50, Male : "Wing 2.95-
3.30 (3.28), tail 2.88-3.33 (3.18), culmen .50-.53 (.51), tarsus
.83-.90 (.86). Female : Wing 2.95-3.20 (3.04), tail 2.82-
3.18 (3.02), culraen .50-.53 (.51), tarsus .78-.87 (.84). Eggs
.78 X -60, plain greenish white. Hab. Southern Ai-izona
and adjacent parts of Mexico.

570. J. cinereus palliatus Hidqw. Arizona Jnnco.
rf'. Outer tail-feather with rather less than half of inner web white;
rump and back olivaceous, the latter tinged with rusty.

Lower parts dull ash-gray inclining to whitish on belly; top
of head dusky gray or slate-color; wing 3.02-3.13 (3.08),
tail 2.98-3.07 (3.01), culmen .61-.62 (.61), tarsus .95-.98
(.97). Ifab. Highlands of Guatemala.

J. alticola Salv. Guatemalan Junco.*
a'. Sides distinctly light pinkish brown (vinaceous), or ochraceous, very different
from color of chest.
b^. Sides pinkish or vinaceous; bill, in life, pinkish, tipped with dusky, and iris
dark brown, or claret-color (as in J. hyemalis and allies).
&. Wing nearly or quite seven times as long as culmen.

d}. Adult male with head, neck, and chest black, or very dark slaty ;
back and scapulars umber-brown ; length 6.25-6.75, wing 2.90-
3.30 (3.09), tail 2.65-3.17 (2.85), culmen .45-.51 (.50), tarsus .77-
.82 (.80), middle toe .54-.58 (.57). Adult female with head, etc.,
dull slate-gray, washed with brown on crown and hind-neck ;
otherwise much like male, but colors duller ; length 5.65-6.75,
ring 2.80-3.12 (2.91), tail 2.51-2.97 (2.76), culmen .48-.52 (.50),
tarsus .78-.84 (.80), middle toe .53-.58 (.56). Eggs .75 X -58,
similar iii color to those of J. hyemalis. Ilab. Western North
America, breeding along Pacific coast, from California to Sitka.
567a. J. hyemalis oregonus (Towns.). Oregon Junco.
d}. Adult male and female (sexes essentially alike) with head, neck, and
chest clear plumbeous, the lores blackish, in strong contrast;
back and scapulars hair-brown. Male : Wing 3.15-3.40 (3.26),
tail 2.92-3.33 (3.07), culmen .48-.52 (.50), tarsus .80-.88 (.82),
middle toe .53-.57 (.55). Female: Wing 2.95-3.28 (3.11), tail
2.70-3.12 (2.94), culmen .49-.50 (.50), tarsus .75-.83 (.80), mid-
dle toe .52-.58 (.55). Eggs 4-5, .81 X -60, whitish, spotted with
light reddish brown and lilac-gray, usually in ring or wreath
round larger end. Hab. Eocky Mountain district, breeding
from Fort Bridger northward.

568. J. annectens (Baird). Fink-sided Jnnco.
c*. Wing less than five times as long as culmen.

Adult (sexes alike) : Above dull slaty, decidedly, but not abruptly,

> Junco alticola Salvin, P. Z. S. 1863, 189.

AMPHISPIZA.

425

browner on the back ; head, neck, and chest slate-grayish, paler
on throat and chest, darker on crown ; lores black. 3Iak :
Wing 2.70-2.85 (2.75), tail 2.50-2.60 (2.56), culmen .55-.58 (.58),
tarsus .80-.85 (.84), middle toe .55-.60 (.56). Female: Wing
" 2.50-2.65 (2.57), tail 2.30-2.45 (2.40), tarsus .80-.85 (.81), middle
toe .55-.60 (.56). Eggs .80 X -59, dull white, speckled, chiefly
round larger end, with reddish brown. Hab. Guadalupe Island,
Lower California... 572. J. insularis Eidgw. Onadalnpe Junco.
b*. Sides ochraceous, or cinnamon-buif. Adult (sexes alike) : Entire back, scapu-
lars, and wing-coverts nearly uniform cinnamon-brown (duller in female);
sides and top of head and nock, with hind-neck, ash-gray, the latter
tinged with brown ; chin, throat, and chest grayish white, the latter
sometimes tinged with fulvous ; upper mandible black, lower bright
3'ellow (in life) ; iris bright yellow ; wing 2.60-2.80, tail 2.60-2.80, cul-
men .45-.50, tarsus .80, middle too .55. Hab. Mountains of southern
Lower California 571. J. bairdi Belding. Baird's Jnnoo.

Genus AMPHISPIZA Coues. (Page 385, pi. CIX., figs. 6, 7.)

Species.

a'. A continuous white superciliary stripe. (Above plain grayish brown, the back
very indistinctly streaked with darker in young only.)

Adult (sexes alike) : Lores, chin, thi'oat, and chest uniform black ; a malar
stripe (reaching not quite to bill), sides of chest, and belly, white ; sides
grayish, becoming browner on flanks. Young: No distinct black mark-
ings on head or neck ; chin and throat white, often more or less clouded
or flecked with grayish, the chest more distinctly marked with the
same ; wing-coverts and tertials light brown. Length 5.00-5.75, wing
about 2.60-2.75, tail 2.65-2.90. Nest in bushes ("sage" bushes, and
other desert shrubs), composed of fine thin shreds of bark, etc. JEggs
.71 X -54, plain greenish or bluish white. Hab. Southwestern United
States (from Texas to Lower California) and contiguous parts of
Mexico, north, in the interioi", to Nevada, Utah, and western Colorado.
573. A. bilineata (Cass.). Black-throated Snarrow.
rt*. A white supraloral spot, but no superciliary stripe.
b^. No streaks on sides ; wing with two white bands,
c'. Lesser wing-covcrts grayish or blackish.

d^. Rump cinnamon-rufous ; lesser wing-coverts blackish. Adult: Up-
per part of throat black, the point of the chin white; fore-neck
and lower part of throat uniform ash-gray ; top of head gray-
ish, streaked with black ; a broad white malar stripe ; lores
and beneath eyes black ; sides and under tail-coverts light
ochraceous-cinnamon ; belly white ; back brownish, broadly

426

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

■,-«';

streaked with black; wing about 2.80, tail 3.20-3.40. Hah.
Southern Mexico (Vera Cruz, Puobla, etc.).

A. mystacalis (Hartl.). Hartlaub's Sparrow.'
d*. Rurap slato-gray; lesser wing-coverts slate-gray. Adult: Sides
of chin and throat and spot on chest black, enclosing a white
stripe ; top of head, lores, cheeks, and oar-coverts dull brownish
slate ; sides and flanks slate-gray, middle of breast and belly
white; under tail-coverts plumbeous, tipped with white; wing
2.75, tail 2.70, culmen .48, tarsus .80, middle toe .58. Hah.
Mexico.

A. quinquestriata (ScL. & Salv.) Five-striped Sparrow.'
o*. Lesser wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous.

Bump and sides brownish. Adult : Malar stripe, supraloral spot,
and broad patch on chin and throat, white ; sides of chin and
thi'oat, and very broad collar across chest (widest laterally),
black; wing 2.50-2.70, tail 3.00-3.30, culmen .50, tarsus .85,
middle toe .60. Hah. Southern Mexico (Puebla).

A. humeralis (Cab.). Ferrari- Perez's Sparrow.*
h''. Sides streaked with grayish or dusky ; wing without white bands. {Adidt :
Supraloral spot, orbital ring, broad malar stripe, chin, throat, and lower
parts generally, white ; more or less distinct stripe, or series of streaks,
along each side of throat, and spot on middle of chest, dusky or gray-
ish ; sides and flanks pale bi'ownish, or tinged with brownish, and
streaked with darker. Young: Upper parts light grayish broAvn,
streaked with dusky ; chest distinctly streaked with dark grayish ;
wing-coverts tipped with dull buify whitish, or pale buff, producing two
tolerably distinct bands ; otherwise, much like adult.)
c^ Above dark hair-brown (grayer on head and neck), the bade usually
without distinct streaks ; sides of throat marked with a broad, con-
tinuous stripe of blackish ; sides and flanks light bi-own ; length
about 5.50-5.75. 31ale : Wing 2.51-2.80 (2.64), tail 2.60-2.95 (2.77).
Female: Wing 2.40-2.55 (2.60), tail 2.55-2.90 (2.77). Hah. Cali-
fornia, south to Capo St. Lucas.

574. A. belli (Cass.). Bell's Sparrow.
c*. Above light grayish brown, tinged with ash-gray, the back usually
very distinctly streaked with dusky; i^tdes ' . throui marked with
a series of narrow dusky grayish st^- ' i no continuous stripe;

sides and flanks very faintly tinged ii,'ht brown ' 'Ugth 6.00-

7.00. Male : Wing 2.95-3.20 (3.09), 2.75-" 20 (2.yu). Female :

Wing 2.90-3.10 (2.97), tail 2.75-3.07 (2.91.' ,. ^' ,t on ground, beneath

^ Zonotrichia mystacalis IIartl., Rev. Zool. Jan. 1852, .S.

* Zonotrichia quinquestriata ScL. A Salv., P. Z. S, 1868, 323. Amphiapixa quinquestriata RiDOW., Ibis,
Oct. 1883, 400.

^Hxmophila humeralis Cab., Mus. Hein. i. 1850, 132. Amphiipiza ferrariperezi RiDOW., Auk, iii. July,
1886, 332.

PEVC.EA.

427

"sage" bush, composed of fine thin shreds of ''sage-brush" bark,
dried grass-stems, etc. I^'jgs 3-4, .77 X -55, greenish white or dull
grayish white, speckled, chiefly on larger end, w^ith reddish brown,
mixed with a few darker markings. Hab. Artemisia plains of
western United States, north to southern Idaho, Montana, and
Wyoming Territories, east to Colorado and New Mexico, south to
northern Mexico and interior of southern California (San Bernar-
dino County, etc.).

574(7. A. belli nevadensis Eidow. Sage Sparrow.'

Genus PEUC^A Audubox. (Page 386, pi. CX., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characteks. — Adults : Upper parts more or less streaked with rusty
and grayish ; top of head streaked with brown, or rusty, and gi'ayish, or else plain
rusty; no distinct light bands on wing; lower parts plain light dull grayish or
dull buffy, the belly white or whitish. Young : Above more tawny or buffy, and
more distinctly streaked, than in adult ; lower parts whitish or yellowish buff, the
chest, etc., streaked with dusky. Ifest on or near ground. I^ggs 3-5, plain white
or bluish white.

a}. Tarsus not more than .85.

b^. Lesser wing-coverts brown or rusty centrally, margined with paler,
c'. Edge of wing more or less distinctly* tin^od with yellow.

rf'. Middle tail-feathers without indications of distinct bars; flanks
without distinct streaks,
e*. "Whole belly and lower part of breast dull white, the sides,
flanks, and chest pale grayish buff (deepest on chest).
/^ Darker, the streaks on upper parts chestnut, the back
always (?) streaked Avith black ; length 5.60-6.25, wing
2.20-2.50 (2.35), tail 2.38-2.70 (2.57), culmen .50-.52
(.51), depth of bill at base .26-.28 (.27), tarsus .76-.80
(.79). .Eggs .73 X -60, plain pure white. Hab. Florida
and lower Georgia.

575. P. aestivalis Light. Fine-woods Sparrow.
/'. Lighter, with streaks on upper pai'ts bright rusty, the
back often (usually ?) without black streaks ; length
5.30-6.25, wing 2.35-2.60 (2.47), tail 2.55-2.70 (2.61),
culmen 52-.60 (.56), depth of bill .27-.29 (.28), tarsus
.75-.83 (.78). Hab. Southern Atlantic and Gulf States
and lower Mississippi Valley, north to North Carolina,
eastern Tennessee, Kentucky, southern Illinois and

^ With scarcely any doubt a distinct species.

1^1

428

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

ill' r

i**ii

Indiana (to at least 40°), west to middle northern

Texas 575a. P. aestivalis bachmani (AuD.).

Baohman's Sparrow.

e". Entire lower parts pale dull grayish buff, paler on throat, the

middle of the belly sometimes nearly white.

/'. Larger and lighter colored. Adult: Above dull light

grayish brown, more or less mixed with rusty, the

back, and sometimes top of head, stref.ked with black.

Young: Above dull light graj'iah buff, everywhere

broadly streaked with dusky ; lower parts pale dingy

buff, the throat, chest, and sides of breast streaked

with duskj , greater wing-coverts broadly edged with

light tawny. Length about G.00--6.50, wing 2.45'-2.75

(2.55), tail 2.50'-2.90 (2.70), culmen .51-.55 (.53), depth

of bill at base .25-.28 (.26), tarsus .60-.65 (.62). Eggs

.72 X -58, plain pure white. Hab. Northern, central,

and western Mexico, south to Guanajuato and Colima,

north to southern Arizona and Rio Grande Valley.

576. + 577. P. mexicana (Lawr.).

Mexican Sparrow.*

/'. Smaller and darker colored ; upper parts heavily streaked

with blackish on a grayish and rusty ground ; wing

2.50-2.55, tail 2.60-2.G5. Hab. Southeastern Mexico

(Vera Cruz, etc.).

P. botterii Scl. Botteri's Sparrow.*
iP. Middle tail-feathers with decided indications of transverse bars,
projected from a dark brown median stripe; flanks broadly
streaked with dark brownish.

Adult: Above grayish, spotted with clear umbei'-brown and
dusky, the upper tail-coverts with eubtcrminal transverse,
more or less ci'oscentic, spots of dusky ; beneath dull gray-
ish white, faintly tinged with brownish on chest and sides;
length 6.00-6.75, wing 2.50-2.70, tail 2.G5-2.90, culmen .50-
.53, tarsus .77-82. Eggs .73 X -50, plain pure white. Hab.
Southwestern border of United States (Texas to Arizoiia)
and northern Mexico ; north, in summer, to middle Kansas.
578. P. cassini (Woonn.). Cassin's Sparrow.
Edge of wing dull white or grayish. (Adult : Crown chiefly ferru-
ginous, often quite tmiform ; upper parts grayish or grayish brown,
the back and scapulars broadly streaked with rusty or brown ;

1 The minimum monsurements of wing and tail, as given above, are vcy unsatisfactory, the gpcoimcns from
which they wore talvon having the quills ami tail-feathers much worn. The true average, therefore, should be
considerably higher— at least 2.P0 for the wing and 2.75 for the tail.

» Includes also P. nritoiiK Ilinnw., which proves to bo not separable.

> Zunntrichia botlerii ScL., P. Z. S. 1857, 214. I'tucKa bolterii ScL., Cat. Am. D. 18G2, 116.

PEVCJEA.

429

northern
li (AuD.).
Sparrow.

iroat, the

ull light
list}', the

th black.
Brywhere
alo dingy

streaked
ged with
2.4.5'-2.75
•3). depth
2). Eggs
, central,
i Col i ma,
alley.

(Lawr.).
Sparrow.'

streaked
id ; wing
!i Mexico

Sparrow.*

srso bars,
1 broadly

•own and
ansverso,
lull gray-
nd sides ;
men .50-
ie. Hab.
Arizona)
» Kansas.
Sparrow.
[ly ferru-
h brown,
brown ;

Qlmcns from
e, should bo

lower parts light grayish brown, or dull grayish buff, paler on
throat and belly; a distinct broad black streak on each side of
throat, bordered above by a maxillary stripe the same color as
throat ; a rusty postocular streak. Young : Upper parts, including
top of head, dull brownish, streaked with darker; lower parts
dingy pale grayish buff, the chest and sides streaked with dusky ;
otherwise, much like adult.)
d^. Feathers of back largely rusty or chestnut centrally ; prevailing
color of upper parts dull brownish.
e\ Smaller: Length about 5.50-5.75, wing 2.20-2.40 (2.32), tail
2.50-2.70 (2.58), culmen .48-.50 (.49), depth of bill at base
.20-.22 (.21), tarsus .75-.80 (.79). Eggs .78 X .60, plain
bluish white. Hab. California.

580. P. ruficeps (Cass.). Rufous-crowned Sparrow.
€'. Larger: Length 6.10-6.P0, Aving 2.50-2.80 (2.G0), tail 2.75-3.00
(2.89), culmen .50.-58 (.52), depth of bill at base .25-.27
(.26), tarsus .78-.90 (.81). (Colors rather lesH bright than
in P. ruficeps, with the rusty less bright and the lower
parts rather less fulvous, but the difference very slight
and not entirely constant.) Nest on ground, in or by
tufts of grass. Eggs 3^, .83 X -60, plain white. Hab.
Tablelands of Mexico, from Oaxaca north to Lower
California, southern Arizona and New Mexico, and west-
ern Texas.
580a. P. ruficeps boucardi (Sol.). Bouoard's Sparrow.
rf'. Feathers of back dull brownish (not rusty) centrally, with black-
ish shaft-streaks; prevailing color of upper parts ashy, es-
pecially on back and scapulars ; measurements essentially as
in P. boucardi. Hab. Eastern Mexico (highlands of Vera Cruz,
etc.), north to central Texa?.

5806. P. ruficeps eremceca Buown. Rock Sparrow.

b*. Lesser wing-covei'ts uniform bright cinnamon-rufous (except in first

plumage).

Adult: Top of head streaked broadly with dark rufous or rusty

(sometimes nearly uniform rufous) and narrowly with grayish, the

latter also foi-ming a move or less distinct median line; a broad

superciliary strii)0 and sides of head generally light grayish ; upper

parts brownish gray or light grayish brown, the l)ack and scapulars

streaked with blackish ; lower parts grayish white ; a blackish

streak along each side of throat, another from corner of mouth, and

a rusty postooulivr streak. Young : Upper parts, including whole

top of head, light bi'own, broad!/ streaked with blackish ; lesser

wing-coverts dusky centrally, margined with pale brownish buff;

lower parts whitish, the chest and sides broadly streaked with

dusky. Length 5.70-5.90, wing 2.40-2.55, tail 2.80-3.00, tarsus

430

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

about .75. Eggs .75 X -54, plain bluish white. Hab. Southern Ari-
zona 579. P. carpalis Coues. BnfoTu-winged Sparrow.

z'. Tarsus .90, or more.

Adult : Above brownish gray, the back and scapulars distinctly streaked
with blackish; top of head umber-brown, streaked with black, and
divided medially by a stripe of ash-gray ; eyelids conspicuously whitish,
but this surrounded by dusky; malar stripe, chin, throat, and belly
white ; chest palo brownish gray, changing to a more buffy tint along
sides; a blackish streak along each side of throat; wing 2.70-2.75, tail
3.00-3.20, exposed culmen .47-50, depth of bill at base .27-.30, tarsus
.90-.95. Hab. Southern Mexico (Oaxaca).

P. notosticta Scl. & Salv. Oaxaca Sparrow.^

"Vii

Genus MELOSPIZA Baird. (P.-';;e 386, pi. CX., figs. 2, 4.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above grayish, brownish, olive, or rusty, more or less
distinctly streaked, especially on the back, with darker ; top of head brownish,
streaked with darker, and divided medially by a more or less distinct grayish
stripe, or else chestnut, becoming black on forehead ; wings and tail brownish (usu-
ally more or less rusty), the former without distinct light bands ; ear-coverts and
superciliary stripe grayish, separated by a brownish or dusky pos,tocular streak ;
a whitish, light grayish, or buffy malar stripe, bordered below by a more or less
distinct brown or dusky streak along side of throat ; lower parts mainly whitish,
the chest and sides usually streaked with rusty, brown, or dusky. Young similar to
adults, but markings less sharply defined and colors more blended. Nest in low
bushes or on ground. Eggs light greenish or dull bluish white, more or less spotted
with brown.

a}. First quill not longer than seventh ; malar stripe white or light grayish ; chest
not distinctly bufiy.
i'. Adult with chest white, very distinctly streaked or spotted with brown,
rusty, or blackish ; top of head brown, divided by a more or less distinct
median stripe of grayish, and without black on forehead or occiput ;
postocular streak brown like crown. Eggs dull whitish, palo bluish
green, dilute brownish, etc., blotched, spotted, speckled, or sprinkled
with brown,
c*. Wing less than 3.10, culmen less than .64.

<Z'. Markings of plumage verj' distinct, more or less shai'ply con-
trasted with the ground-color, the latter grayish, olive, or
grayish brown on upper parts,
e'. Streaks on buck more or loss decidedly blackish, those on chest
brownish (not rufous or decidedly rusty) or blackish.

1 Peueiea notoitieta ScL. & Salv., P. Z. S. 1808, 322.

MELOSPIZA.

431

/*. Lighter colored, with ground-color of upper parts more
or less distinctly gi'ayish ; the streaks on chest brown-
ish (rarely blackish).
g^. With shorter wing and tail, stouter bill, general tone
of plumage more brown, and streaks both above
and below bi'oader ; length 6.00-6.75, wing 2.45-
2.80 (2.60), tail 2.58-3.02 (2.75), culmen .50-.54
(.52), depth of bill .27-.30 (.29), tarsus .81-.90 (.85).
Eggs .79 X -59. Hab. Eastern United States and
British Provinces, west to base of Eocky Moun-
tains ; breeding chiefly north of 40°, except east
of Alleghanies.

581. M. fasciata (Gmel.). Song Sparrow.
g"*. With longer wing and tail, smaller and more slender
bill, general tone of plumage more gray, and
streaks, both above and below, nari'ower ; length
6.25-7.00, wing 2.52-3.05 (2.74), tail 2.58-3.05
(2.91), culmen .49-.51 (.50), depth of bill .26-.28
(.27), tarsus .86-.93 (.90). Eggs .79 X 58. Hab.
Eocky Mountain district, west to Nevada, eastern
Oregon, and eastern Washington Territory.

5816. M. fasciata montana (Hensh.).
Monutain Song Sparrow.
/'. Darker, with ground-color of upper parts decidedly brown
or olive, the dark streaks, both above and below,
heavier and blacker,
gf'. Thighs raiher light grayish brown, or hair-brown ;
spots on chest smaller and narrower, always
distinct from one another.
h\ Larger, with stouter bill ; length 6.25-6.50, wing
2.45-2.80 (2.62), tail 2.68-3.14 (2.88), culmen
.50-.59 (.53), depth of bill .26-.31 (.28), tar-
sus .84-.94 (.90). Eggs .86 X .64. Hab. In-
terior districts of California, including eastern
side of Sierra Nevada.

581c. M, fasciata heermanni (Baird).

Heermann's Song Sparrow.

A*. Smaller, with slondcrcr bill ; length 4.70-5.75,

wing 2.15-2.50 (2.35), tail 2.00-2.68 (2.44),

culmen .50-.55(.52), depth of bill .24-.28 (.26),

tarsus .81-.89 (.86). Eggs .74 X -58. Hah.

Coast of California. 58ld. M. fasciata sam-

uelis (Baird). Samnels't Song Sparrow.

g*. Thighs deep tawny- or umbcr-brown ; spots on chest

larger and broader, oftou united into a largo patch.

<!.-

432 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Darker and richer colored throughout than in
either M. heermanni or M. samuelis, the gen-
eral size much as in former, but bill much
more slender and tarsi longer; wing 2.50-
2.80 (2.62), tail 2.50-2.70 (2.60), culmen .52-
.55 (.54), depth of bill .22-.27 (.25), tarsus .90-
.95 (.93). Hob. Southern Mexico (Puebla,
Valley of Mexico, etc.).

M. fasciata mexicana Bidqw. Mexican Song

Sparrow.^
e". Streaks on back rusty, usually without blackish shaft-line ;
streaks on chest clear rusty or rufous; length 6.10-6.50,
wing 2.40-2.73 (2.59), tail 2.65-3.05 (2.83), culmen .49-.52
(.51), depth of bill .27-.29 (.28), tarsus .81-.90 (.86). Hab.
Arizona (in lower districts).
581a. M. fasciata fallax (Baird). Desert Song Sparrow.
d'. Markings of plumage more or less obscured by the prevalent dull
rusty or sooty coloring,
e'. Smaller, with general tone of coloration more rusty ; length
about 6.00-7.00, wing 2.43-2.83 (2.63), tail 2.40-2.98 (2.73),
culmen .53-.58 (.55), depth of bill .26-.30 (.28), tarsus .87-
.92 (.90). Eggs .82 X -59. Hab. Pacific coast district,
breeding from western Oregon (and northern California ?)
north to British Columbia (Vancouver Island, etc.).
581t;. M. fasciata guttata (Nutt.). Busty Song Sparrow.
e'. Larger, with general tone of coloration more sooty ; length
about 6.50-7.50, wing 2.62-3.05 (2.87), tail 2.65-3.18 (2.89),
culmen .56-.61 (.58), depth of bill .25-.28 (.27), tarsus .95-
1.05 (1.00). Hab. Coast of southern Alaska (and northern
British Columbia ?).
581/. M. fasciata rufina (Brandt). Sooty Song Sparrow.
c'. Wing more than 3.10, culmen .64, or more.

Plumage much as in M. rnfina, but decidedly grayer ; length about

7.50-^8.75, wing 3.20-3.50 (3.36), tail 3.08-3.60 (3.44), culmen .64-

.72 (.69), depth of bill .30-.32 (.31), tarsus 1.05-1.15 (1.11). Eggs

.89 X '66. Hah. Aleutian Inlands, and east to Fort Kenai, Alaska.

582. M. cinerea (Gmel.). Aleutian Song Sparrow.

v. Adult with chest grayish (tinged with brown in winter), very indistinctly

or not at all streaked or otherwise marked ; top of head plain chestnut,

becoming black on forehead and sides of occiput, or else very broadly

streaked with black and divided by a more or less distinct median lino

of light ashy or dull buffy ; postocular streak dusk}'.

Adult: Sides of head and neck, together with chest, ashy, tinged with

1 Mclvipiza mcloiiia, var. mexicana RiDOW., in Hist, N. A. D. ii. 1874, 18,

PASSERELLA.

433

brown in winter and more or less stained with j^ellowish in imma-
ture birds. Young : Above heavily streaked with blackish, the an-
terior and lateral lower parts also distinctly streaked. Length 5.25-
6.00, wing about 2.30-2.50, tail 2.40-2.70. Eggs .76 X -56, pale bluish
gi*een or greenish white, coarsely spotted or blotched with brown
(rai-ely speckled). Hah. Eastern North America, breeding from
northern United States north to Newfoundland, Labrador, and Fort
Simpson ; west to edge of Great Plains, casually to Utah.

584. M. georgiana (Lath.). Swamp Sparrow.
rt'. First quill longer than sixth ; malar stripe and broad band across chest 'juflf, the
latter narrowly streaked with black.
Adult: Top of head hazel-brown sharply streaked with black and di-
vided by a median grayish line ; back olive-grayish or brown, sharply
streaked with black. Young : Not essentially different from adult, but
colors more suflFused and with streaks less sharply defined. Length
5.25-6.00, wing 2.30-2.65, tail 2.30-3.00. Eggs .77 X -57, dull whitish,
greenish white, or (usually) brownish white or pale brownish, marked
like those of 31. georgiana. Hab. AVholo of North America, breeding
from northern border of United States northward, and south along
higher mountain ranges... 583. M. lincolni (AuD.). Lincoln's Sparrow.

Genus PASSERELLA Swainson. (Pago 384, pi. CX., figs. 3, 5.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above brownish gray, brownish, or rusty, the upper
tail-coverts, tail, and wings usually much more rufeseent than other portions ; the
back (sometimes top of head also) sometimes streaked with rusty ; lower parts
white, more or less thickly marked with triangular spots of brown, rusty, or dusky,
especially on chest (where these spots are sometimes united into a more or less
conspicuous patch, as also on sides of throat), the sides and flanks striped or broadly
streaked with the same color. Young not materially diflPerent from adults. Nest
on ground, or near ground in bushes. Eggs 3-5, pale bluish green, dull brownish
white, or light brownish, speckled, spotted, or blotched with brown (sometimes
nearly uniform chocolate-brown).

a'. Wing longer than tail ; spots on chest larger, more blended.

6'. Upper parts mixed deej) rusty and brownish grny, in variable proportion ;
if grayish predominating, the back (sometimes top of head also) streaked
with rusty ; wing-coverts usually narrowly tipped with whitish, pro-
ducing two more or less distinct bars ; mai'kings on lower parts chiefly
(or entirely) deep rusty; length 6.20-7.50, wing 3..30-3.70 (3.50), tail
2.80-3.15 (3.02), exposed culmen .43-.47 (.45), depth of bill .30-.33 (.,32),
tarsus .97-1.04 (1.01), hind-cl-iw .38-.43 (.3"). Eggs .91 X .63, the deep
brownish stylo very frequent. Hab. Northern North America, breeding
from Gulf of St. Lawrence and Labrador to Alauka (everywhere north

434

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

of the peninsula) ; in winter, over whole of eastern United States to

Gulf coast 585. P. iliaca (Merr.). Fox Sparrow.

fc'. Upper parts plain grayish brown or brownish gray, with wings, upper tail-
coverts, and tail rusty brownish, or else continuously deep vandyke-
brown ; wing-coverts without lighter tips, and back without trace of
streaks ;' markings on lower parts vandyke-brown ; length 7.00-7.50,
wing 3.00-3.50 (3.24), tail 2.85-3.20 (3.03), exposed culmen .43-.50 (.46),
depth of bill .29-.32 (.30), tarsus .99-1.02 (1.00), hind-claw .42-.50 (.46).
Eggs .90 X -66, the brownish style comparatively rare (?). Hab. Pacific
coast, breeding from southern Alaska (British Columbia?) to U^alashka;
south, in winter, to southern California.

585a. P. iliaca unalaschcensis (Gmel.). Townsend's fiparrow.

a*. Wing shorter than tail ; spots on chest, etc., smaller, more scattered. (Upper

parts plain brownish gray, becoming rusty brownish on wings, upper

tail-coverts, and tail.)

ft*. Larger, with longer tail and larger and much thicker bill ; length 7.00-7.75,

wing 3.10-3.45 (3.27), tail 3.30-3.80 (3.50), exposed culmen .43-.55 (.48),

depth of bill .38-.45 (.40), tarsus .90-1.00 (.96), hind-claw .40-.52 (.46).

Eggs .86 X -64, colored like those of P. unalaschcensis. Hah. Mountains

of California, including eastern slope of Sierra Nevada.

5856. P. iliaca megarhyncha (Baird). Thick-billed Sparrow.
6'. Smaller, with smaller and slenderer bill; length 6.80-7.65, wing 3.05-3.35
(3.20), tail 3.20-3.50 (3.34), exposed cu.men .40-.49 (.43), depth of bill
.29-.32 (.31), tarsus .90-.96 (.93), hind-claw .40-.50 (.45). Eggs .85 X
.64, colored like those of P. unalaschcensis. Hab. Eocky Mountains,
west across Great Basin (occasional in California during migrations) ;
cast, in winter, to Great Plains (Kansas, etc.).

585c. P. iliaca schistacea (Baird). Slate-colored Sparrow.

Genus EMBERNAGRA Lesson. (Page 385, pi. CX., fig. 6.)

Species.

Adult : Above plain olive-green, the top of the head with two dull chestnut-
brown (lateral) and one grayish or olivo-greenish (median) stripes; sides of head
gi-ayish, with a brown streak behind eye ; lower parts dull white, strongly tinged
anteriorly and laterally with pale buffy grayish ; edge of wing bright yellow.

rt'. Upper mandible reddish brown; legs and feet pale brown; stripes on crown
entirely chestnut-brown, not sharply defined.
6". Bill slender, its depth at base not more than .25 ; the length of upper man-
dible from nostril to tip .35-.38 ; flanks pale grayish buff", or light gray-

^ E.xcopt in ftpooimonn approoohing P. iliaca ; Buch aro sometimes almost undistinguishable as far as color
Is concerned from /'. trhintncea except by the brown or rusty streaks on book; the proportions, however, may
apparently always be relied upon to distinguish them.

PIPILO.

435

ish fulvous; under tail-coverts pale buff; length 6.00-6.75, wing 2.60-
2.75, tail 2.50-2.70, tar.su8 .90-95. Kcst in low bushes, composed of dried
twigs, straws, etc., the top partially or conapletoly domed. JE!(j(js 2-4,
.89 X -64, plain pure white. Hab. Lower llio Grande Valley in Texas,

and southwai'd 586. E. rufivirgata Lawr. Texas Sparrow.

fc'. Bill stouter, its depth at base .28-.33, length of upper mandible from nostril
to tip .35-.40 ; flanks deep drab or raw umber-brown ; lower tail-coverts
deep fulvous-buff; wing 2.55-2.75, tail 2.30-2.70, tarsus .85-.90. Hab.
Southern Mexico.

E. rufivirgata crassirostris Baird. Cordova Sparrow.'
Upper mandible dark brown or brownish black ; legs and feet deep brown ;
crown-stripes sharply defined, black anteriorly, mixed chestnut and black
posteriorly, the broad median stripe clear ash-gray throughout.

Bill slender, and posterior lower parts pale, as in E. rufivirgata ; depth of
bill at base .26-.28, length from nostril .35-.40, wing 2.50-2.68, tail 2.60-
2.80, tarsus .85-.95. Hab. Yucatan (Merida).

E. rufivirgata verticalis Hidqw. Striped-crowned Sparrow.'

Genus PIPILO Vieillot. (Page 384, pi. CXL, figs. 1, 3.)

Species.

(Nest on ground, in bushy plai. ., in bushes, brambles, vines, or small trees.
Eggs 3-5, more or less spotted.)

a^. Throat and chest black or brownish, in abrupt contrast with white of breast
and belly ; sides and flanks rufous or rusty. Eggs white, pinkish white, or
dilute cinnamon or vinaceous, thickly speckled or spi'inkled with reddish
brown.
6'. Wings and tail black or brownish, like chest, etc.

c*. Wing-coverts and scapulars without white markings. (Adult male:
Head, neck, cheet, and upper parts uniform black ; basal portion
of quills, and edge of outer web near middle, white, the two
sometimes confluent ; a largo white patch at tip of inner webs
of three or four outer tail-feathers. Aihdt female: Similar to
male, but black everywhere replaced by umber-brown. Young :
Wings and tail much as in adult; head, neck, back, and chest dull
fulvous, streaked with blackish.)
d}. Larger, with larger white markings on quills and tail-feathers ;
iris of adult male bright carmine-red ; length 7.50-8.75, wing
3.30-3.75 (3.60), tail 3.55-4.10 (3.84), white space on outer tail-
feather 1.30-1.60 long. Eggs .94 X .71. Hab. Eastern United

• Embernagra rufivirgata, 0. crai$iroitri» RiDow., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug. i. Doc. 17, \S'S, 248, 249 {ex " E.
rufivirgata var. cra»tinottri$ Baird, MS.").

2 Embernagra rufivirgata, y. v»rtioali§ RiDOW., Proo. U. S. Nat. Mub. i. Deo. 17, 1878, 248, 249.

436 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

States, -west to Minnesota, eastern Dakota, Kansas, and Texaa^
south to Gulf coast.

587. P. erythrophthalmus (Linn.). Towhee.

<P. Smaller, with smaller white markings on quills and tail-feathers ;

iris of adult male usually yellowish or whitish ; length 7.00-

8.25, wing 2.95-3.20 (3.10), tail 3.55-3.90 (3.71) ; white space on

outer tail-feather only .66-.75 long. Eggs 1.01 X -69 (?). Hab.

Florida 587a. P. erythrophthalmus alleni Coues.

White^yed Towhee.
c*. Wing-coverts tipped with white, and scapulars more or less streaked
with the same.
d}. Back more or less streaked with white (these streaks sometimes
concealed or even obliterated in middle of back, but always
distinct along sides of back, next to scapulars),
e*. Streaks on back very conspicuous, and other white markings
greatly developed, the white on wing-coverts forming two
broad, continuous bars across wing, the white, edgings to
quills and tertials always distinct, and white tei-minal
space on outer tail-feather more than 1.00 long; adult
females with general color of head, neck, chest, and upper
parts grayish brown or olive-brown.
/'. Adult male with rump, upper tail-coverts, remiges, and
edges of tail-feathers olive brownish (sometimes in-
clining to smoky grayish), the back and scapulars
mixed with the same color.

Wing 3.25-3.75, tail 3.95-4.20, exposed cu' len .52-
.55, tarsus 1.10-1.12, middle toe .75-.80 ; white
space on outer tail-feather 1.30-1.50, involving
both webs. Hab. Southern and central Mexico
and highlands of Guatemala.

P. tnaculatus Swains. Mexican Towhee.'
/'. Adult males with rump, upper tail-coverts, etc., black, or
but slightly intermixed with grayish (rumj) sometimes
uniform olive-grayish).
g^. Lighter colored, with white markings more exten-
sive, and rufous of sides, etc., paler, more ochra-
ceous ; white edgings to primaries sometimes de-
veloped into a more or less conspicuous patch at
base ; white on outer tail-feather occupying more
than the exposed half (1.30-1.75 long). Adxdt
female with head, neck, chest, rump, etc., broc-
coli-brown. Young : Similar to corresponding
stage of P. erythrophthalmus, but less tawny, and

1 PipUo maculatui SwAixs., Phil. Mag. n. b, i. 1827, 434.

PIPILO.

437

ad Texaa^

Towhee.

■feathers ;
5th 7.00-

space on
:?). Hab.
ni CouES.
I Towhee.

streaked

ometimcs
it always

markings
ming two
dgings to
terminal
\g ; adult
vnd upper

igcs, and
(times in-
scapulars

icn .52-
JO; white
involving
il Mexico

n Towhee.'

black, or

ometimes

>ro exten-
>ro ochra-
timcs de-
patch at
nng more
). Adult
etc., broc-
Bsponding

iwny,

and

with wing-coverts much more distinctly tipped
with white or buffy. Length 8.00-8.75, wing 3.30-
3.50 (3.43), tail 3.90-4.25 (4.07), exposed culmon
.49-.54 (.52), tarsus 1.03-1.10 (1.08). Eggs .94 X
.70. Hab. Great Plains, north to the Saskatche-
wan, south (in winter only?) to Texas, east to
Indian Territory, Kansas, Nebraska, etc., west to

base of Rocky Mountains 588. P. maculatus

arcticus Swains. Arctic Towhee.
J/'. Darker, with white markings more restricted, and
rufous of sides, etc., deeper; white edgings of
primaries never developed into a basal patch ;
white space on outer tail-feather occup^-ing not
more (usually less) than terminal exposed half
(1.10-1.35 long). Adult female with head, neck,
chest, rump, etc., dusky gi'ayish brown. Young
hardly distinguishable from corresponding stage
of P. arcticus. Length 8.50-8.90, wing 3.40-3.(]0
(3.52), tail 4.00-4.40 (4.25), exposed culmen .50-
.59 (.53), tarsus 1.03-1.12 (1.09). Eggs .95 X -68.
JIab. Rocky Mountains and west to interior of
California, north to eastern AVashington Territory,
etc., south to northern Mexico and Lower Cali-
fornia.. 588a. P. maculatus megalonyx (Baird).

Spurred Towhee.
c'. White streaks on back obsolete or concealed, except on outer-
most interscapulars, and other white markings much re-
stricted ; white at tips of wing-coverts I'cduced to small
roundish spots, that on edges of quills and tertials very in-
conspicuous — sometimes quite obsolete — that on outer tail-
feathers less than 1.00 in length ; adult females with gen-
eral color of head, neck, chest, and upper parts dai'k sooty
brown or dusky sepia. (Rufous of sides, etc., also decidedly
deeper.)
/'. Larger, the wing averaging more than 3.30, tail avei'aging
more than 3.80; length 8.00-8.G0, wing 3.25-3.45 (3.35),
tail 3.60-4.10 (3.90), exposed culmen .52-.58 (.54), tar-
sus 1.07-1.13 (1.10). Eggs .94 X -70. Hab. Pacific
coast, from California to British Columbia.... 5886. P.
maculatus oregonus (Bell). Oregon Towhee.
/'. Smallei*, the wing averaging less than 3.10, tail averaging
less than 3.60 ; length about 6.50-7.50, wing 2.90-3.25
(3.06), tail 3.25-3.80 (3.56), tarsus 1.00-1.10 (1.06).
Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

589. P. consobrinus Riduw. Onadalnpe Towhee.

il Si I'

«•« . ....

438 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

cP. Back without white streaks. (Adult males with general color
of upper parts dusky grayish brown, the outermost scapu-
lars with outer webs partly white, and both rows of wing-
coverts tipped with small white spots; only one or two outer
tail-feathers with white terminal spots, these very small — less
than .90 long.)
e\ Larger ; Wing 3.30, tail 3.70, culraon .60, tarsus 1.15. Adult
male: Head, neck, and chest brownish black, becoming
dark grayish brown, indistinctly streaked with darker, on
top of head and hind-neck ; back and scapulars umber-
brown, tinged with rusty, broadly, though rather indis-
tinctly, streaked with dusky. Ilab. Southern Mexico
(Puebla). p. submaculatus Kidqw. Subtnaculated Towhee.*

e'. Smaller: Wing 2.G0-2.80 (2.74), tail 3.00-3.15 (3.07), exposed
culmen .49-.53 (.50), tarsus .9-4-1.01 (.98). Adult male :
Head, neck, chest, and upper parts dark sooty graj'ish
brown. Adult female : Similar to the male, but browner.
Hab. Socorro Island, western Mexico.

P. carmani Lawr. Socorro Towhee.'
b'. Wings and tail olive-green. (Adult males with head, neck, and chest black,
breast and belly white, and sides rufous, as in P. erythrophthalmus
and allies; females unknown.)
c^ Tail 4.50, or more ; top of head without rufous spot, and throat with-
out white patch.
d}. Back and scapulars streaked with blackish and pale yellow, the
outer webs of exterior scapului's almost wholly of this color;
middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale yellow, form-
ing two distinct bands across wing; three outer tail-feathers
with terminal portion of inner web abruptly pale yellow or
yellowish white, the spot on outermost feather about 1.10
long ; length about 8.75-9.00, v, ing 3.70-3.80, tail 4.60, culmen
.70-.75, tarsus 1.15-1.25. Hab. Valley of Mexico.

P. macronjrx Swains. Swainson's Towhee."
rf*. Back and scapulars plain olive-green ; wing-coverts without dis-
tinct yellowish tips, and whitish or light yellowish spots at
tips of outer tail-feathers not sharply defined ; length about
8.00-8.50, tail 4.50, culmen .68, tarsus 1.15-1.25. Hab. South-
ern Mexico (Oaxaca).

P. chlorosoma Baird. Green-backed Towhee.*
c*. Tail not moi'e than 4.00; top of head with a rufous spot, and throat
with a white patch.

' Pipilo lubmaculatui RiDOW., Auk, iii. July, 1S86, 332.
' Pipilo carmani Lawr., Ann. Lyo. N. x. 1871, 7.

* Pipilo macronyx Swains., Philos. Mag. n. 8. i. 1827, 434.

* Pipilo chloroioma Baird, Hist. N. Am. B. it. 1874, 105.

PIPILO.

439

Adult

Adult male : Similar to same sex of P. macronyx, but with shorter
tail, rufous of sides, etc., paler and raoi'O oehraceous, and differ-
ing in coloration of the head, as above ; wing 3.60, tail 3.90, cul-
mon .62, tarsus 1.15. Hub. Southern Mexico (Piiebla).

P. complexus liioaw. Complex Towhee.'
Throat and chest neither black nor brown, abruptly contrasted with color of
breast, which is never white ; sides and flanks not rufous or rusty.
6'. Wings and tail olive-green ; edge of wing, under wing-coverts, and axillars
bright yellow ; chest and sides plain ash-gray.

Adult (sexes alike) : Crown and occiput uniform rufous ; forehead and
sides of head deep ash-gray, the former with a broad white streak
along each side; a white malar streak, bordered below by a dusk}'
lino along each side of throat, passing posteriorly into ash of clust;
chin and throat, abruptly, Avhito. Young: Above olive-grayish,
streaked with dusky; lower parts dingy whitish, the chest, etc.
streaked with dusky. Length 7.00-7.85, wing 3.00-3.30, tail 3.50-
3.90. Eggs .84 X -65, whitish, speckled or sprinkled with reddish
brown (averaging rather paler, with finer speckling, than egg of P.
erythrophthalmus, etc.). llab. Rocky Mountain district, north to
eastern Oregon, Idaho, Montana, etc., west to Sierra Nevada, south

into Mexico 590. P. chlorurus (Towns.). Green-tailed Towhee.

b'. Wings and tail grayish brown ; edge of wing white or pale cinnamon-buffy,
under wing-coverts and axillars pale cinnamon or brownish gray. Eggs
white, greenish white, bluish white, or pale greenish blue, speckled or
spotted, chiefly round larger end, with dark brown and black, often with
short " pen-lines" of the latter color.
cV Lores and chin whitish or buffy ; lower throat or chest, or both, flecked
with dusky.
d^. Throat white, crossed, at about the middle, by a band of oehra-
ceous or buff, this occupying the posterior half, or more, of
malar region.
Above uniform grayish brown, the middle wing-coverts tipped,
more or loss distinctly, with white ; chest, breast, and belly
white, the first flecked with grayish, and along posterior
boi'der of white throat-patch spotted with dusky, some-
times forming a nearly continuous dusky line ; sides of
breast and sides gray or brownish gray, flanks and under
tail-coverts oehraceous ; length about 7.00, wing 3.25-3.30,
tail 3.60-3.70. Hab. Southern Mexico (Oaxaca, Puebla,
etc.).

P. rutilus LiCHT. Sclater's Towhee.*
(P. Throat (also chin and malar region) buffy, oehraceous, or tawny,
e*. Paler, with throat, etc., buffy, sides ashy, middle of belly dis-

1 Pi'pih complexut Ridgw., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 3,32.

*PipUo rutilu* LicHT., Preia-Vorz. 1830, No. 71. {P. albicollu ScL., P. Z. S. 1858, 304.)

^5 J

440 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

tinctly white, under tail-coverts ochraeeous, and upper
parta brownish gray.
p. Top of head only slightly, if at all, browner or more ru-
fescent than back; wing 3.40-4.00 (3.59), tail 3.G0-
4.25 (3.88), culmcn .60-.65 (.63), tarsus .95-1.05 (.99).
Hab. Mexico, north nearly to United States boundary ;
southern New Mexico?

P. fuscus Swains. Brown Towhee.'
/'. Top of head conspicuously rufcscent.

(f. Largoi', with less abrupt contrast between grayish
(or dull whitish) of chest and buffy of throat;
chest and bides usually less distinctly or less
deeply gray ; hinder portion of belly and flanks
ochraeeous, like under tail-coverts. Young : Above
dull grayish brown, very indistinctly streaked
with darker, the middle and greater wing-cov-
erts edged and tipped with pale fulvous; lower
• parts dull white, changing to light fulvous on

under tail-coverts, etc., the whole chest, breast,
sides, sides of throat, etc., streaked with dusk}-.
Length 8.10-8.80, wing 3.50-3.90 (3.73), tail
4.20-4.50 (4.34), exposed culraen .55-.63 (.60),
tarsus 1.00-1.09 (1.03). Eggs .97 X -68, white,
greenish white, or dull bluish white, speckled
or spotted round larger end with black and
rich madder-brown. Hab. New Mexico and Ari-
zona 591. P. fuscus mesoleucus (Baird).

G&xion Towhee.
g*. Smaller, with more abrupt contrast between grayish
of chest and buffy of throat (the latter often much
palest posteriorly), chest and sides more distinctly
or deeply gray ; hinder portion of belly white,
of flanks grayish ; length about 7.90-8.25, wing
3.40-3.70 (3.52), tail 3.85-4.25 (4.08), exposed cul-
men .53-.59 (.56), tarsus .93-1.06 (1.01). Eggs .91
X -65, greenish white or veiy pale greenish blue,
speckled on or round larger end with black and
dark brown, sometimes mixed with a few "pen-
lines" of black. Sab. Lower California.

591a. P. fuscus albigula (Baird).

Saint Lucas Towhee.

t''. Darker, with throat, etc., cinnamon-ochi-aceous or tawny, sides

grayish brown, middle of belly dull whitish or pale dull

J Pipilo futcnt Swains., Philoa. Mag. n. s. i. 1827, 434.

CARDINALIS.

441

upper

grayish
' throat;

or less
d flanks
' ; Above
streaked

buffy, under tail-coverts deep tawny, and upper parts
deeper brownish gray, or grayish brown.
Light or tawny cinnamon -ochraceous of throat usually
spotted or flecked with dusky ; top of head browner
than back, but not rufescent. Young : Above similar
to adult, but browner, the middle and greater wing-
coverts edged and tipped with isabella-color ; beneath
dull light butty, changing to dull tawny buff posteriorly
and on throat, and to dull grayish brown along sides,
the entire fore-neck, chest, breast, etc., streaked with
grayish dusky. Length 8.50-9.00, wing 3.70^.00
(3.87), tail 4.40-4.75 (4.53), exposed culmen .55-.62
(.57), tarsus 1.10-1.16 (1.13). Eggs .99 X .61, colored
like those of P. albigula. Hah. California.
591&. P. fuscus crissalis (Via.). Californian Towhee.
c*. Lores and chin dusky ; lower throat and chest plain light butfy cinna-
mon, or fawn-color.
Above plain grayish brown, becoming more decidedly brown on
top of head ; quills edged with grayish ; lower parts nearly
uniform light fawn-color, paler on belly and changing to cinna-
mon-tawny on under tail-coverts ; length 8.50-9.00, wing 3.40-
3.90, tail 4.75-5.00. Eggs .99 X -70, pale greenish blue or
bluish white, speckled and scratched on or round larger end
with dark brown, sometimes mixed with madder-brown. Hab.
New Mexico and Arizona, north into southei-n Utah and Colo-
rado 592. P. aberti Baird. Abert's Towhee.

Genus CARDINALIS Bonaparte. (Page 382, pi. CXII., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males bright vermilion-red, dai'ker on upper
parts ; feathers round base of bill black (restricted to chin in C. phoeniceus). Adult
females brownish above, pale tawny or buffy beneath, the crest, wings, and tail dulh
reddish. Young much like adult female, but colors duller, the bill blackish. Nest
a rather frail structure of fine rootlets, strips of grape-vine bark, etc., in bushes,
brambles, grape-vines, or low trees. Eggs 2-4, white, greenish white, or brownish
white, spotted or speckled with various shades of brown and lilac-gray.

a*. Culmen nearly straight to near tip, where gently curved ; upper mandible about
as deep as the lower, its edge slightly lobed anterior to the slight angle,
without grooves ; color of bill bright vermilion-rcd in life ; feathers all round
base of bill black, the throat also black. Adult females with under wing-
coverts pinkish red.
6*. Feathers of crest soft, blended ; male with crest brownish red or deep ver-

442 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

milion, back and rump deep brownish rod ; tail 3.85 or more (usually
moro than 4.00).
c'. Adult male with black of lores distinctly connected across forehead.

Adult male : Head, neck, and lower parts fine vermilion, the crest,
much duller (more like color of upper parts). Adult female
with breast, etc., grayish buffy or light tawny ; upper parts
olive-grayish (wings and tail much as in the male) ; capis-
trum (i.e., differently colored patch round base of bill, including
upper part of throat) dull light grayish. Length 7.50-9.25,
wing (male) 3.55-4.00 (3.70), tail 3.90-4.C0 (4.20), culmen .72-
.82 (.78), depth of bill through base .60-.67 (.(52), tarsus .90-1.00
(.97). E(jgs .99 X -73. Hch. Eastern United States, north
regularly to 40° (casually or irregularly nearly to northern
border), west to edge of Great Plains, south to Gulf coast
(Florida to southern Texas).

593. C. cardinalis Linn. Cardinal.

c". Adult males with black of lores not connected across forehead ; bill

stouter.

J'. Color^i paler than in C. virginianus, tlio female with the capis-

trum grayish white and very indistinct.

c\ Larger: Length (male) about 9.40-9.50, wing 4.00-4.15 (4.0G),

tail 4.60-5.10 (4.97), culmon .85-.90 (.86), depth of bill at

base .65-.70 (.68). tarsus 1.07-1.12 (1.08). Eggs 1.00 X -'^5.

Hab. Western Mexico, south to ^lazallan, north to southern

Arizona 593a. C. cardinalis superbus Kidow.

Arizona Cardinal.

c". Smaller: Length (male) about 8 00-8.50, wing 3.60-3.80

(3.70), tail 4.30-4.60 (4.40), culmen .75-.85 (.79), depth of

bill at base .62-.68 (.66), tarsus .95-1.05 (1.01). Eggs 1.00

X -72. Hab. Lower California 5936. C. cardinalis

igneus (Haird). Saint Luoas Cardinal.

d^. Colors darker and richer than in C. airdinalis, the female with

the capistrum dark grayish, or grayish black, very distinct.

d. Larger: Wing (adult males) 3.60, or moro, tail 4.20, or more.

Wing 3.60-3.85 (3.67), tail 4.20-1.50 (4.29), culmen .82-

.90 (.87). depth of bill at base .60-.7O (.67), tarsus ,95-

1.05 (1.0''). JLib. Eastern and central Mexico (north

to IMiradov).

C. cardinalis cocchieus Hinnw. Mexican Cardinal.'

e*. Smaller: Wing (adult males) loss than 3.G0, tail less than

4.20.

/'. Brighter colored, with smaller bill; female with breast,

etc., brigl t ochraceouH-tawny, back tawnj- olive, the

' CardinalU viryinianui var. cocci«e»4# Ridqw., Am. Jour. Sol. i Arts, v. Jan. 1873, 39.

PYRRHVLOXIA.

443

capistrum deep black ; wing (adult males) 3.30-O.40
(3.32), tail 3.85-4.10 (3.98), culmen .80-.85 (.81), depth
of bill at base .G2-.C5 (.G3), tarsus .95-1.00 (.97). Uab.
Yucatan.

C. cardinalis yucatanicus IIiduw. Yucatan Cardinal.^
p. Darker colored, the adult female with breast, etc., dull
tawny, back deep broccoli-brown, the capistrum
blackish slate; wing (adult males) 3.55, tail 4.00, cul-
men .80-.82, depth of bill at base .G7-.70, tarsus 1.00.
Hab. Island of Cozumel, Yucatan.

C. cardinalis saturatus liiouw. Cozumel Cardinal.'

6*. Feathers of crest stiffish, more distinctly outlined (cresi much as in C. phcc-

niccus) ; ri'i j with crest light scarlet-vermilion, bii.ck light brownish

red, the i '<nip decidedly lighter and purer red : tail not moi'o than

3.80 (?). (Female unknown.)

Wing (adult males) 3.35-3.45, tail 3.80, culmen .70-75, depth of bill at
base .58 (the bill more depressed aUv' with more curved culmen than
in any of the races of C. cardinalis) ; tarsus .90. Ilab. Southwestern

Mexico (Colima, etc.).

C. carneus (Lkss.). Colima Cardinal.'

a'. Culmen much arched; upper mandible not as deep as lower, grooved anterior

to nostril, it>. edge not lobed, and tiie angle very abrupt ; color of bill in life

(and in dried skins also) whitish brown ; feathers round base of bill red. ex-

ce[(i, on chin and anterior border of malar region. Adult fcnudc with under

wing coverts buC

Adult miilr : Cfenoral coloration much like that of ('. carneus, but red of a

ratfcer lighter hue, the chief difference consisting in the much more ro-

strlcted black capistrum and the totally diflPeront color (as well as shap*)

of the bill ; wing 3.30-3,55, tail 3.30-3.90. Jf.ih. Northern coast uf

South America (Trinidad, Venezuela, rolombia, etc.).

C. phoeniceuB Uoui.d. Venezuelan Cardinal.*

Gkni's PYRRHULOXIA Bdnai'aute. (Page 382, pi. CXII., fig. ♦.)

Species.

Adult male: Crest, featherp bordering base of bill all rnund. tail-feathers, and
basal portions of (luil's an.l sec()iularies, dark brownish red. or burnt-carmine;
throiit and meilian lower parts ]turo caniiiiie-i-ed, tlie lateral lower parts light
grayish; rest of upper parts plain gi.ivish; bill bright yellow or orange jti sum-
mer, more horn-colored in winter or young birds. Adult /(■ male : T'^pper ]»arts as
in tlie male, but red of crest, wings, and tail more restricted, as well as duller ; lowir

1 \ow sub.'pcciog.

' Ciirilhtnli» miiiirnliif Rlixnv., Drsnr. Now P]i. II. Coinmol, Feb. 2(1, IctSS, 4.

» CtriUmxUi cnrneut Lkss., Rov. Zool. 1S4.1, 209.

* C<ir(/iiia/i»/>A<riiiMi(» ftoi'LD, P. Z. S. 1837, 111.

444

NORTir AMEPJCAN BIRDS.

■■::Xi

parts light brownish gray (without any re<!). Young : Like adult female, but bill
more or less dusky. Length ' f-o7t, ••^ing 3.60-3.83, tail 4.35-4.80. 2^est and
eggs like those of Cardinalis, but the latter smaller, averaging .94 X -73. Ilab.
Northern Mexico and contiguous border of United States, from southern Texas to
southern Arizona and Lower California.. 594. P. sinuata Bonap. Texan Cardinal.

Genus HABIA Eeichenbacb. (Page 383, pi. CXI., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males with head, wings, and tail black ; two broad
bands aer()ss wing, patch at base of quills, and terminal portion of inner webs of
outer tail-feathors, white ; under wing-coverts rose-pink or gamboge-yellow. Adult
females with Avings and tail similar, but black duller and white markings more re-
stricted ; other black portions of male replaced by brownish, streaked with dusky ;
under wing-coverts sattVon-yellow or lemon-yellow ; breast streaked. Nest a very
thin saucer-shaped structure, composed of wiry rootlets, etc., in bushes or low trees
Eijgs 2-4, bluish green or greenish blue, s})eckled with clove-brown, vandyke-brown,
or burnt-umber.

rt'. Under wing coverts rose-rod (male) or saffron-yellow (female).

Adult iu'de: Ilead, neck, back; wings, and tail uniform deep b:. - a. the
wings and tail varied with white, as described above; breast (some-
times throat also) and under wing-coverts pure rose-red ; rest of lower
parts, with rump, pure white. Adult female : Black of male replaced by
dull brownish, striaked with dusky ; breast brownish while, streaketd
Avitii dusky; undor wing-coverts pale salmon-yellow or Biiffron-yilow.
Young mnle, first atitumn : Wings and tail as in adult luule ; head, n-fk,
and back brown, streaked with black; throat and sides brownish w^^ite,
or pale brownish, streaked with bla<'k ; chest more or less oxtfnsi\ v
tinged with rose-red; under wing-coverts pale rose-red t>r ro>o-2Jiiii.
Length 7.00-8.50, wing 3.90-4.15, tail 3.25-3.55. Eggs .95 X -67. Mah.
Eastern North Aint-rica. nortli to Canada, br "ling from northMtm
United States northward; south, in wititer, through Cuba and
America to northern South .America.

595. H. ludoviciana (Li.vn). Bose-breaated

fl*. Under wing-eoverts clear gamlmge-yellow, or lemon-yellow.

Adult viale : Head black, tin* throat, ami somotimos a posU*
(occasionally a sTripo on middle of crowti also), light cini
ceous ; wings und tail black, varied with whit«', us in // l'*^'*
1>ack mixt'il blar-k atid light cinnamon (sometinifs uniforn .i -i) ;
collar round hind-neck, and most of lower parts uniform butfy
mon ; belly and under wing-''overts lemon-yellow ; under ti
whit*'. Adult fiuhile : Abovt> dusky gniyisli brown, streaked, e*ipeeiallj'
on bat and middle line of crown, with pale I'ulvous or bulfy ; fa<eneath

atrxfm

OUIRACA.

445

pale fulvous or ochracoous, streaked on sides and flanks with dusky,
but usually without streaks on breast ; belly pale yellowish, and under
wing-coverts clear lemon-yellow. Young : Much like adult female, but
(especially the male) more iiuffy, the markings more suffused with the
ground-color, and remiges and tail-feathers tinged with olive-grccnish.
Length 7.50-8.90, wing 3.85-4.20, tail 3.40-3.90. Eggs 1.02 X -70. Hob.
Western United States, east to Great Plains, south into Mexico.

596. H. melanocephala (Swains.). Black-headed Grosbeak.

l')W.

.lly

Genus GUIRACA Swainson. (Pago 383, pi. CXI., fig. 4.)

Species.

Co.MMON CiiARACTEUS. — Aflult malcs plain blue or bluish black, with or without
rufous or chestnut wing-bands; adult females and young brownish.

a'. Middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with chestnut, rufous, or huffy, pro-
ducing two distinct bands across wing; first quill longer than fifth. Nest a
compact, deeply cup-shaped structure, composed of dried grasses, plant-fibres,
etc., placed in buslies, tall weeds, etc. Eggs 3-4, plain pale greenish blue or
bluish white. (Ailidt males: Uniform dull ultramarine-blue; lores black;
wings and tail blackish, the feathers edged with bluish, the fornier with
two broail rufous ])ands. Adult females: Above fulvous-brown, beneath
paler fulvous ; wings and tail duskj', the former with two light fulvous
bands. Young: Similar to adult female, but colors more ochraceous, the
wing-bands more rusty, etc. Immattre males: The plumage of the adult
Tnalo and female mixed, in various proportions, according to age. Adult
7nales in winter: Blue of back, breast, etc., more or less obscured by light
brownish or huffy tips to feathers.)
6'. Smaller; blue deeper or more purplish; wing-bands much narrower, deeper
rufous, that across tips of greater coverts usimlly not more tlian .15
broad (often rot, more than .10), and deeji rufous like the other band;
white borders to lower tail-coverts, etc., narrower, sometimes nearly ob-
poKte; fmale and i/oung averaging browner or more lawny; length
6.35-7.50, wing (male 3.35-3.00 (3.50). tail 2.70-2.90 (2.82). exi>oHe<l cul-
men .fi2-.00 (.64), depth of bill at base .52-.58 f .55). Eggs .80 X -66.
Ifal). More southern eastern United States; north, regidarly (but very
lor'tilly), to Pt'unsylvania. Kentucky, Kansas, etc., casually, much far-
ther: Wv st to Indian Territory (and castirn Texas?); in winter, r'uba,

Yuf-utan, etc t^^7. G. caerulea (Linn.). Bine Grosbeak.

ft*. Larger; bluo rather lighter and less purplish; wing-bands much broader,
paler nifone that across tips of greater coverts usually .20-.30 wide, and
^oidod'v piili'r than the nnterior band ; white borders to lower tail-cov-
erts. •' much (nore conspicuous, rarely, if ev;'r, iiidistinel ; fi'mnlr and
yoking »v6rnging gmyer, or less tawny ; length 7.00-S.OO, wing Onale)
(3.68), tail 3.00-3.20 (3.08), exposed oulmen .62-.68 (.05), ilepth

446

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

of bill at base .55-.G0 (.56). Eijrjs .90 X .65. Hah. Western United
States, north to Colorado, California, etc., south throughout Mexico.

-^. G. cserulea eurhyncha Coles. Western Blue Grosbeak.'

a*. Wing-covorts without differently colored tips ; first quill shorter than seventh

(sometimes shorter than eighth).

Adult male: Entirely dull blue-black, with a superficial tinting of dull

indigo-blue, most obvious on forehead, superciliary region, checks, and

lesser wing-covorts. Adult female: Uniform rich vandyke-brown (or deep

burnt-umber), browner above, rather Hgliter and brighter brown beneath.

Length about 6.00-G.50, wing 3.00-3.30, tail 2.G0-3.00, exposed culmcn

.75-.85, depth of bill at base .65-.75. Hah. Central America, north to

Guatemala and eastern Mexico (Vera Cruz).

O. cyanoides concreta (I)u Bus). Blue-black Grosbeak.*

Genus PASSERINA Vieillot. (Page 385, pi. CXII., fig. 5.)

Species.

CoMMOjj Characters. — Adult males very brightly colored, with more or less
of blue in the plumage, often in combination with other ri-^'h colors, as red, yellow,
purple, or green. Adult females and young jdaiu brownish above, beneath similar,
but lighter. Is\'Sts in bushes. £(/gs whitish, sometimes spotted with loddish brown,
oftener plain.

a\ Bill larger and more swollen, the lateral outlines decidedly convex, and the cut-
ting-edge of U]iper mandible convex in middle jtortion. (Subgenus Ci/ano-
cnmpsa Cabanis.'')
t'. Gonys not more than .30; wing not more than 2,S5. (Adult males dark
blue, becoming bright rich blue on forehead, su]>erciliary region, cheeks,
rump, and lesser wing-coverts; female and young brown, paler beneath,
the throat and middle of belly whitish.)
c'. Blue a rich dark marine-blue shade, brightening on forehea<l, etc., into
nzuro ; length about 5.00, wing 2.00-2.85, tail 2.20-2.35, exposed cul-
mcn .40-.45. Uah. i-jouthern and eastern Mexico, north to lower

Eio Grande Valley.

P. parellina (Honap.). Blue Bunting.*

f'. Blue an indigo shade, brightening on forehead, etc., into cerulean blue

(almost turquoise on forehead) ; length about 5.00, wing 2.80, tail

• fliilrirrn rirruffn, var. fiirhyiirhit CnVKS, Am. Nat. vill. Sept. 1S74, flfl.S.

Althoii({h two of the three ehiiractorH <iri)(inn1ly nsorlbcil (i.e., lari^or flic and diffcrpnt color of bill) ftiil of
(■ubrtniitiiitinn, the tliinl (larRor si/.i"), tiiltrn in coniioi'tinii «vith wi'tl-nmrktvl ilinVrrnfoM of pluiiinKC, is (juito
Bufliuii'iit 10 fluiraiti'rizc! the wiwtcrii (or, riitlicr, Hoiillnvoftuin) liird an a wi'll->lufined ruco.

' Ci/itnofitj-i'n cDiicrHii Dv Bis, Bull. Ao. Brii.x. xxil. lHfi5, 150.

" Cifrinnciimpun CaII., .'. f, O. I*<(H, I. Type, Oi/nnnlDxid fuinHiiin Bo^AP.

♦ Ci/anoluxiit fjardliiiii IloNAI-., CjU-^p. 1. 180(1, 5U2. I'unaerimi imnlUmt UlO«W,, Pr. U. Sv Nat. M';s. III.
1880, 182.

PASSERIXA.

447

2.55, exposed culmen .45. Hab. Western Mexico (Mtxnzanillo

Bay).

P. parellina indigotica Riduw. Turquoise-fronted Bunting.'

6'. Gonj's more than .30 ; wing more than 2.85.

Young male {luhdt male and female unknown) : Above brown (of a
tint intermediate between bistre and raw-umbor) ; beneath similar
but paler; quills edged with ash-gray; length (skin) 5.50, wing
2.90, tail 2.50, exposed culmen .50, gonys .32, depth of bill at base
.42, tarsus .70. Hab. Southern Mexico (Tchuantepoc).

P. sumichrasti Rinow. Sumichrast's Bunting.'
a*. Bill smaller and less swollen, with lateral outlines nearl}' straight, and cutting-
edge of upper mandible straight, or even concave in middle portion. (Sub-
genus Passerina Vieill.)
b\ Exposed culmen less than .45 ; depth of bill at base equal to or greater
than length of bill from nostril,
c'. Belly blue, white, purple, or dull buffy.

d^. Wing with one or two white or jialc buflFy bands; belly pure white.
Adult male: Head, neck, and upper parts turquoise-blue, ihe
back darker anil duller; middle wing-coverts broadly and
greater coverts narrowly tipped with white (Hometinies
tinged with ochraceous) ; breast (sometimes sides also)
deoji ochraceous. or tawnj- ; rest of lower parts white.
Adult female: Above grayish brown, tinged with bliiish on
rump, the wing coverts tipped with dull whitish or buffy;
anterior lower ])arts pale dull l»utfy, deeper on chest, and
fading into white on holly aiwl lower tail-covcrts. Yoitn//:
Similar to ailiill female, but without blue tinge on rump.
Length 5.00-(i.2r), wing 2.70-2,05, tail 2.30-2.80. Bjijs
.74 X 55, jtlain bluish white, or very pale greenish blue.
Jfab. Western United States, east to Groat Plains, south,
in winter, to western Mexico.

509. F. amoena (Say). Lazuli Bunting.
d*. Wing without nny distinct light bands ; belly not white, ov else
breast mort^ or less distinctly streaked with darker,
f'. Culmen gently curved ; cutting-edge of upjier mandible
straight, or cvon faintly convex. A<hilt nhilr : Ilcatl, nock,
and median htwor parts rich ultrumai-ino-blue, changing
gradually to rich oorulean-bhio on rost of plumage, the
hiddon portion of wing and tail-feathers blackish; lores
black A'hdt t'riiiiili' : Above Immwm, grayer on nnnji ; be-
neath |>ale luifVy Ijrowni.sh, boooming nearly or •|uitt^ white
on belly, deeper and more >tr less streaked with darker on
bren»t and sides. Yo*tn<j : Similar to adult female, but

» Xrw pubiipwlw; tir*- N'". ^t**. t'. f, >« '<• Mu«., f «(!., Mnn«i»nil1ft nny, Feb. I«fl3; .John Xnnfnu.
» New ii|ieal«{ t|fa^ No. .SOftsi, L'.S. Nut. Mus., J juv., IVhuaiilcin'c City, Ovi. 28, I86»; F. 8umieliia«t.

448

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

browner. Length 4.75-5.75, wing 2.60-2.80, tail 2.20-2.50.
l^(j(js .73 X -53, similar in color to those of P. amoena (some-
times pure white). Hab. Eastern United States and more
southern British Provinces, west to edge of Great Plains;
south, in winter, to Veragua.

598. P. cyanea (Linn.). Indigo Banting.
e'. Culmcn strongly curved; cutting-edge of upper mandible dis-
tinctly concave. Adult male : Forehead, suporciliarj' region,
lessor wing-coverts, and rump lavender-blue or purplish ;
crown and occiput wine-red, varying to vermilion ; back
and scapulars maroon-purplish; sides of head and neck,
and lower parts, generally plum-purplish, changing to au-
ricula-purple or maroon on chest, the throat usually more
reddish ; lores black. Adult female : Above plain brown-
ish ; beneath entirely isabella-color, or dull grayish buff.
/•. Eathcr larger, or with longer wing and tail ; adult male
with red on occiput duller, purple of thx-oat more
reddish (sometimes decidedly red), flanks duller and
grayer, ami rump bluer ; length about 5.50, wing
(male) 2.65-2.80 (2.71), tail 2.30-2.50 (2.39). Eggs .78
X -58, plain dull bluish white. Ilab. Eastern Mexico,
north to lower Rio CJrande Valley in Te.xas, south to
Puebla.. 600. P. versicolor (JJonap.). Varied Banting.
p. Eather smaller, or with shorter wing and tail; adult
male with red on occiput brighter, purple of throat
less reddish (never decidedly red?), flanks brighter
plum-purple, and rump more purplish blue, or laven-
der; length about 5.50, wing (male) 2.50-2.05 (2.53),
tail 2.05-2.30 (2.18). Hah. Lower California and west-
ern Mexico (vicinity- of Mazatlan).. — . P. versicolor
pulchra IIiduw. Beautiful Bunting.'
Belly red or yellow.
(/'. Tail purplish brown (male) or green (female). Adult male : Head
and neck purplish smalt-blue ; eyelids, and entire lower parts,
inchuling chin and throat, vermilion-rcd ; back and scapulars
yellowish green ; rump dull purplish red. Adult female and
young nude : Above i)lain olive-green, including tail ; beneath
dull olive 3'ellowish. Young : Above dull olive, the wing-cov-
erts indistinctly tipped with paler; beneath dull pale grayish
buflTy, the breast and sides vi'ry indistinctly doudeil with gi'.iy-
ish brown. Length 4.25-5.50, wing about 2.00-2.80, tail 2.45-
2.60. Eggs .77 X -57, bluish while, speckled, chiefly on or round
larger end, with reddish brown. Ilab, Southern Atlantic and

1 Now 8ub«|iocic'8 ; typo, No. 8T.'>tU, U. S. Nut. Mud. MIriiflurci, Lowor Califurnin, April 1, 18^2 ; L. BclJing.

SPOROPHILA.

449

Gulf States, north to North Carolina and southern Illinois;
south, in winter, throui^h eastern Mexico and Central America

to Panama 601. P. ciris (Linn.), Painted Bunting.

iP. Tail blue (duller in female). Adult male : Top of head bri<5ht yel-
lowish green ; rest of upper parts turquoise-blue, the back
tinged with green ; lores, eyelids, and lower parts gamboge-
yellow, deepening into orange on chest. Adult female : Above
grayish olive, tinged with green (especially on head), changing
to dull grayish blue on upper tail-coverts and tail ; lores, eye-
lids, and lower parts dull light-yellowish ; tinged witii olive on
chest and sides. Length about 4.50-5.00, wing 2.45-2.75, tail
2.00-2.40. Hab. Southwestern Mexico (Puebla and Tehuante-
pec to Colima).

P. leclancheri Lafk. Leclancher's Bunting.*

6'. Exposed culmen more than .45 ; depth of bill at base less than length of

bill from nostril.

Adult male: Rich cobalt-blue, more purplish on top of head, and

changing gradually to fine cerulean-blue on posterior upper parts ;

eyelids white; lores blackish; feathers of chest, breast, and upper

belly bright vermilion or scarlet immediately beneath the surface;

lower belly, flanks, and under tail-coverts uniform delicate flesh-

piidc. Adult female: Above dull brown, changing to dull light

grayish blue on rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail ; lower parts

light tawny brown, changing to pinkish buff on belly and lower

tail-coverts. Length 5.25-5.55, wing 2.70-2.85, tail 2.20-2.30. Hab.

Southern Mexico (Tehuantcpec).

P. rositse (Lawk ). Rosita's Bunting.!*

Genus SPOROPHILA C.\banis. (Page 380, pi. CX., fig. 7.)

Specks.

Common Chauacters. — Adult males varied with black and white, or pale cinna-
mon, or grayish (or all), the under wing-covorts and axillars, and spot at base of
quills (sometimes concealed by primary coverts), always white. Adult females ]»lain
brownish above, the wing with or without whitish bands ; lower parts plain olivo
or dull buffy.

f<'. Middle and greater wing-covcrts tipped with white, forming two more or loss
distinct bands across wing.

Adult male: Toji and sides of head, back, scapulars, wings, upper tnil-cov-
erts, tail, and bund across chest, black ; rump brownish, or brownish
gray ; spot on lower eyelid, chin, throat, broad collar round neck (some-

> Pn»»rrinii hflnnvhri-l Lafu., Mbr. ZooI. IsM, Oin. |.|. 22.
« CynnoKiiixn rotilit Lawh., Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. Fob. I«74, 307.

450

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

times interrupted on hind-neck), and rest of lower parts (except black
chest-band), white or pale buflfy. Adult female: Above plain olive,
rather lighter on rump, the wings varied by two whitish bands across
tips of middle and greater coverts ; lower parts dull light olive-buflFy.
Immature male: Variously intermediate in plumage, according to age,
between adult male and female, as described above, several years evi-
dently being required to attain the perfect plumage. Length 3.75-4.50,
wing 1.90-2.10, tail 1.85-2.05. Nest in bushes, composed of fine rootlets,
dried grasses, etc., horse-hairs, etc., very thin, sometimes semi-pensile.
Eggs (unknown). Hah. Lower Rio Grande Valley, in Texas, south
through eastern Mexico and Central America to Costa TJica.

602. S. morelleti (Bonap.). Morellet's Seedeater.
a*. "Wing-coverts without lighter tips.

6'. Adult male : Top and sides of head, back, scapulars, wings, upper tail-
coverts, tail, and band across chest black; rump and lower parts, pos-
terior to black chest-band, pale tawny or cinnamon-buff; chin, throat,
and sides of neck white, or buffy white. Adult female : Above plain
grayish brown ; beneath pale grayish buffy, shaded with grayish brown
across chest. Immature male: Similar to adult, but back, scapulars,
wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail brownish gray, instead of black.
Wing about 2.10-2.25, tail 1.90-2.00. Ilab. Western Mexico, north to
Mazatlan and Guanajuato, south to Tehuantepec.

S. torqueola Bonap. Ochraceous-rumped Seedeater.^
V*. Adult male : Entirely black, except under wing-coverts and axillars and
a spot at base of quills (the latter sometimes concealed by primarj'
coverts), which are pure white. Adult female : Uniform greenish olive,
paler below. Wing about 2.10-2.25, tail 1.95-2.20. Ilab. Eastern Mex-
ico (Vera Cruz) and south to Costa Rica.

S. corvina Scl. Black Seedeater.*

Genus EUETHEIA Reichenbacii. (Page 380, pi. CX., fig. 8.)

Species.

Common Ciiauacters. — Above plain olive-green, beneath blackish, graj'^ish, or
whitish. Adult male with head and chest (sometimes nearly whole lower parts)
black, the former with or without yellow markings. Adult female Avith the black
and yellow wanting, or but faintly indicated, or (in E. cannra) with chin and upper
throat chestnut-rufous and a band of yellow across lower throat, extending upward
behind ear-coverts to above ey^s.

• Sprrnwphiln tnrqnrohi HoNAP., Concp. i. IS.^O, 495.

» Siieniwphila roiriim Sri,., P. Z. S. ISftK, .^Tit. Spornphlln corvina Cass., Pr. Ac. Phil. 18(55, 109.

NoTK, — A fourth Me.iiciin spocics is S. pnrrn (Lawr,), — .V/ie/nio/i/nVfi pitrra Lawii., Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci. ii.
18S3, ;1S2), — from Tehiiantppec. I hnvo pocn the typo, which is a femiilo or young bird, nml believe it to bo a
very distinct ("pecien, the mlult iimie of wliifii is unl<nown. The typo being now in Eurojie, I nm unfortunately
not iiblo to include the ^pecien in the above Bynopsis.

SPIZA.

451

a'. Head without trace of yellow.

Adult male : Head ai.d lower parts dull black, the latter becoming grayish
posteriorly; rest of plumage dull olivo-grecn. Adult female: Head and
lower parts dull olive-grayish, upper parts as in the male. Immature
male: Similar to adult female, but fore-part of head, chin, throat, and
middle of chest blackish. Length about 4.00-4.25, wing 2.00-2.10, tail
1.75-1.80. Nest in bushes, composed of dried grasses, etc. Eggs 3-5, .GG
X .48, white or greenish white, speckled, chiefly on or round larger end,
with umber-brown and burnt-umber. Ilab. Bahama Islands ; accidental

or casual in southern Florida 603. E. bicolor (Linn.). Grassquit.

a*. Head with more or less of yellow.

6'. Adult males with patch covering chin and upper part of throat, streak or

spot over lores, and edge of wing bright yellow, the rest of head, with

lower throat and chest (sometimes breast and upper belly also), black ;

adult females without chestnut on chin or throat, the plumage also devoid

of black or sharply defined yellow markings on head.

c\ Adult male with black of head restricted to forehead, lores, part of

malar region, lower throat, and chest, the rest of head (where not

occupied by yellow markings) olive-green. Hab. Greater Antilles

(Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, and Porto Rico).

E. olivacea (Lixx.). Yellow-faced Grassquit.'
c*. Adxdt male with whole head (where not occupied by yellow markings)
black ; black of chest continued over breast to belly. Hab. Middle
America, from eastern Mexico to Panama.

E. olivacea pusilla (Swaixs.). Mexican Grassquit.'
t'. Adult male with a broad crescent of bright yellow across lower throat, the
extremities curving upward behind car-coverts, and forward above them
to eye ; rest of head, and a band across chest, black ; i*est of lower parts
light grayish, becoming white on crissum ; upper parts olive-green.
Adult female: Similar to male, but chin and upper throat chestnut-
rufous, instead of black, the black on chest wanting. Hab. Cnba.

E. canora (Gmgl.). Melodious Grassquit.'

Genus SPIZA BoNAPAaTE. (Page 384, pi. CXII., fig. 4.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above brownish gray or grayish brown, the back and
scapulars streaked with black ; top of head, hind-neck, sides of neck, and eai-
coverts plain dull grayish or brownish gray ; a white or yellow superciliary stripe,
and a similar malar stripe ; chin (sometimes throat also) white.

1 EmberUa olimicea LiNN., S. N. ed. 12, 1766, ."{09.

* Tiarin pimllld SwAlSH., Phil. Mag. i. 1827, 4.'!8. Euelhtin pniiill<i Cab., Mui). Ilcin. i. 1860, 11(>.

[Note. — On the ishiml of Coziimcl, Yiioatnii, occurs ii locnl race which eoinbincH perfectly the chanictcrs of
E, olivaecn anil E, fimillu. This has boon naiucd by me E, olivacea intermedia, in Pr. Biol. 8oo. Wash, iii.
188.5, p. 22.]

' Loxia ctinura Qmel., S. N. i. 1788, 858. Euetheiti canora Qvsdl,, J. f. 0. 1874, 123.

452

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Cr^

Lower parts whitish, the breast (sometimes middle of bellj- also) bright yellow.
Adult male : Lesser and middle wing-coverts rufous ; a black patch, of ex-
tremely variable shape and extent, on lower part of throat, sometimes con-
tinued posteriorly along middle lino of breast, or anteriorly to the chin;
breast extensively yellow, the forehead, superciliary stripe, and malar stripe
more or less strongly washed or overlaid by the same. Adult female : Simi-
lar to the male, but much duller, the yellow of breast, malar region, and
superciliary stripe fainter and more restricted (often wanting except on
breast); throat white, bordered along each side by dusky spots or streaks
(the black spot of the male usually obsolete, but sometimes indicated).
Young : Similar to adult female, but everywhere tingtvl with dull buify or
pale ochraceous. Length 5.75-6.80, wing 2.80-3.30, tail 2.35-2.90. Kest of
dried grass-stems, etc., in meadows and on prairies, in bushes, low weeds, or
near ground. Eggs 3-5. .81 X -61, plain pale blue. Hob. Eastern United
States (chiefly west of Alleghanics), west to Rocky Mountains, north to
Massachusetts, Now York, Wisconsin, and Minnesota; south, in winter,
through Middle America to northern South America ; southwest during
miiirations to Arizona and Lower California.

604. S. americana (Gmel.). Dickcissel.

Lower parts dark gray, becoming whitish on belly and lower tail-coverts. Adult
male: Plumage of head, neck, and lower parts uniform slate-gray, relieved
anteriorly by a distinct superciliary stripe, malar stripe, and broad stripe
covering entire chin and throat, white ; the two latter separated by a narrow
series of black streaks, which continue around posterior border of the white
throat-patch, in the gray of the chest; upper parts grayish brown, the back
and scapulars narrowly streaked with blackish ; belly and lower tail-coverts
white, the former tinged with yellow ; length about 5.75, wing 2.86, tail
2.56. Hob. Chester County, Pennsylvania (only one specimen known).

— . S. townsendii (Aud.). Townsend's Bunting.'

i^*

lJ»'^

fir I'

Genus CALAMOSPIZA Bonaparte. (Pago 384, pi. CXII., fig. 3.)

Species.

Adult male in summer : Uniform black, with more or less of a slaty cast, tho
middle and greater wing-coverts white, forming a verj' conspicuous patch on wing.
Adult female : Above brownish gray, streaked with dusky, the white wing-patch
smaller; lower parts white, streaked on bi'cast and sides with dusky. Adxdt male
in win.er : Similar to adult female, but feathers of lower parts (especially on belly)
black beneath tho surface, this showing when feathers are disarranged. Youtig :
Similar to adult female, but more butfy, the feathers of upper parts bordered with
iMiffv while, and streaks on lower parts narrower. Length 6.12-7.50, wing 3.20-
3.60, tail 2.85-3.35. Nest and eggs not distinguishable with certainty from those
of Spi:u americana, the average measurements of the latter being .87 X -65. Hab.

I See page 354, A. 0. U. Check Licit.

EVPHOSIA.

453

Great Plains, breeding from middle Kansas northward to or beyond the United
States boundary, migrating south and southwest, in winter, to Texas, New Mexico,
Arizona, Lower California, and northern Mexico; occasional west of Rocky Moun-
tains (Utah, etc.), and accidental in Massachusetts.

605. C. melanocorys Stejn. Lark Banting.

Family TANAGRIDiS. — The Tanagers. (Pago 321.)

Genera.

rt'. Wing less than 3.00, tail less than 2.00; bill very short and broad at base, the
exposed culmen less than half as long as tarsus, and less than the width of
the bill at base ; tail less than half as long as wing.

Euphonia. (Pago 453.)

rt'. Wing more than 3.00, tail more than 2.50 ; bill moderately lengthened, not
broader than deep at base, the exposed culmen nearly or quite as long as the
tarsus, and much greater than width of bill at base; tail more than hti'f as
long as wing Piranga. (Page 453.)

Gen-US euphonia Desmarest. (Page 453, pi. CXIII., fig. 5.)

Species.

Adult male: Top of head and hind-neck imiform light blue; forehead dark
rusty or chestnut, margined behind by black ; rest of head and neck, with upper
parts generally, uniform glossy blue-black, inclining to purplish steel-blue ; lower
parts (except chin and throat) plain orange-rufous. Adult female: Top of head
colored as in the male; upper parts olive-green, lower parts, including chin and
throat, paler and more yellowish olive-green. Length about 4.70, wing 2.75, tail
1.80. Eggs "creamy white, with a few scattered spots and blotches, principally at
the larger end, of two shades of brown." (Sclater.) Hab. Eastern Mexico and
Central America, south to Veragua ; north to southern Texas ?

GOG. E. elegantissima (Bonap.). Blue-headed Euphonia.

Genus PIRANGA Vieillot. (Pago 453, pi. CXIII., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males with more or less of rod in the plumage,
often chierty or entirely red. Adult females, in most species, olive-greenish above.
3-ellowish beneath. Yonng (in nestling plumage) with lower parts distinctly sti-euked
with grayish or dusky on a whitish or j-ellowish ground. JVest on trees, usually on
lower horizontal branch, saucer-shaped, thin, constructed of wiry dead grass-stems,
etc. JEggs 3-5, pale bluish or greenish, spotted or speckled with brown.

rtV Wings plain-colored, without lighter bands or other markings.

6'. Wing decidedly more than 3.25 ; adult males with lower parts entirely red.
c*. Cutting-odgo of upper mandible without angle or tooth-like projection

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

fe.i

%■

1.0

I.I

1.25

Jf "^ MM

'if ilM 12.2

1.4

1.6

Photograpliic

Sciences

Corporation

33 west MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) S72-4503

^<?

454

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

on middle portion. (Adult males plain vermilion-red, darker and

duller on upper surface. Adult females plain ochraceous-olive or

dull olive-yellowish above, dull light saffron-yellow beneath.)

(?. Smaller, with relatively shorter bill, wings, and tail, and deeper or

darker colors ; length 7.00-7.95, A'ing 3.55-3.95 (3.69), tail 2.80-

3.15 (2.99), culmen .82-.90 (.86), tarsus .70-.80 (.74). Eggs .92

X -68, light greenish blue, speckled or spotted, chiefly on larger

end, with purplish brown and vandyke-brown. Ilab. Eastern

United States, north regularly to New Jersey, Ohio, Illinois,

etc., irregularly or casually to Connecticut, Ontario, and even

Nova Scotia ; west to edge of Great Plains ; south, in winter,

through western Cuba, eastern Mexico, and Central America to

northern South America.

6.10. P. rubra (Linn.). Summer Tanager.
(P. Larger, with relatively longer bill, wings, and tail, and with colors
lighter; length 7.90-8.50, wing 3.70-t.lO (3.94), tail 3.00-3.60
(3.26), culmen .88-.98 (.93), tarsus .75-.85 (.80). i:ggs .93 X
.69. llab. Western Mexico and southwestern United States,
north to Colorado (Denver) and Arizona.

610a. P. rubra cooperi Kidgw. Cooper's Tanager.
c*. Cutting-edge of upper mandible with a distinct angle or tooth-like pro-
jection in middle portion.
d}. Culmen decidedly shorter than tarsus.

e'. Adult male : Eich, pure scarlet, with wings and tail uniform
deep black. Adult female: Olive-green above, the wings
and tail more grayish (sometimes dusky grayish) ; lower
parts dull light greenish yellow. Length 6.50-7.50, wing
3.55-3.90, tail 2.80-3.25, exposed culmen about .55-.60.
Eggs .94 X -65, essentially similar in coloration to those
of P. rubra. Hab. Eastern United States and southern
Canada, west to edge of Great Plains ; in winter, south
thi'ough West Indies, eastern Mexico, and Central America
to Peru and Bolivia.

608. P. erythromelas Vieill. Scarlet Tanager.
e'. Adult male : Above dull red, strongl}* tinged with grayish on
back, etc. ; lower parts light vermilion, strongly shaded
on sides and flanks with brownish gray ; ear-coverts dull
grayish red, or reddish gray, narrowly streaked with
white. Adult female: Above olive-green, the back more
grayish ; beneath olive-j'ePow, strongly shaded with olive
on sides and flanks. Young : Above olive (more grayish
on back), the top of head indistinctly, the back distinctly,
streaked with dusky ; lower parts pale yellow, the chest,
breast, upper belly, sides, and flanks distinctly streaked
with blackish. Length 7.30-8.20, wing 3.70-4.20, tail 3.20-

PIRANQA.

455

) ; lower
50, -wing

3.60, exposed culmcn .62-.70. Hab. Mexico and Guate-
mala, and north to southern Arizona and New Mexico.

609. P. hepatica Swains. Hepatic Tanager.
dK Culmen (from extreme base) not shorter than tarsus. (Tooth on
edge of upper mandible very prominent ; bill much swollen for
basal half. Adult males uniform deep brownish red above,
brighter brownish red beneath, the sides and flanks, however,
like upper parts. Adult females deep olive-green above, bright
yellowish olive beneath, the throat and sides of forehead some-
times inclining to deep saffron-yellow.)
c\ Ear-coverts and malar region uniform deep brownish red
(male) or olive-green (female) like crown ; length about
6.50-7.00, wing 3 40-3.65, tail 3.00-3.10, exposed culmen
.70-.75. Hab. From Nicaragua to Ecuador and Bolivia.

P. testacea Scl. & Salv. Brick-colored Tanager.'
c'. Ear-coverts and malar region dull brownish or brownish gray
(male) or olive-gray (female), narrowly but distinctly
streaked with whitish ; length about 7.00-7.25, wing 3.70-
4.00, tail 3.20-3.30. exposed culmen .65-.75. Hab. Guate-
mala and British Honduras.

P. figlina Salv. & Godm. Brown-red Tanager.'
Wing not more (usually decidedly less) than 3.25 ; adult males with red
confined to throat and upper che8.t, or to throat, under wing-coverts,
and under tail-coverts.
d. Back, scapulars, and rump dull gray ; ear-coverts lighter gray ; sides
and flanks brownish gray, middle of breast and belly dull light buffy.
Adult male: Whole top of head and wings dull brownish red;
throat, under wing-coverts, and lower tail-coverts pink, the latter
inclining more to flesh-color (occasionally tinged with salmon-color).
Adult female : Similar to male, but pink of throat and under tail-cov-
erts very indistinct (sometimes wanting, or replaced by pale salmon-
color), that of under wing-coverts replaced by pale yellowish, and
brownish red of crown, wings, and tail less pronounced. Length
about 6.00-6.50, wing 3.00-3.25, tail 2.85-2.90. Hab. Yucatan, in-
cluding Cozumel.

P. roseigularis Cabot. Rose-throated Tanager.'

c'. Upper parts (except head, in adult male) olive-green, lower parts

(except throat and upper chest of adult male) olive-yellow. Adult

» P,yranga testacea ScL. & Salv., P.Z. S. 1808, .388.

» Ptfranga fifjUna Salv. A GoDM., Biol. Centr.-Am. i. Doo. 188.3, 293.

Having before me, besides the typo (from Belize), si-x iidult males from Quatomala, I am unable to detect
any differenoes of coloration distinguishing tliis speoios from P. testacea, other than tboEO given in the above
tynopHis. Only one speoimon is a» dull colored n,i the type, while two are almost identical in general colora-
tion with a typical adult male of P. testacea from Veragiia.

* Pyranga roseigularis Cabot, Boat. Jour. X. H, v. 1847, 416.

450

<:M

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

male : Head, all round, dull vermilion-red, darker on crown, paler
on throat and upper chest. Immature male : Similar to adult, but
sides of head chiefly olive-green. (Adult female, unknown.) Length

about 6.00,

wing

2.90-3.00, tail 2.70-2.90. Hab. Southern Mexico

*-.••;

(Temiscaltepcc, Guanajuato, Valley of Mexico, etc.).

P. erythrocephala (Swains.). Red-headed Tanager.^
a^ Wing marked with two white, yellow, or pinkish bands across tips of middle
and greater coverts.
b^. Wing more than 3.50.

c\ Exposed culmen not longer than middle toe, without claw ; back with-
out streaks. Adult male: Back, scapulars, wings, and tail black,
the wings with two broad yellow bands ; rump, upper tail-coverts,
and lower parts gamboge-yellow ; head and neck orange or rod,
brightest on crown, where sometimes almost crimson. Adult fe-
male : Grayish olive-green above, the wing-bands dull light yellow,
or dull yellowish white ; lower parts pale grayish yellow, becoming
sulphur-yellow on under tail-coverts. Yountj : Essentially like
adult female, but paler beneath and more or less distinctly streaked
with grayish or dusky, both above and below. Length 6.75-7.75,
wing about 3.50-4.10, tail 3.20-3.55. Eggs .95 X -65, clear light
greenish blue or bluish green, finely and rather sparsely speckled,
chiefly on larger end, with clove-brown. Hab. Western United
States, north to British Columbia, east to edge of Great Plains,
south, in winter, to Guatemala.

607. P. ludoviciana (Wils.). Louisiana Tanager.
c'. Exposed culmen longer than middle toe, without claw; back distinctly
streaked with dusky. Adult males with head, neck, and lower parts
red, back and scapulars dull brownish red or grayish, bx'oadly
streaked with blackish ; wing-bands white or pale salmon-pink.
Adnlt ftmales with red of males replaced by yellow below and olive-
greenish above,
d'. Eather smaller, with relatively much smaller bill ; red of adult
male much deeper — often intense Chinese-orange, or almost
orange-vermilion — the rump and ground-color of back reddish
bi'own or brownish red, and wing-bands usually distinctly pink-
ish. Adxdt female with yellow of lower parts and olive-green
of upper parts deeper. Length (skins) about 7.00-7.50, wing
3.60-3.90, tail 3.25-3.40, exposed culmen .60-.65, depth of bill at
base .33-.38. Hah. Southern Mexico (north to Jalapa, Mirador,
Tomiscaltopec, etc.) and south to Chiriqui.

P. bidentata Swatns. Spotted-winged Tanager.*
<f . Rather larger, with relatively much larger bill ; red of adult male

' Spcrmrtgm erythrocephala SwAlNS., Pliilos, Mag. n. 8. i. 1827, 437. Pyranga erythrocephala BoNAP.,
Rev. Zool. 1861, 178.

> Pyranga bidentata SwAiNH., PbiloB. Mag. n. c. i. 1827, 438.

HIRUNDINIDJE.

457

paler and more orange (very nearly the tint of red-load), the
rump and ground-color of back olive-grayish, and wing-bands
pure white. Adult female with yellow of lower parts and olive
of upper parts much palei*. Length (of male, before skinning)
8.25, wing 3.85-3.95, tail 3.30-3.50, exposed culmen .70-75,
depth of bill at base .38-.42. Hah. Tres Marias Islands, western
Mexico. P. flammea Ridqw. Tres Marias Tanager.'

Wing less than 3.00. {^Adult males rich scarlet-vermilion, the lores, scapu-
lars, wingSj and tail deep black, the wings with two broad bands of
pure white across tips of middle and greater coverts. Adult females
bright olive-green above, yellow beneath; wings and tail grayish
dusky, with olive edgings, the former with two white bands, as in
males.)
c'. With narrower wing-bands; adult male with the red a lighter, more
scarlet, tint ; adult females with the yellow and olive less deep ;
length (skins) about 5.10-5.50, wing 2.65-2.85, tail 2.30-2.55. Hab.
Southern Mexico (north to Jalapa, Valley of Mexico, etc.), Guate-
mala, and Salvador.

P. leucoptera Trudeau. White-winged Tanager.s
With broader wing-bands ; adult males with the red of a darker tint
(almost carmine on upper parts) ; adult females with the yellow and
olive more intense ; length (skins) about 4.90-5.20, wing 2.65-2.85,
tail 2.35-2.55. Hab. Costa Eica and Veragua.

P. leucoptera latifasciata Ridqw. Broad-banded Tanager.*

Family HIRUNDINID^.— The Swallows. (Page 322.)

Genera.

a^. Nostrils opening directly upward, and with veiy little membrane bordering the
inner edge.
6\ Wing 5.00, or more ; tail decidedly forked (for much more than length of
tarsus) ; adult males (of North American and some tropical species)
entirely glossy blue-black. (Largest of the Swallows.)

Progne. (Pago 458.)

6'. Wing decidedly less than 5.00 ; tail nearly even (forked for much less than

length of tarsus) ; adults (sexes alike in color) not black beneath.

c^ Upper parts parti-colored, the crown and back blue-black, forehead

whitish or rusty brown, rump cinnamon or buflPy ; throat and sides

of head chestnut, rest of lower parts whitish media'\ grayish

brown laterally ; edge of outer quill normal.

Petrochelidon. (Page 459.)

> Now gpocies; typo, No. 60824, <S ad., Xros Marias; Col. A. J. Grayson. (Four speoimena — two adults of
each 80X.)

' Pi/ranga leucoptera Trudkau, Jour. Ao. Soi. Phil. viii. 1839, 160.
^ New subspooios.

458

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

c". Upper parts plain grayish brown ; lower parts similar, but lighter, be-
coming white on belly ; edge of outer quill roughened with stiff,
recurved hooked tips to the barbs... Stelgidopteryx. (Page 463.)
a*. Nostrils opening laterally, and bordered above by a broad membrane, or over-
hanging scale.
6*. Tail forked for much more than length of tarsus.

c'. Tail forked for about half its total length, the outer pair of feathers
abruptly narrowed for terminal portion, and inner webs of all (ex-
cept middle pair) marked with a large whitish spot; lower parts
cinnamon or buffy, the throat darker, more rusty.

Chelidon. (Page 460.)
cl Tail forked for much less than half its total length, the outer pair of
feathers not abruptly narrowed terminally ; inner webs of tail-
feathers without white spots ; lower parts entirely pure white.

Callichelidon. (Page 462.)
fe'. Tail forked for less than length of tarsus.

c^. No feathers on hind part of tarsus ; entjrely white beneath, the adults

brightly colored above Tachycineta. (Page 461.)

c". A small tuft of feathers on lower portion of tarsus, behind ; lower
parts white, interrupted by a broad band of grayish brown acro.ss
chest; upper parts grayish brown Clivicola. (Page 462.)

^.:V.

Genus PROGNE Boie. (Pago 457, pi. CXIV., fig. 1.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males with upper parts uniform glossy blue-black
or dark steel-blue (someti; les inclining to violet) ; lower parts similar to upper
surface, or with belly white and elsewhere glossy blue-black, or with anterior por-
tions grayish, the posterior white. Adult females with xipper parts plain glossy
blue-black (sometimes interrupted by a grayish collar), the lower parts dull gray-
ish anteriorly and white posteriorly. Young: Similar to adult female (the male
two years, or more, in attaining the full plumage).

a*. Adult males with lower parts wholly glossy blue-black, like the upper ; adult
females with steel-blue of upper parts duller and less continuous, usually
broken by more or less distinct grayish boi'dox's to feathers, the forehead and
hind-neck dull grayish ; anterior lower parts dull light grayish, or grayish
white (centres of feathers darkei') ; sides and flanks similar, but darker;
belly and under tail-coverts white.
6'. Lartcer, with broader tail-feathers. Adult male with feathers of ventral re-
gion entirely sooty grayish beneath surfoce. Adult females and immature
males with anterior and lateral lower parts pale gray, the feathers, espe-
cially on chest, with distinctly darker (sooty grayish) centres. Length
7.25-8.50, wing 5.65-6.20, tail 3.00-3.40 (forked for .70-.90). Nest in holes
of trees or about houses, in boxes, etc. Eggs 3-6, .97 X -72, plain pure

PETBOCHELJDON.

459

white. ITab. Whole of temperate North America ; south, in winter,
into Mexico (as far as Guamajaato, Tepic, 3Iazatlan, etc.).

611. P. subis (Linn.). Purple Martin.
i'. Smaller, with narrower tail-feathers, and, relatively, more deeply forked
tail. Adult male vrhh Ifeatliers of ventral region marked, beneath sur-
face, with a broad f^po!. iot Ijar, of white. Adult female and immature male
with whole under jKiitwn and sides of head and neck, chest, sides, and
flanks, uniform sootv gmjhh brown, in marked contrast with pure
white of bell}-, anal region, and under tail-coverts. Length about 7.G0,
wing 5.35-5.60, tail 2JN0-3.25 (forked for .65-.90). Hub. Cuba and
southern Florida; Hondnras ?

-— . P. cryptoleuca Baird. Cuban Martin.^

a'. Adult males with anterior ais'l Bateral lower parts smoky grayish brown (the

feathers with more or less 4i^t'met\y paler tips), the belly, anal region, and

lower tail-coverts white;- <i^afw/?f females similar to adult males, but upper

parts less glossy, the for^ilawid always (sometimes whole top of head) dull

dark smoky grayish brown.

Adult male with upper parts nniform glossy blue-black, or dark violaceous

steel-blue (rather less vioJaeeous than in P. subis and P. cryptoleuca) ;

length (skin) about GJ3ir»-~00, wing 5.10-5.40, tail 2.65-2.90. Hab.

Southern Mexico (nonibi to Vera Cruz), Central America, and northern

South America, south to Tobago, Guiana, and western Ecuador.

P. chalybea Gmel. Gray-breasted Martin.''

Genus PETROCHELIDON Cabanis. (Page 457, pi. CXIV., fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — AdM4: Forehead white, pale brownish, or chestnut;
top of head uniform glossy blue-fobiek ; bind-neck brownish gray, with more or less
of chestnut on upper portion; ^m-k and scapulars glossy blue-black, the first
streaked, more or less, with whit*-: romp cinnamon or cinnamon-buff; upper tail-
coverts grayish brown, marginei with paler ; wings and tail plain dusky ; lores
black; rest of head (except as describerl above), including chin and throat, rich
chestnut or light cinnamon ; Mdes and flanks (sometimes chest also) grayish
brown, more or less tinged with cinnamon ; longer under tail-coverts grayish
dusky, bordered with whit^\ T'0"i/ii*y: E-ssentially like adults, but colors much
duUei", with pattern less shari:»ly dc-finetl. Nfst a gourd- or retort-shaped structure
composed of pellets of mud, mixed with a few straws and lined with soft feathers,

• Prntfne cryptoleuca Baird, Review Ass. B, L May, I3S5, 277.

Si.\ Cuban and two Floridnn specitnedi* *f «&» well-marked species are before me. The adult females and
immature males (of which there ore four frwio CWSin mnd two from Florida in the National Museum collection—
the latter from Capo Florida and Clearwmtiw^ aim ("iffeedingly distinct in plumage from those of P. nubis. In
fact, they resemble so closely the oorreFpoBii*? pfiim^isfes of P. rfominiceii»i» Qmrl. that I am uniiblc to state
how they can bo distinguished. P. rftun /«<><**■«!♦ Bum not yet been taken, however, in Cuba.

< Himndo chalybea Quel., S. K. L 17£«, i^2J&, Prague chalybea BoiG, laia, 1841, 178.

460

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

<'•:■,

attached to the face of overhanging cliffs or underneath the eaves of buildings.
Eggs 3-5, white, siieckled or spotted with brown and lilac.

a*. Chin, throat, and sides of head rich chestnut, the lower part of throat with a
spot or patch of glossy blue-black.
b\ Larger, with forehead white or pale isabella-color ; rump light cinnamon,
or cinnamon-^buff ; young with chin and throat (often other parts of the
head) usually more or less mixed or spotted with white ; tertials and
tail-coverts margined with pale rusty or cinnamon ; chestnut of head
wanting or only faintly indicated, top of head, back, etc., dull blackish,
etc. ; length 5.00-6.00, wing 4.05-4.55, tail 2.00-2.20. Eggs .81 X -55.
Hab. Whole of North America in summer; in winter, Middle America
(and portions of South America ?).

612. P. lunifrons (Say.). Cliff SwaUow.
b\ Smaller, with forehead rich chestnut, like throat and sides of head (rarely
fawn-colored), and rump deeper cinnamon ; length about 4.50-5.00, wing
3.95-4.30, tail 2.00-2.20. Hab. Mexico and Guatemala.

P. melanogaster (Swains.). Mexican Cliff Swallow.^
a*. Chin, throat, and sides of head pale cinnamon, the lower part of throat without
black spot.

Forehead deep chestnut, and rump deep cinnamon, as in P. melanogaster ;
length about 4.50-4.75, wing 4.00-4.10, tail 1.90-2.00. Hab. Hayti,
Cuba (and Yucatan ?).

P. fulva (ViEiLL.) Cuban Cliff Swallow.*

Genus CHELIDON Forster. (Page 458, pi. CXIV., fig. 2.)

/Species.

Common Characters.— ^f?M?fs .- Above glossy dark steel-blue, sometimes tinged
with violet, the forehead rusty chestnut ; quills and tail-feathers blackish, with a
faint dull greenish lustre, the inner webs of the latter (except middle pair) marked
with a large spot of white, or very pale rusty ; chin, throat, and chest deep cinna-
mon-rusty, the sides of the chest dark steel-blue or blue-black, sometimes confluent
in the middle, thus forming a narrow collar ; rest of lower parts varying from rich
rusty cinnamon to pale cinnamon-buffy. Young : Much paler beneath and duller
above than adult, with chin, throat, and chest light rusty, and rustj" of forehead
indistinct or obsolete. Nest a cup- or bowl-shaped structure, entirely open above,
composed of pellets of mud, mixed with straws, etc., and lined with soft feathers,
attached by one side to the sides or roof of a cave or to timbers within barns and
other outbuildings. Eggs 3-5, white, speckled with brown and lavender.

• Hirnndo vielaiiogaster SwAINS., Pliilos. Mag. n. s. i. 1827, 366. Petrochelidon melanoyaater Cab., Mus.
Hein. i. 1850, 47.

' Iliruiido fulva ViEiLt., Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 62, pi. 30. Petrochelidon fulva Cad., Mus. Hein. i. 1860,
47.

With five adults of true P. fulva from Cuba, and eiirht of P. fulva paeciloma (Gosbg) from Jamaica and
Porto Rico, I have no didiculty in easily distinstuishiug tbo two forma by the characters pointed out by Professor
Baird in " Review of American Birds" (p. 292).

TACHYCINETA.

461

Paler : Lower parts tawny cinnamon or pale rusty in adult male (the chin
and throat rusty cinnamon), pale cinnamon-butry in adult female; length
5.75-7.75, wing about 4.60-4.90, tail 3.70-4.10, forked, in adult male, for
about 1.85-2.10. Eggs .77 X -S^- Hab. Whole of North America ; south,
in winter, through Middle America and West Indies to various parts of
South America 613. C. erythrogaster (Bodd.). Barn Swallow.

Dai'ker: Lower parts bright cinnamon-rusty (much like throat of C. erythro-
gaster), the chin and throat rich rusty chestnut ; length about 7.00-8.00,
Aving 4.60-4.80, tail of adult male 4.15-4.80, forked for 2.25-2.85. Hob.
Kamtschatka and eastei'n Sibei'ia in summer; south, in winter, to India.

C. tytleri (Jerd). Kamtschatkan Barn Swallow.'

Genus TACHYCINETA Cabanis. (Page 458, pi. CXIV., fig. 6.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Lower parts entirely white. Adults glossy dark steel-
blue above, or else rich soft velvety bronzo-grecn, vai'ied with tints of purplish,
violet, etc., the females usually'' considerably duller than the males; in winter, the
secondaries (especially tertials) conspicuously margined with white, but otherwise
as in summer. Young : Above dull brownish slate. Nest in holes, usually of trees,
sometimes in cliffs or buildings. Eggs 3-6, plain pure white.

a}. Ear-coverts dark steel-blue, or dusky, like upper parts ; feathers of lower parts
entirely pure white, except at extreme base ; upper parts in adult uniform
glossy steel-blue, varying to greenish. (Subgenus Iridoprocm CouEs.^)
h^. Eump steel-blue (adult) or dull slate (young) like rest of upper parts ; no
white on sides of forehead.

Adult male: Above rich burnished steel-blue (var^'ing much in shade),
the larger wing-feathers and tail blackish, faintly glossed with dull
greenish ; lores deep black ; entire lower parts pure white. Adult
female: Usually duller above than male, but often undistinguish-
ablo. Young : Above entirely dull broM-nish slate. Length 5.00-
6.25, wing about 4.50-4.80, tail 2.30-2.50. Eggs .75 X .52. Ilab.
Whole of North America ; wintering from southern Florida, Cuba,
and Gulf coast, south to Guatemala.

614. T. bicolor (Vieill.). White-bellied Swallow.
b^. Eump white (the feathers with fine blackish shaft-streaks) ; a white line
on each side of forehead, along upper edge of lores.

Otherwise hke T. bicolor, but much smaller; length about 4.10-4.80,
wing 3.75-3.90, tail 1.80-1.90. Hab. Coasts of Central America and

» Hlntndo tytleri .Tehd., B. Ind. iii. App. 1864, 870. {H. laturata Rinow. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 188.3, 95.)
• fridoprocne CouEs, B. Col. Vttl. 1878, 412, Type, Hinindo bicolor Vieill. (See Baiiid, Rerieir Am. B.
i. 1805, p. 296.)

462

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

•aii

southern Mexico, from Isthmus of Panama to Mazatlan and British

Honduras.

T. albilinea Lawr. White-rumped Swallow.'

a". Ear-coverts partly or mainly white ; featliers of lower parts abruptly grayish
beneath the surface ; upper parts in adult soft, metallic (but not burnished),
green or greenish bronze, varied with tints of purplish, purplish bronze,
violet, etc. (Subgenus ^^xchycinetn.)

Adult male: Top of head, hind-neck, back, and scapulars rich green, either
the head and neck or dorsal region, or both, usually overlaid by a more
or less distinct wash of bronze or purple ; rump and upjier tail-coverts
rich bluish green or bluish, usually mixed with rich plum-purple; a
white patch on each side of rump, these in life often brought close to-
gether so as apparentl}^ to form a continuous white band ; entire lower
parts, including ear-coverts and line above posterior half (or more) of
eye, pure white, but the feathers immediately beneath surface grayish.
Aihdt female: Similar to the male, but much duller, the ear-coverts and
hind-neck dull grayish, the formei*, however, more or less mixed with
white. Young : Similar to same stage of T. bicolor, but with feathers
of lower parts distinctly grayish beneath the surface, this showing
through on anterior poi'tions, especially on breast. Length 4.75-5.50,
wing about 4.30-4.75, tail 1.95-2.20. Eggs .73 X -51. Hab. Western
United States, east to Eocky Mountains, south, in winter, to Guate-
mala 615. T. thalassina (Swains.). Violet-green Swallow.

^^. ,»,

Genus CALLICHELIDON Bryant." (Page 458.)

Species.

Adult male : Above soft dull metallic green (not burnished), changing to more
bluish green on wings, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail ; entire lower parts, in-
cluding sides of head below level of eyes, pure white. Adidt female : Similar to male,
but suborbital region and ear-coverts mottled grayish. Length about 6.50-5.70,
wing 4.30-4.50, tail 2.60-2.85, forked for .85-.95. Hab. Bahamas.

C. cyaneoviridis Bryant. Bahaman Swallow.'

Genus CLIVICOLA Forster. (Pago 458, pi. CXIV., fig. 4.)

Species.

Adult : Above dull grayish brown or brownish gray, darker on head and wings,
paler on rump and upper tail-coverts ; beneath white, interrupted by a broad band
of brownish gray across chest, this continued along sides; usually, a more or less

^'i'i^'

1 Petrochefidon alhUinea Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1863, 2. Tachycineta albilinea Lawr., Mem. Bost.
Soc. ii. 1874, 271.

« Callichelidon " Bryant, MSS." Baird, Review Am. B. i. May, 1865, 303. Type, Hirundo eyaneoviridit
Bryant.

'Hirundo eyaneoviridit Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soo. N. H. vil. 1859, 111.

STELGIDOPTERYX.

463

oxtenaivo spot of same in middle of breast. Young : Similar to adult, but wing-
coverts, secondaries, upper tail-coverts, and featliers of rump more or less distinctly
bordered with buffy or whitish. Length about 4.75-5.50, wing 3.70-4.25, tail 2.10-
2.25. Nest in horizontal holes or burrows excavated in sand-banUs, banks of
streams, etc. E(j(js 3-6, .70 X -49, pure white. Hub. Northern hemisphere in gen-
eral; in America, eouth in winter to Cuba and Jamaica, and through Middle
America to Brazil C16. C, riparia (Linn.). Bank Swallow.

Genus STELGIDOPTERYX Baird. (Page 458, pi. CXIV., fig. 5.)

Species.
Adult: Above plain grayish brown, darker on wings and tail, the tertials usu-
ally margined with paler brownish gray ; beneath plain brownish gray, t\w belly,
anal region, and lower tail-coverts white. Young : Much like adult, but wing-
coverts broadly tipped and tertials bx-oadly margined with cinnamon, the plumage
in general more or less tinged or suffused with this color. Length 5.00-5.75, wing
4.00-4.70, tail 2.05-2.35. Nest in holes, usually in banks (as in GUvicohi rtpan'a),
but often in abutments of bridges, etc. Eggs 3-G, .72 X -51) plain })ure white.
Hab. United States (except extreme northern border, and Xew England except
Connecticut), south, through Mexico, to Guatemala.

617. S. serripennis (Aud.). Rough-winged Swallow.

Family AMPELIDiE.— The Waxwings, etc. (Page 322.)

Genera.
fl*. Wings pointed (first or second quill longest), decidedly longer than the short,
even tail ; primai'ies apparently only nine, the first being excessively minute,
neai'ly or quite concealed ; of those normally developed, the first or second
longest; rictal bristles obsolete; frontal feathers filling completely the nasal
fossae, and concealing the nostrils ; young with lower parts streaked. (Sub-
family ^mpe^ma;) : Ampelis. (Pago 464.)

a\ Wings much rounded, shorter than the rounded, cmarginated or graduated
tail ; primaries obviously ten, the first always very evident ; of the remain-
der, the third to fifth (actually, fourth to sixth) longest ; rictal bristles very
distinct; frontal feathers not encroaching on nasal fossae; young not streaked
beneath. (Subfamily Ptilogonatince})
bK Bill narrow, the width of upper mandible at posterior extremity of nos-
trils decidedly less than length from nostril to tip; crest springing from
centre of crown composed of narrow, somewhat recurved, feathers;
adult male glossy black, with white on inner webs of quills ; adult fe-
male dull brownish gray, with white edgings on wings.

Phainopepla. (Pago 465.)

1 In reality a very distinot fnmily {Ptilogonatidee), peculiar to Mexico and Central America, and repre-
sented by several strongly characterized genera.

■^^

t. ■;

464 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

b*. Bill broad, the width of upper mandiblo at posterior extremity of nostrils
decidedly greater than length from nostril to tip ; crest covering whole
top of head, composed of broad, loose-webbed, blended feathers ; adult
males plumbeous, with black quills and tail, bright yellow under tail-
covcrts, and largo white spaces on inner we^*" of tail-feathers; adult
females like males, but plumbeous replaced by brownish or olive.

Ptiliogonys}

Genus AMPELIS Linnaeus. (Page 463, pi. CXIII., fig. 4.)

Species.
Common Characters. — Crown with a lengthened, pointed crest, of soft, blended
feathers ; plumage very soft, the feathers of head, neck, and body perfectly blended,
the prevailing color a soft fawn-color of vinaeeous grayish brown, changing to ashy
on rump and upper tail-coverts j prevailing color of wings and tail slaty, the latter
sharply tipped with yellow or red, preceded by blackish ; frontal points, lores,
streak through eye (running beneath crest, on occiput"), and chin (sometimes
throat also) velvety black ; anterior portion of malar region white. Young much
duller than adult, the lower parts streaked with brownish or dull grayish on a
whitish ground. JVest in trees, bulky, constructed of small twigs, rootlets, etc.,
mixed and lined with feathers and other soft materials. Eggs 3-5, pale dull bluish
or pale purplish gray, spotted and dotted with dark brown, black, and purplish.

a*. Tail tipped with gamboge-yellow ; tips of secondaries sometimes with horny
appendages resembling red sealing-wax.
b^. Larger (wing more than 4.25) ; lower tail-coverts, forehead, and cheeks
deep cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous; flanks brownish gray; primary
coverts and outer Avebs of secondaries tipped with white ; outer webs of
quills tipped with white or yellow; length about 7.40-8.75, wing 4.40-
4.60, tail 2.75-2.90. Eggs .92 X -65. Hab. Northern portions of northern
hemisphere ; in America, south to northern border of United States in
winter, breeding far northward ''and in northern Eocky Mountains ?).

618. A. ^arrulus Linn. Bohemian Waxwing.

i*. Smaller (wing less than 4.00) ; lower tail-coverts white ; forehead and

cheeks same color as crest ; flanks yellowish olive ; wings entirely

plain slate-gray (except the wax-like tips to secondaries, in some speci-

1 PtUiogonys SwAlJfS., Philoa, Mag. n. s., i. 1827, .368. Type, P. cincreus SwAlss.

The male of tho single Mexican species (P. cinerettg) is uniform plumbeous, becoming ashy on head, which
fades to nearly white anteriorly ; flanks bright golden olive, or oil-yellow, the under tail-corerts rich gam-
boge-yellow ; eyelids white ; ear-coverts and occiput (beneath crest) soft grayish brown. The female is grayish
brown where the male is plumbeous, the flanks wholly light brown, the wings and tail duller black, white spots
on inner webs of tail-feathers more restricted, etc. An allied Quatemalan race (P. cfnereua molybdophanei,
new subspecies) difl'ers in having the plumbeous decidedly deeper, the flanks olive-green instead of oil-yellow,
etc. The dimensions are nearly the same (length about 7.75-8.00, wing 3.70, tail 4.00-4.25). A very fine
Costa Rican species (P. caudatui Cab.), with long and much graduated tail but very similar plumage, is the
type of tho subgenus Sphenotelua Baikd (Rev. Am. B. i. May, 1866, 412).

PHAINOPEPLA.

465

horny

mens) ; length 6.50-7.50, wing about 3.60-3.00, tail 2.30-2.60. Etjgs .87-
,61. Hub. Whole of temperate North America, south (in winter only?)
to Guatemala and West Indies.

619. A. cedrorum (Yieill.). Cedar Waswing.
a'. Tail tipped with rose-red ; tips of secondaries never with sealing-wax-like tips.
Greater wing-coverts dull rod ; otherwise much like A. garrulus, but with-
out yellow tips to quills, but these, as also sometimes the secondaries,
usually tipped with rose-red. Hab. Japan.

A. japonicus (Sieb.). Japanese Waxwing.'

Genus PHAINOPEPLA Sclater. (Page 463, pi. CXIII., fig. 2.)

Species.

Adult male: Unifoi*m glossy blue-black, the inner webs of quills chiefly white;
in ivinter, many feathers bordered wiib whitish. Adult female : Plain brownish
gray, rather paler below, the wing-coverts secondaries, and lower tail-coverts mar-
gined with white ; white on inner webs of primaries more restricted and less
sharply defined than in male. Youvij ■ Similar to a'^lilt female. Length 7.00-7.75,
wing 3.60-3.80, tail 3.8i,'-4.10. NeSi, ouucer-shar/ d, compact, of plant-fibres, etc., on
mall trees. Egga 2-5, .87 X 63, light Ln'ayish or dull grayish white, thickly
speckled with neutral tint, dark browr, and blackish. Hab. Arid region of Mexico,
and contiguous portions of United Statos, from western Texas to southern Cali-
fornia 620. P. nitens (Swains.). Fhainopepla.

hanet.

Family LANIID-ffi.— The Shrikes. (Page 323.)

Genera.
(Characters same as those given for the Family) Lanius. (Page i65.)

Genus LANIUS Linn^li (Page 465, pi. CXIII., fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adults plain gray above, the sides of the head, wings,
and tail black ; the wings with a white patch at base of quills and tail, with much
white on exterior feathers and tips of others ; lower parts whitish. Young essen-
tially similar to adults, but colors less strongly contrasted, the gray and white more
or less tinged with brownish, and more or less vermiculated, or " waved," with
narrow dusky bars ; wing-coverts tipped with dull light buffy. Nest a very bulky
structure, composed of sticks, dried grass-stems, wool, feathers, etc., placed in small
(usually thorny) trees or lodges. Eggs 4-7, dull whitish, spotted with light 'jrown
or olive.

1 Bombicyvora japonica SiKBOLD, Hist. Nat. Jap. Stat. 1824, No. 2. Ampelit japonica Gray, Oen. B. i.
1346, 278.

466

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

'S'

^.x,

a^ Inner webs of secondaries dusky next to shaft for much the greater part of
their length ; tail-feathei's (except sometimes middle pair) white at base ; bill
from nostril not more than .55.
¥. Wing 4.35, or m.re; lores never wholly deep black; nasal tufts always
whitish or grayish on top ; basal half of lower mandible light-colored,
except in summer adults,
c'. A more or less distinct whitish spot on lower eyelid ; adult (and young)
with breast distinctly undulated, or narrowly barred with grayish.
Summer adult: Above pale ash-gray, becoming white or grayish
white on forehead, superciliary region, hinder scapulars, lower
rump, and upper tail-coverts ; lores chiefly blackish gray, but black
anteriorly and immediately next to eye ; beneath white, the breast
and anterior portion of sides narrowly barred or undulated with
grayish. Winter adult : Similar, but basal half of lower mandible
light brownish (horn-grayish in life), and lores chiefly light grayish
(sometimes even mixed with whitish). Young in first winter:
Above dull grayish brown, sometimes tinged with light umbei"-
brown ; wings and tail much duller black; greater wing-coverts
tipped (sometimes also narrowly edged) with pale brownish buffy ;
white at base of quills indistinct (sometimes obsolete) ; ear-coverts
dusky brownish ; lower parts brownish white, more strongly tinged
with brown laterally, everywhere (except on chin and under tail-
coverts) very distinctly waved or narrowly barred with dusky
grayish. Young: Essentially like preceding, but hinder scapu-
lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts more or less distinctly undulated
with dusky, the greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and middle tail-
feathers tipped with pale rusty, and antei'ior lower parts (in-
cluding whole breast and anterior portion of sides) nearly uniform
pale grayish brown, the darker undulations appearing only on close
inspection. Length 9.25-10.75, wing 4.35-4.60, tail 4.50-4.70, bill
from nostril .50-.55, tarsus 1.02-1.05. Eggs 1.05 X -76. Hab.
ISorthern North America ; south, in winter, to Potomac and Ohio
Valleys, Kansas, Colorado, Nevada, northern California, and oven

Arizona 621. L. borealis Vieill. Northern Shrike.

c*. No trace (?) of white on lower eyelid; adult without grayish undula-
J;ions or bars on breast or other lower parts ; otherwise not obvi-
ously difl'erent from L. borealis ; wing 4.35-4.50, tail 4.30-4.60, bill
from nostril .62-.55, tarsus 1.00-1.10. Hab, Northern Asia and
northern and eastern Europe.

L. borealis sibiricus Boon. Siberian Shrike.^
6'. "Wing less than 4.25 ; lores and nasal tufts always wholly black in adult ;

1 Lamim hore.nlin tihincun BoanANOW, " Rugsinn Shrikes, etc., p. 102, 1881." (Gapow.) L. major Pall.
et AucT., nee Wilkes.

Said to have been procured at Chiloat, Alaska (r/. Scralow, Auk, i. 1884, 202), but the oorreet identifl-
cvtion perhaps open to doubt.

LANIUS.

467

basal half of lower mandible never light-colored, except in young.
(Adults above ash jray or slate-gray (varying much in shade), the
scapulars, lower rump, and upper tail-coverts usually paler, sometimes
nearly white ; lower parts white, sometimes tinged with grayish later-
ally, usually not undulated or otherwise marked.)
c\ Adults pure Avhite beneath, rarely much tinged laterally with grayish,
and very rarely with obvious grayish undulations or bars on breast ;
gray of upper parts of a pure ash- or slate-gray cast.
d^. Darker, the upper tail-coverts usually not distinctly paler than
rump, and never (?) whitish ; sides usually faintly tinged with
gray; wing, tail, and tarsus averaging shorter, and bill larger;
length 8.50-9.60, wing 3.75-4.00 (3.83), tail 3.65-4.25 (3.97), bill
from nostril .43-.50 (.47), depth of bill at base .34-.38 (.35), tar-
sus 1.00-1.10 (1.05). Eggs .97 X -73. Hab. More southern por-
tions of eastern United States, but north, irregularly, to Ohio,
Vermont, etc., regularly to Virginia and southern Illinois.

622. L. ludovicianus Linn. Loggerhead Shtike.
d\ Paler, the upper tail-coverts usually more or less distinctly
whitish, the scapulars more extensively white, the sides usu-
ally very faintly, if at all, tinged with gray ; wings, tail, and
tarsus averaging longer and bill smaller; length 8.00-10.00,
wing 3.75-4.10 (3.94), tail 3.75-4.30 (4.06), bill from nostril
.42-.50 (.46), depth at base .30-.35 (.32), tarsus 1.00-1.15 (1.09).
Eggs .97 X -72. Jiab. Central region of North America, north
to the Saskatchewan, south over table-lands of Mexico, west
to Lower California, Arizona, Nevada, etc., east across Great
Plains, and, sporadically, through basin of the Groat Lakes to
northern New York.... 622a. L. ludovicianus excubitorides

(Swains.). White-rumped Shrike.
c*. Adults dull white or grayish white beneath, strongly gray laterally,
the breast usually distinctly undulated or narrowly barred with
grayish, under parts sometimes strongly tinged with palo brown or
dull vinaceous; gray of upper parts having a more or less decided
brownish, or less bluish, cast.
About as dark above as L. ludovicianus (sometimes darker, es-
pecially on head), the upper tail-coverts, however, somotimes
abruptly light grayish, or even whitish, as in L. excubitorides ;
tail averaging longer than in either of the more eastern forms,
the average length of wing intermediate ; length 8.00-10.00,
wing 3.70-4.00 (3.89), tail 3.75-4.50 (4.11), bill from nostril
.43-.48 (.46), depth at base .30-.35 (.33), tarsus 1.05-1.15 (1.09).
JSab. California, especially coast district.

— . L. ludovicianus gambeli Binaw. California Shrike.'

1 New Bubspociofi. It is with extreino reluotnnoe that I have oonoluded to name, and attempt to character-
iie, a third race of this Rpecios, yet I hare Tit oompelled to do 80, or else drop L, excubitoride*. Typical exam-

468

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

a'. Inner webs of secondaries white quite to the shai't for about the basal half, the
white then abruptly narrowed to less than half the width of inner web, but
very abruptly defined against the dusky ; tail-feathers without any white at
base ; bill from nostril .60.

Adult: Above very dark slate-gray, including upper tail-coverts, darker on
head, where not becoming lighter next to black of lores and frontlet, the
longer scapulars, however, passing terminally or exteriorly into whitish ;
lower parts bluish gray, becoming white along median line, including
whole chin and throat and under tail-coverts; length (mounted speci-
men) about 8.75, wing 4.20, tail 4.40, exposed culmen 1.00, bill from nos-
tril .60, depth at base .39, tarsus 1.20. Hah. Said to be California, but
possibly some portion of the Old World.

L. robustus (Baird). Baird's Shrike.*

fe.';', ,,.

Family VIREONIDiE.— The Vireos. (Page 323.)

Genera.

a'. Lateral toes very unequal in length, the inner one, with its claw, not reaching
beyond base of middle claw; logs and feet weaker.
h^. Wing shorter than tail, extremely rounded, the fifth or sixth quill longest,
and second shorter than secondaries ; tail much rounded, the difference
between longest and shortest feathers nearly equal to length of bill from
nostril ; bill weaker, relatively broader and more depressed at base.
(The single known species with whole top of head and hind-neck,
wings, and tail bright olive-gi'een ; back, scapulars, rump, throat,
breast, sides, and flanks uniform slate-gray; chin and belly white; wing

about 2.30.) NeocMoe.^

6'. Wing equal to or longer than tail, less rounded, the third or fourth quill
longest, and second much longer than secondaries; tail nearly even, or, if
rounded, the difference between longest and shortest feathers much less
than length of bill from nostril; bill stouter, and relatively narrower and
higher at base. (Coloration very variable, but never at all resembling

Neochloe.) Vireo. (Page 469.)

a*. Lateral toes nearly equal in length, the inner one, with its claw, reaching de-
cidedly beyond base of middle claw ; legs and feet stouter.

pies of the Californian bird certainly cannot bo matched by speoimena from any portion of the country cast of
the Sierra Xovndn, while there is not more of individual variation than exists in the other two forms. The re-
uoniblanco is, on the wholo, closer to the darker-colored specimens of true L. ludovManiit (from the Gulf States),
but the under parts are constantly much darker, and, in seventeen of the twenty-one specimens now before me,
very percejttibly (sometimes distinctly) undulated on the breast ^vith grayish, this character being very excep-
tional in L. Itifloricianue and still more rarely observable in L. e.rcubitorides.

•' Laniim ludovicianim, var. rohnHtm Baird, Am. Xat. vii. ISfH, fi08. Laniui robutUi» Oabow, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. viii. 1883, 243. (See especially the important paper by Leouhard Stejnoger in Proc. Philad. Acad. 1885,

pp. 01-90.)

« Neochloe Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 213. Typo, N. brevipennU ScL. (Hah. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.)

VIREO.

469

but

6*. Smaller (wing less than 2.50) ; bill small, nearly as broad as high at base,
and tapering rapidly to the slender, slightly hooked tip. (Color olive-
green or russet-olive above, with top of head and neck ash-graj'' or else
with tail russet ; lower parts neither yellow nor green.)

Hylophilua. (Page 478 )
b\ Larger (wing not less than 3.00) ; bill stout, much deeper than wide at base,
the culmen curving rather abruptly towurd the strongly hooked tip.
c*. Depth of bill at base only about half the exposed culmen. (Lower
parts green, becoming yellow on throat, or else white with rufous
band across chest ; upper parts bright gi'cen, with top of head sky-
blue, or else olive, the sides of head striped with yellow, slate-color,

white, and black.) Vireolanius}

c'. Depth of bill at base much more than half the exposed culmen. (Lower
parts yellow ; upper parts plain olive-green, becoming ash-gray on
head and neck, the forehead and broad superciliary stripe rufous.)

Cyclorhis?

Genus VIREO Vieillot. (Page 468, pi. CXV., figs. 1-3, 5.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above plain olive-green or olive-grayish, with or with-
out white wing-bands ; beneath whitish or yellowish, or both. Nest a very beau-
tiful basket-shaped structure suspended from a forked twig, composed of mosses,
lichens, fine strips of bark, etc. Eggs white, usually more or less dotted or
sparsely speckled round larger end with brown and blackish.

a}. Spurious primary, if present, verj' narrow and pointed, and decidedly shorter
than tarsus.
6'. Wing without light bands or other distinct markings. (Subgenus Vireosylva

BONAP.)

c\ Without any spurious primaiy, or else, if present, the exposed culmen
.50, or more.'
d}. Exposed culmen .50, or more ; middle of chest white,
e'. A distinct dusky streak along each side of throat.

Above plain dull olive-greenish, becoming gray on top of
head, which has a more or less distinct dusky streak
along each side of crown ; a conspicuous superciliary
stripe of dull whitish, bordered below by a distinct
dusky streak through the eye ; cheeks dull grayish
white or pale brownish gray (whole side of head,
including superciliary stripe, pomotimes strongly suf-
fused with dull brownish buffy) ; lovv er parts white,

» Vireolanius BoNAP., Consp. i. 1850, 330. Type, V. melitophrifi Du Hm.

' Ci)clorhi$ 8wAiif8., Zool. Jour. III. 1828, lfl2. Typo, Tanagm gulanehiit GMEt.

• The exception is V. olivacetii, which is sniil to have $ometimei (but very rarely) a apurioui primary.

rr^

470

#■

;'ia;j»i

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

tinged with olive laterally, the axillars and under
tail-coverts yellowish white, or very pale sulphur-
yellow. Length about 5.50-5.76, wing 3.00-3.25, tail
2.20-2.50, exposed culmen .57- .65. Eggs .78 X -58.
Hab. Cuba, Bahamas, and southern Florida.

623. V. altiloquus barbatulus (Cab.).
Black-whiskered Vireo.
e'. No trace of dusky stream along side of throat.

/*. Top of head dull ash-gray, margined along each side by a
dusky streak ; rest of upper parts olive-greenish.
g^. Sides and flanks tinged with grayish olive ; axillars
and under tail-coverts white, or very faintly tinged
with sulphur-yellow ; length 5.50-6.50, wing about
3.10-3.30, tail 3.15-3.30, exposed culmen .50-.55.
Nest usually in small trees, in woods, usually loss
than ten feet from ground. J^ggs .81 X -56. Hab.
Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay,
etc., west to Rocky Mountains ; in winter, south
through eastern Mexico and Central America to
northern South America.

624. V. olivaceus (Linn.). Red-eyed Vireo.
g*. Sides and flanks bright olive-yellow; axillars and
under tail-coverts clear sulphur-yellow ; length
about 6.25-6.75, wing 2.80-3.20, tail 2.05-2.50, ex-
posed culmen .55-.60. Hab. Mexico and Central
America, north to Lower Rio Grande Valley, in
Texas (accidentally to Godbout, Pi'ovince of Que-
bec), south to Ecuador and upper Amazon.

625. V. flavoviridis (Cass.).

Yellow-green Vireo.

/'. Top of head dull brownish gray or grayish brown, like

the back and other upper parts.

gK Above dull brownish gray ; wing 2.90-3.00, tail 2.35,

exposed culmen .60-.65. Hab. Island of Cozumel,

Yucatan.

V. cinereus Bidqw. Cozumel Vireo.^

g*. Above dull brownish olive ; lower parts duller white

medially, deeper olivaceous laterally ; wing 3.05,

tail 2.40, exposed culmen .65. Hab. Coast of

British Honduras.

V. magister Baird. Belize Vireo.*

1 Vireooylvia cinerea RiDow., Dosor. N. B. Cozumel, 1885, 2. Vireo cinereut RiDow., Proo. U. 8. Not.
Mus. viii. 1886, 666.

» Vireotylvia magiiter " Baibd, n. 8." Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1871, 20. Vireo magiiier Salt. A GoDM.,
Biol. Centr.-Ain., Aves, i. 1881, 191.

VIREO.

471

d*. Exposed culmen not more than .40.

Above grayish olive-green, becoming more decidedly gray-
ish on top of head ; a whitish superciliary stripe ; lower
parts very pale sulphur-yellow, deepest on chest, the chin
and belly white; length about 4.80, wing 2.50-2.75, tail
1.90-2.20, exposed culmen .38-40. Hab. Eastern North
America, north to Manitoba and Hudson's Bay (breeding
chiefly north of United States) ; south, in winter, to Guate-
mala, Costa Eica, and Chiriqui (but not yet recorded
either from Mexico or from any part of West Indies).

626. V. philadelphicus (Cass.). Philadelphia Vireo.
c*. Wing with a well-developed spurious primary, longer than bill ; exposed
culmen much less than .50.
d'. Top of head dull ash-gray, not distinctly different from the grayish
olive, or olive-gray, of back. {Adult: Above olive-grayish,
becoming more decidedly gray on top of head, more tinged
with pale olive-greenish on rump and upper tail-coverts; a
whitish loral streak, extending back over eye, but scarcely
beyond it; malar region, ear-coverts, and sides of neck pale
brownish gray or pale grayish buffy ; lower parts dull white,
more or less tinged with olive-yellowish laterally. Young : Top
of head and hind-neck very pale grayish buff, the lores and
superciliary region white ; ear- coverts still paler buffy ; back,
scapulars, rump, and lesser wing-coverts buffy grayish ; lower
parts entirely pure white, except under tail-coverts, which ai'e
pale yellow ; wings and tail as in adult, but greater wing-
coverts tipped with dull grayish buffy.)
e'. Larger, with stouter bill ; upper parts (especially top of head)
averaging rather paler and clearer grayish, the flanks more
yellowish (or less olivaceous), the colors generally clearer
or " cleaner" ; length 5.00-5.50, wing 2.65-2.95 (2.84), tail
2.10-2.40 (2.22), bill from nostril .30-.32 (.31), depth at
base .15-.18 (.16), tarsus .68-.72 (.70). Nest in trees, usu-
ally at a considerable height, in open copses, along banks
of streams, or in shade-trees along streets in towns and
cities. JEffgs .75 X 55. Hab. Eastern North America,
north to Fort Simpson and Hudson's Bay, west to Great
Plains ; south, in winter, to eastern Mexico.

627. V. gilvus (ViEiLL.). Warbling Vireo.
e*. Smaller, with slenderer bill ; upper parts (especially top of
head) averaging rather darker and duller grayish, flanks
more olivaceous, the colors generally less clear ; length 4.76-
5.40, wing 2.55-2.85 (2.69), tail 2.00-2.30 (2.14), bill from
nostril .29-.31 (.30), depth at base .15-.16 (.15), tarsus
.65-.70 (.68). Nest as in F. gilvus. Eggs .73 X -Bl. Hab.

I i.. -

472

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

■s, ,J..

Western United States, east to Rocky Mountains; south
through central and western Mexico in winter.

— . V. gilvus swainsoni (Baird).
Western Warbling Vireo.*
6'. Wing with two distinct white bands across tips of middle and greater
coverts. (Subgenus Lanivireo Baird.)
d. No spurious primary ; loral streak, orbital ring, chin, throat, and breast
yellow ; top of head olive-green.
Posterior under parts white ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapu-
lars ash-gray ; hind-neck and back olive-green ; tertials broadly
edged with white ; length 5.00-5.85, wing 3.00-3.20, tail 2.00-
2.30. Nest in woods, usually at a considerable height from
ground. Eggs .79 X -58, usually more heavily spotted than in
other species. Hob. Eastern United States, west to edge of
Great Plains; south, in winter, to Costa Eica.

628. V. flavifrons Vieill. Yellow-throated Vireo.
c*. A more or less distinct spurious primary ; loral streak, orbital ring,
chin, throat, etc., white ; top of head ash-gray or plumbeous (more
brownish in winter).
d}. Spurious quill minute (much shorter than exposed culmen) ; hind-
part and sides of neck olive-green, like back and scapulai's ;
chest and breast (especially sides of the latter) strongly washed
with sulphur-yellow. (Otherwise much like V. solitari"S.)
Wing 3.05, tail 2.20, bill from nostril .30, tarsus .72. Sab.
Highlands of Guatemala (Coban, Vera Paz).

V. propinquus (Baikd). Vera Paz Vireo.*
dK Spurious quill well developed (much longer than exposed culmen) ;
hind-part and sides of neck grayish, like top of head and ear-
coverts ; chest and breast without yellow tinge.
e*. Sides and flanks conspicuously olive or olive-green, distinctly
tinged with yellow ; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive-
green. (Young in first winter with anterior upper parts
dull grayish brown, the lower parts dull bufiy white, the
general aspect quite different from full adult plumage.)
/\ Smaller (wing not more than 3.00, tail rarely more than
2.20).
g^. Back, etc., brighter olive-green, more abruptly con-
trasted with plumbeous-gray of head and neck,
the latter deeper and clearer ; gray of cheeks more
abruptly contrasted with white of throat ; sides
and flanks usually more strongly tinged with

1 Vireo mainioni Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 336 (in text). Vireo gilvui, var, iwainioni Codes, Key, 1872, 121.
» VireoRylvia propinqua Baird, Review Am. B. i. May, 1866, 348.

This is either a very distinct -pooies or else, as suggested by Messrs. Salvin A Qodman {Biol. Cenlr.-Am.,
Ave$f i. p. 197) a hybrid betweer V. lolitariui and V. /lavi/ron».

yiREO.

473

olive-green and yellow ; length 5.00-6.00, wing
2.90-3.00 (2.94), tail 2.10-2.20 (2.19), bill from
nostril .29-.30 (.29), tarsus .70-.73 (.71). Nest in
woods, in undergrowth or lower branches of saiall
trees. Eggs .79 X -57. Hob. Eastern North
America, north to Fort Simpson and Hudson's
BaVj breeding chiefly north of United States ;
soutb; in winter, through eastern Mexico to
Guatemala.
629. V. solitarius (Wils.). Blue-headed Vireo.
g*. B&C'k, etc.. more grayish olive-green, less abruptly
(if at ail) contrasted with the duller ash-gray
of head and neck ; gray of cheeks less abruptly
contrasted with white of throat ; sides and flanks
less strongly tinged with olive-green and j-ellow.
(Yonng in first winter much browner than cor-
responding stage of V. solitarius.) Length 5.00-
5.G0, wing 2.85-3.00 (2.90), tail 2.10-2.30 (2.16),
biU from nostril .28-.31 (.30), tarsus .70-.78 (.74).
Eggs .79 X -SS- -H<^*- Western United States,
east to Rocky Mountains, but chiefly (if not ex-
closively) Pacific coast in summer; in winter,
south through western Mexico 629«. V. soli-
tarius cassinii (Xantus). Cassin's Vireo.
/*. Larger (wing decidedly more than 3.00, tail not less than

Similar in plumage to V. solitarius, but upper parts
much darker (" nearly uniform blackish plum-
heona, with only a faint tinge of greenish on the
bac-k,. which is essentially concolor with the
crown") ; wing 3.03-3.30, tail 2.21-2.31, bill from
nostril ,30-.36, tarsus .72-.75. Hab. Higher
fioutbern Alleghanies (western North Carolina,

etc.) — . V. solitarius alticola Brewst.

Mountain Solitary Vireo.^

Sides and flanks tinged with plumbeous-gray, but with little

if any olivaceous or yellowish tinge; back, rump, and

upper tail-coverts plumbeous-gray, very slightly, if at all,

tinged with olive-green.

Above plumbeous, or plumbeous-gray, with the usual

white markings on wings and sides of head ; lower

partA white, the sides and flanks strongly tinged with

plumbeous gray ; length 6.75-6.15,

wing

3.05-3.30

1 Vireo lolilartm* nltiimlt B»f.wsT,, Auk, iii. Jan. 1866, 111.

«0

474

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

*»■'■■'> ♦«

(3.16), tail 2.30-2.55 (2.41), bill from nostril .30-.35
(.31), tarsus .72-.79 (.75). Eggs .79 X -59. Hab.
Eocky Mountain district of United States ; south, in
winter, through central Mexico.... 6296. V. solitarius
plumbeus (Coues). Plumbeous Vireo.
a'. Spurious primary always present and well developed, equal to or longer than
tarsus, and broad, like other quills; wing more rounded. (Subgenus
Vireo.)
b^. Wing much longer than tail (the difference equal to or greater than length
of bill from nostril),
c*. Sides olivaceous or yellowish.

d}. Median lower parts pure white or buffy white, in marked contrast
with olive-greenish or yellowish of sides and flanks.
e\ Wings blackish or dusky, the middle and greater coverts
broadly and sharply tipped with white or pale sulphur-
yellow.
/'. Lores and orbital ring white ; cheeks and ear-coverts
black or deep brownish gray, in marked contrast with
pure white or bulfy white of throat.
Adult male : Top and sides of head deep black, the
lores and orbital ring pure white ; lower parts
pure white, the sides and flanks olive-greenish,
tinged with yellow ; upper parts olive-green, the
wings and tail black, with pale olive-yellow
edgings. Ad^dt female similar to male, but black
of head usually duller, more slate-colored. Young
in first autumn and winter : Top and sides of head
dull grayish brown ; lores, orbital ring, and lower
parts dull huffy white, or pale dull buffy, the
sides brown-olive ; upper parts more brownish
than in adult. Length 4.40-4.75, wing 2.15-2.30,
tail 1.80-2.00. Nest 3-5 feet from ground, in
bushes or small trees. Eggs usually 4, .72 X -51,
plain white. Hab. Southern portion of Great
Plains, north to Kansas; in winter, south into

Mexico (Mazatlan, etc.) 630. V. atricapillus

WooDH. Black-capped Vireo.
/'. Lores and orbital ring yellow; cheeks and ear-coverts
grayish, fading gradually into grayish white of
throat. (Above olive-green, usually tinged, more or
less, with ashy on hind-neck ; wings and tail dusky,
with light olive-green edgings; chin, throat, and chest
grayish white; belly and under tail-coverts pure white,
the latter usually faintly tinged with sulphur-yellow ;
sides and flanks sulphur-yellow, tinged with olive.

VIREO.

475

Young : Above plain olive-gray, becoming more oliva-
ceous posteriorly ; middle and greater wing-coverts
broadly tipped with pale buff, tertials broadly edged
with yellowish white, secondaries narrowly edged with
olive-yellowish, and px'imaries with pale grayish or
grayish white; lower parts white, passing into very
pale buflfy yellow on flanks and under tail-coverts;
head-markings as in adult, but supraloral streak white,
passing into pale yellowish over eye, and lores dull
grayish.)
g^. Smaller, and brighter colored, the supraloral streak,
etc., deeper yellow, the sides and fl.anks bright
sulphur-yellow ; length 4.50-5.00, wing 2.35-2.50,
tail 1.90-2.10, culmen (from base) .55-.58, bill from
nostril .27-.30, tarsus .72-78. Nest in bushes, in
thickets or along borders of woods or swamps.
Eggs .75 X -55. Hab. Eastern United States,
west to Rocky Mountains; south, in winter,
through eastern Mexico to Guatemala; resident
in Bermudas.. 631. V. noveboracensis (Gmel.).

White-eyed Vireo.
g*. Larger and duller colored, the yellow everywhei'e
paler, that on sides and flanks sometimes a
mere tinge of pale sulphur-yellow; length about
5.00, wing 2.35-2.50, tail 2.10-2.20, culmen (from
base) .60-.65, bill from nostril .32-.35, tarsus
.78-.82. Hab. Key West, Florida.

— . V. noveboracensis maynardi Brewst.

Key West Vireo.*
e^. Wings dull dusky grayish, the middle and greater coverts
narrowly and not very sharply tipped with dull white.
Top of head and hind-neck dull brownish gray, gradually
changing to grayish olive-green on back, scapulars,
rump, and upper tail-coverts; a rather indistinct loral
streak and interrupted orbital ring, dull white ; cheeks
and ear-coverts light brownish gray, fading gradually
into dull white or buffy white of throat ; median lower
parts white, the breast usually faintly tinged with
sulphur-yellow; sides and flanks sulphur-yellow,
tinged with olive ; under tail-coverts and under wing-
coverts clear pale sulphur-yellow ; length 4.20-5.25,
wing 2.05-2.30 (2.18), tall 1.80-1.95 (1.88), bill from
nostril .28-.30 (.29), tarsus .70-.75 (.72). Nest in

1 Vireo novehoracensia maynardi Bbewst., MS.

476

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

■«. ,>;.*

bushes, in thickets. Eggs .68 X -48. Hah. Great
Plains, and prairie districts of Mississippi Valley,
north to Wyoming, Dakota, and Minnesota, east
across Illinois; south, in winter, to southern Mexico.

633. V. bellii Aud. Bell's Vireo.
iP. Median lower parts same color as sides and flanks, only (usually)
paler,
c'. Lores and orbital ring yellow.

/'. Larger (wing 2.40, or more). (Length about 5.00, wing

2.40-2.60, exposed culraen .45-.52.)

g^. Beneath dull whitish, tinged with olive-yellowish;

above grayish olive, varying to dull olive-gray.

Hab. Bahamas (New Providence, Abaco, Green

Cay, Cat Island, and Eleuthera Island).

V. crassirostris (Bryant). Large-billed Vireo.i

J/'. Beneath deep sulphur-yellow or " King's yellow ;"

above olive-green. Hab. Bahamas (Concepcion

Island, Cat Island, Green Cay, Rum Cay, and

Eleuthera Island).

V. crassirostris flavescens Eidqw. Yellow Vireo.*
/'. Smaller (wing not more than 2.25).

In coloration intermediate between V. crassirostris
and V. crassirostris flavescens; wing 2.10-2.25,
tail 1.85-2.00, exposed culmen .40-.45. Hab.
Southern Mexico, Honduras, and Guatemala;
north to Yucatan and Mazatlan.

V. ochraceus Salv. Ochraceous Vireo.^

€'. Lores and orbital ring dull whitish, the latter interrupted

on upper eyelid. (Above plain olive or olive-grayish,

becoming more decidedly olivaceous on rump, upper

tail-coverts, and edges of secondaries and tail-feathers ;

middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with

white, producing two very conspicuous bands across

wing; lower parts dull olive-whitish, the sides and

flanks more decidedly, but never conspicuously, tinged

with olive.)

f\ Darker colored, with shorter wing and tail and, usually,

stouter bill ; above decidedly olive, becoming more

• Lanivireo era»»iro»tris Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. 18S9, 112. Vireo erai*iro$tri$ Baird, Review
Am. B. i. 1866, .SBS,

* New subspecies. Although occurring together with true V. cratsiro»trit on several islands, this form
occurs exclusively on Rum Cay and Concepcion Island, while only the true V. crassiroatrit is found on Abaoo
and New Providence. The separr^tic.i is based upon a very extensive collection (about 76 specimens), em-
bracing large series from several of the islands above named.

s Vireo oehraceui Salv., P. Z. S. 1863, 188.

VIREO.

477

greenish posteriorly ; beneath decidedly tinged later-
ally with olive-yellow; wing-bands narrow, tinged
with olive-yellow ; length 4.25-4.75, wing 2.40-2.45
(2.43), tail 2.00-2.10 (2.06), bill from nostril .26-.29
(.28), tarsus .72-.76 (.75). Hab. California (resident).
632. V. huttoni Cass. Hatton's Vireo.
/'. Paler and grayer, with longer wings and tail and
(usually) more slender bill ; above olive-gray, tinged
with olive-green posteriorly ; beneath very faintly
tinged laterally with olive-yellowish ; wing-bands
broader, pure white; length 4.90-5.20, wing 2.50-2.65
(2.58), tail 2.10-2.20 (2.16), bill from nostril .25-.30
(.28), tarsus .70-.75 (.72). Hab. Mexico, western
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Lower California.
632a. V. huttoni Stephens! Brewst.

Stephens's Vireo.
c'. Sides (from ear-coverts to flanks, inclusive) light tawny.

Above light brown, becoming more tawny on forehead, the sec-
ondaries, primaries, and tail-feathers edged with pale olive;
two bands across wing, and edges of tertials, white ; lores,
orbits, and median lower parts white ; wing about 2.50, tail
about 2.15. Hab. Island of Cozumel, Yucatan.

V. bairdi Ridow. Baird's Vireo.^
6'. Wing not much longer than tail (the difference less than length of exDOsed
culmen).
c'. Lower parts white 'usually more or less tinged with grayish or olive
laterally).
d}. "Wing less than 2.50, tail less than 2.25.

e'. Middle wing-coverts not distinctly, if at all, tipped with white;
bill from nostril less than .30.
Above plain gray, more or less tinged with olive-green-
ish posteriorly (sometimes on back also) ; greater wing-
coverts (sometimes middle coverts also) narrowly, and
not very distinctly or abruptly, tipped with white ; a
rather indistinct supraloral streak and orbital ring
grayish white, the lower portion of lores (from bill to
eye) grayish or dusky; lower parts white, the sides
and flanks tinged, more or less strongly, with olive-
grayish and pale yellow ; length 4.80-5.25, wing 2.10-
2.30 (2.17), tail 2.03-2.20 (2.09), bill from nostril .25-
.29 (.27), tarsus .70-.80 (.72). Nest in bushes, in
thickets. Eggs .67 X -48. Hab. Southern and central

I Virto bairdi RiDQW., Desor. New Bp. B. Coiumel, Feb. 26, 1886, 2 ; Proo. U. S. Nat. Mas. viii. 1886,

666.

r,!^^

478 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

California (north through Sacramento Valley), Lower
California, and Arizona,

633a. V. bellii pusillus (Coues). Least Vireo.>
d*. Middle wing-coverts distinctly tipped with white, like greater
coverts ; bill from nostril more than .30.

Colors as in V. pusillus, except as described above ; wing
2.20-2.30, tail 1.90-2.00, bill from nostril .33, exposed
ciilmen .48, tarsus .78. Hub. West coast of Nicaragua
and Costa Bica.

V. pallens Salv. Pale Vireo.*
d*. "Wing 2.50, or more, tail 2.40, or more.

Colors as in V. pusillus, but lores entirely grayish white,
and band across tips of greater wing-coverts less distinct
(sometimes obsolete), the middle coverts never tipped with
white; length about 5.60-5.75, wing 2.50-2.60, tail 2.40-
2.55, tarsus .70-.78. Nest in thorny bushes. Eggs .73 X
.56. Hab. Southern California, Arizona, New Mexico,
western Texas, and northwestern Mexico.

634. V. vicinior Coues. Gray Vireo.
c*. Lower parts yellow.

rf'. Above dull grayish olive, the wings with two very narrow whitiso
or pale yellowish bands; lores, orbital ring, and lower parts
pale yellow, becoming distinctly olive-gray on sides; wing 2.15-
2.30, tail 2.20-2.30, tarsus .80-.90. Hab. Cuba.

V. gundlachi Lkmb. Cuban Vireo.

cP. Above bright yellowish olive-green ; wings without trace of light

bands; superciliary stripe and lower parts bright yellow, the

sides tinged with olive ; length about 5.50, wing 2.55-2.65, tail

2.40-2.60. Hab. Southwestern Mexico (Oaxaca to Tres Marias).

V. hypochryseus ScL. Yellow Vireo.*

Genus HYLOPHILUS Temminck.*

Specie".

(Page 469, pi. CXV., fig. 4.)

Common Characters. — Above mostly or partly plain olive or olive-green, the
head more or less different in color from other portions ; beneath plain light olive
or olive-greenish, the throat (in one species whole of median lower parts) dull
whitish.

' Unquestionably a good species, which should stand os V. pnailliit Codes. In a series of 22 specimens at
this moment before me, including 11 from Arizona (embracing several so-called " intermediate" examples),
there is not the slightest suggestion of intergradation with V. bellii.

« Vireo pallen» Salv., P. Z. S. 186.3, 188.

' Vireo gundlachi Lgmdete, Aves de la Cuba, 1850, 29, pi. 6, fig. 1.

« Vireo hypoehryteut ScL., P. Z. S. 1862, .'JOO, pi. 46.

> Hylophilut Temm., pi. Col. iii. Livr. 29, 1823, text, and pi. 173, fig. 1. Type, H. thoraeieut Tbkm.

CERTHIOLA.

479

a}. Top of head and hind-neck ash-gray ; rest of upper parts uniform olive-green ;
lower parts dull whitish, the sides and flaiiics olive-green, and under tail-
coverts palo yellow; length (skins) about 3.75-4.00, wing 2.00-2.20, tail 1.55-
1.70. Hab. Eastern Mexico and Guatemala, north to southern Texas (?).

H. decurtatus (Bonap.). Short-winged Hylophilu8.>

a}. Top of head tawny, brighter or more ochraceous on forehead ; rest of upper
parts olive-tawny, mixed with olive on rump, the tail deep tawny brown ;
chin and throat light grayish ; rest of lower parts palo yellowish olive,
sometimes tinged Avith tawny on breast ; length (skins) about 4.00, wing
2.15-2.25, tail 1.80-1.90. Hab. Southern Mexico (Oaxaca, etc; and south to

Costa Bica.

H. ochraceiceps Scl. Ocbraceous-fronted Hylopbilus.'

Family CCEREBID^.— The Honey Creepers. (Page 322.)

Genera.
(Characters same as those given for the Family)... Certhiola. (Pago 479.)

Genus CERTHIOLA Sundevall. (Page 479, pi. CXIV., fig. 7.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adults : Above plain dusky, or brownish slate, with top
of head black, the rump always yellow or yellowish olive ; a more or less extensive
white spot at base of longer quills ; ear-coverts blackish, like top of head, but sep-
arated from the latter by a conspicuous superciliary stripe of white ; chin, throat,
and malar region (sometimes chest also) uniform white, grayish white, or gray;
breast (sometimes also belly and sides) bright yellow ; outer tail-feathers more or
less broadly tipped with white. Young : Above (including top of head) dull olive-
brownish or dull brownish gray, the wings and tail marked with white as in adult;
superciliary stripe indistinct (sometimes obsolete); lower parts dull whitish, strongly
tinged on breast, etc., with pale yellow (sometimes entirely dull yellowish). JVest in
bushes or small trees, oven shaped, with entrance in one side, composed exteriorly
of dried grass-stems, etc., lined with softer materials. Eggs 2-4, white or buffy
white, finely speckled or sprinkled, chiefly on or round larger end, with umber-
brown.

a'. Adults with chin, throat, cheeks, and upper part of chest white, or grayish
white ; back, scapulai's, etc., very dark sooty slate, or blackish, not distinctly,
if at all, difPerent from top of head ; rump yellow. Young with chin and
throat dull whitish, and upper parts dull brownish gray.

1 Sylvia decurtata Bonap., P. Z. 8. 1837, 118. Hylnphilus decnrtatui Baihd, Review, i. 1866, 380.
li'nai brevipennii GiRAUD, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1850, 40. " Mezioo and Texas.")
» Hylophilui ochraceioepi ScL., P. Z. S. 1859, 375.

{He.

480

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

f,1 ; ^

6'. Black loral streak narrower than the white above it ; cheeks white almost
up to the eye ; white of throat extended over almost whole of chest,
and yellow of breast not extended over flanks, which are pale grayish,
sometimes faintly tinged with yellow ; rump usually pure gamboge-yel-
low ; lower tail-coverts and anal region pure white ; length about 4.25-
4.75, wing 2.30-2.65, tail 1.65-1.95, exposed culmen .55-.65, tarsus .75-.80.
Eggs .67 X -50. Hab. Bahamas, Florida Keys, and portions of adjacent
coast of southern Floi'ida, north to Charlotte Harbor.

635. C. bahamensis Eeich. Bahama Honey Creeper.
6'. Black loral streak as wide as or wider than white above it, and continued
backward broadly beneath eye ; white of throat extended over only
upper part of chest; yellow of breast continued backward over flanks,
and even tingeing anal region and lower tail-coverts ; yellow of rump
usually perceptibly tinged with olive, and upper pai'ts in general aver-
aging somewhat dfuker ; dimensions essentially the same as in C. halia-
mensis. Hab. Cozumel Island, coast of Yucatan.

C. caboti Baikd. Cozumel Honey Creeper.^
a*. Adult with chin, throat, and malar region deep ash-gray ; back, scapulars, etc.,
dull grayish olive or smoky slate, in marked contrast with black of top of
head ; rump yellowish olive. Young : Chin, throat, etc., dull light grayish
yellow, scarcely different from color of other lower parts ; upper parts dull
smoky olive.

White spot at base of quills much reduced in size ; rump yellowish olive-
green, or olive-yellow ; entire lower parts posterior to throat oil-yellow,
becoming paler and much duller on flanks and under tail-coverts ; length
(skins) about 3.60-3.75, wing 2.05-2.30, tail 1.35-1.55. Hab. Middle
America, from eastern Mexico to Chiriqui.

C. mexicana Scl. Mexican Honey Creeper.*

Family MNIOTILTIDiE.— The Wood Warblers. (Page 322.)

*"^

Genera.

Gape with very small bristles, or none.

b^. Hind-toe, with claw, as long as naked portion of tarsus in front ; claw of
middle toe on the same line, vertically, with the toe.

Plumage striped with black and white, the latter prevailing on lower

parts Mniotilta. (Page 483.)

6'. Hind-toe, with claw, much shorter than naked portion of tarsus, in front ;
claw of middle toe (looking from above) set obliquely to the axis of the toe.
c'. Middle toe, with claw, as long as or longer than tarsus, in front, the
wing without white bands or other markings.

1 Certhiola caboti " Dxinn, MS." FiNscn, Verb, der K. K. Zool.-bot. QeielUob. Wien, 1871, 700.
* Certhiola mexicana Sol., P. Z. S. 1860, 286.

MNIOTILTID^.

481

(f. Inner webs of tail-feathers chiafly white; prevailing color yellow,
the wings and tail bluish gray, back olive-green, and under tail-
coverts white Protonotaria. (Pago 484.)

d^. Inner webs of tail-feathers without white ; color plain brownish
or olive above (the head sometimes striped), whitish or buffy
beneath,
e^. Bill very much compressed ; culmen straight, with basal por-
tion elevated into a distinct narrow lidge ; top of head
plain brown (sometimes with an indistinct paler spot in

middle of crown) Helinaia. (Page 484.)

e*. Bill very slightly compressed ; culmen gently curved, its base
not compressed nor elevated ; top of head with two black
stripes separated by a broader one of buff.

Helmitherus. (Page 485.)
Middle too, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus in front, or elso
wing with two white bands.*
d}. Gape without obvious bristles; bill very acute, usually without
notch, and with straight outlines, very rarely slightly decurved
at tip.
e*. Difference between length of wing and tail equal to or greater
than length of tarsus in front.

Helminthophila. (Page 485.)
c'. Difference between length of wing and tail decidedly less than

length of tarsus in front Oreothlypis.*

rf'. Gape with distinct bristles ; bill variable, but rarely as above.

e*. Bill elongate-conical, with straight outlines, and without dis-
tinct (if any) notch ; wing not more than 2.30.
Above bluish or grayish, with triangular patch of olive-
green on back ; wings usually with two white bands,
and inner webs of outer tail-feathers with white spots;
under parts with at least anterior half yellow.

Compsothlypis. (Page 490.)
e'. Bill variable, but always with decidedly curved outlines, and
usually with distinct notch ; wing not less than 2.30 (usu-
ally more than 2.50).

• The exception is Dendroica dnminicn (Linn.).

* Oreothlj/pie RiDOW., Aulc, I. April, 1884, 169. Type, Cnmpinthlypii gutlnralii Cab.

Tlie type of this genus is slato-gray or plumbeous above, with a triangular patch of black on the back j
chin, throat, and breast intense cadmium -orange; sides and flanks plumbeous, middle line of belly white. A
Mexican species, which probably occurs within our borders, in western Texas or New Mexico, is very different
from the type in coloration. The head and nock (except beneath) are plumbeous-gray, relieved by a broad
white superciliary stripe ; back and rump bright olive-greon ; wings and tail plumbeoui-gray ; chin, throat,
and breast yellow, the chest with a chestnut spot ; posterior lower parts white, the flanks tinged with gray.
This is 0. tupereiliotc; { Gontroitrum luptreilioium IIartl., Rev. Zool. 1844, 216). In both species the sexes
are essentially alike In ooicr.ition.

482

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

ii ■■■' .y

t if

/*. Bill slender, its greatest depth less than half the distance

fi'om nostril to tip, or elso^ width at base much greater

than its depth, and tarsus with whole of outer side

very distinctly scutellate.

g^. Tail even or emarginato, usually very much shorter

than wing (the difference usually exceeding length

of tarsus)' Dendroica. (Page 492.)

g^. Tail more or less rounded or graduated (or else with

basal two-thirds hidden by coverts), never very

much shorter than wing (sometimes longer), the

difference never exceeding length of tarsus.

I}. Lower parts whitish, conspicuously streaked with

grayish brown or dusky, above plain brown

or dusky, the head sometimes striped.

Seiurus. (Pago 518.)

A". Lower parts j-ellow or buffy, sometimes ashy, or

mixed ashy and black, anteriorly ; above plain

olive, olive-green, or grayish.

i}. Bill straight ; above olive or olive-green, the

head sometimes grayish.

Geothlypis. (Page 520.)
t*. Bill decidedly curved ; above gray (the head
yellowish olive-green in one species).

Teretistris}

p. Bill stout but much compressed, its greatest depth not less

than half its length from nostril to tip ; width at base

not greater than depth ; outer side of tarsus smooth

or " booted" for upper half, at least.

. g^. Wing 2.90, or more ; above, including tail, olive or

olive-green ; beneath yellow for anterior, white

for posterior, half; no white on tail-feathci\s.

Icteria. (Pago 526.)

g*. Wing less than 2.75 ; above plumbeous, the tail black,

with much white on outer feathers ; beneath red

and white in males, whitish or buffy, tinged with

red, in females Granatellus.*

' Tho single exception is " Oeothli/pis" poliocephala BAinn.

' Notable exceptions to tho Inst character are D. dominirn (Linn.) and D, palmarum (Qhgl.), one or both
of which should in strictness bo removed from Dendroica,

' Teretintrin CAB., J. f. 0. ill. 1865, 475. Type, Anabatea /ernandinK Lehb. (Only two species known,
both peculiar to Cuba.)

* Oranatellui " Du Bits, Esq. Orn. (1850?) sub tab. 24." Type, O. venuitnt Du Bns.

Four very beautiful species of this genus occur in Mexico, as follows : (t) 0. venuiitii* Dn Bns, in Colima,
Tehuantopeo, eto. ; (2) O./rnni^enrm BAino, from Trea Marias; (.1) O. srilliri (Bonap.), from Cordova, etc. ; and
(4) 0. boueardi RiDow., from Yucatan. A fifth spocios, O, pelzelni Scl., is found in tho Amacon Valley.

MNIOTILTA.

483

a'. Gape with very distinct oinstles.

¥. Top of bead without distinct sti'ipes or yellow crown-patch.

&. Lower parts yellow (throat sometimes black) ; tail not longer than

wing, nearly even.. Sylvania. (Page 527.)

c}. Lower parts without yellow (except in Central and South American

species of Setophaga).

d}. Bill broad and much depressed at base (as in certain Flycatchers) ;

tail parti-colored, decidedly rounded, usually longer than wing.

Plumage with more or less of red and black (except in female

and young of S. ruticilla) Setophaga. (Page 529.)

d}. Bill smallei', narrow and deep at base (as in some Titmice) ; tail
unicolored, slightly emarginated, about as long as wing, or a
little shorter,
e*. Gi'ay above, with white rump and black crown ; face and
throat red, rest of lower parts whitish.

Cardellina. (Page 530.)
e'. Prevailing color red, with white ear-coverts, or else with
whitish tips to feathers of head and neck.

Ergaticus. (Page 531.)

6'. Top of head distinctly striped, or else with a yellow crown-patch. (LowtJ

parts at least partly yellow.)

c^ No white on tail ; a black stripe on each side of crown, enclosing a

broader one of light olive, ochraceous-orange, or chestnut ; wing and

tail less than 2.50 Basileuterus. (Pago 531.)

c'. Tail-feathers (except middle pair) tipped with a white spot; top of
head black, with a yellow crown-patch ; wings and tail about 3.00.

Euthhjpis}

Genus MNIOTILTA Vieillot. (Pago 480, pi. CXV., fig. 7.)

Species.

Plumage black striped with white above, beneath white with black streaks;
wing with two white bands, and tAvo outer tail-feathers with white spot near end
of inner webs. Adult male : Throat thickly streaked with black, the latter some-
times nearly uniform. Yoking male : Throat pure white, without streaks ; other-
wise like adult. Adult female: Similar to young male, l>ut coloi's duller, the black
less intense, and white of lower parts tinged with brownish, especially along sides.
Nestling : Similar to adult female, but colors much duller and loss sharply defined,
the head-stripes dull grayish instead of black, and the white parts tinged with
fulvous. Length 4.55-5.50, wing 2.60-2.90, tail 1.95-2.25. Nest embedded in

» Eirthh/pfn CAn., Mug. Rein. 1. 1850, 18. Type, E. tnchn/mosn Cab.

The siaglo sjiocios of tliis gonna Is 5..')fl-B.00 long (wing nnd tail eiich about ^M) ; upper parts, except as
described nbove, dnrk slate-color ; lower parts yellow, dceponing into tawny ochrnceous on cho. t, the lower tail-
coverts whitish ; a white spot on lores, and a smaller white spot on each eyelid. It occurs as far north as Cordova
and Mazatlan, perhaps farther.

■VI

484

NORTH AMERICAN BTRDS.

!^»*

^'^m

ground in woods. Eggs 3-5, .67 X -57, creamy white, thickly speckled, chieflj- on
larger end, with reddish brown. Hab. Eastern North America (north to Fort
Simpson, Hudson's Bay, etc.) in summer ; Gulf States, West Indies, Middle Amer-
ica, and northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela) in winter.

636. M. varia (Linn.). Black and White Warbler.'

Genus PROTONOTARIA Baird. (Page 481, pi. CXV., fig. 8.)

Species.

Head and lower parts, except lower tail-coverts, yellow ; lower tail-coverts,
lining of wing, and inner webs of tail-feathers, white ; back, scapulars, rump, and
sometimes top of head, olive-green ; wings plain bluish gray or plumbeous. Adult
male : Head, neck, and lower parts (except tail-coverts) intense cadmium-yellow,
sometimes tinted with orange, the top of the head sometimes olive-greenish. Adult
female : Similar to the duller-colored males, but yellow appreciably less pure, the
top of the head always olive-greenish, and gray of wings and tail less bluish ; size
somewhat less. Nestling: Head, neck, chest, fore-part of sides, and back olive,
lighter on lower parts; no yellow beneath, except after moul*^ has commenced;
otherwise much like adult female. Length about 5.00-5.50, wing 2.90-3.00, tail
2.25. Nest of mosses, built in deserted woodpeckers' holes or other cavities in
trees or stumps standing in or near water. Eggs 3-7, .68 X -55, glossy white,
creamy white, or creamy buff, thickly spotted with rich madder-brown and pur-
plish gray. Hab. Willow swamps and borders of ponds and sti-eams, in bottom-
lands of the Mississippi Valley and Gulf States, north regularlj^ to Iowa, Illinois,
Indiana, etc., but rare or casual on the Atlantic coast north of Georgia ; in winter,
Cuba, Central America, and northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela).

637. P. citrea (Bodd.). Prothonotary Warbler.

Genus HELINAIA Audubon. (Page 481, pi. CXVI., fig. 1.)

Species.

Adult: Above plain olivo-brownish, more reddish bi-own on top of head and
nape, sometimes on wings and tail also ; lower parts whitish, more or less tinged
with j'cllowish, the sides more olivaceous; a dusky loral streak, continued behind
the eye, bordered above by a distinct superciliary stripe of brownish white ; foro-

• Two geographical racoa have been reoognizecl, thoir principal characters consisting chiefly of diCTcrenoes
in proportions, as follows :

Atlantie coast and West Indian ipeoimens.— Af«;e .• Wing 2.72-2.88 (2.78), tail 1.92-2.20 (2.07), culmen
.45-.50 (.48), bill from nostril .32-.40 (..37), tarsus .60-.68 (.65), middle toe .60-.58 (.54). Female : 2.70, 2.00-
2,05 (2.02), .45-.48 (.40), .36-..18 (.37), .68-.r0 (.69), .60. (True M. varia.)

Hiaiissippi Valley and Hiddle Amerioan •peoimeni.— Afafe ; Wing 2.70-2.00 (2.80), tail 2.00-2.24
(2.09), culmen .40-.4S (.44), bill from nostril .30-.38 (.32), tarsus .62-.65 (.63), middle toe .49-,58 (.62). Female :
2.60-2.76 (2.65), 1.92-2.00 (1.96), .40-.46 (.42), .32, .66, .60-.56 (.63). (M. varia borealii Nutt. ? Mniotilta
bore .lit Nutt., Man. 1. b. 2d od. 1840, 706.)

Furthor examination of extensive material is necessary to decide the question of whether the distinction can
bo maintained.

HELMITHERVS.

485

head usually with a more or less distinct median streak of pale yellowish or
whitish ; bill light brownish ; iris brown ; legs and feet flesh-color. Nestling :
General color unifoi^m dull cinnamon-brown, including head, neck, and lower parts,
except belly, which is dirty white ; wings (except coverts) and tail essentially as
in adult. Length 5.15-6.50, wing 1.85-2.13, tail 1.85-2.17, culmen .65-.74, tarsus
.C5-.75. Nest bulky and loosely constructed, of dry leaves, fine grasses, etc., placed
usually 4-8 feet up in cane (Arundinaria) stalks, near or over water. Eggs 1-3, .75
X .53, white, usually plain, but sometimes speckled or spotted with lilac or palo
brown, Hab. Gulf States, from South Carolina and Florida to eastern Texas
(Navarro County), and lower Mississippi Valley north to the lower Wabash (Knox
County, Indiana) ; Jamaica in winter.

638. H. swainsonii Aud. Swainson's Warbler.

Genis HELMITHERUS Rafinesque. (Pago 481, pi. CXVI., fig. 2.)

Species.

Adult: Head, neck, and lower parts buff, the first with two broad black stripes
on the pileum and a narrower black postocular streak; upper parts plain olive-
green ; upper mandible dark brown, lower paler ; iris dark bi'own ; legs and feet
palo brownish flesh-color. Nestling : Head, neck, and lower parts deep buff, the
black head-stripes of the adult indicated by indistinct stripes of dull brown ; back,
scapulars, rump, and wing-coverts dull light brown, tinged with cinnamon, the
greater coverts tipped with buff. Length about 5.00-5.75, wing 2.65-2.90, tail
1.90-2.20, culmen .60-.65, tarsus .70 ; female averaging slightly smaller. Nest em-
bedded in ground, among dead leaves, ferns, etc. Eggs 2-5, .68 X -52, creamy white,
or pinkish white, finely speckled, chiefly on or round larger end, with reddish brown.
Hab. Eastern United States, north to Connecticut Valley, Great Lakes, etc., but
chiefly south of 40° ; south, in winter, to Cuba, Jamaica, Yucatan, and through
Central America to Panama.. 639. H. vertnivorus (Gmel.). Worm-eating Warbler.

Genus HELMINTHOPHILA Eidqway. (Pago 481, pi. CXVI., fig. 5.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Length about 3.95-5.25. Nest on or very close to
ground, in woods or thickets, composed of fine grasses, rootlets, etc., deeply cup-
shaped, open above (in H. lucire in holes or behind bark of trees, stumps, etc.).
Eggs 3-5, white, speckled, more or less, with brown.

rt'. Middle and greater wing-coverts tipped, more or less broadly, with yellow or

white. (A black or duskj' streak from bill to eye ; inner webs of three outer

tail-feathers extensively white ; forehead yellow.)

t'. Throat and car-coverts black in adult males, deep gray or dusky olive in

females.

c'. Cheeks and median lower parts white, or only slightly tinged with

yellow, the sides and flanks ash-gray; back, scapulars, and rump

ash-gray (sometimes tinged with olive-green) ; wing-bands yellow,

486

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

usually nearly confluent, producing a nearly continuous patch ;
adult female with throat and ear-covorts deep gray. Eggs .64 X -53,
white, finely— usually sparsely and rather minutely— speckled with
brown, chiefly on or round larger end. Hab. Eastern United States
and British Provinces, breeding from about 40° northward; winter-
ing in Cuba, eastern Mexico, Central America, and Colombia.

642. H. chrysoptera (Linn.). Golden-winged Warbler.
c». Cheeks and lower parts pure gamboge-yellow, the sides tinged with
olive ; back, scapulars, and rump bright olive-green ; wing-bands
(usually, at least) white, narrower and more widely separated;
adult female with throat and cheeks dusky olive-greenish, Hab.
Northeastern United States (New Jersey, etc.).

— . H. lawrencei Herrick. Lawrence's Warbler.'

6*. Throat entirely pure yellow or white, in both sexes; ear-coverts olive-green

or light ash-gray for upper half, pure yellow or white for lower half; a

narrow black streak behind ej-e.

c'. Hind-neck, back, scapulars, and rump bright olivo-grsen ; lower parts

(including sides of head, except as described) pure gamboge-yellow,

the sides and flanks tinged with olive-green; wing-bands usually

white, extremely variable as to width (sometimes nearly confluent,

more rarely almost obsolete). Eggs .60 X -48, white, finely — usually

minutely and rather sparsel}'- speckled with brown and black,

chiefly on or round larger end. Hab. Eastern United States, north

to Connecticut Valley, southern New York, the Great Lakes, and

Minnesota (but chiefly west of Alleghanies, except north of 40°) ;

south, in winter, to eastern Mexico and Guatemala.

641. H. pinus (Linn.). Blue-winged Warbler.
c'. Ilind-neck, back, scapulars, and rump ash-gray ; lower pai'ts, including
sides of head, upward nearly to eye, pure white, usually tinged on
breast (sometimes on chin also) with yellow, the sides and flanks
tinged with ash-gray; wing-bands either yellow or white, broad or
narrow. Hab. Eastern United States (Virginia, New Jersey, New
York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, etc.).

— . H. leucobronchialis Brkvvst. Brewster's Warbler.*

1 Doubtless either a lij'brid of //. chrysoptera and H, pinug, or else a yellow dichromatic phase of the
formnr. The latter supposition scorns, in the light of recently studied material, to bo the more probable solu-
tion of tho case.

' This puzzling bird apparently bears tho same relation to IT. pinna that //. lawrencei does to H. chryanp-
tera. In a Inrgo series of spocimons, every possible intermediate condition of plumage between typical //.
pinua and H. leucnbritnchialia is soon, just as is the case with H. ehryanpicra and IT. Inirrencei. If we assume,
therefore, that these four forms represent merely t'vo dichroio species, in one of which {H. pinus) the xun-
thochroio (yellow) phase and in the other (//. chryaoptera) tho leuoochroio (white) phase represents tho
normal plumage, — and admitting that these two species, in their various conditions, hybridize (which seems to
be an incontrovertible fact), — we have an easy and altogether plausible explanation of tho origin of the almost
interminably variable series of specimens which have found their way into tho " waste-basket" labelled "B.
leucobronchialis,"

HELJtlNTHOPHILA.

487

V^arbler.'

L'green
half; a

a*. Wings plain olive-green or gray.

6'. Inner webs of three outer tail-feathers marked with a large white spot,
extending to the shaft.
Adult male : Forehead and lower parts yellow ; a largo patch of black
covering lower throaty chest, and upper breast j band across an-
terior part of crown black ; rest of crown, with occiput, rather
dull ash-gray ; ne#t of upper parts, including ear-coverts, uniform
olive-green ; anterior half of lesser wing-covert region lomon-yel-
low ; quills dusky, edged with light ash-gray. Adult female : With-
out black on crown, and that of throat and chest replaced by dusky
olive; otherwise much like male. Length about 3.95-4.50, wing
2.40, tail 1.95. (Bi!l more acute and decurved at tip than in other
HelminthophU^.) Ne^it said to be placed " in low trees." Eggs (re-
puted) 4, about .74 X -60, dull white, heavily wreathed round
larger end with dark brown. {H. B. Bailey, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
viii. 1883, p. 38.) Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf States, from South
Cai'olina (near Charleston) to Louisiana ; western Cuba in winter.
641). H. bachmani (Aud.). Bachman's Warbler.
6*. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers without white spot (if with broad white
edging, this not extending nearly to shaft),
c*. Upper tail-coverts olive-green ; wing 2.40, or more.
d^. Lores and part of ear-coverts black.

Adult male : Above olive-green ; lower parts (including under
tail-coverts), smborbital spot, and forehead pure gamboge-
yellow; length 4.75, wing 2.55, tail 2,00, exposed culmen
.55, tarsus .75. Hah. Vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio.
— . H. cincinnatiensis (Lanqd.). Cincinnati Warbler.'
d^. Lores and ear-coverts without any black.

e\ Under taii-covcrts and axillars pure white ; no rufous or chest-
nut on crown, in any stage ; first quill equal to or longer
than fourth (nsually longer, and sometimes longest).
Advlt male in spring : Top of head and hind-neck pure
ash-gray ; rest of upper parts plain olive-green ; quills
dusky, edged with light ash-gray ; sides of head
whitiit'h, relieved by a gray postocular streak, or
mostly ash-gray, relieved by a superciliary streak and
lem distinct suborbital space of white; lower parts
white, the sides and flanks tinged with ash-gray
(most strongly on sides of breast). Adult female in
spring : Similar to male, but gray of head and neck
UAually more or less tinged with olive-green, and whito

• nelminthophaga cinctrinafieneif hufsws, Joar. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist. July, 1880, 119, 120, pi. 4.
There are strong grounds for Mlvriag th'u Mnl t.i bo a hybrid between H, pinua and Oporomii /ormoaa,
(See on this point Bull. Nutt. Om. Clab, r. UA«, f. 237.)

488

..r t-

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

of lower parts usually more or less stained with pale
olive-yellowish, especially on sides. Young in first
autumn : Upper parts entirely olive-green ; lower parts
(except under tail-coverts) strongly tinged with olive-
yellow (chin, throat, chest, and sides sometimes uni-
form pale olive-yellow or greenish sulphur-yellow).
Hab. Northern North America, east of Eocky Moun-
tains, breeding from Maine, northern New York, etc.,
to Fort Simpson and Hudson's Bay; migrating
through eastern United States, chiefly west of Alle-
ghanies (west to Eocky Mountains), south through
eastern Mexico and Central America to Colombia.

647. H. peregrina (Wils.). Tennessee Warbler.
Under tail-coverts yellow ; axillars yellow (except in H. vir-
ginice) ; adult male (sometimes female also) with a con-
cealed patch of orange-rufous or chestnut on crown ; first
quill shorter than fourth.
p. Axillars and under wing-coverts yellow; upper parts
olive-green (the head and neck sometimes ashy) ;
lower parts chiefly yellowish.
g^. No distinct orbital ring; lower tail-coverts pale,
rather greenish, or olivaceous, yellow, the longer
ones with a concealed grayish central streak ;
rest of lower parts pale yellow, more or less
tinged or indistinctly streaked with olivaceous
or olive-grayish ; crown-patch, when present,
orange-rufous.
A*. Above dull olive-green, sometimes tinged with
graj'', especially on head ; lower parts pale
yellow (becoming white on anal region), the
darker indistinct streaks grayish; length
4.60-5.30, wing 2.31-2.52 (2.41), tail 1.92-2.10
(1.98). Eggs .63 X -49, white, or creamy
white, finely speckled, chiefly on larger end,
with reddish brown. Hab. Northern North
America, breeding from Eocky Mountains to
coast of Alaska (north of the peninsula) and
Mackenzie Eiver district; migrating south
through Mississippi Valley (more sparingly
east of AUeghanies) to south Atlantic and

Gulf States and eastern Mexico 646. H.

celata (Sat). Orange-orowned Warbler.
A*. Above bright olive-green, beneath bright green-
ish yellow (nearly pure gamboge-yellow along
median line), the darker indistinct streaks

EELMINTHOPHILA.

489

first

olive-greenish; length about 4.70-5.00, wing
2.22-2.44 (2.38), tail 1.82-2.00 (1.95). E,jgs
.63 X -49, colored like those of 11. cclata.
Hab. tucific coast, breeding from coast
ranges of southern California to Kadiak;
south, in winter, to Lower California and
western Mexico, and eastward during mi-
grations to Colorado, Arizona, etc.

646a. H. celata lutescens Bidqw.
Lntescent Warbler.
A distinct white, or yellowish white, orbital ring;
lower tail-coverts pure (though sometimes rather
pale) gamboge-yellow, without concealed grayish
streaks ; rest of lower parts pure gamboge-yellow
in adults (females with belly and flanks whitish),
paler and duller yellow (deepest on breast), but
without indication of streaks, in immature speci-
mens ; crown-patch, when present, chestnut.
h}. Less brightly colored, the rump and upper tail-
coverts less yellowish olive-green, and lower
parts less intense yellow; wings and tail
shorter. Young : Plain greenish olive above
(duller anteriorly), the middle and greater
wing-coverts distinctly tipped with pale olive-
buffy ; anterior and lateral lower parts plain
light olive, the belly and lower tail-coverts
pale buffy yellow. Length about 4.20-5.00,
wing (male) 2.30-2.45 (2.37), tail 1.85-1.90
(1.87). Eggs .61 X -47, colored like those of
H. celata. Hab. Eastern iNorth America,
breeding from northern United States north
to Hudson's Bay and interior of British
America; accidental in Greenland; in winter,
south to eastern Mexico and Guatemala.

645. H. ruficapilla (Wils.).
Nashville Warbler.
h*. More brightly colored, the rump and upper tail-
coverts more yellowish olive-green, the lower
parts richer gamboge-yellow ; wings and tail
longer; length about 4.75, wing (male) 2.40-
2.55 (2.47), tail 1.90-2.00 (1.97). Hab. Western
United States, from Rocky Mountains to Pa-
cific coast; in winter, south to western Mexico.
645a. H. ruficapilla gutturalis Bidqw.

Calaveras Warbler.
62

< , 1

b.r,

490 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

p. Axillars and under wing-coverts pure white (tinged with
buff in young) ; upper parts ash-gray, changing to
yellowish olive-green on rump and upper tail-coverts ;
lower parts chiefly white, the under tail-coverts and
patch on chest (sometimes extended over throat) pure
gamboge-yellow.
Crown-patch (wanting in immature birds and some
adult females) chestnut. Adult female with yellow
of chest, etc., paler (and usually more restricted)
than in male, and chestnut crown-patch usually
less distinct (sometimes wanting). Young : Some-
what like adult female, but browner, the lower
parts tinged with buffy, the wing-coverts tipped
with pale grayish buff, yellow of chest wanting,
and no chestnut on crown. Length 4.75-5.00,
wing about 2.30-2.50, tail 1.90-2.00. Eggs .61 X
.47, creamy Avlnte, finely and rather densely
speckled round larger end with chestnut and
purplish gray. Hab. Mountain districts of west-
ern United States (except Pacific coast), north to
Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada; south
through centi'al Mexico to Guanajuato.
644. H. virginise (Baird). Virginia's Warbler.
(?. Upper tail-coverts chestnut (pale tawny in young) j wing not more
than 2.30.
Adult (sexes alike) : Above ash-gray, the rump and upper tail-
coverts and patch on crown (except sometimes in female)
chestnut ; orbital ring and lower parts white or buffy white.
Young : Essentially like adult, but no chestnut on crown, the
rump and upper tail-coverts pale tawny, and wing-coverts tipped
with buffy. Length 4.00-4.65, wing about 2.20-2.30, tail 1.70-
1.90. Nest in holes or behind bark of trees, stumps, etc. Eggs
3-4, .57 X -^-t, white or creamy white, finely speckled, usually
in dense ring round larger end, with reddish brown. Hab.
VojUeys of lower Colorado and Gila Rivers, in Arizona and
southeastern California, and south into Sonora.

643. H. luciae (Coop.). Lucy's Warbler.

Genus COMPSOTHLYPIS Cabanis. (Page 481, pi. CXVI., fig. 3.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above gray, bluish gray, or grayish blue, the back
with a triangular patch of olive-green ; wings usually with two white bands ; inner
webs of outer tail-feathers marked with a white spot (except sometimes in C. insu-

^vs. ' i mi*mmt

COMPSOTIILYPIS.

491

laris) ; lower parts yellow, for anterior half at least, the color usually deepening
on chest into orange-bx'ownish. {Females and immature males of certain species
with whole upper parts tinged, more or less, with olive-green, and yellow of lower
parts paler.)

usually
yome-
lower

a}. Eyelids white ; yellow of lower parts not extending farther back than breast,
the sides and flanks white, tinged with bluish gray and rusty brown.

Adult male: Above bluish gray (more blue on head), the back bright
olive-green; wing with two broad white bands; chin, throat, and breast
yellow; chest more or less tinged with orange-brown, this often bor-
dered anteriorly by a blackish band across lower throat ; rest of lower
parts white, the sides tinged with bluish gray and reddish brown.
Adult female : Similar to the male, but paler, all the colors less pro-
nounced. Young in first autumn : Upper parts in general tinged with
olive-green ; yellow of lower parts paler. Young : Yellow of lower
parts replaced by light grayish, the chin tinged with yellow ; above
dull grayish, more olive on back, the wings and tail much as in adult
female, but duller grayish. Length 4.12-4.95, wing about 2.20-2.40,
tail 1.60-1.85. Nest placed within hanging tufts of lichens or " beard-
mosses," or bunches of dead leaves and other rubbish caught on hang-
ing branchlets during freshets. Eggs 3-5, .64 X -46, white, or creamy
white, thickly speckled with reddish brown, chiefly round larger end.
Hab. Eastern United States and Canada, breeding throughout ; in win-
ter, southern Florida, more northern West Indies, eastern Mexico, and

Guatemala 648. C. americana (Linn.). Parula Warbler.

a*. Eyelids dusky; yellow of lower parts extending back over sides and upper
part of belly (sometimes over whole surface except under tail-coverts).
b^. Belly chiefly, or entirely, white ; wing with two broad white bands.

cK White spot on inner web of outer tail-feather extending quite to shaft,
for greater part of its extenl, in adult male, and very nearly to shaft
in female.
Adult male: Above bluish gray, or plumbeous, relieved by olive-
gi'een patch on back and two broad white wing-bands ; lores
deep black ; chin, throat, chest, breast, and sides gamboge-yel-
low, deepening into a more saffron tint on chest ; rest of lower
parts white, the flanks usually tinged with brown. Adidt fe-
male : Much duller than male, the upper parts tinged with
olive-green, lores dull grayish dusky, yellow of lower parts
paler and duller, etc. Length 4.25-4.75, wing 2.00-2.20, tail
1.58-1.75. Hab. Lo*ver Rio Grande Valley in Texas (and,
doubtless, adjacent portions of Mexico).

649. C. nigrilora (Coues). Bennett's Warbler,
c*. White spot on inner web of outer tail-feather scarcely if at all touching
shaft in adult male, and nearly obsolete in female,
(f . Otherwise similar in color to C. nigrilora, but rather less bluish

492 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

gray above, the lores less deeply black in male and more de-
cidedly grayish in female; wing 2.15-2.30, tail 1.90-2.00. Ilab.
Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.

C. insularis (Lawr.). Tres Marias Parula.*
d\ Above dull slate-gray (tinged with olive in females), the back dull
olive-green ; lores dull grayish ; white wing-bands much nar-
rower (nearly obsolete in some females) ; yellow and white of
lower parts both much duller; white spots on inner webs of
outer tail-feathers reduced to a mere edging (except in a few
males, in which the white oblique spot is much smaller than
in G. insularis) ; wing 2.10-2.20, tail 1.90-2.00. Hab. Socorro
Island, off coast of northwestern Mexico.

C. graysoni Ridgw. Socorro Warbler.*
i'. Belly wholly yellow; wing without white bands, or with mere indications
of them.
Adult (sexes apparently alike in color") : Above dark grayish blue (almost
indigo on top of head) ; lores deep black ; lower parts, except under
tail-coverts, rich gamboge-yellow, deepening into rich saffron (some-
times rufous-orange) on chest; wing about 2.00-2.15, tail 1.60-1.75.
Hab. Guatemala to Peru.

C. inornata Baird. Central American Parula.'

Genus DENDROICA Gray.

(Page 482, pi. CXVI., figs. 4, 6, 7 ; pi. CXVII.,
figs. 1, 2.)

Species and Subspecies.

Bill very acute, the tip very appreciably decurved ; tongue with the terminal
half having the edges folded over upon the upper surface, the terminal por-
tion deeply cleft and fringed. (Subgenus Perissoglossa Baird.)
6*. Inner webs of exterior tail-feathers with large white patch. Adult male :
Top of head blackish ; sides of head and neck, rump, and lower parts
gamboge-yellow, becoming much paler (sometimes white) on under tail-
coverts; ear-coverts chestnut or rusty, and throat sometimes tinged
with same ; a black line from bill to eye, continued behind the latter ;

1 Parula insularis Lawr., Ann. Lyo. N. Y. x. Feb. 1871, 4. Gompaothlypis insularis Stejn., Auk, i. Apr.
1884, 170.

* New species. Although Mr. Lawrence mentioned both Tres Marios and Socorro specimens in his original
description of Parula insularis, his description and measurements were taken from a specimen from the former
locality, which may, therefore, be considered the typo. With the same material before me as that which Mr.
Lawrence examined, I am able to appreciate readily the differences of plumage which ho pbints out as dis-
tinguishing the birds from Socorro. In fact, I am somewhat surprised that he considered them the same
species. The Socorro bird is, upon the whole, more different from C. insularis than the latter is from G. nigri-
lora.

' Parula inornata Baird, Review, i. 1866, 171. Compaothlypis pitiayumi inornata Stejn., Auk, i. Apr.
1884, 170.

DENDROICA.

493

throat, chost, and sides streaked with blaclt ; back olive-greenish; a
white patch on wings, covering middle and greater coverts. (/;t autumn,
markings much obscured by grayish and olive suffusion.) Adult female :
Grayish olive above, binghter on rump, the wing-coverts merely edged
with whitish ; beneath dull yellowish M'hito (sometimes deeper yellow-
ish), streaked on chest, etc., with dusky ; white tail-spots much re-
stricted. Length 4.70-5.65, wing 2.85, tail 2.15. Nest a very neat cup-
shaped structure, about 2.25 deep and 3.00 across outside, with cavity
1.25 deep by 1.75 wide, composed of dried spruce twigs, grasses, spiders'
webs, etc. ; placed in evergreen trees or bushes, usually not far from
ground. Eggs 3-4, .70 X -52, dull white, buify white, or grayish white,
speckled or spotted round larger end with dark brown or reddish bi'own
and lilac-gray, occasionally mixed with a few smaller markings of black-
ish. Hah. Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay, Lake Win-
nipeg, etc., breeding from noi-thei'n New England northward (also in
mountains of Jamaica) ; winters in Greater Antilles.

650. D. tigrina (Gmel.). Cape May Warbler.

b*. Inner wf^bs of tail-feathers Avithout white spots. Adult male : Whole top
of head and broad streak on side of head black ; back and lesser wing-
co\ ^ .'ts dusky olive spotted or broadly streaked with black ; middle
wing-coverts tipped with j'ellow, greater coverts with white ; rump,
upper tail-covei"ts, and tail yellowish olive-green ; rest of plumage gam-
boge-yellow, tinged with dusky olive on sides, the sides of chest, etc.,
streaked with black ; length 4.75, culmen .45, tarsus .75. Hab. Ken-
tucky (Henderson ; known only fi'om Audubon's plate and descrip-
tion) — . D. carbonata (AuD.). Carbonated Warbler.

a*. Bill not very acute nor distinctly decui-ved at tip ; tongue gradually tapei-ing to
the slightly cleft and fringed tip.'

b^. A white spot at base of quills, in combination with other white mai'kings
on wings; wing half as long again as tail. (Subgenus Peucedramus

COUES.)

Adult male : Head, neck, and chest orange-rufous, or deep ochraceous,
sometimes tinged with olive ; lores and ear-coverts black, forming
a conspicuous patch on side of head ; back, scapulars, and rump plain
olive or dull olive-gray ; m.iddle and greater wing-coverts broadly
tipped with white; belly dull white. Adtdt female (and male in first
year) : Head, nertk, and chest dull buflFy or yellowish, the top of the
head and hind-neck tinged with olive-green, and black patch on
side of head in male replaced by a much less distinct one of dusky
(usually confined to ear-coverts) ; otherwise similar to male, but
duller. Length 4.60-5.40, wing averaging about 3.00, tail about

' This character has not been tosted in all the species referred to this group, and may not prove dingnostio
in the case of some of those not examined ; the indications, however, are strongly in favor of the probability that
essentially the same style of tongue will be found in them all.

■fl^m; ■

^^ni

494 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

2.30. Hah. Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico, north to southern
border of United States (Texas to Arizona).

651. D. olivacea (Giraud). Olive Warbler.
v. No white spot at base of quills, or else no other white markings on outer

surface of wings ; wing less than half as long again as tail. (Subgenus
Dendroica Gray.)
c'. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers with a large patch or broad edging of
yellow, but without white.
d}. Tarsus not more than .75 (usually much less) ; adult male with
crown olive-yellow or yellowish olive-green, without distinct
orange-rufous suffusion. {Adult males : Above bright yellowish
olive-green, the wing-feathors broadly edged with yellow ; rest
of plumage pure gamboge-yellow, the chest and sides streaked
with chestnut-red. Adult females : Colors duller, the yellow
paler, and reddish otreaks on lower parts very indistinct or
(usually) altogether Avanting. Young : Somewhat like adult
female, but still duller, the lower parts sometimes dull whitish
the upper parts more grayish. Length about 4.50-5.25, wing
2.35-2.65, tail 1.80-2.10. Nest a compact cup-shaped structure
of grayish plant-fibres, sjiiders' webs, etc., lined with plant-
down and soft feathers, built in trees (often in orchards or
shade trees). Eggs 2-6, .06 X -48, greenish white or very pale
greenish, spotted, usually in wreath round lai'gcr end, with
umbor-brown, blackish, and lilac-gray.)
e'. Deeper coloi'ed, the adidt male with chestnut streaks on breast
and sides much broader and richer, the adult female de-
cidedly deeper yellow. JIab. Eastern and northern North
America, east of Eocky Mountains ; in winter, south
through eastern Mexico and Central America to northern
South America.

652. D. sestiva (Gmel.). Yellow Warbler.
e*. P-ilev, the adult male with chestnut streaks on breast and sides

averaging much narrower and ]»aler, the adult female de-
cidedly paler yellowish. Hah. Western North America,
cast to Rocky Mountains; in winter, south through west-
ern and central Mexico and south at least to Panama.

— . D. sestiva morcomi Coale. Western

Tellow Warbler.*
d*. Tarsus not less than .75 (usually decidedly more).

c^ Adult males with top of head yellow, the crown sometimes
more or less strongly tinged with orange-rufous.
/'. Wing (male) 2.80, call 2.45 ; above light yellowish olive-
green, becoming nearly pure lemon- yellow on top of

I Dendroica eeitiva morcomi CoALE, Bull. Rldgw. Orn. Club Chic, No. 2, April, 1887, 82.

DENDROICA.

495

head, rump, and upper tail-eoverts, the latter broadly
streaked mcsially with olive-greenish ; beneath lemon-
yellow, the breast and sides very sparsely and nar-
rowly streaked with chestnut. Hah. Centi'al Moxico
(Guanajuato),

D. dugesi Coale. Dug6s's Yellow Warbler.'
p. Wing (male) 2.40-2.G0, tail 2.00-2.20 ; above much darker
olive-green, scarcely, if at all, more yellowish poste-
riorly, the top of head usually more or less strongly
tinged with orange-rufous; beneath rich gamboge-
yellow, the breast and sides broadly streaked with
bright reddish chestnut. Hab. West Indies in gen-
eral, including Bahamas; Cozumel Island, "Yucatan.

D. petechia (Linn.). Antillean Yellow Warbler.'
c'. Adxdt males with whole head chestnut or chestnut-rufous.
{Adult males : Head rich tawny rufous or chestnut, lighter,
or more orange-tawny, on throat ; above olive-green, the
wings dusky, with broad greenish yellow edgings; lower
parts pure gamboge-yellow, the chest and sides usually
nari'owly streaked, more o^ less, with rufous or orange-
tawny. Adult females : Above grayish olive-green, beneath
pale yellow, moi-e or less tinged with olive, especially on
sides and flanks. Young : Like adult females, but lower
parts dull yebcwish white (some specimens dull ash-gray
above, yellowish white beneath, the throat, etc., streaked
with rufous). Length about 5.00-5.50, wing 2.50-2 70,
tail 2.10-2.25, tarsus about .80.)
d^. Adult male with head bright orange-chestnut or oi*ango-tawny
above, paler orange-tawny beneath. Hab. Coast of Honduras
and Yucatan. D. bryanti Ridow. Bryant's Yellow Warbler.'

rf'. Adult male with head rich chestnut. Hab. Lower California, and
adjficont coast of western Mexico.

C53. D. bryaiiti castaneiceps Rioaw. Mangrove Warbler.
c'. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers with a largo spot of white (more re-
stricted in females and youp^
d^. Outer surface of wing wiibo..^ lighter markings except a white
spot at base of quills, and this sometimes obsolotc in females
and young.

1 Vendioicn ditgeni CoALE, Bull. Ridg.v. Orn. Club Chic, No. 2, April, 1887, 83. Type, No. 105468, U. S.
Kat. Mus. (f ad., Moro Leon, fluannjurto; A. DugCs.

» Molacilla peferhiii LlNN., S. N. od. 12, i. 1700, .'i.'H. Dcmlrnica petechia ScL., P. Z. S. 1801, 71.

This opooios, which inhabits tho West Indies at larf'o, i^ split up into many local races, man r less differ-
ent froa> the typical form. The hitter bol"ngr to Jnniiiiaa, Thot occurring in Cuba and tho Bnharaas (and
therefore not unlikely to roach occasiuna!!- limita in Florida) is 1), petechia gundluch (D, yundlacki

Bauid, Review Am. B. i. 18^5, 10:).

• Dcndroica vi~illoii, var. bn/noti i :r«W , Am, Nat. vH. Oct. 1873, 006,

496

NORTH AMERICAN IIRDS.

1.1

,:a

Adult male : Abovo dark dull blue, tht back sometimes indis-
tinctly spotted with black ; sides of head, chin, throat,
chest, sides of breast, and sides, uniform deep black ; rest
of lower parts white. (7n winter, upper parts tinged with
olive-green, the chin and throat varied, more or less, with
white, and white of flanks tinged with brownish.) Adult
female : Above plain dull olive or grayish green, sometimes
tinged with blue; lower parts (including the portions
which are black in the male) plain pale greenish buff.
Young : Above dull brown, the wings (except coverts) and
tail as in adults ; a dull yellowish white superciliarj'^ stripe ;
below this, sides of head blackish in male, dull grajish
brown in female; lower parts yellowish white, more
brownish anteriorly. Length 4.70-5.50, wing 2.50-2.65,
cail 2.05-2.25. Nest on trees in high woods, 20-50 feet or
more from ground, compact, composed of fine dry grMPP';s,
spiders' webs, lichens, strips of fine bark, etc., the cavil y
1.40 deep by 2.00 across. Eggs usually 4, .68 X --i'^- Sniffy
whitish or greenish white, more or less heavily spotted
or blotched with reddish brown. Hab, Eastern Korth
America, breeding from northern New England and New
York northward, and southward along higher Allegbanics ;
in winter, Florida, Bahamas, and Greater Antilles.

654. D. cserulescens (Gmel.).
Black-throated Blue Warbler.
d*. Outer surface of wings with more or less distinct ligLter markinge,
but without white spot at base of quills,
c'. Rump yellow.

^'. Crown with a yellow patch (partly concealed).

g^. Adult male : Lower parts, including chin and throat,
white, the chest and sides broadly streaked with
black (these streaks sometimes more or less con-
fluent, forming a broken patch), and the sides
of the breast with a yellow patch; upper parts
bluish gray, becoming blackish on sides of head,
which are marked by white supraloral and post-
ocular streaks ; back broadly streaked with black ;
wing with +avo white bands across tips of middle
and greater coverts. Adult female: Similar to
male, but much duller in color, with markings
less conspicuously contrasted. Winter plumage
{sexes essentially alike') : Upper parts strongly
washed with umber-brown, and lower parts more
or less suff'used with a paler wash of the same—
the pattern of the summer plnmage b 'ing thereby

DENDROICA.

497

much obscured ; streaks on chest, etc., and yellow
patches indistinct. Young : No yellow anywhere,
except sometimes on rump ; whole plumage
thickly streaked, above and below, Avith dusky
and grayish white ; tail much as in adult. Length
5.00-6.00, Aving 2.75-2.85, tail 2.20-2.30. Nest usu-
ally low down, in coniferous trees. Eggs .70 X
.53, creamy white, pale creamy buif, or dull white,
spotted or blotched, chiefly on or round larger
end, with brown and lilac-gray, sometimes mixed
with smaller markings of blackish. Hub. Whole
of North America, but rare west of Eocky Moun-
tains, except along Pacific coast ; breeding from
northern border of United States northward ; win-
tering from about 40° southward to West Indies
and through Middle America to Panama ; breeds
in Jamaica.

655. D. coronata (Linn.). Myrtle Warbler.
g'\ Similar to D. coronata, but throat yellow, and Bides
of head dark plumbeous, without the white aupra-
loral and postocular streaks, there being instead a
white spot on each eyelid. Adult male with mid-
dle and greater wing-coverts white, producing a
large patch on wing. Adult ft-nale with chest
ashy, more or less spotted with olack, the wing
with two separated white bands. Length 5.12-
6.00, wing 2.85-3.20, tail 2.25-2.55. iV^esMn pine or
spruce trees, composed of strips of fine bark, pine-
needles, etc., lined with fine roots and hairs and a
few soft feathers. Eggs .67 X -52, dull olivaceous-
white, greenish white, ^r very pale dull greenish,
sparsely spotted and dotted with black, brown, and
lilac-gi"ay. Ilab. Western North America, noi-th
to British Columbia, east to eastern base of Rocky
Mountains (accidentallj'^ to Massachusetts); win-
tering in valleys of western United States and
pouth thi'ough western Mexico to Guatemala.
656. D. auduboni (Towns). Audubon's Warbler.
/'. Crown plain grayish, without yellow spot.

Adult male: Top of head plain bluish gray, lighter
around boi'der (the superciliary region whitish) ;
lores and ear-coverts deep black ; back black,
Bometlmcs mixed with yellowish olive-green;
wings black, with a large white patch covering
both rows of coverts ; lower parts rich gamboge-
G3

498

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

l^fei'i,

yellow, the chest and sides boldly striped with
deep black. Adult female : Similar to male, but
colors duller, the back mainly (sometimes en-
tirely) olive-green, wing-coverts with two sepa-
rated white bands, streaks on lower parts nar-
rower, etc. Autumnal plumage: Above olive,
becoming grayish on head and greenish on back ;
throat pale grayish ; no streaks across chest.
Young : Above dull brown, very indistinctly
clouded with darker; wings dusky, with two
pale dingy yellowish or yellowish white bands
across tips of coverts ; chest smoky brown, indis-
tinctly streaked with lighter, chin and throat
lighter brownish ; rest of lower parts pale sul-
phur-yellow, broadly streaked with dusky, except
on belly and under tail-coverts. Length 4.35-
5.00, wing 2.25-2.45, tail 1.85-2.05. Nest of fine
twigs, grass- and weed-stalks, etc., lined with fine
black rootlets, in small spruces or hemlocks, 3-35
feet from ground. Eggs .63 X -48, creamy white,
blotched with rich brown, paler brown, and lilac
(sometimes more finely spotted). Hab. Eastern
Korth America, west to base of Eocky Mountains,
breeding from northern parts of New England,
New York, and Michigan to region about Hud-
son's Bay; in winter, south to Bahamas, Cuba,
and eastern Middle America, to Panama.
657. D. maculosa (Gmel.). Magnolia Warbler.
e'. Rump not yellow.

/*. Wing with two distinct white or whitish bands (light
brownish in some specimens of D. vigorsii).
g^. Wing-bands very distinct and decidedly white in all
stages (though sometimes tinged with sulphur-
yellow).
h}. White on inner web of outer tail-feather occupy-
ing not more than half the total area of the
web.
i}. Back usually streaked, never plain bluish
gray or ashy; throat never bright yel-
low.
j\ Wing less than 2.75.

A'. Adult male: Above grayish blue, the
back streaked with black, and
sides of crown tinged or clouded
with same ; bencith pure white,

DENDROICA.

499

tho sides broadly streaked with
grayish blue and dusky, and
chest crossed by a band of the
same (sometimes interrupted in
middle). Adult female: Above
grayish olive-green, glossed with
bluish, especially on crown ; su-
perciliary stripe (this sometimes
obsolete) and lower parts pale
greenish yellow or pale greenish
bufiy, the throat and belly nearly
(sometimes quite) white; sides
streaked with color of back, but
no band across chest. Young
male in first autumn : Similar to
adult female, but whiter beneath
and more bluish above. Young :
Above bi'ownish gray, the crown
divided by a median stripe of
whitish ; sides of head and lower
parts white, the first with a nar-
row dark brownish gray streak
through eye. Length 4.00-5.00,
wing 2.40-2.70, tail 1.70-1.90.
Nest in trees in high deciduous
woods, 20-50 feet, or more, from
ground, compact, cup-shaped,
composed of plant-fibres, strips
of fine bark, spiders' webs, etc.
Eggs about .69 X -53, white, or
dull greenish white, speckled
with brown, chiefly round larger
end. Zffl6. Eastern United States
(west of Alleghanies) and south-
ern Canada, east to central Now
York ; south, in winter, to west-
ern Cuba, Yucatan, and Guate-
mala, and thence to Colombia,
Peru, and Bolivia.

658. D. cserulea (TVils.).

Cerulean Warbler.

k\ Adult male: Top of head yellow,

bordered laterally with black;

ear-coverts, sides of neck, and

lower parts pure white, the lat-

i„.

500

KORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

ter bordered on each side by a
broad stripe of rich chestnut ex-
tending continuously from sides
of neck to flanks ; lores and a tri-
angular patch on cheeks (touch-
ing the chestnut stripe) black ;
back striped with black and
light olive-grayish, more or less
mixed with light olive-yellowish.
Adult female : Similar to male,
but duller, the upper parts more
decidedly olive-green (even on
crown), the black markings on
head indistinct, and chestnut on
sides more restricted. Young in
first autumn : Above bright olive-
green, the wing-bands strongly
tinged with sulphur-yellow;
sides of head and thence back-
ward to flanks plain ash-gray ;
an orbital ring and median lower
parts white. Length 4.60-5.25,
wing 2.40-2.65, tail 1.95-2.10.
Nest in small trees or under-
growth in edge of Avoods, often
near cultivated fields. Eggs .65
X .49, white, or creamy white,
speckled, chiefly on or round
larger end, with rusty brown,
madder-brown, and lilac-gray,
occasionally mixed with a few
smaller black markings. Hab.
Eastern United States and Can-
ada, breeding north of 40", except
in higher mountains ; in winter,
south to Bahamas, eastern Mex-
ico, and Central America, as far
as Panama.... 659. D. pennsyl-
vanica (Linn.). CheBtnnt-
sided Warbler.
f. Wing more than 2.76.

k^. Under tail-coverts pale buff" ; upper
tail-coverts and edges of quills
bluish gray. Adult male: Top
of head chestnut, bordered an-

■ai

DENDROICA.

501

teriorly and laterally with black ;
sides of head dull blackish ; sides
of neck buif ; chin, throat, and
sides deep cinnamon or chest-
nut ; rest of lower parts light
buflf; back streaked with black
and grayish. Adult female:
Above olive, streaked with black
(crown sometimes tinged or
streaked with chestnut) ; beneath
buflfy, the sides (especially of
breast) more or less tinged with
rusty, the throat also sometimes
tinged with same. Young male
in first autumn: Above olive-
green, streaked, especially on
back, with black ; rump and
upper tail-coverts grayish, simi-
larly streaked ; lower parts pale
buffy, tinged with olive laterally,
the flanks strongly tinged with
rusty or pale chestnut. Yoiinj
female in first autumn: Similar to
male, but plain olive-green above
(the back sometimes indistinctly
streaked), and flanks usually
without distinct rusty tinge.
Length 5.00-6.00, wing 2.75-3.00,
tail 2.15-2.25. Nest in hemlock
or other coniferous trees, 15-20
feet from ground. Eggs .71 X
.51, Avhito, finely speckled on or
round larger end with brown.
Hab. Eastern North America,
breeding from northern New
England and northern Michigan
to Hudson's Bay ; in winter,
south through eastern Mexico
and Central America to Cciom-
bia.. G60. D. castanea (Wils.).
Bay-breasted Warbler.
k*. Under tail-coverts pure white ; up-
per tail-coverts and edges of
quills olive or olive-green. Adult
male : Top of head uniform glossy

502

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

•t«

black ; back streaked with black,
grayish, and grayish white ; sides
of head and lower parts white, the
sides and flanks broadly streaked
with black, and sides of throat
with a series of blended black
streaks, converging to an angle
on chin. Adult female: Above
olive or olive-grayish, every-
where streaked with black ; be-
neath white (usually tinged with
olive-yellowish anteriorly), and
streaked laterally with dusky.
Young in first autumn : Like cor-
responding stage of JD. castanea,
but under tail-coverts pui-e
white, upper tail-coverts and
edges of quills olive or olive-
greenish, and lower parts rather
olive-yellowish, or dirty sulphur-
yellow, than huffy. Young :
Above dull grayish, everywhere
streaked with black; beneath
dull white, everywhere spotted
with black, the spots triangular
on breast, etc., but assuming a
transverse shape on flanks and
belly. Length 5.00-5.75, wing
2.80-2.90, tail 2.05-2.25. Nest on
lower branches of coniferous
trees (farther north often on
ground), rather bulky, warmly
lined with soft feathers. Eggs
.72 X -53, white, creamy white,
or light creamy buff^, spotted,
speckled, or blotched (often
wreathed) with brown and lilac-
gray, sometimes mixed with a
few small black specks. Hab.
Eastern and northern Noi-th
America, breeding from north-
ern New England, Labrador,
etc., to coast of Alaska (north
of the peninsula) and of Arctic
Ocean ; accidental in Greenland ;

■^MMMiiiiHii

DENDROICA. 503

in winter, south to Bahamas,
Cuba, and northern South Amer-
ica (but not recorded from any
portion of Middle America).

661. D. striata (Forst.).
Black-poll Warbler,
i'. Back plain bluish gray or ash-gray; throat
bright yellow. (^Adult — sexes alike : Above
plain bluish gray, becoming black on fore-
head or sides of crown, or both ; a super-
ciliary sti'ipe, sides of neck, broad wing-
bands, and lower parts posterior to chest,
pure white ; chin, throat, and chest, some-
times also anterior portion of superciliary
stripe, pure gamboge-yellow ; lores and
large triangular patch covering cheeks
and ear-coverts, enclosing white spot on
lower eyelid, deep black ; sides and flanks
broadly streaked with black. Young in
first autumn: Essentially like adult, but
gray of upper parts and white of lower
parts much tinged with brown, black
markings of head, etc., less distinct, and
yellow of throat paler.)
;■'. Larger, with relatively longer bill ; su-
perciliary stripe usually distinctly
yellow anteriorly ; length 4.70-5.75,
wing 2.45-2.75 (2.62), tail 2.00-2.30
(2.13), exposed culmen .42-.55 (.49).
Nest usually (?) placed upon branches
of pine trees ; " externally 2.80 inches
in diameter by 1.70 in depth ; inter-
nally 1.77 in diameter by 1.30 in
depth," composed of strips of bark,
small twigs, plant-down, etc. ; not un-
frcquently concealed within pendent
tufts of "Spanish" moss. Eggs .69
X -52, dull greenish white or gray-
ish white, spotted, chiefly round
larger end, with various shades of
umber-brown and lilac-gray. Hob.
Southern Atlantic States, north,
regularly, to Maryland (near sea-
coast), casually to New York, Mas-
sachusetts, etc.; in winter (only?)

504

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

south to Bahamas, Cuba, Hayti, and

Jamaica.. 663. D. dominica (Linn.)

Tellow-throated Warbler.

/. Smaller, with relatively shorter ^ 111 ; eu-
perciliary stripe usually entirely (?)
white; length 4.50-5.50, wing 2.50-
2.70 (2.57), tail 2.00-2.20 (2.09), ex-
posed culmen .40-.49 (.45). Hab. Mis-
sissippi Valley, north to the Great
Lakes ; south, in winter, to Gulf
States, Mexico (both coasts), Yuca-
tan, Honduras, and Guatemala.
663a. D. dominica albilora Baird.
Sycamore Warbler.
White on inner webs of outer tail-feathers occu-
l^ying more than half the total area of the
web (in adult males of some sjiecies occupy-
ing almost the whole of inner web),
j'. Throat yellow or orange, without admixture
(superficial or concealed) of black.
/. Crown with a central spot of yellow (in-
distinct in young).

Adult male: Top of head (except
crown-spot), hind-neck, streak
across lores, ear-coverts, and
general color of upper parts,
deep black ; rest of head, in-
cluding chin, throat, and chest,
pure cadmium-orange, most in-
tense on throat and chest ; rest
of lower parts pale yellow, or
yellowish white, the sides
streaked with black; back
streaked with whitish and
gra3'ish ; wing with a largo
white patch covering both rows
of coverts. Adxilt female : Simi-
lar to male, but the black por-
tions replaced by grayish brown,
streaked with dusky (ear-cov-
erts plain grayish brown),
orange paler, and posterior
lower parts white. Young male
in first autumn : Similar to adult
female, but darker above, wing

DENDROICA.

505

sides
: back
a and

largo

with two white banda, and pos-
terior lower parts palo j-ellow.
Young female in autuitin similar
to male, but palor and duller in
color, the upper parts more
brown, with crown-spot nearly
obsolete, the throat, etc, some-
times pale buffy and streaks
on sides dull grayish brown.
Length 4.25-5.50, wing 2.50-
2.80, tail 1.90-2.10. Nest in
evergreen trees, rather bulky,
composed of downy materials,
especially down of the cat-tail
{Tijpha lati'folia), lined with fine
lichens, horse-hairs, etc. ; 4.92
across by 1.65-2.16 deep out-
side, the cavity 2.16 wide by
1.14 deep. Eggs .68 X -50,
greenish whlio, or very palo
bluish green, speckled or spot-
ted, chiefly on or round larger
end, with brown or reddish
brown and lilac-gray. Ilab.
Eastern North America (west,
casually, at least, to Utah and
New Mexico), breeding from
more northei'n United States
northward ; accidental in Green-
land ; in winter, south through
Bahamas, eastern Mexico and
Central America to Venezuela,
Colombia, Peru, etc.
662. D. blackburniae (Gmel.).
Blackburnian Warbler.
•r.^vii without trace of central yellow
iput. {Adult — sexes alike : Above,
including ear-coverts and sides of
neck, ash-gray, the crown and back
narrowly sti'eaked with black ; su-
perciliary stripe, spot on lower eye-
lid, malar region, chin, throat, and
chest, gamboge-yellow ; rest of lower
parts white, the sides streaked with
black.)

606

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

'■•'•W

A'. Larger, with superciliary stripe ex-
tended beyond the eye, the pos-
terior portion lighter yellow or
even sometimes white; yellow
of chest ending i-ather abruptly;
wing -bands broader. Young:
Above uniform dull grayish
brown, without e^'-'^nks either
on head or back /ur parts

entirely dull grayish, the breast
and sides streaked with dusky ;
no distinct markings about head.
Length 4.90-5.25, wing 2.40-
2.70, tail 2.10-2.30. Hab. South-
ern Arizona and New Mexico,
and south into Mexico.

664. D. gracise Coues.
Grace's Warbler.
A'. Smaller, with superciliary sti'ipe not
continued beyond posterior angle
of eye, and wholly rich yellow ;
yellow of chest ex 'ided over
breast, where fad rradually
into the white ; w...^ .ands nar-
rower; length about 4.00-4.50,
wing 2.20, tail 1.80-1.90. Hab.
Southern Mexico (Zapotitlan),
Honduras, and Guatemala.

D. decora (Ridqw.). Decorated

Warbler.!

i'. Throat entirely black in adult males, mixed

black and yellow, or black and white, in

adult females and young males (rarely

white or yellow without any superficial

black in immature females).'

f. Sides of head white and black, or white

and dull grayish.

Adult male : Top and sides of head,

chin, and throat deep black;

broad stripe above ear-coverts,

1 Deiulroica gracite, var. decora Ridgw., Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 60S. Dcndrccca decora Salv. <k Godm., Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i. 1881, 13«, pi. x., hg. 1.

' In such, the feathers of the throat are always dusky at base, and there is a conspicuous superciliary
stripe of yellow or white, in the latter case yellow anteriorly.

D END ROW A. 607

broad malar stripe (widening
behind), and lower pavU, pure
while; sides broadly Kireaked
with black ; a yellow spot or
streak above lores ; upper parts
bluish gray, the back streaked
with black. Adult female : Simi-
lar to male, but colors duller,
and black of throat more or less
mixed with white (the latter
sometimes prevailing). Young
in first autumn : Essentially like
adults, but upper parts much
tinged with brown, the top of
head grayish like back (some-
times streaked with black), back
with black streaks indistinct or
concealed, and throat sometimes
entirely white superficially.
Young : Above plain dull brown-
ish gray ; lower parts plain dull
gray anteriorly, white posteri-
orly. Length 4.70-5.40, wing
2.35-2.65, tail 2.15-2.35. Eggs
.61 X -50, white, pinkish white,
or creamy white, spotted or
speckled, chiefly on or round
larger end, with reddish brown
and lilac-gray, usually mixed
with a few darker specks. Hab.
Western United States, in moun-
tains, north to Colorado, Oregon,
etc. ; so.'ith, in winter, into Mex-
ico, as far as Oaxaca, Guana-
juato, vtA Orizaba.. 665. D. ni-
grescens (Towns.). Black-
throated Gray Warbler.
/. Sides of head yellow and black or yellow
and olive.
k^. Sides broadly streaked with black ;
black of chest extending farthest
back on sides.
I}. Breast white, or merely tinged
with yellow ; ear-coverts at
least partially yellow, never

508

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

'■■- -«

uniform black or deep olive,
strongly contrasted with
yellow of adjacent parts.
Wi'. Upper pai'ts with more or
less of black (in adult
male entirely black) ;
breast and belly pure
white ; scapulars black
or ash-gray. Adult
male: Above black, the
feathers of back usually
edged with olive-green.
Adult female not seen,
and has not been de-
scribed; but probably
much like the male,
with greater admix-
ture of olive-green on
upper parts and with
black of throat more
or less broken by ad-
mixture of yellow.
Young in first autumn:
Above olive-green,
slightly mixed with
blackish ; scapulars and
upper tail-coverts ash-
gray, the latter with
black centres; chin
whitish ; upper throat
yellow, lower thi'oat
and chest grayish white
superficially, 1 ut black
beneath surface.
Length about 4.50--
5.20, wing 2.50, tail
2.05-2.20. JVest usually
in red cedar trees, 10-
20 feet up, composed of
strips of inner bark of
red cedar, fastened to-
gether with spiders'
webs, lined with hair
and feathers ; placed
between upright

DENDROICA.

509

eep olive,
ed with
parts.
I more or
(in adult
black) ;
illy pure
irs black
Adult
lack, the
c usually
^'e-greeD.
lot seen,
been de-
^robably
le male,
admix-
reen on
nd Avith
at moi'e
by ad-
yellow.
autumn:
-green,
! d with
lars and
rts ash-
er with
s; chin
I* throat
throat
jh white
It black
I r f a c e.
It 4.50--
50, tail
usually
eos, 10-
)oscd of
bark of
sued to-
spiders'
th hair
placed
right

branches ; cavity, 1.50-
1.60 across by 1.50-2.00
deep. Eggs .75 X -55,
white, sprinkled,
speckled, or spotted
with reddish brown,
sometimes mixed with
pale lavender. Hah.
Central Texas, and
south to highlands of

Guatemala 666. D.

chrysoparia Scl. &
Salv. Golden-cheeked
Warbler,
m*. Upper parts {i.e., top of
head, hind-neck, back,
scapulars, rump, and
upper tail-covevts)
without any black (ex-
' jjt, rarely, a few incon-
spicuous streaks); breast
and belly usually yellow-
ish white (rarely pure
white), the former some-
times strongly tinged
with yellow. Adult
male : Above bright
olive -green ; sides of
head pure gamboge-yel-
low, relieved by an oli-
vaceous streak through
eye, and, usually, more
or less of olive on ear-
coverts ; throat and
chest " solid" black.
Adult female: Similar
to the male, but black
of throat and chest
more or less broken by
yellowish and whitish
tips to feathoi's, the
chin and upper throat
sometimes entirely yel-
low or yoUowifih white
superficially (r a r o 1 y,

510

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

^'•vii

neai'ly the whole throat
and chest yellow or
yellowish white). Young
in first autumn : Similar
to adult female, but
more tinged with yel-
low below, and with
black on throat and
chest usually almost
wholly concealed.
Length 4.35-5.40, wing
2.40-2.55, tail 1.90-2.05.
,t in trees, usually
V . considerable height.
Eggs .67 X -49, white,
or creamy white, spot-
ted with reddish brown
and lilac -gi'ay, mixed
with a few darker
specks. Hab. Eastei'n
North America, breed-
ing from northern Uni-
ted States northward;
casual in Greenland ; in
winter, south through
eastern Mexico and
Centi'al America to
Panama ; also to Cuba,
Jamaica, and Dominica.
667. D. virens (Gmel.).
Blaok-throated Green
Warbler.
/'. Breast bright yellow, like sides
of head ; ear-coverts entii'ely
black or deep olive, very
strongly contrasted with
yellow of adjacent parts.
Adult male : Whole top of
head, broad stripe on
side of head, a\id patch
covering chin, thioat,
and upper part of chost,
uniform deep black ;
broad superciliary
stripe, broader malar

DENDROICA.

511

)le throat
3II0W or
3)- Young
: Similar
alo, but
pith yel-
ad with
oat and
almost
sealed.
40, wing
.90-2.05.

usually
! height.
, white,
te, spot-
h brown
, mixed
barker
Eastern
I, brced-
jrn Uni-
thward ;
land ; in
through
;o and
ica to
:o Cuba,
)minica.
Gmel.).
d Qreen
7arbler.
ko sides
3ntirely
e, very
I with
arts.
i top of
'ipe on
i patch
thioat,
f chost,

black;
iliary

malar

stripe, and whole breast,
rich gamboge-yellow;
belly and under tail-
coverts white, the lat-
ter, also sides and flanks,
broadly streaked with
black; back, scapulars,
and rump olive-green,
more or less conspicu-
ously spotted, or
broadly streaked, with
black. Adult female :
Similar to male, but
black of head more or
less mixed with olive-
green, and that of throat
and chest more or less
broken by yellow tips
to feathers (sometimes
almost entirely con-
cealed). Young in first
autumn: Si milar t o
adult female, but yellow
paler, olive of upper
parts almost (some-
times quite) plain (top
of head always
streaked, however ?),
and throat and chest
entirely yellow super-
ficially in some females.
Length 4.90-5.30, wing
2.45-2.70, tail 2.00-2.20.
Kest in coniferous trees.
Eggs .61 X -51, buff'y
white, speckled round
larger end with brown,
black, and lilac-gray.
ffab. Western North
America (chiefly near
Pacific coast), north to
Sitka, east, during mi-
grations, to Rocky
Mountains (casually to
Pennsylvania) ; in win-

512

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

1 I . ;

«..-;.

ter, from southern Cal-
ifornia to Guatemala.
G68. D. townsendi
(NuTT.). Townsend's
Warbler.
A'. Sides without distinct streaks (ex-
cept, sometimes, in young) ; black
of throat scarcely extending over
chest, and with a decidedly con-
vex posterior outline.

Adult male : Top and sides of
head gamboge-yellow, the
occiput (sometimes ci'own
also) spotted with black;
chin and throat black; rest
of lower parts white, usu-
ally somewhat tinged with
grayish on sides; back, scap-
ulars, and rump gray,
broadly streaked or spotted
with black, this prevailing
on back and usually quite
unifoi'm on hind-neck. Adult
female : Similar to male, but
black of throat more or less
broken or mixed with yel-
low, yellow of head duller,
top of head more profusely
spotted with black, and black
markings of upper parts
much less extensive, the
gray decidedly predominat-
ing. Young in first autumn :
Top of head olive supei'-
ficially, but feathers yellow
beneath surface; sides of
head tinged with olive; chin
and throat brownish white
superficially, but black or
dusky grayish immediately
beneath surface ; back, etc.,
dull grayish brown orgi*ay-
ish olive, usually more or
less streaked, narrowly, with
dusky ; white of lower parts

DENDROICA.

513

tinged with brownish, es-
pecially on Bid OS. Young :
Above plain ash-gray; be-
neath plain brownish gray,
the belly and lower tail-
coverts white. Length 4.70
-5.25, wing 2.45-2.70, tail
2.10-2.25. Mst in conifer-
ous trees. Eggs .61 x -51,
dull white, or grayish white,
spotted or blotched with
hair-brown, umber, and lilac-
gray. Hab. Western United
States, chiefly near Pacific
coast, east during migra-
tions to Eocky Mountains ;
south, in winter, to high-
lands of Guatemala.

669. D. occidentalis
(Towns.). Hermit
Warbler.
g\ Wing-bands distinct only in adult male, and dull
white or grayish white ; in females and voung
less distinct, and more decidedly grayish.
Adult male : Above plain bright olive-green, in-
cludii.^ sides of head and neck; wings and
tail dusky grayish, with paler grayish edg-
ings, the former with two broad dull white or
grayish white bands, the latter with much
white on terminal portion of inner webs of
three outer feathers) ; streak over lores, eye-
lids, chin, throat, chest, and breast (sometimes
belly and flanks also), gamboge-yellow, the
sides of breast more or less distinctly streaked
with olive-green ; lower tail-coverts (usually
lower belly and hinder flanks also) dull white.
Adult female : Above dull olive-gray or gray-
ish olive, the wings and tail much as in male,
but bands on former narrower and more de-
cidedly grayish ; beneath soiled grayish white,
the breast usually more or less tinged with
yellow, or with anterior half of lower surface
pale yellow, more or less streaked with olive.
Male in winter with yellow richer and upper
Darts browner than in summer. Female in
65

514

■I*-

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

winter grayish brown above, brownish buffy
white beneath (usually tinged with yellow on
breast. Young : Above plain dull brownish ;
beneath pale dull grayish brown, or brownish
white ; wing-coverts edged with light brown-
ish. Length 4.95-5.60, wing 2.70-3.00, tail
2.10-2.45. Nest in trees in high woods, usu-
ally at considerable height. £!ggs .69 X -53,
dull white, grayish white, or dull purplish
white, speckled or spotted with madder-
brown and lilac-gray, usually most heavily
round larger end. Hab. Eastern United
States, north to Ontario and New Bruns-
wick ; wintering in more southern States
and Bahamas ; Bermudas.

671. D. vigorsii (Aud.). Pine Warbler.
f. Wing without any distinct white bands.

g^. Back conspicuously streaked with black.

Adult male: Upper parts, including sides of
head and neck, bluish gray or plumbeous,
the back more brownish gray, and broadly
streaked with black ; wings and tail black,
with brownish gray edgings ; lores and nar-
row frontal band black ; a white spot on each
eyelid ; lower parts plain yellow (varying in
tone from " primrose" to " King's" yellow),
fading into white on chin and under tail-
coverts, the sides streaked with black. Adult
female: Essentially like male, but gray of
head, neck, rump, etc., much duller, lores dull
grayish, and yellow of lower parts paler, the
chest sometimes (in younger specimens?)
sparsely speckled with dusky. Young in
fir9t autumn: Similar to adult female, but
above everywhere decidedly browner gray,
lores light brown or grayish, lateral lower
parts tinged with brown, and the chest
always (?) speckled with dusky. Length
about 5.30-6.00, wing 2.60-2.90, tail 2.25-
2.50. Hah. Eastern United States (Ohio,
Michigan, Wisconsin, Missouri, etc.), during
migrations, Bahamas, in winter ; summer res-
idence unknown.

670. D. kirtlandi (Baird). Kirtland'i

Warbler.

mgm

DENDROICA.

515

g*. Back withont black streaks.

A*. Above ash-gray, including sides of head, the
latter without distinct markings : under tail-
coverts and belly white.

Adult male: Forehead and crown olive-
green ; rest of upper parts, including
sides of head and neck, plain ash-gray,
the wings with two dull grayish white
bands ; throat and chest pale yellow, this
bordered laterally by an interrupted se-
ries of black streaks, most distinct on
sides of breast; rest of lower parts
white, shading into grayish on sides;
length (skin) about 4.50, wing 2.30, tail
2.20, tarsus .66. Hah. Cuba.

D. pityophila (Oundl.).
Cuban Pine Warbler.^
A*. Above olive-green or brownish (always olive-
green on rump and upper tail-coverts, at
least), the sides of head with distinct yellow
or whitish markings; under tail-coverts or
belly (or both) yellow.
i} Above plain olive-green, the back spotted
chestnut in adult male; inner web of
outer tail-feather with more than termi-
nal third white, this with anterior out-
line very oblique.
Adult male : Superciliary stripe, spot
beneath eyes, and entire lower parts
rich gamboge-yellow ; streak across
lores, a broader one across cheeks,
from corner of mouth, and broad
streaks along sides, deep black.
Adult female : Essentially like male,
■ but much duller, the chestnut on
back obsolete or indistinct, yellow
paler, and black markings less dis-
tinct (sometimes replaced by dull
grayish ones). Young in first au-
tumn: Similar to adult female, but
tinged with ashy about head, where
the yellow markings sometimes in-

I Sylvirola pityophila QviiDi.., Ann. X. T. hje, Oct. 1855, 160. Dendroica pityophila Baird, Review, i.
1865, 208.

616

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

cline to whitish. Young: Above
dull brownish gray, the wing-cov-
erts tipped with light buify ; chin and
throat whitish ; rest of lower parts
yellowish white, the chest and sides
streaked with color of back, this
nearly uniform on chest. Length
4.25-5.00, wing 2.10-2.30, tail 1.90-
2.10. Nest in bushes or small trees
(often in young cedars) in open
situations. Eggs .63 X -47, white or
buffy white, speckled, chiefly on oi-
round larger end (often wreatu^d),
with burnt-umber or vandyke-brown
and lilac-gray. Hab. Eastern United
States, north to Michigan and south-
ern New England; in winter, southern
Florida, Bahamas, and most of West
Indies... 673. D. discolor (Vieill.).
Prairie Warbler.
Above olive-brown, passing into olive-green
on rump and upper tail-coverts, the back
narrowly streaked with darker; top of
head chestnut in adults; tips of wing-
coverts paler than general color, but not
forming obvious bands ; a continuous
superciliary stripe of yellow or dull
whitish ; inner web of outer tail-feather
with less than terminal third white, this
with anterior outline only moderately
oblique (often nearly transverse). (Win-
ter adults with chestnut of crown ob-
scured or even sometimes concealed by
brownish tips to feathers ; immature
birds with chestnut wanting, the crown
dull grayish, brown or olive-brown,
streaked with dusky.)
/. Smaller and much duller colored, with
bright or continuous yellow of lower
parts confined to throat, chest, and
under tail-coverts in adult, to the
latter alone in immature birds ; mid-
dle portion of lower parts (belly,
etc.) mixed yellow and dull whitish,
the latter usually prevailing ; imma-

DENDROICA.

617

Above

ture birds with superciliary stripe
and lower parts (except under tail-
coverts) dull whitish (sometimes
slightly tinged with yellow), the
chest and sides streaked with gray-
ish brown. Length 4.50-5.50, wing
2.35-2.65 (2.52), tail 2.05-2.45 (2.24),
tarsus .71-.80 (.76). Sab. Interior
of North America, north to Great
Slave Lake in summer (southern
breeding limit unknown) ; migrating
south through Mississippi Valley to
Gulf States, Florida, Bahamas, and
Greater Antilles; occasional (or
casual) during migrations, east of

AUeghanies 672. D. palmarum

(Gmel.). Palm Warbler.
Larger, and much more brightly colored,
with entire lower parts bright yellow
in all stages (except nestling plu-
mage); upper parts richer or less
grayish olive than in true palmarum.
Young: Above !ull grayish brown
and olive, broadly streaked with
blackish ; wing - coverts narrowly
tipped with light brown; lower
parts dull whitish, broadly streaked
with dusky, the under tail-coverts
gamboge-yellow. Length 4.90-5.75,
wing 2.50-2.80 (2.69), tail 2.25-2.55
(2.43), tarsus .75-.80 (.79). Mst on
ground, in open situations. Ergs
.67 X -52, huffy white, speckled on
larger end with brown and lilac-
gray. Ifab. Atlantic coast of North
America, breeding from New Bruns-
wick and Nova Scotia to Hudson's
Bay; in winter, southward east of
AUeghanies to Florida, and thence
westward to Louisiana. (Not yet
found in Brvhamas or other portions
of West Indies.*) 672a. D. pal-
marum hypochrysea Eidow.
Tellow Palm Warbler.

518

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus SEIURUS Swainson. (Pago 482, pi. CXVII., fig. 3.)

Specie?.

Common Characters. — Above plain dusky, brownish, or olivo, tho top of tbo
head, in one species, striped with blackish and orango-rufous ; lower parts white,
streaked with brown or dusky. Nest on ground or in hollow stumps or logs near
ground, well hidden, very bulky, loosely put together, tho exterior composed of
dead leaves, etc., tho lining of fine rootlets, grasses, etc. Eggs 3-6, pure white or
creamy white, spotted with reddish brown and lilac-gray.

a}. Top of head with two lateral stripes of blackish, enclosing a median one of orange-
rufous ; no white superciliary stripe, but with a distinct whitish orbital ring.
Adult: Above greenish olivo, beneath pure white, the bi'cast and sides
streaked with dusky or black. Young : Above fulvous brown, the
wing coverts tipped with lighter fulvous, or buffy ; lower parts pale
fulvous, or buffy, very narrowly streaked on breast, etc., with dusky ;
stripes on top of head very indistinct, or obsolete. Length about 5.40-
6.50, wing 2.75-3.00, tail 2.00-2.25. Nest in dry woods, embedded in
ground, well concealed, the top usually roofed over or covered, tho en-
trance more or less to one side. Eggs .80 X .61. Hab. Eastern North
America, north to Hudson's Bay and Alaska, breeding from 38°, or
lower, northward; west to eastern base of Rocky Mountains ; south, in
winter, to southern Florida, West Indies (including Bahamas), Mexico
(both sides), and Central America, nearly to Panama.

674. S. aurocapillus (Linn.). Oven-bird.
a". Top of head plain brown, or dusky, like back (sometimes with indication of a
paler median streak an -iorly) ; a distinct whitish or pale fulvous super-
ciliary stripe ; with a dusky or brownish stripe beneath it, through eye ;
no whitish orbital ring.
b^. Superciliary stripe more or less fulvour ; streaks on lower parts darker than
upper surface ; throat always (?) distinctly speckled ; longer under tail-
coverts with nearly whole of concealed portion (both webs) brownish or
dusky ; lower parts never tinged with buffy laterally or posteriorly, but
often uniformly tinged with sulphur-yellow ; wing exceeding tail by a
little less than length of tarsus. Young : Similar to adult, but feathers

1 The very distinct winter range of the tw i races of Palm Warbler shows tho necessity of recognizing such
geographical forms. Tho National Museum possesses 8i>ecimens of true D. palmarum from Cuba, Haiti, and
Jamaica, and has received in one collection from the Bahamas more than fifty specimens, representing most of
the islands in the group ; yet every one in this large series, and also among those from Key West, is absolutely
typical. D. hi/pochr^nea has not yet been traced farther south than Ilibcrnia, northern Florida, its winter
range being opparcntly restricted to the southern Atlantic and Oulf States. It would thus appear that tho
respective migrations of the two forma intersect, though it may bo that both occur together, to some extent,
during winter. Tho only examples of I). Jn/pochri/nca I have seen from any locality west of the Atlantic coast
(an adult and a young of the year from " Mississippi River, Louisiana," February 5 and 21, 1870, in Mr. Hen-
sbaw's collection) are in every respect typical of that form.

SSB

WW"*

SEIURVS.

519

op of tbo
ts white,
logs near
posed of
white or

f oi'ange-
ital rinsr.
md sides
own, the
irts pale

dusky ;
mt 5.40-
edded in

the en-
pn North
I 38°, or
south, in
I, Mexico

iven-bird.

tion of a
18 super-
igh eye;

ker than
ider tail-
ivnish or
3rly, but
ail by a
feathers

lizing such
Haiti, and
ng most of
absolutely
its winter
r that tho
no extent,
Etntic coast
Mr. Hen-

of upper parts tipped with light fulvous, producing a spotted appear-
ance, and streaks on lower parts much less distinct than in adult,
c'. Smaller, browner above, superciliary stripe usually more distinctly
fulvous, and lower parts usually distinctly yellowish ; length 5.00-
6.00, wing 2.80-3.10 (2.94), tail 2.00-2.25 (2.14), exposed culmen
.43-.50 (.47), tarsus .80-.88 (.83). A^est on or near ground in wet
woods or on border of swamps, open above. J^ggs .75 x -57. Hub.
Eastern North America, breeding from northern United States
northward ; west to Mississippi Valley (but chiefly east of Allegha-
nies ?), south, in winter, to Gulf States, West Indies, and northern
South America.. 675. S. noveboracensis (Gmel.). Water-Thrush.
c'. Larger, darker and sootier above, superciliary stripe less distinctly
fulvous, and lower parts much less often distinctly yellowish ;
length 5.50-6.50, wing 2.90-3.25 (3.14), tail 2.10-2.50 (2.35), ex-
posed culmen .44-.55 (.51), tarsus .82-.90 (.87). Ilab. Western
North America (chiefly in the interior), north to Alaska, east to
Mississippi Valley (as far as western Indiana, Illinois, etc.) ; south,
in winter, to Lower California, Mexico, and Central America.

675a. S. noveboracensis notabilis (Grinx.).

Orinnell's Water-Thrush.
t'. Superciliary stripe white ;. streaks on lower parts not darker than upper
surface ; throat usually immaculate ; longer under tail-coverts entirely
white or pale buff, or else with only the basal portion of one web brown-
ish ; lower parts always more or less tinged with buff" laterallj' and pos-
teriorly, but never with sulphur-yellow ; wing exceeding tail by more
than length of tarsus.

Above grayish brown, rather lighter and more olivaceous (or less
brownish) than in S. ncevius ; superciliary stripe and lower parts
white, the latter changing to buffy posteriorly and laterally ; bi'east,
sides, and flanks broadly streaked with the color of the back. Young :
Similar to adult, but upper parts browner, wing-coverts tipped with
dull rusty, and sti'eaks on lower parts much less distinct (nearly
obsolete) on sides and flanks. Length 5.75-6.40, wing 3.00-3.25
(3.15). tail 2.10-2.30 (2.15), exposed culmen .50-.56 (.53), tarsus .87-
.91 (.89). Nest a bulky structure of dried leaves, fine rootlets,
grasses, etc., carefully hidden in crevices among roots of upturned
trees, old logs, stumps, or mossy banks — always in moist or swunipy
woods. Eggs .73 X -59. Hob. Eastern United States, north to tho
Great Lakes and southern New England, west to Great Plains; in
winter, from Gulf States to West Indies, eastern Mexico, and Central
America .... 676. S. motacilla (Vieill.). Louisiana Water-Thrush.

520

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

rf^

■'«»-

Genus GEOTHLYPIS Cabanis. (Pago 482, pi. CXVII., figs. 4-7.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above plain olivo or olive-green, the head usually more
or less different in color ; beneath yellow, the anterior portions sometimes grayish
or blackish, and belly sometimes whitish ; adult males of some species with black
patch on sides of head. Nest on or near ground, among bushes or weeds. Eggs
white, speckled, more or less, with brownish.

a>. Bill slender, little if any deeper than broad, its greatest depth much less than
half its length from nostril, the culmen only slightly or moderately curved.
lA. Tail decidedly shorter than wing, with more than the basal half concealed
by the coverts ; first quill longer than fifth (sometimes longest) ; out-
stretched feet reaching nearly (sometimes quite) to end of tail. (Sub-
genus Oporornis Baird.)
c*. Entire lower parts pure gamboge-j^ellow ; forehead and sides of head
black, with a bright yellow superciliary stripe, involving hinder as
well as upper border of eye ; feathers of crown tipped with slate-
gray. (Sexes alike in color.)
Adult : Above plain bright olive-green (except as described
above), beneath continuous pure gamboge-yellow; in winter,
similar, but gray tips to feathers on top of head more tinged
with brown, and black on side of head somewhat obscured by
grayish brown tips to the feathers. Young : Above olive-brown
(including top and sides of head), the back and scapulars more
decidedly brown ; wing-coverts tipped with light tawny brown ;
^ wings otherwise, and tail, as in adult ; beneath plain light dull

olive, paler and more yellowish posteriorly ; no black nor yel-
low on sides of head. Length 5.00-5.85, wing 2.55-2.80, tail
1.90-2.20, tarsus .80-.90. Nest a very bulky structure of dried
leaves, etc., lined with fine (usually black ?) rootlets, on ground,
in woods. Eggs .72 X -56, white, or creamy white, speckled or
spotted with brown, reddish brown, and lilac-gray. Hab.- East-
ern United States (chiefly west of Alleghanies\ no^ 'i +o Great
Lakes and southern New England ; in inl . south to Cuba,
and through eastern Mexico and Cen orica to Panama.

677. G. formosa (\V Kentucky "^ arbler.

c'. Only the breast, belly, and under tail-coven "ire y low, the chin,
throat, and chest grayish (sometimes mixed will black) in adult
males, light grayish, dull light smoky bufi*, or dingy yellowish in
adult females and immature birds ; no yellow on sides of head, nor
black on top or sides of head, except sometimes on lores. (Sexes
decidedly different in color.)

r^H

OEOTHLYPIK

521

d>. Wing 2.65, or moiVr, and dulding length of tail by at least two-
thirda the length c biiffy vrsus.
Adult male : Head, . chic, and chest ash-gray, darkest on chest
and top of head; a continuous white orbital ring; rest of
lower parts pale yellow. Adult female : Top of head gray-
ish olive, sides of head nioro grayish ; chin and throat
brownish white or dull light huffy, deepening into grayish
brown or brownish gray on chest ; orbital ring brownish
white ; otherwise like male. Young in first autumn : Simi-
lar to adult female, but more tinged with brownish.
Length 5.20-6.00, wing 2.65-3.00, tail 1.90-2.20, tarsus .75-
.90. Nest on ground, in swampy woods, very compact.
Eggs .76 X -54, colored much like those of G. formosa and
G. Philadelphia. Hob. Eastern North America, breeding
chiefly (entirely?) north of United States; winter resi-
dence unknown.

678. G. agilis (Wils.). Connecticut Warbler.

d'. Wing not more than 2.55, and exceeding length of tail by less than
half the length of the tarsus,
c^. No white on eyelids (except sometimes a slight indication in
females or immature birds). Adult male : Head, neck, and
chest deep ash-gray, the throat and chest more or less
mixed with black, this often forming a distinct patch pos-
teriorly ; iores dusky or dusky grayish ; rest of lower parts
pure gamboge-yellow. Adult female : Similar to male, but
chin and throat dull whitish or brownish white (some-
times tinged with yellow), the chest dull ash-gray or
grayish brown (sometimes inclining to dull yellowish);
rest of head and neck dull gray, brownish gray, or olive.
Young in first autumn : Similar to adult female, but more
tinged with brownish, the throat and chest more suffused
with yellowish. Length 4.90-5.75, wing (male) 2.30-2.55
(2.42), tail 2.00-2.25 (2.13), tarsus .79-.84 (.81); female
somewhat smaller (wing 2.15-2.50, tail 1.80-2.05). Nest
on or near ground, in woods. Eggs .71 X -54, colored like
those of G. formosa and G. agilis. Hah. Eastern North
America, breeding from higher Alleghanies, New York,
New England, Michigan, etc., northward ; in winter, south
to Costa Eica and Colombia (but not Mexico or West
Indies) ; accidental in Greenland.

679. G. Philadelphia (Wils.). Mourning Warbler.

e*. A distinct white spot on each eyelid, in both sexes. Adult

male : Similar to same sex of G. Philadelphia, but lores deep

black, in conspicuous contrast with the gray, feathers of

throat and chest margined with paler gray, and chest

522

NORTL AMERICAN BlttDS.

1. /.

without b Adult female and immature birds

similar to c. ding stages of G. philodilphia, but eye-

lids with a ^N^^Mnct whitish mark. Length 5.00-5.75,
wing (male) 2.30-2.50 (2.38), tail 2.10-2.55 (2.28), tarsus
.80-.87 (.85); female somewhat smaller (wing 2.25-2.30,
tail 2.10-2.30). Nest near ground, in clumps of weeds,
often in open places, in mountains. JSggs .71 X -53, white,
or bufFy white, speckled on larger end with dark brown
and lilac-gray, often mixed with a few fine blacic "pen-
lines," an 1 sometimes touched with rusty stains. (Much
like eggs of G. trichas.) Hah. Western North America
(chiefly in mountains) north to British Columbia ; in win-
tei', south through whoie of Mexico and Central America to
Panama.

<i80. G. macgillivrayi (Aud.). Macgillivray's Warbler.
v. Tail not decidedly shorter than wing (often longer), with less than basal
half concealed by the coverts ; first quill shorter than fifth (often shorter
than sixth) ; outstretched feet falling far short of tip of tail. (Subgenus
Geothlypis.)
c'. Bill only moderately slender and acute (sometimes decidedly stout) ;
black mask of adult male not extending over crown, and always
box'dered posteriorly by ashy, whitish, or yellow; legs and feet
light brown or pale horn-color.
<f' . Exposed culmen less than .52 ; bill slender, scarcely, if at all, deeper
than broad at base, the culmen nearly straight or only slightly
curved,
e*. Tarsus not more than .85 ; exposed culmen less than .48 ; adult
male with black mask bordered behind by ashy or white.
(Adult feviales without any black, ashy, or white about head,
the whole top and sides of head being grayish brown or
olive, often tinged with reddish brown on crown ; yellow
of lower parts paler and usually more restricted than in
male, nearly the whole lower surface sometimes dull yel-
lowish white. Adult male in winter same as in summer, but
more or less washed with brown above, especially on top
of head, the black of mask 3omewhat obscured by slight
bi'ownish or light-colored tips to feathers, and light graj'--
ish or whitish border more or less concealed by brown tips.
Young male in first rointer similar to adult, but mask much
loss distinct, often merely indicated. Young : Plain olive
above, pale olive-yellowish beneath.)
/*. Lower parts not entirely yellow, the anal region, at least,
buffy whitish, and flanks either dull buft'y whitish or
brownish, distinctly different from color of belly ; wing
less than 2.40.

QEOTHLYPIS.

523

j7'. Smallfir, and duller in color; the whole belly and
sides buffy whitish, the bright yellow being con-
fined to .chill, throat, chest, breast, and under tail-
coverts ; black mask bordered posteriorly by a
band (usually narrow) of light ash-gray ; length
4.40-5.65, wing 1.90-2.20 (2.04), tail 1.85-2.20
(2.04), exposed culmen .38-.42 (.40), tarsus .71-
.80. (.77). Nest on or near ground, supported be-
tween weed- or coarse sedge-stalks, deeply cup-
shaped, usually with a deep foundation of dried
leaves. Eggs .70 X -52, white, finely speckled on
larger end with dark brown and black, sometimes
with a few larger spots, or " pen-lines," or both.
Hah. Eastern United States (chiefly east of Alle-
ghanies ?), north to Canada and Nova Scotia ; in
winter, southern Atlantic (and Gulf?) States, Ba-
hamas, Greater Antilles, eastei-n Mexico, and Cen-
tral America, as far as Panama.... 081. G. trichas
(Linn.). Maryland Tellow-throat.

g*. Larger, and brighter-colored, the lower parts entirely
bi-ight yellow except anal region and flanks ; black
mask bordered posteriorly by a band (usually
broad) of white or grayish white; yellow of
throat, etc., richer, and olive-green of posterior
upper parts more yellowish ; length 4.75-5.85,
wing 2.10-2.40 (2.24), tail 2.15-2.40 (2.24), ex-
posed culmen .40-45 (.42), tarsus .75-.83 (.80).
Nest and eggs as in O. trichas, the latter averaging
about .67 X .53. Hah. AVcstern United States,
east to MissisElppi Valley (and Georgia?); in
winter, more southern United States (chiefly west
of the Mississippi) and south through western and
central Mexico.... G81a. G. trichas occidentalis
Brewst. Western Yellow-throat.'

• While thoro is no difficulty in distinguishing at a glnnco specimens from the region west of the flroat
Plains from those oblnined along the Atlantic const, it is a very difficult mutter to refer satisfiintorily s|)coimcn9
from the intermediate region. This arisen from the fact that the hitter are, ns a rule, intermediate in chnrneter,
occasional examples being more like one extreme than the other, as the case may ho. The majority of speci-
mens from the Mississippi Valley are more like ncruhnUtUt in the greater extent and richness of the yellow of
the lower parts, but more like trtv.hnii in the decided oshy tint bordering the black mask ; some, however, are not
distinguishable in the latter respect from tyjjicnl nrddenUilU fiom Arizona and other far western lopalifies. Tt
la very diffloult in many oases to determine satisfactorily winter spceimop', which necessarily inoludo a large
proportion of young birds, and on this aooount the winter range of the two forms as given above will probably
require some modiflcation. The mcasuiements given above are in the case of trichnt taken from 19 adults
from the Atlantic coast of the United States, and for nceidentah't from 18 specimens all representing looalltiea
west of the Qroat Plains. Moasurements of 20 adults from the Mississippi Valley give the following results :

1 I-

524

^■C

NORTf AMERICAN BIPEDS.

p. Lower pai"ts entirely bright yellow, the flanks not very
differe^ti ^^ coj^r from belly; wing not less than
2.40 (?). /
Adult Pnule otherwise similar to that of G. trichas
occidentalis, but olive-green of upper parts de-
cidedly richer, and white bordering the black
mask broader and becoming yellow on sides of
neck ; wing 2.40-2.50, tail 2.40-2.55, exposed cul-
men .46, tarsus .82-.90. Hab. Eastern and south-
ern Mexico (Xalapa, etc.).

O. melanops Bairo. Xalapa Yellow-throat.*
e*. Tarsus .90, or more ; exposed culmen .48, or more ; adult male
with black mask bordered posteriorly with bright prim-
rose-yellow.
Adult male : Otherwise similar in color to G. melanops,
but still richer olive-green above and more intense
yellow beneath. Adult female: Above rich olive-
green, slightly tinged with reddish brown on crown ;
beneath rich gamboge-yellow (somewhat tinged with
saffron anteriorly), the belly more whitish and flanks
inclining to grayish brown ; length (skins) about 5.50-
6.00, wing 2.30-2.55 (2.43), tail 2.40-2.75 (2.59), ex-
posed culmen .48-.51 (.49), tarsus .90-.95 (.91). Hab.
Southern portion of Lower California.

682. G. beldingi Ridgw. Belding's Yellow-throat,
rf*. Exposed culmen .60, or more; bill stout, compressed, with the
culmen decidedly curved,
e'. Black mask of adult males bordered behind by light ash-gray
(sometimes tinged with yellowish from eye downwards) ;
upper parts dull olive-green ; lower parts rather light gam-
boge-yellow, sometimes inclining to buffy whitish on anal
region and flanks. Adult females with forehead dull brown-
ish or grayish like crown, and posterior lower parts (except
under tail-coverts) dull whitish.
/*. Bill more slender and tarsus longer. Adult male with
hinder border to black mask light ash throughout, the
occiput darker ashy ; wing 2.30-2.50 (2.41), tail 2.30-
2.50 (2.41), exposed culmen .60-.65 (.62), tarsus .90-
.92 (.90). Hab. Island of New Providence, Bahamas.
O. rostrata Bryant. Naasau Yellow-throat.*

Wing 1.95-2.35 (2.15), toil 1.85-2.35 (2.07), exposed culmen .38-.50 (.42), tursuB .7.V.80 (.78). These mciwure-
tnenta show that, while there is a very groat amount of individual variation, the average is intermediate
between that of the extreme eastern and woHtern series, respectively.

' Oeothlypii melannpt Baird, Review, i. April, 1865, 222.

< Oeotklgpi$ rottrala Bryant, Proo. Boit. Soo. N. II. xi. 1807, 67.

GEOTHLYPIS.

525

/*. Bill Btouter and tarsus shorter. Adult male with hinder
border to black mask usually more or less tinged with
pale yellow laterally, and occiput dull olive-green like
back; wing 2.30-2.55 (2.42), tail 2.25-2.55 (2.42), ex-
posed culmen .60-.63 (.62), tarsus .81-.85 (.84). Hab.
Island of Abaco, Bahamas.

G. tanneri Bidqw. Abaco Yellow-throat.'
e\ Black mask of adult male bordered behind by yellow (much
as in G. heldingi) ; upper parts very vivid olive-green ; lower
parts very rich gamboge-yellow, including anal region and
flanks, the latter, however, tinged with olive-green. Adult
female with forehead and superciliary region olive-yellow-
ish, or yellowish olive-green, and lower parts wholly bright
yellow. Wing 2.40-2.60 (2.47), tail 2.45, exposed culmen
.61-.62, tarsus .81-.88 (.85). Hab. Eleuthera Island, Ba-
hamas. G. coryi Ridow. Cory's Yellow-throat.'
c*. Bill extremely slender and acute ; black mask of adult male extending
over crown, and without any lighter posterior border ; legs and feet
dark brown or blackish.
Adult male : Above deep olive, or olive-brown, with whole top and
sides of head, including malar region, black ; lower pai'ts oil-
yellow or saffron, inclining to gamboge on throat, and much
tinged with brown on sides and flanks. Immature male (or
adidt male in winter f) similar, but with top of head dull olive,
the lores, ear-coverts, and malar region dull black. Adult fe-
male : Similar to male, but without any black on head. Length
(skin) about 4.80-5.00, wing 2.25-2.35, tail 2.20-2.25, tarsus .80-
.85. Hab. Southeastern Mexico (Orizaba, etc.).

G. speciosa Scl. Orizaba Yellow-throat.'
z*. Bill very stout, decidedly deeper than broad, its greatest depth much more than
half its length from nostril, the culmen strongly curved. (Subgenus Chamce-
thlypis EiDQW.*)
Adult males plain olive-green above, becoming gray on top of head (some-
times on nape also) ; lores (sometimes also space surrounding eye)
black ; lower parts gamboge-yellow, sometimes becoming huffy whitish
on lower belly and flanks. Adult femaloR similar to males, but lacking
gray and black of head, and yellow of lower parts paler.
6*. Eyelids white.

c'. Bill smaller ; belly and anal region buffy whitish, the sides and flanks
pale grayish buff; adult male with top of head bluish gray; wing
2.10-2.25, tail 2.40-2.60 (feathers much worn at tips), exposed cul-

> Oenihli/pii tanneri Rinaw., Auk, iii. July, 1886, .336.

• Oeothlypit coryi RiDOW., Auk, Hi. July, 1888, 334.
» Grothlypit tpecioia ScL., P, Z. 8. 1853, 4J7.

* New labgenuB. Typo, Oeothlypit polioeephala Baird.

526

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

men .40, depth of bill at base .15-.18, tarsus .85. Hah. Western
Mexico (Mazatlan, etc.).

G. pjliocephala Baird. Mazatlan Yellow-throat.'
c*. Bill larger and stouter ; belly and anal region yellow, the sides and
flanks light olive-grayish ; adult male with top of head dull brown-
ish gray ; wing 2.25-2.35, tail 2.50 (or more, the feathers in both
specimens being very much worn at tips), exposed culmen .45-.48,
depth of bill at base .20-.22, tarsus .88. Hab. Eastern Mexico
(Mirador, etc.) and Yucatan (Merida).

G. palpebralis Binaw. Mirador Yellow-throat.*
6*. Eyelids entirely black in adult male (brownish or olive in female and
young).

Otherwise like G. palpebralis, but gray of head much deeper and purer,
and extending over nape, and black of head more extensive (cross-
ing anterior portion of forehead and entirely surrounding eye);
bill rather less stout ; wing 2.30-2.35, tail 2.50-2.60 (or more, the
feathers being much worn at ends), exposed culmen .'i5-.47, depth
of bill at base .20, tarsus .90-.92. Hab. Guatemala and Bi'itish Hon-
duras to Costa Eica.

G. caninucha Ridow. Gray-naped Yellow-throat.*

-n;

Genus ICTERIA Vieillot. (Pago 482, pi. CXV., fig. 6.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males : Above plain olive-green or olive-grayish ;
throat, chest, and breast rich gamboge-yellow ; belly, anal region, and under tail-
coverts white ; eyelids, supraloral streak, and malar stripe white ; lores deep black.
Adult female : Similar to the male, but colors duller, with black and white markings
less strongly contrasted. Young : Above plain dull olive or olive-grayish, the head
with the white and black or dusky markings of the adult but indistinctly indi-
cated ; malar region, chin, throat, chest, and breast grayish white (more tinged
with grayish on chest), the yellow soon appearing in patches. Nest in briery
thickets, composed exteriorly of dry leaves, thin strips of grape-vine bark, coarse
grasses, etc., lined with finer grasses. J^ggs 3-5, pure white, or pinkish white,
spotted, speckled, or sprinkled with reddish brown, or rich madder-brown, and
lilac-gray.

rt'. Above olive-green ; white malar stripe shorter ; wings and tail shorter ; length

1 Gfothli/pu polincrphald Baihd, Review, i. April, 1865, 225.

* New species. Typo, No. 4174.'), U. S. Nut. Mus., J ad., Mirador, Mexico, Aug. 24 j C. Sartorius. (== 0.
polincephnlii SnAnPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x., pi. ix., fig. 3.)

s Oenthli/plH piiUocephnln, var. eiininurhn RiDow. in Hist. N. Am, B. i. 1874, 200. Qtothlypit camnxtclta
Salv. k GoDM., Biol. Contr.-Ain., Avos, i. 1831, 153, pi. ix., fig. 2.

NoTR. — It may bo explained that these three nearly-related species (or possibly subspecies, since inter-
mediate specimens mny horonfter be found) nre diagnosed above entirely from spocimenj in summer plumngo,
thus showing that Mr. Sharpo's suggestion (page 35tf, vol. x., Oat. B. Brit. Mus.) that they may represent
seasonal differonooi: of plumage fails of verification.

SFLVANIA.

527

6.75-7.50, wing (male) 2.90-3.20 (3.03), tail 2.90-3.35 (3.08). Eggs .89 X .67.
Hab. Eastern United States, north to Ontario and southern New England,
west to edge of Gi-cat Plains ; south, in winter, through eastern Mexico to

Guatemala (Costa Rica ?) 683. I. virens (Linn.). Yellow-breasted Chat.

a*. Above olive-gray (sometimes nearly pure gray); white malar stripe longer;
wings and tail longer ; length 7.00-8.00, wing (male) 3.05-3.35 (3.13), tail
3.30-3.60 (3.43). Eggs .89 X -69. Hab. Western United States, east to
Great Plains, south into Mexico.

683a. I. virens longicauda (Lawr.). Long-tailed Chat.

Genus SYLVAN I A Nuttall. (Page 483, pi. CXVII., fig. 8.)

Species.

a}. Wing with two whitish bands.

Adult male : Abova olive-green, the wing with two dull white bands, the
outer tail-feathers with a white spot near end of inner web ; a narrow
white orbital ring; lower parts pale yellow, fading into white pos-
teriorly; length 5.00. Hab. Kentucky. (One of the so-called "lost
species" of Audubon.)

— . S. microcephala Eidqw. SmaU-headed Warbler.'
a'. Wing without any markings.
6*. Upper parts olive-green.

c'. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers with white patches.

Adult male : Forehead and ear-coverts gamboge-yellow ; rest of
head and neck, including chest, uniform deep black; rest of
lower parts pure gamboge-yellow. Adult female : Similar to
male, but with black of head usually much less distinct, some-
times wholly absent, that of upper portions being replaced by
olive-groen, that of throat, etc., by gamboge-yellow. Young in
first autumn : Similar to adult female, without black on head.
Length 5.00-5.70, wing 2.50-2.75, tail 2.20-2.40. Nest in low
bushes in undergrowth of high, damp woods. Eggs 3-4, .70 X
.53, white, or buffy white, speckled or spotted round larger end
with reddish brown and lilac-gray, usually mixed with a few
black specks or pen-linos. Hab. Eastern United States, north
to southern parts of Michigan, Now York, and New England,
west to edge of Great Plains ; south, in winter, to Cuba, Ja-
maica, and through eastern Mexico and Central America to

Panama 684. S. mitrata (Gmel.). Hooded Warbler.

c*. Inner webs of tail-feathers without any white. (Adult males plain
olive-green above, the crown glossy blue-black ; lower parts, and
sides of head, gamboge-yellow. Adult females similar to adult male,
but black crown-patch usually less distinct, often merely indicated,

1 For roferencos, see p. 357, A. 0. U. Chock List.

528

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

*■*■!

«...;;**

and sometimes entirely wanting, the whole top of the head being
uniform olive-green. Young in first autumn similar to adult fe-
males, without black on crown.)
dK Duller colored, with shorter wing and tail, and broader as well as
darker-colored bill; length 4.25-5.10, wing (male) 2.15-2.35
(2.20), tail 2.05-2.25 (2.11). Nest embedded in ground, in
swampy woods, somewhat like that of Helmitherus vermivorus
or Mniotilta varia. Eggs 4-5, .60 X -48, white or creamy white,
speckled with reddish brown and pale lavender or lilac-gray.
Sab. Eastern and northern North America, west to and in-
cluding Rocky Mountains, and to coast of Bering's Sea ; breec'-
ing from northern border of United States (and higher Rockj
Mountains?) northward; in winter, south through eastern
Mexico and Central America to Panama.

685. S. pusilla (Wils.). Wilson's Warbler.
cP. Brighter colored (the back bright yellowish olive-green, lower
parts rich gamboge-yellow, the forehead, in adult males, often
tinged with oi*ange), with longer m ing and tail, and narrower
as well as paler-colored bill ; length 4.25-5.10, wing (male)
2.15-2.30 (2.21), tail 2.00-2.20 (2.10). Eggs .61 X .47. Hab.
Western North America (chiefly along or near Pacific coast,
north to Kadiak, Alaska) ; south, in winter, through western
Mexico to Costa Rica.

685a. S. pusilla pileolata (Pall.). Fileolated Warbler.
b\ Upper parts plumbeous-gray (tinged with olive in young and autumnal
specimens).
Adult male : Forehead spotted with black ; a yellow supraloral bar
and an orbital ring of the same color; lores black; lower parts
yellow, fading into white on under tail-coverts, the chest crossed
by a series of black spots. Adult female: Similar to male, but
without black spots on forehead, and those across chest much less
distinct, and often olive-grayish or dusky instead of black ; yellow
orbital ring and streak above lores less distinct. Young in fall :
Similar to the duller-colored adult females. Length 5.00-5.75,
wing 2.50-2.65, tail 2.20-2.40. Nest in clumps of weeds or tussocks
of grass in swampy woods. Eggs 3-5, .68 X -51, colored like those
of S. mitrata. Hab. Eastern North America, north to Newfound-
land, southern Labrador, and Lake Winnipeg; south, in winter,
through eastern Mexico and Central America to Ecuador.

686. S. canadensis (Linn.). Canadian Warbler.

SETOPBAOA.

529

Genus SETOPHAGA -Swaixson. (Page 483, pi. CVIII., fig.s. 1, 2.)

Species.

Common Charactees. — Adult w/iles (sometimes females also) with plumage
mainly red and black, or red and plumbeous.

a}. Belly white; basal portion of sMrcondaries and quills and basal half (or more) of
tail-feathers (except middle), light salmon-red or orange-red in adult male,
yellow in female and young male ; sexes very unlike in coloration.

Adult male .- Uniform gl<J^sy black, relieved by light red basal portion of
secondaries, quill**, and tail-feathers, and sides of breast with a patch
of the same (varying from rich orange-red to salmon-pink and orange-
yellow) ; bell}- and lower lail-coverts white, the latter usually with
blackish central *«i*ot"f. Adult female: Pattern of coloration as in male,
but black replat-ed aJ>ove by grayish olive, and on throat, etc., by grayish
wliite ; wing- and tail-markings and patches on sides of breast yellow.
Yoxing male: Similar to adult female, but browner above, the colored
areas usually inclining more to orange or salmon-color; after first win-
ter, the plumasre interspersed with glossy black feathers. Length 4.75-
5.75, wing 2.40-2.55, tail 2.30-2.45. Nest cup-shaped, compact, of plant-
fibres, spiders' webs, etc., usually saddled upon horizontal branch or in
fork, 7-30 feet from ground. E[ _,<> 3-5, .63 X -48, white, greenish white,
or grayish white, speckled or i?,)Otted, chiefly round larger end, with
brown and lilac. Hah. Eastern Xorth America, west to, and including,
Rocky Mountains, north to Fort Simpson ; in winter, West Indies,
eastern Mexico, Central America, and south to Ecuador.

687. S. ruticilla (Linn.). American Redstart.

a*. Belly red (in both sexes) ; wings and tail without red or yellow markings, but

outer feathers of latter white; sexes alike in coloration.

bK Adult: Head, neck, cbe?*t, sides, and upper parts glossy blue-black, the

wing with a large white patch, covering greater and middle coverts

and edges of tertials ; no chestnut or rufous on top of head ; breast and

belly rich carmine-reil ; lower eyelid and under tail-coverts pure white.

Young: Above dull black, with white markings as in adult; beneath

dull graj-ish dusky, sometimes of a more sootj' cast, the breast and belly

without any red. Length about 5.00-5.50, wing 2.70-2.82, tail 2.35-

2.78.

c*. Third tail-feather with greater part of its outer web and a large portion

of inner web (at end) white. Nest placed within cavities in banks,

among rocks, etc. Eggs 3-4, .65 X -48, white, finely speckled with

reddish brown and lilac, ffab. Highlands of Mexico, north to

southern Arizona and New Mexico (and Texas?).

688. S. picta Swains. Fainted Redstart,
c*. Third tail-feather with outer web entirely black, and inner web with

-'•1,

rat*
If lir

630 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

very little white at tip (sometimes with none at all) ; white edgings
to secondaries much narrower. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and
extreme southern portion of Mexico (Chiapas).

S. picta guatemalse Suarpe. Sharpe's Redstart.*

fc'. Adult : Above dark plumbeous, or slate-gray, the forehead, sides of crown,

lores, chin, and throat black ; crown with a patch of chestnut ; sides

and flanks slate-gray ; under tail-coverts dark slate-color, broadly tipped

with white; breast and belly vermilion-red, varying to orange-red.

Yovng : " General color above sooty black, the wing-coverts like the

back, edged with rusty brown at the tips . . . head a little more dusky

than the back ; sides of face and throat dull ashy, washed with brown

on the chin ; lower throat and sides of body dark chocolate-brown, the

abdominal feathers paler and more chestnut and with whitish bases ;

under tail-coverts pale fulvous." (Sharpe.) Length about 5.00-5.50,

wing 2.30-2.70, tail 2.50-3.00.

c'. White of tail more extended, always present on thii'd feather as a broad

terminal spot, and often present on tip of fourth ; breast and belly

always (?) pure vermilion or scarlet. Ifab. Highlands of Mexico,

north to southern Texas ?

689. S. miniata Swains. Eed-bellied Redstart,
c*. White of tail more restricted, reduced to a narrow terminal spot (some-
times wanting altogether) on third feather and never found on
fourth ; breast and belly usually more orange-red, sometimes of
a decided orange tint. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala.

S. miniata flammea Kauf. Kaup's Redstart.'

Genus CARDELLINA Du Bus. (Page 483, pi. CXVIIL, fig. 3.)

Species.

Adult (sexes alike) : Forehead, lores, cheeks, chin, throat, and sides of neck rich
vermilion-red, sometimes inclining to carmine; crown and ear-coverts deep black;
occiput whitish ; upper parts uniform ash-gray, the rump white, and middle wing-
coverts indistinctly tipped with same ; lower parts (except throat) whitish. Young :
Whole top and sides of head dull umber-brown ; chin, throat, chest, breast, and sides
of neck paler and more tinged with grayish ; posterior lower parts dull white ; back
and scapulars grayish brown ; rump dull white ; middle and greater wing-coverts
conspicuously tipped with buffy. Young in first autumn : Black of crown and ear-
coverts obsolete or very indistinct, and red parts merely indicated by a slight
tingcing of red on a smoky grayish ground ; upper parts was-hed with brown ;
otherwise much like adult. Length about 5.00-5.50, wing 2.53-,2.80, tail 2.32-2.60.

^ Setophnga picta, Svr., a. tfunlemaln; Sharpo, p. xii.; [Setophnga picta] Subsp. a. Setophaga guatcmalK,
and Setophaga giialenialn; p. 417 (sub. fig.), Shaupe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. s. 1885.

* Seinphaga fammea Kai'p, P, Z. S. 1851, 50 ; [Setophaga miniata] Subsp. a. Setophaga flammea Sbarpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mas. x. 1885, 419.

EROATICVS.

531

Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico, north to southern border of United
States (aouthcrn Texas ? to southern Arizona).

690. C. rubrifrons (Giraud). Eed-faced Warbler.

Genus ERGATICUS Baird. (Pago 483, pi. CXVIII., fig. 4.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adults (sexes alike): Prevailing color red, the wings
and tail dusky brownish.

a^. Adult: Above plain dusky red, brighter on rump and upper tail-coverts; lower
parts, including sides of neck and head (except car-coverts), brighter red,
inclining to vermilion ; car-coverts silveiy white, in conspicuous con-
trast ; wings and tail brownish dusky, the lesser and greater wing-covcrts
broadly edged with brownish red, and middle coverts broadly tipped
with pinkish red ; remiges and rectrices edged with dull light brownish
red. Young : Above dull rusty brown ; beneath similar but paler, in-
clining to cinnamon ; ear-coverts silvery white, as in adult. Length about
4.50-5.00, wing 2.30-2.50, tail 2.40-2.55. Hah. Highlands of eastern Mexico
(north to southern Texas?) 691. E. ruber (Swains.). Red Warbler.

<■<*. Adult: Head, neck, and chest light silvery pink, the feathers dusky at base

(dark red on chest, where the underlying color is more exposed) ; rest of

lower parts plain dull vermilion- red ; back and scapulars dark claret-red ;

rump light pinkish red; about the size of E. ruber. Hab. Highlands of

Guatemala.

E. versicolor (Salv.). Pink-headed Warbler.'

Genus BASILEUTERUS Cabanis. (Page 483, pi. CXVIII., figs. 5, 6.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above plain olive-green, with top and sides of head
chestnut; or olive-gray, the top of head with two black (lateral) and one (median)
yellow or orange-rufous stripes ; beneath yellow, or with posterior half (or more)
whitish.

a*. Top of head with two black lateral stripes, enclosing a median stripe of yellow
(var^'ing to orange-rufous) ; rest of upper parts plain olive-gray (sometimes
tinged with olive-green); lower parts j'ellow, tinged with olive laterally;
length about 4.50-5.00, wing 2.10-2.30, tail 2.00-2.10. Hab. Middle America,
south to Veragua, north to eastern Mexico; southern Texas?

692. B. culicivorus (Light.). Brasher's Warbler.

rt». Top of head chestnut or rufous, with or without black lateral and frontal
border ; rest of upper parts plain olive-green.

1 Cardtllina verticolor Salt., P. Z. S. 1863, 188, pi. 24, fig. 4. Ergaticw* verticolor ScL. A Salt., Norn.
Neotr. 1873, 11.

rf5

Wf,

532 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

i'. Superciliary stripe bright yellow ; top of head with a black stripe on each

side, and forehead black medially.

Side of head rich chestnut, becoming blackish on lores ; lower parts

yellow, changing to olive-green laterally ; length about 5.00, wing

2.30-2.60, tail 2.40-2.60. Hab. Guatemala and eastern 3Iexieo;

southern Texas? 693. B. belli (Giuaud). Bell's Warbler.

h*. Superciliary strij^e white ; top of head without any black.

c'. Lower parts entirely yellow.

Ear-coverts rufous, like top of head ; length about 4.50-5.00, wing

2.10-2.20, tail 2.25-2.60. Hab. Central America, from Panama

to Guatemala.

B. delatrii Bonap. Delatre's Warbler.'

c'. Lower parts yellow only as far back as bi'cast, the belly white and

flanks and under tail-coverts pale brownish buif.

Otherwise like B. delatrii, but cheeks more extensively white ;

length about 4.50-4.75, wing 2.00-2.10, tail 2.20-2.35. Hab.

Southern Mexico, north to Mirador, Orizaba, and Mazatlan.

B. rufifrons (Swains.). Rufous-crowned Warbler.^

Family MOTACILLIDiE.— The Wagtails and Pipits. (Page 322.)

Genera.

a'. Tail equal to or longer than wing ; plumage plain, both above and below.

b^. Tail longer than wing, double-rounded or emarginate ; hind claw shorter
than the toe, strongly curved ; back ash-gray or black.

Motacilla. (Page 532.)

6*. Tail not longer than wing, rounded ; hind claw longer than the toe, slightly

curved; back olive, olive-green, or brownish.... Budytes. (Page 534.)

a'. Tail decidedly shorter than wing ; plumage usually much streaked below

(sometimes above also) Anthus. (Page 535.)

"■<

Genus MOTACILLA Linn^us. (Page 532, pi. CXIX., fig. 1.)

Species.

a*. Lower parts pure white ; adults with black on chest (throat also, in summei') ;
upper tail-coverts blackish or dark grayish ; third tail-feather black. Nest
on ground, usually near water, composed of dried grasses, etc., lined with
softer materials. Eggs 3-5, whitish, thickly speckled with brown. (Adults
in summer — sexes essentially alike': Entire throat and chest uniform deep

• Baiileuterui delatrii Bonap., Comp. Rend, xxxviii. 1854, 383.

* Setophaga rvfifroM SwAiNS., An. in Menag. 1837, 2U4. Baaileuterut rufi/rom Bonap., Consp. i. 1850, 314.
' Except in M, lugent, in which the female has the back gray or much mixed with gray, instead of uniform

black.

MOTACILLA.

533

black, with a strongly convex posterior outline ; forehead, superciliary re-
gion, and sides of head pure white, some species having a black streak
through eye ; crown and occiput, sometimes hind-neck also, and in one
species the entire back, deep black ; bill entirely deep black. Adults in
ic inter : Differing from summer plumage in having at least the upper por-
tion, sometimes all, of throat white ; in gray-backed species the gray some-
what tinged with brownish, in black-backed 8j)ecies the black of back re-
placed by ash-gray. Young in first winter : Much duller in color than adults,
with gray of a browner tint, black on top of head wanting or merely indi-
cated, black below confined to a narrow crescent on chest, with sometimes
a cluster or series of black spots extending upward from each extremity
of the crescent along sides of lower throat; white of head more or less
tinged with yellow. Young: Above dull brownish gray, including whole
top of head, the latter usually with a blackish or dusky suffusion along
each side of crown ; white of wings much reduced in extent, much less
pure, or sometimes even replaced by light brownish gray ; chin and throat
dull grayish white bordered posteriorly by a rather poorly defined dusky
crescent across chest; sides of breast dull brownish gray; remaining lower
parts dull white, purer posteriorly.)
6'. AVithout a black or dusky streak through eye ; adults with wing-coverts
tipped with grayish white, forming two bands across wing.

Back, scapulars, and rump always gray; length about 6.50-7.30, wing
3.25-3.55, tail 3.50-3.80 ; bill very slender. Eggs .78 X -60, white or
grayish white, thickly speckled with grayish brown or dark brown.
Hab. Europe and northi>rn Asia, wintei'ing in northeastern Africa
and southern Asia ; accidental in Greenland.

694. M. alba (Linn.). White Wagtail.
6". With a distinct black or dusky streak through 'ye (except in first plumage) ;
adults with exposed surface of middle and greater wing-coverts entirely
white, forming a large patch on wing,
c'. Hind-neck, back, scapulars, and rump always gra}'; adult with inner
webs of quills chiefly dusky gray ; length about 6.75-7.50, wing
3.50-3.60, tail 3.50-4.00, exposed culmen .45-.50. Hab. Northeastern
Siberia in summer ; south, in winter, through Transbaikal and China
to Burmah ; occasional in Kamtschatka ; accidental in Lower Cali-
fornia (and Aleutian Islands ?).

695. M. ocularis Swinh. Swinhoe's Wagtail.
(?. Hind-neck always black in adults, the entire back, scapulars, lesser
wing-coverts, and rump deep black in fully adult male; adult female
and winter male with back ash-graj' (more bluish than in 3f. ocularis),
or gray clouded vith black ; adults with inner webs of quills pure
white except at tips, and white on outer surface of wings much
more extensive and continuous than in M. ocularis ; larger than M.
ocularis ; length about 7.00-7.75, wing 3.50-3.95, tail 3.70-4.20, ex-
posed culmen .50-.55. Hab. Kamtschatka, Amurland, Kurils, and

^nm

534

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

*-.,^

Yozo in summer; southern Japan, Formosa, and eastern China in
winter; accidental in Aleutian Islands (Attn ; Turner)?

M. lugens (Kittl.). Kamtschatka Wagtail.'
a'. Lower parts yellow (dull yellowish white in young, but lower tail-coverts always
yellow), without black on breast ; upper tail-covorts olive-yellow or yellowish
olive-green ; third tail-feather chiefly white. (Subgenus Calohates Kaup.')
Adult male in summer: Above ash-gray, including top and sides of head ;
lower rump and upper tail-coverts bright yellowish olive-green, or olive-
yellow ; wings blackish, the tertials broadly edged with whitish ; a white
superciliary stripe, and a malar stripe of same; chin and throat black;
rest of lower parts primrose-yellow, deepening into gamboge on under
tail-coverts. Adult female in summer : Similar to the male, but chin and
throat white or pale yellow bordered laterally and posteriorly by black-
ish or dusky spotting (sometimes with throat more extensively black).
Adults in winter same as in summer, but throat white. Young in first
winter : Brownish gray above ; suj^ereiliar}' stripe and chest strongly
tinged with buff ; otherwise like adults. Young: Above brownish gray ;
middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale fulvous, buffy, or
whitish, producing two bands on wing; lower parts dull white, faintly
shaded with ashy on breast, the lower taii-coverts pale yellow. (In
younger individuals the superciliary stripe and throat buffy.) Length
about 7.00, wing 3.20-3.30, tail 3.50-3.80. Hab. Eastern Asia, breeding

from China and Japan northward.

M. melanope Pall. Gray Wagtail.'

•>'■{'

Genus BUDYTES Cuvier. (Page 532, pi. CXIX., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males in summer: Top of head and hind-neck
bluish gi"ay or ])lumbeous ; sides of head similar, but darker, separated from the
lighter color above by a distinct white superciliary stripe ; back, scapulars, rump,
and upper tail-coverts plain olive-green ; wings brownish dusky, the coverts tipped
with brownish white or pale brown, and tertials edged with same ; tail blackish, the
two outer pairs of feathers partly white ; chin white ; rest of lower parts yellow, the
chest usually more or less clouded with dusky. Adult female: Similar to male, but
usually rather duller, the head more brownish gray, the yellow of under parts paler,
etc. Adult (?) in winter: Above dull olivo-brown, including head; beneath yellow-
ish buff, the chin white, and chest clouded with dusky, as in summer. Yoxing
in first winter : Above dull olive-brown, including head ; superciliary stripe pale
buff; lower parts chiefly white, the chest, breast, sides, and flanks dull light buff,
the first clouded with grayish brown ; wing-coverts tipped, and tertials edged, with
dull sulphur-yellow. Young : Above dull olive-brown, the top of head suffused

1 MotaciUn hif/ena KiTTi,., Kupf. Vog. 18.32, Ifi, pi. 21, fig. 1.

3 Cnlobaten Kai'P., NatUrl. Syst. 1829, 3.3. Type, Motncilla melannpc Pall.

3 Mulacitta melanope Pall., Keisi. Russ. Ueichs, iii. 1770, App. p. 69C.

ANTHVS.

fi35

with blackish laterally ; light •wing-markings dull buff-yellow ; superciliary stripe,
broad malar stripe (widening on side of neck), and lower parts generally, dull
light butf-yellow ; chin and throat dull white, bordered along each side by a broad
streak of dull blackish, this confluent with a broken crescentic patch of same on
chest. Length 5.50-G.80, wing 2.95-3.30, tail 2.G5-3.10. Nest on ground, concealed
by projecting tussock or overhanging bank, composed of dry grass, etc., often lined
with soft feathers. Eggs 3-7, dull white, brownish white, or pale isabella-color,
densely speckled with ditferent shades of light brown.

a}. Top of head and hind-neck lighter, more ashy, gray, the lores and ear-coverts

not conspicuously darker ; lower parts purer yellow (often rich gamboge).

Ilab. Europe, etc.

B. flavus (Linn.). Yellow Wagtail.'

a*. Top of head and hind-neck darker, more plumbeous, gray, the lores and ear-
coverts usually conspicuously darker ; lower parts lighter, less pure yellow
(varying from citron- to sulphur-yellow), the chest more distinctly blotched
with dusky. Eggs .76 X -55. Hab. Alaska (north of the peninsula), eastern
Siberia, and Kamtschatka, wintering in eastern China and the Moluccas.

COG. B. flavus leucostriatus (Hom.). Siberian Yellow Wagtail.

but

Genus ANTHUS Bechstein. (Pago 532, pi. CXIX., figs. 3, 4.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above brownish, more or less distinctly streaked with
darker (nearly uniform grayish in summer plumage of A. pcnsilvaniciis), the wings
with lighter edgings, and two more or less distinct light bands across tips of coverts ;
bencitth paler (usually dull buffy — rarely whitish), the chest, and sometimes sides
also, usually more or less distinctly streaked with darker; outer tail-feathers with
more or less of white. Nest on ground, bulky and rather compact, composed of
dried mosses, grasses, etc., lined with hair, feathers, etc. Eggs with a pale gi-onnd-
color, but this usually overlaid by so dense a speckling or mottling of bi'own as to
give a nearly uniform brown surface.

a*. Tarsus longer than hind-toe, with claw ; inner web of outer tail-feather chiefly
dusky. Eggs pale olive, olive-whitish, or pale chocolate-brown, thickly
freckled with brown (sometimes nearly uniform chocolate-brown). (Sub-
genus Anthiis.)
6'. Back, scapulars, and top of head plain brownish gray or brownish, or with
very indistinct darker streaks.
Adult in summer : Above brownish gray or grayish brown, the feathers
of top of head and back showing more or less distinct darker cen-
tres, most obvious on back ; wings and tail dusky, with light brown-
ish gray edgings, the middle and greater coverts tipped with same ;
superciliary stripe and lower parts light cinnamon-buff, paler on

> Motacillafiava Linn., S. X. ed. 10, i. 1758, 185. Budytetflava Cuv., Rdg. An. 1817, 371.

536

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

rf«:i

chin and upper throat, the chest (sometimes sides also) more or less
streaked with dusky. Winter plumage : Above decidedly more brown
than in summer ; beneath much duller buffy (without any cinnamon
tint), iho streaks on breast usually broader. Young: Above dull
brownish gray ; beneath dull brownish white, the chest spotted or
broadly streaked with blackish. Length 6.00-7.00, wing 3.20-3.50,
tail 2.65-2.85, tarsus .85-.90. Eggs .78 X -57. Ilab. Whole of North
America, breeding from Labrador and high mountains of Colorado
(above timber-lino), etc., to Arctic coast.

697. A. pensilvanicus (Lath.). American Pipit.
6'. Back, scapulars, and top of head umber-brown or tawny olive, conspicuously
streaked with black,
c*. Back and scapulars without distinct whitish streaks.

d'. Rump and upper tail-covorts nearly plain brown or olive super-
ficially, the darker streaks almost wholly concealed ; chin,
throat, etc., never fawn-color. Summer adult : Above rather
light umber- or olive-brown, the top of head narrowly and back
broadly streaked with black ; wings and tail dusky, the mid-
dle wingcovt rts broadly mai'gined terminally with dull buffy
whitish, the greater coverts more narrowly margined with
same ; beneath dull buffy whitish (the throat and bi-east some-
times deep buffy), the chest and sides (including sides of throat)
sharply streaked with brownish black. Winter plumage : Above
brighter, more olive, brown, beneath decided huff, the mark-,
ings as in summer. Young: Above light grayish brown, more
broadly, but less sharply, streaked than in adult ; bc.icath
light buffy, tinged with olive, streaked much as in adult.
Length about 5.50-6.25, wing 3.00-3.20, tail 2.40-2.50, tarsus
.85. Eggs .78 X -59. Hah. Europe ; northern Africa in winter ;
occasional in southern Greenland.

698. A. pratensis (Linn.). Meadow Pipit,
rf*. Rump and upper tail-coverts conspicuously streaked with black-
ish ; chin, throat, etc., deep cinnamon buff or fawn-color in full
adult plumage. Adult (full plumage^) : Superciliary stripe, malar
region, chin, and throat (sometimes chest also) unifoiin fawn-
color or cinnamon-buff; otherwise as in A. pratensis, except
that the rump and upper tail-coverts are distinctly streaked or
striped with biaokish. (Other plumages resembling correspond-
ing stages of A. pratensis, but always distinctly streaked or
striped with blackish on rump and upper tail-covcrts, and color
of upper parts loss olivaceous — more brown in immature winter
dross.) Length about 6.00-6.00, vnng 3.15-3.50, tail 2.35-2.55,

' This is ueually dcseriljod a» tlio sumnior ]iltiMin);e; but vi tho flvo gpocinions in tliiH i)Iuninf(o wliioli iiro
At thlR muincnt l)oforc inc, two were bhot in Drouiiibvi iid oir iu S<i|itouibur, tbo latter boiog in fresh fall
plumago ; tbo datu uf uuu spvuimcn ia nut recorded.

ANTHUS.

537

buffy

tarsus .85-.90. Hab. Northern Europe and Asia 'n summer;
in winter, northeastern Africa and greater puit of southern
Asia J occasional in Alaska, and accidental in Lower California.
699. A. cervinus (Pall.). Bed-throated Pipit,
c*. Back and scapulars streaked with whitish (forming two or more nearly
parallel stripes when feathers are properly arranged).
Summer adult .• Above light brown, everywhere streaked with
black, the back with several longitudinal scries of whitish
streaks; middle wing-coverts blackish, abruptly tipped or bor-
dered terminally with whitish; greater coverts more narrowly
tipped with more brownish white, and edged with light brown;
beneath whitish, more or less strongly tinged with buff on
lower +'rioat and chest, the latter, with sides and flanks,
streaked with black; sides of throat usual!}' without black
streaks. Winter plumage similar, but browner above and more
decidedl}' buffy beneath. Length (skins) about 5.50-G.OO, wing
3.20-3.50, tail 2.25-2.40, tarsus .95-1.00. JLih. Kumtschatka
(including Commander Islands) and wh?)le of Siberia in sum-
mer; in wintci', south to Philippines, Borneo, etc.

A. gustavi SwiNH. Petchora Pipit.'

a". Tarsus shorter than third too, with claw; inner web of outer tail-feather chiefly

(sometimes cnt'rely) white. E(jgs .87 X .62, dull pale ])urplisli buffy or dull

bufly whitish, thickly speckled with dull purplish brown. (Subgenus JVeo-

COryS SCLATER.)

Adult in summer: Above broadly streaked with pale grayish buff and
dusky; wings dusky, with pale gn.yish buffy eiigings ; two outer tail-
feathers cbinfly white (the outiTinost sometimes entirely white); be-
neath dull buffy white, more buffy across chest, where narrowly streaked
with dusky ; legs and feet very light-colored. Winter plumage much
more decidedly buffy, both above and below, with dark streaks on chest
broader and less sharply deftnod. Young : Alxtve brownish buff, broadly
streaked v;ith black, the feathers of back and scapulai-s narrowly mar-
gined terminally with buffj- or whitish ; chin, throat, and sides of neck
whitish, the last, and also lower throat, streaked with dusky; rest of
lower parts light buff, growing gradually |>aler posloridHy, the clicHt
and sides of breast streaked with black. Length 5.75-7.00, wing 3.20-
3.40, tail 2.35-2.60, tarsus .90. Ifab. Interior ))lains of Xorth America,
breeding from central Dakota north to the Saskatchewan ; south, in
winter, over southern plains to s 'Uhern Mexico (Piiebla).

700. A. spragueii (.Viu.). Sprague's Pipit.

> Anthuf giiiltivi SwiNn., P. Z. 8. 1868, DO.
G8

538

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Family CINCLID.'R -

Dippers. (Page 323.)

Genera.
(Characters same as those given for the Family) Cinclus. (Page 538.)

Genus CINCLUS Bkchstein, (Pago 538, pi. CXIX., tig. 5.)

Species.

Common Characters (of North American species). — Color plain grayish, the
head sometimes more brownish; young and winter specimens with larger featliers
of wings and those of posterior lower \nivi>i bordered with whitish, the lower parts
decidedly whitish or much suffused with white in young.

rt'. Adult in summer: Uniform slate-grayish, the head and neck more brownish
(sometimes decidedly brown); bill entirely black. Winter pi umaye : Similar,
but tertials. greater wing-covorts, and feathers of lower parts bordered ter-
minally Willi whitish ; lower mandible light-colored on basal portion. Young :
Similar lo winter plumage, but lower jjarts more or less mixed with white,
anil tinged posteriorly with rusty. Length 7.0(1-8.50. wing 3.40-3.81, tail
l.!)0--M2, culmen .CO-.TO, tarsus 1.00-1.20. i\W built witbin a very bu'kv
oven-shaped structure composed of closely compacted green mosses, th' ti-
trance on one side, the nest pr()))er embedded in the floor of the '■ house," •md
?omposed of fine rootlets, etc. ; the nest built among roeks near running
water, often behind a casea.de. 7sV/(/6' 3-5, 1.02 X "0, plain pure white. Uiib.
Mountainous districts of western North America, north to Alaska (Yukon
Valley, where resident), south to Guatemala.

701. C. mexicanus Swains. American Dipper.

rt*. Adult: Above bluish gray, or phunbeous, slightly liurker on head ; i>einaii ush-
gray, lighter anteriorly, more plumbeous on .-iides. Youmj : Chin, throat,
and chest whiti;; other lower parts grayish white, tinged with plumbewis
laterally: wing-coverts tip|>ed with grayi:<Ii while, the (piills and secondanes
bordered terminally witli pure white. Wing 3. 50-!!. (15. tail about 2.00, eui-
men .70-.72, tarsus 1.28-1.30. JIab. Mountains of Costa V. a and Veragwt

C. ardesiacuB 8alv Costa Rican Dipper;'

Family TROGLODYTID-ffi.— The Wrens, Thrashers. Eir.

Genera.

(/'. liictal bristles well developed; inner toe entirely free at base from n d •■ t'w-;
wing 3.50, or more. (Subfamily Mimimv.)
h\ Tail shorter than wing, nearly even Oroscoptes. (Page S41.)

' Cinclut urdttiacui Salv,, Ibu, 1807, 121, pi. 2.

TROQLODVTJDJE.

539

6'. Tail longer than wing, much rounded.

c'. Exposed culmen decidedly shorter than middle toe, without claw.

dK Plumage varied, the wings and tail distinctly (often conspicuously)
marked with white.

Gonys straight, or sometimes even slightly concave ; tarsal

scutellaj very distinct Mimus. (Page 541.)

(P. Plumage plain, the wings and tail without white markings.

e'. Larger (wing mor 3 than 4.00, tail 5.00, or more) j gonys
straight ; tarsal scutella) very distinct.

Color plain brown above, dull whitish beneath.

Mimodes. (Page 542.)
c*. Smaller (wing less than 4.00, tail less than 4.50) ; gonys appre-
ciably convex ; tarsal scutella) indistinct (sometimes nearly
obsolete).
/'. Exposed culmen shorter than distance between tips of
longest and shortest tail-feathers; color slate-gray
above, with black cap and tail, ash gray below, with
chestnut under tail-coverts.

Galeoscoptes. (Page 542.)
/'. Exposed culmen longer than distance between iii»s of
longest and shortest tail-feathers ; color uniform glossy
violet-black, the wings and tail more bluish or green-
ish Meln n optiUO

c*. Exposed culmen equal to or longer than middle toe, with claw.

dK Above plain grayish blue, the loi-es and ear-coverts deep black ; be-
neath grayish blue or pure white Mdanotis}

d*. Above some shade of brownish, grayish, or dusky ; beneath, nei-
ther graj'isli bine nor pure white,
t''. First quill very little, if any. longer than tarsus (sometimes
shorter); throat and middle of l)roast neither red nor

rufous Harporhynchus. (Page 51:1)

e*. First quill longer than tarsus and middle toe combined ; throat
and UH'dian lower parts rose-red (in male) or rufous (in

female) lihoilliiocirhbi^

<f. ftctai bristles obsolete, or very indistinct ; inner too united at base to inner too
bv at least half the basal i)liaian\' ; wing less than 3.50. (Subfamily TvoqIo-
tifftidm.)
» Wm^ more than 3.00 Campylorhynchus. (Page 547.)

jr.7ii

Stutltu, t. Z. S. 1S57, 275. Typo, .1/. jlatiri'niHiriH ScL. (//(i'/., cuast of Yucatan ntnl Hon-

(iwntr

' m^htnotiH Ho!CAl'.. Connp. \. 1850. 270. Typn, Orphrun rirrnli>fiii>i ii\v\isn. Two cpeclo*! (1) ^f, iniii-

r. ), of Mexico, which i* urmish lilup hcncnth, iis well n.i iilnivr, iiri'l (2) .V. hi/fxtlfucut Harti.., of

whiiih if jiHrv whit* hcinnfh, cffpt iil(in>t siilcx ntnl <m (inkier tail covorts.

^ tikMi^Hnrirhl'i « iHTl... iWm. Wr Orn. 185.1, H:i. Typo, Fnrunriim r<i». »» Lk»8. Two pppcipd : (]) li.

rn»m (Lisw.l. from '""ontn Hi"«. roliiiijbin, iiml Vi'nc/.uela! nml (2) H. mln-hicf,* Rmow., from wrstcrn

Moxioo (UazntUt), Colina, ct:

540

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

6». Wing less than 3.00.

c*. Outer too much longer than the inner.

d}. Exposed eulmen shorter than tarsus ; posterior lower parts whitish

or pale cinnamon Salpinctes. (Page 547.)

d". Exposed eulmen longer than tarsus; posterior lower parts deep
rusty or brownish, more or less speckled with dusky or whitish,

or both Catherpes. (Pago 548.)

c^. Outer toe not distinctly longer than the inner.

d}. Tail little, if any, shorter than tarsus and middle toe together.
e^. Nostril opening horizontally along lower edge of nasal fossa5,
and overhung by a more or less projecting ecale-liko mem-
brane.
/^ Back without streaks; tail graduated for less than one-
third its length, the lateral pair of feathers reaching
decidedly beyond tips of longest under coverts.
gf^ Bill rather abruptly decurvcd at tip, stout (or else tail
(I )cidedly longer than wing) ; a conspicuous, sharply
defined (usually whitish) superciliary stripe,
/t'. Length of wing exceeding that of tail by less
than length of exposed eulmen (tail some-
times equal to or oven longer than wing).

Thryothorus. (Page 549.)
/t'. Length of wing exceeding that of tail by much
more than length of exposed eulmen.

Uropsila}
g*. Bill more slender, more gradually decurved at tip
(sometimes nearly straight tiiroughout) ; super-
ciliary stripe not conspicuous (sometimes nearly

obsolete) Troglodytes. (I'age 552.)

f. Back streaked with black and white; tail graduated for
about one-third its length, the lateral pair of feathers
reaching little, if any, I cyond tips of longer under

coverts Cistothorus. (Pago 555.)

e'. Nostril small and ni la'ly circuhir, opening in the anterior por-
tion of the nasal fosso), and without overhanging scale or
membrane. (Otherwise, very much like Thryothorus.)

Thryophilus*

(P. Tail much shorter than tarsus and middle toe together. (Nostril

as in Thryophilus.) Henicorhina?

> Vrit))»ilu ScL. A Salv., Nom. Ncotr. IS"."?, 155. Tyi>o, Timjlodi/len leur<»jnnlrn Oon.n. {Ilnh. Southern

Mi'xifo.)

' Thvi/ophiliin IJAinn, Review, i. AuguM, 18ft(, 127. Typo, Thryolhorm rvfulhiti LArn. (Six »i)c«ic« in
Mc.vic'o anl (Ju.itoinnlii, with othorc farther cimtliwiinl.)

» Uiniiui-liliin .'id.. Si Sai.v., 1*. Z. 3. ISOS, 17U. Type, Cyphorkinue leucuttictm Cau. {Bab. Sottlhcrn
Mexico to northern South Americii.)

OROSCOPTES.

541

Genus OROSCOPTES Baird. (Pago 538, pi. CXX., fig. 1.)

Species.

Adult: Abovo brownish gray, tho wiugs with two narrow white bands,
and tho larger wing-feathers edged with pale grayish (whitish in fresh autumn
plumage) ; inner webs of two or three, sometimes four, outer tail-feathers broadly
tipped with white ; beneath dull white, tinged with huffy on flanks and under tail-
coverts, tho chest, breast, and sides thickly marked with wedge-shaped longitudinal
spots and streaks of dusky. Young : Similar to adult, hut upper parts indistinctly
streaked with darker, and streaks on lower parts less sharply defined. Length
8.00-9.00, wing 3.95-4.19, tail 3.20-3.35, culmen .60-.65, tarsus 1.10-1.15. Nest very
bulky, composed of sticks, shreds of bark, fine rootlets, etc., placed in bu.«.ho8
(usually of tho so-called " sage-bush," Artemisia tridentata). Eggs 3-5, 1.00 X -71,
rich greenish blue, spotted with dove-brown. Hah. Artemisia or '•sage-brush"
plains of western United States, chiefl}' within the Great Basin, south into Mexico
in winter 702. Oroscoptes montanus (Towns.). Sage Thrasher.

Genus MIMUS Boie. (Page 539, pi. CXX., fig. 4.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Abovo brownish gray, or ash-gray, with or without
darker centres to feathers of back, etc. ; tail-feathers (except middle) with while
terminal spots or with much white on lateral feathers (these sometimes wholly
white) ; wings u,>*ually with more or less conspicuous white edgings or jnitches ;
beneath whitish, with or without dusky streaks on flanks. Young essentially simi-
lar to adult, but breast speckled with dusky. Kcst very bulky, composed of sticks,
and lined with finer materials, placed in thick bushes, thorny trees, hedge-i'ows,
vines, etc. Eggs pale bluish or greenish, spotted with reddish brown.

a'. Back plain graj", outer tail-feathers mostly or entirely white; flanks very in-
distinctly or not at all streaked.
fc'. Primary coverts and hasal portion of quills white, forming a largo and very
conspicuous patch on spread wing. Adult : Abovo plain gray, tho wings
and tail chiefly blackish ; beneath white, tinged nn breast with palo
grayish finoro iMownish or li\iiT'y in autumn). Yoting : More brownish
above, the bu*k indistinctly streaked or spotted with darker; breast
distinctly spotted or speckled with dusky. Length 9.00-11.00, wing
4.10-4.90 (4.5S). tail 4.50-5.75 (5.04). exposed cubnen ,63".75 (.70), tarsus
1.20 1.38 (1.30). Eggs ,9T X .73, pale greenish blue, varying to pale dull
bnfl'y, spotted with tvddish brown. ff<ih. United States (rare or local
north of 38''), Mexico, Hnhanias, and (Jreater ,\ntillcs.

703. M. polyglottos (Linn). Mockingbird.
b*. Primary coverts and basal portion of quills entirely dusky,

<*'. Above bi-ownish gmy. tho wings and tail dusky, with broad edgings of

542

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

grayish ; both rows of wing-covcrts tipped with dull white ; wing

4.30-4.50 (4.40), tail 4.90-5.20 (5.02). culmen .65-.67 (.66), tarsus

1.20-1.35 (1.27). Hub. Southern Mexico (Isthmus of Tchuan-

tcpcc).

M. lawrencei KiD(t\v. Tehuantepec Mockingbird.'

c'. Above ash-gray, the wings deep black, with pure white edgings; both
rows of coverts ver}- sharply tipped with pure white ; wing 4.15-
4.80 (4.49), tail 5.00-5.80 (5.38), culmen .70-.75 (.72), tarsus 1.20-
1.37 (1.31). Ilab. Atlantic lowlands, from Yucatan (including Cozu-
tiiel Island) to Honduras.

M. gracilis C.vn. Yucatan Mockingbird.*
aK Above grayish brown, the feathers with distinctly darker centres; laural tail-
feathers merely tipped with white (chiefly on inner webs) ; flanks broadly
and conspicuously streaked with dusky.

Adult : Beneath dull white, strongly tinged with brownish gray on breast;
a series of dusky streaks along each side of throat; wing 4.70-5.00. tail
5.30-5.70, culmen .82-.95, tarsus 1.45-1. GO. Hab. Bahamas, Cuba, and
Jamaica.

M. gundlachii Cab. Gundlach's Mockingbird.'

Genus GALEOSCOPTES Cabanis. (Page 539, pi. CXX., fig. 2.)

Species.

Adult : Uniform plnmbeous-slate, paler beneath ; top of head and tail black ;
lower tail-coverts chestnut ; bill and feet black ; iris brown. Younfj : Similar to
the adult, but black cap fainter and less sharply defined, lower parts very faintly
mottled, transversely, with darker, and lower tail-coverts dull light rusty. Length
8.00-9.35, wing 3.45-3.75, tail 3.70-^.25, culmen .65-.75. tarsus 1.05-1.15 ; female
averaging a little smaller. JVrst of rootlets, etc., in thickets, orchards, etc. ^(fjs
3-5, .93 X .fi^- plain deep bluish green. Ifab. Eastern North America, north to about
54° in the interior; west to and including Rocky Mountains ; in winter, southern
United States (from about 37°) and south to Cuba and Panama.

704. G. carolinensis (Linn.). Catbird.

Genus MIMODES Rid(1Way.« (Page 539, pi. CXIX.. fig. 6.)

Sf>ecit'S.

Aflvlt : Above plain brown, the wings atid tail more grayish; greater wing-
coverts and secondaries (except toward base) elgcd with fulvous-brown, the former
indistinctly tippeil with lighfer fulvous ; j)riinaries c<lge(l with light brownish gray;
inner wel)s of three outer tail-feathers marked at tij) with a very indistinct pale

' MimuK gih'Uf, y. Iiurrrnri.! RiniiAV., Proc. 1^ S. Nat. Mu8. v. .Tuno 5, 1S82, 11,

' MimiiH ijruriHii Cah., Muh. IK'iil. i. .Ian. 1S51, 8,1.

•■* MiiiWH i/iiiiiirnrlili r.\n., .Ilium, filr Orn. 1S5.5, 470.

* Mimuilin Rinow., Proo. U. S. Nut. Mus. v. .Juno 12, 18.82, 45. Tyjjc, f/nrporhym Ims jrayioni BAinD.

mmam

nARPORHYNCHVS.

543

brownish gray spot ; lores dusky, bordered above bj" a very indistinct pale brown
stripe on each side of iorchead ; lower parts plain dull brownish white, the flanks
indistinctly streaked with dark brownish, and malar region indistinctly barred
with same ; bill and fettt brownish black ; length about 9.50-10.00, wing 4.35-4.40,
tail 5.00-5.10, exposed eulmcu .80, tarsus 1.40-1.50, middle toe .90. iZ<«6.. Socorro

Island, western Mexico.

M. graysoni (Baird). Socorro Thrasher.'

Genus HARPORHYNCHUS Cabanis. (Pago 539, pi. CXX., figs. 3, 5.)

Species.

(Nest very bulky, composed of dried twigs, rootlets, etc. (the material varying
with the locality or aceording to the species), placed in small, usualh' thorny, trees,
vines, or bushes. E^jgs very variable in coloration, but usually speckled.)

a}. Tarsus longer than exposed culmen ; gonys much shorter than middle toe, with-
out claw ; tail exeeexling wing by not more than length of tai'sus ; lower
parts more or less distinctly spotted or streaked (these markings sotaetimes
obsolete in //. bendirei and H. prilmeri). (Subgenus Methrhpterus Reich.)
i'. Above reddii-h brown ; both rows of wing-coverts distinctly' tipped with
white, this preceded by a dusky bar; markings on lower parts linear,
wedge-shape^l, or tear-shaped,
c'. Culnien curved for the terminal half only, and not longer than middle
toe without elaw ; gonys perfectly straight; above bright tawny
brown or rusty cinnamon ; beneath bufl'y Avhite, or pale buff, the
markings on sides of breast usually brownish ; length about 10.50-
12.00. wing 4.10-4.fiO (4.31), tail 5.00-5.75 (5.32), e.\])()sed culmen
.90-1.10 {.'J9), tarsus 1.28-1.40 (1.36). E<j(js LOG X -78, greenish
white, very pale greenish, pale bufly, etc., minutely npeckled or
pprinkh'd with reddish brown (this sometimes the prevailing color).
Ilidi. Eastern United States, west to base of Rocky Mountains,
north to s^>uthern Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba; winters in more
Bcuthern States (north to about 37°).

705. H. rufus (Linn.). Brown Thrasher.

c*. Culmen <le<Mde<lly curved from the base, and decidedly longer than

mi<ldle toe. with claw ; gonj's appreciably concave ; above dull

uinber-broirn. -lomewhat more rusty on wings and tail; beneath

])ure white, the markings on sides of breast (and elsewhere) deep

black.

</'. Wing 3.S0, or more, tail 4.80, or more ; basal portion of lower

mandible liu'ht horn-color, or otherwise pale-colored ; length

about 10.50-12.00. wing 3.80-4.20. tail 4.80-5.45. culmen 1.05-

1.28. tarsus 1.35-1.45. /'%.s 1.07 X .TS, colored like those oi 11.

' Harporhgacius yraftoni " BAiRn, MS.," Lawh., Ann. Lyo. N. Y. x. 1871, 1.

544 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

rufus. Hab. Eastern Mexico, north to lower Rio Gru'ndo "Valley,
in Texas.. 706. H. longirostris (Lafr). Long-billed Thrasher.
(P. Wing 3.55, or less, tail 4.45, or less; lower mandible wholly
black ; colors darker, the markings more sharply defined ;
wing 3.40-3.55, tail 4,10-4.45, culmen 1.20-1.25, tarsus 1.15-
1.25. Hub. Cozumel Island, Yucatan.

H. guttatus RiDGW. Cozumel Thrasher.*
h*. Above brownish gray.

c'. Markings on lower parts sharply defined, much darker than color of

back. (Outer tail-feathers with white terminal spots j wings with

two distinct white bands.) '

d^. Markings of lower parts roundish ; under tail-coverts spotted ;

w^ing 4.10, tail 5.G0, much graduated ; exposed culmen 1.15,

tarsus 1.50. Hab. Southwestern Mexico (Oaxaca).

H. ocellatus Scl. Ocellated Thrasher.*
(P. Markings of lower parts triangular or wedge-shaped ; under tail-
coverts without spots ; length about 10.00, wing 3.90-4.15, tail
4.35-4.60, moderately graduated, culmen 1.10-1.12, tarsus 1.25-
1.40. Eggs 1.06 X -75, greenish white, spotted with pale reddish
brown. Hab. Lower California.

709. H. cinereus Xantus. St. Lucas Thrasher.
0*. Markings on lower parts indistinct (sometimes nearly if not quite
obsolete), or else not darker than color of back.
d}. Lower mandible with basal portion light-colored; exposed culmen
.95, or less, bill from nostril loss than .85.

Adult: Above plain grayish brown, the middle and greater
wing-coverts with indistinctly paler tips; beneath much
paler graj'ish brown, becoming nearly white on chin and
throat and middle of belh', huffy on under tailcovcrts, and
more decidedly brown on flanks, the chest and breast
(sometimes upper belly also) marked with triangular spots
or streaks of deeper gi'ayish brown (these markings usu-
ally indistinct — sometimes quite ol)S()lete — in summer plu-
mage) ; inner webs of two or three outer tail-feathers tipj)ed
with dull whitish. Young : Similar to adult, but wing-
coverts and rump tinged with tawny buff, tci-tials edged
with same, and lower parts usually whiter, with nar-
rower (and sometimes much darker) streaks. Length
about 9.50-10.50, wing 3.90-^1.20, tail 4.25-4.90, exposed
culmen .87-.95, bill from nostril .75-.81, tarsus 1.30-1.40.
Eggs 1.05 X -76, similar to those of 7/; cinemis, but ground-
color averaging paler, or more decidedly whitish. Hab.

' HitrpnrhynrhHK gutlntun Rrimw., Dp80r. New Sp. B. Coiumcl, Feb. 26, 1885, I.
* Harporhynchui ocillalui ScL., P. Z. S. 1863, 18, pi. 3.

HARPORHYNCHUS.

545

Southern Arizona, south into Sonora (Guaymas), north-
eastward (casually only?) to eastern Colorado.

708. H. bendirei Couus. Bendire's Thrasher.
d}. Lower mandible entirely dusky ; exposed eulmen more than 1.05,
bill from nostril .85, or more (usually more than 1.00).
c'. Inner webs of outer tail-leathers without sharply defined white
or huffy tips; ground-color of lower parts pale grayish
brown ; middle and greater wing-eoverts never distinctly
tipped with white.
In color very much like //. bendirei, but markings on
breast, etc., usually broader; length about 11.00-11.50,
wing 4.20-4.G0 (4.32), tail 4.80-5.20 (4.99), exposed
eulmen 1.18-1.40 (1.28), bill from nostril 1.00-1.05
(1.01), tarsus 1.20-1.35 (1.29). Eijgs 1.15 X .79, pale
bluish green, finely and uniformly speckled with brown.
Hab. Southern Arizona, and south into Sonora (Guay-
mas) 707rt. H. curvirostris palmeri TJidow.

Palmer's Thrasher.
e'. Inner webi) of outer tail-feathers with sharply defined white
or buffy tips, or else middle and greater wing-coverts dis-
tinctly tipped with white ; ground-color of lower parts
whitish or huffy, shaded across chest and along sides with
brownish gray ; spots on lower parts larger and more dis-
tinct (except in summer plumage, when sometimes obso-
lete) ; bill stouter and straightor.
/'. Smaller, grayer above, whitish beneath (becoming buff'y
posteriorly), and tail-spots pure white. Yonmj : Simi-
lar to adult, but wing-eoverts and rump tinged with
fulvous-brownish, ami markings on breast, etc., much
narrower and darker. Length about 10.50-1 1.4Q, wing
4.15-4.55 (4.3fj), tail 4.40-4.65 (4.55), exposed eulmen
1.10-1.30 (1.18), bill from nostril .85-1.05 (.95), tarsus
1.25-1.35 (1.31). Egijs 1.10 X -78, colored like those
of //. palmeri. Hah. Table-lands of Mexico, Houth to
Puebla, Guanajuato, etc., north to southern Texas and
Now Mexico (east of TJocky Mountains). 707. H. cur-
virostris (Sw.viNs.). Curve-billed Thrasher.
/'. Larger, browner above, brownish buffy beneath, and tail-
spots usuall}' brownish buff'; length about 11.50, wing
4.45-4.70 (4.5fi), tail 5.00-5.20 (5.10), exposed eulmen
1.12-1.30 (1.20 j, bill from nostril .90-1.15 (1.02), tar-
sus 1.40. Hab. Coast of western Mexico (Mazatlan,
Topic, etc.).

H. curvirostris occidentalis Kinow. Mazatlan Thrasher.'

> Mttkriopttru* curvirontrit occidenlalit RiDGW., Proo. U. S. Nttt. Mu«. v. June 5, 1883, tf.

(39

546

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

a*. Tarsus shorter than oxpoaed culmon ; gonys longer than middle too, without
claw; tail exceeding wing hy more than length of tarsus; lower parts with-
out trace of spots or streaks. (Subgenus JIarporhynchus.)

ft'. Lower tail-coverts light fulvous or ochraceous.

c'. Tarsus 1.50, or more ; middle toe .95, or more ; tail only slightly darker
than back ; lower parts dull ochraceous butty, becoming nu)re ful-
vous on under tail-coverts, and bufl^y whitish on throat, the breast,
etc., shaded with grayish brown ; ear-coverts dusky, with distinct
whitish shaft-streaks ; no distinct lighter malar streak nor darker
streak along sides of throat ; upper parts deep grayish brown, the
tail somewhat darker and browner; length about 11.50-13.00, wing
3.90-4.30 (4.13), tail 4.90-5.80 (5.34), culmen 1.35-1.75 (1.50), tarsus
1.40-l.CO (1.50), middle toe .95-1.12 (1.01). Eggs 1.20 X .85, light
greenish blue, speckled with clove-brown. JLib. Coast district of
California, south along Pacific coast of Lower California.

710. H. redivivus (Gamb.). Californian Thrasher,
c*. Tarsus much less than 1.50, middle toe less than .95 ; tail much darker
than back (but scarcely browner) ; lower parts pale brownish gray,
becoming dull white on chin, throat, and belly, the under tail-coverts
ochraceous-bufl^, in marked contrast ; ear-coverts light brownish
gray, without distinct streaks; a distinct malar stripe of whitish,
narrowly barred with dusky, bordered below by a distinct dusky
streak along each side of throat ; upper parts ])lain delicate light
grayish brown or brownish gray, the tail dusky, in marked con-
trast. Young : Similar to adult, but upper tail-coverts more rusty,
and ochraceous of posterior lower parts paler. Length about 10.50-
11.00, wing 3.70-3.90, tail 4.57-5.20, culmen 1.08-1.35, tarsus 1.12-
1.25, middle too .80-.88. Nest very bulky, composed of thorny twigs,
and placed in bushes. Eggs 1.07 X -70, pale Iduish green or green-
ish blue, minutely (usually rather sparsely) speckled with reddish
brown. Hab. Valleys of Cila and lower Colorado rivers, and
south intp Sonora.. 711. H. lecontei (Lawii.). Leconte's Thrasher.

y. Lower tail-coverts deep rusty cinnamon, or chestnut.

Adult : Above plain brownish gray or grayish brown, the tail darker;
beneath similar, but paler, the chin and throat nearly white, and
the under tail-coverts deep rusty cinnamon or chestnut; a whitish
malar stripe, and beneath it a dusk}- streak along eacli side of
throat. Young: Similar to adult, but more tinged with rusty
above, especially on rump and tips of tail-feathers, and lower parts
more fulvous. Length about 11.40-12.00, wing 3.90-4.10 (4.02), tail
4.80-G.40 (5.67), exposed culmen 1.20-1.50 (1.39), bill from nostril
1.02-1.25 (1.14), tarsus 1.28-1.30 (1.29). Eggs 1.07 X .75. plain pale
gi'cenish blue. Ifab. New Mexico, Arizona, southern Utah, south-
eastern California, and northern Lower California.

712. H. crissalis (Henry). Crissal Thrasher.

CA MPVL ORUVNCIIVS.

547

Genus CAMPYLORHYNCHUS Simx. (Page 539, pi. CXXI., fi<,'. 1.)

Species.

Common CiiAKACTEns. — Largest of the Wrens (longtii 7.00 to nearly 8.00) ; top
of head plain brown (varying in tint from sepia to burnt-umber); back lighter
brown, streaked with wliite and blaek ; wings spotted with ]»ale grayish brown
and whitish on a dusky ground ; middle tail-feathers brownish gray, transversely
spotted with blaek; rest of tail blaek, transversely spotted m* broadly barred, more
or less, with white; a conspicuous white superciliary stripe, bordered beneath by a
dusky lino ; anterior lower parts white, more or less spotted with black; posterior
lower parts pale cinnamon-buff, or very pale buff, more sparsely marked with black.
Younrj es.sentially like adults, but streaks on back much less sharply defined, mark-
ings on lower parts smaller, an<l colors generally more suffused. Nest very bulky,
more or less flask-shaped, of more or less horizontal position, the entrance at ono
end ; j)laced in a cactus or other thorny shrub; comjtosed of sticks, coarse straws,
etc., lined with feathers, etc. E'jgs with the ground-color whitish, cream}' white,
or salmon-buff, but this often nearly if not quite hidden by the density 'if the
reddish brown sprinkling, the general hue being a light brownish pink.

«'. Only the outer tail-feather with Avhito bars for whole length, and even on this
those bars complete, or uninterruj)ted, only on terminal portion ; flanks
deep buff, marked with narrow streaks or small spots (or both) of blackish ;
throat and chest usually heavily spottcil with black, in marked contrast with
rest of lower parts; top of head sepia-brown (rarely varying to a burnt-
timbor or vandyke tint) ; length about 8.00-S.75, wing 3.30-3.50. tail 3.25-
3.50, exposed culmen .ft0-.95. tarsus 1.05-1.12. Eijfjs .95 X -fiO. Hab. South-
western border of Unitetl States, from southern Texas to coast of southern
California, and south intf) northern and <-entral Mexico (as far as fiuana-
juato, Guaymas, etc.) 71.'{. C. brunneicapillus (IjAfr.). Cactus Wren.

a'. All the tail-feathers, except middle pair, barred with white for their M'holo
length ; flaidts white or verj' pale buff, marktvl with large rotmded or tear-
phaped spots of black ; throat and chest usually not more heavily or con-
spicuously spotted with black than other lower parts; top of head usually
burnt-umber brown, sometimes almost di. stnut ; length 7.50-8.00, wing
3.35-3.50, tail 3.20-3.40, exposed culmen .S0-.90, tarsus 1.12-1.20. E<jgs .95
X •60. Hcih. Southern portion of Lowi-r California.

714. C. affinis Xantis. St. Lucas Cactus Wren.

Genus SALPINCTES Cabani.s. (Page 540, pi. CXXI., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common CiiARACTEns. — Adult: Above grayish brown, more or less speckled
(usually sparsely) with dusky, the rump light cinnamon, the tail with largo
blotches of black and pale cinnamon, except middle feathers, which are narrowly

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

€.0

■"^
!^i^.

■^%

<: . %"

f/.

1.0

I.I

1.25

;^iM iiM

% m

2.0

1.8

1.4 1.6

Photographic

Sdences

Corporation

33 WIST MAIN STRHT
WIBS:!IR,N.Y. MS80

(7'6) i/i-4:Hr.i

548

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

^3
'5

barred with brownish gray and dusky ; beneath dull whitish, tinged on flanks with
pale cinnamon, the lower tail-coverts barred, or transversely spotted, with black-
ish, and the chest usually more or less speckled or streaked with dusky (some-
times immaculate). Young with top of head, hind-neck, and back plain rusty
grayish, and the lower parts plain whitish anteriorly, plain pale cinnamon on flanks
and under tail-coverts. Nest usually in clefts or crevices arnong rocks, sometimes
in hollow stumps or about buildings. JEggs pure white, finely and sparsely speckled,
chiefly on or round larger end, with chestnut-brown (sometimes nearly immacu-
late).

a'. Lighter and grayer, with chest, etc., less distinctly speckled ; wing and tail
longer, bill and tarsi shorter; length 5.12-6.35, wing 2.68-2.80 (2.77), tail
2.12-2.40 (2.27), bill from nostril .44-.54 (.49), tarsus .76-.80 (.79), middle toe
.52-.60 (.56). Eggs .73 X -57. Hab. Arid regions of western United States,
east to the Great Plains, south over table-lands of Mexico and Guatemala to
Salvador 715. S. obsoletus (Say). Bock Wren.

a'. Darker and browner, with chest, etc., more distinctly speckled ; wing and tail

shorter, bill and tarsi longer ; wing 2.55-2.75 (2.62), tail 2.00-2.30 (2.20), bill

from nostril .55-.60 (.59), tarsus .80-.90 (.85), middle toe .50-.55 (.52). Eggs

.75 X -59, usually (?) plain w^hite. Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

716. S. guadeloupensis Bidow. Gaadalnpe Rock Wren.

Genus CATHERPES Baird. (Pago 540, pi. CXXI., fig. 4.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Prevailing color brown, the anterior lower parts white,
or else decidedly paier than posterior portions, the latter more or less speckled with
white or dusky (sometimes both); tail (in C. mexicanus^) clear cinnamon-rnsty,
crossed by narrow, distinct, and rather distant bars of black. Young essentially
like adults, but usually without white specks on upper parts or posterior lowei*
parts, which are instead mottled, more or less, with dusk3\ Nest in crevices of
rocks, various odd nooks about buildings, and similar situations. Eggs 3-5, or more,
pure white, rather sparsely speckled, chiefly on larger end, with reddish brown and
lilac-gray.

a'. Smaller (exposed culmen less than 1.00, tarsus not more than .80) ; chin, throat,
and chest white, in marked (though not abrupt) contrast with rusty of pos-
terior lower parts; upper parts broAvnish (varying from light cinnamon-
gi'ayish to rusty brown and sepia), speckled with white and dusky (with
dusky alone in young) ; wings rusty brown, narrowly barred with dusky.
6'. Larger and darker colored ; above dark rusty brown, varying to sepia, the
wings barred with rusty; black bars on tail broader, those on outer
feather about .08-.10 wide ; length about 6.00-6.50, wing 2.40-2.90 (2.72),
tail 2.30-2.45 (2.37), exposed culmen .70-.95 (.87), bill from nostril .66-

In the single known speoimen of C. sumichraiti Lawr. the tail \e, unfortunately, wanting,

THRYOTHORUS

549

anks with
rith black-
ky (some-
lain rusty
1 on flanks
sometimes
Y speckled,
y immacu-

g and tail
(2.77), tail
middle toe
ted States,
atemala to
lock Wren.
ig and tail

(2.20), bill
52). Eggs

California.
Elock Wren.

)

larts white,
jckled with
mon-rnsty,
essentially
jrior lowei*
crevices of
-5, or more,
brown and

lin, throat,

sty of pos-

cinnamon-

isky (with

dusky.
[) sepia, the
le on outer
-2.90 (2.72),
nostril .66-

iting.

.75 (.69), tarsus .70-.80 (.77), middle toe .55-.62 (.60). Hah. Mexico;
southern Texas.. 717. C. mexicanus (Swains.). White-throated Wren,
i'. Smaller and lighter colored ; above varying from dull brown to cinnamon-
grayish, the wings cinnamon-rusty, narrowly barred with dusky ; black
bars on tail narrower, those on outer feather usually less than .05 wide ;
length about 5.50-5.75, wiig 2.20-2.40 (2.32), tail 2.00-2.40 (2.14), ex-
posed culmen .70-.85 (.76), bill from nostril .50-66 (.58), tarsus .65-.72
(.69), middle toe .48-.58 (.51). Eggs .70 X -52. Hub. Southwestern
United States, north to Wyoming, southern Idaho and Oregon, and
northern California, east to western Texas, Colorado, etc., south to
Mexican boundary and Lower California. (Resident throughout.)

717a. C. mexicanus conspersus Eidow. Canon Wren.^
Larger (exposed culmen 1.10, tarsus 1.15); chin and throat pale tawny brown,
chest brighter tawny brown or russet; upper parts plain dark vandyke-
brown, becoming nearly black posteriorly and on wings, the latter without
distinct bars or other markings ; posterior lower parts deep bistre or vandyke
(nearly black on thighs and flanks), the belly speckled with white ; wing
2.80, middle toe .90. Hah. Southeastei'n Mexico (Mata Bejuco, Vera Cruz).

C. sumicbrasti Lawr. Sumichrast's Wren.'

Genus THRYOTHORUS Vieillot. (Page 640, pi. CXXL, figs. 3, 5.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above plain brown (rump sometimes with concealed
white spots), the tail barred, more or less distinctly, with dusky ; a sharply defined
superciliary stripe of white or buffy ; color of lower parts very variable. Young
not essentially different from adults. Nest bulky, composed of sticks, spiders'
webs, feathers, etc., built in some cavity, as a hole in stump or hollow tree, various
odd nooks in buildings, etc. Eggs whitish, more or less speckled.

rt*. Feathers of rump with very distinct concealed white spots.

h^' Tail-feathers rusty brownish, narrowly barred for entire length with dusky
and lighter rusty. (Subgenus Thryothorus, part.)
c^. Smaller and lighter colored ; above rusty brown (varying much in
shade), duller on top of head, brighter on rump; an indistinct
blackish line along each side of crown, bordering the white or
buffy superciliary stripe ; wings narrowly and indistinctly barred
with dusky, the quills with pale rusty or rusty whitish spots;

1 Spooimons from Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and othor parts of tho arid interior region alono oonstitute the
true C, eongpertua ; examples from California, Lower California, Arizona, and New Mexico are much darker
(being in coloration more like the true 0, me:r!eanH&), the differonco being very marked and, bo far as the large
number of speoimens now before me are concerned, quite constant. The latter constitute the C. mexicantu
punctulnttit RiDOW. (Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. Sept. 5, 1882, 843), a race which will probably, in due time, be
generally recognized.

* Catherpe* tumichraiti Lawr., Pr. Ao. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1871, 233.

550

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

'^^

middle and greater •wing-coverts usually marked with small termi-
nal white spots; a broad rusty brown stripe behind eye; lower
parts varying from dull white to deep tawny buff (the chin always
whitish) ; lower tail-coverts barred with dusky ; length 5.25-6.00,
wing 2.18-2.50 (2.35), tail 1.80-2.35 (2.09), exposed culmen .G0-.70
(.64), tarsus .72-.88 (.81). Nest usually in woods. Eggs 3-6, .75 X
.58, white, jMnkish white, ci'camy white, or pale jiinkish cream-color,
thickly speckled, on or round larger eod, with reddish brown. Hah.
Eastern United States, except southeastern Florida ; rare or local
north of about 40° ; west to edge of Great Plains ; south to Gulf
coast, including northeastern Mexico (Nuevo Leon and Tamauli-

pas') 718. T. ludovicianus (Lath.). Carolina Wren.

c'. Larger, and darker colored ; above deep chestnut, beneath deep tawny,
paler (more butfj') on belly and under tail-coverts ; superciliary
stripe buff; otherwise like T. ludovicianus; length about 5.80-6.50,
wing 2.45-2.75 (2.61), tail 2.25-2.60 (2.43), exposed culmen .70-.80
(.78), tarsus .85-.95 (.88). Hab. Southeastern Florida.

718a. T. ludovicianus miamensis Kidgw. Florida Wren.
6*. Tail-feathers (except middle pair) chiefly plain blackish, the outer feathers
spotted and barred at tip with light grayish and dull whitish. (Middle
pair of tail-feathers grayish brown or brownish gray, barred or trans-
versely spotted with black or dusky.) (Subgenus Thryomanes Sclateu.)
c'. Tail decidedly shorter than wing.

Above deep umber-brown (more grayish in worn plumage), the
middle tail-feathers grayer, barred or transversely spotted with
dusky ; superciliary stripe and streaks on side of neck white ;
lower parts brownish white, becoming more strongly tinged
with brownish posteriorly, especially on flanks; length about
5.10-5.50, wing 2.30-2.40, tail 2.05-2.15, exposed culmen .65-
.68, tarsus .80. Hab. Yucatan, and adjacent portions of Gua-
temala and Mexico.

T. albinucha (Cabot). Cabot's Wren.'

c'. Tail equal to or longer than wing. {Nest usually about buildings,

except in unsettled districts. Eggs 6-7 — rarely 9 — pure white or

pinkish white, finely, often very minutely, speckled or sprinkled

on or round larger end with reddish brown and lilac-gray.)

d}. Top of head, back, etc., deep umber-brown; length 5.00-5.50, wing

2.05-2.25 (2.14), tail 2.10-2.40 (2.21), exposed culmen .50-.55

1 Specimens from northeastern Mexico conatituto the T. berfnndieri BAinn, which will probably prove ten-
able ns a nice, the throe specimens upon which the species was based, although in worn brooding plumage, being
much deeper rusty ochraceous beneath even than in winter specimens of T. litdovicianut, and also different in
some other characters. All Texan specimens, however, that I have seen, including several from the lower Rio
Grande (Sennett), are so like the ordinary northern birds that I am unable to appreciate any difference.

» Troglodytes albinucha Cadot, Proc. Best. Soo. N. II. il. 1847, 2.58. Thiifothoriit albinucha Baibd, Eov.
1864, 149; Saly. & QODH., Biol. Ccntr.-Am., Aves, 1. 1880, 04, pi. 7, fig. 2.

TIIRYOTHORVS.

551

all termi-
e ; lower
in always
5.25-6.00,
en .60-.70
5-6, .75 X
!ain-color,
kvn. Hab.
3 or local
1 to Gulf
Tamauli-
Lna Wren.
3p tawiiy,
pert' 111 a ry
5.80-6.50,
3n .70-.80

ida Wren.

r feathers

(Middle

or trans-

SCLATEII.)

I age), the
tted with
.'k white ;
ly tinged
th about
men .65-
of Gna-
t's Wren.»
)uilding.s,
Avhite or
sprinkled

50, wing
In .50-.55

r prove ten-
mago, being
different in
lower Rio
onoe.
UtBD, Ror.

(.53), tarsus .62-.75 (.67). Eggs .67 X -50. Hab. Eastern United
States, rare and local oast of AUeghanies and north of 40° ;
west to edge of Great Plains ; winters in more southern dis-
tricts (Georgia to eastern Texas).

719. T. bewickii (Aud.). Bewick's Wren.
<?. Top of head, back, etc., duller or grayer brown.

e'. Decidedly brown above (of a shade closely approximating a
medium tint of bistre), the middle tail-feathers more gray-
ish brown, in very slight contrast with color of back (rarely
distinctly grayish) ; length about 5.00-5.50, wing 2.00-
2.15 (2.08), tail 2.08-2.30 (2.15), exposed culmen .52-.60
(.55), tarsus .62-.75 (.72). Eggs M X .50. Hab. Pacific
coastj north to British Columbia, south to Lower Califor-
nia aud western Mexico.'

713a. T. bewickii spilurus (Via.). Vigor's Wren.
e'. More grayish brown above, the upper tail-coverts and middle
tail-feathers distinctly gray (often pure ash-gray), in de-
cided contrast with color of back ; length 5.00-5.75, wing
2.10-2.40 (2.21), tail 2.10-2.55 (2.28), exposed culmen .50-
.60 (.56), tarsus .68-.78 (.70). Eggs .65 X .49. Hab. Table-
lands of Mexico and contiguous portions of United States
(southern and western Texas to Arizona, and north to
southern Utah, Colorado, find middle Kansas).

719ft. T. bewickii bairdi Sal v. «& Godm. Baird's Wren,
a*. Feathers of rump without distinct (if any) concealed white spots.

b^. "Wing less than 2.00; flanks dull ash-gray; tail dull grayish brown, nar-
rowly and indistinctly barred with dusky, the two or three outer
feathers spotted at tips with light brownish gray, their inner webs
nearly uniform dusky. (Subgenus T/iryomanfis ScL., part ?)

Very similar, otnerwise, in color to T. bewickii spilurus ; length about
4.50, wing 1.85-1.90, tail 1.80, exposed culmen .67-.70, tarsus .70-
.75. Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

720. T. brevicaudus Eidqw. Onadalnpe Wren.

6*. Wing decidedly more than 2.00; flanks bufly, ochraceous, or brown; tail

brown, broadly barred with dusky. (Subgenus TJiryothorus, part ?)

c^ Lower parts unspotted. (Above grayish brown, more russet on top of

head.)

d}. Lower parts ochraceous, paler along middle line, and white on

chin and throat ; sides of head heavily streaked with black, the

throat bordered laterally by a distinct black lino ; length about

5.00-5.50, wing 2.10-2.35, tail 2.25-2.35, biP from nostril .39-

• Specimens from western Mexico (Guadalajara) are not typical, beln(c much larger than those from Cali-
fornia and Lower California, the wing averaging 2.27, the tail 2.28, and exposed oulmon .50 ; their coloration
however, is not obviously different.

itffl

662

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

.42, tarsus .80-.90. Ifaft. Western Mexico (manland, Mazatlan
to Oaxaca).

T. felix ScL. Happy Wren.*
d*. Lower parts white, the sides and flanlis tinged with ochraceous;
sides of head (below upper margin of ear-coverts) immaculate
white, or else very indistinctly streaked ; black line along side
of throat indistinct or (usually) altogether wanting; length
about 5.50-5.75, wing 2.30-2.45, tail 2.30-2.45, bill from nostril
.45-.48, tarsus .80. Hab. Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.

T. lawrencii (Ridow.). Tres Marias Wren.*
<?. Chest and breast spotted with black.

d}. Back umber-brown, top of head deep russet ; tail light brown,
broadly barred with black ; flanks umber-brown,
e*. Less intense brown above, flanks rather paler brown, and less
heavily spotted on chest, etc.; wing 2.20-2.40, tail 1.95-
2.10, exposed culmen .55-62, tarsus .85-.90. Hab. South-
ern Mexico (Oaxaca, Tehuantepee, Orizaba, etc.).

T. tnaculipectus Lafr. Spotted-breasted Wren.*
e*. More intense brown above and on flanks, and more heavily
spotted on chest, etc. ; wing 2.30-2.50, tail 2.05-2.20, ex-
posed culmen .65-.68, tarsus .85-.90. Hab. Guatemala (also
Honduras and Nicaragua, and Salvador?).

T. maculipectus umbrinus Bidqw. Umber Wren.*

d*. Back lighter, more grayish, brown (nearly a hair-brown tint) ; top

of head light russet-brown ; tail brownish gray, broadly barred

with black ; flanks pale brown.

Breast, etc., rather sparsely spotted, as in T. maculipectus

proper; wing 2.30-2.35, tail 2.10-2.15, exposed culmen .62,

tarsus .80-.85. Hab. Yucatan.

T. maculipectus canobrunneus Bidgw. Temax Wren.^

Genus TROGLODYTES Vieillot. (Page 540, pi. CXXI., figs. 7, 8.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above brown, more or less distinctly barred with
darker on wings and tail (sometimes on back also) ; beneath varying from mostly,
or entirely, white, to deep brownish, plain, or (usually) more or less varied (chiefly
on posterior portions) with darker and lighter bars or specks.

» Thryothorus felix Pci,., P. Z. S. 1859, 371.

2 Thryothorus fcUx fi. lawrencii RiDGW., Bull. Nutt. Cm. Club, ill. Jan. 1878, 10. Thryothorus lawrencii
Kalv. a Oodm., Biol. Centr.-Am. i. Apr. 1880, 93.

* Thryotkorug maeulipecttu Lafr., Rev. Zool. 1845, 338.

* New subspeoies. Honduras Bpecimens ore probably referable to this form, but I have not been able to
examine any from that country. An example from " Central America" (probably from Nicaragua) collected by
F. Hicks (Nat. Mus. No. 40973) agrees closely with the darker-colored examples from Guatemala, but the
Spotting on breast is still heavier and apparently extends backward over whole abdomen.

^ New subspecies ; type No. 106243, U. S. Nat. Mus., Tomaz, Yucatan, 0. F. Qaumer.

TROGLODYTES.

553

a}. Tail more than three-fourths as long as wing. (Subgenus Troglodytes.)

b^. Exposed culmen equal to or longer than middle toe, with claw.

c^ Flanks plain dull white, like rest of lower parts, and lower tail-coverts

very slightly, if at all, barred ; above dull grayish brown, the wings

and tail very distinctly barred with dusky ; superciliary stripe and

entire lower parts dull white, the latter tinged laterally with pale

buffy brownish ; length about 4.50, wing 1.90-2.04 (1.95), tail 1.72-

1.85 (1.82), exposed culmen .60-.64 (.62), tarsus .70-.81 (.76). Hab.

Socorro Island, western Mexico.

T. insularis Baird. Socorro Wren.'

c*. Flanks pale brown or fawn-color, usually indistinctly barred with
darker; lower tail-coverts very distinctly barred with dusky;
above dull grayish brown anteriorly, passing gradually into a de-
cidedly more reddish, or burnt-umber, tint on rump, wings, and
tail, the two last barred with dusky ; lower parts nearly pure white
(quite pure on throat), except as described above; an indietinct
pale brownish superciliary stripe; length about 5.00, wing 2.10-
2.20, tail 1.85-1.90, exposed culmen .60-.68, tarsus .80-.85. Hab.

Cozumel Island, Yucatan.

T. beani Kidqw. Cozumel Wren.»

6'. Exposed culmen decidedly shorter than middle toe, with claw,
c*. No distinct superciliary stripe.

d}. Lower parts dull white, or dull brownish white, the sides and
chest usually tinged with pale grayish brown, and often slightly
barred with darker. N^est in cavities, usually in holes of trees,
often in " odd nooks and corners" about buildings, composed of
dried twigs, and various sorts of "rubbish," lined with soft
leathers, etc. Eggs 5-7, pinkish white, light vinaceous, or
pinkish cream-color, thickly (usually minutely and densely)
speckled or sprinkled with reddish brown, the prevailing color
usually' nearly uniform vinaceous, with a more or less distinctly
deeper colored wreath round larger end.
c'. Above dull umber-brown, more rusty on rump and tail, the
back usually without distinct darker bars (often entirely
uniform) ; length 4.25-5.25, wing 1.90-2.15 (2.02), tail 1.72-
2.08 (1.85), exposed culmen .46-.52 (.49), bill from nostril
.32-.37 (.34), tarsus .60-.70 (.65). Eggs .65 X -50. Hab.
Eastern United States and southern Canada, west to Mis-
sissippi Valley (Michigan to Louisiana), wintering in more
southern portions... 721. T. aedon ViEiLL. House Wren.
e*. Above grayish brown, the rump and tail more decidedly
brown, but not distinctly rusty, the back usually dis-
tinctly barred with dai'ker ; length 4.25-5.25, wing 2.00-

' — r— — ~ '

1 Troglodyte* iniularii "Baird, MS." Lawr., Ann. Lyo. N. Y. x. 1871, 3.
> Troglodyte* heani Rioaw., Desor. N. Sp. B. Cozumel, Feb. 26, 1885, 1.

554

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

-1

2.25 (2.09), tail 1.85-2.12 (1.98), culmen .45-.55 (.49), bill
from nostril .30-.40 (.35), tarsus .60-.70 (.66). Eggs .64
X .48. Hub. AVestern United States, east to Mississippi
Valley (Minnesota, Illinois, etc.), south over table-lands
of Mexico, as far as Vera Cruz.

721a. T. aisdon parkmanii (Aud.). Parkman's Wren.

cP. Lower parts isabella-color, deeper on sides, the middle of the belly

whitish; otherwise much like T. aedon; length about 4.50, wing

1.95-2.10, tail 1.50-1.70, exposed culmen .50-55, tarsus .70-.80.

Hah. Southern Mexico (Oaxaca, Yucatan, etc.) to Costa Eica.

T. intermedius Cab. Central American House Wren.'

c'. A very distinct superciliary stripe of buffy or ochraceous.

d}. Above umber-brown, barred, except on head and neck, with darker;
lower parts deep tawny buff, deepest on throat and chest, paler
(sometimes nearly white) on middle of belly ; flanks and under
tail-coverts distinctly barred with dusky, whitish, and tawny
buflf. Young : " Very similar to adult . . . but darker on the
upper surface and mottled underneath, the feathers of the
breast and sides edged and barred with blackish, producing a
somewhat banded appearance ; under tail-coverts nearly uni-
form rufous ; throat and centre of breast and abdomen paler,
and . . . obscurely barred with dusky blackish." (Shakpe.)
Length about 4.25-4.50, wing 1.90-2.08 (2.01), tail 1.60-1.82
(1.75), exposed culmen .50-.52 (.51), tarsus .70-.74 (.71). Hab.
Southeastern Mexico (Puebla, Orizaba, Oaxaca, etc.).

T. brunneicoUis ScL. Tawny-throated Wren.'
(?. Darker and richer colored, the tail "dark rufous-brown, barred
with black," the superciliary stripe and lower parts " deep
orange-rufous." Young : " Lighter and more rufescent, the
back barred with dusky blackish, the feathers of the head
having blackish margins ;" lower parts " plentifully mottled,
all the feathers being margined with dusky blackish." Length
4.40, "culmen .55, wing 1.85, tail 1.50, tarsus .70." Hab. High-
lands of Guatemala.

T. rufociliatus Sharps. Rufous-browed Wren.»

Tail less than throe-fourths as long as wing. (Nest of moss, etc., lined with soft

feathers, built in crevices of dead logs or stumps, in thick coniferous woods.

Eggs 5-7, white or creamy white, finely but rather sparingly speckled with

reddish brown, sometimes nearly immaculate). (Subgenus Anorthura

Eennib.)
6'. Exposed culmen not more than .45 ; above deep brown, duller anteriorly,

1 Troglodyte* inlermediiit Cab., Jour, fiir Orn. I860, 407.
» Troglodtfte$ brunneieollii Sci., P. Z. S. 1858, 297.
» Troi/lodytet rufociliatua Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. 1881, 262.
neico2{t(.)

(Described as a subspecies of T. briin-

CISTOTHORUS.

555

brighter (a burnt-umber tint) on rump and upper tail-coverts, the wingg
and tail (often rump and back also) narrowly barred with dusky; outer
webs of quills spotted with dusky and pale brownish or brownish white;
superciliar}' stx'ipe and lower parts pale Isabella brownish, varying to
dull light tawny, the belly, flanks, and under tail-coverts distinctly
barred with blackish and whitish.
c\ Paler, with rather shorter bill ; chin, throat, chest, and breast pale dull
isabella-color, sometimes inclining to dull brownish white anteri-
orly ; upper parts more rusty brown ; length 3.50-4.12, wing 1.75-
2.00 (1.86), tail 1.15-1.40 (1.25), exposed culmen .38-.45 (.41), bill
from nostril .30-.32 (.30), tarsus .65-.75 (.08). E<j,js .69 X -50.
Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from northern border of
United States northAvard, and wintering from about its southern
breeding limit southward.

722. T. hiemalis Vieill. Winter Wren,
c'. Darker, with rather longer bill ; chin, throat, etc., deep isabella-color or
dull tawny ; upper parts darker, and less rusty, brown (almost a
clear bistro shade anteriorly); length 3.00-4.25, wing 1.80-1.90
(1.84), tail 1.20-1.35 (1.24), exposed culmen .40-.45 (.42), bill from
nostril .29-.35 (.31), tarsus .65-.70 (.69). Ejcjs .60 X •'18. Hub.
Pacific coast, breeding from southern coast ranges of California to
Sitka ; south, in winter, to western Mexico, east to eastei-n Oregon,
Nevada, etc.

722a. T. hiemalis pacificus Baird. Western Winter Wren.
b*. Exposed culmen .55, or more ; in plumage very similar to T. hiemalis pacifi-
cus, but rather paler, especially on upper parts ; length about 4.25-4.50,
wing 2.05-2.15 (2.07), tail 1.30-1.50 (1.40), exposed culmen .55-.62 (.59),
bill from nostril .40-.48 (.45), tarsus .70-.80 (.75). Hab. Aleutian and
Prybilof Islands, Alaska.... 723. T. alascensis Baird. Alaskan Wren.

Genus CISTOTHORUS Cabanis. (Page 540, pi. CXXI., figs. 6, 9.)

Species.

Common Characters.— Above brown, the back streaked with black and white,
the wings and tail more or less barred with blackish ; lower parts Avhitish or
buffy. West globular, with entrance in one side, attached to upright reeds, etc.,
in marshes.

a^. Bill much shorter than head, the culmen much shorter than middle toe, with-
out claw ; hind claw not longer than its toe ; lower parts buffj', or ochra-
ccous, more whitish on throat and belly; eggs pure white, unspotted.
(Subgenus Cistot horns.)
6*. Upper tail-coverts dull brown, distinctly barred with dusky ; rump similar,
but more irregularly barred ; hind-neck plain brownish, or (rarely) with
very indistinct streaks ; flanks and under tail-coverts dull buflfy ochra-

556

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

<?a

i.rf'

ceous, the latter (often the former also) immaculate ; chest more or less
tinged with ochraceous; length 3.75-4.50, wing 1.72-1.90 (1.78), tail
1.58-1.70 (1.61), culmen .40, bill from nostril .24-.28 (.25), tarsus .60-.62
(.61). £"^^75 .63 X .48. ^a6. Eastern United States and more southern
, : /' British Provinces, west to Great Plains (to Utah Lake, Utah ?) ; win-

;!j tering in Gulf States.

724. C. stellaris (Light.). Short-billed Marsli Wren.
b*. Upper tail-coverts and rump rus' v brown, sometimes barred with dusky,
but xxsually quite plain; hind-neck usually distinctly streaked with
dusky ; chest scarcely, if at all, tinged with buff; otherwise like C. stel-
laris ; wing 1.64-1.75 (1.72), tail 1.50-1.80 (1.63), culmen .41-.47 (.43),
tarsus .65-.70 (.68). Hab. Eastern tropical America, from eastern
Mexico (Vera Cruz) to Brazil, Bolivia, etc.

C. polyglottus (ViEiLL.). Southern Marsh Wren.'
a*. Bill as long as head, the culmen equal to or longer than middle toe, without
claw ; hind claw longer than the toe ; lower parts pure white medially ; eggs
pale chocolate-brown or deeper chocolate, sometimes nearly uniform, but usu-
ally finely sprinkled with a deeper shade of the ground-color (the latter
sometimes light isabella-color). (Subgenus Telmatodytes Cabanis.)
b\ Culmen usually decidedly longer than middle toe, without claw ; bars on
middle tail-featjiers usually indistinct or incomplete ; tail-coverts (above
and below) usually without distinct bars, sometimes with none at all ;
length 4.25-5.50, wing 1.80-2.12 (1.95), tail 1.60-1.90 (1.80), culmen .50-
.61 (.54), bill from nostril .34-.41 (.38), tarsus .70-.80 (.76). Eggs .66 X
.46. Hab. Eastern United States and British Provinces, wintering in

Gulf States 725. C. palustris (Wils.). Long-billed Marsh Wren.

fe*. Culmen not decidedly, if any, longer than middle toe, without claw (some-
times a little shorter) ; bars on middle tail-feathers usually very distinct
and continuous; tail-coverts (upper and lower) usually distinctly barred
with blackish ; brown of upper parts appreciably less rusty ; length
about 4.50-5.75, wing 1.95-2.22 (2.06), tail 1.80-2.05 (1.92), culmen .48-
.55 (.51), bill from nostril .31-.37 (.34), tarsus .68-.78 (.72). Eggs .62 X
.49. Hab. "Western United States, east to Rocky Mountains (to Great
Plains ?) ; south, in winter, over table-lands of Mexico, to Guatemala.

— . C. palustris paludicola Baird. Tnle Wren.*

1 Thryothoru» polyglottui Vie^ll,, Nouv. Diet. xxiv. 1819, 59. Cistothorus polyglottus Pelz., Orn. Bras.
1871, 48.

* Cistothorus palustris var. paludicola Baird, Review Am. B. i. Sept. 1864, 148.

Note. — The vernacular name is derived from the Spanish word tule, meaning a kind of rush {Scirpus vali-
dus) which in the valleys of California and other portions of the western country forms extensive marshes.
These marshes are called tides, pronounced as if spelled too'lays.

This race was not recognized by the A. 0. U. Committee, but it rests on quite as good a. basis as Trog-
lodytes aMon parkmanii and several other accepted forms.

CERTHIA.

557

Family CERTHIIDiE.— The Creepers. (Page 322.)

Genera.
(Characters same as those given for the Family) Certhia. (Page 557.)

Genus CERTHIA Linn^'s. (Page 557, pi. CXXII., fig. 6.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above brownish, streaked with paler, the rump plain
rnsty or fulvous ; tail-feathers light grayish brown, with a darker mesial stripe ; a
broad bar or band of pale rusty, buflFy, or whitish across both webs of quills and
secondaries, the wing with various other light markings ; a white superciliary
stripe ; lower parts plain whitish, the under tail-coverts usually more or less buffy ;
length about 4.80-5.50. Nest behind loosened bark or similar cavities about dead
tree-trunks or stumps, composed of felted materials, soft feathers, etc. Eggs 5-9,
about .60 X -48, white or creamy white, speckled or spotted, chiefly on or round
larger end, with reddish brown,

a}. Lower parts white, without grayish tinge (unless adventitiously stained or
soiled) ; primary coverts distinctly tipped with whitish (except very rarely
in Pacific coast specimens) ; rump tawny, and colors paler throughout ;
length 5.00-5.75, wing 2.40-2.70, tail 2.30-2.90, culmen .60-.82, tarsus .55-.65,
hind-claw .28-.35, Hab. Whole of North America, in wooded districts, down
to southern border of United States, but breeding only from northern border
of United States northward, except in higher mountains.

726. C. familiaris americana (Bonap.). Brown Creeper.^

1 With nearly one hundred and fifty specimens now heforo me, I have no difficulty in recognizing very de-
cided constant differences in colors and proportions according to region, my separation of the North Amrrican
bird into three geographical races, besides that peculiar to Mexico and Guatemala (see Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. v.
1882, pp. 111-116), being thus fully justified by the evidence of abundant additional material. One of these
races {C. familtaris occidentaUn) differs quite as much from the typical (eastern) bird as does the Mexican
form, to which it cannot be referred ; while the other, although less distinct in plumage, is sufficiently different
in its proportions for recognition as a geographical race. The characters of the three races may be expressed
as follows :

aK Lighter and more grayish in general cast of plumage, the lateral lower parts scarcely, if at all, tinged with

brown, the streaks on upper parts clearer whitish or pale grayish, the rump more tawny, superciliary

stripe more decidedly whitish, and wing-markings whitish or pale buffy.

6>. Browner above, with tawny of rump less distinctly contrasted with color of back ; bill shorter and

stouter, and wing and tail shorter; wing 2.40-2.70 (2.53), tail 2.50-2.90 (2.6.3), culmen .60-.70

(.66), bill from nostril .35-.47 (.39), tarsus .55-.60 (.59), hind-toe .27-.32 (.29), hind-olaw .28-.35

(.31), Egg» .60 X .48. Hah. Eastern North America, breeding from northern border of United

States northward C, familiaris amerioana (Bonap.). Brown Creeper.

6*. Grayer above, with tawny of rump more distinctly contrasted with color of back ; bill longer and
slenderer, and wings and tail longer; wing 2.50-2.65 (2.66), tail 2.65-2.75 (2.71), culmen .70-.82

558

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

a'. Lower parts palo brownish gray, becoming white only on chin and throat; pri-
mary coverts usually (always?) without whitish tips; rump deep rusty,
almost chestnut, and colors throughout very dark, the prevailing color of
upper parts dark sepia-brown ; length about 4.80-5.60, wing 2.55-2.60 (2.58),
tail 2.65, culmen .70-.73 (.71), bill from nostril .42-.48 (.44), tarsus .58-.60
(.59), hind-toe .30-.35 (.32), hind-claw .30-.35 (.32). Hah. Highlands of Gua-
temala and Mexico, north into southern Arizona.

726a. C. familiaris mexicana (Gloq.). Mexican Creeper.

Family PARID^. — The Nuthatches and Tits. (Page 322.)

Genera.

a^. Bill slender, long as the head ; hind-toe longer than middle toe ; tail much
shorter than wing, varied with white and black. (Subfamily Sittince.)

Sitta. (Page 559.)
a'. Bill stouter, much shorter than the head ; hind-toe shorter than middle toe ;
tail equal to or longer than wing, plain-colored.
h^, Nosti'ils concealed by feathers ; tarsus with anterior covering scutellate on
outer side ; tail graduated for mucli less than half its length. (Sub-
family Parino!.^)
c'. Bill with either the cidmen or the gonys (sometimes both) decidedly
convex ; nostrils wholly concealed ; plumage very lax.
d}. Tail not conspicuously longer than wing, rounded.

Parus. (Pago 560.)
(P. Tail conspicuously longer than wing, graduated.

Psaltriparus. (Page 504.)
c'. Bill with both culmen and gonys nearly straight, the tip acute ; nos-
trils pai'tially exposed; plumage compact.. Auriparus. (Page 565.)
6'. Nostrils entirely exposed ; tarsus with anterior covering fused or booted
on outer side ; tail graduated for about half its length. (Subfamily
Chamoiince.) Chamsea. (Page 566.)

(.75), bill from nostril .40-.52 (.46), tarsus .58-.60 (.59), hind-toe .28-.30 (.29), hind-claw .30-.35
(.33). Eijgs .59 X .46. Hab. Rocky Mountain district, north to Alaska, west to Nevada, etc.

C. familiaris montar Hidgw. Booky Moantain Creeper.
(Certhia montana Ridgw., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, v, July 8, 1882, ii4.)
a*. Darker and more rusty in general cast of plumage, the lateral lower parts more or less (often strongly)
tinged with brownish, streaks on upper parts more brownish (often decidedly tawny), the rump more
rusty, superciliary stripe more brownish (often bright tawny), and wing-markings decidedly buflFy.
Wing 2.40-2.50 (2.47), tail 2.30-2.70 (2.45), culmen .68-.80 (.72), bill from nostril .42-.50 (.44), tarsus
.55-.B5 (.59), hind-toe .28-.32 (.80), hind-claw .30-.35 (.32). Egtfs .61 X .48. Hab. Pacific coast
of North America, from southern California (in mountains) to Sitka.

C. familiarii oocidentalis Ridgw. Californian Creeper.
{Certhia occtdentalis RiDOW., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. July 8, 1882, 115.)
1 I have been obliged to assign different limits to the subfamilies Paring and Chamteinte from those given
in the A. 0. U. Check List, on account of the impossibility of giving characters which would cover the ex-
tremely different genera there inadvertently placed under Chamcetnie, The latter properly includes only Chamma;
and it is extremely doubtful whether this genus has any real afSnity with the Parida, its relationship being
probably much nearer to the Troghdytidm.

SITTA.

559

Genus SITTA Linn^'s. (Pago 558, pi. OXXII., fig. 7.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above plain bluish gray, the top of the head different
(black, dusky grayish, olive-gray, or brownish) ; tail-feathers (except middle pair)
tipped with white, the subterminul portion black ; lower parts chiefly plain
whitish, rusty, or dull huffy. Nest in holes of trees or stumps, composed of soft
felted materials, feathers, etc. Eggs 5-8, white or creamy white, speckled with
reddish brown.

a'. Top of head glossy black in males, dark grayish in females.

OK Wing more than 3.30 ; sides of head entirely white, to above the eye ; lower

parts white, the lower tail-coverts spotted with chestnut-rufous ; tertials

marked with black.

c'. Tertials light bluish gray, with large and sharply defined oblong

blotches of black, that on outej u >b of third feather with a rounded

terminal outline; white on side ot iuck tinged with grayish; length

5.25-6.15, wing 3.50-3.75 (3.60), tail 1.95-2.20 (2.05), culmen (from

extreme base) .80-90 (.84) ; ill frota nost i .1 .50-.60 (.53;, greatest

depth of bill .i2-.15 (.14), tarsus .72-.75. Eggs .72 X -55. Hab.

Eastern United States and British Provinces.

727. S. carolinensis Lath. White-breasted Nuthatch,
c'. Tertials dark or dull bluish gray, the black markings narrower and
less sharjjly defined, that on outer web of third feather pointed
posteriorly; back darker plumbeous; white on si Jo of neck very
pure, more sharply contrasted with black of nape ; bill usually
longer and more slender, the culmen straighter; length 5.00-6.10,
wing 3.35-3.75 (3.54), tail 1.90-2.20 (2.05), culmen .80-.95 (.90), bill
from nostril .50-.62 (.58), greatest depth of bill .12-.15 (.13), tarsus
.70-.75 (.71). Eggs .71 X -54. Hab. Western United States, east to,
and including, Eocky Mountains, south into mountainous districts
of Mexico.

727^. S. carolinensis aculeata (Cass.). Slender-billed Nuthatch.
b-. Wing less than 3.00 ; side of head with a broad black stripe, separated from
the black (male) or dark grayish (female) of crown and nape by a broad
white superciliary stripe ; lower parts (except throat) light rusty or
ochraceous ; tertials plain gray ; length 4,12-4.75, wing 2.60-2.85, culmen
about .60. Eggs .59 X -46. Hab. Whole of North America, breeding
chiefly north of the United States, except in western mountainous dis-
tricts ; eastdrn United States chiefly in winter.

728. S. canadensis Linn. Red-breasted Nuthatch,
a". Top of head (down to eyes trd ear-coverts) brown or olive-grayish, bordered
below by a darker loral and postocular streak ; nape with more or less
of a whitish spot ; no superciliary stripe ; sexes alike.

.:5

M;.

560 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

6'. Top of head brown, the nape with a conspicuous white spot ; middle tail-
feathers without distinct basal spot of white. Young with top of head
grayish, the wing-coverts and tertials edged with light fulvous. Length
3.85-4.40, wing about :160, culmen .50-.60. Eggs .61 X .50. Hah. South
Atlantic and Gulf States, north, regularly, to lower Maryland and Vir-
ginia (lower Potomac, shores of Chesapeake Bay, etc.), casually to Ohio,
Michigan, Missouri, etc.

729. S. pusilla Lath. Brown-headed Nuthatch.

6'. Top of head grayish drab, or olive-gray ; white on nape concealed, or obso-
lete; basal half, or more, of middle tail-feathers white. Young not
obviously different from adults, but wing-coverts usually more or less
distinctly edged with pale buffy. Length 3.80-4.55, wing about 2.60,
culmen .60-.65. Eggs .60 X .46. Hab. Western United States, north
to northern border, east to, and including, Eocky Mountains, south to
mountainous districts of Mexico.

730. S. pygmaea Via. Pygmy Nuthatch.

Genus PARUS Linnaeus. (Page 558, pi. CXXII., figs. 1, 3.)

Species.

Common CHARACTER8..^Above plain grayish or brownish (back sometimes dark
rusty or chestnut), the top of head and hind-neck usually different in color from rest
of upper surface (usually black) ; sides of head usually whitish ; chin and throat
often black or brown ; rest of lower parts usually whitish medially, the sides and
flanks buffy, rusty, grayish, or even chestnut. Nest in holes of trees or stumps,
composed of soft felted materials, feathers, etc. Eggs 5-8, pure white, usually
speckled with reddish brown.

a}. Head conspicuously crested. (Subgenus Lophophanes Kaup.)
b\ Throat white, or pale grayish ; wing 2.75, or more.

c\ Forehead or crest black (except sometimes in young) ; flanks tinged
with rusty.
d}. Forehead sooty black (indistinctly so in young) ; crest gray, like
back ; beneath, including lores, dull white, the sides and flanks
strongly washed with rustj'. In winter, the upper parts, es-
pecially back, tinged with olive, and white of lower parts
tinged with brownish, ospeciallj'^ across bi'cast. Young simi-
lar to adult, but gray of upper parts more brownish, black of
forehead indistinct, or replaced by dull sooty brownish, and
rusty of sides less distinct,
e'. Darker, with forehead black or dark sooty in adult ; length
5.65-6.50, wing 3.05-3.45 (3.24), tail 2.80-3.15 (2.96), ex-
posed culmen .37-.45 (.41), tarsus .80-.86 (.83). Eggs .11
X .55. Ilab. Eastern United States (chiefly south of 40®.
but occasionally to 42"), west to edge of Great Plains,

PARUS.

561

south to Gulf coast (including Florida and eastern and
central Texas).. 731. P. bicolor (Linn.). Tufted Titmouse.
e\ Paler, with forehead chestnut, light rusty brown, or smoky-
brown. Hab. Suutheastern Texas (Bee County).
— . P. bicolor texensis Sennett. Texan Tufted Titmouse.^
(P. Forehead white or brownish (excejit along middle line) ; crest
black, or dark brown (dull blackish or dusky brownish, tinged
with gray, in young) ; length about 5.00-6.00.
e^. Smaller, with forehead white or pale smoky brown, crest and
entire crown deep black in adult ; gray of upper parts more
tinged with olive ; wing 2.70-3.05, tail 2.50-2.90. Eggs .74
X .53. Hab. Eastern Mexico, north to southern Texas
(Eio Gi'ande Valley).

732. P. atricristatus Cass. Black-crested Titmouse.
e*. Larger, with crest duller black, usually more or less mixed
with gray and passing into uniform gray anteriorly, the
forehead usually strongly tinged with rusty brown (some-
times almost chestnut); wing 2.95-3.12, tail 2.95-3.00.
Hab. Eastern Texas (Bee Count}') ••• — ■ P« atricristatus
castaneifrons Sennett. Chestnut-fronted Titmouse.*
b*. Top of head entirely gray or grayish brown ; flanks grayish or olive-gray-
ish, without rusty tinge.

d}. Lower parts whitish (the belly quite white), in marked contrast
with color of upper parts.
e\ Above brownish ; bill horn-grayish or plumbeous ; length
about 5.00-5.G0, wing 2.68-2.90 (2.77), tail 2.20-2.60 (2.40),
culmen .38-.40 (.40), tarsus .80-.88 (.83). Eggs .68 X -52,
plain white. Hab. Pacific coast of United States from
southern California to Oregon.

733. P. inornatus Gamu. Plain Titmouse,
e'. Above ash-gray ; bill black ; length about 5.25-5.75, wing 2.80,
tail 2.40-2.55, culmen .38-.45, tarsus .75-.80. Hab. South-
ern portion of Lower California.
7336. P. inornatus cineraceus Eidow. Ashy Titmouse.
<P. Lower parts light grayish, not strongly contrasted with brown-
ish gray of upper parts ; length about 5.76-6.10, wing 2.80-

1 Panu bicolor tereniii Sennett, Auk, iv. Jan. 1887, 29. (Soe foot-noto under P. atricritlaliti caitanei-
front.)

' Parui atrieri$tatu» eattanei/roui Sennett, Auk, iv. Jan. 1887, 28.

Having examined four speoimens of this form, including tlie typos, I am not satisfied as to its validity as
a permanent form or lubspeoies. There is laoking that definite geographical area so essential to the existence
of a geographical race in a non-migratory species; and, its peouiiarities being much the same as those oharao-
teriiing the P, bicolor texcniii of the same district, the probability of hybridism between P. Hcolor and
P. (itricriitatHi is very strongly suggested. In fact, no two specimens of either form are alike, in the leries
now before me, with which it is almost possible to make a series oonneoting the two tpeoies.

662 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

3.00 (2.92), tail 2.40-2.70 (2.58), culmen .40-.48 (.45), tarsus
.80-.90 (.83). Hab. Eocky Mountain district of United States,
west to eastern Oregon, western Nevada, and Arizona.

733a. P. inornatus griseus Eidqw. Gray Titmonse.
6*. Throat black in adult, dull grayish in young.

Adult : Top of head, including crest, black, the crown gray ; a streak
behind eye, connecting posteriorly with a vertical bar or crescent
behind ear-coverts, collar round hind-neck, and patch covering chin
and throat, black ; rest of head grayish white j upper parts plain
grayish, lower parts white medially, grayish laterally. Young
with chin blackish, but throat dull grayish, and other markings of
head less sharply defined. Length 4.50-5.00, wing 2.60-2.80, tail
2.40-2.65. Eggs 5-7, about .66 X .52, plain white. Hah. High-
lands of Mexico, north to western Texas, southern New Mexico,
and southern Arizona.

734. P. woUweberi (Bonap.). Bridled Titmouse,
a*. Head without crest. (Subgenus Parus.')
b^. Top of head and throat black.

&. A white superciliarj' stripe ; bill very slender.

Above gray, the wings without distinct lighter edgings ; beneath
grayish white medially, brownish gray laterally ; length 5.00-
5.75, wing 2.70-3.00, tail 2,40-2.60. Eggs .63 X -48, usually (?)
plain white, sometimes slightly spotted with reddish brown.
Hab. Mountains of western United States.

738. P. gambeli Eidqw. Uonntain Chickadee.
c'. No white superciliary streak.

d}. Sides and flanks brownish gray, not very different in color from
back.

Sides of head and median lower parts white ; wings without
distinct whitish edgings ; length 4.70-5.20, wing 2.60-2.80
(2.64), tail 2.25-2.40 (2.32), tarsus .68-.72 (.70). Hab. High-
lands of Mexico, north to southern Arizona.

737. P. meridionalis Scl. Mexican Chickadee,
d*. Sides and flanks whitish huffy, or light brownish, always very
different in color from back,
c*. Wing .20, or more, longer than tail ; tertials and greater wing-
coverts without distinct whitish edgings ; black of throat
with an abruptly defined posterior border.
Above uniform grayish ; beneath white medially, light
buffy brownish laterally (paler in summer) ; length
4.25-4.60, wing 2.40-2.60 (2.47), tail 2.10-2.50 (2.19),
tarsus .55-.65 (.61). Eggs .57 X -45. Hab. Eastern
United States, chiefly south of 40°, west to Missouri,
Indian Territory, and eastern Texas.

736. P. carolinensis Aud. Carolina Chickadee.

PARUS.

563

, light
length
(2.19),
Eastern
jssouri.

e*. Wing less than .20 longer than tail — usually shorter than tail ;
tertials and greater wing-coverts with distinct whitish
edgings ; black of throat more or less broken posteriorly
by whitish tips to the feathers.
/'. Wing and tail about equal in length (the latter sometimes
a little shorter) ; colors darker, without white termi-
nal margins to tail-feathers.
g^. Lai'ger, and lighter colored ; back olive-grayish, some-
times tinged with pale buffy; sides light huffy
(nearly white in summer) ; length 4.70-5.75, wing
2.55-2.75 (2.63), tail 2.50-2.70 (2.63), tarsus .65-
.70 (.69). Eggs .60 X -47. Hub. Eastern North
America, chiefly north of 40°, west to edge of
Great Plains.

735. P. atricapillus Linn. Chickadee.
g*. Smaller and darker colored ; back dark grayish ; sides
and flanks deep fulvous, or light buffy brownish,
in marked contrast with white of breast and
belly ; length 4.50-5.25, wing 2.35-2.60 (2.45), tail
2.30-2.55 (2.44), tarsus .68-72 (.70). Hab. North-
western coast district of United States (northern
California, Oregon, and Washington Territory;
also British Columbia and southern Alaska ?).
7356. P. atricapillus occidentalis (Baird).

Oregon Chickadee.
f*. Tail decidedly longer than wing; colors paler, the tail-
feathers usually with distinct white terminal margins,
the tertials and greater wing-coverts very broadly
edged with white.

Above pure ash-gray; sides and flanks pale buffy,
sometimes nearly pure white ; length about 4.75-
6.00, wing 2.55-2.80 (2.72), tail 2.55-3.00 (2.83),
tarsus .65-.75 (.70). Eggs .61 X -47. Hab. Rocky
Mountain district, from New Mexico to Alaska
(Yukon Yalley, Kadiak, etc.), west to edge of
Great Basin, oast nearly across Great Plains.

735a. P. atricapillus septentrionalis
(Harris). Long-tailed Chickadee.
b*. Top of head brownish ; chin and throat brownish or dusky,
c*. Back hair-brown or grayish brown.

<P. Whole side of neck, ear-coverts, etc., pure white; tertials distinctly

edged with whitish ; sides and flanks light buffy.

Top of head light hair-brown or soft light grayish brown ;

chin and throat deep brownish slate; length about 5.20-

6.60, wing 2.60-2.80 (2.72), tail 2.70-2.80 (2.76), tarsus .62-

;

564 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

.68 (.65). Eggs .65 X .50. Hab. Eastern Siberia and north-
ern Alaska (St. Michael's to Fort Anderson).

739. P. cinctus obtectus (Cab.). Siberian Chickadee.
(?. Sides of neck ash-gray ; ear-coverts paler grayish, fading to white
on cheeks ; tertials without distinct whitish edges ; sides dull
rusty.

Top of head hair-brown ; throat sooty blackish ; length
about 5.00-5.75, wing 2.35-2.70 (2.52), tail 2.30-2.80 (2.55),
tarsus .62-.70 (.68). Eggs .58 X -50. Hab. Northern North
America east of Rocky Mountains, south to northern por-
tions of Michigan, New York, New England, etc., north to
Davis' Straits and Alaska.

740. P. hudsonicus Forst. Hndsonian Chickadee.'
c*. Back deep rusty chestnut. (Top of head deep sepia-brown; throat
darker, more sooty ; sides of head and neck pure white.)
d}. Sides and flanks bright rusty, or rusty chestnut, like back ; length
about 4.50-5.00, wing 2.35-2.60 (2.47), tail 2.00-2.30 (2.10), tar-
sus .60-.70 (.68). Hab. Coast district of Oregon, Washington
Territory, British Columbia, and southern Alaska.

741. P. rufescens Towns. Chestnut-backed Chickadee.

cP. Sides and flanks light grayish, very slightly or not at all tinged

with rusty; wing 2.30-2.60 (2.41), tail 2.00-2.20 (2.10), tarsus

.60-.70 (.65). Eggs .59 X -46. Hab. Coast of California.

741a. P. rufescens neglectus Eidqw. Californian Chickadee.

ti,,'^ n

Genus PSALTRIPARUS Bonaparte. (Page 558, pi. CXXII., fig. 5.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above plain grayish or brownish (or both), the crown
different in color from back (except in P. plumbeus) ; beneath plain light grayish,
grayish white, or brownish white. Nest very bulky, purse-shaped, with the en-
trance a small circular opening usually on one side near top, composed of mosses,
plant-fibres, lichens, and other soft materials, lined with soft feathers ; suspended
from low bushes. Eggs 5-9, pure white, without markings.

a}. Back gray.

6*. Top of head light brownish, sides of head much paler.
c'. Back, etc., brownish gray.

d^. Darker, the back deep brownish gray, or grayish brown, the top
of head sooty brown, lower pai*ts light smoky brown, deeper
along sides; length about 4.00-4.50, wing 1.95, tail 2.20, tarsus
.65 (only one specimen examined). Hab. Northwest coast,
from northern California (?) to Washington Territory.

743. P. minimus (Towns.). Bush-Tit

> See Appendix, page 591.

AVRIPARVS.

565

(P. Lighter colored, the back pale brownish gray, top of head rather
light smoky brown, lower parts pale smoky grayish ; length
about 4.00-4.50, wing 1.85-2.10 (1,94), tail 2.00-2.30 (2.18), tar-
sus .60-.67 (.63). Eggs .55 X -40. Hab. California, except
northern coast district.

743rz. P. minimus californicus Eidgw. Californian Bush-Tit.
c*. Back, etc., bluish ash-gray.

d}. Top of head light smoky brownish, sides of head paler, etc., as in
P. minimus californicus; wing 1.85-2.00 (1.92),/ tail 2.10-2.30
(2.18), tarsus .60. Hah. Southern poi'tion of Lower California.
7436. P. minimus grindse (Beldinq). Grinda's Bush-Tit.
<f. Top of head bluish gray, and sides of head light smoky brown,
not conspicuously contrasted with gray of crown, etc.; length
about 4.12-4.60, wing 2.00-2.15 (r08), tail 2.35-2.50 (2.43),
tarsus .62-.70 (.66). Hab. Eocky Mountain district (chiefly
within Great Basin), from western Colorado and Wyoming
Territory to eastern Oregon and western Nevada, south to
New Mexico and Arizona.

744. P. plumbeus Baird. Lead-colored Bush-Tit.
a'. Back light brown or grayish brown.

Adult male : Side of head glossy black ; top of head ash-gray. Adult fe-
male : Similar to male, but without black patch on side of head, the
black being replaced by light grayish brown (paler on malar region and
lores), except a streak along each side of occiput. Length about 4.00,
wing 1.90-2.00 (1.92), tail 2.10-2.20 (2.15), tarsus .62-.65 (.63). Hab.
Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico, north to Rio Grande Valley.

745. P. melanotis (Hartl.). Blaok-eared Bush-Tit.

Genus AURIPARUS Baird. (Page 558, pi. CXXIL, fig. 2.)

Species.

Adult male: Head, neck, and chest bright yellow, tinged with olive on crown,
the forehead sometimes tinged with orange ; lesser wing-coverts rich chestnut-red ;
rest of upper parts plain grayish, lower parts (except chin and throat) grayish
Avhite or pale grayish. Adult female : Similar to male, but usually somewhat duller
in colors, the yellow confined to head alone. Young : Top of head and lesser wing-
covci'ts brownish gray, like rest of upper parts ; chin and throat dull grayish white,
like other lower parts. Length 4.00-4.60, wing 1.90-2.12, tail 1.75-2.05. Nest a
very bulky globular, fiask-shaped, or retort-shaped structure, composed of sticks,
thorny twigs, coarse grass-stems, etc., lined with soft feathers, down, etc. ; the en-
trance a small circular opening in one end or side ; placed in thorny bushes, six
feet or less from ground. Eggs 3-6, .60 X -44, bluish or greenish white or pale
greenish blue, speckled, chiefly round larger end, with reddish brown. Hab. Arid
regions of northern Mexico and contiguous portions of United States, from southern
Texas to Arizona and Lower California 746. A. flaviceps (Sund.). Yerdin.

ipll

666

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus CHAM^ffiA Gambel. (Page 558, pi. CXXII,, fig. 4.)

Species.

Adult: Above plain brownish, the tail showing faint narrow darker bars
(nearly or quite obsolete in some specimens) ; beneath pale cinnamon, or buify,
middle of belly somewhat paler, throat and chest usually faintly streaked with
darker ; length about 6.00-6.50. (Sexes alike, and young not materially different
from adult.) ^est in low bushes, composed of small twigs and straw, mixed with
feathers, open at top. Eggs 3-5, .71 X -57, plain pale greenish blue.

a*. Darker : Above deep umber-brown, the sides of head and neck dark grayish ;
beneath light cinnamon ; w'mg 2.20-2.60 (2.37), tail 3.20-3.70 (3.41), culmen
.40-.45 (.42), tarsus 1.00-1.05 (1.01). Hah. Coast of California.

742. C. fasciata Gajib. Wren-Tit.
a'. Paler : Above brownish gray, or grayish brown, the sides of head and neck de-
cidedly ashy ; beneath pale vinaceous-buff, neai-ly white on belly ; wing 2.20-
2.50 (2.37), tail 3.20-3.70 (3.42), culmen .40-.45 (.41), tarsus .95-1.05 (1.00).
Hah. Interior of California.

742a. C. fasciata henshawi Kidgw. Pallid Wren-Tit.

Family SYLVIIDwffii. — The Warblers, Kinglets, and Gnat-
catchers. (Page 322.)

Genera.

o} Wing longer than the nearly even or emarginate tail ; anterior tarsal envelope
continuous or undivided for the gi'eater part of its extent ; no white on
tail,
fc'. Nostrils exposed ; inner side of tarsus with distinct scutellce. (Subfamily

Sylviince.) Phyllopseustes. (Page 566.)

¥. Nostrils concealed by small feathers ; inner side of tarsus without distinct

scutell89. (Subfamily /?e^M?m(5B.) Regulus. (Page 323.)

a*. Wing not longer than the graduated tail ; anterior tarsal envelope distinctly
scutellate ; outer tail-feathers with conspicuous white tips and edgings
(sometimes almost entirely white). (Subfamily PolioptUina;.)

Polioptila. (Page 322.)

Genus PHYLLOPSEUSTES Meyer. (Page 566, pi. CXXIV., fig. 1.)

Species.

Adult : Above plain olive-green ; a conspicuous superciliary stripe of grayish
white (in summer) or light greenish yellow (in winter) ; lower parts plain whitish,
tinged with olive-grayish on sides, and more or less tinged with light greenish yel-

REGVLUS.

567

fer bars
)!• buffy,
:ed with
different
ced with

grayish ;
, culmen

^Tren-Tit.

neck de-
ing 2.20-
)5 (1.00).

;irren-Tit.

rNAT-

envelope
white on

ubfamily
igo 56G.)
t distinct
age 323.)
listinctly
edgings

age 322.)

grayish

whitish,

mish yel-

low, especially in winter. Young : Similar to adult, but wing-coverts tipped with
dull light greenish yellow, and lower parts more decidedly tinged with yellow.
Length about 4.75-5.50, wing 2.40-2.70, tail 1.80-2.00, exposed culmen .35-.40, tar-
sus .70-.80. Hab. Northeastern Asia, and western Alaska, north of the peninsula.

747. P. bore alls (Blas.). Eennicott's Willow Warbler.

Genus REGULUS Cdvier. (Page 566, pi. CXXIV., figs. 3, 4.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above plain olive-green or olive-grayish, brighter on
rump and edges of quills and tail-feathers, duller (sometimes grayish) anteriorly ;
middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with whitish, producing two narrow bands,
and tertials edged, more or less, with same ; secondaries with a broad basal bar of
whitish ; lower parts dull whitish, tinged, more or less, with olive or dull yellow-
ish ; crown usually orange, yellow, or rod centrally. Young without black mark-
ings or bright colors on head, but otherwise like adults. I^est very bulky, usually
more or less pensile (but variable in this respect), attached to small twigs in lower
portion of spruce or other coniferous trees, composed of delicate plant-fibres, mosses,
and various felted materials, and lined with soft feathers. Bggs 5-10, whitish or
buffy, minutely freckled with brown (sometimes apparently immaculate).

a}. Nostril hidden by a single plume-like feather ; adult with a black stripe on each
side of crown. (Subgenus Begulus.)
bK Forehead whitish, dull buffy, or light brownish ; crown-patch in male rich
orange, bordered with yellow, wholly yellow in female. (Adult males :
Foi'ehead soiled white, sometimes more brownish, the superciliary stripe
similar; a dusky streak in front of eye, but this not reaching to bill; a
dusky streak behind eye ; top of head black anteriorly and laterally,
this black with an internal border of yellow, enclosing a concealed
patch of rich cadmium-orange; sides of neck and hind-neck grayish.
Adult females: Similar, but orange patch in centre of crown entirely
replaced by yellow. Young: Black head-markings obsolete, or very
faintly indicated, and bright crown-patch of adult wanting ; otherwise
much like adult. Length 3.15-4.55, wing 2.10-2.25, tail 1.60-2.00, ex-
posed culmen .25-.30, tarsus .70. JVesf a ball-like mass of green moss,
4.00, or more, in diameter, attached to extremity of branch of pine or
fir tree; lined with hair and soft feathers. Eggs 6-10, dull or buffy
white, finely and very faintly speckled or minutely freckled, chiefly
round larger end, with deeper buffy.)
c\ Colors duller and grayer. Eggs .52 X -41. Hab. Eastern and northern
North America, west to Rocky Mountains, breeding from extreme
northern and elevated portions of United States northward ; winter-
ing nearly throughout eastern United States, and south to Guate-
mala 748. R. satrapa Light. Golden-crowned Kinglet.

immm

f" I :

568 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

c*. Colors brighter, the upper parts more decidedly olivaceous, the lower
parts with a strong brownish buffy tinge, yellow and orange of head
more intense, etc. Eggs .56 X -40. Hab. Pacific coast, from Cali-
fornia to Sitka 748a. R. satrapa olivaceus Baird.

Western Golden-crowned Kinglet.
6*. Forehead and broad stripe across lores and behind eye black ; crown-patch
in male entirely vermilion-red.

Otherwise much like B. satrapa. " Length 4} inches, extent of wings
6 ; bill along ridge nearly i, along the gape nearly i ; tarsus J."
Hub. " Fatland Ford, on the Schuylkill river," Pennsylvania. (Only
one specimen known to have been obtained, this by Audubon, on

June 8, 1812.) — . R. cuvieri AuD. Cnvier's Kinglet.

a*. Kostrils hidden by a tuft of small bristle-like feathers ; adult without any black
on head. (Subgenus Phyllobasileus Cabanis.*)
b^. Above grayish olive, the head not darker than back ; adxdt male with
crown-patch bright minium-red, or scarlet-vermilion ; length 3.75-4.G0,
wing 2.20-2.30, tail 1.85-1.90, bill from nostril .20-.22, tarsus .75. Nest
semi-pensile, very bulky (about 4.00 X 3.00-4.00 outside), composed of
fine strips or shreds of soft bark, feathers, etc., and green moss, lined
with hair and feathers ; cavity about 3.00 deep by 2.00 across ; attached
to extremity of branch of pine or spruce tree 10-20 feet, or more, from
ground. Eggs .55 X -43, dull whitish or pale butfy, faintly speckled or
spotted, chiefly round larger end, with light brown (sometimes nearly
plain). Hab. Whole of North America, breeding from extreme northern
border and higher mountains of United States northward ; wintering
in more southern United States and south to Guatemala.

749. R. calendula (Linn.). Unby-crowned Kinglet,
6'. Above sooty olive, the head usually appreciably darker than back ; adult
male with crown-patch pinkish or purplish vermilion-red ; wing 2.00-
2.20, tail 1.70-1.95, bill from nostril .22-.25, tarsus .80. Hab. Guada-
lupe Island, Lower California.

750. R. obscurus Eidqw. Dusky Kinglet.

Genus POLIOPTILA Sclater. (Page 566, pi. CXXIV., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males : Above plain bluish gray, the top of the
head sometimes glossy black ; wings duskj', with bluish gray edgings (the tertials
sometimes broadly edged with white) ; tail black, the exterior feathers partly
(sometimes almost wholly) white ; lower parts white or grayish. Adult females
similar to males, but without any black on head, and with the gray of a less
bluish tint. Young similar to adult females, but colors much duller, the gray of a
duller, more brownish hue. Nest built in trees, usually saddled upon horizontal

' Phyllohaiilem Cab., Mub. Hcin. i. 1850, 33. Type, Motacilla calendula Linn.

IFlfM'

POLIOPTILA.

569

branch, deeply cup-shaped, very compact, composed of plant-fibres and other
felted materials, lined with soft feathers, and often beautifully decorated exte-
riorly with variously colored lichens. Eggs 3-5, greenish or bluish white, speckled
with brown.

a}. Exposed portion of outer tail-feather entirely white.

6*. Top of head in adult males plumbeous-blue, bordered anteriorly and later-
ally by a black line ; in female, bluish ash-gray, not markedly different
from lighter gray of sides of head,
c'. Lower parts white medially, pale ash-gray laterally ; upper parts clear
grayish blue or plumbeous, deeper on top of head, decidedly paler
on rump; length 4.05-5.50, wing 2.00-2.20 (2.07), tail 2.05-2.20
(2.15). JVest always (?) beautifully decorated with lichens. Eggs
.56 X -43. Hab. United States, chiefly south of 42°, wintering in
Gulf States, western Cuba, Bahamas (occasionally), Mexico, and

Guatemala 751. P. csrulea (Linn.). Blne-gray Onatcatoher.

c*. Lower parts light bluish gray, deeper laterally ; upper parts ileep bluish
plumbeous, somewhat bluer on top of head, but scai'cely, if at all,
paler on rump; about the size of P. ccerulea. Hab. Bahamas
(Abaco and New Providence ; resident) ; Cozumel ?

P. cserulea csesiogaster Bidqw. Bahaman Gnatcatcher.^
b'. Top of head in adult males glossy black ; in females and young dark bluish
gray or plumbeous, abruptly contrasted with whitish of sides of head
(the latter sometimes including a distinct superciliary streak),
c'. Tertials broadly and conspicuously edged with pure white.

d}. Lores partly (sometimes entirely) white ; occiput (in adult male),
as well as crown and forehead, glossy black; length about
4.00^.25, wing 1.90-2.00, tail 1.90-2.10. Hab. Southern Mex-
ico (Tehuantepec, etc.), Guatemala, Salvador, and Nicaragua.

P. albiloris Scl. & Salt. Wbite-lored Gnatcatcher.*

(P. Lores entirely black in adult males, dull grayish in females and

young.

c*. Otherwise like P. albiloris; length about 4.25-4.50, wing 1.85-

2.10, tail 2.00-2.20. Hab. Brazil (Bahia, etc.) to Nicaragua.

P. leucogastra (Max.). Maximilian's Gnatcatcher.'

e*. Smaller, and with occiput light bluish gray, like hind-neck,

back, etc. ; length 3.75, wing 1.85, tail 1.75. Hab. Yucatan.

P. albiventris Lawr. Lawrence's Gnatcatcher.*

c*. Tertials inconspicuously edged with dull grayish white or light grayish.

d}. Lores, superciliary region, and upper half of ear-coverts glossy

black in adult male, ash-gray in female and young; length

' New subspcoios ; seventeen specimens examined.
» PoUoptila alhilorig ScL. &, Salv., P. Z. S. 1860, 298.

» Sylvia leueogattra Max., Bcitr. iii. 1831, 710. PoUoptila leiicogaitra ScL., Cat. Am, B. 18tt2, 12.
* PoUoptila albiventria Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sei. iii. No. 9, 1885, 273.

i
X

670 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

about 4.10-4.50, wing 1.85-1.95, tail 2.10-2.25. tiab. Western
Mexico (Mazatlan to Tehuantepec).

P. nigriceps Baird. Baird's Gnatcatcher.^
d*. Lores, superciliary region, and greater portion of ear-coverts
white, in abrupt contrast with black or gray of top of head ; a
distinct black or gray streak behind eye, along upper edge of
ear-coverts ; length about 4.00-4.50, wing 1.80-1.90, tail 1.70-
1.85. Hab. Guatemala to Peru and Venezuela.

P. bilineata (Bp.). White-browed Gnatcatcher.*
a*. Exposed portion of inner web ot outer tail-feather with at least the basal half
black.
bK Adult males with top of head glossy black.

c\ Outer tail-feather with outer web entirely white, the inner web broadly
tipped with white.

Adult male : Above light bluish gray (as in P. ccenilea), the whole
top of head, down to lores and auriculars, uniform glossy black ;
eyelids white ; lower parts white, shaded with bluish gray on
sides. Adult female : Top of head wholly gray, the plumage
otherwise as in male, but usually somewhat duller. Young :
Similar to adult female, but somewhat washed with brown-
ish — the young male attaining the black by degrees, com-
mencing with a streak over each eye. Length about 4.25-
4.60, wing 1.90-2.00, tail 2.15-2.25. Eggs .54 X -42. Hab.
Southwestern border of United States, from southern Texas
to lower Colorado Valley, and thence south to Cape St. Lucas ;
northern Mexico.

752. P. plumbea Baird. Plumbeous Gnatcatcher.
c'. Outer tail-feather with outer web black, edged with white, the inner
web narrowly tipped with white.
Adult male : Top of head black, as in P. plumbea, rest of upper
parts dark bluish gray or slate-gray ; eyelids white ; lower parts
duU light gray, deeper laterally, tinged with brownish poste-
riorly. Adult female : Similar to male, but with black on head
wholly replaced by the general dark gray color, the latter duller
than in male. Young : Similar to adult female, but more tinged
with brownish — the young male with black of head appearing
gradually, as in P. plumbea. Length about 4.15-4.50, wing 1.90-
2.00, tail 2.16-2.25. Hab. Pacific coast of southern California
and northern Lower California.

753. P. californica Brewst. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher.
6". Adult male with top of head ash-gray, like back.

Adult male with a curved black line bordering upper and hinder mar-

1 PoUoptila nigriceps Baird, Review Am. B. i. 1864, 69.

s> Culicivora bilineata Bp., Consp. i. 1850, 316. PoUoptila bilineata BcL., P. Z. S. 1855, 12.

TURDID^.

671

gin of ear-coverts. Adult female similar, but duller in general color,
with the black line bordering ear-coverts indistinct or obsolete;
length about 4.20, wing 1.55, tail 1.90-2.00. Hah. Cuba.

P. lembeyi Gumdl. Cuban Qnatcatcber.>

Family TURDID.^. — The Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats,

Bluebirds, etc. (Page 323.)

Genera.

a*. Gonys not more than one-third as long as commissure, the bill short and
rather depressed. (Subfamily Myadestince. — The Solitaires.)

Myadestes. (Pago 572.)
a*. Gonys more than one-third as long as commissure, the bill more slender and
compressed. (Subfamily Turdints. — The Thrushes.)
6^ Wing less than five times as long as tarsus ; wings and tail without any blue,
c*. First quill not reaching beyond tips of primary coverts ; tail without
clear rufous at base.
<P. Tail without white at base.

^. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe, with claw; nasal

fossae partly naked, the nostrils wholly exposed.

/*. Tail less than three times as long as tarsus ; lower parts

more or less spotted in adult.... Turdus. (Page 573.)

/'. Tail more than three times as long as tarsus, the lower

parts plain (throat streaked) in adult.

Merula. (Page 577.)
e'. Tarsus not longer than middle toe, with claw ; nasal fossa) en-
tirely filled with feathers, partly concealing the nostrils.

Hesperocichla. (Page 578.)
<f . Tail with basal portion white ; plumage entirely without spots in

adult Saxicola. (Page 579.)

c'. First quill reaching beyond tips of primary coverts.

d\ Feathers on top of head rather short, not forming an obvious
crest when erected ; outer web of outer tail-feather widening to-
ward end ; tail bicolored, the basal portion (except on middle
feathers) abruptly clear rufous ; sexes very different in color,

the adult male with blue throat Cyanecula. (Pao-e 579.)

d*. Feathers on top of head lengthened, forming a decided bushy crest
when erected; outer web of outer tail-feather not widened

toward end; sexes alike, and throat never blue Catharus.*

b*. Wing more than five times as long as tarsus.

* PoKoptila lembtyi Gundl., Journ. fUr Orn. 1861, 32.

* Oathanu Bokap., Consp. i. 1850, 278. Type, C. immaculatua Bp.,= Turdm aurantiiroitris Hartl.
(Represented by four gpeoies in Mexico and Quatemala, and others farther southward.)

672

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

c*. Gonys longer than two-fifths the comniissuro; plumage plain above
(except in young), with prevailing color bright blue ; no white spots
on quills; wing less than 4.50 Sialia. (Page 580.)

c*. Gonys leas than two-fifths the commissure; plumage much varied
above, the prevailing color bistro brown, more or less streaked with
dull whitish, the wings and tail mainly black ; quills with white
patch at base; wing 5.00, or more Ridgwayia}

Genus MYADESTES Swainson. (Page 571, pi. CXXIV., fig. 7.)

Species.

Common Characters (of North American species). — Adults : Above uniform
brownish or grayish, beneath plain grayish ; a distinct whitish orbital ring ; quills
and secondaries with a lighter (pale grayish or buflfy) band near base, conspicuous
on spread wing. Young: Conspicuously spotted, above and below, with buffy.
Nest built among rocks, banks of streams, on old logs or stumps, or similar places,
rather bulky, loosely constructed of sticks, etc., lined with finer materials. Eggs 3-6,
whitish, speckled with reddish brown.

a}. Second quill equal to sixth, the primaries exceeding secondaries by about the
same distance that the latter exceed the greater coverts.
Adult: Uniform brownish gray, paler beneath, especially on chin and
throat, anal region, and lower tail-coverts ; wings and tail dusky, the
bases of the quills and secondaries buffy or ochraceous (mostly con-
cealed in closed wing), the secondaries edged with pale grayish, the
greater coverts and tertials tipped with whitish (this obsolete in worn
summer dress) ; tail-feathers with outer Aveb and terminal portion of
inner web grayish white. Young: Wings and tail as in adult; rest
of plumage, including wing-coverts, conspicuously spotted with buff.
Length 7.80-9.50, wing 4.35-4.85, tail 4.15-4.70. Eggs .91 X -69. Hab.
Western United States (in mountains), north to Bx-itish Columbia, east
to and including Eocky Mountains (casually to Illinois).

754. M. townsendii (Aud.). Townsend's Solitaire.
' Second quill not longer than seventh, the longest primaries exceeding the sec-
ondaries by much less than distance between tips of latter and longer greater
coverts.
b^. Lower parts conspicuously different in color from the upper; a distinct
dusky streak on each side of throat. (Head, neck, and breast gray,
darker above; other upper parts rusty olive, the wings more rusty;
secondaries with a dusky bar across basal portion ; sides of forehead,
malar stripe, throat, and belly whitish.)
c*. Head and breast dark gray, the throat not conspicuously paler ; wing

> Ridgwayia Stejneger, Proo. U. S. Nat. MuB. r. Feb. 13, 1883, 460. Type, TurdM pinicola Sci.. {Hah.
Mountains of eastern Mexico.)

TURD vs.

573

4.00-4.10, tail about 4.00, exposed culinen .45-.50, tarsus .80-.85.
Hah. Highlands of Guatemala and eastern Mexico.

M. obacurus Lafr. Mexican Solitaire.'

c*. Head and breast ash-gray, this color invading the back ; throat and

forehead distinctly whitish.

d}. Middle tail-feathers without trace of whitish tips; wing 4.15-

4.35, tail 4.30, exposed culme:i .45-.47, tarsus .80-.82. Hab.

Central and western Mexico, north to Mazatlan.

M. obacurus occidentalis Stejx. Mazatlan Solitaire.'
d}. Six middle tail-feathers minutely tipped with white ; wing 3.90-
4.05, tail 3.90-4.20, exposed culmen .45, tarsus .90. Hub. Tres
Marias Islands, western Mexico.

M. obscuruB insularis Stejx. Tres Marias Solitaire.*

6'. Lower parts similar in color to the upper, though slightly paler; no dusky

streak on side of throat.

Adult : Uniform slate-color, paler beneath, the lores and a broad bar

across basal portion of secondaries black ; eyelids white ; wing

about 3.90-4.00, tail 3.70-3.90, exposed culmen .40, tarsus .80-.85.

Hab, Highlands of Guatemala and southern Mexico.

M. unicolor Scl. Slate-colored Solitaire.*

Genus TURDUS Linn^us. (Page 571, pi. CXXIIL, figs. 1, 4.)

Species.

a'. Wing never longer than three and a half times the length of the tarsus. Adults

plain brown above, usually uniform, but sometimes more rufescent on tail

and upper tail-coverts ; beneath whitish (sometimes buffy anterioi'ly), the

chest, etc., spotted with brown or blackish. Young essentially like adults,

but with top of head, back, etc., more or less streaked with dull whitish,

pale buffy, or pale rusty, the middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with

the same, and (except in T. mustclinus) spots of lower parts more transverse,

and extending backward over flanks, etc. (Subgenus Hylocichla Baird.)

6^ Sides distinctly spotted, as well as the breast; exposed culmen .62, or

more.

Adult : Above tawny olive, brighter or more cinnamon on top of head,

more olive on tail ; beneath, including sides, white, the breast and

sides marked with roundish or obcordate spots of black or dusky ;

length 7.50-8.25, wing 4.10-4.50, tail 3.00-3.30, exposed culmen .62-

.75, tarsus 1.20-1.30. West usually saddled upon horizontal branch

of a small tree, in damp woods, very compact, composed partly of

{Hab.

1 Myiadeitet obteurut Lafr., Rev. Zool. 1839, 08.

• Myadettei obicurut rar. occidenialii Stejit., Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv. Apr. 6, 1882, 371, 372.
' Myadeitea obicurui var. iniulari* Stejn., Proo. U. 8. Nat. Mua. iv. Apr. 6, 1882, 371, 373.

* Mj/iade$le» unieolor ScL., P. Z. S. 1856, 298.

574

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

'■■kit

mud. Eggs 2-5, 1.04 X -72, plain greenish blue. Hab. Eastern
United States, in summer, north to southern Michigan, Ontario,
Massachusetts, etc. ; south, in winter, to Guatemala and Cuba.

755. T. mustelinus Gmel. Wood Thrush.
b\ Sides grayish or brownish, without distinct spots ; chest more or less tinged
with buff, and marked with triangular darker spots ; exposed culmen
not more than .60.
c'. Second quill much longer than fifth, the second or third longest ; tail
and its upper coverts not noticeably different in color from other
upper parts (except sometimes in T. ustulatus).
d}. No distinct lighter orbital ring.

e^. Above tawny brownish, the chest buffy or light ochraceous,
marked with small wedge-shaped spots or streaks of brown.
Nest on or near ground, without mud in its composition.
Eggs plain greenish blue (very rarely with a few small
specks of brown).
/'. Above light tawny brown ; chest creamy buff, with nar-
row markings of brown, scarcely .darker than upper
parts; length 6.45-7.75, wing 3.75-4.15 (3.90), tail
2.70-3.30 (2.96), culmen .52-.60 (.55), tarsus 1.05-1.25
(1.15). Eggs .85 X -67. Hah. Eastern United States
and British Provinces, breeding from about 40° north
to Manitoba, Ontario, Anticosti, and Newfoundland.

756. T. fuscescens Steph. Wilson's Thrush.
/*. Above russet-olive; chest very pale buff, with broader

markings of darker brown ; length about 6.90-7.90,
wing 3.80-4.25 (4.02), tail 2.95-3.40 (3.20), culmen .55-
.60 (.57), tarsus 1.15-1.28 (1.17). Eggs .85 X .66. Hah.
Eocky Mountains, east, casually (?), during migrations,

to Minnesota, Illinois, etc 756a. T. fuscescens

salicicolus (Kidgw.). Willow Thrush.

e'. Above olive-brown or grayish olive, the sides of the head

nearly uniform grayish ; chest pale buffy (eometimes

nearly white), marked with large triangular spots of

dusky. Nest in low bushes or on ground, composed of

mosses, etc., bulky and compact. Eggs greenish blue,

spotted with rusty brown.

f\ Length about 7.00-7.75, wing 3.75-4.40 (4.07), tail 2.95-

3.40 (3.09), culmen .45-.58 (.55), tarsus 1.12-1.30 (1.18).

Eggs .92 X -67. Hah. Northern North America east

of Eocky Mountains, breeding from Labrador and

west side of Hudson's Bay north to Arctic coast and

coast of Bering's Sea; in winter, Middle America,

south to Costa Eica ; eastern Siberia.

757. T. alicise Baird. Oray-oheeked Thrush.

TVRDUS.

575

f\ Length about 6.25-7.25, wing 3.40-3.80 (3.65), tail 2.60-
2.70 (2.75), culmen .50-.52 (.51), tarsus 1.10-1.25 (1.13).
Eggs .87 X •63. Mab. In summer, higher mountains of
northeastern United States (Catskills, White Moun-
tains, etc.), and Nova Scotia; Illinois (autumn); win-
ter quarters unknown 757a. T. aliciae bicknelli

EiDQw. Bioknell's Thrnsh.
d*. A very distinct orbital ring of buflf or whitish. (Above unifoi'm
olive, varying from a grayish to a russet tint, the wings,
sometimes tail also, slightly browner, or less olive, than back ;
sides of head with a strong buffy suffusion ; chest buffy,
marked with triangular spots of brown or dusky. Nest in
bushes, usually near water, bulky, and compact, and neatly
constructed of mosses, shreds of bark, etc. Eggs light green-
ish blue, averaging decidedly paler than in T. alicice, spotted
with rusty brown.)
e*. Above russet-brown, the wings and tail often appreciably
browner or move rufescent ; chest pale buff, marked
with rather small and usually narrow cuneate spots
of dark brown; length 6.90-7.60, wing 3.60-4.00 (3.87),
tail 2.80-3.30 (3.05), culmen .50-.60 (.54), tarsus 1.10-
1.20 (1.13). Eggs .93 X -67. Hab. Pacific coast, north
to Sitka ; south, in winter, through western Mexico to
Guatemala.

758, T. ustulatus Nutt. Russet-backed Thrush,
e*. Above decidedly olivaceous, sometimes even inclining to
grayish, the wings and tail concolor with, or at least not
very different from, the back ; chest j'^ellower buff, marked
with lai'go, broad, dusky (sometimes blackish) triangular
spots ; length 6.35-7.55, wing 3.80-4.10 (3.96), tail 2.80-
3.10 (2.95), culmen .50-.55 ^52), tarsus 1.05-1.18 (1.10).
Eggs .90 X -65. Hab. Eastern North America, but west
to and including Eocky Mountains (as far as East Hum-
boldt Mountains and the upper Columbia), breeding chiefly
north of the United States, wintering from Gulf States
and Mississippi Valley south to Cuba, Guatemala, Costa
Eica, Panama, and Peru.. 758a. T. ustulatus swainsonii

(Cab.). Olive-baoked Thrush,
c*. Second quill shorter than fifth, the fourth longest ; tail and its upper
coverts rufous, in decided contrast with the color of the back.
(Chest, and a distinct orbital ring, buff}'-, sometimes nearly white,
the former marked with largo triangular spots of dusky. Nest on
ground, in damp or swampy woods, composed of dead leaves, dry
grasses, etc. Eggs plain greenish blue, paler than in T, muste-
lintis and T. fuscescens.)

I.*

576

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

d}. Grayish brown above (more olivaceous in winter); flanks and
thighs light grayish ; bill slenderer,
e*. Smaller; tail deep rufous, almost chestnut; length 6.00-7.00,
wing 3.25-3.80 (3.57), tail 2.60-3.00 (2.76), culmen .45-.52
(.50), tarsus 1.10-1.20 (1.12). Eggs .86 X -62. Hab. Pa-
cific coast, breeding from mountains of California north
to Kadiak ; south, in winter, to Lower California and
western Mexico, as far as Colima ; during migrations, east
to Nevada and Arizona.

759. T. aonalaschkae Gmel. Dwarf Thmsh.
e'. Larger ; tail dull ochraceous-rufous, or fulvous ; colors in
general rather grayer; length 7.50-8.25, wing 3.65-4.35
(4.08), tail 2.95-3.45 (3.27), culmen .53-.60 (.57), tarsus
1.12-1.28 (1.18). Eggs .86 X -64. Hah. Eocky Mountains,
from northern border of United States south to highlands

of Mexico and Guatemala 759rt. T. aonalaschkae

auduboni (Baird). Audubon's Hermit Thrush,
d*. Above dull brown, deeper, or more " smoky," in winter ; flanks
and thighs olive-brownish ; bill stouter.

Tail and its upper coverts decidedly rufescent (averaging
about intermediate in tint between that of T. aonalaschkae
and T. auduboni) ; length 6.50-7.65, wing 3.40-3.90 (3.04),
tail 2.55-3.15 (2.88), culmen .50-.60 (.59), tarsus 1.15-1.30
(1.19). Eggs .88 X -66. Hab. Eastern Ivorth America,
breeding from northern United States northward, and
wintering from about 40° to Gulf coast.
7596. T. aonalaschkae pallasii (Cab.). Hermit Thrush.
a\ Wing more than four and a half times as long as tarsus. (Subgenus Turdus
Linn.)
Adult : Above plain brownish ; a superciliary stripe and a malar stripe
(widening beneath and behind ear-coverts into somewhat of a patch),
white ; lower parts white medially, the under wing-coverts, sides, and
flanks plain rufous ; breast streaked Avith dusky. Young : Upper parts,
including wing-coverts, streaked and barred with buffy or whitish ;
lower parts more extensively spotted or streaked. Length about 8.00-
9.00, wing 4.45-4.85, tail 3.00-3.45, culmen .78-.86, tarsus 1.15-1.25. Nest
usually in bushes or small trees, bulky, composed of mosses, dried
grasses, etc. Eggs 1.01 X -76, pale dull bluish, pale greenish blue, or
pale olive-greenish, freckled with reddish brown. Hab. Northern por-
tion of Eureka and Asia ; accidental in Greenland.

760. T. iliacus Linn. Bed-winged Thrush.

MERVLA.

577

Genus MERULA Leach. (Page 571, pi. CXXIII., fig. 5.)

Species.

Common Characters (of North American species). — Adults (sexes essentially
alike, but female usually a little paler and duller in color than male) : Above plain
grayish, the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts sometimes rusty or olive-brownish,
the head sometimes blackish ; throat white, streaked with black or grayish ; chest,
breast, sides, axillars, and under wing-coverts (sometimes belly also), plain rufous or
bulfy ; under tail-coverts, anal region, and hinder flanks (sometimes belly also) white,
the first with concealed spots of grayish. Young : Above streaked with light fulvous
or whitish ; beneath whitish, more or less tinged with rusty or buffy, and spotted
with blackish or grayish. JVest very compact and rather bulky, with moi'e or less
of mud in its composition, usually saddled upon a horizontal branch, but often
variously situated. Eggs 3-5, plain bluish (very rarely speckled with brown).

a^. Upper parts in adults plain grayish, without rusty.

6'. Breast, etc., in adults rufous, or reddish ochraceous ; exposed culmen usually
less than .80, tarsus 1.30, or more. {Adults: Head and neck blackish,
or at least decidedly darker than back ; eyelids, a supraloral streak, and
streaks on chin and throat white ; wings and tail dusky (sometimes black),
the feathers edged with slaty ; back, scapulars, and rump uniform slaty,
the feather of the first sometimes blackish centrally ; bill bright yellow,
the upper mandible tipped with black. In ivinter, similar, but with upper
parts tinged with brown, rufous feathers of bi'cast, etc., margined with
white, and upper mandible chiefly dusky, the lower duller yellow. Young
in first vnnter : Head and neck brownish gray, like upper parts, the
white of upper eyelid prolonged backward into a more or less extensive
postocular streak, and rufous of bi-east, etc., paler, or more olivaceous.)
c*. Outer tail-feather with a distinct white spot at tip of inner web ; an-
terior portion of back usually more or less clouded with black (in
fully adult birds) ; length 9.00-10.00, wing 4.90-5.40 (5.28), tail
4.10-4.50 (4.34), culmen .85-.92 (.90), tarsus 1.30-1.40 (1.34). Eggs
1.15 X -78. Hah. Eastern and northern North America, north to
Alaska (Yukon district) and Hudson's Bay, west to Great Plains;
occasional in eastern Mexico.

761. M. migratoria (Linn.). American Robin.
c*. Outer tail-feather without distinct white tip (often with no white at
all) ; anterior portion of back slaty gray, abruptly defined against
black of hind-neck; length 10.00-11.00, wing 5.20-5.70 (5.41), tail
3.80-4.70 (4.24), culmen .85-.96 (.90), tarsus 1.20-1.40 (1.31). Eggs
1.17 X '82. Hab. Western United States, north to British Columbia,
east to, and including, Eocky Mountains, south over table-lands of
Mexico.. 761a. M. migratoria propinqua Bidqw. Western Bobin.

678

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

""1

a»

ft*. Breast, etc., pale buff; exposed culmen usually more than .80, tai'eus less
tLan 1.30.
Adult : Above plain brownish gray, including head and neck ; a dis-
tinct superciliary stripe of white ; no white at tips of outer tail-
feathers ; wing 5.10-5.20, tail 3.90-4.15, culmen .95-1.05, tarsus
1.20-1.25. Hab. Lower California (near Cape St. Lucas).

762. M. confinis Baird. St. Lucas Robin.

Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts more or less brown or rusty, in contrast with

grayer shade of hind-neck, rump, and quills. (Whole belly, anal region,

and lower tail-coverts white, the latter with the plumbeous spots entirely

concealed ; no white about eye, and no white on outer tail-feathers.)

h^. Sides, flanks, etc., ochraceous or ochraceous-rufous ; wing-coverts, scapulars,

and back bright rusty brown, the hind-neck ash-gray or plumbeous, in

marked contrast; wing 4.60-5.20, tail 3.85-4.50, culmen .85-1.00, tarsus

1.25-1.32. Hab. Western and southern Mexico, north to Mazatlan.

M. flavirostris Swaixs. Mazatlan Robin.i

6*. Sides, flanks, etc., dull grayish fulvous ; wing-coverts and scapulars light

raw-umber brown, the back more grayish brown ; hind-r.eck scarcely

different from back; wing 4.80-4.85, tail 3.90-4.00, cuimcn 1.02-1.05,

tarsus 1.35. Hab. Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.

M. graysoni Einaw. Tres Marias Robin.*

Gwus HESPEROCICHLA Baird. (Page 571, pi. CXXIIL, fig. 3.)

Species.

Adult male : Above dark plumbeous, varied by a broad supra-auricular stripe,
two bands across wing (tips of greater and middle coverts), patch at base of pri-
maries, etc., of orange-rufous or ochraceous ; chin, throat, breast, and sides orange-
rufous or ochraceous ; a broad band of dark plumbeous or slaty across chest ; pos-
terior lower pai'ts white, tinged more or less with ochraceous, the feathers dark
grayish beneath surface. AduU female : Much paler and duller than the male, the
upper parts and collar across chest grayish brown (more brown in winter). Young :
Similar to adult female, but collar much less distinct and more or less broken by
ochraceous spotting; feathers of throat and breast indistinctly bordered with
dusky, and some of the feathers of upper parts with indistinct paler shaft-streaks.
Length 9.00-10.00, wing 4.90-5.20, tail about 3.60-3.80, culmen about 1.00, tarsus
1.30. Nest compact and bulk}', in bushes or small trees. Eggs 1.11 X '82, pale
greenish blue, sparingly speckled with brown. Hab. Western North America,
chiefly near Pacific coast, from California (in winter) to Boring's Strait; breeding
chiefly north of United States ; east, casually, to New Jersey, Long Island, and
Massachusetts 763. H. nsevia (Gmel.). Varied Thrnsh.

W'-

' Wtrufa flnvirniitni SwAiNs., Philog. Mag. n. a. i. 1827, 369.

* derula flaviroitrii grayioni RiDOW., Proo. U, S. Nat. MuB. t. June 6, 1882, 12.

SAXICOLA.

579

Genus CYANECULA Brehm. (Page 571, pi. CXXIV., fig. 2.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Above plain grayish brown, the tail dusky, with basal
half (except of middle feathers) abruptly clear rufous ; a superciliary stripe of dull
white; lower parts, from breast back, dull white, the sides tinged with grayish brown.
Adult males : Chin, throat, and breast blue, usually enclosing a spot of rufous or white
on lower part of throat, the blue bordered posteriorly by a blackish crescentic band,
this succeeded by a broader one of rufous. Adult females without any blue, the
chin, throat, and chest being whitish, bordered laterally and posteriorly by a nearly
continuous series of blackish spots ; a whitish malar streak. Young : Dark sooty
above and across chest, with narrow streaks of pale j'ellowish ; lower parts with
feathers whitish centrally, but bordered with sooty blackish ; under tail-coverts
pale buff.- Nest in cavities in banks of streams, etc., composed of mosses and dried
grasses, lined with finer grasses and hair. Eggs 3-5, .73 X -55, pale olive, olive-
greenish, or brownish, deeper on or round larger end (sometimes uniform).

a*. Adult male with throat-spot rufous; length about 6.00, wing 3.10-3.15, tail 2-35-
2.40, culmen .45-.48, tarsus 1.10-1.15. Hah. Northern Europe and Asia;
casual (?) in western Alaska (St. Michael's).

764. C. suecica (Linn.). Red-spotted Bluethroat.
a*. Adult male with throat-spot (if present) white, but throat, etc., frequently en-
tirely blue ; wing 2.90-3.00, tail 2.10-2.30, culmen .45-.50, tarsus 1.00-1.10.
Hab. Central Europe, east to Eussia.

C. wolfli Brehm. Bluethroat.'

Genus SAXICOLA Bechstein. (Page 571, pi. CXXIV., fig. 5.)

Species,

Adult male : Above plain ash-gray, the wings and terminal third of tail black,
the basal two-thirds of the latter (except on middle feathers) white ; forehead,
superciliary stripe, lower rump, and upper tail-coverts also white ; a broad stripe
of black on side of head, including lores, orbits, and ear-coverts ; lower parts plain
light buffy anteriorly, white posteriorly. Adult female : Above duller gray, the
wings and terminal portion of tail dusky ; lores dusky, and auriculars dusky gray-
ish, neither in marked contrast ; lower parts dull grayish buff anteriorly, dull
white posteriorly. Winter plumage : Above plain brown, the lower rump, upper
tail-coverts, and basal portion of tail white, as in summer ; wing-feathers (blackish
in male, grayish dusky in female) conspicuously margined with light cinnamon or

1 Siflvia woyii Brkhm, Beitr.-Vogelk. ii. 1822, 173. C^ntcula wlfii Brbbm, Itit, 1828, 1280.

k.iW

580

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

brownish buff; lower parts entirely dull rusty buff, deeper on breast and chest; no
distinct duslcy stripe on side of head. Young : Similar to female, but with " obscure
transverse terminal dark bars and pale centres to most of the feathers of the upper
and under parts." Length about 5.50-6.50, wing 3.75-4.15, tail 2.00-2.55, culmen
.47-.52, tarsus .95-1.20, Nest built among rocks, stone walls, etc., composed of
grasses, etc., lined with feathers. Eggs 3-6, .85 X -63, plain pale greenish blue.
Hub. Northern portion of northern hemisphere, breeding far northward ; south, in
winter, casually, to Nova Scotia, Maine, Long Island, New York, Canada, and Colo-
rado 765. S. oenanthe (Linn.). Wheatear.

Genus SIALIA Swainson. (Page 572, pi. CXXIY., fig. 6.)

Species.

Common Characters. — Adult males bright blue above, the back sometimes
partly or entirely chestnut ; beneath cinnamlon anterioi'ly and white posteriorly,
blue with cinnamon-chestnut patch on breast, or blue fading into white posteriorly.
Adult females much duller, with bright blue confined to wings, rump, upper tail-
coverts, and tail, the other upper parts dull grayish or brownish ; beneath similar
to male, but much paler and duller (dull grayish brown anteriorly in S. arctica).
Young : Grayish, brownish, or dusky above (except wings and tail), the back,
scapulars, and wing-coverts marked with drop-shaped spots or streaks of pale
buffy or whitish (these sometimes nearly obsolete in S. arctica') ; beneath white,
the feathers of breast, etc., edged with grayish, brownish, or dusky. Nest in
holes, usually in trees or stumps, often about buildings, sometimes among rocks,
composed of dried grasses, etc. Eggs 4-7, plain pale greenish blue (very rai'ely
white).

a*. Breast and sides cinnamon or chestnut.

6*. Throat cinnamon, like breast ; belly white.

c'. Breast, etc., deep cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous ; sides of neck and
malar region blue.
Adult male: Above rich cobalt-blue (rarely varying to ultra-
marine, more rarely still to cerulean) ; in winter, the blue
duller, the cinnamon of breast, etc., deeper and more purplish,
and feathers of back, etc., bordered with rusty ; length 5.70-
7.00, wing 3.90-4.16 (3.99), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.71), culmen .62-.67
(.65), tarsus .75-.80 (.78). Adult female : Above dull grayish,
the wings dull blue, the rump, upper tail-coverts,' and tail
brighter blue; a whitish orbital ring; breast, etc., light dull
cinnamon, the throat paler, with a dusky streak along each
side ; an indistinct whitish malar stripe ; wing 3.80-3.90 (3.85),
tail 2.50-2.60 (2.53). Young : Above dark brownish or gray-
ish, with conspicuous tear-shaped streaks of whitish over whole

SIALIA.

581

back, scapulars, etc.; wings (except coverts) and tail as in
adult J beneath white, the feathers of breast, etc., very broadly
bordered with dark grayish or brownish; a whitish orbital
ring. Eggs .82 X -64. Hab. Eastern United States, north to
Nova Scotia, Ontario, Manitoba, etc., west to base of Rocky
Mountains ; Bermudas (resident).

766. S. sialis (Linn.). Bluebird.

c\ Breast, etc., light ochraceous-cinnamon, the sides of neck and (usually)

malar region similar.

d}. Above light greenish blue or cerulean-blue (much as in S. arctica),

the sexes diflfering as in S. sialis ; anal region cinnamon-buff;

length 6.40-7.10, wing (male) 4.05-4.20 (4.10), tail 2.70-2.95

(2.79), culmen .47-.50 (.49), tarsus .80-.85 (.82). Female: Wing

3.90, tail 2.55. Hab. Highlands of Mexico, north to southern

Arizona 766a. S. sialis azurea (Baird). Aznre Bluebird.'

d'. Above rich cobalt-blue, varying to ultramarine, like S. sialis;
otherwise resembling S. azurea. Male : Wing 4.15-4.35 (4.25),
tail 2.80-3.00 (2.93), culmen .50, tarsus .62-.65 (.63). Female :
Wing 4.05-4.10, tail 2.70-2.80. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala
and Honduras.

S. sialis guatemalse Bidow. Guatemala Bluebird.'
6'. Throat and belly blue.

Adult male : Above rich smalt-blue (varying to ultramarine), the back
usually with more or less of chestnut (sometimes entirely chestnut,
rarely entirely blue') ; lower parts lighter and duller blue, the breast
and sides deep cinnamon-chestnut, (Colors duller and more suf-
fused in winter.) Length 6.50-7.12, wing 3.95-4.45 (4.19), tail 2.62-
3.05 (2.84), culmen .45-.50 (.48), tarsus .80-.90 (.82). Adult female :
Head, neck, and upper parts dull gray, paler on throat, browner on
back ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail bright blue, the outer web
of lateral tail-feather whitish ; wings dull blue ; breast and sides
dull light cinnamon ; belly dull grayish ; wing about 4.00, tail 2.50.
Young: Not always distinguishable with certainty from correspond-
ing stage of 8. sialis, except by slenderer bill ; usually darker, how-
ever, especially on lower parts, the throat dull grayish and sides
tinged with dull dark brown. Eggs .81 X -64. Hab. Western
United States, north to British Columbia, east to Rocky Moun-
tains, south over table-lands of Mexico.

767. S. mexicana Swains. WeBtern Bluebird.

* Swainson's Sialia axurea, usually quoted for this form, la a complete nomen nudum. The name was first
coupled with a description by Professor Baihd (Review Am. B. i. July, 1864, 62), who is therefore to be quoted
as its authority.

» S. $iali» guatemalm RiDOW., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. June 5, 1882, 13.

» This variation is purely individual, and not at all dependent on locality, as supposed by Mr. Seebobh
(Cat. B. Brit. Mus. t. 1881, pp. 831-333).

582

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

a'. Breast, etc., fine light greenish hlue (in adult mr.le) or brownish gray or
grayish brown (in female), the belly and under tail-coverts pure white.
Adult male : Above rich, glossy cerulean-blue, the wings and tail more
azure, or cobalt ; beneath lighter cerulean-blue, the belly and under tail-
coverts white. (In winter, the blue of head, neck, back, and breast ob-
scured by grayish brown tips to the feathers.) Length 6.50-7.90, wing
4.60-4.80, tail 3,00-3.15. Adult female : Above brownish gray, the pri-
maries dull light blue, the rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail brighter
greenish blue ; beneath light grayish brown, the belly and under tail-
coverts white ; a whitish orbital ring. (In winter colors deeper, espe-
cially on lower parts.) Length 7.00-7.20, wing about 4.25, tail 2.75-2.90.
Young : Quills and tail-feathers as in adults ; above grayish brown, the
back usually streaked with white ; beneath grayish white, the breast
and sides mottled with grayish brown. Eggs .87 X -65. Hab. Eocky
Mountain district, north to Great Slave Lake, south into Mexico ; west
across Great Basin, to higher ranges along Pacific coast.

768. S. arctica SwaIns. mountain Blnebitd.

gray or
lite.

iail more
Qder tail-
reast ob-
,90, wing
, the pri-
brighter
ider tail-
per, espe-
2.75-2.90.
•own, the
le breast
b. Kocky
CO ; west

Bluebird.

APPENDIX.

Since the preceding pages were printed, additional specimens of certain rare
or little known species have been examined, and various facts have become for the
first time known, rendering necessary the following memoranda.

Genus ARDEA LiNN.aEUs, pages 128, 129.

The examination of eight additional specimens of Ardea wuerdemanni renders
necessary a revision of the diagnosis of this form and its allies, as follows : —

fl*. Color nearly uniform bluish gray above, the lower parts usually striped with
black and white (sometimes entirely white).
/'. Adult with head entirely white, except (usually) black or dusky streaks on
forehead, or (very rarely) a blackish patch on sides of crown or occiput,
beneath edge of crest ; shoulder-knots broadly striped with white, and
(usually) tinged with ru.gty ; lowermost wing-coverts with more or less
of their outer webs white; outer web of exterior tail-feather with a
," large white wedge-shaped patch on basal portion ; lower parts white

(the anal region entirely so), the breast and belly (medially) usually
striped or streaked with black, dusky, or brownish gray ; gray of upper
parts of an ashy tint; length 48.00-50.00, wing 18.75-21.00 (19.39), tail
6.25-8.00 (7.21), culmen 5.75-6.70 (6.14), depth of bill at base 1.20-1.30
(1.24), tarsus 7.30-8.75 (7.80), naked portion of tibia 4.50-5.50 (4.99), mid-
dle toe 4.20-5.20 (4.63). Hab. Southern extremity of Florida, chiefly (?)
in the vicinity of Cape Sable, and on Florida Keys ; Cape Florida (?) ;
Jamaica (?); accidental in southern Illinois (Mount Carmel, Sept. 11-22,

1876) — . A. wuerdemanni Baird. Wiirdemaim's Heron.

/*. Adult with sides of forehead (to considerably in front of eyes), together with
whole crown and occiput (beneath crest), including longer crest-feathers,
uniform deep black ; forehead and centre of crown pure white, without
dusky streaks ; shoulder-knots entirely deep black, or (ravely) narrowly
streaked with white, and without admixtui-e of rusty ; lowermost wing-
coverts without white on outer webs ; outer web of exterior tail-feather
without distinct wedge-shaped space of white ; breast, belly, and anal
region deep black (the last entirely so), the breast and belly broadly
striped with white ; gray of upper parts of a deep plumbeous tint.

688

584

APPENDIX.

g\ Larger, with legs and feet yellowish brown or olive-yellowish ; length
about 48.00-54.00, wing 19.50-21.00 (20.00), tail 7.15-8.00 (7.58), ex-
posed culraen 5.90-6.90 (6.25), depth of bill at base 1.10-1.30 (1.19),
tarsus 7.85-8.40 (8.19), middle toe 4.65-5.15 (4.83), bare portion of
tibia 4.45-5.60 (5.05). Hab. Florida, chiefly (?) on western side;
south to Oyster Bay, north to Gainesville.

193. A. wardi Eidqw. Ward's Heron.

g*. Smaller, with black or dusky legs and feet, the tibia, only, yellowish ;
length about 40.00-48.00, wing 18.00-19.50 (18.58), tail 7.00-7.50
(7.23), exposed culmen 5.45-5.95 (5.68), depth of bill at base 1.05-
1.17 (1.14), tarsus 6.75-7.85 (7.16), middle toe 3.90-4.50 (4.18), naked
portion of tibia 4.00-4.50 (4.20). Hab. Whole of temperate North
America (except middle and southern Florida) ; north to Hudson's
Bay and Sitka, south through Middle America to Colombia and
Venezuela (including Cura^oa) ; Bermuda ; Galapagos ?

194. A. herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron.

Subgenus NYCTHERODIUS Eeichenbach, page 133.

The name Nyctherodius, as applied by Eeichenbach (in 1852) to this subgenus
(or genus), being antedated by its lise in an entirely different connection by Mac-
gillivray in 1842, Dr. Stejneger has proposed (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. x. 1887, in
press) as a substitute the name Nyctanassa, with Ardea violacea Linn, as type.

No. 198. Ardea rufa Bodd., page 131. Beddish Egret.

This name being preoccupied (by Scopoli, in 1769) for another species, it
becomes necessary to substitute the next in order of date. The species will there-
fore have to be called Ardea rufescens Gmel. (S. N. i. pt. ii. 1788, 628).

(L#»

Genus SYMPHEMIA Eapinesque, page 167.

Mr. Brewster has recently separated the western birds of this species as a
geographical race, the main distinctive characters of which are as follows: —

a*. Smaller, with relatively shorter and thicker bill ; summer adults with ground-
color of upper parts darker, more olive-grayish, more heavily spotted or
barred with dusky, the anterior and lateral lower parts also more heavily
marked with dusky ; wing 7.06-7.75 (7.36), tail 2.71-3.30 (2.91), exposed cul-
men 2.02-2.31 (2.19), tarsus 2.08-2.42 (2.29). Hab. Atlantic coast of United
States 258. S. semipalmata (Gmel.). Willet.

a*. Larger, with relatively longer and slenderer bill ; summer adults with ground-
color of upper parts paler, more ashy, gray, less heavily marked with dusky,
the anterior and lateral lower parts also less heavily marked ; wing 7.88-
8.26 (8.11), tail 3.10-3.50 (3.29), exposed culmen 2.28-2.70 (2.46), tarsus 2.45-
2.95 (2.66). Hab. Western North America, east to Mississippi Valley (Illi-

APPENDIX.

685

nois, etc.) and Gulf States (sparingly to South Atlantic States in winter) ;
south through Mexico, etc., in winter.

— . S. semipalmata inornata Brewst. Westenx Willet.^

No. 290. Colinus graysont (Lawr.)- Orayson's Bob-white.

Explorations in Sonora considerably south of the Arizona boundary, by Lieut.
Harry C. Benson, U.S.A., failed to discover any trace of this species, although G.
ridgwayi Brewst. was met with in abundance. The likelihood of its occurrence
within our limits is thus materially diminished, and it may without much risk of
error be stricken from the list of our birds. It occurs abundantly at Mazatlan, but
how much farther north its range extends remains to be determined.

Genus CALLIPEPLA Wagler, pages 191-193.

On page 193, under " c*," insert the following : —
d}. Throat with white predominating ; rusty markings on upper parts brighter and
more extended, rump more olivaceous, tail less bluish gray, and white spots
on lower parts smaller ; adult female with crest chiefly light brownish, throat
dull white very faintly or narrowly streaked with dusky (mere shaft-streaks),
and back distinctly barred with light tawny. Hah. Vicinity of Mazatlan.

C. elegans (Less.). Elegant Partridge,
d*. Throat with black predominating ; rusty markings on upper parts duller and
less extended, rump less olivaceous, tail more bluish gray, and white spots on
lower parts smaller; adult female with crest uniform blackish, whole throat
thickly speckled or streaked with blackish, back nearly uniform gray, and
markings of lower parts larger and coarser. Hab. Sonora (vicinity of
Campos).

C. elegans bensoni Bidow. Benson's Partridge.*

Genus COLUMBIGALLINA Boie, pages 214-215.

C. passerina varies a great deal with locality, and some of its variations seem
sufficiently marked and constant to merit formal recognition. The following forms
occurring north of the parallel of 18° N. appear fairly well defined : —

6'. Larger, with bill yellow or red for at least basal half (rarely obscured in dried
skins),
c*. Back and rump grayish olive, or light grayish brown.

d}. Much deeper colored, with rather shorter wings and much larger bill,
the latter always (?) yellow basally ; wing 3.30-3.60 (3.41), exposed
culmen .43-.48 (.47), tarsus .62-.65 (.64). Hab. South Atlantic and

Gulf States 320. C. passerina (Linn.). Oronnd Dove.

<P. Much paler, with rather longer wings and much smaller or more slender

» Of. Auk, iv. April, 1887, 146.

* CalKpela elegans bensoni Rioaw., Forest and Stream, zxriii. No. 6, March 3, 1887, 106.

686

APPENDIX.

bill, the latter often (always in fully adult males ?) red basally ;
wing 3.30-3.60 (3.46), exposed culmon .42-.47 (.44), tarsus .60-.66
(.62). Hab. Southwestern United States (Texas to Arizona and
Lower California), and south through Mexico (both coasts) to
Central America.

— . C. passerina pallescens (Baird). Mexican Oronnd Dove.*
c*. Back and rump deep olive-brown.

Plumage in general much deeper than in true C. passerina; wing
3.10-3.40 (3.28), exposed culmen .41-.44 (.42), tarsus .60-.63 (.62).
Hah. Socorro Island, western Mexico ; Tros Marias ?

C. passerina socorroensis Bidqw. Socorro Ground Dove.*
6*. Smaller, with bill chiefly or entirely black or dusky (rarely yellowish or orange
at base).

Similar in color of plumage to C. passerina pallescens, but still paler, witu
upper parts more ashy; wing 3.10-3.30 (3.21), exposed culmen .40-47
(.43), tarsus .60-.64 (.62). Hab. Bahamas ; Greater Antilles ?

C. passerina bahamensis (Matn.). Babaman Qround Dove.

Genus MEGASCOPS Kaup, pages 260-262.

In western Mexico (vicinity of Mazatlan), and possibly in Lower California,
occurs a species nearly allied to M. brasilianus (Gm.) of South America, but ap-
parently quite distinct. It belongs under section a', having the toes completely
naked, but is very diflfei'ent from M. flammeolus in color and dimensions. It is an
undescribed species, which may be named Megascops hastatus and characterized as
follows : —

Toes completely naked ; upper parts light grayish brown, mixed or mottled
with paler and spotted with blackish ; lower parts delicately but irregularly barred
with dark brown, on a whitish ground, and marked also with irregular mesial
streaks of brownish black, most conspicuous on chest; legs whitish, barred with
dark brown; wing 6.00-6.10, tail 3.40-3.50. Hab. "Western Mexico (vicinity of
Mazatlan) ; La Paz, Lower California ?

^'<

Genus ARA Brisson, page 268.

Two species occur in southern Mexico, one of them common as far north as
Mazatlan. Their characters are as follows: —

a}. General color grass-green, with forohetid smd part of tail-feathers red ; rump,

tail-coverts, and tip of tail light blue ; wing about 14.00, tail about 15.00.

Hab. Mexico to Bolivia.

A. militaris (Linn.). Military Macaw.*

* ChamrepeUa patiertna var. palletcens Baird, Pr, Phil, Ac. 1859, 305.

* New subspeoies ; type, No. 50829, U. S. Nat. Mus., Socorro ; A. J. Qrayson.

* Okanuepelia bahamen»i» Matk., Am. Exchange and Mart, iii. No. 6, Feb. 5, 1887, 69.

* PiUiaeua milUaru Link., S. N. ed. 12, i. 1766, 159. Ara militarii Gray, Gen. B. ii. 1845, 412.

APPENDIX.

a*. General color vermilion-red, with middle wing-coverts chrome-yellow, the quills
dark blue, the tail blue and red ; a little larger than A. militaris, the tail
much longer. Hub. Southern Mexico to Bolivia.

A. macao (Linn.). Red yellow and blue Macaw.^

Genus AMAZONA Lesson, page 269.
Several Mexican species, distinguished as follows : —

a}. Wing more than 7.50; bill not bright yellow; primary coverts always green,
and 3-6 innermost secondaries with outer webs chiefly red.
b^. Anterior border of wing with more or less of red; forehead (in adult whole
head and neck) yellow.
Adult : Whole head and neck yellow. Young with yellow on head and
red on anterior border of wing more restricted, according to age.
Wing 8.70-9.50, tail 4 50-5.50. Mab. Western Mexico, from Tehuan-
tepec to Mazatlan and Tres Marias.

A. oratrix BiDow. Double Yellow-head Parrot.'
b^. Anterior border of wing without trace of red ; forehead green or red.

c*. Outer tail-feather without trace of red or yellow spot on basal portion

of inner web.

d}. Forehead green ; feathers of breast, etc., without trace of blackish

tins ; whole top of head light blue, or bluish green ; wing 9.30-

10.20, tail 5.20-6.20. Mab. Eastern Mexico (Mirador) and south

to Costa Eica.

A. guateinalse (Hahtl.). Blue-crowned Parrot.*

d*. Forehead purplish red ; crown and occiput lilac-bluish, the feathers

narrowly tipped with blackish ; feathers of chest, etc., narrowly

tipped with blackish; wing 7.60-8.20, tail 4.80-5.50. Hab.

Western Mexico, from Tehuantepec to Mazatlan.

A. finschi (Scl.). Finsch's Parrot.*
c*. Outer tail-feather with a more or less distinct red or yellow spot on
basal portion of inner web.
Adult: Forehead and upper half of lores red; lower half of lores,
and backward beneath eyes, yellow; top of head pale bluish
or lilac superficially. Young : Similar to adult, but yellow re-
placed by light green. Wing 8.00-8.70. tail 4.70-5.20. Hab.
Eastern Mexico (Mirador) and south to Honduras and Vera
Paz, Guatemala.

A. autumnalis (Linn.). Autumnal Parrot.*

1 Psittacnt macao LiKN., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 96. Am maK.ao Gray, List Psitt. Brit. Mus. 1859, 26.

* ChrynoHs levaillantii Gray, List Psitt. Brit. Mus. 1859, 79; nee Amazona levatllantn Less., 1831.

' Chrytotit guatemalx Hartl., Verz. Brem. Samml. 1&44, 87. Amnxona guatemala Schleg., Mas. P.-B.
Rot. Psitt. 1874, 27.

* Chrytotii fintcU ScL., P. Z. S. 1804, 298; ih. 1870, pi. 34.

* Pnttarut autumnalit Link., S. N. ed. 12. i. 1766, 147. Amatofta autumnali* Sorleo., Mua. P.-B.
Psitt. 1864, 51.

■#■

588

APPENDIX.

W.-K
\

a'. Wing not more than 7.50 ; bill bright yellow ; primary coverts (sometimes alula

also) carmiue-red in adult ; outer webs of all the secondaries wholly deep

blue. {Adult with orbits and part or whole of lores deep carmine ; forehead

(sometimes crown also) white or pale yellow.)

¥. Adult : Forehead (only) white or pale yellow ; crown blue ; anterior border

of wing entirely green ; alula carmine-red. Young : White of forehead

and red of lores and orbits much restricted (or altogether wanting?);

primary coverts and alula green. Wing 6.30-7.50, tail 3.30-4.20. Uab.

Southern Mexico (Mazatlan to Yucatan) and south to Costa Eica.

A. albifrons (Sparrm.). White-fronted Parrot.^
6*. Adxdt : Forehead and more or less of crown white; upper half of lores yel-
low ; a black spot on ear-coverts ; anterior border of wing carmine-red ;
alula (except sometimes innermost feather) green. Young : No white
on head, red barely indicated, yellow more restricted, no red on anterior
border of wing, and primary coverts green. Wing 6.90-7.10, tail 3.50-
3.80. Hah. Coast of Yucatan (including Cozumel) and Honduras,

A. xantholora Gray. Yellow-lored Parrot.'

Genus PHAL.ffiNOPTILUS Ridgw^y, page 299.

Omit measurements from diagnosis, to which add the following : —
a'. Larger and darker, with prevailing color above grayish brown (more grayish on
sides of pileum, scapulars, etc.) and relieved by broad irregularly sagittate or
diamond-shaped spots on scapulars ; chin and sides of head blackish ; chest
(next to white throat-patch) with black predominating, the sides and flanks
more heavily barred with dusky ; ochraccous of quills deeper, and more
restricted ; wing 5.50-6.15 (5.78), tail 3.40-3.80 (3.67). Hab. Western United
States in general, excepting more southern plains, east of Rocky Mountains.

418. P. nuttalli (Aud.). Poor-wilL
a}. Smaller and paler, with pi'evailing color above pale brownish gray, inclining in
places to palo hoary or silvery whitish, relieved bj'' smaller or narrower
black markings; chin and sides of head finely mottled grayish brown; chest
■with little, if any, of uniform black ; sides and flanks more narrowly barred
(the latter sometimes immaculate) ; ochraceous of quills paler and more
extended ; wing 5.40-5.75 (5.44), tail 3.50-3.60 (3.52). Hab. Central Texas
to Arizona (probably northward to Kansas, etc.).

— . P. nuttalli nitidus Brewpt. Frosted Poor-will.'

1 Psi'ttaciia albiffont SPARRM., Mus. Carls. 1787, pi. 62. Amatona albi/ront tscnLBO,, Mus. P.-B,
Psitt. 18(54, 69.

* Clinjiio(i» xantholora Qrav, List Psltt. Brit. Mus. 1859, 83. Amazona xantholora Schleo. Mus. P.-B,
Psitt. 1864, 59.

> Phaltenopiilnt nnttnlli nitidui Brewst., Auk, iv. No. 2, April, 1887, 147.

Note. — It is not improbable that the Californian birds of this species, at least those ft-otn the more humid
and wooded northiTti coast districts, will have to bo goparatod as a local roce, characterized by very dark colors,
with heavier markings. At least the two Californian examples In the Nat" nal Museum collection (one from
Nicasio, the other from Calaveras County) arc alfoftcthor darker than any from elsewhere. Bhou'J additional
material show the observed difierenoes to be oonstant, I would propose fur this dark northwestern race th«
name P, nu'talli cal\/orHicui,

APPENDIX.

589

Genus MOLOTHRUS Swainson, page 367.

Section a', including M. ceneus (Wagl.), should constitute a distinct genus,
Callothrus Cassin (Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 18, type, Psarocolius ceneus Waol.),
the characters of which are as follows : — Feathers of hind-part and sides of neck
much elongated, forming a very conspicuous, soft, and dense erectile ruff in the
adult male ; four outer primaries with inner webs curiously sinuated and emar-
ginated, the web being expanded just beyond the middle portion, the posterior
extremity of the widened part forming an acute poii^t, projected longitudinally
(less marked on the first quill). Two apparently distinct specios constitute the
genus, their distinctive characters being much more obvious in the females than in
the males. They may be thus characterized : —

b^. Bill decidedly stouter; adult female grayish brown (washed with plumbeous in
fresh plumage), lighter below, the feathers of back, etc., darker medially,
producing more or less conspicuous streaks ; adult male brighter colored,
with the bronze of head, neck, etc., more greenish (scarcely, if at all, duller
on top of head than on back), and rump distinctly purple or violet. Ilab
iVestern Mexico (Mazatlan, Manzanillo Bay, Colima, etc.).

C. seneus (Waql.). Bronzed Cowbird.
i'. Bill more slender; adult female dull black, more or less glossed with bluish or
purple, especially on wings and tail ; adult male duller in color, with bronze
less greenish (decidedly duller on top of head than on back), and with rump
dull bronzy scarcely, if at all, mixed or tinged with purj^lish or violet. Ifab.
Eastern and southern Mexico, Yucatan, and south to Panama; north to
lower Eio Gi'ande Valley in Texas.

496. C. robustus (Cab.). Red-eyed Cowbird.^

Genus PI RANG A Vieillot, page 453.

Add P. riibriceps Gray (Pyranga, rubriceps Gray, Gen. B. ii. 364, pi. 89), which is
said to have been taker in California (Dos Pueblos, Santa Barbara County, cf, Walter
E. Bryant, Auk, Jan. 1887, p. 78). This species belongs in section a', although the
wing is bicolored, the lesser and middle coverts being pur-o gamboge-yellow, while
the greater and priniarj'' coverts, alula, and remiges r 'o dull black, edged, more or
less, with olive-green. Tho adult male hat the enti"'i * .id and upper part of neck
(sometimes whole neck and chest) bright red, the bach and scapulars olive-green
changing to olive-yellow on rump and upper tail-coverts, the to d olive-dusky eJgcd
with olive-green, and the lower parts rich yellow ; wing 3.60-3.76, tail 3.40-3.50.

> ^fn1nthrm rohtuUm Oab., Mu9. Hein. \. Sept. i85T, 193, foot-noto (Mexico).

Thia is based on the adult female of the eastern bird. The description of PmrocoUui leneut Waol. agrees
minutely with the adult mule of the western form ; and therefore, while the locality :jiven is simply " Moxici,
I hare preferred to restrict the name as above, rather thn.n :;ivo a new name to the western species, which
would bo the necessary alternative. The two speoleis are iallyldentio^l in all measurements except of the

bill, whloh is oonsidurably stouter in JIf. ^'•i«i(«.

590

APPENDIX.

The adult female probably lacks the red of the head and neck, although said to
bo "like the male, but the scarlet color of the head only extending to the nape and
throat" (ScLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mas. xi. 1886, 192). The occurrence of this species
in California can only be considered as purely accidental, its habitat being Colombia
and Ecuador, entirely south of the Isthmus of Panama.

Genus VIREO Vieillot, pages 4G9-478.

In Termeszetrajzi Fiizetek, vol. ix. part 1, 1885, p. 85, Von Madarasz has de-
scribed a new Vireo (V.forreri) from the Tres Marias Islands. It is said to re-
semble most nearly V. flavoviridis (Cass.), from which it differs chiefly in absence
of the superciliary stripe and dsrk streak on sides of crown, the latter lighter gray,
and the breast tinged with grayish.

Genus CERTHIOLA Sundevall, page 479.

According to the A. O. IT. Code, the proper name for this genus is Coereba
Vieillot, first established in Ois. Am. Sept. i. 1807, 70. Although the name was evi-
dently intended to cover all the Coerebidce known at that time, the only species
mentioned is Certhia flaveola Linn., which must therefore be considered the type.
To the generic group to which the name Coereba has been quite universally restricted
by more recent authoi's, the name Arbelorhina Cab. {Arch, fur Naturg 1847, 325)
may be available ; for, although this was at first intended simply as a substitute
for Careba (the latter being rejected as not classical), its author three years later
(Miis. Hein. i. 1850, 96) restricted it to the group which has Certhia cyanea Linn.
as typo.

No. 666. Dendroica chrysoparia Scl. & Salv.

507-509.

Golden-cheeked Warbler, pages

On page 508 it is stated that the female of this species "has not been described."
This is an error, for the following description occurs in volume x. of the "Catalogue
of Birds in the British Museum" (pp. 295, 296), by E. Bowdlor Sharper—

" Ad^dt female. Differs from the male in being olive-j'cllow above, slightly
mottled with blackish centres on the crowny lower back, and rump ; upper tail-
coverts ashy gray, with black centres ; scapulars uniform ashy gray ; wings as in
the male, with two white wing-bars, the median series very bi'oadly tipped with
white, the ashy margins to the quills broader than in the male; tail as in the male;
a broad eyebrow and entire sides of face golden yellow, the black line through the
eye dusky blackish ; base of cheeks and feathers below the eye whitish, as also the
base of the chin ; breast and abdomen white ; and streaked with black on the
flanks as in tie male ; the throat yellow, the lower part and fore-neck ashy
whitish, overshading the black tlv "oat, Avhich can be traced below ; axillaries and
under wing-covcrts white ; quills dusky below, white along the edge of the inner
web. Total length 4.5 inches, culmcn 0.5, wing 2.6, tail 2.06, tarsus 0.75 (Mus.
Salvin and Godjnan),^'

APPENDIX.

691

No. 740. Parus hudsonicus Forst., page 564.

Since the synopsis of the genus Parus was written, the National Museum has
received three specimens of a species closely allied to P. hudsonicics, but apparently
specifically distinct, collected by Lieut. George M. Stoney, U.S.N., on the Kowak
or Putnam Eivor, northwestern Alaska. The characters of the new species, which
is named in honor of Lieut. StoL>ey, are as follows: — . Parus stoneyi Eidqw. Eowak
Chickadee. Similar to P. hudsonicus, but much grayer above, sides of neck purer ash-
gray, sides much paler rusty, and throat clear slate-black instead of sooty blackish ;
wing 2.55-2.75 (2.62), tail 2.60-2.65 (2.62), exposed culmeu .30-.35 (.32), tarsus
.62-.70.

The three specimens upon which this species is based have been carefully com-
pared with 89 examples of P. hudsonicus, including 18 from Alaska, 29 from northern
Labrador (Fort Chimo) and Moose Factory, 35 from New Brunswick, 1 from Nova
Scotia, 4 fro.n Maine, and 2 from northern New York. The only appreciable vari-
ation w I locality in this extensive series is that four of the Alaskan skins are
browner than the I'est, but they are all fall or winter specimens, in fresh plumage,
while the others are all in spring or summer plumage.

Genus REGULUS Cuvier, page 567.

An adult male of E. satrapa from the city of Mexico in Mr. Lawrence's collec-
tion is much deeper and richer colored than even Pacific coast examples, and no
doubt represents a race resident on the high mountains of central Mexico, which
Mr. Lawi-ence has named, in manuscript, Regulus satrapa aztecus. The lower parts
are light grayish brown, or drab, the underlying portion of the plumage paii dull
buffy ; the white superciliary stripe (tinged with brownish anteriorly) is much more
conspicuous than usu.al, owing to contrast with the very dark color of adjacent por-
tions of sides of head and brownish lower parts ; the secondaries and rectrices are
edged with very bright yellowish olive-green, while the back, scapulars, and rump
are a rather dull olive-green, changing to dull sooty grayish on the hind-nork.
Wing 2.25, tp.il 1.70.

LIST OF NEW SUBGENERA DESCRIBED IN THIS V/ORK.

1. Neofiilco. (Type, Falco alhigularis Daitd.) Page 248

2. Nuttallornis. (Tj-pe, TyrcrnnMS 6orert?«s Swains.) " 337

b. j>iirrica. (Typo, Fringilla mexicana MCll.) « 390

4. Chamajthlypis. ('£yi><i, Geothlypis j)oh'ocephaIa Baikv.) «' 525

LIST OF NEW SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES DESCRIBED IN THIS WORK.

1. Ortalis vetula pallidiventris (Yucatan) Pago 209

2. Oidemia (Mclanitta) stejnegeri (Kamtfchatka to Japan) " 112

3. Cocoyzufl amcricanus occidontalis " 273

4. Ooccyzus maynardi " 274

5. .Dryobates villosus maynardi (Bn'uunas ; = P<cms insularis Mayn., nee

Gould) « 282

^r,;

692 APPENDIX.

6. Dryobates scalaris sinaloensis (western Mexico) Page 285

7. Dryobates arizonffi fraterculus (southwestern Mexico) " 286

8. lache lawrencei Berlepsch, MS. (Tres Marias) " 320

9. Platypsaris insularis (Tios Marias) " 325

10. Myiodynastes audax insolens (southeastern Mexico) " 332

11. Myiarch us brachyuru 3 (Nicaragua) " 334

12. Aphelocoma californica hypoleuca " 356

13. Aphelocoma cyanotis (Mexico) " 357

14. Corvus corax principalis " 361

15. Corvus americanus hesperis " 362

16. Agelaius phceniceus Bonoriensis " 370

17. Agelaius phceniceus bryanti " 370

18. Pinicola enucleator kadiaka. " 388

19. Carpodacus mexicanus ru; "'•*''' ^ " 391

20. Plectrophenax nivalis townsL " 403

21. Cardinalis cardinalis yucatanicuo ^^Yucatan) " 443

22. Passerina parellina indigotiea (southwestern Mexico) " 447

23. Passerina sumichrasti (Tehuantcpcc) " 447

24. Passerina versicolor pulchra " 448

25. Piranga flammea (Tres Marias) " 457

26. Piranga leucoptera latifasciata (Costa Rica and Veragua) " 457

27. Ptiliogonys cinereus molybdophancs (Guatemala).., " 464

28. Lanius ludovicianus gambeli " 467

29. Viroo crassirostris flavescons (Bahamas) " 476

30. Compsothlj-^pis graysoni (Socorro) " 492

31. Geothlypis (ChamBBthlypis) palpebralis (southeastern Mexico) " 526

32. Thryothoi'us maculipcctus umbrinus (Guatemala) " 552

33. Thryothorus maculipoctus canobrunneus (Yucatan) " 552

34. Polioptila crorulea cojsiogaster (Bahamas) " 569

35. Columbigallina passerina socorroonsis (Socorro) " 686

36. Megascops hastatus (western Mexico) " 586

37. Phalcenoptilus nuttalli californicus " 588

38. Parus stoneyi " 591

39. Hegulus satrapa aztccua Lawr., MS. (Mexico) " 591

LIST OF GENERA AND SUBGENERA NOT NEW BUT ADDITIONAL TO THOSE
RECOGNIZED AS NORTH AMERICAN IN THE A. O. U. CHECK LIST.

1. Thalnssarche Beich Pago 51

2. Coturnix BoNNAT. (Introduced.) " 186

320

325

332

334

356

357

361

362

370

388

391

403

443

447

448

457

464

467

476

" 492

" 526

" 552

' 552

" 569

' 686

' 588

' 691

' 591

rnosE

1ST.

igo 51

' 186

APPENDIX. 593

3. Phasianus Linn. (Introduced.) Page 206

4. Tachytriorchis Kaup. (Type, Falco pterocles TEMM., = Buteo albican-

datus YimLL.) " 237

5. Rhynchopsitta BoNAP " 269

6. Carduelis Briss. (Introduced.) « 400

7. Passer Briss. (Introduced.) " 401

8. Callothrus Cass. (Type, PsarocoZiMS ob/icms Wagl.) " 589

LIST OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES ADMITTED AS NORTH AMERICAN
WHICH ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THE A. O. U. CHECK LIST.

1. Larus barrovianus EiDGW.*- Page 26

2. Diomedea exulans Linn " 51

3. Diomedea (Thalassarche) melanophry 8 Temm " 52

4. Botaurus (Ardetta) neoxena (Cory)*... " 127

5. Tringa (Actodromas) damacensis (HoRSF.) " 158

6. Coturnix coturnix (Linn.). (Introduced.) " 186

7. Colinus virginianus cubanensis (Gould) " 188

8. Phasianus colchicus Linn. (Introduced.) " 206

9. Phasianus torquatus Gmel. (Introduced.) " 206

10. Phasianus versicolor ViEiLL. (Introduced.) " 206

11. Phasianus soemmerringii Temm. (Introduced.) " 206

12. Ehynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (Swains.) " 269

13. Trochilus (Selasphorus) floresii (Gould) " 315

14. Cyanocitta stelleri annectens (Baird) " 354

15. Aphelocoma insularis Hensh.* " 356

16. Carduelis carduelis (Linn.). (Introduced.) " 401

17. Passer domesticus (Linn.). (Introduced.) " 401

18. Passer montanus (Linn.). (Introduced.) " 402

19. Spizella pusilla arenacea Chadb.* " 420

20. Guiraca cfiBrulea eurhyncha CouEs " 446

21. Progne cryptoleuca Baird " 459

22. Vireo gilvus swainsoni Baird " 472

23. Vireo solitarius alticola Brewst.* « 473

24. Vireo noveboracensis maynardi Brewst.* " 476

25. Dendroica testiva morcorai Coale* " 494

26. Cistothorus (Telmatodytes) palustris paludicola Baird " 656

27. Parus bicolor texensis Sennett* " 561

* These hare been detoribed linoe publioation of the Check Lilt.

^f^

594 APPENDIX.

28. Parus atricristatus castaneifrons Sennett* Page 561

29. Symphemia semipalmata inornata Beewst.* " 585

30. Columbigallina passerina pallescens Baird ^ " 586

31. Phalaenoptilus nuttalli nitidus Brewst.* ! " 588

SPECIES AND SUBSPF'^IES RECOGNIZED IN THfi A. O. U. CHECK LIST

WHICH HAVE BEEN CANCELLED.

No. 519a. Carpodacus frontalis rhodocolpus (Cab.). This proves to be simply
an individual color-phase of C. frontalis (or C. mexicanus frontalis). The
Cape St. Lucas specimens, however, which have been referred to this
supposed race constitute G. mexicanus ruberrimus Ridqw. (See page 391.)

No. 676. Peucsea arizonae Ridqw. This proves to be the same as No. 577, P.
mexicanus (Lawr.), the range of which is thus extended to Arizona and
Sonora.

NAMES IN A. O. U. CHECK LIST WHICH HAVE BEEN MORE OR LESS

CHANGED.

Name as in A. 0. U. Check List.
No. 99. -^strelata gularia 'I iP.A.-Ly']
No. 159. Somateria moUissima (Linn.).
No. 198. Ardea rufa Bodd.
Subgenus Nyctherodius Reich.
Subgenus Rhyacophilus Kaitp.
Genus Ulula Ctjvier.
No. 386. Dryobates scalaris ("Waol.).
No. 398. Dryobates stricklandi (Malh.).
No. 464. Baird's Flycatcher.
No. 496. Molothrus seneus (Wagl.).
No. 515. Pinicola enucleator (Linn.).
No. 519. Carpodacus frontalis (Say).
Genus Certhiola Sundevall.
Subgenus Oporornis Baird.

No. 766a. Sialia sialis azurea (Swains.).

Name as corrected.

M. scalaris Brewst.
S. moUissima borealis (Brehm).
A. rufescens Gmel. (See Appendix.)
Nyctinassa Stejn. (See Appendix.)
Helodromas Kaup.
Scotiaptox Swains.
D. scalaris bairdi (ScL.).
D. arizoniB (Hargitt).
Western Flycatcher.
Callothrus robustus Cab. (See Appendix.)
P. enucleator canadensis (Cab.).
C. mexicanus frontalis (Sat).
Coereba Vieillot.

Limits extended to include Sylvia Phila-
delphia "WiLs. and S. macgillivrayi Aud.
Sialia sialis azurea (Baird).

• These have been described since publication of the Check Lilt.

INDEX.

Abaeo Yellow-throat, 525.
abbreviatus, Buteo, 234.
Abeille's Grosbeak, 387.

Oriole, 378.
abeillei, Ornismya, 304.

Xanthornus, 378.
Abeillia, 304.
abeitlii, Coocothraustes, 387.

Quiraoa, 387.

Icterus, 378.
aberti, Anas, 92.

Pipilo, 441.
Abert's Duck, 92.

Towhee, 441.
Acadian Flycatcher, 342.
acadica, Nyctala, 2(50.
acadicus, Empidonax, 342.
Acanthis, 382, 395.

brewsterii, 395, 393.

holboellii, 397.

horneinannii, 396.
exilipes, 896.

linaria, 397.

holbrellli, 397.
rostrata, 397.
Accipiter, 223, 227.

atricapillus, 228.
Btriatulus, 228.

cooperi, 228.

volos, 227.
Aecipitrinro, 222.
accipitrinus, Asio, 258.
Aotitis, 148, 169.

hypoleuoos, 170.

maoularia, 170.
Actocholidon, 39.
Actodromas, 155.

damacensis, 158.
aouflnvida. Sterna sandvicensis, 40.
aouleata, Sitta carolinensis, 559.
acuminata, Tringa, 155.
acuta, Dafila, 98.
adameii, Urlnator, 7.
Admirable Hummingbird, 310,
^chmophorus, 4.

elarkii, 4.

oocidentalis, 4.
a^'don parkmanii, TroglodTtei, 654.

Troglodytes, 553, 554.
iEgialitis, 172, 174, 170.

ooUaris, 179.

^gialitis dubia, 176, 177.

hiaticula, 177.

meloda, 178.

circumcinota, 178.

mongola, 179.

montana, 176.

nivosa, 178.

Bemipalmata, 176, 177.

vocifera, 174.

wilsonia, 175.

ruflnuoha, 175.

wilsonius var. rufinuohus, 175.
(eneus, Callothrus, 589.

Molothrus, 367, 580.

Psarocolius, 589.

Quiscalus quiscula, 380.
(equinoctialis, Procellaria, 55.
iEsalon, 249.
(estiva, Dcndroica, . ''4.

morcomi, Dendroica, 494.
(estivalis bachmani, Peucsea, 428.

Pcucwa, 427.
^atrelata, 54, 63, 65.

arminjoniana, 65.

aterrima, 67.

atlantica, 66.

brevirostris, 66.

cookii, 65.

defilippiana, 68.

externa, 68.

fisheri, 68.

grisea, 67.

gularig, 67, 68.

hasitata, 66.

incerta, 64.

jamaicensis, 66.

lessoni, 63.

leucoptero, 65.

magentffi, 64.

mollis, 63.

neglccta, 87.

parvirostris, 65.

phseopygia, 65.

rostrata, 64.

scalaris, 68.

trinitatis, 66.
(cthereus, PhaSthon, 74.
affinis, Aythya, 103.

Campylorhynohus, 547.

Qeoooccyx, 273.

Larus, 29.

mariloides, Aythya, 103.
AgelaiuB, 365, 308.

Agelaius, assimilis, 370, 371.

gubemator, 370, 371.

humeralis, 371.

phceniceus, 369, 370.
bryanti, 370.
sonoriensis, 370.

tricolor, 371.
agilis, Geothlypis, 521.
aglasus, Quiscalus quiscula, 380.
bglaite, Pachyrhynohus, 324.
aglsise, Platypsaris, 324.
Agyrtria, 306.
aikoni, Junco, 422.
Aix, 85j 98.

galericulata, 99.

sponsa, 99.
Ajaja, 122.
ajaja, Ajaja, 123.
alascensis, Picoides americanus, 287.

Troglodytes, 650.
Alaskan Jay, 360.

Three-toed Woodpecker, 287.

Wren, 555.
Alauda, 346.

arrensls, 347.

blakistoni, 347.
Alaudidse, 321, 346.
alaudinus, Ammodramua sandwich-

cnsis, 409.
alba, Gavia, 24.

Guara, 123.

Motacillo, 533.
Albatross, Black-footed, 51.

Cautious, 53.

Gill's, 52.

Green-billed, 53.

Speckled, 52.

Spectacled, 52.

Snort-tailed, 51.

Sooty, 53.

Wandering, 51.

Yellow-nosed, 52.
albatrus, Diomodea, 51.
albellus, Mergus, 90.
albeola, Chari'»netta, 106.
albicaudatus, Buteo, 238.

Faleo, 237.
alhicilla, Haliaeetus, 243.
albicollis, Contopus, 338.

Nyctidromus, 300.

Pipilo, 430.

Zonotrichia, 417.
albifacies, Gcotrygon, 217.

696

596

INDEX.

:"1

albifrons, Amazona, 5SS.
Anaer, 116.

Engyptila, 214.
gamboli, Anser, 116.

Psittaous, 588.
albigula, Pipilo, 441.

Pipilo fuscus, 440.
albigularia, Empidonax, 340.

Falco, 248.
albilinea, Petrochelidon, 462.

Tachycineta, 462.
albilora, Dcndroica dominica, 504.
albiloris, Polioptila, 369.
albinucha, Dolicbonyx oryzirorus,
366.

Thryothorus, 550.

Troglodytes, 550.
albiventris, Hadrostomus, 325.

Platypsaris, 325.

Polioptila, 569.
albooiliatus, Phalacrocorax dilo-

phus, 78.
albolarvatus, Xcnopious, 2S6.
Alca, 10, 18.

torda, 18.
AloedinidsB, 271, 278.
Alcedo torquata, 279.
Alcidae, 4, 8.
Alcino), 10.
alcyon, Ceryle, 279.
Alcyones, 271.
Aleutian Leucosticte, 393.

Sandpiper, 154.

Song Sparrow, 432.

Tern, 4'-
aleutica, Sterna, 45.
alcuticus, Ptychoramphus, 12.
alexandri, Trochilus, 312.
alicia3, Turdus, 574, 575.
A)le, 10, 19.
alle, Alio, 19.
allcni, Lagopus lagopus, 199.

Pipilo crythrophthalmus, 436.

Syrnium nebulosum, 259.

Trochilus, 314.
Allen's Hummingbird, 314.

Ptarmigan, 199.
Allied Shearwater, 61.
Allinge, 10.
alpestrig arcnioola, Otocoris, 349.

chrysolnma, Otocoris, 349.

giraudi, Otocoris, 349.

leucolffima, Otocoris, 348.

Otocoris, 348.

praticola, Otocoris, 348.

rubea, Otocoris, 349.

strigata, Otocoris, 349.
alpina, Tringa, 159.

paoifica, Tringa, 160.
Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker, 287.
alticola Junco, 424.

Vireo solitarius, 473.
altiloquus barbntalus, Vireo, 470.
amabilis, Zcnaida, 213.
Amazilia, 308,316.

berylllna, 317.

cerviniventris, 317.

cinnamomea, 318,

cyanura, 318.

fuscicaudatt^ 317.

graysoni, 318.

mariBB, 317.

Amazilia ocai, 317.

yucatanensis, 317.
Amazona, 269, 587.

albifrons, 588.

autumnalis, 587.

finschi, 587.

guatemalee, 587.

levaillantii, 587.

oratrix, 587.

xantholora, 588.
Amazonian Turliey Vulture, 221.
ambiguus, Trogon, 276.
American Avocet, 146.
• Barn Owl, 255.

Bittern, 126.

Black Tern, 47.

Coot, 142.

Crossbill, 392.

Crow, 362.

Dipper, 538.

Eared Grebe, 6.

Egret, 130.

Eider, 110.

Flamingo, 121.

Golden-eye, 105.

Golden Plover, 174.

Goldfinch, 398.

Goshawk, 228.

Hawk Owl, 265.

Herring Gull, 31.

Long-eared Owl, 257.

Magpie, 352.

Merganser, 89.

Osprey, 265.

Oyster-catcher, 182.

Pine Grosbeak, 388.

Pipit, 536.

Redstart, 529.

Kobin, 577.

Rough-legged Hawk, 241.

Scaup Duck, 103.

Scoter, 111.

Sparrow Hawk, 252.

Three-toed Woodpecker, 287.

White-fronted Goose, 116.

White Pelican, 82.

Woodcock, 150.
americana. Anas, 96.

Aythya, 101, 103.

Corthia familiaris, 657.

Compsothlypsis, 491.

Fulica, 142.

Grus, 135.

Mycteria, 126.

Oidemia, 111.

Recurrirostra, 146, 147.

Spiza, 452.
ameiicnnus alasoensis, Piooides, 287.

Coccyzus, 273.

Corvus, 362, 363.

dorsalis, Picoides, 287.

floridanus, Corvus, 362.

hciperis, Corvus, 362.

Merganser, 89.

occidentalis, CoocycuB, 273.

Picoides, 287.

Tympanuchus, 203.
Ammodramus, 384, 407, 412.

bairdi, 410.

beldingi, 409.

oaudacutus, 413.
nelsoni, 413.

Ammodramua henslowii, 412.

leconteii, 412.

maritimus, 413.

nigrescens, 413.

prinoeps, 407.

rostratus, 410.
guttatus, 410.

sandwichensis, 408, 409.
alaudinus, 409.
bryanti, 409.
savanna, 408.

savanna, 409.

savannarum passorinus, 411.
jperpallidus, 411.
amcena, Passerina, 447, 448.
Ampelidte, 322, 463.
Ampeliute, 463.
Ampelis, 463, 464.

ccdrorum, 465.

garrulus, 464, 465.

hypopyrrha, 323.

japonica, 465.

japonicus, 465.
Amphispiza, 385, 425.

belli, 426.

nevadensis, 427.

bilinenta, 425.

ferrariperezi, 426.

humeralis, 426.

mystacalis, 426.

quinqucstriata, 426.
amplus, Carpodacus, 391.
Anabates fernandinse, 482.
anaethetus. Sterna, 46.
Anas, 84, 90.

aberti, 92.

americana, 96.

arborca, 119.

bahamensis, 98.

boschas, 91.

carolinensis, 94.

clangula, 106.

crecca, 94.

cyanoptera, 93.

diazi, 92.

discors, 93.

ferina, 101.

fuligula, 103.

fulvigula, 92.

galericulata, 99.

marila, 103.

moschata, 87, 100.

nigra, 111.

obscura, 91, 92.

pcnelope, 90.

segctum, 116.

strepera, 95.

vallisneria, 102.

viduata, 119.
Anatidse, 84, 88.
Anatinae, 84.

anatum, Falco peregrinus, 247.
Ancient Murrelet, 14.
Ancylocheilus, 160.
andina, Reourvirostra, 146.
angustifrons, Melanerpes formioir-

orus, 291.
Anhinga, 76, 77.

anhinga, 77.
anhinga, Anhinga, 77i
AnhingidsB, 73, 76.
Ani, 272.

INDEX.

597

ani, Crotophaga, 272.

Groove-billed, 272.
anna, Trochilus, 312, 315.
Anna's Hummingbird, 312.
annectens, Cyanucitta stelleri, 354.

Cyanoura stelleri, var., 354.

Junco, 424.
Anorthura, 554.
Anous, 23, 24, 47.

leucocapillus, 48.

melanogenya, 48,

stolidus, 48.

tenuiroHtris, 48.
Anser, 87, 115.

albifrons, 116.
gambeli, 116.

segetum, 116.
Anserus, 1, 84.
Anserinae, 87.
Antarctic Fulmar, 58.

Skua, 21.
antarctica, Procellaria, 58.

Thalassoica, 58.
antarcticus, Fulmarus, 58.

Lestris, 21.

Tar. b. ohilensis, 21.

Megalestris 21.
anthracina, Urubitinga, 239.
AnChus, 532, 535.

oervinus, 537.

gustavi, 537.

pensilvanicus, 535, 536.

pratensis, 536.

gpragueii, 537.
antillarum, Stoma, 46.
Autillcan Dove, 213.

Yellow Warbler, 496.
antiquus, Synthliboramphus, 14.
Antrostomus, 297, 298.

carolincnsis, 298.

cubanensis, 298.

macromystax, 298, 299.

vociferus, 299.
arizonse, 299.
aonalaschkse, Turdus, 576.
Aphelouoma, 351, 355.

arizonae, 357.

oalifornica, 356, 357.
hypoleuca, 356.

couchi, 357.

cyanotia, 357.

floridana, 355.

insularis, 356.

Rieberii, 358.

arizonae, 357.

sumichrasti, 356.

ultramarina, 357.

unicalor, 358.

woodhousei, 355.
Aphriza, 179, 180.

virgata, ISO.
AphrizidK, 1(3, 179.
Aplomado Falcon, 251.
aprioarius, Charadriug, 173.
Aquila, 223, 241.

chryiiaetos, 242.

pelagica, 243.
aquila, Fregata, 83.
Ara, 268, 586.

brasiliensis, 268.

ohloroptera, 268.

macao, 587.

Ara militaris, 586, 587.
Aramidae, 134, 135.
Aramus, 135.

giganteus, 136.

scolopaceu8, 136.
Arbelorbina, 590.
arborea, Anaa, 119.

Dcndrooygna, 119.
Arcbibuteo, 223, 240.

ferruginous, 241.

lagopus, 240.

sancti-johannis, 241.
Arctic Horned ^wl, 263.

Tern, 43.

Three-toed Woodpecker, 287.

Towhee, 437.
arctica, Fratercula, 11.

glacialis, Fratercula, 11.

Sialia, 580, 582.
arcticus. Bubo virginianus, 263.

Pieoides, 287.

Pipilo, 437.

Pipilo maculatus, 437.

Urinator, 7
arctoa, Leucosticte, 395.
Arctonetta, 87, 108.

fischeri, 108.
arctous. Passer, 395.
Ardea, 126, 128, 583.

brunnescens, 131.

caarulea, 130.

candidissima, 130.

cinerea, 129.

cocoi, 129.

egretta, 130.

herodias, 129, 584.

involucris, 127, 128.

maguari, 125.

minuta, 127.

occidentalis, 128.

pealei, 131.

pinnata, 127.

rufa, 131, 584.

rufeacens, 584.

scolopacea, 136.

striata, 132.

tricolor ruficollis, 131.

violacea, 584.

virescens, 132.

wardi, 129, 584.

vruerdemanni, 128, 129, 583.
Ardeidee, 122, 126.
Ardeinae, 126.
ardeaiacus, Cinclua, 538.
Ardetta, 127.

involucris, 128.

neoxena, 127.
arenacea, Spizella pusilla, 420.
Arenaria, 179, 180.

interpres, 180, 181.

melanooephala, 181.
arenaria, Calidris, 162.
arenicola, Otocoris alpestria, 349.
argcntatua, Larus, 29, 30, 32.

smithsonianus, Larus, 31.
Aristonetta, 102.
Arizona Cardinal, 442.

Crested Flycatcher, 333.

Goldfinch, 399.

Hooded Oriole, 376.

Jay, 357.

Junco, 424.

Arizona Woodpecker, 286.
arizonae, Aphelocoma, 357.

Aphelocoma sieberii, 357.

Dryobates, 286.

fraterculus, Dryobates, 286.

Peucsea, 428, 594.

Picus, 266.

Spinus psaltria, 399.

Spizella aocialis, 419.
Ail..an8as Goldfinch, 399.

Kingbird, 330.
armiqjoniana, ^strelata, 65.
Arminjon's Petrel, 65.
Arquatella, 153.
arra, Uria lomvia, 18.
arvensia, Alauda, 347.
Ash-throated Flycatcher, 333.
Ashy Petrel, 71.

Titmouse, 561.
Aaio, 256, 257.

accipitrinus, 258.

otua, 257.

stygius, 257.

wilsonianua, 257.
asio bendirei, Megascops, 262.

fluridanua, Mega.scups, 261.

kennicottii, Megascops, 262.

maxwellias, Megaacops, 262.

mccallii, Megasuupa, 261.

Megascops, 261.

trichopsis, Megascops, 261.
assimilis, Agelaius, 370, 371.

Pufiinus, 61.
Astur, 228.
Asturina, 223, 239.

nitida, 240.

plagiata, 240.
Asyndesmus, 291.
ater, Haematopus, 183.

Molothrus, 367.

obscurus, Molothrus, 367.
aterrima, ^atrelata, 67.

Procellaria, 67.
atkhensis, Lagopus rupestris, 201.
Atlantic Petrel, 66.
atlantica, ^strelata, 66.

Procellaria, 66.
Dtra, Fulica, 141.
atrata, Catharista, 221, 222.

Leucosticte, 394.
atricapillus, Accipiter, 228.

occidentalis, Parus, 563.

Parus, 563.

septentrionalis, Parus, 563.

Btriatulua, Accipiter, 228.

Vireo, 474.
atrioeps, Chrysomitria, 400.

Spinus, 400.
atricilla, Larus, 35.
atricristatus, Parus 561.

castaneifrons, Parus, 561.
atrigularia, Spizella, 417, 421.
Atthia, 311, 316.

ellioti, 316.
Attila, 324.

brasiliensis, 324.
audax insolens, Myiodynastes, 332.

Muscicapa, 332.

MyiodynasteH, 332.

nobilis, Myiodynastes, 332.
auduboni, Dendroioa, 497.

Puffinus, 60.

6dS

INDEX.

ftuduboni, Tardus, S70.

Turdus aonalaschkie, ATS.
kudubonii, Dryobatea villosui, 282.

Icterus, 374.
Audubon's Caraoara, 254.

Hermit Thrush, 570.

Oriulo, 374.

Shearwater, 60.
. Warbler, 497.
Auk, Great, 19.

Razor-billed, 18.
Auklet, Caasin's, 12.

Crested, 13.

Least, 13.

Paroquet, 12.

Rhinoceros, 12.

Whiskered, 13.
aura, Cathartes, 221.
aurantiirostris, Turdus, 571.
auratua, Colaptes, 295.
aurifrons, Melanerpea, 294.
Auriparus, 558, 5G5.

flaviceps, 565,
auritus, Colymbus, 5.
aurocapillus, Seiurus, 518.
australis, Leucosticte, 395.
Autumnal Parrot, 587.
autumnalis, Amazona, 587.

Dendrocygna, 119.

Plegadis, 124.

Psittacus, 587.
Avocet, American, 146.

Chilian, 146.
axillaris, Empidonax, 340.
Aythya, 85, 101.

affinis, 103.

mariloides, 103.

americana, 101, 1U3.

collaris, 103, 104.

ferina, 101.

fuligula, 103.

marila, 103.

nearctica, 103.

Tallisneria, 102.
Azara's Least Bittern, 128.

Ring Plover, 179.
aztec, Conurus, 270.
Aztec Parakeet, 270.
aztecus, Regulus satrapa, 691.
Azure Bluebird, 581.
azurea, Sialia, 581,

Sialia sialis, 681.

baohmani, Haematopus, 183.

Helminthophila, 487.

Peuciea aestivalis, 428.
Bachman's Sparrow, 428.

Warbler, 487.
Bahama Honey Creeper, 480.

Pintail, 98.
Bahamnn Crested Flycatcher, 3S4.

Gnatcatcher, 569.

Ground Dove, 580.

Hairy Woodpecker, 282.

Petarchy, 331.
■ lled-wing, 370.

Swallow, 462.

Wood Pewee, 339.

bahamensis, Anas, 98.

Certhiola, 480.

Chamaepelia, 686.

Contopus, 339.

Dafila, 98.

Empidonax, 330.

Pitangus, 331.
bairdi, Campephilus, 281.

Campephilus principalis, var.,
281.

Dryobates scalaris, 285.

Junco, 425.

Melanerpes formicivorus, 291.

Picus, 285.

Thryothorus bewickii, 651.

Vireo, 477.
bairdii, Ammudramus, 410.

Empidonax, 340, 341.

Tringa, 157.
Baird's Cormorant, 80.

Flycatcher, 341.

Gnatcatcher, 570.

Junco, 426.

Sandpiper, 167.

Shrike, 468.

Sparrow, 410.

Vireo, 477.

Wren, 551.
Bald Eagle, 243.
Baldpate, 96.
Baltimore Oriole, 377.
Banded Partridge, 193.
Band-tailed Pigeon, 211.
Bank Swallow, 463.
barbatulus, Vireo altiloquus, 470.
Barn Owl, American, 255.

Swallow, 461.

Kamtsohatka, 461.
Barnacle Goose, 117.
Barred Owl, 259.

Florida, 259.

Mirador, 258.
barrovianus, Larus, 20.
Barrow's Golden-eye, 105.
Bar-tailed Godwit, 163.
Bartramia, 148, 168.

longicauda, 169.
Battramian Sandpiper, 169.
Basileuterus, 483, 531.

belli, 532.

culicivorus, 531.

delattrii, 532.

rufifrons, 532.
Basilinna, 309, 318.

leucotis, 319.

xantusi, 318.
bassana, Sula, 76,
Bathmidurus major, S20.
baueri, Limosa lapponica, 103.
Bay-breasted Warbler, 601.
Bean Goose, 110.
beani. Troglodytes, 563.
Beardless Flycatcher, 340.
Beautiful Bunting, 448.

Hummingbird, 310.
Beoard, Grayson's, 825.

Gray-throated, 326.

Rose-throated, 324.

Rufous, 326.

Thick-billed, 826.

Xantus's, 325.
beecbeii, Cissolopha, 360.

beeoheii. Pica, 350.
behringianus, Corvus corax, it02.
beldingi, Ammodramus, 409.
Geothlypis, 524, 525.

Rallus, 138.
Belding's Marsh Sparrow, 409.

Rail, 138.

Yellow-throat, 524.
Belize Vireo, 470.
belli, Amphispiza, 420.

Basileuterus, 532.

nevadensis, Amphispiza, 427.
bellii, Vireo, 476.

pusillus, Vireo, 478.
Bell's Sparrow, 426.

Vireo, 476.

Warbler, 532.
Belted Kingfisher, 279.

Piping Plover, 178.
bendirei, Harporhynchus, 643, 645.

Loxia curvirostra, 392.

Megascops asio, 262.
Bendire's Thrasher, 545.
bensoni, CaDipepla elegans, 586.
Bering's Raven, 362.
berlandicri, Thryothorus, 550.
bernicla, Branta, 118.
beryllina, Amazilia, 317.
Berylline Hummingbird, 317.
beryllinus, Trochilns, 317.
bewickii bairdi, Thryothorus, 551.

Cygnus, 120.

Olor, 120.

spilurus, Thryothorus, 651.

Thryothorus, 551.
Bewick's Swan, 120.
bicknclli, Turdus alicioe, 576.
Bicknell's Thrush, 575.
bicolur, Euetheia, 451.

Hirundo, 461.

Parus, 561.

Tachycineta, 461, 462.

texensis, Parus, 561.
Bicolored Blackbird, 370.
bidentata, Piranga, 456.

Pyranga, 456.
bilineata, Amphispiza, 425.

Culicivora, 670.

Polioptila, 570.
Bittern, American, 126.

Cory's Least, 127.

European Least, 127.

Least, 127.

South American, 127.
Black Brant, 118.

Duck, 91.

Guillemot, 10.

Gyrfalcon, 240.

Hawk, Little, 235.
Mexican, 239.

Leucosticte, 394.

Merlin, 250.

Oyster-catcher, 183.
Chilian, 183.

Petrel, 07, 70.

Phoebe, 336.

Rail, 140.

Seedeater, 460.

Skimmer, 49.

Swift, 302.

Tern, 40.

American, 47.

INDEX.

599

■ax, i<62.
40».

r, 400.

piza, 427.

3, 543, 545.

92.

ns, 585.
I, 550.

,317.

orus, 551.

IS, 551.
578.

12.

25.

Blaek Tern, White- winged, 47.
Turnstone, 181.
Vulture, 222.
Blac1< and White Warbler, 484.
Blackbird, Bicolored, 370.
Brewer's, 379.
Red-winged, 369.
Rusty, 379.
Tricolored, 371.
Yellow-headed, 363.
Blaok-backed Oull, Great, 28.

Lesser, 28.
-bellied Plover, 173.

Storm-Petrel, 72.

Tree-duck, 119.
-billed Cuckoo, 274.
-Ireasted Bob White, 189.
-capped Petrel, 66.

Vireo, 474.
-cheeked Noddy, 48.
-chinned Hummingbird, 312.

Sparrow, 421.
-crested Titmouse, 561.
-crowned Night Heron, 133.
-eared Bush-Tit, 565.
-faced Partridge, 193.
-footed Albatross, 51.
•beaded Goldfinch, 400.

Grosbeak, 445.

Jay, 354.

Oriole, 374.

Trogon, 277.
-necked Stilt, 147.
-poll Warbler, 503.
-tailed Gnatcatoher, 570.

Godwit, 164.

Shearwater, 58.

Skimmer, 49.
-throated Blue Warbler, 496.

Gray Warbler, 507.

Green Warbler, 510.

Loon, 7.

Sparrow, 425.
-vented Shearwater, 60.
-whiskered Vireo, 470.
•winged Guillemot, 17.
blnckburnisB, Dendroioa, 505.
Blackburnian Warbler, 505.
blakei, Centurus, 292.
Melanerpes, 292.
Blake's Woodpecker, 292.
blakistoni, Alauda, 347.
Bluebird, 581.
Azure, 581.
Guatemala, 581.
Mountain, 582.
Western, 581.
Blue Bunting, 446.
Goose, 115.
Grosbeak, 445.

Western, 446.
Heron, European, 129.

Great, 129, 583.

Little, 130.
Jay, 353.

Florida, 353.
Warbler, Black-throated, 496.
Blue-black Grosbeak, 446.

-cheeked Brown Jay, 352.
-crowned Motmot, 278.
-crowned Parrot, 687
•eared Jay, 357.

Blue-faced Booby, 75.

-fronted Jay, 354.

-gray Gnatcatoher, 569.

-headed Eupbonia, 453.
Quail-dove, 217.
Vireo, 473.

-tailed Hummingbird, 318.

-throated Hummingbird, 310.

-winged Teal, 93.
Warbler, 486.
Bluethroat, 579.

Red-spotted, 579.
Boat-tailed Grackle, 381.
Bobolink, 366.

Western, 366.
Bob White, 188.

Black-breasted, 189.

Coyolcos, 189.

Cuban, 188.

Florida, 188.

Grayson's, 189, 585.

Masked, 189.

Texan, 188.

Yuuatan, 190.
Bohemian Waxwing, 464.
Bold Flycatcher, 332.
Bombicyvorajaponica, 465.
Bonaparte's Gull, 36.

Sandpiper, 157.
Bonasa, 186, 197.

umbellus, 197.
sabini, 198.
togata, 198.
umbelloides, 198.
Booby, 75.

Blue-faced, 75.

Peruvian, 75.

Red-footed, 76.
borealis, Buteo, 233, 233.

calurus, Buteo, 233.

Contopus, 327.

Dryobates, 283.

kriderii, Buteo, 232.

Lanius, 466.

lucasanus, Buteo, 233.

Mniotilta, 484.
varia, 484.

Numenius, 171.

Phyllopsoustes, 567.

Platypus, 109.

Pufiinus, 59.

sibiricus, Laniua, 466.
boschas. Anas, 91.
Botaurinse, 126.
Botaurus, 126.

exilis, 127.

invniucris, 128.

lentiginosus, 126.

minutus, 127.

neoxenus, 127.

pinnatus, 127.
botterii, Peucsea, 428.

Zonotrichia, 428.
Botteri's Sparrow, 428.
boucardi, Granatellus, 482.

Peucaea, 429.

rufloeps, 429.
Boucard's Sparrow, 420.
Brachyotus, 257.
Brachyramphus, 9, 14.

brevirostris, 15.

oraveri, 15.

Brachyramphus hypoleuoua, 16.

kittlitzii, 15.

marmoratus, 15.

perdix, 15.
broohyrhynchus, Larus, 34.
braohytarsus, Contopus, 339.

Empidonax, 339.
brachyura, Diomedea, 51.
braohyurus, Buteo, 235, 236.

Myiarohus, 334.
Brandt's Cormorant, 79.
Brant, 118.

Black, 118.
Branta, 87, 116.

berniola, 118,

canadensis, 117.
hutohinsii, 117.
minima, 117.
occidentalls, 117.

leucopsi', 116, 117.

nigricans, 118.
Brasher's Warbler, 531.
brasiliensis, Ara, 268.

Attila, 324.

Himantopus, 147.

Mogasoops, 586.

Psittaoula, 269.
Brazilian Courlan, 136.

Stilt, 147.

Tree-duck, 119.

Urubitinga, 238.
brevicaudus, Thryothorus, 661.
brevipennis, Uelinai, 479.

Neochloe, 468.
brevipes, Conurus holoohlorus, var.,
270.

Heteraotitis, 168.
' Tetanus, 168.
brevirostris, ^Estrelata, 66.

Brachyramphus, 15.

(Estrelata, 66.

Proccllaria, 66.

Rissa, 25.

Trochilus, 306.

Uria, 15.
brewcri, Spizella, 421.
Brewer's Blackbird, 379.

Sparrow, 421.
brewsterii, Acanthis, 395, 398.
Brewster's Linnet, 398.

Warbler, 486.
Brick-colored Tanager, 455.
Bridled Tern, 46.

Titmouse, 562.
Bristle-thighed Curlew, 171.
Broad-banded Tanager, 457.

-billed Hummingbird, 310.

-tailed Hummingbird, 313.

-winged Hawk, 236.
Bronzed Cowbird, 367, 580.
, Grackle, 380.

i Viotogeris, 268.

tovi, 268.
Brown Crane, Little, 135.

Creeper, 557.

Heron, 131.

Jay, 352.

Blue-cheeked, 352.
White-tailed, 352.

Pelican, 82.

California, 82.

Thrasher, 543.

600

INDEX.

*■■:.

W.t'

Brown Towhee, 440.
Brown-capped Leucoaticte, 305.
-hea<iod Nuthatch, 560.
•red Tanager, 455.
brunneicapillu«, Campylorhynohas,

547.
brunneicollis, Troglodytes, 554.
brunneinuoha, Fringilla (Linaria),
395.

Loucostiote, 395.
brunneitorques, Chatura, 302, 303.
brunnescent), Ardea, 131.

Butorides, 131,
BrUnnicb'g Murre, 18.
bryanti, Agelaius phoenioeas, 370.

Ainmodramus gandwiohensis,
400.

oaataneiceps, Dor droioa, 495.

Dendroica, 495.

vieilloti, var., 495.
Bryant's Marsh Sparrow, 409.

Yellow Warbler, 495.
Bubo, 256, 262, 263.

mexicanus, 264.

Tirginianus, 263.
arcticus, 263.
saturatus, 263.
subarcticus, 263.
Bubonidw, 218, 255.
buccinator, Olor, 120.
Budytes, 532, 534.

flavus, 535.

Icucostriatus, 535.
BuiT-belliod Hummingbird, 317.

-breasted Flycatcher, 345.
Sandpiper, 169.
Buffle-hoad, 106.
Bullfinsh, Cassin's, 389.
bullocki, Icterus, 378.
Bullock's Oriole, 378.
bulweri, Bulworia, 69.

Thalassidroma, 69.
Bulweria, 54, 69.

bulweri, 69.

niacgillivrayi, 69.
Bulwer's Petrol, 69.
Bunting, Beautiful, 448.

Blue, 446.

Indigo, 448.

Lark, 453.

Lazuli, 447.

Leclancher's, 449.

Painted, 449.

Rosita's, 449.

Townsend's, 452.

Turquoise-fronted, 447.

Varied, 448.
Burrica, 390.

Burroughs's Turkey Vulture, 221.
burrovianus, Cathartes, 221.
Burrowing Owl, 265.

Florida, 265.
Bush-Tit, 564.

Black-eared, 565.

Californian, 565.

Orinda's, 565.

Lead-colored, 565.
Butco, 223, 229.

abbreviatus, 234.

albicaudatus, 238.

borealis, 232, 233.
calurus, 233.

Butoo borealia kriderii, 232.
lucasanus, 233.

braohyurus, 235, 336.

buteo, 233.

coopori, 230.

fuliginosus, 235.

harlani, 231.

latissimus, 236.

lineatua, 237.
alleni, 237.
elegans, 237.

swainsoni, 235.
Buteola, 235.
Butorides, 131.

brunnescens, 131.

striatus, 132.
Buzzard, European, 233.

cabanisi, Ceryle, 279.
caboti, Certhiola, 480.
Cabot's Hummingbird, 317.

Ladder - backed Woodpecker,
284.

Tern,^ 40.

Wren, 550.
cachinnans, Larus, 30, 31.
Cackling Goose, 117.
Cactus Wren, 547.

St. Lucas, 547.
oaerulea, Ardea, 130.

csesiogaster, Polioptila, 569.

Dendroica, 499.

eurhyncha, Guiroca, 440.

Guiraca, 445.

Procellaria, 55.
ceeruleioeps, Momotus, 278.
caerulescens, Chen, 115.

Dendroica, 496.

Melanotis, 539.

Orpheus, 539.
caesiogaster, Polioptila oserulea, 569.
cafer, Colaptes, 296,

collaris, Colaptes, 296.

saturatior, Colaptes, 296.
Cairina, 87, 100.

moschata, 100.
Calamospiza, 384, 452.

melanocorys, 4a3.
Calaveras Warbler, 489.
Calcarius, 383, 404.

lapponicus, 404.

pictus, 404, 405.

ornatus, 405, 406.
calendula, Motacilla, 568.

Regulus, 568.
Calidris, 149, 162.

arenaria, 162.
California Brown Pelican, 82.

Clapper Rail, 137.

Crow, 362.

Gull, 31.

Jay, 356.

Murre, 18.

Partridge, 192.

Purple Pinch, 390.

Screech Owl, 262.

Shrike, 467.

Vulture, 220.
Californian Bi^h-Tit, 565.

Californian Chickadee, 564.
Creeper, 558.
Cuokuo, 273.
Thrasher, 546.
Towhee, 441.
Woodpecker, 291.
californianus, Geococoyx, 272.

Pseudogryphus, 220.
californica, Apnolocoma, 356, 357.

Callipepla, 192, 193.

hypuleuoa, Apholocoma, 35C.

Polioptila, 570.

Uria troile, 18.

vallicola, Callipepla, 192.

var. sumichrasti, Cyanocitta,
356.
oalifomicus, Carpodocus purj
390.

Colymbus nigricoUis, 6.

Larus, 31, 32.

Pelecanus, 82.

Psaltriparus minimus, 565.
Callichelidon, 458, 462.

cyancoviridis, 462.
Calliope Hummingbird, 316.
calliope, Troohiius, 316.
Callipepla, 185, 191.

californica, 192, 193.
vallicola, 192.

elegans, 193, 585.
bensoni, 585,

fasciata, 193.

gambeli, 193.

personata, 193.

equamata, 191.

oastanogastris, 192.
Callothnis, 589.

scneus, 589.

robustus, 589.
Calobates, 534.
Calocitta, 350.

colliei, 350.
Calothorax, 304, 305, 316.

pulohra, 316.
Calypte, 312.

hclenae, 312, 313.
Campephilus, 280, 281.

bairdi, 281.

guatemalensis, 281.

imperialis, 281.

principalis, 281.
bairdi, 281.
var. bairdi, 281.
Camptolaimus, 86, 107.

labradorius, 107.
Campylopterus, 304, 305.

nemileucurus, 305.
Campylorhynchus, 539, 547.

affinis, 547.

brunneioapillus, 547.
Canachites, 196.
Canada Goose, 117.

Grouse, 196.

Jay, 359.
canadensis, Branta, 117.

capitalis, Perisoreus, 360.

Dendragapus, 196.

fumifrons, Perisoi^ii^, 360.

Grus, 135.

hutohinsii, Branta, 117.

minimus, Branta, 117.

nigricapillus, Perisoreus, 350.

INDEX.

6Ui

canadensis occidentalis, Branta, 117.

Perisoreus, 3i>9.

Pinicola, 388.

enucleator, 3S3.

Sitta, o5».

Sylvan ia, 528.
Canadian Kuffud Grouse, 198.

Warbler, 528.
canagica, Pbilacte, 118.
Cancroina cochlearia, 122.
candidiaaima, Ardea, 130.
cnniceps, Junco, 423.
caninuoha, Oeothlypis, 520,

Geothlypis polioccpbala, var.,
526.
canobrunneuB, Thryothorus inaouli-

SBctus, 552.
on Towheo, 440.

Wren, 649.
canora, Euetheia, 450, 451.

Loxia, 451.
canus, Larus, 33.
oanutus, Tringa, 153.
Canvas-back, 102.
caparoch, Surnia ulula, 265.
Cape May Warbler, 493.
oapensis, Daption, 69.
oapitalis, Perisoreus canadensis,

360.
Caprimulgi, 297.
Caprimulgidao, 297.
Caprimulgus macromystax, 298.
Caracara, 254.

Audubon's, 254.

Guadalupe, 254.
carbo, Cepphua, 17.

Phalacrocorax, 78.
carbonata, Dendroica, 493.
Carbonated Warbler, 493.
Cardellina, 483, 530.

rubrifrons, 531.

versicolor, 531.
Cardinal, 442.

Arizona, 442.

Colima, 443.

Cozumel, 443.

Mexican, 442.

St. Lucas, 442.

Texan, 444.

Venezuelan, 443.

Yucatan, 443.
Cardinalis, 382, 441, 444.

oardinalis, 443.
cocoineus, 442.
igneus, 442.
saturatus, 443.
superbus, 442.
yucatanicus, 443.

oamous, 443.

phceniceus, 441, 443.

saturatus, 443.

virginianus, 442.

var. coccineus, 442.
oardinalis, Cardinalis, 442, 443.

coccineus, Cardinalis, 442.

igneus, Cardinalis, 442.

saturatus, Cardinalis, 443.

superbus, Cardinalis, 442.

yucatanicus, Cardinalis, 443.
Carduelis, 383, 400.

oarduelis, 401.
carduelis, Carduelis, 401.

oarduelis, Fringilla, 400, 401.
oaribasa, Fulica, 142.

Muscipeta, 339.
caribaeus, Contopus, 339.
Caribbean Coot, 142.
carmani, Pipilo, 438.
carnei]>e8, Puffinus, 62.
carncuii, Cardinalis, 443.
carnivorus, Corvus, 361.
Carolina Chiclcadee, 562.

Junco, 423.

Paroquet, 270.

Wren, 550.
Carolina, Porzana, 139.
carolincnsis aculeata, Sitta, 559.

Anas, 04.

Autrostomus, 298.

Conurus, 270.

Galeoscoptes, 542.

Junco byemalis, 423.

Pandion baliaetus, 255.

Parus, 562.

Sitta, 559.
carolinus, Melanerpes, 293.

Scolecophagua, 379.
carpalis, Peuciea, 430.
Carpodacus, 383, 389.

ampins, 391.

caasini, 390.

frontalis rhodocolpus, 391, 594.
ruberrimus, 391.

mexicanus, 391.
frontalis, 391.

purpureus, 389, 390.
californicus, 390.

rhodocolpus, 'Jl.
Caspian Tern, 3'J.
casaini, Carpodacus, 390.

Peucaea, 428.

Pyrrhula, 389.

Vireo solitarius, 473.
Cassin's Auklet, 12.

Bullfinch, 389.

Kingbird, 330.

Purple Finch, 390.

Sparrow, 428.

Vireo, 473.
ca«tanea, Columba, 213.

Dendroica, 501, 502.

Zcnaida, 213.
castaneiceps, Dendroica bryanti,

495.
caetaneifrons, Parus atricristatua,

561.
castaneus, Ortyx, 187.
Catbird, 542.
Catbarista, 219, 221.

atrata, 221, 222.
Cathartes, 219-221.

aura, 221.

burrovianus, 221.

pernigra, 221.
Cathartidse, 218.
Catharus, 571.

immaculatus, 671.
Catherpes, 540, 648.

mexicanus, 548, 549.
conspersus, 649.

sumichraeti, 548, 640.
caudacutus, Ammodramus, 413.

nelsoni, Ammodramus, 413.
caudatus, Ptiliogonys, 464.

oaiirinus, Corvus, 363.
cauta, Diomedea, 53.
Cautious AlbatroHM, .33.
oautua, Thalaagogiifun, 63.
cayanua, Lanius, 323.
Cedar Waxwing, 465,
cedrurum, Ampelis, 465.
celata, Uelmiutbupbila, 488.

lutescena, lIeluilutbophila,489.
Central American House Wren, 554.

Parula, 492.
Centrocercus, 185, 2U4.

urophasianus, 206,
Ccntronyx, 410.
Centurus, 291.

blakei, 292.

elegans, 292.

bypopoliua, 292.

leei, 293.

nyeanus, 292.

rubriventris, 293.
pygmeeus, 293.

santa-cruzi, 294.

superciliaris, 292.
Ceophloeua, 280, 289.

pileatus, 289.

scapularis, 290.
Cepphus, 9, 16.

oarbo, 17.

oolumba, 17.

grylle, 16.

mandtii, 16.

motzfeldi, 17.

perdix, 16.
Cerorbinca, 9, 11, 12.

monoccrata, 12.
Certhia, 657.

cyanea, 590.

familiaris americana, 567.
mexicana, 558.
montana, 558.
occidentalis, 657, 663.

flaveola, 590.

montana, 558.

occidentalis, 568.
Certhiidos, 322, 557.
Certhiola, 322, 479, 590.

bahamensis, 480.

caboti, 480.

mexicana, 480.
Cerulean Warbler, 499.
cerviniventris, Amazilia, 317.
cervinus, Anthus, 637.
Ceryle, 278.

alcyon, 5:79.

cabaniai, 279.

torquata, .^79.
Chach<«^laca, 20,).

Cocta Bi'jan, 209.

Gray-necked, 209.

Guatemalan, 200.

Wagler's, 208.

White-bellied, 208.

Yucatan, 209.
Chsetura, 302.

brunneitorques, 802, 303.

gaumeri, 303.

pelagioa, 303.

Tauxii, 303.
Chffitnrinse, 302.
chalybea, Hirundo, 469.

Progne, '469.

6Q2

mvEX.

(fill

^;v«

Cbamiea, 558, 500.

fasoiata, 566.

hensbawi, 560.
Chamseinee, 558.
Chamffipelia babamensis, ^80.

pasaeriua var. palleacenB, 580,
Chamsethlypig, 525.
Charudriidae, U3, 172, 17».
Charadrius, 172, 173.

apricarius, 173.

oullaris, 179.

crasHirojitrig, 175.

dominicu8, 174.
fulvus, 174.

squatarola, 173.
Charitonctta, 85, 106.

alboola, 106.
Chat, Long-tailed, 527.

Yellow-breasted, 627.
Chaulelasimus, 94.
Cbolidon, 458, 460.

erytbrogaster, 461.

tytleri, 461.
Cben, 87, 114.

cwrulc^cens. 115.

hyperborea, 115.

nivalis, 115.

rossii, Ho.
cheriway, Polyboius, 264.
Cbostnut-backed Chickadee, 564.

-bellied Scaled Partridge, 192.

-collar-Ml Longepur, 405.

-fronted Titmouse, 561.

-sided Warbler, 450.
Chickadee, 5t)3.

Californian, 664.

Carolina, 562.

Che!<tnut-backed, 664.

Hudsonian. 564.

Kowak, 591.

Long-tailed, 563.

Mexican, 662.

Mountain, 562.

Oregon, 663.

Siberian, 664.
Chilian Avocet, 146.

Black Oyster-catcher, 183.

Skua, 21.
chilensi?, Mcgalcstris, 21.
Chimney S»?ift, 803.

Gaunier'g, «03.

Lafrcsnayc's, 303.
Chinese Scaup Duck, 103.
Chipping Sparrow, 418.

Uuatcnialnn, 419.

Western, 419.
chloroptt,ra, Ara, 268.
ohlororhynca, Diomedea. 63.
ohlororhynchu;, Puflinus, 02

ThalasRogeron, 53.
chlorosoma, Pipilo, ^38,
Chlorostilbon, ;W6.
ohloruruH, Pipilo, 4.j9.
Chondestcs, 38?, 414.

gramniaoiis, 414.
strigatuH, 414.
Chordeiles, 297, 100.

texensi?, <>00, ftOl,

Tirginianus, 3U0, 301.
hcnryi, 301.
minor, 301.
Christmag Island ^'heifrwater, 02.

ohrysaStos, Aquila, 242.
ohrysocaulosus, Colaptes, 295.
chrysoides, Colaptes, 295.
chrygolaBma, Otocoris alpestris, 349.
Chrysomitris atrioeps, 400.

columbibna, 398.

forreri, 400.
chrysoparia, Dendroica, 609.
cbry8oj)tera, Helmintbophila, 486.
Cbrysotis finsohi, 587.

guatcmalae, 587.

levaillantii, 687.

xantholora, 588.
Chuck-will'ti-widoY, 2«>8.
Ciceronia, 13.
Ciconiae, 122,
Ciconiidae, 122, 124.
Clconiinic, 125.
cincinatus, Phaliiorocoi'a:^: dilopbus,

78.
Cincinnati Warbler, 487.
cincinnaiiensis, Uelminthophila,

487.
Cinclida, 323, 638.
Cinolns, 538.

ardesiacus, 638.

mexicanus, 538.
cinotus obtectus, Parus, 664.
cineraceus, Parus inornatus, 661.
oinerasce.as, Myiarcbus, 333.
cinerea, Ardea, 129.

Fringilla, 423.

Molospiza, 432.

Strix, 259.

Vireosylvia, 470.
cinereisepg, Ortalida, 209.

Ortalis, 209.
Cinereous Shearwater, 59.
oinureum lapponicum, Scotiaptex,
260.

Scotiaptex, 269.
cinereus dorsalis, Junoo, 423.

Harporhynchus, 644.

Junoo, '*23.

pailialui, Junoo, 424.

Ptiliogonys, 464,

PnffinuB, 58.

V;reo, 470.
cinnan:omea, i/naziMa, 318.

Omiamya, 318.
Cinnacnomcous Hummingbird, 818.
oinnamomous, Paohyrliamphu8,326.
Cinnamon Teal, 03.
oircumdncta, JEgialitis moloda,

178.
Circus, 222, 226.

hiidsonius, 220.
ciris, Passerinu, 449.
cirrbata, Lunda, 10.
Cissolopha, 350.

beecheii, 360.
C'stothorus, 540, 556,

palustris, 556.

paludicola, 560.

polyglottug, 568.

stellaris, 656.
oitrna, Protonotaria, 484.
Citreoline Trogon, 277.
oitreoluR, Trogoii, 277.
Clamutores, 32 i.
Clanpla, 86, 106.

nyetu^lis, 100.

olangula americana, Glaucionetta,
105.

Anas, 106.

Gluucionetta, 105.
Clapper Kail, 137.

California, 137.

Louisiana, 137.
Clarke's Nutcracker, 364.
olnrkii, ^obmophorus, 4.
Clark's Grebe, 4.
Clay-colored Sparrow, 421.
clomenciso, Coeligena, 310.
Clifl' Swallow, 460.

Cuban, 460.

Mexican, 460.
Clivicola, 468, 462.

riparin, 463.
clypeata, Spatula, 97.
coccineus,Cardinaliscnrdinali8,442.

Cardinalis rirginianua var.,
442.
Coccothraustns, 382, 386.

abeillii, f('?7.

vespertinua, 387.
Coccyges, 271.
Coccyginae, 271.
Coccygi.s, 272, 273.

americanus, 273.

occidontalis, 273.

erytbropUthalmuB, 274.

maynardi. 274.

minor, 274.

seniculuf, 274.
cocblear'a, Cancrnma, 122.
CocblcariidsB, 122.
Coohlenrius, 122.
cocoi, Ardea, 129.
Cocoi Heron, 129.
Coeligena, 308, 310.

clemcncio!, 310.

henrica, 310.

viridipallens, 310.
Coereba, 590.
CoDrebidae, 322, 479.
Colaptes, 280, 295.

auratus, 295.

cafer, 296.

coUaria, 296.
saturatior, 296,

nbrysooaulusug, 295.

chrysoides, 295.

mtxicanoides, 296.

ruflpileua, 296.
colcbicus, Phasianus, 206, 200.
Colima Cardinal, 443.

Woodpeoker, 286.
Colinus, 185, 186.

coyoloos, 189.

gray son i, 189, 686.

nigrogularis, 190.

pectoralis, 189.

ridgwayi, 189, 685.

virginianus, 188.

cubancnsis, 187, 188, 100.
floridanus, 188.
texunus, 188, 189.
oollaris, iKgialitig, 179.

Aythya, 103, 104.

Charadrius, 179.
oolHol, C'alocitta, 360.
Colombian Tree-duok, 110,
colubris, TroobUui, 811.

INDEX.

603

Columba, 210, 211.

castanea, 213.

fasciata, 211.

flavirortris. 211.

leucocephala, 212.

martinica, 2 J 3.

moDtana, 217.

squamosa, 21!i.
columba, Cepphus, 17.
Columbse, 21U.
columbarius, Faloo, 250.

Buckloyi, Faluo, 250.
Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouie, 204.
Columbiana, Chrysomitris, 393.

Spinua psaltria, 3US.
columbianua, Olor, 120.

Pioicorvus, 364.
Columbigallina, 211, 214, 585.

passerina, 215, 58).
bahamonsis, 686.
pa'.lescons, 585.
Bocorronnsis, 586.

ruflpennis, 215.
ColumbiniB, 210.
Colymbua, 4, 5.

auritus, 5.

cristatus, 5.

dominicua, 6.

grisegena, 5.

holbocllii, 5.

nigriooli'd, 6.

oalifornious, 6.
COiUmon Sandpiper, 170.

Tern, 43.
Complex Towhee, 439.
comploxus, Pipilo, 439.
Compsohalieus, 79.
Compsothlvpis, 481, 490.

americana, 491.

graysoni, 492.

gutturalis, 481.

Inornata, 492.

insularis, 492.

nigrilora, 491, 492.

pitiayumi inornata, 492.
oonoreta, Cyanoloxia, 440.

Guiraca cyanoides, 446.
oonfinis. Morula, 578.

Prococtos gramiueuB, 407.
Conirostrum Buporoiliosum, 481.
Connecticut Warbler, 521.
oonsobrinua, Pipilo, 437.
oonsperaus, Cathorpos mexioanus,

549.
Contopus, 327, 336.

albioollis, 338.

bahamensis, 339. '

borealia, 327, 337.

brachytarsuB, 339.

oaribtnuB, 839.

j'ortinax, 337.

riohttrdsonii, 338.

BchottM, 839.

virena, 338.
Conurua, 268, 269.

•kiiw, 270.

aarolineniis, 270.

hoioohloruB, 270.

var. brevipea, 270.

potEli, 2ii0.
eookli, ^strelata, 65.

Prooellaria, 55, 66.

Cookilaria, 55, 65.
oooperi, Accipiter, 228.

Buteo, 230.

Piranga rubra, 454.

Tringa, 157.
Cooper's Hawk, 228.

Henhawk, 230.

Sandpiper, 157.

Tanager, 454.
Coot, American, 142.

Caribbean, 142.

European, 141.
Copper Pneaaant, 206.
Coppery-tailed TiOijon, 276.
coraz, Corrua, 361.

behriugianua, Corvus, 362.

principalis, Corvus, 361.

ainuatus, Corvus, 361.

var. littoralis, CorvuB, 361.
Cordova Sparrow, 435.
Cormorant, 78.

Eaird'B, 80.

Brandt's, 79.

Double-crested, 78.

Farallone, 78.

Florida, 78.

Mexican, 79.

Pallaa's, 81.

Pelagic, 80.

Red.faced, 80.

Violet-green, 80.

White-crested, 78.
Corn Crake, 140.
corniculata, Fratercula, 11.
ooronata, Cyanocitta, 355.

Cyanocitta stelleri, 355.

Denilroica, 497.

Zonotrichia, 416.
Coronated Jay, a.'iS.
ooronatus, Garrulus, 355.
Corvidw, 322, 350.
corvina, Spermophila, 450.

Sporophila) 450.
Corvinao, 351.
Corvus, 351, 360.

americanua, 363, 363.
floridanua, 302.
hesperis, 362.

carnivorus, 361.

oaurinus, 363.

oorax, 361.

behringianus, 362.
principalis, 361.
tiinuatUB, 861.

oryptoleucus, 362.

littoralis, 361.

lugubria, 361.

roexicanua, 363.

minutus, 863.

nasious, 363.

OBBifraguB, 363.

pica, 351.

ultramarinuB, 857.

vociforus, 361.
coryi, Geothlypls, 526.
Cory's Least Bittern, 127.

Shearwater, 59.

Yellow -throat, 625.
Coata Rican Chachalaoa, 309.

Dipper, 638.
oostn), TrochlluB, 312.
Coata'B UummiDgbird, 313.

CotingidiB, 321, 323.
Coturnicops, 140.
Coturniculua, 410.

lecontoii, 410.

savanuarum, 410.
ooturninulus, Porzana jamaicensia,

140.
Coturnix, 184, 186.

coturnix, 184, 186.
coturnix, Coturnix, 184, 186.

Tetrao, 186.
couchi, Aphelocoraa, 357.

Cyanocitta, 357.

Tyrannua melancholioua, 329.
Couch's Jay, 357.

Kingbird, 329.
couesi, Tringa, 154.
Coucs'a Flycatcher, 337.
Courlan, Brazilian, 136.
Cowbird, 367.

Bronzed, 367, 589.

Dwarf, 367.

Red-eyed, 589.
Coyoloos Bob White, 189.
coyolcos, Colinus, 189.

Ortyx, 189.
coyoloos, Tetrao, 189.
Cozumel Cardinal, 443.

Flycatcher, 335.

Honey Creeper, 480.

Thrasher, 544.

Vireo, 470.

Wren, 653.
Cracidec, 184, l^i.
Cracinae, 207.
Crake, Corn, 140.

Spotted, 189.
Crane, Little Brown, 135.

Sandhill, 135.

Whooping, 135.
craaairostna, Charadriua, 175.

Embcrnagra rutivirgata, 435.

flavescens, Vireo, 476.

Lanivi;eo, 476.

Tringa, 163.

Tyrunniis, 329.

Vireo, 476.
oraveri, Brachyramphus, 15.
Craveri'f, Murrelet, 16.
Crax, 207.

globicera, 207.

rubra, 207
Creagrus, 38.
crcatopus, Puffinus, 59.
creoca. Anas, ^4.
Creciacus, 139.
Creeper, Bahama Honey, 480.

Brown, 657.

Californian, 558.

Cozumel Honey, 480.

Mexican, 658.

Mexican Honey, 480,

Rocky Mountain, 558.
crepitans, Rallus longiroatria, 137.
Created Auklet, 18.

Flycatcher, 333.
Arizona, 338.
Bahaman, 334.
Cuban, 334.
Mexican, 833,
Nicaraguan, 334.
Yuuatau, 384.

604

INDEX.

Crested Grebe, o.

Scaup Duok, 103.
Crex, 136, 140.
crex, 140.
orex, Crex, 140.

Crimson-fronted House Finch, 391.
crinitus, Myiarchus, 333.
Crissal Thrasher, 546.
crissalis, Harporhynchus, 546.

Pipilo fuscus, 441.
cristata, Cyanocitta, 353.

florincola, Cyanooitta, 353.

Meleagris, 207.
cristatcUus, Simurhynchus, 13.
cristatus, Colymbus, 5.

Tetrao, 185.
Crossbill, American, 392.

Mexican, 392.

w>»ite-winged, 393.
Crot 1 .aga, 271, 272.
ai, 272.

juloirostiis, 272,
Crotopbaginee, 271.
Crow, American, 362.

California, 362.

Cuban, 363.

Cuban Fish, 363.

Fish, 363.

Florida, 362.

Mexican, 363.

!^orthwest, 363.
Ciymophilus, 143, 144.

fulicarius, 144.
oryptoleuoa, Progne, 459.
oryptoleunura, Cymochorea, 71.

Oceanodroma, 71.
cryptoleucuB, Corvua, 362.
Cuban Bob White, 188.

Cli«F Swallow, 460.

Crested Flycatcher, 334.

Crow, 363,

Fish Crow, 363.

Flicker, 295.

Gnatcatchor, 571.

Ivory-billed Woodpecker, 281.

Martin, 459.

Nightbawk, 301.

Pine Warbler, 615.

Red-wing, 371.

Sparrow Hawk, 253.

Vireo, 478.

Whippoorwill, •?98.

Wood Pewee, 339.
eubanensis, Antrostomus, 298.

Colinus virginianus, 187, 188,
190.

Ortyx, 188.
Cuckoo, Black-billed, 274.

Californian, 273.

Mangrove, 274.

itlaynard'8, 274.

Yel'low-billed, 273.
Cuculi, 271.
Cuculidn, 271.
ououllatus. Icterus, 374, 375, 370.

igneus. Icterus, 376.

Lophodytes, 89.

nelsoni. Icterus, 370.
Culioivora bilineata, 570.
culiclTorus, Basileuterus, 531.
oulminntUB, Thalassogeron, 62.
ounioularia floridana, Spootyto, 265.

ounicularia hypogsea, Speoty to, 265.
oupido, Tympauucbus, 203.
Curlew, Bristle-thighed, 171.
Eskimo, 171.
Hudsonian, 171.
Long-billed, 170.
Curlew Sandpiper, 160.
Curve-billed Thrasher, 545.
curvirostra bendirei, Loxia, 392.
minor, Loxis, 392.
stricklandi, Loxia, 392.
ourvirostris, Harporhynchus, 545.
occidentalis, Methriopterus,

546.
palmeri, Harporhynchus, 545.
cuvieri, Kegulus, 1-68.
Cuvier's Kinglet, 668.
cyanea, Certhia, 590.

Passerina, 448.
Cyanccula, 571, 679.
suecica, 679.
wolfli, 679.
cyaneoviridis, Callichelidon, 462.

Hirundo, 462.
cyjinocapilla, Xanthoura luxuosa,
358.
Xanthura, 358.
cyanocapillui!, Cyanocorax, 358.
cyanocephala, Starnoenas, 217.
Cyanocephalus, 351, 364.
cyanocephalus, 364.
cyanocephalus, Cyanocephalus, 364.

Scolecophagus, 379.
Cyanooitta, 351, 363.

californica var. Bumichrasti,

366.
coronata, 355.
couchi, 367.
cristata, 353.

florincola, 353.
Stelleri, 363, 354.
annectens, 354.
coronata, 355.
diademata, 354.
frontalis, 354.
macrolopha, 354.
Cyanocompsa, 446.
Cyanocorax cyanooapillus, 358.

unicolor, 358.
CyanogarruluB diadematus, 354.
cynnogonys, Psilorhinus, 362.
cynnoides concreta, Guiraca, 446.
Cyanoloxia concreta, 446.

parellina, 446.
Cyanomyia (?) sordida, 309.
oyanops, Sula, 75.
cyanoptera. Anas, 93.
oyanopyga, Psittncula, 209.
Cyanospiza rositffi, 449.
oyanotis, Aphelocoma, 367.
Cyanoura stelleri, var. annectens,

364.
cyanura, Amazilia, 318.
Cyolorhls, 469.
Cyclorrhynchus, 9, 12.

psittaculus, 12.
Cygninre, 88.
Cygnus bewiokii, 120.
cygnus, Olor, 120.
Cymuohorea oryptoleuoura, 71.

markhami, 71.
Cymodroma, 56, 71.

Cymodroma grallaria, 72.

melanogaster, 72.

tropica, 72.
Cyphorhinus leucostictus, 540.
Cypseli, 297.
Cypseloides, 302.

niger, 302.
Cyrtonyx, 186, 193.

montezuma), 104.

ocellatus, 194.

Bumichrasti, 19'1.

sallaei, 194.

Bumichrasti, 194.
Cyrtopelicauus, SI.

Daflla, ' 97.

acuiu, 98.

bahamensis, 98.
damacensis, Actod- , 158.

Totanus, 168.

Tringa, 158.
Daption, 56, 69.

capensis, 69.
Dark-bodied Shearwater, 61.

-rumped Petrel, 65.
decora, Dcndroica, 606.

Dondroica graoise, var., 500.
Decorated Warbler, 506.
decurtata, Sylvia, 479.
decurtatus, Hylopbilus, 479.
defilippiana, ^strelata, 68.
De Filippi's Petrel, 68.
deglandi, Oidemia, 112.
dcglandii, Oidemia, 112.
doiroleucus, Falco, 248.
Delattre's* Warbler, 632.

Woodpecker, 290.
delattrii,* Basileutcrus, 532.
delawarcnsis, Larus, 32.
delicata, Gallinago, 160.
Dendragapus, 186, 194, 105.

canadensis, 196.

franklinii, 196.

fuliginosus, 196.

obscurus, 195, 196.

richardsonii, 196.
Dendrocygna, 87, 118.

arborea, 119.

autumnalis, 119.

discolor, 119.

fulva, 119.

vidaata, 119.
Dendroica, 482, 492.

aastiva, 494.

moroomi, 494.

auduboni, 497.

blackburniw, 505.

bryanti, 495.

castanoioeps, 49<>.

cnsrulca, 499.

CBsrulescens, 496.

carbonata, 403.

castanea, 501, 502.

chrysoparia, 500, 500.

coronata, 407.

• Tlieso two tiampa wero inadvertnntW
■ppllt'd on the imge cited as Delatr* i
and Malrii respectively.

INDEX.

605

Dendroica decora, 606,

discolor, M6.

dominica, 481, 482, 504.
albilora, 504.

dugesi, 493.

graciae, 506.

var. decora, 506.

gundlachi, 495.

hypochrysea, 518.

kirtlandi, 514.

maculosa, 498.

nigrescena, 507.

occidentalis, 513.

olivacea, 494,

palmarum, 482, 517, 518.
hypochrysea, 517.

pennsylvanica, 450.

petechia, 495.

gundlachi, 495.

pityophila, 515.

striata, 503,

tigrina, 493,

townsendi, 512.

vieilloti, var. bryanti, 495.

vigorsii, 498, 514.

virens, 510.
Dendronessa, 99.
Dendrortyx, 184,
derbianus, Ortalis, 208.

Pitangus, 331,
Derby Flycatcher, 331.
Desert Horned Lark, 349.

Song Sparrow, 432.
diademata, Cyanocitta stelleri, 354.
diadematus, Cyanogarrulus, 354.
Diademed Jay, 354,
diazi, Anas, 92.
Dichromanassa, 130,
Dickcissel, 452.

difBcilis, Empidonax, 340, 341.
dilophus albociliatus, Phalacrooo-
rax, 78.

cincinatus, Phalaorocorax, 78.

floridaaus, Phalaorocorax, 78,

Phalacrocorax, 78.
Diomedea, 50.

albatrus, 51.

brachyura, 51.

cauta, 53.

chlororhyncha, 53.

exulans, 51.

gilliana, 52.

inorata, 52,

melanuphrys, 51, 52.

nigripos, 51.
Diomedeidio, 50.
Dipper, American, 538.

Costa Rioan, 538.
discolor, Dcndi'ocygna, 119.

Dendroica, 510.
discors. Anas, 03.
D'Oca's Hummingbird, 317.
Dolichonyx, 305, 366.

oryzivorus, 306.
albinuoha, 360.
domestica, Fringilla, 401.
domestious. Passer, 401, 402.
dominica albilora, Dendroica, 504.

Dendroioa, 481, 482, 504.
dominioensls, Faloo, 253.

Progne, 459.

Tyrannus, 329.

dum:nicu8, Charadrius, 174.

Colymbus, 6.

fulvus, Charadrius, 174.

Nomonyx, 114.
Dorieha, 304, 305.
dorsalis, Junco cinereus, 423.

Picoides americanus, 287.
Double Yellow-head Parrot, 687.
Double-crested Cormorant, 78.
doubledayi, lache, 320.

Trochilus, 320.
Doubleday's Hummingbird, 320.
dougalli. Sterna, 44.
Dove, Antillean, 213.

Ground, 215, 585.

Inca, 216.

Mexican Ground, 586.

Mourning, 213.

Rufous Ground, 215.

Scaled, 215.

Socorro, 213.

Ground, 586.

White-fronted, 214.

White-winged, 214.

Yucatan, 213.

Zenaida, 213.
Dovekie, 19.
Dowitoher, 151.

Long-billed, 151.
Downy Petrel, 63.

Woodpecker, 283.
dresseri, Somateria, 110.
Dryobates, 280, 281.

arizonae, 286.

frateroulus, 286.

borealis, 283.

nuttaili, 285.

pubescens, 283, 286.
gairdnerii, 283.

soalaris, 284.
bairdi, 285,
gray son i, 285.
lucasanus, 285.
parvus, 284.
sinaloensis, 285.

stricklandi, 186,

villosus, 282, 286,
audubonii, 282.
harrisii, 283,
jardinii, 283.
leucomelas, 282.
maynardi, 282.
dubia, .^gialitis, 176, 177.
dubius, Molanerpos, 293.

Pious, 293.
Duck, Abert's, 92.

Black, 01.

Ferruginous, 113.

Florida, 92.

Harlequin, 107.

Hawk, 247.

Labrador, 107.

Mandarin, 99.

Masked, 114.

Mexican, 92,

Muscovy, 100,

King-neoked, 104,

Ruddy, 113,

Rufous-orested, 100.

Scaup, 103,

Steller's, 108.

Wood, 99.

dugesi, Dendroioa, 495.
Dug^s's Yellow Warbler, 495.
Dunlin, 169.
Dusky Grouse, 195.

Horned Owl, 263.

Kinglet, 568.

Seaside Sparrow, 413.

Shearwater, 61.
Dwarf Cowbird, 367.

Thrush, 576.
Dysporus, 76,

variegatus, 75.
Dytes, 5.

Eared Grebe, 6.

American, 6.
Ectopistos, 210, 212.

migratorius, 212.
Egret, American, 130.

Peale's, 131.

Reddish, 131, 587.
egretta, Ardea, 130.
Eider, 109.

American, 110.

Greenland, 109.

King, 110.

PaciHc, 110.

Spectacled, 108.
Elanoides, 222, 224.

forficatus, 224.
Elanua, 222, 224.

leucurus, 225.
elegans bensoni, Callipcpla, 585.

Callipepla, 193, 585.

Centurus, 292.

Melanerpes, 292.

Ortyx, 193.

Picus, 292.

Puffinus, 61.

Rallus, 138.

Sterna, 40.

Trogon, 276,

var. tenuirostris, Rallus, 138,
Elegu,nt Partridge, 193,

Shearwater, 61,

Tern, 40.

Trogon, 276.

Woodpecker, 292.
elogantissiraa, Euphonia, 453.
Elf Owl, 267.

Socorro, 267.
ellioti, Atthis, 315.

Trochilus, 315.
Elliot's Hummingbird, 315.
Emberiza olivacea, 451.
Embernagra, 385, 434.

rufivirgata, 435.

orassirostris, 435.

vertioalis, 435.
Emperor Goose, 118.
Empidonax, 327, 339.

acadious, 342.

albigularis, 340.

axillaris, 340.

baharaensis, .339.

bairdii, 340, 341.

brachytarsui, 330.

diffloilis, 340, 341.

flaviventris, 341.

fulviflroni, 844.

606

INDEX.

«i.SK

Empidonax fulvifrons pygmsBus,
345.
rubicundus, 345.
fulvipcctus. 344.
hammondi, 344.
minimus, 343, 344.
obscurus, S44.
pusillus, 343.

traillii, 343.
salvini, 341.
Engyptila, 210, 214.

albifrons, 214.
Eniconetta, 86, 107.

stelleri, 108,
enicurus, Trochilas, 305.
enucleator caoadensis, Pinicola,
388.
kadiaka, Pinicola, 388.
Loxia, 388,
Pinicola, 388,
eremoeca, Peuoaea bouoardi, 429.
Ereunetes, 148, 161.
occidentnlis, 162.
pusillus, 161.
Ergaticus, 483, 531.
ruber, 531.
versicolor, 531.
Erionetta, 110.
Erismatura, 87, 113.
ferruginea, 113.
rubida, 113.
erythrocephala, Piranga, 456.
Pyranga, 456.
Spermagra, 456.
erythrooephalus, Melanerpes, 200.
erythrognster, Chelidon, 461.
erythromelas, Piranga, 454.
erythrophthalmus alleni, Fipilo,
436.
Coccyens, 274.
Pipilo, 436, 438, 439.
erythrorhynchos, Peleoanui, 82.
Eskimo Curlew, 171.
Euetheia, 386, 450.
bicolor, 451.
oanora, 450, 451.
olivacca, 451.

intermedia, 461.
pusilla, 451.
pusilla, 451.
Eugenes, 307, 309.

fulgcns, 304, 305, 309.
spectnbilis, 310.
Eupherusa, 304.
Eupbonia, 453.

Bluo-headcd, 453.
clegnntiHsiina, 453.
Eupsychortyx, 185.
Euptilotus, 275.

eurnyncha, Ouiraca cserulea, 446.
European Blue Heron, 120.
Buzzard, 233.
Coot, 141.

House Sparrow, 401.
Least Bittern, 127.
Quail, 186.
Scoter, 111.
Snipe, 150.
Teal, 94.

Tree-Sparrow, 402.
Woodcock, 149.
Evirynorbynohui, 149, 160.

Eurynorbynohus pygmaeui, 160.
Euthlypis, 483.

lachrymosa, 483.
Euxenura, 125.
Evening Qrosbeak, 387.
Everglade Kite, 226.
excubitorides, Lanius, 467, 468.

Lanius Indovicianus, 467.
exilipes, Acanthis hornemannii,396.
exilis, Botaurus, 127.
eximia, Ornismya, 304.
externa, ^strelata, 68.

(Estrelato, 68.
exulans, Diomedea, 51.

Falcinellus ridgwayi, 124.
Falco, 224, 244.

albicaudatus, 237.

albigularis, 248.

columbarius, 250.
Buckleyi, 250.

deiroleucus, 248.

dominicensis, 253.

fusco-ccerulescens, 251.

islandus, 244.

jugger, 246.

mexicanus, 247.

nitidus, 240.

peregrinus, 247.
anatum, 247.
penlei, 248.

plumbeus, 225.

ptcrocles, 237.

regulus, 249.

richardsonii, 251.

rusticolus, 245.
gyrfalco, 246.
obsoletus, 246.

eparverioides, 253.

gparverius, 252.

tharus, 254.

nnicinctua, 229.

urubitinga, 238.

conurus, 238.
Falcon, Aplomado, 261.

Peale's, 248.

Peregrine, 247.

Prairie, 247.

Temminck's, 248.

White-throated, 248.
Falcones, 218.
FalconidaB, 218, 222.
Falconinoe, 224.
fallax, Melospiza fasciata, 432.
familiaris americana, Certhia, 557.

mexicana, Certhia, 558,

montana, Certhia, 558.

occidentnlis, Certhia, 558.
Farallone Cormorant, 78.

Rail, 140.
fasc'ata, Callipepla, 193.

Chan.aea, 566.

Columba, 211.

fallax, Melospiza, 432.

Kuttata, Melospiza, 432.

Eeermnnni, Melospiza, 431.

henshawi, Chameeu, 566.

Melospiza, 431.

mexicana, Moloipiza, 432.

fasciata montana, Melospiik, 431.
ruflna, Melospiza, 432.
samuelis, Melospiza, 431.
fasciatus, Ortyx, 193.
fedoa, Limosa, 163.
fclix, ThryothoruB, 552.
ferina. Anas, 101.
Aythya, 101.
femandinoB, Anabates, 482.
ferrariperczi, Amphispiza, 420.
Ferrari-Perez's Sparrow, 426.
ferruginea, Erismatura, 113.

Tringa, 160.
ferrugineus, Archibuteo, 241.
Ferruginous Duck, 113.
Pygmy Owl, 266.
Rough-leg, 241.
Field Sparrow, 420.

Western, 420,
Fiery Oriole, 376,
figlina, Piranga, 455.
Finch, California Purple, 390.
Cassin's Purple, 390,
Crimson-fronted House, 391.
Guadalupe House, 391.
House, 391.
Purple, 389.
finscbi, Amazona, 587.

Chrysotis, 587.
Finsch's Parrot, 687.
fischeri, Arctonetta, 108.
Fish Crow, 363.
Cuban, 363.
flsheri, ^strelata, 68.
Fisher's Petrel, 68.
Five-striped Sparrow, 426,
Flamingo, American, 121.
flammea, Piranga, 457.
Setophaga, 530.
miniata, 630.
flammeolus, Megascops, 262, 586.
flaramula, Pinicola, 388.
Flammulated Flycatcher, 335.

Screech Owl, 262,
flammulatus, Myiarohus, 332, 335.
flava, Budytes, 535.
Motocilla, 536,
flaveola, Certhia, 690,
flavescens, Vireo orassirostrig, 476.
flaviccps, Auriparus, 605.
flavifrons, Vireo, 472,
flavipes, Totanus, 166,
flavirostris, Columba, 211.
Merula, 678.
Phaethon, 74,
flaviventris, Empidonax, 341.
flavoviridis, Vireo, 470, 690.
flavus, Budytes, 535.

leucostriatus, Budytei, 636.
Flesh-footed Shearwater, 02.
Flicker, 295,
Cuban, 296,
Gilded, 296.
Guadalupe, 296.
Guatemalan, 296.
Northwestern, 296.
Red-shafted, 296.
floresii, Selasphonis, 316,
Troohilus, 313, 316.
Florosi's Hummingbird, 316.
Florioola, 305.
Florida, 130.

itammmk

INDEX.

607

Florida Barred Owl, 259.

Blue Jay, 353.

Bob White, 188.

Burrowing Owl, 265.

Cormorant, 78.

Crow, 362.

Duck, 02.

Gallinule, 141.

Graokle, 380.

Jay, 355.

Ked-shouldored Hawk, 237.

Screech Owl, 261.

Wren, 550.
floridana, Aphelocoma, 355.

Spootyto ounicularia, 265.
fioridanus, Colinus virginianua, 188.

Curvns amerioanus, 362.

Megascops asio, 261.

Phalaorocorax dilophns, 78.
florincola, Cyanocitta cristata, 353.
Flycatcher, Acadian, 342.

Arizona Crested, 333.

Ash-throated, 333.

Bahaman Crested, 334.

Baird's, 341.

Beardless, 346.

Bold, 332.

Buff-breasted, 345.

Coues's, 337.

Cozumel, 335.

Crested, 333.

Cuban Crested, 334.

Derby, 331.

Flammulated, 335.

Fork-tailed, 327.

Fulvous, 344.

Oiraud'a, 331.

Hammond's, 344.

Insolent, 332.

Lawrence's, 336.

Least, 343.

Little, 343.

Mexican Crestad, 333.

Narrow-billed, 344.

Nicaraguan Crested, 334.

Noble, 332.

Nutting's, 334.

Olivaceous, 335.

Olive-sided, 337.

Ridgway's, 346.

Ruddy, 346.

Salvin's, 341.

Scissor-tailed, 328.

Sulphur-bellied, 332.

Traill's, 343.

Vermilion, 345.

Western, 340.

White-throated, 340.

Wright's, 314.

Yellow-bellied, 341.

Yucatan Crested, 334.
forflcatuB, Elanoides, 224.

Milvulus, 328.
Fork-tailed Flyoatoher, 327.

Petrel, 70.
formicivorus angustlfVong, Mela-
nerpes, 201.

bairdi, Mclanerpos, 201.

Melanerpes, 291.

Picus, 291.
formoia, Qenthlypis, 5>0, 521.

Oporornis, 487.

formosa. Pica, 850.
forreri, Chrysomitria, 400.

Spinus, 400.

Vireo, 690.
Forrer'g Goldfinch, 400.
forsteri. Sterna, 42.
Forster's Tern, 42. .
Fox Sparrow, 434.
francescee, Granatellus, 482.
francim, Trochilus, 306.
franklinii, Dendragapui, 190.

Larus, 36.
Franklin's Grouse, 106.

Gull, 36.
Fratercula, 8, 11.

arctica, 11.

gla«ialis, 11.

corniculata, 11.
Fraterculinse, 8.
fraterculus, Dryobates arizonaa,

286.
Fregata, 82.

aquila, 83.

minor, 83.
Fregatidae, 73, 82.
Fringilla, brunneinnoha, 895.

carduelis, 400, 401.

cinerea, 423.

domestica, 401.

mexicana, 390, 391.

montana, 402.
Fringillid89, 321, 382.
frontalis, Carpodaous mexioanus,
391.

Cyanocitta stelleri, 354.

rhodocolpus, Carpodacuj, 594.
Frosted Poor-will, 688.
fulgens, Eugei es, 304, 305, 309.
Fulica, 136, 141.

americana, 142.

atra, 141.

caribsea, 142.
fuHcarius, Crymophilns, 144.
Fulicinte, 136.
fuliginosa, Phoebetria, 68.

Sterna, 45.
fuliginosus, Buteo, 235.

Dendragapus obsouruB, 100.
Fuligula, 102.

Ay thy a, 103.

marila nearctiov, 103.

mariloides, 103.
fuligula, Anas, 103.
Fulmar, 57.

Antarctic, 68.

Giant, 57,

Lesser, 57.

Pacific, 57.

Rodgers's, 68.

Slender-billed, 68.
Fulmarus, 64, 67.

antarcticus, 68.

glaoialis, 67.

glupisoha, 67.
minor, 67.
rodgeraii, 68.

glaoialoides, 58.
fulva, Dendrocygna, 119

Hirundo, 460.

Petroohelidon, 460.
fulvifrons, Empidonax, 344.

pygmseua, Empidonax, 846.

fulvifrons rubioundus, Empidonax,

346.
fulvigula. Anas, 02.
fulvipectus, Empidonax, 344.
Fulvous Flycatcner, 344.

Tree-duok, 119.
fulvus, CharadriuB dominions, 174.
fumifrons, Perieoreus oanadecsia,

360.
furcata, Oceanodroma, 70.

Xema, 38.
Fumarius roseus, 630.
fusca, Oidemia, 112.
fuBcescens salicicoluB, Tardus, 574.

Turdus, 574,
fuscicaudata, Amazilia, 317.
fuscicollis, Tringa, 157.
fusco-coerulcscens, Faloo, 251.
fusous albigula, Pipilo, 440.

orissalis, Pipilo, 441.

Larus, 28,

meaoleucus, Pipilo, 440.

Pelecanus, 82.

Pipilo, 440. . „

Gadwall, 05.

gairdnerii, Dryobates pubescens,

283.
Gairdner's Woodpecker, 283,
galapagcnsis, Ilaematopus, 182.
Galapagos Oyster-catcher, 182.

Storm Petrel, 70.
galbula. Icterus, 377.
galeata, Gallinula, 141.
Galeoscoptes, 539, 542.

carolinensis, 542.
galerioulata, Aix, 99.

Anas, 09,
Gallinas, 184.
Oallinago, 147, 149, 150.

delicata, 150.

gallinago, 150.
gallinago, Gallinago, 150.
Gallinula, 136, 141,

galeata, 141.
Gallinule, Florida, 141.

Purple, 141.
Gallinulinao, 136,
galloparo, Meleagrts, 207,

mexicana, Meleagrig, 207.
gambeli, Anser albifrons, 116.

Callipepla, 193,

Lanius ludoviolanuB, 467.

ParuB, 562.

Zonotrichia, 416.
Gambeil'B Partridge, 193.

Sparrow, 416.
Gannet, 76,
Garrodla, 56.
GarruliniB, 350.
garruluB, Ampelis, 464, 466.
Garrulus coronatuB, 366.
GarzetU, 130.
gaumeri, Chtetura, 303.
Oaumer'B Chimney Swift, 803.
Gavia, 23, 24.

alba, 24.
gavia, PufflnuB, 00.
gelida, Prooellaria, 68.

608

INDEX.

:..].

% -11:

gelidus, Puff.nus, 58.
Uelochelidon, 24, 38.

nilotica, 33.
Oennaia, 246.
Geococcyx, 271, 272.

afflnis, 273.

oalifornianus, 272.
I^eorgiana, Melospiza, 433.
tieotblypis, 482, 520.

agilis, 621.

beldingt, 524, 525.

caninucha, 526.

coryi, 525.

furmosa, 620, 521.

macgillivrayi, 522.

mclnnopg, 524.

occidcntaiis, 523.

palpebnilia, 52G.

Philadelphia, 521, 522.

poliocephala, 482, 625, 526.
var. caninucha, 620.

rostrata, 624.

8pecio8a, 525.

tanneri, 525,

triohos, 522, 523.

occidentalis, 523, 624.
Geotrygon, 2t0, 211, 216.

albifacHs, 217.

martinica, 216.

montana, 217.
Giant Fulmar, 57.
gigantea, Oasifraga, 57.
gigantcus, Aramus, 136.
Giia Woodpecker, 294.
Gilded Flicker, 295.
gilliana, Diomedea, 52.
Gill's Albatro83, 52.
gilvus, Vireo, 471.

gwninsoni, Vireo, 472.
giraudi, Otocoria alpestris, 349.
Giraud's Flycatcher, 331.
glabriroatris, Melnnoptila, 539.
glacialis, Fratercula arctica, 11.

Fulmarus, 57.

glupischa, Fulmarus, 57.

minor, Fulmarus, 57.

rodgersii, Fulmarus, 58.
glacialoidos, Fulmarus, 68.
glareola, Totanus, 166.

Tringa, 166.
glauoescens, Larus, 27.
Olaucidium, 256, 266.

gnoma, 266.

phalaenoides, 266.
Glauoionetta, 85, 104.

olangula, 105.

americana, 105.

islandica, 105.
Glaucous Gull, 26.

-winged Gull, 27.
glaucus, Larus, 26, 28.
globioera, Crax, 207.
Glossy Ibis, 124.

Peruvian, 124.

AVhite-faced, 124.
glupischa, Fulmarus glacialis, 67.
Gnatcatcber, Bahaman, 669.

Baird'a, 670.

Black-teiled, 670.

Blue-grey, 609.

Cuban, 671.

Lawrence's, 609.

Gnatcatcber, Maximilian's, 669.

Plumbeous, 570.

White-browed, 570.

Whito-lored, 569.
gnoma, Glaucidium, 266.
Godwit, Bar-tailed, 163.

Black-tailed, 164.

Hudaonian, 164.

Marbled, 163.

Pacific, 163.
Golden Eagle, 242.

Plover, 173.

American, 174.
Pacific, 174.
Golden-cheeked Warbler, 509, 590.

-crowned Kinglet, 567.

Kinglet, Western, 568.
Sparrow, 416.

-fronted Woodpecker, 294,

-winged Warbler, 486.
Golden-eye, 105.

American, 105.

Barrows's, 106.
Goldfinch, 401.

American, 398.

Arizona, 399.

Arkansas, 399.

Black-headed, 400.

Forrer's, 400.

Lawrence's, 309.

Mexican, 399.

Salvin's, 400.
Goose, American White-fronted,116.

Barnacle, 117.

Bean, 116.

Blue, 116.

Cackling, 117.

Canada, 117.

Emperor, 118.

Greater Snow, 115.

Hutchins's, 117.

Lesser Snow, 115.

Ross's Snow, 115.

White-cheeked, 117.

White-fronted, 116.
Goshawk, American, 228.

Mexican, 240.

South American, 240.

Western, 228.
Graceful Petrel, 71.
Grace's Warbler, 506.
grociaa, Dendroioa, 506.
gracilis, Mimus, 642.

Oceanites, 71.

Thalossidroma, 71.
Grackle, Boat-tailed, 381.

Bronzed, 380.

Florida, 380.

Grayson's, 381. *

Great-tailed, 381.

Purple, 379.

Slender-billed, 381.
grellaria, Cymodroma, 72,
gramineus, Poocsates, 406.

conflnis, Pooctetes, 407.
gremma«u8, Chondostes, 414,

strigatus, Chondestes, 414.
GranatelluB, 482,

boucardi, 482,

francescee, 482.

pelzeini, 482.

Mllsei, 482.

Granatellus venustus, 482.
Grasshopper Sparrow, 411.

Western, 411.
GrasBouit, 451.

Melodious, 451.

Mexican, 451.

Yellow-faced, 451.
Gray Gyrfalcon, 245.

Kingbird, 329.

Owl, Great, 259,

Ruffed Grouse, 198.

Sea Eagle, 243.

Titmouse, 562.

Vireo, 478.

Wagtail, 534.

Warbler, Black-throated, 607.
Grey-breasted Martin, 459.
Woodpecker, 292.

-cheeked Thrush, 574.

-crowned Leucosticte, 394,

-headed Junco, 423,

-naped Yellow-throat, 526.

-necked Chachalaca, 209,

-throated Becard, 325.
graysoni, Amazilia, 318.

Colinus, 189, 585.

Compaothlypis, 492.

Dryobatcs scalaris, 285.

Harporhynchus, 542, 543.

Merula, 578.

flavirostris, 578.

Micrathene, 267.

Mimodes, 643.

Picus scalaris, var., 285,

Quiscalus, 381.

Zenaidura, 213.
Grayson's Becard, 325.

Bob White, 189, 685.

Grackle, 381.

Hummingbird, 318.

Woodpecker, 285.
Great Auk, 19.

Black-backed Gull, 28.

Blue Heron, 129, 584.

Gray Owl, 259.

Horned Owl, 263,

Rufous-bellied KingfiBher,279,

White Heron, 128,
Great-billed Kingbird, 328.

-tailed Grackle, 381.
Greater Redpoll, 397.

Shearwater, 59.

Snow Goose, 115.

Yellow-legs, 165.
Grebe, American Eared, 6.

Clark's, 4.

Crested, 6.

Eared, 6,

Holbcell's, 6.

Horned, 6.

Pied-billed, 6.

Red-necked, 5.

St, Domingo, 6.

Western, 4.
Green Heron, 132,

Jay, 358,

Yellow-bellied, 358,

Parakeet, 270,

Pheasant, 206,

Sandpiper, 166,

Warbler, Blaok-throated, 510.
Green-backed Towhee, 438.

wmm

INDEX.

609

Green-billed Albatross, 53.
Shearwater, 62.

-tailed Tuwhee, 439.

-winged Teal, 94.
Greenland Eider, 109.

Ptarmigan, 200.

Redpoll, 396.
Greenshank, 165.

grindie, Psaltriparus minimus, 565.
Grinda's Bush-Tit, 565.
Grinnell's Water-Thrush, 519.
grisea, ^Estrelata, 67.

Proeellarin, 67.
grisegena, Culymbus, 5.
griseonucha, Leucosticte, 393.
griseus, Macrorhamphus, 151.

Parus inornatus, 562.

Puffinus, 61.
Groove-billed Ani, 272.
Grosbeak, Abeillo's, 387.

American Pine, 388.

Black-headed, 445,

Blue, 445.

Blue-black, 446.

Evening, 387.

Kadiak Pine, 388.

Pine, 388.

Rose- breasted, 444.

Western Blue, 446.
Ground Dove, 215, 585.

Mexican, 586.

Socorro, 586.
Grouse, Canada, 196.

Canadian Ruffed, 198.

Dusky, 195.

Franklin's, 196.

Gray Ruffed, 193.

Oregon Ruffed, 198,

Richardson's, 196.

Ruffed, 197.

Sago, 205.

Sharp-tailed, 204.

Sooty, 196.
Grues, 134.
Gruidse, 134.
Grus, 134.

amerioana, 135.

canadensis, 135.

me.Yioana, 135.
grylle, Cepphus, 16.
gryphus, Vultur, 218.
Guadalupe Caracara, 254.

Flicker, 290.

House Finch, 391.

Junco, 425.

Rock Wren, 548,

Towhee, 437.

Wren, 551.
guadclouponsis, Salpinctes, 548.
Guara, 123.

alba, 123.

rubra, 123.
guarauna, Plegadis, 124.
Guatemala Bluebird, 581.
guatemalifi, Amazona, 587.

Chrysotis, 687.

Setophaga, 530.
picta, 530.

Sialia sialis, 581 ,
Guatemalan Chachalaoa, 209.

Chipping Sparrow, 419.

Flicker, 296.

Guatemalan Ivory-billed Wood-
pecker, 281.

Junco, 424.
guatemalensis, Campephilus, 281.

Pious, 281.
gubernator, Agelaius, 370, 371.
guianensis, Tanagra, 469.
Guillemot, Blaek, 16.

Black-winged, 17.

Mandt's, 16.

Pigeon, 17.

Sooty, 17.
Guiraca, 383, 445.

abeillii, 387.

cterulea, 445.

eurhyncha, 446.

oyanoides concreta, 446.
gularis, iEstrelata, 67, 68.

(Estrelata, 67.

Procellaria, 67, 68.
Gull, Bonaparte's, 36.

California, 31.

Franklin's, 36.

Glaucous, 26.
-winged, 27.

Great Black-backed, 28.

Heermann's, 34.

Herring, 30.

Iceland, 26.

Ivory, 24.

Kumlien's, 27.

Laughing, 35.

Lesser Block-backed, 28.

Little, 36.

Mew. 33.

Nelson's, 27.

Pallas's, 30.

Point Barrow, 26.

Ring-billed, 33.

Ross's, 37.

Sabine's, 38.

Short-billed, 34.

Siberian, 29.

Slaty-backed, 29.

Swallow-tailed, 38.

Western, 28.
Gull-billed Tern, 38.
gundlachi, Dendroioa, 495.

Dcndroica petechia, 495.

Vireo, 478.
gundlachii, Mimus, 542.
Gundlach's Mockingbird, 542.
gustavi, Anthus, 537.
guttata, Melospiza fasciata, 432.
guttatus, Ammodramus rostratus,
410.

Harporhynchus, 544.
gutturalis, Compsothlypis, 481.

Helrainthophila ruflcapilla,
489.
gymnostoma, Jaeama, 183.
Gypagus, 219.

papa, 219.
Gyrfalcon, 246.

Black, 246,

Gray, 245,

White, 244.

Habia, 383, 444.

ludovioiana, 444.

Habia molanocephala, 445,
Hadrostomug albiventris, 325.
haemustica, Limosa, 164.
Hffimatopodidue, 143, 181.
Hasmatopus, 181.

ater, 183,

bachmani, 183,

galapagensis, 182.

leucopodus, 182,

ostralegus, 181.

pnlliatus, 182.
Haemophila humeralis, 426.
Hairy Woodpecker, 282.

Bahaman, 282,

Northern, 282,

Southern, 282,
Haitien Sparrow Hawk, 253,
HalitBctus, 223, 242,

albicilla, 243.

leucocephalus, 243.
haliaetus carolinensis, Pandion, 255.
Haliplana, 45.
HaloWna, 55.
Halocyptena, 56, 69,

microsoma, 69,
Halodromidse, 50.
hammondi, Empidonax, 344.
Hammond's Flycatcher, 344.
Happy Wren, 552.
harlani, Buteo, 231.
Harlan's iiawk, 231.
Harlequin Duck, 107.
Harporhynchus, 539, 543, 546.

bendirei, 543, 545.

cinereus, 544.

crissalis, 546.

curvirostris, 545.

occidentalis, 546.
palmeri, 545.

graysoni, 542, 543.

guttatus, 544.

lecontci, 546.

longirostris, 544.

ocellatus, 544.

palmeri, 543.

redivivus, 546.

rufus, 543.
Harpy Eagle, 242.
harpyia, Thraaaetus, 242.
harrisii, Dryobates villosua, 283.
Harris's Hawk, 229.

Sparrow, 415.

Woodpecker, 283.
Hartlaub's Sparrow, 426.
hasitata, Estrelata, 66.
hastatus, Megascops, 586.
Hawk, American Sparrow, 262.

Broad-winged, 236.

Cooper's, 228.

Cuban Sparrow, 253.

Duck, 247.

Haitien Sparrow, 253.

Harlan's, 231.

Harris's, 229.

Krider's, 232.

Marsh, 216.

One-handed, 229.

Pigeon, 250,

Red-breasted, 237.
-shouldered, 237.
-tailed, 232.

Sharp-shinned, 227.

610

Hawk, Short-tailed, 236.

Swainson's, 235.

White-tailed, 238.

Zone-tailed, 234.
Hawk Owl, 265.

American, 265.
Heath Hen, 203.
beermanni, Larus, 34.

Melospiza, 432.
fasciuta, 431.
Heermann's Gull, 34.

Song Sparrow, 431.
belenos, t'alypte, 312, 313.

Ortborbynchus, 313.

Trochilus, 313.'
Helinai brcvipennig, 479.
Helluaia, 481, 484.

swain.-'onii, 4S5.
Heliomaster spectabilis, 310.
Helminthopbila, 481, 485.

bacbmani, 487.

celata, 488.

lutescons, 489.

chrysoptera, 486.

cincinnatieusis, 487.

lawrcncci, 486.

leucobronchialis, 486.

lucite, 185, 490.

percgrina, 488.

pinus, 486, 487.

ruficapilla, 489.
gutturalis, 489.

Virginia}, 488, 490.
Helmitherus, 481, 485.

vermivorus, 485, 528.
Helodromas, 166.
heloisa, Trochilus, 315.
Heloise's Hummingbird, 315.
hemilcucurus, Campylopteru8, 304,

305.
Hemiproone, 302.
Hen, Heath, 203.

Lesser Prairie, 203.

Prairie, 203.
Henhawk, Cooper's, 230.
Henioorbina, 640.
Henri Delattre's Hummingbird,

310.
henrica, Ornismya, 310.
henrici, Cce'.igena, 310.
hensbawi, Chamaca fasciata, 666.
henslowi, Ammodramus, 412.
Henslow's Sparrow, 412.
Hepatic Tanager, 456.
hepatica, Piranga, 455.
Hepburn's Leucosticte, 394.
Hermit Thrush, 576.

Warbler, 613.
Herodias, 130.
herodias, Ardca, 129, 683.
Herodiones, 1, 122.
Heron, Brown, 131.

Cocoi, 129.

Oreat Blue, 683.

Green, 132.

Louisiana, 131,

Snowy, 130.

Streaked, 132.

Ward's, 129, 683.

WUrdemann's, 128, 683.
Herring Gull, 30.

American, 31.

INDEX.

Hesperiphona, 3S6.

besperis, Corvus americanus, 362.

Hesperocichla, 571, 573.

nievia, 578.
Heteraotitis, 148, 167.
brevipes, 168.
inuauua, 168.
hiaticula, ^gialitis, 177.
bieraalis paciticus. Troglodytes, 565.

Troglodytes, 555.
Hierofaloo, 244.
Himantopus, 146.
brasiliensis, 147.
mexicanus, 147.
himantopus, Micropalama, 152.
Hirundinidae, 457.
Hirundo bicolor, 461.
cbalybea, 459.
cyaneoviridis, 462.
fulva, 460.
melanogastcr, 460.
eaturata, 461.
tytlcri, 461.
zonaris, 302.
hirundo. Stoma, 43.
Histrionicus, 86, 107.
histrionicus, 107.
histrionicus, Histrionicus, 107.
Hoary Redpoll, 3U6.
holbcellii, Acantbis, 397.
Acanthis linaria, 397.
Colymbus, 5.
Holboell's Grebe, 5.

Redpoll, 397.
bolocblorus brevipes, Conurua, 270.

Conurus, 270.
bomochroa, Oceanodroma, 71.
Hooded Merganser, 89.
Oriole, 375.

Arizona, 376.
Warbler, 527,
hornbyi, Oceanodroma, 70.
Hornby's Petrel, 70.
Horned Grebe, 5.
Lark, 348.

Desert, 349.
Mexican, 349.
Pallid, 34S.
Prairie, 348.
Ruddy, 3 19.
Streaked, 349.
Texan, 349.
Owl, Arctic, 263.
Dusky, 263.
Great, 263.
Striped, 264.
Western, 263.
Puffin, 11.
hornemannii, Acanthis, 396.
exilipes, Acanthis, 396.
House Finch, 391.

Crimson-fronted, 391.
Guadalupe, 391.
Sparrow, European, 401.
Wren, 653,

Central American, 554.
Hudsonian Chickadee, 564.
Curlew, 171.
God wit, 164.
budsonioa. Pica pica, 362.
hudsonicus, Numenius, 171.
ParuB, 564.

hudsonius. Circus, 226.
humeralis, Agelaius, 371.

Amphispiza, 426.

Ila'mupbila, 426.

Lcistcs, 371,
Hummingbird, Admirable, 310.

Allen's, 314,

Anna's, 312,

Beautiful, 316.

Berylline, 317,

Black-chinned, 312.

Blue- tailed, 318.
-throated, 310.

Broad-billed, 319.
-tailed, 313.

Buff-bellied, 317.

Cabot's, 317.

Calliope, 316.

Cinnumomcous, 318.

Costa's, 312.

D'Oca's, 317.

Doubleday's, 320.

Elliot's, 316.

Floresi's, 315.

Grayson's, 318.

Heloise's, 315.

Henri Delattre's, 310.

Lawrence's, 320.

Lucifer, 316.

Magic, 320.

Maria's, 317.

Pale-grcen-throated, 810.

Princess Helena's, 313.

Rieffer's, 317.

Rivoli, 309.

Ruby-throated, 311.

Rufous, 314.

White-eared, 319.

Xantus's, 318.
hutchinsii, Branta canadensis, 117.
Hutchins's Goose, 117.
huttoni stephensi, Vireo, 477.
Hutton'a Vireo, 477.
Hydranassa, 131.
Hydrochelidon, 24, 46.

leucopareia, 47.

leucoptora, 47.

nigra, 46.

surinamcnsis, 47.
hyemalis carolinensis, Junoo, 433.

Clangula, 106.

Junoo, 422, 423, 424.

oregonus, Junco, 424.
Hylocbaris magica, 320.
Hylociohla, 573.
Hylophilus, 469, 478.

decurtatus, 479.

ochraceiceps, 479,

Ochraceous-fronted, 479.

Short-winged, 479.

thoracicus, 478,
hyperborea, Chen, 115,

nivalis, Chen, 115,
hyperboreus, Plectrophenax, 403.
hypocbrysea, Dendroica, 618,

Dendroica palmarum, 617.
hypoobrysous, Vireo, 478,
hypogeea, Speotyto cunioularia, 265.
hypoleuoa, Apheloooma oalifornioa,

356,
bypoleucog, Actitis, 170.

Tringa, 170.

INDEX.

611

hypoleuouB, Brachyrampbus, 15.

Molunotis, 539.
Hypolia, ;595.
hypopolius, Centurus, 202.

Melanerpea, 292.

Picua, 292.
hypopyrrha, Ampelia, 323.

lache, 308, 319.

doubledayi, 320.

latirostris, 319, 320.

lawrencei, 32U.

inagica, 320.
Ibididffi, 122, 123.
Ibis, aiossy, 124.

Peruvian Qlossy, 124.

Scarlet, 123.

White, 123.

White-faced Qlossy, 124.

Wood, 125.
ibis, Tantalus, 125.
Ice Petrel, 58.
Iceland Qull, 26.
Icteria, 482, 526.

virens, 627.

longicauda, 627.
Icteridte, 321, 365.
Icterinae, 365.
Icterus, 366, 372.

abeillei, 378.

abeillii, 378.

audubonii, 374.

bullooki, 378.

ououllatus, 374, 375, 376.
igneus, 376.
nelsoni, 376.

galbula, 377.

icterus, 373.

melanocephalus, 374.

parisorum, 373.

prosthemelas, 375.

spurius, 376.

wagleri, 374, 375.
icterus, Jvlerus, 373.
lotiaia, 222, 225.

mississippiensis, 225.

plumbca, 225.
igneus, Cardinalis cardinalis, 442.

Icterus ououllatus, 376.
iliaca mcgarhyncha, Passerella,
434.

Passerella, 434.

Bchistacea, Passerella, 434.

unalasohonsis, Passerella, 434.
iliacuB, Turdus, 576.
imbor, Urinator, 7.
imberbe, Ornithion, 346.

ridgwayi, Ornithion, 346.
immaculatus, Catharus, 671.
iuipennis, Plautus, 19.
Imperial Woodpecker, 281.
imperialis, Campephilua, 281.

Pious, 281.
Inoa Dove, 216.
inca, Scardafella, 216.
inoanns, Heteractitis, 168.
inoerta, ^strelata, 64.

Prooellaria, 64.
Indigo Bunting, 448.

indigotica, Passorina parellina, 447.
inornata, Compsothlypis, 492.

Compsothiypis pttiayumi, 492.

Parula, 492.
inomatus cineraceus, Parus, 561.

griseus, Parus, 562.

Parus, 561.
insolens, Myiodynastes audax, 332.
Insolent Flycatcher, 332.
insularis, Apheloooma, 356.

Compsothlypis, 492.

Junco, 425.

Myadestcs obsouras, 573.

Parula, 492.

Picus, 282.

Platypsaris, 325.

Troglodytes, 553.
intermedia, Euetheia olivaoea, 451.

Zonotrichia, 416, 417.
Intermediate Sparrow, 416.
intermedius. Troglodytes, 554.
intorpres, Arenaria, 180, 181.
involucris, Ardea, 127, 128.

Ardetta, 128.

Botaurus, 128.
lonornis, 136, 140.

martinica, 141.
Ipswich Sparrow, 407.
Iridoproone, 461.
irrorata, Diomedea, 52.
islandica, Olaucionetta, 105.
island us, Falco, 244.
Ivory-billed Woodpecker, 281.

Cuban, 281.

Guatemalan, 281.
Ivory Gull, 24.

Jabiru, 126.
Jacana, 183.

gymnostoma, 183.

Mexican, 183.
Jacanido), 143, 183.
Jaeger, Long-tailed, 23.

Parasitic, 22.

Pomarine, 22.
Jamaican Petrel, 66.
jamaicensis, ^strelata, 66.

(Estrelato, 66.

Porzana, 140.

Procellaria, 66.
Japanese Leucosticte, 395.

Waxwing, 465.
japonica, Ampelis, 465.

Bombicyvora, 465.
japonicus, Arapelis, 463.
Jardine's Woodpecker, 28?,.
Jardinii, Dryobatca viUoBUS, 283.

Picus, 283.
Jay, Alaskan, 360.

Arizona, 357.

Black-headed, 354.

Blue-eared, 357.
-fronted, 354.

Brown, 362.

California, 366.

Canada, 359.

Coronated, 366.

Couch's, 367.

Ciademed, 354.

Jay, Florida, 355.
Green, 358.
Labrador, 359.
Long-orested, 364.
Oregon, 360.
Pinon, 364.
Rocky Mountain, 360.
Santa Cruz, 366.
Sieber's, 358.
Steller's, 353.
Sumicbrast's, 356.
Ultramarine, 357.
Unicolored, 358.
Woodhouse's, 355.
Xantus's, 356.
Yellow-bellied Green, 388.
jugger, Falco, 246.
Junco, 385, 422.
aikeni, 422.
alticola, 424
annectcns, A'i^,
Arizona, 424.
bairdi, 425.
Baird's, 426.
caniceps, 423.
Carolina, 423.
cinereus, 423.

dorsalis, 423.

palliatus, 424.
Gray-headed, 423.
Guadalupe, 425.
Guatemalan, 424.
byemalis, 422-424.

carolinenais, 423.

Oregon us, 424.
insularis, 425.
Mexican, 423.
Oregon, 424.
Pink-sided, 42'. .
Red-backed, 423.
Slate-colored, 422.
White-winged, 422.

Kadiak Pine Grosbeak, 388.
kadiaka, Pinicola enucleator, 388.
Kamtschatkan Barn Swallow, 461.

Scoter, 112.

Sea Eaglu, 243.

Skylark, 347.

Wagtail, 634.
Kaup's Redstart, 530.
kennicottii, Megascops asio, 262.
Kennicott's Screech Owl, 262.

Willow Warbler. 667.
Kentucky Warbler, 520.
Key Webl Quail-dove, 206.

Vireo, 475.
kidderi, (Estrelata, 67.
Killdeer, 174.
Kingbird, 328.

Arkansas, 330.

Cassin's, 330.

Couch's, 329.

Gray, 329.

Great-bill id, 328.

Thick-billed, 329.
King Eider, 110.
Kingfisher, Belted, 279.

Great Rufous-bellied, 270.

612

INDEX.

'.1

H«

Kingfisher, Texnn, 279.
Kinglet, Cuvier'ii, 568.

Dusky, 568.

Qolden-orowned, 567.

Ruby-crowneU, 568.

AVestorn Golden-crowned, 568.
King Rail, 138.

Mexican, 138.
King Vulture, 219.
kirtiandi, Dcndroica, 514.
Kirtland's Warbler, 514,
Kite, Everglade, 226.

Mississippi, 225.

Plumbeous, 225.

gwallovT-tailed, 224.

White-tailed, 225.
Kittiwake, 25.

Pacific, 25.

Red-legged, 25.
kittlitzii, Brachyramphus, 15.
Kittlitz's Murrelet, 15.
Knot, 153.

Kowak Chickadee, 591.
Krider's Hawk, 232.
kuhlii, Puflinus, 59.
kumlieni, Larus, 27.
Kumlien's Gull, 27.

Labrador Duck, 107.

Jay, 359.
labradorius, Camptolaimus, 107.
lachrymosa, Eutnlypis, 483.
Ladder-backed Woodpecker, 284.

Cabot's, 284.
Lafresnaye's Chimney Swift, 303.
Lagopus, 185, 198.
lagopus, 199, 200.

alleni, 199.
leuourus, 202.
rupestris, 200, 201.
atkhensis, 201.
nelsoni, 201.
reinhardti, 200.
welchi, 201.
lagopus alleni, Lagopus, 199.
Archibuteo, 240.
Lagopus, 199, 200.
sanrM-johannis, Archibuteo,
2il.
Lampornis, 304, 307.
mango, 274.
violicauda, 274.
Lamprolalma, 304.

rhami, 304.
Laniida:, 323, 465.
Laniocera, 323.

sanguinaria, 323.
Lanius, 465.

borealis, 466.

sibiricus, 466.
oayanus, 323.
excubitorides, 467, 468.
ludovicianus, 467, 468.
excubitorides, 467.
gambeli, 467.
Tar. robustus, 468.
major, 466.
robustug, 468.
LsniTireo, 472.

Lanivireo orassirostris, 476.
Lapland Longspur, 404.
Lapp Owl, 260.
lapponica baueri, Limosa, 163.

Limosa, 163.

Scolopax, 163.
lapponicum, Sootiaptex cinereum,

260.
lapponious, Caloarius, 404.
Lapwing, 172.
Large-billed Puffin, 11.

Sandpiper, 153.

Sparrow, 410.

Vireo, 476.
largipennis, Trochilus, 305.
Laridoi, 20, 23.
Larinae, 23.
Lark Bunting, 453.

Sparrow, 414.

Western, 414.
Larus, 23, 25.

affinis, 29.

argentatug, 30, 32.

smithsonianus, 31.

atricilla, 35.

barrovlanus, 26.

brachyrhynchus, 34.

cbchinnans, 30, 31.

californicus, 31, 32.

canus, 33.

delawarensis, 32.

franklinii, 36.

fusous, 28.

glaucescens, 27.

glaucus, 26, 28.

heermanni, 34.

kumlieni, 27.

leucopterus, 26, 27.

marinus, 28.

minutus, 36.

nelsoni, 27.

occidentalis, 28, 29.

Philadelphia, 36.

schistisagus, 29.
latifasciata, Piranga lencoptera,

457. *

latirostris, lache, , 320.

Pachyrhamphus, 324, 325.

Platypsaris, 325.
latissimus, Buteo, 230.
Laughing Gull, 35.
lawrencei, laohe, 320.

Mlmus, 542.

gilvus, y,, 542.

Spinus, 399.
lawrenceii, Myiarchus, 335.

olivasoens, Myiarchus, 335.
lawrencii, Helminthopbila, 486.

Thryothorus, 552.
felix p., 552.
Lawrence's Flycatcher, 335.

Gnatcatcher, 569.

Goldfinch, 399.

Hummingbird, 320,

Warbler, 486.
Laiuli Bunting, 447.
Leach's Petrel, 71.
Lead-colored Bush-Tit, 666.
Least Auklet, 13.

Bittern, 127.
Azara's, 128.
Cory's, 127.

Least Bittern, European, 127.
Flycatcher, 343.
Petrel, 69.
Sandpiper, 168.
Tern, 46.
Vireo, 478.
leclanchcri, Passerina, 440.
Leclancher's Bunting, 449.
lecontei, Harporhynchus, 546.
leconteii, Ammodramus, 412.

" Coturniculus," 410.
Le Conte's Sparrow, 412.
Leconte's Thrasher, 546.
leei, Centurus, 293.

Melanorpca, 293.
Lee'g Woodpecker, 293.
Leistes humernlis, 371.
lembeyi, Polioptila, 571.
lentiginosuH, Botaurus, 120.
Leptopclicanus, 82.
Lesser Black -backed Gull, 28.

Fulmar, 57.

Man-o'-War Bird, 83.

Prairie Hen, 203.

Scaup Duck, 103.

Snow Goose, 115.

lessoni, JE.strelata, 63.

Procellaria, 63.
lessonii, Momotus, 278.
Lesson's Motmot, 278.

Petrel, 63.
Lestris antarcticus, 21.

antaroticus var. b. chilensis,
21.
leucobronchialig, Helmintbophila,

486.
leucooapillus, Anous, 48.
leucocephala, Columba, 212.
leucoeephalus, Halireetus, 243.
leucogaster, Penelope, 208.
leucogastra, Ortalida, 208.

Ortalis, 208.

Polioptila, 669.

Sylvia, 569.

Troglodytes, 540.
leucoloema, Otocoris alpestris, 348.
leuoomelas, Dryobates villosus, 282.

Procellaria, 62.

Puffinus, 62.
leucopareia, Hydroohelidon, 47.

Sterna, 47.
i..acophrys, Zonotrlchia, 415-417.
leucopodus, Hoimatopus, 182.
leucopsis, Branta, 116, 117.
leucoptera, ,£strelata, 65.

Hydroohelidon, 47.

latifasoiata, Piranga, 467.

Loxia, 393.

Melopelia, 214.

Piranga, 457.

Procellaria, 65.

Pyranga, 457.
leucopterus, Larus, 26, 27.
leuoorhoa, Oceanodroma, 71.
Leucostiote, 383, 393.

Aleutian, S93.

arotoa, 396.

atrata, 394.

australis, 896.

Black, 394.

Brown-capped, 395.

brunneinuoba, 896.

INDEX.

613

Loucosticte, Oray-crowned, 394.

grlHeonucha, 393.

Hepburn's, 394.

Japanese, 395.

littoralis, 394.

Silvery-winged, 395.

tephrocotis, 394, 395.
leucostictus, Cyphorhinus, 540.
leuooatriatus, Bydytes flavus, ;»u5.
leucotis, Basilinna, 319.

TroohihM, 319.
leuourus, E'anus, 225.

lagopus, 202.
levaillantii, Amazona, 587.

Chryaotia, 5H7.
Lewis's W(H)dpecker, 291.
LimicolsD, 143.
Limosa, 149, 162, 167.

fedoa, 163.

heemastioa, 164.

lapponica, 163.
baueri, 163.

limosa, 164.
limosa, Limosa, 164.
Lirapliin, 136.
linaria, Acanthis, 397.

holboellii, Aoanthis, 397.

rostrata, Acanthis, 397.
lincolni, Melospiza, 433.
Lincoln's Sparrow, 433.
lineata, Thalassidroma, 56.
lineatus alleni, Buteo, 237.

Buteo, 237.

elegans, Buteo, 237.
lineola, Myiopaitta, 269.
Linnet, Brewster's, 398.
Lipangus, 323.
Lipaugus, 323.
Little Bla«k Hawk, 235.

Blue Heron, 130.

Brown Crane, 135.

Flycatcher, 343.

Oull, 36.

Ring Plover, 177.
littoralis, Corvus, 361.
Corvus oorax var., 361.

Leucosticte, 394.
tephrocotis, 394.
lobatuS; Phalaropua, 145.
looulator, Tantalus, 125.
Loggerhead Shrike, 407.
lomvia, Uria, 18.
Long-billed Curlew, 170.
Dowitcher, 151.
Marsh Wren, 556.
Thrasher, 544.

-crested Jay, 354.

-eared Owl, 257.

-eared Owl, American, 257.

-tailed Chat, 627.
Chickadee, 563.
Jaeger, 23.

•toed Stint, 158.
longicauda, Bartramia, 169.

Icteria virens, 527.
longicaudus, Stercorarius, 23.
Longipennes, 1, 20.
longirostris crepitans, Rallus, 137.

HarporhynohuB, 544.

Numenius, 170.

Baturatus, Rallus, 137.
longirostris, Troobilus, 305.

Longspur, Chestnut-collared, 405.

Lapland, 404.

MoCown's, 406.

Smith's, 405,
Loon, 7.

Black-throated, 7.

Pacific, 8.

Red-throated, 8.

Yellow-billed, 7.
Lopbodytes, 84, 89.

cucullatus, 89.
Lophophanes, 560.
Lophortyx, 192.
Louisiana Clapper Rail, 137.

Heron, 131.

Tanagor, 456.

Water-Thrush, 519.
Loxia, 382, 392.

canora, 451.

'ourvirostra bendirei, 392.
minor, 392.
stricklandi, 392.

enucleator, 388.

leucuptera, 393.

minor, 392.
luoasanus, Dryobatcs scalaris, 285.
lucaysiensis, Myiarchus, 334.

Tyrannula (Myiarchus) stolida
var., 334.
luoi», Helrainthophiln, 485, 490.
Lucifer Hummingbird, 316.
lucifer, Troohilus, 316.
Lucy's Warbler, 490.
ludoviciana, Habia, 444.

Piranga, 456.
ludovicianua excubitorides, Lanius,
467.

gamboli, Lanius, 467.

Lanius, 467, 468.

miamcnsis, Thryothonis, 550.
lugens, Motaoilla, 532, 634.
lugubria, Corvus, 361.
lurame, Urinator, 8.
Lunda, 8, 10.

cirrbata, 10.
lunifrons, Petrochelidon, 460.
luteiventris, Myiodynastee, 332.
lutescens, Helminthophila oelata,

489.
Lutosoent Warbler, 489.
lutosus, Polyborus, 254.
luxuoaa oyanocapilla, Xanthoura,
358.

Xanthoura, 368.

Macao, Ara, 587.

Psittaeus, 587.
Macaw, Military, 586.

Red Yellow and Blue, 587.
maocalli, Ortalis, 209.
Ortalis vetula, 209.
macgillivrayi, Bulweria, 69.

Oeothlypia, 522.

Thalassidroma, 69.
Macgillivray's Petrel, 69.

Warbler, 622.
Maoroobiree, 297.

macrolopha, Cyiinocitta stoUeri,

macromystax, Antrudtomus, 298,
299.

Caprimulgus, 298.
maoronyx, Pipilu, 438, 439.
Maororhamphus, 149, l&O, 151.

griseus, 151.

scolopuceus, 151.

semipalmatus, 151.
macroui'u, Ortyx, 184.

Zcnaidura, 213.
macrourus, Quiscalus, 381.
maculariu, Aotitis, 170.
maculuta, Tringa, 150, 160.
maculatus arutious, Pipilo, 437.

mcgalonyx, Pipilo, 437.

oregonus, Pipilo, 437.

Pipilo, 436.
maculipectus canobrunneus, Thryo-
thorua, 552.

Thryothorus, 552.

umbrinus, Thryothorus, 552.
maculosa, Dendroioa, 498.
Magenta Petrol, 64.
magentte, iGstrcIata, 64.
Magic Hummingbird, 320.
magioa, Hylocharis, 320.

lache, 320.
magiater, Myiarchus mexicanus,
333.

Vireo, 470.

Vireosylvia, 470.
magna mexicana, Stumella, 372.

neglecta, Stumella, 372.

Stumella, 372.
magniroatria, Tyrannus, 328.
Magnolia Warbler, 498.
Magpie, 351.

American, 352.

yellow-billed, 352.
maguari, Ardea, 125.
Majaqueua, 55.
major, Bathmidurua, 326.

Lanius, 466.

Pachyrhamphus, 326.

Puffinus, 59.

Quiscalus, 381.
Mallard, 91.
Mandarin Duck, 99.
mandtii, Ceppbus, 16.
Mandt's Guillemot, 16.
mango, Lampornis, 274.

Troohilus, 307.
Mangrove Cuckoo, 274.

Warbler, 495.
Man -o'- War Bird, 83.

Leaser, 83.
Manx Shearwater, 60.
Marbled Godwit, 163.

Murrelet, 16.
Mareca, 95.
maria, Troohilus, 317.
mariaB, Amazilia, 317.
Maria's Hummingbird, 317.
marila. Anas, 103,

Aythya, 103.

nearctioa, Aythya, 103.
Fuligula, 103.
mariloidea, Fuligula, 103.
marina, Pelagodroma, 72.
marinus, Larus, 28.

^^^

614

maritima, Tringa, 153, 154.
maritimuH, Aiuiuu<lrainu8, 413.
markbanii, Cymooborea, 71.

Oceanodi oina, 71.
Markhani'8 Fetrvl, 71.
mariuuralus, lirauliyramphus, 15.
Harah Hawk, ?2U.

Sparrow, Beijing's, 409.
Bryant's, 4(IU,

Wren, Long-billed, 556.
Short-billed, 656.
Southern, 656.
Martin, Cubun, 469.

Ciray-brcusted, 469.

Purple, 469.
martinica, Columba, 213.

Geotrygon, 216.

lonornid, 141.
uartinicana, Zenaida, 213.
Maryland Yellow-throat, 523.
Masked Bob White, 189.

Duck, 114.
Mai"8«--'\ Partridge, 194.
ma iim i, Stcrnr, 10.
Max.iuilian's Unatcatcher, 569.
maxwellitc, Megascops asio, 262.
maynardi. Cocuyzus, 274.

Dryobates villoaus, 282.

Vireo noveboracensis, 475.
Maynard's Cuckoo, 274.
Mazatlan Robin, 578.

Solitaire, 573.

Thrasher, 645.

Woodpecker, 285.

Yellow-throat, 526.
mocallii, Meguscops asio, 261.
mccownii, Khynchophanes, 406.
McCown's Longspur, 406.
McKay's Snowflake, 403.
Meaduwlark, 372.

Mexican, 372.

Western, 372.
Meadow Pipit, 636.
Me^alestris, 20.

antarcticus, 21.

chilensis, 21.

skua, 21.
megalonyx, Pipilo maoulatus, 437.
Megaquiscalus, 380.
mogarnyncha, Passerellailiaca, 434.
Megascops, 266, 260, 686.

asio, 261.

floridanus, 261.
kennicottii, 262.
maxwellisB, 262.
mccallii, 261.
triohopsis, 261.

brasilianus, 686.

flammeolus, 262, 586.

hastatus, 586.
Melanerpes, 280, 290.

aurifrons, 294.

blakei, 292.

oarolinus, 293.

dubius, 293.

elegans, 292.

erythrocephalns, 290.

formioivorus, 291.
angustifrons, 291.
bairdi, 291.

hypopolitts, 292.

leei, 293.

INDEX.

Molanernes nyeanus, 202.
pucnerani, 291.

merganser, Merganser, 88.

Mergus, 88.

pygmouus, 293.

Merginu), 84.

rubriventris, 293.

Mergus, 84, 90.

santa-cruzi, 294.

albellus, 90.

superciliaris, 292.

merganser, 88.

torquatus, 291.

Merlin, 249.

uropygialis, 294.

Black, 250.

melania, Ocutinodroua, 70.

Richardson's, 251.

Mulimitta, 111.

Morula, 571, 577.

melanocophala, Aronaria, 181.

conflnis, 578.

Ilubia, 445.

flavirostris, 578.

melanocephalus. Icterus, 374.

graysoni, 578.

Psarocolius, 374.

graysoni, 578.

Trogon, 277.

migratoria, 367, 577.

melanocorys, Calamospiza, 463.

propinqua, 577.
mesoleucus, Pipilo fuscus, 440.

melanogastur, Cymochorea, 72.

Cyuiodroina. 72.

Methriopterus, 643.

liirundo, 460.

curvirostris occidentalis, 545.

Petrochclidon, 460.

Mew Gull, 33.

Thalassidroma, 72.

Mexican Black Hawk, 239.

melanogastra, Thalassidroma, 72.

Cardinal, 442.

uiolanogonys, Anous, 48.

Chickadee, 662.

melanoleucus, Micropus, 303.

Cliff Swallow, 460.

Totanus, Kij.

Cormorant, 79.

melanopo, Motacilla, 634.

Creeper, 658.

melanophrys, DiomeJea, 61, 52.

Created Flycatcher, 333.

melanops, Ucothlyj :s, 624.

Crossbill, 392.

Mela-.oritila, 639.

glabrirostris, 639.

Crow, 363.

Duck, 92.

Melanotis, 539.

Goldfinch, 399.

cierulesccns, 639.

Goshawk, 240.

hypolcucus, 639.

Grassquit, 451.

Psaltriparus, 665.

Ground Dove, 586.

melanurus, Kynchops, 49.

Honey Creeper, 480.
Horned Lark, 349.

Meleagrince, 206.

Meleagria, 206, 206.

Jaoana, 183.

cristata, 207.

Junco, 423.

gallopavo, 207.

King Rail, 138.

mexicana, 207.

Meadowlark, 372.

ocellata, 207.

Quail-dove, 217.

melitophrys, Vircolanlus, 469.

Raven, 361.

meloda, ^gialitis, 178.

Road-runner, 273.

oircumolncta, ^gialitis, 178.

Screech Owl, 261.

melodia var. mexicana, Melospiza,

Solitaire, 573.

432.

Song Sparrow, 432.

Melodious Orassquit, 451.

Sparrow, 428.
Towhee, 436.

Melopelia, 210, 214.

leucoptcra, 214.

Trogon, 276.

Melospiza, 386, 430.

Turkey, 207.

cinerea, 432.

Urubitinga, 238.

fasciata, 431.

Whippoorwill, 298.

fallax, -132.

mexicana, Certhia familiaris, 558.

guttata, 432.

Certhiola, 480.

heermanni, 431.

Fringilla, 390, 391.

mexicana, 432.

Orus, 135.

montana, 431.

Meleagris gallopavo, 207.

ruflna, 432.

Melospiza fasciata, 432.

samuelis, 431.

melodia var., 432.

georgiana, 433.

Peucsea, 428.

heermanni, 432.

Sialia, 581

lincolni, 433.

Spinu- ' '9.

melodia var. mexicana, 432.

Strix,

ruflna, 432.

Sturn. -iia, 372.

samuelis, 432.

moxicanoiu olaptes, 2"6.
mexioanus, i' . 264.

Merganser, 84, 88.

American, 89.

Carpodaous, .t91.
Catherpes, 648,54..

americanus, 89.

Hooded, 89.

Cinolus, 538.

merganser, 88.

conspersua, Catherpes, 649.

Red-breasted, 89.

Corvus, 363.

serrator, 89.

Falco, 247.

INDEX.

615

mexionniiii frontalis, Carpodacus,
■A'H.

Ilirniintopiiii, 147.

maj^ister, Myiarchus, 333.

Muiuotus, 27H.

Myiarchiia, 333.

Phiilacrooonix, 79.

Psilorhinua, 352, 301.

punctulatug, Catherpes, 549.

ryroocphalus rubineus, 345.

rubcrrimiis, Carpodacus, 391,

Trogon, 27fl.
miameniiis, Tbryothorus ludovioia-

nus, 550.
Miorathcne, 257, 266.

graysoni, 267.

wbitnoyi, 207.
microcephala, Sylvanla, 527.
Micropalama, 140, 152.

himantopua, 152.
MioropodidoB, 297, 302.
Micropodinic, 302.
Micropua, 302, 303.

melunoleucua, 30.3.
microaoma, Halocypicnn, 69.
migratoria, Morula, 357, 577.
migratioriua, Ectopiatea, 212.
militaria, Ara, 580, 587.

Psittacua, 587.
Military Macaw, 586.
Milvulus, .326, 327.

forficatus, 328.

tyrannus, 327.
Miminie, 538.
Mimodos, 539, 542.

grayaoni, 5(.'?.
Mimua, 539, 541.

gilvus, y. lawrcncei, 542.

gracilis, 542.

gundlachli, 512.

lawrencei, 542.

polyglottua, 541.
miniata Jlaminca, Sctophaga, 530.

Setophaga, 530.
minima, Uranta uanadenais, 117.
miniraua californicua, Pealtriparua,
5CJ.

Empidunax, 343, 344.

grindie, Psaltripaiua, 565.

Psaitriparus, 564.
minor, Coocyzus, 274.

Fregata, 83.

Fulmarus glacialis, hi,

Loxia, 392.

curvirostra, 392.

Pelecanus, 83.

Philohela, 150.
minuta, Ardea, 127.

Tringa, 158.
minutilla, Tringa, 158.
minutua, Botaurua, 127.

Corvua, 363.

Larua, 36.
Mirador Barred Owl, 258,

Yellow-throat, 526.
Mississippi Kite, 225.
misaisaippienais, Ictinia, 225.
mitrata, Sylvania, 527, 628.
Mniotilta, 480, 483.

borealis, 484.

varia, 484, 528.
borealie, 484.

MniotiltidoD, 322, 480.
niucinno, Pharomachrua, 275.
Mocliingbird, 511.

Gundlach'a, 542.

Tehuantepeo, 542.

Yucatan, 542.
moUia, ^atrelata, 63.

Prooellaria, 63.
mollisaima borealia, Somateria, 109,

110.
Molothrua, 365, 367, 689.

iBneua, 367, 589.

ater, 367.

obacurua, 367.
molybdophanea, Ptiliogonys cine-

reus, 464.
momota, Rampbaatoa, 277.
Moinotidee, 277.
Momotua, 277.

coeruleioepa, 278.

lesaonii, 278.

mcxicanua, 278.
mongola, iilgialitia, 179.
Mongolian Plover, 179.
luonocerata, Ccrorhinca, 12.
montana, iligialitis, 176.

Corthia, 558.

familiaria, 558.

Columba, 217.

Fringilla, 402.

Qcotrygon, 217.

Meloapiza faaciata, 431.
montanua, Oroacoptea, 541.

Paaser, 402.
montezuniEB, Cyrtonyx, 194.
monticola oobraoea, Spizella, 418.

Spizella, 417.
morcomi, Dcndroica SDstiva, 494.
inorcllcti, SpoiophiV-'- 450.
Morellct'a Seedeai<ji, 450.
morio, Pica, 352.

Psilorhinua, 352.
moaohata, Anas, 87, 100.

Cairina, 100.
Motacilla, 532.

alba, 533.

calendula, 568.

flava, 535.

lugena, 532, 534.

melanope, 534.

ocularis, 533.

petechia, 495.
motacilla, Seiurua, 519.
MntacilHdte, 322, 532.
Motmot, Blue-crowned, 278.

Lesson's, 278.

Rufous-crowned, 278.
motzfeldi, Cepphua, 17.
Mountain Bluebird, 682.

Chickadee, 562.

Partridge, 191.

Plover, 176,

Solitary Vireo, 473.

Song Sparrow, 431.
Mourning Dove, 213.

Warbler, 521.
murinua, Paittaoua, 260.
Murre, 18.

BrUnnioh'g, 18.

California, 18.

Pallag'a, 18.
Murrelet, Ancient, 14.

Murrclct, Craveri'a, 15.

Kittlitz'a, 15.

Marbled, 15.

Partridge, 15.

Short-billed, 16.

Tcmminck'g, 14.

Xantua'a, 15.
Muacicapa audax, 332.

sagru), 334.

aimplex, 323.
Muacipeta carbsDa, 339.
MuBcovy Duck, 100.
inuatolinua, Turdua, 573-676.
Myadestes, 571, 572.

obscurus, 573.

insularis, 573.
occidcntal'a, 573.

townsendii, 572.

unicolor, 573.
Myadestinae, 571.
Mycteria, 125.

americana, 126.
Myiarchus, 327, 332.

brachyurua, 334.

cincrajicena, 333.

crinitua, 333.

flaDimulatua, 332, 3.35.

lawrenccii, 335.
olivaacena, 335.

lucaysiensis, 334.

mcxicanua, 333.
magiater, 333.

nuttingi, 334.

platyrhynchug, 335.

sagres, 334.

yucatanenaiR, 334.
Myiodynaateg, 320, 331.

audax, 332.

insolcns, 3.32.
nobilis, 332.

lutciventria, 332
Myiopsitta, 269.

lincnl' 269.
Myiozetetes, 327, 331.

tcxcnsis, 331.
Myrtle Warbler, 497.
mystacalis, Ainphispiza, 426.

Zonotrichia, 426.

ntevia, Hesperocichla, 578.
nsevius, Nycticorax nycticorax, 133.

Seiurus,* 519.
Narrow-billed Flycatcher, 344.
Narrow-fronted Woodpecker, 291.
Nashville Warbler, 489.
nosicua, Corvua, 363.
Nassau Yellow-throat, 524.
nativitatis, Pufflnus, (52,
nebularius, Tetanus, 165.
nebulosum alleni, Syrnium, 269.

sartorii, Syrnium, 258.

Syrnium, 259.
neglecta, iEstrelata, 67.

Procellaria, 67.

Stumella, 372,
magna, 372.

* -• Beiurus noTeboraceniU.

616

INDEX.

'i^

^-^-.^

Neglucted Petrol> 67.
neglectu8, Purus rufesceng, 5A4.
nclsuni, Aminodraiuus cauJauutu8,
413.

Icterun cucuDatug, 376.

Iiagupus rupestrig, 201.

Lnrus, 27.
Xelgun'g Gull, 27.

Ptarmigan, 201.

Sparr-.-w, 413,
Keochiot, 403.

Lrevipunnis, 468,
Neocoryg, .'>37,
Neofalco, 248.
neo\cna, Ardetta, 127.
ucoxenus, Uotai rug, 127.

Trogon, 275.
nereis, Procfllftria, 56.
Netta, 86, 100.

rufina, 100.
Nettion, 93.

nuvadinsiit, Amphispiza belli, 427.
Kicaraguan Crested Flycalober,334.
n!ger, Cypseloides, 302.
Nijlitliawk, 301.

v"uban, 301.

Ttxan, 301.

Wcsiorn, 301.
Niglii Horon, Black-crowned, 133.

Yellow-crowned, 133.
nigra. Anas, III.

Ilydroclielidon, 46.

Oidcniia, 111.

Pene'.ope, 208.

Sternii, 46.

surinainonsig, Hydroobelidon,
47.
nigresocns, Ammodramu?, 413.

Dcndroica, 607.
nigricang, Drnnta, 118.

Sayornis, .'!3B.
nigricapillus, Porigoreue canadensis,

350.
nifrieops, Polioptiliv, 570.
nigricollis californioug, Colymbus, 6.

Colyinbus, 6,

Podieepg, 0.
nigrilora, Compsothlypis, 491, 492.
nigrijien, Dioiiiedca, 61.
nigrogularis, Colinug, 190.

Ortyx. 100.
nilotina, (Jclochelidon, 38.
nitcn^, Phnin<ipcpla, 405.
nitida, Asturina, 240.
nitidug, Falco, 240.
nivalis, Chen liyporborea, 115.

riootrophenax, 402.

townNcndi, Pleutrophenaz, 403.
nivoa, Procellaria, 55,
nivosa, ^ginlitig, 178,
nobilig, Myiodynactob audaz, 332,
Noble Flycatcher, 332.
Noddy, 48.

Blank-cheeked, 48.

Slender-billed, 48.

White-crowned, 48.
Nomonyx, 87, 114.

dominious, 114.
Northern Hairy Woodpecker, 282.

Phalarope, 145,

Raven, 361.

Shrike, 466.

Northwest Crow, 363.
Northwestern Flicker, 296.
notabilis, Seiurus noveboraocnsig,

619.
Tiotatus. Spinug. 400.
notostiuta, Peucaca, 430.
noveboraeonsig notabilis, Seiurus,
519.

Porzana, 140.

Poiurus, 519.

Vireo, 475.
nuchalis, Sphyrapicus varius, 288.
Numcninas, 149.
Numenii.s, 149, 167, 170.

borealis, 171.

hudsoniciig, 171.

longirogtris, 170.

pha^opus, 171

tahitiensis, 171.
Nutcracker, Clark'g, 3fi4.
Nuthati'.h, Browu-beaded, 560.

Pygniy, 560.

Rod-breasted, 566.

Slender-billed, 669.

White- bre.isted, 669.
i^uttalli oalifurnicus, Phalaonopti-
lus, 688.

Dryobatcs, 285.

nitidus, Phaieenoptilus, 588.

Phaltcnoptilug, 299, 588.

Pica, 352.
Nuttall'g Woodpecker, 285.
Nut:;ilornis, 337.
nuttingi, M;'iLrchus, 334.
Nutting's Flycatcher, 334.
Nyctftla, 250, 260.

acadioa, 260.

tcngmalmi, 260.

richardsonii, 260.
Nyctalops stygius, 257.
Nyotanassa, 584.
Nyctea, 266, 264.

nyctea, 264.
nyctea, Nyctea, 264.
Nycthorodius, 133, 684.
Nycticorax, 126, 132.

nyotlcorax neeviug, 133.

violaoeus, 133.
Nyctidromus, 297, 300.

albioollis, 300.
nyeanus, Centurus, 292.

Mclancrpeg, 292.
Nye's Woodpecker, 292.

Oaxaca Sparrow, 430.
obgoura, Anag, 91, 92.

Dondragapug, 195, 196.

Procellaria, 61.
obsourug, Den<iragapug, 195.

Einpidonax, 344.

fuliginosug, Dendragapus, 196.

ingularis, Myadostcs, o73.

Molothrug ater, 367.

Myadestes, 673.

ocoidentalis, Myadeetes, 673.

PorisoreuB, 360.

Pufflnug, 61.

Regulus, 568.

riohudionii, Dendr»gapiu,lO0.

obgoletus, Rallus, 137.

Salpinctes, 548.
obtcctus, Parue cinctus, 564.
ocai, Auiuzilia, 317.
occidentale, Syrnium, 259.
ocoidentalis, .^chmopborus, 4.

Ardea, 128.

Branta canadensis, 117.

Certhia, 558.

familiarig, 557, 558.

Coccyzug americanug, 273.

Dcndroica, 513.

Ereunctes, 162.

Geothlypis, 523.

trichas, 52.3, 524.

Harporhynchus curvirostris,
545.

Larus, 28, 29.

Methriopterug ourvirostrig,545.

Myade^tog obscurus, 573.

Parus ntricapillus, 563.
oceanicug, Oceanites, 71.
Ocoanites, 56, 71.

gracilis, 71.

oceanicug, 71.
Oceanitinae, 66.
Oceanodroma, 66, 70.

cryptolcuoura, 71.

furcata, 70.

honiociiroa, 71.

hornbyi, 70.

Icucorhoa, 71.

markhami, 71.

uelania, 70.
ooellata, Mclcagris, 207.
Oocllatnd Partridge, 194.

Thrasher, 544.

Turkey, 207.
ocellatus, Cyrtonyx, 194.

Harporhynchus, 544.

Ortyx, 194.

sumichrasti, Cyrtonyx, 194.
ochracea, Spizclla monticola, 418.
ochraeeice]>g, Ilyloj)hilu8, 479.
Ochraccous-fronted Hylophilu8,479.

-ruinpcd Seedeater, 450.

Viroo, 476.
ochraceus, Vireo, 476.
ochropus, Totanus, 166.

Tringa, 166.
Oohthodrotnug, 175.
ocularis, Mntacilla, 533,
Odontogloggae, 1, 121.
(Duanthe, Buxicola, 580.
(Enopg pernigra, 221.
OSstrelata brevirostris, 66.

externa, 68.

gularis, 67.

jaDiaiccngig, 60.

kidderi, 67.

phwopygia, 65.

sandwiclicngls, 6S.
Oideinia, 86, 110.

amoricana. 111.

deglandi, 112.

deglandli, 112.

fuses, 112.

nigra, HI,

perspioillata, 118.

8ti\jnogeri, 112.
Old-squaw, 106.
oliraoea, Dendroioft, 494.

Ri^illl

INDEX.

617

oliraoea, Emherir i, 451.
Euetheia, 451.
puailla, Euetheia, 451.
Oliraoeouj Flycatcher, 333.
olivaoeus, Rogulus satrapa, 568.

Vireo, 4(W, 470.
ohvascens, Myiarchus lawrenceii,

335.
Olive-backed Thrush, 575.

-sided Flycatcher, 337.

Warbler, 494.
Olor, 88, 120.

bewiokii, 120.

buccinator, 120.

oolumbianus, 120.

oygnus, 120.
One-banded Hawk, 229.
onocrotalus, Peleoanus, 81.
Oporornis, 520.

furmosa, 487.
Orange-crowned Warbler, 488.
oratrix, Amazona, 587.
Orchard Oriole, 376.
Oregon Chickadee, 563.

Jay, 360.

Junoo, 424.

Ruffed Grouse, 198.

Towhee, 437.
orogonus, Junco hyemalis, 424.

Pipilo inaculatud, 437.
Oreophasinad, 208.
Oreophasis, 208.
Oreortyx, 185, 190.

pictus, 191.

plumiferus, 191.
Oreothlypis, 481.

guperciliosa, 481.
OrioU, Abciile'8, 378.

Arizona Hooded, 376.

Audubon's, 374.

Baltimore, 377.

Black-headed, 374.

Bullock's, 378.

Fiery, 376.

Hooded, 375.

Orchard, 376.

Scott's, 373.

Strickland's, 375.

Wag!<ir's, 375.
Orizaba Yellow-throat, 525.
ornatus, Calcarius, 405, 406.
Orniamya aboillei, 304,

cinnamoinea, 318.

eximia, 304.

henrica, 310.

pauipa, 304.

rhami, 304.
Ornithion, 327, 345.

iiuborbo, 346.

ridgwayi, 346.
Oroscoptos, 538, 541.

niontanus, 541.
Orphoud cwrulescons, 539.
Ortalida cinorolocps, 209,

louooga»tra, 208.

ptuniboiflops, 200.

poliooophala, 200.

wagleri, 208.
Ortalis, 208.

cineroioeps, 209,

dorbinnus, 208.

leuoogaatra, SOS.

Ortalis maccalli, 209.
plumbeicepg, 209.
poliocephala, 209.
votula, 2UP.

pallidiventris, 209.
plumbeicepg, 209.
wagleri, 208.
Orthorhynchus helente, 313.
Ortyx castuneus, 187.
coyolcos, 189.
cubanensis, 188.
elegans, 193.
fasciatus, 193.
macroura, 184.
nigrogularis, 190.
ocellatus, 194.
pectoralis, 189.
oryzivorus albinucha, Dolichonyx,
366.
Dolichonyx, 366.
Oscinos, 321.
Osproy, American, 255.
Ossifraga, 53, 67.
gigantea, 57,
ossifragus, Corvus, 363.
ostralogus, Htcmatopus, 181.
Otocoris, 346, 347.
alpestris, 343.

arenicola, 349.
chrysoluDina, 349.
giraud'., 349.
leucoloima, 343.
praticola, 348.
rubua, 349.
strigata, 349.
otus, Asio, 257.
Strix, 257.
Oven-bird, 518.
Owl, Amerioan Barn, 255.
Hawk, 265.
Arctic Horned, 26.3.
Barred, 259.
Burrowing, 265.
California Screech, 262.
Dusky Horned, 263.
Elf, 267.

Ferruginous Pygmy, 266.
Flammulatod Screech, 262.
Florida barred, 269.
Burrowing, 265.
Screech, 261.
Groat Gray, 259.
Horned, 163.
Hawk, 265.

Konnioott's Screech, 262
Lapp, 260.
Lnng-carod, 257.
Mexican Screech, 261.
Mirai'o Bitrrod, 268.
Pygmy, 206.
Riohards(m's, 260.
Rooky Mountain Screech, 262.
Saw-whct, 200.
Screech, 261.
Short-earml, 258.
Snowy, 201.
Socorro Elf, 267.
Spotted, 269.
Striped Horned, 264.
Stygian, 267.
Tengmalm's, 260.
Texan Soroeoh, 201.

Owl, Western Horned, 263.
Oxyeohus, 174.
Oysiter-catcher, 181.

American, 182.

Black, 183.

Galapagos, 182.

White-footed, 182.

Pachyrhamphns, 323, 325.

cinnamomeus, 326.

latiroatris, 324, 326.

major, 326.
pachyrhyncha, Rhynchopsitta, 269.
Pachyrhynchus aglaio), 324.

cuviori, 325.
Pacific Eider, 110.

Fulmar, 57.

Godwit, 163.

Golden Plover, 174.

Kittiwake, 25,

Loon, 8.

paciticuB, Troglodytes hiema-
Us, 555,

Urinator, 8.
pacifica, Trin^a alpina, 160.
Ppgodroma, 56.
Painted Bunting, 449.

Redstart, 529.
Pale Vireo, 478.
Pale-greon -throated Hummingbird,

310.
pallasii, Turdus aonalaschko), 570.
Pallas's Cormorant, 81.

Gull, 30.

Murre, 18.
pallons, Vireo, 478.
pallesccns, Chamtopolia passerina,
var., 580.

Columbigallina passerina, 585.
palliatus, Ilumatopus, 182.

Junco cinereus, 424.
Pallid Horned Lark, 348.

Wren-Tit, 566.
pallida, Spizella, 421.
pallidicinctus, Tympnnuchus, 203.
pallidiventris, Ortalis vetula, 209.
Palm Warbier, 517.

Warbler, Yellow, 517.
palmarum, Dendroiua, 482, 517, 518.

hypochrysca, Dcndroica, 517.
palmcri, Harporhynohus, 64.3.

Harporhynchus ourvirostris,
545.
Palmer's Thrasher, 545.
palpcbralis, (Icothlypis, 526.
paludicola, Cistothorus paiustria,

556.
PaludioolBD, 134.
palustria, C'atothorus, 556.

paludicola, Cistothorus, 556.

QuisoaluB, 381.

var. paludicola, Cistothorui,
556.
nampa, Urnismya, .304.
Pandion, 218, 224, 254.

haliafe'tu. oarolinsnais, 255.
papa, Gypagus, 219.

Vulture, 219.
Parabuteo, 223, 228.

618

Parabuteo nnicinotus, 220.

unicinctus harrisi, 220.
paradisaea, Sterna, 43, 44, 45.
Parakeet, Aztec, 270.
Green, 270.
Petz's, 270.
Socorro, 270.
Parasiuo Jaeger, 22.
parasiticus, Stercorarius, 22.
Parauque, 300.
parellina, Cyanoloxia, 446.
indigotica, Passerina, 447.
Passerina, 446.
Paridas, 322, 658.
i'arinoB, 658,
parisorum. Icterus, 373.
paikmanii, Troglodytes aedon, 554,

566.
Parkinan's Wren, 554.
Paroquet Auklct, 12.
Paroquet, Carolina, 270.
Parrot, Autumnal, 587.
iilue-crowncd, 687.
Double Yellow-head, 687.
Finach's, 587.
Thick-billed, 209.
White-fronted, 688.
Yellow-lored, 588.
Partridge, Banded, 193.
Black -faced, 193.
California, 192.
Elegont, 193.
Gambel's, 193.
Masscna, 194.
Mountain, 191.
Murrelet, 15.
Ocellated, 194.
Plumed, 191.
Salle's, 194.
Scaled, 191.
Val'cy, 192.
Parula, Central American, 492.
inornatn, 492.
insularis, 492.
Tres Marias, 492.
Warbler, 491.
Parus, 568. 500, 662.
atricapillus, 663.

orcidcntalis, 663.
p< ptontrionalis, 563,
atricrii<tatu8, 661.

oastnnoifrons, 661.
bioolor, 661.

texonsis, 661.
oarolinoniiiH, 562.
oinotus .ibtcetus, 664.
gambcli, 562,
nudsonious, 564,
inornatus, ;;61.

cineraeeiis, 661.
griscus, 562.
meridiiinali!), 562.
rufcsccns, 564.

ncglor^tus, 564.
stonnyi, 591.
wollwebori, 562.
pKrvn, Spormonhila, 460.
parvirostr'.g, ^strelata, 65.

Prooellaria, 65.
parvui>, Dryobatos soalarii, 284.

Picug, 284.
Passenger Pigeon, 213.

INDEX.

Passer, 382, 401.
arctous, 396.
domestious, 401, 402.
montanus, 402.
Passerculus, 407.
Posserella, 384, 433.
ilia«a. 434.

megarhyncha, 434.
schistacea, 434.
unalaschcensis, 434.
schistacea, 434.
unalaschcensis, 434.
Paaaeres, 321,
Passerina, 385, 446, 447.
nmcena, 447, 44S.
ciris, 449.
cyanea, 448.
leclanoheri, 440.
parellina, 446.

indigotica, 447.
rositsa, 449.
sumichrasti, 447.
versicolor, 448.
pulchra, 448,
passerina bahamenais, Columbigal-
lina, 686.
Columbigallina, 215, 685.
pallescens, Columbigallina, 586.
socorroensis, Columbigallina,

586,
var, pallescens, ChameDpelia,
686.
passerinus, Ammodramus savanna-
rum, 411.
Psittacus, 269.
PavoncoUa, 148, 168.

pugnax, 168.
Pealea, 56.
poalci, Ardea, 131.

Falco percgrinus, 248.
Peclc's Egret, 131.
Falcon, 248.
Petrel, 67.
Pectoral Sandpiper, 156.
pectoralis, Colinus, 189.

Ortyx, 189.
Pediocivtcs, 185, 203.
phasianellus, 204.
campestris, 204.
columbianus, 204.
Pelagic Cormorant, 80.
pelagica, Aqulla, 243.
Chietura, 303.
Procellaria, 70.
pelagicus, Phalacrocorax, 80.

rcsplcndens, Phalacrocorax, 80.
robudtHS, Phalacrocorax, 80.
ThalHssoaotuH, 243.
Pelagodroma, 56, 72.

marina, 72.
PeleoanidiB, 73, 81.
Polecanus, 81.

californicuB, 82,
erythrorhynchos, 82.
fusoia, 82,
minor, 83,
onocrotaluH, 81,
Pelican, American White, 82.
Brown, 82.
California Brown, 82.
Pclidnu, 159.
Polionetta, 113.

pelzelni, Oranatellus, 483.
Pelzeln's Shearwater, 60.
Penelope, 207.

leucogaster, 208,

nigra, 208.

poliocephala, 209.

vetula, 209.
penelope, Anas, 96.
Penelopes, 184.
Penelouina, 208.
penicillatus, Phalacrocorax, 79.
pennsylvanica, Dendroica, 450.
pensilvanicua, Anthus, 635, 536.
Perdicina;, 184.
Perdix, 184.

perdix, 184.
perdix, Brachyramphus, 15.

Cepphus, 15.

Perdix, 184.

Tetrao, 184.
peregrina, Helminthophila, 488.
Peregrine Falcon, 247.
peregrinus anatum, Falco, 247.

Falco '^17.

pealei, Falco, 248.
Perisoreus, 361, 358.

canadensis, 359.
capitalis, 300.
fumifrons, 360.
nigrinapillus, 369.

obscurus, .^OO.
Perissoglossn, 4U2.
pernigra, Cntliartcs, 221.

(Enops, 221.
perpallidus, Ammodramus savan-

narum, 411.
personatn, Callipcpla, 193.
personiitus, Philortyx, 193.
porppicillnta, Oidcmia, 113.
pcrspieillatu.i, Phalacrocorax, 79, 81.

i)ertinax, Cuntopus, 337.
Peruvian Booby, 75.

Glossy Ibis, 124.
Petarchy, Bahanian, 331.
Pftaaophora, 306.
Pctchora Pipit, 537.
petcoliii\, Dcndroicn, 495.

Motacilla, 496.
Petrol, Arminjon's, 65.

Ashy, 71.

Atlantic, 66.

Black, 07, 70.

-bellied Storm, 72.
-capped, 00.

Bulwer'H, 09.

Dark-runipcd, 66.

Do Filippi's, 08.

Downy, 63.

Fisher's, 68.

Fork-tiiiled, 70.

Galapagos Storm, 70.

Graceful, 71,

Hornby's, 70.

Ice, 58.

Jamaican, 66.

Leach's, 71.

Least, 69.

Lesson's, 63,

Muogillivray's, 60.

Magenta, 64.

Markham's, 71.

Negleoted, 67.

\m\.

Petrel, Peale'g, 67.
Pintado, B9.
Salvin's, 68.
Sandwich Island, 71.
Scaled, 68.
Schlegel's, 64.
Short-billed, 66.
Small-billed, 63.
Storm, 70.
Thick-billed, 64.
Trinidad, 66.
Tropical, 72.
White-bellied, 72.
-faced, 72.
-winged, 65.
Wilson's, 71.
Petrochelidon, 457, 469.
albilinea, 462.
fulva, 460.

poeciloma, 460.
lunifrons, 460.
melanogaster, 460.
petzii, Conurus, 270.

Sittace, 270.
Veti'a Parakeet, 270.
PeucBBa, 386, 427.
ffistivalis, 427.

bachmani, 428.
arizonae, 428, 604.
botterii, 428.
boucardi, 429.
oarpalis, 430.
cassini, 428.
mexioana, 428.
notostiota, 430.
ruficops, 429.

boucardi, 429.
eremoeca, 429.
Peuoedramus, 493.
Phaethon, 73, 74.
tethereus, 74.
flavirostria, 74.
rubricauduB, 74.
Phacthontidse, 73.
Phteoptila, 309.
phaaopus, Numenius, 171.
phaeopygia, ^strelata, 63.

(Estrelata, 63.
Phmthornis, 304.
Phaeton rubrioauda, 74.
Pbainopepla, 463, 463.

nitens, 465.
Phalacrocoraoidsa, 73, 77.
Phalacrooorax, 77.
carbo, 78,
dilophua, 78.

albociliatus, 78.
oincinatus, 78.
floridanus, 78.
mexicanus, 79.
pelagious, 80.

resplendens, 80.
robustua, 8().
penicillatus, 79.
porspioillatus, 70, 81.
urilo, 80.
phalwnoidoa, Qlaucidium, 266.
PhalicnoptiluB, 297, 299, 388.
uuttalli, 299, 388.
oalifornioui, 588,
nitidus, 688,
Phalarope, Northsrn, 143.

INDEX.

Phalarope, Red, 144.

Wilson's, 143.
Phalaropodidse, 143.
Phalaropus, 143, 144.

lobatus, 146.

tricolor, 143.
PhaleriniB, 7.
Phaleris, 13.
Pharomachrus, 273.

mocinno, 273.
phasianellus oampestris, Pediocffi-
tes, 204.

columbianus, Pediocsetes, 204.

Pediooajtes, 204.
Phasianidse, 184, 203,
Phaaianinae, 203.
Phaaianus, 206.

colchicus, 205, 206.

soemraerringii, 206.

torquatus, 206.

versicolor, 206.
Pheasant, 206.

Copper, 206.

Qreen, 206.

Ring-necked, 206.
Philacte, 88, 118.

canagica, 118.
Philadelphia, Oeothlypis, 521, 522.

Larus, 36.
Philadelphia Vireo, 471.
philadelphicus, Vireo, 471.
Philohela, 147, 150.

minor, 130.
Philortyx, 193.

uersonatus, 193
Phoeoastria, 31.
Phoebe, 336.

Black, 336.

Say's, 336.
nhcebe, Sayornis, 336.
Phcebetria, 50, 53.

fuliginosa, 53,
phoeniceus, Agelaiua, 369, 370.

bryanti, Agelaiua, 370.

Cardinalia, 441, 443.

sonorirnsis, Agelaius 370.
PhcenicopteridaB, 121.
Phoenicupterua, 121.

ruber, 121.
PhyHobasileuB, 568.
Phyllupaeustea, 366.

boroalis, 367.
Pica, 350, 331.

beechoii, 330.

formoaa, 330.

niorio, 352.

nuttalli, 352.

pica, 331.

hudaonica, 352

sanblaoiana, 330.

aicberii, 358,
plea, Corvus, 331.

hudaonica, '"ioa, 333.

Pica, 361.
Piei, 280,
PiuioorvuH, 331, 364.

columbianus, 304.
Picidre, 280.
Piooidoa, 280, 286,

americanuR, 187.
alaacenais, 287.
donalii, 287.

619

Picoides arcticua, 287.

picta guatemaln, Setophaga, 530.

Setophaga, 529.
pictus, Calcariua, 404, 405.
Oreortyx, 191.
plumiferus, Oreortyx, 191.
Picus arizonaa, 286.
bairdi, 285.
dubiua, 293.
elcgana, 292.
formicivorus, 291.
guatemalensis, 281.
hypopoliua, 292.
imperialis, 281.
inaularis, 282.
jardinii, 283.
parvus, 284.
scalaris, 284.

var. grayaoni, 285.
scapularis, 290.
Strickland!, 286.
superciliaris, 292.
Pied-billed Grebe, 6,
Pigeon, Uand-tailed, 211.
Passenger, 212,
Red-billed, 211.
White-crowned, 212.
Pigeon Guillemot, 17.

Hawk, 230.
Piloated Woodpecker, 289.
pileatus, Ceophloeua, 289.
pileolata, Sylvania pusilla, 323.
Pilcolated Warbler, 528,
Pine Grosbeak, 388.

American, 388.
Kadiak, 383.
Siskin, 400.
Warbler, 514.
Cuban, 515.
pinetorum, Spizella, 419.
Pine-woods Sparrow, 427.
Pinicola, 382, 387,
canadensis, 388.
enucleator, 388.

canadensis, 388.
kadiaka, 388.
flammula, 388,
pinicola, Turdus, 572.
Pink-footed Shearwater, 39.
-headed Warbler, 531.
-aided Junco, 424.
pinnata, Ardea, 127.
pinnatus, Botaurug, 127.
Pifion Jay, 364.
Pintado Petrel, 69.
Pintail. 98,

Bahama, 08.
pinua, Hclminthophila, 486, 487.

S] inua, 400.
Pipilo, 384, 433.
aberti, 441.
albicullia, 439.
albigula, 441.
arcticua, 437.
oarmani, 438.
chloroaoma, 438.
ohlorurua, 439.
oomplexus, 4dO.
oonaobrlnus, 437.
erythrophthalmua, 436, 438,
430.
Klloui, 436.

620

INDEX.

Pipilo fuscus, 440.

albigula, 440.
cri88alis, 441.
mesoleucus, 440.

macronyx, 438, 439.

maculatus, 436.
arcticus, 437.
megalonyx, 437.
oregonus, 437.

rutilus, 439.

Bubmaculatus, 438.
Piping Plover, 178.

Plover, Belted, 178.
Pipit, American, 536.

Meadow, 536.

Petchora, 537.

Red-throated, 537.

Sprague's, 537.
Piranga, 453, 589.

bidentata, 456.

erytbrucephala, 456.

erytbromelas, 454.

figlina, 455.

flainmea, 457.

bepatica, 455.

leucoptera, 457.

latifasciata, 457

ludoviciana, 456.

roseigularis, 455.

rubra, 454.

cooperi, 454.

rubriceps, 589.

testaeea, 455.
piscator, Sula, 76.
Pitangus, 326, 330.

bahamensis, 331.

dcrbianus, 331.
pityopbila, Dendroica, 515.

Sylvicola, 515.
plagiata, Asturina, 240.
Plain Titmouse, 661.
Plataleidffi, 122.
platycercus, Selasphorus, 304.

Trocbilus, 313.
Platypsaris, 323, 324.

aglniie, 324.

albiventriH, 325.

insularis, 325.

latirostris, 325.
Platypus borealis, 109.
platyrhyncbus, Alyiarohus, 335.
Plautus, 10, 19.

irapennis, 10.
Plectrophenax, 382, 402.

hyperboreuB, 403.

nivalis, 402.

townsendi, 403.
Plegadis, 123.

autumnalis, 124.

guaraunii, 124.

ridgwayi, 124.
Plover, American Oolden, 174.

Black-bellied, 173.

Golden, 173.

Mongolian, 179.

Mountain, 176,

Ring, 177.

Rufous-napcd, 175.

Semipalmated, 176.

Snowy, 178.

Wilson's, 176.
plumbea, lotinia, 226.

plumbea, Polioptila, 570.
plumbeiceps, Ortalida, 209.

Ortalis, 209.
vetula, 209.
Plumbeous Gnateatcher, 570.

Kite, 225.

Vireo, 474.
plumbeus, Falco, 225,

Psaltriparus, 564, 565.

Vireo solitarius, 474.
Plumed Partridge, 191.
plumiferus, Oreortyx pictus, 191,
Pochard, 101,
Podasocys, 175.
Podiceps, 6.

nigricollis, 6.
podiceps, Podilymbus, 6.
Podicipidae, 1, 4.
Podilymbus, 4, 6.

podiceps, 6.
poeoiloma, Petrooholidon fulva, 460.
Poecilonctta, 98.
Point Barrow Gull, 26.
poliocephala, Geothlypis, 482, 525,
526.

Ortalida, 209.

Ortalis, 209.

Penelope, 209.
Polioptila, 566, 568.

albiloris, 569.

albiventris, 669.

bilineata, 570.

caDrulea, 669.

Cffisiogastcr, 569

californica, 570.

lembeyi, 571.

leucoftnstra, 569,

nigriccpg, 570,

plumbea, 570.
Polioptilina;, 322, 566,
Polyborus, 224, 253.

cheriway, 264.

lutosus, 264.

tharus, 264.
polyglottos, Mimus, 641.
polygluttus, Cistothorus, 660.

Thryothorua, 556.
Polynesian Tatler, 168.
Pomarino Jneger, 22.
pomarinus, Stercorarius, 22,
PoocBDtes, 384, 406,

gramineus, 406,
conflnis, 407.
Poor-will, 299, 588,

Frosted, 588,
Porrana, 136, 139.

Carolina, 139,

jamaicensis, 140,

coturniculus, 140.

novcboracensis, 140.

porKHna, 139.
porzana, Porzana, 139.
Prairie Falcon, 247.

Hon, 203.

Lesser, 203.

Horned Lark, 348.

Sharp-tailed Grouse, 204.

Warbler, 516.
pratensis, Anthus, 636.
pratioola, Otncoris alpestris, 848.
pratincola, Strix, 256.
princeps, Ammodramui, 407.

Princess Helena's Humm.ngbird,

313.
principalis bairdi, Campephilus,
281.

Campephilus, 281.

Corvus corax, 361.
Priocella, 58.
Priofinus, 58.
Prion, 55.

turtur, 55.
Procellaria, 36, 69,

ajquinoctialis, 66.

antarctioa, 68.

aterrima, 67.

atlantica, 66.

brevirostris, 66.

caorulea, 66.

cookii, 65, 65.

gelida, 58.

grisea, 67.

gularis, 67, 68.

incerta, 64.

jamaicen!>is, 66.

lessoni, 63.

leucoraelas, 62.

leucoptera, 63, 66.

mollis, 63.

neglecta, 67.

nereis, 66.

nivea, 55.

obscura, 61.

parvirostris, 65.

pelagica, 70.

rostrata, 64.

tetbys, 70.

vittata, 56.
Procellariidae, 50, 63.
Procellariinse, 53.
Progne, 457, 458.

chalybea, 469.

cryptoleuca, 459.

dominicensis, 459.

subis, 459.
proplnqua, Morula migratoria, 677.

Vircosylvia, 472.
propinquus, Vireo, 472.
prosthcmelas, Icterus, 375.

Xanthornus, 376.
Prothonotary Warbler, 484.
Protonotnria, 481, 484.

citren, 484.
Prybilof Sandpiper, 164.

Snowflake, 403.
psaltria arizono:, Spinus, 309.

Columbiana, Spinus, 398.

mexicana, Spinus, 399.

Spinus, 399.
Pealtriparus, 658, 564.

melanotis, 566.

minimus, 564.

californicus, 565.
grindic, 666.

plumbeus, 664, 666.
Psarocolius seneus, 580.

molnnooephalus, 374.
Pseudogryphus, 219, 220.

caltfornianus, 220.
Pseudoprion, 65.
Pseudoscolopas, 161.

semipalmatuB, 161.
PsouddtnntaluB, 125.
Psilorhinui, 850, 352.

INDEX.

621

Psilorhinus cyanogenys, 352.
mexicanus, 352, 361.
morio, 352.
Psittaoi, 268.
PsittacidiB, 268.
Psittiioula, 269.

brasiliensis, 269.
cyanopyga, 269.
psittaeulus, Cyclorrhynchus, 12.
Psittacus albifrons, 588.
autumnalis, 587.
macao, 587.
militaris, 587.
murinus, 269.
passerinus, 269.
pulvorulentus, 269.
pyrrhopterus, 268.
Ptaruigan, Allen's, 199.
Greenland, 200.
Nelson's), 201.
Rock, 200.
Turner's, 201.
Welch's, 201.
White-tailed, 202.
Willow, 199.
pterocles, Faico, 237.
rtiliogonys, 464.
caudatus, 464.
cinereus, 464.

molybdophanea, 464.
ptilocnemis, Tringa, 154.
Ptilogonatinae, 463.
Ptychoramphus, 9, 12.

alouticus, 12.
pubescens, Dryobatcs, 283, ?86.
gairdnerii, Dryobatcs, 283.
pucherani, Melanerpes, 291.
Troohilus, 306.
Zebrapicus, 291.
Pucheran's Woodpecker, 291.
puella, Trogon, 276, 277.
Puffin, 11.

Horned, 11.
Large-billed, 11.
Tufted, 10.
Puffinus, 55, 58, 59.
assimilis, 61.
auduboni, 60.
borealis, 59.
carneipes, 62.
ohiororhynchus, 62.
cinereus, 58.
oreatopus, 59,
•legans, 61.
gavia, 60.
golidus, 58.
griseus, 61,
kuhlii, 59.
leucomelas, 62.
major, 59.
nativitatis, 62.
obsourus, 61.
puffinus, 60.
■phenurus, 62.
ttricklandi, 61.
tonebrosug, 60.
tenuirostris, 62.
puffinus, Puffinus, 60.
pugnax, Pavoncella, 168.
pulchra, Calothorax, 316.

Pasaerina versicolor, 443.
Troohllus, 316.

pulverulentus, Psittacus, 269.
Purple Finch, 389.

California, 390.
Cassin's, 390.
Oallinule, 141.
Grackle, 379.
Martin, 459.
Sandpiper, 153.
purpureus californicus, Carpodacns,
390.
Carpodaous, 389, 390.
pusilla arenacea, Spizella, 420.
Euetheia, 451.

olivacea, 451.
pileolata, Sylvania, 528.
Sitta, 560.

Spizella, 419, 420, 422.
Sylvania, 528.
Tiaris, 451.
pusillus, Kmpidonax, 343.
Ereunetes, 161.
Simorhynchus, 13.
Vireo, 478.
Vireo bellii, 478.
pygmaea, Sitta, 560.
pygmseus, Empidonax fulvifrons,
345.
Eurynorhynchua, 160.
Melanerpes, 293.
Simorhynchus, 13.
Pygmy Nuthatch, 560.
Owl, 266.

Ferruginous, 266.
Woodpecker, 293.
Pygopodes, 1, 4.
Pyranga bidentata, 456.
erythrooephala, 456.
figlina, 455.
leucoptera, 457.
roseigularis, 455.
rubriceps, 539,
testacea, 455.
Pyrooephalus, 327, 345.

rubineus mexicanus, 346.
pyrrhopterus, Psittacus, 268.
Pyrrhula, 382. 388.

cassini, 389.

Pyrrhuloxia, 382, 443.

sinuata, 444.

Quail, European, 186.
Quail-dove, Blue-headed, 217.

Key West, 216.

Mexican, 217.

Ruddy, 217.
Querquedula, 92.
querula, Znnotrichia, 414, 415,
Quetzal, 275.
quinquestrinta, Amphispiza, 426.

Zonotrichia, 426.
Quiscalinee, 36(1.
Quiscalus, 366, 379.

graysoni, 381.

maorourus, '381.

major, 381.

palustris, 381.

quiscula, 379, 380.
BBneus, 380.
aglwuB, 380.

Quiscalus tenuirostris, 381.
quiscula seneus, Quiscalus, 380.

aglaeus, Quiscalus, 380.

Quiscalus, 379, 380.

Rail, Belding's, 133.
Black, 14U.
Clapper, 137.
Farralone, 140.
King, 138.
Virginia, 138.
Yellow, 140.
RaHidBB, 134, 136.
Rallinae, 136.
Rallus, 136.

beldingi, 138.
elegans, 138.

var. tenuirostris, 138.
longirostris crepitans, 137.

saturatus, 137.
obsolctus, 137.
tenuirostris, 138.
virginianus, 138.
Ramphastos momota, 277.
Raptores, 218.
Raven, 361.

Bering's, 362.
Mexican, 361.
Northern, 361.
White-necked, 362.
Razor-billed Auk, 18.
Recurvirostra, 146.

americana, 146, 147.
andina, 146.
Recurvirostridce, 143, 146.
Reddish Egret, 131, 584.
Red Warbler, 531.
Red yellow and blue Macaw, 687.
Red-backed Junco, 423.
Sandpiper, 160.
-bellied Redstart, 530.
Woodpecker, 293.
-billed Pigeon, 211.
Tropic Bird, 74.
-breasted Hawk, 237.
Merganser, 89.
Nuthatch, 560.
Sapsucker, 289.
-cockaded Woodpecker, 283.
-eyed Cowbird, 589.

Vireo, 470.
-faced Cormorant, 80.

Warbler, 631.
-footed Booby, 76.
-headed Tanagor, 456.
Woodpecker, 290.
-legged Kittiwake, 26.
-naped Sapsucker, 288.
-necked Grebe, 5.

Phalarope, 144.
-shafted Flicker, 296.
-shouldered Hawk, 237.
Hawk, Florida, 237.
-spotted Bluetbroat, 579.
■tail, St. Lucas, 233.

Western, 2.33.
-tailed Hawk, 232.

Tropic Biru, 74.
-throated Loon, 8.

622

INDEX.

Hf:

Red-throated Pipit, 537.

-wing, Bahaman, 370.
Cuban, 371.
Sonoran, 370.
Vigors's, 371.

winged Blackbird, 369.
Thrush, 576.
Redhead, 101.

redivivus, Harporhynchus, 546.
Redpoll, 397.

Greater, 397.

Greenland, 396.

Hoary, 396.

llolbceH'g, 397.
Redstart, American, 529.

Kaup's, 530.

Painted, 529.

Red-bellied, 530.

Sharpe's, 530.
Regulinse, 566.
Regulu8, 566, 567.

calendula, 568.

cuvieri, 568.

obscurus, 568.

satrapa, 567, 563.
aztecus, 591.
olivaceus, 568.
regulns, Falco, 249.
reinhardti, Lagopus rupestria, 200.
reaplendens, Phalacrocorax pelagi-

cus, 80.
rhami, Lamprolaima, 304.

Ornismya, 304.
Rhinoceros Auklet, 12.
Rhinoptynx,263.
Rhodinocichia, 539.

rosea, 539.

schistacea, 539.
rhodocolpus, Carpodaous, 391.

Carpudacus frontalis, 391, 594.
Rhodoatethia, 23, 37.

rosea, 37.
Rhyacophilus, 166.
Rhynohodon, 247.
Rhynchofaico, 251.
Rhynchophanes, 383, 406.

mcuownii, 406.
Rhynchopsitta, 268, 269.

paohyrhyncha, 269.
I'iccordi, Troohilus, 306.
richardsoni, Nyctala tengmalmi,

260.
richardsonii, Contopus, 33b.

Dendragapus obscurus, 196.

Falco, 251.
Richardson's Grouse, 196.

Merlin, 251.

Owl, 260.
ridgwayi, Colinus, 189, 585.

Falcinellus, 124.

Ornithion imberbe, 346.

Plegadis, 124.

Urubitinga, 238.
Ridgwayia, 572.
Ridgway's Flycatcher, 346.
Rieff'er's Hummingbird, 317.
Ring Plover, 177.

Azara's, 179.

Little, 177.
Ring-billed Gull, 32.

-necked Duck, 104,
Pheaiant, 206.

ringvia, TJria, 17.
riparia, Clivicola, 463.
Rissa, 23, 24.

brevirostris, 25.

tridactyla, 24, 25.
pollicaris, 25.
Rivoli Hummingbird, 309.
Road-runner, 272.

Mexican, 273.
Robin, American, 577.

Mazatlan, 578.

St. Lucas, 578.

Trea Marias, 578.

Western, 577.
robustus, Callothrus, 589.

Lanius, 468.

ludovicianus, 468.

Phalacrocorax pelagicus, 80.
Rock Ptarmigan, 2U0.

Sparrow, 429.

Wren, 648.

Guadalupe, 548.
Rocky Mountain Creeper, 558.
Jay, 360.
Screech Owl, 262.
rodgersii, Fulmarus glacialia, 68.
Rodgers's Fulmar, 58.
rosea, Rhodinocichia, 639.

Rhudostethia, 37.
Roseate Spoonbill, 123.

Tern, 44.
Rose-breasted Grosbeak, 444.

-throated Becard, 324.
Tanager, 455.
roseigularis, Piranga, 456.
roseus, Furnarius, 539.
rositffi, Cyanospiza, 449.

Passerina, 449.
Rosita's Bunting, 449.
rossii, Chen, 115.
Ross's Gull, 37.

Snow Goose, 115.
rostrata, Acanthia linaria, 397.

iEstrelata, 64.

Oeothlypis, 624.

Procellaria, 64.
rostratus, Ammodramus, 410.

guttatus, Ammodramus, 410.
Rostrhamus, 222, 225.

sociabilis, 226.
Rough-log, Ferruginous, 241.
Rough-legged Hawk, 240.

Hawk, American, 241.

-winged Swallow, 463.
Royal Tern, 40.
rubca, Otocoris alpeatris, 349.
ruber, Ergaticus, 531.

Phoenicoptcrus, 121.

Spbyrapicus, 289.
ruborrimus, Carpodaeus mexicanus,

391.
rubicundus, Empidonax fulvifrons,

345.
rubida, Erismatura, 113.
rubineus mexicanus, Pyrocephalus,

346.
rubra oooperi, Piranga, 454.

Crax, 207.

Quara, 123.

Piranga, 454.
rubricauda. Phaeton, 74.
rubrioaudus, Phab'tbun, 74.

rubrioeps, Piranga, 690.

Pyranga, 690.
rubrifrons, Cardellina, 531.
rubriventris, Centurus, 293.

Melanerpes, 293.

pygmaeus, Centurus, 293.
Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 563.

-throated Hummingbird, 311.
Ruddy Duck, 113.

Flycatcher, 345.

Horned Lark, 349.

Quail-dove, 217.
rufa, Ardca, 131, 584.
rufalbus, Thryuthorus, 540.
rufescens, Ardea, 584.

neglectus, Parua, 564.

Parus, 664. .
Ruff, 168.
Ruffed Grouse, 197.

Canadian, 198.

Gray, 198.

Oregon, 198.
ruficapilla gutturalis, Helmintho-
phila, 489.

Helminthophila, 489.
ruficeps boucardi, Peucaja, 429.

eremceca, Peucaea, 429.

.Pcucsea, 429.
ruficoUis, Ardea tricolor, 131.

Tringa, 158.
rufifrons, Basileuterus, 532.

Setoi)haga, 532.
rufina, Melospiza, 432.

Melospiza fasciatc, 432.

Netta, 100.
rufinucha, ^gialitis wilsonia, 175.
rufinuuhus, ^gialitis wilsonia var.,

175.
rufipennis, Cniumbigallina, 215.

Talpacotia, 215.
rufipileus, Colaptes, 296.
rufivirgiita crassirostris, Emberna-
gra, 435.

Embernagra, 435.

verticalis, Embernagra, 435.
rufociliatus, Troglodytes, 554.
Rufous Becard, 326.

Ground Dove, 215.

Hummingbird, 314.
Rufous-browed AVren, 554.

-crested Duck, 100.

-crowned Motmot, 278.
Sparrow, 429.
Warbler, 532.

-naped Plover, 175.

-winged Sparrow, 430.
rufus, Harporhynchus, 543.

Trochilus, 314, 315.
rupestris atkhensis, Lagopus, 201.

Lagopus, 200, 201.

nelsoni, Lagopus, 201.

reinhardti, Lagopus, 200,
Rueset-backed Thrush, 575,
rusticola, Scolopas, 140.
rusticolus, Falco, 245.

gyrfaloo, Falco, 246.

obsoletus, Falco, 246.
Rusty Blackbird, 379.

Song Sparrow, 432.
ruticilla, Setophaga, 483, 629.
rutilus, Pipilo, 439.
Rynohopidsa, 20, 48.

INDEX.

623

Rynchops, 48, 49.
melanura, 49.
melanurus, 49.

Sabino'g Gull, 38.
Biibini, Bonasa umbollus, 198.
sabinii, Xeina, H7, 38.
Sage Grouse, 205.

Sparrow, 427.

Thrasher, 641.
sagrae, Muscicapa, 334.

Myiarchua, 334.
sniicicolus, Turdus fusoescens, 574.
gallKii, Cyrtonyx, 194.

Granatellus, 482.
Salle's Partridge, 194.
Salpinctcs, 540, 547.

guadeloupensis, 548,

obsolctus, 548.
galvini, Einpidonax, 341.
Salvin'g Flycatcher, 341.

Goldflneh, 400.

Petrel, 68.
samuelis, Melospizs, 432.

Melospiza fasciata, 431.
Samuels's Song Sparrow, 431.
sanblasiana, Pica, 350.
Sanderling, 162.
Sandhill Crane, 135.
Sandpiper, Aleutian, 154.

Baird's, 157.

Bartramian, 169.

Bonaparte's, 157.

BufT-brcasted, 169.

Common, 170.

Cooper's, 157.

Curlew, 160.

Green, 166.

Large-billed, 153.

Least, 158.

Pectoral, 156.

Purple, 153.

Prybilof, 154.

Red-backed, 160.

Semipalmated, 161.

Sharp-tailed, 155.

Solitary, 166.

Spoon-bill, 160.

Spotted, 170.

Stilt, 152.

Western, 162.

Wood, 166.
sandvicensis acuflavida. Sterna, 40.
Sandwich Island Petrel, 71.
Sandwich Sparrow, 408.
sandwichensis alaudinus, Ammo-
dramus, 409.

Ammodramus, 408, 400.

bryanti, Ammodramus, 400.

(Estrelata, 65.

savanna, Ammodramus, 408.
sanguinaria, Laniocera, 323.
Santa Cruz Jay, 366,
santa-oruzi, Centurus, 294.

Melanerpeg, 294.
Santa Cruz's Woodpecker, 294.
Sapsuokcr, Ked-broasted, 289.

Red-naped, 288.

Sapsucker, Williamson's, 289.

Yellow-bellied, 288.
Sarcoramphi, 218.
Sarcorhamphus, 218.
sartorii, Syrnium nebulosum, 258.

Syrnium nebulosum, var., 258.
satrapa, Regulus, 567, 568.

aztecus, Regulus, 691.

olivaoeus, Regulus, 5C8.
saturata, Hirundo, 461.
saturatus. Bubo virginianus, 263.

Cardinalis, 443,
cardinalis, 443.

Rallus longirostris, 137.
savanna, Ammodramus, 409.

Ammodramus sandwichensig,
408.
Savanna Sparrow, 408.
Western, 409.
savannarum, " Coturniculus," 410.

pagscrinus, Ammodramus, 411.

perpallidus, Ammodramus, 44.
Saw-whet Owl, 260.
Saxioola, 671, 679.

oenantbe, 680.
saya, Sayornis, 336.
Sayornis, 327, 335.

nigricans, .336.

phoebe, 336.

saya, 336.
Say's Phoebe, 336.
scalarig bairdi, Dryobateg, 285.

Dryobateg, 284.

graysoni, Dryobates, 285.

lucasanug, Dryobates, 286.

parvus, Dryobates, 284.

Picus, 284.

sinaloensis, Dryobates, 28f
Scaled Dove, 215.

Partridge, 191.

Chestnut-bellied, 192.

Petrel, 68.
scapularis, Ceophlocus, 290.

Pi3U8, 290.
Scardnfella, 211, 215.

inca, 216.

squamosa, 215.
Scarlet Ibis, 123.

Tanager, 464.
Scaup Duck, 103.

American, 103.
Chinese, 103.
Crested, 103.
Lesser, 103.
schistacea, Paggerella, 434.

PossercUa iliaca, 434.

Rhodinooichla, 539.
sohistisagus, Larus, 29.
Schlegel'g Petrel, 64.
schottii, Contopus, 339.
Schott'g Wood Pewee, 339.
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher, 328.
Sclator'g Towhee, 439.
Scolecophagug, 3(56, 378.

carolinus, 379.

oyanocephalus, 379.
soolopaoea, Ardea, 136.
Boolopaceus, Aramus, 139.

M.acrorhamphus, 161.
Soolopacidae, 143, 147.
Soolopax, 147, 149.

lapponioa, 163.

Scolopas, rusticola, 149.
Scops asio bendirei, 262.
Scoter, American, 111.

European, 111.

Kamtschatkan, 112.

Surf, 113.

Velvet, 112.

White-winged, 112.
Bcotiaptex, 256, 269.

cinoreuro, 269.

lapponicum, 260.
Scott's Oriole, 373.
Screech Owl, 261.

California, 262.

Flammulated, 262.

Florida, 261.

Kennicott's, 262.

Mexican, 261.

Rocky Mountain, 262.

Texan, 261.
Sea Eagle. Gray, 243.

Kamtschatkan, 243.
Seaside Sparrow, 413.
Dusky, 413.
Seedeater, Black, 460.

Morellet's, 460.

Ochractaus-rumped, 450.
segetum, Anas, 116.
Seiurus, 482, 618.

aurocapillus, 618.

motacilla, 519,

DBBvius,* 619.

noveborocensis, 519.
notabilis, 619.
Selasphorus, 313.

floresii, 315,

platyccrcus, 304.
semipalmata, iEgialitis, 176, 177.

Symphcmia, 167, 584,
Semipalmated Plover, 176.

Sandpiper, 161.

Snipe, 151.
semipnlmatus, Macrorhamphu8,151.

Pseudoscolopax, 151.
seniculus, Coccyzus, 274.
Sennett's Waroler, 491,
septentrionalis, Parus atricapillns,

663.
serrator, Merganser, 89.
serripennis, Stolgidopteryx, 463.
sorrirostris, Trochilus, 306.
Setophaga, 483, 529.

flammca, 530,

guatemalEC, 530.

minintn, 630,

flammca, 530,

picta, 629.

guatemalsB, 630.

rufifrons, 632.

ruticilla, 483, 529.
Shorpe's Redstart, 630.
Shnrp-shinned Hawk, 227.
Sharp-tailed Grouse, 204.
Columbian, 204.
Prairie, 204.

Sandpiper, 165.

Sparrow, 413,
Shearwater, Allied, 61.

Audubon's, 60,

Black-tailed, 68.

* — 8, noveboraoeMil,

'^m

624

INDEX.

Shearwater, Black-vented, 60.

Chriatmas Island, 62.

Cinereous, 59.

Cory's, 59.

Dark-bodied, 61.

Dusky, 61.

Glegant, 61.

Flesh-footed, 62.

Greater, 59.

Green-billed, 62.

Munx, 60.

Polzeln's, 60.

Pink-footed, 59.

Slender-billed, 62.

Sooty, 61.

Streaked, 62.

Wedge-tailed, 62.
Short-billed Gull, 34.

Marsh Wren, 656.
Murrelct, 15.
Petrel, 66.

-eared Owl, 258.

-tailed Albatross, 51.
Hawk, 230.

-winged Uylophilus, 479.
Shoveller, 97.
Shrike, Baird's, 468.

California, 467.

Loggerhead, 467.

Northern, 466.

Siberian, 466.

White-rumped, 467.
Sialin, 572, 580.

arctica, 580, 582.

azurea, 581.

mexicana, 581.

sialis, 581.

azurea, 581.
guatemaloB, 581.
Bialis, Sialia, 581.
Siberian Chickadee, 564.

Gull, 29.

Shrike, 466.

Yellow Wagtail, 635.
sibiricus, Lanius borealis, 466.
giebcri, Aphclocoma, 358.
sieberii, Aphelocoma, 358.

arizonoe, Aphelocoma, 357.

Pica, 358.
Siober's Jay. 358.
Silvery-winged Loucostiote, 395.
Simorhynchus, 9, 12.

cristatellus, 13.

pusillus, 13.

pygmteus, 13.
simplex, Muscicapa, 323.
ginaloensis, Dryobates scalaris, 286.
Binuata, Pyrrhuloxia, 444.
8inuatu8, Corvus ooras, 361.
Siskin, Pine, 400.
Sitta, 558, 559.

canadensis, 659.

carolinensis, 559.
aculeata, 669.

pusilla, 560.

pygmrea, 560.
Pittace petzii, 270.
Sittinte, 558.
Skimmer, Black, 49.
Skimmer, Black-tailed, ^.9.
Skua, 21.

Antarotio, 21.

Skua, Chilian, 21.

Mcgalestris, 21.
Skylark, 347.

Karatschatkan, 347.
Slate-colored Junco, 422.

Solitaire, 573.

Sparrow, 434.
Slaty-backed Gull, 29.
Slender-billed Fulmar, 68.

Grackle, 381.

Noddy, 48.

Nuthatch, 659.

Shearwater, 62.
Small-billed Petrel, 65.

-headed Warbler, 527.
Smew, 90.

Smith's Longspur, 405.
gmithsonianu8,LarusargentatU8,29.
Snipe, European, 150.

Semipalmated, 151,

Wilson's, 150.
Snowflake, 402.

McKay's, 403.

Pribylof, 403.
Snow Goose, Greater, 115.
Lesser, 115.
Ross's, 115.
Snowy Heron, 130.

Owl, 264.

Plover, 178.
sooiabilis, Kostrhamus, 226.

arizonse, Spizella, 419.

Spizella, 418, 419.
Socorro Dove, 213.

Elf Owl, 267.

Ground Dove, 586.

Parakeet, 270.

Thrasher, 543.

Towhee, 438.

Warbler, 492.

Wren, 553.
socorroensis, Columbigallina pas-

serina, 586.
loemmerringii, Phasianus, 206.
Solitaire, Mazatlan, 573.

Mexican, 573.

Slate-colored, 573.

Townsend's, 672.

Tres Marias, 573.
Bolitarius alticola, Vireo, 473.

cassini, Vireo, 473.

plumbeus, Vireo, 474.

Tetanus, 166.

Vireo, 472, 473.
Solitary Sandpiper, 166.

Vireo, Mountain, 473.
Somatcria, 87, 108, 109.

dresseri, 110.

mollisgima, 109, 110.
borealis, 109.

spectabilis, 110.

v-nigra, 110.
Song-Sparrow, 431.

Aleutian, 432.

Desert, 432.

Hcerraann's, 431.

Mexican, 432.

Mountain, 431.

Rusty, 432.
Song-Sparrow, Samuels's, 431.

Sooty, 432.
Sonoran Red-wing, 370.

Bonoriensis, Agelaiua phoeniceua,

370.
Sooty Albatross, 53,

Grouse, 196.

Guillemot, 17.

Shearwater, 61.

Song Sparrow, 432.

Tern, 45.
Sora, 139.

sordida (?) Cyanorayia, 309.
South American Bittern, 127.

Goshawk, 240.
Southern Hairy Woodpecker, 282,

Marsh Wren, 656,
Sparrow, Aleutian Song-, 432,

Bachman's, 428,

Baird's, 410,

Belding's Marsh, 409.

Bell's, 426.

Black-chinned, 421.
-throated, 425.

Botteri'g, 428.

Boucard's, 429.

Brewer's, 421.

Bryant's Marsh, 409.

Cassin's, 428.

Chipping, 413.

Clay-colored, 421.

Cordova, 435.

Desert Song-, 432.

Dusky Seaside, 413.

European House, 401.
Tree, 402.

Ferrari-Perez's, 426.

Field, 420.

Five-striped, 426.

Fox, 434.

Gambel's, 416.

Golden-erowned, 416.

Grasshopper, 411.

Guatemalan Chipping, 419.

Harris's, 415,

Hartlaub's, 426.

Hecrmann's Song-, 431.

Henslow's, 412.

Intermediate, 416.

Ipswich, 407.

Large-billed, 410.

Lark, 414.

Le Contc's, 412.

Lincoln's, 433.

Mexican, 428.
Song-, 432.

Mountain Song-, 431.

Nelson's, 413.

Oaxaca, 430.

Pine-woods, 427.

Rock, 429.

Rufous-crowned, 429.
-winged, 430.

Rusty Song-, 432.

Sage, 427.

Samuels's Song-, 431.

Sandwich, 408.

Savanna, 408.

Seaside, 413.

Sharp-tailed, 413.

Slate-colored, 434.

Song-, 431.

Sooty Song-, 432.

St. LucftB, 410.

Striped-crowned, 435.

laiai

INDEX.

625

Sparrow, Swamp, 433.
Texas, 435.
Thick-billed, 434.
Townsend's, 434.
Tree, 417.
Vesper, 40fl.
Western Chipping, 419.
Field, 420.
Grasshopper, 411.
Lark, 414.
Savanna, 409.
Tree, 418.
Vesper, 407.
White-urowned, 415.

-throated, 417.
Worthen's, 419.
Sparrow Hawk, American, 252.
Cuban, 253.
Haiticn, 253.
gparverioides, Falco, 253.
sparverius, Faloo, 252.
Spatula, 85, 96.

olypeata. 97.
gpeciosa, Geothlypis, 525.
Speckled Albatross, 52.
spectabilis, Eugenes, 310.
Heliomaster, 310.
Somateria, 110.
Spectacled Albatross, 52.

Eider, 108.
Speotyto, 257, 265.

ounicularia floridana, 265.
hypogiea, 2G5.
Spermagra erythrocephala, 456.
Spertuophila corvina, 450.
parra, 450.
torqueola, 450.
Sphenoproctus, 304.
Sphcnotelus, 464.
sphenurua, Puffinus, 62.
Spbyrapious, 280, 288.
ruber, 289.
thyroides, 289.
varius, 288.

nuchalis, 288.
spilurus, Thryotborus bewickii, 551.
Spinus, 383, .398.
atriceps, 400.
forrori, 400.
lawrencei, 399.
notatus, 400.
pinus, 400.
psaltria, 399.

arizonae, 399.
Columbiana, 398.
mexicana, 399.
tristis, 398, 399.
Spiza, 384, 451.

americana, 452.
townscndii, 452.
Spizella, 385, 417.

atrigularis, 417, 421.
breweri, 421.
montioola, 417.

ochracea, 418.
pallida, 421.
pinetorum, 419.
pusilla, 419, 420, 422.
arenacea, 420.
Spiiella Booialis, 418, 419.
arizonas, 419.
vortheni, 419.

sponsa, Aix, 99.
Spoonbill, Roseate, 123.
Spoon-bill Sandpiper, 160.
Sporadinus, .306.
Sporophila, 386, 449.

corvina, 450.

morelleti, 450.

torqueola, 450.
Spotted-Dreasted Wren, 552.
Spotted Crake, 139.

Owl, 259.

Sandpiper, 170.
Spotted-winged Tanager, 450.
spragueii, Anthus, 537.
Sprague's Pipit, 537.
spurius. Icterus, 376.
Spurred Towhee, 437.
squamata, Callipepla, 191.

castanogastris, Callipepla, 192.
squamosa, Columba, 215.

Soardafella, 215.
Squatarola, 173.
squatarola, Charadrius, 173.
Starling, 365.
Starnoenas, 211, 217.

cyanocephala, 217.
St. Domingo Qrebe, 6.
Steganopodes, 1, 73.
Steganopus, 145.
stejnegeri, Oidemia, 112.
Stelgidopteryx, 458, 433.

serripennis, 463.
stellaris, Cistothorus, 556.
stelleri annectens, Cyanooitta, 354.

coronata, Cyanooitta, 355.

Cyanooitta, 353, 354.

diademata, Cyanooitta, 354.

Enioonetta, 108.

frontalis, Cyanooitta, 354.

macrolopha, Cyanooitta, 354.
Steller's Duck, 108.

Jay, 353.
Stellula, 315.

Stephens!, Vireo button!, 477.
Stephens's Vireo, 477.

Wbippoorwill, 299.
Stercorariidee, 20.
Stercorarius, 20, 21.

longicaudus, 23.

parasiticus, 22.

pomarinus, 22.
Stoma, 24, 39, 41.

aleutioa, 45.

aneethetus, 46.

antillarum, 46.

dougalli, 44.

clegans, 40.

forsteri, 42.

fuliginosa, 45.

birundo, 43.

leucopnreia, 47.

maxima, 40.

nigra, 46.

paradisaea, 43, 44, 45.

gandvioensis acuflavida, 40.

tenuirostris, 48.

trudeaui, 41.

tsohegrava, 39.
Sterninee, 23.
Sternula, 46.
Stilt, Black-necked, 147.

Brazilian, 147.

Stilt, Sandpiper, 152.
Stint, Long-toed, 158.
St. Lucas Cactus Wren, 547.

Cardinal, -^42.

Red-tail, 233.

Robin, 678.

Sparrow, 410.

Thrasher, 544.

Towhee, 440.

Woodpecker, 286,
Btolidus, Anous, 48.
Stoneyi, Parus, 591.
Storm Petrel, 70.

Black-bellied, 72.
Streaked Heron, 132.

Horned Lark, 349.

Shearwater, 62.
strepera. Anas, 95.
Streptoceryle, 278.
striata, Ardea, 132.

Dendroica, 503.
striatus, Butorides, 132.
Strickland!, Dryobates, 286.

Loxia curvirostra, 392.

Pious, 286.

Picus (Leuconotopious), 286.

Puffinus, 61.
Strickland's Oriole, 375.

Woodpecker, 286.
Btridula, Strix, 259.
strigata, Otocoris alpestris, 349.
Btrigatus, Chondestes grammacus,

414.
Striges, 218.
Strigidae, 218, 255.
Striped-breasted Woodpecker, 291.

-crowned Sparrow, 435.
Striped Horned Owl, 264.
Strix. 255.

cinerea, 259.

mexicana, 263, 264.

otus, 257.

pratincola, 255.

striduk. 259.

tengmalmi, 260.

uralensis, 259.
Sturnella, 365, 371.

magna, 372.

mexicana, 372.
neglecta, 372.

neglecta, 372.
Sturnidae, 322, 364.
Stumus, 364.

vulgaris, 365.
Stygian Owl, 257.
Btygius, Asio, 257.

Nyctalops, 257.
subarcticus. Bubo virginianus, 263.
Submaculated Towhee, 438.
Bubmaculatus, Pipilo, 438.
BubruRoollis, Tryngites, 169,
suckleyi, Faloo columbarius, 250.
suecica, Cyaneoula, 579.
Sula, 74, 75.

bassana, 76.

oyanops, 75.

pisoator, 70.

aula, 75.

variegata, 75.
sula, Sula, 75.

suloirostris, Crotophaga, 372.
Sulidae, 73, 74.

"^1

626

Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher, 332.
sumichragti, Apheloooma, 356.

Catheriies, 548, 540.

Cyanouitta californioa var.,
356.

Cyrtonyx, 194.

Passerina, 447.
Sumiohrast's Bunting, 447.

Jny, 356.

Wren, 549.
Summer Tanagor, 454.
superbuB, Cardinalis cardinalis, 442.
superciliaris, Conturua, 292.

Melanerpes, 292.

Picua, 292.
Superciliary Woodpecker, 292.
superoiliosa, Oreutnlypig, 481.
guperoilioHum, Conirodtrum, 481.
Buperciliosusi, Troubilua, 304.
Surf Bird, 180.

Scoter, 113.
surinamensig, Hydrochelidon nigra,

47.
Surnia, 256, 264.

ulula, 265.

caparoch, 265.
gwainsoni, Buteo, 235.

Vireo, 472.

Vireo gilvu8, 472.
swainsonii, Turdu8 ustulatus, 575.
Swainson's Hawk, 235.

Towhee, 438.

Warbler, 485.

Woodpecker, 293.
Swallow, Bahaman, 462.

Bank, 4 03.

Cliff, 460.

Rough-winged, 463.

Violet-green, 462.

White-bellied, 461.
-rnmpod, 462.
Swallow-tailed Qull, 38.

Kite, 224.
Swamp Sparrow, 433.
Swan, Bewick's, 120.

Trumpeter, 120.

Whistling, 120.

Whooping, 120.
Swift, Black, 302.

Vaux's, 303.

White-throated, 303.
Swinhoe's Wagtail, 533.
Sycamore Warbler, 504.
Sylvania, 483, 527.

canadensis, 528.

miorocephala, 527.

mitraU, 527, 528.

pusilla, 528.

pileolata, 528.
Sylria deourtata, 479.

leucogastra, 569.

wolfii, 579.
Sylvicola pityophila, 515.
Sylviidae, 322, 323, 666.
Sylviinse, 666.
Symphemia, 148, 167, 584.

Bemipalmata, 167, 584.
inornata, 585.
Syntbliboramphus, 9, 13.

antiquug, 14.

wumizuBume, 14.
Syrnium, 266, 368, 269.

INDEX.

Syrnium ncbulosum, 259.
alleni, 259.
sartorii, 258.
var. sarturii, 258.
oooidentale, 259.

TachycineU, 458, 461.

albilinea, 462.

bicolor, 461, 462.

thalassina, 462.
Taohytriorchis, 237.
tabitiensis, Numenius, 171.
Talpacotia rufiponnis, 215.
Tanager, Brick-colored, 456.

Bruad-banded, 457.

Bruwn-red, 455.

Cooper's, 454.

Hepatic, 455.

Louisiana, 456.

Red-headed, 456.

Rose- throated, 456.

Scarlet, 454.

Spotted-winged, 456.

Summer, 454.

Trcs Marias, 457.

White-winged, 457.
Tanagra guianensis, 469.
Tanagridoe, 321, 453.
tanneri, Geothlypis, 525.
Tantalus, 125.

ibis, 125.

loculator, 126.
Tatler, Polynesian, 168.

Wandering, 108.
Tawny-throated Wren, 664.
Teal, Blue-winged, 93.

Cinnamon, 93.

European, 94.

Green -winged, 94.
Tehuantepec Mockingbird, 642.
Telmatodytes, 556.
Temax Wren, 552.
temminckii, Tringa, 153.
Temminok's Falcon, 248.

Murrelet, 14.
tenebrosus, Puffinus, 60.
tengmalmi, Nyctala, 260.

richardsoni, Nyctala, 260.

Strix, 260.
Tengmalm's Owl, 260.
Tennessee Warbler, 488.
tenuirostris, Anous, 48.

Puffinus, 62.

Quiscalus, 381.

Rallus, 138.

elegans var., 138.

Sterna, 48.
tephroootis, Leuoosticte, 394, 395.

littoralis, Leuoosticte, 394.
Teretistris, 482.
Tern, Aleutian, 45.

American Blaok, 47.

Arctic, 43.

Black, 46.

Bridled, 46.

Cabot's, 40.

Caspian, 39.

Common, 43.

Elegant, 40.

Tern, Forster's, 42.

Gull-billed, 38.

Least, 46.

Roseate, 44.

Royal, 40.

Sooty, 46.

Trudeau's, 41.

Whiskered, 47.

White-winged Black, 47.
testacea, Piranga, 455.

Pyranga, 455.
tethys, Procellaria, 70.
Tetrao coturnix, 186.

coyolcos, 189.

eristatus, 185.

perdix, 184.
TetraonidoD, 184.
Tetraoninte, 185.
Texan Bob White, 188.

Cardinal, 444.

Horned Lark, 349.

Kingfisher, 279.

Nighthawk, 301.

Screech Owl, 261.

Tufted Titmouse, 661.

Woodpecker, 285.
texanus, Colinua virginianus, 188,

189.
Texas Sparrow, 435.
texensis, Chordeilcs, 300, 301.

Myiozetetes, 331.

Parus bicolor, 561.
Thalassarche, 61.
Thalasseus, 24, 39.
Thalassidroma bulweri, 69.

gracilis, 71.

lineata, 56.

macgillivrayi, 69.

melanogastra, 72.

tropica, 72.
thalassina, Tachycineta, 462.
Thalassoaetus, 223, 243.

pelagicus, 243.
Thalassogeron, 50, 62.

cautus, 53.

chlororhynohug, 63.

oulminatus, 62.
Thalassoica, 58.

antarctica, 58.
tharus, Faico, 264.

Polyborus, 254.
Theillus, 62.
Thick-billed Beoard, 326.

Kingbird, 329.

Parrot, 269.

Petrel, 64.

Sparrow, 434.
thoracicus, Hylophilus, 478.
Thrasafe'tus, 223, 242.

harpy ia, 242.
Thrasher, Bendire's, 645.

Brown, 543.

Californian, 546.

Cozumel, 544.

Crissal, 546.

Curve-billed, 545.

Leconte's, 646.

Long-billed, 644.

Mazatlan, 645.

Ocellated, 644.

Palmer's, 545.

Sage, 541.

wk, 41.

501.
inianus, 188,

00, 301.
i, 69.

a, 462.
3.

26.

1, 4?8.
15.

INDEX.

627

Thrasher, Socorro, 543.

Towhee, Abert's, 441,

Trinidad Petrel, 66.

St, Lucas, 544.

Arctic, 437,

trinitatis, ^strelata, 66.

Three-toed Woodpecker, Alaskan,

Brown, 440,

tristis, Spinus, ;t98, 399.

287.

Californian, 441.

Trochili. 2"J7.

Alpine, 287.
American, 287.

CaBon, 440,

Trochilidie, 297, 303,

Complex, 439,

Trochilus. 308, 310, 311.

Arctic, 287.

Green-backed, 433,

alcxandri, 312,

Thrush, Audubon's Hermit, 576.

-tailed, 439.

allcni, 314,

Bicknell's, 575.

Guadalupe, 437,

anna, 312, 315.

Dwarf, 576.

Mexican, 436,

beryllinus, 317.

Gray-cheeked, 574.

Oregon, 437.

brcvirostris, 306,

Hermit, 576,

Sclater'a, 439.

calliope, 316.

Olive-backed, 575.

Socorro, 438,

colubris, 311,

Red-winged, 576.

Spurred, 437.

costa?, 312.

Russet-backed, 575.

St. Lucas, 440.

doubledayi, 320.

Varied, 678.

Submaculated, 438.

etiioti, 316.

Willow, 574.

Swainson's, 438.

enicurus, 305.

Wilson's, 574.

Whitc-oyed, 436,

floresii, 313, 315.

Wood, 574.

townscndi, Dendroica, 512.

franciiB, 306.

Thryomanes, 350, 651.

Plectrophenax nivalis, 403,

hclcna;, 313.

Thryophilus, 540.

townsendii, Myadcstes, 672,

heloisa, 315.

Thryothorus, 540, 549, 551.

Spiza, 452,

largipcnnis, 305.

albinucba, 550.

Townsend's Bunting, 452,

leucotis, 1119.

berlandieri, 550.

Solitaire, 672.

longirostris, 305,

bewickii, 551.

Sparrow, 434.
Warbler, 512.

lucifer, 316.

bairdi, 551.

mango, 307.

spilurus, 551.

traillii, Empidonax pusillus, 343.

maria, 317.

brevicaudus, 551.

Traill's Flycatcher, 343.

platycercus, 313.

felix, 552,

Tree-duck, 119,

pucherani, 306.

p. lawrencii, 552.

Black-bellied, 119.

pulchra, <'il6.

lawrencii, 552.

Brazilian, ll'J,

riccordi, 306.

ludovicianus, 550.

Colombian, 119.

rufus, 314, 315.

miamensis, 550.

Fulvous, 119.

serrirostris, 306.

maculipectus, 552,

Tree-sparrow, 417.

superciliosus, 304.

canobrunneus, 552.

European, 402.

viridipallens, 310,

ambrinus, 552,

Western, 418.

yucatanensis, 317,

polyglottus, 556.

Tres Morias Parula, 492.

Troglodytes, 540, 552, 553.

ruiiilbus, 540.

Robin, 578.

aijdon, 553, 554,

thyroides, Sphyrapicus, 289.

Solitaire, 573.

parkmanii, 554, 556.

Tiaris pusilla, 451.

Tanager, 457.

alasccnsis, 655,

tigrina, Dendroica, 493.

Wren, 5j2.

albinucha, 550.

Tinnunculus, 252.

trichas, Geothlypis, 522, 523.

beani, 553.

Tit, AVren-, 566.

occidentalis, Geothlypis, 523.

brunncicollis, 554,

Titmouse, Ashy, 561.

triehopiis, Megascops asio, 261.

hiemalis, 555.

Black-crested, 561.

tricolor, Agelaius, 371.

pacificus, 555,

Bridled, 562,

Phalaropus, 145.

inciilaris, 553.

Chestnut-fronted, 561.

ruficollis, Ardea, 131.

intennedius, 554.

Gray, 562.

Tricolored Blackbird, 371.

leuc'igastra, 540.

Plain, .')61,

tridactyla poUicaris, Hissa, 25.

rufbciliatus, 554.

Texan Tufted, 661.

Ri^sa, 24, 25.

Troglodytidre, 322, 638, 639, 868.

Tufted, 561.

Tringa, 148, 152.

Trogon, 275.

Tityra, 323.

acuminata, 155.

ambiguus, 276.

viridis, 325,

alpina, 159.

Black-headed, 277.

togata, Bonasa umbellus, 198.

pacifica, 160.
bain ii, 157.

Citreoline, 277.

torda, A lea, 18,

citreolus, 277.

torquata, Alcedo, 279.

canutus, 153.

Coppery-tailed, 276.

Ceiyle, 279,

cooperi, 157.

elogans, 276.

torquatus, Phasianus, 206,

couesi, 154,

Elegant, 276.

Melanerpes, 291.

crassirostris, 153.

melanocephalus, 277.

torqucola, Spermophila, 450.

damacensis, 158.

Mexican, 276.

Sporophila, 450.

ferruginea, 160.

mexicanus, 276.

Tetanus, 149, 164.

fucicollis, 157.

neoxenus, 275.

brevipes, 168.

glareola, 166,

puella, 276, 277.
Xalapa, 277.

damacensis, 158.

hypoleucos, 170.

flavipes, 106.

maculata, 156, 160.

Trogones, 271.

glareola, 166.

maritima, 153, 154.

Trogonldae, 271, 275.

melanoleucus, 165.

minuta, 168,

troile, Uria, 18.

nebularius, 165.

minutilla, 158,

californica, Uria, 18.

ochropus, 166.

ochropus, 166,

Tropic Bird, Red-billed, 74.

Bolitarius, 166.

ptiloonemis, 154,

Red-tailed, 74.

tovi, Brotogeris, 268.

rufleollis, 168,

Yellow-billed, 74.

Towhee, 436.

temminckii, 158.

tropica, Cymodroma, 72.

628

tropica, Thalassidroma, 73.
Tropical Petrel, 72.
Troupial, :173.
trudeaui, Sterna, 41.
Trudeau's Tern, 41.
Trumpeter Swan, 120.
Tryngites, 148, 169.

subruficullis, 169.
t«chegrava, Sterna, 39.
Tubinares, 1, 50.
Tufted Puffin, 10.

Titmouse, 501.
Texan, 501.
Tule Wren, 556.
Turdidae, 323, 571.
Turdinse, 571.
Tardus, 571, 573, 676.

alioise, 574, 575.
bicknelli, 575.

oonalaschka:, 576.
auduboni, 570.
pallasii, 576.

auduDoni, 576.

aurantiirostris, 571.

fuscescens, 574, 575.
salicicolus, 574.

iliacus, 570.

mustelinus, 573, 574, 575.

pinicola, 572.

ustulatus, 574, 575.
swainsonii, 575.
Turkey, Mexican, 2U7.

Ocellated, 2U7.

Wild, 2U7.
Turkey-Vulture, 221.^

Amazonian, 221.

Burroughs's, 221.
Turner's Ptarmigan, 201.
Turnstone, 180.

Black, 181.
Turquoise-fronted Bunting, 447.
turtur. Prion, 55.
Tympanuchus, 185, 202.

amerioanus, 203.

cupido, 203.

pallidicinctuB, 203.
Tyrannid8B, 321, 326.
Tyrannula stolida var. luoaysiensis,

334,
Tyrannus, 326, 328.

crassirostris, 329.

dominicensis, 329.

magnirostris, 328.

melancholious couchi, 329.

tyrannus, 328, 330.

verticalis, 330.

vociferans, 330.
tyrannus, Milvulus, 327.

Tyrannus, 328, 330.
tytleri, Cholidon, 461.

Hirundo, 461.

ultramarina, Aphelocoma, 357.
Ultramarine Jay, 357.
ultramarinus, Corvus, 357.
Ulula, 259.
nlula caparooh, Samio, 265.

Surnia, 265.
umbelloides, Bonasa umbellus, 198.

INDEX.

umbellus, Bonasa, 197.

sabini, Bonasa, 198.

togata, Bonasa, 198.

umbelloides, Bonasa, 198.
Umber Wren, 552.
uinbrinus, Thrvothorus maoulipeo-

tus, 552.
unaloscbcensis, Passerella, 434.

Passerellu iliaca, 434.
unicinctus, Falco, 229.

harrisi, Parabuteo, 229.

Pnrftbuteo, 229.
unicolor, Aphelocoma, 358.

Cyanocorax, 358.

Myadestes, 573.
Unicolored Jay, 358.
uralcnsis, Strix, 259.
Uranomitra, 3U6.
Uria, 10, 17.

brevirostris, 15.

lorn via, 18.
arra, 18.

ringvia, 17.

troile, 18.

californica, 18.
Urile, 79.

urile, Phalacrocorax, 80.
Urinator, 6, 7.

adamsii, 7.

arcticus, 7.

imber, 7.

lumrae, 8.

pacificus, 8.
Urinatoridse, 4, 6.
urophasianus, Centrocercus, 205.
Uropsila, 540.

uropygialis, Melanerpes, 294.
Urubitinga, 223, 238.

anthracina, 239.

Brazilian, 238.

Mexican, 238.

ridgwayi, 238.

urubitinga, 238.

zonura, 238.
urubitingn, Falco, 238.

Urubitinga, 238,
ustulatus, Turdus, 574, 575. <>
Uxmal Woodpecker, 293.

Valley Partridge, 192.
vallisneria. Anas, 102.

Aythya, 102.
Vanellus, 172.

vanellus, 172.
vanellui<, Vanellus, 172.
vnria, Mniotilta, 484, 528.
Varied Bunting, 448.

Thrush, 578.
variegata, Sula, 75.
variegatus, Dysporus, 75.
variuii nuchalis, Sphyrapious, 288.

Sphyrapicus, 288.
vauxii, Chastura, 303.
Vaux'g Swift, 303.
velox, Accipiter, 227.
Velvet Scoter, 112.
Venezuelan Cardinal, 443.
venustus, Qranatellus, 483.
Vera Paz Vlreo, 472.

Verdin, 665.

Vermilion Flycatcher, 345.
vermivorus, Helmithcrus, 485, 638.
versicolor, Curdellina, 531.

Ergaticus, 531.

Passerina, 448.

Phasianus, 206.
pulchra, Paxserina, 448.
verticalis, Embernagra rufivirgatk,
435.

Tyrannus, 330.
Vesper Sparrow, 406.

Western, 407.
vespertinus, Coccotbrnustes, 387.
vetula ninccalli, Ortalia, 209.

Ortalis, 209.

pallidiventris, Ortalis, 209.

Penelope, 209.

plumbcicops, Ortalis, 209.
vicinior, Vireo, 478.
viduata. Anas, 119.

Dendrocygna, 119.
vigorsii, Dendroica, 498, 514.
Vigors's Red-wing, 371.

Wren, 551.
villosus auduboni, Dryobates, 282.

Dryobates, 282, 286.

harrisi, Dryobates, 283.

jardinii, Dryobates, 283.

Icucomelas, Dryobates, 282.

maynardi, Dryobates, 282.
violacea, Ardea, 587.
violaccus, Nycticorax, 133.
Violet-green Cormorant, 80.

Swallow, 462.
violicauda, Larapornis, 274.
virens, Contopus, 338.

Dendroica, 510.

Icteria, 627.

longicauda, Ictsria, 627.
Vireo, 468, 469, 474, 590.

altiloquus barbatulus, 470.

atricapillus, 474.

bairdi, 477.

Belize, 470.

bcllii, 476.

pusillus, 478.

Bell's, 476.

Black-capped, 474.
-whiskered, 470.

Blue-headcd, 473.

Cassin's, 473,

einereus, 470.

Cozumel, 470.

crassirostris, 476.
tiavescens, 470.

Cuban, 478.

flavifrons, 472.

flavoviridis, 470, 590.

forreri, 590.

gilvus, 471.

swainsoni, 472.

Gray, 478.

gundlachi, 478.

huttoni, 477.

Stephens!, 477.

Hutton's, 477.

hypochryseus, 478.

Key West, 476.

Large-billed, 476.

Least, 478.

magister, 470.

INDEX.

620

Vireo, Mountain, Solitary, 473.

noveboraoenais, 476.
maynardi, 475.

Ochroceous, 476.

oohraoeua, 470.

oHvaceus, 46U, 470.

Pale, 478.

pallens, 478.

Philadelphia, 471.

philadelphicus, 471.

Pluinbeoui<, 474.

propinquus, 472.

pujillus, 478.

Red-eyed, 470.

aolitariua, 472, 473.
alticola, 473.
cassinii, 473.
plumbeus, 474.

Stephena's, 477.

iwainsoni, 472.

Vera Paz, 472.

vicinior, 478.

Warbling, 471.

White-eyed, 475.

Yellow, 476, 478.

Yellow-green, 470.
-throated, 472.
Vireolanius, 469.

melitophrys, 469.
VireonidsB, 323, 468.
Vireosylva, 469.
Y'reosylvia cinerea, 470.

magister, 470.

propinqua, 472.
virescena, Ardea, 133.
virgata, Aphriza, ISO.
Virginia Rail, 138.
Tirginiee, Helminthophila, 488, 490.
virginianuB aroticus, Bubo, 263.

Bubo, 263.

Cardinalis, 442.

Chordeiles, 300, 301.

Colinus, 188.

oubanensis, Colinus, 188.

floridanus, Colinus, 188.

henryi, Chordeiles, 301.

minor, Chordeiles, 301.

Rail us, 138.

saturatus. Bubo, 263.

subarcticus, Bubo, 263.

texanus, Colinus, 188.
Virginia's Warbler, 490.
viridipallens, Coeligena, 310.

Trochilus, 310.
viridis, Tityra, 325.
vittata, Procellaria, 55.
v-nigra, Somateria, 110.
vocifera, ^Egialitis, 174.
vociferans, Tyrannus, 330.
vociferus, Antrostomus, 299.

arizonae, Antrostomu^t, 299.

Corvus, 361,
vulgaris, Stumua, 365.
Vultur gryphus, 218.

papa, 219.
Vulture, Amaionian Turkey-, 221.

Black, 222.

Burroughs's Turkey-, 221.

California, 320.

King, 319.

Turkey-, 221.

wagleri. Icterus, 374, 375.

Ortalida, 308.

Ortalis, 308.
Waglcr's Chachalaca, "M.

Oriole, 375,
Wagtail, Gray, 534.

Kamtschatka, 634.

Siberian Yellow, 535.

Swinhoe's, 533.

White, 533.

Yellow, 535.
Wandering Albatross, 51.

Tatler, 168.
Warbler, Antillean Yellow, 495.

Audubon's, 497.

Bach man's, 487.

Bay-breasted, 501.

Bell's, 632.

Black and White, 484.

Black-poll, 603,

Black-throated Blue, 496.
Gray, 607.
Green, 510.

Blackburnian, 505.

Blue-winged, 486.

Brasher's, 531.

Brewster's, 486.

Bryant's Yellow, 495.

Calaveras, 489.

Canadian, 528.

Cape May, 493.

Carbonated, 493.

Cerulean, 499.

Chebtnut-sided, 450.

Cincinnati, 487.

Connecticut, 521.

Cuban Pine, 615.

Decorated, 606.

Delattre's, 532.

Duggs's Yellow, 495.

Golden-cheeked, 509, 590.
-winged, 486.

Grace's, 506.

Hermit, 613.

Hooded, 527.

Kennicott's Willow, 567.

Kentucky, 520.

Kirtland'a, 514.

Lawrence'a, 486.

Lucy's, 490.

Lutescent, 489.

Macgillivray'a, 533.

Magnolia, 498.

Mangrove, 495.

Mourning, 631.

Myrtle, 497.

Nashville, 489.

Olive, 494.

Orange-crowned, 488.

Palm, 517.

Parula, 491.

Piloolated, 538.

Pine, 614.

Pink-headed, 631.

Prairie, 616.

Prothonotary, 484.

Red, 631.

Red-faced, 631.

Rufous-crowned, 533.

Bennett's, 491.

Warbler, Small-headed, 527.

Socorro, 492.

Swainson's, 486.

Sycamore, 604.

Tennessee, 488.

Townscnd's, 612.

Virginia's, 490.

Western Yellow, 494.

Wilson's, 62S.

Worm-eating, 485,

Yellow, 494.
Palm, 517,

Yellow-throated, 504.
Warbling Vireo, 471.

Western, 472.
wardi, Ardea, 129, 683.
Ward's Heron, 129, 684.
Water-Thrush, 619.

Grinnell's, 519.

Louisiana, 519.
Waxwing, Bohemian, 464.

Cedar, 46j.

Japanese, 465.
Wedge-tailed Shearwater, 62.
welchi, Lagopus, 201.
Welch's Ptarmigan, 201.
Western Bluebird, 581.

Blue Grosbeak, 446.

Bobolink, 366.

Chipping Sparrow, 419.

Field Sparrow, 420.

Flycatcher, 340.

Golden -crowned Kinglet, 568.

Goshawk, 228.

Grasshopper Sparrow, 411,

Grebe, 4,

Gull, 28,

Horned Owl, 263,

Lark Sparrow, 414,

Meodowlark, .S72,

Nighthawk, 301,

Red-tail, 233,

Robin, 577,

Sandpiper, 162,

Savanna Sparrow, 409.

Tree Sparrow, 418.

Vesper Sparrow, 407.

Warbling Vireo, 472.

Willet, 585.

Winter Wren, 555.

Wood Pcwee, 338.

Yellow-throat, 523.

Yellow Warbler, 494.
Wheatear, 580.
Whimbrel, 171.
Whippoorwill, 299.

Cuban, 298.

Mexican, 298.

Stephens's, 299.
Whiskered Auklet, 13.

Tern, 47.
Whistling Swan, 120.
White Gyrfalcon, 244.

Heron, Great, 138.

Ibis, 123.

Pelican, American, 82.

Wagtail, 533.
White-bellied Chachalaca, 208.
Petrel, 72.
Swallow, 461,

-breasted Nuthatch, 569.

-browed Onatoatoher, 670.

630

INDEX.

White-checked Ooose, 117.
-crested Cormorant, 78.
-crowned Noddy, 48.
Pigeon, 212.
Sparrow, 415.
-eared Hummingbird, 310.
-eyed Towhee, 430.

Vireo, 476.
-faced Glossy Ibis, 124.

Petrel, 72.
-footed Oyster-catcher, 182.
-fronted Dove, 214,
Uoose, 110.

American, HA.
Parrot, 5^*8.
-headed Woodpecker, 286.
-lored Gnatcatcher, 509.
-necked Raven, 362.
-runipcd Shi ike, 467.

Swallow, 462.
-tailed Brown Jay, 352.
Hawk, 238.
Kite, 225.
I-tarmigan, 202.
-throated Falcon, 248.
Flycatcher, 340.
Sparrow, 417.
Swift, 303.
Wood Pewee, 338.
Wren, 549.
-winged Black Tern, 47.
Crossbill, 393.
Dove, 214.
Junco, 422.
Petrel, 65.
Scoter, 112.
Tannger, 457.
whitneyi, Micrathene, 267.
Whooping Crane, 135.

Swnn, 120,
Widgeon, 96.
Wild Turkey, 207.
Willet. IS". 584.

'tV'ostcrn, 585.
Williamson's Snpsucker, 289.
Willow Ptarmigan, 199.
Thrush, 674.

Warbler, Kennicott's, 567.
wilsonia, Jl'Igialitis, 175.

ruflnuc'iia, /Egialitis, 175.
wilsoniiinus, Asio, 257.
wilsonius var. ruflnuchus, iEgiali-

tis, 175.
Wilson's Petrel 71.
Phalaropc, 145.
Plover, 175.
Snipe, 150.
Thrush, 574.
Warbler, 528.
Winter Wren, 555.

Western, 555.
wolfli, Cynneculn, 579.

Sylvia, 579.
woilwcbcri, Parus, 502.
Wood Duck, 09.
Ibis, 125.
Powce, 338.

Bahamnn. ?>?.'i.
Cuban, 339.
Sohott'H, 339.
Western. 338,
Whlte-throatod, 338.

Wood Sandpiper, 166.

Thrush, 574.
Woodcock, American, 150.

European, 149.
woodhousei, Aphclocoma, 355.
Woodhousc's Jay, 355.
Woodpecker, Alaskan Three-toed,
287.

Alpine Three-toed, 287.

American Three-toed, 287.

Arctic Three-toed, 237.

Arizona, 286.

Bahaman Hairy, 282.

Blake's, 292.

Cabot's Ladder-backed, 284.

ralifornian, 291.

Colima, 280.

Cuban Ivory-billed, 281.

Deiattre's, 290.

Downy, 2S3.

Elegant, 292.

Oairdner's, 283.

Gila, 294.

Golden-fronted, 294.

Gray -breasted, 292.

Grayson's, 285.

Guatemalan Ivory-billed, 281.

Hairy, 282.

Harris's, 283.

Impeiial, 281.

Ivory-billed, 231.

Jardinc's, 283.

Ladder-backed, 284.

Lee's, 293.

Lewis's, 291.

Mazatlan, 285.

Narrow-fronted, 291.

Northern Hairy, 282.

Nuttall's, 285.

Nye's, 292.

Pileatcd, 289.

Pucheran's, 291.

Pygmy, 293.

Red-bellied, 293.
-oockaded, 283.
-headed, 290.

SantB Cruz's, 294,

Southern Hairy, 282,

St. Lucas, 285.

Strioklnnd's. 280.

Striped-breasted, 291.

Superciliary, 292.

Swoinson's, 293.

Texan, 285,

llxmal, 293,

White-headed, 286.
Worm-eating Warbler, 485.
worthcni, Spizella, 419,
Worthen's Sparrow, 419,
Wren, Alasknn, 555,

Baird's, 551.

Bewick's, 551.

Cabot's, 550,

Cactus, 547.

Caflon, 549,

Carolina, 550.

Central American House, 654.

Cozumel, 553,

Florida, 550,

Guadalupe, 551.
hock, 548.

Happy, 553.

Wren, House, 553.

Long-billed Marsh, 650.

Parkman's, 554.

Rock, 548.

Rufouh browed, 554.

Short-billed Marsh, 556.

Socorro, 553.

Southern Marsh, 556.

Spotted-breastCiJ, 552.

St. Lucas Cactus, 547.

Sumichrast's, 549.

Tawny-throated, 554.

Temax, 552.

Tres Marias, 552.

Tule, 556.

Umber, 552.

Vigors's, 551.

Western Winter, 555.

White-throated, 549.

Winter, 555.
Wren-Tit, 5tiB,

Pa 'lid, 506.
Wrights Flycatcher, 344.
wuerdemanni, Ardoa, 128, 129,553.
wuraizusume, Synthliboramphus,

14,
WUrdemann's Heron, 128, 583.

Xalapa, Trogon, 277.

Yellow-throat, 524.
Xanthocephalua, 365, 368.

xanthocephalus, 368.
xantholora, Amazona, 588.

Chrysotis, 588.
Xanthornus abeillei, 378.

prosthemolas, 376.
Xanthoura, 351, 358.

luxuosa, 358.

cyanocnpilla, 358.
Xanthura cyanocapilla, 358.
xantusi, Basilinna, 318.
Xantus's Becard, 325.

Hummingbird, 318.

Jay, 356,

Murrelet, 15.
Xema, 23, 37.

furcata, 38.

sabinii, 37, 38.
Xonopicus, 280, 286.

albolarvatus, 286.

Yellow Palm Warbler, 617.
Rail, 140,
Vireo, 476, 470.
Wi"gtail, 5'<?.

Siberian, 68a.
AVarbler, 494.

Antilloan, 405.

Bn-ant's, 495.

Du^68's, 495,

Western, 494.
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, 341.

Green Jny, 368.

Sapsuckor, 288.
•billed Cuokoo, 273.

>56.

?, 129,583.
oramphus,

i, 583.

Tellow-billed Loon, 7.

Magpie, 352.

Tropic Bird, 74.
-breasted Chat, 527.
-crowned Night Heron, 133.
-faced Grossquit, 451.
-green Vireo, 470.
-headotl Blackbird, 368.
-legs, 166.

Greater, 165.
-lored Parrot, 588.
-nosed Albatross, 52.
-throated Vireo, 472.

Warbler, 50 1.
Yellow-throat, Abaco, 525.
Belding's, 524.
Cory's, 525,
Qray-naped, 526.
Maryland, 523.
Mazatlan, 526.
Mirador, 526.
Nassau, 524.
Orizaba, 525.

INDEX.

Tellow-throat, Western, 523.

Xalapa, 524.
Yphantes, 376.
Yucatan Bob White, 190.

Cardinal, 443.

Chaohalaca, 209.

Crested Flycatcher, 334.

Dove, 213.

Mockingbird, 542.
yucatanonsis, Ainazilia, 317.

Myiarchus, 334.

Trochilus, 317.

Zenaidura, 213.
yucatanious, Cardinalis oardinalis,
443.

Zebrapious pucborani, 291.
Zenaida, 211'', ?];i,

amabi !-. 21.';.

castaneu, 213.

631

Zenaida Dove, 213.

martinicana, 213.

zenaida, 213.
zenaida, Zenaida, 213.
Zenaidino), 210.
Zenuidurn, 210, 212.

graysoni, 213.;

macroura, 213.

yucatancnsis, 213.
Konaris, Hirundo, 302.
Zone-tailod Hawk, 234.
Zonotriehia, 385, 414.

albicollis, 417.

botterii, 428.

coronata, 416.

gambeli, 416.

intermedia, 416, 417.

leucophrys, 415, 416, 417.

mystacalis, 426.

querula, 414, 415.

quinquostriata, 426.

zonura, (Jrubitinga, 238.

conurus, Falco, 238.

'8.
358.

THE END.

17.

If, 341.

rm,

i:i

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate I.

//#■/

—- v^'

N- J

> / I

3. Colymbus hollxKllii.

4. Colymbus (Podiceps) dominicus.

/ /

Plate II.

Man. N. Am. B.

^r'-'

^^*^-,-

I. Urinator arcticus.

2. Lomvia troile.

3. CepphuB columl>a.

migmm

1. B.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate III.

I. Lunda cirrhata.

2. PratercuU arctica.

Plate IV.

Man. N. Am. B.

i.r^

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate V.

J3
u

o
U

"^.

t. Plautus impennis.

I.
o

Plate VI.

Man. N. Am. B.

''-1

»' 111

2. Brachyramphus niarniorntus.

I. Synthliboramphus nniiquus.

3. Ptychoramphus alculicus.

4 AUe alle.

5 Rynchops nijjra.

m. B.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate VII.

=».-^

/I \*//l../ ,\

Plate VIII.

Man. N. Am. B.

./, /\

<'\ i

N
"S

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate IX.

I. Xema sabinii.

2. Xema (Creagrus) furcata.

3. Larus (Blasipus) heermanni.

4. Gelochelidon nilotica.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0 Lt i- IM

I.I

- m

2.0

1.8

1.25

1.4

1.6

6" —

►

HiotDgraphic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN S7RIET

WEBSTER, NY. MS 80

(716) 872-4503

^^ 4

?\^

-?■>

'%>

Ks^

f/j

Plate X.

Man. N. Am. B.

!i:i '::'.

»,PSEI^

f! iW

111 :.:■! '.

^^ 1

^ \

I. Sterna (Thalasseus) tschegrava.

2. Sterna (Actochelidon) maxima.

3. Sterna (Stemula) antillarum.

fVm. B.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XI.

I. Sterna hirundu.

2. Sterna (Haliplana) fuliginosa.

Plate XII,

Man. N. Am. B.

^v.

I. Anous stolidus.

2. Hydrochelidon surinamensis.

3. Daption capensis.

4. Halocyptena niicrosotna.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XIII.

I. Diomedea exulans.

..'^' "

2. Diomedea (Thalassarche) melanophrys.

Plate XIV.

Man. N. Am. B.

^
>'

m'l

I. Thalassogeton culminatus.

^^:/

2. Phoebetria fuliginosa.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XV.

I. Ossifraga giganlea.

2. Pelagodroma marina.

3. Cymodrotna grallaria.

Plate XVI.

Man. N. Am. B.

s
s

fcfl

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XVII.

u
ID

Plate XVIII.

Man. N. Am. B.

■■'A

.-,:»

il=k.

1. Phaethon flavirostri

ris.

2. Fregata aquila.

^m. B.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XIX.

''•^.■:

I. Sula (Dysporus) bassana.

2. Sula sula.

3. Anhinga anhinga.

Plate XX.

Man. N. Am. B.

2. Phalacrocorax (Compsohalieus) penicillatus.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XXI.

I. Pelecanus (Cyrtopelicanus) erythiorhynchos.

2. Pelecanus (Leptopelicanus) fuscus.

3. Lophodytes cucullatus.

4. Merganser americanus.

^ *d

H«

Plate XXII.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Phalacrocorax (Urile) pelagicus.

\ / V

2. Anas (Chaulelasmus) strepera.

"> /

1 1 U J J J'J't-1^,

■ip-^;"^'^'^

4. Anns (Querquedula) discors.

5. Anas (Nettion'i oarolinensis.

•J!

Lm. B.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XXIII.

^/-

'1;

V
u
(4

..'^.

^-^

4. Dafila acuta.

5. Aix sponsa.

Plate XXIV.

Man. N. Am. B.

sj-

«■?;

2. Aythya (Fuligula) inaiila.

3. Aythya (Aristonetta) vallisneria.

Mliiiiimil

■■■'"■'- 1 .

Man. N. Am. B.

1 .

/ ,

l«

i'(

'.„,'

■n

' "a "^

' •^/

iW '

Plate XXV.

I. Dendrocygna fulva.

2. Camptolaimus labradorius.

3. Histrionicus histrionicus.

4. Clangula hyemalis.

5. Eniconetta stelleri.

6. Somateria (Erionetta) speaibilis.

B^- J

riir

Plate XXVI.

Man. N. Am. B.

I'.'f.if

I. Arctonetta fischeri.

3. Somateria mollissima.

2. Nomonyx dominiciis.

4. Erismatura rubida.

y^mniiiii

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XXVII.

I. Oidemia (Pelionetta) perspicillata.

2. Oidemia americana.

3. Oidemia (Melanitta) deglandi.

lii

Plate XXVIII.

Man. N. Am. B.

Vs'»

I. Chen hyperborea.

2, Chen (" Exanthemops") lossii.

5 3ranta minima.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XXIX.

I. Olor columbianus.

,»""

2. Phoenicopterus ruber.

Plate XXX.

Man. N. Am. B.

1. Plegadis guarauna.

"i^fr

3. Quara riilira.

m. B.

■'W^
^-j'

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XXXI.

I. Ajaja ajaja.

2. Tantalus loculntor.

Plate XXXII.

Man. N. Am. B.

(Sa>J|

i:'

H«

•i'lii!!;

iliiili

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XXXIII.

■^■<^A,>.

-^.^

I. Botaurus lentiginosus.

2. Botaurus (Ardetta) exilis.

Plate XXXIV.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Ardea herodias.

\N,\

V.ri\\

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XXXV.

I. Ardea (Garzetta) candidissima.

<■■ r

.■^/'

2. Ardea (Butorides) virescens.

Plate XXXVI.

Man. N. Am. B.

■yf^

I. Ardea (Dichromanassa) rufa.

2. Ardea (Hydranassa) ruficoUis.

f I'llVi'ii (iiiiiiMliiilMflil

^m. B.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XXX m.

■^

I. Hycticorax noevius.

2. Nycticorax (Nyctherodius) violaceus.

Plate XXXVIJI.

Man. N. Am. B.

■I'l

i'^f'

^-^

ji,'-

I. Nyclicorax (Nyctherodius) violaceus.

^ o

2. Aramus giganteus.

tn. B.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XXXIX.

^^ni^?^.

-1

I. Grus canadensis.

2, Orus americana.

Plate XL.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Rallus virginianus.

2. Fulica americana.

^i^Esa

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XLI.

Plate XLII.

Man. N. Am. B.

•t>

I. lonornis martinica.

2. Qallinula galeata.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XLIII.

I. Phalaropus (Steganopus) tricolor.

2. Phalaropus lobatus.

3. Crymophilus fuUcarius.

4. Micropalama himantopus.

Plate XLIV.

Man. N. Am. B.

Recurvirostra atnericana.

2. Himantopus mexicanus.

3. Eurynorhynchus pygmoeus.

4. Calidris arenaria.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XLV.

I. Scolopax nisticola

2. Philohela minor.

3. Heteractitis incanus.

era

f..:'.«

Plate XLVI.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Gallinago delicata.

2. Macrorhamphus griseus.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XLVII.

I. Tringa canutus.

2. Tringa (Arquatella) maritima.

3. Tringa (Actodromas) maculata.

. Plate XLVIII.

Man. N. Am. B.

Hj»

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XLIX.

w
«>
B
9
u
ll

I. Limosa fcdoa.

2. Numenius borealis.

3. Pavoncella pugnax.

Plate L.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Totanus (Helodromas) soliiarius.

2. Totanus nebularius.

3. Symphemia semipalmata.

^^an^iimm

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LI.

I. Bartramia longicauda.

2. Hsematopus paliu'-

Plate LII.

Man. N. Am, j3.

I. Actitis macularia.

2. Tryngites subruficoUis.

3. /Bgialitis hiaticula.

4, bgialitis semipalmata.

5. bgialitis mnngula.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LIII.

I. ^gialitis (Oxyechus) vocifera.

c
o

2
•a
o

u
O

Plate LIV.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Charaiirius (Squatarola) squatarola.

2. Charadrius duminicus.

im. B.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LV.

2. Aphriza virgata.

3. Arenaria inteipres.

Plate LVI.

Man. N. Am. B.

'.■5

I. Colinus virijininiius.

2. Cyrtonyx montcziiiua;.

(), Jacana j^ymnostoma.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LVII.

I. Dendragapub 'Ijscurus.

mmw

2. Dendragapus (Canachi'.es) canadensis.

Plate LVIII.

Man. N. Am. B.

'''1 1

1. Bonasa umbellus.

2. Lagopus lagopus.

Vm. B.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LIX.

I. Tympanuchus americanus.

2. Pediocaetes phasianellus.

Plate LX.

Man. N. Am. B.

"'%

I. Centrocercus urophasianus.

2. Cathartes aur.i. (See pi. Ixiii., fig. 8.)

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LXI.

I. Meleagris gallopavo.

-^x

2. Ortalis maccalli.

Plate LXII.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Columba fasciala.

2. Columba (" Patagioenas") leiicocephala.

wggrrTvvL.

3. Engyptila alhifrons.

-'\

■a

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LXIII.

2. Zenaidura tnacroura.

3. Zenaida amabilis.

Plate LXIV.

Man. N. Am. B.

3. Melopelia leucopte;.o.

4. Pseudogryphus californianus.

S. Cathartes aura. (See Plate Ix., Fig. a.)

m. B.

~2^y\

7i 1&

' '1

.,|

/^:„-^

ata.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LXV.

\«

■ff^^..^'^

"^ r

^%;

'r i

<W^?^

V- ^f

w-^

E
n

ai
O

3
V

Plate £XVI.

Man. N. Am. B.

3. Accipiter (Astur) ntricapillus.

2. Accipiter cooperi, 9 •

4. Parabuteo hnrriHJ.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LXVIl.

I. Circus hudsonius.

2. Polyborus cheriwny.

Plate LXVIII.

Man. N. Am. B.

Kri

I. Asturina plagiata.

'. *?^^

2. Bateo borealis.

4. Butuo borealis.

3. Biiteo (Buteola)
fuliginosus.

^mu

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LXIX.

I. Archibuteo sanctijohannis.

2. Aquila clirysaetos.

Plate LXX.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Thrasaetus harpyia.

K,^

./yTr-^V^^

'I. Pandion cnrolinensis.

\&:

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LXXI.

1. Haliaeetus leucocephalus.

2. Thalassoaetus pelagicus.

Plate LXXII.

Man. N. Am. B.

r^,

til

H"
^

I. Falco (Hierofalco) gyrfalco.

"^■s:

:■*-"

2. Fulco (Gennaia) mexicanus.

3. Falco ( Rhynchodon) 4. Falco (Neofalco)
anatuin. albigulari.s.

-i^^'

'/.

<S$.

6. Archibuteo ferrii- 7. Archibuteo sancti-
gineus. johannis.

5. Falco (Neofalco) deiioleucus.

S. Buteo swainsoni

MilliaMHI

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LXXIII.

I. Falco (^salon) richardsonii.

(MS

2. Falco (Rhynchofalco) fiisco-cceiulescens

4. Surnia caparoch.

Plate LXXIV.

Man. N. Am. B.

v,«

3. Asio wilsonianus.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LXXV.

Plate LXXVI.

Man. N. Am. B.

*v-!K 1

^< ^'

I. Bubo virginianus.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LXXVII.

I. Speotyto hypogDea.

2. Syrnium nebulosum.

3. Scotiaptex cinereum.

Ilt^

Plate LXXVIII.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Conurus carolinensis.

2. Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha.

ll_-3SSS,

\.m. B.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LXXIX.

I. Crotophaga nni.

2, Qeococcyx californianus.

Plate LXXX.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Coccyzus amerieanus.

ci
u

4>
U

2
o

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LXXXI.

I. Trogon ainbiguub.

c
n

2. Momotus cxrulciceps.

Plate LXXXII.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Campephilus principalis.

2. Picoides arcticus.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LXXXIII.

I. Dryobates villusus.

2. Dryobates (" Phrenopicus") boiealis.

,;. Sphyropicus varitis.

Plate LXXXIV.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Xenopicus nibolarvatus.

2. Ceophloeus ])ileatus.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LXXXV.

I. Melanerpes erytlirocephalus.

2. Melanerpes (Centurus) carolinus.

3. Melanerpes (Asyndestnus) turquatus.

Plate LXXXVI.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Dryobates (" Dyctiopicus") scalaris.

2. Colaptes auratus.

m. B.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LXXXVII.

!^^5uxa:Cj

I. Antrostomus carolinensis.

2. Chordeiles virginianus.

Plate LXXXVIII.

Man. N. Am. B.

ia>'

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate LXXXIX.

I. Phalsenoptilus nuttalli.

2. Cypseloides niger.

3. Chsetura pelagica.

4. Micropus melanoleucus.

Plate XC.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Eugenes ful^ens.

2. Amazilla pristina, ^.

3. Cceligena clemenciae, (^.

8. Trochilus (Calothorax)
lucifer, f-^.

10. Trochilus col iibris, 9-

9. Trochilus (Atthis) heloisse.

- ^

-:_

■ — — '

■r"

^■> ■^

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XCI.

2. Trochilus (Selaspho-
rus) nifus, ^.

I. Trochilus (Selasphorus) alleni, (^.

3. Trochilus (Stellula) caliiojn;, (f .

4. Trochilus (Selasphorus)
platycercus, J .

I '/,. 'J /iV A

5. Trochilus (Selasphorus)
platycercus, ^.

6. Trochilus (Calypte) costae.

7. Trochilus (Calypte) annoe.

S. Milvulus forficatus.

Plate XCII.

Man. N. Am. B.

3. Pitangus derbiauus.

■■1

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XCIII.

I. Myiodynastes lutt'iventris.

2. Myiarchus crinilus.

Plate XCIV.

Man. N. Am. B.

- 1

■mBmh

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XCV.

Plate XCVI.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Alauda nrvensis.

2. Otocoris alpeslris.

^ Perisoreus citiiadensis.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XCVII.

I. Corvus ("Corone") ossifraj^us.

2k Psilorhinus moi w.

r- .^^

Plate XCVIII.

Man. N. Am. B.

tta

I. Corvus siiiuntus.

2. Pica hiulsonicn

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate XCIX.

Picicorvus tokimbianus.

2. Cyanocephalus tyanocupliakis.

3 Xanthoura luxiiosa.

Plate C.

Man. N. Am. 5.

I. Cyanocitta cristnta.

2. Aphelocoma cnlifurnicn.

V-^^^W/i

3. Sturnus vulgaris.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate CI.

Plate CII.

Man. N. Am. B.

'if

'I!

I. Icterus icleriH.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate cm.

I. Quiscalus (luiscui:;

2. (Quiscalus (Megaquiscalus) major.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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Photographic

Sciences
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23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 143(0

(716) 872-4503

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Plate CIV.

Man. N. Am. B.

!-_,

I. Sturnella magna.

2. Scolecophagus carolinus.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate CV.

ICTTO

18597

I. Coccotliraustes (Hesperiphona) vespertinus (No, 16770).
(No. 18597 =:Coccothraustes coccothraustes.)

2. Pinicola canadensis.

3. Pyrrhula cassini.

4. Carduelis carduelis.

Plate CVI.

Man. N. Am. B.

■-',

U^4

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate CVII.

o
u

ta
O
u

I. Acanthis linaria.

3. Spinus (" Astragalinus") tiistis.

4. Spinus pinus.

2. Passer domesticus.

u
n

o
u

s
u

6. Calcarius lapponiciis.

Plate CVIII.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Rhynchophanes mccownii.

2. Poocaetes gramineus.

3. Ammodramus (Passerculus) savanna.

4. Aminodramus (Centronyx) bairdii

^, ft

5. Ammodramus (Goturniculus) passerinus.

:$>

'^^.

6. A. (Goturniculus) henslowi.

7. A. (Goturniculus) lecontei.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate CIX.

7. Amphispiza belli.

6. Amphispiza hilinenta.

Plate ex.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Peucsea aestivalis.

2. Melospiza fasciata.

5. Passerella megarhyncha

6. Embernagra riilivirgata.

r^SJ rJZ:x==.=.^ /J) 0-^^^<:zC^'

7. Sporophila moreleti.

8. Euetheia hicolor.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate CXI.

"^C

-4

Plate CXI I.

Man. N. Am. B.

Am. B.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Piranga erythromelas

2. Phainopepla nitens.

3. Lanius excubitorides.

Plate CXIII.

c
rt
tc
u

c
o

;•" .:rfs

Plate CXIV.

Man. N. Am. B.

<■■■■>

3. Petrochelidon lunifrons.

4. Clivicola ripnria.

5. Stelgidopteryx serripennis.

6. Tachycineta malassina.

7. Certhiola flaveola.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate CXV.

3. Vireo (Lanivireo) solitarius.

4. Hylophilus decurtatus.

7. Mniotilta varia,

S. Protonotaria citrea.

Plate CXVI.

Man. N. Am. B.

4. Dendroica (Peucedramus) olivacea

5. Helminthophila ruficapilla.

6. Dendroica coronata.

7. Dendroica (Perissoglossa) tigrina.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate CXVII.

•f?

I. Dendroica doininica.

2. Dendroica palmarum.

3. Seiurus aurocapillus.

4. Geothlypis (Oporornis) formosa.

5. Geothlypis (Oporornis) Philadelphia.

6. Geothlypis (Oporornis) agilis.

^4=it^

7. Oeothlsrpis trichas.

8. Sylvania mitrata.

Plate CXVIII.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Setophaga ruticilla.

^iiii^^^^

3. Cardellina rubrifrons

2. Setophaga (Myioborus) miniata.

4. Ergaticus ruber.

5. Basileuterus culicivorus.

6. '^rsileuterus (Idiotes) belli.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate CXIX.

<^l

6. Mimodes graysoni.

Plate CXX.

Man. N. Am. B.

4>i

I. Oroscoptes montanus.

2. Galeoscoptes carolinensis.

5. Harporhynchus redivivus.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate CXXI.

9
B

2. Salpinctes obsoletus.

I. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus.

3. Thryothorus ludovicianus.

4. Catherpes mexicanus.

5. Thryothorus (Thryomanes) bewickii.

6. Cistothorus (Telmatodytes)

palustris.

7. Troglodytes aetton. 8. Troglodytes (Anorthura) hiemalis. 9. Cistothorus stellaris

Plate CXXII.

Man. N. Am. B.

M
Z

I. Parus (Lophophanes) bicolor.

2. Auriparus flaviceps.

3. Parus atricapillus.

4. Chamsea fasciata.

5. Psaltriparus minimus.

6. Certhia americana.

7. Sitta carolinensis.

Man. N. Am. B.

Plate CXXm.

Plate CXXIV.

Man. N. Am. B.

I. Pbyllopseustes borealis.

2. Polioptila csei'ulea.

¥,

3. Regulus (Cortbylio) calendula.

4. Regulus satrapa.

5. Saxicola cenanthe.

'%'