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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre film6s d des taux de reduction diff Arentb. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmA d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^OVA SCOT/4 --^ «»^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^A T ^H| 1 i 1 ,^H^f ^^MN^KSflMBH-**^^^ *''' ^m^j:>:^- PROVINCE HOUSE , I if^' -.-.: , I «i iiriiimnnii"! m nii A FORECAST OF THE FUTURE OF THE MARITIME FMINCES. BEING A LECTURE DELIVERED BEFORE THE ST. JOHN MECHANICS INSTITUTE, JANUARY 17, 1870, BY HENRY YOllLE HIND, M. A. Geologist to the Canadian Red River Expedition of 1857. — I. narge of the Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Expedition of 1858. — Author of Narrative of the Canadian Expedition to the North West.— Explorations in the Interior of the Labrador Peninsular. — Report on the Geology of New Brunswick, &c.- -Reports on Waverly, Sherbrook, Mount Uniacke, Oldham, and Renfrew Gold Districts of Nova Scotia, &c.. Sec. 't I SAINT JOHN, N. B. : DAILY TELECJRAPH STEAM JOB PRINT 1876. "»!'a»'''*sit»!«!'Br'3i»(9Sw-: m\ BE \\J>\P^ It has bi Maritime own a ton is a rem from whic merce, bu bered thai quarters c of our 1X1) Therefr sliipbuilJ clain> a v supplyin;, As a re extreme, overwliel State of mined in cultivate and mor( populatii 8 per cer in^' al)i)ii that Sta of cultiv But thif' per cent inechan' , of indus j —in thf I wheat i I tion of industr; case of PHMP y < 1 J-^mJimiittaAm (Reprinted from the St. John Daily Telegraph.) A FORFXAST OK TIIK FUTURE OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES. REIXO A LEfTLRE DELIVERKD BEFORE THE ST. JOHN MEf'IIAMCS INSTITUTE, JAN L'ARV !7, 1870. Ily IIE.NKV vol LE II I Mr, M. A. It has been the boast of tlie people of the Maritime Provinces of the Dominion that they own a ton of shipping; for each inhabitant. This is a remarkable and unexampled standiioint from which to estimate our wealth and com merce, but at the same time it must be remem- bered thiit in the ai,'K«'*'i^i''te we do not raise three- "piarters of a biisliel of wheat fo:- each individual of our iMipuIatioji. Therefore, however hij^h we may rank as sliipbuilders and ocean carriers, we can but claim a very inftrior position as agriculturists sup[>lyiny ourselves witli focnl. As a remarkalile illustration of the opposite extreme, in which agricultural industry claims overwhelming pre-eminence, we find in the State of ^linnesota a still greater eflforu deter- mined in one direction. Seven-tenths of the cultivated area of ilinnesota is put in wheat, and more than one-half, or 57 per cent., of her potml.ition, is engaged in its cultivation, and S per cent, in sending it to market — thus mak- ing al)i)ut two-t'hirds of the entire population of that State chiefly engaged in the one operation of cultivating and sending wheat to market. But this is not all: There are in Minnesota 14 per cent, of her people occupying themselves as mechanics and manufacturers; but in what kind of industry do they find their chief employment? —in the building of mills for the grinding of wheat into flour. But where so large a propor- tion of the ijopulation is engaged in one kind of industry', the remaining portion (which, in the case of Minnesota, amounts to 21 per cent, of professional men) expect much of their income from the sale of the wheat crop. If these state- ments were not based (m high authority, which is no less than that of the statistician in the U. S. Department of Agriculture, we should scarce- ly credit them.* Xewfoundliud furnishes us with another illus- tration of a people devoting themselves almost exclusively to one branch f)f industry; and for the purpose of this evening's lecture I .shall con- sider Newfoundland as one of our Maritime Provinces. Possibly the time is not far removed when it will be allied to us by stronger ties than at jiresent bind it, and form an integral part of our wide -spread Dominion. In the 'Maritime Provinces' we usually include Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Ed- ward Island, but in a general review of the in- dustry of an entire State, such as the Dominion of Canada, we cannot isolate certain parts of the Province of Quebec which border on the ocean, just as much as many paits of New Bnuiswiek. Nor in a forecast of the future can we forget the Island of Anticosti or the vast extent of coast line which affords harbors for our fishing craft on the Labrador, and which, like Newfoundland, may become of great imiiortance in relation to mineral wealth. Therefore, in attempting to penetrate, however feebly, the veil which hangs over the future of the Maritime portion of the Dominion, I do not think that the subject can be fairly dealt with, •Address on Agricultural Statistice, by the Statisti- cian o( the Department, of Agriculture, 1674. j^^M^^^t^^^^^^^^ mtL . 1 . 2 . A KdRKC.N^T ('!' Tlin iiuIesH wo takt- icto iMii.siJi'r.'itiuii. liiii.ii of tliat t'xteiid-Nl cuiist line wliicth forim hd ),'riiiiil H fniiit ti) tntf iili>up>'t illiiiiitiilile ('X|i:iiist' of tirri- 1( ly wliioli Hpri'ii'li ; (• far towiirds tho went. Tim T«>rrltov:iil I x;t:i!ts(> ol' llx- »«>nii!i'<»:i. In iiivl.T t'> foi'.M ii t.i'M^ conceiitli.n of t.!io V!i;;t;ii'.s-i of tlu' (loiiiiiiii l.yiir; witliiii t!u> limits wliiclv iiKiy liL' oci'UMied Ijy civiliz.'d ;ii;iii, ii.-t us li.y blit! map of thu Outuiuioi! ever siiiiil.'ir ai'd isdDH'tricd i>:ir:illel^ of l.itil.udo in liiiroj)!^, and rouj^r'.ily tniuu the I'oulf \vl.'i;h would hufoHovvcd l.y two travellers JDunH-yin;.; liy loudin;.: linen of nounuiuiication, as near as convenitnit to tlio I'lCix of til'' so'itliorn boundiiry of the l>oiuiniori, tii'j one on the ^\'L■.^tl'rn or Anu'iio'iii I'o'.tiiicnt, the other on the Jvistern or i^n'opeaii. On the KuMtern Contineut the travolKr wouid Htivrt at I'lrnst, ami ta',ud there attain tlx; most Hoiithern limit of his journHV. Meanwhile, the Canadian t^Mveller would start at I'iutou or lionislmr'.;, ;ind jaish ah)nj,' the Tiit"rfo!onial railway to iUvierf' du Tjoni)on the .St ijtiwrince, thiin.ie by the 'ri'iuid Trnnlv and < ti'c.t \\'rsiijru to Windsor, ojujosite Detroit iii the State of Jd-ichi^an, where he would ;ra.;h his ni.ist south- ern point. -From Detroit his course would be thron:,'h finkes llnr. lu and Suj>eri(.r to Thunder ]'>ay, theuce by steanii;r, with a ivw interveuin.,' porta;;eH, to the north-west cornor of the Lake of the Woods, wlu'u lie would lia\e acconijilished ouedialf of his journey. The Kuropi'an traveller would cross the Gulf of "^/enice, rtnd entering' Turkey pass through to Ijtdgrade, and thence by tlie Danube and Black sea to <,)dessa, when the h.alf of his journey would lie over. Starling'' a.,'ain from Odessa, he must traverse Houthern Russia for iifteen decrees of lon'.;itude to the Vol.,'a,and thence on throu,>,di the deserts of Astrakhan, s''^■en deifiees of lon- gitude farther, to the confine-* of Tartary; and he must still journey tendej^'rees towards the east throutrh '{'artarian Deserts to the longitude of Bokhara, liefore he would arrive at tl)e end of his weary voTite. Tiie i 'anadian traveller enters the threat Pran-ie country of Manitoba after leavini,' the Lake of t le Woods, and he may, i within sight of the T?o';ky mouiitaius through a beautiful and fertile wilderness; cross the mountains on horseback and reach the Cariboo gold ri^jion, where he would find an excellent wa!,'on road, a tele;,'rapii line, and steam com- munication to Mew Westminster on the shores of the PaciH(; ocean, and the last four hundred miles of his jiurney w(nild lie through the grand Alpine scenery of for '.>t i lad atul livtr abonii ~ , i 1, •.•,,. 'i 1 • y catch abo in>,' liritish (.dluudiia. ' ,,,, ,.,,. ,.. I , r ., . 0),in and ch I lie (hllieultlts iind dau'^'cl's of the caste" i. .. M 1 • ii 1 ,. 1 ic CI- But, as arei traveller durm,' the last iidf of h.s jourm would be vastly -reater thiui thos; wl.irji mi; "^ ""' '*'" 1 » 1 • / 1 1- • 1 wer of tin be-iet hui ('auadi. Ill rival. rill • • • .. f .• 1. the iiM> I'r^g ^,-e;i of yi'-*''* il,.s, and its Knowinu;, o/ter this fashion, the territori^j,|ny|,, ^i,^.^ expans'> of cho vast country 10 which the Mm' time Provinces form tlie Atlantic front, v may now leave for a whihi thoso wide-spreadii inland areas, and turn our attention to tl liwellers by the sea. liimitiii' ourselves for the i)reseiit to t!ie fo' - . I- . ' I'ripvMic '. Provinces, M ova Scotia, Aew Brunswick, Xc. . , . foundlaud, and Prince Ivlv/ard Island, we ha iher .\1,u-itiii the lolUiwing approMuiato aggregate: N«\vtniuii!l ii aii;;a i-oi'ilation", to-vxaok and kisii catch ok t; r*ii(i t(ii:ir . . MAlirriMK I'lUiVI.NCKS. Which sta' I'oi-u- Ton- Catch "■ -, . . i'r.'viiire. Arci,. l.tUdi. eiij;e. in >' ie .vbiritiu; Xovii Se.tia 21,7;Vl 4J'; D'lO :,;;;. O-'iS (i.'irvi :; 10,000 S((ua New UruiiswicOv.... 27 '.'-^'Z H\:,.Om ■.]i>7M''> '^,'''^'^-7 t.:,.,^:., ^.,,\ A 1'. Kdwiinl Isliiui... 2,l;i:l JOi.UM f, ■.• -Ji iS;i .-*"•"'' Xewfmii.ihanu : ... .'iii.OOO )(;,,-JU (!:i,:»8 8,-J-l(i .'Undrell thoi Tela! 87,108 l,U0o,C44 !J5aS."F.LS AND TOXNAOK Ol' TilK DO.MIXIOX IN IJ'lJgtinct frolll 1^'^' ^''"•'- .fterreprese 1873 lt-74 187.'> Kstnii;. \V«>rIi A'epsels Tonnagje Ves'ls Tonna/o Toinia. _ , 6,7*0 1,073,781 0,030 1,158,:3{;3 1,250,0 ■I-'*-* "** " ^^ Xcwf'land. n >ova St 1,301 07,185 1,30;') 7!)S,S T-^,' Q^jt^nyti:ir>i: Total.. .. 8,084 1,140,003 8,2l<,"> 1,-J-23,181 1,322, i 868 The tonnage of 187-1 and 75 entitles the 1 '- 800 miuion, with Newfoundland, to r.^.nk foiut' ^1^' " ['|'' among the nation.-} of the earth in i>oint of luaii 872 time strength. ,-, The foregoing tables expressed in woi''- mean that the area of the Maritime Provinei- named is about the same as that of Great Biir Mtan ain, that their tonnage in shi[is, very ne.arl> ~']7is esiiin amounts to one ton to each inhabitant, and thalilami tui.na: lly ujii) iod 1 ;.u».i)-V'v ''■■/■ g|;Ate.:!,:..: -.V... ■ :; ';j..;i^',<..Lr'-'m^i^::^-^ ■tL, II rrm: of tiik mak.i'imi: ri!<>\ i\(i:s. liil liver ul'ii y ciitcluil'o.it 817 wi'itli (if '.i-*.'! fiiri-ach iii.iii, Let lis idso lnolc li.iclc a-iil soe what .Ntnv ,• .1 . 0iau and oliilil ; of (.Jneliei;. ; Vciir ley lire jiiHt as miii'ltiiii»i iu tlieir i>ccii|i.tti(tiis HIS-; n-l,irh nil- ve, for A\e in |ii>iiiiily l;iio\ niiniiiji US it 111 ;,, i,,,M, , id iii-^tiiiets ;i.-t the |ie'i|)!o of t!ie Xort'i Sliorc '■ 111 ii.'*.> ciiiin *'. ^ , I ,„ .. , ,^ • , . this I'roviuc-i or of Nov;i Suotiii, an. I w!ieti, l lieeu In.i'vi- t *•'"' •'•'""■''-' t.'iliir.i'-eil .»>i:niniiiry, v.-c :■ !il thiit _ „„i , iitlo:i of til*! I' -oviiie'j of (Jiiehec Wile'ili.)|i''fH ; y .'V .siiccessioii i I'runswiek wms doiii ; in tho way of liiiililiiiL' i'ii,'lit to , ships half a fcntiir,- ii^ro, Tuivlii;,' t!iu yejua to|lll!lj,'C) ; ve.s..Jelrt Bnt, tV' iih'e:i(ly .-';:it(.''l, we hii, ijjlte iroi'i ;tli tuuiueratioii of tho ve lUll and ; fi'oni liS:i'i to 1H(.'>, wi- lia< o tlii' f.ilinwi!!. iii'.'liidin; .:.''il. '!'r .( that the coastline of (Jiiebe.t; is J.liU iies 111 leiiLjth, and as- l^n^•|.J^•, r.- vhich the Mai, obiinNO .nkwi.'uc.ndla.ni). antie front, v . 'T .'~' ■- — — ^ ' — — n^""'.!''"^^ ! wide-s|ireailii ittention to tl \s^^ I.Vi'i lsJ7 iiS'j8 iri.i'.r.i! l,^•.;.t » l.">t( "■"') v.-m Kvu .>>,r)7l K>;:; M,ii.-l 1-::-; 17,>:i7 lH-;t -u 14') ISii.'. •_V),7!«( H ) 'J fi,v!)i iv.'id i.s:;7 •.!', i!i;J :;7,^s.H i^:;s ;i;i, ;i;7 ls;i:» -i.i sm 'sio e,4,liil 1 ; 1 7, .10 '\^^■^ •i-.!>.ii) i^-t:: ;i.riM» 1-14 •:i.." i:; Ib-Jf) 2^,!l72 M ):i:u, u :•■! .til a s> I'l-oviiie iseiit to t!ie fo' iriiii.^\vick, Xe\ , ' u,(;i)0 Usi; i.uo.'. lui '.•7t 8'i4 17,.'5 7,U.-i7 KISII CATCH OK T; Mild tol;il' . . .. lliMMI I. (i,'>.(!l4 l..'.."iS40 i:!.48l.0i7 „, , Which statt'il iii woiils is. tiiat tne iirea of i - Jon- Ct-h ■•• -^ . . T, . . , ,. . . 1. I'iiyc. in;.-! le Maritime 1 r'^viui c-; ol '..In- I 'oiiiinioii is i r('27,0;i.5 (i,';;VJ :; 10 000 .''i(ua.re inilrs, or .ohont that of (ri-.'tit' :;u7.02.; ^.<>-^7.^it^^,, ^,,,u,,j ami ■I 0| leveii r,..,.,)(j .)vy ^,"'i'"m> 'I".' 11'-" V. .. h a ;i VjHiiaM ();),H1S S,-J4(i .' iindred tb.onsaiid, a toiina.:e e.\ceediiiL,' eleven 7[7/~-^" i~Tr,'7 undred tlioiiNa-t'd, and .'i tish oatcii of aliout -, weaty millioa doHais ve.niv. 'I'lie ]i!irase flsa catch, 20,000,000 of dollars, iini)hes an tnniense local imlnstry on the sea, alto-jether : DOMINION- i.s- 1.N iigti,,,.t fr„ni that of («ceau carriers, ami is here- •fter rejireseuted. World <>t llit> ]>a.st CPiid' I'lMitury. Let us Lflanc',^ at the toiuue4e of vessels unilt 187.''. Kstaii;. ■inna','e Toiiiia. ,ir)S,3,'!:J 1, '250,0 7!>S,S 72, ■: n Nova Seoti'-i, an. I New Ih'un.-ivvick di even years;-- >'ova Sc.:itia ,-'2S,KSl 1,322,. 8(i8 :?i.0:'.8 'ntitles the ] '. S'l'.i 2(: (i7!) to rank foni.t«|-: :;;;:::;;;;;;;.;• ■.•.;;4^;^;^^ n point of uiari 872 .'•)2.,ss2 87H (i.-i.OOl 57-1 74,7011 issed in wonl- itime Provinre- LL^l!':^*' ot Great lii'ir, Mean 40,010 [)s, very neariy «.(.||j^j,^,ji„,^ ,_ 1,.^ 1^ „l,,,.^y^^[ ,jf„.^ not iimUide tii bitant, and thatllaiHl tcii-.iiai.;iT i>r llsh ei eli (if ; it is es-eiiti Ntw Dniii^wiek 24,41!) I 3l,!»7i' I 3.1 r,OS .■«,;!oa S().46+ -12.701 4(i,0i;3 7 )2.il,l71 ;!ri,ssi Metn.... ls,7.i.'^i It thus appears that Xev,' T-i iinsw. ick ha^ l>niit on an averaL^e t!ie folhwiii.'- ainira' aiiioiait of tonn!i;,'(! diiriu'.;' the .leveral [leilods named in the foUov.'iiiL:; taiile : - Kr III IS2.T to J.s.':: is,7::.'> ten* ■" l-;i7 lo K>4.'^i :i.!, !1 1 •' " 1)508 til l^7^ n.'. s»l " AveiM;.;(3 dnriiiu' the last half Cfalury from tli,? alj()V6' perioils, 'Jil.;M') tons, or in the wiiole po riod a'oont l,4!(7,00i) tons of !-hip|iiiit,', and this within th.e niemo.'y of people even now in th.o full vi.;nr of lifo. The value of tills toiina^'e may l)'.', at the V.ist, estimated at ••=■*: iO 000,000, and it reprcS'.'iirs only a. poitioii of our indnslry in the forests of this Troviiice nlone, and is an index of v.hfi.t we owe to theai, but is it not .also a sugu'estive lini^er post on tiie ro;«l to ultimate ia.povc'risliment, if means are not taken to con- >erve w'lat lunrihis of tlie fountain of our wealtli, It is worthy of iioUi that in esiiinatin;.,' our toiiiKV,'!', there is a great difference between thij ^tati.-tics of tonnage of ves'Sils I)uiit in the Prov- inces and vessels registered in the Provinces, the difference being latterly in favor of tlie tomiag-! built, as in;iy be seen i:i the follov, i'sg tables: — .V'livj Scuti't. T.'e KcgM. More I'.ei'M More 'uiiit tiiaii Ijuilt, tliaii IU'h'iI 10 ( :u 1,-5,142 10,ii:5 1 ■i M,i .... V. :n- V'Q niillt UC.v. Inli'.i. , 1870 , ls71. 1872 . I87:i. Ift04. IMIS. I80!l , 1.-70 1^71. 1.S72. I sr:! 1874. . ;;! ons . 2ii 07!) . .s:{,o.')!) .44.007 ..Vi.S 2 0.{,( 01 . 74,7i:i> . 2 1,41;) . ;{i,!i72 . :!.■! riDi) .■10,S04 ..42,7'il . 42.701 47,<',72 44,Sil 41 nr.i 47,070 •I.') 7«4 7.0"-; r,i,,SXi .-.OtW 57,200 17,."ii'l) ..Vfiiw Ilnm.'iti ii!:. 2" ;-;.'i". 4,oco M5,84;{ y 871 .•Ui"i7l 1,028 :!0,7:i7 ••; ■■i84 .... 4:i.0.">t 7.iii'> 4."i.54() 2, ST.) 40,2 7 0.:^!)n y a|>]i iij'J 10 the .Maritiiiiu iii; lion uf tlie Doiiiiniyii. ! In Quebec the differ'/i'C(j is alwisys very con- ni p wiwuw , I A FOUECAST OF TUB siderahly Jn favor of the t()rnia;^'o re^'intereil cr)m- pared witli the tuiinft;,'e built. <'»iiilltloii of Our 4Krlciiltiiro. In Ktmng*^ contrast tothereiriarkahlndeveloi)- iiient (if evorythin,' that pertains to the Hca, is tho a(,'rifult\uivl inchiHtry of t)ie Maritime Provinces. Yet even this i.s far from bein,' un- favorable in rehition to (rapacity or productive capability, it is rather in the direction which industry hiw taken which appears to render a;^ricultnre so inucli in the back iiroiui:o ivIoaiHlliiml, i ls7M vH,iiM,W« 1 ; . . . .Tctal T>ut listen to the (comments of the statistic! , ' 1 !• 1 1 • ii 1. .. I ii TT o /< n round ! p\ibhshed in tho l{e|«ort of tlie U.S. (.oini r * • li c 1M-.I ii-\f . Jit, not in< I Hioiier of A','ncu!ture for 1S(.). 'Mninesoti ' ' II t it 1 1 ^< .. i> -i • an waters I only hajijiy wtien the peopleot (treat I'ritani supposed to be in daii'/er of utarvation." *'*' ^'„ ,* V* * * "Minne.^'ota, meanwhile, as li f Fimly. I crop is niaturin'.; can never ascertain wlietl"*'^^ "' *■ the want will l>e 40,000,000 or !H),000,00(), Toful Oi«t avcra-e more than three .luartt^rs of a bushel of 1 ^,,pt,,gr the home price will be .V) cents .fo these o V»!S-el8. wheat I )cr head of population, and tlie contrast with their great shiiipiuK, luinberinu and fishery interests is very strikm^,', and it docs not I tliinlc altofjether arise from an unsuitable climate, but from causes under (mr control. Taking the Maritime Provinces as a whole, including Newfoundland and the estuary por- tion of Quebec, the relative value of the several leadin,:^ industries stand thus: - Fur every honj of ixip'ilatioii,. . .-920 worth of sliippiiiK- " " " ... 20 worth offish. " •• " ... Sixtv acres of land. " " •' ... One bnstiel of wheat. But with regard to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick it is only II of a bushel of wheat per head of population, and this involves the impor- tation of about one barrel of Hour for each man, woman and child in the country. In order to contrast the varied and far-reach- ing character of our industry with the industry of a leading Western State of the Union, such as Iowa or Minnesota, the following figures showing the relative production of wheat are interesting. NOVA SCOTIA. Pupula- Wheat Oatg, lM()ian tion. Bushels. Ruahfls. Butter. Chceso. Corn. IS.'ilt 276,117 2!)7,l.'i7 1,;«4,«7 3,«13,890(!.')2 0(i!) 37,47.t l.Milt 330,857 312.081 1,1.78. 137 4,532,711 901. 2!H1 15,529 1871t 387,800 227,49/ 2,190,099 7,101,S()7 881,8r)3 23 319 NEW BUUXSWICK. Popula- Wheat Oats. Indian tion. Bushels. Bushels. Butter. Chespe Corn. 1824 74,170 18S4 119,457 1 1 I 1 4. I „ 1840 154 000 1 abroad and such power at home, 18.51 193!800 206..5.5.5 lV4Vl",i(U 3,0,-J6,'939V.!'.V.'. (i2!2'i5 1S;<1 2,52,047 279,775 2,(J5(i,8S3 4,.591,477 218.(1()7 17,420 1871 285,594 ?04,911 3,044,134 5,115,947 154,758 27,068 dollar, or the ultimate result debt or coni.ter ISays, tence." ines Basin How much bri'.,diter is the outlook of the i\I>oe from itime Provinces than is pictured in those woi-.uary at 1' owing to their varied industries. jgate .'),4H( 4»iir .Miirilliiic SiuhiHtrli'Hnii'l Kf't«niirrr>tire area Now let us see liowthe 'Shore folk,' the t'^'-'''*' *"l'i'» dwellers by the sea, are reiiresented in their nThe total l)eculiar industry, which all European natine jurisdi( de.sire to foster to the utmost, as lying at hing grot foundation of their maritime strength. saties, is, NCMBER CK VBSSKLS, BOATS AND .MKS K.Ml'LOVKD IS UftfC Hllle HSMKitiKs I.N 1874. ,000 s<]uat J^^]'-^ Such ther « 1. >pulation i "I « (Ople of th y ^ J Now let I 892.'? 207^77 1(>^''^ '"*^« 3351 l(!(i,8.'.7 .'.dices of 49.52 167,573 ;,„„erate, s f i . 3 S5 ^ 15 'A N. Scotia 529 20,l(i3 75(1,128 4385 Ncw-Brk. 131 2 518 (:8 354 fiU Quebrc.. 174 Il.77ti 105,410 719 Newttd . . 10(il 50,274 8, J40 15,8 .8 31 P. E, I i» occupal It is clea Proilnction ofWhrat Inlo>va»n«IMinii<>Hotn, liicouirast to tli« Mnritimv rruvlucf.s. IOWA. Yield of Wheat. ISOO , 14.fl.35,.520 1808 l«,0iK»,072 1872 522,080,00!) 1873 31,(i00 0GO Average per aoie. 14 14 12.0 13 tCeusu3 returns. Total .... 1895 90,731 14,058 33 OlM 01 Thus giving, exclusive of Prince Edw"* "'""^' Island, of which jio returns were available, a***® e.xten tal fleet of 90.731 Ions engaged in fishing,maii ^® '^^7'^' by 14,058 sailors and fishermen, together \^^ '^'^^ 33,0fi4 boats, manned by f>l,i>5G fishermen ; ,*r"er8. grand total of men on the sea, engaged in t •*^''*^ ''™' industry of 73,475, deducting 2,439 shoreii.**™'''*^^^ This is the nursery of that marine which ^'i' *^ ^^^'^rd to the Dominion of Canada such promiiie'*^ *". , ateri^risi Oiir roast IJue **1® "^'^"^ But while enumerating the area of the sev' the 1) Maritime Provinces that important eleni'»000,000 their coast line, where their fish most aboi: tenths must not be omitted, nor the area of their in!*OD of 1, waters and the iHjrtion of the ocean they end no t^"8 which is in a certain measure their own inhthis stand ance. **««'« ^^ The lineal extent of sea coast, not inchuP ^^ l"^' the indentations of the land, is thus givei*^" 'i^* the census returns for 1871: *'^^ ^' ' i m iii ■■ ul VrTIRF, OF TTTK MARITIME VlUtVINTKS. btc 1, .•<«l,()'2i r»S«Mtiii 1,170 " ' tKio,4«r/ noe K.iwiird isiaixl ;ui' " <,'fi)ii,()ii(i lylouiiillaiid 2,00 " s.ti.io.iioo 1 — . , Tctiil f),'J:i.> i>f tlie HtatiHtici , , ,. , 1 ., - n rmiiiil riuinlier hve tnoiiMaiuI iiuIch nf Hoa The area of Itlie r. S. Coini . . ,. , . . , n\T- 1 Jiti >>i)t 111'' 11(11111; tlie lialirtKlor. an waters if. mh follown: Htarvatioii." ► f iif Hf I nw nvK-c "8,000 , , 9iU."< Ch Ifur- l.ltL'.'J |, jneiinwhile, as K f K imly r>,4o;{ ascertain whetl"*' '■> "' *'"' ^^- '-''^rfHi-'o ".''"t or 5M),(X)0,0()(I, Totfil ihf.m WattTS 04,827 be 50 cents i ["o tlie.ie ocean watei-s innxt be adflcd the salt lit debt or coni.ter Hiiys, &;. , stub as tbe Hay of Miraniiclii, ines Baxin, the liras d'Or, the Jliver St. Law- outlook of the ]\ hoe from t^ii'ilxjc to the l>et;innin>; of the ired in those woi,uar.v at I'oiute des Monts, formini: in the ag- ries. jgate r),4H0 (-(jnare miles, thus brinffinj,' up the nnii'l RfMiiiirrritire area of the Maritime ocean waters to ^hore folk,' the i^^-^*"" «*l'i'»e "'iles. esented in their i>Thf total area of the marine league of Mnri- 1 European natine jurisdiction, and the e.vchisive right to sea Dst, as lyiny at hinj,' grounds, nave what may conceded by s strens/th. aatius, is, exclusive of Newfounpulation and ])roperty in land and sea of the lople of the Maritime [Kirtion of the Dominion, jNow let us consider the three great industries j,;hlch have siven to them the four remarkable dices of wealth and far-reaching influence '•io IStt'rs'"'.'?' ' -jjiumerated, namely, Shipbuilding, Lumberin;?, Inoccupation of Ocean Carriers and Fishinjf. 058 .'W 004 01 -^^ '^ clear to a demonstration that the three of Prince Edw™' named itKlustries are dependent to a very were available a'^^ extent upon the wealth of our forests, for ed in fiahinff man ^® were deprived of these we could neither ■men together ^^'^^ *''^*P''' ""^ ^^ I*"'"'' '"'''™^^^' ^^^^ long ocean ,t>r>G fishermen ; ("Tiers. ea en"a"ed in f ^^*^ l>osition of our Commercial Marine is un- in" 2 4'id shoreiii''*™^'®'^^ '" history, and the only approach to marine which "i' '^ afforded by the United Kingdoms of Nor- la such promine'*y ^^*^ Sweden. The area of this frugal, yet f,ijjp_ atei'prising state, is 2r);i,000 square miles, or a [jiie ttle over double that of the Maritime portion e area of tlie sev' '^g Dominion. Its population is about important eleii]'»000,000, of which 7 tenths are in Sweden and fish most abot: tenths in Norway. Norway with a popula- ( area of their inl'OD of 1,800,000 has a tonnage of 1,885,84;^ tons, 3 ocean they end nd thus approaches the Maritime Provinces in e their own inhtWs standard of commercial wealth, but Norway tands far beyond all r head of iiopiilatiun. Now the fjucMtioii which weouj^'ht to be able to answer in view i.f our coinnienia! future is this what inoiiortiini of really vahmblo forest land do we jnjsscss per head of iMipuhition, m> that our shipliuildiii).' may 'le coutir,ued without difliculty, and mir luml)er exports brou^jht under hucIi control by forest conservancy thut the forests, or what is left of them, may lie utilised in such a niitnner as to maintain a |>«'rennial supply. I think thv'se ijuestions can be approximately answered ami in most I'.irticulars fiivnrabiy to the maintenance of tiiose great industries whi<'ti have led to the present Maritime position of the Dominion. But in atteii'Dtin^ to answer them we must fearlessly examine the results of jiast widesjtreed and apjiareiitly utter neglect of the future which hivs seeininyly characterized the past history of all the Provinces with regard to their forests. I say apparently an MM|if'rfi- ciiHipf NfW I^MiiiHwiflc ami its iiiluiiil wiitt-rH, Miili ii-t .Miraiiii''l;i I'lvy, in n-* folliiWM; - .\nii if Ni. V liriiMs\»ii-k 17, iMi.^O Kioiii liil-^ 'li'.liici i;ii-i 111' hiliiiiil niaai. WM'tr (Mini |.lr, lliiv) I'-i S70 Arm i'( Uiv r', l/iKi*-, Ui'.ul-i iiiul IlivliriiiiilH «;.'>(),' 00 742t<70 lU'l'/hlHi. I riMci' . . '•itrdiiiia N iplm. . 18. v.? Ill 7i» 1' 11 'I ;I7I) t to t'llVFiC T.'iul ht'iliii't urui lit' liii|iii/u Lfavlll)£tiit:iliiri':i(,f 1.1 If 1 in l;:vlliriir iiulitinn.l.") '■'"•'..i47 ( If 'tl! I Id' Clint (if tliu eiitiro likiiil Hiipt'i'lit'it'H tif t];o I'riiviiii-e nt\]\ in ti ii!>tiirnl couiiitjun. lit'*. ii:-i !i"W tiiki' N'livii. Snit.iii. Till' 'ii'Liv •■!' Ifii-i r'riivitii'r I x.i'lus'Vi' i.f illl'lli '^ ItlTS.I/.lld'S, l;iM,TK, IllliuU mill iliiilr . 'kill, i-i nhniil, 1'^ fno 11111 ncriis A''iii Ml iMi|iiM\L"l iuiiii l,i;^7,ii|il " 'I'litiil 1iin«l iiRi'. Ill 11 ii;i1unil H'.itr.... I().:t72,'.> 1) '' Drii.liiiut sr» |ier ci^iit. of t'lo Liiiiil sni'iifiincx in a imtiit!'.! Liiiiilitii.il. lint it nm-t lint lio uu|)|iiwi"(l tiiat tin' '.>J per ' cont. of land in u atate of nature in New liiniis- | wirk, fir till' S"> iicr cent, in N'ova Scitiii h for- | vnt chul. Wt! nl;I^t ilodixt tiij I.oi'ky iitim \yliwe ' no Hoil existi, tlie Kooky 'Mv.t\ wIuth a thia hut now hinnHil-out soil cxi.ttM, tlin Iiarr.n.'i whcrf a forrst once t^ietv 1 lilt liy ri'Mcatfil fires the soil , )i;w liet'U reiiilert'il untft for many yuai'.M to conifi ' to be.ar forf.-'t-*; siinilaily for pivscnt ontimateH : we inii.'^t (IcdtKst tlie hnrnt'd districts on poor I land, wliere a new grnu'tli will Im very nlow.and j finitlly we must; inakii u'lmvaiu'e for those terri- | lile Sv;i)ni';;es, tlie eoidf i^ratioiis, wliieh annnally ! HWeep throiiirh and destroy .so inauy tliou.sand ' acre.s of onr tinest forests. I I think that when these causes of pn-sent for- I est ni'provement are deducted, thera will not 1 renuiiii more than twothird.s of tli" are.a of wild land clothed vvif i availalile atid ^noviiv^' trees, \ atul this [iprha;is is too favorable an e.stimate. ! It would leave n.s iJl per cent, for New Brans- ! wick and 5G jier cent for Nova Scotia, but cer- tainly not all beariiii,' trees tit for lunilmrin^,' or | Bhip-buildiny. ! Assuming' these data to 1>n approximately correct, and the error lies pmbalily in the eeti- niate beinj,' toohi;,'h, our forest capital conii>ared with other countries staud.s thus: — i I'r.iportionof Korust ProiKirtionof Acrei j Uiiiil 1(1 ajiiirtyatt! of Fores' I. mil pur | hciiil of pi>iiulat,i'jii. 24. (U 8..V> 2:. 00 00 is 00 4.28 0.68 ♦ lieu* zsch— Authority for the Furopem countries. Our «<>iM'<.( WimIIi ( oriipiMM'il t*llli (rii>i'> ' i'^ ^' <"'•""■■'■- . oiwav. w lilit in oid'T ti ,11'livo III. H IT. il, \','llijl» Wi . ., , , , . Itt tlilV.' 'j f^Vtu iipproximati'ly iilmw l!io si'iiouiit ot . , |, . foreKt capital, wj must (niinpiii' the are.i . f . 111.71:;, (ill population nf liie difVirent coitntrii >, a"d ^ , ,• i . I,i7l,i.'i/ |iit>,>nt piifjiones it will siiHi !!• if wi take .. .^.. I four lead iiij,' .states, namely NCrway, '^^''''" -,.v,. jV New Uniiiswicrk, Xuva S 'utia, and com; , . . ' ot -h I'pll them witli (/uc'k'C, as^'iui'.in,' the forest arc. . i ^^ j (iueboc to be f<0 in!r cent of the entire ""! •.^. ,, .,,,,1 ] cie.s, which, it will Im reiui'inN reil, takes ij „, ,1 (y..,., liir^je i>irt of the I»ibradi>r iviiinsula to , j ,,] , ^ ln'i;,'!it of liMid when trees only :,'ro\/ in >*t''^'".in„ ,,f y, valley* 2/ tr < •a *4 7(iO!0 7ii< M ^.•. Mfi 7:-S m ■7 :!H.41 ' III U;iH:ii(>; r.'i ■Jii.oou no 1 i;ii '. ** .- OOal. '1 h ^ ^ •- .vitry. il \ -.--•'• -• e been .' : iex; I'lt* tl -- .-ye tn the ai 3 = H ~ ire, •id t •.il ill 1,:W>, f>'t-* ■ eniiiar-o area. Norwiiy (iii.Ot f««ecltn (iJ.OO New Brunswick (il.OO \'ova Scotia... .<>(>. 00 ' Maine 40.09 t Kussia HO.'IO German V 2fi M ' r. S. Census. i .\'w'.\»i 70.-. t--.'; S»e'li nl,-MM77 ^,-. Mi'i 7'.'2 ll'' ;- rc, -■,! •> -l.';.! . . ,v. .t :i'.Mii.i 7 :!n.41 ' 111 ' '27''0 •-':it,7il lat, it iii,a, \.s.. 4-_'.i.0iia l;i;iH2 1 (>; r.ileiiei'l,.i lU OM '20.0011 no I (ill ■.,'. (_M 2 ,»•: H'l 7 .. ' any attei This talili;, inter|ireted, atipears to 1 ear dr;i,h\n;ii following; mKaiiiou : .Norway h i.s .'<.) uic!;ii>;ifQQj^ .^^ ^]^ acres of lurtfit capital, v/ith which to ;; ijg shiobi building her ships, e.'cportin^ luiii'ier, and i"»'i(Jl)v« of ( in^' on the biisine-is of o •can earners; Svvi'^ ^ji^i, f j lias 52 niillioiis of fnre-t capit d to iari>' mi ng ocean same bu^rii)e.-.s; New IJriiiiswick has biit^jj^ , ^^..^ , , millions of forest capit.al; and Nova Scoti.a j and o' Imt 7.1: millions. Yet Nov.k Sctia tonnage g v'urii ceedri that of Sweden, and the for'.'st capit.i New Brunswiclv i.i bul, a iift'i piut of tli-r ' '" Sweden or Norway. w lir.st Is it not i\ fair iiue.^tion to a-k wlietlior, iiiiCh wiui'l existing circimistances, and at the woiiiUrf;;«-« ^■'""'' rapid rate at which both Nova hk. itia and y<^ ciivefn ]5ruii8wick are consiuniii;^ their forest capir*'* •^' '' ' and the present enfeebled con litiou of th.at e, *'*''''' ' ''■^' ital, the end is not in si.Lrht, unless measure.^ '"*' "''"'^ t.iken to protect the forest capiial and to J» '"'' '^^" crease it? ^^^ '""'l' Taking another view: The aggrei^ate tonni' *'^'' ""*' of Sweden and Norway is 1,800,000 tons: road req Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 770,000 t ■> fpi'-i'i"- The forest capital of Sweden and Norwav"""""'?- 102,000,000 acres; of Nova Sc-otia and X^ "n thn eqjetual ling wo( ■ The water area in Norway is not ileductPil-- K. SideiiWath), aeeretary of the lioyal .Swetii h IJii: of Stati'jtics. 100,000 .1 t Deilueting water areas as stnted in the cei.su-j '.ijj],,r ,),., and statiiiif the population as in 1871. , ^ I Olit-aiiiu.t liy niultiplyiii;; total artii l)y per cu, I lid r^iqu of loiKSt area. i % ■»•■: nil hi; i>y Tiiv. MAnrriMi; i'iii>\ i.\ii.:> ,) l»ii ij|i'.vii'l<, l".'.ri'i,ilili> juT.'-i. 'I'lm r.itj.Mif tun- " ii"i» ato fiiv«c i-M|)il,Hl 111 Sv,i"lcii .-iiKt N'oiway i-t I' iris In t" ■'•7; ill Xi'v.i S. ii«iii itiKl Xi'W r.riiUf iiircil »«l|li «r(ki'.- I if* t" --'. II'. il \/Iii,li vv l!n' r/ii'Miiit lit UK the urtM liiiitrii 1, uri'l 'i '■' if W') tiikt •. '.rwiiy, 'Sw iihii, mil! colli "orway. uitli Iht 1, "'.'"• H2;| pHO|ili», ImH only lit tliifi- iir'ill forest caiiitil, ami >iii' docs »«rvc it. N'fvv I'.i'iiiiJ^wirk li;- ilv ;,'rov/ III fi'ciii . ,■ -v' 11 • 1 1 N' o 1" I ;ioii of >c\v liiiiiisvNiik iuiii .vov'.'i Scotiii,!iii(l „•. -> .- an.il. 'I licy liavi! iui ii;iiiniiv',' diarfo.il inm ~i ■- wtiy. i> \try c.^tciiHivc liiiiiltcr iiiiiii>t:'y, itml -""■'■ l^j e liciMi ;> iiroinnciit ii!a"itiiiic jiower for eeti- '^, - S " i^ : jom: llU^ lli< y loolc to their forest ciiiittil witli •p r <'. ~ '- ;ye to the strictest eoMo'iiy, re>;ar(lili'-'- tlie si 5 = H ~ urc, '"ail Ihiy isivc recently practically !.''■' 'I'ii '•■'■rf'.t'^U eiiii'ar-ii oil l!ej e>,portiitioii of Imn^er. ' 2""iw ;J!ir74l '*^' '*■ '"•''■.V "'ell l>e a;-I;eil, is our future to lie iMiii Jr:t(;:) 'a cohl'iiu'.' tocoiisiiiiic ill■'i-iCI■illlillatelv."■ith■ any atteiapt a'; coii^^ '•vancy: i'.ver ear iPlpcars to Icur drai,, ujiou the f<. rest heeomes f,'reater. Let ay 1» IS •') m^:.ii>!ifook ivttho causes of .diisuiiiption. Settiii- ith which to t; .|g shipliuildiiiLr and luiiil-eritiL; -the ^'r.,at V lilUllser, and c;i!jj|,y^ „f ^^]^^^ ,.;,„„try (for it iiinst Ix- ohserve.l 111 c.uners; ■'^wij; ^ji^l, fl,,, ,|,.^.j;,,^ ,,f ^„j|,l,„jl,li„^, ,„,p indus- >it 1 to curry on ^ ocean carriers declines also) -for oursliips ui.-vwK-ic Ills Ixi'the :-.oa r-re eci\iiv;i|eiit to payiii;,' railroad.-t on id aNo\;i, . coti;* ,j^ ,m|.j ,|^,g e^,.,]i„Hr d,, etionnous annual rev- v-.i Scotiii tonnage ^^ „.),;, .^ j^ t,„, h.Ut]y tlion;.,dit of. iha for-'st capita 'Iff; .>...^ r- ti,.,. TK.Mc.v iNfum.M; IX .\(ii:(iwi.\(i KoiiKST. ill L- 1 |>i vl w Ol bill 'he lir.^1". (piestion we have to consider is, how i> a-;k whether, Uiich wiio'l _;rows every year upon an acre of at the woiiderfi:^! wooded land;; A computation, resulting' ova H".. itia and >.ti can.fiil ohservation and iiieasurenieiit, en- ■lieir forest tMpit^"i -^1'' '' ''""''"n. the chief engineer of the on litioii of th;i.t c:>"*^''' I'^filiu llailway, to deteriuine that the unless iiicivsiire.- '"*' ;,'ro\vth amounted to three ipiarter.s of a capital and to J» w. f^" l"*"ilnce a cord of wood each year the ordinary process of tree ^Towth, refpiires le aifi^^re^ate toii-.i. "•"'^ one-tlnni acres. Hence, every mile of 5- 1,800.000 tons: ™"'' •■*''l"i''*'^ '"'■ f'"^^ re()lacemeiit of cross iswick 770,(X)0 t ■> f*''-i''"-. ■'""' the general maintenance of don and Norwav"""!''"'^' ^t"fl^'i '"i"* in'>i^'' ^^'""'l as .f,'rowa each va, Scotia and X'" °" tiiree hundred acres in order to keep u|) ert^etiial snp])ly; 1,000 miles of railway, con- lin;,' wood a.s fuel.rennires the annual ijrowth is not iloductPil-i U»jal .Swedi h Bii; iited in the censu-; 100,000 acres of fir.stcla.ss forest to keep it in , ,g-j 'kin.i,' order; and if the fuel used he coal, it till iiria l)y per ce. t lid require 'Ji)0,000 acres to be preserved in order to keep up a iHTin'tual supply lor erosK lies. etc. The popular idea of the ipiantity of wool for nil piu'iMiseM still iivailahle in Knropennd Ameri- I'll is not, F thiid», li,t-.cd iipnu any rirrert datu. In "The forester" for 1S71. Hiiro; le.t'u' I'liitcd Stiitei and the Pominion are credited with tho follnwiii;.,' aerea^o of forests: Ae-i'H. I >■ ill I ill ion (if (.'llll.ulil, IKHIll'lll,!! t'liitiii i'lilii.ecD.iM II Kuro]i(' .'iOiM).')4.;{7'J Oak »,;i02,04;i Tamarao fi,(i:ir),'.ii;:{ iJirehand Maple l,oai,;!ri7 Elm i,!s;«,(;;.t iilaik Walnut.. •• 117,."ih!» Soft Walnut 102,14 Cord Wood lV4,2iil Totil 188,425 which being expressed in words, means that otir consumption of the forest amounts to the ab solute clearing of 188,42"» acres every year for fuel and lumbering. At this rate, in 100 years, we should clear an area of forest land of the first quality, producing 50 cords an acre, larger than the entire superficies of the Province af New Brunswick, and that we do invade the forest in much greater ratio that is thus repre- sented, is evident from the fact that every year considerably more land is cleared for farming purposes alone. We may arrive at an approxi- mate estimate of the annual quantity of land cleared, by comparing the result of the census of 18.51 with ^hat of 1871, for the Provinces of Ontivrio and Quebec, and we find the average annual (juantity <)f cleared land to be for that period, alx)ut JWj.OOO acres, taking as the basis of the estimate, t >e increase in the cultivated land; this is at the rate of 1000 acres a day. Hence, we may infer that the average annual clearing of the forest in the Basin of the St. Lawrence portion of the Dominion, amounts from all artificial causes, to 553,000 acres, which would make a area nearly ecpial to that of the land superfices of New Brunswick, altogether denuded of trees in 30 years, or one generation. It is now thirty years since the late Mr. M. H. Perley wrote an admirable treatise on the forest trees of New Brunswick, in which much valuable information was given, and Lints thrown out. I do not know to what extent this information has been used, or whether it has in the remotest degree influenced \n~ the conservancy of their forests, buti kuHjimil arc the information is far penetrating, and ci ''''■*'^i' • all ;.' -nI us now with ywculiar force. I shall ii tempt here to ixiint out the vast im|ii of knowing the true meaning of tin'"' ""'^' 'Forest,' but it will sutti' ^'"-^ •*' mention that tne difference is as great"* ' tween an jwpen and a pine, or between ^I'l*^^''''!'' of maple and beech, as between a forest of ^^""""'• and birch, or between a forest of pine ami ^itu le, and a forest of ntirtliern sj)rvice and stuntei^^' ->i n Weijiht of a ( ubc foot of ■n 1 = t 9 , 71. -; i. M S " Dried Aspen * 20 (J'avOiik ft-! Knclibh Ui'd O^k r>0-,'i4 N. B h'ed Oak 44 While Maple HS U'id Fl(.\vjriiii; .M |)'e 44 >ugir Fl(>«eriii« Mtplc.... 40 IVaek llMxh 45 Ked llt'fch 4,'i-;>.> v\ hite A-h ;il-5.i 010 Whi'c :-;ini ;« White Pine -.'8 40 Black Snruee 21) Hemlifk 45 HiclMry 0.!)2[) 07 (i5 072 ■u.utk;{ 4.-11 speiki J in the lOjitoi'v. «1 ber n-'W The numbers in the first column arc fi „,,,,.• llitUl tl lie Perley 's excellent rei)ort published in l-.^ referring to New Brunswick trees. C(i!„ ^,,^„,. 3 anil 4 are from a paper ])ublished «•,♦■ (•,.,. Charles llobb in 1859, .and the authoritiiL r ed are Dr. Gray and Holtzaiiffel's Me p,^,.jf|,, Manipulation. The talle is very ii^iYet th and intended for illustration only. I^^t^roii siio years ago Mr. Perley called attentioii^ ^^j, j.i wanton destruction of certain kinds of •cm-e th trees in this Province. Speaking of ii,mg. general terms without describing its Cgj. and the climate in which it grows, fn II 3gon, a its character can be deduced, is like sp^jronK a tree, in reference say to shipbuilding..j^j^g,j stating whether it is an oakor a birij^gj ,„ pine or a soft pine, a black spruce or ;|J.J^glJ|l,,, 1(1 The Furi-gts of tUe United Stan'^ '^''" . . :l thi^ Now let us examine into the conditii jj 'pi neighbors the United States, and see w ^(Jucitii officials state on this subject. . . By reference to the Report of the St;One wi of the Bureau of Agriculture, for 1 their whole of the United States contains ath, per cent, of forest, and this estimate ■ — Alaska, which is supjKJsed to embrace !^*'','j[' of the entire forest area. » Perley tUnKei ilbid. i^tti ^(iilb 1 ^M [TTliiK OF TIIK MAinTI.MK I'lIuVrXCKS. ree influenced \k r forestn, buti knmana nnvi .t' O.o Iniuii Mutia inulml enetnvtin'', an«l o •*l''-*'»'' ■ • • OIlL'' .^1 islxil ll",O.IOOOU >rce. I shall ii lit the vastimiii l.-.i,07;i.o;ji ineiMiin- of tli^""-"'"-' '^'"' l'"i'>'l;^'>'"» t" l«i' -1(),(KM,CM() will sutti' "''•"' '^'''''^ ^vt'^"t' ^''I'l i-- 'H'irni.ln..- ^it a. r.it- tV:tvful pine, or between .,'ntei.ii.hite, .., ti.at thnn.port. ficu. (';i..acb between a forest. .fSS"'"'":-.' '^ ^'■'■y 1 "•.'■■=vu.l • -li.Hy iacivi.nn- fore.stof i.inean,l".»''"'^'' ■'''^ ^■"-' f-'Ho^^'i'-o tnhlt. e>.!.il.iu. spruee and8tnnte.'T.'*-)iTi>;i'KK n;uM Tin; i.omisiox t) thk ixirKi) Acres. ': piu'iioHes, but tliis is far from b^'in^' tlie i-ase; ri !i:;7 ■ !•' ! *^^'''" i" I'lalio, altlion^li in the adjoiniiiLr I'rov- ST VTKS. f (III- 3 . ?. ■ 20 r>o-r)4 .. 44 (!7r> 44 4(! (I 45 (!". 4;j-5;} (172 ■M-bl (ilO va 40 2!) 45 \''lim of (1)0 JMiib-r cMniric'il. >i 2,s;i2,i)^'J i iiice (if British Cobuubia the forests are nlaL,'ni- ! tieetit in Tuaiiy parts, but there a hmiiid reicidu ' su|tervenes. ; Fort Hall ill Tdalin is situated on a tributary of Snake liiver, in bit. lii' S' ."»4, hm. ll'J' ('/ 'M), ' or abuut due South of i'lilrnonton, aiul on the I west side of the IJof-ky ^[ountaiiis. Its alti- tude above the sea is 4 7">t feet, or upwards (if 4000 feet below the limit of timber on the moun- tain in that re;.;ion. "As a i,'eiieral thin^j luiid)er i i.s scarce throuLfhout this entire ri';|ion, that of ' value for lumher beinj,' found oidy in those I inoiuitains whose summits are covered with snow all i>r a t,'reat part fif the summer, and here I as elsewhere in the whole Kockv MouiitairiS r.,on:!,040 fi.JSl iiCiO ...... 7 Jii-i r.Sli ! belt, when the forest is once destroyed, it is nev- ''''j'.V ',o- ! er restored. Most of the best lund)er used in ...... s(10!il7 ! the ])uildin'_'s at the fort, as I am informed by ll,l:'.4.!'r.O ; Cai-t. Wilson, the polite officer in eharj^e of the oh' T[ti-; lOOrii fort, was brou;,dit fro;!( Truckee, California, and i most of the other sawed lundier from C'orin!u\ About fifteen miles to the southeast some toler- ably ;,'ood jiine and fir timber can be obtained in the mountanis As we proceeil more to the north, and attain a colder and more humid re^don, this destruc- " BACTKIt OF I'm; TIMKKi; wi;s 77 Mi;iiii)i.'.N. 4;ii Speikiu^' of the forests of the far West ■ I in the I'aited States and .dso in I )oniinion O.'.yiO ■ioyi*'^''V' '^^^^ ri'gard must lie had to the kind of ber n:iw jirowiui; theie, loid its appllcaliility « ^'^'^t ^="1"'"" ^'•^ Manufacturing' pnrp-.ses and f.n- fi.el. .. , |)ort published m V^^ , apijear absurd toM'.v that aft.'r yon tionof timl)er bv fire is not f(.llowed by a desert unswicK trees, '-"g ent'M- upon the iilihis Ljoiuj: West, you j area or a plain, or necessarily a i>rairie, for in paper ])U jiisneci ^^^ ^jj^ I .;,,fi^yi^.iit hard wood in that jiortion j many pfirts theforest,in the form of )iine,spruce, D, .wd theauthonti.jjg fr^^jj.,.^j ^^.^^.^ lyj,,^, ]^ twseu there and : fir or asjien reasserts its supremacy. 1 Holtzapffel'a M.^ p.vjific O.-fcan to make an ax helve'"t I Fires in the forests (.f the Kocky Mountains, 13 table 18 very niuYyt ti)i„ is, no e\-a:,';,'eration. (}o into the vvithin Dominion territory, have continually oc stration only. -I'-i^tjon shoiis of San Fr.'iiicisoo and Sacramento, ! enrrcd over small areas and sometimes have been ey called "■ttention^ ^^j. ^.i^^ ^^.iii.|^jii^^ii^_ii^,j,y(_i,j.^^j] yii^j^^jjgj,g^ji^,^, : ^idespreadin^' and destructive, Init tliere is the n certain kinds oi .cm-e the tindier f.n- tlielnibs, sjjokes, fellios, I younjj: yrowth now to be seen rapidly clothing' re. Speakin^r of ii j»|ies, axles, etc , .ind they will tell from the thelnirnt district once ai^ain with forest. l'>ut ut describin'' its av.alanches and land slides are most destructive in the humid Alpine region of British Cohnnbia, as in all humid Alpine countries, and yet these 'st. I liad supposed that here, or at least in .'hich it grows, froj^^,,^ a,j abundance of suitable tiudjer for deduced,^ is like sjie^^jj^^ agricultural iuiplements, etc., could bo say to 8nipbmldin,L,',.j^ji^^j^ ^m(. ^j,y ,,,^]. .i^^ | .^^], j^ n,,(. „t.yj^ ^^^ j^^ ' really terrible phenomena do not appear to 18 an ff>kor a Dirijjjgf |„j ,^,,^.,m,j(. ,,f j(.^ want of tenacity or j have merited a tithe of the attention they de- a black spruce w Sraghness." Traverse the entire Kocky Moun- ; mand in relati(m to the Canada Pacific Kail- »r the I'niteil Staii'^'^''"'"'* ^""'"'^ '^'■'*"''''"'''' ''"'''"^ Mexican line ! way, throughout the humid regions of the :l this will be found true without any exco])- i Rocky Mountains, ne into the conditii J,. The cHmate is incompatible with the | IlomlMioii Forest M'eallli. d States, and see ^^jjuction of such wood when loft to the snp[)ly : But what is our Dominion timber sni)i)ly to be ■ subject. moisture nature giv(^s.'"^ j estimated at, as a whole? It is really '.tOO.OOO.- le Report of the St;One would suppose that the Rocky Mountains ' qOO acres, as stated by the iiiHuential Kuroiieun i^griculture, for 1 their western slojie would aff(n-d, even far authority (pioted. I States contains jth, :iufficient tindier suitable for building. The sub arctic forest of coarse white spruce, ind this estimate — „ . . . i birch and aspen, exclusive of the eastern shore iiiK)sed to embrace •ReP'>''t "f t'^" Statistitwn to the ConitnissKiiier of ' , , .„. . • xi u • » t i w- • Ijposeu w eimuitct ,.jg^,unrj;^ ^^--^ of Dake\v mni[)eg, m the Basins ot IjakeW mnr ^^^"^ tUnited stntes r;(ioL'n\iihic.il Survey of ihy Territories j peg and the Mackenzie, is estimated by Kichard- T", p.ige 'J;:)— (.Ilaytien) I'nj'. C. Tlioiiiag. jibid. I i|I'iLl, page 240. ^^^' umT;,-mM;^'.:mm^' 10 A FORECAST OF THE '-t. t»on, to be 600 miles deep on the Canoe track or from the 50th to the 55th parallel. It follows the cours3 of an isothermal line, and forms a forest zone across the Continent, about 500 miles long. This enormous area of ;:{00,000 miles is in the widest acceptation of the term a forest clad countiy, but when we examine into the char.tc- ter of this vast forest, we shall find that the re- ductions to be made are enormous, not only on account of the i)oor quality of much of the tim- ber,but also because of the existence of immense prairies, plains and barrens throughout the vast expanse. To these we must add the burned dis- tricts where, owing to the thinness of the veget- able soil, the forest once burned, is lost for many jienerations. Then again, we nmst l)ear m mind that the limit of perpetually frozen soil passes through this zone. This limit is roughly repre- sented by the isothermal line of ',^2 degrees, which ai>proaclies in the Basin of Lake Winnipeg, much nearer the fertile valley of Ked River than is generally supposed, anfl although trees spread their r(K)ts over the j)ermanently frozen soil like over a rock, yet tlieir growth is very slow on such an icy substratutn, and when destroyed, it takes a very long series of years to recui)erate tlie forest growth. Hence, we may reject from the above area fully one-half as the extent of the available forest in the Nortli West Territories, exclusive of the Hudson Bay slope. This gives us 150,- 000 square miles of forest or 1K>,000,000 acres. Turning to British Columbia, we have surely there a grand forest-clad country as larare as France, or the Empire of Germany. This is true in point of area, but we must remend>er that an immense portitm of British Columbia is a "Sea of Mountains," and that the limits <>i trees are determined by altitude. How much of the area of British Columbia lies above 7000 feet overthe sea level, I am not able to state, but it is very considerable, for we find glaciers over a consid- erable [lortion of that alpine country, and hun- dreds of miles apart. But where glaciers exist there is an index of climate and altitude which cannot be misimderstood, as well as of the limit of trees. The following taljle shows the altitude of for- est growth; or the timber line, in the Rocky Mountains. Under any circumstances, we ought not to assume that the timber-producing area of British Columbia is greater than three- fourths of its entire area, .>r the same as on the opimsite and in part sub arctic slope of the 1{( cky Mountains; and I very much question whether it nearly approaches this estimate.after proper deiluctions are made for arid districts. rocky districts, area above the timber Iiii^~" ciers, lakes, rivers, etc.; and it must a**** "'^^ borne in mind that even as a glacier on tin mit of a mountain tells a tale of climate v peojtl unmistakable language of |»hysical fact, s»f the g does the growth and renewal of forests ui> ? ami ti very snow line show the alwolute necessi valley humidity, withotit which tlu-y cannot be ithe ag,' duced. 600,00 juare n "92.0001 of the TIU', TIMlihR MNK IN TilK MDISTAINS. I."C-»lity Ivititudf KltvatiiH DoMiiniim Trrritorit.* . . . .;"..'! ti> l!t . . . .Mixed Fiire't " Forest of Hiilaaiii rS|ji ui'P (Ahiti-t b:ilsaiiie:i) " Allien Allia " Alpine II'. i •II Montana T- r itnri/.Cs I l<> iiluHi-M Po'ik -I'l 47 Mi)inr. DeUino 4.'VM'_> Wain'ij I'eai. .'"> SO Mount Bl irkinnre 4.'> 2 i Sjc>»ii| Caiiuii, .M»(li»uiti Hiver 4,V<''i> Near Henry's l.ike, Idnho. 44' "i.'i C"< ciide KHiige, Oreuiiii . , 44'iiO Mount Shasta, C'ili''(>rniii.. 4ri.'> li lily's Piak, Co orrid'i ... 4 '5(1 P l-.-'s ■ (!«k " :is":>;! iVew Ilampghir,'. Mount Washiii'jtiiii. . . 5,000 askatcl 4,000 tu fi \i 7,000 t report dary < 192,00 ar area of Onl Nova ined, a n the ei cewan. t the bf '.1,0(1 ; !» l.Mi !• iViH tt.77.'. H ;!(!> 7 OO'J ><,0<»0 11,101) 1-' 00 4400 .") 200 quare i The Dominion forest wealth stand thiw.g,^ j)„ rough approximation towards its true f, influer anil coumiereial character: valley Ac-es of Forest l.:._ |„ i^^^ Ha-iM of theSt. L nvrenee, {\^f.!^l, '^/.xiA plai inclndiUif ^ew Uriuis - "" ''•'J"- ' ■.■ ,■ -^ ' . w.ck and Nova Scotia. / i''* ^' unsAR.k . .0,')xpansi Total l-2i»,5fteen Basin of Luke Winnipeg' and the Mac eiixie. (Hi.'yg that British Coluinhiu !»:l ■ Hudsi.,1 Bjy SI pe X^/'Va to Total fo'cst arei of the Dominion. . .■;50,' . ' ibution This estnnate,which is about one-third o. ^t^ of the European authority before quotoic ^j^j^ gives seventy-eight acres for each head of ^,]J^, litioi, or three times more than the estiij^ _|,gj^. proptntion in any country in Europe, and jj^j.^ ^ times more than the estimated proportii ,jjn^„ the United States. jf fore And in relation to the ratio of the fore.- Vest a to the entire area, we have the foUowiiiding t proximate result, neglecting, of course, tli y^rier Arctic area north of the forest zone. _ Arei of the four Provinces. (Basin of the St. Lawrence; •21."..'?*'''" Area of the Basin of Like Winnipeg and ubjee MiicKenzie, SMiilh of the limit of trees,.. 4'i'J.iAt Area of Briiish Columbia i;io. ' *"^ Area of Uudsoii Bay Slope, south of the .da P: limit of tnes lOn u Total area of Dominion within the limit of noun the forest growth 8(i; ,4;ion v Total fttrcst area ;i , ., . oof forest ti> total area, ftboiit 42 percent. le have any true conception of the of physical fact, s»f the great treeless plaftis in the United ewal of forest** up % ami the North West of ikitish America, alwolute iiecessi valley of the Sa-ikatchewan. h tiit'y ciuuiot be rthe ag^T^-gate the sui»erticieH of this area is 600,000 s()\iare miles, of which about 400,- IN TilK MOINTAINS. plicable wide spreadinkf anil increasing ilessica* tion. So far as the forests of Xova Scotia and New Brunswick are concerned, and perhaps even those of Ontario and Queljec, I would venture to suLTgest, that as their removal very materially atfectK climate, and consecjuently agriculture, it would come within the province of the agricul- juare milet* belong to the United States, ! tural societies so widely scattered everywhere, r.:i t" v.» 5,000 92.000 s(|uare miles to the Dominion, lying of the 4'.»th parallel, and in the Valley of askatchewan. This is the latest estimate -"ooij ' '^* ^- ^^- 1*'>'WS'»», and is given on page MH 7,000 1 report on the British North American dary ('ommiK!'ion. recently published. 192,000 sjpiare miles of treeless area, is a arareathanis incldued within the super- of Ontario, Newfoundland, New Bruns- Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island ined, and this vast treeless area is all held n the embrace of the Valley of the Sas- lewan. t the biire enumeration of so many thous- r> 200 quare iiiiles of treeless area in oiir grand ; wealth stand thii-igpn Dominion, affords no direct indication towards its true ., influence. Its effect on thf climate of that *^''- valley is all powerful, and year V)y year, Ac-es of Forest I,:,j^ ^, jjcgg ^j^^ treeless area is increasing and ' (jn'^ado 40 irf*' plains augumentiiig. '^o influential is ', New BiuDSAkk . . lO.jxpansion of the treeless sreaon the climate ^ ' ""'' ^'"" ■ e far West, that even now and within the 4-. '47 0,00 • 4. '-.'.{•-> s,7^» r> M IfiO 4,'. ■> ; !• fi'io 4.'>"0 0,77.-. 44 .Vi ;!(!> 44iK» 7 OO-J 41M-. t<,000 4 "M 11,IIM> ;>;".=.:! u, 00 44 00 in.1 the Mac eiizie. iMi.yg that the Dominion will soon suddenly ;'{;, uen to the consciousness that we are sufFer- change in our climate, that is to say in the the Dominion . , :!'.0, is alx>ut one-third o ibution of heat and cold and in rainfall, not in the far West, but in a less degree in our lority before qunte.j^ ^j^j^,,^ ^3^^^^,,^ 13^,,^^^^^,,^^^ ^,y j^^y ^^jji^. es for each head of tandard of national jirosperity. I think if the attention of the members were directed to this subject, and their powerful co-operation en listed in the collection of facts, A number of questions might be framed which if widely dis- tributed among members would in two or three years not only accumulate much information but what is ecpially valuable, direct general attention to the subject. The result would be, if projierly discussed, of as much importance to agriculture as to forestry, and in the end lead to great mutual benefits, and even rise to the standard of national importance. The following extract shows how carefully the attention of foreigners if directed to the effects of the general destruction of forests : - FORHST PRoTECTio.N i.\ RissiA.— " The Moscow Ga- zctle. In commcntinj; upon a corres|Kindence from the provinces of the Vi-Htula, predicts tliat if the wholesale destruction of limber be not placed under elTectivc limitations within the ne b show a similar ten- dency. These complaints are re-echoed by the other leading journals of the empire. The danger of injuri- ous denudation of forest a^-eaa has attracted the atten- tion of the leading agricultural societies, and the Im- pression is gaining stround among all classes of the peoi)le that prompt action must be taken by the gov- ernment to avert the injurious conseiiuences of a gen- more than the estii^^ g^^j^j. ^^^^ „j,^gj. disastrous change is tak- itry in Europe, and ,|^g ^r^th accumulating rapidity, and that | eral destruction of forests."-! .Monthly Report- I)e estimated proporti. ,j,^n^,p j^ ,1^,^ ;„ ^.^pat part to the destnic- j P-*rtnient of Agriculture, 1874, U. .S. jf forests and swamp-grasses by fire in the I RATIO OK DO.MINION forest wealth. lie ratio of the fores Vest and with us by our forest industries We are now enabled to arrive at a rough ap ! have the foUowinding the land. proximation of our Dominion forest wealth, as ecting, of course, tii pgyjj.jj,,p j„ ^U other countries i>oint8 to the ! compared with that of other countries; and yet he torest zone. results, and every where we find in | in making this comi)ari.son we are liable to be ^^°^' .^y^ ,.pean journals serious attention drawn to I deceived, for, as already stated, it is the kind le Winnipeg and abject, .and steps taken by f lovernmeiit to of timber which gives value to the forest for 3 unit, of trees, . . *-- t the growing evil. In connection with our j very many purposes, and a very large jwrtiou )pe, south of the da Pacific Railroad the ipiestion is one of of our forests will not cijinpare favorably with itliin the iiinit of ' n®""* importanc"e, for there can be no 8(s ,4;ion whatever, that much of the fine fertile ' '" Wy it is jiropc^ped to traverse, and from \x it ought to derive support, is rapidly ca .uiNc. ». iorating through an astonishing but an e.\- those of more southern climes, especially the forests of the great western portion of the con- tinent, where a coarse white spruce and the white birch and as^len reign supreme. But self • decepticm in these matters is folly now-a days, "IWP wm HM 12 A FOIIECA ) !iiii the kind of fore.-itn we s])e:ik of. lUMIXIUN KOllKHT WKALTII COMPAIIKI) WITH OTIIKR COIN- TIUKS. Uatio of Fiirrut Land. To cntivo iiriM. To i)i>|iu- Ktioii. To. 14 10.1 Ciiunlry. Noi-\v,..v (Hi •weden (ii» l)'iiiiiiii('n It' Candida 42 I'liili'd >tati:H, with At,l:isl;a Jo I'liiloil States, without Alihka 2! l'i'i)Viii(!o (if (^iu'hi!c (k) ri'iiviiii'i) of ()iitiriii CO I'liiviiiui! of New llrunswick Tittil viihio ! roJiirt.s •Si!) l:',.') '.r.u Airrieul. Implements.. 1 104.:iOS '2,'yi(\ 2 ()8r).K!».! ^hi|^vauls 1,ii,>44l':, (>U4.; \j-m.-j>''> Von'sts or ICii!'0]>>' *iM'r<»s'(!ii»-.i f«) Kur»:)<>nii i st male. Are I occupied hv F-'.iresr. C'ltjnty. .\cre-j. Furope 50 i,0 o O'tO J'rmce U^,0 0.0 it Ku-si.i 3mO OiVi.ii S'.vjtzer'and 5i.0,t) Norway and Sweden SO,' OU,' 00 Stiiiill and Portujjal d.fUO OO'i Xelherlauds ')70 O'lO tiirinany .'in,(nio,iiUii Italy .0,000 0(10 Turki-y and Greece lO.ooo 'U DfU'i ark .''I'Ki ouii Htl^riuiii 1 lnO.tM KM'.;laiid - (Jrowii Land 40,000 ..IfUfnVrt — Itoniiiiioii nf Canada (OO.onO coO V'liited States .'iiiO.O lO.t'OO l*n»i»orli«tii or l'VM'i*'«t Laiifl iii l''.iiro:to :)<*• coriliiiK to neiitxsrh. Uatio of forest Hat io of acres Country. to entire area. m.o (iOO ;sO.!io 2ii.iiS 25 110 IS 52 ](;.7i) 15 12 2!) ^•^ 7,10 )ier head i>( ))i>pul.it on 24.fi I 8 55 Xorw'iy Sweden Kn.ssia derniain' L'tiited States lieljriuni France Switzerland S.irdinia ■^'miles ilod;nid Spain ' enniark . Great liritaiii I'ortnsfid Tlic tiftliliis; liMliistry oftlM* .lliiritimi' I'rov* Tn this branch of industry we staml unrival- ■F.>-,tiiivife of James Drown, Esq , LL. D.— "The Forest- er" l>s7l. 5 52 5.50 5.0 4 40 4 28 UOiiliS 18(i 0.;i7l!(> I) :-!ii(i 22 1 i;m 12 291 22 1 0.1 S2 ft ST {,F THE ' 1-m1 and in proiiortion to onr popidtitioii -.he oni area ami vaiiie of our vast sea pastiiii -.viii.,' < lutely iinai>proachal)le. 1 shall content a tLe with enutnei'Mtin'^' a few f.icts of import: i fer 'inL,' to the a'llelleports of the ('ointu 'e wi.r of Fisheri(.^pector of Fisherii^s ftu' ?Sew l>ri;j from and Nov.i S.'olia, Mr. W. H. Veunii".;. rehit; Johti. ami to tlie voluiiiinon.s records ci euted in the Kepnrt of the l- i"'- <^^'<"'>"ii'*^ ,nji.iii,i Fish atid Fisheries for 1S72 atid 1S7.'{. jeotl:!,.. I'owever. here state thtit tliere are to n, in the aniiiiid lepcrts of the Deptirti. Ed>Min Ma.rine and Fisheries, for many yi'ip^j^j nmiu'rons va^tialile ii.-ijiers ;ind esstiys ncG sei ji't.ts conneeted witli onr fisheries which i' ^ , . ,, , . . . ewfoin he most desirable to h'lve revised, rei)rni', , T ^ •! t 1 f 1-1 hands distrilnited far and wnit' amon«' ourmi' , , , . ^, ,. , . , .alue d interested in ttie nstienes, and nmoi:;.>- 1, m elliu'ent and enterpiisin,' of our onu'ti arc re" ermen. There are doeiimeots ( nihracci: irflei'^' rec'irds of tlie Di'partJiient of tlte hi-'. <^S. ) imrt.UK^p in lel i.tion to that vast and iia: ' .,, 1 , . , , , '. an ilhi interest. wliU'li inav Income, under w;- . : , ,. , .tries, t ateinriit, a nennnnd suniee ot wealt: , iiiMritime ]> irt ot t le DoiiMinon. .\nil .i , revi.-ion of these, snpjih ii;entKl with l.;!- .. , led^'e vvliieh li.'is lieen fo'cmnnlatid (ii;i past few years in many different e.. .. woii'd 1)0 a boon io tlie State in any foi •• if coupled with practical snLr^,'e^tion.^ .. fioni exp.rii-nce, it would he seed " a .soil wh ch could not fail to yield a h;ii .; the liundred fold. In o"(hr to estimate the value of onr li- •• we tiiiist eomiiare ttiem with those of c e ves> tions, and f"r the pur|ioses of ilitistr;!' than following; will serve: - rews rxiTKi) s'r.n*s kisiikhiks. earfui W^:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::'''^^'' 1,S7.S '>nt en 1'"^"+ siiuii 18i ;> \ DO.MI.NIO.N nSIIKBlKS (l.VCI.IllINO f Xi'dRTS OK > "^ ' ii.\M>). is not 1871 : ^""^ 1072 I ordei is 3 " . 1-74 ifies, The.se enormous sums represent aiipr '^"^^^ ly the value of fisheries which come i;'"'^^^'' notice of the returnini? officers, add to l! fish consumed, the fish .sold as bait, espet '^**"^ the Newfoundlanders, the fresh tish i.!-*'**" very imperfect cognizance can be taken. "K''*- shall not ftxll far short of the mark, if j*"*^' mate the actual value of o'ur fi-.h.eries t- tefio- people for the purposes of trade and ^^'*"'^' ^^ ■T >y».t: m 'ij .'-;.. ■,'i:;l';^'i. •ii/^ fiii^!: ^ ri-r:uE m' tiik MAinriMK I'Koviniks. i;^- :-rrrrr: ■£■ 'i'tn- Ihovoiil. Ilts (if Ihr ti..!l :i!; (lili.TcIlt IXMi'i (if t!i«.' yc;i.r, iUf !*till li^it, little Iciupv/h, Vft .si'fvali.'ii |)niiit.-i to iiii all pcrvii'liii,' l;\\v wliicl, apiH'jir.i f(i jftiiik- ami liiscru fl:<'iii, iia'inlv ti'iji- to our population ;,;he fiinrniMii'isii! i uf .- J ),()Olp ()0.> aiiuually. ia:-t sfa pastur. ■viii.; ('!iiplo> '"••ut to 7-> *'<•'' iiii'ii on tiie I ^slla^ (•(Uittiil a tket of HO.dOU tvins, au^l '.V.i (MJl) (iptai \\v facts of iiniport.a, ports of tliH Coiniii 'e wi;re to arraii..'(? tlit'se opiai 1' lats in a ii' raturc ami liaroni-'trical prt">iuv. It w,p])fai--- I''. Wliitulior; to t, file, toniliini,' oU'! anoliu-r, tlicy W(ml(l to In; tin- tciupcr-a.turt' of ci-r'aia ciirr-nt-" o a tin' |i('ri(>s for Now l?ri;i from St. .loliu til licyoiiilS'itiiiac, (;oash uliicli (l,-tfrniii;c-i the iM..vcii)'nt.i <{ tli- tisii at cert iiu seasons, aii'l tlif tcuioi-riitiae (.f certain coa-tal hiirint! a.r' as whii'ii (icti-nniiie tile period. < of ;-pawiiiii.i,'. Tne herring; spawiis earlier of lit':r, ac.iorlin^ Hat there are to i, ""«" "'^ • • ■ 'f'Jjf,;!;',";;!;^ | to the coldnu.-s <.f the waters, as fa.v as is now of the Depart;, Ed Aiinl li:.iiiil J.'JS.Wi:) I known. Tlie shad co!Me,vvich t'ae iuereaso of |r. W. U. %'euniii'. fUiillious rei-onls (" lie r. S. ConiMiis: |)r l,s7i> a!i(l 1S7;{. , rehitive catch of the J*roVii;..-es is t'lUs eiited ; 1.S74. mdiaiiil .iXiitii.OOO jc()li;i .' (i.iid Wl for iiiaiiy year najiers and essays [>ur fi.slierie8 which i live revised, reprint anionL' our na ide 'lies, a'ld auioi;;.f t )iisin_' of our practi oeunieiits eiuhrace tiiient of the liiu > that v.'ist and )ki:- 1m (•oine, iiuih-r wi sniirce of wealt', l)oii:iiiion. ^\iid ,1 pl< ua-nted with te, n aecnuiulated dia iii.aiiv Total *i!i-iSl,i; 7 nee sends aliout '.':)(I0 nailors (l.S7-J)to all ewfoundlaiiJ tisluaics. iiichidiin,' old and hands, and .lUhiMiJili th" annual coniuiin'- alue does not exceed \'> '.'•) iiiilliou francs, mt !?:i,()(K).0(iU to .■?4,(I0'>,() »J, yet thcsLiiish- are re^'arded as of the utmost iniiiortance as U'sery for sea neii. -f A'/ci'' '('g D'n.c e».) an illustration of the wane of i;!'jat kshery tries, the frish tisheries may b- mentioned 1 have decreased to a reuiirkalile ext-nt g the past twe;;ly live years, ■-■I well ex- !(! ill the followiii;,' talile:!' \lhSlilS iillll Ij. ilts ditterent c.. l(>.f,v:i tlie State in any foi actical siiir'^estions t \V(Ui!d lie seed itt fail to yield a hai te the value of our l> . I."),' .vi.. ■I .V.\A . ',).5'-ii . ii. :;;2 . 7.!)U . 7.1>) .Men au'l \i \<. n ;t')7:; (W.:;!:0 4!<,2(l.S &;!,«?;{ fifi.li .0 warmth, the lierriii;^' spawns with the -radu.'d diiiiunition of warmth. i'lie shad in t !(.• spriuLC appeals tirst i;i the iiivers of Florid. i., then ia order in tho.S'i of the Carolinas, \ev,- Vorlc, Xew J']ui^!,),nd, and last of all New liruiiswick. 'I'iie herriii;; lie.in lirst to sjiawn ia tli'i lia.y of l''uiidy and tne 'iulf of Si.. liawrcnce, and as the wariu^h of tlie coastal waters diininislies towards t!ie fad s"'iii;< South. itH jieriod of spawniie.,' appear.-* to 1)<> e.\teiid into 1 >ecenilier. iiut to kiiow all facts in rela tioii to this most valiia^i'e iisji over the va-t area of our iishiiii.'' L^i'ouiids intlielJidt, siniu! taiieous ohservation.s witli the tlieniiometer ciui- dncted Ijy practical ii.dieruieii all alon;.,'' their tis];in^»' ^;ronii(ls, as is done by the Dutc'i, is the only way of ohtainin.,' ,s;rvirt of the mark, if ^*'"''^' '•■^ ''^'■'^" e.s.-ential. e of our fisheries t- tcfio't of ilie li.«i ecteis of Irisl; libhti ies (or li-7;;. ses of trade and before ilic famme. , similar a-enciea are at work whii;h mi^ht cMDixo Kxi'oRTs (,K > *^' '"'^''''"''^ ""'" ^^hcries, altliough I trust .AM)). is not even [irobable. '' THK i)i;vi:i.()i'.ME.vr ok or;: i'is:i[-;,iii;s. \ order best to develop and maintain our vast 1 ries, united and concerted action throir-'hout ; apiiroach of storms from the A\'e.st could be con- i veyed to lar;,'e tishiii^- stations much loss arising' 1 trnm the destriictioii of nets could be avoided, I and also information conveyed of a sudden ' cliani^'e from cold wea.ther to warm weather, ! like tlie chan'^es wliicii have occurred in such a j ' See a note, pMi-'o vii', In tlio Hopnrt- of tlie I'nited I States Omiiiiissioiiers or Fich uinl Fiaiitriis. I 1 Pau'C x(P)i.i). li-f r E':^ i Ml (i': It A r;»l{K»AST OK THK marked ilei,'ive tins winter, liy whit-'h tlie frozen ' tm the t'niwts of Lui;,' Islantl ami New " ^'"'^ *' tisli ciinld It" |)re«erve(l from ilestriiction. Such \ aiul two yeivrw on the coast of ('apt- Col' *'"'* •" ,t systen) prcviiils at Ka-*t[)ort;, on the i/tli<'r side ! statiHtii-s of <1 na-iteiM iij>oii these coast- '^^ "' 'if the Iiiternationiil l>»\nulary, this time are re|n>rteil as follows: ation, How little we know about the vahie of the \ Nuiiib«r ..f wr.iks '''*'''' , . . , . 1 . p t r ^1 f 1 Niinifw^r 'if hvt:^ iniperillcil ^enera, liernnj,' hMhenei' may Ih; mterreil from the rol- i Nninlnjr ol lives so ed Jowiny information, for which I am iiidehtfd to , " " '"f" are, ri ,. . 1 . »T • >i 1 Nmiiln-T o' Hhiiiwitvke.l itirsoiis hlioltercil in T,(k> M friend iii New toundland. ».ilv .rwl a^. s atioiw . . [hehenm-sof |-ortuneFny are of inferior T..tul v«I..enf pr .,«ri.v im-erille,! ■-:: Govet (|Ma1ity, and are l:vr«ely exported in a frozen : •' " '• saved : , «tiite in the month of .Tannarv, ]»rincipally to **^ ^ ' , New York markets, and also fi,r hait for (!ape Almost ail the disiisters which occu'"' ^""^ Ann finhermen. Then? is alno a lar^'e e.s|M)rt of these c-oa.sts are from the strandin-^' of e are t them to the French Island of St. Peters during **"'! »' •>* a-aiust death and loss of propean*! '" the months of April and Mr.y. f >r bait for the snltinsi from this chws of disasters that *«»1'.V ■ Krench Bank tisliery, probably 4l),<)(X) barrels saving' Hervice, as thereon established, is li'oci^tit lire taken to St. Peters annuallv, not reparted ; to att"i)rd protection." id eiic< at the (.'ustoms, and nt 2"»,()00 bariwls, each of • details are only apitroximately coiuparah™« ^'.V larjje and tine (luality.'' i N'iriilier of ca-'iialties ' And with re-ard to the cod fisheries he savs: ^:'""'.'^':. 't^^i^^.yf.Lx .'"" , " • \ ill lie ot property I "St ^e or d '"Nothin'^r will better illnstrate the easv->.,'oiiiu; % • ^ .. . . i., , , 1^1 *i »i r \ 4.1 i Owinu'tothe absence of a nfe-savinj,' coinm style prevalent here, moi-e than the fact that ... ., , , ,. ," 4. ij 1 !• 1 • ,. ^i ~,^ it 18 impossible to sav how many lives ai to be those ''reat Bank fisheries, not more than .)0 or , ' . , , , ' i „,. ., i- e . , , 1 1 • u mncti |>ropertv mi^jht have been saved.ti carr HO mile.s from us, are frciiuenteil bv vessels winch ;. , , . , , ^• , ii.1 t.i • 1 o,.r. of the casualties occurred when no ordiiint sea liave crossed the Atlantic or have come 81)0 or . . , , , rp i i . ,,,^^ If M • ,, u ..L savini,' service could have aii'»cted the rf>teniny 1.000 miles from Aiaine or Massachusetts or . . „ , . . , , ^ , ■ v ..,•,•, , , I f 1 it IS well to bear 111 mind that much lTll^'!)e the Nova Scotia, while not one vessel can l)e found i , ,.,,., , i i - ., . i -v- r 11 1 M been accomplished if we had posses.sedaiit then there to represent Newfoniidland. , ' , . . , ,, . .r ^ .• ii 1 I c most frequented ixirtions of our coast wiieir va Itecent N. S. papers notice the departure of ' ' ,,■ , . f ., , . J. I xj i f ^u . > 1 ualties prevail, e\ en a modified service II an ex; of the American nshmij; Hefit for theanks, and also for J.aHave Bank, oti Nova , . . . ' ' .,...,, 1 f n becrinninf' at two prominent lioints were Tmtef Scotia. Already numerous vessels from r-u- , " , , , . , . , , 1 • " 1 .^ ..;.. T> .L 1 • ■ the results would briii" the importance.nd th rope have arrived at St. Peters, and an immense . . „ , , i 1 1- , r , .. 1- 1 1 -V- i.- 11 1 .3 1 aervica so iMintedIv before the public, ' suiiply of bait, supplied by Newfoundland fish- • , , , , . <• . . , ■ extension would r»e merely a (juestion otiNClA ermen accumulated. ' WHAT ISDIVIDIAI, f'K(AIN(.KS XIAV .OAST siuN'Ai. AND i.iiK ^AViNc sKitvRF.. \ rp,^^ j^j^^^.^y ,,f ^^^ culture shows in -mid f might not to conclude this [xu-tion of my manner what can be done by different ubjec subject without s^ne .slight reference to the im and even individuals, in replenishiiv,' exlut th< |)ortance of a I 'oast Si..^nal and f.ife Saving rivers with valuable fish such a.s the sha.l.specti Service, in relation to our iim.rii>e and fisheries. &c., once abundant and an important .scne Pi Klsewhere aiiK THE MARITI.MK I'lK iV INcF.S. m coast of CapM Co'l' ••'•^ "' tlx'ins.lvi'M ■■r.rtioieiit t<« (leiniiml i|j>oii tljese cc>;mts '"■* "f •'''^'' '"'""^ '"'■•'• *'"^ '""**'' '""'"^f"' 1 lis follows: ation, wholly iii'lf[if'iulentof that excel- IntTfa-siim supervision evtende*! to them illoii reneral ( !o\ eriiiiieiit. .''.'''..,"''.'.... are, however, iiiiiiiy tUtft-reiit ways in 1 it;r8.)iia hlioltered le [.ooal (loverniiieiit, actiiii,' in coiifert, iir afforilt'fi.... ...... tl and siippleiniMit the e.xertions of the imjerilleil .-:; Government in the work of imi.rovinL' savtd : . ,. . , !• ■ t i l,,»t snea, ameliorating the condition of the .s;.sters which occn'"' *"^ '^ti"'"l'^ti"'-f '^ ^it'*! in.lustry. the strandim,' of e are there to l»e found anion;; that nn h and loss of [iroite*'**! iiu'st industrious population which 18 of disasters that *u»lly '"i*^''' "" enormous income to the rt" )iiostablished, isii**X5i^tit''* *'''>''''i'' t" tt,ose which are fos- id eiic(mrai.'eil hy the State ainoiij^ our •etary of the Trea.<* Why sinniltl iiteninj,' prospect lies before us. and what tiiind that much nii-ije the future of the Maritime Provinces f we bad possessed al^t their lumber, without their ships, and ■tions of our coast wlieir vast fishiuf,' i,'rounds depleted? And a modified service oan example of the last named result we IS as a Maritime peoi^fore us the present exhausted condition oniinent i.oints werfJnited States fisheries on their Atlantic iriiic; tlie importante.nd the efforts tliey are making to restore " before the public, • merely a (juestion ofijfClAi. i-noiMUDT.vitv intkukst in the .\I. /'RCAIMKS M.VV KISHElUKrt. I culture shows in -mid be doin^' a jjreat injustice to the i done by different ubject of our fisheries if I were to fail to ', ill replenishin;/ exlut the views entertained by high author- fish such as the shaJ.spectin-,' the res^jonsibilities of the several anil an important snne Pidvinces in tlie preservation of their id income to the inh.is. ind of enterprise ii:n8hore fisheries of each Province are the isiderable in the M^ property of the Province to which they ecome an important ,hically belon-. This is a most imiwtant tiix industry we contr^^^ j^, expressly stated in the protocols to that our sea Hsherif.^ty „f Washington. >me of aljout 820.1'. „ . . . r xi .....i ^ i . „ , . ^, touowing extract from the .{t)th protocol, 'apidly dunn.g the ..„ , . . ^r ,.i ^^„, 1 , ,. , •^ " Washington. May 4th. 1871, establishes UineiariiTimen, Novfiiii'ointe: — hies to Caniuiiau Shipii "Tile subject of the fisheiits wn-< further dis cussed at the ('<'nferenct son the 7tli. 20th, 22iicl and 2r>th March. The American ( 'ommissioner.s and stated that if the; value of thiitisiiorefisiierie.> could be ascertained, tlie I'nited Sttttes might l>refer to ]iiirchase. for a Kum of money, the right to enjo.v, in iieriKituit.v, tlie use of these inshore fisheries, in common with Ibiti-ih fishermen, ami mentioned S1,000,(M(0 as tlie sum they were pie- pared to offer. "The Piritish rommissioneis replied that tlie offer was, they tliouybt. wholly iiiadeart of the Impe- rial Government."' It will be observed that this acknowledge- ment of the exclusive i)ro[)eitv right of the several British Colonies to the inshore fisheries on their coasts was made long after Confedera- tion had been established, and as will be shown, subsequently, this view was taken by the Xova Scotia House of Assembly on the 17th February. 1.S71. piioviNciAi, KKspdN.siHir.n V i.N i:i-.i..vrioN' TO Tin: KISHKKIES. It is also particularly ur^ed by the Colonial Offi(!e th.it each of the Maritime Provinces should furnish every information resjiecting the values of their fisheries in relation to the con - tenii)lated "Fishery Commission" which has been so long dela.yed; and in this particular nothing can be clearer than the statement matle by Mr. Odo Russell, in a despatch addressed to the Under Secretary of State for the Colonies, bearing date, "Foreign ( )ttice, Aug. ;}l8t, 1871 , or three months after the Treaty of Washing- ton wassigned: - "I am to add that, as regards the desire e.\- ])ressed by the Government of Prince Edward Island that some person should be ajipointed 1 1 1*; A IM.IDc.VftiT Ol'' IIIK n ITitr; ()!■■ Tfir) M.UI i Ti M K I'll: )\'I.\;KS. i(( iit.N'inl ',',!!' ( 'iiiiimiN-icin ill/ Ifalifiix, it ii|H)(.-;irM In I.( I'ii I uiiiviilo tliitt !♦■, « miM nut !■ tlm (tov- eniuu'.if. of I'riKco Llilwuril I.-]:in iu;.y lie ;-t'li_'i-tfi! u.-' lost !■ ipnlilc I't L.'i\ ill u: t villi 'iR-f on its in'li.'iit. |-(i:;mi:k v,'.\NT iiK imohmai ion wrni ui.sr;:rr to l?y wny of iilu:-i';:'iii.iiii,' tli.i iri.ii.i;i'r in wl.icii iiiir ■., r :it li-li-'ii'^-t liiiv'i: )ii'v'A iliM'c wilii, I in- ti'.uii ■' nt till' iMitM't .t!'. t'\tfiii?t from tht) '"''i>r- r''.-l)oiii!t'ii('i' litiv.\'ii t.'ie (i.ivernuif'iit of tho I'Liiiiiiioii :n>il J iiiiit'ii;i! (l.iv.TiiiiR'iit, on tli" i-iiliji'ct or' t!;e ti.-i)crit'-'. wU.'n o'lifr dncuii:'.'..;' ri-latln;,' to trty s;i,ii)i;, ' l.iiu li.'fi.r.; tlit> |[ou.^e ol' ( 'iillUilonx, '.:Otll Ffi'., 1S7!. Sf-.-:ioi;;il ;):i|.ers, No. Ill, l.'-^ri. ^'i I'll- JK'I lit lice (OMTS tin' \\'\\rii nCiC. to IV1>. 1S7!. Tiic tii'st ''Kiv.i ■*■, is from tl. ' oik'u nf.it '>v,i;i-ii if!'pl;i''eil tir>t in tiK' s 'ri.s ami >tyl''l "n.lii- iito of tiie ( ';uiU'ii;iii I lo\eniiiitiit,'" ilatij I Moii- ti'eal, 2V.1 M.ii-cli, 1 •■.•;. " '111..' taki-* of 'i-.il ii'i' Pi'o'vili -i:il il..iii'inirll, ii'i'o-ii^HJiivj ;if X '/.vi'i) ui ILiii 1 11 i\v ;i ',iouiit>; iiiinii Killy in valiu; to fjoui s-l.di I) i:(!li l.o s,">,- ('OO.UiJO, eniployii:,; uiv.i.'ifis li' 1'') (C/O iiit'ti and liiiys, anil j.rovi.iiuy a iiia.L'iy i'l.r l.ai'.iy Ma- nieii, kr." Tni'iiiuL,' to lii" taliU'-iif Xo\ a S-ofiaii ixiiiirt-i for l^tj'") ami l.S'ii) iVi' tia.i tiint tla'V iiniuunled ill tlion" ytjar-) tv.^ filloiv-: iMia ■■■■ .r':.-;;i IjCi! :.; ;r,'K V'li! Ill the yi'MM IM71. {<7-2, l:^r:>, tii'j ratio tu;- twi'i'ii th'i li.;}) eAJioi'ts iif Nova S(/.;i,i.i and tin; t ital ija.tc'li L'redited to tliar. iiroviiice i;-. »■< follows: K.Vji'trts lit' X'lVH vi.'ot.iv 'J( t'l crrch. 1 .^7 1 ^r^yr>-i •>:,{, tl TiiO. v;i!» I»72 :; 1:5 ^.a'S (! OKi.S;,;') isTii ■,;.~'.>\. ir)2 (!,r,77,o.-(! In all oa-^es bcarint.: tlio rntio nf isr.arly 1 to '2 lietweeii "exiiorts" and "I'atrli." ApplyiriLt thid rule to tl.e.'-tatci.iei.t of e>;[ioits for the years lSlir> and IS'.W,, the total catch which <)n,i;ht to bd credited to Xo\^■|, ^il;otia for those yeans is about •-'(), oUjOOU, ami yet in tlm minute of the Canadian (Joveniinent dated IStiG, the total t.dcj (;t ti-ili Ir, all tin' I'rovin^e.s was ilifii estiinat. d at from .';>t,()(i(),(l(l(l to xr.,0(i(i OMO only, wJiic'i doi'^t not 'ii'arls" amount to tlin pro- liable cit'tii of Xo\a S"oti:v alotn' diiriir,,' lsi'> and l.siiti n" •ordiin,' to tin- ratio which exists now between "'I'Aports" and •'ea!cli" if that ratio [)o>-ne^ Hs tai.: value it (i/ipi'ir:< to indi'.ate. It !•■ "(IKS to nie that notw'itstandln,' many ap- jiarent dra.'.baeli.', there h; a pioiaisif under rrouiii'iii- ■ I'i'a b: i ;'lit and li' pcfid flitur.' for the .Mariiini'.! J'rovinces, in spite of t'l'! ;„'rowiii'j siMreity of lumber in our forests for csportalinii and sliifibiiildin.,'. Our climate is siu-h that tne fon-st n-ciiperat-'S itself with wouderhd rapidity. Look at the vast tract dcstniycd iiv the .Miraiiiichi contliv^-ration. We h,.ve; a fa vol a I, Ir answer there. 'I'he ciiiidl'ion of our eo.tst and deep sea fish- eries isahuiiiiantly s.'Uisfaetory in most partieu 1 iri. for with us, there is yet oppoi'tnnity and space to ;iri'Vcnt depletion, and vast .iccessiiile ti "Ms for i;)"r,",tion so as to udve time to those whieii hav'i bct'U abused to recover themselves. Fait these hopeful proaiises are alto'^'ether dv i>j.id '..1; up Ml a Well e.stablislied [irinciide whiidi finds best expression in iniili/ nf nrllin. ihw forests iiMHt be cherished and )jreserved, that tiny may continue to sup])ort the nia;;ui- Hivnt lii'i.l)' liii,^ and shiplinileii(lent ,he iiuUistry ast be aiile^l 1 hie facility, it to do all ; the several seutial. We ,u,i advance, icoiirane, tUe be. u pastures to u our forests i and v"''*"*^' which are de- ,,0; a decline, result, v/hich Maritime Fro lOse which can uistratiou.