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REPORT Of THE TRIANGULATION or TrK RAILWAY BELT OF BRITISH COLUMBIA BETWEEN KOOTENAY AND SALMON ARM BASES Surveyed by P. A. Carson, D.L.S. and M. P. Bridgland, D.L.S. By H. PARRY, B. Enft., D.L.S. 74484—1 E. DEVILLE. LL.D. Surveyor General. OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1915 ui. joczn^'-f I i ERRATA. Paups 31 to n iiml 71 aud 72 Tlic (l;it;i iipMii wliicli the latitiulcs and ioiin^itudcs arc based, Mild the ciirn'ciiims necessary to reiliici' them to tlie Ddininioii lands system are explained in the Ai)pendix oil p;iues SO and SI. Pan*' »0 LonnitiKle oi' My, for 1 IS' 27' (M)""):} read 1 10° 27' ()<»"• T)!} Patie-n Latitude .f Hunii, for Al" ,-)()' :W"-<»() read 51° l.V ;}<»"-0(). Pa^f 14 Omit last paragraph and di;iy:ram. A new connection of Amyot to Dominion lands system posts lias recently been iiiiide, and is included in tlic table on pape 51. PaRo 4G Last line should read 255- 170 = 7it links in latitude, and 3 + (>2 = ()5 links in longitude. Pages 58 and 50 For North Fork of the Spillimacheen rivor read Spilli- maeheen river. For Middle Fork of the Spillimacheen river read Bobbie Burns creek. Page ij Last line, for Beaver crock read Quartz crook. Page I Lino 12, for Loop creek road Loop brook. Last lino, for C'ygnus lakes road Bush lakes. Pago 01 Line 31, for (".old crook road CJoId river. 74484 00J25O22 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 8 Baw* lincH 7 MnrkinK of stations .... 10 AnKit' readinK 11 OhMorvation work 14 Method of adju>tment 15 TrianRle computation for main ntt 23 CJeodotic positions 29 Stations of main net .... 32 Secondary stations 37 Accuracy of trianpulation 42 Connection between triangidation and Dominion lands surveys ... 43 Positions of stations in Dominion lands system 48 Comparison of actual with theoretic positions of some Doninion lands survey posts 50 The triangulation as a base for other surveys 52 Elevations 54 Table of elevations of stations 55 Description of stations 55 ILLUSTRATIONS. Facing page. In tile Incomappleu.\ val G Measuring the Salmon Ai iase 10 Cairn at Cherul) station 14 Cairn at Kapristo station 14 Signal at Bastion station 22 Cairn at North Fork station ... 22 Mount Begbie 36 Cairn at Begbic station 36 Blaeberry mountain 42 Looking north from Bush station 42 The Van Home ran;nt tuuk'took to m'c»ir«' the I'ommiMU'fment within two yours, und to complct*' within ten yetirH, ii riiilway «)v»t the Uncky and Selkirk mo\L linn; tin- mil way to be one continuous' lin« connectinn the st-alward of Hritinh (.'ohunbia with the Canadian Paeitie railway then under construction on the western prairien: and in consideration thereof the British Columbia (lovernnient w«'re to cede to the I)on»inion a belt of land to ext«'nd twenty miles on each side of the proposed railway when built. From 1871 to 1880 the work of exploration and construction was under- taken by the (lovernment, with S - Sandford Fleming as Chief KnR.neer. In 1880, however, the work was trai. erred to a private company, sul>sidized by the (Government, th»' proposed route chauRed to the present Catuulian Pacific route, an latter system are sufficiently obvious to justify the adoption of a rcc uvular system which should be uniform with the survey of all Do'r.iuon land.- and the system of survey for the lands included in the Railway Belt as finally decided upon was a slight modification of the third system of survey of Dominion lands. The modification consists in adding to each quarter section of IGO acres, an allow- ance of 3 acres for roads instead of locating the roads along section lines. This allowance is provided for by making the dimensions of each r .arter section 40 chains and 50 links on the base lines, and on the meridians 40 chains and 25 links. The dimensions of the townships are therefore the same as those in the third system, namely 483 chains north and sotith and 486 chains east and west, and the theoretic township boundaries are uniform with those of the third system. As the very mountainous nature of the country of the Railway Belt pre- cludes any idea of running the meridians and base lines on which the Dominion lands system of survey is dependent for its uniformity, some other method of survey had to be provided as a base for further subdivision work. For tins 5 6 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS BRANCH. purpose, an accurately conducted traverse or deflection survey of the railway was made. The traverse was run easterly from Port Moody to Uevelstoke by William Ogilvie, D.L.S., in 1885; by Thomas Fawcett. D.T.S., in the same year, from a point near Calgary to the summit of the Rocky mountains in range 17 west of the fifth meridian; and the intervening portion from the summit of the Rocky mountains westerly by Otto J. Klotz, D.T.S., in 188G, connecting with the western portion of the traverse at Revelstoke. Observations for latitude and longitude were taken at the terminal points, Calgary and Port Moody, and at intermediate points at Kamloops, Revelstoke, and Field. At the completion of the traverse, it was found that in the G40 miles of survey, necessitating more than 3,500 instrument stations, the error in longi- tude was only two chains, this including the tieterminations of longitude at the terminal points. In latitude there was a closing error of about twenty chains? between the two parts of the traverse, which appears to l)e principally due to the abnormal deviations of the vertical producing unavoi(lal)le errors in the obser- vations at the terminal points. This discrepancy is allowed for by a jog of 20 02 chains on the sixth merdian. During the traverse, reference narks were cut on telegraph poles, to serve as permanent marks from which subdivision surveys could be started. Thej' were marked with the letters C'.P.T. (Canadian Pacific Traverse) and the number of the reference mark in Roman numerals. ]?y computing the latitudes and longitudes of these posts, their positions in the Dominion lands system became known; and they and the sulKlivision posts planted from them, have served as a base for subdivision until recent years. On account of repairs and alterations to the track and line, however, there are now but few C.P.T. posts remaining in their original positions. AVith the advancing of settlement, need was found for surveys in isolated valleys at some distance from the railway, and it was often necessary to run many miles of traverse over rough country, a method both costly and objection- able. Hence it was found desirable to establish by triangulation a number of permanent marks whose positions are accurately known relative to the framework of the Dominion lands system of surveys. Such marks could then be used as convenient reference points for the commencing of isolated surveys, and the tying to the Dominion lands system of mineral claims, timber berths, and other reservations. To serve this purpose it is imperative that the triangulation survey should be indisputably of greater accuracy than the work it is to control; and in this survey an ample degree of precision has been attained without proceeding to any of the expensive refinements necessary for a triangulation of a primary or geodetic nature. The triangulation in the Railway Belt of British Columbia has been carried out by Mr. P. A. Carson, D.L.S., and Mr. M. P. Bridgland, D.L.S. Mr. Carson's work comprises the eastern part of the triangulation extending west- ward from the Alberta-British Columbia boundary and embracing an area of approximately 3,000 .square miles. The western part of the triangulation was done by Mr. Bridgland. 1 1 extends westerly from Mr. Carson's work to Shuswap lake, and embraces an area of approximately 2,000 square miles. 74484-p. G i TRIANGULATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. 7 BASE LINES. The triangulation was controlled by two accurately measured bases. A good site was selected for a base line at the easterly end of the net, in the Kootenay valley about twenty-one miles above the town of Golden. The base line, as established, is a little over five and one-quarter miles in length, and lies along the right bank of the Columbia river, several times crossing the wagon road in township 24, ranges 19 and 20, west of the fifth meridian. This base was measured by Messrs. Carson and De la Condamine in 1909, and a detailed description of the measurement may be found in a paper written by Mr. Carson on "Precise Measuring with Invar Wires and the Measurement of the Kootenay Base." This paper appears in the annual report of the Topographical Surveys Branch for 1909-10, and has also been published in pamphlet form. The base at the western end of the triangulation is situated in township 20, range 10, west of the sixth meridian, and runs close to the town of Salmon Arm. This base, which is a little over five miles in length, was measured by Messrs. Bridgland and De la Condamine in 1912 by apparatus and methods similar to those described by Mr. Carson. The method of measuring these bases follows closely that laid down by J. Rene Benoit and Ch. Ed. Guillaume in their book "La Mesure Rapide des Bases G^odesiques." The apparatus used in the measurements consisted of two invar wires, six tripods of special design as described in the above mentioned book, two straining trestles, a small level of special design, together with such auxiliary instruments as transit, level, and steel tapes. The invar wires which are numbered 272 and 273 are about 1.7'"'" diameter and twenty-four metres long, are joined at each of their ends to invar scales which are about eight centimetres long and graduated to millimetres. Each scale is attached to the wire by a bolted piece to which it is screwed and riveted so that the edge of the graduated scale is in a direct line with the neutral axis of the wire. The wires were twice tested and standardized at the Inter- national Bureau of Weights and Measures, Sevres, France, the dates of testing and measuring being: — 1908, Feb. — Special annealing process commenced. 1908, Nov.-Dec. — Wires standardized at Sevres. 1909, Oct.-Nov. — Wires used for the measurement of the Kootenay base. 1910, Sept.-Nov. — Wires standardized at Sevres. 1912, Oct.-Nov. — Wires used for the measurement of the Salmon Arm base. Each tripod consists essentially of a bolt bearing the datum or measuring mark and mounted on a movable plate fitted with levelling screws and plate level. The bolt is fitted with a plumb-bob attachment, accurately centred, so that the datum mark may be quickly centred over a point in the ground. The top of the bolt is composed of a hard white alloy which will not oxidize, and has a bevelled edge cut at the same angle as a cross section of the end scales of the wires, permitting the graduations to coincide with the horizontal plane of the datum mark. 8 TOPOGRAPHICAL STRVEYS BRANCH. The straining trrstlps arc siinjjly tripods having one of the legs replaced by a long leg, to which is attached a pulley. The pulley is mounted on ball bearings so that friction will be reduced to a minimum. In preparing the bases they were cleared of all timber, grass, and bush for a width of about six feet, large stumps being sawn otT level with the ground. Hubs were set at a distance of about twenty-four metres apart for the whole length of the base, the alignment being made by transit. A forward line was run so that the errors of alignment would be very small. The general principle of the measurement was to set up tripods over these hubs, tiie tripods being as nearly as possible on the line, antl tiun tlie distance between the tripods accu- rately measured with the invar wires. The end scales of the wires are each eight centimetres long, so tliat provided the triixxls are on line no very accurate setting is required. With a little care tlie datum mark could be centred by plumb-l)ob to within half a millimetre of the line, and this was sufficiently accurate. Each base was divided into sections, a section being apjiroximately a day's measurement, the extremities being marked by special iron bolts having a fine cross on their heads, and fitted witli a centering device. The measurements for each section could then be comparetl, and several closing checks ol)tained in each base, from which a probable error of the measurements may be computed. The tripods were accurately centred over these terminal marks of the sections by transit, making four settings of ?he datum mark on the tripod head on each occasion, two with the transit "ciicle right" and two "circle left." The tension was applied by two 10-kilogram weights attached to the ends of the measuring wire l)y ordinary window-sash cord, which passed over the ball-bearing pulleys. In order to facilitate the rapid progress of the measurement, each member of the party was drilled in his special work; by this means the tripods and straining trestle- were quickly and accurately centred l)y practised men in advance of the measuring party, and the observers were seldom delayed. When in position the wire suspended from the straining trestles should have its end scales close to the heads of the tripjds, so that by a slight lateral pressure of the finger, the scales could be pressed against the tripod heads and simultaneous readings taken by the observers of the position of the measuring marks against the end -ales of the wires. Five such pairs of readings were taken to determine the length of ea.h span, but were rejected if they showed a discrepancy of more than 0-3"""' in the length of the span; this, however, was seldom the case. Before each reading the wire was slightly disturbed and allowed to settle, in order to guard against any friction of the pulleys and cords unduly increasing or diminishing the tension of the wire. Ihe leveller immediately followed the observers and recorded the slope between the heads of the consecutive tripods. In setting the tripods, care was taken to reduce the slope as much as possible, and it was sometimes necessary to set up a tripod on hubs, or to set up very low by making excavations for the tripod le'". These errors do not fully consider the errors due to such causes as the slight irregularities in the tension of the wires due to friction of the cords and pulleys and the consequent changes in the sag and strain of the wires, errors due to inaccuracies of the slope corrections, and errors due to uncertainty in the temperature of the wires. By the observing of every precaution consistent with reasonable progress, it is expected that these errors are not of any magnitude, comparable with the larger errors investigated. Thus work was suspended during unsuit- able weather when the dampness would sensibly affect the flexibility of the cords over the tension pulleys, or the moisture collecting on the wire would affect the sag. Small errors in ascertaining the correct temperature of the wire during measurement could produce but a very slight error as the coefficient of dihat- ^' n of the wires was exceedingly small, namely, — 0-121 x 10-« per degree Centife,iade. It is interesting to note that the coefficient of expansion for these wires is negative, the wires contracting slightly with rise of temperature. In A 10 TOPOGRAPHICAL RURVBYB BRANCH. the Salmon Arm base, which was measured under a greater range of tempera tur(^ than the Kootcnay base, the temperature varying from 1° C. to 24° C, th maximum temperature correction to the length of the base was only 7""". i liberal estimate of the probable errors in the final lengths frnm this cause woul be 1""". The tlifference between the effects of terrestrial gravity at Sevres, France where the wires were standardized and at either base, is so small that th resulting change in tension due to the 10-kilogram weights does not appreciabl affect the measurements. In reducing the lengths of the bases to sea-level, difficulties were met wit such as are inevitable in all surveys of precision in a district isolated from othc surveys of a precise nature. In the present case the nearest precise levels wer some 180 miles distant, and it was not practicable at the time to extend thes levels to th' base lines; neither was it necessary for the progress of the presen work. To obtain a requisite degree of accuracy in the measurement of thes baser, special apparatus and methods of measuring were necessary, and by th expenditure of but little extra time and care in the field the lengths on the groun have been determined with a degree of precision consistent with geodetic wor of the highest class. Before any system of primary triangulation is require over this region, lines of precise levels will have been run aloTig the railwa lines in this vicinity, and the information will then be available for an accurat estimate of the correction to sea-level. To illustrate the importai.ce of an accurate determination of the altitude it may be mentioned that an error of ten feet in the mean altituile of one < these bases would give rise to an error of about 4'""' in the final correcte length of that base. For the present purpose the nearest elevations obtainable were the Cai adian Pacific railway levels, from which connections were made to several ( the triangulation stations. These data were used for the reduction of the bas( to sea-level and, although no correct estimate can be formed of their accuracy they may certainly be expected to be less than twenty feet in error, correspondiE to an error of less than 8""" for each base, due solely to the uncertain altitude. Considering all these sources of error, a conservative estimate of a probab error for each base would be less than 10""", or an accuracy of Dproxircatel 1 in 800,000. In comparison, therefore, with the errors of the angular measur ments, the errors in the base measurements may be considered inappreciabl The final accepted lengths of the bases reduced to sea-level are: — For the Kootenay base, 8,565-574 metres; For the Salmon Arm base, 8,174-652 metres. MARKING OF STATIONS. The permanent mark used in this survey to denote the geodetic point is brass bolt six inches long and three-quarters of an inch diameter, with a fli square head une and one-half inches square and one-half inch thick. This be is set in u hole drilled in the rock, and is firmly fixed with cement. The het of the bolt is stamped with a triangle having its vertex at the centre of tl 74484— p. 10 ■' I TRIANOULATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. 11 head of the bolt, and facing north. The geodetic point is at the centre of the head of the bolt. The head of the bolt is also stamped with a numlier in Roman numerals or the letters T.S. As reference points for accurately determining the position of the permanent mark, iron bolts are set in holes drilled in the rock and fixed with cement, their positions and distances from the geodetic point being noted. The signals for observing upon were usually conical stone cairns raised vertically over the geodetic point, their average dimensions being about six to eight feet in diameter at the base, about two feet diameter at the top, and from six to ten feet high. White cotto;i wrapped around the cairn, or a sheet of tin in the form of a truncated cone surmounting the cairn, served to aid as a signal. The lengths of sights were usually between fifteen and twenty-five miles and, with the telescope of the thcoilolite used, excellent bisections could be made upon conical stone cairns from six to eight feet high. When a cairn on a distant mountain peak stood out against the sky line, the pointed top of the dark mass of the cairn could easily be sighted upon, but where a pointing was made from a higher to a lower mountain, and the distant cairn had a dark back- grounu, the assistance of a band of white cotton wound around the cairn about a foot from the top was found most servicable. Tin signal- in the form of truncated cones placed on the top of the cairns were not found satisfactory; only on rare occasions was reflected light received from these signals, and never from more than one at a time. The tin, too, becomes rusted after a season's exposure. On the lower hills, where no loose rock was availabk, a timber framework was erected to serve as a signal. ^ ANGLE READING. The instrument used for the observing of horizontal and vertical angles, and for azimuth observations, was a direction theodolite made by Messrs. T. Cooke & Sons, of York, England. The telescope has a focal length of fifteen and one-half inches, and the objective a clear aperture of two inches. The eyepiece chiefly used has a magnifying power of thirty diamete.s. The six-inch horizontal circle is graduated to 0-25 degree, and the readings made by two micrometer microscopes of high magnifying power witl? two parallel vertical spider threads. Five revolutions of the micrometer correspond to one division of the horizontal circle, so that each revolution represents 05 degree. The milled head of the micrometer is divided into fifty divisions so that each division is equal to 0-001 degree or 3-6 seconds of arc, and the observer can easily interpolate to parts of a division. The theodolite was mounted on a short tripod, about two feet high, rigidly braced with cross-pieces screwed to the legs. Wherever possible the instru- ment was set up on solid rock, sometimes using an eccentric station for that The transit alone weighs 20 pounds. When packed with its accessories, in two boxes, it provides two packs of 29 pounds and 20 pounds respectively. The weight of the tripod is 13 pounds. 13 ruP.KlllAI'IIKAI, rtlTUVKVS miAVl'll. purp...... an.l nmll h.-Ls vv.Tr .hisrll,..! i„ th.- r.,.k to tak.- th.> m..tul-,r.,.,in IMiirits ot thi- tri|K)«l lens. TIm- UMxiil iiiHli.Hl of ()l.^..rvinK wuh an follows: after s.ttiiiK >ip nrid l.-v.lli the A" muTo„„.t,.r was srf at z.ro. a...| the trl.sn.p.. s.-t ai)proximat.-lv oi. /m. statiou or initial i.oint. l.y tlu- lower tanK.-ut serew, the fi„al pointin« he mn.h. hy the finer threa.l.tl upper tangent serew, a.i.l the „,iero„„.|..rs re he other signals w.re then read in rotation, .iosiuK fu.allv on the initial stati I he error m el..sn.n ^•l.loni .xeee.le.l one division of the luieronieter drum (3"- nn.l W-l,en exeessive the set was rejeete.l. The upp,.- eirele was then advam >>y »., . <.() . and l:^.■i^ and three n.on- s.-ts of rea.linjjs taken; the n.ieron.e screw was advanre.' I.y one turn for each set l,y Mr. Carson, and hv one an. quarter turn l.y ,r. |{rid^;land. Hy this n.eli,nd eaeh auRJe was read o^ .l.tTerent p.rts of the ..ireh-, and ditTerent parts of th.. mieroni.ter serew w, use.l ui th.. s..veral n.easur..nn.nts of ea.-h auKl... thus t..n.linK to minimize a .•rrors due t.. th.- irr..Kulariti..s of the Kra.luat...! eirele an.l mi..r..m..t..r s.Te I he axis of th.. teles,.o,,e was th..n r..ver.ed in its wyes an.l r,.a.lin,;s tak..u wi the A nu.ros,.ope at IStP, 2-:^°, -.'TtP. an.l .il.Y^ starting with the mienmiol ilrum «t zer.) an.l a.lvan..infr as hetore. Half of the ol.s..rvati..ns wer.. ,na with the t..|..seope moving i,, ,l„, ,.l..ekwise .lirec-ti.m fr..m the z..ro stati., an.l halt with th.. t..lesro|.e m..vinu in th.. reverse direetion. This meth, of pn.ee.lur.. jjiv.'s a s..t ..1 ..ight r..a.li.,-s for ..aeh .lire,.tion. Whenever time all.,we,l, Mr. IJri.lRlan.l a.lvan.e.l his upp..r eirel,. 1 intervals „f Mf ,uu\ th,. mi..ron.<.t,.r l.y five-sixths of a turn f..r ea.-h n.un.l rea.liUKs ,nst,.u.l of -l.r an.l I '. turn as al,..v... This ^ave a s..t .,f twelv.. n.adin for eaeh dir(.(.tion. The difT,.r(.nee ..f the initial and final rea.linRs on the zero stafi..n wi usually small and wtII w-hin th.. limits of ae..ura..y for p..intinK an.l r.-a.lin in sueh eases the m..an was .•H.<...pt(..l as th.' .'..rre-'t reading .m th,. initial poin >\h,.n th,. elosmg ,.r-.,r was ,-onsi,l,.r,.d t..o large th,. roun.l ,.f rea.lings w: rej,.et(.,l an,l r,.i),.at. .i. Owing to the ,.xpose.l natur,- ,.f the mountain p.'aks on wliieh n,.arly •, of the trumgulation stati,.ns w..r,. situate,l. gr,.at ,lifli,.ulti,.s t.. satisfa.^tor ob.servmg wer,. en,.ount,.r(.,l. Thus it was impossil.l,. to ol)s,.rve as ,.arly or t late m th,. ,lay as .l,.siral.l,.. as the h.ng an.l often hazardous eliml.s n,.,-,.ssitat so nu.ny hours of .laylight h.-infi res,.rv,.,l for tlu- as,-,.nt an.l ,lesc,.nt. whil the > variable w,.ath,.r ,-,.nditions ren,lered it necessarv that n,) tim at n on he wast,.,l wh, n ol,s,.rving was p,.ssil,le. In g,.n..ral, on th,. highc P«- lie surveyors mad,- it a rule to ,.mpl,.y tlu- wliol,. time availahl,. at ^ n to the l.,.st a,lvai-->g... ln,l,.r tlus.. ...mlitions th,. horizontal direeti,.n were rea.l as ,.arly an.l t.. in th,. ,lay as possible, an,l th,. v,.rtieal angle about noon, when the ,.|. .ts of horiz,,ntal refracti,.n ar.. a minimum. I siially on the lower peak., where any timber was available, the instrumen wa.s shelt,.red fr,.m the sun an.l fn.m the win.l, if strong. A few minutes spen m erecting a sunsluule an,l win,l-shi,.l,l were more than r,.pai,l l.v the gr. 'e ease and rapidity in reading the mierometers, beside^ reducing the'orroi.s ,Iue t, unequal heating of the parts of the instrument. TRIANOriiATION IV IIRITIrtH roiJ-MBIA. 13 iil-ir.i)imtf(| (t IrvcllitiK- ti'ly 1)11 the iititiK Ix'inK clcrs rciul. ial station, mil (3"-()), I advaiu'i'd nicrom»'tt«r "in- and a read ovi-r iorcw wcro liiiiizc any ttT scri'W. taken with licroniPttT HTc ni.'wh' ) station, s method circh' i)y round of I' readings ition was i rcadinK. ial iioint. linj;s was iH-ariy ail tisl'actory irly or as -cssitat d nt, wiiilc no time iu' higiicr il)l<' at a lireeiions il angles ^trument tes spt-nt ' grc 'er .1 due to P low is Riven ii brief sunimury of the remliuuM at the thn" stiitions '' ariies Miira, and (Iriflin. an exaniph-n . , the di-<.'repaii(iet and i-losinns imually met with in the anKular nieusuiements. Hl-MMAIIY OF DIIIKITIONH Al (AHSKH rt'r.VriON. Two spt8 of readinnH were taken, each M'i fon^«istinK of einht readinRH on pneh station, taken eircle rinht and eirele lett, and with forward ami l^ackward motion as described. The two sets were taken on the same day, the first between 10.30 and 11.15 a.m., with initial nii3 j4 245 2ft5 368 294 o<) l8 59 5ft 31 03 4ft II II oo-oo 3418 01 OJ 38 66 19' 19* 03 -53 II 0000 36-65 03-09 28-56 24 79 07-29 «4-44 11-43 00-00 23 99 03 80 II 00-00 33 71 00-63 30 -63 "3 54 06 77 If 00 01 38 23 06 03 07 These reading, on Ida were taken under unfavourable conditions and were rejected. OB8EKVATIQN WORK. Azimuth ob.s,.rvnti()ns wer.' taken at spv.-ral .stations, the usual metl.o ol-pryinK on Polnris h.-JuK folK.wfd. The in.strument was always set up fir on .sohd rock and sheltered from the sun. After euieful leveilinR up, a rea. on the referen.-e „l,j,H-t was taken, and then on Polaris; the face of the ins n..-i.t wa.sthen reversed and sightinKs taken on Polaris and again on the refert obj.et. The stride level was read imme. practice was to observe at primary stations, using another primary station reference object. As the meridian was always approximately known, the time was determii by the transits of two or more stars across this meridian, . ,d a slight correct afterwards applied, if necessary. Two observations for latitude were made at the western end of the triani lation, by Mr. J A. Fletcher, D.L.S., using a portable zenith telescope ma by 1 roughton & Simms. ""^^S- ocraNiuna in TruUKhtun dc Final \Vci({hti'f the circle lent.s. Mr. ' tied in to ind's u.sual station as determined correction lie triangu- 3ope made :*: 744S4 p. 14 / m. '^:rc^^. T.- -^. .s a s ~ :^m:±xia9ms >K !-^'mgs m m ii TRIANOUtiATlON IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. 15 The latitudes have been reduced to the geodetic points, and corrected to 8ea-level. The correction to sea-level is given by the expression : Correction = -0"- 000052 H sin 2 L where H is the altitude of the observation station. For Salmon Arm H = 1,200 feet and correction to sea-level = — 0"061 For Sugarloaf H = 2,600 feet and correction to sea-level = — 0"-133 For the reduced latitudes we have: Latitude of north end of Salmon Arm base as deduced from latitude deter- mination of eighty-seven observations on sixty-four pairs of stars = 50° 42' 50" -98 ± 0"07 Latitude of Sugarloaf triangulation station as deduced from a latitude determination of ninety-five observations on sixty-four pairs of stars = 50° 38' 07" 07 ± 0"05 The difference of astronomic latitudes between these two stations is there- fore 4' 43" -91 with a probable error of about 0"- 1. The geodetic difference of latitude, however, as calculated from the adjusted triangulation is 4' 38" -70 with a probable error which would not exceed 0" • I. The discrepuniy of 5" -21, which is equivalent to a distance of 8 00 chains, must be considered as being due to the difference in the local deflections at the two places. In a country so rugged and mountainous as the Rocky mountains, where large deviations of the plumb line must be expected, the phenomenon of local attraction presents a very serious difficulty to the accurate determination of latitudes and longitudes, and in the absence of other more definite data the difference of 5" -21 has been divided equally between the two stations. This gives: For the latitude of the north end of Salmon Arm base 50° 42' 48" -37 For the latitude of Sugarloaf triangulation station 50 38 09 -67 The longitudes of the triangulation depend upon the longitude of a point in Revelstoke as determined from Vancouver by the Chief Astronomer of Canada in 1911. This point was tied in to the main triangulation net. ADJUSTMENT OF THE TKIANC.ULATION. The accuracy of the triangulation was not such as to warrant any rigid adjustment of the net as a whole, and it was considered sufficient to divide the main net into sections, each section being adjusted by the method of Least Squares. A diagram of the triangulation is shown (plate 1), the full lines representing the main net of the triangulation, the fine and broken lines repre- senting the parts of a secondary degree of accuracy. All directions in the main net were of about equal weight, and consequently no weight constants were introduced into the adjustment. The direction method of adjustment has been followed, where it is assumed that the errors are inherent to the separate directions, and the error in each observed direction affects every angle involving that direction. Hence the :-i?ci^'^^ - . *®^W4^'^; / 16 TOPOGRAPHICAL SUHVEVS BRANCH. most probable corrections to the different directions have been found n the usual assumpfon that all the errors involved are of the accidental 'cb ment foLwir'"^'"* "' ''■ ' '^' "^^■' ^'^^" *" "'-^-^^ *h« -thod of a correctionTth";^';"'''';?' ^T' T'^ ^"^*'"'°" '' ^^'^"^^d by a number, ar (1) - (6). (23) - (22) ;9) - (8) ' " ' "' ''' '"'"'""^ *"^ ^^^^^ ^ In order that fi^. 3 may be geometrically possible, the necessary and sufli condn.ons are the satisfying of seven angle equations and two Le q^^ The angle equations may he written down immediatelv from the closin ^:z:j::^£''''- ^'^ -^-^-' — «^ -^ -langi:' -n € = m ab sin C Cherub 22 Blackwator 8 . 2S 16 \1,7 Bonney nLi8 North Fork ound, making ntal class, lod of adjust- nber, and the le angles and nvolved, and ith, Cherub, these angles ind sufficient le equations. 3 closings of gle is found triangle and TRIANGULATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. closlrh; of triangles. Boavrmouth l — 6 Cherul) 23 - 22 RIackwater 9-8 Spherical excess Error of closure Beavermouth 2 — 1 Blackwater 8-7 Laussedat 12 — 11 Spherical excess Error of closure Beavermouth 3—2 Laussedat 1 1 — lo North Fork 15-14 17 7- Spherical excess Error of closure Beavermouth 4 — 3 North Fork 14 - 13 Bonney 18-17 Spherical excess Error of ( Insure. Beavermouth 5—4 Bonney 17—16 Cornice 21 - 20 Spherical excess Error of closure Beavermouth 6 — 5 Cornice 20 — 19 Cherub 24 - 23 Si)herical excess Error of closure Cornice t'herut) Bonney 21 — 19 24 — 26 25 - 16 Spherical excess Error of closure 68 61 50 21 32 05 468 42-0 303 '79 59 59 I «-4 60 46 56 02 01 - 2-3 01 -9 54-3 100 180 GO 06 -2 20 83 43 53 + 4-2 21 25-9 06 50 ■ 31 53-2 180 00 OQI - 6 44 66 68 + 6-5 j7 27-3 II 251 51 020 179 59 54-4 1-5 45 62 71 5' 34 34 - 71 02 -3 05 510 179 59 58-3 56 52 70 32 38 49 - 31 15-8 19-5 270 180 00 02-3 1-3 1^4 26 29 + 10 13 10-5 32 59 13 52 180 00 01-5 II + 0-4 From the above triangles the angle equations are: 0= - 2-3 + (1) - (6) + (23) - (22) + (9) - (8) 0= + 4-2 + (2) - (1) + (8) - (7) + (12) - (11) 74484—2 18 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS BRANCH. 0= + 0.5 + (3) - (2) + (11) - (10) + (15) - (14) 0= - 7-1 + (4) - (3) + (14) - (13) + (18) - (17) 0= - 3-1 + (5) - (4) + (17) - (Hi) + (2!) - ,20) 0= + 1-0 + (G) - (n) + (20) - (19) + (24) - (23) 0= +0-4 +(21) -(19) + (24) - (20) + (25) - (16) The side equations when reducnl to the linear form arc of the form: 5, (M.) - 5, (M,) + 63 (M3) - . +I0K sin M, - Ior sin M.. + . . = Where (Al,) (M,) (M,) . are the most probable corrections to the angles AI, !\ Ma . and 5, 5,. 5, . . . are the changes in log sin M„ log sin M,, lug sin M, for a change of 1" in the angles M, M, M3. , . . is: Considering first the side equation with Cornice as pole. The side equatic Cornice to Cherub ^ Cornice to Beavermouth Cornice to Bonney Cornice to Beavermouth Cornice to lionney ^ Cornice to Ch^ub = Substituting the sines of angles for the sides we get- '''" '*^~'^' ^'» (17-16) sin ( 24- 20 ) ■ sin (24-23) sin (5-4) sin (25-16) " ^ and reducing to the linear form : 5' ;(0)-(5)» - o"((24)-(23)} + 5'" {^7) -(16)1 - ., + log sin (0-5) - log sin (24-23) + k m (17-16) - =0 where 5' 8" 5'". represent the differences i. ihe log sines of the angles 6-5 ^4 - J3, . . . for a change of 1 ". The equation may be conveniently formed from the following table:— Directions. Uncorrected Angles. j Log Sines. i i Differences for 1". 1 1 I + vc terms' 1 6 - 5 56 32 15-8 I 1-9212957 1 '4 17 - 16 ■ 62 34 05 I-948I97I i 11 24 - 26 26 32 590 I 6502825 42 "753 — vc ttrms 24 - 23 70 49 27 7-9752089 07 5-4 45 51 02-3 7-8558380 20 25-16 i 29 '3 520 I -6887166 38 7''-.5 7753 + 118 TRIANGULATIO.N IN BRITIHH COLUMBIA. and the reduced side equation is: 19 = +11-8 +20(4) -3-4(5) +1-4(6) +2-7(10) +1-1(17) +0-7(23) +3-5(24) - 3-8(25) -4-2(20) the units being taken in tlie sixtli place of logarithmH. For the second side equation the pole is taken at Beaverraouth and the equation is: Beavermouth to Cherub Beavermoutli to Bhickwater X etc. Bea Vermont ii to Bhickwater Beavermouth to Laus.«edat = 1 Substituting the sines of angles for the sides: sin (9-8) sin (12-11) sin (15-14) sin (18- 17) sin (21 20) ^ J sin (23-22) sin (8-7) sin (11-10) .sin (14-13) sin (17-10) = 1 Heducing as before we get for the reduced side equation: = +15.9 + 0.0(7) —2.4(8) + 1.8(9) + 2.2(10) -4.2(11) + 2.0(12) + 0.9(13) -2.4(14) + 1.5(15) + 1.1(10) - 1.9(17) + 0.8(18) + l.O(li)) -2.3(20) + 0.7(21) + 1.1(22) -1.8(23) + 0.7(24) The line North Fork to Laussedat was fixed by the previous adjustment of figure 2, and so the directions 10 anci 15 must receive no further correction in the adjustment of figure 3. This is equivalent to putting (10) =0 and (15) = in the present adjustment and then solving the nine condition equations with the condition that the sum of the squares of all the corrections involved shall be a minimum. When proceeding to the adjustment of the next figure the line Bonney to Cornice will be considered as fixed by the present adjustment. In this way the adjustment of each figure will harmonize with the preceding adjustments, and a fair approximation to the ideal adjustment is obtained. The condition equations are, therefore: (0) - (8) + (9) - (22) + (23) (2) - (7) + (8) - (11) + (12) (3) + (11) - (14) (4) - (13) + (14) - (17) + (18) (■-,) - (10) + (17) - (20) + (21) (6) - (19) + (20) - (23) + (24) (19) + (21) + (24) + (25) - (20) 8. = +11-8 +2-0(4) -3-4(5) + 1-4(0) + 2-7(10) + M (17) +0-7 (23) + 3-5 (24) - 3-8 (25) - 4-2 (fS) 9. = +15-9 + 0-0 (7) - 2-4 (8) + 1-8 (9) - 4-2 (11) + 20 (12) + 0-9 (13) - 2-4 (14) + 1-1 (10) - 1-9 (17) 4- 0-8 (18) + I-O (19) - m 2-3(20^ 7 (21) + 1-1 (22) - 1-8 (23) + 0-7 (24) 1. = - 2-3 + (1) - 2. = + 4-2 - (1) + 3. = + 0-5 - (2) + 4. = - 7-1 - (3) + 5. = - 3-1 - (4) + 0. = + 10- (5) + 7. = + 0-4 - (10) - 74484—21 / 20 TOPOOKAPHICAL 81KVEVH UKANt ||. The corrections in lorm.s of the correlates and the Riven in the two followhiR tal)Ies: The ( ohrklate Equations. normal ('(luatioi C. C-, c. I". c. C. C, (1 1 (0 = + 1 -I - ■ _ — (2) = (3) = + 1 -I + 1 — I (4'- (5) = + 1 -! +20 (6) = — I + 1 — 1 -3 4 + 1-4 (7) = — 1 + 1 (9) = -I + 1 + 1 (I0) = (ii) = (12) = + 1 + 1 (13) = (14) = (i5) = -1 -I + 1 1 H (l6i = (l-) = (18) = - 1 - I -I + 2'7 + 1 ■ 1 -1 (19) = + 1 -f (20) = -I — I (2I) = -I + 1 (22) = — I ~M + 1 (23) = + 1 (24) = -I +0-7 (25) = (26) = + 1 + 1 + « 4-3-5 -3-8 + 1 1 • NORMAI — 1 -4-2 Thi Equations. c, c. c, c, c. C. c, c, C 0= -,.3 + 6 — 2 0= +4.2 — 2 + 6 — 2 — 2 -0-7 + 0= +6-5 0= —■'•1 -2 + 4 -2 + 0= -3., 0= +10 -2 -2 +6 — 2 — 2 +6 — 2 + 2 +09 — 70 - 0= +04 — 2 +6 + 2 + 7-6 0= +II-8 — 0-7 +0-9 -0-6 + 2 f2 +6 + 1-2 0= +,5.9 + '■3 + 3-2 -1.8 -■•0 + 7-6 + 1 2 + 70 84 +2 1 1 '4 -1-3 + 2-07 +56 The so lution of the normal equatior IS gives: C, = + 0-27() Ci = - 1065 C3 = - 1-800 Ce = + 000 C7 = - 0084 Cs = ~ 0109 C4 = + 0<)49 Cg = - 0-27S c, . ■= + 1- 137 ^E^^S^ •'quation.s ire i TRIANGULATION IN BUIT18H COIillMHlA. 21 These values substituted in the correlate equations give for the most probable values of the different directions: (-2-0 -3 4 hl-4 +0-6 -2-4 + l'8 -4-2 + 20 +0-9 -2-4 + 11 -1-9 +0-8 + 1-6 -2-3 +0'7 + 11 -1-8 +0-7 C, •7 + 1-3 +3-2 -l8 ■9 -0-6 •o ■6 -1-4 •2 -13 «4 + 207 07 + 56-31 (1) := -f 1-34 (2) = + 0-74 (3) = - 275 (4) = - 0-40 (5) = + 0-90 (6) = + 018 (7) = + 090 (8) = - 0-69 (9) = - 0-21 (10) = 000 (11) = + 0-40 (12) = - 101 (13) = - 1-20 (14) (ir)) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (20) + 3-41 000 - 105 + 0-59 + 0-73 - 0-30 + 010 1- 0-20 - 0-58 + 09 - 05 - 0-27 + 115 When these corrections are iipplied to the directions, every triangle closes and the values of the sides are accordant to the seventh place of decimals. Each of the seven figures shown was adjusted in this manner and the sides calcvdated from the Kootenay l)ase at the eastern end of the net. When the measured length of the Salmon Arm base was received from Mr. liridgland, it was found to exceed the length as computed from the Kootenay base by 0- 148 metres (about six inches), or 79 in the last places of seven figure logarithms. A further small correction to the angles was needed in order that the com- puted length of the Salmon Arm base should be in accordance with the measured length. This was effected by considering only the angles opposite base sides and continuation sides in any selected chain of triangles between the two bases. Let N denote the sum of the changes in the log sines of these angles due to a change of 1" in each angle and let I denote the logarithmic deficit or excess of the computed over the measured value of the terminal base. Then ± -," w^s adopted as a constant correction to each angle, applied in the present case with the iK-sitive sign to angles opposite sides of continuation, and with the negative sign to angles oi)ii()sito bases in the selected chain of triangles between the two bases. In the present »"ise, the shortest chain of triangles between the two bases having been selected, s was found to be 031 and with / = 79, ^ = 0"13 applied with the correct sign. Thus the third angle of each triangle was not changed and the geometrical conditions of the triangles not violated. Having thus adjusted several triangles in each figure, small adjustments were made to the other triangles of each figure so as to minimize the lack of adjustment thus introduced. '•:\'iims^*f' 22 TOPOORAPIIICAL HUUVF.YS HKANCH. Square adjustment being given i^ tLftt/r '*":"' ^ corrections in the necond column '"'"" ""'* *'"' '"""^^ ''^'^ Boavprmouth LausNcHat Nortli Fork BcaviTtnouth Blarkwatcr Lausscdat Bcavermoiith Cherub Blat-kwatcr Bca vermouth Cornirc Cherub Hca vermouth Flonney Cornice Bca vermouth North Fork Bonney Beavermouth Cherub Bonney Cherub Bonney Cornice • »t Corr. -3-49 +040 -3-4« -o 60 -'59 -201 ^ 116 +0-67 +0-48 -0-72 +046 -0-74 + 1-30 + 164 +016 +2-35 +4-6I +014 +058 + 106 +0-86 -I-8o +078 +0-62 2nd Corr. Total. -013 +013 -0 +0 •>3 13 — +0 •3 '3 — -io «3 '3 +0- '3 — 0- 13 +0- 13 — 0- 13 +013 -013 +013 +013 -0-26 -3-62 +053 -3 4" — 0'6o -172 -1-88 + 1 16 +"■54 +0-61 -072 +033 — 061 + '■43 + 164 +003 +2-35 +4-74 +001 +0-71 + 106 +0-73 -1-67 +0-91 +036 s of the (liflfer- i by the Least ■i» secondury ^♦^lk ... 74484-p. 22. l^l TBIANUULATION IN BKITISII COLUMBIA. 38 Following aro the full computations for the calculation of the trianglca of the main not of the triiinRulution:— ADJUSTED TRIANOtM Of MAIN NBT- BBITWH COLUMBIA TRIANOULATION. Stations. Figure 1 B D A B D A C D B C Kapristo D C Sj)hcr- Sph«.-r- Obm-rvtel Corrcc- ical ical L<»K Angles. tiirn*. Atiijlos. Exicm. Ui^tancc. Distance (mciri'»). Kaprlato 50 39 2o 88 25 58 3« 54 42 55 40 42 31 31 28 92 47 50 19 "8 «3 in> 57 2b 40 44 29 36 22 29 124 42 32 18 54 51 41 40 34 81 53 26 56 26 03 -049 -1-36 + 1-97 -044 -008 +064 — 4-61 -I 48 -1-79 +4 21 + 2-57 + 1-34 -0-93 —0-67 -080 19.51 004 39327565 8565574 5664 004 3-99''58'9 9921 -bo 43.97 004 3 7198873 5246-71 41.56 0-04 30327565 8565574 27.<)j 004 3 "342245 5422 '81 5064 004 4<>'53'97 1035905 08. 39 004 3-7ii 98873 524^'-7i 2452 0-04 4-1383662 137520 27.21 004 401531':" 1035905 3321 004 3W65819 9921-60 34-57 004 4-1383662 137520 5234 0-04 37342244 5422-81 33-07 0-20 4-1383662 137520 25-33 0-20 4-3112352 20475-5 02-20 0-20 4-2363746 17233 -5 I' / 're\».iv\«4"r:^'^VBVir%; ^S 4« IO« 35 53., "> 5« IH "4 fx> 2S 45 5 J io 1 '■<• I N ,v • ^ 45 H II f>« 3" :J4 ■ I .V'* 21 42 4« oN (H) '>3 3') 21 -.^ 4H I r. 5(, . I KN 01 5t. 43 41 57 04 r« -;3 4« 54 KJ 14 f>S 25 56-3 32 07 26 79 26 34 45 28 22 114 73 44..^ 20 09 00 I (^5 '>() 29 46 oi> 30- 1 (>S 41 03 - I • K9 -037 + 16 -304 + 1-97 -O 1)1 -0K9 — C)-3() + 3-^3 + 3-0« + 1-39 + 1-97 -2-04 -3-03 -0K7 +017 — 2 • 90 16 II -M 73 20 ■ 3*) 2N-36 12-97 32-07 41-09 59 I I 21 -10 5'* -73 5«<'« 03 ■ 59 13-97 33-07 "313 4HI7 I I -10 0-27 0-27 0-26 0-40 ()'4ii 0-40 I - 10 I - 10 I - 10 "•43 0-43 ()-44 ■47 ■4" •47 ■ 10 10 10 4 3112352 4 ■20125 13 4 47i'''>«5 4-2012513 4 62.S(K)26 4-523H.«K> 4'i2K<,()3f, 4-5171371 4 '-349374 4-3113352 20475.1 4-,Vn». OliMTViil (orr«<- Hul Mai l.'>« AnnUi.. tions. AmkU"- K)h»-»«. |)i»i.iiu«'. 2A l>i»tiinrp (iiu'trt*). Figunr 3 UliM'Uwnicr ^0475 • 5 "5«94 7 29625.7 l5«94-7 42)62-2 3^ ■ r' 424f>2 ■ 2 32^95 ■f> 43145 -7 C'hcrui) Cornice U<'a\Trm()iith North Kcrk Laussediit Hlackwau-r U<-.i\crni()Uth l.au^slMlat (luriili Hcavirmouth Hhukwat'-r ("oriiirc Utavirinimth ChtTiil) Honnt'y Boaviriiioiith ("iirnice Honiu y Biavirmoiith \nrth Fork lionnoy Bcavcrnioiitb C'hcrui) Cornice Cherub Bonney Laiutedat North Fork Bonnoy H^ 21 259 53 ^' 53-2 43 <'<) 5" -3-62 -3-4» +<>'53 22 IH 49 • T9 5" 33 n-86 0-87 (.■S7 4-'>349374 4 -5432 123 4-4725704 43145 7 34931 ' 29687 ■ 3 73 "2 54 3 (h) 56 01 1) 46 01 10 -1 72 — (>-6<) -I -HH 52 -5^ 01 30 oH 12 067 007 ()-66 4 5432123 4 5040450 4-4i957*'7 34931 1 31918-7 26277-1 61 32 42 68 21 46 K 50 05 ,V>-3 4f>-54 + 1 16 +0-61 42 • 54 47 96 30 01 047 r.-47 "-47 4-4"957''7 4-4437'»i 4-36"32i)<) 26277-1 277'-l 240(13-2 27243-7 62 34 05 45 5' "2 .5 71 34 51 -f 164 + 1-43 +00V f ><■) • 64 "3 ■ 73 5i«'3 <>-47 0-46 "■47 4 ■435266(1 4 342-)"8i ^ 4642290 27243 -7 22024 ■») 29122 5 6H 51 02 44 57 27-3 66 11 25 I 4-<)()i t 2-35 1 4 74 02 01 2<»-65 29 84 "-5" "5" ()■ 51) 4 4725704 4 3520227 4 ■4(42291 29687 -3 22491 7 29122-5 33 20 13 102 23 IHI 44 16 28 +"•73 +«)-7> + 1 06 13 -73 l8-8l 29 • 06 "•53 "54 0-53 4 ■ 3f«)3299 4()I(K)MI1 4 4642292 22926- I 4"745-<' 29122-5 124 '3 IO-5 26 32 59 29 «3 52 +036 -1-67 +091 10 86 57-33 52 91 • 36 "•37 0-37 4 ■ 6 1008 1 1 4 ■ 342908 1 4-38I352H 40745 -f> 22024-6 24063 - 2 '.7' . 4t ,»i. :•"•:>• L Y'XMi^w' 26 TOPOr.RAPIirCAL SURVEYS BRANCH. Stai.ioiis. Figure 4 ()l.s..rv..el Corrcc- leal leal I,,. _An«les_ tu,ns. Angles. Excess. Distance. ( ".irne Cornice Copoland Albert Bonncy Cornice Carnes Albert Cornice Copeland Albert Carnes Bobbie Albert CoiK-lanrl Ineoniapplcux All)ert Bonney Begbie All)ert Incomappleux Copeland Albert Begbie Mackenzie Copeland Begbie Mackenzie Copeland Albert Revelstoke Begliie Mackenzie Bonney Begbie 40 26 19- 18 Ho 21 07-^3 59 12 35«9 (^2 31 0563 39 14 3.V7I 7*^ 14 20-90 <^> 55 09-28 5' 00 00-42 68 04 59-94 79 21 10-H7 46 35 12 •88 54 "3 4"-4« 38 19 03-23 108 20 12-83 3i 20 43.94 Incomappleux —0-91 +0-89 -0-78 —0-40 + ■■31 +0-83 -367 - ' • 75 ~ 3 ■ 55 — 0-O4 + I-3" + 2-8r -f o ■ 62 - 1 - 62 44 -29 34«i +3-56 74 -^3 40- 9'^ +I-50 61 06 42-75 -1-56 54 03 41-48 +1-30 4f> 35 12-88 -0-64 79 21 10-87 -3-55 74 12 29-42 +2-16 76 46 46-17 -0-03 no 29 00-98 +i.i4 44 27 56-61 -f3.05 81 20 32 96 +2-04 323508-37 +2., 3 66 04 11.60 +3- 18 18-27 08-22 3511 05 23 3,S02 -'1-73 05-61 .5«-67 5«-57 07-3-J 12-24 42 ■7« 06-04 •3-45 42 32 38-37 42-48 41-19 42 78 12-24 07 32 3t-58 46-14 02- 12 59-66 3500 10-50 1478 0-53 054 0-53 0-66 0-66 0-66 4 342908 1 22024 45247259 33475 4-4649285 29169 4-5247259 4-3778616 4-5675120 ''•95 4-5^>75i2o 36941 "•95 4-5165367 ',2850- "■95 4-59345'>5 ,;;2I5- 0-77 0-78 0-78 o-6o o-6l 0-60 0-68 0-68 0-68 0-78 0-78 o- // "-.V5 "■34 5 o 0-41 o-4i 0-41 0-09 0-09 0-08 4 -.5934.565 4-4621837 4-5092970 4-4649285 4-6498855 4-4126255 4-4126255 4 ■ 5507004 4-5092971 4 -.509297 1 4-4621838 4 - 5934566 4 -462 1 838 4- 1646262 4 - 4672262 4-.S934566 4-2485789 4-4672260 i,- 1646262 3-9008432 4-1305699 .«^ TRIAGNULATION IN BKlTIrtH COLUMBIA. 27 Distance (metres). Stations. Spher- Sphor- ObscTvcd Correc- ioal iial Lok Distance .Angles. tions. Angles. I-Ixtes.s. Distance. (metres). Figure 5. Copcland Quecst Mara Bcgbie Mabel 22024-6 33475-4 29169-5 33475-4 23870-5 3''94i-3 3<>94i-3 32850-1 ,;<>2i5-4 39215-4 28985.7 32307-0 29169-5 44656-6 25860 - 2 Griffin Begbie Copeland Queest Griffin Copeland Mara Griffin Quee.st Mabel Griffin Bcgbie Mara Griffin Mabel 78 39 29-14 52 35 '9-73 48 45 16-24 -2-08 -5-41 + 3-<'7 27-06 14 32 19-91 0-43 "-43 0-43 4 462 1 838 4-3707231 4-34<'9ii4 28985-7 2.3481-3 22228-6 41 39 (X)-i3 9« 49 .30-39 39 31 .U-i« + 2-51 — I - 12 -4-76 02-64 29-27 29-42 "■44 0-44 "-44 4-3707231 4 5430000 4-3519093 23481-3 34914-0 22485-8 47 18 24-88 57 09 42-26 75 31 48 -<«^ +3- 17 +3-'" -"-59 28-05 45 ■ 27 48- 10 0-47 "■47 ■ 48 4-3319093 4-4100073 4-4716189 22485-8 257"4-4 29^122-3 40 36 39-02 80 28 24-10 5« 54 57-07 -4.7S +0-82 + 5-40 34-24 24-92 02-47 "-54 0-55 "-54 4-3469114 4-5273673 4 - 4660862 22228-6 33<'79-6 29247-3 66 40 36-49 44 52 54-1' 68 26 29-98 -3-29 — 062 +4-89 33 • 20 53-49 34 -«7 0-52 0-51 0-52 4 - 4660862 4-35if'9.5f' 4-471618- 29247-3 2i474-8 29622-3 14609-2 7958-7 13507-3 J mmmK'M'.nz.^'^: 28 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS BRANCH. Stations. Figure 6. (»l.s<-rve,l Corn-c- 'iS^' "ft" , Oisi (mo Queest Granite Mara Siigurloaf Bastion Qui'cst Mara Ida .Mara Bastion Ida Uui'cst Mara ('■raiiiti' I.la Bastion ( -rani to .Mara Bastion Ida tiranite Mara Sugarloaf Cranito Mara Ida < iraiiiio Su^arloaf Sii^arloaf Ida Mara + I-I2 +"■<',? +<>-'>3 -'•77 + 1-22 — 2 ■ ()0 -,? + 2 + 1 •44 ■"3 12 + <) yi — () "7 +4 "7 7" 25 36-07 43 45 31-24 65 4'* 52-62 3« 02 5217 4« 44 43 -7« 93 "7 2«-2« 2') 3" 19-86 35 5' 05H:; 114 3« 36-40 «6 4; 5S.q| 56 35 42 -H? 36 ,vi 13 -w -■♦ 51 13-33 +()-o<) -5 25 ^^?,?,f) +01; 129 43 42-. ?; +,.4; 94 3''< 35-04 -I •K4 6' 5') 45^5^i +0-S2 -3 24 40 -.w +1 .,,3 104 01 36- 11 +2-6() 42 o< fo-i; 126 00 IO-54 +065 19 47 ,59-64 +()-o5 34 I 1 50 ■ (S(; — I . 152 '3« 13 2;<)o +1.31 ■>' 21 35-50 +2-4<> 10 24 54. 9y -0-96 37-19 31-27 52 65 50 • 40 45-00 25-68 07 -Ss 37-52 59 -fe 42 ■ 80 18 -06 13-42 03 - 56 43 - 74 ?,i ■ 20 46 40 41-44 38-77 46-85 35 - 55 59-69 49-37 28-31 37-96 54-03 0-37 4-4100072 25704- "•37 4-2757256 18868- "•37 4-39595«7 24886- 0-37 0-37 0-38 o-6o 0-61 0-61 0-23 0-22 V-22 0-24 0-24 0-23 o - 36 0-35 0-35 0-39 0-39 0-39 0-07 O-OK 4-2757256 1 8868 -I 4-3625761 23045 -< 4-4852801 30568 -( 4-4frvc(i Anglts Corrt'c lions. r rani to S. End of Ha^c Spher- ical AnKlt's. Sphir- ical I-"g Kxctss. Distance. Distance (mctris). \ > N. KiKi i>f Kase Ilia 25704-4 l««6«o 24886-2 North end Granite Ida South end (iranito North end South end dranite Ida North end Ida South end 1 19 y> 31 -9' -001 ,^i "JO 28 22 31-34 -I -17 .V>i7 32 06 54-80 +3-30 5«i<' 55 06 58-71 -3-72 .'i4 W 52 53 5<>-5(> -1-4' 5'<'5 71 59 08-53 -1-44 0709 115 54 17-86 -I -89 1597 24 31 28-22 -024 27-98 39 34 18-44 -2" "'-22 47 31 23-3« +'-43 24«i 71 41 13-24 +i-o8 14-32 60 47 19- 15 +i»3 20-98 004 4'3>'7144 0-05 3-8759f'95 0-05 3 9246708 0-06 3-9246708 006 3-9124' 93 0-05 3-1)888661 0-05 4'3S7144 004 3-8028346 0-04 3-9''f*«')vi7 0-04 003 0-04 3-8028346 3-9124693 3 8759697 I37f'3 04 7.=)' 5 70 8407-58 8407-58 8 1 74 ■65-' 9746-89 13763 04 6550-89 9746 - 88 6350 - 89 8 1 74 -652 751570 GEODETIC POSITIONS. Azimuth observations ■ ikcti at several stations of the triangulation, the average range of the o ..ations at each station being about 18". I'or the purpose of calcdating the geodetic positions, a mean azimuth was obtained by reducing the azimutli oi)servations at the five stations Mara, Queest, (.rithn, Mabel, and South End to the station Mara. They were reduced by accepting an approximate azimuth and calculating the convergence over each line by the formulae mentioned l)elow. When reduced t.. Mara, these azimuths gave tor the azimuth of the line Mara to (iuee.st, the following values:— Observation at Mara Queest (iriffin Mabel South End The mean azimuth accepted for the line Mara to Queest was 1° 15' 15". The observed azimuth at Albert differed by 2". and thai at Incomappleux by 8" from the azimuths as computed through the triangulation from Mara. Reduced .\zinu th Mara to Queest I 15 14-9 t 15 14-9 I 15 20-4 I 14 54-9 I 15 29-8 30 TOPOGRAPHICAL SI UVEYS BBANCH. II, 18114. "' ■ ""'* *-""»' ■■•"■' ^""'M'- Survey, Koport, «...'i;;'.SiM;™r,:;rs::,^;;i;r'r" *^™'- ■" '-'^ whore 1, = - 1>,.K cos Z Coast and (l,™|,.,i,. Surv.v ll,.p„r, f„r ts"! ' """' '■"' ind constants unt of which Keport, Part ' in latitude f latitiKk" L on Z and Z' ants, based litcd States lonRi+udc, TRIANlit I.ATION IN r.UTlSH COLUMBIA. TRIANGULATION OF B.C. RAILWAY BELT POSITION COMPUTATION Qiiecst 31 Granlto 7. Angle Z d z 7' Ida Queest At At At L L' Ida to tiranite Granite to Queest Ida to Queest Ouee.st to Ida 50 + 38 20 45-68 26 -70 50 59 12-44 K = 4743'^-9 11- -K cos Z B I St term 2nd " 3rd & 4th tern' - dL i(L4-L') \d L 4^676134811 il903493i 2-5100344 3-o896623n -1229-318 + 2-494 — 1226-824 + -059 -1226-765 50 48 59-06 10 13-38 sin^Z C 3r(l term 4th " - K sin Z A sec L' 9j 35227 l:554«f' 9-48957 o - 39670 +0-037 +0-022 33» 65 39 08 + 36 47 18 39-2 l6-8 56-0 49-2 180 M -r X 3c -r 'l ?■ 1/1 f| 3 ? ir. Cn r, W) ■^ ■■ <" - f^ T r^ 1^ in ti X -t f* '^- C r ;j. in * ;^ J- r- t^ r- _ C 1- n r- o vs "t" ^1 -f — in 01 WX ^ 1^ ^ ir; - m c i» - ^ 0) n ri r4 ro f<^ '^SL'^s ;:;?^^^ - IS ri rj r/, ^' „ Jv so 10 o X 10 o a TRIANGULATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. 33 - "5 1- 3> I » n O — ^ 5> _. n ^0 -t 'O 3 Q N I- "N u^ O I f^ — "^ * 9 5 n 2. N (N r^ -r J_ moo tfi m 3 t^ in IS (^ f^ 3V r>. o -^''> m O r s 1^ in 5- 5> - r'lin'n in -r 1- -»■ -* ino- oo5v -t I'-O 1^ — 1^ 'N O '^ in 3 in — ^^^ c in I- in M m fi -ri-o mO m t -r -rintttm r» -t -f in "^ r ri O I* f^ 1^ ri M i. rn -r <^ i> o in a in in I'. '*^ ''* — in r^ -TO o in ^ >• t^in m ^ ri in 3C X -* ri ''I 30 '■1 C * '1 O X O^ 5^ 5 t '■I 5^ f "-i 5 o m -to -t- t "no -T fno ■ 1 1 -t-r t r =?: r<5 5 5 - fO - X -«■ i^mm c o mm 5 y 'I X 1 . 5- o X 3 M n * m -t- 5" m •+ rfC — 1- m m — o I"! 7 rf in r-; j m r, TX X ? '^ IC X ^ 'P in 3 t, -t-i-i r, ^nm — X ''-xi>3 o o -t" f^ — p^ino f^. r^ -t -r f^. '*^ CI f*5 c» fn i>.f^ i-mo X t^ mx m '^ •1* ri J* 'n r^ m I-* - O »n o t>- CI N fO N M M M m i>. o mo ■s CI — O S^ 't ^^ CI J* m o CI -t - -i-o - o >:• CT>c« »»• s^ CI 3 CI N -t c« N t X - O ci — o m f*/ X CI to 1^ a- w 3 t-ci 3 1- « CI -t CI X c^5 o rn r*;o m m r-x O m i>.m T fO ri ci -t i :r .1 ^ ^ e X ■5,0^ -^ 3 '- nU.T3 -- ? is S - «- - j: J ■< . S — ;/. c l?d rxi ':2ii: /'.:==: 3.5 fl X. u5 u: 'J S— 2 •i-. > u. ^ " -• S - 'r s j; 1 -1 = -^-i 03a I ^ ^ X u. i^ i^ ■ :'-'— -^ ''3-3 ^ •=J2C - i V c ? = t ?*3:£ 5 ci -t 3> - v3 -3 -tc^a 3^ 5 =v 3 CI 3v 3 «5 — m CI m r<^ — O -to I-- ~ — in -t c\ , CI r^ r^ I . 3M^OO in-tcim cC -t O ci - r»i - r<5 I»X CO 1*50 C| CI CI — 3 — O 0^c^-g^c< 1^0-" CI '^O.rt'X.n C4M»0- -r-t—» CO CI -^ tnirj ?5 r-.» X -tx O LO « « f. fO^O — — r* N M X m o 10 r* — r* r* r< fO 10 u^ r^ « „ ^^N — — ^ n ■f -t-O X - o •-' -* r* PI r^ ?8 r^ fO — CI X -« ci - 3 - 3 fO 3 t J -t — ci r^ ^ ^ O n r^ ^ m CI m N X r^i^t^O m o ?- 3 -tcxt^-o mt^x-o^c) «0! cim-t--- ci-m sooms- cicim--- m't' !>. — m ci ov 3 CO f - ■" X 3^- - S > CI fO — ci f^ • CI m 3 CO 5^ 3 t» 3^ _ - o - 5 <- - o 3 inx -t 3N 3^ 1^0 in -to O t 3^ - CO tX m — — 3^ O CO CI t^ 3^ '^> C4 rO — fO CI — m -tt^t^ i^x -o cix — xco \o ^ ^ ^ o^ — — CI — — C< CI CI POO t>-X CI -t 1^ -t 1^ C — t>.^ CI — oci-t3 3pomci CO— com o in 3 po fo po — X O CO — -t t^X CI 3> CO s> m w t^ R « -t CO ? CO CI 3 O O 00 CO 74484—3 o C o ffi (9 C O a d U I h. n f4 M W "C O f^O g c P N i>.ve '(■irt fp f^-«-lO O « 'r'N r» t^ l/j N O toe l-r^M r^ ^0 a «« N M N ron ■«»• t f •»• ^ •>»■ ^ •4-<4"^ tiON o r^»t fo lOK). '^■»' '••'r-rt'5't ■^. 'I "TO »^ ?f| t^ t ID. O (N 1 ■z o H (A 2 U Q O u o B .2 2 o 3 '5 < u .■3 a J < o ■a 3 '3; c o a 1/5 SO• f^ t. I^ -t l^ c^ - - r^ - n *C >0 t- »•) c^x lo r^ rtx Q f^ N X K5 o i 2 u o ig "1 c C glS-r'li Si o U 9 ^ CC •« '^ U lii- S2 o »>. t-X fO lO D ■«»•«- n t (S 1- o »*■ ^ »*5 C^ !>. -" "" (N o^ ''s -1- in iTj o i/> - «*5 <1- PO t}- -t ■»»■ ■2- « mp) c o f*3 f*5 rO X o» -t c 2^ mx £0 X c -SOU ti Oi^ o ;?; '♦• O" »o O f « -^ (N r* ^ PI -t r« lO •- n N 1- f<5 ^ •1- P) •- vO X f^ X f^ (^ 1/5 N to lO lo c g in o o X o IN o in o OS o o o u Si o «5 J3 ca TUIANUULATIO.V IN BKITI8II COI,l?MBIA. 35 as '< I- ^ r- "TOO — 5 1/5 io r~.» lO Q Q rntfy NSOf^iMQ — OS SiJ — OS ON — t-QsOvO loSjn't'O'A r^rht'-^n >r:tin i/ifi v-i »*5 r»> "■ir >/; N «r "T . . h>>0 •" t>. OB >n« vo 1/3 N h- fO (^ I- moo »/5 1/5 N -t ^ i^o ao • "f «f «t ^"flftt ft 'ft"* <♦♦<** vC sC t'* fO N ©so ax i/s t>» OS r>. f^ P* 00 r'S •^ ^ 1/5 r^ N n » M rr, r«5 oirt-fu^ "f — »r^rti/> "Tr-.a "rm-txiso Osoo >o» -f n -T so lri—ri« )"• o-)n»tNuO i~.-(t>. — QOO ''500 l>.3 1 sA o M t>- * ocrirtas'tCs •TiSNsO'f fflsO Ostt- fX 00 l/> 1/5W t^^ ' 7i3.3s*r^-^ r^rtasaft MOs'l ^Nint^-f r^5«to6l«?s r^O "t« 1/5 9s« N ftrt"" W N « 2(£ i a a « tS^ S'c oo fl-^ S '/> w 01 o e 1« ^^ ■ ^ aj «< 'i u a «s «*• 0< 1 !h ^ &fl o.lt: !S -« (A o « e— « 3J243 2 m 2 rt 2cS [>sO T^ — O "« "T O m N •- f«5 ro ■O N o <»5 - lO iSi T O 1/5 O f"5 f"50O ■^ "^ (s* N (S P( ,0 <* '^^ OS OS I^ rt •»• "t '^ fO «t •t O ^sO l» -t" rr 1/5 N '*5 Os - N -> ■* -T tntm'^'t ■lOsO M (s, f^vO •*• *t" -t f^^ rOX 1/5 1/3 r*5 ■»♦■ riXOf^NsO OX -TO —XM N O lOsO - I/5X 1/3 h". Os « in— rf -f M M 1/3X f'- ICX "t >- <*5 O "^ N fO ?! XXXl/31/3Xt>« •-sOl/51- m-0 X— XCsiOs fNOsClsO MN -<-"- so X o «^ c O mx X "t m - O mn !>. r>.mx X -*■ N m "i*m t^ t « mto "ffomso - O -t- 5 O N- so -" so m to *♦■ -" to PI -" to -" OS m PI X ^- PI m m t^x tmm ^»nso X f<5 N '0"/5 P mm o — n r^sO "t- **• "to 's* m **» « - - /■,* f^ "T f^ -r T "f <^ »*^ f^ I'.X — >c O ^ •^ •rx tvi » 3 ^ -tJO « (N ^1 S3>5 t f^ t -t r^, <2'3"Ro5>»<2" o-5>-?^ t P fj lO ID X » 5- X 1/5 r » o "- O a. C f^ l-.f'l I- O 00 91 fX ff- f^ ff 1 1 . 1,0 i'^i c .0 2 X o H ^3 ^ tj2 2-= I J, O 2 H U Q O W o 3 ■c 3 N ^ ^ f*; ^ 1/5 in — ri f^ — - UlvO N O >0 1/1 X - f» r, a^ t» in - m ro O t IN f- - ^»^ - inx c - tt^ - _ -. ri 1-1 M rt t C fO - - o * 1, - -^ in M (S «5 f. f. f; in (N f^ ^ l-» r* O (^ -' A C^: Hi c H u n y Ul o r. o H 2 o < s H 5 a i S < 1/: at •< O 'f. O u td E X ■c I/. •o 3 e o 3 TRIANOt'LATION IN BIUTIHH fdl.l'MHIA. 37 lilt IM III It? Iti^ ^^ l^^i • "t •*> "f f^ •t « vC t Ji i/, a>8o5 3Si-0 «>"*> * ^l gC l« I-. » •^ »^ C ^ '^ 8 1 1 I.II lii-. JJI i-h 2iU C ^ us ■/> • a 3 iJ--^ •5J3 ' 'CO X -JO r^C IT) -t t» N oe N 9 ■£ 2. S ° — II gi^rt-5t ir fX t r* N M 1^ 8 ISOO o irj f^ — sO ^c — m O X C -t IS »o m O « X m t a IS ox ""i! ^SJ. — N IS IS — ■" "* s X o « rt 8v s S N ^ ^ g> >■ (S o - (/5 ■s I/) CO 38 TOrO(ilt\l'IIICAL SURVEYS BRANCH. 1 J, z o NX H 7: 2 U Q O U O E •c o c *^ (/I o 3 E 03 •T3 3 c •a 3 c .2 s -> O VO 0^ O 0> t--00 -on n f^ lO o» — so »r> f*^ lo K5 • -t- -t "t t f^ 1- •«• TT) "t I- t -; - 00 O O M "" - -»• -r CI o f*5sO vO f^ O <»3- Pi sO C^ <0 f*5 fO f^ -t f*5 pO lop^ 00 mo •-! mi>» r- m r^ rO 5> P» V ■"■■^_"???. '>'1T? 'fPlPi ) 00 m e — o So "a e o o = t; ^ •3.0.S p< p^ PI s Ji u -3 a... = 1 5? m-zt^:^; u 2>io c u •■ x> •t 1^ os>c ; 00 Pt o , p< po -t r>- r^ 'f p( O m P) p» 3 O 41 O ^ o z £ cQ z; E o PI t>.vD 'O fO O>00 - "- O OsOvO ooop)t>.iom> ___ -i-in "to-i-i^oiopi 00— rtoi- rtoio-1-piio* 10 OS PI JO OS t^O o o ■* 00f^Os^l>» oorc-^ - - N n -PI sOiOPiO"i*r«.^ PisO *tl^pO— PisOsO «P< — PI PI PI PI — PI « f^sO — f POt>. t^f 00 1^0 to ft PI PI 10 _ o it 3 ■ O* ICPO O O* OssO >0» PI 00 O O lOlO « — sD X sn Q PI so 00 *f — sO O »0 •" PI f») -" PI PI PI M X so 10 so •-• — fO OS PI PO PO -" sD » OSO - » r^O X X t>.Os r>« !>. O'sC pO p^ POf fr> sD PI so PI 10- MO fO- fCPI so m i«po - >co PI 10 to PI 5 -t sO - P^ PI to so tn r<5sD l-l^Cs PI m - po -tx » PI PI po PI sO &8 PI ^OsO 0^ Pi PI 6 o O 6 in o p^ ID Cs PI PI 55 - 00 O "5 — oo 00 $v o TRIANGULATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. ■ e -i-^ '^ 9 •r ~ O O 1 — -• - -fO >0'« 00 1^ ri 5> — O CT- " *$ '■* moo I^ O t N N O — — - - O vO 0^■- 30 ^O fS sJ SJ » •f lO o> o o ^ •+5 fo or o 1^ i^;^ ;,;^ 4^ ;^ ;f ^ :,. .v, ^ ^ ^^^^-i. ^.^ro ro«oto » 00 m 30 vO too lO o >* On N — PI «f« fO» •♦• "* """ — -t C^ t- fO — N OO N sO t-* PI Mt^fO •»• "t PO"*-'*' »t 'f "f 00 r-o •to PI l>.fOM PI PI lO Cn\0 t^O f^X •*■ 3 I 00 1^ -t O 00 oivo 6b ooo»-x)pipi<5 Tfirt;^^' r^f S H-JJ,? PIW «" ~ — "• -< "" — — — PI Tt » O O vO o P) « - O^ rri PI PI 00 %0 PI -J- 1- •+ PI -to PIM 00 O PI r-. 1^ f*5 00 00 «»>mpi - rt rO ■* mi^oo 00 o^ - - PI t _ o O 3. • 3 'r. S '^ Bffl 3 O o 5 isyi oa 2: o -^ X -22 5 3"-^ ■III •jioy !/5 0'>J -S 3 3 j: I a o. ^ S.B li ^ C/ O .2as3 PI o -t lO O f-» 00 O O •< O 00 o o - OV0OVO--0- TtrC—PIt— O — •<■— OvflOvPlvO « PI o^ — 00 0\»- P0»O PI PI « « — >« f*: PI PI O lO 00 O -t- 00 Tt-rO"" fO O — PI PO P} r^» o r>- 't vO PI « r^O » — lO — rO— PI -t ^ 5^ PI PI 't po r>. O^ •t 3^ "^ PO PI — o mm t — sO PI in— PI lO >n PI >- lo O f»^ *• *'3>0 PO '-' 1^ O^ CT* K) PI rO " r*i ^ 0\ x Ti-in r^ 1^ »1- po t>. lOoo ■*r^t^^na• ■*p^ O 00 PI t>- PI ^O PO •I' POPI — PIIO— O — rOPI t^"< •* »< ON Pn (J- PI vO PO 00 "t 00 c> '}• •- p^o 1^ c\ - po MPO -S --PIPINP^P^ lO !>• -^ P<^0 ■*- - PO- lO -* P*^0O -*■ N- 00 »o O^ P^ M M PI O "l-O P<3-" PI PI PI iovO>o "fio 2 ..^ lOPI"" OPIO Tf ^ O^ PI PI "I" 8lOP^ lOPO \0 lopi PO-" 'J- ■" N P« « PI PI « O PO lOPI Pt i-m ooovo pp^xo lO pO 1/5 !>■ « •J" lO P^ ■1 CI PI «*>N PI o o PI % i ^ "t PI "I- to t>. r^ t>. « s o 8^ 3 2 00 o IT) in m ? 00 m ■* •3 00 3- PO PO «. ?i in m PO in o ■* j in PI s, lO o o Q I 3 u <^ u CQ a ^ ■g 3 « C 2 u 40 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS BRANCH. s e J. z o a. H U Q O U o ^0 « fO fO ff^ O N N 1/5 1>- c ^^ "t m p^ i>» 00 ino E 00 fOvO - t "fiOO S" gx^ — N 1^ ►^"t .c N n C^ C^ O^ o f "i-io !^ !'• lOsO •<»-0C •o S 'OiON to ION >0 K1- O - 00 vC ^ f^ N » N c m- 00 m rO r^fH 5 o o - - l-*^- m -t t ■" -too N - o^o lr>- vO 00 "f '^f T N 00 2 ■*'*tO'^^ •»'*^'* 't t-<- ■tf I- 1 -1- <*!«)• I- rt -^ o u O ui t^m c mo >«N o^o^t>.ir!m oc •»» N ^ t>. o - fO "■ N m in t^ fo C 1- 1-1^ N GOO 1^ o^ r>- N N N N fO- e c o .J •V 3 c 3 CI "S. c. &l n S V e mil N fj O "" O o "»■•-' o n ~ ■-< - N N t>.N 00 O '*• t>.r»5lON ON >" "• N N V ■Si a = a "^ ^ fO po lO- •" N O N O 0^ O^ a^ N C» ■<»-00 r >0 t*C N t^ vO IfJ N 00 ■«^Nt*5tO f*;t-i»^»o rO»-t ^ « - O tf>n r^NOOO^ OONO* O m N o m ^ p I>.sC 00 fcoo — r>. c^ r- -t- c^ Q m t>- "- **:oc N N •* •*« Tf CJ c ■g 2 S «J2 N 1/5 •f c m-r 'S ™ rt 4< SO Ov N »*50 "5 to 00 t^ 8sC rO w r^oo t>. N O 2 SUCQ f I >0 OS »o ^. O »m/5 1/5 ro ■* 1/5 0\ •- 00 »»■ "OmrON e 3 lOlOO UffluQ cauQ O to Os O - tt^O ION in ~ «. tc 1^00 ■«• c .> M M _ « o - > rOfJ lo r>.r>. tCsO N N « inr-. - in cs - N fS ? in SO «oo N tOsC m f mN — to ^)??i so ■«»•« O N « ---. csino S5g-S^^ tOK, to in- in - f - — ON N O"t00 Tt-to- m OsOs t>. -to rt t>. OS m c < N N inN in to to to m in- N to C^ in t^t>. vO — N - mos - in to- m - N rOO r N o m m o •'•5 m* mo 5 = sg *06 it oc m - rr> mo ^o « m -t-oo m c^ « 0»-.oo m rcN c^ m m - 5 o< 00 ri S: 0^ o m mx r^0\ » o vD - m« -■ N — ^ t'-m o^ 1^ P 'I N o * C> "r P» o m ^ o^ — r>*m .- oc moo 00 PI M N N N " iM M M N "« •" -- O O^ Pt 00 t^ -t P< N .■+ 00 mm p< — m oc P»00 mx o^ fi — — -t C^X C'OO c^ vO P< m«^ C O f^ o^ sO m »^o p* m POO ^ ^*» t^o < §•0 U< ceo o ojg cQca< p< f^ p< "" vO pO "t "t X P^* >, jr. ceo ecu o OJ: ccaau ThX t^ *t«3 1- >->• 0, t) i^ 00 CO ^T»x vS ^ PI m S5S 1-PO POX PI PO -§S5 sO *x mmpi X X pcf ?8 Ov _ r^x "i- mpo P«5 •- pO ^PO ^:^« ^^S' X "l- PI PO ^? ^5^8^ PI PO p»55 mpi PI - •*m o^ « PI PO PI 1^ PI PI PO PI X X m p*! c t^X §. s m c ■f !2 o M PO o m o ^ fO o PO o o m o X m \0 s, m §^ j; ON X PO g. a m PO o ~t m m -I" to 8 o U c <« H > c c o ca a o 01 U < I CO >. o o 42 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS BRANCH. ACCURACY OF THE TRIANGULATION. In the forty-six triangles considered in the main net, the greatest error of closure of any triangle is 8"-0, and the average error of closure 3" -2. Obtaining a few quantities as an approximate idea of the probable errors: For the mean square error of an angle m I 2 A- ~ N 3n Where A is the closing error of a triangle and n the number of triangles considered : In the present case m I G936 \ 3 X 46 6_ 46 ± 2"-3 and the probable error of an angle = ti7m = ± l"-6 Taking the actual corrections to the angles, the average correction to an angle is 1"-61 which corresponds to a probable error of about I" -4. For the probable error of a side, we have, neglecting the small probable errors of the bases: Ca = 0-67 m I u, n ■^ n where u, the weight of a side is given by -..^ -i-llK{^l +5. 5. + < Where 5^ and 5, are the differences for a change of 1" in the log sines of angles opposite a continuation side and opposite a base side respectively in each triangle of the chain of triangles between the base and the side considered and 5, the tabular difference in the logarithm for one unit in the length of the side a. The line Bonney to Cornice is about the middle of the triangulation, it being the dividing line between the work done by Mr. Carson and Mr. Bridg- land. Computing the probable error of this side, we have: — Calculatinf * om the Kootenay base through nine triangles of Mr. Carson's work : ei = ± 0-70 metres Calculating from the Salmon Arm base through twelve triangles of Mr. Bridgland's work: 62 = ±0-81 metres Combining these two results for the probable error of the length of the side Bonney to Cornice considered as a side of the adjusted triangulation: e e e = I » ' ' t =-- ± 0-53 metres. ! «". + e. \ or approximately 1 From the nature of the case, these numbers can only be considered as tolerable approximations. .; ^ '~*^-''!^^3)m error of I errors: s riangles n to an robablo H1:ii-1hmt.v in.miil;iiii ii.mi i1i>' iii.iili liiiiil oi ili.' niilwiiy l"li. sines of in each i and 5a de a. tion, it Bridg- arsons of Mr. of the red as 74484-p. 42. TBIANGHLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. 43 CONNECTION OF THE TRIANGULATION WITH THE DOMINION CONxNbUiiu. ^^^^^ SYSTEM. Having obtained the latitudes and longitudes of all the triangulation points S theoretic positions in the Dominion lands system may bo eas.ly Lieu at dy means of tables IV and X of the Supplement to the Manual of Suctions^ the Survey of Dominion Lands. Table IV «;- ^^^J^^^^^^^ n arc covered by 486 chains at different latitudes, and table X the latitude of the north boundary of each section for the third system of .urve> . InTcountry so rugged as the Rocky and Selkirk mountains, however, there win exit L general, a considerable difference between the astronomic XoLrdVa at any point, and in making any connection beU-een e triangulation and the Dominion lands system, regard must be paid to the Serent data upon which each is based. Allowance must also be mad o Tght known irregularities of the Dominion lands system and for he alti ude of tbe knd surveyed, since all the data of tables IV and X are calculated for ''^"' rttisfaOtory connection of the triangulation to the system was made by extending tl relation computations eastward to the fifth meridian through pSrsurveys:^longitude of the fifth -ridian ^ to^s^ as,th- fomnuted from the longiQde at Revelstoke, was found to be 114 00 1< 4o. ThTtheo eSTongitude^fl^^^ meridian is 114° 00' 00", and a consideration of n the avlual^e data wou^^^ to show that its actuaUongit'^^^^ does no differ much from this value. HenS^ a correction of 17" -45 has been made to allthe trLgulation longitudes. SimilaMy we find t^atthe sixth meridian a established by a point in township 24 is dfttait approximately 4 00 Ofa M ; longitude from'the fifth meridian. AccpTngljthe l-^^^f^^^^^^^^^^^^ meridian as derived from the observation at Revelst^ould be 118 00 24 08. Th theoretical longitude should be 118° 00' 00", -^^^^^ f^^:/^ ^le angulation longitudes to the Dominion lands system for<*oin^ west of the S meridian' a total longitude correction of -24".08 T^^l^'ntm The latitudes, as based on the observations at Sugarloaf and S^toon Arm, were found to be sufficiently in accordance with the Dominion anSSS^stem ; need no further correction for points between the «th and sixth m^^^^^ At the sixth meridian, however, as metioned o. page 6 here ^^^^^s ^ pg of 20-62 chains north, and the latitudes of all points west of tbe sixth meridmn must be corrected for this northerly displacement of the Dommion lands '"''"^ie magr tude of the correction to sea-level is 0-00382 chain per mile for each 1,0(K) feet of altitude. For the purpose of this work it was/;o"«^dere^ sufficient ^o adopt a mean value of 3,500 feet for the elevation o the cou-trj between the fifth and sixth meridians, this being aPPr^'J^tnately th^^^^^^^ elevation of the Canadian Pacific railway. This necessitated a ^orrecUonm longitude to each triangulation point between these meridians of 8 12 Imks per range west of the fifth meridian. West of the sixth meridian a mean alti- tude of 2,000 feet was taken, corresponding to a longitude correction of 4-64 links per range. 44 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS BRANCH. In latitude, an elevation of 3,500 feet was taken as the mean elevation of the fifth meridian, from the international boundary to the starting point of the traverse of the Canadian Pacific railway and for north and south section lines, in the Railway Belt. This correction is 8 07 links per township. During the progress of the triangulation, ties were made wherever they could easily be effected with existing posts and monuments of the Dominion lands system. Altogether there are sixteen different connections between the triangulation and points in the Dominion lands system, particulars of which are given below. The country in the vicinity of the Kootenay base being subdivided and comparatively level, the connections of the extremities of the base to the nearest quarter-section posts, presented no difficulties to ordinary chaining. King station was tied to the Dominion lands system by Mr. A. O. Wheeler, D.L.S., in 1904, the station being tied to the northeast corner of township 27, range 19, and the northeast corner of section 23 of the same township. Amyot station, which was established by Mr. Drewry, was observed upon by a subdivider in 1905 from three known points in the Dominion lands system. The results of these ties, however, do not agree within about 2\ chains in the latitude of Amyot, and the mean has been taken. AMYOT Triang SUitimi A Tp. 24 '". R. 21 i^-i^y.. 1 TRIANQCLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. 46 Riv station was connected to the northeast corner of section 34 township 29, range 25, by two traverses which give the po8iti<.n of the triangulation station [o the nearest link, as 4800 chains south and 50-73 chains ea.t of the said corner. ii 34- -i- wmF St*«m A connection between Bonney triangulationlstation and the Dom mon lands system was established by a measured base --"^^^^ -« ^^^^^ ^^J^^^ and stations on the sides of mount Cheops and mount Abbott. The diagram shows the connection of the base with the section posts. * If. Smm M. BONy Tnang Station Wit. IP. StoMM. 20 S. xxyiii. uvt,un, 46 TOPOORAPHICAL smVEVK BRANfll. To connect Albert triiingulutiun stiition t<» the Dominion lands system, a Mulisidiivry station dreeley was establi»*lu'(l, and a l>at»e A B measured along the railway just east of (Jreeley creek. The diagr. .n shows the connection of the base A B with the section posts. " W P. !« t'fi'Jfl Gredey B KLliL—oO ••'■'' J/ .4 iPSiMiM. XXXIV XXIII, I, The longitude pier at Revelstoke has been .ied, by direct chainage, to the posts on the oast bountlary of section 34, township 23, range '^. The northeast corner of section 33, township 23, range 2 was tied to the triangulation stations Bcgbie and Mackenzie by direct angular measurements between the three stations. The northeast corner of section 15, township 19, range 6 was tied to Mabel triangulation station by a measured base along the valley of Kingfisher creek, and angles ol)served between the ends of the base and the triangulation station. Sugarloaf triangulation station was connected to the northeast corner of section 22, township 19, range 9, by direct chainage. Each end of the Salmon Arm base was connected to the nearest survey post, and points of intersection of the base with the surveyed lines determined with respect to the section posts. The table following gives the theoretic position of each triangulation station in the Dominion lands sy-tem as computed from its latitude and longitude, after the above-mentioned corrections have been made. Had the subdivision lines been accurately run, the positions of each of these points in the system, as calculated from the triangulation and as determined by the surveyors in the field, would bo identical. Since this is not the case, the computed distances given in the table must not be taken as the actual distances of triangulation points from survey posts which are already planted. A comparison of the discrepancies between the computed j tions of triangulation points and their positions as determined by direct ties to Dominion lands survey posts in their vicinity will give the relative errors of survey at the posts to whic*' the ties are made. These ties are tabulated and compared in the table on pages 50 and 51. For example, from the table we see that the accumulated errors of survey between the po^^t? in township 24, range 19, near the Kootenay base, and the post to which Bonn station is tied, in township 26, range 26, are about"t2 | 07 — T9 links in latitude, and 3y>»iiiK KiiiK >t;ili(in Imiii iIh Kiiiii:i1iI l.;ikr i..:,.l. I Mdunt I'.diiriiy from 1 lir Loop.' :44S4-p. 40. TK!AN < OLl'MHIA. 47 Am hiiM Im'CIi Htiitcd, miiiiy uf tin jM>.xts Imvi' Imtii rNtahliMlinl by the riiiiiiiriK of travorNOM'(ii lint's uvcr iiiitfH of roiiftli (-oiinfry, uiui furthfr' mnn- iiHiwf of tlw Mirvcyj* \. iti- ilonc or were li.iiol on other wiirvcy^ done in tli(> ciirlv Miuvoy days, whrn tin- Mirvcyors' fiiciliiic- for ^taridardi/.iriK their rhaiiiH wcri' not an perfect as eonld ! ,■ <|e.«in(l. in view of these faets, it is p'lnarkahle that the diser< jmneies due to the iin-niil!iritii-< of survey over th«' hirne area eovr-red l>y (lif trianKuluiion are not e<»nsiIy hiKh«'r than is aetnallv (he eaw. 74484— 3a— R. 48 TOPoaRAniirAL sihvkys huaxcii. Positions ok TuiANcirLATioN Stations in Dominion Lands Svstkm. \Vi:sT i>K l-iiTii Mkkioiw. Station. KootiMiay Masc A Kooti'iiav Hasc H C" I) Kapristo StDnii McArthiir l,all^^l■'l.lt Ht-av' it t S|(illima ^4 ,^5 24 .^.S 24 21 24 '7 2(> I(> 2h 2') 27 ?, ,v> 1.1 .v> -;.'; 24 21 24 ■!5 24 2<> 24 U, 24 1.? 2() l.S 26 21 2() <) 2() -> J,S 2H .^.s 20 .^.s 24 1() 2(. x-^ 26 2>) .^1 lo .■?'> I.S .■^" 2(1 .^' 2.S .V> 26 .-^o ,^I y 6 2') 2 21) 2 2<) ,v. 21 •■> 22 1 21 2.) 2- 17 24 19 2() I<) 2() 2() 15 1<) > » 19 24 24 24 24 25 24 25 25 2(> 26 24 26 26 2S 26 2H 2() 29 2S 27 29 27 28 Distance from Station 10 NoKTHKAsr CoKNKK OF Suction. Northing Chains. .V-2() 9 72 7212 49 42 79«i 24 '57 i.S 31 3S-9S 2417 3<>-5<> I"-. ^5 52 o;> 49-54 39- 12 SI -55 ■ 2 -68 57 •4« 29-57 21 -41 I.V44 45-44 56-22 41H1 51-61 1 3 •40 3f>-«5 61 yi 77 •«4 7«-63 51-08 4,^-52 46-92 66-47 65-07 34 76 59 -.V> 43 -KS 9-5« 22-56 Kastini; Chains. 14 20 17 3« 1 1 2 12 .V 41 3« 35 31 7<' '-7 ,V> Ho 18 28 13 14 12 <>9 27 33 52 62 49 41 28 20 18 61 f'7 59 61 44 f>5 <'4 40 66 99 74 20 14 ()(> 3H 86 73 77 (XI 47 (16 "5 "7 52 99 51 44 30 it(, 75 44 49 34 80 '(> 27 32 13 f>5 95 «5 98 39 Thi' following trianijiilalion points lie oiilsldc of the railway belt. Their positions arc ({ivrn IhIow with ri-fcreiu-i" to the thcorefir position lor the nearest section corner on the limit of the railway licit. Blaclierry 3-,14 chains North, 39-4" ciiaiiis I-",ist of the N1-". cor. sec. 20, tp. 31, rjre. 20. T. H. 415 2-64 chains North, ,16-54 chains Wot of the NK. cor. sec. to, tp. 31, r^e. 20. 'N'ellow- 292-26 chains North, 4-08 chains l-".ast of the \E. cor. sec. 36, tp. 33, r^c. 23. \'al 4(>-oX eluiins North. -15- 16 chains West of the Nl-'.. cur. sec. 5, tp. 33. r^e, 2 ). Bush 61 -(JO chains North, 2955 chains Kast of the N\V. cor. sec. 2, tp. 33, rge. 26. TlUA.Ntin,.\Tli»N IN llUlTlfSIl CUUI'MIIIA. 45) Positions of TuiANca i.ation Stations iv Dominion Lands Svstk.m. Wl.M (II Si Mil Ml-.KIDIAS. ( iri'flcy A (.niliy U (irccK y (urliir Maikiii7.il- Rcvclstokc II'- 3,V-'.V-' ( arms ('n|>i-1atlil C.rilVni (raiilxrry MalM-l I.IV l,S l<)-(> .Mal> Mara yuocsi Has! i( 111 ( iranilu Ida Stijjarloaf I'ly South luul North I'^iul Station. Si < HON, TowNsiiii' and K\N<,I'. IS WIIU II Sl.VllON l.ii.... 1 Id M Id 4 2(> ?■<> 6 26 27 27 5 24 Ti.. -'4 -'4 -4 -\^ ^4 ^7 -\S 22 2.^ K) I'> 21 2.^ 31 21 19 ty 2(> 2() 2() K. DiMAMK iR(iM Station ri> .NoK tllKAM' (.OHNKK OF Sl.CTION. KasliiiK Chains. 5 r> (■ 7 7 9 i<> If) 9 II U) lo N.irl linn Chains. 4') 92 .i4 Ho (.<) .^H ()(> M 27 •'9 75 9H «() .^l to <>7 .V) 32 (il "7 4.^ 14 .St' <'5 44 94 77 9'> <'.S "5 49 52 ,"^9 «(. ,S'> .V ,^4 55 12 6l 67 €,6 26 ,^l 55 o« 42 20 7*'' 5** ji.oiS 21^- l<) 2.S05 55 ■.\>* 75-«<' ()• IS 49-51 79-96 7.^ -.^5 2!<() 5"-'>4 .V5-»5 4(M) 72-92 72-7«> 21-97 ■V'-U 7-29 ('-49 y ■ 79 5 74 55-59 62-92 The trianHulation station ArnistroiiK lirs outside of the railway l)elt. Its ])osition refera-d to the nearest seition eorner on tlie lielt limit is niven lielow. .-XrmstroiiK 52-28 ehains Smth, . section post at northeast roriiiT of -ei-. 35, tp. 24., r.;j. 20 Result of sivcral ties redu'eri 1 > nonhea-.t corner of tp. 27, ri;e. 19 Result of two ties redueed to the section post at northeast corner of see. I, tp. 24, rge. 22 Section i»ost at northeast corner of sec. 34, tp. 29, r^'e. 25 Witness post twenty ch.iins north of northeast corner of sec. 28, tp. 26, rge. 26 .\Ieriui.\x. Section post at northeast corner of sec. 34, tp. 23. rge. I Section post at northeast corner cf sec. 34, tp. 23, rge. I Witness post si.xteen chains north of northeast corner of sec. 27, tp. 23, rge 2 Section pos« at northeast corner of sec. 33, tp. 23, rge. 2 Section post at northeast corner of sec. 15, tp. 19, rge. 6 Section post at northeast corner of sec. 22, tp. 19, rge. 9 Wooden post at centre of sec. 24, tp. 20, rge. 10 Section post at northeast coijier of sec. 10, tp. 20, rge. 10 Section post at northeast coriur of sec. 9, tp. 20, r,;e. 10. Section post at northeast coiiicr of sci-. 9, ip. 20, r.;e. 10 S.'ction post at northeast corner of sec. 4, tp. 20, rge. 10 Section post at northeast corner of sec. 5, tp. 20, rge. 10 Quarter post on east boundarv of se<-. 5. tp. 20, r^ie. 10 Section post at southwest corner of sec. 5. tp. 20, rge. 10 iv TIUANOULATION IN BKITISH COLUMBIA. OF soMK Dominion Lands Suuvey Posts. 51 DlSTANtli FROM TklANlilLATIUN STATION D.L. SVSIEM I'OST. TO hrrors 01 Ij.u. :>ysii'm. By .nitual liK-asurciiiont. .\^ i-oin|iiiU'arturi's. 1, Uituilcs. IX- 1. itituiK's. Departures. Chains. Chains. Chains. Chains. ^"hains. Chains. S • 50 E 14-02 S 3-05 E 14 •('5 .\ 2-55 \V 0-03 •N 12- 2S I-: 20 -5.^ .\ 9-72 1.; 20 64 N 2-50 VV on N 97-27 1-: 403-12 N 95-91 E 401-97 .\ 1-36 E 115 S 267-78 E 41-74 S 269-94 E 41-K3 .\ 2-16 \V 0-09 N 48 -(X) w 50-73 .\ 45-40 W 51-86 .\ 2-60 E 1-13 S 7- 13 E 12-92 s 8-«9 E 12-30 N 1-76 E 062 S 30-19 w 10-56 s .V)-.54 W 10-63 N 0-35 E 007 S 25-35 K 26-11 s 25-70 E 26-05 .\ 0-35 E 0-06 N 11-59 W 5-32 \ 11-52 W 5-35 .\ 0-07 E 0-03 o-oo o-oo s 0- 19 I-: - : 5 N 0-19 W 015 n-00 000 s 2-54 I-: 4-00 X 2-54 \V 4-«> ^ 'J■')^ 1: 1-43 s 12 -.S4 E 3-79 .\ 2-61 \V .^-34 .\ 2 77 \V - 24 \ i.V'>4 0-t)0 .\ 10-56 E 0-15 S 248 W 0-13 S 27-10 0-00 s 2<»-69 E "-15 1 .\ 2 -.53 W 0-15 S 23-00 w 25-57 , s 25-46 W 25-55 .\ 2-46 \V 002 *i 52 TOl'OCillAIMIICAI, SI l£Vi:VS UIIWCK. 1 THE TJUANOri.ATlOX AS A I'.ASK Foil OTIIKU SIRVEVS. Duiiiiu tli(> course of :i siirvcyor's work in the icfiioii covered In- the triannu- lation lie may re(niir(> to maUe use of tlie lii,:iii;ulatioii in order to locate tlie position wliich a (crtaiii poiiil uoiild occupy in the Dominion lands system, or to nse i( as a ha'^e to olitain a j^oint from wliicli t > vtnrt a subdivision or otiier survey. The best method of proi^'diue m ni.y particulj.r (■;',-;• must depend on the nature of (he country and ['.'- exact work to he don<', and nmst tiierefore he left to tile surveyor's judirment. A few ficiieral points may iiere he mentioned. Tiie work of tlie suixlivider may he con-idered under two lieads, according as the trianjiulation station in the vicinity is e.isily arcessilile or difHcult of access. In the former case, wlicre tiic Irianjiulation station may lie easily reached and occupied, as in tiie cas(> of stations near tli(> Kootenay and Sahnon Arm hases, or such points of the trian-rulation as Post, Aiih, Hiv, and Val, tiie sur- veyor is provided with a jioini wli(«>e jiosiiion in tlie Dominion lands system is known and niven in the tahles on jiafivs IS and W. The tahlc of jjeodetic jiositioiis on panes M to -U furnis!i(>s him witii the azimuths from the point to the other visible triannulalion stations, so that '•;• si^htiny; on one of these stations ho is at once jirovided with an initial azimuth. The surveyor will now proceed l)y traverse or trian.milation according to his judgment. I'roceediiifi hy trianiruialion, a hase of known leiifith will he reciuired. It may, however, h(> possible to evad(> the dilliculties of measurinjj; and connpctinK up a base, by obiaininj; a well-conditioned triangle having the length from the accessible trianijulation station to another fiiiaccessii)le) trian- gulation .station as a side. The lenjrlh of such a side will be found in the table of Geodetic Positions. In this case, of course, only two angles of the triangle could be measured. In the case where the (riangulation station is so difficult of access as to be considered inaccessible from the sulidividcr's point of view, as is the case with many of the primary st.ations, t riangulation inctliods must he resorted to, and an aziniudi observation and a measuicd l)ase are necessary. Fn fairly level country a iase may be found with the triangulation signal visible from both its ends, and of such a length as to piovide a siidicienlly large angle at the apex. Under less favourable circmnstances, it may be necessary to develop a small sysieni of triangulation with temporary stations on neighbouring hills to connect the triangulation station with a measured base. Whenever a bas(! is required, its length must be determineil by careful chaining and chock-chaining. The connection of lionney to the Dominion lands system, of Blaeberry to the post T.B. 415, and of Sorcerer to the Tangier mining claim are examples of such connections. The object of the sulidivider will, of course, be to determine the position of some point of his work in the Dominion lands system, by computing its latitude ami departure from the triangulation station. To do this, it may be ne-'cssary to comimle the azimuths, latitudes, and departures over lines of con- siderable length, where the correction for convergence of the meridians cannot be fl' TRIANGULATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. 53 neglected. The magnitude of the convergence is given in the astronomical field tables, and is a little over one minute per mile of easting or westing for the area covered by the triangulation. In computing the latitude and departure over a line of considerable length, the azimuth taken for the computation should be the azimuth of the line at ita mid-point, that is, the azimuth of the line at one of its ends plus or minus half the convergciK'e over the whole line. This method will be sufficiently accurate for ordinary work, and need only be employed for lines over two miles in length. In the angular measurements, both verniers should be read, and each angle should be measured with the transit "circle right" and "circle left." In the case where only two angles of a triangle can be measured, special care must be exercised in their measurement, as there is then no direct check on the angles. Work of this nature must be checked, when possible, by a second triangle independent of the first, or if this is not possible, the surveyor should have the angles re-measured independently of his first measurement, either by himself or his assistant. Triangles with small angles should be avoided as much as possible, although they may often be found necessary. When such a triangle is neci ssary, the surveyor must remember that when a small angle enters into the computation the accuracy of the computed side will depend principally upon the accuracy of the small angle, and any small error in this angle will produce a comparatively large error in the length of the computed side. To obtain good results, there- fore, the surveyor must concentrate his attention on an accurate measurement of the small angle. When the angle can be directly measured, this may be accomplished by repeated measurements of the angle with special attention to the levc' and other sources of error. Usually, however, the small angle will be the angle at some distant triangulation station which the surveyor finds himself unable to nieasure. This is the most unfuvourabln case for accurate work, and the surveyor must then endeavour to measure the other two angles with great care in order that the calculated value of the small angle may be sufficiently accurate. When the surveyor has occasion to disturb any triangulation monument he must l)e careful to rebuild or replace it in its exact former position. The department will be pleased to bo notified of any triangulation monument which has evidently been disturbed or is in bad repair. For converting lenfjths given in metres to F]nglish measure, the following multipliers will be useful: — Multiplier. Logarithm. Metres to miles 0000021372 4-7933515 Metres to chains. 004971 2(3904415 Metres to feet 3-28084 0-5159854 I 54 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS BRANCH. ELEVATIONS. The only data available for the roniputationa of the elevations, was the line of levels along the Canadian Pacific- railway. Connection was made with these lev»>ls at Beavermouth railway station, Revelstoke railway station, and Salmon Arm railway station. Throughout the course of the triangulation, vertical angles were observed whenever possible. Although in many cases vertical angles between two stations were observed in both directions, yet the observations at the different stations were in general taken under very different weather conditions. The ortlinary formula for single observations was applied l-2m __.. 1-m A h = K tan a + K'+- K- t an' a P P where a is tlic altitude of the station sighted K the length of the line sighted over p the radius of curvature of the line and m the coefficient of refraction. A mean value of 07 was taken for m, this being the value adopted by the United States Coast and Geodetic Surveys after making special observations extending over a lengthy period for its determination. Taking a mean value for p for the territory surveyed of 2 094 x 10' feet, the formula may be conveniently reduced for computation. A h (feet) = A K tan a + B K=' + C (A K tan af where log A = ol599 logB = 7-3445 logC = 8-6475 and K is in metres. Having obtained the differences of altitude between the different stations, they were adjusted by Least Squares, the net being divided into five sections and each section adjusted independently. li. TRIAGNULATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. ELEVATIONS OK TRIANOULATION STATIONS. 55 Station. KcK)tfi.ay HaM; .A Kootcnay Ha^- B I" U Kapristo King Laussi'dat Hlaebi-rry Bfaverfiwt Spillimachini Amyot Byron I'ost North Fork •Aub Pick Beavormouth Donald Riv (irand Bonncy Bonn Blaikwator Bush Yellow Val Cherub Cupola Sentry Sonata Bach Klcvation Kfc't. 3 f>«2 2 ()9I H on 4 872 « i)iO 9 488 «» "35 9 640 7 964 9 449 « «5o 8 851 5 071 8 967 5 9«2 <> 797 7 «92 8 811 2 425 10 492 10 194 3 606 8 964 8 197 8 256 2 526 739 678 344 892 485 Station. 9 8 8 9 8 Spin-iiiT S)rci"rcr Tangier Incomappleux Burniere Sproat Cornice All)ert (Ireeley A Cartier Mackenzie Kevelstoke II'- 33-23-2 Carnes Copeland Begbie Ciriffin Cranberry .Mabel l.f. 15-19-6 Mara Queest Bastion ( iranitc Ida Sugarloaf Armstrong Fly South Em\ Base .North End Base Elevation Feet. 8 467 1" 394 4 781 8 781 8 317 8 024 8 997 9 021 3 239 8 5f'3 8 '•73 • ,Si>4 • 524 10 007 8 472 8 963 7 082 8 8,^2 7 "09 ('25 201 846 416 014 934 582 455 749 179 it.7 7 6 4 5 4 2 5 5 I I DESCRIPTION OF STATIONS. KooTENAY BxsE.-Statwn A, which marks the southerly end of the base i« distant 14-62 chains west and 0-50 chain north of the wooden post marking the quarter-section corner on the east boundary of section 16, township 24 range U), west of the fifth meridian. ' The end of the base or geodetic point is the intersection of a pair of fine ines at right angles to each other, stamped on the head of a brass bolt 6 inches long and three-quarters of an inch in diameter, with a flat head U inch square Ihc head of the bolt is also stamped with the letter "A." The bolt is set in concrete .3 feet below the surface of the ground, and is covered with loose earth. For surface marks there are four iron reference bolts 15 inches long and 1 inch in diameter which bear north, east, south and west respectively from the geodetic point, and are each 6 feet from it. Station B which marks the northerly end of the base, is 20 53 chains weit and 1.-8 chains south of the iron post and mound marking the northeast corner of section 35, township 24, range 20, west of the fifth meridian. The geodetic pomt ,s marked similarly to station A except that the brass bolt bears the letter "B" stamped upon its head. I 66 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS BRANCH. h Station C, for the projection of the Kootenay base line, is on the aumrait of the Beaverfoot range at an altitude of about 8,(X)0 feet. The mountain is easily reached by a pony trail running from the Columbia Valley wagon road at a point near "Biebernitz" ranch and leading up the side of the mountain. HorscH lightly packed may easily be taken to timberline. The station is markeil with the usual brass bolt securely cemented in a hole drilled in the rock. The head of the bolt is stamped with the letter "C" and a triangle, the apex of the triangle which faces north being the geodetic point. Three reference bolts are also firmly cementetl in the rock, each being 6 feet horizontally from the geodetic point, and bearing respectively north, south, and west from it. Directly over the brass bolt a conical stone cairn was erected, 4 feet in diameter at the base and 6 feet high, the pointed top being vertically over the geodetic point. White cotton was wound around the cairn to serve as a signal. Station D, for the projection of the base line, was established on a wooded ridge at an altitude of about 4,900 feet on the west side of the Columbia valley, opposite the ba.se line. The station is just south of the pass leading from Carbonate Landing to Spillimacheen valley. A spot on the ridge was cleared of timber so as to give unobstructed vision towards stations C, Kapristo, and Spillimacheen. The station is marked by the usual brass bolt, cemented in a hole drilled in the solid rock, 12 inches below the surface of the ground. The head of the bolt is stamped with the letter D and a triangle, having its apex facing north, at the centre of the bolt. The apex of the trian.T;le is the geodetic point. Directly over the geodetic point was erected a wooden signal in the shape of a tetrahedron 5 feet high. The signal was covered with white cotton to assist in clearness of vision. Kapristo.— Kapristo .station is situated on the summit of Kapristo moun- tain, one of the most northerly and highest peaks of the Beaverfoot range. The station may be reached from Carbonate Landing via an old smugglers' trail to a high pass over the Beaverfoot mountains, then northerly along the summit of the range. The station is marked with the usual brass bolt, cemented in a hole drilled in the rock. The flat hc'd of the bolt is stamped with the letter "E" and a triangle with its apex at the centre of the head. The apex of the triangle faces north, and is the gcodet-i- point. Directly over the geodetic point a conical stone cairn was erected, 5 feet in diameter at the base, 1 foot at the top, and 6 feet high. White cotton was wound around the cairn to aid as a signal. Four reference bolts were also securely cemented in the rock, each l)eing 6 feet distant horizontally from the geodetic point, and be- ing north, east, south, and west from it. Storm.— Storm station is on the summit of Storm mountain. The moun- tain is visible from Castle Mountain railw.ay station, being about 6 miles distant in a southwesterly direction. The station is marked by the usual brass bolt cemented in a hole drilled in the rock. The head of the bolt is stamped with a triangle and the number •:n.n.| ClMiirirn r.„il,. for (;,an,| M,,„iM:,in ,>v..r iM.Minlain- <-A>t ,,f ( |..„ ;,., H,.,,.,. II,,. „l„,r,,„ iM.lt.iiii (,f H rrcvasM. wlii.li was too «i,l,. i,, |,.„,, ,.i, i .'(H) fni .l,.,^,,.' ' *" nipli shows till' 74484- p. 58. TRIANGfLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. 57 XI\. The apex of tho triunRlc iM at the centre of the hoad of the bolt face* north, ami ih the Keo f'^'t iiu«' mirth unil tho othw 5 feet due cuMt of the ««'*>•'•'''•' point. Tho stone cuiru erected over the neocletic point nu'.iHun-s I fii't iliiiiiietiT at the hu?«c. and is ft leet inciies high. A bund of white cotton in wountl around the eairn about u f«»ol from the tojj to aiijtiHt an a tiiKnul. A eoniiection was macU- l>etween IMaeherry trianRuhition station and a wooden post inarl^inK th<' northwest corner of timl)er herth W^t. This post, which was phmted hy Mr. J. A. Kirii, 1).I..S., in l'.H)7, for the north hmit of the Itailway Belt, is situated on the U'ft or east side of FMaeherry river, and on a cut line running cast and we. t. It is a o-inch squared wooden post, standinR 18 inches hi^h and is marked "T.H. HT)". .Vnother post was fduml on .said cut line, 24-84 chains oast and marked "T.B. 415" and " W.P.E. 'y'y 10." Beavkrfoot. — Beaverfoot station is ttituated on a peak of the Beaverfoot raniie, about 25 miles southeast of (Jolden. The wa^on road along the Columbia river, at about 12 miles above Carbonate LandinK is distant about 3 miles from the station, which here bears N. 30° E. The summit is long an»l narrow, con- sistiuR of three conjoined peaks. The station is marked by a brass bolt stamped with the number XX and the usual triangle. For reference marks, three iron bolts were fixed with cement in holes drilled in the rock, each being 6 feet distant horizontally and bearing north, south, and west from the geodetic jioint. The cairn marking the station is 5 feet diameter at its base and 8 feet high, and is surmounted by a tin signal. The cairn is painted white that it may be more easily distinguished at a distance from the grey syenite-gneiss of the mountain. SpiLLiMACHKEN. — SpiUimachcen station is situated on a peak about 2 miles westerly from the first bald peak of a ridg*- of mountains lying between the north and middle forks of the Spillimacheen river, and about 30 miles from the con- fluence of that river with the Columbia river. It may be reached from Golden by wagon road 17 miles up the Columbia to the Carbonate Landing where the Columbia river is crossed. A gootl pack trail leads southwards to a low pass at the southerly end of the Dogtooth mountains, 5 miles from Carbonate Landing. Here the trail divides and the trail to the right leads up the left bank of the north fork of tlie Spillimacheen river. From a point about 12 miles above the dividing of the trail the river must be crossed and the ascent of the mountain made. The station may also be reached from tlie middle fork trail and the south side of the mountain. The usual brass l)olt stamped with the customary triangle and the number XXI marks the geodetic point. .\s reference points, two holes were drilled in the rock each 6 feet distant and bearing respectively south and west from the geodetic point. The stone cairn built at the station was 4 feet in diameter at the base and 6 feet high. A band of white cotton was wrapped around the cairn about a foot from the top to assi.st as a signal. Three subsidiary stations in the neighbourhood of Spillimacheen station were also ob.served on. Aniyot station is on the most easterly mountain of the range. It is marked only by a stone cairn 7 feet high. TKIANOtXATIMN |\ UUITISH COLIMBIA. 59 ThiH lunit io„ wu. H.I.-....M1 l.y M r. W. S. Dn-wry fur S,>,ll;,„ach.Tu Ktatiu... It WHH nut Hu,t...l fur ,1 prin.ury statiun. huwovr. us stations fartJu-r west are .nv.«,l,l.. t»u.n.fru,». It ha- lu-n «Wd a.s a secunWary ntutiun lim„. Htatiun w Hituat...f on a luw.r foak ahuut a .nil,, v -^1 „f Amvot statiun. It IS inark.'p,lli„uuheen river frum Sr,illimmheen statiun. It may l.e reaehed l.y prue nn^ up Haird l.n,ok f,>r ahout a mile and a half from its .•onfluenre w.th the nur.l. for. Spillimaeheen. whe,. a large ..lide un the north «ide of the mountain Rives a gradual slope to the summit The usual hra.ss hult stamped v,itl, the eustomary triangl. ..nd the number XXI marks the geodet.e point. As r..f,.rence marks, four iron bolts are cemented '" ' " •*■■'"'''' '" the rock, eaeh (i feet distant, and h.ann. n.-rth east s„uth ami west, respectively, from the geodetic point. The >umv ■ „irn is .,\ ,■ ,n dianu'ter at the l>ase, 2 feet at the t<.p and G f,et Iiigh. .Ittb station is a squared wooden pust in a stune cairn ii, t'n, vail,- of the north fork Sp.ihmacheen river. It is just west of the pack -..u! on ti,,- .ast or eft sKle of the river, and al>out half a mile north of the conflue,..,. of t|,e north fork hpiihrnacheen with Baird brook. The woo.len pust is marked with " Sta A. A. 1 1 \ -rrn'r! '*''*rJ' "" *'"" ''""""^ "^ ""'*' 'n«»»<^»" at an altitude of about /,OoO feet, with the north furk uf the Spilli„.acheen river between it and \urth Fork station It is marked by a cairn e.stablished by Mr. Wheeler and called by him "Bald Mt. South No. 2." Pick .station is Mr. Wheeler's cairn "Spillimacheen" placed on the Bald mountain ridge about 2 miles south from Cecil station. BEAVEBMorTH.-Beavermouth statiun is the most northerly mountain of a low range lying between Quartz creek and Beaver river, and immediately .south of Heavermouth village. ^ The station is marked by the usual brass bolt stamped with the customary triangle an.! the number XXIII. For reference points, fuur iron bults are cemented in holes drilled in the rock, each being 6 feel distant and bearing north east south, and west, respectively, from the geodetic puint. The stone cairn .« 7 f«.t diameter at the base, 2 feet at the top, and 8 feet high, and is surmounted by a tin signal, whose tup is 10 feet vertically abuve the geodetic point The eairn was painted white in order to render it more easily discernible. Donald station is a large stone cairn on a mountain just south of Donald rauw.ay station. ftti; station. A connection was made with the post marking the northeast corner of section 34, township 29, range 25, by a traverse from Riv station-a pomt on the north side of the trail near the mouth of the Beaver creek. ■* " iT-t u III 191 60 TOPOaRAPHICAL Sl'RVEYS BUANCH. Grand. — (Jraiul station is situated on Tirand mountain, near the head of the Beaver river, on the left side. It may he reached from Bear Creek railway station up the Beaver river trail to Grand Klii''i<'r. Grand mountain divides this (^laeier into two forks. The station is marked by the usual brass bolt stamped with a triangle and the number XXIV. As reference marks, four iron bolts are eemented in holes drilled in the rock. A conical stone cairn was built over the geodetic point. BoNNEY. — Bonney station is situated on the summit of mount Bonney in the Selkirk range, 'i'he summit of the mountain extends fur 200 feet east and west, and consists of three united peaks of almost equal height; the middle peak was selected for the station. It may be reached from the north side from Glacier via Loop creek and mount Green, or by way of the Asulkan pass and movmt Swanzy. Another route is from the Canadian Pacific railway track up Flat creek to Flat Creek pass, when timber-line can l)e reaviied in about two hours and a half, and mount Bonney is in full view about 4 miles away in a northeasterly direction. The station is marked by the usual brass bolt stamped with a triangle and the number XXV. For reference marks, two iron bolts are cemented in holes drilled in the rock, each being feet distant and t)earing north and east, res- pectively, from the geodetic point. Two other reference points are also marked, being crosses cut in the rock each distant G f»'et and bearing south and west, respectively, from the geodetic jioint. The stone cairn erected at the station measures l» feet at base, 2 feet at top and (i feet inches high, and is surmounted by a tin signal. Alhkkt.— Albert station is situated on a peak adjoining and projecting from North Albert mountain. It is reached from Twin Butte railway station up a ridge proje<'ting lietwecn the railway and East Twin creek. The station is marked by the usual brass bolt stamped with the usual tri- angle and the number XX\TI. Bolts set in the rock serve as reference points. The stone cairn is -5 feet diameter at the base, and 7 feet high. ]ii.ACKWATER. — Bhickwatcr station is on the summit of the highest mountain of the lilackwater range. It may be reached from Donald railway station l)y the governnient pack trail to tlie Big Bend of the (\)luml)ia river, as far as Black- water lake, where a trail leatls nonheastcrly up Blackwatcr creek to an old deserted mine at timber-line. From here the ascent to the station can be easily made in three hours. The station is marked with the usual l>rass lioit >tamped with a triangle and the number XXVIIl. As reference marks, three iron bolts are cemented in the rock, each distant feet horizimtallv and l)caring east, south, and west, respectively, from the geodetic point. The stone cairn is 7 feet inches high and encircled with a band of white cotton. Bush. — Bush station is situated on the summit of a mountain about 4 miles north of Bush river crossing. It may be reached by following the govern- ment pack trail from Donald to the Big Bend as far as Bush r.ver crossing. Here a liog's back between the two Cygnu'^ lakes leads north to the mountain. I i'mMii ' Mow ijv ni ar- ( u^ili- iriiMiril.iin. All i I h. I •""• ■""•'l"l "I' lllr ,„,lll, f,„k ,,r ||„. lll,.,.,||,.„,„.| ,|N I" 111, V.;iv,i|\ .-iri,! I:,„i.|,., ,,,11,,,. riM |i m. -ffiKW.-^.f-iJSS TBIANGULATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. 61 The station is marked with the usual brass bolt stamped with a trian.r!p e\l'd- tr/; fu""- /r' -f '-'''' ''''' ^^^ •^^^^-'>' cLj:i)n\i:::t, each distant 6 feet from the geodetic point and bearing respectively north east south and west from it. The stone cairn raised over the geod Uc point TsQ feet^high, and is made more easily discernible by a band of white cotton wound Yellow -Yellow station is situated on Yellow mountain. The mountiin may be reached rom Donald by the government trail to Bush river "t mil up this stream, about 19 miles to Bush river forks, and then up the out:! ork for a nule and a half leads to the southwesterly slope of the mountain. and XXIX A '"4^7 '' ''' 1^' T""^ ^'''''' '^'* ^^'^'"^^^ ^^'^h a triangle geodet c nit Tho't '"' T' T^'' ^'^^ "^'^^- --•-'^^ively. from th geoue ic pomt The stone cairn above the geodetic poiut is 7 f.ot high tnid is wound with a band of white cotton abo-it a foot fromVhe ton ri.l,/ ^^''?u?'''f '"'^^^''^'"'^^•''''■''^"'^"^^^^t^tioninBush river valley on th» nght or north bank oi the river, and about a mile and a half below tt forks^ The station is marked by a cedar post 5 inches square and 4 feet lol Tl^ po«t IS .situated m a cleared space 10 feet from the bank of the m 1 amUlIu 8 feet above the water. The post is marked "Sta XXIX B" "' "^ ;^"^V^''°" on another .side " Triangulation Survey in British C^luibia'' '^ "^ "'' ^"' ro.oulHT^'1^^^''^^ ''^*'''" '' ''*"^*"'* °" ^^''''^' mountain, and may be reached from bix-m.le railway station by trail up the north f o k of S^x-mile creek to Sunbeam lake at the head of Spinster creek, from wh eh p" e C horub mountain is about 3 miles distant in a southwesterly direcUot ' A, firU '• 'f T "^ '''' '^' "'"'^' ''™^'^ ^°'t Stamped in the usual manner A» reference pomts, two iron bolts are set in holes drilled in the rock one 5 "'et ';;:,'"" ',r" ";■ r'"' ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^* ^^^"^ ^•^^ ^-"^^- p«"^ Th to.s ">r,, .,. , I, he geodetic point is 5 feet diameter at the base and 8 feet high, and i .'/ «7///c cotton wound around it to assist as a signal I'll liTt^f f "'"?' ^'''■' "«t«blished on neighbouring peaks. Wl f r' '•'' "".^''^^"''^ niouMtain, a peak of the Esplanade range. N|/.^. .fion IS on Seidry n.oui.ain, uhich is the most northerly moi^tain of^«>t stamped with the usual measufPfl "^ f....' „ r * . Fi"'«« in solid rock. I he stone cairn erected measured 5 fee .n diameter at the base .and wa?= 7 fe^t higli ssT "ix%iaizan 15^ ■W" 64 TOPOQHVI'HICAL SURVEYS BRANCH. ilj Revelstoke. — At Revelstokc the longitude station of the CJeodetic Survey was located, and the angle at that point between Mackenzie and Begbie was read. The longitude pier is a concrete pier measuring 20 inches by 27 inches, and about 3 feet high. It is situated on the top of the hill at the rear of the Revelstoke hotel, and is distant 1060- 7 feet south and 2181 1 feet oast of the southeast corner of (lovernment street and Victoria road. Carnes. — Carnes station is situated on a mountain lying near the head of the north branch of Carnes creek. It may be reached from Revelstoke by prt)ceeding up the Columbia river trail to Carnes creek, then up this creek by a l)ranch trail to the forks, which are about 4 miles from the mouth. Here the trail again divides, one branch leading to some deserted mining claims, near timber-line on the mountain between the forks of the creek. Following this branch to timber-line it is necessary to take a light camp to the next valley to the nortii before attempting to diml) Carnes mountain. From this valley the station can be reached in from four to six hours according to the condition of the snow and ice. The station is marked by the usual brass bolt stamped with the customary triangle, and the letters T.S. The apex of the triangle faces north, and is at the centre of the bolt. Three iron reference bolts are cemented in holes drilled in the rock, their distances and bearings from the geodetic point being: Bolt "I," distance 91 feet, bearing 41° 05'; bolt "II," distance G-85 feet, bearing 113° 40'; bolt "III," distance 9-3 feet, bearing 201° 40'. The .stone cairn over the geodetii' jioint is 5 feet in diameter at the base and 8 feet high. f Cornice. — Cornice station is situated on the east side of the north fork o the Illecillewaet river. It may be reached from Albert Canyon railway station by following the old wagon road to the Waverly and Tangier mines for about 1.5 miles to some open meadows known as "The Farm." From here the cairn is visible, and can be easily reached in from four to five hours. The station is marked by the usual brass bolt cemented in the rock and stamped with a triangle and the letters T.S. The apex of the triangle, which faces north and is at the centre of tie bead of the bolt, is the geodetic point. Three iron reference bolts were cemenied in the rock, their distances and bear- ings from tlie geodetic point being: Bolt "I," distance 14-15 feet, bearing 333° 00'; bolt "II." distance 8-84 feet, bearing 02° 00'; l)olt "III." distance 5-4 feet, bearing 280^ 30'. The cairn over the geodetic ])()iiit is 5 feet diameter and 8 feet high. CorEi.AND. — r"oi)eland station is situated on mount ("oi)elaad, which is about 12 miles northwest of the town of Revelstoke, between two forks of the Jordan river. It may be reached by following the old trail ap the Jordan river to the third fork, about 15 miles from Revc!>toke. Here the trail follows the north side of the west branch, locally uown as (loose creek. Following this trail for about 3 miles a light camp may be taken to a sniall amphitheatre a little to the south, and about 1,500 feet above the valley. From this camj) the signal may be reached in two or three hours. The last 5 miles of the trails mentioned are imyia-ssable for horses. .7 -V'\;V'. M!iS)maaKrT ^99g(«^^ ,<3ffif?i( 3K Lookintr .uiiili ,■:,., In, 11. ilmi- Cmic. >t:,iion. ri4>>4 p. (i(. \ -U HV l|. !,! 1,1' ( ;||ll( > llli,lll,l:illl. .Tt.t-li- '-CV ?k' ::'>;..?; 8 C h w r< ti O! di IC be iui ^ws'.aafc:v«55f»iv" .vi"?!^ TBIAN(JULATION IN BBITI8H COLUMBIA. 65 Th« station is s\UuiU feet west of fh„ h; . . ta.». It in nmrk.d by the usual |,r. iLl . ? '*'"*"* P"'"* "^^ *'"« "^"un- triuMKle l.avi„« its apex a I ce^t C of /L ^7' ''! ''"' "'""' '"''"»«^ ^^'th a and With the numl,e XXX 11 Thr ! "f '^ ''"' ''"''' "'^'^ ^'»'=*"« "'"-th. »''"'•"<• "t distan..e. and 1.,^ i's frT. / ?'"""'"" '"''*" ^"'•^' ^^'""'"•J "«d d-.:uu.e 4.75 feet, boa in^ < 7^0^ „ It'" '^^^^^^^^^^^ """" '" '*'""^-«- B"'* "L" 00^1.olt''in.'^iistanee7 ontt.^e^ri^^^^^^^^^ ^/'^ ^-"« l^^' rork. The brass i,olt and lH.lt ■'11 ' ii , /^^ = ^ '" and "U" are in solid to move. The eairn over tie uL bo ' w' T T'"'' ''" '"" '^f^'^^'- "•"^'^ feet hiffh. ^ ''*''^ '•' •' f''*^^t in diameter at the base and 7 ^o^^i^^^^"^:!: :':;:;;:: :jTn '7/t" "f'^^* ^^^^^'^ — o^ by the wa«on road and tr: to F e i,' s ^n ^ '^'■; '' '"' ™"'^* ^^^'^^ ^-<''«1 Hve. T,...seofthen.on.:i:;::5r^'';r^ hiKh. ■''""' ' '"'^" '^ •' f^'«t >n