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/ 
 
 CHIiN 
 
 ME' 
 
/ 
 
 CHINA AND THE CHINESE 
 
 A COMPEND OF 
 
 MISSIONARY INFORMATION 
 
 FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. 
 
 i I 
 
 TORONTO: 
 
 METHODIST MISSIONARY SOCIETY, 
 j<^ WESLEY I3UILBINGS. 
 

 "^^> 
 
 F) 
 
 ^J 
 
 ^ ^^:^3 
 
 i^.<^ 
 
»CH 
 
 ?fti'/£5J^ 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CHINA ... - 
 
 5 
 
 MEDICAL MISSIONS 23 
 
 WORSHIP OF THE EMPEROR 33 
 
 CHINESE IDEAS OP BUSINESS 37 
 
 EVILS OP OPIUM . gg 
 
 WHO W^ILL OPEN THE DOOR 45 
 
 ROBERT MORRISON . . .. 
 
 • • • • 00 
 
 PO HENG AND THE IDOLS . 70 
 
 I 
 
1. Q. 
 
 Cat 
 
 the O 
 
 2. Q. 
 The 
 
 3. Q. 
 The 
 
 hundr 
 
 4. Q. ' 
 
 If a] 
 
 single 
 
 5. Q. 
 Thai 
 
i 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 GENERAL INFORMATION. 
 
 1. Q. What are some of the names by which China 
 
 is known ? 
 
 Cathay, the Middle Kingdom, the Flowery Land, 
 the Celestial Empire and the Land of Sinim. 
 
 2. Q. How ancient are it records ? 
 
 They reach farther back than the time of Abraham. 
 
 3. Q. How many people are there in the Empire ? 
 The number is variously estimated from three 
 
 hundred and fifty millions to four hundred millions. 
 
 4. Q. Can you illustrate this great number, so that 
 
 we can understand it better ? 
 If all the people in the world should march in a 
 single line, every fourth person would be a Chinese. 
 
 5. Q. What is China proper ? 
 
 That part of the empire which was conquered by 
 
 Si's 
 
\ ' 
 
 6 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 itl,a.n,r "'° "' *■'"' United States 
 
 6. ft What are two great public works of China ? 
 ihe Grand Canal and the Great Wall 
 
 nolrfr,Sr7ei'-''^n"^"-'--'''^ 
 irontier. It is now ot litt e use excent »« 
 
 a geographical boundary. It i, built of earth 1» 
 
 lonl ° • *''' ™"'^ "' "-^ '°P- •'"d is 1.2.30 miles 
 
 8- <?. What is the climate of China ? 
 
 In the North the winters are very colrl «n.7 .v. 
 summers hot; m Central China, the winters are 
 
 «res in the winter ' """""■' ^"'' ■"'^<"" "-" 
 
 9. © Do the Chinese use stoves for warmth » 
 stove, tie'""":, "r^ "" ™'y '-' -d hand 
 
 ^fwo^:.td":thls^^red%^s-;:^^^ 
 
 or faggots inside of it. ^ ™"^ 
 
 10. e. Of what do the Chinese build their houses ? 
 
divided into 
 I nearly the 
 ited States, 
 cultural untl 
 
 of China ? 
 id for what 
 
 d and the 
 inters are 
 •me places 
 in ; in the 
 dom need 
 
 ;h? 
 
 md hand 
 or raised 
 ing straw 
 
 ■ houses ? 
 
 CHINA. 7 
 
 Of wood, stone, burnt or unburnt bricks and 
 adobe. Houses of the better class are built around 
 a court-yard on which the doors and windows open. 
 They are roofed with tiles, thatch or earth. The 
 poorer houses have only earth floors. 
 
 11. Q. Do they have glass windows ? 
 
 Not often. Their windows are usually of paper 
 pasted over lattice-work. 
 
 12. Q. What is the ordinary food of the Chinese ? 
 In the South, rice, salt tish and vegetables. In 
 
 North China they eat wheat, Indian corn, millet 
 and sorghum, sweet potatoes, etc. Meat is a luxury. 
 
 13. Q. What gives employment to multitudes of men, 
 
 women and children ? 
 The culture of the silk worm. 
 
 14. Q. Mention some of the customs of the people 
 
 which are directly opposed to those of 
 Europeans. 
 
 We shake a friend's hand ; the Chinaman shakes 
 his own hands. We uncover the head as a mark of 
 respect ; they keep the head covered. Our mourn- 
 ing dress is black ; theirs is white. 
 
 Here young people prefer to do their own court- 
 ing ; there the parents, with the help of go-betweens, 
 select the husbands and wives for their children,' 
 and these often do not see each other until the 
 wedding day. 
 
 
8 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 Hi 
 
 i-Q. What is the position of women in China » 
 
 no .e«al ^^X:Z^:^ ^^l^!^ ^"^» "'■"-' 
 - a calamity, and daughter! a.e ^'^TIT''^ 
 to grow up without education No on! "'"^ 
 
 ot ten thousand knows how t"; read '^'"^" ""' 
 
 16. Q. What are their employments ' 
 
 heip :: r'ttest'!; r'^ ''" "'°"'-«. -<• o^en 
 in L field! and'X'bu'r^r "xh ™tr r' 
 nothing except arnu'e them" eivl'^^uh v-'r"' 
 
 WeltuT' r"^ ^^-^^ ""^ thltria/Te? 
 future pleasure in this life or hope for the 
 
 17- Q. Is there polygamy in China ? 
 
 It IS allowed bv law hni- ;= „„t 
 among the lower dr., ''°"""°°' '^'P^"=""'y 
 
 18. <?. What effect has Christianity had upon its 
 female converts ? '^ 
 
 thiit'mtdratkllrLtt "'-r' "-^'""^ 
 many of them haT , ?" «'i"cation. and 
 
 ^e.pfrsi„th:::nfX^,-:!r^"''^'«»'-' 
 
 19. Q. Is infanticide practised in China ? 
 
 It IS not universal,, but there are parts of Chi 
 where it is very common. ^ ^^'"* 
 
in China ? 
 graded as in 
 have almost 
 r is regarded 
 !'ule, allowed 
 ■ woman out 
 
 ?, and often 
 times work 
 h do almost 
 h visiting, 
 lis. They 
 pe for the 
 
 especially 
 
 upon its 
 
 develops 
 
 tion, and 
 
 efficient 
 
 )f Ch 
 
 ina 
 
 CHINA. 9 
 
 20. Q. Describe the process of foot binding. 
 
 This is nevei begun until the girls have learned to 
 walk', generally not before five or six years of age. 
 A cotton bandage two or three inches wide is wound 
 tightly about the foot in every direction. This 
 bandage is tightened until the foot is considered 
 small enough. The foot is then in the shape of an 
 acute-angled triangle, with the four smaller toes bent 
 under the foot. They are usually from four to five 
 inches long, sometimes much shorter. 
 
 21. Q. What are the principal exports from China ? 
 
 Tea, silk, medicines and fire-crackers, and straw 
 braid. 
 
 22. Q. Are intoxicating liquors used in China ? 
 Ye.s, they are found in all parts of the Empire ; 
 
 but opium smoking is much the more common vice. 
 
 23. Q. What is the effect of opium smoking ? 
 It ruins its victims in mind, body and estate. 
 
 24. Q. To what extent is it u.sed ? 
 
 It has been said that one-quarter of the adult 
 male population are addicted to it. 
 
 25. Q. What is meant by the Opium War ? 
 
 The war of 1840, which began in this way : Eng- 
 lish merchants had for years been bringing opium 
 into China. The mandarins (oflicials) found that it 
 was injuring and impoverishing the people, and 
 
 I 
 
 tried 
 
 m 
 
 every way to stop the trade. At length 
 
 a 
 
10 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 II I 
 
 mi 
 
 m 
 
 -a-'^ Twenty ^ZZ totZZ J '• "' "" 
 
 26^0. What5,„«i result, followed this war ? 
 
 con.,e,„cnu/to:ilr'°'"^'' '" '"""""^ 
 '' '• t:i% "'^ ""'- ""- "-^ open to 
 
 a..">»:e;::';rxrwt:;:r 
 
 2ae.Whati.,.he„a„oofthepre.„tE„,perorof 
 Kwongsu. 
 
 29. Q. When did he ascend the throne ? 
 
 In January, 1875, at the age of five., ears. 
 
 30. Q. To what dynasty does he helm, . 
 
 He is the ninth Emneror of fh« t * , 
 Ts'ing ^ ""^ ^'''^ ^^'•^ar dynasty of 
 
China 
 
 11 
 
 lied the Eng- 
 
 ' tf»«'y li/ul on 
 
 1 and ninety- 
 
 3.se destroyed 
 
 in suppress- 
 
 the English 
 
 ese were de- 
 
 ain, for the 
 
 opium was 
 
 var ? 
 
 >w, Ningpo 
 ) trade and 
 
 V open to 
 1 England 
 
 -mperor of 
 
 ^'nasty of 
 
 •U. Q. When did tlie Tartar^ come int<» power? 
 When they conciuered the Chinese in 1G44. 
 
 .S2. Q. How did the plaited <|ueue originate ? 
 
 It was imposed upon the Chinese as a badge of 
 sul.jeetion hy their concjueiors, tlie Tartars. 
 
 33. Q. Why are tliey so unwilling to cut off" the 
 
 queue in this country. 
 Because, if they return to China, as they all liope 
 to do, they will be regarded as rebels. 
 
 34. Q. What was the Ming dynasty ? 
 
 It was tlie d} nasty preceding the present one. 
 The tombs of the Ming Emperors, a few days' 
 journey from Peking, are exceedingly interesting. 
 Great stone images of camels, elephants, v.tc, stand 
 on each side of the avenue which leads to them. 
 
 35. Q. Who were the Taipings ? 
 
 A set of rebels wdio wished to put down the Tar- 
 tars and place the Chinese again upon the throne. 
 They did not shave the hair from the front part of 
 the head as the Manchus and the Chinese at present 
 do, and so were called Long-haired Rebels, For many 
 years they devastated the country, destroying city 
 after city, and butchering thousands upon thou- 
 sands of the people. 
 
 30. Q. Who was their leader ? 
 
 A man from the Province of Kwangse, calling 
 himself Teen Won^, or Heavenly Kino- 
 
12 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 37. Q. Whatdoweknowof him? 
 
 ^'■hese ideas he . n Ted wRh'\"''"'°''''''^ '" ^^«»'™- 
 brother of Christ. """'* ""> J'-'Mger 
 
 3«^e. Who helped to subdue the Taini„„3» 
 Ojera, Gordon. Often eanedChineLaordou. 
 , <?• When was the rebelJion quelled . 
 
 Jn the year 1864, after the fall of ^f.„l,• 
 famous Porcelain Tower nine T ^^^"'""X- The 
 destroyed. ' """' '^°"^'' high, was then 
 
 '^e!''i:t:"T'''"""^^''--'^''"-"'" China, 
 ^oro itw" TkZT"' "'"^ "-^-d years he- 
 
 «■ * What curious way have the PV 
 
 reckoning age.,, ete^ ^""""'^ "* 
 
 «-i;'o;i;X'wo;;:r'''r''^^"'<'-''^ 
 
 old, because he has livedTn hr^' '' ''"'^ ^^^^^ 
 he is only ««, year old Jo ' t tif t!?' "''f "•'""^ 
 Emperor may onlv h»v„ k '"" "'e 'iWle 
 
 «tead of five aVhfaccr^lo^" '■>->■<- oM in- 
 
 *2_«2. How old i.s the language of China. 
 
 With titrirrH T""^'' "^-^ ■^p-'^™- -^ 
 
 of all languages '''" "* P'-"'"'"^ "-e oldest 
 
CHINA. 
 
 13 
 
 '« Christ un(] 
 ^y in Canton. 
 I'Ange fancies, 
 the younger 
 
 Gord 
 
 on. 
 
 iking. The 
 K was then 
 
 n in China? 
 ^ years be- 
 
 -'hinese of 
 
 '90, on the 
 hree years 
 hile really 
 the little 
 •s old in- 
 
 ken, and 
 he oldest 
 
 43. Q. What distinctions and peculiarities has it ? 
 The language in which the classics are written 
 
 must be seen in order to be understood. It appeals 
 to the eye, not to the ear. Each separate character 
 is a word. Books written in the classic language 
 can be read and understood by scholars all over 
 China, Japan, Manchuria, Mongolia, Korea and 
 Thibet. 
 
 44. Q. Are there many dialects in Chinese ? 
 
 Yes, in the south-eastern provinces the dialects 
 change every few hundred miles. 
 
 45. Q. What is the Mandarin dialect ? 
 
 It is the spoken language of the northern and 
 western provinces of China, and with local varia- 
 tions is understood by more than 200,000,000 of 
 people. It is written in the same character as the 
 classical lansfuaae. 
 
 46. Q. Is Mandarin the language of the literati, or 
 
 educated classes only ? 
 
 No. In the regions where it is spoken it is the 
 language of all classes. It is used as the court 
 dialect and by officials throughout the Empire. 
 
 47. Q. In what languages or dialects of China are 
 
 Christian books and the Bible translated or 
 written ? 
 
 In the classic language, in Mandariw, and in most 
 of the other dialects. 
 
 im 
 
14 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 Confucianism, Buddhi.s,n and Taoisn, • 
 
 Ancestral worship. 
 50. Q. Define it. 
 
 "It includes not onlv +k^ j- 
 dead, but all that l dot to ,7 ^^'P °^ ""^ 
 departed spirits are supposld nt"^"""" "'""'> 
 ■ng as a punishment for inattenti ! T" "'^ "^■ 
 sities." inattention to their neces- 
 
 51- ft What singular H.i„„ 
 
 At the death o't a Em "'■""'°' '"'■'■ 
 cause he must worshi, hil T """' """» 'x'' ^e- 
 
 of worship is neve;'t:;::rr:hr:r';'^"^' 
 
 youaser. The late Emperor T„„„ Ch: 1 !>' ° "'^ 
 without children. Prince kV " "^""^ y°'">g' 
 -- the right one to " cce« wrhl'?"""'"""' 
 was older than the Jate l^ ^ ^"' •>-«>- he 
 distantly related, was mad^ Fn ^wongsu, more 
 
 was placed nnd^r T eTencf ^7' ''";' ''"^ ''"P'- 
 presses, one of whom ha^s sincelied" "=" ^'"- 
 
 * Pronounced Jike " 
 
 ow^ in how. 
 
I reliorions of 
 
 n.' 
 
 s included in 
 'ver all classes 
 
 rship of the 
 ftities which 
 pon the liv- 
 their neces- 
 
 fchis ? 
 
 he is very 
 lan he, be- 
 d this sort 
 fler to the 
 ied young, 
 statesman, 
 ecause he 
 ?su. more 
 'e Empire 
 iger Em- 
 
 *4'9 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 15 
 
 52. Q. Who was the great Chinese Sage ? 
 
 Kung. His title was Fu-ts, meaning teacher or 
 The Roman Catholic missionaries latinized 
 Kung Fu-ts making it Confucius. 
 
 sage. 
 
 53. Q. Where and when was Confucius born ? 
 In the Shantung Province, 551 B.C. 
 
 54. Q. With whom was he contemporary ? 
 With the prophet Daniel. 
 
 55. Q. Tell something of his life. 
 
 He was a poor boy, who always regarded his 
 mother with affectionate reverence. At the ao-e 
 of twenty-two he taught history and the writings 
 of the ancients. He studied much and became 
 famous as a teacher. Disciples flocked to him from 
 all regions. 
 
 0%. Q. What did he teach about the worship of the 
 gods ? 
 
 He neither commanded nor forbade idol worship. 
 He said, "Reverence the gods, but keep at a dis- 
 tance from them." 
 
 67. Q. Did he profess to teach anything about the 
 future ? 
 
 Not definitely. He said, "Not understanding life, 
 how can we understand death ?" 
 
 58. Q. Give his form of thfi o-nldpn mlo 
 
 
 hi 
 
 ll 
 
 n'i 
 
I" I ' 
 
 III 
 
 ifl;i 
 I 
 
 ll 
 
 16 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 do"Jottr '" "°' "'^" ''o- '» yo-se.f. do not 
 
 '59- ^. When did Buddhn n r 
 
 live ? '"' ^^' *""»^^r of Buddhism. 
 
 At the beginning of the sixth century, B.C. 
 
 «0^a Ho. did Buddhism come into China. 
 
 ihe Emperor Mingti (AD fii^ k , 
 ^hich led him to send fn T ^^ . ^^ ^ ^^^^"^. 
 teachers. '"'^ ^° ^"^^^ for books and 
 
 61. Q. What was the result ? 
 
 spread throughoafc the Empire '' ""'' ^"'^^^'^'^ 
 
 62. ft What is one of tl,„ 
 
 Buddhist"? " »"^'""' '''"''™- of the 
 
 Transmigration of souI>, n- ft 
 i>om one hody or statlto anTth^! ""^'"^ "' " """ 
 
 63. ft Do true Buddhists eat meat ? 
 No ; and thev fear f n mi 
 
 destroy some IZ^^U^T''^ ''^^ ■"'•«"' 
 64. Q. What is Taoism ? 
 
 of thunder! o'f s:aC e^ tr'''' "" " ^^^ 
 
CHINA. 
 
 17 
 
 ourself, do not 
 
 of Buddhism, 
 
 y, B.C. 
 
 bina ? 
 
 ^ a dream, 
 books and 
 
 65. Q. What is really the religion of most of the 
 Chinese ? 
 
 Every Chinaman considers himself a C onfucianist ; 
 but a man can be a Confucianist, a Taoist, and a 
 Buddhist at the same time. The three are not con- 
 sidered as opposed to each other. Idol temples and 
 shrines are to be seen everywhere. Idolatrous rites 
 and superstitions enslave the minds of the people. 
 Two idol shri- es at least (one the kitchen god and 
 one to deceased ancestors) are found in every 
 family. 
 
 sand Budd- 
 Buddhism 
 
 h m 
 
 ines of the 
 f of a soul 
 
 II 
 
 ey might 
 
 i 
 
 It has a 
 of war. 
 
 2 
 
 * mi\ 
 
18 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 ii 
 
 if 
 
 MISSIONS. 
 
 6?- Q. Who was the most suceessfnl.f.i, • . 
 
 aries > "uceesstul of their mission- 
 
 Matteo Rice, (pronounced &.„,i,) 
 
 '''•XrpTrt':;::':-*--~t3do 
 
 69 /O UTu -^^ ^^'^^ges and convents. 
 
 ««.g.Who^.as the «rst Protestant ..sionar, to 
 
 ^oln";^„!;t:,r-'-«07,b,the 
 70^ «. What was his great work > 
 Thefi.tI.^estanttra„s,atio„of the BiUe into 
 
 "• ^- Ih'eret ''^''°''^' «'^-'' », ..sions 
 
 MeIi::dL';\T5:: ^^^ f <^ -p-^'and a„d the 
 ■•-.argeard^Srt^L-t-;^;^^^^^^^^ 
 
 '''•lt;f''^^^">°^'^'«''-' of Canada 
 
CHINA. 
 
 19 
 
 For a number of years the General Missionary 
 Society has been working among the Chinese of 
 British Columbia. In Victoria, Vancouver and New 
 Westminster the work has been very successful, and 
 a membership of 190 is reported. 
 
 73. Q. To whom does the Chinese Rescue Home, 
 
 Victoria, belong ? 
 To the Woman's Missionary Society. It is doing 
 a most Christ-like work, rescuing young Chinese 
 girls who have been literally bought and sold for 
 immoral purposes. 
 
 74. Q. In what part of China has the Methodist 
 
 Church established a mission ? 
 In the Province of Tz-Ohuen, West China, with 
 headquarters in the City of Chen-tu. 
 
 75. Q. What is the population of the province ? 
 Between fifty and sixty millions. 
 
 76. Q. Who were the first missionaries ? 
 
 In 1891 Revs, Dr. Hart and Cgo. E. Hart well, 
 B.D., were sent out for the evangelistic department, 
 and Drs. Kilborn and Stevenson for the medical 
 work. 
 
 77. Q. Why are missionary physicians very useful 
 
 in China? 
 On account of the ignorance of the native doc- 
 tors, and the fact that when the people have been 
 healed they are more ready to accept the gospel. 
 
 :i 
 
 11 
 
 •I 
 
 I m 
 
 Ml 
 
 ,li 
 
20 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 Mo. in the »ediea, work than in ,„,„,,,, 
 
 "• ^- ^ow many converts do all th. ^w . , 
 
 societies working in CU ,^^''^y-^^ree 
 
 Af+Ki *• , "^^"^ ^*^ <^hina number ? 
 At this time (1892) about 40,000 
 
 31. Q.How^many Protestant converts were there in 
 Six. 
 
 82. g. From what classes of society do most of 
 
 converts come ? * °^ °"^ 
 
 dales' ''^ ''•"'''""■'■ '■•- 'he middle and lower 
 
 "•'ti;:rf-----p-wieh 
 
 «.orestahi.iey„f:;,::::^r'-- ■""' '"'™ "-•>''?»• 
 
 8*- a How has China been regarded K, 
 
 ing nations ? '^«S^"<'ed by surround- 
 
 Japan, Korea, Manchuria. Thibet and others have 
 
CHINA. 
 
 21 
 
 from time immemorial looked up to China as their 
 superior and their instructor. 
 
 85. Q. What then may we hope when the " land of 
 Sinim " shall become Christian ? 
 Should China become even nominally Christian, 
 probably all the smaller surrounding nations would 
 follow her example. 
 
'f 
 
 i 
 
53 
 
 5 S 
 
 H'5 
 
 
 
 
 CANAIJJAN METHODISM 
 
 AND 
 
 MEDICAL MISSIONS IN WEST CHINA 
 
 Thirty-three Facta arranged by David W. Stevenson, M.D., 
 
 Chen-tu, China. 
 
 1. God had only one Son, and He so loved us that 
 lie gave Him to the world as a Medical Missionary 
 —Mark 1: 27-45. 
 
 2. " Great multitudes followed Him and He healed 
 them air-MATT. 12: 15. Himself took our in- 
 nrmities and bare our sicknesses.— Matt. 8 : 17. 
 
 3. Gracey states, that " Every third person who 
 lives and breathes upon this earth, who toils under 
 the sun, sleeps under God's stars, or sighs and suffers 
 beneath the heavens, is a Chinese." 
 
 4. At least every fourth child born into the world 
 looks in the face a Chinese mother, while twice 
 the population of Canada departs from the land of 
 Siuim annually without a knowledge of the Gospel. 
 
24 
 
 CANADrAN METHODISM AND 
 
 oovol ^^ :; 7' „ -Sbefore America w. „,,. 
 --inor-s CO,,,;;.'' ::rf' "'"""''""■ """^ ">« 
 'n native ,ilk». *' """■ *'"'« ■""ny dressed 
 
 ea* «^U J'«^o:^t BritataT'or' ''"^'"''"■'' 
 C'ties. so,„e 7000 town. . ' '•^°"ff'-««t walled 
 
 ">e nephe. of the tin?; tu„ w ,*•'" ^™« J*^' 
 surgeons trying ^ stlLl I """''"" """ve 
 
 tl.em with wax "" *"' '""""^s by filling 
 
 9- Standinor aside fnr fK« 
 looked on with ama efrent w^r"? '"''"'"""^^y. they 
 "tery and aewed up he i ' ^^ ''""^ ""^ ^^'"0™! 
 the confidence in Dr A, If 7? ?""*• •'^"'='' ""^ 
 Korean Government inism ^"^ ^^°' ''^ ">e 
 '0 for,„ a treaty with he U s"!'"''"' ^'"''--'•or 
 10 TK. u- ■ Government. 
 
 - Jt!:: trpZprr r '• - ^^^^ - -- 
 
 «<=0'd than tha/ of S'eT *7 * '""'^ ""'^ble 
 Chu,-ch in China. tL credit oT?." ^'-^^hyterian 
 under God, to Dr. McKay 1 „f '^h' "'""^ '^''"^' 
 "■en who are born missi^naZ " " """^'-kMe 
 
MEDICAL MISSIONS IN WEST CHINA. 25 
 
 11. An. M in Formosa travelled a week in a boat 
 to get hi, injured leg attended to by Dr. McKay 
 ihe roads in this island have b?en strewn with 
 thousands of teeth pulle.l by this missionary, while 
 his wife, a Chinese woman, teaches in a girl's school 
 and nurses in the hospital. 
 
 12. When the " Kron Princess Maria" bore out 
 oi Dover Ifoads the vanguard of modern missions 
 in 1793. the men were William Carey, the consecrated 
 coobler preacher, and John Thomas, the physician. 
 
 13. They labored hard for six years in India with- 
 out a single convert. But Dr. Thomas, while bind- 
 ing up the injured arm of a carpenter, who fell from 
 their mission house, was able to tell the story of a 
 carpenter who redeemed the world. This, their first 
 convert, lived for twenty years and wrote several 
 beautiful hymns. 
 
 14. Robert Morrison, the first Protestant mis- 
 sionary to China, sent out by the London Missionary 
 ^ociety m 1805, was a practising physician. But 
 China was closed till 1860, so he spent most of his 
 time translating the Scriptures, etc. 
 
 15. Dr. Peter Parker, who went out in 1835 
 almost opened China to the Gospel at the point of his 
 lancet. His great eye hospital became noted the 
 world over. 
 
 16. Dr. Kerr has followed him, and during his con- 
 nection with the Canton Hospital over 610,000 people 
 have been relieved. 22,139 operations performed 
 
 
26 
 
 CANADIAN METHODISM AND 
 
 comul '" "■"""^^"■"^ «"'«•<■ «"J a British 
 
 17 Leonora Howard, M.D., the feeble but pluclcv 
 
 by American Methodists to Pekin. Lady Li the 
 w.b „i the Viceroy, the oiBcer next to the E^'eror 
 was taken seriously ill. As a last resort U, 
 Howard was sent for, who. in con.sultation with Dr' 
 McKe„..e, saved her life. I„ thankfulne.ss His 
 txcellency has built two large hospitals there. 
 
 18. Miss Howard had .graduated at Ann Arbor 
 
 dtl rVr' ''"'''"'' ^"»"""'^ -me was on her 
 diploma. Th,s man was cho.sen by the IJ. S. Govern- 
 
 the tr f , ?"' ""'' "'" ^''" YorkHerald stated 
 the successful termination was largely due to Dr 
 Howard's influence with the Viceroy! 
 
 1ft. Miss Kitt, M.D., of Tsing Chien Fu, has had 
 400 women waiting before her doorstep at four 
 
 said This IS the fourth time I have come, having 
 be nt„„ed away three times. My home is sixteen 
 miles^rom the city, and I have to hire a wheel. 
 
 20. Dr. Y. May King was the first Chinese woman 
 to study medicine. She took the honors of her eTa^ 
 .n the Woman's Medical College of New York sl;" 
 
MEDICAL MISSIONS IN WEST CHINA. 
 
 27 
 
 returns as A Methodist missionary. Surely the Lord 
 is cominjT to Darkest China with healing in His 
 
 wings. 
 
 21. As a part of the Briti.sh nation, we are largely 
 responsible for the opium curse, which is nowpourmg 
 its death-dealing streams through all the avenues of 
 trade. England spent, from 1856-Gl, in a cruel war, 
 $32,270,000 in forcing China to buy her opium.' 
 Now when a Chinaman has the toothache or dys- 
 pepsia he takes opium. Oh ! for more consecrated 
 lives like the noble, generous soldier, "Chinese" 
 Gordon, who put down their great Taiping Rebellion. 
 His memory is precious there to-day. 
 
 22. On the clearest of Canadian nights, look for 
 one hour at all the stars visible to the naked eye. 
 During that same hour nearly twice their number'in 
 the proud land of the Celestials will sink into Christ- 
 less graves forever beyond our reach. 
 
 23. The Missionary Committee of the Canadian 
 Methodist Church have, in humble dependence upon 
 God, and with confidence in the sympathy and co- 
 operation of our people, established a mission in the 
 great Province of Tz-Chuen. 
 
 24. As the centre of operations the capital, a city 
 of 400,000, named Chen-tu, has been selected. The 
 married missionaries are paid $800, the single $500. 
 The staff of workers as now constituted is two 
 evangelists and two medical men. It may seem as 
 if the medical feature is given undue prominence. 
 
 
28 
 
 CANADIAN METHODISM AND 
 
 ij-ii 
 
 But Chinese missionaries will hope the same pro- 
 portion may be kept up. 
 
 25. A missionary in Turkey lost four children for 
 lack of medical aid. The fourth was carried 240 
 miles over mountains to a doctor, who said. '• too 
 ate. The child died on its way home and was 
 earned for four days dead in its mother's arms To 
 read of these things is terrible; what must it be to 
 suffer them ? 
 
 26. Tz-Chuen borders on Thibet (the last and only 
 unopened heathen door), as well as on six other of 
 the most unenlightened provinces of China This 
 province has a telegraph line, salt and coal mines 
 and iron works. It produces apples, potatoes, corn 
 hemp.cherries. plums, strawberries, cabbages, spinach 
 turnips and sugar cane.-See Rev. V. C. Hart's work 
 on Western China. 
 
 27. In the wide west there must be 60,000 000 
 people who never saw a missionary. In this one pro- 
 vince alone there are 130 great walled cities without a 
 sing e missionary. The agonizing cry still goes up, 
 
 there .T "' ' '" ^'^'^^ ' ^' '^''' "° ^^^'^''^^ 
 
 28. The Chinese know nothing of surgery, an- 
 atomy, physiology, or a medical diploma. But thev 
 give pint doses of herbal, beetle, and tiger claw 
 mixtures. The skins of serpents, frogs caught at 
 high noon on the fifth day of the fifth moon, are 
 
pro- 
 
 MEDICAL MISSIONS IN WEST CHINA. 29 
 
 dried, powdered and administered alone or in com- 
 bination with other solutions. 
 
 29. The superstitions, social sins and diseases of 
 China can be better treated, bodily and spiritually, 
 by the medical missionary. Fevers, agues, leprosy,' 
 dyspepsia and smallpox are frightfully common '; 
 while half the population have skin, ear, and 
 eye diseases. Some of the causes are unclean- 
 ness, shaving the ears, smoky rooms, and forced 
 continued crying when mourning for the dead ; of 
 especial interest to the writer, since he spent last 
 year as house surgeon to one of the largest eye and 
 ear infirmaries in the world. 
 
 30. We spend one hundred times as much on 
 tobacco as on the heathen, and more on chewing gum 
 than for foreign missions. The excess of money 
 sunk in an ordinary Methodist burial ground would 
 build us a Memorial Hospital in China for 150 
 patients and support it till the end of time. The 
 Lord measures a man's gift not by what is given, 
 but by what is retained. 
 
 31. Milton, the county seat for Halton Co., may 
 contain 1,450 people. As a representative Ontario 
 town, it has six churches and a Salvation hall. Two 
 of these churches (Presbyterian) are rendered idle 
 through union ! But the Presbyterians have dur- 
 ing the past year built a church with seating 
 capacity of 650 and costing $13,000, while the Meth- 
 odists have built during the same time one capable 
 
 : fl 
 
30 
 
 CANADIAN METHODISM. 
 
 Of seating 950 and costing $18,000. The old adjoin- 
 ing church holds 500 and is used for class-rooms, etc. 
 32 In this same town there are four doctors and 
 two dentists^ These gentlemen are well educated 
 and thoroughly equipped, and they seem to be fairly 
 busy. Shall we not pray the Lord of the Harvest 
 to baptize our towns with the spirit of missions ? 
 
 33 Ponder over it ! Toronto has 330 doctors, while 
 Ontario has more than 2,500. There are more 
 people m China to each doctor than contained in 
 ^ree Ontanos. If the Parent Board as well as the 
 Woman s give each ten doctors to west China in the 
 next hve years, we may start a medical colle-e and 
 have one doctor for every five great wallelcities. 
 Yet the money spent each year would not equal the 
 value of a Canadian locomotive. 
 
djoin- 
 s, etc. 
 
 •s and 
 icated 
 fairly 
 Lrvest 
 
 s? 
 
 ivhile 
 more 
 ed in 
 s the 
 1 the 
 and 
 ities, 
 !the 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ^s;i 
 

 WORSHIP OF THE EMPEROR AND 
 CONFUCIUS. 
 
 BY MR. A. SADNDERS. 
 
 Since coming to T'ai-yoen-fu, now nearly three 
 years, I have wished to .,ee the officials worshipping 
 the emperor and Confucius on the morning of thf 
 
 been";i::fiTd.^^^^'""^°"'^''''^^-''-''^'^^^'' 
 Some little time before dawn on New Year's 
 (Chinese) mornmg, we found our way to the Im- 
 penal Temple called the Ten Thousand Year pllare 
 Arriving before the proceedings commenced, we were 
 able to go inside and look around. The temnle is 
 composed of two large courts. There are Lree 
 large gateways leading into the outer court; the 
 officials coming to the ceremony enter by the two 
 side gates no one being allowed to enter by th" 
 centre, u being the one by which the emperor would 
 enter, should he be there. Passing through th , 
 outer court we ascend to this hail by a paved 
 sloping path, and here also are three'^entrces: 
 »nd .he same rule about entering is observed as 
 
 I 
 
34 
 
 WORSHIP OF THE EMPEROR AND CONFUCIUS. 
 
 before. I may say here that we outsiders, not taking 
 part m the ceremonies, can enter by the centre gate- 
 way. The inner court is about the same size as the 
 outer, but is divided into two by the inner half being 
 higher than the outer by about five feet This 
 higher position is reached by a paved slope as be- 
 fore, and at the far end of this court is the principal 
 room, called the audience hall. This hall, we are 
 told, is an exact representation of the emperor's 
 audience hall at Peking. 
 
 At the north end of^the hall, on a platform, is a 
 large chair, representing ihe throne. The chair or 
 rather the throne, is empty, as the emperor ' of 
 course, is at Peking; but in front, placed on an 
 ordmary square table, is a tablet, made of some kind 
 of wood, bearing the following inscription: "Ten 
 thousand years, ten thousand times ten thousand 
 years. ' This is said of the emperor, and. I should 
 say, is equivalent to the expression, " Long live the 
 king." As the emperor is only human, and cannot 
 be everywhere at once, this tablet is his representa- 
 tiye in all places outside of Peking In front was 
 a table, on which candles were burning. Having 
 satisfied our curiosity as to the interior, we went 
 outside to await the ceremony. We had not long 
 to wait, for in a very few minutes we heard the cry 
 " The governor of the province has come," and the 
 rule IS that on his arrival the proceedings commence. 
 The governor of the province leads the way, and 
 followed by officials of all ranks he goes into the 
 
WORSHIP OF THK EX .,,0K AND CONFUCIUS. 35 
 
 in„3r court, taiing up his position about forty yards 
 d.stant from the tablet, an,I in the lower halt' of the 
 mner court. The other officials take their po^ iom 
 a corchn. to their rank, behind the governo' of the 
 
 n astir"; '"*'■' "'.P'"^^'^ ''''""' '^<""' ™-l fcl>=n the 
 "aster ot ceremonies calls out, "Kneel," when thev 
 a^ «o down on both knee.,. The master of eeremonS 
 th ncai, ut,..K„„^^ y„„ heads on the ground," 
 
 R.se and they all stand as before. Tl>i.s is done 
 
 hree times, making in all nine knocks of the head 
 
 "n the ground ; then they all scamper off as if thev 
 
 were very glad the business was ov'r. for ^ou mutl 
 
 bear m „„nd that all this is done to a foreigner not 
 
 While the officials are on the balcony separating 
 
 hen:: t 'r '^^ °"'«^' -s^t'uiatLTe: h 
 
 tt:;; 1 e.s'Vilh'^cTps'oTta"'"™;"^ '"' ''^'""^ 
 ^ witn cup.s ot tea, we hurrv off to thp 
 
 Confucian temple, some little distance away in 
 order to get a look in.side before the officials Arrive 
 
 a™"' T'rV"^'' -=-"-"">' the dooTs' 
 of two J''"''^''""-^'^ '-'Ple is abo composed 
 o two rts, the inner one being exactly like that 
 at the em .ror's temple, and the main building also 
 at the north end. On entering this main buying 
 we aiea.stonished to find that the tablet to Con 
 fucius IS m every way far superior to the one to the 
 emperor, and on inquiring of a native who accom 
 pamed us, he tells us that it is because evoHre 
 
 m 
 
 
 m 
 
36 
 
 WORSHIP OF THE EMPEROR AND CONPUOIUS. 
 
 i 
 
 emperor h.mself worship., Confucius. The tablet 
 
 IV f m\T' ^"'^ ^^^'^ " '"""^^ »° ™W. and 
 
 the M„ .»,"■! *""""'"« "^""P"""^ "Tabl tof 
 the Most Holy Ancient Sage Confuciu.s." This is 
 the only tablet at the north end of the hall, but on 
 the east and west sides are, first of all, four large 
 tablets to the four chief disciples of Confucius, two 
 on either side then twelve other smaller tablets, also 
 to discples of Confucius, .sii. on either side 
 
 The officials take up their positions as before, at 
 the same distance from the Confucian tablet as fmm 
 
 ceremony, knockm. their heads the same number of 
 times, the only difference being that at the worship 
 ot Confucius fire-crackers are fired off. I suppose 
 this was because Confucius is dead, and the crackers 
 were fired off to keep away evil spirits from injuring 
 the spirit of Conf ncius while he was being worshipped. 
 There were no offerings at this worship of Confuciu.,, 
 but I believe there were some ofterings presented a 
 tew Gays ago. 
 
 You will see from the above the emptiness of 
 Chinas worship. Here were the rulers of the 
 people bowing down to one tablet representing a 
 
 dI7 T' r ""'"''"■ ^''P^^^™«"g one long si;ce 
 CWn„. "J" "°!''"'''" « Christ's greatest foe in 
 n. 'T, f "<^'^.'^'™ '■"■^ Taoism are as nothing com- 
 pared to the iron foe, Confucianism. Confucius is 
 seated on the throne of Christ in China to-dav 
 
CHINESE IDEAS OF BUSINESS. 
 
 BY JOHN A. STOOKE. 
 
 I 
 
 Most people have heard it stated that the Chinese 
 are a nat.on of shopkeepers, and this is verily true 
 
 beTh? ' T"T- ^"''-Sing, and selling seem to 
 be the order of every day; for in China, alas, 
 there is no Sabbath. ' 
 
 CVien, Ch'ien, Ch'ien (money, money, money) is 
 the Chinese god. It is the one subjeet, and [he r 
 poor dark hearts are full of it. Speak to a China' 
 »a. about his soul ever so earnestly, he willt'. 
 babl3 look at you for a little while, Ld assent To 
 everything you say,- but the first moment at h s 
 disposal he will be at his beloved subject. Wherewa 
 
 Two^Th /"" '"""'• ^'^ y™ give ? etc r 
 seZrC I M '" "^^ ' '^^ '» """Pany with a 
 abo ?t ,h ^^■.■"'^"f ^'■y "> the native street, talking 
 about the Saviour of sinners. In a moment, one of 
 
 How mS'r "'"'''''' "^ ""• '^y'°«- " Teacher ! 
 How much did you give for those boots you have 
 oa ! Having told him the cost ot these (En»li.h^ 
 
 n1 
 
38 
 
 CHINESE (DEAS OP BUSINESS. 
 
 Shoes the word wa., quickly pa,,ed round that they 
 w re dear, because they ha,l co.st " five precious J. 
 Iars_ Lool..n« at the long li.,t of everyday pro- 
 verbs, we should say that the ideal ChinanLri 
 born w,th a genius for trade. 
 
 It is «>ost laughable to read the various si ,.n- 
 boards hanging in straight rows outside the .shop 
 doors. For instance, outside a vile, filthy opiunldeT 
 passers-by are infor„,ed that it is the " Delightful 
 abode of virtue and happiness." Should you wLh 
 
 the Ever a.st,ng increase hat-.shop," where head! 
 
 gear IS „,ade of tribute satin, etc. If n.edicine, or 
 
 birds -nest, are required, the "Hall of perpetual 
 
 pnn« IS just the place to patronise; for itisa'dded 
 
 cents. Should you be so far on the down grade 
 a. to require tobacco, there may be found the "Three 
 fairies tobacco-shop," where the " vapory vistalf 
 he brilliant spring is retailed to perfection.' T^' 
 fails to speaks of the "Eiglueous prosperity shop" 
 
 lished cotton shop," or even of the "Delightful 
 harmony establishment" where pongees and satl 
 may be purchased. And last, but notlit.The h "e 
 for the weary traveller, called the " Ten thousand 
 happinesses inn." Of course, readers will underlnd 
 all these fine, flowery sentences to mean simply noth- 
 ing.— £om6a2, Guardian. 
 
A FEW OF THE EVILS OF Ol'lUM. 
 
 BY MISS T. J. SCOTT, IN " CHINA'S MILLIONS.' 
 
 The following is the translation of a letter written 
 by Mr. Ts'u, a Chinese Christian, who was a helper 
 in our hall here for some time previous to February 
 of last year, when he returned to his home at Gan- 
 k'ing. I may say he was asked to write his views 
 of " the evils of opium " among his own country- 
 men and has simply an<l truthfully done so. What 
 he has written ry correctly describes extreme 
 cases, of whirh there are thousands in our own pro- 
 vince. The wealthier class, having better food and 
 clothing, may not waste away so rapidly. Some of 
 the lattei though, consume enormous quantities of 
 the drug and present helpless spectacles, their money 
 not * ending to lessen the terrible craving. We see 
 daily persons corresponding to Mr. Ts'u's description 
 of an opium-smoker. 
 
 The evils that the Chinese people have suffered 
 through the use of opium are exceedingly many. 
 Before the victim has come to have a craving for 
 the drug, he takes a mouthful or two now and again 
 
 .f 
 
40 
 
 A FEW OF THE EVILS OF OPIUM. 
 
 hi! 
 
 i 
 
 for pleasure s sake, thinking it is „anly to do so ; or 
 he may faney opium can cure his diseases and give 
 atreng h to h.s enfeebled body. Thus fancying ?hl 
 he W.11 mcrease his strength, he takes a mouthful 
 or two to-day, and three or four moathfuls to-mor- 
 row, and ere long the craving has seized him 
 
 Opmrr, thus used cannot strengthen his body, but 
 on the contrary destroys his physical powers, and in 
 
 thin, the body weak and powerless, and nothing is 
 left but skm and bones. His walking powers be 
 
 Z:"'""!' ' "'^ ^^^°'"8^ "- 4t Top^um- 
 LTh ?■ n^ '^ ^ ''™" ''^ """""t ™« «««' 'ate 
 
 n. I„^^; ^r^'" "'''' "^ ^""'^ to opium-smok- 
 ing cannot fully apply themselves to their studies ■ 
 shopmen cannot rise early to prosecute their duties '■ 
 and artisans hav3 not strength for their work. Thus 
 no provision can-be made for the future, and money 
 
 scattered. ' '"" """"■"""'='' ^^ •'-™- 
 
 is n'lir„H '' ""'t ""^ '''*" ''^^'^' tl"^'' ^-dition 
 s a pitiable o„e_^ They will sell their land and houses. 
 
 cravin^P^f. ""VT^y '" ^"y °P'™' '» »'W 
 
 LTthet.f" Kr"';''^*'' """"y Soes, and they 
 sell their daughters, it may be, as slaves or priestessef^ 
 
 motev tL"" -iT *f ""'^- """"S exhausted thi 
 money they will then sell their wives all to <,ri 
 
 money to satisfy the awful craving Thlf ^ 
 
 „ • J „e n 1. o-wiui craving, ihey are now 
 
 vo dot all shame, and having disposed of all they 
 
 possess, they next seek to borrow of friends and re^ 
 
A FEW OF THE EVILS OF OPIUM, 
 
 41 
 
 latives. In this respect they succeed for a few times, 
 but there being no end to their borrowing, and no 
 likelihood of their repaying, their relatives commence 
 to revile and hate them, and pay no heed to their 
 demands. Having reached this point, friendless and 
 penniless, they now take the clothes from their 
 bodies and sell them, that money may be had to buy 
 opium. When this has been squandered, what 
 words can describe their utter misery and destitu- 
 tion—friendless, penniless, clothesiess, while within 
 remains that dreadful craving ! The entire body 
 shakes, the eyes water, the hands and feet tremble, 
 and the heart is greatly troubled. Sleeping, sitting, 
 standing, walking, alike fail to give relief, and they 
 scream like frightened aniu)als ! Bystanders dis- 
 regard their miseries, and say that such people ought 
 thus to suffer. If they should now seek to break 
 off opium, they find they cannot do so. When they 
 have not the means to continue eating the drug, in 
 despair they become street beggars, and spend their 
 nights in decayed houses or temples. Winter draws 
 near and they have neither clothes for their bodies, 
 boots for their feet, nor hats for their heads, and 
 have to cover their naked bodies with straw mats, 
 which also serve for beddirij^- at night. They are 
 both exceedingly hungry and cold, while again re- 
 turns the terrible craving, so that in utter misery 
 they buy the dregs of opium from those who are 
 better off, and placing them in boiling water, drink 
 
 I 
 
 11 
 
42 
 
 A PEW OF THE EVILS OP OPIUM. 
 
 it to allay their craving. Thus they spend their 
 hves in impoverishment and misery 
 
 Their bodies are like those of dirty and loathsome 
 beasts and should they pass along the streets, the 
 dogs all follow barking incessantly and desiring to 
 bite them Before such there is nothing but hell. 
 CMnere''^ '''° "^^^^ wretchedness this is to the 
 
 Again there is another terrible evil. Should a 
 wife be at variance with her husband ; should two 
 brothers have a strife; should one be in distress, 
 
 worth of ^ '' '"'^"' ''^^ "^" ^"3^ ^ '-^ eents 
 worth of raw opium, and having eaten it, death pro- 
 bably ensues m a few hours. 
 
 Thus it may be seen that the evils of opium are 
 very many, and very great, so that tongue cannot 
 tell what sorrows the Chinese endure through the 
 use of opium. ** ^ 
 
.1 
 
CHINESE MANDARIN. 
 
WHO WILL OPEN THE DOOR FOR 
 LING TE ? 
 
 BY CLARA M. CUSHMAN. 
 
 I am a stupid little Chinese girl 
 Some days I am so naughty my grandma says I 
 shall probably be a monkey after I die. 
 
 This scares me and gives me a big pain in my 
 heart. I am sure I was born on an unlucky day. 
 They tell me my mother cried a great many tears 
 because I was a girl, and my grandma and father 
 were very cross and angry. 
 
 I go into the temple and pray the old god to make 
 me over into a boy. Alas ! It is of no use. 
 
 Sometimes I pray the god to help me to be good 
 so I can be a boy after I die, but I cannot see that 
 he helps me at all. I still have my naughty days. 
 
 They named me Ling Te, which means "Lead 
 along a brother," but when another baby came she 
 was a girl too. I heard my father say, " We are too 
 poor to keep another girl." Mother said, " I have 
 had such a hard time I wish I had died when I was 
 a baby ; the poor little thing had better die." 
 
 She cried a great many tears. Father took the 
 baby away and I never saw her. 
 
 \i 
 
46 
 
 WHO WILL OPEN THE DOOR FOE LING TE ? 
 
 *ha1llter:;;„fS ,•'-•'- ^'^-, ana 
 black, shiny mule ^ Of r T' ""^^ "^ "«■ 
 
 --„an e:j:„,inra%t:r:r5 
 
 When he was a month old we gave a h,V f„„ * 
 and a barber shaved off every bit ffhi, h^f Oh 
 how pretty his little white head was Hitsi„ t' 
 eyes looked as bright as buttons. Thev unUed ht 
 
 *txt::dr°'"-^'"-'''^"«i-i,rrj 
 
 Grandma gave him a red cap all covered with 
 stus'^r 'f '™'''"«-«'--. beca: e ;'e evU 
 
 andbra.elet:rhifaTmn:k:;rb''d''""' 
 away from his heart '^ ^' "''"' 'P'"'^ 
 
 earhradL\t;h;fs?"r;ard''^^b '°' ''' ^ 
 H'ot. don. yon know ca^wrsar^^r 
 
 i 
 
 inf; 
 
WHO WILL OPEN THE DOOR FOR LING TE ? 47 
 
 Stumble or fall, and I wish the boy may go safely 
 through life and always have a smooth road like the 
 cat's." 
 
 Soon after this grandmother brought bandat.es 
 nine feet long, and I heard her say to my moth'er 
 "You must bind Ling Te's feet." Mother said' 
 ' Oh, I dread it, for she will fuss and cry and keep 
 us awake at nights." 
 
 " You must surely do it," said grandma, in her 
 stern way. " Why. how do you expect to get a 
 mother-in-law for her if her feet are not bound ? " 
 
 This scared me. for I have heard some girls say 
 It IS terrible not to have a mother-in-law. I ran 
 away. 
 
 I had .^0 come home at night. Grandma was 
 angry and said, « If you run away again. I will send 
 the foreign demons after you ; they will dig out 
 your eyes and your heart, and take off your skin 
 and take you off" to America, and after you die you 
 will be a donkey for them to ride." This scared me 
 of course, and she began to turn my toes under, and 
 wind the lo^^- bandages around my feet. 
 
 Tighter and tighter she drew them, and when I 
 could not bear it, and began to struggle and scream 
 and kick, she called my father and mother to hold 
 me. I could not sleep that night for the pain. 
 
 I can never tell how my feet ached ; after a few 
 days they were so sore and lame I could not walk 
 Once my mother said, softly and sweetly, " Poor 
 
 
48 
 
 WHO WILL OPEN THE DOOR FOR LING TE ? 
 
 I J! 
 
 ehild,-' and that .eemed to make me feel a little 
 
 and I can walk on my heels pretty well 
 
 ^ijr'^ ^ f ' ."7 ^''*'"'"'* ^"'"'"'"g <"> some fine 
 clothes a^d I aa.d. " Grandma, who are%h„se clothes 
 
 "Forme." 
 
 " Why do you make them so fine ? " 
 " Because they are my grave clothes." 
 Why! Are you going to die?" 
 
 " Very soon ? " 
 
 " Who knows ? Don't talk about it ! " 
 Why do put in so much cotton ? " 
 
 "Because the grave is so cold." When she told 
 me how eold folks are when they d.e, her old a e 
 looked so sad I could not look at her, and it made 
 me shiver. I hope I shall not die t 
 
 One day I heard father say, "My venerable 
 mother ,s getting feeble. I must sell a doZ^^a 
 buy her a coffin. I know she will feel better if she 
 sees It all ready for her." 
 
 The next day our little black donkey was ^one 
 
 wt:X',rd":rtrhe7'''-^^%'''^"' 
 
 Ian of tr r ''""^' """'• ^"^ "'°''^ «^ --="» 
 
 We looked in it a long time, and said this and 
 
WHO WILL OPEN THE DOOR FOR LING TE ? 49 
 
 that but grandma only looked once and then 
 nobbled away. 
 
 I ran after her, and said, " Why. grandma, don't 
 you like your coffin ? " 
 
 She did not answer me. I heard her say " Oh 
 Buddhai Oh, Buddha! It looks so black and 
 ionely ! How can I lie there all alone ? " I saw it 
 made her afraid co think of being put in the coffin 
 
 One day my mother put a long brass pin in grand- 
 ma's hair. " What is it for ? " I asked 
 
 "To rap at the gate of heaven with," said she 
 
 All these things made me wonder about death 
 
 "Donr. l^r.T '^'' '^'^ ^^^ ^^««« ^"d said. 
 I3on t talk about that ; it is not polite " 
 
 During the sixth moon. Wen Shan, one of our 
 neighbors girls, came back from the Pekin School 
 She looked so queer to us I They had taken the 
 bandages from her feet, and she walked like a boy 
 and her feet were nearly as big as a boy's 
 
 I laughed at her because she had followed the 
 
 eT h^f f?'"' ""^ ^'^ " ^"^'^ ^'^^' ^"d - boy's 
 teet, but often my poor feet ached so that I wished 
 
 in my heart, that I had boy's feet too 
 
 .}.tl ^rt """ "11 '"^'^' 'P^'^ ^*' ^^° Shan, because 
 she had been off to the Mission School, but she was 
 so gentle and kind, we got ashamed to make I" 
 feel sad. One day I said, " Why don't you ^et 
 angry and call names as you used to do ? " 
 "Because Jesus said, 'Love your enemies.'" 
 
 4 
 
Nil 
 
 '1,1(1 
 
 s 
 
 li'l 
 I 
 
 50 WHO WILI. OPEN THE DOOR FOR LINO TE ? 
 
 "feux? WhoisJesm? Is he your teacher ? " 
 1 hen she told me a beautiful story about her 
 
 Jesus, I did not believe it, but I liked to hear it 
 aJl the same. 
 
 We all liked to look at her doll, and the pretty 
 thmgs that came from America, in a box for the 
 School. No one in our village ever saw such pretty 
 things. Everybody went lo .see her home after .,he 
 
 sr""n 'I .? "'"^ "''•■ ^"f^^' P'''"«» "nd cards. 
 She called them " Christ.u.s cards." She says 
 
 Ch tmas .s W birthday and the nicest day [„ 
 all the year. ,Ve girls wish we could have Christ- 
 mas ,n our village ! 8he says the verses on the cards 
 are Bible verses, and the Bible, she says, is the book 
 the true bod has given us, to help us to be good 
 and^please H,m, so that we can go to Heaven when 
 
 When I told grandma, she said. " Ask Wen Shan 
 to brmg her Bible Book over here and read to me 
 and I want to hear about her Jesus God, too." 
 
 When Wen Shan came I could see that grandma 
 loved to hear her talk about Jesus. W^n Shan 
 seems to love her Jesus, but we are afraid of our 
 
 fhan o"rs. ""'""'" ' '''"' "^^^ """^ ™''^' "^ "?- 
 No woman in our village can read. It is a 
 wonderful thing to hear her read as well as the 
 Mandanns ! One day she read where Jesus said he 
 w^ going away to prepare a great many mansions, 
 and he promised to come again for his friends 
 
is very nice for the 
 
 1 1 
 
 WHO WILL OPEN THE DOOR FOR LING TE ? 51 
 
 Grandma said, " That 
 foreigners," 
 
 But Wen Shan said, " He is Heaven's Lord— our 
 Heavenly Father ; we are all His children. He loves 
 Chinese just as well as he does Americans." 
 
 "Do you think there is a heaven for m^, too ? " 
 said grandma, and her voice shook so it made me 
 feel very queer in my heart. 
 " Yes, surely there is." 
 
 "But I am nothing but a poor stupid old woman, 
 and I am afraid He won't want me in His fine man- 
 sions," said grandma. 
 
 After this I noticed grandma did not burn any 
 more incense tj the gods, and sometimes it seemed 
 to me she was talking with someone I could not 
 see. 
 
 When the cold weather came she began to coucrh 
 and grow weak, and one day I heard them say 
 "She cannot live long." My mother bathed her' 
 and put on her line clothes, and the priests came' 
 from the temple and beat their drums and gongs to 
 scare away the demons, that they say watch for the 
 dying. Poor old grandma opened her eyes and 
 looked so scar(!d I could not look at her ! 
 
 Mother put the brass ring in her hair, and she 
 shut her fingers around it tight. 
 
 AH at once she said, "Send Ling Te to that 
 Jesus School." Then she went ofi' to sleep. About 
 midnight she opened her eyes and smiled so gladly ! 
 But she did not seem to see us. 
 
62 
 
 WHO WILL OPEN THE DOOR FOR LING TE ? 
 
 " Oh, Look ! Look ! " " Tlie door h open." " Oh 
 how beautiful ! " Yes. it is my mansion ! " 
 
 "So big ! " " There is room for all of us-I'll ao 
 nrst and wait for you." 
 
 Then she folde 1 her hands and went to sleep and 
 they put her in the black coffin and fastened down 
 the cover with pej^.s. 
 
 I found the old brass pin on the floor; I was so 
 sorry for grandma, until I remembered she said the 
 gate was wide open, so I thought she would not 
 need to rap. 
 
 After the funeral mother talked a great de.! to me 
 about gomg to the Jesus School. One day, when 
 my father could not hear, she said, " I ^ant to know 
 more about Jesus. I can never read His Bible Book 
 but you can go, my daughter, and learn, and then 
 you can tell me." 
 
 I was very anxious to go, for the cold weather 
 made my feet sore, and I cried every time I changed 
 the bandages. At last my father said, " Oh, well 
 she IS nothmg but a girl-let her go. I shall save 
 rice by It. So one day I started out on the little 
 white donkey for the Jesus School. My heart felt 
 big and shaky but I was glad to go 
 
 It was a long ride to Tsunhua. When we reached 
 there the gate-keeper led us to Miss Hale She 
 took us into her beautiful room and let us see the 
 iron tailor sew, a,.d we heard the organ make its 
 beautiful noise, and then she showed us the GirL.' 
 ochool. - * ^ 
 
 i 
 
WHO WILL OPEN THE DOOR FOR LING TE ? 53 
 
 I began to see that / had reached Heaven, and 
 looked around for grandma. 
 
 The girls looked very happy, skipping around on 
 their big feet, and I was glad to bo there, too. But 
 when my father talked to Miss Hale about leaving 
 nie, her face grew very sad and she said, " I can- 
 not take her; ray school is full! I have already 
 turned away seven girls tu-dav." 
 
 " Why," said I, " you must be mistaken ; Grandma 
 said thore was roon: for *11 of us." 
 
 She put her e ins aro'<nd me ami said, "Poor 
 child, I am so sor.y, but t .ere truly is no room for 
 you. I have asked :i:o kuid friend.s in America to 
 send money to put up more rooms, for it costs one 
 hundred dollars to build a room and thirty dollars a 
 year to support a girl. If they will send it, then I 
 can take you." 
 
 This was a far-away hope and did not comfort me 
 much. 
 
 My happy heart was turned to iron, and my words 
 and tears were all frozen up together. My father 
 led me away out through the gate. 
 
 I did not think the keeper would really .shut it in 
 my face but he did. He shut the gate of Heaven 
 in my face and I had not even seen my grandma ! 
 
 Now I am thinking all thu time about those happy 
 girls inside while I am shut outside. I often see a 
 hungry look on my mother's face, and she .says to 
 me, "Oh, my daughter; I did hope I was going to 
 know about Jesus." 
 
54 
 
 WHO mil OPEN THE DOOR Pen Um TE? 
 
 I don't know how to pray to Jesus-I wish I did 
 
 over here to Clima-enough to make a place for thi, 
 ^tupKl ch,ld, for, oh, dear Jesu.,, it n.ake' " e L „ 
 bad to be shut out" 
 
 '^^^^M^anJ:^.^IZ ch- - • 
 
 receivmop a 
 
 
:did 
 
 f'our 
 mey 
 this 
 il so 
 
 ? a 
 ay- 
 
 : 
 
 ROBERT MORRISON, 
 
 MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR. 
 
 I 
 
 Searching one day, in the closing year of the eigh- 
 teenth century, among the manuscripts of the British 
 Museum, the Rev. W. Mosoley, LL.D., unexpectedly 
 came upon a volume written in the strange charac- 
 ters of China. It had been brought by Sir Hans 
 Sloane, sixty years before, from Canton, perhaps as 
 an Oriental curiosity. Dr. Moseley, with the assist- 
 ance of others, found it contained a harmony of the 
 four gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, the Epistles 
 of St. Paul, and a chapter of the Epistle to the 
 Hebrews, all in the then almost unknown language of 
 China. Who the translator was, where he had lived, 
 and what was his object, is still unknown. Dr. 
 Moseley, not n little pleased with his discovery, 
 wrote a memoir about it, which has come to mark an 
 epoch in the history of the religious conquest of 
 China. He argued impressively that it was right, 
 and must therefore be possible, to give the Chinese 
 the whole of the Bible in their own tongue. It was 
 a trumpet call to duty, which soon met with a noble 
 response. This work has long since been done, and 
 
 M 
 
56 
 
 ROBERT MORRISON, 
 
 hi 
 
 had been pointed T vert c e.l r'' 1'' ^"^'^ 
 
 attempted; but who wa'tte wf "!, '"^ '° '^'^ 
 
 'nan who would risk hLve Jl,^ "'"' '"''"'''^'y 
 
 he mu,,t d„-i„ the exe utLZ ^ ^~" "^ ■"""' ^"^ 
 
 A pious member of tl!e Kirlclf /'°T""° ^ '"'"'^ ^ 
 
 Dumfermline a f^r„ f Scotland, born at 
 
 and boot^el ri '"> ■'""''^'"•■"'''''-"f 'ast. 
 
 Where he woIS IZ Z:',Z^Zil T'"'''' 
 try near there Snnn k "^^"^ ^^^^ ^oun- 
 
 godly eoupl had e , ht cMl T '" ^ "" ^'''^'- 'T''- 
 
 P^alm, in the o':t:ZlV^,Z't " ''' '''"' 
 had it so firmly fixed in M T'"™', ™'-«""'. and he 
 
 the order made^ I^^II^^Z Z "T"^:!' 
 
 ~:d ^::t^'tri'^"^' - ^Henlef:: 
 
 Morpeth to tl but d,", ? " '"'"'■ '"""""^ 
 find him very dihW 1 f ''" "' '''''^'''^' -^ 
 and st«dyin,f af efth '^"■•""'■'^' ''"'■ving the Lord, 
 
 would b/v:dot im :ti7 r' :''" -'-^ 
 
 --<n.e,andforthemrt:;Ud;rf^::tr: 
 
MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR. 57 
 
 headaches, with fits of heavy drowsiness, which 
 make his success as a scholar and translator more 
 remarkable. 
 
 Profound sincerity and truthfulness were, from 
 the first, leadinor features in the character of the 
 future China missionary. Durinjr the early years 
 of his life in Newcastle, and from the evil influence 
 of young companions, he fell into loose habits for a 
 tnne, grew profane, and once became intoxicated. 
 But the grace of God was with him even in this 
 dark hour, and he was soon overwhelmed with the 
 bitterest remorse, followed by sincere repentance 
 and the joy of a new and higher life beginninc. to 
 break through the dead husks of dry formality. 
 He thus records in a manly and sincere style his 
 experience: "Sin became a burden. It was then 
 that I experienced a change of life, and, I trust a 
 change of heart, too. 1 broke off' from my former 
 careless companions, and gave myself to reading, to 
 meditation and to prayer. It pleased God to reveal 
 His Son to me, and at that time I experienced much 
 of the ' kindness of youth, and the love of espousals' 
 and though the flush of aflfection wore off, I trust 
 my love to and knowledge of the Saviour 'have in- 
 creased." 
 
 A "prayer society " met in his father's workshop 
 every Monday. Young Robert was regularly in his 
 place on those occasions, and often took part in lead- 
 ing the devotions of this pious band. It is interest- 
 ing to note that, in 1799. he had borrowed a mission- 
 
 
58 
 
 ROBERT MORRISON, 
 
 came a missionary, Faithfnll,, i,„ t n , . 
 
 Master's command I. .virftt'L K Tl ^'' 
 anions the poor of Newca tie 'H " , ''' '""'' 
 hi.n for efforts amon.Thel'k TK "'' f^P""'' 
 with truth be .sai,l that ont t *. ''■ ""'' " "'"y 
 
 that „oHo„s p Jurorm'otr^Sst— 
 
 Medical Mission " ' *^^® 
 
 Socie?;."" " *" '''"^"'"f "^-^ ^-"on Mission^ 
 His diary is not usually very interesting n 
 
 in tllutt ranees""";: f^'T """"■'"« f""'' 
 
 ^^iar.,hepithir;tys[:r:,''::rar^!^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 18 best never to do but one thin^ at a thZ'" n 
 
 "leans, is strongly dmwn r..,* , u 
 
 e,^J aiawn out when we read, as in 
 
MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR. 59 
 
 an entry of 1803. "This day I entered with Mr 
 Laidler to learn Latin. I paid ten shillir,,s and 
 sixpence, the entrance money, and atn to pay one 
 guinea per quarter. I know not what may be the 
 end ; God only knows. It is my desire, if He please 
 to spare me in the world, to serve the Gospel of 
 Christ as He shall ^We me opportunity." 
 
 Before leaving his native land, Morrison was 
 anxious to acquire all the practical knowled<.e 
 possible He gave some attention to medicine, and 
 diligently visited St. Bartholomew's Hospital • he 
 also walked to the Observatory at Greenwich daily 
 where he studied astronomy with Hutton. Du-ng 
 the^walk each way, he had generally an open book 
 in his hand. 
 
 So eager was Morrison to begin work on the Chi- 
 nese language that he gladly availed himself while 
 m London, of the services of a Chinaman residing 
 there, Yong Sam Tak, who afterwards joined him in 
 the East The embryo missionary was soon busy at 
 work under his Celestial guide, and diligently copied 
 out the Chinese Harmony of the gospels already 
 mentioned. This was of some service afterwards to 
 him in the mission field, but much of his other 
 studies m the language proved to be of little practical 
 value. Indeed, this seems to be the experience of 
 those wh,o attempt to study a living Oriental lan- 
 guage away from the conditions in which it grows 
 up, and m which it is to be daily exercised. 
 
 While working very hard at these new studie.s— 
 
60 
 
 Ifli 
 
 Robert Morkison, 
 
 now not only to him, but to English 
 -he writ.., f„M, c^j,,^^, ^"gl'sh 
 
 writes to his father-" Th?'""","";*''""™"^ 
 my dear father is w™ „ ; "* ''^f""' >'*. 
 
 ">e arn, of Goc.; If J Vicl 7^.' ™^ '"'^ ' '» - 
 - a specimen of thei d st Uion :""' ' "" ""'' 
 one. He is obstinate LalT "' " '■* ^"^ ''=«' 
 
 "-things of Goj U :;;;?''''"■" '"''."-^ of 
 
 Yon,. San, did not belie his coXt thi- sf"'"'"'^' 
 l his shrewd tl.^mnM. j !■ ' staifiment. 
 
 '^"y whn, bend ro?e Ir r'f ?'''"'""™. 0"» 
 
 ■^'onished pup;; ,f ,,,„., Ze7!l°°''' ^'"'^ '"^ 
 adding that i» |,„,| „ ,„ ,, ^^ " "an or a ..Toman, 
 
 Hin. in his o J conX rf""" "' " "°"'"" ''"« 
 anyone acquainted with Chin« """' """' "'''"•' 'o 
 -y of putting his «r Ve?-'"'^"'^^"' 
 Buddhist spirit of mercv , -^ , " * "^n"'- 
 
 Chineso and' JapanosT I^.Tt^ T'T' '" 
 sometimes pictured »= „ , ^'"'' ''«"ng is 
 
 female; b„ral wl s L Jt 1 ""^i' f-quently L 
 
 he-pful to the so rowfuTt Zl '•"'"■ '"™''"'- 
 nearest concention in T T ^""^"ng, the very 
 
 i^ivinesavr:?:::,^^^"-'"'''''""'''"^"'' 
 
 to either' RoberrMofiso: oT^-'f '^'^ ""'■' " "- 
 Sam had one dayZZen J TP'"' ^°»*^ 
 piece of paper as L ZlZ InTh d •"""■' "" " 
 
 ^.'PupiHo commit tomerrMSdidrau!? 
 
MISSIONARY AND TRAySLATOR. g] 
 
 then very innocently threw the useless scrap to the 
 flames. The fire flared up. and so did Yonjr Sam 
 lak. as only an angry Chinaman can. For three 
 days the learned gentleman sulked, and refused to 
 give a single lesson. When the Chinese studies 
 were resumed, a "new departure " had to be made 
 and poor Morrison had now to paint his hierodvphs 
 on a plate of tin; so that in place of burning" them 
 he could wipe then, out when they had been mas- 
 tered. Morrison was quite shocked to find that his 
 Celestial posses.sed so touchy a spirit. If the two 
 hundred odd millions who speak this tongue were to 
 oe carefully examined, however, a very nearly 
 unanimous and perfectly sincere opinion would be 
 obtained, that Yong Sam had really shown very 
 superior virtue under a trial most severe to a rever- 
 ent mind. When letters are burned, they are sup- 
 posed to carry their message to •; ,e ghostly tenants 
 of the other world. What was written we are not 
 told ; but at all events Yong Sam was transgressing 
 the laws of his country in teaching his language to 
 a barbarian, and there was the barbarian actually 
 telling his spirit ancestors of it. 
 
 Greatly changed are the circumstances of a voy- 
 age to China in these happier days. Our missionary 
 left Gravesend for New York (at which port he 
 ftoped to get a vessel going to China) on January 
 2bth, 1807, and arrived on the 20th of April — 
 nearly three months. We get a brief but very in- 
 teresting glimpse of him, in the setting of his 
 
62 
 
 ROBERT MORRISON, 
 
 imi 
 
 i 
 
 harder and coarser time,,, ^, he leaves the borders of 
 a Chr,st.a„ c,vili.atio„ to carry the torch of Kvine 
 truth into pagan darkness. After »ll ,« .» , , 
 at last been arranged in the N. v , f '""^ 
 
 Mr. Morrison, you exoecfc in m«t« • ' 
 
 the idolatry of the Gre! X T ^™P^^««^«« on 
 
 ci.." -J T^; ,V ^** Chinese Empire?" '« Nn 
 
 sir, said Mr. Morrison wJfK i °' 
 
 he usually showed^T?' -tttrdtilf" '™^^^ "•- 
 
 linKlo i^r. i-u ,. ""Jt^i-i', as tne Chinese wer« 
 
 Jiable to the penalty of death for teaching. thpirT 
 guage to a foreio-nAr • h^.i- u ''«aening their lan- 
 ?r,c* X- ^"^^^gn^r. but he succeeded in frpffino- 
 instructions somehow. getting 
 
 Morrison must have gone through «« 
 amount of work in the !arl e t yefrs ot hTsT" 
 C .na. Lest he should arrest atLlL^ an et I 
 
 chop-sticks, Id wTlkTatutlri '?°t-'''' 
 
 Morrison's experience cr^petled C iTot t't 
 "I am pe,^uaded," said he, to Com e -'hat /t"'" 
 missionary, the ffarm»nf Ai * ' ^' '° ''^ » 
 
 •'' '"^S*"™*"'. diet, manner of livinir «n J 
 
 extenor customs ought to be subservient toIw^TJ 
 
MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR. 
 
 63 
 
 with a Chinese pen brou<i;ht on a severe pain in his 
 side, and he gave up his Chinese ways, and returned 
 to " barbarian " usages once more. 
 
 It had been expected by Morrison that the, 
 Chinese hinguage would be a hard nut to crack, 
 but new difficulties sprang up that had not been 
 foreseen. He began to tind that the West End, so 
 to say, of Canton, could not understand the dialect 
 of its Whitechapel. He declared that he thought 
 this was affectation, but it is now quite evident that 
 there are several languages— not to mention the 
 many dialects— spoken in China. Again he writes : 
 "There is a great difficulty that now occurs to me. 
 Neither the Mandarin tongue nor fine writing is 
 understood by the great bulk of the people. The 
 number of poor people is immense ; and the poor 
 must have the gospel preached to and written for 
 them." 
 
 While Morrison was strenuously wrestling with 
 the problems of Paganism and devoting himself 
 throughout all to the better mastery of the language, 
 he lived in two small rooms, along with three Chinese 
 lads, whom he tried to teach. They seemed to have 
 been most unpromising specimens of the race, and 
 indeed it was not then possible to get respectable 
 Chinamen as servants. One of them in a most 
 ruffianly way attacked him when alone, tore his coat, 
 and so abused him that he had to shout for assist- 
 ance. Sadly he came to the not unnatural conclu- 
 sion, as we find in his diary : " That which is most 
 
64 
 
 fit 
 
 ROHERT MOimiSON, 
 
 de«irabie is ,mpr.,cf,i™We, namely, 
 
 hav( 
 
 to live with 
 
 iiriL'se, 
 conversatioi 
 thinff that is nnf 'r.f T^' "' '^""'''^' '" every- 
 
 Chinese soeierwas exleme ""h V '''""""" ''•"" 
 generally preachld to 1 ' '^ "' ''™™^ '^'''^ 
 two or three '-'v.dual, or, at „,ost, to 
 
 Macao. It was, ti , 1^ ,v YJT ""'""™' "' 
 
 tenure fro. the ChineseTuttt j'so^rirtlt' 
 been coDcederJ fn +u^ t^- '*' ='"^«^»eignty has 
 
 Chinese now forn th >' "' ^"^'"S"'' Th„ 
 
 but the "ZIZ ^JirT "' ''^ P^P"'"*'-' 
 like a fossil lit f 11 ''""'"'' '=''"'^''™'. '« 
 
 cbina. It ::: lere '^^1:^:: 'r r 
 
 trn^:yt;::.Tete^'-""T'^^'-^--^^^^^^^ 
 
 any ne nad yet expenencod. 
 
 had not OCT. to ..ak. money the T "'""■ "'"' 
 They beeam really ^o.^Z! .^n^::^! ^^ 
 
 tae Chinese oleiJs the^ t '^V^ 
 
MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR. 
 
 65 
 
 troublesome to foreigners generally, and were in 
 the habit of suddenly entering into their houses 
 without any previous intimation of their approach. 
 His case was especially difficult, for without abun- 
 dant native intercourse, it was almost impossible to 
 get the proper sources of information. He writes 
 again: "This shrewd and discerning people are 
 absurd and unreasonable enough to consider it 
 criminal for foreigners to know their language or 
 possess their books." He was afraid to venture out 
 at all ; but the close confinement with so much hard 
 study in a sub-tropical climate began to tell severely 
 upon his health, and probably left its effects. At 
 last he succeeded, with two Chinese friends, in get- 
 ting a breath of air on quiet moonlight nights. 
 
 It does not appear that religious opposition was 
 at the bottom of the series of ingenious obstacles 
 that Morrison and the early missionaries in China 
 had to encounter, Bather it seemed that the 
 C nese authorities and merchants feared that the 
 fo. ^n powers, certainly including England, meant 
 aggression of some kind, or, perhaps, commercial 
 monopoly. It was now, however, found possible to 
 get some little progress n. .de in translatinjr the 
 Word of God, arui in fixing terms to I. used In 
 giving ceitainty to the main teachings of Chris- 
 tianity. This latter, indeed, proved to be a very 
 serious undertaking, nor is it yet quite satisfactorily 
 accomplished. 
 
 A colleague was appointed to join him in bis '?oli 
 6 
 
66 
 
 ROBERT MORRISON, 
 
 
 tary stru^ffle. Mr. Milne, a scholarly man who 
 was sent from the London Mi.s.sionary Society, first 
 (in ISU) came to that quiet bit of old Portucral 
 Macao whicl then held the place which its ^reat 
 British rival, Hontf Konj:, now holds as the key to 
 the c .mmerce of Canton. In Macao, relij^ious intol- 
 erance was ran.pant. for it was then, and for a long 
 time before that, a stronghold of Jesuit intrirrue 
 Ihis new Protestant missionary n.ight, if he would' 
 go to preacli in pagan Canton; but he micrht not 
 remain to study in the good Catholic town of Macao 
 bo being driven from Macao, by command of the 
 Governor, to Canton ho went, for it was now pos- 
 sible to live there. 
 
 Mr Milne was not long in making himself master 
 of what was then known of the Chinese tongue. 
 So Morrison and he divided the work which had to 
 be done on the Old Testament between then, set to 
 their task in real earnest, and before many years 
 had passed, the translation into intelligible and fairly 
 accurate Chinese had actually been published and 
 circulated in China. The once " impossible " had 
 been honestly accomplished. The difficulties of the 
 Chinese language had. at last, been conquered and 
 against tremendous odds, by these valiant soldiers of 
 the Cross. It must be remembered that at this time 
 there was no permission to visit or missionize the 
 interior, and the work was at first sternly restricted 
 to the coast and the river population. This was 
 almost the only way that the seed could be sown 
 
 
MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR. 
 
 67 
 
 Constant and grinding work told upon the health 
 of Dr. Morrison, so that he was compelled, though 
 with heartfelt regret, to plan a return to England 
 for a time. But with whom could he entrust the 
 delicate affairs of so young a mission, in circum- 
 stances so momentous as the times presented ? A 
 Chinese Christian named Liang A-fah, no doubt 
 after much prayer and thought, had been set apart 
 as an evangelist. To him was conHded the manage- 
 ment of affairs ; and amidst the severest troubles 
 and persecution, which occurred several years after- 
 wards, he proved himself in every way worthy of 
 the great confidence placed in him by his spiritual 
 father, Dr. Morrison. 
 
 Liang A-fah, among other proofs of Christian zeal 
 and activity, wrote a Chinese tract, called "Good 
 Words to Admonish the Age." It does not appear 
 that admonition was exactly what the age was 
 craving for just then, and the fact came into pro- 
 minence very distinctly and very disagreeably in 
 this way. 
 
 Nearly every kind of official eminence and politi- 
 cal success in China is based upon education, tested 
 by a grand Imperial system of examinations as a 
 first step towards the takin/j of degrees. Indeed, 
 the system is not unlike that pursued by the Lon- 
 don University. The exami.iations are open prac- 
 tically to all who wish to present themselves, nor do 
 the students require to have been resident at any 
 
ii' 
 
 68 
 
 llOBERT MORRISON, 
 
 particular school or university. They may have 
 been entirely self-taught for all that is asked on this 
 point Now, it happened that in the year 1833 not 
 less than 24,000 of these students-youn. lads, most 
 ot them, from various parts of the country-lmd 
 come to Canton to be tested by examination in the 
 usual way. Good Liang A-fah. zealous to utilize 
 such a glorious opportunity of addressing what 
 might justly be termed the cream of tlie people 
 men of intelligence and culture who would, many of 
 them, soon occupy the highest positions of honor 
 and responsibility the State could confer, circulated 
 «unong them 2.500 copies of liis innocent little " Good 
 Words," which, alas, nearly provcl verv costly to 
 him. " "^ 
 
 Just about the time that Lord Napier was ap- 
 pointed Jiritish Consul in China-with Dr. Morri.son. 
 by the way, as secretary and interpreter, at a salary 
 ot £1,300— a bitter and violent outcry was raised 
 as had once or twice been done before, a.rainst 
 "traitorous " Chinamen lending assistance to for- 
 eigners in learning the language. A senseless pro- 
 clamation was therefore issued by the Mandarins 
 against those who get up the "evil ami obscene 
 books of the outsi.le barbariahs," or, as we should 
 say, unorthodox books. It referred pretty plainly 
 to certain evil-doers who pretended to "admonish 
 the age," and as Lord Napier (with Morrison's olKcial 
 help, no doubt) had issued an appeal to the Chinese 
 
MISSIONAUY AND TRANSLATOR. 
 
 69 
 
 it spoke of the help that it was thought natives 
 must necessarily have rendered, as traitorous. 
 Orders were given to soarcli for the offenders, and 
 poor Liang A-fah and his press assistants were 
 naturally suspected. Dr. Wells Williams thus re- 
 lates what took place : " Two of the latter were 
 seized, one of whom was beaten with forty stripes 
 upon his face for refusing to divulge; the other 
 made a full disclosure, and the police next day re- 
 paired to his shop and seized three printers, with 
 four hundred volumes and blocks; the men were 
 subsequently released by paying about eight hun- 
 dred dollars." A quantity of type used for printing 
 the Chinese Bible, of which l)r. Morrison had pre" 
 sented His Majesty George IV. with a copy, when 
 in England, and many tine cut blocks were destroyed. 
 The boys' school was quite broken up, and Liang 
 A-fah sought safety in flight to Macao, relentlessly 
 pursued by the Chinese police. He ultimately 
 •found a safe retreat at Singapore, where, under 
 British rule and protection, he could work to his 
 heart's content among his Chinese countrymen who 
 resided there, as they still do, in great numbers. 
 
 The police succeeded in capturing three of A-fah's 
 relatives at his native village, and in accordance 
 with national laws or customs, they were promptly 
 dealt with, and his house closed up with official 
 stamp and seal. It is tiiought if A-fah had fallen 
 into official hands, he would have paid the penalty 
 
 m 
 
70 
 
 ROBERT MORRISON, 
 
 wi h his life. The poor Chinese sufferer for his 
 taith aiterwards wrote: "I call to mind that all 
 who preach the Gospel of the Lord Jesus must suffer 
 persecution; and thouo^h 1 cannot equal the patience 
 of Paul or Job, I desire to imitate the ancient saints 
 and keep my heart in peace." 
 
 Dr. Morrison was called to his reward August 1, 
 1834, after some months of declining health 
 
 His last sermon was on the first three verses of 
 the fourteenth chapter of John, and entitled. 
 Heaven, the Believer's Home ; " but when the 
 sermon was written he was too feeble to preach it 
 He continued, however, until the last to call his ser- 
 vants and dependents regularly for a service in 
 Chinese. On his last Sabbath of his life on earth 
 he assembled about a dozen for prayer He ex' 
 horted the little band with much fervor, though in 
 extreme weakness, and before another Sabbath 
 dawned upon the far heathen land, the soul of 
 Kobert Morrison was with his God. 
 
 Just a few days before his death he had received 
 an appointment as Secretary of the Englir'.i Lega- 
 tion. But his work was done, and he wa« called to 
 a higher station in the court of the King of kint/s 
 to whose service his life had been given. 
 
 Dr. Morrison has justly been counted one of the 
 most efficient and successful of Protestant mission- 
 anes Yet few that labored so long among the 
 heathen witnessed so little fruit in the way of con- 
 
MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR. 
 
 71 
 
 versions to Christianity. Only two or three converts 
 were made in his entire work of more than twenty- 
 five years. But he wrought for the future, and the 
 testimony of all who have studied the movements 
 of the Christian world against the powers of dark- 
 ness is, that he wrought wisely. 
 
 iJ 
 
PO HENG AND THE IDOLS. 
 
 
 BT REV. S. B. PARTKIDQE. 
 
 Three years ago (April, 1877), I was visiting our 
 out.stat.o„», about forty-five miles west from Swa- 
 tow. On ar„v,„g at the Kui Su chapel one Satur- 
 
 engaged m reading the New Testament. The next 
 mornmg I had to go five miles further, where I 
 spent the day. Returning i„ the afternoon, I found 
 the young man still engaged with hvs book I had 
 some conversation with him, and answered questions 
 .ng xi: "\*''°"' ."^^ P--g- l^e had been read! 
 
 which h! T' ""' "''""""y " "'^ book in 
 which he was becoming much interested ; and he 
 asked permi.,sion to go to Swatow and st^dy with 
 
 etu™ T ".r' "■' °"" ''^"^- Soon afL mj 
 FrnZl'7 !: '""-^"'"<»'^. he joined the clas[ 
 From the first he seemed prepared to receive the 
 truth, and m a few months requested baptism and 
 admission to the Church. After a carefuUnd very 
 satisfactory examination, he was received 
 
 This young man was Po Heng (pronounced Paw 
 Heng , whose history I afterwards learned from his 
 own lips. 
 
fO HENG AND THE IDOLS. 
 
 73 
 
 In his early childhood, the family to which, he 
 belonged consisted of father, mother, one daughter, 
 and five sons. The father was a kind-hearted but 
 simple-minded man, who was unable to keep his 
 family from want. 
 
 When Po Heng was about ten years old, his 
 mother became what, in China, we call an interpre- 
 ter of the gods. In this country we should say she 
 was a spirit-medium. She believed some spirit had 
 taken possession of her, and she could not escape its 
 influence. For some time her husband tried to dis- 
 suade her from becoming an interpreter of the 
 gods ; but she insisted that she could not avoid it. 
 He ceased arguing the matter, after urging her to 
 be fair in her dealings with those who should come 
 to consult her, and never to exact exorbitant fees. 
 
 She seems to have been sincere in her belief that 
 she was under the influence of some spirit, and to 
 have been honest in thinking that the spirit spoke 
 through her. Since that time she has read the New 
 Testament accounts of persons possessed by demons, 
 and in reading has exclaimed : " I understand that! 
 It wafl just so with me." 
 
 She had a group of images made. The idols them- 
 selves may be seen in the Missionary Rooms in Tre- 
 mont Temple, Boston. 
 
 The goddess Sien-ko-nie represented the spirit 
 under whose control she considered herself to be, 
 and was the direct object of worship. After these 
 idols were given to me, I removed a small block of 
 
74 
 
 PO HENG AND THE IDOLS, 
 
 wood from the middle of the back of the goddess 
 and took out a cluster of trinkets hammered out of 
 sohd sdver. There was a miniature foot-rule a pal 
 of scssors, something that looked like a lotu.!flowe 
 and several p.eces that did not seen, to represent' 
 
 thT'odT '" "T""'"- ^'"'^ --^ "^^ ^^' o 
 
 her efficacy. She .s seated on a stork, which is, with 
 the Chmese, the symbol of longevity, but in he case 
 was supposed to be her means of locomotion, "^0 
 on the twenty-fourth day of the twelfth monr of 
 each yea,, she, with other local deities, ascended to 
 the world of spirits and reported to those higher in 
 authority In her right hand she holds a two-edg d 
 sword and in her left a cup painted red on the 
 ns.de to represent blood. The sword and cup mt 
 be intended to symbolize the act of gashing Z 
 tongue and writing mottoes with the blood, mn! 
 tioned on another nno-p tkJc ^ • , . "^cu 
 
 inches in heigU '^ ' ^" """^^ '^ ^^""^ '^^'"y 
 She has four attendants. The first image on her 
 
 called Kim Tong (golden lads). The first bears a 
 
 mmd ot the godde.ss. The first figure on her righ 
 
 called Gek Nung (gemmeous lasses). The first bears 
 
 he seal of the goddess, which is a, symbol of auth'! 
 
 ■ty. The other two are holding scrolls, which are 
 
 s.mply .n honor of their superior, and ;he char!^! 
 
PO HENG AND THE IDOLS. 
 
 76 
 
 
 ters may be freely translated, " The most merciful 
 goddess." 
 
 The Chinese believe that in the world of spirits 
 there are officials and common spirits, just as in 
 their own country there are officials and comuion 
 people; and that the spirits in official positions 
 have attendants, just as do earthly magistrates, the 
 number of their attendants being determined by 
 their rank. 
 
 There are three common methods of learninsr the 
 will or pleasure of the gods. One is by means of 
 an interpreter, who goes into a trance, just as a 
 spirit-medium does, and replies to the questions of 
 the worshipper. Not many of these interpreters are 
 as sincere as was Po Heng's mother. The great 
 majority enter upon the business for the sake of 
 the fees. 
 
 Another method is by means of pieces of bamboo- 
 root, which are flat on one side and convex on the 
 other. The worshipper, after burning incense-sticks 
 and making his requests, drops these blocks on the 
 floor before the idol. If they fall with one convex 
 and one flat surface up, the answer is supposed to be 
 favorable ; if otherwise, that is, with both convex 
 or both flat surfaces up, the answer is supposed to 
 be unfavorable. I should feel better satisfied with 
 this method, if I had not noticed that the worship- 
 pers continued to drop the blocks until their posi- 
 tion indicated a favorable reply. 
 
 A third method is by means of slips of bamboo. 
 
76 
 
 PO HENG AND THE IDOLS. 
 
 temple. CelesZ a' „?* >P "'='''•'' '"■ngin the 
 and shaken unt'^Sne if ?h '" " '=>''''«lrical box, 
 whose numberol'reTponds'wXVe"' V"' '"""^ 
 
 slip is supposed to be tCrep V to fh»"' '^°" **" 
 petition. ™P'y '» 'ne worshipper's 
 
 famous;a„d a'sgTftsler^^^^^^^^ ?.«" ^^^^"^ 
 
 pers, who came by hundreds th^ff =^ """""'^'P- 
 a few years to build a wl «„/ T!^*^ '^''•' ^^^^ ^^ 
 
 When Po Henrwas fiff -^"b^^^ntial house, 
 
 died; and about thai tim/v" ^'T "^^^' ^^' ^^^^er 
 dess told her she mS t sS,d he^r^'' '^'"^ '^' ^'^^ 
 great calamity w^ld befall fh' T^^' ^" ««"^« 
 had been betrotS acco'dt. t"^^ ^^' ,^^"»^*^^ 
 But the mother wild no "L d th?'"' .'"^ 
 was not willing to nart whh )f ^ 'P'"*' ^« ^^^ 
 years later Pn r? P^? ^^"^ ^^er sons. About five 
 
 the famlf^'orr brother' f^:'"^'"'''??^' ^^^ ^^^^d in 
 of two of his brotS-in^ T"' ""^ '^' '^'^'^ 
 within a few weeks' tTr^ Th ^^^J^^'^^^^^-died 
 ing the vengeance of the^ni -f f "'^^^"'' ^^^ ^^ar- 
 ments to semrate h^ *fn, P'"*' ^^ ?""^ «^^^« ^^range- 
 
 and one brThTr^e Xre^nr/- /^ S^ 
 m a neighborinrr vUuL .u ^ ^ell-to-do peon e 
 
 city sonfe nil^d^s^X^ hrWh?'"^ '^ ■" " 
 home with his mother remained at 
 
 inttrprlr ^flr^odle^: ?"'' """■^^ •>--« ■«• 
 a wandering intefprelr of T„"° ^""T' ^''^ ™^ 
 call at their house Ew, ''■^g?<'s, happen.^d to 
 
 She had a ho7e■wUh^em•?oP^'"'"V''^'''"""y• 
 ai■terwa.ds visited rhem t^nl^vT'il^Tir" 
 years ago. this woman in her' w™t4^,',^ ^ 
 
PO HENG AND THE IDOLS. 
 
 77 
 
 Kui Su, and called on a family, one of whose mem- 
 bers, a younnr man, was a Christian, who talked 
 with her about the teachings of Jesus, and told her 
 of our chapel in that place. 
 
 When she n •»!; visited her adopted mother, Po 
 Hen^ was there, and she said to him : " They have 
 a new ^od to worship over at Kui Su. I thought I 
 was walking in the right way, but that seems a 
 good way too ; and, as it wouldn't be proper for me 
 to go the chapel, I wish you would go and learn 
 about the doctrine taught there." So Po Heng went 
 over, the distance being twelve or fifteen miles ; but 
 finding no one at the chapel, he went again, and that 
 was the time I met him. And thus it was that he 
 was directed into the way of life. 
 
 As soon as Po Heng began to believe he began to 
 preach, one of his earliest hearers being his mother, 
 who soon gave two Bible-women a home for several 
 weeks in her house. When she began to pray she 
 said the spirit that had had complete possession of her 
 for twenty years seemed no longer to have control 
 over her. She is a woman of more than ordinary 
 ability, but seems to suffer from palsy, induced, per- 
 haps, by what she has passed through. She used to 
 gash her tongue with a knife, and write with the 
 blood mottoes, which were eagerly sought as potent 
 charms. Three times she " walked the fiery road " ; 
 that is, walked barefooted over a path of burning 
 coals. Several times she washed her face and neck 
 in boiling oil ; once she climbed a ladder, the rounds 
 of which were seventy knives; and once she dived 
 into an eddy in the river near her village, where 
 several persons had been drowned, and was sup- 
 posed to have captured the evil spirit dwelling in 
 
 the depths and 
 were drowned. 
 
 causing the deaths of those who 
 
78 
 
 PO HENO AND THE IDOLS/ 
 
 eom'.^edl^'a'^sJe^^^^ acts. 
 
 «he could res t K' «1^^'\ '^'' ^'^ »«^ ^^elieve 
 preached hyht son aru t'^T^^''^^ '^°«^-' «« 
 
 of prayer. auTto resist T'"'' '^'''''.^^ the efficacy 
 enslaved her ^^'^ P°^^^ '^^^^ had m. lon^ 
 
 his'L\l:/t^ot^^^^^ b^^-ver. I accepted 
 
 mother. In a roon o "S^^'^^iJ 'of'an' ''"'' '" ^"^ 
 «aw a fjrouD of iHnI« /«« ^ ^ ^" ^P^" courfc, I 
 
 which Ihe/hal tld for&Xt"""Th' '"'T 
 01 men and wompn f,.^»! T -^ ^^*^^- -i^housands 
 
 and near, had bowed n wor2n^"?'' "I'^S^'^ '" 
 
 fruit, in i^m a,f a1aS,''r:5%:'«^'''''''«'''»'l 
 and incense-sticks inn,?„ I, "^^ \"'^" presented, 
 before her offt i""""""'*''''' ^ad been burned 
 
 eighty or one'^;f:;^dr:^„o'lChad ."'" """'""' "' 
 annually to the internt„t.J J ■ '"""' Presented 
 the wilfof SieLko.nfe ' • ''° '""'"' '" P^^^^'ly 
 
 hafg^eS IrhHat; S'tf'™? f"'"^ '"'' >>'» ■"""- 
 they^hc.r i e Ihr^wn ",'" i''?^ ""^ "'^» "illins 
 
 thought it best n^ to emo™ tr^' *•' '\^'^'' ^' 
 unti. the first .nonthrfTelt';:, ™™ "'^ ''°"^^' 
 
 ters bo^ brrftleir if I '"''S ^'''--o '''"'a- 
 cessful durin" the vea h ""''•n"^ ">'"■ "' »•><=■ 
 month bring" otferi^lT' „f ^ """ '"■">'^ '"o"''!' 
 
 i^o. . L. . in th- tUSj— ^H t™eTsh^:X*^ 
 
 I 
 
PO HENG AND THE IDOLS. 
 
 79 
 
 to pay their vows, and find the objec their wor- 
 ship cast out, they would dou^tk^^ make a dis- 
 turbfi nee, and cause the family mueh .Jistress. 
 
 But, at the bcL^nnninc? of the new year, he gath- 
 ered them up, put them into a basket, and carried 
 them to the boat, in which he expected to take 
 passage for Swatow. The boatman, however had 
 in some way learned that he was carrying iwav 
 the long-venerated idols, and wonld not allow him 
 to take them on board. If he would desecrate the 
 gods they would not share in the transaction, nor 
 would they run the risk of t him as a passen- 
 
 ger, belie vmg, as they did, tl ney would never 
 reach Swatow, less than twent miles distant So 
 Fo Heng was compelled to take a small boat, and 
 row tor himself. And thus these images came into 
 my possession. 
 
 In renouncing the idc-ls, this interpreter of the 
 goddess relinquished the fees which she had been 
 accustomed to receive, and which were sufficient to 
 provide not only the necessaries of life, but luxuries 
 also. Po Heng had been receiving from the family 
 into which he had been adopted the rice used by 
 his own family; but when he gave up idolatry, and 
 becanie a follower of Jesus, he was told that he 
 would no longer receive this allowance. 
 
 Some weeks after the idols had been carried 
 away, I again went with Po Heng to his mother's 
 house. After the evening meal, wo all met in the 
 room which had been despoiled of the idols The 
 perfume of the incense still lingered there, but 
 there were no visible evidences of idolatrous wor- 
 ship. In the place of the idols' shrine, there was a 
 table, on which were Christian books. A hymn 
 was sung, a passage of Scripture was read, and 
 
80 
 
 PO HENG AND THE IDOLS. 
 
 II I 
 
 then we bowed in prayer to the one true God who 
 created the heavens. 
 
 Po Heng'.s mother was baptized last summer, and 
 is now the companion of one of the Bible-women. 
 Her (lau<»hter, Po long, is an efficient Bible-woman. 
 Po Hen<( is one of our most trustworthy preachers. 
 His daughter was recently baptized. His wife — 
 for he was married again after the death of his 
 first wife — seems to be a sincere believer, but has 
 not yet united with the Church. His three brothers 
 are on friendly terms with Christians. One of 
 them was a confirmed gambler ; but, after Po 
 Heng's conversion, he gave up gambling, very much 
 to the surprise of the neighbors, for the Chinese 
 believe that the habit of gambling cannot be 
 broken up. 
 
 Three years ago, this group of idols was rever- 
 enced by thousands of men and women living in 
 the towns near their shrine. To-day, they are 
 objects of curiosity in this land, where even the 
 children would scorn the thought of bowing before 
 them. 
 
 Three years ago, Po Heng's mother and all her 
 children were worshippers of idols, — .servants of 
 Satan. To-day, nearly all the members of her 
 family are interested in the teachings of Christ ; 
 and several of them are not only worshippers of 
 the true God, but are actively engaged as Christian 
 workers. 
 
 ..." God also hath highly exalted him, and 
 given him a name which is above every name : 
 that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of 
 things in heaven, and things in earth, and things 
 under the the earth ; and that every tongue should 
 confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of 
 God the Father." y 
 
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