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TANCOCK, M.A. ASSISTANT-MASTBR OF SHKR.OBNB SCHOOL WITH FIVE MAPS ^ AIMM MILLER AND COMPANY n WKI.MNCiTON STRKKT WEST TORONTO 1878 Jl 7 i^ 'I Entered accordiiiR to Act of Parliament of Cnnndn, in tlie Office of the Minister of Agriculture, by Adam lMiiii,KK & Co., in the your one thousand ei^ht hundred and Beventy-oight. .-Il C O N T E N T S. r-iST OK First Ministkks, ok Hk.aos of Ministries INI RODtlCIION PAGR . viii I of fclie )iir one nooK I. rriK WAR Willi Tiir. amikkan coi.onirs. 1765-1783. niAc, I. 'Ihc causes (if tlu' (iiinrrcl 11. Tlu! fightiiii.', in America III. War will) I'Vance and Spain 3 9 19 nooK II. TIIR ENGLISH IN INDIA. 1773-1822. I. Tho |ioo|)lc • . . , . 1. India under Warren Hastings tIJ. India Ironi 1783-1813 IV. India under tlic New Charter. 92 as 36 ROOK III. Till VINI.STRY OK PITT. 1783 180I. I. Pitt as a ]M:ue minister II. England dnring Uu- I'rencli Revolution . '. III. Pill as a war niinisier 38 43 47 f R VI Cviilciils. I5(X)K IV. IKKLANI). 1765-1800. I. Ihe dernaiiil foi lii(lt'|)i'ii(k'Mic' . . , , 56 II. Iri'laiid Ix-forc ilic kchrllidn g^ III. 'I'jif l<«l)flli()M of ryi^H *. 6a nooK V. THE KUHOn.AN WAK. 1803-1815. I. 1803-1807 . 5e II. The IVninsiiliir War ••...,, 74 III. The l-'all ol Napoleon g. BOOK VI. THE RESULTS OI IHE WAR. 1815 1820. I. The years of pence g» II. The (leninnd fui n-ioriuH gi III. .Summary <■•••#•., 94 Inmrx •»# % '* • • • • 'W I FAGI . 60 • 63 ; vtt 68 74 85 . 87 • 94 LIST OJ^ MAPS. British f'oi oniks in Nokth America, 1760-1783 . India. 1760-1820 , , IRKI.ANI). 1778-iHcx) ..... , EUHOPR. 1780 1815 . . • . . . SFANISM t'KNINSUI-A. 1807-18x5 rAOB 5 57 69 75 !f(gfmllll^|^m^ nm■!^^ m m > »f ^'* u ^|lm m ''*' " •'^ '"iy vin 77/7'; 7<7A\S7' MINISTERS, OR UFAPSOF THE MINISTRIES WHILII HELD OFFICE UM^ER KlSii (i FORGE III. Mr. Willi.iin I'm iiilUTwnrds Lord Chiilliiunl Karl of Hn^e Ml. CJoor^f (Jn-nvillc . ManitK-ssuf Kiiikiiigliam . I'm, l''.arl ot Chalham . Uuke of (iraflon . . » Lord North . • Maniiu'ss of KockinnhiuTi Karl of Shell mmr nuk.'of IV.riianil (Coalition Ministry) ,. Mr. William I'ilt (tlie youiigoi Mr. AdiliiiKtoii . Mr. Williain I'ilt Lord tlrrtvvillo (Ministry of All the 'lali'iits) Duke of I'liitland . • • Mr. Sponccr IVrccvftl . « • Lord Liverpool . . • • from I June 17.S7I "^ ^^^ 1761 t 1 1 CK't. 17O1 ., April 1763 • 1 1 Aiiril \-:(^^ .. Jii"« t76s • )• July 1705 ., July 1766 » >> July i7"'> M l>i'. 1768 » 1 f Oct. i7"« -• I'"'- 1770 • . 1' Jan. 177'^ •• ^'■"' 17HSI . Mar. 17HJ ,. July 178JI 1 1 1 Jiilv i7'^'« .. '"''''■ 17H.1 lisiry) ,. Aiiril i7H.« .. l^*''"' 17H.1 • t 1 \)k\\ i7H.t ,, IVh. 1801 ( 1 1 Keb. 1801 ,. A|)ri I 1804 ( 1 Ntay 1H04 Jan. 1806 I'Vl). irto<5 ., Mar. 1807 Mar. 1807 M Uct. 1810 Oct. 1810 ,. Mav 1813 Mav 181 J ' April i8a7j IF THE OFFICE 1 Oct. 1761 April 1763 , Juni; 176s July 1766 , (kt. I7<^i8 , |an. 1770 , M.ir. 17HJ . I>ily 17**^ , l"«'l'. i7«,1 , l>i'<-. 178.1 ,, IVh, 1801 ,, April iH"4 jiiii. iH(j6 ,, Miir. 1H07 ,, Oct. 1810 ,, Mny 1813 I April iBaj] ENGLAND DURING THE AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN WARS. INTKODUCTION. Thf. priif)(l of nillu-r more th.ui half n century of which we iuv )4(,in^ tu^spiMk, is full of ^umi wars. (0 Kn^limd li;i(l huk h ('iKlUinn to do in Ainoricn, where she was beaten, .She w;.s W^him^ Un a bad . .msc, ■'\\^^\ freedom and j-ood K'>verninenl c^nnefrom her def(>at. \Miile Anu-rir.. j;ain.-d very nnu h, Kngiand lost little more ili.ui the lives and tlie money spent in the w.ir. (2) In India she w.is sik cessfid. There her cause was the cause of peace and ^ood K"vcrtuneiu. For she bcjjitn to understand the duly of j^overniuK honestly, justly and carelull) . an.l' so there I'u-lish power has thriven. * (j) 'IhcKivatesI war was , .gainst Kr.ni. e. All Furoi>e was thro.vn into confusion hy the French Kev..Iuti..n, and FuKland (*" tl>^" "ar. Perhaps the ::',!I;L ;^^^^'"''li<^>- "liKlu have voted sums of money ; but the colonists did not so much think of the ^'"";'."t> of raising money, they were an^MV at the way >n Nv^.u-h the .mnisters were trying to get it out of them In North and South alike men made up their minds to resist; the \irKinian Assembly in May 1765 declared that taxation without their consent was illeKal, and almost at the same time a meetin- at New York of tIcleKMtes from nine colonics used the same words. Morc.ver the people would not use the stamps, and dm-mnents were everywhere accepted as legal uithout b. In July 1765 a Whig ministry under Lord Kocking- ^ « 'F* '770. The Revenue Aet. I)an) succceennsyl- vania, was exannncd before a c onunittee of the House of tonnnons. the Stamp Ad wa. done away with (Inly 176b). - ^^ ^ y. There was a ( haiij^e of mmistry a-.im m the same summer, and a new (loyerninent was formeil by I'iu as has been told before.' I'itt soon retired fr.an Towns-' any ai tiye share in puljhc business, ami '"-"'''■'' 'lownshend again guided the ministers in Au''.'^'.^ doahng with America. A new lieyenue Act (1767) imposed (hilies in America on tea and live other articles, to raise money 'for the administration of justice' and 'the support of the ciyil government there.' Ihe colonists weie funi in resisting all such taxation, great or small, laid upon them by iaigland Seeing this, the new ministry of I,ord North in 1770 did away with all duties save that <»ii tea, 'upon consideration of sut h duties having been laid contrary to the (rue principles of commerce.' "it was useless to give up some of the duties, for the Americans said there was no right to lay on them any at all ; whether the tax was on iuie article or on six, wiielher the duty was great or small, made no real matter. 10. Other difficulties also ar().sc about this time. At Boston citizens aided in rescuing from the police the crew of a slooj) who weiec harged with smug- Rling. Ill-feeling grew between the citizens i'l'SS and (he soldiers, who were now used to keep ' '""*«^'ti». the people ipiiet. A (juarrel took place at Boston bctu^on citizen, and ^oldierr. in March xn^, : jt ended in the death of some citizens, the removal of (hc(roous and the convicdon of two soldiers for manslaughter ; ail this ' Soe Epoch VI., Hk. V., Chap. I. Sec. 9. ' 8 The American War. »773- made the feelings of the people of Massachusetts more bitter than before. II. The colonists left off using tea, and when the government would not withdraw the duty, some tea-ships S*shi°"°" '" lioston harbour were boarded, and their tea-s ips. cargoes were thrown into the sea ; on this the ministry tried to punish the whole colony (Dec. 1773) The port of Boston was to be closed, and the charter of the colony taken away ; the Assembly was dissolved. But the spirit of the people could nut be so put down • to the last the Assembly protested against such doings as Illegal, and encouraged the people to hold to their rights As other colonies felt with them they got ready to resist, and a Convcntum or meeting of representatives, chosen without the consent of the Governor, sat and managed the affairs of the colony. 12. Towards the end of 1774 it was plain that war was at hand. In England the king and his minister hnnd"" ^"""'^ ^^n\\' who did whatever the king •^"^ wished, and had a large majority in the House ot Commons, were set on harsh measures. A small body of the men who thought for themselves, and thought ^vlsely, such as Chatham and Burke, were in favour of giving way to the colonists. The great trading towns were on the same side. But the Whigs, as these men were called, were not popular ; Englishmen in general neither knew nor cared much about the feelings of the colomsts. Public opinion on the whole was on the side of the king and the government. 13. In America a Congress of fifty-five delegates, from Fim '"^^ ^'^^' thirteen colonies except Georgia, met ConR^ls"'^ ''^ I'liiladelphia in September 1774. They • drew up a Declaration of Rights, claiming for themselves all the liberties of Englishmen. Full of » Sec Epoch VI., hk. V. Chap. U. Sec. 9. -w* 1775. Last hopes of Peace, sympathy for Massachusetts, they passed resolutions pointing to a stoppage •{ all trade with Great Britain. They issued addresses to the people of Great Britain, and to the people of Canada, and a petition to the king. They behaved wisely and moderately, and separated after calling another Congress for May 1775. 14- Lord North was willing in 1775 that the colonists should no longer be taxed, but the king was still deter- inined to punish them for their rebellious spirit. Last hopes The Houses of Parliament also felt as he did, "fpe-^-^e- and would not listen to the wise advice of Chatham and Burke, so the last chance of peace was lost. Meanwhile, in Massachusetts and in Virginia men were arming. Although the power, resources, and population of England would seem to give her the advantage, the colonies were strong in the hardy habits and stubborn spirit of their people, in the great size of the country, and in the distance over sea from England. If they had not trained soldiers or generals, still almost every settler was used to carry arms, and they knew the country ; it might be hard to get money and other things wanted for a war, but their own needs were few, and they were ready to bear much m defence of their homes. CHAPTER II. THE FIGH'nNG IN AMERICA. — 1 775- 1 782. I. The first fighting was in Massachusetts, in whichrolony Parliament hadin February 1775 declared that *a rebellion existed.' The colonists had a store of arms at p-ightin at Concord, a town about eigiitcen miles north- Lexington. west of Tinston. (Genera! G.,gc, who was governor of the colony and commander of the forces at Boston secretly sent a force in April to take or destroy these ! -1 lO T^e A merican War. '775. stores. Men got to k.w.w of this, and gathered to resist At Lexington, ten miles from Boston, fightin- began, and seven men were killed. The arms still "in store at Concord were destroyed, and after a smart skirmish the troops began their homeward march. They were harassed all the way by the colonists, who fired at them from behind the hedges, but fresh troops came out from Boston to help them, and they got backto barracks having lost about 270 men, while less than 100 was the loss of the other side. 2. From this time there was war between England and her American colonies. Ill-feeling and even hatred Cun soon grew up between the two peoples. The - ■ kmg was firm m the resolve to reduce 'the rebels,' and the mass of the English people agreed with him, ihongh they did not care much. In America, while many colonists remained ' loyal,' the help they gave was not groat compared with the fierce resistance of the majority in almost every part. At first the war went on chiefly in the four Northern or New England colonies. Massachusetts led the way, quickly followed by Con- necticut. The legislature of Connecticut sent a force which surprised the little garrisons of Ticonderoga and Crown Point on Lake Champlain; these successes, though small, were cheering, and brought the colonists stores and guns and powder, which they greatly needed. 3- Congress met for its second session at Philadelplila in May 1775, and the modeiate party in it was weaker WasliiiiKton than before. Measures were taken for raising mamierri- moncy, and a commander-in-chief was elected, chief. George Washington, of Virginia. He had earned some reputation the former war,' and had a well-deserved character ;'>r • i, . itio.i, public spirit, and honour. It was very nev •. u 'inf Mic command in war ' See Epoch VI., Bk. IV. Chap. I. Sec. ,^. ft I \ 1775- Bunker's Hill. II should be given to one great soldier. For a danger which threatened the colonies was that local interests and jealousies should prevent them from holding together as one country; <\\\kq e;'.< b colony had been used to manage itself, and had been quite indej)endent of the rest. Congress as yet had no real power, and could not do much mon: tli lis advise what was best. 4. The English Governors retired from the Southern colonies, and Virginia, under Patrick Henry, began to make open resistance; Massachusetts ac^cd Hattle of for herself without waiting for Congress. !;",';''n'i'' n .-> II ill, i\lay Round Boston men fought with such generals ^ni- as they could hnd. General Gage was joined by a large body of fresh troops in May, and then made up his mind to fortify Hunker's Hill, a height on the peninsula which commands Boston. On the other side a strong body of Americans was sent to occupy the hill during the night. Next afternoon, in the sight of all Boston, the English stormed the hill. The ground was difficult, and they were twice beaten back, but in a third attack the hill was taken with great loss. The victory was with the English, but on the Americans, who fought most stub- bornl) , the effect was not that of a defeat, and the day has always been counted among their national successes. 5. In Congress the minority of a!)lc men, who aimed at independence of England and union among themselves, gained groind in d began to lead the country, invasion of J . lO in the autumn Congress agreed to <-''iuada. attempt a great thing, and invaded Canada. Montgomery, a soldier who had become a settler in New York, with a force of 3,000 men took St. Johns and Montreal, intending to pass down the St. Lawrence to (Hiebec, but his army dwindled away, as his men only served for short periods. Another force of 1,000 men, under Benedict Arnold, had been sent from Massachusetts up the Kennebec river to ^-^'m^ 1' 12 T/ie A merican War. ^7^. join Montgomery. They had to find their way through the rough unsettled country that now is the State of Maine, and round the north of the Green Mountains. This band was ahnost starved and lost, but somewhat more than half reached Quebec early in December. The united forces then numbered scarcely a thousand; it was hopeless to take the city with so few men, but ' an assault was made, Montgomery was killed, and his division was driven back. Arnold, his second in command, was wounded while attacking the lower city, and his division was overpowered. The Americans lost i6o killed and 426 were made prisoners, while 20 was the loss ()f the garrison. I'.ven after this fadure Arnold stayed tdl May, attempting a blockade ; then he retreated before General Carleton, and all Canada was regained by the English. 6. Early in March 1776 Washington, who had hitherto been drilling and training his army while keeping watch KiiKiish over Boston, was ready to fiuht. He sent Iruons leave ^^ i 'ri ^ r> iWoii, tteneral Ihomas to occupy Dorchester •776. Heights, which from the south commanded Moston city and harbour and the ilritish lines on Hoston neck. General Howe, who hail succeeded Gage, was una!)le to ilrive them from their position. Ijc had long thought that Hoston was a bad place for his head- (juarters, so he now took his troops away and retired to Halifax; the Ijiglish never again had any real hold on the Northern or New Ijigl.md States. 7. The colonies now began to listen more and more to the counsels of the extreme men ; this was natural DecUrotion when war had once begun. So long as it was or Indenrii- ,^..1.. .1111.1 ... deuce. July •*'^'> t'dked about, however bitter the talk 4. •77'^ might be. there w.:is Iiuum tliat (lunL's mi--''ht be quietly settled. Hut when on( e war had broken mit, and Americans were glorying in fcals of arms done \ ^776. The Declaration of Independence. 13 against the English, the desire of setthng matters grew faint and died away. The need of some form of independent government became pressing, and in June 1776, on the motion of Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, Congress agreed that these united colonies are and ought to be free and indcpe'vJ.?nt States.' A conimiltee of five delegates from live states, Adams of Massachusetts, Franklin of l\!nnsylvania, Jeff';rson of Virginia, Living- ston of New \'ork, .iherman of Connecticut, drew up a draft of the Declaration of Independence. With some changes it was passed by Congicss, and published, as the Declaration of ln(le|)enden( e, on July 4, I77<'>. It was signed on that day, or soon after, by delegates from all the thirteen States, The Declaration was a bond ot imion ; but it did nothing, and nothing could be done at the time, to join the separate States under one govern- ment so as to make what i . called a Confederation. Congress also sent Franklin and two others to try to get help from the Fren( Ij (lovcrnment in their struggle for freedom. 8. Dining this summer many more '•Idiers were on their way fmm i'.ngland, and Adnural .oid Howe was sent out with powers to treat for peace, but no ,. , peace could be made. New York, one of the n '«<• Middle Stales, now became the ( hief seal of NtwVork, war. I'his State had not been vcr) eager to '"''• resist I'.ngland ; the loyalists were m.iiiy, and the F-'.nglish authoiities thought that in this and the other Middle Staten much help unuld be got. The city of New York was held by W ashingKui, who had an army of io,ocx> men, which was iiu rcascd early in August to 27,0(xi by new levies of militia, who were not however very good soldiers, (leneral Howe, with the troops which liad left Hoiiton, sailed fiom Halifax aiul reached Sandy Hook at the end of June. He landed 9,000 men on Staten Island 14 The Ameriatn War. «776- > and was woll km riv(>(|. In Aii.uMist (hr main body of the now (loops t'ninj Mn.iilan.l km.IumI iIu> .;cn(i,il, wIk. was lluis ill (•onunan.l or.ihniit .•s.'»<><' men. lie then mmU a division lo ili<> ...iiili west point ol Lon^ Island, who s.ion faced tin AnuMican position iu«ar Hiooklyn. Alter th no days of skii inisliiiiK. tlir I-:n.;;iisli foirrs nnilrd the Amoricans, and inatl(< tlu-in withdraw from I.ouk Ishmd ; soon tho I•:n^;llsh nossrd the I'asi Kivt>r and mined the city of New York. The \meii( ans, nnahle to hold th«- neiKhhoniinj; eoiinlry, rrossed the ri\ei Hudson, .ind when Lord loinwallis follo\\(>d »|ose|\, \V.ishin''loii re treated with all speed ihionjih New Jersey into I'ennsyl- vania. 9. Thns the Stales of New N'oik and New leiscy wciowon ba( k, ami the I'.n^lisli held the country as far Nowj.Ms,v, -'"^ '•>'' ''^^'' DiMawaie. So llire ltenin^; did '77" things look, that the Tongress left I'hiladelphia for a satei meetin^'-place at naltimoie. I lowe (>iij;ht to have piossed on across the Delaware, and to have foneil the remains of the American army to liKht while it was out of heart. Instead of doin^' this, he dispersed his troops in (piarters in New Jersey, where they bee ame un- popular, and then he waited f-r the lee on the river. Thus \Va«,hin«ton lonnd time to jjet new soldiers together, Conj^ress .md the c«»nntiy had time to recover from the shock of defeat and inisloi tune. ,\t the \ try end (tf the »enr, Washington suiprisetl Trenton, an l'n^;lish post, ..nd a few tl.iys later, a^ain erossjnj; the river I)el,iware, passed to the rear of Lord (."ornwallis' amis. Mr then gradiialb recovered .dinosi ;\1| New Jersey. I he whole ti^htinK of this year was thus m.ide a siic( ess lor the Amerii-.ins, fiir the KuKlish ^''^eials, with far belter soldiers, had had to give wny to Waj*liin^ton. 10. The summer of 1777 was tnarked by nn attempt to nit oiV the Noitlurn States from the rest. Ceneral 1777. Sanifoi^a. 1$ m > 1 HmKuyiu' st.iih-d IVdin CmmhI,! Io ni;ii( It down thp j,'rcat v.illcy <»f tlu; l,ik(-s ,111(1 llu' v.illry (iC llu; iliidsun, and meet a fiiirc nndcr Clinton fnn> New York. n,,,.. v„,.-h I.c.'U'inj^' Crown I'oinl ,il llic ( iid ol |nnr. he 'i^'r-lirriin piislu-d on to I K on(lcio)4a, wliK li w.i, led by 1777 its j^anison ; llun, ( los.in^ a niosl (Iilli( nil < onnliy, full of forest, slrranis, and su.mips. ni.idc still more dihii nit l.y artilit iai ohslac Ics, iic loni^l I'oii I'.duard also cmply. Hy this tiuK- the nnlitia oC ilic \'cw i;n>;land Stair, liad c:oin<' lo);cll'.ci ; tlic\ wric nioslK iinlraincd nu n, hiil were wdj wA, l»iavf, nscd )(. Iiardslnps, and \riy iinj^iy on .u.dnnl of ihc ( nicl doin).;s of the Indian saviiKes who had ( onic wilh (Irncial linifviviw. I'roin Kofl I'Mwiird to Alhany was hfly miles, and I'.ni-oyne dared not ^u on till he had ;;ot |.io|hi supplies; so a month was spent, 'rii(-n the army ( i.tssed loSaialojja, and found the enemy under (leiierals ( iates and Arnold, ill front of Stillwater, lininj^f a low ran).;e of hilK (ailed Ik'himis' lleij;hls. After a hard fiKhl, the I'-iikIisIi le 111, lined iiiiislers of the ground, bill li,i(| gained no icil adv.mlaije. For more th,in a foitnijdil Itiirj^oyne wailed for news of Clinlon ; then he Hied, wilhoul su( < ess, to break lhr(Mi|.;h the enemy's lines, Wilh kkmI ditln ully the army retieated to Saiatoi.;,!, I. n miles; there il was sur- rounded, ,ind .ill supplies were uu off. A Conveniion w.is sinned on ( leiober 1;, allowing the I'.ii^^lish to |,iy df.wn their arms and receive provisions ; theiKc (hey m,tr( lied as piisniU'rs to Massatluisclts. Aboiii j,i;i '•". were made prismu^rs. Iliis (n had bepli able t«i do hitle, because of the smallnuss of his unny. I.an> in the spiin^r (1777), Ccneial Howe dec idcd on IcaviuK New Jersey to reach I'hiladelphia by another I i6 The American War 1778- W; ay. Kmbaikitif; some I4,(kx) sailed souiluvaid, cnlcird the Ch nuMi at Ni-w Yoilc, he osapcakc, and ivac ht-d I'll t.ikrs lla- ilelpliin. thr Head of MIk, seventy miUvs fn.m I'hil dolplii.i. Washiiii'ioii. in s,..> 1 lun '"^liiiiKloii, in SrpicinluM-, met H tMd of" i:ik, whtM > halfway lu-twron I'hiladclpliia aiul (1 lowed a stKMin, llu< Hiandvwi TheAmencanswcr ..M.te.l. and Washin.toM ,„uld not prevent the advanre of the Knulish. who entered the ritv Hi.K.ene.al Howe fo.nul thai lu< -ouid do liiile towards w.nninK !».«< k rennsylvan.a, and h.- fnled |o draw W ,sh •nKtontoalutlle. This snr, ess. iherelore. did not at all make np (or the ^reat def(;ether the .lain, of ParlianuMU t.. tav the .-olonies. an'l was ready to d.) aiuthinK short of s;. ant in- then, i.,d<- |»enden(-e. J.l. This was a time when the war mi^ht have .eased without .hshonour I., Iln^lan.l. !• upland was n«adv t., •nvn that she ha.l heen .., the wroi,i;. Sh<- was willine lo^rantall that .\ineri.a.,s ha.l . laim.-.l ; fr.nlom. with someshKht ti.-to the n,.«'her ...,mtrv..,r even ,n.h-pen- den.e. as l.u.d Ko. kiuKnan, th.Mi^ht. mi^ht have been nM,(ede.l, Hut when Iramr he^an t.) interfe.v n, the war. Its nieanmp, uas . hant;.Ml. Jhe hon..ur of Knuland seemed at stake ; even th,.se who ha.l heen against the war before, now thought that it must be .arri.M on b.>l.llv. Thus (.hathan.. n, ih.> House of I.or.ls, .le, lare.l he w.>nl.i never constMU to ' an ijjnomininus stirrcndor of the rights ..| ih." empire." ' Shall we now.' he said, • fall prostrate beture the 1 1. .use of Hourbon ? ' And \m death •k« '778- i7So. Major Aftiirt^. 17 <»« in Miiy 17/.S put m end to the List hope of reconcilia- tion willi Anu'iic.i.' 14. 'yiic ccMtiiinty of war vvitli I'"iaiHc at oii< c lM};an to mar I'.iij^nisU plans. Ord IMS well' sciil (lilt to the new counnaiulcr in-chief, Sir lletuy Clinton, to retire from I'hil.idelphia to New York. 'Ihe 1. 'm'i'liil- Americans instantly retook the ( ity and ahnost "'<''i'l>'»' all parts of the Middle States. New York was aj^ain the head <|'.iarters of the I'.n^lish, hut as troops were sent theme to ll.difax, neinnida, and tiie West Indies, to Kuard a^^ainsl the I'lenc h licet, the army did little. And want of union iietween the States, tpiarrels in < on^w'ss itself, difficulties of raisinj; money, men, and supplies, and jealousies in the army, hindered Washinj^ton from doinj; any ^Mcat tiling;. 15. In 1780, men were made more hitter hy a very unfortunate event. (Icneral Arnold, a man of mark, who had held important i oimnands at Sarato^si M.,j,,r and at I'hiladelphia, was now at West Point, '^•"'"* a fort dominating the; upper part of the State of New York. This he treachert»iisly olleied to hand over to Sir Ih'nry Clinton ; the terms were to he arranged with Major Andre, aidi* de camp to the l'.nj;lish j4eneral. lie visited Arnold, and was t.iken prisoner on his way hat k ill disj;nise, and with a pass };iven hy Arnold. /Xiiiold had time to escape to the l.n^lish lines ; Andril was treated as u spy. Mis plea of a safe-condu( t hom Arnold was not unfairly met hy the reply that Arnold was a tiaitor and a safe ( oiuhu I granted htr a treacherous pur pose was not valid. \Vasl)ingt(tn was unyieUling, and Andr(< was hanneil. It was natural enough that iht Ameiicans should insist on making an exam|)le of him ; hut when they hantred him f)\\ the charee that he vv.is a spy, they were really levciiKinn themselves un him for ' 3eo KpoLli VI,. Mk. V,, Chup. II., hoc. 8. If. H. C t iS ih l^ff(- Attiirua)! War, 1780- n SiMiilicin "■ ;,';•■';'"■'■>• "f ;\"">l'l. «i„„„ ,l,cy ,„„l,l ,„„ ,...ch. Ily ■"'"""■"'""'"■""■■I"'"' I"- i"v.,i f,.di,„. w.,,",;,; '■"'"'' -"""K- I" N"v<'in ■ ,77» „ .s„k,|| '"■'"' "■,'"Pi.'.IN.iv,„„,,l,.,h.,.,|,i,;,|„r(;o,„Ki„. ,,,,,,„, „ '■""" 'l"M-"H ll„- l.....|,s.,„i,l„.„ ,„|,|„„,';.,,, ; 7' '';',"■"•'"' '"".M.Mnli,,.,.,. „.,,,,,, >• '.ho U,,,,,,,, „,„|, ,l,„|,.s,„w„. „„l ,|,..„ |,.|, 1, d •-"rnwall,, ,„ ,.„„„„.,„.l. < In,,.,-,,: .;.„..„ I,,,,. . "•P|'"«; u.n ,.,iK.,|,,„„i ,„c ,S,„„I, scnnci ,., !„., „i ■ ' •;•;- k In.. -1 ;„„.,,. .-.un.:.,. „„,,„,,,,,; , '■ ' l><- ..nn,-,l n |,l,,„ .„ |,,,,i . |„,,| 1^ h s , „ „„.,.,.„„„.,„, „,,,„, ,,, „;,„„,„. „,„,,,„,:,,': w.uils ((> join ( liiifon. y. Tlus.utnr.p, uaslH«y„n,lhis,u,ucr,.,n.,| |,o failed "ouUM,onosstluMivnsJ,chaIi„a.in Ma.h . 7Sn follow W the 1 ih;IisI, stavetj tluee urrL^ \. 1 . .■ .^i»" ... .... all .si.u.,. w:,.,,i„,,-,.„ .,,.1 1,. ,.,;':;' >.■ \ ..^i.-.,, .,,.1 i,..,„„„..i i„ ^■.,,|„„„„ . „; ' ' had «..ly proved Im p„.,i„„ ,„ ,„ h.,K.|c« ' KunW 1780- i •783. Lord Nnrtlh KesUnintion. 19 soiitl) thr Kn^lish \\m\ hccii (Irivni l):i. k, till, ;it the end of 17H1, they lirlv,imi,ili. 18. I'liis vv;is icftlly (|i,! end of (lir war, llioiif-.h ii, some pi. ices liKlilinK '•ontiniu'd (.11 ,1 small sc al<-. Ilic i;i)f;lish still hcl.l New V(.ik till Nnvcinhcr 17K?, after , „„, n,,^,,, peace had been made. Utit feeling in la^jlaiid "'■iK'"'. 17H/. was now steadily (lianKin}j into k(>eii disHke of the war ; the majority which supported the (;overnment in the House (.f Commons Kicw smaller and smaller. In I'Ch- niary i7^Huu.«mmi^4M 20 War with France and Spain. 1780- Indies and took possession of Dominica. Nearer home, he Channel fleet, under Admiral Keppel, was met by a more powerful French fleet under D'OrviUiers and 'iflcr hghtmg, retired to harbour. ' ' for Spam jo.ned P ranee England was greatly disturbed on^,S.rnd ^^ '^'""'^ f *"^^^'°"- The enemies' fleets • were not only superior on the open seas but also masters of the Channel, which was swarm ng 'with Aincncan and French privafrers, or ships sen! out, not by government, but by private persons" who wished o gam what they could by attacking the en my's vesseb :'::;; :t ^;'' ^V'^-l-l ., con.merce was near" a entm) of The French even attacked Jersey, and the Spaniards besieged Gibraltar. which I.'^tFn°i''Tf ^ 'l"''^'''-*^' ^'"^ the neutral powers wh.ch left 1 ngland for a tinie without a friend. England R.Kh,o f had clauncd and exercised Right of Search, hat is, the right to stop and search all mer , ""■ ';"<^i"y- It Wiis ii claim ga lini; to the diirnitv mH :.ann ,„ t„ the ,r:„lc of nations who tero at „ fee and ' ;::r '::'""'■;';"■,!'"""" '" "---^ '^ '"- wh «erc a war. The Empress Catherine of K„ssia, an^ry at the .l.miRs of Spam and linRlantl, p„t forth a Declar, .on s,atn,K . ha. ' free ships n.ake frei «o„ds,' and eon a. band Koo,ls, that is. b„„,|s which a nation ^ war " 2 sc^e anywhere, were those only tha, a treaty tnight ave cla aretl tobesneh , tha. the hlocka.le of a port wa « .0 be acknowletlKed nnles, there were really erniser, off the port to stop nterchant ships fron, en./rin- ri,,"- ^. pro.ect the.r o,vn interests, Knssia, Sweden, and DeZ matk nwdc a league called the Armed Neutrality Hoi- i78o- 1782 Rodney's Victory. 21 land and Prussia afterwards joined, and France and Spain agreed to the Declaration. 4- As mij(ht be expected, in 1781 2 England was hard pressed. In European waters, the French and Spanish fleets swept the seas, nnd although Admiral Parker beat the Dutch near the Dogger Bank, ^''^•'''''a''- yet, on the whole, the enemy had command of the Channel. Mmorca was lost, and Ciibraltar was closely besieged All through ^^%2 General Elliot and Ins garrison defended the place, and beat back every attempt to take it In October Admiral Lord Howe relieved the garrison with a powerful licet, and (Wbraltar was saved, though the siege was kept uj) till the news of peace arrived There are few more glorious deeds of daring and endurance in English history than the defence of Gibraltar by General Elliot and his brave garrison. 5. In the West Indies Admiral Rodney could do little for a time. At last a glorious victory fell to his lot. The French Admiral de (irasse had taken most of the Leeward Islands, and was threatening rIIIi^.J'., Jamaica, which Rodney meant to jjrotect. ^'^'"""y- Anchored in St. Lucia, he watched for the French fleet from Port Roy.d in Martinico. After some days of straggling and rather confused lighting, Rodney forced a general liattle. The admiral led the way and broke the French line. The battle lasted for eleven hours. 'I believe the severest ever fought at sea,' Rodney him- self wrote. The Count dc Grasse at last struck his (lag the whole fleet was broken up, and from that day the 1' rcnch were no more masters of the seas. (x The new ministry in 1782 was ready to make pence, acknowlcdgmg the independence of the United States. France .ii,d Spain were ])y no means desirous of peace' but the Americans williuKly entered into negotiations with Lord Shelburnc and welcomed the end of war. A ■ irj»tt'^»eE;aW!.v»^^.-. '■■■ '■■'-te»Mit-:i.3j,^,,_^_. 1 V 22 War zvith France and Spain. 1783. treaty was signed at Paris in November 1782, but was dependent on peace being made lictwecn (}reat Britain Treaty of ''iiKHMance. Treaties with France and Spain Wrsaiiios. soon followed. luigland gave back some of "' ■'• lier conciiiests, as Chandernagore, Pondicherry, and St. Lucia, gave up Tob.igo, St. Pierre, Miquelon, and got some West India islands. Spain eagerly desired to have Gibraltar, but Englishmen, proud of the glorious defence, were resolved to keep it. Minorca and the Floridas were yielded. The treaties were all signed at Versailles in September 17S3. Some men were loud in calling them disgraceful, but those who knew how hardly pressed luigland was, and how the increase of debt and waste of men was crushing her, saw that peace must be had, and that the terms were fair. England came with honour out of the war against these powerful luuopean foes. She h.id met with disasters in a bad cause in America, but still he^ soldiers and sailors had done their duty well. M* 30 25 -% 211- BOOK II. THE EMC.USH IN INDIA. 15 chapti:r I. THK I'K.OI'I.K. I. In India Clive had saveil tiie English settlements, and had greatly enlarged them ; ' we have now to see how the English made their power felt all over India, and how the native States one after another fell under the control of England. This was due partly to the courage ' S«'r F.porli VI., Bk. II,, Clinp, HI,, Soc. R-ri. IQ — I i 5~ M' - f~lNDTA. [^ HOP- 1X20 k til!ffl?QiWtt-8*tttKB(fcglfltf 24 bidia. of the English, and to the peace and good order which they made where they ruled. But it was also due partly to the divisions among the natives themselves— for the people of India were not all of one race or of one religion, and the country was broken up under many governments. 2. The people to whom the land belonged in very early times were a very dark race, not much civilised. The hill. Some tribes of them still remain in the high- '^'"'^- lands of Central India, and also in the hills a»d forests of almost all parts ; among the best known m-e the Santals in Bengal along the Rajmahal hills, the K61s in Chola Nagpore, the Bheels in Rajpootana, and the Gonds. Tlw;y are mostly a quiet, simple people, who have never formed great States of their own, but have always lived to themselves, obeying the rulers of other races. They gave the English little trouble. 3. A great and more civilised people came in upon these tribes, passing over the Indus and down the valley The of the (Ganges. These spread as settlers all Hindoos. over the land. This race, called Hindoo, chough united by one religion, split off into many States. The most important that lasted to the days of English rule were the States of Rajpootana, as Oodyporeand Jey- pore, and the Mahratta States of Poona, (kizerat, B.iroda and the territories of Sindia and Holjcar. Besides these the greatest number of the people in most parts of India are of the Hindoo race ; and in inanv parts tribes, which were not Hindoos by race have become Hindoos' in religion, as in Mysore and the furthest parts of southern India. 4- Again, men of other races and another religion had come across the Indus from Central Asia ; these were iMohammedans, who began to pour into' India during the eleventh century. They were eager to con- t/ The Regulating Act. 25 quer the rich Hindoo kingdoms, and longed to put down the idolatrous religion. Piece by piece they overran the land, and beat down most of the kingdoms and ruled over them. They set up a great Mo'ham- empire, with a capital at Delhi ; then they '""Jans- added province after province, all north India'as far as the river Nerbudda, all P,cngal, and the Deccan as far as the river Kistna. And when the empire broke up, still many of its parts were ruled by Mohammedans who, like the Nizam in the Deccan and Hyder Ali in Mysore, were lords Mver Hindoo subjects. The hatred between the two races of Hindoos and Mohammedans helped the English to spread their authority over both. CHAPTER H. INDIA UNDER WAKRKN HAS TINr.S.— 1773-1784. r. While Clive had stayed in India he had ruled firmly,* but after his return to England in 1767 the loss of his firmness and honesty was soon felt. It would EugUsh be scarcely too much to say that greed and "''sruie. oppression, misrule and false dealing, marked English rule in Bengal and Madras during the few years before 1773. The talcs that reached home roused men's anger, and when in 1770 a famine killed aijout one third of the' people of Bengal, the home government was forced to interfere. 2. A new constitution was given to the East Indm Company under 'the Regulating Act' of 1773. This gathered the three settlements of liengal, ReRuiating Bombay, and Madras, or Presidencies as they '^' '• »773- were calird, under tiie (lovernor of Bengal ; it "^ave him the title of Governor-General, and set up a council d^ ' Sio Epocli VI.. Hk. v.. Chap. I.. Sflc. 5. ■•■•' 26 India. XITX- I First Governor- General. four members to help him. A Supreme Court of Justice was also made at Calcutta, like the Enf;lish Court at Westminster, and thus English law was brought into India. 3. The Act named, as the first Governor-General, Warren Hastings, who had been (jovernor of Bengal since 1772. He had been long in India, and knew about the country. He had sided with Clive in trying to make the English rule better in liengal. Some reforms he had already begun. He found the gathering of taxes in the hands of natives who oppressed and robbed the people. He made a new and better settlement of the taxes, and removed the capital from Moorshedabad to Calcutta. Hastings ruled on the whole justly, strongly, and wisely, b\it he did some things which were cruel and unjust, for which he has been rightly blamed. Being pressed by the Directors of the Company in Ijigland for money, he made an unfair bargain with the Vizier of Oude, who coveted the neigh- bouring territory of Rohilcund, while Hastings wanted money. Hastings sold to the Vi/ier the districts of Corah and ,'\llahal),.d, and listening to his talk about the bad faith of tlu- Knhillas, an Afgh.in tiiln; who had lately settled near hini, sold the services of l'",nglish troops, and bc( ame for mot.ey the tool of the Vizier, who would make no terms with the Kohillas. They were, perhaps, dangerous neighbours, but lliey had given no cause for war, and the attai k upon them was wicked. By nieana of English troops their chiefs were slain and themselves driven across the Ganges or enslaved. 4. The Governor (leneral found his new position no easy one ; the Regulating Act had not laid tlown his The powers rxat tiy, and his council instead of Council. helping him often went tigainst hitn. Three of the four mcndiers, Francis, Monson, and Clavering, 1779. 7 he Mahratta War. 27 who came from England wiili their minds set against Hastings, began to npposo him at the very first meeting of the council. 'Ihey knew little about Indian matters, and were neither as wise nor as sensible as Hastings. Hut they were impressed with the evils of English rule in India, and they fancied it was their business to reform everything. The result was soon seen ; there was nothing but quarrelling, unfair dealing, and scandals, f'ven in these difficulties Hastingschangcd the way of levying taxes with great advantage to the people of India and to the Compa y. He did much to stop bribery in the civil service ; he drew up a code of ndcs for the courts which showed that he was a great and wise law-maker. He was vigorous enough to impress the native mind and just enough to earn their goodwill ; and beyond all this Hastings carried on great wars, and saved Madras when 'ts own government was feeble enough to ruin any state. 5. During this time the English power was threatened by the Mahrattas. These wcrcthc men of the great Hindoo empire of the Deccan, which had been founded 11,^ m-,), by Scvajee in the seventeenth century. The '•'•'" ^sar I'cshwa, as the head of their race was (ailed, could not keep liohl over his generals. Four new powers grew up, the Kaja of Nagpore, the daikwar in C.u/erat, Sindia, and Holkar. At the head(|uaricrs of the Mahrattas in Pootui, a regency on one side with a usiupei on the other had thrown all into confusion. Without asking the consent of Hastings, the (lovcrnor of Uonjbay supported the usurper Raghoba, and received in return the island of Salsette and the port of Hassein. The result wns a great war with the wh«)le Mahratta confederation. The Ininibay lioops, successful at first, iirescntiy failed, and nfier a defeat nt Wurgaum nothing but the courage and energy of Hastings saved Honibay itself. An expedition a8 India. 177^ under General Cloddard, sont from the banks of the Jumna to lionibay, rearhcd Surat on the western coast in safety. This was a wt.ndcrfid match made Ijy less than 5,ocx3nien across more than i,i) miles of country almost wholly unknown to Knglishmon. It was one of the grand rash acts of F^astings, one of thosp strokes of genius by which he impressed the natives with his greatness. The Mah- ratta league tried the I-'.n-lish power tf) the extreme. CJeneral C.oddard took Ahmedabad, the capital of ( iu/erat (1779), and the Caikwara-reed to leave (he confederation. Hut this did little g«)od, for a fresh alliance with the Nizam in the Deccanand liydev Ali, Rajah of Mysore, gave the league courage to attack all three I'resitleiicies at once. Leaving (Jeneral C.oddard to save Hombay from Sindia and Ilolkar, Hastings first saved Dengal i)y buying oft the Rajah of Nagporc, who deserted the league. With his usual boldness he ventmed to send a sepoy army by land to the help of Madras. The Hindoos were forbidden by their religion to go on the sea, and they had lately mutinied r.uher than obey an order to ilo so. lUit (hey willingly endured the march of 700 miles by land, and bra\ely fought to save IV^adrasfrom Hyder Ali! Hastings was able to make a general peac f with the Mahrattas in 17H2. My the treaty of .Salbye, compiests were restored, but the island of .Salsette was kept, 6. The peace did not take in Mysore, and its ruler Hyder Ali still pressed hard on Madra.. He had rushed War wiih »ip'^'^ <'»* t'arn.Uic in i/So widi a large army, My.l.-. Ali ^^.^.|| a,,,,^.,!^ .,,,,1 j,^ j,.„.^ trained by French «>fti( ets. The Nabob niade no lesistance, fori after fort lell, and the anny drew on towards Madras. .Sir Hector Mnnr«) tried to relieve Arrnt, and anodiei force under Baillic w.«s to joiii inm, I5u( n.iillie w.is defeated, and Munro huriied back to Madr.is wi(h the loss of his gunn. On news of this Hastings was roused. He nent off Sir 1784. ffastin^iis Iraves India. 29 Eyre Cootc by sea at once with what force he could spare, and sent a sepoy expedition along the coast through Cuttack and the Nortlioin Circars. Coote retook Arcot which had fallen, relieved Wandewash, and ^'ihicd a great victory at I'orto Novo. With small resources and poor support fiom anyone except Hastings, Coote held his own and beat off all the attempts of Hyder Ali. 'Ihe year 1782 saw the I'nglish fortunes in Madras at a low ebb. I'Vench troops and a French fleet imder Admiral Suffrein brought help to Hyder Ali. Madras was again besieged by the Mysore army, and was in great danger, but It the end of the year Hyder Ali died, and his son Tippoo hurried his army home to Mysore. The treaty t)f i/S 5 with France relieved the Knglish from a thrc.ilen- ing danger in Inilia. 7. In the i^wA of 17H4 Hastings gave up his office, and went back to Fngland early in the next year, leaving the Eniilish territories in India at pence. He left behind him a greiitname as a strong ruler n«siiiius both in p ue and war. He had always at !•=»*«='• '"J'« heart not only the interests of I'.ngland,but also the welfare of the Indian peoples whom he ruled. A great man, al- ways patriotic th(»ugh luit always scruj)ulous enough, he made a new great empire in the Fast while the I'.nglish king and his ministers were losing the great dominion in the West. Hastings and Clivc were the two greatest Englislunen who had to do with India. H. Not ioih; .ifier the rel\un of Hastings, an attack wai made in the House of ("onnnons on his (ondlut in India. A resolution was ( .11 1 ml, ordering his im|)cach- imprHch. mcnt at the bar «)f the House of Lords, 'ihe "v','rrp',I movers in the matter were his old enemy HaMihgi. Fran( is, and luuke and Fox. riie ministry were in R difficulty. I'itl, and Dimdas the President of the Hoard of CuiUiul, hud never hkcd Hastings; they believed many i'l _:^te»:«ai«ttf I 30 India. iH 1795. of the Stories told against him and against Enghsh rule in India : but they did not want to have things looked into. They consented to the motion, but refused to help in the management of the impeachment. So the managers were chosen from the Opposition side of the House, Hurke, Vox, and .Sheridan being the chief among them. Articles of impeachment were drawn up contain- ing nine charges, which were afterwards increased to twenty-two. The trial bcjjan in February 1788. Ikirke, in a fine speech, which it took four days to deliver, ac- cuu^d Hastings and those under him of every kind of cruelt; nnd wrong doing. Only four out of all the charges were gone into fully. These charged him with robbery, crudty, an.', taking bribes. The prosecution spread over noarly five years, and the whole trial lasted more th.in seven year?, in which time the court sat alto- ge.her 145 days. Judgment of accpiittal on all charges was t'lvcn in April t;/ 15. Tho del.iy had allowed people to f(rget ihe tine spec h and the exaggerations of Hurke and Sheridan. And :is time went on, most men thought that Haslmgs was being unfairly treated. Ik-fore the end of the trial Lord Cornwallis had come back from India, an.! was able to give s»rong evidence of the good results of Hastings' rule. CHAl'TKK III. INDIA FROM 1783-1813. I. For some time there had been a feeling that the mode of governing Iiuli.i needed (o be changed. The territory Fox'i. India had become so large that the king's government Bill, I78». -mm' 1 »-•■ !-i«-r-t- !-,-._ :» _-.;..!- .1 . ^"i'"' i'^' longer ic.ivc It ciuirciy m inc n.inni of ttcotnpany ol traders, 'i'he c:o.dition government ' pro- > See I'.pocit VI. Hk. V,, CImp. II., Sec. ta. 1784. Pitfs India Bill. 3» sentcd their India Hil' to the House of Commons in November 1783. This I '.ill was prepared by Fox and Burke, win. lioth knew Indian affairs well, and both were deeply impressed with the stories of the mismanagement of the Company. It proposed very great changes. All charters of the Company were to be done away with. The government of India was to be placed for four years in the hands of a Hoard of seven C ommissioners. All accounts were to be laid before P.irliament. The Hill was a good one, and many of the things which it proposed have been done since ; but at the time, the changes seemed too great to be m.ide. It i^isscd the House of Comnvms, but the king got the House of Lords to throw it out. So the Coalition ministry had to resign, and Pitt became first minister.' 2. Pitt also found India a pressing question. No sooner had the general election in 17H4 K>ven him a maiority, than he brought in and carried an pin's India India Hill through both Houses. This Hill "«ii'. '784. was approved by the Company, and aimed at reforming abuses with as little change as p Sett Epoch VI.. Uk. V., Chup. 11.. !:>oc< I3> 52 India. though ,„e need „f ,„e war is „o. clear. 1786- Warwith having applied "for hi^^ "''"""• '^^^"^ ^'^^"» ^er this Tippoo ..::ujii^^^r;;;::^ ^- General „,ade a vi,.orous UH.ve a^.u,'; 1 r ",p''""''- wuh the Nizan. and the I\^shu^^ . ' V" "'''^''"^ campaigns and tool, severa ^ ^ ^tJ"" I'',"- '"^'^'^ with 22,000 n>en and p.,we,fid ;, h ?''" '7^"' Seringapaunn, the ..,Zx "m Li '"^ ^ ;, ^ r'^^""' ^rtressonan.slandintheme/c:: "'':;;^"^'-"^^ strongly posted on the northern bank o iho "''' stonncxl,anda landing n.ule on the^ an ' jr? "" yielded, and bought neiro ■^^ /- '^""'t' I hen Iippoo ius 'cull,'!;.'; tr':,:' ,';:;," t: -r^ '"■■^■"^ ■>" I Me land question of Hcngal Tho •n,c.Por- ^'^"M'any derived mostofits income onue inaiieiit anc -t IV in, I K„ ^ . "-"«"i- iioni the ^""™'»' ■ and . I ; ' ;■;':: l- ;™>- -f l-ying ownorship „f |,,n,l „ |, ."f< ""'"■'"'» made „vcr the and land'i ::^:x^: :z^"- -■ '"r '"" -- ••" fixed »un,. ■he i„ ■ . /Z" '^■ »-'-"einn,en. guarded by a provision h'r'V >:"' ""'" '"' ''« Iron, ,hen wlile i /''"''''''''''''' ''"' I"' '«ken se.llen,en.. ,„ he >„:,'''!' "' "' "'" ''^"" "^ "'« 7. in ';«>SM.ur,[ Mornington. afterwards Maruues, Mttrvlut;!** ^Ve esk's. was nvi,l.. /• .. """M"«-^S Wcll«icy. .,..,,. , V. ''^''^'"•'^'^ <^<»vernor.(;encral. He ^..»,-:=;:ut;;:x!.»,r:;'i' I 1799- The Conquest of Mysore. 33 il and a strong belief in the need of English authority making itself felt throughout India. 8. As in the days of Hastings so now again there was danger from the French influence in the native States of India. There were French troops at the „ court of the Nizam, and with tlic Peshwa, imer- and in the service of Sindia. And Tippoo ''^'■'^"<^«' in Mysore had gone so far in making an alliance with the French in Mauritius that they landed a force at Mangalorc to join him. Wcllesley interfered at once ; he partly persuaded and partly forced the two friendly powets, the Ni/am and the Tcsliwa, to put themselves under the protection of the lOnglish and send away their P>ench troops. 9. Me tlicn demanded that Tippoo should disband his force, but he did not obey. War followed, and in the spring of 1799 Fnglish armies marched on cmqucst Seringapatam. (General Harris, under whom <'''N'y'"'«. Colonel Welleslcy (afterwards Duke of Wellington) was serving, moved with .20,000 men from Madras. From Bombay (ieneral Stuart came with a smaller force. Tippoo met Stuart, but failed to turn him ; he then hurried off to resist thi' army from Madras. The I'nglish defeated him at Maliivelly, and then besieged Seringa- patam early in April. A month lat»y Gcoeral l')aird stormed this great fortress, which was desperately defended. Tiitpoo died lighting in the g.iteway. S«> ended the family of tlie Mysore usurpers, who were tierce Mohammedan despots that had set their feet on the necks of the llindo(vs of the Deccan. Ford WcIIcslcy restored a luler of the old line, .ind Mysore gave no fur'i'..er trouble. 'I'he Peccan was now safe, with (he Nizam protected by English troops and no longer in- dependent. I'hc Carnatic, too, now became an I'nglish province dependent on the (lovernor of Madras ; and L, n. D 34 India. iScx}- the Nabob Vizier in Oude was compelled to take, instead of h,s own troops, a British force for whom he paid a large sum of money. lo. Tlio Mysore war had put an end to two great powers, but a third remained, the Mahratta nation. Of TCn^. ^,'^*^. ^^'^'^'-'^1 P"^vers into which the race was rattas. Ti,e '''vided the Peshwa was the head, but all Pesiuva. were really indcpeuHurh, and i8io. Recall of Lord Welles ley. 35 pushed on to Delhi where he beat a portion of Sindia's French forces. He next took Agra after a siege, and de- feated the enemy in a hard-fought battle at Laswarree. In less than half a year Lord Wellesley had broken the power of the Mahrattas and made liis own authority supreme. 12. One Mahratta chief, Hoikar, had not joined his rival Sindia, but his habit of pkmdering his neighbours soon brought him to war with Lord Wellesley, Hoikar and he too, like the others, had to submit. ^^<^^- 13. But before the war was fully over Lord Wellesley was recalled by the authorities in England in if-'.Oj. They did not at all like the things that he had done, though he had made England supreme in Lord India. Their de,sire was for peace and no Wciicsiey. interference, but Lord Wellesley knew, better than they did, that peace could not be firm till England was able to forbid the native States to tear one another to pieces. Years later, when the opposite plan had been tried, men saw at last that Lord Wellesley had been right. 14. Lord Cornwallis landed in India, and died. His successor, Sir (ieorgc Barlow, i(So5 1807, did th. oppo site to what Wellesley had done ; that is to say, sir Oeorgo he would not interfere in anything which lay "'rlow. outside of English territory. This meant war on all sides between native States, and the rise of great con(|ueror3 such as Hoikar and Siudia. who made themselvis masters of smaller States which were more friendly to England. 15. Lord Minto (1807-1812) inttMuled to follow th.e samp plan, but he soon foimd that he could not leave the native Siates alone. He could not help mter- j ,,^,| fering so far as to make Runjeet Sing, the '^' to. greatest of the Sikh leaders, keep to the west of the river Siitlej. So ilic English frnnticr was moved fioiii the Jumna as far as the Sutlej. A powerful expedition sent by Lord Minio(i8io) took the Isles of Bourbon and Mauritius Da i'f ,1 Pl 36 India. 1813- frorn France. This made the Eastern trade of England quite safe by putting an end to the last remnant cS French power m Indian waters. ^icncn CHAPTER IV. INDIA UNDKR THE NEW CHARTER.— 1813-1822. 1 Down to this time, by their charter, the East India Company had kept all the trade with India and the The now i-ist to themselves ; other persons could not Opening of '^"^^'' ^^"^ Country to trade or to sett)- there t'radr,8., ^'."T """'^ "Missionaries who would have tried to teach the people were forbidden : Lut now tiie twehty years, for which the latest charter lasted were coming to an end. It would soon be needful to ask Parliament for a new one, but Englishmen were no longer w, hng to let the Company have their own way so much. he mm.stcrs too saw that greater frecdo.n of trade with India would be good for England. So the new charter which was given to the Company in i8n made a jvre.t change. Though the Directors itt was made minister, and hosv by his help the king won in the great con' Stltlltinnal ct»'""""V lin-'- -' - "'U' • . ■ ' "^ - -o^i''i3L liic vvnig nouses, and set up agam the power of the crown.' > See Epo^a VI., Bk. V., Qi. 11. be 1784 6. Pitt as a Peace Minister. 39 I'itt rem lined in power for almost eighteen years, December I783--March 1 801, about nine years of peace and about nine years of war. With the sup- I'ittbe- port of the kinj^', of the Mouse of Con.mons, '^^'^^'^^^'^ and of the country, lie was supreme. With lySj. such an able statesman, of commanding ability and powerful will, the kin;^ could not have his own way as much in the state as he had before. Hut even Pitt made com- mon cause with the king, and moving away from his early principles, cared less for the wishes of the people, and became more decidedly the king's Tory minister. 2. During the early years of Pitt's power he was a wise and capable ruler, and he was willing to trust the people much. He was a peace minister, and his ^^f^^^^ ^f energies were devoted to make the country the fman- prosperous. Finance, commerce, p;uliamen- '^'^^• tary reform, and the government of Ireland took up his attention. As regards finance he did many useful things '■' the late wars the national debt had grown till \\ achea about 25o,ooo,ocxV. Taxes had been laid on at hap- hazard to meet the needs as they arose. Pitt set before him the reduction of the debt as an import. mt end of all tinani lal measures, lie saved much for the country and encouraged honest dealing by his iilan of borrowing money by public contract, and so getting it at the lowest possible interest. And he did mu. h good by publishing the accounts of the money received and paid by govern- ment. Py lowering the heavy duties on tea, wine, and spirits, which were fast handing over the trade of the country to smugglers, he lessened smuggling, improved trade, and raised the revenue. The payments of customs duties on goods imported, and of excise duties 011 tilings made in the country, were very many and very difficult t» calculate. Uy doing away with these many duties, 40 Pitt as a Peace Minister. ■i III I78+- and fixing instead one sinele dutv nn « t, • saved mcrchnnts mi.rh ZFl^ ^, ^'"'''^ ''^''''^'e, he unpopular. The inc e se f '"' "^"'^ ^•'''^''«" ^^^^ take off s<,n.e oft e " " 't^^'Z """ T^''' ''^ '° -tail shops and on wo;;:n l^vrn/s ' "''"^' ^'°^^ °" 3- I*itt also tried to (r,.^ .;,) r i urers .„ n,a r;;'?: «' '" ''"■""^' '-'Sl-h n.a„;,4. men could ,„"'rl ;,■;;'{: '';:'' ^"-Pcr .l,a„ „,.h- .o«ive free ,.adc ^i:^;: .„ if :;fri;f:,,''''r ''"'■- 'en.led ,„ American an.l African uLe ,.]?• 'r ,' "" Posals passed ,|,r„u,,|, ,|,e IHsh P ll' '""•'"■« I'lo- ^■nall aKera.ion. After , ,„v 1 ""J'-'"' "'"' ""« c-nl. '-> d" anything n.ore „ Id, M '.;r ,' ""' '™" "ubii.,, I,e,.,u.ei;,,„,, K '"''•"•"■■"' si"i"(! at ;. .0 a«or, i,s in.,e ;:;;;;: ;;e;n:r,, '''7 ""^'""'i treaty with I'l-mrn n-rsirs ../•"^'••"^'- A < otninerna duHes whMh w ; i e', ,i d . ''.""' "".'' '"""^ '''«'' •l.e." »."a,l d„,ie: e^ d \S,''it' "•»'^"" "^ merchandise h,„n l>,.i„„ , '^"•,"">'' 'l"l " rcvcnt >i.in« toward, VtvL ""■■■" ".V""' "" '"' '"'■ 'I.C- c„n,n,en ,. hc,„ 'cm I e',w, ' "'"'>' '"™«"l towards free. , l.f'.^io """""' "'"' »•" " "^'l' 4. K)llnwinKlheexann>le.,fl,l, (.„i,., ,,,„c . , m his hfc ihrown himself e.unestl'v iiii H, ""^^ '»'"•"--> -f-™ >vah"iiu';:':„e:.::"";:,%°; 1789. The Ri'geucy Bill. 41 he brought forward his measure. He proposed to take away the right of sending members to Parliament from thirty-six decayed boroughs, and to give their Reform of seventy-two members to the largest counties, I'arir.iniem. and to the cities of London and Westminster. He gave a vote in counties to copyholders, or tenants holding lands under a lord of a mnnor, and means were provided by whi( h members should be given to populous towns, and be taken from other boroughs which might decay from time to time. lUit on such a question I'itt's followers would not follow him, and he w.is beaten by a large majority. He found little support in the country, for it had been made indiflerent by prosperity ;ind good government. 5. Towards the end of 1788, during a serious illness^ the king lost his reason. After a time it was doubtful if he would recover, and the ciuestion of a Kc- .,„ „ 111 II 1 I ""^ '*"" gency, to rule m his pl;u:e, was talked about, nt-my Hill, 1 here is no provision in ICnglish law for any ''' ^' exercise of royal power during incapacity or the minority of a sovereign. The Prince of Wales was of age, and it was pioper that he should be Regent, but there were many dilViculties in the way, He was n(»t on good terms with the king, and his conduct had made him unpo|)ular in the country ; he had so openly taken the sitle of the chiefs of the Opposition in Parliament, that it was certain he would dismi'-s the king's ministers as soon as he could. To help him to power seemed to be taking part against the king himself. When Parli iment met in December, F\)x made matters w(xrsc by rashly saying that the Prince of Wales had a right to the Regency, a right as dear ai in the case of the de.ith of the sovereign. Pitt answered that he h.ul no right more than another person, unless Parhamcnt gave it to him. Fox tried to explain away his words, and the Prince himself said that he claimed no such right Still Parliament looked into what had ■ill) \l 42 Pi'U as a Peace Minister '>een done in for 1788. mer times in such cases. At last, afte ■"any delays, a RoKcncy 15111 sett almost when the ly .1 Regency Hill founded ay cs was made ^■'iiirlnnitati.)ns. 'j-he k oil that of Pitt with '•'« li'-alth in the middle of Febri. ng rcfovered givat joy of all cl \v\ hav '7'H to the very friend 6. !< made the minist i''Ses,and.hedeliKhi of ,he peopl ' ndeof the Prince of W.-.i J .. J^ 'ngesca|)ed the rule of the P le at or some years the f <^rs power greater th nee of Wales and h peaceful and of small policy. to distrust each oti • Holland bet ^•'"o. latic p.rty, supported by the Cou' ontinucd ween tlie Holl.inil till- Stadhold II in-'uw, the King of I rl uf France, and he chief magistrate of er, as t riissia made 'l"s time, but in 17.S.S, Knglaiid. I liolder of Holland to defeiul each otl and P "t Would not interfe the U HHsia became responsible for the re at , I'nissia, .md the Stad- Mi alliance, by whii h they agreed '»>'• 'Inis Knglnnd ii^'r igamst any ene niti'd Pnuincc"^ tiu Icpeiul encc of leri 8. I'llt, in the next Hung he did. :ck met with his first Under B , h"w.i.T V .iiiierine, l'f w.ir for such a cause, and Turkey was stripped of the land beyond the Dniester. CHAPTER II. ENGLANH DURIN(J THE FB REVOI.U I ION.— I. A TIME, however, came when foreign affairs held the chief place, and the greil peace nunistcr was driven into war. 'Ihe war soon greatly upset his peace- ful plans at home, and by and by made him liiei'Vcnih rule less wisely, and with less trust in the '<«^v"'""""- people. The French Kevuhition of 1789 was such a great event tliai men were forced to think of it before everything else. It altered men's notions of politic s, and it changed for a time the whole face of the map of Kurope. The extravagant and selfish despotism of the French monardiy, and the oppression of the people by the nobles, had brought France to a state of ilisconlent and distress in which pea» cful and sufficient reform was almo.-.t im- possible. For years the notion that men ought to rule themselves and not be ruled entirely by a king and his nob'e^i h:?N lil , enXT T "Z""^' '' ^^'-^^ oHho other r:sta c; K i','"" ''""^ ''' ''^^'^ ^'^^ Po-er was destroje,! • the'- b r f, ^''"^^ ''"'^'^" '" J^^"''«. n.lUsorn^h,eJ,:;^d ;^^::; ;" P7i'<>^- - special decreed. The feehio t . , . '■''''''^'' ^'^'^ swiftly '■"«''"«'• iMnV ? <^M'i.'nsc, n„ ,|„„|,e |„,t » i«.erKn r,:-" ,:r:," ^""^ ""-' ^"'" "•■■i"' ^'"j «•:.., like iu„k" ;,„ T ""■= '"""■ '■:"Kii»i""c,. more Viol.,,,, .„ 3,;;;'^,, ;•"''"";""»'» t."-™ .»o,e and Hm, a,ul free ."ve ,Z ' V'^.^' '« '"«W--' >" »e, „p a in li.cir f,,v.M„- • '-"^''"'' "I-'""'" l^<;'.-'"n= less J. Tlie clficl (if (lie Fipiirl. ,'». I .• p"".ic. was ,„.,. n,a,.eu;''^;;,,,t"; r,;;,;;".t*^ nronk,,,, ^•''•'^e Who aKiced with it whiW ^' -:-.»«l ,„ ac. with K„x and SI,' ,",, " " "'""'' pore tin. K„vp,nn,™t -ri?,,' "'''■""" ="'P- •-keri,, Pa,i,a„,::,;'„.,,i \ '.-i .;:i;""- 1-.".« 1792. Invasion of France. 4S the FngJish people greatly admired the French Revolution, and their unguarded language and conduct drove the majority to extreme opinions of the very op- posite kmd. Societies and clubs in some ww i.ii.s in English towns connected themselves with *•' k''""'- the Paris ( kihs, and their conduct led to liisturbances. 5. The opening of the year 1792 was prosperous, and peace seemed so sure that both parties in the House of Commons agreed in reducing the forces. lUit Cmwinn on the Continent the violence of republicans j'li'^-'-.'''^ ' the (iDlllliS was terrifying the goxerninents and leading in I'r^mco. •them to be very watchful over their own subjects, and to be willing to make war against France. The Knglish ministry still wished for peace, and determined to put down with a high hand all signs of agreement with French republicanism. With this intention FMtt was gradually led on til interfere with what people did and s;iid in a way that became very oppressive. In France the As- sembly was powerless before the mob of I'aris, and the kinj^'s life was threatened. 6. At this moment the governinents of Austria and Prussia determined to invade France, pul d')wn the republicans, and restore King Lewis .W'l. to , , ' ' " Inv.iHioti of power. .\ large army was to enter France Kramc by from the north, under the Duke of Hninswick, 'AnitHii^and and a force of I'rciK h exiles was to join him. •''"'*•*"' The invasion was wrong, because the l''rench people had a ri^;hl to change the government of their own land if they pleascil. 'I'hcse two States that interfered arc to be blamed f( r bringing on the general European war that followed. Frame dill not at that time thieatcn I'russia or the Empire, and however nuuh foreigners might dis- like the condition of nH)narchy in I ranee, there was no call ft)r interferetue. Ami the Duke nf llrunswick made Pitt as a Peace Minister. m^. 46 - " - -etc iviinisier. ,_„^ 1792- such demands and put forth ^„rK .1, nation could not endure. ^^'■"^'^ ^' ^ ^^-^^t 7. This forei^ni interference at once led fn , volution in France • the Uncr . i *" ^ "^^ '"e- fi, NT '■ ^ *'"'' ^"^en were imprisoned • Depo.si,i„, t^^e National Assembly was renlirw h ' of the Kill)! Convenfinn .•„ t: , / »^ '^^ repi.u ed by a of Franc... *- .^""Z ^^f ^^ ^mber, which at once voted fell into the Iv ,s :r/'' ^'^ "^^--^^X" ^" Power publicans of whom 1. e m.rir"? 'T ""°"^' ^ '^ - the upper hand ^'^^ ^'^^"'' ^""^J'^"- ^'-^ined 8. Meanwhile the allies tr>ni^ fu r s„cce,. of bue iheu; slowness K.,ve the iMcnch >;o»mls the Meuse fthen tho A,. . • \, , '"'^ district to •Decree c/n. ^ ' ;; '1^ ""''''^""l 'h« th.l ,le,i„,| m ,™' ;l,.r'' ?""".">' '"--'I"" •III ,u,i„ns "'r .hei, " ," ,m ev 'rn'V''''" "'"*> "' '^-' « cieda,.',vi^' :;,'::: ," "■'» "™'^"' ^•""-' - found in ,i„. „.o,i „ Oe A, h'""'"' '°"" '° ''^ 1793- IVar ivitJi France. 47 ment in December, the king's speech urged an increase of the army, and, \vl\ilst hoping war might be avoided, gave a warning that war w.is likely. The execution of the King Lewis (January 1793; led to an open breach with France, and in ^'ebruary war wasdechired by France against Kngh\nd and Holland. CHAl'TFR III. Pirr AS A WAR MIMSTRR. J. The I'.nglish ciitcrcil on the war rather unwillingly. Pitt felt bound to defend Holland, but did not want to interfere within France, though he thought the n,t iHd n„t war would be short, and would end in the de- 'l'-"*ire war. feat of the republicans. The fust division of the war dates from I'cbruary 1793 till the peace negotiations of Basle and Paris in the spring of 1796. 2. The French, under Dumourie/, at once invaded Holland, but the Austrians, entering lU-Igium, forced them to letire, and won b.ick all the Netlici lands. Nor wore the Fiench at tirst inorc successful on the Lower Rhine, for the allies took Mentz. Dumouriez, vexed at the con- stant interference of the (Jonvcntion in military matters, and (lesirous of pla> ing a great part in a restoration of the ni> .larchy, entered into a treasonable corrcspontlence with the allies. His schemes failed, but lit; jjasscd over to the Austrians, and then went to Kngland, where ex- he was little heard of aftcrwaids. An I'nglish pedition u'ulei the Duke of York landed and I'.iiiuie of joined the Auslii.ins, but the campaign was I he nllii badly managed by the allies. Instead of pressing for- ward with energy, they wasted time on the sieges of Valenciennes, Condc, and Quesnoy, in \\lii( h success was* of little use. An allicti fleet failed to save the city 48 % 1 r i I ^^^e War with France. ;2 ptt:~t:ir:;?; T". "i.™ 3- Meanwhile all France had hf"' ^^'''^'''■ -rogance of the allied invaded the'ir""' ^" '"'■>^- ^^^e J- Co.. the ^11 ofthe /^•c:^;'^^:::":,^^?--^. Public a march on Paris niulp th !' ^^^^ ^'^''^-'^^ of ,'^';'^- The Girondists^ a t .! ' '•^P^'^>''"cans frantic, had gathered round the dep tic L' '"■ f ";"' "''"^^' ^'^''^t ^lepartment of the Gironde lost M '^"[^'^•'^"^ ''nd the ^^ere the more moderate nam- j ':' "'^^^••^"'•-- They power passed to the Jac^ li ^ , ^^'-""^'"^'""' ^"^ "ov" -"all conmnttee became r , :;! '^^^'' "^ "'-om a St- Just, and the Jacobin f"''' '<<>bespierre ^u;^iic Safety, were^r^o:^^;';;::;,;';^ ^''"^""'^'- ^ :'^nd their tyranny in Puis ml M ^ "'■^''" '"^^^^s, ■ts name of < The Reign oPP ? ,,; ' t, "?? "^" ^""-^ ^ •■'^^""••^''' as the n.en \vho- ^cZ\ ^ '\' ^^^'volutionary 1^"' t'-'-nds to death, t yi,:; 'f; ■""^:^^'^ ^^^ 'ailed' '"^ -a^'^'>'- ^-■tiods'^'v^^;;r"'"^'--'-ccut: ;:very day. often vvithou, ev 1 1 e n . ""' ^'''"^'^tered the Queen Marie Antoineu-n.mMr'"'^ "' '• '■^^•■^-" '^ horrible tin.e, bnt any g^::':^^;:; "'-'r^' '^ ^^^ ^^•emed to the people better Uvn "^. '' '•^■'"h.nen ;j"^'-ors. So Fran., snbmi ,e '"''''' '"'•'■'•'.'^'' -'"- Jacobins, who .p,i,.MvtagK:r and successfnlly defied Km- ,,' '''r-/.'^^'- |'!'-'-'- '"'■ uar, were wise, for when the Ke gn o T " ""^ "'^' '^^'"'"- ' '■•^V'^ «til.powerAda:i':^', :';;;; ^--' away, . 4. "'e campaigns of ,.„, ""h^" '^^>'eign foe. honour to Kngh.nd. The I)„|V"1 v'^!'^ '"'"'^h' no Ounpai,. ^>'n.kirk.and,hed;/vl^7lt'';!rl'''''^ " ")o battle of PI,,,,,. ,,' ": .^"^^'''ans at French .v.n pressed on in,.. Mollmd ^"T"'"' "^^ 'oiianu, and were well ^'st fi-iends. rose in La "ul slaughter Jess. ^fwy. The I->umouriez, 'e threat of ^ns frantic, tailed that IX' and the e. 'ihey 1, but now "liom a bespierre, "lit tee of "lonths, " Gained hitionary e called, evccut- 'ylitered reason, It was i< hnien ,i,''i ron- ;itri()tic '»'■ war, people nway, > /oc. Ill no > take ms at ihe well 1796 Troubles in Enchmd. 49 M received by a large republican party, who did not like :iic English alliance. An expedition to the Bay of Ouibcroii to assist the Chouans, or royalist insurgents in Brittany, was a disgraceful failure. On the German frontier the successes of France brought out the jealousies of the German States, an. I in 1795 Prussia made peace, leaving the Au.strians and Knyland to carry on the war. The English fleet under Lord Howe gained a great victory over the French in the Channel on June i, 1794, a victi.ry always named from the date only. English arms prevailed in India and the West Indies, and English forces gained Ceylon, Malacca, and the Cape of Good Hope. Disturbances in Corsica ended in the expulsion of the French and the union of Corsica to the crown of England for a time. Hut these things did not make up for the ill-success on the Continent. 5. Early in 1796 there seemed an opportunity of mak- ing peace, and little reason for longer war. The alliance was broken up, Holland was more friendly to ,„ „ I- .1 I- 1 1 1 . , Illefrectof h ranee than to England, the hope of restoring the w.ir on monarchy in France was gone, for a stable ''"k'^'"'- republican government was in power there. The war had become unpopular in England. Trade had sutfered, banks had failed, taxes were pressing heavily, and the debt hau been greatly increased. The war had changed Pitt too, and his home policy. Believing monarchy to be in peril, he and his party had acted as if they saw revolution all round them. The Habeas Corpus Act was suspended ft)r the time, and so jjcoplc could be put in prison, and kept in prison without being tried. The freedom of the press was almost put down, freedom of speech almost at an end, spies and informers were everywhere. One bookselltT, R;(|..w:!y,'had been puni5hcd for selling Taine's 'Rights of Man,', a book which was a coarse attack upon Monarchy. ' It had been published in ii, II. a 50 The War with France. ^-^^r, trance. X796- address on refonn'l,:!'"" ''™'" ^"P*''^'''"S ^'n b". everywhere the ^^. t,:' ?,, "'"7 ""'^ ^"■" >™'-. ■•eady t,, press it so as ," ,„'«.:' '"" ""= J"d,.. were city of Lon ,„„ be,,a„ to , Ike, '7 '""•'■ '" '«'• ">« °f 'he court., a„;?,|K: £;;;;;''' """"^'''>^'y"nny ™en jruilt, ,vl,„ were i,roI h? "^,"' 'f '^ refused to li„d - i'- (l)ece,„l,er .79 ) f i ° 7'^ "" '"''^'■"- *»>-•■■ "ev. -o,-,per, w|,„ was -c' "f 'fV^-' "«= editor of a «!' 1 "- ause he asked fot n- P"Wi^l"ng a seditious (JX-ber ,;,„ a ™ e t" forrh"'"™' ""^ "'- Home T.,„ke a,>d others fa fed n. f '"""°" "S^""' fcel conii.lence ,n the law eourts' " '*"'" ""^San to needed:i',;Spi:trrje';r *,r"r ""^^^^ '>^'' •>-- ,S-- .'■"- were o^XuTh "p^::^ 0^".°'"" as the new P-ovrrnmo... ^ '^"^n Directory, ^•th success, ],aci ,^rancf nh ^^f ^"' ''^''^^' "'-^^ ^I'-^^ed ;he English desire for ' V^^^^^ ^/ <^«"quest, and distrusted Belgium or Holland or' M^hn wT" 7 'f'''^ ^° ^'^^ "P Moreover England ^.Ll^2J"^ '^' ^'""'^ '^^^-od. ^-rectory, careless of th ' fac ^T' '"'^^' '^^^ ^^^ Pn^ssm and Austria had mJe hi "^' ^'"^^''^"^ ^"^ w.th a savage hate again! Fnlr"' ''"°" '^^'"' '"'"ned humble then, before ail K^rope^ n "' ^^^""^^ ^'"' to came to nothing. ^ ^ "^ P^ace negotiations wa/warr4tcstxc'„?v''V"i''- "^ '^^ a.,„„d also. They had c ed I ■""''''' '«<'Pl= continen;.,! ^<.. '',,*' ' "'"'■■^•. "'^ "' lleloii,,. Many had .a,.dth;„wa;^:d:;^:;'tCjr:^ -1797. Naval Victories. 51 own liberties. But now peaceable Enj,'land was on its defence against a proud enemy, and Pitt, as the champion of his country in a war which could not be helped, was stronger than ever. 8. The French Government was no longer merely de- fending itself, but now threatened to invade Ireland and even England. Both Holland and Spain had invasion of joined France, and so with the Dutch a>.d i'^"sl^^"d. Spanish fleets the Frencli hoped to sweep the English navy off the seas, if not to conquer England. But the Irish conspirators and the French Government did not work together. An expedition to Bantry I5ay, in Ireland, failed, and the landing of 1,400 men at Fishguard, in Pembroke- shire, February 1797, was ridiculous. Without artillery, deserted by the frigates that brought them, this small body surrendered at discretion to Lord Cawdor, who had gathered a still smaller force of volunteers, yeomanry, and militia. 9. In the same month, February 1797, Admiral Sir J. Jervis and Commodore Nelson met a very powerful Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent, and gain- „ , , ;«™ .-•111- - nattles of mg a considerable victory, forced them to St. Vincent retire to Cadiz. The Dutch fleet during the camper- summer had been prevented by the weather ^"^"' from trying to join the French at Brest. When in October they did put out, an English fleet under Admiral Duncan attacked them off Campcrdown, nine miles from land, and after a most obstinate battle, took more than half the ships. 10. These successes put an end to any serious attempt at invasion. But during this year the country was troubled by serious mutinies in the fleets at Sp;thead and the Nore in April and May. Fortunatelv t'he'liecr '" the dangers passed away. The Admiralty '''^^• yielded in the one case to reasonable and fairly urged claims of sailors badly paid, badly fed, and badly cared E 2 52 The War with France. 1798- possibly of Mi^ „ irr^'ru' ''^>'p'' ^'^^""-^"^ '•™ied i„ Egypt, ,„„, it, ,f Lt:;",:?;"""-:; '^ and s,>on pushed on to Cairo Th u'C , '^''=''»"t'na, off early i, M,„ , " '",, ^^'", ^ «'' '^''""' ™= =«"' till A,„4t .ha he „ „ thet Cf "='!;■ " ™= ""' up at anchor i„ '""''""="'•, '^'"Iccn s.iil iverc drawn by n,on„ng .he victory of the Enghsh w conX' whose ships had been block-adi^Mhe p "t of Afc :'''' c:;r;rs::;''shi"ti:h"'r"^^^^^^^^^^ .,nsonisv„ya;:it^v;;r^"'r'rrri:re' .ho:e'e;:>:-<^Ser-:,,;;t---f^ courage, were able to hoi, o„:'fo^r ty < ^d':!;;:' ;"°~ '-^'"^^ =" ^^^'^y 1799, ^'^yria saved, and Nauolenn very soon returned to Cairo and to Franc; The French i" 1798- n refusing rs who had till threat- was now t on a dif- n port of >yria, and Vlalta, he exandria, was sent was not re drawn •hour of Nelson, happen, len, and t. Two 3ed, but etc. Bay, did n entire [uest of march Smith, andria, re, and )f great efence. ^e, yet aunted when l^he Doleon 'rench -1801. Fyench Successes. 53 Napoleon supreme in France. occupation of Egypt lasted two years longer, but its im- portance was over. In March 1801 a force of 15,000 men under Sir Ralph Abcrcromby landed at Abinikir, and de- feated the French army which opposed them. On the sur- render of Cairo in June and of Alexandria in August, the French army agreed to leave the country, while the fleet fell into the hands of the English, A body of 7,000 sepc; \v from India under Sir David Baird arrived too late to ? are the fighting, but their very presence showed how uiterly the eastern schemes of Napoleon had come to notiiii^^, 12. When Napoleon hurried home from Egypt - August 1799, he put an end to the Directory, and soon under the name of First Consul became chief ruler of France. Men were mostly glad of the change. The Directory had been ruling feebly, while Napoleon soon gave Frenchmen plenty of glory. His rule was firm, and fairly just, and while he acted as one who had no mere party ends to gain, he did not seem to undo the good of the Revolution. He gave France order, and good law, and even when he made himself Emperor, his subjects felt that there was social equality for all below him. The year 1800 was a year of French successes under the rule of Napoleon. One French army under Moreau overran Havaria. Napoleon himself, by a very bohl plan, crossed the Alps to the rear of the Austrian army which was besieging Genoa, entered Milan, gained a victory at Marengo, near Alessandria, and forced the Austrians to give up all North Italy, except (knoa, to France. Later in the year Moreau gained the battle of Hohenlindcn, which opened the way over the river Inn to Vienna, and placed Austria at his feet. The .Austrian Emperor was compelled to agree to the treaty of I,u!u>vi!!<' (i8o!) which ceded the land on the left bank of the Rhine, and gave France the Rhine for her border f-om Ilasle to its mouth, while the 'f h I 54 The War with France. i8or- 13. 1.. IS,., ICglaml stoo.i al,.,H. „, „..-,r with Frnnce Sweden arcl IX«nn,;,rk fcllowcd his In „ . ^^ Hnf .iJ , . ^"'•"«'" "f '• >an( r, and had fancied ha he many chanKes of ,he KovcrnnKMU wore ,Vns He «■„,.,, ,„,ve p,„se>, a ^^'ZL ll'Z^Z i8oi- -1802. Peace of A miens. Si I'itt threatening Northern League. A licet was sent out in March 1801 under Sir Hyde Parker, with Nelson second in connnand. The object was to separate Denmark from the League, or to take her llect, that it might Hombaid- not fall into French hands. After many ^^^^^! delays the fleet passed up the Sound and hiigen. anchored off Copenhagen, When the Danes had refused to accept xX.c terms offered, Nelson's squadron of twelve ships opened fire on their fleet and forts, and after some hours made the Danish ships strike their Hags. A truce was made which grew into an armistice, or stopping of war, for fourteen weeks. 15. And fortunately the death of the ICmperor Paul caused a change of Russian policy, and peace was made with the Baltic powers, Time 1801. The Right ,.„ „ . , , ,- , r "'c Peace of search was to be confined to men-of-war of Amiem, and refused to privatct is, and blockades were ''^*' to be real, with enough ships of war to close the ports and really prevent vessels from getting in or out. The break-up of the Northern League, added to the decisive battle of Alexandria, made the I'fcnc h willing to renew proposals of peace, and these were most acceptable. Kngland was to give up her concpiests, except Ceylon and Trinidad ; Krance to withdraw from Naples and Rome, to give up her claims to Malta and l'"gypt, and to leave Portugal in peace. Such were the terms of the Peace of Amiens, March 1802; 'a peace,' as was truly said, ' which evcrybculy would lie glad of, but which no- body would l)e proud of.' Put the peace was little or nothing more than a truce between foes who were to fijjht ai;aiji very soon. l^ • 1^ 56 Ireland. BOOK IV. CJIAI'TKK [. Tiir: n KM A .VI) for jni I. TiiK wish of \\ «ule in Ireland had and Ireland alike would difTc JKPKNOFNCR. illiain I If. to set '■OHIO to notln'nt;. M I'P '• fum and just 'i(»t be tolerant ot ■t-Mices ; the government had h;,d 1 ;»:'il not paid proper attent iieland. I'll in Knjriand one another's ttlc patience, and it'n to the real interest of Pari A (lose union of the ( "iiiiient at Dubl ;vo ro.MUries, with no separate 111, with all ri-hfs of lil ;!""t''^f thesameinKnKland.mdlrelan !'"'^^T""'"ikefbrKn,Iisl.nu.nandIHsI firm ha\e been best. A in tl career 't'lty, relij^ion, under a law linen would •'•^•iiiK thus (.(fered lo .dl u-frovernm<.nt of the whole kinKdoM,.,n,d alike and other profc those ssions, time would probably I fie passions which harsh '■<■(• heat. Kor ^vant of such and unequal la in its amy liave cooled ws kept at a men were driven to be acb i^areer at home Irish- ftnd to tight aKainst tl cnrry olfthe viK.Mir and the'ir.ul cnturers in France and S| At nerican colonie H' armies of theii ade ol ,lir' )ain. ''omury, or to i"»rth to the Pari Bad !s ^'^ It was, no Roman Cathol ••"'>cnt at Dublin, ami therefore a 1 i»" 'ould .«gi in the IIIK pail of I|,<. p,,p„l.,tinn Ikh! Roverning itself. I. I'Kc and grow- VoUc in .He Ro,„„„c„..,,,.;;--;,,;^'- -;-;-;'- ^ •Wiar* K' \ \ 58 ' If Ireland. 1760- ■'"^■-•We tlKuf f .n'TnhcH hr'r'/'"'' "•■'*'• '^"^ to law. ,0 bribe mc„u,,LcZ ,,'■''"'' '"' '"""'"« "ffe". 'hey H.p, „„ ehe c,.?; ; ,rf;^-.-<' rf-eWul, a,,., known elsewhere. ^ '" ''^ "''ly scarcely . 7'^^^ «ov-crninent of End-uul ., .,c "^ ''-'"^'^ '"atters than tin I "" '''''' "'* i"'^»^'^ ^V'^'ish people lon,.^,' ,., 'T ;";-"^ ''^ ^^"">Hn. The ^•'"t must be kept , „ ' -'7"'/"'' '' ' •'''"^erous rival - the rich, j,;:::l, ^^^^ far to soothe the disonmn^ ^ ^ '""''' '^^^'^ gone "nre,anc,wo.,dh:;:^r^-^7-V""^^'""^^^^ was killed by the keep^ dow 'of t e '"^^ "^ Prosperity '"•inufactmcsoftheisTuul n l '^.''''^'^' ''»" ' «Tovving '■-'•"-leadistinctio le^^^;;^^^^ ''^••tlu. Irish ships rotdd m^^ '^'"'^^ ''"'' '''A «'nl all exports a ul in o . ' '^''''' ^" ^he colonies. p--w.i'inKn,,Ln;,:"---^^^^ cattle and produce with J n.lisVnm ',,'''""' ''''^' '" 't was stopped in the interc' o 'r^ish^r" '" "'"" "P' ••'ch j,Mass land „f Iceland Jn'i •'^ "■""^'■'' '''''<-' »heep. and her w,..I -o ,,n^ , 'T?'' ^"'^' '>f Europe ; buta reKula io / b ' l'' •'• '''^l '"'^^ «" <>ver IW«h woollens to any ' /; * y''^";'^' ''Hrish wool and trade was erushe.I Tn ? P ''"'''*"'^'- ^''^cu.>rl -anner. and n!.:!;: :' ^^';^:---''^^^ tnous inhabitants left the c.Huu'y "''' ""'^ '"^'"=" M":::;:,^i::i;::-:;;-;'«;/-estants.iniuredby tow— !- t'- ! . ^>»«'"nKn(, became niMw> ,i;„,.fl--_._ J , '"^'^ Kngland than the Komin r'..t, r ^"^^icd 1760- -1782. The Volunteers. 59 The began to be put forward for the entire independence of Irelawd. 3. As we follow Irish history through the years of the * American and European wars d(m'n to 1782, we hnd the demand of independence gradually shaping itself, and, after giving way in one small point after another, England in a moment of desperate diftioulty yielded and granted a new constitution. 4. Ireland sympathized mucn with the Americans, for their claims for self-gcnernmcnt and for free trade were those which the Irish had so often made. The Opposition in the Parliament at Dublin, like wiih ii>e the Whigs in I'lngland, openly said they ^'"'""'«»' agreed with the colonists ; the leader of the Opposition, Cirattan, pressed the demand for independence just when England was getting more and more into difficulties. Troops had to be withdrawn for America, and, while smuggling grew, lawful trade was almost entirely killed by the swarms of privateers who swept the Channel and even ventured to engage with men-of-war. 5. The French war (1778) made the Presbyterians of the north in some measure return to their loyalty ; but it made the condition of Ireland worse than Rise of the before, for it ruined what remained of Irish Vclumecu. trade. Then England began to give wav. Some measures to quiet Ireland seemed ahsolulely needful. .Some relief to trade was given, cxcc|)t to the woollen manufacturers; some relief to Roman Catholics, who had been very loyal, was given by making the penal l.iws less harsh. Put even then Hurke faileil to alter the Navigation laws, and he lost his seat as member for Bristol because of his attempt to get justice for Ireland. The measures which England would grant were too insigrjilicanl and too late ; the weakness of ICngland, antl her powerkssness to defend Ireland from invasion, seemed to call on Irishmen I ' I ( I i I! f 60 Iceland. 782- J^o protect themselves SuHh , '^^'"" t'^ccoiui-ol of /,v.i < "'each town or H.c • '"'' qiiicklv. f. ' ' " "f " natron,,: .„■„„. , "' "'<»'fni- demands, and Kn,/,,, , 'u ' '"'' '"" "" li™ ./ to , ' would bell,. „o- ■"•<' "<' i:.i> In , ., "'"'" ■•■Polished '"-f'r *"»•• ■•'«,.; «,e V /""•'«'"« 6. At ,., f^""'**^"^" "1 Irr/and.' " ' '^'lament "•otion amouri,'";';;:'! iSarl^'"'".''""^'^^ ^^ 'ard , "f '-Ian , ';: r"'"'r '"''i^'mcn,,.,;' k,; ;;;; r'''-^ ,"?;-. and 'e,: ';;, ^.r^ ,™-.d „';*!' ^Th CHAPTKR rr : T"K independence nf r , well TK , "'''^' f*"^ "^^ "«^w .on • ' ':' '"•^'^^ '■'•^^'« for '«ceKp„eMvr?'*''^'"-'*Jve.s. The p. 9. ,* w 1782, ^^ tlie land f^ie number the govern- ■ ^vas in tl„. ^ '^^f, and so lhc>^'overn- 'i^s moved onch war, I'fe'"'^ in the land after '^^' ni.ide, fo their Jer what -stricting Art was refused, t called i lament ''ard a « niade ndcnce 1 both I httle cdiate .iT'>5. rke Irish Parliament, 61 'lete. and. for 'ork rhe Protestants w:;rt by no means willing to give way to the Roman '.athn'i ;. The government found the Irish more troubleL>(»i\i(: than before. Before the end of the year Rodney's great victory and the safety of Ciibraltar loweitd the tone of France and Spain, and made an hoiiourpblc .cace possible, md England repented of having yielitel Dmng tht:-next few years Irish politics were steadily uiriking the uni'jn of the two countries necessary, as the only possible mode of government. Pitt worked for this, with freedom of trade, reform of parliament, and Catholic emancipation. Union, with or without these reforms, was the best thing for Ireland, for by it alone could fair rights ever be given to the two religious parties, and all out- breaks be calmly kept down. 2. Meanwhile the volunteers melted away, after an unsuccessful attempt to get a Reform Pill without giving votes to Roman Catholics. The unfortunate Dimcultyuf failure in 1785, of Pitt's Commerce Bill,' by ife'S'^'' which he wished to make trade between Kng- Parluunent. land and Ireland free, added to the difficulties. Flood, Grattan, and Curran alike stirred the passions of their countrymen to defeat an excellent measure. The ab- surdity of the new constitution was shown in 1789 by the behaviour of the Irish leaders about the Regency Bill. Eager to hamper Pitt, and to take any oppi rtunity of disagreeing with England, they led the Irish Parliament to offer the Regency to the Prince of Wales with full kingly power, while the English Parliament was carefully set- tling limits and conditions. The recovery of tlie king made their conduct fruitless as well as ridiculous. In 1794 5 '^ ^vas made |)lain that any measure ol" emancipa- tion rrhieh slsruM give equnl poUtiral rights to '.rish.mon would be hopeless while the Irish House of Conunons remained as it was. * 8«e p. 40. 62 Ireland, ': I 3- The last years nf ,>. ' '"^ "■ouWe. The wis:rc:t^,«;/-ywe„ years „f ^,,. former, of ,. , "''"^^>^ '» iearning- the wh^i ^"^ein. bec.m '"'" ""'"bers offered h ? "" ^^^^ ^''O'" in- Ireland and set UD „■",■" '" ^"' ""= French ,„ • «o» ».. w "'^ ;;"*'"="''-' republic WoTferr* ""'■ O'Connor ,f "■■"■" ''"*"=™W and A^r* "egoliatcd with iZlr\\l '?">' "'"" of good r™?, ter »' ^•'t sail and fi.tf ?,';;'''' ^' "-' "f .wen". n,^,„ff .,"f -5,000 n,en ^J^""^'!'''^'' an arn,v "' ""^ "i„e„ „,,,_ ^_. ,„„:1'"Ph™ They were.o "le Shannon mouth. '795- •ars of great ' longer pre- new bond of ^en, now be- ^opiilar and ^d and rash ^o'fe Tone, d of hatred re a power- ?th.. The em for the •"etic from ^' 8""vern- ^ from in- Outrages ^orce, so > invade fc Tone, Arthur family^ on Was It couJd Liadron ■t pass, 'iipt to iiy, no nded. cmed forest ?nty. irniy e to nth. -1798. T/ie Irish Rebellion. 63 The way was open, there were no troops worth mention- ing in South Ireland, and it was thought that the peasantry would rise everywhere. The fleet separated m the darkness of the first night, and one large ship went down ; during several foggy days the tleet gathered agam till, on the 2 1 St, off Cape Clear, thirty-five vessels were mustered. But since the first nijht the Fratcniih', with General Hoche on board, was nowhere to be seen. Grouchy waited for Hoche, who never came. Then a gale drove all to take refuge in Bantry Bay. There fog shut them in for days, and at last a storm swept them out to sea, and back to Brest, where they learnt that General Hoche had put into Rochelle, and had never seen Ireland. The French expedition had come and gone. Scarcely a man had landed ; no Englishman had opposed, no Irish- man had aided. 6. The Orange Association of Protestants, so called from William of Orange, now began to draw the northern republicans to itsdf, and becan^e by and by a The Orange- formidable weapon wherewith to put down the •"«"• rebels in the south, who were almost all Roman Catholics. CHAPTER III. THK KliBELLlON OF 1 798 . I. The death of Hoche, the battle of Campcrdown, the rise of Napoleon's power, put an end to the hopes of French help. Thrown bark on themselves, the leaders fixed on May 23 for a general rising. The government, who knew their plans, arrested the committee in Dublin. Lord j ^^^ Edward FitzL^crald. in a desperate struggle, !y«'«''^*., Stabbed two or ers, one mortally. He was himself shot, and died in prison »..l lis wounds. A 64 Ireland. out sV; "''P°''''f'""gav,^^in/ ''^^ ^^^^ influence ■n^ssacre wliid, ,, ,, "" ™'"'"iltce saved Duhl ^'"ods„ed. "'it^'^-^^"^" -- '- ft^n r,e^ ir*^'''"''- ''"Pless wMl, ;*■"" ""ent was fort „ '=''^-"'on and >^'"' '•evol,,,; , ';"""^"*ne people verj","' '"""'■'■=<'. •"itl tl,e,e '>"• <-a,lmv was ,■,„„, ,""»«''ered "•■'"•■ly. a„„,|„,,. C"'''; "■?'' "-i'linR ,0 listen tV,' '-'"iciick „ '-'"■'■■iKli by vco;„„„' 'ia^Jgely P'ocla,„,ed .^dT,""'"'' """■■'I l« ,, d h ^ "■•■" '■ '"■"^'"""■ase ,,„^''^^"<-'^' '"".iod c„„,;,"""''"«' fo"l- yiiiJf., . ^"^^' ^'"i'UpIi fo .Slig,,, "■h'ch W.IS coming ,„ ,,js ..id J, '; ,^ <■ ■•<■"<■ h sc|tuulron «.e vessels ..kenrincludglir;/,:'!'""?'^ ,""" '"-' of Tone on board. He was t^-^n r '' '""' *""■--■ ■".tied suicide in prison ,1 ""."'"""«!, I>m co.n- the recklcs mode of put. J h1'"?"' illustration of ll."ugh Wolfe Tone wa eminir" " "'""'"''' ">« conviction by a court num i "' '■■M''^•'' '■•<="»'•, 'm l"'J"d«es bad chosen t ' l", „ "'■" ' •■'"'' """"•■'■ -^ed..in,asoldier.sdea.b'I,r:■:4^;^;:^:t^ -i8oo T1ie Act of Union. 67 who reads Pitt's great speech on the subject, that a close union between the two countries was good for both and needful. Pitt made up his mind to carry an Act of Union, by which the Irish Parliament should The Union cease, and Ireland should be represented in the nrSaud British Parliament. The Union was carried Ireland. by Pitt's influence, in spite of slight interest shown in England and much hostility in Ireland. Whole- sale bribery cleared a passage for it through the Irish legislature. The Act of Union provided for a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with one Parha- ment at Westminster. It gave to Ireland representation in the Parliament by four spiritual peers sitting by rota- tion, and by twenty-eight temporal peers elected for life by their own body ; and by one hundred members of the House of Commons. It provided for almost entire freedom of trade between the two countries. And it pro- vided that the laws of Ireland should remain as then in force, with power in the Imperial Parliament to alter or repeal them, or to enact new laws for Ireland, separately or in common with the rest of the realm. The Act took effect on January i, i8oi. It was one of Pitt's greatest measures, and the fault did not lie in him that it was not made still more perfect by the addition of a provision for the relief of Roman Catholics from all disabilities. But this was at the moment impossible. F 2 08 The European Wi ar. 1803 BOOK V. THE EUmPE^^ „vm; ,8„3_,s,. ? « ;i m CHAI'TKR I. ' ""^ "1- IlK., en.lod .h^w^r ,?'"''''''■ '"""•K "•■•K..ti.„i„„s, ,1,0 „c,v n,i„M,v ','."■""•' ""-■ l^--''™ •■'"'I wcTc safe wi,M,,, ",pp,,7 "' '"" '■'"■» P'«>». "w,,'i'„„h. ,1,, isi,,„i ,i ; "I'."- ''<•• ■">"«c'iu.« time. ;^- fro... >v,i,i„, ..,„,„„ ^;:;„';; ":•;:",;'.""."'--" ' * »y I itt, declared wur againtt ^>S' *rj u 'o2, that the 've toiuluct *' to I-' ranee i I'icdniont 'I ami I'la- same time, itl had not oan^ry be- lot prevent - pftpared 1*1 lie war. 'iir againit I I i 7° The European II F'-anrcin May 1803, nnd soon afte (tr. Kcpiiblic, as Holland was now called 1S03- ■r.iKiiiiistthe IJatavian 3- On the part of the FumkI al once taken, and Han 1 \ ijroioiis measures were I lions lor ih Tl-:l.u. "^'>'^' Po^vcrswere roused over was occupied. Before the illv.•.^i,,M „r tions were made, as thoiu-h th immense prepara- kX::i:" n 7,,: '"""^■-'^"^'"U:l. the war were solely f<>, the conqnest ot haiKJand. All the coast ntwerp was busy ^^ith arrauKements for rs were at lidulogne. 1 nuich spirit from lircst to A aninvasi.m, ofwhichihchead(,uarte '"*' "^^•' t''^' threatened attack will vohmleers enrolled themsel Of3CKVXXX 'Ih is al fsinall places, loihe number war \\hi( I, had been w Kavean aim and a popularity to the oftl •ntinj; before 1H02. 11 If public spirit seemed to out le eagerness Kovernment, and AddingK.n iim the energy of the le .1 imable to withstand ll ministry fell because tl was able to govern in such perilous '^•signed in April 1S04, tta(ks (if (he Opposition, j h 'H' .ountiy believed that I'itt alone 4- I'iti's Sec(md M uary \Ho(\ when he died. TI Jan I'iif si-roriil niiiimity, iHu4-iti()/'i. I) the I- s times, inistry lasted from M ly 1.S04 to le great points of his I'olK) were to strengthen the nnvy to th most, and to make a great 1 e ut- against Napoleon, iiring iH,)5 Napoleon, leiK h, h,ul himself Clow and annexed the republic of ( tnnpean Coalition now become I':m|)eror of • n, '>t''l King of Italy at Mil arranged terms of alliance with 1 were joined by Austri "l)je, ts were to stop the encroach to withdraw Hanover, Holland .S 'I'noa. Mr m while, }'itt viissia, and the ;dl ics and Italy from tl le «nd by Sweden a little later, i'he ■ njcnts of France, ah'^ wil/erland, Piednu.n S' The Coalition, I'itt < ontrol of Nap<.leon Vill fnil It'llfllVc's llK>. shall graiul scheme, failed, a th tirely. f|,s p|;,n was that A(| \'ienna in Novenil Austrian army, which IkhI joined the I the enormous loss. 'Ihe laiiperor V\ vr> men. Ho r, aiKl following up the Russians, t)verthrew ir n.mbined forces at Auste.litz, in Moravia, with Napitlcon's demands, and the C 1 lie is yielded to all oaliiion was no more, 7; I'itI, who died ie. January 1806, ;,t the a^e of forty \\v. six, lived In hear of the failure of his pi De.uhof ''•'''' "'''^ Austerlit/ had killed 1 'mi^ .t "'.^" ;'"""^'' "' '"n.^l-'nd, p.issed .iw.iy th and It was )im. iiiiry iHi)6 tnmister of this rei-n. who, able, unt fi^dit, liberal, had wielded power in the teen years, ite had be coun try fi -'O, to e j4ieat iriu};, up- )r nme- ministrator in peace; less fortun.il en a wise and open-minded ad- ible in w.ir, though friends and foes alike had fel as i«o3, that unless 1 l-u^Iimd's cour: c, and, indeed, less t, so late 'itt were at the head of atfairs. se mdeed was rur. 8. Lord Crenvillo now formed, with Fox (who h ever, died in September) and AddiuKt lOVV- iren- Tho K ville niiiii^lry. nioi) . on (now Lord Sid- ih) a mini.stry which was called of 'all the Talents : ' but Ihe f "it'iKn policy was im- French coast changed. The ministers declared all the ists under blocLnde .1 1J,^,.l..,,1„ ...i.:_ 1. m(l(>r blockade, a blockade which was IS a foolish meant to include the Hallic and Italy. It w..., .. thin«, for sik h a blockade could not be kept iip.'aiiil irritatin^,' lo neutrals. Napoleon, with most of tl ' Kent at his feel. Invin^r overthrown J was le C'ontin- rupiod the .apu.d.put forth the ' Herlin decree,' forbidd nil intercourse with ( russia at Jena and oc- '"K rade o f th licit llritaiii. lie hoped to crush the t nental muke-, but his p!nn'f;nlcd. "in IS country by culling her ofT from conti- 1 Iuin,the i.nglish Cnernmenr (January 1S07), by Orders in'couhcil, re iSo7 Boviharduicnt of Copcuhagcn. 73 asserted the ri*;lit of blockade and of search of neutrals, an unwise claim which led at last in i">'»'•">'• had oveilhrown I'itt once, anil w1h( h botli I'itt and Fox had mean' to leave till there was a new kin^. The Duke of roillanci succeeded, with Speiu (,'r I'ercrval, (.'anning, and Lord <.!astlcrea};h, tlu'sc I'ittites having joined the folJowcMs of Wilbeiforce in a ' no-l'opery ' try unwortliy of thos(> who had been friends \\{ I'itt in iSoi, and with iiim had been in favour of emancipation. 10. In the sinnmer of 1S07 1 i)ressing danger caMed for the utmost vigoiu'. Kussi.i, worn out with war, maier, L«)rd Cathcart, and Sir Arthur Wellesley. A demand for the possession of the Danish lleet l)emg relused, a regular l)onibardmcnt by lai\d and sfa led to a surrender (Septeinl)er). The Heet, with stores and guns, was carried off to Lngland just as a French army entered D.inish terriKuy. 'I'his strong mcasme was tliought needhd, since Denmark lonunanded the iJaliii, and I'ligl.ind could not tpiietly dlow all norihcrn Kiuopeto be .iirayed by I' ranee against her. 74 The Peuijisular War. 1807- i CTIAPTFR n. THIO PKNINSULAR WAR. I. The Treaty of Tilsit placed almost all western ron- tinontal Europe under the mastery of Napoleon, and the Junot's 'I^crlin ilecree' was an offensive avowal of cTKIk") ^''^^'"'■''^'^'•y- It led 10 the Peninsula war, in • • which the Knj^lish {gradually drove the French armies fron- I 'ortuyal, through Spain, over the Pyrenees into I- ranee. Portug^al refused to submit to the P.erlin decree. She was an old ally of Kn-land, and owed much to her. I he Kngllsh inlluenc e was great, and her trade most valuable. Just at the right moment disputes in the royal fannly of .Spain gave Napoleon an opportimitv of interfenng in that country. An appeal to Napoleon ended m a treaty (October .So;) for the partition of I ortugal. French troops were sent into Spain, and an army imder Junot, a young and able g<-neral, mar(heii'"- I i is brother, Joseph Monaparte, spr^m. who had been King of Naples, now became Kmg of Spain, and entered Madrid in July. 3. Meanwhile, among the Spanish people there was a fierce outburst of determination to resist the French. RMiMttucc 'I'lu^rc were riots in all parts, with outbre.iks oniv..Sp«„. of ,.,,,,,^,^, barbarity against the upper classes' in Madrid, Seviilr, Toledo, and almo-*! every town. It was a wild effort of a cm fused patriotism, wiib- i U. ^ 1 A < da Ph «s C/3 o a. k^. /}■ T 76 The Pcjihisular War. k 1808- out any great men to lead. The French were stagcrered for the moment, and the new kin- left Madrid and re- tired to the Kbro, Aiij^nist i,So8. 4- For a time Lisbon was (juiet under the mihtary rule ol jimoi. JU.t (h<.u-h his rule was in some wnys Expiilsi,,!, hotter than the miserable .government of the Frcnd, '"^*-^^^^"l' ^^■''" '1=»^' «ed to I5ra/il, still the country PonuunI "''" ""^ '''"'"^ ^" '''^ ^'"'^ annexed to France. 1 he arrogance of Junot and his demands for money roused a spirit of resistance, and the influence of Spnin and l.n-Iand made the people ripe for insmrection. lie hrst signs of a rising were at ( )porlo, and l)efor(> long the whole cotmtry round the French pests was in arms while an Fnglish s(iuadr()n wns blockading Lislxm An attempt was then made by the I<,nKlish government to drive the French from I'ortu-al, ^^\W^ a hope, very ill- founded as it proveil, that the risin- of the Spaniards would free their country. Sir Arlluu- Wcllesley landed in August at the moulh of the Mondego, and prepared to strike a blow near Lisbon with a small force of about 12,000 men. Marching southwards near the coast by Leiria and Torres Novas, a successful light at Rolic^a opened the road towards Torres Vcdras At Vimiero he attacked Junot's army, and, after a hard (i^ht, forced it back. Wcllesley was unable to reap the fruits of his vic- tory, as he was superseded by Sir Menry Hurrard, and he by Sir Hew Dahymple, who took coimnand on the next day. The intended advance was stt)pi>ed; but Junot, ifiai.l (vf a rising in Lisb<»n, oflferetl to leave Portugal under a convention. This was agreed to, and, according to the ' Convention of Cintra,' by the end of .Septeml>er Portugal was dear of French armies. 5. Another expedition was not so fortunate. Sir John Moore, a brave and honourable man, and oncof Fngland's be,st generals, wns sent into Spain to assist the Spanish -i8o9 Retreat of Sir John Moore. 77 armies. When his force arrived at Salamanca, it was clear that he was too late to be of any great service in Spain. The Spanish forces had been routed, sir John the French \ ere in far too great strength Moore. everywhere, lie made up his mind to letire to Portugal, but over-persuaded by false information, he advanced to Sahagun, and there found that Napoleon would be upon him with an enormous force. He at once retreated over the river Esia, and past Lugo towards Ferrol and Corunna, with the French army, now under Soult, close upcm him. The fleet which was to take him ofif was a day too late at Corunna, and a battle had to be fought. Soon after m id- day the French from the outer circle of hills attacked the English position ; but by nightfall the advantage lay with the English. During the night the army was embarked without confusion or difficulty. Sir John Moore, struck by a cannon ball during the battle, died, and was buried in the citadel of Corunna. This small expedition had disarranged Napoleon's plans, and drawn the French troops to the north, saving the south and Portugal. The retreat before so powerful an enemy was an honourable achievement, deserving f^ir more praise than it received. 6. Meanwhile Napoleon had tilled Spain with troops to the number of 300,000 men, reoccupied Madrid, and recovered the country. 7. After Portugal had been cleared of French troops according to the Convention of Cintra, it was neglected for some time l)y the English C.overnment. At Lisbon the Regency was we-ak, elsewhere there was scarcely even the form of a government. Sir John Cradock with the Englislj force held Lisbon, but he could do no more. In the ^outh Mughal lieresford, an linglish officer, was niakmg a I'ortuguesc army. In the north Soult, leaving Corunna, was threatening Portugal. Powards the end of 5Sgass«i«»5* .■„,., 78 T/ic Peitinsular War. 1809- !■! lauds ill Fortuj-al. March 1809 he took Oporto, and set up French intlucnce firmly in the district round. 8. At tliis time Sir Arthur Wellesley was sent to succeed Cradock in command of the English troops in Wellesley I'oitug.tl. Taking up the plan of holding Lisbon at all hazards, he made ready to fall upon Soult's army. Passing Coimbra, he surprised the French by suddenly crossing the Douro in May, and so forced them to leave Oporto. Soult, though surprised, made a masterly retreat into Gallicia. Thus in 28 days Wellesley restored confidence, cleared Portugal of enemies, and forced a victorious army to retreat with the loss of all its guns. 9. Wellesley marched on into Spain, but the small number of troops which he brought into the field pre- Wellesley's Vented his doing much. He aimed at threaten- Srsliain. i"J? Madrid by the line of the Tagus. The I'alave . various French armies I, . to gather upon him, and he placeil his forces on the '1 ..-its of Talavera. After some d;iys' skirmishing a geiur,.ii iitack was made by the French under Victor anil J ,.,rdan and King Joseph himself, who was too eager to wait for the opera- tions of Soult in the rear of the English. All through the intense heat of the afternoon of July 28 there was desperate fighting, but the French attack failed, and a grand charge of the English cavalry and the irresistible advance of the 48th infantry gained the victory. The French retired, and next day their army retreated. Wellesley presently moved off into i'ortugal, and held the line of the (iuadiana during the winter. The campaign had relieved (lallicia, but otherwise h vv-as a failure. Wellesley indeeil h.id been successful, bui ne Spaniards had proved useless allies. JO, The English people were yveary of the war, and -i8(i Froich advance to Torres Vedras. 79 the news of Wellesley's retreat, and the faihire of an ex- pedition to Walcheren, led to a (luarrel in the j^,,. p^^ ministry, and its resignation, September 1809. ccval s A more thoroughly Tory government sue- '"'"''''y- ceeded, under Mr. Perceval, with the Marquess Wcllesley as Foreign Secretary. The new ministry was unpopular at home, and not vigorous enough abroad. II. The next year (1810) was marked l)y a great dis- play of French power. Napoleon, victorious in Germany, was able to attend to Spain. \Mctor invaded Masscna's Andalusia and blockaded Cadiz. Massena •^Iv-'mlx- to ..... .... ' Lisbon, arrivmg m May, took ( ludad Rodrigo, and i«.o. pressed on towards Portugal. Wellesley, now Lord Wellington, hid sagacious plans ready. Lisbon was to be defended by the English and Portuguese armies inside three strong lines of fortilied works drawn from the Tagus to the sea, while an English fleet was in the har- bour. In September .Massena with 65,000 troops was at Viseu, north of the Mondego. Wellington retreated before him, after making a successful stand on a high range of hills, the Sierra Husaco ; and then crossing the Mondego, and passing Leiria, drew his army within the lines of Torres Vedras. The lines included 50 miles of fortification, \ 50 forts, and 600 guns. Besides the regular army, sailors from the fleet, linglish marines, Portuguese artillery and militia, and a Spanish division were engaged in the defence, while the army and fleet off Cadiz kept French troops in Andalusia from reinforcing Massena. 12. The blockade lasted throughout the winter, but a.-s Wellington expected, his position was , strong as ever in thespring, and by March 181 1 Massena was y^^^^^^ obliged to withdraw. He retreated across the le.-Tv'i^"* Mnndego, and out of Portugal as far as '"■"-- Salamanca, Wellington following to attack tlie French garrison at Almeida. Then M asscna turned to meet him, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) h // /. S^4^.. f/. 7a 1.0 I.I •i^ lii 12.2 •"If m £ 1^ 12.0 11.25 mil 1.4 1.6 Fnotogrdphic Sciences Corpordtion ^ N^ «- ^< N> ^ ^!^\ 33 WIIT MAIN STRUT WIBSTIR.NY MSIO (;i6) •73-4»g3 <^^:^>:^ '<(V 8o The Peninsular War. i8ii- iii' All and a fierce battle was foug' at Fueiites d'Onoro (May) in which both sides claime . the victory. The advantage lay witii the Mnghsh : they were foned to give some ground, hut (Icfended the village and still kept up their block. idr of Ahneida. The I' rench shortly left the place, and M.irnKtnt, who succieded to the connnap'J of the army, lixed his headquarters at Salamanca. 13. Further south lieresford's army was eager to take the powerful fortress of Hadajoz. Soult, who had a large army in Andalusia, left .Seville in May, and forced Mensford and his Spanish allies to break up their investment of Madajoz and take position for battle on the heights of the stream called the Albuera. Here was fought a long and confused battle, which was going against the ICnglish and Spaniards, till at last the treniendous pressure of the steady man h of 8,u)() fusiliers of the I'.nglish infantry up the crest of the hill decided the day. Of the S, '■'"'"• i«.n iiciions were fomr ii e ^ ■ English ^"'.'i wa.s.ihvcn back on Fl; army pressed him. H I.V a lyonnc, and still the owcver much he was de 84 The Peninsular War. 1814 Wdlinm,,,, sic'ulilv .rnVr, , P "'* M"arrels, still Soul., t,.„ fo;.;':;;: ::':Xi td ;: '"? "^™ wereajaf,, be" :""r: ^^u"^:: 7;"';" ">^ '''^"'^>' onne, which w„ •,,,„,,, ™="W'K'«I(.. leave Bay- victory f„r the |.n,ni.h , *"* scarcely a KnKhsit s.i,e;;;;. 's„. .; '"■'■■r;::' r^ '""■">■•■ "•■•' ■'- son. ,., ihe isl. ,1 tv .M,"' T""- '"' '"I""""™ '■•■"' '-•"■■Mn.e,,h;:;i';^'i;:;:-'V l"«i' "I Mi.hlellmrK. 11 ut io ,"'-""'' I"'"'" •'"'! its lives lost. ' '" ^'''^^' ^•'^"^•'' ""<' very many I8i4 1814 The Fall of Napoleon. «5 CHAITEk in.. ■i'HK FALL OF NAl'OLEON. ." be .,„. „„f;:::;;'.,:;;;,' ;;:*;■;:- -> j-^" «i"in« aeucked R„ssi., c,„«i„K li,,. Nee"',, ,'"',' " '""■■"= victorious, but his „„„j. ,K tl ,.,?""'•■ "" ""' am very iiltfc ,,f i, ,,.„ ' , ' "•"''' '" '"^ re'reat, '"!>" pans of "n ™ '1 " ''"''''" "' ''"'»»" ^nd of K'-ia'i,, over,!, : ;' i,r",,:;f f ,'" ,"- and join "' 'he .prin,. and sum ■„,",'"' ™ ■ "'T'^' "l-on l,i,„, and the decisive I ■,, i r '""" "'"'"■'' aliic» .0 follow hi,,, i,„o I. ra, X. ,," 'Z i"' ■'""","' "'° ^""1 "'"'l' neKotiatio,, Paris elde N , '""" '"""" Napoleon abdicated i„ A , «t c VI i" ^'' "'"' """■ w^-'cl,Khli„„ near Toulo.lsc ^^'••""'K""> an.l Soul. once' bu't'",!"'''? '"'! '*"' "''"""'« ""' '""""'"^ i" PiMiuciitio •,,-.,i»,. pi,.„i 1 i> 1 ■ , I ! I!. ...!„!!,, uiiit'-i rjiliviici iuiu niiiow, nad come up, and to their timely assistance it was due in '• i8i5 A bdication of Napoleon. 87 great measure that a great victory was won. The war was now over iind the French empire at an end. 5. Napoleon reached Paris on the 21st, and abdicated. At Rochfort he placed himself in the hands of the captain of an Englisli man-of-war. The Abdication allies decided that lie should be exiled to the "fNapoleon. island of St, Helena, an Knj^lish possession in the Atlantic, where he stayed till his death. 6. '{'here was nolhinj^ now to hinder the march of the victorious armies. I'lie allies entered I'aris on July 7, and Lewis Will, was restored on the next day. France was held by foniign troops till the work of restoring the old map of Kurope was done. Knglaml h.ul nothing to gain l)y any settlement, but she took her |)art in sett ng up the old despotisms with little care for the people of the ditferent states. Kestorntion. BOOis VI. I'HL re:suj:i\s of hie war, 1815-1820. CIIAPTKK r. TIIK YI'.AkS OK I'KACK. I. From the outbreak of ilie French Revolution, Fnglnnd had been more than usually atiecled by foreign politics. And from the year 17^3 she hail been obliged to attend almost wholly to war. During the Tx^sHx."" wiiole time social improvement had been ''"""^• checked, and of constitutional progress there had been scarcely any. The government feared all discussion, and trioi! to prevent all change or reform. Any desire for change was called unpatriotic and un-English, all S8 The Results of the War. 1815- reforms were looked on as revolutionary and French pontics, thinking the time not suitable. The dread of makmg great changes during war, combined tith afea Lw h dTe .Tr"^"' '"^ ^'-^'^ -Publican views, n.,fi prevented all reform of Pnrhnn-.nnf ^i cnM.icip.,t,„„. Allhoujjl, in each case vakiabic time was 2rhr'', ' "■■" "■■■" """ '^"«'-^"'' "W -' P'- end"o on To r '? "' " """ "'"=" ^'"■' '^'^ '"--IpinB 'I'e powe s Ihe'weaUh aTr ''"'' °' "'" ''•''' *"'' ""'* '" d^'^y earlv years o ,1;',;"''"''^ "'''•''■ ''"" ''"■™" '^ '■=''' i" the eve y Ti^ d of , ll ".""JT^' ''"' •■"" '"™"fectures and war P., "■•'dehad been injured except so far as ■ I a'^a,T°r 'T ""^ '"'""=="' ^'raordnar; hr nt« '" "'"■''" '^•■""' '° ^"'™ <^l-->««. as to (he far ne,s who g„, very high prices for corn a,ul , the ,0- e:;:ns.:;\:r:;,n:;rof:rrT'''"''''''''r' '''"'"- -ney, and^he^l'^oL'-tn ^r^e 1^^ Z Jistress had become widespread ' "' thetaf m.ulc°,r""-',°^ "" ™^ "'»*' ""^ "^fr^-^'^ of ncu lew )ca,s. l.ore,g„ pohtics gave way to difficalties ; . noV,:;;;"" "'"^=''"' "^ i-f'-'d peace satT„ full .x:,;;b,l ■ " """"""' "'" '"■■ >■'"■•» "- P-- »- int^^^^j^iSt^e^;,-:!-— ™ Puee.„« 1 he small Mohammedan States of nor^ern SSr' omun-i JT''' '''■'^^""' ""^' ^'^'^''^' had fo, ccnlunes been wont to sweco thp «, -.c oe pirates, to take the ve-'^eh nf ^n «f ^ ^ *^^ - uie vessels of all nations, and to carry off i8rs- - 1 820 Bombardment of A Igiers. 89 Christians into slavery. In the seventeenth century we hear ot lurks and Barbary corsairs even in the English Chan- nel. To leave money for the ransom of Christian slaves trom the Moors was a common form of charity in England The power of these States was less now than formerly • while other nations had stronger fleets, and the Mediter- ranean was public water. The Christian States would alow this habit of piracy no longer. Public opinion as to s avery had changed; England had put down her own slave trade in 1807 ; and Napoleon had found time to do foil ''T '"n ' '^""'"'^ ^'^^y^ ''^ '^'5 ; and other nations followed. The worthiest memorial of the Congress of Vienna is its agreement to put an end to the deeds of the corsairs of the Mediterranean. S- An English fleet under Lord Exmouth forced the rulers c>f lunis and Tripoli to give up their Christ an sbves to the number of ,,8ao, and to bind Bo.b..rd themselves by treaty (o take no more The -""0" fleet, ^^th a small squadron of Dutch ships, ffi""^' was off Algiers in August. Lord Exmouth's demands were made at once, including freedom of all Christian slaves and the end of Christian slavery. When no answer was given, the fleet worked in ch^se to the im- higher forts. I he l.rst shot was fired by ^he Algerines, t IS said, and then all the afternoon a .. the evening there was deadly iighting, till almost all the enemy's gtins were silenced. The fleet worked out in the nigh with a loss of about 900 men. better spent in this than mos causes. Next morning the I )oy oV Algiers yieldeS to all demands, and gave up , ,083 Christian slaves. 6. The exhaustion of the country was great and the recovery at first was slow. The enormous^d^bj pr ed hurfw/.^ . ;r '"'''■ ^'^^"»tcnt before society had fitted Itself to the new conditions. The heavy 90 the Results of the War. 1815- taxes seemed more unbearable in peace than they had been in war. All those branches of industry which had Pistress flourished because of war prices now suffered, and dis- Many workmen were thrown out of employ- ur ances. yc\^^^^ ivi,,^.|i suffering was felt before ad- vaotage could be taken of those new openings for trade which peace would gradually offer. Large numbers of soldiers and sailors were no long< r needed, and yet it was not easy to take them into the profcsMons and trades without injury to others. l^arlianient listened lo the complaints of landowners and farmers, and to prevent them from being injured by a fall in the price of . f)rn, forbade all imports unless the price reached Soj., that is till there was fiimine in the land. This unfair and foolish law hurt all other classes, and almost starved the poor. Jiad seasons and wretched harvests followed. Distress led to riot among the agricultural labourers in the eastern counties, and among the colliers and miners of the midland districts and of South Wales. There were also riots of distressed mechanics who knew no better than to try toput down the machinery which was now being largely brought into use. In thickly peopled pl.iccs, sudi as Man- chester and Glasgow, demands for reforms led to great disturbances. The country was fast becoming difticult to manage. The government, unwillinj^ to admit the need of any chimges, or unable to tind remedies, looked only for means to force the people to be quiet. They sus- pended the Habeas Corpus Act, and got Parliament to pass the severe laws of repression known as the Six Acts, which took away the usual liberty of holding public meetings, increased the harshness of the law of libel, and gave to the authorities powers to search private houses for arms. It must also be remembered that the king through illness had taken no part in business for years, i i i8i5- -1820 The Beginning of Reforms. 91 and that the Regent was neither respected nor liked Crown and Parliament were alike held in suspicion 7. The reign ofGeorge III. therefore ended in a time of sullen agitation, the result in part of the usual distress caused by a long war, in part of the putting ofT of needful measures of reform. These were now urgently called tor, to make our laws reasonable and fair, to allow for the natural growth of the con.munity, and to gi-e the great majority of the people their fair share in governing themselves. The story of the strug.L;les for these reforms belongs properly to the later period of our history CHAPTER II. THE DEMAND FOR REFORMS. I. But while that story must be left, still two great movements deserve mention as worthily marking (his period, though neither came lo a full end uithin it The one was the improvement of Knglish criminal law the other was a crusade against the slave-trade, ending in the abolition of slavery. 2 English law had long needed reform. It was ot un- wieldy bulk, badly arranged, and slow of application The criminal law was also frightfully severe, and, m consequence, very ill executed. For juries 'i.fS* could not be found to subject men and women ""' '»*• to its harsh punishments. A small knot of energetic men set to work to reform the criminal law. They were mostly, as was natural, men of advanced liberal views Their master, Jeremy Bentham, was a learned and wise lawyer. Unfortunately the government was afraid of all reiormers, and was also specially afraid of the effect of mildness in what they thou^du most dangerous times To \\\ I 92 The Results of the War. 1815- make the laws milder when men were lawless, seemed to thcMTi a move in exactly the wrong direction. It is astoundinjjf now to think that in this century men were liable to death for forging receipts, or for shcep-stcaling, or for picking pockets, or for shop-lifting. In the reign of George 111. the punishment of death was due by law for about 160 difTerent crimes, ' actions which men are daily liable to commit.' Sir Samuel Romilly, in 1808, was .ible to do away witli the punishment of death for picking pockets. And at last, after many years, in 1818, Sir James Mackintosh, aided by Canning and Will )cr force, against the whole force of the government, carried in the House of Commons a motion for a Select Connnittce on capital punishmeht. which led in the end to a rearrange- ment of penalties, and made English criminal law fit for a civilised and law-abiding people. 3. The abolition of the slave-trade was due to that religious party which has borne the name of Evangelicals, The They were representatives of the spirit which Wesley*. arose from the teaching and the religious fervom- of the Weslcys and Whitfield and their admirers. These men were leaders of an earnest revival of religion In the eighteenth century. They were pious Oxford students who gave themselves up to do good. They wcMi everywhere preaching, to awaken people to a sense of their sinfulness, and to lead them to live better and more religious lives. The Church at first did not like tliein,and they met with many dillrtcultics, for their doings were often odd. Hut though many laughed at them, their success was very yreat. Thousands were converted by their prriuhinsr The whole tone of I'.nglish feeling was changeil by the nnewcd religious life whi( h grew out of it. Vcrv many, who did not bccon.ie followers «)f them in name, yet learnt much from their piety and unselfishness, tind joined them in good works. i -i82o Movement against Slavery 93 4. T'Vom the foundation of Ainciirnnand West Indian colonies negro slaves had been brouj^ht from Africa, and the trade liad LMeally fallen into the hands of ,,., , ,. „ " ■' I he aboli- Enghshmen. The horrors of the triftic and lionofthe the sufferings of the slaves on the passage '"^^*^" "* "• roused attention in England. A determined attempt was made to regulate or even to put down the traffic. The loaders of this attempt were Wilberforce and Tliorn- ton in Parliament, and Granville Sharp, (larkson, and Zachary Macaulay outside. The last h.ul been manager of a slave plantation in Jamaica, and knew well the evils against which he fought so harfl. In 17.SS Pitt ved for .in inquiry with a view to regulate the trade, and awful disclosures were made of cruelties, sc.irccly credible in these days. Hut when next year W'ilberforce prop(»sed to put down the slave-trade and make it illeg;d,lhe mer- chants of Liverpool and otiier ports were loo strong for him, and they defeated him for many years. Ni) effort was spared, a Society was formcil, the matter was urged in season and out of season. They resciu'd slaves where they could, and formed a colofiy forficed slaves at Sierra Leone under .1 (barter, of whi( h Macaulay was governor from I7f>3 1799. The two great statesmen, Pitt ;iiul lox, opposed on most (pieslions, were united (m this, and sup- ported tlie change on th»' gioiind ih it tr.iflic in hinnan beings was wrong. The length of the b.itlle had its v.iliir, for the long discussion showed th.it more was involved than a mere (piestion of ' ruelty on b(»ard ship, more was needed than theend of the slave trade. When at length success crowned the efforts of the .Society, in 1807, and the slave trade was abolished by the ( Irenville g. vernmeni, the philanthropists had not finished their work. They bc.t;sin again, and foiiirlit for many vear'4 till iH^i a hitnier and a longer battle, and they won a still n»ore honour- able victory in the abolition of slavery in all the dom- inions and colonics (»f the Ilritish empire. 94 Summary. CHAPTER HI. SUMMARY. I. LooKiNr. back ovcrihe reiKii of Kinj; Georjrc III., we hnd that It was a time of jjrcat events. I-ln^rland lost most of her Rrcat colonics in America, ann their turn tende.l to increase the demand for education. IJic desire tor news from the war helped the sale of newspapers fo a decree not before known. While the House of CouunnnsKiew less and less representative of tne peop e, the newspapers were becoming the best means o\ appealm}4 lo public opinion. 4- The wealth, also, of Knglan(« had grown frrcatly by reason of an enlargement of trade. This, though checked by the war, was constantly tending to throw a larger pioportmn of wealth into the hand, of the middle classes ■ n whose hands manufactures and commene chielly lay' Mu.-h fell also to the largely growing class of artisans. The .nth.ence of scientilic invention was the .same ; it too greatly bcnelited the trading classes. Kngineering made Rreat strides, esiM-oially through the adaptation of steam to 'nachmery, to engines of lo<:onu,tion on land, and to ships tl'"UKh the great effects of the invention were not seen >' I "''tor. All these things threw wealth into the hands <)< the mi.ldle .lasses, and increa.sed wealth meant in- creased intlurnce and power in the country. In every way the .ni.ldic classes were becomu.g thegre;.! power in INDEX. -••« ABE A BFRCROMBY. Sir Ralph. -,3 ■' *■ Al)oiikir, 5j Acri!, 5a Adams, Mr. Francis, 13 AildiiiKion, Mr, (I.oril Sidmouth) oS, 7a Adige, river, 53 Ahinedabiul, a8 Ahincdniinmir, 34 Albany, is Aibiiora. balllc cif, 80 Alcantara, 74 Alexandria, 5.', 5) Alf{iers, S8, 89 Alicante, 8j Allahabad, 36, 34 AllyKiirh, 14 AIniara/, Hi Alnjcida, 71), 80 Amiens, ((enci; of, 55 Andnlii'.ia, 71), 81 Aiidn5, Major, 17 Antwerp, 70, 84 AinKoii, 81 Aranjiu'/, 81 Arcot, 38 Arklow, 6s Arnold, (icneral. 11, la, 15, n Assaye, battle ol, J4 Au.>.terliiz, battle AuKlria, 4% /c UADAIdZ, 80,81 " Huillie, (fenenil. 98 Baird, (Ancrul Sir David, 33, 33 H:^|!ic !ens:~, 54, Ti MHltimdre, 14 Uantry Buy, 51, 63 BUS 1 of, ;■ irlow, Sir George. 35 B.i Haroda, 34 Hasif, negotiations at, 53 Hassein, -i-j, 34 Hatavian Republic, 70 Havaria, 51, -ji Hayoniie, 74, 83 Itehiniis' Heights. 15 HellaM, 6a HelKinm. 47, ,8. 50 nential, ^4-36 Henthani. Jeremy. 91 lleresrord, M.imhal, 77, So Hf'rlin decree, 7a, 74 llhopal, 37 Bidassoa, river, 83 Hiscay. 8a Bhicher, 86 Hombay, as, a8 Bonaparte, Jovph, 74, 78, Si lloslon, 7, 8, II HoiiloKne, 70, 71 Bourbon, isle of, 35 Brandywine, river,' lO Bra-il. 76 Brp^t, 6j, 63, 70, 71 Bridport. Lord. 6t BriNtdl, 59 Brittany, 41) Brunnwii k, Duke of, 41 BnisM-lN. 46, 86 Billow, 8(> Hunker's Hill, battle of, 11 Buiniis, Hi Hnruoyiie. Genaral. 111 ttuike, iilmnnd, 7. 8, ao. 44. U Bni..,t.l. ,Sir Harry, 76 BuMuo, bultlu ul, 7(^ 98 Index. i CAD pADIZ, 51, 71, 79, 82 ^^ Cairo, 52 Ualciitci, 26 Canijierdown, battle uf, 51, 6j Caiiaclu, 9, II, 15 Cannes, 8^ Canning, Mr., 73, 92 Cape of Good Hope, 49 Carlcton, General, li Carlow, 64, 65 Carnatic, 28, 33 Carolinas, the, 3 Castleliar, 66 Casiiercagli, Lord, 73 Cathcart, Lord, 73 Catherine of Riis-.ia, 20 Cathohc einancipalion, 54, 73 Canvery, river, 32 Cawdor, Lord, 51 '-"'-■yli'". 55 Cliandeniagote, 22 Cliarleroi, 86 Charles IV. of Spain, 74 Charlcstown, 18 Chatliani, l,ord(Mr. I'iit), 8, 16 Chesapeake, 16 China, 36 Chola Nagpore, 94 Cintra, convention of, 70 Circars, ?o C^isalpine Ke^)ubiic, 53 Ciudad Rodngo, 79, 8u, 81 Clarkson, Mr., 93 Clause!, Cifneralj 81 ClaverinH, 26 Clinton, Sir Henry, 15, 17 Clive, Lord, 22, 25, 29 Coalition Minisiiry, 31 Coinibri, 7H Collinnwood, Admiral, 71 Conunerce Hill, 40, 61 Concord, 9, 10 Condi*, 47 Congress, ilie American, 8, lo, ij Conneclicnt, 3, 10 ('onwuy, General, 7, 19 Cooie, Sir Kyre, J9 Copenhagen, 55, 73 Corah, 26 Cornwalli.s, Lord, 14, 30, 31, 35, 06 Corsica, 49 Corunna, 77 Cradock. Sir John, 77 Crown Point, 10, 15 CurraKh, the, 64 Curraii. Mr., 40, 01 CuttacK, sio GAL QALRYMI'LE, SirHew, 76 Danube, river, 43 Deccan, 25, 33 Declaralion of Independence, 13 Decree of November 19, 46 De Graise, Admiral, 31 Delaware, 3 Delaware, river, 14 Delhi, 25, 35 Denmark, 54, 73 Directory, the French, 50, 53 Dniester, river, 43 Dogger-bank, 2j Dominica, 20 D'Orvilliers, 20 Donro, river, 78, 83 Dublin, 56, 6..', 63 Dumourie/, 46, 47 Duncan, Admiral, 51 Diinda.s, Mr., 29 Dundas, General, 64 Dunkirk, 48 pAST INDIA COMPANY, as, 36 Ebro, river, 76, 83 Egypt, 52, 55 LI Arish, 53 Elba, 68, 86 Elk, head of, 16 Elliott, General, 31 Enniscorthy, 65 Esla, livei, 77, 82 Evangelicals, tlie, 9a Exmouth, Lord, 89 pERDINANDofSpain, 74 _ Fcrrol, 71, 77 Fishguard, 51 Fii/gerald, 1-ord Edwaril, 6a, 63 Flenrus, 48 Flood, Mr., 40, 6i Florida, 32 Flushing, 84 Fort E(fward, 15 Fox, Mr,. 39, 41, 44, 7a, 93 rrancis, Mr,, 26, 39 Franklin, Htnjainin, 13 French in India, 33, 36 Fuentn d'Uiiuro, Uo I \ 'll T 'AGE, (iciieral, g, 11 ' Gallicia, ,8 Index. Hew, 76 leiice, 13 .46 jo, 53 I'ANY, as, '". 74 I. 6a, 63 93 GAM Gambler, Admiral, 73 Ganges, river, 24, 37 Gates, General, 15 Gaza, 52 Genoa, 53, 70 Geor 'a, 3, 8 Gibraltar, 20, 21, 22 Girondists, the, 48 GlasKow, 90 Goddard, General, 28 Goorkhas, the, 37 Graltaii, Mr., 40, 59, 6t, 63 Grenvilie, Mr. George, 6 Grenville, Lord, 72 Grouchy, General, 6a Guadiana, river, 78 Guildford, battle of, 18 Guzerat, 24 IJ ABEAS CORPUS ACT. 49, 90 *■ *■ Halifax, la, 13, 17 Hanover, 70 Harris, General, 13 HastMigs, Mar(|ucss of, 36-38 Hastings, Wairen, 26, 29, 30 Henrv, Patrick, 11 Hill, Generii, 84 Hoche, General, 62 Hohcniinden, battle of, 53' Holkar, 24, 27, 34, 35, 37 Holland, 4a, 47, 48, 50, 70, 85 Holt, Mr., 50 Howe, Adiniial Lord, 13, ai, 49 Howe, General, 12, 13, 15 Hudson, river, 14, m Humbert, Gentrnl, 66 Hyder All, aj, a8, 39 TNDTABILL. FOX'S, 30 * India bill, Pitt's, 31 InduSj river, 24, 38 Inn, river, 53 Ismail, 43 * Italy, 70 i[ACOBINS,4« ' jannaica, at, 93 efler«on, 1 1 — _ \^^^^iJ ^c __ . ersey, ao . ervis, Sir John, 51 , eypore, 34, 37 . Otirdan, General, 78 MAU Jumna, river, 28, 35 Jiinot, General, 74, 76 J^ATMA.-^JDHOO, 37 Kullcniiann, General, 46 Kennehc.;, river, 11 Kepijol. Ailniir.al, 20 KililarL-, 64, 65 Kilkoiiny, 66 Killal.i, 66 Kirkcv', 38 Kistna, river, 35, 37 1 A FAYETTE, 18 ^ Lake, General. 34, 66 Laswarree, battle of 35 La Vendi5e, .18 Lee, Richard Henry, 13 Leeward Islands, 21 Leipsig, battle of, 85 Leiria, 76, 70 Lewis XVI. of France. 43 Lewis XVI 11. of Franco. 85 Lexingu>n, battle of, 10 Liege, R6 Liii'.erick, 64 Lisbon, 74. 76, 78, 79, 8a Liverpool, Lortl. 8a I ivingston, i \ Long Island, 14 I.ongwy, 46 Ltibeck, 85 Lugo, 77 Lunevillc, treaty of, 53 TyTACAULAV, ZACHAI^Y, yj ^ *■ Mack, t'.eneral, 7a Mackintosh, Sir James, 99 Mil Iras, 25 Madrid, 74, 77, 8i Mahrattas, 27, 34 Maine, 12 ' Malavclly, 33 Malta, <;', 55, 68 Manchentrr, 90 Mangaliirt', 31 Marengo, bnlilcof, 53 Mnric Antoinette, 48 Mrtfijitinf, (icncrai, So, Sz Muryl.tnd, 3 Mnssncluisettd, 3, 4, 8, 9, it MaHiipna, Geneifal, 79 Mauritius, 33, 35 100 Index. MAV Mayo, 66 Meath, 64 , Mehidpore, battle of, Meniz, 47 MiiMeltnirg, 84 Milan, 50, 53, 70 Minorca, at, 22 Minio, Ldrd, 35 Mi(iiiel()n, a2 Mississippi, 3 Mohaiiinudans, 24 Moiia, l.diii, 3(j Mon(]eRo. river, /6, 79 Monsuu, 26 Montjroinerv, Goneral. 11, la Montreal, 11 MootA, Sir John, 76, 77 Moorshoilatiad, vu Moreau, CeniM.iJ, sj Mornin^ton, Lord, 3a Moscow, 85 Mnnro, Sir Iferioi.-.g 1 Murphy. Father |ohn, (\ Mysore. 24, 28, 31 ]V[Af;P()RK, 27, V.8, ^/' Nannir. 86 NapK-s, :;s Napole.n, 5^.68, 70, 74. 8;, Ho Navigation Laws, 6, 58 Nelson, Ailniiral, 51, "54. 71 Ncpaiil, (7 N.-rhmMa. river, 95. 37 N>w llampshirt', 3 N.-VV |,,.rsey. ,. ,4, ,5 New Koss, (ir, NfW York. ;<; s, 13, 16 Newtown barrv, 65 Nitiiii-n, river. 85 " Nil'-, I'Mlllo of the, 5;. Nivfllc, liver. 8j Ni/ani o( tin- D.ccan '^ 39 Noro ih- Muligyof il„.'.'si North, Lord, 8. g, it,. ,,, Northern League, 54 QCFfi;KRi,nNv,r.fNi.:HAi.,,7 ^ Ocli/akow, 4.1 O'Connor, Arthur, 6a Ohfn, 3 Oodypore, 34, 37 Oporto, 76, 78 ROC Orange, society, 63 Orders in Council, 7a Orthes, battle of, 84 Oude, 26, 34 pAINE, 'IHOMA.S, 49 I'ainpeluna. 81 I'aris, 85. 87 Parker. Admiral Hyde, at, 54 Parliament, Rt,forni of, 40 Parma, 68 Palans, 37 Paul, J'"mperor of Russia, 54 l'('iinsylvaiiia. •(, 14 PeivcvalMr. Spencer, 73, 79,8a Ptriv, Mr , so Peshwa the, y,, 34, 37 Pliil.idelpliia, 8, IS I illi|)on, (Jencral, Piedmont, 68, 72 I'iiularees, 37 I'iH (i-ord Chatliam), 7 Pitt (the younger). 29, 39, 5, ,, 6r, 70 7.., 93 Placentia. 68 I'ondicluriy, aa i^ooiia. 24. •7, )8 Portland. Duke of, 44,73 t orto Novo, battle of. -^ Port Royal, 18 Port Royal, in Mnrtinico, ai Porisinouth, (m. l'.'itii«al, 55. 74-81 Pinue of Wales, 41, 61 Privateers, vo, sij I'nissia, 42. 49, 73. 8s OHATRK PRA.S. 86 •^^ (.hiebec, 11,12 'v^uemioy, 47 PAOHUHA. 97 Rajpooiana, 24 Ro«eiiPy Hill, 41, 61 Kepiiiniin^ Act, 25 HeiKii of Tcridr, 48 Krvt. Lucia, 21, 22 St. Pierre, ti St. Viment. bnitle of, 51 Stuart, (icneral, \\ ■_'»• urt, tjciicrai, oi guiici, river, 14, 15 Siiwarrow, Cienerai, 43 Sweden, 54, 70, 73, 85 WAT Switzerland, 70 Syria, 52 XAGUS, RIVER, 78,79,81 laiavera, battle of, 78 laptee, river, 34 Tara Hill, 64 Thomas, General, 12 Ticonderoga, 10, 15 Tilsit, treaty of, 73, 74 loledo, 74, 82 Tone, Wolfe, 62, (6 Tooke, Home, 50 Tonnes, river, 81 Torres Novas, 76 Torres Vedias, 76, 79 Toulon, 48, 52, 71 Toulouse, 84 Townshend, Mr. Charles, 6 Trafalgar, battle of, 71 Travanccre, 3^ Trenton, 14 Trinidad, 55 Tripoli, 88, 89 Tunis, 88, 89 Turkey, 42 IT LM, 7a . Union, Act of, 67 United Irishmen, 6a VALF.NCn NrNF.S,47 ; ValLidolid. 81. 89 Valmy, battle of, 46 Vera. 83 Verdun, 46 Victor, General, 78, 70 Vienna, 72, 85 Villcncuve, Admiral, 70, 71 Vimicro, battle of, 76 Vine;far Hill. 65 Virginia, 3. 6, 9 Viseu, 79 Vittoria, battle of, 03 Viitier of Oude, a6, 34 Wau:hkhkn.79.84 Wnshington, 10, 12, 14,16 Waterloo, battle of, 86 I02 ^fidex. WEL Wcllesjey, Marquess, 32. 34, 35, 79 V eUesIey. Sir Arthur, 33, 34, 73, 76, Wellington, Duke of, 79, 81, 84 Wesleys, the, 9a West Indies, 17, ,8. ao Westphalia, 85 West Point, 17 Wexford, 64, 6s Whitfield. 98 Wcklow, 64, 6s ZBM Wilberforce, Mr.. 73, 9a, 93 Wilmington. 18 YORK, DUKE OF, 47,40 York, river, 18 Yorktown, i8 2;emindars, 3a yt \\ \