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EAEI

B£

THE

EAELT PEOPLING OF AMERICA, . )

AND

ITS DISCOVERY

' !;

BEFORE THE TIME OF COLUMBUS.

BY JOHN B. NEWMAN, M. D.

JJ'ttt) IJork:
THOMAS HUSTED & G0«

97 NASSAU-STREET.

1848,

• 1

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1847.

By THOMAS S. HUSTED,

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for *he Southern

District of New Fork

le year 1847.
X *he Southern

CONTENTS.

BOOK FIRST,

MIGRATION OF THE AZTECS.

Founding of Tyre,

Capture of Tyre by JVehuchadnezzar

Capture of Tyre by Alexander,

Fifteen Thousand Tyrians sail to Cyprus,

The Tyrians put to sea again and direct their cot

to Atlantis,
History of Atlantis,
Destruction of Atlantis, ■- .

Traditions of the Peruvians,
Horses before the time of Columbus,
Arrival of the Tyrians at Atlantis or Mexico.
Tndentity of the Tyrians aud Mexicans proved by

their arts, sculpture and religious ceremonies.

cont::nt5

mm. SECOND. «

DISCOVERY OF AMEUICA BEFORE COLUMBliS. I

$
PosUions on the mv.^ of Icland, Greenland, and
Massiu:husetts\ -■

Early truditioiiu nf \Vef;hrn Europe relative to\
lands in the W est^

Seven ijcars voyage of S'. Brenda,

Voyagts 'f the We/th chief Gavran,

Voyag" .f Madoc to thv Missouri ^

Discov^;ry of Iceland by Pirates and its settlement

Lisa.va-y and settlernnit of Greenland.

Disco rery of Massachusetts by Lief under the name
of I in'. and.

Columbus visits Iceland^

The ]
phan t!
rated \\
NaLionu
copied

Columhus not a discover hut far ^reaUr a reviver ^ Utiles.

of truth
Concluding testimony ^

exciti-'if;
them t
othei's, i
ry of tb
for whi
discovei
for eve
inhabit
story ai

Abou

Ity wit!

was en

I rally si

)LUMBIiS. i

eenland, and

? relative to

THE AZTEC CITY OF SUMAL

—M^'l^V

<&'M^\»\^

INTRODUCTION.

s settlement
icr the name

The late remarkiible expedition of Colonel Doni-
{^han througii the Mexican country has been nar-
rated witli considerable detail in rlie New Orleans
I National newspaper, and (Yomi it, been extensively
copied and circulated by the press of the United
?r a reviver ^f^^es. Though most of the facts are highly
exciting aiHi intereniing. yet tliere is one among
tiieni tiiat will survive Mie rejaenibrance of the
others, and be more likely to perpetuate the memo-
ry of that arduous undertaking than even tiio objev^^t
for which it was despatched. We :i.ll'yjle to the
discovery of that long souglit and anxiously wait-ui
for event, — an Aztec city and genuine Mexi(*an
inhabitants. The National gives tlie followr>i^
story among its sketches, under the heading of

EXTUAORIilNAKV fNTAND CITY.

About the time Colonel Doniphan made his trea
I ty with the Navajos, a division, of his command
was entirely out of provisions, but these were iibe-
I rally supplied with the present necessities, by the

f !

INTWODUCriOXi.

tribe with whoin they had just concluded tcnuLfQom eno
of peace. The necessity, Jiowevcr, induced apor-pass eacl
tion of the regiment to return to Cuvano. Wliile habitants
another portion commanded by Major Gilpin andb^iidinga
accompanied by Colonel Doniphan, toolc the oppor- ^s a def(
tunity of visiting tlie city of tlie SumpJ Indians prowling
which is celebrated over all tiie surrounding coun- in the
try, to make a peace between them and the Navajos. ^ns, and
This city was situated on the Rio Pesco or Piscow, the story
which is supposed be a branch of the Geyia. They tains a tr
were successful in their object, and from thence very few
returned to the Rio del Norte. ^ The d

'Jnllke the Navajos, the people of Sumai live in the most
a city which presents every appearance of a high go long
degree of civilization. U containo probably ove' whoposs
six thousand inhabitants who support themselves jvo doub
entirely by agriculture. This city is one of the people w
most extraordinary on the globe, its mode of it is a
building is extremely peculiar, it being divided into have, sin
four solid squares, having but two streets and these to have i
crossing the centre at right angles. The buildings looking
are all two stories in height and composed of sun
burned brick. The first stories of each quarter are
connected together, presenting a solid wall to the
street, and so constructed that each house joins
perfectly as far the first story is concerned, with the own, th(
one next to it, until one fourth of the city may be afld reli
said to DC one solid structure. The second stories The
rise from this vast solid foundation so as to designate vated w
each house, not uniting as do the first, but with reap im

race as {
from arr
who for
occurren

INTRODUCTION.

ided tcruiLpQQj^ enough between each building for persons to
icctl apor-pj^gg each other without inconvenience. The in
While habitants of Sumai enter the second story of their
fiipin and^juiicjingsby ladders which they draw up at night,
the oppor- ^s a defence against any enemy that might be

Indians prowling about.
iing coun- j^ the city of Sumai were seen some white Indl-
e Navajos. gug^ and this circumstance probably gave rise to
or Piscow, the story of there living afar off in the Rock Moun-
They tains a tribe of white aborigines. These Albinoes are
)m thence very few in number.

1 The discovery of this city of Sumai will afford
ai live io the most curious speculations among those who have
of a higu Belong searched in vain for a city of the Indiana
iai^]y over \7ho possessed the habits and manners of the Aztecs,
hemselves ]sjo doubt we have here a race living as did that
ne of the people when Cortez entered Mexico.
mode of j^ jg ^ remarkable fact that the Sumians
have, since the Spaniards left the country, refused
to have any intercourse with the modern Mexicans,
looking as they do upon that mixed and debased

vided iato
aiid these
buildings
id of sun
larter are
ill to the

race as a far inferior people. They have also driven
from among them the priests and other dignitaries,

who formerly had power over them, and after this

use joins occurrence resumed habits and mauners of their

with the own, their Great Chief or Governor b3ing the civil

may be a«nd religious head,

d stories The country around the city of Sumai is culti.

lesignate vated with the utmost care and skill, and the people

ut with reap immense harvests as the reward of their Indus.

INTRODrCTION.

try ; enough not only for themselves, but what Is Bhort Win
absolutely necessary in a country surrounded by tongues 1
such a sterile tract,— fur also, large flocks of cattle " I'ew
and sheep. to luore d

So far the information furnished by the expedi the orig
tion and enough too, to cause others to follow in its their orig
track. The inhabitants of Sumai claim a direct hypothes
descent from the pure Aztec race and pretend to Some au
retain their habits and customs. We have now a ecrupled
ready method of reading the hierogliphics,so profuse- creation
ly inscribed on the ruins of the ancient cities. Such a Inform
consummation would at any rate be a great satis- eastern >
faction, though with regard to their origin and early from a
history, we have much to learn at this day. Others,

It is our opinion that from the information before Reives w
them, antiquarians will come finally to the conclusion truction
thatAuicrica has been peopled from three different Holy Wi
sources. ers) abrc

In the first place by the passage of the descen- time wli
dants of Gomer, or Atlas,over the celebrated island of ern worl
Alantis, by means of the islets of the sea. The over- " A th
throw of the islands driving the saved remnaat in an islan
a southerly direction, where their descendants are Btretchec
now found under the name of Peruvians etc. across tl:

Secondly by the crossing of the Tartar hordes nental t
into America from the north-eastern parts of Asia. ward.

Thirdly by the voyage of the fifteen thousand wind o\
whom the Sidonians carried from Tyre, to the east, a few ai
ern shores of Mexico. In relation to these it is the passage
object of this work to treat, and a connected but I

JMROnUCTIov.

It what is
Kinded by
3 of cattle

he expedi
low in its
in a direct
)retend to
ve now a
30 profuse-
s. Such a
reat satis-
aud early
7-

ion before

conclusion

different

e descen.
i island of
The over-
tmnaat in
dants are
etc.

ar hordes
3 of Asia,
thousand
> the eas^-
it is the
ected but

short liisiory is given of them from the confusion of
tongues to the era of Cortez.

" Few questions," says a writer, 'Miave given rise
to more discussion or more ingenious theorizing than
the original history of America. To determine
their original paternity, many inr.rediblc and absurd
hypotheses have been from time to time propounded.
Some autliors— lord Raimes among them — have not
scrupled to report that the Mosaic account of the
creation of our first parents was only intended to
Inform us of the origin of the inhabitants of the
eastern world, and that the Americans have sprung
iVorn a different Adam, and a less erring Filve.
Otliers, with more piety, haye contented tliem-
Relves witli hazarding the conjecture that the des-
truction of the tower of JJabel, when, according to
Holy Writ--' The Lord scattered them, (the build-
ers) abroad upon the face of all the earth,' was the
time when the vast plains and forests of the west-
ern world first received man as their inhabitant.

"A third party conceived that in former times
an island of enormous dimensions, named Atlantis,
istretched from the north-western coast of Africa
across the Atlantic oCean, and that over this conti-
nental tract both man and beast migrated west-
ward. In one night, however, a mighty storm and
wind overwhelmed this island, at a time when only
a few animals had succeeded in making good their
passage.

1
i I

! ,"•

iNxnoiinr'TloN.

" The discoveries made by the Russians in the
northern parts of the world under the auspices of
Peter the Great, confirmed the opinion of those
who, not disposed to account by supernatural
agency for what might be effected by natural
causes, had early suggested the possibility of
America being peopled from the contiguous north-
ern shores of Rurope on the one side and Asia on
the other. They insisted upon the similarity in
features and manners and mode of life of the deni-
zens of the frigid zones, and arguing upon the
analagoas migrations of the European and Asiatic
nomads, they accounted for the existence of
the Southern Americans by the continual pres-
sure of a rapidly increasing population from the
north.

" But even when the discoveries of Russia appa-
rently corroborated this hypothesis, the tide of dis-
cussion was not checked, but merely diverted into
fresh and new channels. Almost every nation of
the Old World setup its claim in turn for the honor
of having given birth to the new hemisphere ; the
Jews, Canaanites, Carthagenians, Greeks, Scy-
thians, Chinese and many others, have all found
zealous advocates for their respective claims."

At all events the discussion has occasioned a most
zealous research in all the historical records procu-
rable, and if it has done nothing more to the eluci-
dation of American history, would have been use-

ful in
the hat
though
is inves
has dor
the tru
that ea
will de
push hi
displ'0^
in thei
who c(
viewR
It i!
aids ai
eiiiii"e
It was
omers
well ii
could
showt
glass
when
befov
to pa
Now
with
fact ]
This

7NTl<0rV'CTI0N.

tns in the
uspices of
of those
^ernatural
y natural
sibility of
ous north-
Asia on
ilarity in
the deni-
npon the
Id Asiatic
tence of
Lial pres-
from the

sia appa-
ie of diS'
Jrted into
nation of
he honor
lerej the
^s, Scy-

ill found

s."

d a most
s procu-
he eluci*
een use-

ful in briiii^lng to light maay valuable facts : '' as
the hammer of the geologist may strike out a gem,
though he may lose the course of the stratum l)e
is investigating." But in our opinion the research
has done more than this, and really brought to light
the true history of our country. The great fault is
that each inquirer begins on a particular theory and
will devote himself entirely to its extension, at once
pushhig from its course all that he finds tends to its
disproval. Such investigators are, however, useful
in their own way and accumulate facts for those
who come after them to use, and by combining the
views of all discern the truth.

I It is singular how much one branch of science
aids another, and will often make that a matter of

f entire certainty which was before mere conjecture.
It was for a long time a disputed point with astron-
omers, whether the sun was a centre of light as
well as heat, and tiiis probjem, astronomy by itself
could not solve. Chemistry came to its aid and
showed that the rays of heat were transparent to
glass in proportion as the source was intense from
whence they emanated. A pane of glass placed
before a common fire, will allow the rays of light
to pass though it ; but is opaque to those of heat.
Now the warming rays will pass through glass,
with as much facility as the illuminating ones ; a
fact known to every person in the burning glass.
This of course places the question of the sun's heat

ill

INTRODUCTION.

beyond doubt. In the same maimer has geology
come to the help of the antiquarian and proves the
existence of the disputed isie of Atlantis.

Every man is interresied in the history of his
own couulry and more especially is this the case
with Americans. To g/aUfy this desire, the idea
has been suggested by the general attention g'.vcu
to the discovery of Simii, that a popular work
combining all the facts ]<;ncwn in relation to the
early sellling of America, would prove highly ac-
ceptable and be both interesting and instructi\e, and
lor this object the present little work was prepared.

In
tlynai
sirttl
a solei
iroldei

20Iogy
oves the

of his
he case
hft idea

i g'^VGLl

' work

to the

illy ac-

V8, and

epared.

BOOK I

THE MIGRATION OF THE AZTECS.

In the reign of Azelniic the eighlh king of its second
tlynasly A'e^mider of Macedon came before Tyie and de-
wind adniission into tlie cily in order, he preiemled to olfer
a solemn sacrifice to Hercules. Tlie Tyrians s^enL him a
(golden crown in token of respect and friendship, hui forbid
his entrance, declaring that it was their purpose at every
hazard to preserve their independance.

Ale.vander considering this messuage as an insnit to his
pride, wlien he heard it was greatly angered ; and making
a pretext of their refusal, at once declared war, giving out
his determination to possess the city at any hazard; for
from the ready access it alforded to the sea, it would, if
gained, make him master of the surrounding coast. Tyre
had been originally founded by a colony from Sidon, which
city was named after its founder, the eldest son of Canaan.
The people of Phcenecia (Canaan) had inherited from
their ancester Noah all his love of ship-builmg which had
been fostered by so long practice, and at the general divis-
ion of land took, in conseciuence, for their share a maratime
position on the Mediterranean. 1.

1. After the confusion of tongues and dispersion from
the tower of Babel, the posterity of Noah divided the land
among them. Japhet took the western portion ; his son
Gomer had the extreme west and isles of the sea, while
Shem moved eastward and northeasterly. Japhet was prom-
ised that God would enlarge him and the wonderful extent
of his possess'ons and increase of his descendants proves,
the exact fulfilment of the promise. Japhet is known iu
profane history as Neptune, aud his son Gomer as Atlas.

ill

1 1

(■i

HIRAM K\Sn or TYKir..

Annoyed at tlic proximity of the tribe of Asher, after the
nntraiicc of Joshua into (he promised land, the niobtei'.Lcr-
prisiiiii' of the Sidonia,ns luid founded at a (Hslance of lliirty-
five miles fronj SidoM (he present city, which v»as llien built
on the main land and had easy convenience to the sen. It
soon rose to a degree of opulence and grandeur unequalled
m ancient times. People from afar came to view the cele-
brated city which stood on a hill with the advantage of
nearness to the water and elevation over the surroundiufj;'
country. When they returned home the traveller:^ lold
of the manufactures in glass and working in metals ; and
also the wonderful miinner in which nature had favored
them by causing to live on liieir sea-i^hore a little nliell ti^h
wiiich was a source of immense profit, (he pun; juice of the
animal formed the Syrian dye, a purple of so rare and
beautiful color as to be worn only by princes and emperors.

Tiie people of Tyre well aware (hat it v. as to commerce
they owed tlie prosperity they enjoyed, were jealous of al-
lowing others (.0 share their advantages ; so stern, indeed,
were they on this point, that although other nations were
assisted in sea voyages and explorations, yet these tii ust, be
performed in Tyrian ships, aanned by Tyrian sailors
and directed by Tyrian pilots.

At flrsL the people were governed by supieme judges, aided
by a cotmcil of advisers ; hut on the children of Israel obtain-
ing a Iving, the Tyreans followed their example, Ahibal was
elected and after his death Hiram his son ascended the

When Solomon succeeded to his father David's king-
dom. Hiram sent embassadors to him with greeting and
ofTers of friendship. Solomon in returning thanks sent mes-
sagers with the following letter.

throne,
raising
He als(
temple
by a bi
adornei

SOLOMON TO KING HiRAM.

Know thou that my father would have built a temple
to God, and was hindered by wars and continual expedi-
tions ; for he did not leave off to overthrow his enemies till
he made them all subject to tribute. But I give thanks to
God for the peace I at present eDJoy. and on that account I

niRAM AND SOLOMON,

I ft or I he

•St 01 lie 1-

)!' tliirry-
ien built
se;i. It
^quailed
;he ceie-
tage of
ouiidiiin-
era lold
Is ; and

favored
I ell Ml
e of the
lie and
iiperois.
lumerce
s of ai-

indeed,
ns were
iTiUsL be

sailois

5, aided
obtain-
)al was
.led tJie

's king-
ig and
nt mes-

throne. Hiram made many extensive improvomentfe,
raising the enstern part higher and enlarging the city itself.
He also built many temples to the gods, and joined the
temple of Hercules, which before stood by itself, to the city,
by a bank in tlie middle between them, and this temple lie
adorned with many donations of golden ornaments. 2.

temple
ixpedi-
lies till
nks to
ount I

am at leisure, and design to build a house to God. For God
foretokl to my father that such a habitation sliould be erected
by me. Therefore I desire thee to send some of thy sub-
jects with mine to Mount Lebanon, to cut down timbers, for
the Sidonians are more skilful than our people in cutting of
wood. As for wages to the hewers of wood, I will pay
whatever price thou shalt determine.

Kinor Hiram was pleased with the letter and rejoiced that
he might have an opportunity of serving Solomon, for he
was liberal and benilicent to all, and desirous besides to as-
sist a prince of whose wisdom and might so much had been
said. He therefore wrote back the answer.

KING HIRAM TO KING SOLOMON.

It is fit to bless God, that he hath committed thy father's
government for thee, who art a wise man and endowed with
all virtues. As to myself 1 rejoice at the condition thou arf
in ; and will be subservient to thee in all that thou sendest
to me about. For when my subjects have cut down many and
large trees of cedar and cypress wood. I will send them to
sea and order my subjects to make floats of them, and to
sail to what place soever of thy country thou shalt desire,
and leave them there. After, which thy subjects may carry
them to Jerusalem.

This was the commencement of much pleasant and
familiar intercourse between Hiram and Solomon : and the
workmen of Tyre did the monarch of Israel great and im-
portant service by their skill in the working of wood and
timber, more especially was this the case with a man
named Kiram whose mother was a daughter of the tribe
of the Israelite Naphtali, but his father a Tyrean worker
in brass. The skill of the father had beea great but the

lt.^baal king of tyke

Ethbyjil king of Tyre and Siiion, a successor of Hiram,
married his daughter Jezabel to Ahab, king of Israel, and
by this means extended the worship of Idois to a great ex-
tent among the Isiraeliies ; this caused a severe drought in
the laud wfiich did not cease until the propheis of Baal were
all slaughtered that resided in Israel; and that not sufficing
to cure Ahab of idolatry he al<o was himself killed with his
wife Jezabel, whose blood the dogs licked. 3.

son excelled him. for he was filled with wisdom and under-
standing and Ctmniug to work all works in brass. And he
was sent fur by king Solomon and came to him and wrought
all his works.

In return for the kindness of Hiram, for he had furnished
accordiDg to desire cedar and fir trees and gold and work-
men Solomon presented him with a district of country in
Galilee, containing twenty cities. Then Hiram came out
from Tyre to ace the cities which Solomon had given him
and they pleased him not and he said : what cities are
tho^^e that iluiu hast given me my brother; and lie called
tiiem Oabul, the land of Displeasure. But king Solomon
sent him word that the cities he had given were conquered
by himself in war, and that only such were in his power to
dispose of; the laws of Israel declaring that each family
had a right to its own land by divine appointment and that
it could not be alienated forever. When Hiram understood
the matter he was satisfied and sent Solomon many talents
of gold, and there was peace between them.

lliram, moreover, sent hard words and curious sa^nngs to
Solomon, and desired he would return answers to them
or pay money if he failed. This he did to try his wisdom.
Now so saofacious and full of understanding was Solomon
that he gave answers to all of them; nor were they too
hard for him, but that he discoverod the meaning and
brought it to light. Solotnon then sent riddles to lliram
whereby Hiram would have lost great sums of money were
it not that a man named Abdermon offered himself to the
king as one who could understand hidden meanings ; and
Abdermon explained all the dark sayings.

3. Pygmalion a successor of Ethbuai exceed most of the

The 1

mosiiy t(
rival the
was take
but tl.e t
against
tered gre
and wal
ble in go

■

Tyrian
Dido, an
of anoth
tined b)
for this
would h
and reMc'
whereevi

4. T

Janncr I
with the
during tl
Assyria <
Tyre wr
on the >
This ac
nations,
But the
and plai
tlipui frc
continue
scio-e an
their wa
consider

5. 1
The spii
itself in
a servar

SIEGE or TYRE.

The Tyrians after these occnnances felt the tleepesl ani
niopiiy to llio cliildieu ol' Israt^l, wlio 1. ^ides had l)i'»;im to
rival llieiii in conmu'rce ; and \\lu^n afirrwiiids .h lu^•, kni
was taken by the king of Assyria, e.Milted in iier downfall ; 4
but tlie tiinnih was premature, the same conqueror came
against Tyre, took it alter a seisfc of tliirloen years, blaugh-
tered great uunib(;rs of their people, tore down the houses
and walls of their city and carried oH' whatever was vahia-
ble in goods and merchandise. 5.

.. ■■ II — _. — ..■■ — — — ■ - >■ — . — .... .■..»_ I. ^ — .. ,1 . I.III .1 I >

Tyrian kings in wickedness; he cruelly used his sister
Dido, and her hu?;baiid CMcliaeu^, which led to the t'ounditig
of another colony on the shores of the Mediterranean des-
tined by its success in commerce to eclipse all nations ; but
for this colony the religious ceremonies of the Tyrians
would have been lost, as it is their customs were preserved
and rendered capable of beiiig identified with similar rites
whereever found.

4. They evidently exulted without any apprehension of
danu'cr to themselves, as they had already measured arms
with the Assyrians, and gained the victory. This was
during the reign of Elulens, when Shalmanasnr king of
Assyria overran all the land of rhcenecia. The people of
Tyre would not submit to him, but fu4ight him in their i>hi|ts
on the water, and carried oil' over five hundred prisoners.
This action gave them great fame among the snrronndiiig
nalionp, and inflated still more a piide already inoidmatt'.
Ent the king of Assyria irritated at theif sncces?, returned
and placed guards at the river and atjuedncis to hinder
tlipm from the drinking of the water; this stale of things
continued five years and still the Tyreians maintained the
sfige and procurred supplies of water by digging wells inside
their walls. The final retreat of Shalmanasor made them
consider the defences of their city invincible.

5. The people of Tyre were often subjects of prophesy.
The spirit of their ancestor Ham would continually develop
itself in w^anton and insulting actions. " Cursed be Canaan,
a servant of servants shall he be to his brethren," were the

UUILDING OP TVRE.

This unfortunate occurrence for a long time depressed
the spirits of the people, but at the end of seventy years,
they commenced building again on the old site : as they
were proceeding in their labors, the sea arose and rendered
the place uninhabitable. On this they removed to an island
five miles distant and commenced building anew ; their en-
terprising spirit did not desert them, a magnificent city rap-
idly arose, and again was theii present habitation the glory
of the country renowned for wealth and grandeur. Dis-
pleased with the race of Ahibal, they had appointed the family

inspired words of Noah when he discovered the indignity his
son Ham had but upon him in his drunkenness. The
denunciation, it will be observed was not against all the
children of the offender, but only against those who would
imbibe that ungrateful son's spirit.

The prophecy of Ezekiel is worth recording in connec-
tion with the taking of Tyre the first time and the comple-
tion of its fulfilment the second.

PROPHECY OF EZEKIEL.

" Because Tyrus hath said against Jerusalem : she is
broken that was the gates of the people ; she is turned unto
me, 1 shall be replenished now that she is laid waste ; there-
fore thus saith the Lord God ; Behold I am agaitist the O
Tyrus and will cause many nations to come up against thee
as the sea causeih his wares to come up. And they shall
destroy the walls of Tyrus and break down her towers ; I
will also scrape the dust from her, and make her like the
top of a rock. It shall be a place for the spreading of nets
in the midst of the sea ; for I have spoken it saith the Lord
God, and it shall become a spoil to the nations. And her
daughters which are in the field shall be slain by the sword ;
and they shall know that I am the Lord.

For thus saith the Lord God ; Behold I will bring upon
Tyrus, Nebuchadnezar king of Babylon, a king of kings,
from the north with horses and with chariots and with
horsemen and companies and much people. He shall slay
with the sword thy daughters in the field : and he shall
make a fort against thee andca.t a mount against thee, and

(>[■ Snato I
ciolitli kin

iocl;
'I''

The T}

land, enc
luuidL-e'.l a
hii'iQ and t
•itul on ti
•.o'y.'.i of g.
'imo lbrc(
Alcxan
..f their \)'
U) counet?.
sea bet we
extend th
Alihou,
of MaceJ
th^^ir kind
had to do
I and more
r ships, bca
■, destroyed
I linuai an'
of Alexai
j ihe mcai
I the Tyrio

mg se

lift up th
of war a
down th
horses th
at the nc
chariots,
into a cii
his hors
slay thy
go down
riches, a

.•tIKGK OF rvUL,

epressed
y years,
as they
rendered
n island
their en-
city rap-
be glory
r. Dis-
e family

^nity his
3. The
. all the
:t would

connec-
comple-

i)[ Sirato to .succeed it, and it was hieniioned before the
(iohtii king' of tli j; now dynasty sat on l)ic throne when war

she is
ed unto
; there-
it the O
list thee
ey shall
^'ers ; I
like the
oi" nets
e Lord
Lnd her
sword ;

g upon
' kings,
d with
all slay
16 shall
ee, and

VVHH

, joclaimcd l.v the kint? ol' Macedon.

Tlie Tyrians derided his message; their city was strongly
;.,r'!*l.ul It stOi d o:i aii i-sland half a mile from tl'c main
laiul, encompas-jed on all sides by an immense wall one
hiuidt-etl and fifty feel, high leaving no space between its
base and the sea. Frons the land it could not be assailed,
and on tlie watcrj'tlic Tyrians possessed a nunserous arma-
;n'.';:t of gall.eyr?, sufdcieiU. they thought, to defeat any maro-
'iiiio force brought agidnft them.

Alexander afi.er a carefui examination of the advantagra
■A their pos.:lion, saw that his only chance for sacoess, wan
10 connect li^e island wi'ii tlie main land by fdling sip the
sea between them, a;-sd by thus making an immense pier
oxtead the siiore to the footcf the walls !

Alihoiigh ihe sea was of considerable depth, the poldier^
of Macedon resolutely undertook to accomplish the desire of
thiir king, and accordindv commenced the works; but they
f had to do with an enemy as brave and skillful asthetnselveo,
■ and more coiilideni of t:;acces3 ; for the Tyrians manned their
; ships, beat oif the soldiers who were toiling, and scornfully
destroyed the fruits of their labor^i. Maddened by this con-
finua! and eftectuai opposition it required the entire strength
of Alexander's mind to keep down his rage and contrive
die means of suceess. Finding it was necessitry to meet
die Tyriauis on the sea, he collected from all the neighbor-
ing seaports under his control a large fleet; these battled

lift up the buckler against, thee. And he shall set engines
of v;ar against thy walls, and with his axes shall he break
down thy towers. By reason of the abundance of his
horses their dust shall cover thee : thy walls shall shake
ai tiie noise of the horsemen, and of the wheels and of tlie
chariots, when he shall enter thy gates, as men enter
into a city v/herein is made a breach. With the hoofs of
his horses shall he tread down all thy streets ; he shall
slay thy people by the sword and thy strong garrisons shall
godown to the ground. And they shall make a spoil of thy
riches, and make a prey of thy merchandise ; and they shall

SIEGK OF T'yR! .

\vii.!i tiie defenders of tlie citv, wiio were at lenoffh driver: 1)t

Sll

pf!l

lor

mirubers nuder their ov.rj walls jor snti'fv. where tl

ill deep ^rief and anger ih, y saw iiio Mucedoniin's jirepa
r.iiiuns widsoiit jiowcr to rct.-ird ihen..

IiiCM'dihle ; s was the liibnr and liHiguc that nilenc'i d tls;*
execniiun of the work^', they now proceeded with innuense

l>'

dif

To form the niotind from the cnniincnl 'o llie

island the ruins of old T\\c avoided lendy ntai'-rinls and

nil that, could he obtained in this way was jjatheied a).d tl

tfcrap

d. t>

la the seventh month of the siege the piei was completed. I

The b.'>:iegerj lost no finie, for all having; been prepared

for ihe expecteil uionieni, their engines were run against

the walls and conirnened battering- ilieni, while their lieet

s;tde<l round lo ihe otlier side of i.iie city to endeavor vO guiii

aduuuynce hv means ol a pier. At hniifh ;» I)rra«'h wa^

elK'cied and the r>Iac<.'doniai\s enirrcd il;n eiiy pniiiug all

who oppos(:;ii theio to til'.' sword. M'he Tyri.uis longht (Jes-

pcialei) (Voin ihe I'uift ; ihcir kini^ A/.eln.ic chained \\\v st.aiue

ot" l-i(M(:ules. In ihe prineipiil i'har of the cilv, lo koep him from

dcseriing them. Th;' deiencc was n)ade in vain, the enemy

were suc-essud. aiid Ai'\ai»der. irritated to madjipss, now

gave iuli vent u> his jini ms nnssions, and •'Ithoiigh ei-iht

thousand oj the iniiabilanls had been killed in tlie assault,

with savage b:ubari(y crucified two thousand of tlieui anfi

sold ihirtv thousaiid more as slaves.

breakdown ihy widls and destroy thy pleasant houses: ".r.d
they shall lay thy stores and thy dust isi the middle of ihi
'\vater. And I will ca>ise the noise of thy song-s to cease:
and the sound of thy harps shall be no more heard. And
I will make thee like ih^' top of a roi-k : thou slialt be a
place to spread nets upon; ihou shalt be built no more, {o\-
I the liord have spoken it, saith the liord Cod.''

It will be seen in the ensuing pages how literally trie
proplujcy was-fulrtllcd, ai^i how ihnt after trying lo rebuild
the city the sea rose up and spoiled their labors.

6. Thus was the very dust scraped from the walls of old
Tyre as Ezekiei had prophesied.

Sidon,

aiider, foil

le Sidon

inhabit un|

allow an;

aant prt»cl

they luid|

them that

fall th

the Side I

their insti

The Sl

enough v

the iuhal

emerge 111

world, ai

and.'r by

This i^

westwari

He was t

7. Foi

whole sc

tants of t

pass ovei

whose a

carry he

sel agaii

princes,

He stret

kingdoir

(he mere

he said i

pass ot

rest."

This

" that th

I gleanin;

■ was it tl

ported 1

passed «

SlDONfANS ACT AS FRIENDS.

Jiiver: bv
y. wliere
iV' prcpa

Mi('; (I t!::'
iinmciisae
It 'o llic
rifils am:!
ered uj.ci

ornnleted.

prepared

I against

leir Ifeet

Uf'h wa'^:
H(iiii2' all
lijht des-
lu" slaiuc
Ihd) tVoiu
le enemy
ip.-s. now*
igh tM-i'ht,
as^aidf,
UMM an;!

IOC • ^7 »-^ H

■--'■, . . * 1 vl

c of (hi
o cease :
d. And
alt !i«; a
More, for

ally fir*^
o lehuild

!s of old

Sidon, which had submitted without a struggle to Alex-
ander, found favor in his sight ; so much so that h3 allowed
die Sidoniand to carry oH" tifteen thousand of the ill-fated
inhabitants of Tyre to another country for hd ret'ussed to
alliiw any of them to remain in the city. This exilj rem-
iiiiiit proceeded down the Mediterranean to Cyprus where
they had intended to stop; but messengers cami; to inform
tliem that whatever place received themotithat place should
fall th,^ vengeance of Alexander ; and also a message to
the Sidcnians from the Macedonian monarch, desiring
their instant return.

The Sidonians thus forced to depart suddenly, left ships
enough with the Tyrians to enable them to leave Cyprujii,
I he inhabitants of which refused to receive them. Jn ihi.:
emergency they determined to leave that quarter of the
worlil, and -put themselves beyond the vengeance of Alex-
and.'r by crossing the waters to the isle of Atlantis. 7.

This island belonged to a king named Atlas who dwelt
westward and whose dominion extended over a vast domain.
He was the great patriarch as weU'as king of western Eu-

7. Four hundred years before the destruction had the
whole scene been painted by Josiah. ''Be still ye inhabi-
tants of the isle ; thou whom the merchants of Sidon, that
pass over the sea have replenished. Is this yuur joyous citv,
whose antiquity is of ancient days 7 /ler own feet .shall
carry her ufar off to sojourn. VVho hath taken this coun-
sel against Tyre, the crowing city, whose merchants are
princes, whose traffickers are the honorable of the earth.
He stretidied out his hand over the sea, he shook the
kingdoms; the Lord hath given a conmiandmeiit against
the merchant city to destroy the strong holds thereof. And
he said thou shalt no more rejoice daughter of Sidon : arise
pass over to Chittim: there also thou shalt have no
rest.^^ «

This exile remnant were those of whom Isaiah saiii
"that they should be as the shaking of an olive tree, as the
gleaning of grapes when the vintage is done." How truly
was it that her own fleet (her old friends wiio had often sup-
ported her) should carry her oil' to sojourn, and that once
passed over to Chittim (Cyprus) she found no more rest.

J i

iti

IM.AM) Ot AILANTlb.

\-oy)e. It WHS stnd that liii en)[)ire rearhed to the utmost
p'gioiis of thr wtjr-i and to tiiat, sea wher*' tlie liorscs of iho
f"un, woarieii wilh (heir flaily course, irlV<sh themselves. A
ihousauil rtncks fd in his wide e\ten<icil j)laiiis and of all ht
was the owner. IFe i)ad nuuiy '".hildien ; the most lanious |
was Ilesperia. lie had likewise several danghtoii? who were
in posse-^tion of ihc extrcnio islands of the west between
Atl'iinis and Enrope. ■

llercnlos had, many generations before wliile aiicieu
Tyre was in exisle.ice, made a voyage ui one of their ships
r^'iid crossing thu Medetcrranean payjed tlnonj?ii the straits ol
Gibralter, which from tiiatcircnnistance bore his name, bcin^
called the Pillars of Hercules. 8 Still continuing his jour-

8. Theanci'Mit writers tell thai Hercules \isi!ed ihc ibianus
of Hesperide^j to partake of the fruit, (oranges, pomgramates
etc.) he was assisted in tiris by the race of Atlas. Lempriere
gives the story thus :— The island of Alaiitides or Hes-
perides lay beyond mount Atlas in Africa. The celebrated
iisiand contained gardens abounding with fiuits of the most
delicious kind and was carefully ouarded by a dreadful dra
gon (the great deep; wiiich qever slept. It v/as one of the
labors of Hercules to procure some of the golden apples
(oranges, called llesppTice fruit by the ancients) of the iles-
peredes. The hero, ignorant of the r.ituation of this cele-
brated garden, applied in the nymph^: in the neighborhood
of the Po for information; and was told that Nereus, the god
of the sea would direct him in his pursuit. Hercules seized
Nereus (the sea) while he was asleep, (calm) and the sea
god unable to escape from his grasp, answered all the ques-
tions which he proposed. When Hercules came into Africa
he demanded three of the golden apples. Atlas unloaded
himseif and placed the burd<?a of the heavens on the shoul
ders of Hercules, whflc he Atias (or the :ace of Atlas) went
in quest oi the apples. At liis return Hercules expiessed
his wish to ease the burden hy putting something on his
head, and when Atlas assisted him to reujovc his incon
venience, Hercules artfully left the burden and seized the
apples which Atlas had thrown on the ground (that is, took
advantage of \m discoveiiee)

nev west

brouoht
lb; Tyrii
an accou
cuvtrios
titled out
returned

0. Ph
Atlantis I
TiniBeu;:
bic and y
the seven
very mu(
origin ;
Egypt w
lion.

•' One
pricrt of
isald to h
there is i
science <
that gem
terity. J
of your
divinity 1
'All t
sands of
aril goiuj
the re vol
'Our
of a gre£
unjustly
fordible.
you call
island w
From th
was easi
'Inti
midable.

VOYA'Jl OF HKRCULK8.

V
V

le utinos'
SOS of the
elves. A
I of all ht
sL fanioiu
wliu werr
between

le :iiioieiJ.
Lheir ships
3 straits o!
me, bcin^
liis jour-

ihc isjiUiuis
y)r(ian]tites
Leiiiprieio
s or Hes-
celcbnited
f the rno.si
sadful (Ira
one of the
en apples
If the lles-
this cele
liborhood
, tiie god
les seized
. tile sea
the ques-
u to Africa
unloaded
he shoul
las) went
exprei^sed
ig' on Ihb
iri incon
seized the
it is, took

ney westward lie at last came v^ the island of Ainniij and
bioiioht from it nrany rar- and valuaule curiosities. NVhen
[\\: Tyriaii luariuercs returned home they gavf tlie citi/.ens
an account of all the wonders tiiey had «et n and tiie di:^-
lovtiios (hat had been made. L'xpedilions were at once
iitiedout for trading to the new country aiil tlie adventurers
returned successful and enriched beyond tlieir modt anguine

'J, Plato gives the most concise av.<;ount o'' the island of
Atlantis of any among the ancienty. In tiie dialogue wiih
Tiinseus he says : '- Hear O Socrute?, a recital very in;proba-
blcand yet very true, if we may believe Solon the wi^.st of
the seven sages. The people of Sais like the Atlieniaiig
very much because they believe them'^elves of the samo
origin; wherefore Solon in the voyage whiJi he made into
Egypt was received into that city witli the greatest distinc-
tion.

•MJne day when this great man was conversing with the
priertof Sais upon the history of remote times, one of thein
isald to hnn: '• O Solon you Greeks arc always eliildren ;
there is not one among you who is not a novice in the
science of antiquity. You are ignorant of the exploits of
that generation of iieroes of whom you are the feeble pos-
terity. I am going to instruct you in the achicvments
of your ancesters ; and I do in accoi dance with the
divinity who formed you as well as us of lire.

' All that has passed in the Eijyptian monarchy for thou-
saiids of years is recorded in our sacred books ; and what I
am going to tell you of your primi ive laws, mariners and
the revolutions of yonr country goes back still further.

'Our calenders relate that your republic resisted the efforts
of a great power which coming out of the Atlantic sea had
unjustly invaded Europe and Asia — for then that sea was
fordible. Upon its borders was an island opposite to wha'
you call in your language the cohimns of Hcicules. This
island was more extensive than Lybia and Asia put together.
From thence voyagers might pass to the island whence it
was easy for them to cross to the continent.

' In this Atlantis there were kings whose power was for-
midable. It extended over this island ns weH ;,.< over th*^

VOyAGE OF HERCULES.

• r

hopes. Gralekii to Hercules for the sources of prosperity he
had opened to llutni ; they made him the tutelery deiiy or
priiicipai god ci' the city ; building a niagnifictiu temple to
his honor, which Hirtiinj as we have before seen connected
v.iih tlie cit\ and and greatly ornamented.

Oihi'r nutiony wished to join thetn in these expeditions
biit uli .sucii conjunction the Tyrians sternly disproved and
wouid give aid in neither men or vctseii. SiDnc however
c.-lin!ulated by ibe love of enterpriee and the hope of im-
mense gain, secretly determined lo follow the path of Her-
ctdes=j but on emerging- frouj the straits of Gibraltar they found

adjacriit inlands arui a part of the; continent. Besides
that llu-y U'igned uvor ail ihe i.'ounlrierf bordering Lyl)ia,
oven tmto I'gypt. and the side of Knrope even to Tyr-
rhcnia. i'hi' sovereigns <»f the Atlantis, proud ol' so much
power attempted to subjugate your country and ours. Then
O Solon your republic showed iti^elf superior to the rest or
the world by its courage and virtue. It trampled over the
vVtlantes and preserved as all from servitude. But in the
last times there ensued innndacions and earthquakes; then
all your warriors were swallowed up in the earth in the
space of twenty four hours and the Atlantis disappeared.
Since ihat cataslioplie the sea which is found in that quar-
ter is no longer navigable, on account of the mound which
is formed there, and which arises from the submerged
island.

"And now says Plato I will come to the fads. The ^ods
(sons of Noah) divided among them the earth. The At-
lantis was the portion of Neptune (Japhoth) who had ten
children, five male and five female and among them he
divided his inheritance. Atlas (Gomer) had the best do-
main. They give him the title of king and his brothers con-
tented themselves with that of archons (dukes).

•' All these sons of Neptune as well as their descendants
reigned for a long time in the Atlantis. The empire ex-
tended itself over islands stretclied along the sea and finally
increased to such a degree as to embrace all the countries
situated between Tyrhenia end Egypt.

" The family of Atlas was that which arrived at the great-

it irnpo
manage
into vvl
and dei:
aged g
their h
d rr. go n
this dr;i
forced t
ing the

est degi
will eve
island f
fife. 1
known
in valut
nials, c
seen lh(
'^ Thi
temples
covered
size ; I
They h
erect U|]
such a
fice. 1
on dolp
the kin
"On
royal h
in wert
" \U,
.•led iv
c isy si
The
power
six ye£
of I lie
jUst p

VOYAGE OF THE NATIONS.

speriiy he

' deity or

tempJe to

connected

xpeditions
roved and
a however
pe ot" ii!i-
ih of riei-
hev found

Besidts;

I to Tyr-
il" so niu'-'li
IS, Then
ihe rest of
1 over the
But in the
kes ; then
th in the
•appeared,
that qnar-
md which
ubnieiged

The ^ods

The At-

fiad ten

them he

best do-

•ihers con-

sccndants

rnpire ex-

nd finally

countries

the great-

it impossible, u.iused as they were to the art of sailinff, lo
manage iheir vet-sels in that siormy and lenipesluoua cc< an.
into Vtliich they at oJice emerged. Many veiecusi auuy
and destroyed in the eHoit and the test feuiful 'am\ di.-toi.r-
aged gave up the undertaking and with diiliculiy r(.iuhed
their homes. On returniijo" they gave out that a great
drr.gon guarded the blessed i5:lands ot the Lcspetides ; ;hat
this dragon had devoured many of their conipanions, and
forced them back without possessing the golden fruit or see-
ing the beauliiul country ol which they had gone in search. 9.

est degree of glory. It amassed riches such as no sovereign
will ever amass again in the course of ages. Besides the
island furnished an abundance of all that was necessary to
hie. There were mines of orichalque, a metal w hich is
known at present only by name, and which does not yield
in value but to oold. The earth nourished a crowd of ani-
mals, domestic as well as wild, and even elephants were
seen there.

"The inhabitants of Atlantis knew how to construct
temples, palaces and ports. The temple of Neptune, was
covered over with a covering of gold ; it was of itiimense
size ; but its architecture w as of a sirtgular character.
They had represented in the Sanctuoj, Ni^ptune standing
erect upon a chariot, harnessed with six winged horses of
such a stature that the figure touched the vault ol the edi-
fice. Around the chariot were a hundred Neriads seated
on dolphins. Upon (he outer wall appeared the portraits of
the kings and queens of the Atlantis u\ wrought gold.

"One might discover within the circuutference of one
royal house a circular ridinof school of "i eat diameter w liere-
in were perforujed the movements of thec/ivahy.

" IJound the principal city there was a little plain encir-
.led by mountains, from whence there was a gentle and
c u-y slope to the sea.

'ihe arclions reigned each in his district and had the
power of life and death. They assembled together every
six years and regulated among themselves the general affairs
of ihe islajjd. They were during a number of generations,
jUst powerful and happy. At length luxury introduced

bEl.UGK IT UKlI<.:At,I .:<

For a time this narraticni ivceveiited the artempts ot' otheirt
but the Tyrians well knew that eventually many would
succeed for their continual and successful voyages acted as
fresh incitements to the nations around thcni, when an event
occurred that placed them beyond danger on that account.
A great sea overflowed into the Mediterranean and burst
its way through the straits of Gibraliar overflowing a
member of the Hesperian isles ; from whence it became a
current opinion that Atlantis itself was overthrown. The

depravity of manners and despotism. Jupiter in liis wrath
resolved to punish the crimestof the /Vtlantians : he convoked
the immortals to the centre of the universe, from whence he
looks down on ail goneraf ions. When they were assembled.''
The rest of the dialogue is lost.

This dialogue of Plato i« after the maimer of liis
master Socrates, in which it is proposed to give the llieory of
the soul, to make men acquainted with a rewording and
avenging deity and to dpstsoy tlie blasphemy v.l atl^M.ists a
good Providence. De Sak^ xtnarks ihai, •• all tb ; e hu-
blime objects do not belong to fiction of vviiich Pia^o him
self gives notice it is r;ot. Hear O Socrates, a recital very
improbable and yet very true. This is not the style of a
philosopher who composer, apologies. He tries to render his
tale probable and takes care not to siv that i' is not
so."

''The history of Atlantis which opens the dialogue seenty
well connected with tUe found;itioii of tlie work.
cription of the vicisitudes whicii have changed d
times the face of the globe — this people liaijpy as long as it
was just — and whom the Gods aniihlafcii uhen it ceif?cci to
be so. prepares for tiie great trutlis which the pbilooo.plu r i-
about to announce to men. Here is lio need of astoiii: !i

Th ; des-

marjy

ing a multitude by illusions;

er;(>

tiii.-; kind is on!

adapted to tlie barbarous legislator who wi-ho-: to dec-.-ive
his victims, and not to the philosopher who comes to hnno-
to unfortunate beings the last good M/bich could b,c tor a
from them God and immortality. '' Bosidcry" continue^ D-
Sales. " Plato is not tiie only writer who speaks of the
Atlantis. Homer and SarMromiathon -'.Iso make meiilion of
them."

Tyrians
hopeless
prise, ho
interveni
cealed th
these vo;
the case,

Plutar
Ogygia
island.)
five days
which a I
are reac
dangeroi
shifted b
frozen,
cially th
the mou
Tourn
century
done he
lantic ar
little arc
continer
by the
by a vi(
he the t
tic subn
tis whi
Canarie
It mc
deluges
the anc
tion of
thus br<
large t
Euxine
eral otl
great p

IIBLAND OF ATLANTIS.

ot' otheirt

ly would

acted as

an event

account.

md burst

lowing a

}ecaine a

vn. The

his wrath
convoked
V hence he
semi.iled.''

!r of his

llieory cf
dins^ and
afJ'i^.ist.s a

thn.?e an
iato hinv
c'ii.at very
tylc of a
•ender hia

i? i?; not

'U.t' SOiTjir'

Th ; des-

1 marjy

long as ii

:e\i:C.d to

astoi)::l5
is on'y

d ''•'•■ •ivt;
s (o brinci
I ho torsn
.inuc> D^
Ics of the
leiJlioa of

Tyrians at first behaved this themselves and gave up for
hopeless the expedition that had last gone out ; to their sur-
: prise, however, it returned and they found that only the
intervening isles had been destroyed. They carefully con-
cealed the fact from the nations around them ; and although
these voyages excited suspicion in regard to the real state of
the case, yet as no competent person took pains to examine

Plutarch in speaking of the island of Atlantis calls it
Ogygia from Ogyges one of the Atlantians (Oga means an
island.) " This island he says, " is distant from Britain about
five days voyage sailing westward ; there are three others
which are about the same distance from each other ; they
are reached by oared vessels. This ocean is everywhere
dangerous to voyagers on account of shoals and shallows
shifted by currents. There is a tradition that it was once
frozen. The shores of the continent are inhabited, espe-
cially those of a vast bay as extensive as the Palas Meotides,
the mouth of which is over aginst the Caspian Sea."

Tournefort, the botanist, in the beginning of the eighteenth
century enlarged on these ideas. As Hercules had formerly
done he sailed through the straits of Gibraltar into the At-
lantic and flattered himself that he had discovered in the
little archipelego of the Canaries the remains of an ancient
continent submerged. He goes on to explain this submersion
by the rupture of the ancient isthmus of Gibraltar, caused
by a violent overflow of the Mediterranean. " Perhaps said
he the terrible irruption of the Mediterranean into the Allan
tic submerged and overwhelmed that famous island Atlan
tis which Plato and Diodorus describe. The islands
Canaries, Azores and America and the remains of it.'*

It may be well to remark in this connection, that two
deluges or rather partial innundations are mentioned by all
the ancient historians; they were occasioned by the eleva-
tion of volcanic islands and the overflow of the Euxine and
thus breaking through the straits of Gibralter overwhelmed
large tracts of the Atlantic isles. Pallus says that '■ the
Euxine and Caspian seas as well as the lake Aral and seve-
eral others are the remains of a great sea which covered a
great part of the north of Asia.

.1:

TKADE BROKEN OFF.

the matter, the former impression returned and Atlantis
was forgotten.

As they increased in wealth they increased in indolence ;
luxury induced effeminacy ; they wanted spirit to make
the long and arduous voyages and the trade gradually ceased

It has been conjectured says an English writer, " that the
Bosphorus was the occasion of draining the ocean Pallas
mentions. The memory of this disruption of the two con-
tinents was preserved by the traditions of Greece It appears
that this catastrophe was produced by the operation of Vol-
canoes, the fires of which were binning in the sea of the
Argonautic voyage. In consequence the level of the
Mediterranean and Atlantic was greatly changed. The
ancient navigators complained that a number of shallows
infested the regions of the Atlantic ocean The tradition of
a great continent fully as large as the old world was not im-
known to Aristotle. It is remarkble that recent navigators
have observed many shallows nearly connected together in
r line stretching from Spain through the Azores to New-
xoundiand. It is possible that after the submersion of this
tract of land which served for the connection of the conti-
nents, navigation might become excessively difficult, until
the overflowed countries gradually sunk to a greater depth,
and thus at the same time gave occasion to the returning of
the wafers from the European coast."

Moreri tells us that " in order to be convinced that America
was not absolutely unknown to the ancients, it is enough to
consult them. Grantor assures us that the historical notice
of Atlantis by Plato is true. Prochus quotes Mercellus an
Ethiopian historian who wrote the same account of it as did
Plato. Besides all this DiodorusSiculus affirms that certain
Tyrians having passed the straits of Gibraltar were carried
by furious tempest to lands far away in the Atlantic Ocean
and that they found a very fertile island opposite Africa
boidered by great navigable rivers, if we consider ihe situ-
ation of the island it was more probably America itself'' A
record of this visit has been discovered from " the Panic
(Phoenecian) monument found some years ago in the forests
behind Bostor. It is probable that some Tyrians, thrown by

Ti.

iiS.

Atlantis

dolence ;
to make
y ceased

that the

n Pallas

Lwo con-

l appears

h of Vol-

ea of the

of the

Id. The

shallows

dition of

s not un-

avigators

getlier in

to New-

1 of this

he conti-

ult, until

er depth,

irning of

America
nough to
;al notice
cellus an
it as did
It certain
e carried
c Ocean
te Africa
the situ-
^eW A
he Panic
ic forests
rown by

urilil it \\"'^^ eiiiirelv broken oIK so that for manv years
no Tyriaii luul visited Atlantis.

Con.sequeMlly lliougii noiieof the exiles liad ever been to
that far oil" coimtry, yet they knnw well by tradition its
proj)er direction, and in the hour of oxtrernity did not hesi-
tate to steer lor Atlantis. According as their ancestors had
done before them they coursed the Mediterranean, passed
the Straits ol Hercules and nothing daunted by the expanse
of walors that met their view s^iiled in a westerly direction.
After some days tliey pas-sed a smali group of islands, whose

storms on these unknown coasts, uncertain if even the
same tracks might be again discovered, r/hoose to leave this
monument of their adventures."

Seneca, eighteen hundred years ago was so certain of the
existence of a great country behind the sea that in his
tragedy of Media he thas expresses himself.

Years will corne in future ages

When ocean shall loose the chain of events

And a vast territory shall be laid open

And Tethys shall discover new worlds

And Thule be no longer the boundary of the earth.

It is very remarkable that the words of Plato respecting
the agrandizement of the Atlantians, in this Atlantis cor-
respond with the traditions of the ancient Peruvians concern-
ing their origin and antiquities."

Whatever may have been the amount of inundation
recorded by Plato it seems most unlikely that it could have
overwhelmed so large a territory as that of Atlantis. In all
verisimilitude a considerable portion of the Atlantian popu-
lation nuist have survived the catastrophe. Many of the
ancient traditions distinctly imply that the Atlantian race had
not entirely perished ; and if the Tyrians gave out a report
of their utter annihilation we well know the reason of this
fabricated falsehood, for Diodorus Siculus tells us that they
endeavored to keep the knowledge of the country from the
Europeans and thus retain a profitable commerce with the
Atlantians to theinselves."

VOYACrL or HEKCULKa-

!4.i

sitiuition was hi acronlauce v.iiii whiU. they had heard, and
thus much cheered by know iug they were in tlie proper
course, continued the journey.

Tlie moon became full and waned and became full
again and still found them on the waters ; and now con-
siderable alarm began to fdl tiieir bosoms. None of their
ancestors had ever spent so much time in arriving at Atlantis
and they feared that either the island was in reality over-
thrown or that they had missed its direction. Their provis-
ions and water began to fail also, and this added to their
terror and distress, At last the moon waned and without
any expectation of ever seeing it full again, they were begin-
ning 10 despair when they found themselves in a powerful
current, t-iis laised their hopes, nor were they again destined
to disappointment, for on the second day they reached the
place of their destination and landed on the eastern coast ot
Mexico. 10.

Their ships were in a worn and unsafe condition, but
tired of the sea and having no longer any motives for travel-
ing on as they dared not return to Phanecia, they did not
repair the shattered vessels, but on the contrary suffered
them to fall to pieces; and thus all means of ever retracing
their steps was lost and in fact not cared for. Circumstances
had developed in them all the hardy and resolute spirit of
their favored ancestors. They applied themselves diligently

II). The unexpected length of time which it took them to
reach Atlantis or the shores of Mexico, can only be accounted
for by another general sinking of land, and that this is the
case is the opinion of many modern geologists. Darwin in
his '' Voyage of a JVaturalist," says that the geologist who is
fully impressed with the vast oscillaiio.is of level which have
affected the earth's crust within late periods, will not fear to
speculate on the recent submergence of land in the West
Indian arch pelago, as the cause of the present zoological
separation ol North and 8ouih America. The South
American character of the West Indian manumals seem to
indicate that this archipelao^o was formerly united to the
southern continent and that it has subsequently been an area
of subsidence.

ioth*' ui|
thei;; ;
forming"!
alile ml
ones t.h:
reared,
ioan.shi(
Fmdl
the mid|
on thos(
cord'.ng]
land bej
two iiioJ
The citl
high u\
mild an
most gl
remain(
the ma
of Tezc
The
country
prised d
whom t
differen
char act
childen
soon ob
they ke
The;
pled ih
floods
ilie firs
and tl
bury in
heautil
of the

11.

North

\ik

aurtva*.

MLXICO,

ad, and
} proper

u'.e full
low con-
of their
Atlantis
:y over-
r provis-
to their
without
e begin-
)owerruI
destined
tied the
coast ot

on, but
r travel-
did not
suffered
; tracing
istances
ipirit of
igently

hem to
ounted
s is the
win in
who is
I have
fear to
West
logical
►South
;em to
the
narea

to the uiiir^and agri.^ultine. v^ioon splendid cities rosti around
then! ; pyraiiiids, rivalin*^ >,hoseof I'igypt towered to the skies,
forming' like ihrsc similar ^•truclure8 in the east an imperish-
a':)ic nionuii)ent to their builders ; and aqueducts like the
ones til at u-:ed lorinerly to supply old Tyre with water were
reared, incomparubie in point of size and beauty of work-
lyuoiship.

Finding- a number of small islands in a lake situated in
iha midst of a beautiful valley, they resolved to build a city
on those islands to connnemorate tlie one they had lost, ac-
cord '.ngly they erected a magnilicent city, and filled up the
land between it and the main land in three separate places,
two more than Alexand'.n" had made when he took Tyre,
The city though in a vejy warm co\mtry was situated so
liigh up as to enjoy a temperature at all times exceedingly
mild and refreshing. It Wiis considered by its builders the
most glorious place in the world. I'he only remnant that
remained to the Tyrians of their former state of life was
the magnificent floating gardens that floated on the lake
of Tezcuco.

The Tyrians when they landed did not expect to find the
country without inhabitants and accordingly were not sur-
prised at meeting strange tribes ; but they were not the ones
whom they wished to see, but on the contrary an entirely
different race, destitute of the pohsh and civilization that
characterized the Atlantians. As a matter of course, the
childen of Azelmic or Aztecs as they were afterwards called
soon obtained the superiority which with occasional reverses
they kept until enslaved in turn by Cortez.

They afterwards found that the Atlantians who had peo-
pled ihe islands of the sea were mostly cut off by two great
Hoods and earthquakes which had reached their country ;
the first time many of the isles of the sea were destroyed,
and the second their mainland had sunk into the water
burying up their kings and nobles in their gorgeous and
beautiful cities noted throughout the world. The remnants
o{ the people had retreated betbre invaders who came over

11. "When America," says Darwin, "and especially
North America possessed its elephants, mastodons, horse and

'oyag;-: ro ati.antio.

from the norlli and now lived in a vast couliiient nianv
rnounsjourney to tlie south.

After many generations an armament of vessels appeared
on the western shore, froin which disembarked a great num-
ber of men with whom the Aztecs had many dangerous
combats, but did not succeed in conquering them. On tho
conlraiy they took possession of a district of the country UwS
their own and setthiig on il soon rivalled the early inhabi-

hollow horned ruminants, i(s was nnich more closely related
in iis ZDologicil character to the temperature of Europe and
Asia ihan it is now. As ihe remains of these genera are
fourtd on both sides of Bclning's Straits, andon the plains
of Si!>iria we are It.-d to look to llu north-western side of
Noilh America as the former point of cotnmunication be-
tWv.'en th ' olil and so called New World. And as so many
species, both living and extinct of these same genera, in-
habit and have inhabited the old world it seems most proba-
ble that the North American elephants, mastodons, horse
and hollow horned ruminants migrated on land since sub-
merged near Behring's straits, from iSiberia into south Amer-
ica, and thence on land since subnierged. into the West
Indies and South Ameiica, where for a time they mingled
with the forms characteristic of that southern continent, and
have since become extinct."

If the lower animals and of such enormotis size too, could
so easily pass from Asia into America what possible objec'
tion can be uged against the equally easy introduction of
men.

Those who have suggested the possibility of America
havinof been peopled from Asia, point to the similarity in
features, manners and mode of life of the natives of both
places Mr. Pnrsons in his '-Remains of Japhet," entertains
no doubt butthat the earliest Americans were a colony from
Tartary. In confirmation of this he observes that the
American natives had sonii acquaintance with the doctrine
of the IVinity, f )r they worshiped the sun under the three-
fold appellation of '• Father and Lord Sun," " The Sun Son,"
and " Brother Sun," and moreover adored an idol called by
the name of Tanga Tanga, •vvhich signifies ^'one in Three

(; '

VOYaGL Oi HERCULES.

u many

appeared
eat num-
angeious

On the
luritry a.s

inliabi-

y related
rope and
eneia are
he plains
n side of
at ion be-
so many
snera, in-
st proba-
)ns, horse
lince sub-
th Ainer-
he West
mingled
nent, and

too, could
ble objec-
uclion of

America
nlarity in
js of both
entertains
.ony from

that the
3 doctrine
the ihree-
5un Son."
called by
n Three

tants in arts and civilization: they were known by the
name of Toltecs. The continual jealousies that subsisted
between them and the Aztecs however, made their position
uncomfortable and at last they left the northern country
entirely and went to a long distance south where they en-
joyed an equally delightful climate and the blessings of
peace. 12.

and Three in one." There is a similar worship among
the Lamas of Thibet and Tartary. Corroborative evidence
of their Tartar origin may be found in the pillars of stone
of which Peter Kalm gives an account, that were discovered
some hundred miles west of Montreal, evidently of great an-
tiquity and one covered with inscriptions in the Tartar
characters.

According to Mr. Pennant, the customs of scalping, tor-
turing and even eating their prisoners, of disguisinp- them-
selves as wild beasts for the purpose of the chaiv c.nd of
marching in file and not abreast prevail among the American
Indians as among the inhabitants of Tartary, while in their
phyvsical formation thy similarity is even more apparent.

It seems that a corrupt species of Jewish ceremonialism
had spread in early ages over a great part of north-eastern
Asia, when the Manchou Tartars imbibed them. As might
be expected these ceremonies may be traced in the northen
tribes. A mother was secluded after childbirth : the wid-
owed wife generally married her husband's brother: they
selected their priests (medicine men) from among a portion
of the tribe not warriors ; they worship one God, practise
circumcision, etc. etc.

'• Their opinion," says a writer, "is of little value who
think that the people of America came from Great Tartary,
because there were no horse.? in that country before the
Spanish conquest, and it is almost impossible that the Scy-
thians who abounded in horses, should bring none with them,
bev«»ides the Tartars were never seamen.

There was no necessity of ships being employed in cross-
ing, as Darwin has proved, and as for the horse he mentions
" finding a tooth of a horse in a stained and decayed state."
When he brought it to Europe he fonnd it to compare with

ARRlNAt- AT MEXI«:«t,

Some time alter the removul of tli«i Toltecs, a man tall in
statue, of a fair complexion, with long dark haii- and a Haw-
ing beard, royo up among the Astecs and became celebrated
by his actions and teachinus. Tiiey called him Quetzal-
coatl or the god of the air, from his power of divining at-
mospheric changes. Under his instructions they attained a
remarkable knowledge of Agriculture, so that the fields bore
crops a hundred fold greater than before, the granaries
teemed with vegetable treasures, and all thoughts of starvation
fled from the minds of men. He also showed them the
uses of metals. More than all did he take i)articular pains
to inform ihem of the proper method of government and
how the gods should be wor.shipcd.

For many years he thus continued his career of greatness
and benevolence until finding that the hearts of the people
were with him and it was in his power to influence them
as he choose, the higher powers became jealous and drove
him olf, for they feared to kill him. duetzalcoatl thus forced
to depart travelled towards the sea coast, but stopped on his
way at the city of Cholula, when in like manner as he had
done in other places he taugtit the people. He showed them
that flowers and fruits in their season were the only sacrifices

a similar one found in the United States by a slight but pe
culiar curvature in it. " It is certainly a marvellous fact in
the history of the Mammalia, that in South America a native
horse should have lived and disappeared, to be succeeded in
after ages by the countless herds descended fron^ the few
introduced with the Spanish colonists."

12. The Toltecs were probably the people given an ac-
count ot by Marco Polo, who tells us that Kublai Khan a
Tartarian monarch, after he had conquered the southern
part of China, sent out a naval expedition for the purpose
of subduing Japan, but that this armament was cact away
and never more heard of; and it has olten been conjectured
that some of the vessels may have found their way to Amer-
ican shores, a supposition that will explain the traces of Tar-
tar customs existing among the Mexicans at the time of the
Spanish conquest.

■. vei- be
1113 kind
laie his fa
upon it.
j)jrLure, f
power thn
if Uiey sh
iHj lotjger

. frivllr: of S«

shores of ''.
But bef(
[that lie w
I ninny of I
ipfuveifVil t
!iii> sway.
■'i' It) upi

witil tlllUK

iC!i all the

i,]. lot
illi-.uory

jinaricc fo'.
f\vdrd Mall

MiMished

14. Th.
f-i Cholula

,|\virii. ;i ^pe;

f.!r.u, a ioa(
f- liou in
t .i'jiiy visi'

:^ 15. It \^
l« enuaicr

* -

Qt'tiZ \L' <»A ' I..

n tall in
I a llow-
slcbrated
^uetzal-
ning at-
Itained a
jlds bore
granaries
arvation
lein the
[ar pains
ent and

peatness
J people
ce them
id drove
lIs forced
;d on his
s he had
ed them
acrifices

t but pe
IS fact in
a native
ceded in
the few

n an ac-
Khan a
louthern
purpose
ict away
ijectured
o Amer-
< of Tar-
le of the

{})■' .rods over hk(^l and consequently that none other could
,«r be Licot^ptably oliered by the people. In gratitude for
.;i:^ Ivind ollices the people raised a monument to connnemo-
iviie his fame and instituted a priesthood to offer sacrifices
i!|H)?i it. liut this deed was the occasion of his sudden de-
j)jrLure, for the Aztecs princes hearing of his increasing
power threatened veng-eance on the iiiiiabitants of Cholula
if ihcy sheltered him any longer. Quetzulcoatl delaying
r>u longer his departuie entered a magic skiff made of the
s.kiir of f-erpents and directed his course to the mysterious
siiort-> of lMa|):dlau).

IJiit before his departure he promised his faithful followers
tki! he would revisit them hereafter and bring with him
;;;r!iiy of his children, and that then he would be much more
i'n.verfiil than now, and the whole country should come under
:ii ;\\ay. ilis ehiidren lie told them should resemble him-
"1 111 appearance and complexion and they should be armed
■ iihthimder and lightning with which to wreak vengeance
'■ I all (he foes who opposed them= 51.

i._>.

Tor infiMmation on this subject consult Prescott's

I'::iory of Mexico, or still better a beautifully written ro-

i/!Uicc fu'.uidi-d on the tradition of Quetzalcoatl, by Ed-

Ydid MaLurin, entitled Montezuma, or the last of the Aztecs,

iMiblicd by Paine and Burgess of this city.

• 1. The pyramid built to the hoior of the god of the air
t'holula is of the most colossal dimensions, being, within
.\ii feet, twice as large m the great Egyptian pyramid at
iii>:eh. lis base covers an extent of upwards of forty-four
; -:. aiul (he platfurm on i! occupies more than one acre.
p-'ipendicular heii:;ht is one lumdred and seventy-seven
;. ioiiio have suppusred that it w.-.i- originally a work of
■..c e, but this opinion is refuted not only by tradition
i;ii.ii .t^peaks of its being built by man, but also by the fact
:\\. a load cut a few years since across it, laid open a large
liuii in wiiich different layers of clay and brick were dis-
pell v visible.

15. It w ill be well upon closing the account of the Aztecs
Jo enumerate ssome of the principle points of resemblance

CITY OF HUM \I.

-i'.

The people fondly remembered his promise ; it descended
as a heirloon to their children and was forgotten !>}'• none.
its iK'lief grew stronger and stronger, until at length a g(Mie-
lal feeling spread through the Aztec empire and its tributa-
ries that the time had approached for the appearance of
Quetznlcoail and liis cliildren with fair complexion, armed
with thunder and lightning. Agreeably to the universal

III

between the ancient Mexicans and Tyrians. It is compara-
tively an easy matter to prove that they came from the cast.
So strikingly do the traditions speak on his subject that the
source from whence they acquired them, reniains a matter of
but little doubt to the enquirer.

They speak of a universal deluge in which only two per-
sons, Coxcox and his wife, escaped ; and in their old paint
ings the heads of these two are shown along with a hopt
which is floating on the waters at the foot of a moiutlaii:
Others and to this that the boat was filled with various birds
and beasts. From out this boat they say that a vulture wa?
first sent to see if the land appeared ; but the voracious bird
remained feeding on the dead bodies of the drowned giants.
After waiting some time Coxcox sent forth a little hummiris:
bird which returned soon after with a twig in its mouth

They had also a great tower about which they tell a story
of the giants building to save iheujselves from the floods.
Their tradition tells of one Eve who brought sin into the
world, and from hence the sufferings of childbirth on women
This Eve is represented always with a serpent beside her.
The sin consisted in their opinion in plucking a forbidden
rose.

The Spanish conquerors were surprised beyond measure
at beholding the cross the symbol of their own worship.
universally adored in Mexico. It was sculptured on the
walls of their temples and in some cases figmes of children
represented on the sculpture as held up to it in an attitude'
of prayer. This cross sinudated that of the t^ffyptian, and
many other eastern nations, being the symbol of the god
des^ Astarte.

Another rite of the Mexicans filled the Spaniards with
amazement, the foiiuing an image of their principal goc

fil.lOND ( ONQUfcST.

lescended
n I)}', none,
ih a jj-ene-
ts liibutu-
)earance of
ion, arn)ed

universal

8 compara
11 the cast.
lliat the
a matter cf

ily two pel-
oid pjiint-
with a boat
nioiiritaii;
arious binl?
vulture was
acious bird
'lied giants,
e huinniitiL'
mouth
' tell a storv
I the floo<.ls,
in into the
on women
beside her.
a forbidden '

I
nd measure ^
m worship,
red on the j
of children J
an attitude '
y^plian, and
of the god

liards witli
incipal goc

expectation it was annotniiced that the air-god's descendants
had come to take possession of the empire, and the news
was received with a mintrled feeling of dread and curiosity.
The white invaders marched through (he country, and
though rnany efforts was made to delain them, tritmiphed
over their opposers iind were victorious in every contest.
Gaining the capital at last they imprisoned the imperial Mon-
tezuma, overturning the idol gods, and destroying the priest-
hood that served them, finally desolated the empire and once
more made the descendants of Canaan "siervants of

servants.

with Indian corn and blood, and after pronouncing over it
certain mysterious words distributing it to the people, who
eating it in sorrow and humiliation proclaim u, that they
were partaking of the flesh and blood of the deify. A
similar use was made of wine and bread by the ancient
Tyrians. Baptism in a form nearly similar to the Sj)anish
was also practiced.

Both the Tyrians and Mexicans weie of course, from
what has been said, idolatrous nations and sacrificed human
beings on the dedication of their temples and defeat in war.
But the Mexicans carried the habit to a greater extent than
their ancestors had ever done. The companions of Cortez
counted one hundred and thirty skulls in one of the temples,
which had been sacrificed in a very few years. Their mode
of sacrificing to the war god was also peculiar and it has
been well remarked, that their was nothing like it in all the
nations as regards refinement of cruelty. It was part of their
law of war and they deliberately spared the captive on the
field of battle to make a sacrifice of him in cold blood to the
god of war. The priest took the bound victim and cutting
open his chest, tore out the still beating heart with bloody
violence. It is by discovering such traits as these in their
character that we feel little sympathy for the conquered
Mexicans, and view with composure the retaliation of the
Spaniards.

The Tyrians offered up children to the god Saturn (Mo-
ioch) who was represented by a large statue, the figure bent
slightly forward and so placed that the weight of the small-

I-

I 'ii

in:. Lii

-T

AM.

■}',

» I

The ciiy of ; uinai =jiuialed in a wild and desolate tract of
r .unlry escaped for a long lime the notice of the Spanish
conqueiois, and it was not until the rage of gold and blood-

efet cinid was sutficient to alter as position and cast the
inr.aU into a liery furnace ].>elow (he idol. On tlie ruins of
Central America the custom is portrayed in hold relief, and
j)eihapr:. as in the day^ of the Tyrian .Tezai.^el, brought a
ciii,-c upon the country so tliat the rain nor dew miglit fall
upon i(, and as no Elijah was there the curse still con-
tinues, for all travel IfMs in those regions complain of the
ivant of water, and d'lcidcdly declare that those cities, with
which tiicy abound, could never have been built diu the
Hauie want of that article exist in those days as it docs in
our own. Often near Molo-.h is the cross of Astarte (the
moon).

The sacrifice to the goddess of Ih-alih Hygeia by optional
circumcision was one of the riti^s of the old Tyrian worship,
and may also be identified in the Mexican. The chief wor-
shi|) of both nations was given to Apollo, the sun god, and
many temples of the most gorgeous character were erected
to ills honor. As among the Pluenecians, were also t(Mnples
in which a sacred ih-e was kept burning night and day,
by virgins of the sun. The Mexicans had a knowledge
of painting similar to the Tyrians and Loth preferred ver-
milion. The square coknnned style of their architecture
can be proved identical, and ou this subject alone volumes
might be written. The works of Mr. Stephens on Central
America read in this light, will prove doubly interesting and
instructive, and of course render superflous from their easy
T'ocess any particular description.

The swan was the s} mholical emblem of the Tyrinns
and the antiquarian Jacob Bryant says, " tliat wherever they
or their descendants may have settled there will be found
a story about a. swan." Accordingly the Spanish historian
Sahagun relates (hat about twocem,(nies before the conf[iiest
by the Spaniards, the Aztecs were compelled to surrender
to a neighboring kingdom that oppressed them, their cnibla-
maticai bud the swan.

Two uther Tyrian emblejiis, ber|;ents:, and eggs, ar*.; uni-

fched wa
even th(
lion, the

versally
of Mexi
sive pro(
tation ot
belongii
celebrat
that no
Mexicar
Mr. J
acter in
at Tyrui
know let
aualago
Copan.
tured al
to be esi
this cele
Tyre! i
tiist sub
orated,
the Tyri
Mexico.
T'he
news w
of the \
celebrat
awful a
upon hi
urophec
pie X ion
benevol
terious
semblec
di<iion,
from e
his rac*

THE CITY OF 3UMAI.

failed was considerably abated that it was found out, and
even then, as it had nothing to recommend it to their atten-
tion, they allowed the inhabitants upon paying a tax to pur..

uni-

versally found sculptured on the ruins of the ancient cities
of Mexico. A. third one which cannot fail to be a conclu-
sive proof of the identity of the two nations is the represen-
tation on the Mexican walls and temples of the spial shells,
belonging to the niurex which furnished the juice for the
celebrated Tyrian dye. It need not be nieniioned of course
that no animal at all resembling the rnurex is found on the
Mexican coast.

Mr. Jonesj has instanced a similarity in their political char-
acter in the formation of monarchies and republics as shown
at Tyrus and Carthage, Mexico and Toltecs; boides great
knowledge of Military affairs and defensive locality with
analagous architecture on the sea and walls of Tyrus and
(opan. And more than all the rest, to conclude, the sculp-
tured altar of Copan every detail of which is ncknowledged
to be essentially Tyrian, in all its parts ; the characters on
this celebrated altar represent the last event in the history of
Tyre ! and from its character it would naturtiliy l)ecorne the
tiist subject of record in the country to which they emi-
grated. Their astromomical chart was similar to that of
the Tyrians, and contained animals not found or known in
Mexico.

The moment the Spaniards landed on the Mexican shores,
news was conveyed to the courts of Montezuma, by means
of the picture writing for which his subjects were so much
celebrated ; and thus the Emperors received notice of the
awful and wonderful beings who had so suddenly appeared
upon his shores. Immediately there came to his mind the
uiojihecies relative to Quetzalcoatl, the deity with fair com-
plexion and flowing beard who after fulfiling his mission of
benevolence among the Indians had embarked for the mys-
terious shores of Tj^pallan. These strangers exactly re-
sembled the god of the air ; their coming verified his pre-
diction, and the intrepid and successful warrior who had
from early youth been known as the greatest conqueror of
his race and before whom nations of his own subduing now

i '

In
if'

4- t

1 i

CONQUK^^T,

sue their own habits which they have done amid all the *
various clianges of government to the present day ; and
would probably have continued much longer unnoticed had

bow in abject obedience — the great Montezuma sank into
the super.slitious despot, and saw only in the ill-fated coming
of the white warriors, the departure of his crown and king- *
doni. We are told that the white bearded men in flying ^
castles, who spoke in thunder and lightning paralyzed his
mind and siiook him with an awe from which he never re- f
covered, for no one in the empire believed with Uiore shud-
dering faith than himself, the prophecies which it was ex-
pected were about to be fulfilled. Dryden makes mention of
it in his play of the Indian Emperor.

lEnter Gai/omar hastily ; the scene is a sacrqfice in the temple}

Odinar. My brother Ciuyomar ! inethinks I spy

Haste in his steps and wonder in his rye.

Montezuma. 1 sent thee to the frontiers : quickly tell

The cause of thy return'; are all things well.

Chiyomar. I went in order sir to your command
To view the utmost limits of the land.
To that sea where no more world is found,
But foaming billows breaking on the ground
Where for a while my eyes no object met,
But distant skies that in the ocean set,
And low hung clouds that dipped themselves in rain
To shake their fleeces en the earth again ;
At last, as far as I could cast my eyes
Upon the sea, somewhat me thought did rise
Like bluish mists which still appearing more,
Took dreadful shapes and moved towards the shore,

Montezuma. What forms did these new wonders represent r

Guyomar. More strange than what your wonder can invent,
The object I could first ilistinctly view
Was ti'.ll straight trees, which on the waters flew.

H 'A

lid all the
day; and
ticed had

ank into
d coming
nd king-
in flying
yzed his
never re-
ore shud-
it was ex-
iiention of

temple}

COL. dompiia:

n run

not the second conquest brought them to hght from Col,
Doniphan following up the information gathered from
the savages.

Wings on their sides instead of leaves did grow,
Which gathered all the breath the winds could blow ;
And at their roots grew floating palaces
Whose outbowed belles cut the yielding seas,

Montezuma. What divine monsters ye gods are these
That floai in air and fly upon the seas ;
Came they alive or dead upon the shore ?
Guyomar. Alas ! they lived ; surely I heard them roar ;
All turned their sides and to each other spoke,
I saw their word» breathe out in fire and smoke,
Sure h it their voice that thunders from on high,
Or thjse the younger brothers of the sky.

Deaf with the noise I took my hasty flight-
No mortal courage can support the fight.
High Priest. Old prophecies foretell our fall at hand
When beared men in floating castles land
I see it is of dire potent.

Indian Emperor., Act I. Scene 2.

Mr. Prescott speaking of the behef of the Indian race in
the return of Q,aetzalcoatl, ^ays that it was fondly cherished
and as much expected as the advent of their king Sebastian
continued to be the Potuguese or that of the Mesiah by the
Jews, and that it was in a great measure owing to this be-
lief that the Spaniards were ena' led to conquer the country.

) ;■

shore,

ent,

?w.

V'l

DISCOVERYj^F AMERICA.

extent oi
gpeaks of

I ,,

BOOK IL

DISCOVERY OF AMERICA

BEFORE THE PERIOD OP COLUMBUS.

It will be well before reading this article to turn to a map
of the world and carefully survey the positions as laid down
on it of the novth-western part of Europe to Iceland and
Greenland, and in turn, the positions of these two last named
places to North Ameiic... Such an examination will cause
much of the diflicuity to vanish that might exist in the mind
relative to an easy passage from any one of the places to
another.

Tliat tiie existence of waste tracks of land was known
to the inhabitants of western Europe in early times is evident
from the nature uf many of their traditions. Tt wa.? fondly
believed that a land of perpetual summer existed beyond
the ocean and tliat all which could be required to feast the
palate or gratify the eye was there in countless profusion
Many tried to discover them, but returned back disheartened
with the length of the voyage and terrified by the boundless

A writ
tial truth
fleet* the
Paradise
count of
solves to
forty dayi
After ma
ed to su
at last to
mense ni
in cons(
months
strange s

The \
doc, mad
islands ir
the sami
I century
'" Soiuhey
this subj(
on the sc
coinplexi

The rJ
Europe
Atlantic
diev reli

'<! V-

x_.

o a map
lid down
md and
3t named
411 cause
the mind
places to

5 known

!S evident
IS fondly
J beyond
feast the
iiofusion
lenrtened
oundless

DISCOVERY OF AMEBICA.

extent of waters spread out before them,
speaks of such places,

43
Mrs. Hemans

— in her iales of delight that rest
Far off in a breozeless main

Which many a bark with a wearj- qunst
Has sought but still in vain.

A writer, prefacing the narration by remarking that essen-
tial truth form the basis of most fables, quotes froia Stilling-
fleet' the seven years' voyage of St. Brenda, in quest of
Paradise (or the Elysian islands). St. Bicnda lieaiing an ac-
count of the discovery of a delitrhtful island by Mernoc, re-
solves to visit the place, and after building a ve&sel, put in
forty days provisions, and set sail with fourteen of his followers.
After many hardships, and from want of provisions being oblig-
ed to subsist on whatever fish they couldcatch, they came
at last to an island uninhabited by men, but filled with im-
mense numbers of the feathered tribes, and named by them
jn consequence the Paradise of Birds. Staying three
months here they again put to sea and encountered many
strange adventures before reaching home.

The Welsh chief Gavran, as quoted by Southey in Ma-
doc, made several discoveries by sea and among others of
islands in the west called the Green-lands of the ocean. From
the same country also went forth Madoc in the twelfth
century in search of the Atlantic and American territories.
Southey remarks that strong evidence has been adduced on
thib subject ; and that his posterity exist there to this day
on the southern branches of the Missouri, retaining their
complexion, their language, and in some degree, their art?.

The Northmen scattered along the north-western coast of
Europe were very successful in their discoveries of the
Atlantic islands and America. Bold, hardy and resolute
they relied on the traditions of their ancostore and puttin^j

i.l

DISCGVERV OF VINLAND.

'■ <\

\\t

.^.

I >

out to sea. with fearless and unflinching confidence, were
fully justified in their faith by the realization of their
most sanguine anticipations. Certain pirates on an expedi-
tion from Norway to the Faroe islands were driven out of
ihcir course in the ninth century and discovered the volcanic
summit of Hecla Harold the fair- haired was then king of
Norway, and his ambition and usurpations drove oflf many
of hia chieftains to seek a home in another country who
gladly took advantage of the piratical discovery, and in 827
sailed to the new which country soon became settled, and
sent out adventurers to discover other lands ; and thus
in turn Greenland became known and inhabited. Still
extending their excursions they came to the American
shore', as far down it is supposed as Massachusetts.

In a voyage made by Lief, in those early times, along the
coast he came to a barren plain of slaty formation and called
it Hellul AND or the country of slates ; coming to anothe"*
place after the lapse of some days in which the country was
flat and covered with wood and tracks of white sand where-
ever they went ; he called it Markland. At last they ar-
rived at a place that suited them in every respect, and here
they went ashore and constructed tents of skins ; the soil
was excellent, the eatable animals on the land plenty,
and in the river, larger and finer salmon than they had
ever before seen.

It happened one evening that they missed a man of their
company and it was Tyrker the German. This was a great
grief to liief under whose father Tyrker had long served
and to whom he was much attached. He accordins" set
out to find Tyrker, with a company of men, but had pro-
ceeded to a very short distance when they met the absen-
tee who gave them a hearty welcome ; he stagg-ered as he
walked and uttered strange sentences, which ler" Lief to

make (
had di
influen
event i
theii r€
spoke

•^Th
made ii
remark
deny p(
espectif
White
very ea
tention
that the
with th(
ment of
quently
nals of
''Thj
in Nerval
Adam
This dis
we knol
"Thj
Marklai
is veryl
known
a suppoij
situated!
nothing!

Col

CO, were
of their

expedi-
m out of
volcanic
1 king of
off many
try who

in 827
tied, and
and thus
id. Still
American

along the
and called
to auothe"-
)untry was
nd where-
ist they ar-
, and here
s ; the soil
nd plenty,
n they liad

lan of their
,vas a great
ong served
cording set
It had pro-
the absen-
gered as he
ler» Lief to

DISCOVERIES BEFORE COLUMBUS.

!J1

make enquiry, when he found, to his surprise, that Tyrker
had discovered vines and grapes and was then under the
influence of the generous liquor. Taking advantage of this
event they loaded their ship with timber and grapes and
then returned to Greenland. When they arrived home they
spoke of the new country, under the name of A^inland

"The discovery of Vinland," says a writer," was not
made in obscure age. It may have been proceeded by many
remarkable voyages in the west, and we do not venture to
deny positively that the stories of the Limerick merchants,
especting the Nortiimen carried to Great Ii eland and the
White Man's Land, may have had their foundation in some
very early transatlantic discoveries. But conferring our at-
tention to what is strictly matter of history we may remark
that the discovery of Vinland was made cotemporaneously
with the first colonization of Greenland, and the establish,
ment of Christianity in that country and Iceland, and conse-
quently belonged to the most interesting period in the an-
nals of the north.

'- The discovery ot Vinland was immediately made known
in Norway ; and in the latter half of the eleventh century
Adam of Bremen heard it from Swein king of Denmark.
This discovery he emphatically remarks is not a fable but
we know it from certain information of the Danes.

"The ancient Icelandic geographers agreed in placing
Markland and Vinland to the south of Greenland, and what
is very remarkable that Vinland, the most remote country
known to them in that quarter was supposed to join Africa,
a supposition that makes evident two facts ; first, that it was
situated a long way south of Greenland ; and that secondly
noihing was known of the extent of its shores.
" Columbus visited Iceland in 1477 ; and from his general

■«>'-

* I

, ("

,«

■ I.

DISCOVKUY 01 AM': RICA.

*-7

■ ' r

appetence of knowledge it cannot be doubted that he heard
of the early voyages of the Northmen and their discovery of
Vinland. Wliat could be nnore to his pinpose or better
adapted to his views, than the fact that the Northmen, the
boldest of navigators had knowledge of a land in the west,
which they supposed to extend far southwards till it met
Africa ? Or could oot the intelligent Genoese find some
suggestion in the following more accurate statement of an
Icelandic geographer ? * On the ivest of the great sea of
Spain which some call Giniiug-agap, and bearing some-
what towards the 7iorth, the first land ivhich occurs is the
good Vinlatid.' It would add little to the reputation of Co-
lumbus to maintain that he was incapable of profiting by so
good a hint.

" Columbus himself, from these facts comes to be regarded
in a new light not so much as an original discoverer as one
who repeated and established the accredited discoveries of
his predecessors in a most heroic and glorious style of exper-
iment. Thus was the ancient Tyrian and Pythagorean
system of astronomy revived, restored and developed by
Copernicus and Newton. Their immense merit consisted
in the examination, accumulation and demonstration of
antique theories that had well nigh been consigned to obliv-
ion. And this in our estimation requires a lofter and wider
range of intellectual science, than original discovery itself.
Original discovery as it is called is often the result of chance
or accident, the spirit of contradiction and even the rashness
of desperation* Original discoveries are often struck out in
an instant to the astonishment of their inventors who had
no anticipation of them. Not so with the profound truth
teacher who knowing that what is true is not new, and that
what is new is not true, searches through the recondite an-
nals of our planet for the golden links of the true philosophy

b'or tins m
what, line
if all the
••Such
a still hig
■ vvhich ori*
credulity,
of demon
rnethiau
forget fuln
of eKultir
" If th(
venturer,
ingagair
hf knew
keen-sigl
cumulate
of cousci
ble theor;
from Eu
evidence
Not 01
Iceland '
reports h
land— tl
wood nc
leagues
I mense s
west — 1
em win
wonder*
The
now en
concern

^:v

-#:

I'ly. OVr<KY or AMFKICA.

' 47

he heard
^overy of
better
men, the
the west,
1 it met
ind some
nt of an
sea of
ng some-
rs is the
Dnof Go-
ing by so

regarded
er as one
veries of
of ex per-
bagorean
loped by
consisted
ation of
to obhv-
tid wider
ry itself,
f chance
rashness
k out in
who had
id truth
and that
iidite an-
lioso phy

Pot (his man, what perseverance is required, what subtlety,
what, liue perception of analoi^ies, what a critical analysis
)f all the dements that ronstitiite probabilily-

••Such men if not. original di.-coverers, are discoverers of
a stil! higher order. They lay hold of the neglected germ
;v!i!ch original discovery Iiad hung on the sliarp rocks of in-
credulity, and develop it into an august and gloricus system
of (l':>monstrated verity. They seiz*^. the little spark of pro-
rneihian fire which was just about to perish in the fogg of
forjret fulness and by it they rekindle the universe into a blaze
of exulting hope.

" If therefore we admire Columbus less a > tl»e hardy ad-
venturer, who with a dogged and desperate resolution, hop-
ing against hope, launched forth on the Atlantic to discover
\\? knew not what, we reverence him more than ever as the
keen-sighted and philosophic truth-seeker, who from the ac-
cumulated tostimony of ages, in the haughty independence
of conscious gemus moulded a most relined yet demonstra-
ble theory of geographical facts. His mind when he set sail
from Europe was impressed with the weight of historical
evidence and he proceeded in confidence and certainty."

Not only did Columbus acquire information by his visit to
Iceland but his knowledge was strongly confirmed by thg
reports he heard of land being seen for to the west of Ice-
land — the discovery of Maderia, the discovery of carved
wood not cut with iron instruments four hundred and fifty
leagues from Cape St. Vincent, on the open sea, and im-
mense sized reeds, which had drifted to Port Santo, from the
west — hugh pine trees of unknown species, wafted by west-
ern winds to the Azores, and not least of all, human bodies of
wonderous form and feature cast upon the island of Flores.

The Society of Northen Antiquarians at Copenhagen are
now engaged in «x)llecting and publishing all the acoounti^
concerning the voyages of the Northmen to this continent

^'\\\

r 7 4.T1

"iji

:i^

ii- "

1 ^'^

j 5: ^

i I?

DISCOVERV OF AMlilUCA.

,.t I

long before its discovery by Columbus. The information
they liave already given to the world is invahjable and
definitely settles the disputed question of early disanciy.
]t is from what they have furnished in a great measure tlmt

most of this article was prepared.

lii