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Les diagrammes suivants lllustrent la m^thode. ly errata 9d to nt ne pelure, ipon d XI 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 EAEI B£ B THE EAELT PEOPLING OF AMERICA, . ) AND ITS DISCOVERY ' !; BEFORE THE TIME OF COLUMBUS. BY JOHN B. NEWMAN, M. D. JJ'ttt) IJork: THOMAS HUSTED & G0« 97 NASSAU-STREET. 1848, • 1 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1847. By THOMAS S. HUSTED, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for *he Southern District of New Fork le year 1847. X *he Southern CONTENTS. BOOK FIRST, MIGRATION OF THE AZTECS. Founding of Tyre, Capture of Tyre by JVehuchadnezzar Capture of Tyre by Alexander, Fifteen Thousand Tyrians sail to Cyprus, The Tyrians put to sea again and direct their cot to Atlantis, History of Atlantis, Destruction of Atlantis, ■- . Traditions of the Peruvians, Horses before the time of Columbus, Arrival of the Tyrians at Atlantis or Mexico. Tndentity of the Tyrians aud Mexicans proved by their arts, sculpture and religious ceremonies. IV cont::nt5 mm. SECOND. « i DISCOVERY OF AMEUICA BEFORE COLUMBliS. I $ PosUions on the mv.^ of Icland, Greenland, and Massiu:husetts\ -■ Early truditioiiu nf \Vef;hrn Europe relative to\ lands in the W est^ Seven ijcars voyage of S'. Brenda, Voyagts 'f the We/th chief Gavran, Voyag" .f Madoc to thv Missouri ^ Discov^;ry of Iceland by Pirates and its settlement Lisa.va-y and settlernnit of Greenland. Disco rery of Massachusetts by Lief under the name of I in'. and. Columbus visits Iceland^ TH The ] phan t! rated \\ NaLionu copied Columhus not a discover hut far ^reaUr a reviver ^ Utiles. of truth Concluding testimony ^ I exciti-'if; them t othei's, i ry of tb for whi discovei for eve inhabit story ai Abou Ity wit! was en I rally si I )LUMBIiS. i eenland, and ? relative to THE AZTEC CITY OF SUMAL —M^'l^V <&'M^\»\^ INTRODUCTION. s settlement icr the name The late remarkiible expedition of Colonel Doni- {^han througii the Mexican country has been nar- rated witli considerable detail in rlie New Orleans I National newspaper, and (Yomi it, been extensively copied and circulated by the press of the United ?r a reviver ^f^^es. Though most of the facts are highly exciting aiHi intereniing. yet tliere is one among tiieni tiiat will survive Mie rejaenibrance of the others, and be more likely to perpetuate the memo- ry of that arduous undertaking than even tiio objev^^t for which it was despatched. We :i.ll'yjle to the discovery of that long souglit and anxiously wait-ui for event, — an Aztec city and genuine Mexi(*an inhabitants. The National gives tlie followr>i^ story among its sketches, under the heading of EXTUAORIilNAKV fNTAND CITY. About the time Colonel Doniphan made his trea I ty with the Navajos, a division, of his command was entirely out of provisions, but these were iibe- I rally supplied with the present necessities, by the f ! 8 INTWODUCriOXi. tribe with whoin they had just concluded tcnuLfQom eno of peace. The necessity, Jiowevcr, induced apor-pass eacl tion of the regiment to return to Cuvano. Wliile habitants another portion commanded by Major Gilpin andb^iidinga accompanied by Colonel Doniphan, toolc the oppor- ^s a def( tunity of visiting tlie city of tlie SumpJ Indians prowling which is celebrated over all tiie surrounding coun- in the try, to make a peace between them and the Navajos. ^ns, and This city was situated on the Rio Pesco or Piscow, the story which is supposed be a branch of the Geyia. They tains a tr were successful in their object, and from thence very few returned to the Rio del Norte. ^ The d 'Jnllke the Navajos, the people of Sumai live in the most a city which presents every appearance of a high go long degree of civilization. U containo probably ove' whoposs six thousand inhabitants who support themselves jvo doub entirely by agriculture. This city is one of the people w most extraordinary on the globe, its mode of it is a building is extremely peculiar, it being divided into have, sin four solid squares, having but two streets and these to have i crossing the centre at right angles. The buildings looking are all two stories in height and composed of sun burned brick. The first stories of each quarter are connected together, presenting a solid wall to the street, and so constructed that each house joins perfectly as far the first story is concerned, with the own, th( one next to it, until one fourth of the city may be afld reli said to DC one solid structure. The second stories The rise from this vast solid foundation so as to designate vated w each house, not uniting as do the first, but with reap im race as { from arr who for occurren INTRODUCTION. ided tcruiLpQQj^ enough between each building for persons to icctl apor-pj^gg each other without inconvenience. The in While habitants of Sumai enter the second story of their fiipin and^juiicjingsby ladders which they draw up at night, the oppor- ^s a defence against any enemy that might be Indians prowling about. iing coun- j^ the city of Sumai were seen some white Indl- e Navajos. gug^ and this circumstance probably gave rise to or Piscow, the story of there living afar off in the Rock Moun- They tains a tribe of white aborigines. These Albinoes are )m thence very few in number. 1 The discovery of this city of Sumai will afford ai live io the most curious speculations among those who have of a higu Belong searched in vain for a city of the Indiana iai^]y over \7ho possessed the habits and manners of the Aztecs, hemselves ]sjo doubt we have here a race living as did that ne of the people when Cortez entered Mexico. mode of j^ jg ^ remarkable fact that the Sumians have, since the Spaniards left the country, refused to have any intercourse with the modern Mexicans, looking as they do upon that mixed and debased vided iato aiid these buildings id of sun larter are ill to the race as a far inferior people. They have also driven from among them the priests and other dignitaries, who formerly had power over them, and after this use joins occurrence resumed habits and mauners of their with the own, their Great Chief or Governor b3ing the civil may be a«nd religious head, d stories The country around the city of Sumai is culti. lesignate vated with the utmost care and skill, and the people ut with reap immense harvests as the reward of their Indus. 8 INTRODrCTION. o try ; enough not only for themselves, but what Is Bhort Win absolutely necessary in a country surrounded by tongues 1 such a sterile tract,— fur also, large flocks of cattle " I'ew and sheep. to luore d So far the information furnished by the expedi the orig tion and enough too, to cause others to follow in its their orig track. The inhabitants of Sumai claim a direct hypothes descent from the pure Aztec race and pretend to Some au retain their habits and customs. We have now a ecrupled ready method of reading the hierogliphics,so profuse- creation ly inscribed on the ruins of the ancient cities. Such a Inform consummation would at any rate be a great satis- eastern > faction, though with regard to their origin and early from a history, we have much to learn at this day. Others, It is our opinion that from the information before Reives w them, antiquarians will come finally to the conclusion truction thatAuicrica has been peopled from three different Holy Wi sources. ers) abrc In the first place by the passage of the descen- time wli dants of Gomer, or Atlas,over the celebrated island of ern worl Alantis, by means of the islets of the sea. The over- " A th throw of the islands driving the saved remnaat in an islan a southerly direction, where their descendants are Btretchec now found under the name of Peruvians etc. across tl: Secondly by the crossing of the Tartar hordes nental t into America from the north-eastern parts of Asia. ward. Thirdly by the voyage of the fifteen thousand wind o\ whom the Sidonians carried from Tyre, to the east, a few ai ern shores of Mexico. In relation to these it is the passage object of this work to treat, and a connected but I JMROnUCTIov. 9 It what is Kinded by 3 of cattle he expedi low in its in a direct )retend to ve now a 30 profuse- s. Such a reat satis- aud early 7- ion before conclusion different e descen. i island of The over- tmnaat in dants are etc. ar hordes 3 of Asia, thousand > the eas^- it is the ected but short liisiory is given of them from the confusion of tongues to the era of Cortez. " Few questions," says a writer, 'Miave given rise to more discussion or more ingenious theorizing than the original history of America. To determine their original paternity, many inr.rediblc and absurd hypotheses have been from time to time propounded. Some autliors— lord Raimes among them — have not scrupled to report that the Mosaic account of the creation of our first parents was only intended to Inform us of the origin of the inhabitants of the eastern world, and that the Americans have sprung iVorn a different Adam, and a less erring Filve. Otliers, with more piety, haye contented tliem- Relves witli hazarding the conjecture that the des- truction of the tower of JJabel, when, according to Holy Writ--' The Lord scattered them, (the build- ers) abroad upon the face of all the earth,' was the time when the vast plains and forests of the west- ern world first received man as their inhabitant. "A third party conceived that in former times an island of enormous dimensions, named Atlantis, istretched from the north-western coast of Africa across the Atlantic oCean, and that over this conti- nental tract both man and beast migrated west- ward. In one night, however, a mighty storm and wind overwhelmed this island, at a time when only a few animals had succeeded in making good their passage. 1 i I /. ! ,"• 10 iNxnoiinr'TloN. " The discoveries made by the Russians in the northern parts of the world under the auspices of Peter the Great, confirmed the opinion of those who, not disposed to account by supernatural agency for what might be effected by natural causes, had early suggested the possibility of America being peopled from the contiguous north- ern shores of Rurope on the one side and Asia on the other. They insisted upon the similarity in features and manners and mode of life of the deni- zens of the frigid zones, and arguing upon the analagoas migrations of the European and Asiatic nomads, they accounted for the existence of the Southern Americans by the continual pres- sure of a rapidly increasing population from the north. " But even when the discoveries of Russia appa- rently corroborated this hypothesis, the tide of dis- cussion was not checked, but merely diverted into fresh and new channels. Almost every nation of the Old World setup its claim in turn for the honor of having given birth to the new hemisphere ; the Jews, Canaanites, Carthagenians, Greeks, Scy- thians, Chinese and many others, have all found zealous advocates for their respective claims." At all events the discussion has occasioned a most zealous research in all the historical records procu- rable, and if it has done nothing more to the eluci- dation of American history, would have been use- i ful in the hat though is inves has dor the tru that ea will de push hi displ'0^ in thei who c( viewR It i! aids ai eiiiii"e It was omers well ii could showt glass when befov to pa Now with fact ] This 7NTl<0rV'CTI0N. 11 tns in the uspices of of those ^ernatural y natural sibility of ous north- Asia on ilarity in the deni- npon the Id Asiatic tence of Lial pres- from the sia appa- ie of diS' Jrted into nation of he honor lerej the ^s, Scy- ill found s." d a most s procu- he eluci* een use- ful in briiii^lng to light maay valuable facts : '' as the hammer of the geologist may strike out a gem, though he may lose the course of the stratum l)e is investigating." But in our opinion the research has done more than this, and really brought to light the true history of our country. The great fault is that each inquirer begins on a particular theory and will devote himself entirely to its extension, at once pushhig from its course all that he finds tends to its disproval. Such investigators are, however, useful in their own way and accumulate facts for those who come after them to use, and by combining the views of all discern the truth. I It is singular how much one branch of science aids another, and will often make that a matter of f entire certainty which was before mere conjecture. It was for a long time a disputed point with astron- omers, whether the sun was a centre of light as well as heat, and tiiis probjem, astronomy by itself could not solve. Chemistry came to its aid and showed that the rays of heat were transparent to glass in proportion as the source was intense from whence they emanated. A pane of glass placed before a common fire, will allow the rays of light to pass though it ; but is opaque to those of heat. Now the warming rays will pass through glass, with as much facility as the illuminating ones ; a fact known to every person in the burning glass. This of course places the question of the sun's heat :" 1 /; ill 12 INTRODUCTION. beyond doubt. In the same maimer has geology come to the help of the antiquarian and proves the existence of the disputed isie of Atlantis. Every man is interresied in the history of his own couulry and more especially is this the case with Americans. To g/aUfy this desire, the idea has been suggested by the general attention g'.vcu to the discovery of Simii, that a popular work combining all the facts ]<;ncwn in relation to the early sellling of America, would prove highly ac- ceptable and be both interesting and instructi\e, and lor this object the present little work was prepared. In tlynai sirttl a solei iroldei 20Iogy oves the of his he case hft idea i g'^VGLl ' work to the illy ac- V8, and epared. BOOK I THE MIGRATION OF THE AZTECS. In the reign of Azelniic the eighlh king of its second tlynasly A'e^mider of Macedon came before Tyie and de- wind adniission into tlie cily in order, he preiemled to olfer a solemn sacrifice to Hercules. Tlie Tyrians s^enL him a (golden crown in token of respect and friendship, hui forbid his entrance, declaring that it was their purpose at every hazard to preserve their independance. Ale.vander considering this messuage as an insnit to his pride, wlien he heard it was greatly angered ; and making a pretext of their refusal, at once declared war, giving out his determination to possess the city at any hazard; for from the ready access it alforded to the sea, it would, if gained, make him master of the surrounding coast. Tyre had been originally founded by a colony from Sidon, which city was named after its founder, the eldest son of Canaan. The people of Phcenecia (Canaan) had inherited from their ancester Noah all his love of ship-builmg which had been fostered by so long practice, and at the general divis- ion of land took, in conseciuence, for their share a maratime position on the Mediterranean. 1. 1. After the confusion of tongues and dispersion from the tower of Babel, the posterity of Noah divided the land among them. Japhet took the western portion ; his son Gomer had the extreme west and isles of the sea, while Shem moved eastward and northeasterly. Japhet was prom- ised that God would enlarge him and the wonderful extent of his possess'ons and increase of his descendants proves, the exact fulfilment of the promise. Japhet is known iu profane history as Neptune, aud his son Gomer as Atlas. \^ ill 1 1 (■i 14 HIRAM K\Sn or TYKir.. I Annoyed at tlic proximity of the tribe of Asher, after the nntraiicc of Joshua into (he promised land, the niobtei'.Lcr- prisiiiii' of the Sidonia,ns luid founded at a (Hslance of lliirty- five miles fronj SidoM (he present city, which v»as llien built on the main land and had easy convenience to the sen. It soon rose to a degree of opulence and grandeur unequalled m ancient times. People from afar came to view the cele- brated city which stood on a hill with the advantage of nearness to the water and elevation over the surroundiufj;' country. When they returned home the traveller:^ lold of the manufactures in glass and working in metals ; and also the wonderful miinner in which nature had favored them by causing to live on liieir sea-i^hore a little nliell ti^h wiiich was a source of immense profit, (he pun; juice of the animal formed the Syrian dye, a purple of so rare and beautiful color as to be worn only by princes and emperors. Tiie people of Tyre well aware (hat it v. as to commerce they owed tlie prosperity they enjoyed, were jealous of al- lowing others (.0 share their advantages ; so stern, indeed, were they on this point, that although other nations were assisted in sea voyages and explorations, yet these tii ust, be performed in Tyrian ships, aanned by Tyrian sailors and directed by Tyrian pilots. At flrsL the people were governed by supieme judges, aided by a cotmcil of advisers ; hut on the children of Israel obtain- ing a Iving, the Tyreans followed their example, Ahibal was elected and after his death Hiram his son ascended the o When Solomon succeeded to his father David's king- dom. Hiram sent embassadors to him with greeting and ofTers of friendship. Solomon in returning thanks sent mes- sagers with the following letter. throne, raising He als( temple by a bi adornei SOLOMON TO KING HiRAM. Know thou that my father would have built a temple to God, and was hindered by wars and continual expedi- tions ; for he did not leave off to overthrow his enemies till he made them all subject to tribute. But I give thanks to God for the peace I at present eDJoy. and on that account I niRAM AND SOLOMON, i5 I ft or I he •St 01 lie 1- )!' tliirry- ien built se;i. It ^quailed ;he ceie- tage of ouiidiiin- era lold Is ; and favored I ell Ml e of the lie and iiperois. lumerce s of ai- indeed, ns were iTiUsL be sailois 5, aided obtain- )al was .led tJie 's king- ig and nt mes- throne. Hiram made many extensive improvomentfe, raising the enstern part higher and enlarging the city itself. He also built many temples to the gods, and joined the temple of Hercules, which before stood by itself, to the city, by a bank in tlie middle between them, and this temple lie adorned with many donations of golden ornaments. 2. temple ixpedi- lies till nks to ount I am at leisure, and design to build a house to God. For God foretokl to my father that such a habitation sliould be erected by me. Therefore I desire thee to send some of thy sub- jects with mine to Mount Lebanon, to cut down timbers, for the Sidonians are more skilful than our people in cutting of wood. As for wages to the hewers of wood, I will pay whatever price thou shalt determine. Kinor Hiram was pleased with the letter and rejoiced that he might have an opportunity of serving Solomon, for he was liberal and benilicent to all, and desirous besides to as- sist a prince of whose wisdom and might so much had been said. He therefore wrote back the answer. KING HIRAM TO KING SOLOMON. It is fit to bless God, that he hath committed thy father's government for thee, who art a wise man and endowed with all virtues. As to myself 1 rejoice at the condition thou arf in ; and will be subservient to thee in all that thou sendest to me about. For when my subjects have cut down many and large trees of cedar and cypress wood. I will send them to sea and order my subjects to make floats of them, and to sail to what place soever of thy country thou shalt desire, and leave them there. After, which thy subjects may carry them to Jerusalem. This was the commencement of much pleasant and familiar intercourse between Hiram and Solomon : and the workmen of Tyre did the monarch of Israel great and im- portant service by their skill in the working of wood and timber, more especially was this the case with a man named Kiram whose mother was a daughter of the tribe of the Israelite Naphtali, but his father a Tyrean worker in brass. The skill of the father had beea great but the 16 lt.^baal king of tyke >l Ethbyjil king of Tyre and Siiion, a successor of Hiram, married his daughter Jezabel to Ahab, king of Israel, and by this means extended the worship of Idois to a great ex- tent among the Isiraeliies ; this caused a severe drought in the laud wfiich did not cease until the propheis of Baal were all slaughtered that resided in Israel; and that not sufficing to cure Ahab of idolatry he al