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 ARE THE BOWLDER CLAYS OF THE GREAT 
 PLAINS MARINE ? 
 
 Several trains of evidence show that the western plains, as 
 well as the Cordilleran region, have been affected by great 
 changes in elevation relatively to the sea level and to that of the 
 eastern parts of the continent in later Tertiary and Pleistocene 
 times. Facts bearing upon these changes have been detailed by 
 the writer in previous papers and more particularly in those 
 entitled respectively "Later physiographical geology of the 
 Rocky Mountain region," and "Glacial deposits of southwestern 
 Alberta in the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains."' 
 
 The observations made are in effect such as to lead the wri- 
 ter to believe that the bowlder clays and other deposits of the 
 glacial period covering a large part, at least, of the Great Plains 
 in Canada, are glacio-natant deposits, not directly due to an ice- 
 sheet and not calling for an extension of glacier ice as such to 
 this part of the continent. He has further ventured to suggest 
 that the water covering the western plains at this time may have 
 been at the level of that of the sea and in more or less direct 
 communication with it. The present note relates, however, to 
 the discovery in the bowlder clays of the Great Plains of marine 
 organisms which appear to be contemporaneous with their deposi- 
 tion, and the general observations above alluded to need only 
 be mentioned in introducing the subject. 
 
 Some time ago Mr. T. Mellard Reade, writing in comment 
 on the paper last referred to above, and in the light of his own 
 investigations and those of Mr. Joseph Wright on the bowlder 
 clays of Great Britian,'' suggested that a search should be made for 
 
 ■Trans. Royal Soc. Can., Vol. VIII, Sec. 4 (1890). Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. VII, 
 (189s). 
 
 = Cf. Present Aspects of Glacial Geology, T. M. Kkade, Geol. Mag. (IV,) 
 Vol. Ill, p. 542. Bowlder Clay a Marine Deposit, J. Wriciit, Trans. Geol. Soc. (Glas- 
 gow, Dec. 1894 and May 1895. 
 
 257 
 
258 
 
 CEORLiE M. DAWSON 
 
 micro-organisms in the bowlder clays of the plains. In con- 
 junction with Mr. H. W. Thomas, I had some years ago exam- 
 ined several of these clays microscopically, but, as pointed out 
 by Mr. Reade, the material examined in this case, was, in con- 
 secjuence of the mode of pre[)aration adopted, that resulting 
 from the elimination of all lighter particles by successive decan- 
 tations, and not likely to include any foraminiferal forms still 
 unfilled with mineral matter, which as a rule contain sufificient 
 air to float to the surface of the water employed. In respect to 
 the existence of forms contemporaneous with the dejjosit of the 
 bowlder clays, the results arrived at by me were scarcely more than 
 negative, but foraminifera evidently derived from the Cretaceous 
 strata of the region were found in some of the clays from the 
 Northwest.' Mr. Wright having very kindly offered to examine 
 some of the wctern bowlder clays by the methods found aj)pli- 
 cable by him to those of Great Hritian, several si)ecimens were 
 collected for the [)urposc and submitted to him. The results 
 arrived at form the subject of this note, which is, however, essen- 
 tially of a preliminary character, and is intended to be followed 
 ' -J further investigation as soon as it may be possible to obtain 
 additional material. 
 
 The s[)ecimens sent to Mr. Wright were from the following 
 j)laces : 
 
 Nos. I and 2. .Saskatchewan River, twelve miles bek)w Victoria, col- 
 lected by Mr. R. G. IMcConneil. These re|)resent a bed of bowlder clay 
 about fifty feet thick, the first beinj^' from its upper, the second from its lower 
 part. I'rebcnt height above the sea level about 1850 feet. 
 
 No. 3. ]5owlder clay from near Victoria, Saskatchewan River, one and 
 one-half miles up Kgg Creek, also collected by Mr. McConnell. Height about 
 1900 feet. 
 
 No. 4. Bowlder clay from Selkirk, Red River, Manitoba. Collected 
 by Mr. J. 15. Tyrrell. Height above sea, 720 feet. 
 
 To these si^ecimcns from the West was added one collected 
 by Dr. II. M. Ami, at Ottawa (No. 5). 
 
 It is not certainly known whether the bowlder clay repre- 
 sented by the first three specimens is the "lower" or "upi^er" 
 
 ■ Hull. Ciiicago Acad. Sci., Vol. I, No. 6 (1885). 
 
ARi: liOWLDER CLAYS MARIXE? 
 
 259 
 
 )llcctcd 
 
 bowlder clay elsewhere rccogni/.ed in the western part of the 
 plains,' but it is probably the latter. Microzoa were found only 
 in the three sami)les from the Saskatchewan Valley In giving 
 the results of his examinations Mr. Wright writes as follows : 
 
 "In the clays from Victoria (i, 2 and 3) I find foraminifera 
 (and Radiolaria) and I am of opinion that they are contempora- 
 neous with the clay and not derived from Cretaceous strata — I 
 judge by the general resemblance of the foraminifera to those 
 we find in Ikitish bowlder clay. The foraminifers in the Creta- 
 ceous rocks of Canada may possibly be different to those which 
 occur in the rocks of this age with us — I have never seen Creta- 
 ceous microzoa from Canada and so can give no opinion on this 
 subject. 
 
 " Our chalk foraminifera are invariably of a dull white chalky 
 appearance, the tests alone being calcareous, the interior being 
 usually siliceous. On the other hand, our bowlder clay foraminif- 
 era differ in no respect from recent specimens, except in being usu- 
 ally smaller in size, the species being such as are now met with 
 in shallow water around our cT)asts. 
 
 "All the species which I have been able to identify in the 
 clays you sent me, are referable to recent species, and with the 
 exception of CristcUaria Italica and Rotalia orbicularis^ have been 
 found in British bowlder clay. Nonio7iina dcprcsstila is the most 
 abundant form in our bowlder clay, and it is instructive to find 
 the species, so common with us, also occurring in your clay. 
 
 ''Bolivina hmngata, CristcUaria Italica, as also some of the other 
 specimens, have the clear hyaline luster of recent specimens. If 
 Cretaceous, we would expect to find Globigcrina Crctacca and Tcx- 
 tularia globjdosa ^\cni\i\\\." 
 
 The above references to Cretaceous foraminifera, are explained 
 by the fact that Mr. Wright's attention had been called, when 
 the specimens were sent, to the probable existence of such forms 
 in the bowlder clays. 
 
 In replying to the letter from which I have just cjuotcd, half 
 a dozen specimens of Cretaceous foraminifcral material from the 
 
 ■Cf. Biill.G. S. A., Vol. VII, i>. 60. 
 
2C)0 
 
 GEORGE A'. D.lirSON 
 
 Canadian Northwest, collected by Mr. J, H. Tyrrell, were sent to 
 Mr. \Vri}^dit, ami allusion was also made to the report by Messrs. 
 A. Woodward and 1^ VV. Thomas on the "Microscopic Fauna of 
 the Cretaceous in Minnesota, Nebraska and Illinois."' In this 
 report, all the foraminifera found in bowlder clays, as well as 
 those actually obtained from Cretaceous rocks, are classed 
 toLi^ether as Cretaceous. 
 
 After carefully examining the Cretaceous material sent, and 
 prei)aring lists of the forms represented, Mr. Wright notes the 
 occurrence in it of a great preponderance of the two species 
 already mentioned by him as likely to be characteristic. He 
 further points out that these Cretaceous foraminifera are f:lled 
 with calcite, differing in that respect from most of those of the 
 same age in Great Britain, but none the less stony and unlikely 
 to float during the treatment of the clays. In Yorkshire he 
 has met with clays containing about equal proj^ortions of Creta- 
 ceous (derived) and Pleistocene (contemporaneous) foraminif- 
 era, but found no great difficulty in separating the two lots by 
 the criteria already alluded to. Referring to Messrs. Woodward 
 and Thonias' report, he expresses the belief that it really com- 
 prises a mixed fauna of the same kind, stating that of twenty- 
 nine species recognized by these gentlemen, ten had not before 
 been recorded from rocks of Cretaceous Age, according to Brady's 
 monograph in the Challenger report. 
 
 One of the localities mentioned by Messrs. Woodward and 
 Thomas for foraminiferal bowlder clay, that of South Chicago, 
 lies so far from known Cretaceous outcrops and away from the 
 line of any recogni.'^ed drift from such outcrops, that I ventured 
 to address a question on the subject of the probable origin of 
 the microzoa to Professor T. C. Chamberlin. The foraminifera 
 found in this bowlder clay, appear to be in part, at least, undoubt- 
 edly Cretaceous in age. In reply, Professor Chamberlin quotes 
 observations made in northern Wisconsin which tend to show the 
 existence of Cretaceous outliers there, as well as perhaps beneath 
 the northern part of Lake Michigan, or even further east. He 
 
 'Geology of Minnesota, Voi. Ill, Part I (1895). 
 
/.VA li OWL!) Eli CI.AYS MARIXE? 
 
 261 
 
 writes: "Takinjj^ the evidence all in all, I do not think there is 
 any serious difficulty in accountin^j for Cretaceous forms in the 
 drift of this rej^ion" (Chicago). After referring to the interest 
 attaching to Mr. Wright's observations, he adds the following 
 interesting suggestion concerning them : "It has occurred to me 
 to raise the (juestion whether a certain number of marine niicro- 
 scojjic forms are not to be expected in any slow-accumulating 
 dejjosit like a clay, in the interior of the continent, having been 
 borne there by the wind with other dust picked up from marine 
 flats on the windward side of the continent." 
 
 The purpose of this communication is accomplished instating 
 as above, briefly, the new facts which appear to bear upon the 
 (juestion asked in its title. It seems to be at least very prob- 
 able that, in addition to derived Cretaceous foraminifera often 
 found in the drift deposits of the Great Plains, we have con- 
 temj)oraneous forms of the sea of the glacial period, still unfilled 
 with mineral matter, unaltered, hyaline in aspect, and re[)resent- 
 ing the same species elsewhere commonly found in deposits of 
 this period. Should further investigation confirm the contempo- 
 raneous and autochthonous character of this fauna, it will greatly 
 assist in enabling the formation of definite hypotheses respecting 
 events of the glacial period in the western part of the continent. 
 
 Mr. Wright's notes on the specimens of bowlder clay from 
 the Saskatchewan, are as follows : — 
 
 No. I. Bowlder clay, twelve miles below Victoria. Weight 4 lbs. 4.5 
 oz. Troy. After washing — Fine 1 lb. 3.7 oz. Course 0.7 oz. Stones mostly 
 rounded, some angular. 
 
 Gaudryina Sp., very rare. 
 
 Biilimina ptipoides D'Orb., frequent. 
 
 Ptilvinu/ina Karsteni{^ss.),\cry rare. 
 
 Nonionina dcpressula (W. & J.), very rare. 
 
 Rotalia orbicularis, D'Orb., very rare. 
 
 Radiolria, frequent. 
 
 Sponge spicules, rare. 
 
 No, 2. Bowlder clay, twelve miles below Victoria. Weight 2 lbs. 6.2 
 oz. Troy. After washing — Fine 8.9 oz. Coarse 0.5 oz. Stones mostly rounded, 
 some angular. 
 
I] 
 
 f* 
 
 11 ; 
 
 ,'i 
 
 »62 
 
 liKOKiiH M. I) III 'SON 
 
 lUiliiniiui ftuf>oitifs D'Orb., rare. 
 
 liolivina hrvif^afa (Will.), very rare. 
 
 Crhtellaria Italka, Defr. (yoiinj^), very rtirc. 
 
 'rnincatiilina Sp., very rare. 
 
 Rotalia orhiiularis, D'Orl)., very rare. 
 
 Radiolaria fre(|UL'iit. 
 
 .Sponge spicules, rare. 
 
 No. 3. IJowlder (lay near X'ictoria. Wti^'ht 3 Ihs. 1.6 oz. Troy. After 
 washings I'ine i lb. 0.1 o/,. Coarse 0.6 o/. Stones mostly rounded, sonic 
 iiiij^nihir. 
 
 Uaiiifryina Sp., frc(|ut!nt. 
 
 Ihdiiiiiiux pupoides, D'Orb., rare. 
 
 Rotalia orbicularis, D'Orb., frequent. 
 
 XoHionina (It'prrssiila (W. & J.), very rare. 
 " scapha (F. iS: M.) ? very rare. 
 
 .Radiolaria, fre(|uent. 
 
 S|)onge spicules, rare. 
 
 Ostracod, very rare. 
 
 It may be of interest to add for comparison, the species actu- 
 ally recognized by Mr. Wright in the several small samples of 
 Cretaceous material supplied to him. These are, nearly in order 
 of relative abundance, as follows : — 
 
 Textularia globulosa Ehr., very common. 
 Globii^crina Crctacea, D'Orb., very comfnon. 
 
 '• digiiata, Brady, rare. 
 
 Anomolina aiiii/ionoidcs, (Rss.), rare. 
 Nodosaria Zippci, Rss., very rare. 
 
 1 
 
 Georgk M. Dawson. 
 
 Geolo(;icai, Survkv ok Canada, 
 March 10, 1897. 
 
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