IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 1.25 1.4 2.5 2.2 2.0 1= 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) «>72-4S03 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques Th to The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. □ Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur □ Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagde □ Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur6e et/ou peiliculde Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque □ Coloured maps/ Cartos g6ographiques en couleur □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black// Encre de couleur (i.e. uutre que bleue ou noire) □ Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur D D n D Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int6rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 film6es. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl6mentaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6X6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliocraphique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la methods normale de filmage sont indiquds ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^es Pages restored and/o Pages restaurdeu et/ou pellicul6es Pages discoloured, stained or foxe Pages d6color6es, tachetdes ou piqudes Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es Show!hrough> Transparence Quality of prir Quaiitd indgale de I'impression Includes supplementary materii Comprend du materiel suppldmentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible I — I Pages damaged/ I — I Pages restored and/or laminated/ I — I Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ I I Pages detached/ r~yi Show!hrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ I — I Only edition available/ D Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 film6es A nouveau de faqon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. T^ P« of fil Oi b( th si( o1 fil si( 01 T! si Tl w M di ei b( ri< re w □ This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est fiimd au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X ::ox c / 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Metropolitan Toronto Library Social Sciences Department L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit gr&ce d la g6n6rosit6 de: Metropolitan Toronto Library Social Sciences Department The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or th? back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposu'e are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire filmd, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimde sont filmds en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film^s en commen9ant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaltra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsqu6 le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 t t 4 ; s 6 f ^-^% J ^-^i :Section IV., 1898. [3j Tbanb. R. 8. C. I. — A Historical Sketch of our Canadian Institutions for the Insane.^ PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. By T. J. W. Burgess, M.B. (Read May 25th, 1898.) Gentlemen, — One of the regulations of the Eoyal Society of Canada is thus laid down : " It shall be the duty of the president of each section to prepare an address, having reference to the special objects of the section, for each annual meeting." It was so manifestly impossible for any one man to accomplish such a task, according to the letter of the law, in a section which embraces all the branches included under the general title, " Geo- logical and Biological Sciences," that from the very inception of the society the rule has been " More honor'd in the breach than the observance." Like my 2)redece8soi's in the honourable position of president of this section I have, therefore, deemed it wise to select a subject relating to the science to which most of my life's work has been dedicated ; for psychiatry, in its relation to the care and cure of a constantly increasing multitude of insane, has become of the greatest practical importance to all medical scientists and social economists. 1 The writer desires to express his indebtedness and gratitude to the following gentlemen for valuable Information supplied :— Mr. J. Black, M.P.P., Fredericton, N.B. ; Mr. G. C. Coster, St. John, N.B. ; Mr. W. K. Reynolds, St. John, N.B. ; Dr.G. A. Hetherington, Medical Superintendent, Provincial Lunatic Asylum, St. John N.B. ; Hon. Sir Richard J. Cartwright, G.C.M.G., Ottawa, Ont. ; Dr. R. M. Bucke, Medical Superintendent, Asylum for Insane, London, Ont. ; Dr. D. Clark, Medical Superintendent, Asylum for Insane, Toronto, Ont. ; Dr. J. Robinson, Assistant Superintendent, Asylum for Insane, Toronto, Ont. ; Dr. S. Lett, Medical Superin- tendent, Homewood Retreat, Guelph, Ont. ; Rev. C. E. Cartwright, Kingston, Ont. ; Dr. C. K. Clarke, Medical Superintendent, Rockwood Hospital, Kingston, Ont. ; Col. A. H. Todd, Ottawa, Ont. ; Mr. Sheriff Ferguson, Kingston, Ont. ; Mr. Allan McLean, Kingston, Ont. ; Dr. N. H. Beemer, Medical Superintendent, Asylum for Insane, Mimico, Ont. ; Dr. A. H. Beaton, Medical Superintendent, Asylum for Idiots, Orillia, Ont. ; Dr. W. T. ^^eynolds. Assistant Superintendent, Asylum for Insane, Hamilton, Ont. ; Dr. W. K. Ross, Assistant Superintendent, Asylum for Insane, Brockville, Ont.; Dr. A. Valine, Medical Superintendent, Quebec Lunatic Asylum, Quebec, Que. ; Dr. G. Villeneuve, Medical Superintendent, St. Jean de Dieu Asylum, Longue Pointe, Que. ; Mr. A. Perry, Montreal, Que. ; Miss M. R. Charlton, Assistant Librarian, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Que. ; Mr. E. R. Smith, St. Johns, Que. ; Dr. E. S. Blanchard, Medical Superinten- dent, Asylum for Insane, Charlottetown, P.E.I. ; Rev. Dr. A. Anderson, Charlotte^ town, P. E. I. ; Dr. G. L. Sinclair, Medical Superintendent, Hospital for 'TOae^iie^ Halifax, N.S. ; Mr. J. R. Anderson, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Victoria^, B.C 1 4 Vl'l -i'i OCl 2 h f^m 4 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA From tlic miuiy thenios presciitod by this brunch ol' knowlodgo it lia.s Hoemod to me that a skctcli of thedovolopmont of our Canadian institutions for tlio insane would be of the most general interest, ^i.t the same time, it may be not altogether void of value, inasmuch us the Iiistory of Bome of the older asylums, like that of muny other ancient buildings, has become, with tlie lapse of time, greatly involved in obscurity. For the task I have set myselt. the collection and preservation of such scattered details as are to be found. I full}' recognize the limitations of m\' titness, and crave your pardon if in my ignorance I omit i ./thing that should find a place therein. Saved by virtue of her youth from participation in the horrible cruel ties which stain the annals of the history of the insane from the full of the Eoman empire to the beginning of the present century, Canada has yet no reason to be proud of her early treatment of this unfortunate class. With her, as in nearly all new countries, the cure of the insane has shown a gradual process of evolution. We find, first, an era of neglect ; then, one of simple custodial cure with more or less mechunicul restruint ; und. finully, the present epoch of progress, in which the various provinces of the Dominion, with the exceptitm of Quebec und Novu Scotia, have accepted the muxim announced by Horace Munn, thut the dependent insune are the wards of the state, and as such to be cared for in special governmental institutions. In which epoch also, in the construction of such buildings, the idea of detention is subordinate to thut of cure, or, fulling cure, that the hospital tor the insane shall be no longer a i)rison but a home. i^-'.i NEW BRUNSWICK. To New Brunswick is due the honour of having been the first of the- old British North American provinces to make special provision for its insane. While the population of the province was yet sparse, and the insane but few^ in number, -each county cared for its lunatics as best it could, the law authorizing " Anj' two Justices of the Peace to issue a Warrant for the apprehension of u lunatic or mad person, and cause him to be kept safely Dr. G. F. BoUdington, Medical Superintendent, Provincial Insane Asylum, New Westminhter, B. C. ; Dr. D. Young, Medical Superintendent, Asylum for Insane, Selkirk, Man. ; Dr. N. B. Gillie.s. Medical Superintendent, Asylum for Insatic, Brandon, Man. ; Dr. G. M. Dawson, Director, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ont. ; Mr. A. G. Irvine, Warden, Manitoba Penitentiary, Stony Mountain, Man. He would also beg to express his thanks to Dr. C. K. Clarke for the view of the old asylum at Kingston, and to Mr. J. Ross Robertson, M.P., for permission to use the views of the old Toronto Jail, Parliament Buildings, and University Branch AflyUim. These were copied for him from Mr. Robertson's "Landmarks of Tortm- to,..by Dr. R. Tait McKenzie, Montreal. iib'Dr. J. V. Anglin, Assistant Superintendent, Verdun Hospital, Montreal, he is uilfl^r great obligation for many helpful suggestions and criticisms in his careful revipjon of the manuscript. ^, { ■l* [BURQB88] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE B locked in some secure place directed and ai>pointed by them, and if they deemed it necessary-, to be chained.'" ' Under this law the indigent insane were contined in jails and imorhouses, while those able to bear the expense were sent to asylums abroad. In the early thirties, the lunatics in county institutions had increased to such an extent, and at the same time there were so many others scat- tered throughout the province whose friends were desirous of having theni cared for, that it became absolutely necessary to make some proper pro- vision for their accommodation. We find, accordingly, from the minute- books of the old sessions of the peace, that at the hcssion held on the first Tue- lay in September, 1835, a committee was appointed to prepare a peti- tion ti the legislature " for the passing of a law for the better providing for and -ccuring of lunatics within the Province." On the fii-st Tuesday in December following, the mayor submitted the draft of a bill for estab- lishing a provincial lunatic asylum as prepared by this committee. It was read, apin-ovcil, and handed to Mr. Eobinson, M.P.I*., to present. I'hecase, however, was too urgent to await the action of the legislature ; consequently, as a temporary expedient, at the suggestion of Dr. George P. Peters, a small, wooden building in the city of St. John, originally erectetl as a cholera hospital in 1832, was converted into an asylum for lunatics. P\)r a description of the structure we are indebted to a letter of Dr. Pvters, dated November 28th, 18315. Herein it is stated: "The lower part of the building has been divided into two sides, one for the males and the other for the females. For the purpose of separating as much as possible the more violent from those who appear inclined to conduct themselves in a moderate way, these sides have been subdivided ; the male side into a day-room (if a mere passage can bo so called) and five sleeping rooms ; the female side into a similar day-room and four sleeping rooms." This institution, the fii-st of the kind in Camida, was situated on Lein- ster street, not far from the present jail premises, and continued in opera- tion for a little over thirteen yeai"8. The date of its opening was Novem- ber 14th, 1835. For evidence of this fact we have the old minute-books before referred to. From these we learn that at the Juiie session, 1836, the grand jury reports having visited the jail, the poorhouse, and the lunatic asylum, and been much gratified with the inspection ; while at the session of March I4th, 183*7,'' mention is made of the "lunatic accounts," ' Appendix to Journals of House of As.sembly of New Brunswick, 1875. Report of the Medical Superintendent of the Provincial Lunatic Asylum for the year 1874, p. 3. '^ At this session a report was received from Mr. George Matthew, giving a his- tory of the asylum and its progress to that date. Unfortunately, this report was not put on the minutes and is not to be found, spite of a careful search of the vault in the clerk's office kindiy made for me by Mr. W. K. Reynolds of St. John. It is pro- bable that this, with many other old and valuable documents, was stored somewhere outside the vault at the time of the fire of 1877, and that it was then destroyed. :l« 6 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA I 1 ( with this mcmoraiulum : •• Those conii)ri8e the whole expenditure on luna- tics in this parish (St. John city), as well as those received from tlie par- ishes of Carleton, Lancaster and Portland, from Novemher 14, 1835, t»> Hist December, 18:]6." The sum stated is £695 (Js. lOd., nearly half of which expenditure was incurred in necessary improvements and in furnishing the hospital to adapt it to its new uses. Additional evidence of the date of opening is atforded by the fact that among the appropriations by the House of Assembly in 18;{7 appears the following : " To the Justices of the peace of the city and county of St. John, £fiOO to i-eimburse the over.scrrs of the poor of the said city for expenses incuri'od in providing and fitting up a temporary asylum ior lunatics and for the support of lunatics in the same from the 1-lth day of November in the year 1835 to the 3l8t day of December in the year 183(1." Up to 18-13, the establishment was under the superintendence of Mr. George Matthew, then overseer of the poor, with Dr. Peters as visiting medical officer. In that year it was fii-st styled the Provincial Lunatic Asylum and was placed in the care of a board of commissioners consisting of William Jack, Esq., George Matthew, Esq., and Dr. Peters The last- named acted also as medical superintendent. This board, on which John Ward, Esq., Jr., replaced Mr. Matthew in 1844, continued in charge of the institution up to its close. During the first thirteen and a half months of its existence, namely, from November 14th, 1835, to December 3l8t, 183(), thirty-one inmates were admitted into the temporary asylum. When abandoned, in 184S, six liundred and fifty-two patients had received the benefits of its treatment. A record preserved in the sessions of the peace minute-book states that up to the 31st of December, of the thirty-one admissions " thcvc have been discharged — cured, six ; improved, five ; to friends, not improved, two ; died, four. Of the remaining 14, one is much improved, two perceptibly improved and 11 without any visible improvement." From the same source we can judge that more or les^ restraint was employed in the institu- tion, inasmuch as Mr. Matthew, in submitting some accounts, remarked that these were for actual expenses attending the keeping, and that no allowance was made for destruction of house or for furniture, including straight-jackets. The year after the temporary asylum was opened at St. John, His Excellency Sir A. Campbell, then Lieutenant-Governor of tlie province, in compliance with a petition of the House of Assembly, appointed Messrs. (Iharles Simonds, John Robertson, W. H. Street, Thomas Barlow, Thomas Paddock, and the Rev. Frederick Coster commissioners for the purpose of selecting a site for a permanent asylum, preparing a plan of the proposed structure, and estimating the probable cost of land and building. A few months later, namely, December 2nd, 1836, the commissioner* presented an exhaustive report, the work of the Rev. Mr. Coster, embrac- ;.• [BUROKfiH] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 7 ing all tho subjects referred to them for consideration. It computed the number of lunatics in the province to bo one hundred and thirty, or one in every thousand of the population, and recommended as Huitable sites either Poverty Hail, about six miles north-east of the city of St. John, or South Bay, a few miles up the St. John liiver. It estimated the cost of buildings at less than £8,000, furniture £2,000, and land from £700 to £1,000, according to the quantity ptirchased, and dealt witli questions of cost of maintenance, amusement, religious instruction and possibilities of cure. Accompanying tho report was a plan for the proposed structure, a modification of the asylum at Worcester, Mass.* Little further action was taken, however, until 1845, when a corres- pondence was entered into between the governments of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick with a view to (he erection of a combined asylum for the three provinces. Toward the furtherance of this object, the Nova Scotia and New Brunswick legislatures appointed commissions to confer on the subject. That of Prince Edward Island de- clined to do so, preferring the establishment of an institution for itself. The commissionei's from Nova Scotia were Messrs. II. Bell, S. P. Fair- banks, and Dr. Alexander Sawyers, and those of New Brunswick, Messrs. William Wright, John Robei'tson, and Dr. G. P. Petei-s. These gentle- men met in St. John on July 15th, 1845. After a full discussion of the matter they expressed the unanimous opinion that the difficulties attend- ing the foundation of a joint institution were so numerous that thoy would not bo justified in recommending such a course. At the next session of the House of Assembly, held in 184(5. a commit- tee was appointed composed of Messns. Charles Simonds, S. Z. fiarlo, Robert Thomson, James Taylor, and W. H. Botsford, to which was referred the question of the erection of a provincial asylum. Their report was to the effect that the accommodation in the temporary asylum was utterly insufficient, and that means should be immediately adopted to pro- vide an institution commensurate with the requirements of tho province. After consitleration of this report, tho House voted £2,500 toward the erection of an asylum for New Brunswick alone, under the direction of commissioners to be appointed by the governor in council, upon a suitable site near St. John. The building commissioners selected by the governor Avere G. P. Peters, M.D., William Jack, John Ward, Jr., and .lohn R. Pai'telow, but nothing further was done that year as the govern- ment failed to approve of the plans submitted by the commissioners. By an act passed the ensuing year, April 14th, 1841, the legislature appropriated an additional sum of £10,000 for building (in all £12,500) and also £2,000 for the purchase of land.^ Tho commissioners were by tho same act authorized to procure a site and enter into contracts for the > Jonrnals of House of Assembly of New Brunswick, 1836-^. ■^ Statutes of New Brunswick, 10 Vict., Chap. 55. Appendix No. 3. f 8 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Ki'cotion 1)1' :i l)iiil(liii<,', I lie pliiiis, iVi„ to Ik' lirsi sulmiittcd to I lie i^overiioi* in council lor approvul. Dosiifiis inv|)!iro(l Ity Mr. Multiu'W Slt-ad, iircliiti'ct, iuivint!; Itocn ap- pi'ovcd of liy tiio f^ovi-rnmcnt, ifroiirid was hroivcn in Scj)tc'inbci, 1846, on a plot of land, forty acros in extent, sit uati-d in tlie parish of Lancaster, loss than a mile outside tiie city of St. John. The site selected was a very lieantiful and approitriate one, commandiiii; to the eastward a niagnitieent view of the liarhonr and oily ; to the southward the Bay of Fundy, and, in clear weather, tiie coast of Xova Scotia ; and to the nortliward the SI. John river witli its ovcr-chanrayer : "Almit^hty and eternal God, maker and preserver of unnumbered worlds, we humbly acknowledifo our entire dependence u|)on Thee, for life, for breath, and for all things. We know. O Lord, that without Thy inspiration and aid, all human wisdom is folly, all luwnan strength weak- ness. In Thy name we assemble and meet togetbei", we entreat Tliee from Tliy holy habitation — from realms of light and glory — to look down upon us, and vouclisafo Thy presence and blessing, that we may know and serve Thee aright, and that ail our doings may tend to Thy glory, and to the salvation of our souls. Grant that as this work is begun, so may it be continued and ended in Thee. Grant that the sacred Art which from the h((ginning has been especially emplo3'od in i-earing temples to Thy Holy Name, may now be blessed in this erection for the good of man, and the benetit of human society. Let Thy Providential protection, we beseech Thee, be (nxT those who shall be more immediately engaged in carrying on this work, and shield them from danger and accident during its progress. In Faith and Hope, O Heavenly P'atlier, we commend ourselves and our undertaking to Tliy favour and protection. ' Prosper thou tlie work of our liands, O })rosper thou our Imndj'work.' Hear, we beseech Thee, our liumble ]»etitions, for the sake of that Eternal "Word, whicli was from the beginning, and sliall be when time has ceased to roll, — even Jesus Christ our Lord and Saviour. Amen." ' ' See Appendix A. - Appendix to Journals of House of Assembly of New Brunswick, 1875. Report of the Medical Superintendent of the Provincial Lunatic Asylum for the year 1874, p. 6. [BIKOK8B] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THK INSANK 9 By tlio iiuliiinii of 1848 a portidii nl' tlio buildiiin;, consisting of the t'ontro Htnu'tuiv iiiul a part i>f one ving. was xo fai' advanced tliat mi Decomlter 12tli of that year it was opened by the transftr to it of the ninety patients tiien resident in tlie temporary asylum at St. .lolin. The operation of tlu' institution, the lei;al title of wiiicli was. as it still n-mains, the J'rovincial Lunatic Asylum, was lie<;un under Di-. J't'tei-s, medical superintendent, Mr. Iluj^li McKay, clerk, and Mrs. Doiini-lly, matron. On March 2Tth, 1849, an act was passed by the legislature to maUe provision for the management of the establishment, and for vesting the property in the (^ueen's'Majesly, her heirs and succe.s.sors.' Uv the terms of thi.s act there was to be a board, consisting of not lossthan five, ormore than nine, commiasionors, appointed by the govei-nor in council to conduct tho affairs of tlie asylum, said commissioners to receivi' no compensition. This board, of which throe were constituted a quorum, was given ])owerto make by-laws, kr., which, however, were to b*' submitted to both branches of tho legislature. Provision was also made for a montlily visitation of tho asylum by one or more of the commissioners ; half-yearly visitations by the majority of them ; and a j'oarly visitation by tlie entire board, which had to report to the governor in council. Another ])rovi8ion of the act exemjtted the medical officer, keepers and unublic institutions. Their report, which was an elaborate one, was laid before the legislature in 1858. As a result, in 1859, the control of the asylum was by order in council vested in the provincial board of works. This was subsequently confirmed by act of legislature. In ISfJl yet another change was effected by the transfer of the con- trol of the internal afl'airs of the institution from the old board of com- missioners and their secretary to a new commission consisting of the heads of governmental departments. The first commis.sion under the new departure was composed of the following members : Hon. S. L. Tilley, Provincial Secretary. Hon. Charles Watters, Solicitor-rieneval. Hon. James Steadman, Postmaster-General. Hon. G. L. Hath way, Chairman Board of Works. Hon. John McMillan, Surveyor-General. R. W. Crookshank, Esq., Secretary and Treasui-er. The system then adopted still remains in vogue, the commissioners retiring with any change of government. The year which saw the adoption of this latest system of management witnessed also the erection of the wing on the north side of the original structure. A further addition was made in IBYO by extending the centre building to the rear so as to give increased accommodation for the laun- dry department, and provide a more suitable place for boilers in connec- tion with the heating and cooking arrangements. The asylum as thus completed consisted of a central portion, three stories high, surmounted by a cupola, and four three-story wings, making an east front of three hundred feet, and a south and north front each of one hundred and fifty feet. An extension backward from the centre of the main building contained the laundry, and boiler rooms in the basement. r- [HunaKSs] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE It the kitchen and Hlore-rooms on the first floor, and tlio i-liapoi on the Hec'Oiid. This formed with tlie win^H two quadranjjjular coiutyardB, con- nected with which woi-c airin entered upon the duties of the ofliice August 17th of that year. Dr. James Thomas Steeves, a brother of the Hon. W. H. Steeves, one of the early Senators of Canada, was of German descent and born at Hills- boro. New Brunswick, on January 25th, 1828. Educated ut the local school there, at Sackville academy, and at the Baptist seminary. Fred- ericton, N. B., ho entered on the study of medicine at Pennsyl- vania Medical College, and graduated from the university of New York in the class of 1853. He began the practice of his profession in the parish of Portland, now a part of the city of St. John, in Juno, 1854, but moved into the city in 18(54 and erected a block of buildings, where he resided and practised until 1875, when he was called to the charge of the asylum. Dr. Steeves ranked high as a surgeon and ol)8tetrician, and when the general public hospital was o' .d at St. John, in 18(54, was appointed one of the staff of visiting physicians. Ho was a member of the first medical council of New Brunswick (18(50) under the English Medical Registration Act, and first president of the New Brunswick medical council under the New Brunswick Medical Act of 1880; aUc^ vice president of the Canada Medical Association, and an honorary member of the American Medical Association. In 1892 he visited Great Britain, Ireland and the Continent to see the asylums there, and at other times visited many of the institutions in Canada and the United States.^ In 1S89, he was called upon to give expert testimony in the celeltrated Clendening case at San Diego, California. Throughout his asylum career Dr. Steeves proved himself a worthy successor of Dr. Waddell, and during his twenty years' service did much toward bringing the New- Brunswick institution to its present excellent condition. His death took place at Lancaster on March 3rd, 1897. Under Dr. Hetherington's management the asylum proper has beeii' enlarged by the raising of a part of the roof so as to furnish an addi- 14 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA :i tional story. Hospital wards, with operating room, have also been pro- vided for both male and female patients. As now constituted, the institution, including the annex, has a •capacity of six hundred, with, on October 3l8t, 1897, a population of four hundred and ninety-seven. Restraint, Dr. Hetherington tells me, is used to a very limited extent, while occupation and amusement are given as prominent a place as possible in treatment. For women, sewing and household duties form the principal means of employment. The men are engaged on the farm and in shops, where carpentering, blacksmithing, plumbing, &c., are carried on. The establishment of a training school for nurses has been recommended by the superintendent, and one is likely to be opened in the near future. New Bi'unswick, ever since the foundation of its first asylum, has steadfastl}'^ declared against the incarceration of lunatics, even tempora- rily, in prisons or poorhouses. Recognizing in the fullest degree the doctrine of state care, it has always endeavoured to provide for all classes of its insane, and can now boast that it has accommodation for this hapless part of its population considerably in excess of immediate requirements. ONTARIO. The first movement toward providing for the in.sane in the then pro- vince of Upper Canada was made in 1830, when the House of Assembly passed an act authorizing the General Quarter Sessions to make provision for the relief of destitute lunatics in the Home District.' This act, which in 1833 was extended to ail the districts of the province,^ did not contem- plate the erection of an asj-lum. It proposed merely to legalize the pay- ment for the maintenance of lunatics in county jails, which until then, and for nearly eleven years thereafter, formed the only refuge, other than their homes, fc; these poor creatures. The evil of the prevailing state of atfairs was clearly recognized. Between 1830 and 1839 numerous attempts were made in the legislature toward the institution of an asylum, all of which, however, proved abor- tive. In 1831, the York Grand Jury reported in favour of building an asylum, wherein thej' considered the insane would receive greater care and comfort than was possible in the common jails. During the same year, notice wa.s given in the House of a bill to establish an asylum in connection with York hospital, but it was not presented. In the session of 1832-3, a motion was made in the legislature to grant £100 to bo ex- pended on plans and estimates for an asylum, but it failed to pass. Next session, 1833-4, a motion was made to grant £(5,000 for the erection of an 'Statutes of Upper Canada, 11 Geo. IV., Cap. 20, A.D. 1830. -Statutes of Upper Canada, 3 Wm. IV., Cap. 45, A.D, 1833. [burgess] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE IB •o- a iir «.. as I id in "I 1^ * I l- e 1 ■^i li mSi e •:it lUI^ asylum, but this also was voted down. In 1835 tnere was another notice of motion to establish an asylum, but it was not proceeded with. In 1836 a motion to grant £10,000 to defray the expense of building an asylum was made, but did not cany. The same session, a notice of motion for the erection of an asylum by a tax on banks was recorded, but never pre- sented. Again, in the session of 1836-7, notice of motion was given to procure plans and estimates for a suitable building for the insane, but the motion was never made. Finally, on March 15th, 1839, a resolution authorizing a grant of £3,000 toward the erection of a lunatic asylum was put and carried by a large majority. An act framed in accordance with this resolution was passed April 24th, and on May 11th received the assent ot His Excellency, Sir George Arthur, then lieutenant-governor of the province. In the preamble thereto the reasons for this act are thus set for',h : "Whereas the Establishment of an Asj'lum in this Province for *^he re- ception of insane persons has become necessary, and it is therefore expedient to authorize His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor to appoint Commissioners for superintending the erection of a suitable building to be ai)propriated for the purpose aforesaid, and to provide for the appointment of Officers for the government thereof, and to frame regulations for the management of the said Asylum, and to authorize the Court of Quarter Sessions in each District in the Province to levy an additional assessment of one-eighth of a penny in the pound, to be annually appropriated to the erection of the said Asylum, and in the purchasing of land sufficient for a .site, and maintaining and supporting the same ; Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council and Assembly of the Province of Upper Canada, constituted and assembled by virtue of and under the authority of an Act passed in the Parliament of Great Britain, entitled ' An Act to repeal cer- tain parts of an Act passed in the fourteenth year of His Majesty's reign entitled 'An Act for making more effectual provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec, in North America, and to make further provi- sion for the Government of the said i*rovincc,' and by the authority of the .'^ame, that an As3'lum for the reception of Insane and Lunatic persons shall bo erected on such plot of ground as shall bo appropriated by the Lieuten- ant-Governor, or purchased by Commissioners appointed under the author- ity of this Act for the purpose." ' Among the provisions of the act were the following : Of the commissioners appointed to superintend the erection of the a.sylum one was to be an experienced medical practitioner. As soon as the building was ready for the reception of patients His Excel'oncy was to appoint a board of directors, to consist of not less than twoi persons, residents within the province, to control its affairs. 1 Statutes of Upper Canada, 2 Vict., Cap. 10, A.U. ISW. 'V\ f !. . liK Mi I 16 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA The board of dii-eotors was empowered to frame rules and regulations for the management of the institution, and to appoint a resident medicul superintendent whose sahir}' wjis not to exceed £300 per annum. They were also given the appointment of all other otficers and servants with power to remove them at pleasure, and to fix the amount of their salaries, subject to the conlirmation or disallowance of the lieutenant governor. Three members were constituted a quorum of the board of directors, which was to meet at least once in each month at the asylum. A plurality of votes was to be binding and conclusive upon any matter before it, the chairman, in case of a tie, being given the casting vote. A yearly report was to be made by the board to the lieutenant-gov- ernor for the information of the legislature. Subjects of Her Majest}', residents of the province, were to be received into the establishment after pi-oof of these facts to the satisfaction of the board, or any one member thereof, in case the board was not sitting, and the production of a certificate signed by at least three resident physicians practising in the province, that such person had been examined by them collectively and found to be insane. In case the superintendent or any oiHcial of the asj'lum admitted a patient without receiving such certificate together with an order from the board or one of its members, he was liable to a penalty of £100, recover- able by any one in any of Her Majesty's Courts of Eecord in the province. One moiety of such penalty went to the use of the institution and the other to the party entering the suit. The board was authorized to fix the rates at which patients should be received, and in the case of destitute persons to admit them free of charge upon proof that they were without means. Vacancies among the directors were to be filled by the lieutenant- governor. On the 20th of September following the passage of this act, His Kxcellency was pleased to appcint the Hon. John Maeaulay, Inspector- General, Christopher Widmer, M.D., and Alexander Wood, Esq., to be commissioners for the purpose of carrying it into effect.' The next year we find his appointees addressing the following communication to the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Upper Canada : " Toronto, April 16, 1840. " Sir,— The commissioners for erecting a lunatic asylum in this Province have resolved to ask the opinion of the College of Physicians and Surgeons regarding the eligibility of a certain site north of the city, whereon to erect the building, as to salubrity. " The commissioners respectfully request the attention of the College to this matter at its earliest convenience, and will point out the spot ' Upper Ca inula Gazette, October 3rd, 1839. [BURGKSsl CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 17 i }'■■ ommi.'^sioiirrs. ulluded to whenever the Colleiije shall be pleased to give thoni notioc of its intention to view it.' '■ We have the honour to be, Sir, '• Your Obedient Servants, " (Signed) C. Widmer, Alexander Wood, "To Lucius OErien, .M.I)., " Secretary, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Upper Canada." The College appointed Drs. John King, Wm. C. Gwynne, and George Herrick a committee to inquire into the subject-matter of this commu- nication. At its ne.xt meeting, held April 25th. these gentlemen reported having visited three sites lying contiguous to each other north of the city, the properties of .lohn Scadding. Esq., .lames Small, Esq., ami Hon. Wm. Allan, iuther of these localities they considered would be an eligible site for the intended asylum, hut gave the preference to the James Small property on account of its superior elevation. Beyond this consultation with the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, there does not ap])ear to have been anything do. . by the original commissioners, who, on November 3id, 1840, were replaced by a lioani consisting of the Hon. Eobert S. .Tamieson. C. Widmei-, M.D., Alexander Wood. Esq.. James Sampson, Esq.. ami John Ewart, Esq.- This absence of action may have been due to the fact that it was still a much mooted question whether the proposed asylum should be located at Kingston or Toronto, the lieutenant-governor strongly favouring the former city. In consequence of this doubt the College of Physicians and Surgeons adopted, .Tune 10th, 1840. the following memorial : " To His Excellencij Major-Gencnil Sir (ieanjc Arthur, K.C.H., Lieuten- ant-Gorernor, il'-c. " We, the President. Vice-President and Fellows of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Upper Canada, respectfully beg leave to address Your Excellency on a subject of vital importance to the College and the Profession generally throughout the Province. " Having understood that Your Excellency has recently come to the determination that the asylum to be erected in this Province for the receptacle of insane and lunatic persons, in pursuance of the pntvisions of the Statute of the 2nd Victoria, chap. XI., shall be located at Kingston, we would earnestly but most respectfully offer to Your Excellency many cogent reasons upon which we hope Your Excellency may be rendered (induced ?) to alter your determination thereon. U-2. 1 The. Medical Profession in Upper Canada, 17H3 to IHnO. W. CanuilV, M.I)., p. - Upper Canada Gazette, Noveinliei- 27th, IHIO. Sec. IV., 1898. 2. i 18 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA " It certainly could not have escaped Your Jlxcellency's penetration, that such an establishment us a lunatic asylum should be so situated that it would afford to the friends of the ])itiable objects, for whose accommo- dation, protection and cure it is founded, the assurcnce of their receiving the most efficient and popular professional aid that could be obtained in tho Province; and without detracting at all from the merits of the respectable practitioners of our art in Kingston, we would humbly submit that, as is the case in other countries, the description of talent mostlikeh" to be highly estimated by the public, is generally to be found in the dense and wealthy population of a metropolitan city. In looking forward to the future, the period we hope is not far distant, when the beneficial operations of the ample endowment of an University in this city will be available for the instruction of medicine. " The pressure (presence ?) of an institution for the cure of mental diseases as an adjunct to the present practical benefits offered by the General Hospital, will present to the student of medicine, advantages of an importance that he should not, for trifling considerations, be deprived of. The rapid strides with which the science of mental pathology has of late years advanced, would lead to the hope that the opportunities for observation in so large a field as this asylum would present will not be lo.st to the medical student of our future university through an error which, when once consummated, cannot be remedied. " We shall not be deemed visionary when we declare to Your Excel- lency that the first fruits of an effective 6rganization of a school for medical instruction of which the projected lunatic asylum should form a part, will afford results of an immensely valuable nature, both politically and morally, to the inhabitants of this favoured Province. •' If we are deprived of the important addition which we pray for, and the asylum is removed without the pale of the University, we con- sider that it will be shorn of a most valuable and important feature in its usefulness. "Having pointed out the reasons which more imi..odiately concern us as a professional body, we would suggest to Your Excellency one of a character which, as citizens, we cannot allow ourselves to pass over unno- ticed. The House of Assembly in its last session was moved to address His Excellency the Governor-General for reasons then brought forward praying that His Excellency would cause the asylum to be located in Kingston. •' This motion being negatived by a large majority of the House is a proof that the feelings of the representatives of the people were opposed to the measure now about to be adopted by Your Excellency, and cannot fail to strike us as a proof that it would be highly unpopular generally in the Province. " In the hope that Your Excellency will consider the importance of the subject submitted to Your Excellency in this address as a sufficient [burgess] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 19 •excuse for trespassing upon Your Excellency's valuable time, we conclude by earnestly entreating Your Excellency to reconsider the determination which Your Excellency has arrived at." ' The result of this and other pressure brought to bear, was that the lieutenant-governor abandoned his idea of locating the asylum at Kings- ton, and Toronto was definitely determined on as its site. Toronto Asylum and its Branches. That the need of accommodation for the insane was urgent, and that there was no disposition on the part of the people to await the erection of an asylum proper ere this truly afflicted class could be cared for, had been evidenced by the fact that in the spring of this year (February 8th, 1840.) the House of Assembly, through the Speaker, Sir Allan N. Mac- Oi.D Jail (Toronto). The fikst institution for the insane in Upper Canada. Opened as such in 1841. Copied by permission from Robertson's ^'Landmarks of Toronto." Nab, had presented an address to His Excellency, the Eight Honourable Charles Poulett Thomson, Governor General of British North America, reading as follows : " May it please Y'our Excellency, we, Her Majesty's dutiful aad loyal subjects, the Commons of Upper Canada, in Provincial Parliament assembled, humbly pray that Your Excellency will be pleased to direct that a suitable building be provided forthwith as a temporary asylum for the many unfortunate persons afflicted with lunacy in this Province, and beg leave to assure Your Excellency that this House will make good the expense that may be incurred thereby, and in affording relief to such subjects of distress." ^ » The Medical Profession in Upp. Can., 1783 to ISiiO, by W. Canniff, M.D., p. 148. ^ Journal of Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, 1839-40, p. 363. ; 4 20 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 1 rii ji 'i' At the beginning of the ensuing year, the urgency uf the ease was made still more apparent when the old York jail was abandoned. Erected in 1824, this was a substantial, two-storied, red brick structure, facing toward King street, on the north side of which it was situated, between Toronto and Church streets.' In its basement cells there had been con- fined a numberof lunatics. It became a question whether these should be transferred Avith the prisoners to the new jail which had been opened at the east end of the city. The Ron. Mr. Jamieson. chairman of the board of commissioners for the erection of a lunatic asylum, took upon liimself the responsibility of advising the shcritf of the Home District, Mr. W. B. Jarvis, to leave them wliere they were, and having secured the building at a rental t)f ,£125 per annum titled it up as a temporary asylum for their use. This institution, which was opened January 2l8t, 1841, by the enrolment of seventeen patients, before eontined as prisoners, was the first lunatic asylum i'l the province of Ontario. It was placed in charge of Dr. William llecs, who had long urged upon the government the necessity for such an establishment, and wiio, in September, 18-10. had been nominated medical superintendent of the then proposi-d, now realized, temporary asylum. This action of the chairman of commissioners was confirmed by the Lieutenant-Governor, Sir George Arthur, to whom, in his report made through His Excellency'.s secretarj-, Mr. S. li. Harrison, in September of this same year, Mr. Jamieson thus details the opening of the new estab- lishment, and the happy change wrought thereby in the condition of the wretched, prison lunatics : "The neces.sary .^teps were taken as soon as the prisoners were removed to the new gaol to render it fit for its new purpose. The build- ing was cleaned and purified, and such repairs external and internal were made, and such furniture, clothing, &c., purchased as were indispensable. The patients (heretofore confined as prisoners) were taken from the cells in which they were closely confined, and where they had long, from the dire necessity of the case, been permitted to remain in filth and naked- ness and impure air, all confirming their maladies, and placed in the now purified and airy debtors' room, carefully washed, clothed and pfaccd under medical care, their food critically adapted to their physical state, and in fact everything done which the constant attention of a person devoted to his purpose could effect by the aid of the very limited means we could afford him. The effect of tliis new course of life was soon apparent ; many who had long been confined as confirmed lunatics were ' This building, which stood at what is the comer of Toronto and Court streets, was never completely torn down, but remodelled into part of the Yorli Chambers, which now occupy its site. ill [burgess! CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 21 found hibouriiiij not nmloi- inaiiia but under doranijoment arising from physical causes and yielding to physical remedies. Several have com- pletely recovered who, but for this treatment, would probably never have exhibited another /leam of reason. So much good could, I am sure, never have been effected by mt're occasional visits of a phj'sician however skil- ful. The .state of the asylum and the success with which it has been con- ducted drew forth the a])])robation of the Grand Jury who visited it on the 10th of Juno last. Until the Institution be properly organized and tho means of permanent support secured it is not po.ssible to throw it open for the reception of all who need it. There has, however, been a regular succession of new cases admitted, some of which have been successfully treated and the patients discharged." ' From the same i-eport we leai-n that there were admitted during the first half-year, namely, from January 21st to July iUst, seven men and eight women, who. with the eleven men and six women originall}' prison- ers in tho jail, made a total of thirty-two patients unaor treatment. The staff consisted of the medical superintendent, a steward, a housekeeper and two servants, assisted by four persons from the district jail. Tho total expense for the period stated was £259 Ss. 7d., being an average daily expenditure of Is. 5d. per patient. As commissioners for the management of the temporary lunatic asylum the Lieutenant-Governor was pleased to appoint the Hon. R. S. Jamioson, W. B. Jarvis, Esq., W. C. Gwynne, surgeon, and John Ewart, Esq.^ These gentlemen, in tlieir first report, that for 1842, detailed their having met at the asylum, and in compliance with arequc^t of His Excel- lency framed a code of rules for the conduct of the institution by tho medical superintendent and steward, as well as for the guidance of the matron and servants employed therein. They also reported having examined the steward's accounts and reduced his charges for the board of each patient from ten to seven shillings per week, and that later they had made arrangements for the board of the patients at six shillings per week.'' In the first report of the medical superintendent, appended to that of the commissioners, Dr. Rees expresses his belief in non restraint, and regrets that they have so little room for exercise, but says he has made the best use possible of the yard and also sent patients out walking on the streets with trusted attendants, and others to tho Bay to tish. In July, 1843, the original commissioners for the management of the temiwrary asylum wore, in accordance with the provisions of the act of 1839, increased in number to twelve by the addition of W. R. Beaumont, 1 Journal of Legislative Assembly of Canada, Appendix L.L., Kingston, Septem- ber 22nd, 1841. ^Canada Gazette, December 29th, 1841, p. 196. 3 Journal of Legislative Assembly of Canada, Appendix U., October 4th, 1842. i'l hi .:jJ ml ii I 1 1 U I! ! i 22 ROYAL feOClETY OF CANADA Buigoon, William Cawthra, Esq., John Eaatwood, Esq., Rev. II. J. Grasott, Rev. J. J. Ilay, William Kelly, Esq., Martin J. O'Beirne, Esq.,. and Rev. John Roaf.' The old jail, which seems to have afforded accommodation for barel}- one hundred patients, in a few yeans, was found inadequate to meet the demands for admission. Additional quarters were therefore sought else- whore in 184G. The old, red brick i)arliament buildings situated on Front street, between Simcoo and John streets, the erection of wliieh had been begun in 1825 (after those at the east end of the town had been de- stroyed by fire in 1824) and completed in 1833, were then unoccupied, having been disused for legislative purposes since the union of the pi'o- Or,D Parliament Buildings (Front Street, Toronto). The east wixo wa.« UTILIZED FOR THE RECEPTION OK THE INSANE IN 1840. Copicff by permission from liobertson's " Landmarks of Toronto." vinces in 1841. The increased accommodation required was procured by occupying for asylum purposes the east wing of this structure, supple- mented by a rough-cast dwelling-house with a verandah on three sides, the property of a Mr. Dunn, which stood at the south-west corner of Front and Bathurst streets. Up to 185(J, when they were abandoned, the condition of these tem- porary establishments was far from creditable, a fact in great measure due to the changes in management which occurred with startling rapidity. The cause of these frequent changes is to be found in differences between the board of directors and the superintendents. Unfortunately, the act authorizing the creation of an asylum had vested the property in the board of directors instead of in the Crown, thus making them almost independent of the Government, while, at the same time it but inado- 1 Canada Gazette, July 8th, 1843, p. 808. [uuRGrag] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 23 quately defined Iho position of the superintendent, whose powei-s wore not sufficiently extensive to enable him to enl'orco discipline. The employees took their orders from the directors, by whom alone, according to the terms of the act, they could be hired or discharged, rather than from tin- superintendent. The natui'al result was anarchy and neglect of ihi' patients. As stated by Dr. llees, all the difliculties wore traceable ■ to the prevailing system for managing the servants, who, under a common system of favouritism and patronage, were selected, appointed, retaineil and dismissed, at the pleasure of the Commissioners, without oven a decent regard to the wishes, opinion, or objections of the Medical Super- intendent, who was often obliged to retain servants against whom he had preferred frequent and serious charges." ' Dr. Rees seems to have fought hard for the necessary authority to carry on the institution in a proper manner, but the commissioners were too strong for him, and, on October 2nd, 1845, he was di-smissed. An Englishman by birth and education, Dr. Rees came to Canada in 1819, and entered on his professional career in Quebec. Ten years later he removed to York (now Toronto), anil after having passCil the Upper Canada Medical lioard in January, 1830, purchased the ])ractico of a Di-. Daly. In 1832 he disposed of this to Dr. Grasett, and removed to Cobourg. His stay there, however, was a short one. and in 183-i be returned to York, ottering himself, but unsuccessfully, as a candidate for parliament. Dr. Eees conceived many projects of a .scientific and benevo- lent character, none of which seem to have been successful. Among his projects were the founding of a home for destitute female immigrants, the establishment of a school of medicine, and the formation of a provin- cial museum with botanical and zoological gardens attached. He was one of the most active in urging upon the government the necessity of providing an institution tor the insane, and was mainly for that reason selected as medical superintendent of the temporary asylum. While acting as such he received a serious blow on the head from one of his patients, and after his dismissal made several applications to the govern- ment (one as late as 18(59) for compensation for the injuries inflicted and the time given to the organization of the institution. None of his appli- cations, however, were entertained. Dr. Eees was succeeded as medical superintendent by Dr. Walter Telfer, a native of Scotland and the holder of a diploma from the College of Surgeons, Edinburgh. Dr. Telfer had settled in Niagara about 182(j, but in 1835 had removed to Toronto, where he soon commanded a large practice. After something over two years' service as superintendent he was charged with intoxication while on duty and with the appropriation of institution supplies. The evidence against him does not seem to have ffT ^ British American Medical and Physical Journal, Montreal, August, 1851, p. 181. i( ill I : I I! i li 24 KOYAL SOf'IKTY OK CANADA bt'i-n at all conclumvo. but the rowult. iievortlielesH. was his «lismiHsal by the govcrnor-genoral on April 17th, 1.S4H. Dr. Tclfbr'H removal from otttce was the cause of a _i,'roat deal of ticwspapor conlrovorsy. but does not Hcoiii ill I ho least to liave atVccted his («taiidiii<; in th(( community or profession. He again resumed practice in the city, where ho was given a place on the staff of the Toronto general hospital, anil at the time of his death, in 1H57, was an active member of the rp])er Canada Medical Hoard. The next choice of the commissioners was Dr. (Jeorge Hamilton Park, whose chief qualihcation was at the time saiil to have consisted in his beiniT brother-in-law to Dr. John Uolph, then a man of mudi political influence. The appointment was made May 31st, 1S4.S. Almost imme- diately there was the same old dilliculty between the superintendent and the commissionor>, each claiming supreme authority in the engagement and discharge of employees. On one occasion Dr. Park discdiarged an attendant for drunkenness and insubordination. The board reinstated him. Dr. Park immediately discharged him again. The board rein- stated him a second time. The man was finally discharged for some oftence that even the board could not condone. On another occasioi. Dr. Park engaged an attendant and a cook. The board dismissed them. In retahation, Dr. Park suspended the steward, who had been engaged by the board, and intimated his intention to treat all the attendants simi- larly. As a result of this the board resigned, but the government refused to accept the resignation. At last the antagonism reached such a pitch that Dr. Park threatened to call in the police to support his authority. Finally, on the 2(Jth of December, 1848, after less than seven months' .service, the doctor was dismissed. The charges against him were : — " 1. He manifests a disposition to interfere in the general aflairs of the Institution. For example, he gives orders respecting the diet of the •servants. " 2. He made arrangements with a merchant to supply a quantity of blankets. '' 3. He insisted, in defiance of the rules, that he had a right to be present at the meetings of the Board.'' Dr. Park was a native Canadian, the son of Captain I*ark, who was a veteran of 1812, He studied medicine under Dr. Rolph, whoso sister he married, and passed the Uppei" Canada Medical Board in 1834. He practised successfully at Simcoe and Ancaster up to the date of his appointment as medical superintendent, and would probably, had a fair chance been given him, have proved himself an excellent asylum official as well. After quitting the asylum. Dr. Park was for a time lecturer on anatomy in ])r. Rolph's school of medicine. He finally returned to Ancaster, where he died. 1 Journal of Legislative Assembly of Canada, 1840. Appendix M., No. 1. h' [BUROK88] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE SB T>r. Park j^iivt' i)lnrc' to l)r. Primrose, whom the hoard aiipointeil aotini? suporinlemlont only, «o that, it wuh ourrontly report ocl, the jtositioii of sui>erinteii(U'nt of the new aHvlum, then nearly eomph'ted, mi^'ht ho kept open for a Dr. Scott, son-in-law ot the l{ev. Mr. Jioat. one of tlie commiHsioners. Be that as it may. Dr. Primrose retired at the eioso of 184l>, after about chsvon months' service, in favour of tlie aforesaid Dr. Scott. The statoof affairs witli recjard to tiu' patients under such a system of management as we have 'J 32 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA I If i;!!! I fi J I ^1 \li\ Mi II > i-.li 'ill tho spaco originally intended to be bestowed u[)on 250 ; or, in other words, three are thrust into the space intended for one.'' ' To relieve this congested condition, in July, 185G, a building, which had been erected as the commencement of the University of King's Col- lege, about thirteen years previously, was converted into a supplemental asylum. The new adaptation, known as the University Branch, was placed under the charge of Mr. Robert lilair. It was built of white, cut stone, and occupied a prrl of the ground on which the new parliament buildings now stand, the material that composed it having been used in their construction. This addition received about seventy patients, prin- cipally women, all of whom were ti-ansferred from the main asylum, and one of the medical otficei"s of that institution visited it daily. It remained !i(•» •'*.;5',';r< UNivERsrrv Branch Asyiatm, Toronto, Oi'knku I8nl), Closku 1869. Copied by permission froui Robertson's " Lamtmarks of Toronto." in use for a period of thirteen years, and was abandoned in October, 18(39, on the opening of the new female wing of the parent establishment. The temporary relief from overcrowding thus obtained was soon exhausted, and in the summer of 1859 it was decided by the government to convert the old military barracks at Fort Maiden, near Amherstburg, into another branch asjium. With the view of effecting this object Dr. Andrew Fisher, one of Dr. Workman's assistants, was appointed medical superintendent, with instructions to have the necessary alterations and repairs etfected in the shortest possible time. Dr. Fisher, accompanied by twenty male patients to assist in making the needed changes, reached Fort Maiden on July 14th, and by October had so pushed forward tho work that he was able to receive another detachment of sixty-four patients from the provincial asylum ; and by December, a third. The old barracks, which had done service as a military post during the troubles of 1837 and up to about 1858, were large, two-story with an attic, frame ' Original manuscript report by Dr. Workman, 1 i -■U [BUKGESs] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 33 buildings, but ill adapted for asylum purposes, inasmuch as they con- tained no single rooms, and all the dormitories ojiened into one another. The situation, however, was excellent. The grounds, tifty-eight acres in extent, afforded ample scope for recreation and agricultural jiursuits, and the outlook over the Detroit River was unsurpassed. Maiden continued a branch of, and was fed from, Toronto asylum up to September 24th, 1861, when, by order of the governor-general in council, it was made an inde- pendent institution, and had assigned to it as feeders the seven adjacent counties of Norfolk, Oxford, Middlesex, Kent, Elgin, Essex, and Lambton.* It continued under the administration of its first superintendent up to June, 1868, when, fault having been found with his management. Dr. Fisher resigned, to be succeeded, July 1st, by Dr. Henry Landor. The year of the conversion of Maiden into an independent establish- ment witnessed the birth, at Orillia, of yet a third child of the jirovincial lunatic asylum. This, the Orillia Branch, was established in a large, three-story, brick building, which, originally designed for a hotel, but left unfinished, had been purchased, in 1859, tor $16,800 by the province of Canada and fitted up as an asylum. It was opened August 13th, 1861, under the charge of Dr. John Ardagh, and continued in operation up to November, 1870, when it was abandoned on the transfer of the patients to a new asylum then opened at London. The services of Dr. Ardagh were at this date dispensed with, there being no longer an institution for him. Intended for the express purpose of housing chronic and incurable lunatics, the Orillia asylum was absolutely dependent upon the Toronto institution, whence all its occupants were transferred with the exception oi' about a dozen cases admitted direct at various times with the consent of Dr. Workman. London Asylum. After confederation of the provinces on July 1st, 1867, the asylums, with the jails and other public institutions, came under the control of the local legislatures, in conformity with the ninth section of the '• British North America Act," and, in 1868, Ontario adopted the present system of direct governmental «'ipervision, through an inspector appointed for that purpose. The first inspector under the new regulation, known as the " Prison and Asylum Inspection Act," was J. W. Lar.gmuir, Esq., a man of great energy and extraordinary business capabilities, who did much to place the asylum system of the province on a practical business- like basis. • Prior to this the Toronto asylum had received patients from the whole of Upper Canada. As now allocated the Toronto district embraces only the city of Toronto and the county of York, but inasmuch as its asylum contains the only state pay-wards, these are available for private patients from all sections of the province. Sec. IV., 1898. :i. 1*3 34 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA In his tirdt report, wo find Mr. Langmuir urging upon the govern- ment the pressing need of increased accommodation for the insane.' The urgency of the case was recognized by the legislature, which, in 1869, made an appropriation of $100,000 toward the erection of a new asylum, worlc upon which was begun immediately. London, as most central to the population it was intended to benefit, was selected as the location of the proposed structure, and three hundred acres of good, arable land were ])urchased on the north side of the Governor's Road, about two miles east of that city. In construction, white brick was the material chosen, and the echelon plan of armngement was adopted. The edifice, when com- pleted, consisted of a centre building four stories high, the wings from the same being three stories, and the receding wings two stories. The whole length of the building was six hundred and ton feet, and its capacity five hundi-ed beds. The institution was ready for the reception of patients November 18th, 1870, on which date the inmates of the Orillia branch asylum, one hundi-ed and nineteen in number, arrived. They were followed on the 23rd by those of Maiden, numbering two hundred and forty-four. These supply depots were closed upon the de- parture of their occupants. Dr. Landor, superintendent at Maiden, took charge of the new establishment. London asylum has been enlarged on several occasions ; in 1872, by the creation of a department for idiots, which was entirely isolated from the main asylum, but under its management and conti-ol. This structure, though insignificant in itself, being capable of hou&ing but thirty-eight inmates, is yet of considerable interest, having been the first building erected in the province lor the reception and care of idiots only. Within two months after its opening this little idiot asylum was filled, showing the urgent need for such an establishment. In 1874 the capa- city of London asylum was still further augmented by the ostablihhment of a cottage for the receptionof sixty, quiet, working patients — thirty men and thirty women. This cottage, made as home-like as possible both in external appearance and in domestic arrangements, was supplemented, in 1877, by the construction of two others of the same capacity and on sim- ilar lines. These were opened in 1878. The next enlargement was made by the reconstruction of the idiot branch, from which the patientrt had been removed to Orillia. Extensive wings added to the original structure raised its capacity to one hundred and eighty-three beds. As rebuilt, it was expressly designed to accommodate troublesome patients, and was opened in 1879. The total capacity of the London asylum is now 1004.' The year 1877 was a sorrowful one for the asylum at London, wit- nessing as it did, on January Oth, the death of its first superintendent. J Report of Asylums, Prisons and Public Charities of Ontario, 1867-08, p. 28. 2 It receives patients from the counties of Essex, Kent, Elgin, Lambton, Mid- dlesex, Oxford, Huron, Bruce, and Perth. f- <_,, .414 [BUKGKS8] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 33 Dr. Henry Landor was a cousin of Walter Savage Landor, the poet, and possessed a largo share of the intellectna! ability of the Landor family. He was born in the island of Anglesey in 1815, but his early life was spent mostly in Liverpool. Entering upon the study of medicine, he graduated, in 1836, from the Aldersgate School of Medicine. In 1841, he was sent to Australia by the government as stipendiary magistrate, but returned to England in 1847. Shortly after, he was appointed colonial surgeon to the forces on the African Gold Coast. After two years' service there, he was seized with coast fever, and invalided home. During his convalescence in England, he wrote a pamphlet entitled " The only way to stop the slave trade,'" which won ft)r its author much praise. In 1H50, he became resident physician to the Iligham Eetroat, a private asylum at Norwich. This position ho retained up to 1860, when he moved to Canada and settled at London, where he prac- tised until he was appointed superintendent of the Maiden asylum in the place of Dr. P'isher, as already stated. Holding advanced opinions in regard to the treatment of insanity and the administration of institution affairs. Dr. Landor advocated and enforced his views upon all occasions to the benefit of the unfortunates committed to his care, and the better- ment of asylum management. Fortunately for the London establishment. Dr. Landor found a worthy successor in the person of Dr. Richard Maurice Bucke, at that time in charge of the recently created Hamilton asylum. Dr. Bucko assumed the superintendcntship February 15th, 1877, and still continues to fill the office with great credit to himself and benefit to the institution. To him is due the introduction into Canada, in 1883, of the non-restraint system, which is now the accepted principle in the treatment of the insane throughout the Ontario institution.s. This fact is of special inter- est, as at that time nearly every American superintendent regarded the doctrine of non-restraint as purely Utopian, and to be ridiculed accord- ingly. Now, scarce a superintendent is bold enough to advocate restraint except for surgical or other very exceptional purposes. In this connec- tion. Dr. O'Eeilly, inspector of asylums for Ontario, gave Dr. Bucke the following well deserved praise ; "To Dr. R. M. Bucke, Medical Superintendent of the London Asylum, belongs the honour of being tho first to take up the subject practically in tho Canadian asylums. He approached it at first very properly with great hesitation and caution, but it only required a few weeks' practical study of the subject to convince him that all that had been said by the advocates of the system was well founded, and restraint in the London asylum became a thing of the past. Dr. Bucke did not burn his restraint apparatus with religious cere.nonieB, nor make any flourish of trumpets about it. When the proper time came he simply announced that after eighteen months' trial of absolute non-restraint in an asylum having a •3 5 , .1 '. A I i 7 36 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA population of nino hundred jiallouis he hud found the system to be all that had been claimed for it, and that ho wan now unable to conceive of a case where mechanical restraint, except for surgical reasons, was necessary, was not positively harmful to (he imtient. Dr. Bucke's example was slowly followed by others, until now in this province restraint appliances are unknown, and one after another the doctors give in their testimony to the great value of this reform, which was commenceil by Conolly and Pinel half a century ago." ' The growth of the Provincial Lunatic Asylum, us well as the birth and death of its offspring at Toronto, Maiden and Orillia, having now been traced to the termination of Dr. Workman's superintendence, to briefly bring the history down to our own day it should bo added that ha was followed therein by Di*. Charles Gowaii, from Worcester asylum, Eng- land, who, owing to ill health, was forced to resign his position and return to his native country within two months from his entering the service. His successor was Dr. Daniel Clark, the present uble occupant of the position, who assumed duty on December 2(!th, 1875, the institution in the interim having been in charge of Dr. W. G. Metcalf as acting super- intendent. .!■ m m Kingston Asylum. To follow the origin of what is the second oldest asyhnn in the province of Ontario, it is now necessary that our steps should be retraced somewhat. In 18-41, John S. Cartwright, Esq., member for Lennox and Addington in the first parliament after the union of the Canadas, built for himself a fine, stone mansion, with very handsome stables, also of stone, about a hundred yards therefrom.- These structures were erected on the Cartwright estate, known us " Rockwood," a tract of about forty acres on the lake shore, a little to the west of t he city of Kingston. In October, 1856, thirty-thx-ee acres of this estate, including the buildings, were purchased by the Crown as a site for a criminal lunatic asylum, the price paid being £5,000. After the purchase had been completed, the stables were fitted up for the reception of twenty-four female patients, the male patients having been already located in the basement of the penitentiary. This substitute for an asylum was arranged with single rooms for twenty inmates, while a wooden addition made thereto com- ' Report of Asylums, Prisons and Public Charities of Ontario, 1887, p. 36. 2 The following doggerel regarding these stables was current at the time of their erection, and is said to have been the extemporaneous production of a Colonel Jackson, who lived in a cottage on the property directly east of Rockwood : " Oh, would to God ! that I were able To build a house like Cartwright's stable. It fills my heart with great remorse To be worse housed than Cartwright's horse." " i ■'■-■iai [nuROESsI CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 87 ))ri8cd "four strong colls," a " ki'opor's room, " unci a dining-room, beyond which again was a ititchon. The size of the single rooms was nine by live feet. They wore lighted by iiii.sor:ii)le, little, barred poop-holes measuring only eighteen by twelve inches. The entrance was on the west side, and a small hallway was used as an oflico. Dr. J. P. Litch- liold, who had formerly been inspector of hospitals for Soutii Au.stralia, and later, medical superintendent of Walker lunatic asylum, had charge of the patients both here and at the penitentiary, his appointment dating from March, 1855. llo had his private residence in the Cartwright man- sion, where there also dwelt, under his immediate supervision, a well-to-do !• il Old CARTWRKiHT Stabi.es, KiN(iSTON, Erectkb in 1841, ANn Fitted ui' in LSTjO AS A Temi'okarv Asvi.i'.M FOR Femai.es. From a photo hij Dr. C K. Clurh-e, Mfilical Snin'riutcndcnf, Kingston Asylum. gentleman of unsound mind. Close by was a small, stone cottage, of still earlier construction, the home of one of the members of the Cartwright famil}', which at a later date was acquired by the hospital. The three structures referred to are still in existence, and form parts of the present Kingston asylum, generally known as Rockwood Asylum, or Hospital. The old stables have reverted to their original use ; the small, stone house is the north cottage, occupied by quiet female patients ; and the new residence of the Cartwright family is the dwelling of the medical superintendent. Three yeai"s after the opening of the institution, namely, September, 1859, the erection of the present asylum was begun. Like its progenitor, m :■■! I .1 38 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 1 4 h it wa8 inlondod for iiiHttiif erimitmlrt and duiigorouH luimtics only, as indi- cated liy the lollowin;,' memorandum of the board of inHpuctorH : "The Criminal Lunatic AHylum at Ilocitwood, (which is the naino given it by law,) is destined to receive lunatics from the Provincial Penitentiary, and lunatics who are dangerous, or reputed so to be. At |»resont the male lunatics of this institution are located in a basement of the Penitentiary buildings, and the females in an old building on the Kockwood prop- erty,'' ' that is, in the stable-building already described. From the provisions of the act constituting the institution,' wo find that the exact jturpose of the establishment was the safe-keeping and treatment of the following classes of lunatics : 1st. Convicts in the ]»enitentiary becoming insane while under sen- tence there. 2nd. Certain classes of lunatics committed to jail as lunatics dangor- o\is to be at large. 3rd. Persons charged with some offence of which they had been acquitted on the ground that they were insane at the time such oti'ence was committed. 4th. Persons indicted for any offence, and upon arraignment thereof i'ound, by a jury specially impanelled for the pur|)0.se, to be in.sane. The now building was planned by Mr. William Coverdale, architect, and erected chiefly by convict labour, under his superintendence, occu- pying over eight years in construction. The centre building and east wing were the portions first built. In 1862, a part of the former was sufficiently advanced to admit of its bi^'ing temporarily fitted up for the reception of twenty-one men, whoi,o rr;moval from the basement of the penitentiary greatly relieved the ])re;,sure there. On March 24th, 1865, the building was formally opened by the transfer to it of the rest of the male patients. By the end of 1867, the west wing ibr women was vir- tually completed, although not opened until early in 1868, when the stable-asylum was vacated. The asylum was constructed of coursed, cut stone from the penitentiary quarries. It comprised a central building four stories high, with two wings, also of four stories, joined to the cen- tral block by connecting jiortions three stories in height, the total frontage being three hundred and ten feet. It was continued under the superin- tendence of Dr. Litchfield up to his death. December 18th, 1868, when Dr. J. E. Dickson, surgeon of the penitentiary, who had been doing Dr. Litchfield's work during liis illne.S8, "was appointed to the position. Rockwood, as already stated, was intended for insane criminals and the criminal insane only, but, the Toronto asylum being full, friends, in their anxiety to have insatie relatives placed in safe-keeping, perhaps also with the object of saving themselves the cost of transport to that institu- 1 Report of the Board of Inspectors of Aayluras, Prisons, &c., for 1860, p. 12. ^ Consolidated Statutes of Canada, Cliapter 109. ■■#■: :ii^ Hi [ncROitss] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOK THE IN8ANK 30 lion, 8<)on found a means to evado the law, which but inadccjiiatoly safe- guarded the real |iur|»oso of the eslablishmont. The proeebfl of evasion was sinriply to have the poor lunatic committed to jail as dangerous, whether really so or not. To prevent this abuse, wo find the inBi)ectoiH, as early as 1862, recommending, in the following terms, that Rockwood should be used as a general, as well as a criminal, asylum : "The Inspoctoi-s have to remark with relation to Rockwood. that practically it has become an asylum for lunatics of every description from the eastern i)orlion of Ujjper Canada, as the relatives of the parties. Instead of obtaining the \isual medical examination and certificate pri- vately, in order to procure their admission into the I'rovincial Asylum at Toronto, which is at a great distance, procure their incarceration as dan- gerous lunatics in a common jail, fron\ which they ai-e transferred, under warrant of ills lOxcellency, to the Rockwooil Institution. The Hoard are inclined to recommend that regulations should be made authorizing their reception at Rockwood after the buildings shall have been completely finished, without obliging their relatives to resort to a previous imprison- ment in a jail ; to convert, in fact, Rockwood into a Provincial Asylum for the eastern counties of Upper Canada." ' After the opening of the now institution, they again recommended this course in even stronger terms. At the same time, they advised that tho old stable-asylum, which had been abandoned, should be converted into an establishment for female private patients, and tho Cartwright mansion, used as tho superintendent's residence, into one for male privati' patients, that officer to be given the north cottage to live in. The.se sug- gestions were never carried into efibct. At Confederation, tho board of inspectoi-s of asylums, prisons, ike, became tho Directors of Penitentiaries, and tho asj'lums and jails passed into the hands of tho provincial government, with tho exception of Rock- wood, which as a part of the penitentiary remained under their supervi- sion." By this time, lack of accommodation in tho provincial asylum at Toronto had made it necessary, especially in the western district, to send many of tho insane to tho common jails for safe-keeping, where they soon became so numerous that it was ab.solutely requisite to take immediate stops to remedy the evil. Negotiations were accordingly entered into vith the Dominion government whereby, in 18()8, the " Act respecting a Lunatic Asylum for Criminal Convicts" was repealed, and arrangements con- cluded for the reception of one hundred to ono hundred and fifty of those poor creatures into Rockwood asylum, it being distinctly understood with tho authorities of that institution, that all insane persons thus sent from the jails of the province would be kept entirely separate from the crimi- ' Report of Board of Inspectors of Asylums, Prisons, &c., for 1862, p. 13. •^ 31 Vict., Cap. 75. .VI I II i^. u III ilij) I 40 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA nal portion of the population. The rate of maintenance was fixed at 8143 per annum, and permission was given tlie inspector of Ontario institutions to visit, unotticially. for the purpose of seeing the patients sent in and paid for 1)\- that province. This, as pointed out by the inspector, was practically the '-farming out" system of maintaining lunatics, and that, too, without the supervision of the government paying for sii'h maintenance.' To abrogate thi.^, the legislative assembly, in 1871, iidoptcd a resolution attirming the advisability of the province's acquiiing J?ockwoo'l asylum, either by purchase or lease. A corre- sponding resolution passed the Dominion parliament authorizing nego- tiations for its transfer to the province. It was not, however, until July ?3t, 1877, that the Ontario govenmenl took possession of Rockwood, purchasing the buildings and grounds for $9t),500. As soon as the prop- ert}^ was handed over by the Dominion authorities, the insane convicts of unexpired sentence then in the asylum, twenty-two in number, were transferred to the penitentiary, where a special detached building has since beim provided for this class of patieiits. Dr. Dickson, who had earnestly advocated the change, was retained as superintendent of the new provincial establishment, the name of which was changed from Eockwood asylum to "The Asylum for Insane, Kingston." ' On the 1st of April. 187S, owing to the serious illness of Dr. Dickson, Di'. W. Ir. Metcalf, assistant superintendent at London asylum, was transferred to Kingston as acting medical superintendent, his appoint- ment being made permanent after the resignation of Dr. Dickson on the iilst of December following. Dr. .John Kobinson Dickson was born in Dungannon. county Tyrone, Ireland. November 15th, 1819. Hducatcd in Jieifast and Glasgow, he came to Canada in 1838, and graduated in medicine from the University of New York in 1842. lietu.ning to Canada, he settled in Kingston, where he soon became prominent as a surgeon. lie lectured at Queen's University for some years in surgery, and was afterwards dean of the medical faculty. In 1862, he was appointed surgeon of the Kingston penitentiary, and in 1868 (as mentioned), medical superintendent of IJockwood asylum. He died, November 23rd, 1882. Dr. ^letcalf, on his advent to Kingston asylum, had found restraint so largely employed that the number of cases represented nearly ten per cent of the entire population.' lie at once set to work to lessen it, and soon had the number of cases reduced to a minimum. Other scarcely less important reforms soon followed. ' Report of Asyluinn, Prisons and Public; Charities of Ontario for 1872, p. 28. - One of the articles of agreement under which Rockwood passed into the hands of the provincial government was that it should continue to receive all convicts srub to the penitentiary from Ontario, if insane on the expiration of their sentences. •' Report of Asylums, Prisons and Public Charities of Ontario for 1878, p. 30. T i. {bl'eghss] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 41 Unfortunately for the province, as well as for the alienistlc profes- sion of which he was a bright and shining light, Dr. Motcaif's term of office was short, extending only to August 13th, 1885, on which date, while going his rounds amongst his jnilients, he was stabjcd in tlie abdomen by one of them, named Patrick ^lalonev, with an improvised knife. The wound was of such a .'erious nature that Dr. Metcalf never rallied from the sliock, but passed peacefully and heroically away, three -ilaya later, on the 16th of August, in the thirtj- eighth year of his age and the fourteenth of his alicnistic work. Dr. Metcalf was, without doubt, one of the most efficient asylum officers in the province of Ontario. Horn at U.xbridge, Ont., in 184T, be received his medical education at the Toronto School of Medicine and graduated from Toronto University in 1872. Having entered the asj-lum service on August 7th of the preceding year, as a clinical assistant under Dr. Joseph Workman, ho received so thorough a training in the work of asylum management that he was acquainted with its most minute details. During the autumn of 1874. ho entered private practice at Windsor. Ont., but in July, 187."», was appointed assistant sujierintendent of Toronto asj-- lum, in which ]>osition he remained until June. 1877. when he was trans- ferred to the corresponding position at London asylum. The details of his subsequent successful career and untimely end have alreadj' been related. Dr. Metcalf's heart was in bis work, and he was fully abreast of his contemporaries in all that pertained to his specialty. An ardent advocate of the humane doctrine of non-restraint, during the last two years of his life not an instance of mechanical restraint had occurred in his institution. 'J'hc vacancy caused by the tragic death of Dr. Metcalf was filled by the appointment of Dr. Charles K. Clarke, his assistant, another pupil of Dr. Workman's, whose energy and advanced views have placed,' Rockwood among the best institutions for the insane in America. To| him are due the establishment of the " llockwood Training School fori Nurses," which was the Hrst in Canada, and one of the tii-st in America ; and " Becchgrove." a separate hospital for the treatment of lunatics afflicted with additional bodily ailments, which was the pioneer building of the kind on the continent. By November, 1885, Rockwood had become so overcrowded that a large, old, stone building in the cit}' of Kingston, originally erected as a Roman Catholic seminary and known as Regiopolis College, was i nted, renovated, and occupied by one hundred and fifty patients of the clironic class, quiet and harmless. It remained in use up to February. 1891, when the opening of a new institution at Mimico allowed it to be dispensed with." In addition to the main building, to which has recently been added a series of rooms fitted up with the most modern requirements in the • This building is now occupied a.s a liospital, and called " The Hotel Dieu." *JA .JS*' ■■ ^i -( 42 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA i 1 f way of shower-baths, &c., Eockwood now comprises an infirmary, " Beechgrove," with a oupaeity of thirty-two beds ; '• North Cottage," with thirty beds; "South Cottage," with eighty beds ; and " Newcourt," a structure itnown as the " Wilson House" at the time the seat of gov- ernment was in Kingston, with thirty-two beds. The total capacity of the institution is about six hundred, and it receivci patients from the counties of Durham, Northumberland, Hastings, Lennox, Addington, Prince Edward, Frontenac, and Renfrew. The area of the farm has also been increased by purchase to two hundred and twenty acres. Besides the institutions at Toronto, Kingston and London, the state provision for the insane in the province of Ontario includes three oth r. asylums, located at Hamilton, Miraico and Brockville. There is also a government asylum for idiots at Orillia, and a private institution for the insane at Guelph. Hamilton Asylum. Hamilton asylum is beautifully situated on the summit of the escarpment overlooking the city of Hamilton and Burlington Bay. The central 2)ortion of the building was originally designed by Mr. Kauifraan for an inebriate asylum, and begun in 1873, but was never used as such, being utilized instead for the reception of the insane, whose needs were justly deemed more pressing than those of dipsomaniacs. Placed on a lot of land three hundred acres in extent, the centre build- ing consists of a basement, three stories and mansard roof. The wings^ erected in 1877-8, and opened March 1.5th, 1879, recede from the front line of the main building, and are two stories in height, with base- ment and mansard roof. The transverse connecting portion-^ lietween the wings and central structure are of the same height as tlio latter. The entire length of the building is about five hundred and fifty feet. The material employed in construction above the basement, which is of coursed stone, is red brick, with white brick and stone trimmings. When first opened, March 17th, 1876, Hamilton asylum received only chronic cases of a mild character, transfers from other as3'lum8, but when extended by the construction of wings, it became a receivings asylum from ton counties allotted to it. It was originally placed ir> charge of Dr. Bucke, who, on his transfer to London asylum, waa succeeded, February 14th, 1877, by Dr. J. M. Wallace, superintendent of the idiot asylum at Orillia. On the retirement of Dr. Wallace, owing ta ill health, in 1887, Dr. James Russell, the present superintendert, was appointed to the position thus made vacant, and assunicd duty .A; fj-ust ;U8t of that 3'ear. James McLaren Wallace was born at Kirkintilloch, Scotland, in 1837. His piimary studies were conducted in the schools of his native town, and his professional education and degree were obtained at the .. [burgess] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 43 Andcrsonian university, Glasgow. Arriving in Canada in 1861, he began practice in the village of Spencervillo, Granville Co., Ont. There he re- mained until 1870 when he was appointed to the superintendency of the Orillia Asylum for Idiots. After quitting the asylum service, Dr. Wallace resumed private practice for a short time in Hamilton, then removed tO' Port Elgin, Ont., in which town he died suddenly of apoplexy, February 17th, 1890. Since 1870, the size of this asylum has been increased by the erection of three detached buildings, harmonizingin structure with the main build- ing. One of these is known as " East House," another as " Orchard House," while the third is an infirmary. " East House," opened November 1st, 1884, accommodates eighty patients, and "Orchard House," opened January 24th, 1888, two hundred and eighty-four. The infirmary, though completed, has not yet been opened for the reception of patients ; its capacity is fifty beds. The institution now aflords accommodation for 1050 patients, and receives from t' a counties of Halton, AVentworth, Wel- land, Lincoln, Haldimand, Norfolk, Brant, Wellington, Waterloo, Duf- ferin, and Grev. M1.MIC0 Asylum. Mimico asylum is located on the shore of Lake Ontario, about four or five miles beyond the western limits of Toronto, and two miles from the village of Mimico, whence it takes its name. It has a farm of two hun- di'ed and twenty acres attached to it, and is built on the cottage system, red brick having been used in the construction. It was originally in- tended for chronic insane onl}', who were to be transferred to it from all the other provincial asylums when their accommodation had become insuflBcicnt. Its administration was to be directed from the Toronto asylum, of which it was to be regarded as a branch, known as I lie Mimico branch asylum. It was so conducted from its opening, Janu- ary 20th, 1890, up to November, 1894. At the latter date it wa» decided by the government to be neither wise nor just, that a large body of the insane should be branded as hoi^elessly incur- able and herded by themselves, when experience showed that while the chances of restoration certainly- lessened with the continuance of the disease, it was none the less true that recovery might possibly occur at any time. Acting upon this righteous and humane conclusion, the Mimico branch was transformed into an independent institution, and had a territory, from which to receive direct, assigned to it. This district comprises the counties of Peel, Simcoe, 'Ontario, Victoria, and Peterboro, and the districts of Muskoka, Parry Sound, Nipissing, Algoraa, Thunder Bay, and Eainy River. Opened with two cottages, erected in 1889, the number has since been increased to ten, grouped ou each side of a central or administration if - ^•■? 44 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA !!"« 'fl m building so as to form with it three sides of ji square. By means of a subway the ton cottages are all connected with the centre building, where the boiler-house, kitchen, bakery, and hiundry are placed. The capacity of the in.:ititution is 600. One hundred and sixty acres of the ftirm are located about u mile away fi-om the asylum, and here are situated all the farm-buildings, as well as an additional cottage occupied b}' tweiit}- male patients who work on the farm and in the barns all the year round, Dr.William T. x. ids, then second assistant physician of Hamilton asylum, Avas the first. »tficor in charge of the establishment, having u,ssunK'd dut^'. January 13th, 1890. Ho remained as such up to Septem- ber KUh, whvn he returned to the Hamilton institution. Dr. John Cascadon was ajipointed his siicces.sor as first assistant physician of Toronto asylum, resident at the Mimico branch. On November 27th, Dr. Cascaden resigned his position and was succeeded by Dr. J. B- Murphy, who entered on his duties, January llJth, 1801. After three \'ears' service as resident medical superintendent. Dr. Murphy was appointed medical superintendent of the new Brockville asylum, and retired, November 15th, 1894. He was followed, on the same date, by Dr. Nelson H. Beemer, assistant superintendent of the London asylum, who became the first medical superintendent of the Mimico asylum, vice the Mimico branch asylum, ceased to exist. Brockville Asylu.m. The site chosen for Brockville asylum, the erection of which was begun in 1892, was known as the Picken's Point property, and consisted of one hundred and ninety acres on the bank of the St. Lawrence Eiver, close to the town of Brockville. Erected on the highest point of the pi'opert}', one hundred and fiftj'-four feet above the water, the view from the asylum, both up and down the river, leaves nothing to be desired. In construction, the cottage plan was again adopted, the institution compris- ing an administration block, a main building for one hundred and seventy acute cases, and six cottages for chronic cases, each with a capacitj' of fifty-five beds. These various structures are grouped somevvhat in the shape of a half moon, the main building forming the centre of the con- vexity. The administration block, three stories in height, is connected by a ])assage fifty feet long with the main building, which is two stories high, as are the cottages. The walls above the basement, which is built of limestone quariied on the premises, are of cherry-coloured, pressed brick, with cut stone ti-immings and terra-cotta panels and orna- ments. Dr. Murphy having been appointed medical superintendent, the institution was opened on December 27th, 1894, by the reception of [burgebs] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 46 seventy-three patients, transferred from Mimico asylum, followed in Febru- ary by fifty-tive from Kingston i' ylum. Direct admissions were also made from the nine most easterly counties of Ontario, the district ap- portioned to Brockville, and by the end of the asylum's first official year the number of patients in residence had reached one hundred and eighty- six. Orillia Asylum. The Orillia asylum fur idiots was primarily located on a plot of thir- teen acres lying near the northern boundary of the town of Orillia, and on the west shore of Lake Couchiching. Vacated by the insane in 1870, as already noted, it was in 1876 again fitted up with some additions to accommodate one hundred and tifty idiots, and on September 25th of that year was opened, under the superintendence of Dr. Wallace, for the recep- tion of this class of patients, forty-four of whom were ti-ansferred to it from the Idiot branch of the London asylum. On February lUh, 1877, Dr. Wallace having been juade medical superintendent of Hamilton asy- lum. Dr. A. H. Beaton, who still continues in oflSce, was appointed his successor. In Julj', 1872, owing to the constantly increasing number of appli- cations for admission, a property known as the Queens hotel was leased and fitted up for the reception of seventy-six patients. Much of this space was occupied by idiots transferred from the wai'ds of the Hamilton asylum, and the institution was soon again filled. The government, there- fore, in 1885, purchased a fresh site of one hundred and fifty acres, beau- tifully situated on the shore of Lake Simcoe, about a mile outside the limits of the town of Orillia, and began the creation of a new establish- ment thereon. A portion of this was completed and occupied in November, 1887. In 1888, a training-school for feeble minded chil- dren was started, with Miss M. B. Christie as first teacher, but conducted for several years in the old building. The asylum, which was completed in April, 1891, consists of a main building, and two, large, three-story cottages. The ground floor of the former is specially designed for teaching purposes, whereby feeble-minded children can be trained and improved, so far as their physical imperfec- tions and mental status will permit; the first and second flooi-s are used as dormitories and sitting-rooms for the .same class. The main building also contains the administration quarters, and has an amusement hall suffi- ciently large to seat, comfortably, over one thousand persons. The cot- tages form the custodial department for adult idiots and those unfitted to attend the tchool.^ All the structures arc of red brick, with cut sto lo trimmings. 1 The nine counties allotted to Broclcville, as a receiving district, are Leeds, Greu- ville, Dundas, Storinont, Glengarry, Prescott, Russell, Carletoii, and Lanark. '•* There are two distinct branches to idiot asylum management. First, the merely custodial care of adult idiots, who are unable to take care of themselves, and -#t 46 ROYAT, SOCIETY OF CANADA I S '' li The capacity of the Orillia asylum is now 650, and the amount of land attached thereto, one hundred and seventy-five acres. It receives patients from the whole of Ontario, but is overcrowded, and additional accommo- dation is much needed. Restraint, the superintendent informs me, is practically unknown. HiMEWoou Retreat. Homewood retreat, the h'-st and only private asylum in the province of Ontario, was founded in the city of Guelph in 1883, and opened January Ist, 1884. Theretofore, people willing and able to pay for superior accommodation had been obliged to send their afflicted relatives (0 the neiijhbouring states. Cognizant of this fact, a few gentlemen, including Mr. J. W. Langmuir and Mr. K. A. Meredith, both former inspcctcrs of asylums, organized themselves into a body, and, under the title of the " IJomewood Retreat As.sociation of Guelph," applied to government for a license to maintain a "private asylum fur the insane and a hospital for inebriates." This was granted under the provisions of the amended act regarding private asylums.'^ A beautifully wooded property of nineteen acres having been pur- chased on the outskirts of the city of Guelph. a tine, stone mansion, "the Guthrie Homestead," standing thereon, was altered and increased so as to form suitable accommodation lor fifty patients, twenty-five of each sex. The institution was placed in charge of Dr. Stephen Lett, for thirteen years assistant superintendent of the Maiden, London, and Toronto asy- lums, with the venerable Dr. Joseph Workman as consulting physician. By law, the " Retreat " is subject to inspection by the government inspector of the province, the same as are the public asylums, as well as by a local board of visitors. The insane arc admitted only upon medical ■certificates as prescribed by statute, but inebriates and opium habitues have no friends able or willing to take charge of them ; and second, the care and training of idiotic and feeble-minded children, who are thus in some instances restored to their friends, not cured, for that is impohsible, but so much improved in intelligence and habits as to be able to live as other people do, and be little or no burden upon their friends. In the custodi.-xl imrt of the work Ontario was the pioneer on this continent, little or no he' d having lieen paid to this brancli in the United States, where, however, special nrtenticTi had for years prior to the creation of the Ontario institution been given to tht • .aching department. Dr. H. B. Wilbur was the first on the continent who essayed the dittlcult task of educating idiots by starting a private school for feeble-minded children at Barre, Massachusetts, in July, 1848. Subsequently, he removed to Albany, New York, where an experi- mental school was established. From this resulted the famous institution at Syracuse, New York, which was built in 1851, and presided over by its intelligent and benevolent founder up to May, 1883, when he was called to his long rest. Many States have since established similar institutions. ■^ 46 Vict., Cap. 28. [BUKOK88] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 47 can be received iJ]»on their written, voluntary application. That "The Retreat," which still remains under the superintendence of Dr. Lett, supplied a want in the province of Ontario is evidenced by the many who have availed themselves of its existence, as also bv the irood results of its treatment. QUEJiKC. Quebec is the only one of the provinces of the Dominicn in which there are no state institutions for the care of the insane, its provision for this unfortunate class consisting of four proprietary establishments, and one incorporated, charitable institution. The former are the Quebec Lunatic Asylum. St. Jean de Dieu Asylum, St. Julien Asylum, and .Baio St. Paul Asylum ; the latter is the Protestant Hospital for the Insane, situated on the out.skirts of Montreal. m: i V fr [}■■■ HI' Bkaupokt Asylum. The Quebec Lunatic Asylum, formerly known asBcauport Asylum, is the oldest of the Quebec institutions, having entered upon the fifty- fourth year of its existence. During early times, if havmless, lunatics were allowed to wander about at will, or cared for at home ; if dangerous, they were incarcerated in jails like ordinary criminals. Toward the close of last century, an act was passed authorizing an appropriation for the maintenance of insane persons in the province of Lower Canada, at the rate of one shilling and eight pence each per day. Under this act the insane were intrusted to the care of certain religious communities in the districts of Montreal, Throe Rivers, and Quebec. These communities, however, pos- sessed no proper places or means for the care of the unhappy creatures, who wore generally shut up in damp, separate cells, and sometimes chained. Strong representations were made from time to time by differ- ent grand juries of the unfitness of these receptacles, and of the general ill-treatment accorded the wretched inmates, but for many years the system remained unchanged. Their inability to cope properly with the task they had assumed, was soon recognized by the religious bodies, and, in justice to them, it must be said they repeatedly urged the pressing necessity of better accommodation for the lunatics under their care. 3iy 1845, the number of the insane had increased to such an extetit that the provision of a special institution for them had become a crying necessity. The government, however, was unwilling, or unable, to undertake the creation of such a structure. Under these circumstances, the idea was taken up by three prominent physicians of the city of Quebec, James Douglas, Joseph Morrin, and Charles J. Fj-emont. Lord Metcalfe, then governor-general of Canada, warmly encouraged the M\ Mil 48 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ■'' If II :l;if project by pnmiisliiLr tlio support ol' tlic /government. He also under- took the removal to the proposed establishment, when fitted up, of all the luiuitics then contincd in the general hospital at Quebec, the nunnery at Three Elvers, and the jail at Montreal. The ]»ropo9ers of the .-cheme at once set about its accomplishment. To this end they acquired by lease from Colonel Guu;y, M.P.P., a pro- perty once the manor-house of M. Critlard, seigneur of IJeauport. It was situated in the parish of JJeauport, whence the name of the asylum, two iind a half miles from the city, and comprised about two hundred acres of land commanding a magnificent view of the city and harbour of Quebec. There was in addition to the family mansion, which was a large, two-storv, stone editice, an extensive block of outbuililings, also of stone. By the 15th (jf September, lS-15, the establishment had been pre- ])arcd for the rocejjtion of one hundred and twenty ))atients, and on that date the lunatics in charge of the religious ladies of the general hospital of Quebec were removvd thither. They numbered twenty-three. Of these poor creatures, one had been confined twenty -eight yeare, and sev- eral upwards of twenty years, in small, dark, stone cells, whicli they had never been allowed to leave. Their delight upon again being restored to light and comparative freedom, can well be imagined. The story of the removal and its results is thus dramatically given in the fii*st triennial report of the proprietors, published at Quebec in Junuaiy, 18-49 : — " They wore removed in open carriages and in cabs. They offered no resistance — on the contrary, they were delighted with the i-ide, and the view of the city, the river, trees, and the passere by excited in them the most pleasurable eniotions. On their arrival at the Asylum at Beau- port, they were placed together at table to breakfast, and it was most interesting to witness the propriety of their conduct, to watch their actions, to listen to their conversation with each other, and to remark the amazement with which they regarded everything around them. All traces of ferocity, turbulence, and noise had suddody vanished, they found themselves again in the world, and treated like rational beings, and they endeavoured to behave as such. One, a man of education and talents, whose mind was in fragments, but whose recollection of a con- finement of 28 years was most vivid, wandered from W';i(ioA? to window. He saw Quebec and knew it to be a city ; he knew ships and boats on the river and bay, but could not comprehend steamers. Before leaving the General Hospital the Nuns had clothed him well and given him a pair of shoes. He remarked that he had been a long time shut up, and that it was 19 years since he had last seen leather. Another, a man who had been confined 20 years, and who had alwa3's evinced a turbulent dis- position, demanded a broom and commenced sweeping ; ho insisted on the others employing themselves also; he observed, "These .-or people are all fools, and if you will give me a constable's staff", you will see how 1 will manage them, and make them work." [BUR(iB88] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANK 49" "As soon as their muscular powers wore sufiiciontly restored, tin? ])aticiit8 were induced to employ themselves in occupations the most congenial to their former habits and tastes. Some worked in the ganlen, others preferred sawing and splitting wood. The female patients wore taken out daily, and man}' of them engaged in weeding the garden." "The ert'ects of this system were soon apparent in their improved- health and spirits; they became stronger and ate and slept better. Some of them were restored to reason. One had been contined many years in a cell in the General IIos])ital ; i:J months alter his removal to the Asylum at Beauport, he was restored to his family and friends ; another had also been un inmate of a cell several yeai-s, and after her discharge from the Asylum engaged aa a School Teacher. The othov patients generally, though greatly improved, atlbnled sniall prospect of recovery. It is, however, gratifying to be able to state that of all those removed from the (reneral Hospital to the Asylum at Beauport, one only has been subject to even temporary restraint." ' On September 28th, after the arrival of the Quebec contingent, the patients contined in Montreal jail, titty-two in number, were transferi-ed, followed, on October 5th, by those in Tliree Kivers, numbering seven. The condition of the latter was much more wretched than that of those from Quebec and Montreal. Some of them had been lor years kept fastened to staples driven into the Hoors of their cells, and all arrived at Beauport chained and handcutied. For a picture of one of this detach- ment we are indebted to the same source as before referred to : " One of these patients, a Canadian, and a powerfully made man, was pointed out by his keeper as being extremely violent and dangerous. lie strongly opposed his being unfastened, this however was done on board of the steamer and ho was conducted to a cab, which ho entered without any opposition or reluctance, lie answered to the name of Jacques, but could give no account of himself whatever, lie had beeu picked up in tho woods on the river St. Maurice with his foot frozen, and had been confined in tho cells at Three Rivers during a period of seven years. A few days after his removal to Beauport, observing a man sawing wood, he pushed him aside, took the saw and used it himself; this seemed to afford him great pleasure ; when not so employed out of doors, his constant amu, emont was fishing. lie would stand for hours together as if using a rod and lino, and sometimes as if fishing through a hole in the ice. He was found to be quite inoffensive and harmless. lie died of diseased lungs on tho 7th of March, 184(5. Soon after his death, his brother and son arrived from tho neighbourhood of Montreal in search of him, being attracted by a notice in the public prints, that an insane man, who could give no account of himself had been found wandering in one ' British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science, Moutrva.\, April, 1849, p. 327. Sec. IV., 1808. 4. . ! ■ 80 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA III ill 4 ^ii| of the parishes bolow Quebec, and sent to the Asylum at BeaujK)rt. His friends stated that Jacques had CHcai)ed fi-om their cliai-ge several years before, and that not being able to trace liim, or gain any tidings of him, they concluded that ho had perished in the wt^ods." ' The agreement of the proprietors of Bcauport with the government was that they should be paid at the rate of §143 annually for each public patient, said sum to include board, lodging and medical treatment. The last was immediately directed by Dr. A. V(m Ittland, who was appointed resident physician. This position he retained up to 1849, when ho resigned to take charge of the Marine Jlospital at Quebec. Being subsidized by the State, the establishment was placed under the supervision of a board of commissioners, composed of Hon. Louis Massue, Hon. John Noilson, Jo.soph Painchaud, M. D., James Gibb, Ksq., Peter Langlois, Esq., Henry Jessop, Esq., and John Irvine, Esq.^ On the assembly of the commission, Mr. A. Lemoine was appointed secretary. The tirst contract of the proprietors with the government for the care li' the insane from the ditt'erent districts of Lowe; Canada, which had been for a term of three years, expired October 1st, 1848. On its renewal for a further period of seven years, they determined to seek fresh quarters for their charges. This step was rendered n^ pessary by the fact that the original building was capable of accommodating one hundred and twenty patient.^ only, whereas the numberon the date of the expiration of the contract had reached one hundred and thirty, with every prospect of a speedy increase. A tine property of one hundred and seventy acres belonging to Judge de Bonne, lying near the St. Law- rence, was accordingly purchased. It was located in the parish of St. Eoch, on the " Chemin de la Canardiero," about a mile from the ))arent institution. Here, in 1848, was begun the erection of a new asj-lum, which was opened in April, 1850. The building, which had a capacity of two hundred and sevcnty-tive beds, was constructed of gray, coursed limestone. It was a two-story structure, with basement and attic, con- sisting of a central portion and wings, the whole giving a frontage of four hundred and eighteen feet. The cost of land and buildings was upwards of £12,000. With, the change of location the name of the establishment was altered from Beauport asylum to the Quebec Lunatic Asylum. The latter remains the official title of the institution, though it is still often designated by its old appellation, Beauport. In February, 1854, the western, or female wing of the building was destroyed by fire. Providentially, the conflagration was unattended by loss of life. Through the kindness of the government the patients, num- bering ninety-eight, were accommodated in a part of the Marine Hospital, where they remained up to May following. At that date they were ' British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science, Montreal, April, 1849, p. 327. > Canada Gazette, Montreal, February 16th, 1846, p. 2574. rl [nuROBss] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE ei transferred to a large, two-story, slono building, adjoining the asylum |iromises, leased for the purpose and subsequently purchased from Mr. (). L. Richardson. This new addition, or annex, was sometimes known as the " White House" from its being brilliantly whitewashed ; sometimes, as the " Richardson House," from the name of its former owner. In the meantime, a contract had been let for rebuilding the wing destroyed. The work was pushed rapidly on, and the women wore soon enabled to take possession of their new home, the " VV i.ito House" being reserved for the reception of male patients of dirty habits. At the close of the year 1S5!>, the asylums and prisons of the united provinces of Tpper and Lower Canada were placed under the control of a board of inspectors.' Boaujiort, iiowever, as private property and in nil matters of internal economy subject to the ])roprietors only, ])assed but partially within the jurisdiction of this board. The members thereof had no power to give ordei-s respecting its management, their duties being limited to inspecting and making report of its condition to the governor-general. In compliance with this duty the inspectors, in their first report, complained of the overcrowded condition of the institution, and strongly urged the necessity for the foundation of another asylum for the western part of the i)rovince. The services of a resident physi- cian having been dispensed with by the proprietors, probably on the score of economy, the board also regretted the want of such an otticial. Speaking on this subject, Mr. Tachc reported as follows : "This asylum would require a resident physician specially devoted to the cure of insanity, to be exclusively charged with the care and direction of all curative measures. True, the two proprietors of this establishment are medical men, and men of note in the practice of the jn-ofession, and one of them resides in the immediate vicinity of the a.sy- lum, but both have other and numerous occupations wi'ich, of necessity, divert them from that constant application of mind, and uninterrupted observation of their charge, which all men who have devoted themselves to this specialty, declare to be indispensable to the scientitic management and treatment of mental alienation." '♦ Every lunatic asylum has one or several pln-sicians living in the midst of the patients, seeing them several times every day, and awaiting, as itwere, at its transit the proper moment for a beneficial application of the teachings of science. I see no reason why it should continue to bo otherwise here."'' The want, thus plainly set forth, Avas remedied in 1863, when the proprietors once more appointed a resident physician, Dr. L. Catellier. In 18G0, Dr. Morrin disposed of his interest in the establishment to Drs. Douglas and Fremont, and, the latter dying in 1862, his share ' Consolidated Statutes of Canada, 22 Vict., Cap. 110. " Report of the Board of Inspectors of Asylums, Prisons, &c., for 1S61, p. 44. f it; (' [ S2 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA rl wivH purchused from his roinrsonlutivos by Dr. .1. K. liiimlry. Under tlio now miiniigomont, that of Drs. Doii^'Ias und Landry, t-xlonsivo ini- |irovenients to ol)viu"to tlio ovcrcrowdini,' whicli tlio inspectors had com- plained of, were detormined on. These improvements, which consisted in the reconstruction of the main Imildinif and tlie erection of two additional wings, were betcun in the sprini^ of 1S(;3. In January. 18()4, the new premises were occupied, the asylum then consisting of a central portion four stories high, unil wings of throe stories, joined to the central or administration part by connections of two stories with attics. From the wings extensions projected bacUward, the whole forniing three sides of a (|uadrangle. The institution as thu.-< reorganized, altlmugh otl'ering comfortable accommodation for four hundred and tifty patients, was .soon again found inadequate to meet the over-increasing demjinds for admi.sHon. The pr prietors, accordingly, in August, IbGi, began the erection of a largv, detached building, capable of housing three hundred inmates. It was designed to occupy the site of the annex known as the " White " or '• Ilich- ardson House," which hud to be pulled down to make way for it. In con- sequence of this, some of the ninety patients lodged therein had to bo crowded into the main building, and others received in a cottage originally intended for the family of one of the otticei"s. Work was pushed forward so vigorously that by April, 18G5, the building was sufficiently advanced to admit of the removal to it of (me hundred patients from the main asylum. By September of that year, the edifice was completed. The new structure, which contained within itself all the requirements, such as kitchen, airing-courts, &c., of an inde])endent asylum, was devoted ex- clusively to men, the main building being reserved for women. Fifty acres of land were at the same time added to the property by purchase, bringing the total area up to two hundred and twenty-tive. In reporting on this new annex and the additions made to the main structure in 186!^, the inspectors strongly condemned the system adopted of placing the dormitories, like prison cells, back to back, with no light other than that coming from the corridor in front of then* through small openings in the doors. The idea seems to have been gradually forcing itself on them, that the comfort and welfare of the patients were, in the estimation of the proprietoi's, considerations entirelj' secondary to the money to be made out of them. As a result, we find one of their num- ber, Mr. J. M. Ferrcs, in 1864, plainly expressing this belief in the follow- ing terms : "When the additions referred to were tirat spoken of, it was expected by the Board, that the deplorable overcrowding, which had been one of the distinguishing features of the old buildings, would be at once relieved. In this, however, the Inspectors have not only been disappointed, but the erection of the additions appear to have been made an excuse for jamming [iirKGESfi] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 88 into the onlurgod establishment unCortunato boiiiffs, in still groator pro- port ionuto munbors. than there previously were in the old one. Matters, therefore, instead of being ameliorated, had become worse, in reNpoct to numbers i\nd mueh worse in rcspeet to the HU])ply of fresh air." " Mr. Inspector Meredith and my.self having made an inspection together on the Sth September, took, at the same time, a moasuremont of all the rooms, then occupied as dormitories, when we found that many of them did not at^'ord more than ;55() cubic feet of air to each patient, and none of them oOfl. As all wrilers are agreed, that a space not less than 8(10 cubic feet should be given to each patient, with (jood ventilation, an idea may be formed of the miserable position of so many unfortunate creatures, cooped up in pens in the cellars and garret.s. The facts which we became acquainted with, at that visit ,iiduced me to examine more particularly than I had iiitherto done into the condition of this Asylum, and tended much to change the opinion I had previousl}- formed of its management." " At the date of my ajtpointment as a member of the Board of Inspectors, the Institution was in a very overcrowded state, and consider- ing that state, I was quite ready to give every credit for the care, clean- liness and other marks of attention at all times visible." " I accepted also the great excess of the population, above the capacity of the buildings, as an existing fact, without speculating very particularly as to its cause. But when an enlargement of the buildings took place, professedly for the very purpose of giving relief to the pre- existing excess, I was somewhat taken by surprise to observe, that it was accompanied, even while the works were advancing, with a continued addition to the numbers, so that when it was fully completed, the same and indeed worse overcrowding still remained." " The thought then began to be forced on me, that the interests of the lunatics, their health and comfort, were of secondary consideration throughout. The Proprietors give their assurance of their having informed the Government that their Institution is and has been much over- populated, and I have no reason, of course to doubt the assurance, and it may have been with great compunction that physicians, who know the effects upon lunatics of congregating them at night in cribs erected in badly ventilated rooms, under such circumstances, consented to what, as professional men, they condemned. I venture to think, also, that if the Oovernraent were made sensible, that the purely idiotic patients who now encumber so much the Beauport Asylum, could bo safely taken care of by their relatives at home, and wei-e made aware of their hopelessly incurable sta'te, as well as of the injury which their presence does to the curable insane, the proprietoi's would bo relieved of further pre.ssure, on the part of the Government, to undertake what, professionally, they feel they ought not to do." 64 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA " I should hiive been glad to see the proprietors gradually removing those miserable patients, who occupy the confined culls in the garrets of their establishment, into rooms deserving the name of dormitories, instead of their being obliged to continue locking them up in such places, by continuing to receive new patients, beyond th<'ir means to accom- modate them." "Let the responsibility of this overcrowding rest where it may, I cannot but condemn the fact as it exists, and it is much to be hoped, that the present state of things may be soon put an end to."* A 3'ear later the insi)ectors as a body thus proclaimed their dis- approval of what is known as the " farming out " system : — " While the Inspectors cheerfuUv and thankfully admit ihat the Beiiuport Asylum has been an immense boon to the country, they can- not conceal their conviction that the principle upon which it is estab- lished is an ei'roneous one. Tlio farming out of lunatics to i)rivate persons is in their opinion, as a general ruie, most objectionable. In asjiums supported by the State, the Medical Superintendent in charge of the institution has no interest which conflicts with the interests of the patients committed to his care. But in proprietary asylums the case is far otherwise. Here it is plainly the interest of the proprietors or con- tractors to spend as little i.^ possible upon the food and maintenance of the patients, anil to get as large a return as possible from them in the shape of iiibour; on the other hand, it is the interest of the patients that they should be fed liberally, even generously, and that they should never bo expected, much less compelled, to labor harder or longer than they wish. A system can hardly be expected to work satisfactorily where the interests of the parties con erned are so essentially at variance."^ During 1865, in addition to the board of commissioners, which still continued in existence, and the board of inspectors, the government decided to assign a visiting physician to Beauport, said ofticer to be named by the governor-general, but paid by the proprietors. Dr. F. E. Boy was accordingly ajjpointed to the position, but at the close of the yQiir he became a part-propiietor of the establishment in the place of Dr. Douglas, the last survivor of the original founders, who ri.'tired. Dr. Roy was succeeded as government visiting physician l)y Dr. A. Jackson. After his retirement, in January, 186(j, Dr. Douglas lived for a time in a tine residence ihat he had erected for himself near the as^-lum. but, in 1875, he sold this to Dr. Landry and removed to New York, where he died. The records of patients, as kept at this time in Beauport were of the looh'cst, nor were the proprietors altogether to blame, as evidenced by 1 Report of tlie Board of Inspectors of Asj'lunis, Prisons, &c., for 18W4, p. .W. - Fifth Annual Report of the Board of Inspectors of Asylums, Pri.sons, &c., for the year IMi.'i, p. 0. [BUEGhss] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOii THE INSAN*^ oe their eoinplaininpc, i.i their annual report for 18l!6, that in vases sent to them from jails they were rarely furnished with any information other than the name of the patient. This cause of complaint was stated to have existed for over twenty years, and, as a consequence, there were many patients in the asylum about whom literally nothing beyond the name was known, and not always that to a certainty. They, therefore, asked the government to insist that the jail surgeons should send a ]troper history of each case, setting forth duration of attack, ])robable cause, degree of heredity, &c., &c. This was done, the result being a great improvement in the statistical registers of the asylum. At Confederation, the old board of inspectors ceased to exist as regarded the su])ervision of lunatic asylums, which became purely pro- vincial institutions. It was replaced by a new one, appointed by the government of the province of (Quebec. This was composed of three members, namely, Dr. L. L. Desaulniers, president; Henry II. Miles, Esq., LL.D., .secretary ; and M. Boucher de la Bruire. On January' 29th, 1875, Beauport was again visited by fire, this time unfortunately with fatal results. As before, the women's department was the scene of the conttagration, which resulted in the death of twenty-six of the inmates, and the destruction of much of the main edifice. The patients thus deprived of .shelter were hou.scd in the various outbuildings, and cottages of the employees, while the work of reconstruction was ])roceeded with. No time was lost, and by the end of September the building was again habitable. In reconstruction, the former plan was adhered to, but the central, or administration portion was raised to five stories, with mansard root. Alterations and additions to the wings and rear extensions were al.so made whereby thejoulw'ard appearance of the institution was greatly improved. In Xovember, 18711, the board of commissioners, in existence since tho inception of the establishment, was aboli,r. A. Vallde. About 18SU, dirterences began to arise between tho government, on the one hand, and the proprietors of Beauport and the more recently created St. Jean de Dieu asylum, on the other. These difierences had reference to the care bestowed upon the patients by the proprietors, and the degree of governmental supervi^^ion to be exercised over the admis- sions. That the complaints of the government were not without cause, was clearly shown through a report made b}' Dr. D, Hack Tuke, of London, England. This world-renowned alienist, after visiting the asylums of the province in the summer of 1884, arraigned in no measured terms the '• farming out,"' or contract system ; the general care given the patients; tho excessive amount of restrain^ jmployed ; and the lack of power vested in the government visiting physicians. ' I Tlic Insane in the United States and Caiuuhi, by D, Hack Tuke, M.D., p. 203, Loudon, 1885. i I r: S6 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA I M !» This expose? by Di-. Tuke loci the Medico-Chirurfr'cal Society of Mont- real to pass a series of resolutions condemning the condition of the asj'lums, and calling upon the government to institute a thorough investigation, nnd to take action thereon. This was done, and in 1885 an act was passed ])lacing the medical control of these establishments in the hands of the government, which reserved to itself the appointment of n medical superintendent and assistant physicians for each of them.'' These oflicci-s, in each asylum, constituted a medical board, to which was given supreme control in all matters relating to the admission and dis- charge of patients. The care and treatment of the inmates were also placed under its direction, the proprietors being bound to carry out all i-ecommendations made. By this law. Dr. A. Vallde, previously govern- ment visiting physician, became the first medical superintendent of Beauport, with Drs. Belunger and ^larcis as assistants. The resistance ottered to reform by the proprietors of the two ivsylums was strenuous and persistent. The result was that, in Septem- ber, 1887, a Jloyal Commission was constituted to inquire into the difR- culties which had arisen in consequence of the attempt to enforce the statute, and whether it exceeded the rights which the government held under its contracts with the proprietors. The members of this commission were Messrs. J. A. Duchesneau, J. P. Lavoie, M.D.L., and ^V. Rhodes, who visited Beauport asylum, Octo- ijjer 20th. Their report was far from creditable to the authorities of that institution. Tlie bath-rooms and privies were badlj' kept, dirty and with- out ventilation ; there were numerous cells, all back to back, lighted only from the corridors b}' small openings in the doors, or above them; the foou was deticient both in quality and quantity ; all the dishes, cups, &c., were of tin, and the paiicnts were allowed only a spoon, many of them eating with their fingers ; all the wards were overcrowded, and there was no attempt at cla sitication ; restraint Avas in excessive use, and in some cases patients bore the marks of blows they had received ; in several of the male ward' the patients were dirty, scantily clothed, and in a most l>itiable stat , their cells were also dirty, badly aired and without light ; work was not used as a method of treatment, and many of the patients never got out at all ; recreation was almost a thing unknown. The commission also found that the attendants were far too few in number, averaging in the male department only one to twenty-three or twenty-four •patients ; in the female, one to twelve. In addition, this average was often ■greatly diminished, especially amongst the men, through the keepers, dur- ing the day, being emjiloyed outside the wards, which remained either without an attendant altogether, or with only one for two wards. For night service the attendance was still less. As a rule, the koejjers could neither read norwrite, and the wages paid were of the lowest ; male attend- '■^ Statutes of Quebec, 48 Vict , Cap. 34. *!!! m of [burgess] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 87 ants receiving only eight to ten dollars per month in winter, and twelve in summer ; female, four and a half to five dollars per month. One physi- cian had charge of the patients of both male and female departments, eight hundred ard eighty-four in number, and had in addition to kec]) the registers, and carry on the correspondence, lie had no control over the employees, who were engaged and dismissed by the warden. The means of mechanical restraint in use were mittens, muffs, wristlets, waist- belts, straight-jackets of leather and cotton, and crib-beds; its employ- ment seemed to bo left entirely to the discretion of the keepers. * The conclusions arrived at b}' the commission with regard to Beau- port were, that the institution was much behind those of other countries in many important details, and that the proprietoi-s were not ful tilling the conditions of their contract with the government. On these srrounds, they recommended the cancelation of the contract, the acquirement of the asylum by the government, and the commitment of its internal administration to a religious community, said commitment to bo safe- guarded by confining the role of the religieuses exclusively to the domestic and administrative management. The commission also condemned, on general principles, the "farming out" sy.-ti'm, and enunciated the doctrine, that the medical superintendent 'should be tla- head of the establishment, be in authority and h: tindt-r his own absolute direction the medical, moral and dietetic treatmc 'f the paticnt.s.' - The recommendation of the commi-ssion. as rciriu'dod the cancelati n of the Beauport contract, was not acted upon, liut steps were taken to remedj' some of the graver abuses. On its cxpi ratio . however, i April. 181>3, the asylum passed by purchase from the hands of its former ])ro- prietors into those of the Sisters of Charity of Quebec, witli whom lie government made a fresh agreement for the maintenance ot the public insane at $100 annually per head. Under the new contract, the medical control was kept in the hands of the government, and L)r. Valloe became medical superintendent ipso facto as well as ipso jure. In the hands of this gentleman, wli^' \ ith his assistants, is paid by the province, was vested the entire ma . moment of the institution as regarded admissions, discharges, and all matters pertain- ing to treatment, both medical and moral. Dr. Valine soon proved him- self well-fitted to wield the increased powei*s intrusted to him. Under his directions, the sisters in 18!t3 in the women's building, and in 1894 in the men's, went to a large expense in making changes and improvements. The water-closet, heating and ventilating systems were completely modernized, and structiiral alterations made which greatly increased the comfort of the patients and the facilities for proper classification. The 1 Report of Royal Commission on Lunatic Asylums of the Province of Quebec, 1888, p. 27. a Ibid., p. 160, w. r . ■;:' f 58 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA old cells in the male department, badly lighted and badly ventilated, gave place to rooms into which light and air came directly from the windows, and the whole establi.shmcr o was soon ])laced on a much superior looting.' As an alienist, Br. Valine, who still remains at the head of the medical depai-tment of Beauport, holds modern views with regard to the necessity for clinical instruction in mental diseases to students ; the great benctits to be derived from the occupation and amuse- ment of patients ; and the manifold advantages of the total abolition of mechanical restraint. Ills views on the last named point are thus plainly .set I'orth in his annual report for 181)4 : — " Whilst striving to introduce work amongst our patients we have succeeded in causing the disappear- ance of all mechanical restraint. Under the.se circumstances, this prob- lem was not easy to solve, for it will be admitted that it is more difficult, in an already old institution, to break away from ancient traditions than to establish at the outset a new rule of conduct in a new organization. Wo met with some dilticulties in the beginning but they were soon smoothed over, thanks to the ingenious devotedness of the Sisters, To-day every one is so convinced of the superiority of this .'system over that iif restraint that no one would think of returning to the latter. Where there is a case of extreme violence, they always come to us for help and advice, but there is no longer any question of straps and strait- jackels, which have moreover completely disa|)peared from the wards. This system necessarily demands moie attention on the part of the guardians and physicians but, on the other hand, the general appearance of the ditterent wards is so perceptibly improved that it is more than sufficient compensation." '^ The i»re.sent ])opulation of the Quebec lunatic asylum (Beauport) is 1,025, but the medical superintendent regards this number as more than it should accommodate, licv. M^vg Maiie du Sacr^ Crnment, accor- dingly, in 18G1, responded to their recommendation by proposing to convert the old military barracks at Fort St. Johns, which had been given up by tho Imperial authorities to the i)rovincial government, into an asylum for the western half of Lower Canada. To this end, Mr. J. C. Tache, one of the inspectors, and Dr. Workman of Toronto asylum, were comniissioncd to visit the buildings with a view to reporting what was necessary to be done in order to tit them for tlieir new use. The visit was made, and Dr. Henry Howard of Montreal, who had been appointed medical superintendent, on Juno 6th, had almost completed the arrange- ments recommended, when the threatening prospect of a war with the United States, owing to the Trent Allair, compelled tho Homo govern- ment to resume the occupancy of Fort St. Johns for purposes of defence. Under these circumstances. Dr. Howard atlvistid that an old building in St. Johns, formerly used as a court house, the property of the gnvern- ment, should be made to answer for a few months as a temporary asylum for fifty patients, twenty-tivc of each sex. Being instructed to take imme- diate posses.Mon and tit it uj) as such, he at once act to work, and on August 27th, was able to receive eleven patients sent to him. By the end of the year the admissions had amounted to forty-eight. The building thus occupied was an oblong, two-story, brick struc- ture, sixty feet long by forty feet wide, which stood in rear of the new Court House.' It constituted the only attempt at state care that has ever been made in the province of Quebec. The inspectora, on their tirst visit to the institution, styled tho Provincial Lunatic Asylum, while commending the arrangements made by Dr. Howai'd as the best possible under the circumstances, condemned the establishment as altogether unsuited for an asylum, and quite inadequate to the wants of the province. "Tho present arrangement," Dr. Wolfred Nelson reported, "is a mere make-shift, and another and far more extensive establishment shovild be ])rovided with the least possible delay. There are still to be ])rovided for, hundreds of insane, scattered through the Lower Province, some in the Jails, others in charitable institutions, and not a few with their families, who have neither tho means nor the appli- ances for their proper treatment," - ' Tlic old Court House wa.s torn down some j'eivrs tigo, and the site converted Into the public sciuare or garden iinmediiitely in front of the Caniidian Pav.i(lc Rail- way Htation. '^ Report of Board of In.spectors of Asylums, Prisons, &c., for the year 18G1, p. ;J7- « 'n III 60 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA That the arrangement was indeed of the most " make-shift " char- acter is ])roved by the report of Inspector Ferres, who thus comments upon it : "The narrow passage below is the dining-room for the males, two or three boards set upon trestles being the table, and the passage upstairs, equally narrow, is a day-room and dining-room for the females. The rooms used as dormitories are tllled with beds on both sides, sejiar- ated about a ioot from each other with a foot path down the middle, not three feet wide. In the yard, sheds have been, with a few boards, improvised into a kitchen, a store-room and a laundry. ClassiHcation, where there is not room for the patients to move about, so crowded are they together, is of course entirely out of the question, and it is only by constant attention that the extreme cleanliness which prevails can bo effected. It must, perhaps, be called an asylum, because insane people find a refuge in it, but in no other respect is the name applicable." ' Dr. Howard laboured under great disadvantages, and one of the most serious difficulties he had to encounter was to provide for the proper washing of his patients with dirty habits. How this was overcome is best described in his own words : " I had only one temporary bath erected in an out-house, and which could not be used in cold weather ; but even had I two or three of these baths, to wash these pi.Ments as often as it was necessary, it would have been an endless task. In fact, I cannot conceive how it is possible, by the slow process of baths, to n.aintain cleanliness among the inmates of a lunatic asylum. Under thit impression, I have lately effected a tem- porary arrangement, which [ have found most valuable. This is a cell which, under ordinarj' circumstances, will answer for the confinement of an unruly patient for a couple of houi-s ; but the purpose for which I erected it was a washing place. It is three feet square, the floor an inclined plane, terminating in a sewer which connects with a wash-pipe. In the cell the patient is placed naked ; or if his clothes are very dirty, he is allowed at first to keep them on ; to wash him I then use the hoso of a small fire engine, by means of which he is thoroughly cleaned, and immediately after taken out and rubbed by means of a coarse towel. The water used is tepid. Not only has a great saving in time and labor been effected by this means, but I reall}' believe that it has had the moral consequence of making the patient clean in his habits ; whilst the friction on the skin with the coarse rubbers has had a most excellent effect, as every one who has been accustomed to the care of lunatics knows the peculiar and offensive exudation from the skin, and how beneficial constant washing must be. Besides which, a first ablution of this char- acter completely removes the vermin with whiih many, particularly such as have been confined in Jails, are literally cowred."^ > Report of Board of Inspectors of Asylums, Prisons, tie, for the year 1861, p. 68. « Ibid., p. 127. [nuKGESs] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INt?ANE 61 Dr. Howard, in his first report, also speaks strongly in favonr of exercise, employment, amusement, good nourishmei.f, and kindness ns the main factoi-s in treatment, but naively adds : — "k r.a st not bo presumed that punishment is never resorted to lor the control of the unruly and disobedient. But when deemed advisable and necessary, this consists of a low hours' confinement in a cell, or a deprivation of one meal, or both combined. It is surprising how the lunatic, even, is subdued by conline- ment and a hungry stomach." ' A year later, and the inspectors again registered a complaint against the continued occupancy of this building, saying : — '• This institution is still continued in the old building formerly used as a Court House, which is only 60 x 40 outside, — one story being 10 feet high, and the other gained from the roof, oidy 9 feet. The dormitories, with an office of most contracted dimensions, a storeroom and lavatory, occupy the whole building ; the lower floor is appropriated to males, and the upper to females. There is no day-room nor dining-hall, but the former passage of the Court House is made to do du _\ for both. Into this space 28 males and 29 females, 57 in all, with the necessary attendants, are packed ; and it is with unfeigned satisfaction that the Inspectors have it in their power to ; te that by the unremitting vigilance of Dr. Howard, the Medical Superintendent, and the active attention of the officers and servants, the general health of the inmates has been preserved in a good state during last year. It is impossible to convey by woids an adequate idea of the miserable condition of this asylum." " Here, as at the othor asylums, the want of farming land is most severely fell The patients have no more enjoyment or freedom out of doors than if they were convicts in a jail. They have access to the yard in rear of the old Court House, and so get into the open air, but without any opportunity for such exercise as they require. Cooped up within naked board fences twelve or fourteen feet high, they sec nothing, and have nothing to soothe or cheer them ; there is no variety to turn the cur- rents of their moody reflections, no change to give a new color to their delusions." ^ In the same report they gave a harrowing picture of the deplorable conditions due to the want of proper accommodation for the lunatics of the province, by stating : — " The gaol at Montreal, which, already, can hardly suffice for the reception of the prisoners of the city alone, has been converted into a receptacle for the insane, one of the pri.son wards being given up, as a matter of absolute necessit}', for their accommodation. At the end of the year 1862, there were in the gaol at Montreal, 21 insane persons awaiting their turn to be admitted either into the Beauport Asylum, or I Report of Board of Iiitipectors of Asyluiius, Prisons, &c., for l^^til, p. 1:^). « Ibid, for 1862, p. 13, h. ?■ i^ 62 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Hili 1 1 lilil '1'^ into that at St. Johns ; ton of those insano mon were togother in tho ward just mentioned, and the other eleven, women, were allowed to mix with the other female prisoners in tho fjiiol, to tho great detriment of all." ^ Year after year the inspectoi-s and superintendent protested against the continued oceupation of this building, but year after year it remained in use. The overcrowding, at tho same time, instead of being lessened, inci-oased. To such a degree was this carried, that, by tho close of 1864, into a space far too contracted for fifty patients, as originally intended, there wore actually packed sixty-four human beings. The horrible con- dition of affairs resulting was strikingly pointed out by one of the board, Dr. F. Z. Tassd, in 18GG. Ey actual measurement he showed ihat there was but two hundred and twenty-one cubic feet of airspace for each patient, whereas the best writers on hygiene recommended that not leas than eight hundred to one thousand cubic feet, or even more, should be allowed. Continuing, he stated: — "To this evil" (overcrowding) "is added the utter impossibility of providing thom with employment, the recreation of walking, the sight of the country, and that variety of occu- pation which is the basis of all remedial agents, and which ought to be j)rocurcd for them at any cost." ^ At length, the spirit of economy provoked the action which common humanity should have dictated long before. The year 1875 saw the closing of the first, and so far, the oi 7 government institution for the care of the insane in the province of (Quebec. State care, in this respect at least, has from that time been a thing unknown. At St. Johns, as is certain to bo the case in all small establishments, the cost of maintenance had always been much higher than at Beauport, or in any of the Ontario institutions, amounting annually to considerably over $200 per head. On this account, the government, in 1873, accepted an offer made by the Sisters of Charily to receive the idiots, then supported at the public ex])ense, into their hospital at Longue Pninte, and to maintain them at the rate of $100 each per annum. This led to the removal, in that year, of thirty -four of thisclass who were among the inmates at St. Johns asylum. In 1875, when a like contract was made with the sisters to receive the insane, the remaining patients were transferred therefrom, and the institution was finally closed, July 20th, 1875. The medical super- intendent. Dr. Howard, accompanied the patients, receiving the appoint- ment of government visiting physician to St. Jean do Dieu asylum, and assuming duty as such, August Ist, 1875. Longue Pointe Asylum. L'Hospiee St. Jean de Dieu, or, as it is commonly called, "Longue Pointe Asylum," from its being situated near the village of that name, is ' Report of Board of Inspectors of Asylums, Prisons, &c., for 18(52, p. 18. a Ibid., for 1866, p. 47. [burgess] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 63 the property of Lea Scpurs de Cliaritd de la Providence. It owo^ lis origin to a wealtliy, retired merchant, one Jean Baptisto Gameiin, who. in 1823, had married a Miss I*]m<5lie Tavernier. The three children born of this union dying in infancy, the worthy couple adopted an idiot child. Monsieur Gameiin, at the time of his death, which occurred in Montreal, October Ist, 1827, confided this child to the special care of his wife, in these terms : — ''Continue de prendre soin de cet infortune, en souvenir de raoi et pour jn amour." ^ This request was piously fultilled by Madame (lamelin, who, in addition, consecrated her lile, as well as the fortune that had been left her, to the relief of the jioor and afflicted, and became the foundress of the community known as the Sistei-s of Providence. From the beginning, in memory of her husband, Madame Gameiin proposed that the care of the idiotic and the insane should be one of the charitable works of the order. Consequently, in November, 1845, a little, wooden house, from the colour of its exterior called among the sisters "The Yellow House (Maison Jaune)," was appropriated as the habitation of a few lunatics. It was situated in the garden of the first establishment of the sisters, at the corner of St. Catherine and St. Hubert streets, in Montreal, and was placed in charge of Sister Assumption, nie Brad}', who is reputed to have had special tact in soothing her patients by singing hymns to them.'' The number that could be cared for in this modest retreat, the pioneer institution for the insane in the district of 3Iontreal, was neces- sarily very small. In 1850, the Eev. Mere Gameiin, with Sister Ignace and Abb^ Truteau, visited several asj-lums in the United States, their object being to examine into the management of these establishments with a view to the extension of their own sphere of usefulness. They returned fully resolved to pursue their good work on a larger scale. The Community at this time had a farm near the village of Longuc Pointe, about live miles from Montreal, known as the " Mission St. Isidore." This had been given to the sisters by the parish of Longue Pointe under certain conditions, one of which was that they should establish thereon a school for female children.^ In 1852, the parish still further assisted the order by helping it to acquire an additional i^roperty situated in the village on the banks of the St. Lawrence. To the buildings on this ground was given the name '' Convent St. Isidore," and thither the sisters ' Notice BioKrapliique de la Reverende Mere Gameiin, Fondatrice et Premiere Superieure de I'lnstitut des Soeurs de Charite de la Providence, Montreal, 1875, p. 9. '^ Histoire de I'Hospice St. Jean de Dieu k la Longue Pointe, |iar A. Bellay, Mom rial, 1S02, p. 7. » In 1851, thia farm became the cradle of an institution well known in the pro- vince of Quebec, the school for deaf-mutes. It was here, at Longue Pointe, that Sister Marie de Bonsecours, of saintly memory, began lo teach her fipNt pupils. For seven years she laboured in the little school of the parish, and paved the way for the extensive establishment for deaf-mutes that now exists in the city of Montreal. !■;■ WW m 11^ 64 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA i;M|i:j|i ! ■ JJ removed their school. At the same time, in order to curry out tlie wishes of the lamented foundress of the order, as well as to meet the urgent requests made to them from all sides, they fitted up the buildings thus vacated on the St. Isidore farm as an asylum for lunatics. To this insti- tution they removed the patients from the " Maison Jaune," placing them in charge of Sister Praxede, afterwards one of the foundresses of the Oregon mission of the order. In October, 1852, the new establishment thus instituted was consecrated by Monseigneur Bourget, who placed it under the protection of St. Jean do Dieu. This was done in commomo- i-ation of a saint, who, confined as a madman by people incapable of com- prehending the sublimity of his charity, had rewarded his persecutors by ibunding, at Madrid, two hospitals, for the insane and the poor. Ignorant of the care of lunatics, and without any of the advantages for treatment to be found in modern asylums, the listers laboured under great difficulties in their piou- undertaking. Up to 1856, the number of the insane under their charge at one time was never more than seventeen to twenty. In that year, on the advice of Sister Zotique, then superior of the mitfsion and one of the foundresses of the order, the Community decided to transfer the patients from the farm to the Convent St. Isidore. The transfer was made October 30th, 1850. The new lodging of the lunatics was a two-story building, partly stone, partly wood, ninety-six feet long, facing the St. Lawrence, from which it was separated by a row of large trees. A corridor in the centre divided the building into two wing.s. In the south one were placed the l^atients, each of whom had a single room. The north wing was other- wise occupied. In 1863, the sisters ei-ected an additional structure in the courtyard of the convent, on the edge of the village street. It was connected with the main building by a covered passage way, and devoted exclusively to the insane. In constructing it the old buildings on St. Isidore farm were pulled down, and the materials used in the new edifice. With this demoli- tion disappeared the original St. Jean de Dieu asylum, and there now remain to mark the spot whore it stood only some clumps of trees and bushes, which indicate the situation of the old garden cultivated l.y the sisters. The convent buildings, including those used fof the insane, are still in existence, and in almost the identical condition in which they were at the period of which we speak. Notwithstanding the additions made, it was j'et difficult to receive more than twenty to twenty-five patients in the convent buildings, so that it became a matter of great concern to the sisters how they should meet the ever-increasing demands made on their charity. The parish of St. Francois d'Assises do la Longuo Pointe, which is the full title of this noteworthy locality, had for priest at this time M. Jean Baptistc Drapeau. He was a man of sound judgment, and one who in [uUHGBBs] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 68 les UH iti- em the ent took a deep interest in all the charitable works of the Community, but especially in those relating to the care of the insane. To him occurred the idea of a hospital for these poor creatures on a larger scale — one combining all the conditions demanded by modern science for their proper treatment. With the object of carrying out his idea, he advised the acquisition of a largo demesne situated near the convent, which he thought would make an admirable site for the institution of which ho dreamed. It belonged to a well-known family named Vinet, and com- prised about one hundred and sixty-six arponts of land. The resources of the sisters, however, were but limited, and it was not until 1868 that they were able to accomplish this, the tii>it instalment of the purchase money having been contributed by Mile. Symes, afterwards Marquise do IJas- sano. The land thus acquired was not made use of until a few years later, when, with the sanction of the legislature, the Order entered upon the work of caring for the insane on a greatly enlarged scale. The fact that Beauport asylum was much overcrowded, and that the temporary institution created at St. Johns was not only In like condi- tion but badly adapted to asylum purposes, had been strongly urged upon the government. In consequence, the then Premier of the province, the Hon. Gideon Ouimet, authorized by an 6rder-in-council, dated Sep- tember 27th, 1873, entered into an agreement with the Sisters of Provi- dence, represented by Sister Th^rfise de JiJsus, treasurer of the Community, whereby the latter engaged for a term of five years to receive and care for idiots of both sexes. The contract was signed, October 4th, and by November 7th the government had sent to the sisters at Longuo Pointo thirty-four patients from the asylum at St. Johns, thirty-eight from Beauport asylum, and five from outside, making a total of seventy-seven. St. Isidore convent was quite inadequate for the accommodation ol this number of patients, and the sisters accordingly had to find room elsewhere, pending the erection of a new asylum which they had now decided to construct on the Vinet proj^erty. The additional room was gained by the rental of the " Hochelaga," or " Hussar Barracks," then empty. These were stone buildings which had formerly been occupied by the troops stationed in Montreal. They stood near the foot of St. Mary street, and comprised the old military hospital, the officers' quarters and the military prison.' Their new apartments were taken possession of by the sisters on November 7th, 1873, and, on November 30th, they cele- brated their first mass therein, an altar having been erected in one of the hallways. They were devoted entirely to male patients, the convent buildings being reserved for females. The medical attendance at both ' A part of these buildings lias been torn down, but a remnant is still standing not far from Notre Dame street, and is used as a coal-shed by the Canadian Pacific Railway. Sec. IV., 1898. 5. ee ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ^ ■ ill! ^[i entabliHlimonts was rendered by Dr. F. X. Porreaiilt, who boj,'nii bin duticH, Octobor 13th. Ah Olio hundred and twelve was the tfreatost number of patients that could be provided for in the Ilochelaga buildings, it soon became evident that the erection of the new asylum must be hastened as much as possible. The first question to be decided was, what i)lan of building should bo adopted. To settle this. Sister ThdrAse, with Sister Godel'roy, the supe- rior-general of the order, and Mr. U. Lamontagno, their chosen architect, visited a number of asylums in Ontario and the United States, linaliy selecting that of Mount Hope, Baltimore, Md., as the general model on which to construct their new establishment. Work was begun in April, 1874, and such was the vigour with which Sister Th^rAse pressed it on, that by July 20th, 1875, they were able to begin the transfer of the patients from the old barracks. Their evacua- tion was completed by August 14th, and shortly after the convent St. Isidore was also emptied of its inmates. The new St. Jean de Dieu asylum consisted of a main building, one hundred and sixty-nine feet long by sixty feet wide, connected by wings ninety feet long by forty feet wide, to two other buildings, each one hundred and twenty-five feet long by forty-five feet wide. The con- necting wings wore five stories high, including the basement and attic ; the thixjo other buildings, six stories in height, including basement and attic. All the buildings wore of brick, with cut stone trimmings and foundations. In July, 1875, the sisters entered into a new contract with the gov- ernment, represented by Premier de Boucherville, by which, for the space of twenty years, they agreed to receive and care for all insane, as w'oll as idiotic patients, at the rate of 6100 a year for each patient sent them. The government on its part covenanted that the number of patients placed in charge of the sisters should not be less than three hundred, in- cluding those already under their care. As a result of this agreement the temporary asylum at St. Johns was closed, and the inmates transferred to the custody of the bistei"s, with Dr. Howard, formerly superintendent of the St, Johns institution, as government visiting physician. Under the new arrangement, so rapid was the increase in population that, at the close of the year 1875, it had reached four hundred and eight. This rate of growth continued, and in 1884 and 1885 it became imperative to extend the already large establishment by the addition of two other wings, similar to those already in existence, making the total frontage of the structure six hundred and thirty feet. About 1880, as already referred to in spea..ii.g of Beauport asylum, difficulties between the government and the sisters began to spring up. At ono time, Dr. Howard, the government physician, represented to Sister Th^rfise that in his opinion several of the patients had recovered. -1>>'-Ui [Bn(nKf<8| CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 67 and recommended their di8elmrfj;o. TIuh recominendution was met by refuBul. Appeal was then made to the provhicial secrotary, who sup- |)ortod Dr. Howard. The discharge of tlie patients was, however, mill refused, and only by the exorcise of the civil authority was obedience enforced. Immediately followin;^ this came the publication of Dr. Take's report on the asylums of Canada, in which those of (Quebec were shown to contrast most unfavourably with those of the sister province of Onta- rio. Severe as had been Dr. Tuke's arraignment of Beauport, it was infinitely mild in comparison with his merciless criticism of the Longuo Pointo institution. While thanking Sister Th«5ri'.se and others of the Community for their kindness throughout his visit, and doing full justice to the comfort and cleanliness of some parts of the asylum, he gives the following heartrending description of the attic and basement stories : " It is impossible to convey an adequate idea of the condition of the patients confined in the gallery in the roof, and in the basement of this asylum. They constitute the refractory class — acute and chronic maniacs. They and the accommodation which has hitherto been provid 'd for them, must be seen to be fully realized. To anyone accustomed to a well-o/dered institution for the insane, the spectacle is one of the most painful charac- ter. In the course of seven-and-thirty years I have vi-sited a large number of asylums in Europe, but I have rarely, if ever, seen anything more depressing than the condition of the ^utients in those portions of the asylum at Longue Pointe to which 1 now refer. I saw in the higheht story, that in the roof, a gloomy corridor, in which at least forty refractory men were crowded together ; some were walking about, but most were sitting on benches against the wall or in restraint-chairs tixed to the floor, the occupants being secured to them by straps. Of these seated on the benches or pacing the gallery, a considerable number were restrained by handcuH's attached to a belt, some of the cutis being the ordinary iron ones used for prisoners, the others being leather. Restraint, I should say in passing, was not confined to the so-called refractory wards; for instance, in a lower and quioler ward, a man was tightly secured by a strait-waistcoat. Dr. Howard had iiini released, and he did not evince any indication of violence. It was said he would tear his clothes — a serious matter in an asylum conducted on the contract system. The walls and floor of the corridor in the roof were absolutely bare. But if the condi- tion of the corridor and the patients j.resented a melancholy sight, what can be said of the adjoining cells in wtiich they bleep and ai"e secluded by The InHiiiie ia the Uiiitc-d States and Canada, by D. Hack Take, M.D. Lon- don, 1885, p. 11(3. m 70 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA I ■ 1 ' ^HIP asylum, while giving full credit to the cleanliness of the institution, jvnd the good food and clothing supplied the ])atients, showed clearly there were many points connected with the management that required radical reorganization. There was no sj'stem of classification, the apylum was overcrowded, and th-i attendants were too few ; there was no scientific organization to utilize employment as a means of cure, and many of the jiatients never got outside the building from year's end to j'car's end ; restraint, though largely given up since Dr. Tuke's vi.sit, was still much too frequent, and was not under control of the jiliysicians, nor was there any register kept of it. But the mo.st blameworthy state of atlairs set forth was, that while under the law of 1SS5 the government medical ofH- cers wore constituted a part of the administrative staflof the asylum, the sisters refused to receive them as aught but visiting physicians, and form- all}' declined to allow them to carry out the duties imposed upon them by that law, under the plea that it was a broach of their contract. Tliey went even further and denied tho- . the privileges thoy had oxerci-sed as visiting phj'siciaris prior to 1885, refused to give them any information, and forbade the keepers to answer any questions they might ])ut to thom. The government medical oilicers had absolutely no authority beyond the supervision of [he admissions and tlischargos — were not even allowed to have keys by which they could enter the wards alone, but always on their visits had to l»e accompanied by some of the sisters." On the most eminent legal advice, the commission, spite of the evil state of atlairs which they recognized as ])revailing, could rejwrt only that the act of 1S85 did conflict with the rights of the sisters as defined by their contract with the government. In con.soquence, they could but suggest the repeal of the conflicting claims until the cxiiiration of the contract, when the act as a whole might be made a part of any new agreement. Dr. Howard, having died October 12th, 1887, was succeeded by Dr. E. E. Duquet, whose appointment was dated December 24th of that vcar. Dr. Henry Howard was born in Tipjierary, Ireland, in 1815, and obtained his degroe from the Royal < 'ollego of Physicians and Surgeons, London, in 18;jS. (doming to Canada in 1S42, he first settled on Amherst Island, near Kingston, subsequentlj' moving to that city, and later to Montreal, where he was successfully engaged in practice for many years. In 18(51, as previouslj- related, ho was appointed medical super- intendent of the St. Johns asylum, and transferred with the patients from that institution to Longue I'ointe. Dr. Ilowai'd was a close student of mental disorders, the possessor of indefatigable energy, and both ])erhOnally and professionally was highly esteemed. A few year* piwious to his death he was elected ])resident of the Montreal Medico- Chirurgical Societ}-, a position ho filled with much credit to himself. ' Report of Rojiil ConiiiiiHuion on Lunatic Asylums of the Province of Quebec^ 1888, p. 30. k [nUKOEBsl CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 71 nd ro III :i8 fie ho «wiii«" ^^ w m il:t . II 7S ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA October, 1844, at the age of twenty, she entered a convent of the Sisters of Providence, and took the vows in July, 1846. Though so youthful, she was, in 1849, placed at the head of the hospital of St. Jerome in Montreal, where she remained until 1854, when she >vciit to Burlington, Vt., to preside over the orphanage of St. Joseph. At the end of three yeare' work there, her superior decided to confide a still more difficult task to her, and she was sent to a mission of the Order in Chili. This mission had been founded under peculiar circumstances. In 1852, the sisters had been invoked to establish a hospital in Oregon, and a few of them were sent to undertake the work. The voyage in those days was a long and dilticult one, having to be made bj- way of the Gulf of Mexico and Isthmus of Panama to San Francisco. Arrived at Oregon City, the sisters found that they had had their journey for nothing, almost the entire population of the place having deserted it for the gold-tields of California. Un- daunted, they started on their return voyage, which, for thc^sake of economy, they determined to make by way of Cape Horn. On reaching Santiago, Chili, however, they yielded to the entreaties of the bishop of that city to remain and assist in founding an asylum there. It was to . complete the formation of this establishment that, in 1 857, Sister TherJise, accompanied by Sister Augustin, was sent to Chili. She completed the duty assigned to her in an admirable manner, and returned to Montreal in 1863. In 1866, she was appointed Treasurer-deneral of the Order, and as such made herself thoroughly conversant with all the affairs of the Community. So successful was her business administration that, when, in 187;^, it was agitated that the sisters should treat with the provincial government for the creation of an idiot asylum, Sister Thuriise was desig- nated as representative of the corporation of the Sist.ers of Providence. Such was her debut into the great work of her busy life, the founding and establishment of L'llospico St. Jean de Dieu. On her death, although only superior of the asj'lum, her bodv, as a special mark of honour, was placed in the space reserved for the Supei-iors-General of the Order in the cemetery of the convent St. Isidore at Longuo Pointe. In December, 181)4, Dr. Duquet, the medical superintendent, was taken ill with pneumonia, and, worn out with the many difficulties he had been fo;ccd to encounter, was unable to withstand the attack which ended his useful life on the 19lh of that month. He was succeeded by bis assistant, Dr. George Villeneuve, as acting superintendent, which appointment was made permanent, April 4th, 1896. Dr. Emmanuel Evariste Duquet was born in Ste. Philom^ne, Chateau- guay county, Que., April 3rd, 1855. His early education was received at Boauharnois College. At the age of twenty he entered on the ,>-tudy of medi- cine, and received his degree therein from Victoria College, Montreal, in April, 1879. Immediately after graduation he started jjracticeat Longuo Pointe, and soon became well and favourably known as an exemplary ■I 'tM [noRGEss] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 78 <;itizen and capable phyMcian. As already stated, ho was, in 1885, apiK>inted assistant physician to the St. Jean de Dion asylum, and later, on the death of Dr. Howard, medical superintendent. Dr. Duquet was a man of fine presence, and of iluent deliver}' in either Fi-ench or English. He was a cheerful, genercus. vvarm-hearled friend, possessed of broad sympathies ; a learned and exceptionally cultured physician. In short, he belonged to the highest type of asylum sui)erintendent, a fact recognized by his election, in 1P89, as an a.'«sociale member of the Medico-Psycho- logi.ician8 — one paid by the government, the other by the sisters. The former, in addition to the medical superintendent, compiises I)rs. F. E. Devlin, F. X. Perrcault, and C. Lavioletto ; the lat- ter, Drs. K. J. Hourque, J. A. Prieur, and E. P. Chagnon. In 1S!>4, a new, stone building, three stories high and one hundred and fifty feet long, with accommodation for three hundred patients, was built in the midst of the ruins of the old structure. This, with the tem- porary pavilions, forms the present St. Jean de Dieu asylum, but the «rection of an entirely new establishment was begun in 1897, and it is but a question of a little time ere, ph(rnix-like, the in.-.titution will have again arisen from its ashes. The buildings now in course of construction are located on rising ground about half a mile in rear of the site of the old asylum, and occupy nearly the centre of a farm of eight hundred acres. The i)avilion plan has been adopted, and every part of the establishment, which is of stone, is being made as nearly fire proof as possible. The heating, ventilating and equipment, it is intended, shall be of the most modern, the opinions of well known exi)erts having been taken upon ail points. The esti- mated cost is one million dollai's, and the proposed capacit}', two thousand. It has been decided to call the new institution " L'liopital St. Jean de Dieu.'' ^ «i'- tma mm 74 ROY A I. SOCIETY OF CANADA The other. two proprietaiy asylums in the Province of Quebec are small institutions devoted to the care of idiots. St. Julien Asylum. L'Hospice St. Julien, located at St. Ferdinand d'llalifax. in Mo^antic county, is picturosquel}' situated on the shore of Lake "William, about fifteen miles from St. Calixte do Somerset station on the Grand Trunk Kailway. it belongs to the Sistei-s of Charity of Quebec, who are also its directors, and was originally founded, in September, 1S72, as a refuge for old women. In 1873, arrangements were made for the reception of female idiots as well. The establishment now comprises a hospital for the recep- tion of aged and infirm women as well as those Buttering from incidental maladies, and an idiot asylum. The latter is a one-storied, wooden build- ing with mansard roof, one hundred and fifty feet long by fort3'-five feet wide, divided into four wards. The first contract entered into by the government and the manage- ment of this asylum was in June, 1873. and extended over a period of ten years, the annual rate of maintenance being fixed at eighty dollars per head. In 1893, by a fresh contract mado for ten yoara, the rate was increased to one hundred dollars. Rev. Sister Ste. Julienne is the Superior of the institution and Dr. A. Noel, government visiting physician, having been appointed such in 1888, Prior to that date he held the position of visiting physician. The present capacity of St. Julien Asylum is about one hundred, and the population about one hun- dred and ten. 1 B.\iE St. Paul Asylum. Baie St. Paul Asylum for female idiots and imbeciles was founded by the Rev. M. Amable Fafard, parish priest of St. Etienne de la Baie St. Paul, and incorporated by an act of the legislature of the province of Quebec in 1890. It is under the direction of a community of Tranciscan Sisters of Charity called Les Potites Soeurs Franciscaines de Marie. The asylum is situated on a farm of one hundred and fifty acres in the village of Baie St. Paul, in Charlevoix county, and consists of two brick build- ings, three stories high, one being one hundred and the other sixty-five feet long. The latter is occupied by the Community and the private boarders, the former is devoted to the idiots and imbeciles. This institu- tion has a contract with the government for the maintenance of fifty female idiots at the rate of fifty dollars per head annually. As yet there has been no official physician appointed to it, Dr. Morin, of Baie St. Paul, acting as visiting physician, and giving his services gratuitously. Rev. A . Fafard istho managing proprietor, and Sister Anno de Jesus, the Superior. Iro lie Lit Ik Its [)r lie [nuRGEss] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE Protestant Hospital for the Insane. 75 The Protectant Ilospitiil for the Insane, or, as it is more commonly called, Verdun Hospital, undoubtedly owes its inception to Mr. AllVed ("Fred ") Perry, a well known citizen of Montreal. From u period ante- dating Confederation, Mr. Perry had tiiken a deep interest in the subject of the care of the insane, and, in the foundation of Longue Pointe asy- lum, had given valuable assistance to Sister Therc^se. While granting the sisters full credit for the caro bestowed upon their helpless charges, he yet observed that it was merely custodial care with little or no effort to bring about recovery. This was but the natural outcome of the " farm- ing out" system, in which the interests of proprietors and patients are at direct variance, a fact Mr. Perry was not slow to grasp. A man of strong will, with great energy and tenacity of purpose, he resolved that at least the Protestant community should be freed from a system that was a standing menace to their proper treatment, and, about 1S79, began to devote himself to the task of seeing whether the existing state of affairs could be remedied. After many interviews with various members of the government, Mr. Perry found that it would be impos-siblo to disturb the arrangements that had been made with the sisters, and thereupon conceived the bold idea of founding a separate institution for his co-religionists. Having ascertained that the government had no objection whatever to the Pro- testants of the |)rovince establishing an asylum for the care of their own insane, provided it was done at their own cost, Mr. Perry straightway proceeded to call a public meeting, at which the whole subject was dis- cussed. At this meeting, held at the House of Refuge on Dorchester street, in 1880, Mr. Perry, in conjunction with Sir A. T. (Jalt, Hon. James Fer- rier, Thomas Cramp, Ksq., and the Itev. Gavin Lang, a well known Pres- byterian divine, was appointed to take steps in the direction indicated. Several informal meetings were held by these gentlemen, with Sir A. T. Gait as chairman, and it was found that they were all, with the excep- tion of Mr. Perry, in favour of the erection of an asylum which should bo open to Roman Catholics as well as Protestants, but conducted on dif- ferent principles from the proprietary establishments. Mr. Perry, how- ever, held out staunchly for his own views, and wa^-, in consequence, soon left to battle alone, the committee, as such, ceasing to exist. Innumer- able difficulties met him in the prosecution of his scheme, but, with unflagging zeal, he continued his efforts, and on June 30th, 1881, secured, witl» the assistance of Mr. David Morrico, the passage of a bill entitled " An Act to Incorporate the Protestant Hospital for the Insane."' 1 Statutes of Quebec, 44-45 Vict., Chnp. 50. B i I, I- ii 1; tf.i jllf 76 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA The Right Ilovorend William B. Bond, LL.D., Lord Bishop of the Diocese of Montreal ; John Jenkins, D.D., LL.D. ; Guvin Lang ; George Douglas, LL.D. ; George 11. Wells; Henry Wilkes, D.D. ; A. IL Alunro ; W. S. Barnes ; William A. Hall, M.l>. ; Sir Hugh Allan ; Andrew Allan ; George Macrae, Q.C. ; Charles Alexander ; Henry Lyman ; M. H. Gault, M.P. ; Thomas White, M.P. ; Peter Kodpath ; Adam Darling; Hugh McLennan; James Coristino ; S. H. May; T. James Claxton ; James Johnston ; Alexander McGibbon ; Alfred Perry ; Leo H. Davidson, and such other poi-sons, donors or subscribers, as might bo or become asso- ciated with them and their successoi-s, by this act were constituted a body corporate to found a Protestant institution for the care, maintenance and cure of the insane of the several Protestant denominations in the province of Quebec. The act provided that all moneys raised by tlio Corporation, from whatever source, should be expended upon the institution and its inmates ; that the general management of affairs should be invested in a Board of Governors, being Protestants and residents within the province of Quebec, said board to be compo.sed of all lifegovernoi's,' twenty-four elective governore, and all properly constituted re))rcsentatives of churches and national societies; that the immediate conduct of the establishment should be vested in a Board of Management, elected from the board of governors and not less than twelve in number, who should act for three years, one-third retiring annually ; that a meeting of the subscribei-s to the institution should bo called by the parties incorporated, within six months after the passing of the act, for the purpose of organizing the Corporation ; and that the Corporation should, every year, within the first fifteen days of the ses.sion of the legislature, make a full return to the Lieutenant-Governor and to both Houses, showing the state of its attaii*s and of its receipts and expenditure. The Corporation was also given the power to frame by-laws for the management of the afiairs of the hospital and the guidance of its employees. Two hundred dollars was fixed as the sum constituting a life-governor, and ten dollars as that constituting an elective governor. Tho payment of a subscription of twenty dollars gave any Protestant church within tho province, or any Protestant national society, tho right of appointing a governor for tho year for which this amount was sub- scribed. Tn accordance with the provision in the act, a meeting of those interested was held in the Young Men's Christian Association rooms at tho corner of Victoria square and Craig street, on December 20th, 1881, Mr. David Morrico presiding. A vote having been taken by ballot, the following twenty-four gentlemen were elected to the board of governors : 1 At date of writing, the number of life-governors is about one hundred and eighty. f [burgksb] CANADIAN INSllTUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 77 Mr. D. Morrice ; Mr. M. II. Guult, M.P. ; Rev. Gavin Lang ; Dr. F. W. Campbell ; Dr. J. C. Cameron ; Mr. Charles Alexander ; Mr. llenrj' Lyman; Rev. Dr. Sullivan; Dr. William Osier ; Mr. Alfred Perry; Mr. L. II. Davidson ; Rev. William Hall ; Mr. T. J. Claxton ; Mr. Thomas White, M.P. ; Rev. A. B. Mackay ; His Lordship Bishop Bond ; Rev. G. H. Wells ; Mr. Warden King ; Canon Baldwin ; Mr. George Macrae, Q.C. ; Mr. Peter Redpath ; Mr. Adam Darling ; Mr. Hugh McLennan, and Mr. A. A. Ayer.' The general meeting having adjourned, the above board of gover- nors acsemblod and appointed a committee composed oftho Rev. William Hall, Dr. P. W. Campbell, Mr. T. White, M.P., Mr. Henry Lyman, and Ml'. L. H. Davidson, to make a report on the matter of by-laws within thirty days, and to consider the selection of a building site. Mainly owing to the general depression of business, public interest languished, and no action was taken by this committee, nor was anything done toward the carrying out of the act up to 1884. Mr. Perry, how- ever, did not relax his exerlions, finding an able coadjutor in the Rev. William Hall, and on April 12th of that year, at the instance of the Associated iioard of Charities of Montreal, a public meeting was called and a delegation named to act in conjunction with the board of gover- nors of the Protestant Hospital for the Insane, appointed in December, 1881. As a result of this meeiing, efforts to secure subscriptions were set on foot and a committee was appointed, with Mr. Charles Alexander as chairman, to choose a situation for the proposed institution. An advertisement, reading as follows, was inserted in the daily news- papers : " Wanted to purchase, a farm of from one to two hundred acres in the neighbourhood of Montreal, with an ample supply of water, easy of approach by rail or main road." This secured offers of a largo number «'f location^/' The Kcrvices of two distinguished alienists, Dr. Joseph Workman, formerly medical superintendent of the Toronto asjium, and Dr. R. M. Bucke, medical superintendent of the London asylum, were obtained to inspect the most promising of the places ottered. These experts reported having examined nineteen of the proposed sites, including properties on the Lower Lachino Road, and the island below the city ; at Back River, Lachute, St. Andrews, and St. Lambert. Of these they considered one known as the " Molt-on Farm," consisting of seventy-tivo acres, bordering on the river to the east ol the citj', the most suitable, and commented thereon as follows : " Upon the whole (weighing well all the pros and cons) we are of opinion that this site possesses less disadvantages and ' Daily iVilness, Montreal, December 21st, 1H81. > Kepurt Report (unpublished) of Urs. Workman and Bucke on Location of Site for Protestant HoRpital for Insane, August 7tli, 1884. ■^ Annual Report (unpublished) of the Governors of the Protestant Hospital for Insane for the year 1880. il >.i' {BrRfiKs ] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 70 ul is lor [w tsa ISO Ite W. I). Stroud, Alderman Riclmrd irollnnd, F. Wolferstun Thomus, J. C. McLaren, Henry Lyman, A. F. Gault, William Drysdale, Alfred Perry, iroorge Hague, and Rev. W. S. Harnes.'' ' It was further reHolved that Bishop Bond, Charles Alexander, J. C. Wilson, Henry Lyman, W. D. Stroud, Allied I'crry, Richard White, Adam Darling, Richard Holland, and Rev. W. S. Barnes should consti- tute a committee to select a site and enter into arrangements with the government for a loan not to exceed 83(»,000. Three membei-s of this iommittee were to form a quorum, and j)ower was given to elect a sec- retary, obtain a suitable oHice, and enter into correspondence with kindred institutions in order to obtain information as to the establishing and proper working of the hospital. At the same time, Mr. F. Wolferstan Thomas was appointed treasurer, and Mr. L. H. Davidson, legal adviser. At the next meeting of the board of directors, held at the residence of Bishop Bond, on June (ith, the tirst president of the Corporation was elected in the person of His Lordship the Bishop, Mr. Charles Alexan- der was selected as vice-president, and Mr. Edward Hollis wan appointed secretary. Notice was also given that an olHce had been rented at 242 St, James street (between McGill and Dollard streets) at $50 a year, and that a table and other furniture with some stationery had been j)rocured. A letter from Mr. H. J. Lyall was then read. It otlered a building three-quarters of a mile from Sorel, known by the name of Lincoln Col- lege, with thirty-seven acres of land attached, as a location for the hospital, at a cost of $33,00U, This edifice, a four-story, stone structure, had been ■erected in 1875 for a body of secular priests, who had formed themselves into a corporation under the title " Le CoUtige du SacrC- Cceur de Sorel," Opened by them in 187(), it had been closed again in 1878, and was then held by Mr. Lyall, who had bought it with the idea of founding a school therein.* The site committee was instructed to inspect the establishment ■with a view to ascertaining its suitability for the purpose required. The report presented by this committee was that, at an estimated cost of $55,U00, it could be purcha^ed and arranged for the receptitm of two hundred and fifty patierts.' The distance of the property from the city and its inaccessibility in winter were urged against its purchase, but despite these manifest drawbacks, steps were being taken to complete the bargain when Mr. Lyall informed the directors that he had been advised to keep on his school, though he was still open to an offer. The conse- quence was that all idea < f its purchase was abandoned. ' Minutes of Meeting held April 7th, 1885. 2 This builriing, vacant Nince 1888, was last year purcha.sed by Les Freres de la Charite, who have reopened it as a commercial college, 3 Report (unpublished) of Committee on Inspection of Lincoln College. Sorel, June 12th, 1885, t 80 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA •< The next nito conHidcred was ono known as tho " Wanless Purm," which consisted of two hundred acres situutcd in the I'urish of Pointo aux Trembles, about six miles east of tho city. Tho distance of this property was also held to bo too great, especially as it could not bo reached by rail, and negotiations for its purchase likewise fell through. A number of other sites were examined by the committee, which finally decided to report in favour of ono called tho " Iladloy Farm," owned by Mr. J. B. Caverhill, consisting of one hundred and ton acres on the Lower Lachine J{oad, tho piico of which was $18,000. On tho j)re- sentation of their report it was i*esolved by the board, ut a meoling hold February '20th, 188(i, to submit a memorial to tho government in order to ascertain how far it would assist in tho project. In tiiis memorial it was ^et forth, that inasmuch as the Legislative Assembly hud agreed to make the Corporation a loan of $25,000 toward the creation of a hospital, and that a site had now boon determined upon, it would greatly facilitate tho collection of further funds, wore tho governors in a position to announce that an arrangement had been entered into with tho govern- ment whereby tho care of the Protestant insane would be entrusted to them as soon as they were prepared to receive them. As a basis for u contract to be entered into, tho Corporation therefore submitted tho fol- lowing : Ist. That tho government should pay lor public patients at the rate of $135 each per annum. 2nd. That as soon as the h<-o which may hereafter, from time to time, bo adopted, with reference to Insane Asylums. "That as to tho price to bo paid, while in one Institution, that of Beauport, the Government is paying undor tho existing Contract one hundred and thii-ty-two dollars per year, which is thought by some to be too high, and in the other, ono hundred doUare per year for ^ach patient, which is thought by others to bo too low ; possibly a medium price, say ono hundred and sixteen dollars, would bo considered a fair and reason- able priie for each insane person admitted into your Institution, and eighty dollars per year for each idiot, as is paid at St. Ferdinand d'Hali- fax. Your Act of Incorporation and your Memorial show that your efforts are directed from charitable motives, and not with a view to real- izing a profit. " The Government cannot undertake the obligation of transferring the Protestant Insane, who are now at Beauport or Longue Pointe, to your Institution. Up to the present the relatives and friends of patients have selected themselves the Asylum to which they wish them to be sent, and we think that it would be better to allow them still to have that option. " Allow me to express the hope that the above will meet the views, and assist the efforts of your Corporation.'" ^ " I have the honor to be, " Sir, " Your obedient servant, " (Sigued) W. Blanohet, " Secretary. " Edward Hollis, Esq., " Secretary, " Protestant Hospt. for Insane, " Montreal." \ Minutes of Meeting held Marcli 24th, 1886. Sec. IV., 1898. 6. KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Aft«r a lengthy discussion, it was decided that the communication read did not meet the expectations of i'.toi dirfc^itors, as it had been dis- tinctly understood that ail Protestant patients confined in tlio Longuo Pointo asylum, if not Heauport, were to be transferred to the contem- plated institution, when prepared to receive them. The price to be paid ibr or.i'h jMitient was also understood to be SlIJO. It was, therefoi'c, resolved that a deputation, composed cf the President, His Lordship Bishop Bond, and Messrs. G. Hague, I'. Wolferstan Thomas, Chark's Alexander, Jlichard White, L. H. Davidson, W. J). Stroud and Alfred Perry, should wait upon the government at Quebec, on April 1st, to express the views of the meeting. At a subsequent assembly of the directitrs, held April 9th, the depu- tation presented a report to the following ettect : "That they had an interview by appointment on Thursday, Ist inst., with the following membei"! of the Government : Hon. J. J. Jtoss, Pre- mier; Hon, J. Blanchet, Provincial Secretary ; Hon. W. W. Lynch, Com- missioner of Crown Lands ; Hon. E. J. Flynn, Commissioner of Kailwa3's. The deputation pointed out : " 1. That unless a minimum number of patient^ wore I'aced with an institution it would bo imj^ossible to carr}' it on with etticiency, unless at such an expense as would practically be prohibitive. "2. That the lowest minimum might be considered as 100. "3. That all the arrangements of the Committee had been on the goneml undeixtanding (stated to hj've been acrived at with the Govern- ment) that the Protestant patients in the Longue Pointo Asylum should bo placed in the new asylum when erected and properly equii»ped. The number of such patients was stated to bo about 150. " 4. The deputation further pressed upon the Government the i-eason- ablonoss of a more liberal rate of remuneration than they had proposed, and asked that it be raised to ;$132 per head, at leu^t for the first five yeare ; also, that the interest on the proposed loan should be made at 5 jKjr cent, inasmuch as money could bo borrowed, on good mortgage secu- rity, at that rate. "The members of the Government, having heard their statements, replied as follows : As to the first and second, they admitted the reason- ablonoss of the views urged by the deputation. " As to the third, they stated that it had always been their intention, and was now, to do whatev«»r lay in their power, in good faith, to facili- tate and bring about the transfer of Protestant patients from Longue Pointo to the new asylum, but they could not undertake to overrule the express wishes of the friends, or guardians, of such patients, should these friends prefer to let the insane in their charge still remain at Longuo Pointo. With this reservation the Government would take measures to meet the views of the Directors with regard to placing the minimum [burobss] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 88 number named of Protestant patients under their care, whenever a prop- erly equipped asylum was ready tor them. With regard to remuneration for patients, and a lower rate of interest, the Government were willing to TOconsidor these points." ' After hearing this report, the meeting resolved <:hat it bo received and adopted, that the comniittoe be continued, and that tliey bo requested to forward a copy of the report t(> the government, and embody such reply as they might obtain in a communication to the board, to be made the basis on which to formulate an appeal to the public for funds in aid of a Protestant insane asylum. An answer was prcsenlod to the board on May 14th. It was to the effect that the government agreed to provide a minimum of one hundred l)atient8, provided the friends of such patients would agree to their being placed in the new hospital ; that the annual rate of i)aymeiit for insane |)atients should be $11«5, and for idiots, 8S0 ; that inasmuch us loans made to Longue Pointe and Beauport asylums carried six ])er cent interest, that to the Protestant institution must bo at the same rate, since any reduction thereon /night lead to a demand for a sin^ilar reduction Minutes of mcetinK held April Utb, \m\. » Ibid., May I4th, 1880. pffii 84 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA , 1 i . 1 ) 1 I i 1 I ate) for the maimgoiuont of the hospital, in complianco with the act of incorporation, and to make the necessary bylaws, rules and regulations for tho guidiinco of the same. In accordance with this resolution, at a meeting held in Decom'oer, 188(i, a new board of governors was duly elected. At the same meeting, Mr. (reorge B. Burland was made president in the place of His Lordship Bishop Bond, who had expressed a wish to bo released from tho duties of the otHco on account of the many otiicial functions connected with his diocese. Mr. Hurland continued to till the presidency up to tiio summer of 18HH, when, a disagieomcnt having arisen between himself and some of tho other governoi-s, he resigned. Tho position was refilled on December 27th following by tho election of the lion. .1. K. Ward. There was at this time a piece of laml known as tho " Leduc F'arm,' situated on the Upper Laehino road, which belonged to the government. This farm, it was thought l»y .some of the governors, might answer as a site for the proposed hospital, and there was, moreover, a possibility ot its being obtained as a gift from the ministry. To this end, on February 4th, 1.S87, a deputation waited upon the ])remier, the lion, llonore Mercior. Tho suggestion, that tho projxjrty should be granted as a site for the hos- pital, was favourably received, and a promise made of a definite answer at an early date. In tho meantime, u committee, appointed to examine the location in (juestion, reported that it was too small for the purpose contemplated, comprising only forty acres, and also that there was no water supply on it. and no convenient moans of obtaining the same, and was in consequence quite unsuitable. A petition was, therefore, presented to tho government asking whether, in view of these facts, it would bo willing, in order to give effect to its intention to assist in tho establishment of an institution for the Protestant insane, to donate the farm to the corporation so that it might be disposed of, and tho proceeds devoted to the purchase of a site else- where.' In answer to this petition, Mr. Mercier, after consulting his col- loagaes in tho government, agreed to grant the corporation, in lieu of tho Leduc Farm, a free gift of 810,000, the sum at which that pro- perty was valued.' Ho furthermore agreed to make the board of gov- ernors a loan of $15,000 lor ton years at live per cent interest, payable in five annual instalments, the first of which should become due in tivo years from tho date of tho loan. A condition attached tothesf) agreements was, ' Draft Mentorial (unpul)liHhed) to Government re Leduc Farm, February 23r(ll, 1887. 'This farm liavinK 'wen Hulmoquently disposed of by the governtnent for ?18,(XK), Mr. Mercier generously placed to ilie credit of the hospital the extra amount re- ceived less charges, to wit, a sum of f7,821.2U. [BURQBSaJ CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 88 of Ions 1)0 r, i'% liiip of ii in lor of Iber that neither of the Hums mentioned should bo ]iaid over to the corpora- tion until the land required for the asylum had been purchased.' The estimated sum required to purchase a property and erect a build- ing suitable for two hundred patients was 6125,000, and this welcome aid from the goveniraent induced the board of governors to make a fresh appeal to the Protestant population of the j)rovince. By the close of the year 1887 the additional subscriptions umoiintod to 658,139.82, making a total of $G8, 139.82." On May 30th, 1887, the JIadlcy Farm, selected by the site committee in the spring of 188(J, was tinally purchased for the sum of $18,000. Situated in the municipality of Verdun, whence the name by which the hospital is often designated, just at the foot of the Lachine liapids, the location «'ho8on was an admirable and extremely picturesque one. The mountain ri.sing behind crowned with greon woods, its lower slopes dotted with villas; the mighty St. Lawrence, with its timbered islands, stretch- ing in front ; and the dancing rapids, with their musical roar, i a such i'lose proximity, made a pro.spect of scenic beauty ditHcult to surpuss. Plans and specifications for a building to accommodate two hundred und fifty inmates, the cost iiot to exceed 880,000, wore advertised for in the Montreal, Toronto, and London (Ont.) newspai^rs. Tliose prepared by Messrs. .). W. & E. (■. Hopkins, of Montreal, as most nearly approaching the conditions of the advertisement, wore ai)proved of. A condition of the approval was, that a committee of governoi-s, accomj)aniod by one of the architects, should visit some of the principal asylums in the United States, and any improvement in the jjlans suggested by this visit should be in- corporated in them. "* The highest level of the jiroperty having been seloctod as thopo.sition for the building, the work of excavation was begun in June. 1888. While this was being done, tenders were obtained for the ditl'erent portions of the structure, but before the consideration of these was entered upon, the finance committee was asked for a report on the state of the funds and the future prospects for further subscriptions. This was in accordance with a resolution of the board, passeil February 15th, 1888, '-That no contract bo given for building operations until at least ninety thousand dollars shall have been subscribed, and an amount of not less than fifty thousand dollars be at credit." The ro])ort of the finance committee was that : " In view of the present circumstances of the Corporation, and the prospects of further support, it is the opinion of the Committee that the resolution of tho Board, of the 15th February last, has been virtually compliv'd with, and that the erection of the necessary buildings may bo ' Report (unpiililiHhed) of committee appointed to interview tlie Rovernnient, April iUh, 1887. '' Ilei>urt of the Governorn of the Protestant Hospitiil for IiiHiine for tho year 1887. i: •«*■ 86 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA !i * I' i pnulontly proooodod with, provided the tenders retei\o the Jivproval ul" the Governoi'N." ' The otHterH of the corporation at the time building operations com- menced wei-o as follows : ■' President— (J. B. Burland, Ksq. Firdt Viee-President — Henry Lyman, i^.sq. Second Vice-President— VV. D. Stroud, Esq. Treasurer— F. Wolferstan Thomas, Esq. Honorary Secretary— Jolm VVanlcss, M.D., L.F.P.S., Glasgow. Honorary Counsel— L. H. David.-on, M.A., D.C.L., Q.C. Chairman, Finance Commiltee — George Hague, Esq. Chairman, Building Committee — Aldermar William Kennedy. Chairman, Grounds and Equipment Committee — Alfred Perry, Ksq. Chairman, Sul)scrii)tion Committee — liev. Samuel Mussey. General Secretary — Edward Uollis. By the close of the year 1888 considerable progress had been made in the work, alihough the weather had been most unfavourable for building operations. Subscriptions, however, had come in but slowly, and there still remained a sum of $29,045.58 to be raised in order to cover the con- tracts actually entered into. This sum, moreover, did not provide for the expense of furnishing, laying out of grounds, purchase of farm imple- ments, &c. The board, therefore, appealed to the general Protestant public for additional help to complete the work." A reason, which probably accounted, in part at least, for this paucity of subscriptions, was an attempt to prevent the construction of the hospi- tal on the site selected. Opposition to its oi-ection thoreon was made by some of the neighbouring proprietors. This, after the service upon the board of several protests, culminated in a suit against the corporation by Messrs. John Crawford and Henry Hadley, residents of Verdun, on July 28th, 1388. In pleading, it was asked that for the reasons set forth in their declaration, the corporation " should be ordered to desist from erecting and maintaining on said site their pi-oposed asylum or hospital, and be perpetually enjoined not to proceed further with their said under- taking." The chief grounds on which the ])laintitfs based their demands were : that the erection of the building and the maintenance and carrying on of an asylum on the site chosen constituted a public nuisance, and was a source of injury and damage to them, decreasing the value of their pro- perty, especially as sites for villas and elegant dwellings ; and that they, the plaintiffs, would bo exposed to constant annoyance, inconvenience, and ' Itcport (unpublished) of Finance Committee, JulyOlh, 1888. ^ ll«!port of Governors of Prote«tant Hospital for Insane for the year 18S7. ^ Animal Report (unpublished) of Hoard of Uovernoni of the Protestant Hospital for the Insane for the year 1888. [burokss] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 87 danger, with groat risk of diseaso through tho contamination of tho air and tho pollution of tho Iliverd St. Lawrence and St. Piorro by the sew- age from tho hospital. Tho boartl of governors, believing there was ro foundation in fact for tho complaint, and being advised by their honorary cotinsel, Mr. I IE. Davidson, that in his opinion the plaintitVs could not, at that stage of tho undertaking at least (if at any time) maintain tho said action, in- structed defence to be tiled on behalf of the corporation. This was done, and tho case specially tried in tho Superior Court before the Honourable Mr. Justice Jetti5, tho present lieutenant-governor of the province, on tho 11th of December, 1888. After tho examination of sonioseventy-tivo witnesses, argument was tixed for .lanuary llth, 1889, the result being that tho action was dismissed with costs.' The case was then tarried b}' tho plaintitis to tho Court of Appeal, where, on March, 2lst, 1891, Judgment was rendered by Chief Justice Sir A. A. Dorion sustaining tho decision of the Sujjorior Court and dismissing the appeal. Leave to carry it to tho Privy Council was moved for and granted, but this stop was never taken, the plaintiffs withdmwing the case and paying all costs. In spite of this litigious opposition tho work of construction pro- ceeded steadily onward during 1889, and by the spring of 1890 the admin- istration building and west wing, all that the funds of tho corporation permitted them to erect at that time, were completed. Dr. Thomas J. W. Burgosf^, assistant superintendent of tho Hamilton asylum, and pre- viously assistant superintendent of tho London asylum, a pupil and godson of Dr. .loseph Workman's, was chosen as medical sui)orintondent, and took charge of tho institution on May Ist, 1890.' At this period, tho financial position of the management, owing to the fact that the expenditure had boon much in excess of what had been calculated upon, was an extremely strained one. So much so was this tho case that but for tho help accoi-ded by the President, lion. J, K. Ward, Mr. James Shearer, Mr. Robert Rcid, and a few others amongst tho ' Aniiuiil Rt'itort (unpublisluMl) of Board of Governora of the Protestant Hospital for the Insane for tlie year 1888. ''The ulUcerHand board of ninnagcniunt at the date of opening the hospital were a.H under : President, Hon .1. K. Ward; First Vico-PreHident, Charles Alexander; Second Vice-PreHident, John H. R. MolHon ; Honorary Treaxurer, F. Wolferstun Thomas ; Honorary Secretary, Ur. .John WanlesH; Honorary Counsel, Dr. L. H. Davidson. Q.C ; Secretary, Edward Hollis. Board of Management— His Ix)rdship Bishop Bond, Rev. .lames Barclay, James Brown, John Block, Rev. Dr. Cornish, M. Davis, Walter Drake, W. S. Evans, George Esplin, William Eunrd, M. Golitstein. George Hague, William Kennedy, Henry Lyman, James Moore, James McBride, Colin McArthur, Alfred Perry, William Rutherford, William Reid. R. G. Iteid. Robert Reid, Rev. Dr. Shaw, James Shearer, I. H. Stcirns, F]. E. Shelton, J. C. Watson, Mrs. Dovtr, MissDow, Miss Ethel Frothingham, Mrs. John H. R. Molson, Mrs. R G. Rcid, Mrs. Robert Reid, Mrs. F. WolfersUn Thomas, Mrs. J. K. Ward. 88 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA govornorrf, who bocamo poreonally iX'sponsiblo for some 820.000 of indobt- cdnoss, the hospital would in all probability have coino to an untimely end. To cover this dcHeit, complete the furnishing of the building, and meet the running expenses, a further sum was borrowed from the gov- ernment, making the total liability of the corporation thereto 850,000. The first patient was received into the hospital on July 15th, 18!)0, and before the end of that year there had been one hundred and thirty- nine admissions. Fifty-eight of these, thirty-nine men and nineteen women, came from Longue Pointe asylum. No patients wei-e received fi-om the Beauport institution at this time, inasmuch as by the terms of its contract with the proprietors, the government had no power to remove any of the inmates therefrom, unless recovered. In 1894, however, this contract having expired, a number of the Protestant insane were trans- ferred to Verdun. One of these had been a resident of the Quebec a.**}- lum over forty-eight years. Among the most momentous questions in the conduct of the hospital now became the maintenance of indigent patients, and on February 2nd, 1891, an agreement for their support was enteivd into between the cor- poration, repi-esented by the Hon. J. K. Ward, and the government, represented by the Hon. Charles Langelier, provincial secretary. Jiy this agreement, which was for a ])eriod of five years dating from the ope^iing of the hospital, the government undertook to pay for all Pi-o- testant public patients at the rate of 811G per annum, the ju-ovince to assume and retain the absolute control of the medical service, with the understanding that it would appoint such physicians as the corporation might recommend, ])rovided they had the neees.sary qimlifications. Un- der these conditions, the medical superinlendent. Dr. Hurgess, became and remains a government official. Another essential :\rticle in the agreement was that the government undertook to maintain the Pr«>teslant character of the institution, secured by its act of incorporation, and that the jtowers, rights and privileges conferr*>d upon the hospital and its board of g(>vernt)rs by the said act should not be impaired in any respecu by the contract.' The agreement thus made was the subject of much heated discussion nmongsl the nn'nibei-s of the board of governoi's, some of whom main- tain. mI tlint il wiiH but a continuance of the " farming out ' sNstem, wbicb it had lii'cii I lie I'ttreintisi idt-a of tin- founders to terminate. It was i.^ld by the inujotlly, however, that inasmuch as by th** charter of incorpora- tion all nioneys received Irom whatever sourw; must hv> applied to the B\ippoll of thf hospital and the care of the inmates, thei-e co\ild lie no suspicion of an attempt on (he part of any unc t<» niakt^ a revenue out of the patients which was the essential element in the decried system. Moreover, under the terms of the contract, the medical control was vested ■ Aniuial Report of the ProtcHtaiit lIoHpital foi limitiiK fur the year 18iK>, p. SSt. [bukokbh] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 80 in tho government, whoso officer, in the person of the medical suporin- tondent, had tho prescribing of all treatment, medical, moral, dietetic and hygienic ; the hiring and dismissal of all attendants and the regulation of tho number of such to be employed ; and the power to order any altera- tion he might see tit in the buildings that would tend in any way to tho betterment of the condition of the patients. My the end of 18SM, ])r. Burgess reported that his male public wards were tilled, and that to strive to crowd more patients into them would be doing an injustice to those already in residence. For this reason, and to enable him to make u bettor classiHcation of the inmates, ho urged tho construction of the east wing ut the earliest possible moment, saying ; " In the matter of proper classitication, one of tho most imi>ortant feat- ures of modern hospital treatment, we are sadly handicapped by the lack of a sufficient number of wards. In eight con .dors we have to |)rovido accommodation for men and women, Dublic and private patients. Ere it can bo a hospital jiroper, our institution must admit of as broad a classiti- cation us is consistent with safety and reasonable economy. '■To u.s80ciate quiet and orderly ])atients with the violentand noisy, — the filthy and destructive with the cleanly and tidy, — the dangerous with the liarn»lesB,— and the suicidal with those who can bo trusted, detracts much from the j)rospects of recovery. The delusional insane, intelligent in every res|)ect than on a few poiiits, should not be compelled to mix with the demented and imbecile; the intirm, requiring tho added com- forts of an intirnujry ward with plenty of air and 8un.shine, should not occupy the same rooms as those physically strong ; tho convalescents, who need rest and quiet, should not be compelled to bear the sight and sound of acutely excited i)atients. Kspecially should demented (wet and dirty) patients bo provided with separate accommodation. To scatter H\>ch through the general wards lowers the tone of all the wards, and is, to .say the least, un]ileasant to other ]>atients, many ot whom are hyper- sensitivi'. This class, often requiiing lo be fed by hand, demanding iVe- quiiit bathing with changes of clothing and Ix'dding, in short having to be treated like helpless childron, should lu" placed who>v they can ivceivo s)»e(ial attention aasiigu oC tlii« roHolutioii, addroHsus wore mndu by Sir Donuld A. Smith (now Jiord Stmthconn and Mount Iloyal), Mr. W. W. Ogilviu, Mr. F. VVoUbrstan Thomas, Mr. Jonathan IIodgHon, Mr. George llagtio, J)r. T. G. IJocidiik, Mr. Ilicluird VVIiite, Mr. Jloiiry liyinun, Dr. Campbell and others, liet'ore the ,ch>.se of the proceedin^.^, tho undermentioned deli'^iiti'H were Helected to go to (iuet)oc' and express to tho govornmont the si'ntimonts of the meeting: Hon. J. K. Ward, Mr. Charles Ale.xander, Mr. F. WoU'erstan Thomas, Mr. Robert Ueid, Mr. AH'red Perry, Mr. G. W. Stephens, Mr. George JIaguo, Mr. A. F. Gault, and Mr. S. Finley.' Tho i.ssue of the debentures having been agreed to by the govern- ment on the proposed terms, plans for the new wing were prepared by Miwsr.s. Wright & Son, architects, of Montreal. The tenders called for placed the cost of the pro|)osed addition at $40,571, and work was com- menced forthwith in the autumn of 18!»2. Through the generosity of Mr. John H. II. Molson, tho hospital during tlie same year, lHi)i, was enabled to erect a gymnasium, attached to which was a bowling-alley and curling-rink. Other improvements made were the construction of new farm -buildings and tlio laying of a main sewer from the laundry to the river. In the following 3'ear, tho old farm-cottago at tho fi-ont of tho grounds was converted into a very picturesque entrance-lodge, and tho electric tire-ularm system was introduced throughout tho establishment. In 181»4, the new wing was finished, furnished, and occupied, thus somewhat relieving tho congested condition of the old wards. Facilities for classification wore, however, still limited, and the payment of tho intercut on the $15O,0U0 of bonds, amounting to $6,750 yearly, was a voiy serious charge on the manugement, the more esjiecially as the sum paid lor the support of public ])atients fell considerably short of the cost of their maintenance. In connection with these matters, tho board had an interview by appointment with the provincial secretary in the summer of ,that year. At this interview, tho Hon. Mr. Polletier stated that the government fully recognized tho fact that tho rate paid by it was inadequate, and intimated that on the expira- tion of tho then existing contract, in July of tho following year, this would be remedied. He also stated that the question of aid in tho erec- tion of a separate building for idiots and the chronic, troublesome insane, cither by appropriation or the guaranteeing of an additional loan, would 1)0 favourably considered. In accordance with this statement, tho gov- ornmont, in 18H5, in lieu of an inci-ease in tho rate of maintenance, agreed to assume tho payment of tho interest on $186,000 for throe years. This sum included the $150,000 worth of bonds already issued, and a further issue to the extent of $35,000 on similar conditions. By this agroomont > Montreal IleraUl, June 7tl), 18U2, [3t'RaK8H] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 93 tlio ruto of tnaintonunco wiih virtually increased to $150 por patient unnu- ally, the HUin which tho govcrnoi-s liiul UHkoJ. With the $.'{5,000 was to bo erected ii Hcpurutu building for one hundi'cd inihecilu and violent pa- tients. Plans having been prepared by MoHsrs. Taylor & (iordon, tho conHtruction of this building, known aw the "Annex," was begun in tho spring and completed in tho fall of IH'Jti, at a coHt of about $.'iO,iiOO. Tho year which witnchsed the completion of the annex saw also tho organisation of a training nchool for nui-scs in connection with tho insti- tuti«)n, and the destruction by tire, on Chrixtnuin morrung, of tho hospital stables, liy this misfortune, hajipily unattended by loss of human lifb, much inconvenience and considerable expense was entailed on tho man- agement through tho destruclion of all the horses, vehicles and agricul- tural implements, as well as the winter supply of hay and oats The summerof 1K!»7 beheld tho opening of the annex and the erection of an infirmary. Hy tho occupation of the former, the trying conditions incident to overcrowding weit* greatly relieved, and tho suiwrintendent was enabled to make a classitication that added much to tho comfort of tho entire household. Tho construction of tho latter, which when opened is to bo placed in charge of a trained hospital nurse, will enable medical and surgical cases to receive many of the advantages of modern treatment that could not bo atlbrded them in tho general wards of tho hospital. Other improvements made during this year consisted in the erection of a now barn and stable, the introduction of a now and enlarged electric light plant, and tho increase of tho water-supply by tho construction of an ad- ditional underground water-tank, with a capacity of ninety thousand gallons. The same year, 1897, was a memorable one in tho annals of tho hos- pital, inasmuch as it was tho first in which tho members of tho corpora- tion could congratulate themselves that tho ordinary revenues had mot tho cost of maintenance. While a joyous one in this respect, it was a sad one in that it witnessed the death of Mr. Molson, its tried supporter. John Henry Bobinson Molson, one of Montreal's most noteworthy jitizcn- and philanthropists, was born at Kingston, Ont., on June 5th, . 82(1, and moved with his father to Montreal in 1835. Educated at Dr. El;ickVi school in the latter city, and at Upper Canada College, Toronto, ho afterwards entered into businohs as one of the members of tho Molson Brewing Company, of which, at the time of his death. May 28th, he was tho president. Of the eminent business men of Montreal, Mr. Molson ranked among tho foremost, occupying for thirty-two years a place on the Board of Directors of tho Molsons Btink, which had been founded by his uncle, Mr. William Molson. Of these thirty-two years, twenty-one were spent as its vice-president, and nine as its president. In educati(mal mattei's, his interest was pronounced, and McGill University, of which ho was senior governor, having declined the chancellorship in favour of Sir ifiS -lilt. mmvmmS^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /.v «?. «? «^.. /. i/j fe ^ 1.0 I.I Iff i^ IIIIIM I 1^ 12.0 1.8 1-25 1.4 III 1.6 < 6" ► /a Hiotographic Sciences Corporation \ ^ k 'ij c\ \ 6^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) •72-4503 ■<^' ,%" mis U.x ^l i f imm mmi.imi '^' - 94 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Donald Smith, was indebted to him for many munificent gifts. In phil- anthropic att'airs, Mr. Molson's interest was no less keen, and there were but few charitable enterprises in which he was not a sharer. Of the many generous contributions to the funds of the Verdun Hospital, those of himself and his widow, the daughter of Mr. John Frothingham, of the well-known firm of Frothingham & Workman, Montreal, were by far the largest, aggregating over $40,000. The gymnasium, called the Molson pavilion, was also built and equipped by him. At the opening of the in- stitution, Mr. Molson had occupied the position of its vice-president, and ever displayed an earnest anxiety for its welfare. Another notable event of the year 18'J7 was a visit, on September 10th, from the members of the Psychological Section of the British Medi- cal Association, then meeting in Montreal. Many of the visitors were among the foremost alienists of the day, and after thoroughly inspecting the hospital they warmly congratulated the management on its efficiem^y. At the annual meeting of the corporation, held February 15th of the present year, a well-merited tribute of respect was paid to the father of the institution, Mr. Perr}^ by the board of governors electing him to the position of Honorary Presidei.t for life. At the same me jting, the Hon. Mr. J. K. Ward retired from the presidency, after nine years of good and faithful service, and was succeeded by Mr. F. Wolferstan Thomas, who had been treasurer of the hospital since 1885. At the time of writing, the Protestant Hospital for the Insane con- sists of three separate buildings for patients. The main, or original building, three stories in height, has a frontage of three hundred and fifty feet, and is built of coursed, gray limestone with cut stone trimmings. It com prises a central, executive department, and two wings, with rear exten- sions, to accommodate two hundred and ninely-six patients. In front, the former contains on the ground floor the various offices and reception rooms, above which are the medical superintendent's apartments ; in rear, it embraces the kitchen, bakeiy, assistant superintendent's and matron's quarters, storerooms, &c., while in the upper story is situated a fine assembly hall. Communication with the several parts of the building is obtained by means of corridors radiating from a central octagonal well, which extends unbroken to the roof, and is lighted by a skylight the full size of the same. The second of the structures which constitute the estab- lishment is the annex, a two stoiy, red brick building, one hundred and twenty-five feet long, made up of a central portion containing quarters for an assistant medical officer, kitchen, and ward dining-rooms ; and four corridors to accommodate one hundred and four patients. The third building is the infirmary, which is a two-story, stone structure, in keeping with the main edifice, and has a capacity of twelve beds, with diet kitchen, operating, and post mortem rooms attached ; wide, open bal conies, with a southern exposure, are provided, so that convalescing and [BURflESSj CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 98 even bod-ridden patients '.vheeled to them may enjoy the benefit of the health-giving breezes that sweep from the broad St. Lawrence across the verdant lawns. The laundry, engine, and boiler-rooms, and space lor electric light plant are contained in a detached, brick building some dis- tance in rear of the hospital proper, above which rises the water-tower affording the requisite pressure for the distribution of water over the es- tablishment. Other improvements contemplated, when funds will admit, are the erection of a detached building for the use of nurses, where, when off duty, they may be free from the worry and noise incident to ward life, a detached rcMdence for the medical superintendent, and additional outside workshops for the introduction of greater variety in the occupa- tion of the patients. The institution was originally heated and ventilated by what is known as the Smead-Dowd .system, but this, being unsatisfactory as re- garded its heating possibilities, has been replaced in great measure by steam. The entire capacity of the establishment is four hundred and twelve, and its present population three hundred and twenty-seven patients. The officers of the corporation consibt of a president, two vice-presi- dents, an honorary secretary, and an honorary treasurer, who are elected annually from the board of governors. The business affairs of the estab- lishment are conducted by a board of management, consisting of twentj'- four members in addition to the officers of tho corporation, who are ex officio members thereof.' Neither the officers of the corporation nor the members of the board of management receive any remuneration for their services, neither, by its by-laws, can supplies for the institution be pur- chased from any of them. The only paid official of the corporation is the secretary to the board of management. In addition to an annual meet- ing of the corporation, hold in January of each year, the board of gov- ernor meets quarterly to receive a report on the affairs of the hospital from the board of management, the meetings of which are held fort- nightly. The quorum for the board of governors consists of ten, and that for the board of management of five members. The medical staff of the establishment consists of a superintendent and an assistant superintendent, who live in the institution, and a consult- ing surgeon, a consulting physician, a gynaecologist, and a pathologist, who m 'The present offlcers and board of management are. "resident, F. Wolfer- stan Thomas ; First Vice-President, Charles Alexander ; Second Vice-President, J. C. Wilson ; Honorary Treasurer, Samuel Finley ; Honorary Secretary, Robert Reid. Board of Management— William Reid, Daniel Wilson, R. Wilson Smith, David Robertson, James Wilson, George Hague, A. D. Nelson, Jeffrey H. Burland, Rev. Bishop Bond, Rev. Dr. Barclay, Rev, Dean Carmichael, I. H. Stearns, George Esplin, George R. Prowse, Edward L. Bond, G. W. Sadler, Hon. J. K. Ward, Peter Lyall, John Dillon, Dr. James Stewart, James Moore, James McBride, Colin McAr- thur, Dr. G. W. Lovejoy. n' ■■';■■■ Hi 96 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA have tl oir residence in the city.' Over and above their duties at the hos- pital, the superintendent and assistant superintendent deliver lectures on mental diseases, the former at McGill University, the latter at Bishop's College University. As regards inspection, the hospital is subject to the statutory visitations of the government inspectors and grand jury. In addition, there is a vis- iting committee appointed by the board of management from amongst the governors. This consists of two governors for each week in the year, whose duty it is to visit the institution weekly, and repoi't anything they may deem necessary to the board of management. The average annual rate of maintenance being about S175 per patient, whereas the govern- ment allowance is but $150, the dericit has to be made up from sub- scriptions derived from the charitable public. There is, besides, the in- terest obtained from an endowment fund now amounting to about $40,000. This fund, which is steadily increasing, was inaugurated in 1894 by Mrs. John 11. R Molson with a generous donation of $10,000, given to establish the Frederick Frothingham Memorial Fund in memory of her late brother. The superintendent of the hospital is a firm believer in the absolute non-restraint system, and since the opening of the institution there has been no case of restraint within its walls. In his first report, he says on this subject : " I am pleased to say that since the opening of the hospital the' e has been no resort whatever to any form of mechanical restraint, for either surgical or other purposes. The idea formulated by Dr. ConoUy and others that the insane can be controlled, and that, too, more effectually, without the use of straps, straight-jackets, muffs or wristlets, has been fully borne out here. Not a vestige of restraining apparatus of any kind is about the place, and so far its wards have not received a single case which seemed to justify its use, although there have been several such as a few years ago would have been thought to demand it.'" * Again, at the close of 1892, he writes : " I am pleased to be able to report that still another year has passed without our being obliged to resort to restraint in any form. While not so bigoted as to deny the possibility of the occurrence of cases in which restraint must be resorted to, 1 have yet to see one (other than surgical) so violent and troublesome as not to be manageable by kind and judicious treatment. Sympathetic and cheering words and acts are most potent factors in the management of the insane, > The outside members of the medical staff are :— George E. Armstrong, M.D., Associate Professor cf Clinical Surgery, McGill University, and Surgeon to the Mont- real General Hospital ; F. G. Finley, M.B. (London), M.D., Assistant Professor of Medicine, McGill University, and Physician to the Montreal General Hospital ; F. A. L. Lockhart, M.B. (Edinburgh), Lecturer in Gynaecology, McGill University, and Gynaecologist to the Montreal General Hospital; J. A. Macphall, M.D., M.R.C.S. (Eng.), L.R.C.P. (London), Professor of Pathology, Bishop's College University. ^Annual Report of the Protestant Hospital for the Insane for the year 1890, p. 18. [burgess] CANADIAN INSTITUTION. OR THE INSANE m and suicidal and homicidal patients can, as a rule, be better controlled by good attendants, who will devise 'vays and means to amuse and employ them, than by any form of restraint." ' Fully conscious of the fact that to avoid the use of restraint it is abso- lutely necessary to provide employment and amusement for all patients capable in any degree of engaging therein, every ert'ort is made by Dr. Burgess to occupy and amuse those entrusted to his care. Writing on this point at the beginning of the present year, he says : " A wise man has wisely said : ' If you cannot cure an insane patient, the next best thing if to make him as happy as possible.' Broadly speaking, the foun- dations of recovery in the insane, and, failing recovery, happiness, are in pleasant surroundings, attention to physical comfort, freedom, as far as is compatible with safety, and the provision of suitable employment and amusement. The old saying that His Satanic Majesty always finds work for idle hands is as applicable to the insane as to the sane, and employ- ment, properly dii*ected, is among the chief cui-ative factors in the treat- ment of most forms of mental disorder. If it does not cure, it at least adds much to health and happiness, and goes far to lessen excitement, noise, destructiveness and the necessity for restraint." ' In the endeavour to occupy patients, the amount of work done is not regarded as the primary object, but rather how labour, even if useless or costly, can best be made subservient to treatment. In other words, the employment of patients is looked upon not as a means to lessen expense, though, incidentally, this also can generally be accomplished, but as a means to "lenefit the patient by distracting his thoughts from his troubles, real or imaginary. PRINCE EDWAED ISLAND. Pursuant to a request made by the Home Government, the legisla- tive council of Prince Edward Island, in 1840, passed " An Act to autho- rize the erection of a building, near Charlottetown, as an Asylum for Insane Persons and other objects of charity, and to provide for the future maintenance of the same." The cost of building and land was not to exceed £1,500 currency, which sum was granted by the Home Govern- ment out of moneys realized from the sale of Crown lands in the province. In 1845, during the governorship of Sir Henry Vere Huntley, this act was put in force by the erection of a brick structure designed to hold about twenty-tive patients, one-half in single rooms.' The property pur- chased for the establishment consisted of a plot of ten acres, located at ' Annual Report of the Protestant Hospital for the Insane for the year 1892, p. 21. Ubid., for the year 1897, p. 18. ' This buildinf; was subsequently enlarged by the addition of wooden wings in 1867 and 1875. These additions— the former for fifteen men, the latter for twenty- eight women— were made necessary by the pressure for accommodation. Sec. IV., 1898. 7. m I, %. 98 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Brighton on York River, about one and a quarter miles from Charlotte- town. The admiiiistration of its affairs was vested in a board of trustees composed of the following gentlemen : The Honourable Chief Justice, Edward Jarvis; the Honourable President of the Legislative Council, Robert (afterwards Sir Robert) Hodgson ; Honourable Edward Palmer, Honourable Charles Hensley, Honourable William Swabey. Thomas Pethick, Esq., Joseph Wrightman, Esq., and John Longworth, Esq. At the first meeting of the board, held April 2nd, 184(5, it was resolved that an advertisement should be inserted in the newspap i for parties qualified to fill the several positions of medical officer, master and matron. At the next subsequent meeting, Dr. Mackieson was appointed visiting medical officer at a salary of £25 currency per annum, to be paid extra for all drugs supplied for the use of the patients, and Sergeant Samuel W. Mitchell and wife were made master and matron. The first order for admission was given by the board May 1st, 1841, when eight patients were directed to be received. On June 14th, follow- ing, however, less than a month after their admission, these unfortunates were ordered to be discharged, and the asylum was transferred to tho government to be used as a hospital for some immigrants, who had arrived on the barque, " Lady Constable," suffering from Asiatic cholera. On the 28th of January, 1848, the Executive Council restored the asylum to the care of the trustees, and on the 2t)th of June it was again opened for its legitimate purposes by the admission of five lunatics and five paupers. From 1847, when it was first opened, until 1869, the building was used for an asylum and a poorhouse, but in the latter year it was found too small for the combined occupancy, and the paupers wore removed to an old military barrack situated about half a mile distant. At first, the master received a certain sura per head for the lunatics and paupers under his care. The amount paid him varied from eight shillings and two pence to ten shillings per week, and included every expense connected with their maintenance except the salaries of himself, the matron and the medical officer.* After a trial of four years this method did not prove satisflactoiy to the trustees; the supplies, there- fore, were ordered to be obtained by tender. In the early days, too, the medical officer visited the institution but once or twice a week, and the master and matron did all the household work without the aid of servants or attendants, depending solely upon the help obtained from the patients or paupers. In 1874, a presentment against the management of the asylum was made by the grand jury, after one of its official visits. The medical officer and master were both indicted for what was called " the horrible > Annual Report of the Medical Superintendent of the Lunatic Asylum, Charlotte- town, P. E. L, for the year 1878, p. 9 i; ! tBPRGKSS] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE oe abuse of tho patients ; " the wliole province was thrown into an uproar, and the Home Government sent a censuring despatch to that of tho Island in the matter. The immediate result was a change in manuife- me-Tt, the officers indicted being dismissed, and Dr. Mackieson succeeded in ufrco, after a tenure of over twenty-eight years, by the present able superintendent, Dr. Edward S. Blanchard, who assumed duty in August, 1874. The ultimate result was a movement toward the founding of a new and more modern hospital to replace tho oKl and antiquated hina- tie asylum. The movement thus started led to the passage, in 1877, of a new lunacy act providing for the erection of tho "Prince Edward Island Hospital for the Insane," the abolishing of the office of visiting medical officer, and the i ;ation of that of medical superintendent in its stead ; the new official to be provided with quarters in the building, and to devote his whole time to the institution. By the same act the board of trustees was reduced in number to tive members.' As a site for the establishment, one hundred and twenty acres of government land were appropriated on the Hillsborough Kiver at a distance of about three miles from Charlottetown, and four and a half from the old asylum. Work was begun in the summer of 1877, brick and stone being the materials selected for construction, and, by the fall of 1879, a portion of the edifice was ready for occupation. This part, con- sisting of the centre building and west wing, was taken possession of for the patients, eighty-six in number, on December 10th of that year. The ■cost of the structure, the east wing of which is still unbuilt, was in tho vicinity of 0100,000. The household at this time consisted of eighty-six patients, the medical superintendent, a supervisor, a matron, an engineer, a fireman, a farmer, seven attendants and four servants. It had been intended that the hospital should be provided with gas, but, as no grant was made for that purpose, the building was lighted with kerosene oil. The danger arising from this system of illumination has been frequently pointed out by Dr. Blanchard, but it still remains unremedied. In 1889, the building had become so overcrowded that the Executive Council decided to utilize the rooms occupied by the medical superin- tendent for patients' quarters. That officer was again accordingly made a visiting instead of a resident one, since when, as was to be expected from such a retrograde movement, the annual percentage of recoveries has been much decreased.^ It was not intended, though, that this change of system should be permanent, and, at the time it was made, plans and 1 The present Board of Trustees is composed of Hon. A. B. Warburton, M.L.A., President, Hon. B. Rogers, M.L. A., Hon. J. R. McLean, M.L.A., S. Blanchard, Esq., and Ewen McDouKall) Esq. ; Wm. Smith, secretary and treasurer. ^ Annual Report of tlie Trustees and Medical Superintendent of the Prince Edward Island Hospital for the Insane, for the year 1896, p. 16. B 'ii s. A'; I I'm iiS ^1 mmmmmmmmtii %, 100 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ,» specifications hud already been drawn for tlie erection of a residence for tiie superintendent upon the hospital grounds. Tlie work, however, WHS delayed from time to time ; then came a change in the Administra- tion, and nothing has yet been done towards the end so much to bo desired. By this conversion of the superintendent's quarters and the fitting up of the attic to accommodate patients, the capacity of the institution was raised from one hundred, to one hundred and thirty-five beds. But the relief thus gained has been long exhausted, the actual number of patients now in residence being one hundred and eight3'-tive. To remedy this evil the sum of $25,000 was granted, and a contract let, in the autumn of 180t), to build the east wing. This addition would provide accommo- dation for one hundred and twenty patients, but, unfortunate!}', although the work was to have been completed last year, nothing has yet been done beyond a little excavating, and the accumulating of some building material upon the ground. I have been informed that it is the intention of the government to utilize the now wing when completed for the reception both of lunatics and paupers, and that those of the latter class now occupying the old barracks shall be removed to it. This is much to be regretted as it is a distinctly backward step in the care of the insane, in fact a reversion to the plan abandoned nearly thirty yeare ago. The proposed combination of a poorhouse with the asylum is a system now denounced by nearly all good authorities. As regards the system of treatment pursued, Dr. Blanchard informs me that in the present greatly overcrowded state of the hospital it is impossible to dispense with restraint, and that, while strongly in favour of the employment of patients, he can do but little toward this end under the present method of management, and without the requisite means to carry it on. The same applies to the provision of amusement. The great evil, however, as pointed out by him is the management of the hospital without a resident physician. The superintendent has never had an assistant, and, as he cogently observes, "With only a daily visit, it is utterly impossible to do justice to any acute case of disease, and it is from acute cases only that recoveries are obtainable.'" NOVA SCOTIA. Nova Scotia was the last of the old British North American prov- inces to erect a hospital ibr its insane. Previous to 1858, pauper lunatics were sent to the " Lunatic Ward " of the Provincial and City Poors' Asylum in Halifax, or cared for at home, in what way can be imagined. 1 Annual Report ot the Trustees and Medical Superintendent of tbe Prince Edward Island Hospital for the Insane, for the year 1891, p. 7. ^ {buroess] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS iOR THE INSANE 101 Patients whoso friends could iitlbrd to ])ay Ibr them found aeoommoda- tion in the United States or tlio adjoining province of New IJrunswiok, whoso hospital for the insane antedated that of Nova Scotia by ton years. In iH-lCt, Lord Falkland, then Governor of Nova Scotia, appointed the lion. Hugh Bell, Samuel P. Fairbanks, Esq., and Dr. A. F. Sawers a commission to visit the United States in quest of information with refer- ence to the construction and management of a hospital for the insane lor the province of Nova Scotia. The Journals of Assembly for the same year contain the report of this commission, as also an account of a committee of assembly, with T. A. S. Do Wolf, Esq., as chairman, recommending an annual grant for five yeais lor the ])urpose of " purchasing the necessary grounds, and erecting and furnishing such buildings as would meet the requirements of the province." For some years after, efforts were made to establish the institution, and both private donations and legislative grants were made for the pur- pose. Among the former was the sum of £1,670 loft by Mr. John Brown, a wealthy merchant of Halifax, the intei'cst of which was to be appro- priated for the support of the indigent insane, and £300, a year's salary of the then mayor of the city of Halifax, ITon. Hugh Bell. The condi- tion attached to Mr. Bell's donation was that the interest upon it and an ^idditional £200, the gift of an anonymous friend of his, should for tho fii-st four years be devoted to the purchase of books for a hospital library. It was net, however, until 1856 that, largely through the persistence And perseverance of Mr. Boll, tho corner-stone of the present hospital, tho first and only one in the province, was laid with Masonic honours on Juno 8th. From this time on, steady progress was made, and a part of the south wing was completed and furnished by the autumn of 1858. The admin- istration department being still only on paper, a portion of the finished .structure was partitioned off for a commissioners' office, kitchen, chapel, iind apartments for tho superintendent, steward and matron. The executive officci's took possession of their temporary quarters on the first day of December, 1858, the first medical superintendent being Dr. J. R DoWolf, who had been appointed such in May of tho previous year. On the 2Gth of the same month the first patient was admitted, and within the next four weeks eighteen others \vore received, thirteen of the number being transfers from the poors' asylum of Halifax.' This institu- tion, now tho Halifax City Asylum and Poor House, was supported jointly by tho province and city. It received paupers from all parts of the province, and had two wards for lunation. In Tuke's Dictionary, we road : " Although, in every community, men andj'woraen and the medical profession have been ready to promote tho •^Report of the Commissioners and Medical Superintendent of the Provincial Hospital for the Insane at Dartmouth, Halifax, N.S., for the year 1858, p. 24. ».. !i :'|i'l iii MHIkt' 1 ■}* ,-1 ♦! 102 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA intorcstH of tlio insane, the numo of Dorotliea L. Dix stands foremost iimon^ all. Her oHbrts in improving the condition of the insane wore not confined to her native State of Massachusetts, but extended to other States and distant lands. Her life was devoted to their interests, and it is stated that no less than thirty asylums owe their establishment directly or indirectly to her persistent etlbrts.'' ' The Nova Hcotia hospital for the insane bears the honour of havini^ had its site selected by this world- renowned and universally esteemed philanthropist, who, as a further mark of her sympntiiy for sutlering humanity, gave a collection of pictures to ornament the hospital walls. The grounds comprised eighty-five acres of land, only a small por- tion of which, however, was arable, picturesquely situated on the Dart- mouth side of the llavbour of Halifax, at a distance of about two miles from the city. While excellent as a site, the shape of the lot was ill- adapted for an institution of ind, being more than a mile in length but only about six hundred ^ width, so that the south wing of the building came within a few feet of the boundary line, and the north wing, when completed, left only room for a roadway' on the hospital property. The plans and specifications for the building were prepared by Dr. C. H. Nicholls, the distinguished superintendent of the OJovernment Hospital for the Insane, at Washington, D. C, of which institution it was a modified copy. It was built of brick, made for the most part on the premises, and was designed with wings two and three stories high, the centre building being four. By the terms of the act of management, passed May Tth, 1858, the title of the establishment was declared to be the " Provincial Hospital for the Insane," and its object defined as " the most humane and enlight- ened curative treatment of the insane of this Province." The Governor, the Chief Justice, the Provincial Secretar}-, the President of the Legisla- tive Council, the Speaker of the House of Assembly, and the heads or authoiized representatives of all the Christian churches in the province were made ex-officio visitors of the hospital. The management of the hospital was at first vested in a body of Commissioners, nine in number, appointed by the Governor in Council, July, 1858, the original members being Dr. D. McNeil Parker, chairman, and Messrs. George H. Starr, Daniel Creamer, Samuel A. White, David Falconer, John A. Bell, John Doull, Dominick Farrell, and John W. Ritchie.'' The act of 1858 did not specify what rates were to be charged the various municipalities for the care of their insane, merely guarding , ' Dictionary of Psychological Medicine, by D. Hack Tuke, M.D., p. 90. '^ Report of the Commissioners and Medical Superintendent of the Provincial Hospital for the Insane at Dartmouth, Halifax, N.S., for the year 1858, p. 13. [burgbsb] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE loa against ovoreliari^o by stating : " Indigent personH and paupers hIuiH bo charged for niodical attendance, board, and nursing, wliile residents of the hospital, no more than ilia actual cost." One of the tirst duties of the commissioners was, therefore, to tix the rates at which indigent persons, chargeable against counties or townships, should be admitted. Tiiis they did, niaidng the rate for males thirty-two pounds ten shillings, for females twenty-six pounds per annum. These amounts were estimated to bo considerably under the actual cost of maintenance.' The rate for private paying patients was fixed at tifty pounds |ier an- num, those requiring extra accommodation and attendance to be charged accordingly. Insane, transient paupers were authorized to be r<(eeivcd at the pro- vincial exj)ense, but only after tho commissioners had been satisfied by affidavit and documentary testimony that such persons were not properly chargeable to any township or county of tho province. The portion of the building'first constructed ])rovidod for only ninety patients, whereas the number of lunatics in the province, including those still remaining in tho poors' asylum, was estimated at not less than three hundred and fifty. In consequence, tho commissioners in their tiret re- port, pubUshed 1859, urged upon His Excellency the Lieulenant-Gov- ernor, the pressing need for increased accommodation. They further stated that there wore several insane criminals in the provincial peniten- tiary, and diffei-ent county jails, who should bo removed to the hospital at Dartmouth, but fov whoso safe-keeping they could not become responsi- ble because the part of the hospital intended by the original design for insane criminals, violent and noisy patients, had not yet been commenced.'^ On December 31st, 1859, tho close of the first year of the hospital's existence, there were in residence fifty-five patients, twenty-eight males and twenty-seven females. Difficulties in the management of the establishment by tho board of commissioners, which arose in 1859, had, in 1860, increased to such an extent as to seriously interfere with the discipline and good government of the institution. Thoy were eventually referred to the Lieutenant- Governor in Council with the result that, the commissioners having re- signed, tho whole control of the hospital was vested in tho Board of Pub- lic Works, tho commissioners of which were Messrs. Hugh Munro, An- drew Mackinlay, and John Gibson, with the Hon. J. H. Anderson, Re- ceiver-General, as treasurer.* In this same year, 1860, the hospital sustained a severe loss in the death of its promoter and staunch advocate, the Hon. Hugh Bell, whoso 1 Report of the Commissioners and Medical Superintendent of the Provincial Hospital for the Insane at Dartmouth, Halifax, N.S., for the year 1858, p. 8. 2/6td!., p. 11. 3 Provincial Hospital for the Insane, Halifax, N.S. Third report of the Medical Superintendent, being for the year 1860, p. 11. 1 ^ k i'. \ 104 UOYAL S0( 1F:TY of CANADA philantliropy and lihorality had ItoiMi of such essential service tr» tlu' iti- sane, in wliom he ever took an especial intercHt. The south half oftlie huildini,' was finished andoccuitied in lS(51,and, in 18(15, the cry slill liein^ '-no room," the Lei^islaturo passed a tyrant of 680,(100 fur a much needed extension. Work was started immediately on the centre huilding and a ])artof the north wing, Iho original design being, in the main, adhered to. These additions were completed in the latter part of IS(J7 and opened for the reception of ])a(ients in 18C8. The trans- fer of the ottices anil otFicers' ([uarters to the new administration building enabled the rooms formerly occupied for those purpo to bo utilized for jmtients as originally designed. This admitted of a much Letter classifi- cation, the new, or north wing being rcseived for females; the old, or south \ving for males. The new wards, three in number, were named after the most prominent benefactors o. the institution, the Bell, Brown, and Bituioy wards.' In 18(i7, a board of three commissioners was appointed to replace the Board of Works in the general supervision of the hospital, part of their duty being to visit it weekly. At the same time, the superintendent, who had hitherto done the work alone, was given a much needed assistant ; Dr. Robert W. McKcagney being appointed to the jiosition. The completion of the hospital was realized in 1S74, its capacity then being three hundred and fifty.-' From the outset the superintendent, Dr* DeWolf, had tabooed restraint, and fully recognized the value of recrea- tion and occupation as remedial agents. The great importance he at- tached to employment is evidenced even at so early a stage as the second year of the hospital's existence by an excellent showing of the work done by both male and female patients." The year 1878 saw two important changes in the management of tho hospital, Dr. DeWolf, after twenty yeai-s' service, giving place to Dr. A. P. Roid, and the Board of Visitors, appointed in 18(J7, to a Board of Pub- lic Charities consisting of five members. Of the new board the Commis- sioner of Works and Mines was chairman, and the Mayor of llalifax an ex officio member. Dr. James R. DeWolf, son of the Hon. T. A. S. DeWolf, was born at Wolfville, N.S., in 1818. He studied medicine at Windsor, N.S., from 1836 to 1838, and received his degree of M.D. from Edinburgh University in 1841. He was during his early daj's clinical clerk to the celebrated Sir Robert Christison, and became an L.R.C.S.E., while later he was > Provincial Hospital for the Insane, Halifax, N.S. Tenth Annual Report of the Medical Superintendent, beinp for the year 18()7, p. 7. -As many as four hundred have at times been crowded into it by the use of sit- ting-rooms for dormitories. ^Provincial Hospital for the Insane, Halifax, N.S. Report of the Medical Super- intendent for the year 1860, p. 10. XliVnOKHS] CANADIAN INSTITUTION'S FOR THE INSANE lOB ■olccled a mombur of tho .Modicjil Society of Paris. After ivtiiriiiiif? to Atncricii he practisi'd for two years, 1812-43, iit Kcntville. X.S,, ami then wont to Hrigiis, Xewfomunund. Removing thonce to Halifax in 18n, lie continnod practice in that city up to 1S,"»7, wjien lie was ap|)ointed nunli- cal superintendent of the recently created hospital for the insaiio. as already described. Br. DeWolt. who still lives in Halifax, was president of the Nova Scotia riiilosophical Society in 1849, and of the Nova Scotia Medical Society in ISlitJ. Krom IH71 to 187.'). he was professor of A^ lical •lurisprndence at Dalhousie University, Halifax, resignini,' with sc> ,al others of the faculty when the medical college was separated I'l tn tho university. In 188(>, there avm vet another revolution in the management of the liospital, the government abolishing the Hoard of Public Charities and making the lion. Commissioner of Public Works and Mines the Hole authority. This arrangement is still in vogue, but has been supplemented by the appointment of an Inspector of Public Charities, Dr. A. C. Page, making the system practically identical with that of Ontario, the working of which has been very successful. In 1802, Dr. Reid resigned the position of medical superintondont and was succeeded by the present incumbent. Dr. George L. Sinclair, whose fifteen years' service as as&'stant superintendent had adnurably -qualified him for the position. Dr. Alexander P. Reid was born in London, Ont., in 183G. I'Mucated at the public schools there, he studied medicine and graduated M.D., CM., at McGill University, Montreal, in 1S5S. The same year he obtained tho ■degree of L.Il.C.P. at Edinburgh, and subsequently (1865) thatof M.D. from tho University of New York. After practising for a short time in the villages of Exeter and Clandeboye, Ont., he joined a party of gold- miners and crossed tho continent to British Columbia. He remained on Ihe Pacific coast up to 18(J4, when ho returned oast and took up his resi- dence at Halifax, N.S., to engage in pinvato practice. On his retirement from the superinlendentship of the hospital for the insane, he assumed a similar position at tho Victoria General Hospital in Halifax, a govern- ment institution. From this he retired at the beginning of the present year, 1898, on an annuity, to a farm he possesses at Middleton in Annap- olis county. Hero ho purposes to spend the remainder of his days. Dr. Reid was one of those who took a prominent jiart in establishing the Halifax Medical College, and held, successively, the Chairs of Physiology, Practice of Medicine, and Hygiene and Medical Juiisprudenco. He was also its president for some years. Under the able management of Dr. Sindaii*, tho Nova Scotia hospi- 'j tal for the insane is kept well up to tho times. It is conducted entirely on the non-restraint principle, and has a training-school for nurses attached. This was organized by Dr. Sinclair in 1893, and has done j il I M ( m>^ 106 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA admirable work in the preparation of attendants to more intelligently dischr. ge their important duties. The institution still remains the only one of the kind in the province, but, Kince 188G, a few counties have erected county asylums, and a num- ber combined county asylums and poorhouses. To these can be transferred the harmless insane from the provincial institution, and to them can be sent direct, idiots, non-violent epileptics, and cases of chronic insanity refused admission there upon statutory grounds. They number, by the Inspector's report for 1897, tiftoen, and are each governed by a commit- tee. The immediate management is entrusted to a keeper and a matron, and there is a visiting medical officer attached. They are also regularly inspected at non-stated intervals by the Inspector of Public Charities. These structures have been erected ii pursuance of a plan outlined by Dr. Eeid, and named by him " The County Cottage Asylum System ; " ^ a plan necessitated by the pressing need of additional room for the insane, and the financial inability of the province to undertake the erection of another hosijital. It is only fair to Dr. Eeid, however, to state that this was but one of four alternative suggestions made by him, and that it was the one ho considered the least desirable, although the cheapest, way to pro- vide the required room. Some of the essentials to Dr. Ileid's scheme as originally outlined were the following, which, unfortunately, have not ahva3^s been adhered to : First, that no patient should be permitted to remain in one of these county asylums who had not been sent from the provincial hospital, and who was by the authorities there considered fit to be thus cared for. Every case temporarily admitted to such asylums to be allowed to remain only long enough to permit of transfer to the provincial institution, thus guarding against the possibility of recent cases being detained there to their detriment. Second, the insane and paupers, though under the same management, to be provided for in separate build- ings, at such a distance apart as to give privacy to the insane, the two classes not being allowed to mix when outside. Third, a farm to be con- nected with each asylum consisting of not less than an acre of good land for each patient. The total accommodation for lunatics in the province of !N"ova Scotia, including both the provincial hospital and these county asylums, is about eight hundred. BRITISH COLUMBIA. In the early days of British Columbia, when it was yet a Crown colony, lunatics were placed in the colonial jail, a brick structure which stood on the [present site of the Law Courts. The jail surgeon was Dr. 1 Twenty-flfth Annual Report of the Nova Scotia Hospital for Insane, for the year 1882, p. 14. A [burgess] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 107 J. S. Helracken (afterwards tlie Hon. J. S. Ilelnacken, M.P.P., and Speaker of the House), who, by virtue of his position, assumed charge of what few lunatics required to he kept in confinement. In 1872, two women (sisters) became insane, and as there was no proper place in the jail for them, they, as well as the male patients therein, were rem')ved to a wooden building on the Songhees Indian Reserve, ami placed in charge of a Mr. A. E. Sharpe as superintendent and Mrs. Ross as matron. This .structure, the first regular institution for the insane in the province, had been originally built for a smallpox hospital, then added to and used as a general hospital, and finally abandoned on the removal of that charit}' to Pandora street, it was reopened to receive the lunatics from the jail, October 12lh, 1872, the records for that year showing eighteen admis.sions, one recovery, and one death. Dr. Helmcken, Dr. J. W. Powell, and Dr. J. B. Matthews, in turn, acted as visiting medical officer to the new institut! a after its inception. Later, Dr. W. H. McNaughton Jones was appointed resident medical officer, and Mr. Sharpe was succeeded, as lay superintendent, bj* Mr. John J. Downley. Up to 1873 no act had been passed for the founding or regulation of asylums, but in that year one, known as the "Insane Asylums' Act," came into force.' It fixed the title of the infa.it establishment as " Asylum for the Insane, British Columbia." This act was amended in 1893 '■' and, together with the amendment, repealed in 1897, a new one, the "Hospitals for Insane Act," replacing it.' Bj' this the official title of the asylum was changed to "Public Hospital for Insane." Early in 1877 it was deemed expedient, in consequence of the asy- lum's being on an Indian reserve and in the city of Victoria, to remove it elsewhere, but there was no suitable site belonging to the govei-nment near the city. It was, therefore, decided that the transfer should be to the mainland, v/here, close to the town of Now Westminster, there was a large tract of provincial land. Some fifteen acres of th.o, most of it dense, unclaimed forest, was apportioned to an asylum.^ Here the nucleus of the present institution was erected in 1877, and opened May 17th, 1878, on which date t'orty-six patients were transfeiTed fi-om the old smallpox hospital at Victoria. Situated on a cleared slope overlooking the Eraser River, and taking in a magnificent panorama of mountain and stream, nothing could exceed the scenic beauty of the site selected. Dr. Jones, the medical officer, and Mrs. Ross,* the matron, accompa- nied the patients to New Westminster, but Mr. Downley, the lay superin- I 51 Vict., Chap. Bl (1873, No. 28, S. 20). 2.56Vict., Ohap. 18. » 60 Vict., Chap. 17. * The amount of this government land that will be assigned finally to the asylum has not yet been definitely settled. " Mrs. Ross continued as matron up to her death, which occurred in November, 1897. a < ' Ii I; 108 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA V.I "''m "i^^ tendent, ifsivo up his position. A few weeks after his removal to the mainland, namely, on Juno 30th. Dr. Jones also resigned, and, after an interregnum of six months,' was succeeded, January 1st, 1879, by Dr. Thomas R. Mclnnes, the present Lieutenant-Governor of the province. This change in staff was accompanied by a new arrangement thereof, Di-. Mclnnes being made visiting medical officer, and Mr. James Phillips, lay superintendent. The original edifice was a plain, two-story, brick building, heated by stoves and grates, lighted by coal-oil lamps, and very badly ventilated. It contained only single rooms for jjatients, and as these were but thirty- two in number, the building, even when opened, was much overcrowded. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that wo should soon find Dr. Mclnnes comjilaining that with a population of forty-nine, forty-one men and eight women, the institution was so full that the superintendent (Mr. Phillips) had to make use of sitting, bath, and clothes rooms for bod -space. Ho had, in addition, to resort to the dangerous and reprehensible practice of putting two patients into some of the single rooms. On this account ho strongly urged upon the government the pressitig necessity for an addi- tion to accommodate not less than seventy-tive patients.^ In 1883, Dr. Mclnnes having resigned, the office of visiting physician was temporarily (successively) tilled by Drs. Sievewright and Masters, until the permanent appointment of Dr. Richard I. Bentley. During the next year, 1884, the ei-ection of an additional wing of more modern design, and a residence for a medical officer, was com- menced. These structures were opened in 1885, at which time the era of superintendence by a layman ceased. Dr. Bentley being appointed medical superintendent, while Mr. Phillips was made steward. The year 1885 is also memorable as the first in which the male patients were allowed to work outside, and, as Dr. Bentley says, " to see them at it proves that they enjoy it thoroughly." ^ The amusements provided for the inmates wore at this period of the most meagre descrip- tion ; even as late as 1888 we find the superintendent regretting that they ha%'e no piano. "The women," hu states, "dance three times a week to music sung by one of their number. The men have a violin and con- certina, which may be heard all day long."* In 1880, extensive improvements were begun, both in the way of additions and of alterations to the old structure, some of the patients being housed in the provincial jail while the changes were going on. The additions included a central building for offices, &c., two wings, each ' The medical service during this inlerrcgnuni was rendered partly by Dr. Jones and partly by Dr. Mclnnes. ■•* Statutes of Britisli Columbia, Appendix to 46 Vict., page 325, Annual Report on the Asylum for the Insane, New Westminster, II. C, for the year 1882. •' Ibid., Appendix to 40 Vict., paj^e 391, Annual Report for the year 1885. * Ibid., Appendix to 52 Vict., page 404, Annual Report for the year 1888. [bukgess] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 109 with a capacity of fifty-ttvo beds, and a separate kitchen and hiundry ; the whole heated by hot water, and liglUod with gas from New Westminster. The water-supplj'-, however, was left extremely defective. This most important requisite to a hospital for the insane was, at this time, got by damming a creek which ran through a ravine about a mile above the asylunc;. The penitentiary, the grounds of which adjoined those of the a.syluBi, derived its supply from the same source, and the unsanitary con- dition of affairs is thus reported by the superintendent: " The water- works, as 1 have informed the Government, have been a source of constant worry, owing to land slides in the Penitentiary grounds, through which our main pipe passes. Every pipe in tlie building is frozen, the well is about dry, and we have been obliged to take the top off the boiler to pre- vent an accident, and keep it supplied by buckets of water to get sufficient for kitchen purposes. Our supply of water at present consists of what we can dip up with buckets from a ditch at the back of the asylum yard." ' In the same report, Dr. Bcntlej' strongly expresses the wish to have separate provision for the Chinese, of whom there were then twenty-seven under care. This was chiefly on account of the dislike of the white pa- tients aiid thoir friends towards having the two races housed together.'' By ISiJO, the additions and alterations had been completed, the asy- lum then consisting of a central, three-story building with a one-story kitchen in rear, and three, two-story wings, one on the south side and two on the north ; the whole constructed of brick with galvanized iron roofs. The centre building included offices, surgery, store-rooms, and assembly room, while each wing comprised two wards one hundred and twelve feet long by thirty-six feet wide, with a twelve foot central corridor. The population at the close of the year was one hundred and seventeen, made up of one hundred and two men and fifteen women. Although there was a large area of virgin-forest land adjoining the institution, agricultural operations were conducted on a very limited scale as indicated by the following excerpt from the superintendent's report for this year: "We will not be able to put in our spring crop, attend to the weeds during the summer, do the fencing, carpentering, painting, cleaning, road-making, &c., &c., unless wo are allowed a horse and cart. We ought to have more than one cow. We have tried a few chickens, which are doing well, and wo have a couple of pigs."^ Dr. Bentloy alsa complained of the paucity of attendants, a keeper having been nearly killed before he received assistance, through being alone with the patienta at meal times. The distribution of attendants was, he stated, as fol- lows: " A. ward, fifteen women ; B. waid, full, with twenty-four conva- 'Statut.es of British Columbia, Appendix to 53 Vict., p. 417. Annual Keport oa the Aisyluni for the Insane, New Westminster, B.C., for the year 1889. 2/6irf.,p. 413. '^ Ibid., Appendix vo54 Vict., p. 'M2. Annual Report for the year 1890. 1 1 . no ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA lescents, two keepers (one the carpenter and one the outdoor overseer) ; C. ward, for the fractious, has twenty-eight beds, -"ith twenty-six patients, two keepers (one the gardener) ; D. ward has twenty-eight beds, all full of paralyzed, sick and helpless patients. To attend to this ward is the head keeper, who also has charge of the male patients' clothes when they come in, has to keep check of the clothes going to and coming from the wash, and a dozen other kinds of work, assisted by the plumber, who has put in part of every day lately looking after the supply water pipes ; B. ward is unoccupied ; F. ward is occupied by twenty-three Chinese and one Indian, under the charge of a single keeper. A second is urgently needed. As each keeper is allowed one afternoon a week away from the institution, the keepei"s have to change about so that C ward at least shall always have two attendants. If one keeper is away sick, all work must be stopped until his return," * In 1892, the waterworks of New "Westminster were connected with the asylum, the supply coming from Ooquitlan Lake, eight miles distant, and for the fir^.c time in its history the institution had abundance of water, and of the purest quality. During the same year, the superintendent, who had theretofore done all the work alone, w*\s given a clerk to assist him in the correspondence and keeping of the books. In 1894, charges of ill-treatment of patients and the excessive use of restraint having been made against the asylum, a Eoyal Commission, con- sisting of Dr. Edward Hasell and Dr. Charles F. Newcombe, was ap- pointed by the government to investigate them. The evidence, taken under oath, showed the charges to have been only too well founded. Re- straint, and that of an unusually severe character, had been freely resorted to on the male wards not only as a means of preventing violence but as punishment, while other still more appalling cruelties had been practised with the cognizance of the superintendent. The methods of mechanical restraint, or punishment, found to be in use were steel handcutfs, steel anklets, leather mitts, leather muft's, leather anklets, pinion straps, camisoles and straight-jackets. No record was kept of the restraint employed, and the attendants were allowed to resort to it a I will. Patients were i-eported as sleeping with their hands confined in handcuffs behind them for many nights in succession ; in one case, at least, for weeks together. Beating with straps was admitted to be a very common occurrence, and according to the patients the buckle end was occasionally used. Kicks and blows with the fist were frequent incidents of maltreatment. Of the forms of restraint used the commission found the straight- jacket to be the most severe, and thus described its application : "The patient is first thrown down, the hands are then forced into the mits, > Statutes of British Columbia, Appendix to 64 Victoria, p. 343, Annual Report for the year 1890. [burgess] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE lit which are secured firmly to the waist by a belt ; then a strong, coarse canvas jacket is drawn over the head and laced tightly to the body, and kept down by means of a cord known as the ' martingale,' which passes between the legs. The upper cord passes round the neck and then through eyelets down the back, and is, as described by patients, ' cinched,' much as a saddle is to a horse with the keeper's foot or knee pressed against the patient's body to obtain a good purchase. Some of the keepers admit that the pressure thus produced may be graduated ; is sometimes very severe, even such as to produce swelling of the face. Pa- tients state that their suffering is acute, their breathing is impeded, palpi- tation of the heart sometimes produced, and the circulation of the hands so much checked as to cause cramps and numbness. Apart from the physical torture, a patient when trussed up in the jacket, and powerless to defend himself, becomes an object of ridicule and rough horse-play for those who are unable by their infirmity to pity him. One man could not find words to describe his feeling of shame and the injustice of being thus punished for endeavouring to interfere on behalf of another patient who was being stamped upon by a keeper." ' " Another very severe form of punishment," the commission stated, " is that known as ' ducking,' or the 'cold dip.' The patient is handcuf'-l with his hands behind him, his feet are usually linked together by ank- lers, and thus rendei-ed helpless he is plunged into a bath nearly full of cold water, and his head is held under almost to the point of suffocation. This 'ducking' of the patient's head is repeated until he is sufficiently ' broken in.' " ^ Of these atrocious cruelties the commissioners found that the cold dip had been inflicted for the following offences : " 1. Being troublesome at night. " 2 '^1 one man for drumming on his chest. "3. For running away. " 4. For throwing filth at a Keeper. " 5. On epileptic patients for fighting. " 6. For refusing food. " 7. For dirtying ward. "We have no recoi-d of this punishment being used as a remedial agent." ' Patients were confined in the straight-jacket for : "1. Fighting. " 2. For destructiveness. " 3. For abusing Medical Superintendent or Keepers. ' 1 Statutes of British Columbia. Appendix to 58 Vict., p. 510. Commission on Aaylum for the Insane. *Ibid. » Ibid., p. 511. Report cf Royal Ji 1 ■ 112 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA %i "4. For disturbin<^ others by constant kneeling and praying. " 5. For refusing to work. " 6. For striking the Medical Su]ierintendent or Keepers." ' Sometimes these punishments were not deemed sufficient, and seclu- sion was added. On this point the commission reported in these terms : " In addition to the so-called broom closet, measuring about six feet by four feet, in each ward, used, when considered necessary, for the con- finement of troublesome patients, there is in the basement cellar, wo were astonished to find, a dark cell, made of scantling lined and floored with boards. In this was l^'ing a small piece of matting. It is a very cold place, and near it are places for the storage of vegetables and coal. On. enquir}-, Dr. Bentley at once told us that it had been built and used only for the seciusion of one patient— a Chinaman named Chin Fook Yen — some years ago ; that its construction had not been sanctioned by the Provincial Secretary, and that, indeed, he had considered the matter of such small importance that he had not even reported its existence. On examining the Steward and Keepers, we found that it had been used for at least four other men and for one woman. It is needless to remark that in our opinion confinement in such a cell and in such surroundings is not proper treatment for patients suttering from disease of the mind."^ The result of this investigation was that two male attendants proved to have been guilty of such abuse were at once discharged, and Dr. Bentley was relieved from otfice, his place being temporarilj- filled by Dr. New- combe up to February Ist, 1895, when Dr. G. F. Bodington assumed duty as medical superintendent, a position he still occupies. During the year 1895, a new residence for the superintendent was added to the front of the asylum much to the improvement of its architec- tural appearance. At the same time, the detached building formerly occupied by him was converted into a separate ward for convalescent and orderly female patients, under the name of " Lawn House." An entrance lodge was also built and electric light introduced. While not a believer in the doctrine of complete non-restraint. Dr. Bodington is yet utterly opposed to the employment of restraint as a means of punishment, and under his rule its use has been greatly less- ened, and only the mildest and most humane forms of it resorted to. To bring about this good result, much attention has been given to the provi- sion of occupation and amusement for the patients. Tailoring and shoe- making departments have been organized, farmi.,g has been pushed as vigorously as possible, and amusement-*, musical and otherwise, have been given a prominent place in treatment.' The hospital is still too small for ' Statutes of British Columbia, Appendix to 58 Vict, page oil. Report of Royal Commission on Asylum for the Insane, 2 Ibid. 3 Progress in these directions is necessarily much hindered by the fact that Dr Bodington is unprovided with an assistant. [burgess] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE lis the wants of the province, however, and under date of March 24th, 1898, Dr. Bodington writes me : " Our capacity is nominally 150, but the actual number of patients this day is 212, made up of 175 males and 37 females,* We are much overcrowded, and have been compelled to turn the dining-rooms into dormitories and to give the patients their meals on the coiTidors. The growth of population in the Province is so rapid that the influx of patients overruns the accommodation. The Government, however, is doing its best to meet the necessities of the case and has just built a new wing for sixty patients, and is about to build another of sim- ilar size. New kitchens also, with the requisite store-rooms, cellars, &c., are in progress, as also a large new dining-room capable of accommodat- ing 250 patients. The heating apparatus is very imperfect, but this is about to be put on a new footing, a comprehensive scheme being just now about to be entered upon for heating the whole establishment by steam, and, probably, also providing our own electric light." One of Dr. Bodington's greatest causes of complaint, and justly so, is the deportation to the province of foreigners, who have at home shown themselves, often from hereditary taint, quite incapable of earning a living, and who, when thrown upon their own resources in this country, breakdown under the strain and become inmates of the asylum. On this head his report to the government at the close of the year 1896 was as follows: " On August 6th five patients were sent home to their friends in England, two of them at their own cost, and three partly at their own cost and partly at the cost of the Provincial Government. Of the five, three of them, young men, were improved, the other two, a brother and sister, were recovered. They were handed over to their friends who met them at Liverpool, except the brother and sister who went together, unattended, to their home in the Midland Counties, and who arrived there safely. All these cases were illustrations of a practice too much in vogue in Great Britain, of shipping otf to the colonies weak-minded young persons who are unmanageable at home, and unable to make a career for themselves, or earn a livelihood there. ' He has continued his wild and reckless conduct, and has now been shipped off to the colonies,' is a phrase made use of in the Journal of Mental Science, in the description of a case of the kind now in question. But if a patient of the kind here described is unable, with the assistance and supervision of his friends and relatives, to steer a straight course and make a position for himself in the Old Country, still less is ho likely, when left to himself, to be able to cope with \' > These figures include twenty-one Chinamen and two Indians (one man and one woman). Up to the close of 1H96, the total of Chinese admitted had been thirty-nine, namely, thirty-flve males and four females. The remarkable disproportion between men and women in this asylum arises fiom the threat disproportion between the two sexes in the province. Sec. IV., 1898. 8. |i 1 114 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA the struggles and difficulties of Colonial life. Of the five cases above mentioned, in one the patient was of feeble intellect, and the insanity strongly hereditary, in another the patient was obviously weak-minded originally, and a third was a pronounced epileptic with consequent mania, while the brother and sister suffered from strong family taint. The brother had been previously for three years in an English County Asy- lum, and the sister had suffered from an attack of insanity before coming out here. The brother had only been four daj's in the Province when he again became insane and was sent to the Asylum. He was two years and one month in the Province, the whole of which time, except four days, he spent in the Asylum at the expense of the Government. When last heard of ho was still continuing well, but the sister had suffered a re- lapse, and was again insane at her home in England. I have dwelt some- what at length on these five cases, because they are typical examples of the most undesirable class of immigrants it is possible to conceive. Such jjersons as these now mentioned, who are sent out to be got rid of, are totally unfit for the battle of Colonial life, and they naturally gravitate into the As^'lum and swell the ranks of the already too numerous lunatics, adding, of course, for most of them have lost all the little money they may have had, to the pecuniary burden of the Province. It is hard upon the Colonies that the mother country should 'ship off' these waifs and strays, these victims of ' borderland insanity,' to become, as they almost inevitably must do, when thrown on their own resources out here, confirmed lunatics, who have to be maintained at the expense of the community. The question of the feasibility of sending back to their own parishes in the United Kingdom, patients such as those here described, and other chi-onic lunatics who are now life pensioners on the Government of this Province, is one worthy of serious consideration." ^ MANITOBA. In proportion to its age, the province of Manitoba is well furnished with accommodation for its insane, having two asylums, one at Selkirk, the other at Brandon. Previous to 1871 there seems to have been no provision for lunatics. Amongst the sparse population of the province, while it was yet a part of the old Hudson's Bay Company territory, cases of insanity were few and those few, so far as I can leara, were generally of a quiet, demented type and as such allowed to wander about at will, or cared for by their friends and neighbours. Among the Indians insanity was not at all common. It was usual for them, and many of the Half-breeds, to attribute the origin of this 'Statutes of British Columbia, Appendix to 60 Vict., p. 845. Annual Report on the Asylum for the Insane, New Westminster, B.C., for the year 1896. -i : [burgkss] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE UB ^ affliction to the action of some evil charm, or the administration cf some noxious potion, " Indian medicine," obtained by an enemy from one of the many " medicine men." There was also an implicit belief, that if a <;ounter-remcdy, or charm, could be procured from a " medicine man" hav- ing greater power than he from whom the offending one had been de- rived, the patient could be quickly cured. On this subject Dr. Young, the medical superintendent of the Selkirk Asylum, writes me as follows : '■ When I came to this country in 1871, there were few, if any, of the l^eoplo in Eed River Settlement who did not firmly believe in the power of the ' medicine men ' to either afflict or relieve, and I think I can safely Siiy that every insane Indian who has been placed under my care had previously tested the powers of the several aboriginal practitioners. They were only sent to mo after the failure of these gentlemen to counteract the ' bad medicine ' that had been the cause of the trouble." ' Arguing from this, it seems very probable that some of the compar- atively few afflicted were cured by faith ; some, by the treatment which "was not always quite void of value ; while the balance, who were not amenable to cure by either of these means, succumbed to the successive ministrations of the rival " medicine men." There was littloneed, therefore, in the early days of the Hudson's Bay Companj' to make any provision for the chronic insane. Cases of acute mania, especially if violent, were generally got rid of in a much more speedy manner. Those 90 afflicted were supposed to be possessed by a cannibal spirit or windigo, and being thus a menace to other members of the tribe were promptly shot or otherwise disposed of without any ceremony. I have been informed that within the last two or three years a ease of this kind occurred near Battleford, N.W.T., an Indian being sent to the penitentiary for life on account of having killed one of his female relatives in the belief that, being insane, she would de- vour some of the other members of the family. In 1871, during the reign of Lieutenant-Governor Archibald, the Dominion Government established the Manitoba Penitentiary at Lower Fort Garry (Stone Fort), twenty miles north of Fort Garry, now Winni- peg. One of the old, stone' storehouses of the Hudson's Bay Company, previously used for the confinement of Lepine, Kiel's Adintant-General, and some of his fellow-revolutionists, was fitted up for penitentiary pur- poses, and here, from 1871 to 1877, the insane were cared for. In 1877, the convicts were removed to Stony Mountain, where the present penitentiary had been erected, the lunatics then in custody being > Dr. 6. M. Dawson informs me that his experience of " medicine men " is rather to the effect that they depend upon mysterious ceremonies, dancing, singing, &c., tlian upon potions of any kind. He also states that in the case of idiots, the Indians seem to tend them somewhat carefully and to regard them as bringing luck in some way. l! i i'jjii:;rat«.'i»?-jw < www 3\ 116 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA transferred with them. Up to this time only such of the insane as were considered dangerous were confined, and there had never been more than three or four in residence at one time. Except in the case of females, no separate provision was made for lunatics, they and the convicts being treated as one. About two yeare after the removal, however, an ordor- in-council was passed that all cases of insanity occurring in Manitoba and the North-west Territories should be admitted and cared for in a portion of the building apart from the convicts. Naturally, under these now regulations, the number of the insane in the penitentiary increased rapidly, and in 1883 it was recognized that other provision for this un- fortunate class must be considered. The legislature accordingly passed an act authorizing the building of an asylum and providing for the pro- per care of the insane. While steps were being taken to put this act in force, the Dominion Government, in 1884, notified the provincial authorities that they must remove the lunatics from the penitentiary without delay. The new asy- lum not being completed, temporary accommodation was made for them at Lower Fort Garry, where their old quarters, the former penitentiary, and another building were arranged for their reception. These struc- tures were occupied in February, 1885, by thirty-six patients transferred from the penitentiary at Stony Mountain, Dr. David Young, who had been appointed to office the previous year and who still holds the posi- tion, being the first medical superintendent. In May, 1886, the present asylum, situated at Selkirk, six miles from the old Stone Fort, a substantial structure of brick and stone, with a capacity of one hundred and sixty-seven beds, was ready for occupation, and the patients were removed thither.' Within four years the institution was filled, and to make room for recent cases some of the patients were transferred to a " Home for In- cui'ables" opened at Portage la Prairie in June, 1890.' The temporary relief th'i.i obtained was soon exhausted owing to the rapidly increasing population of the " Prairie Province," and in July, 1891, Brandon asy- lum, the erection of which had been begun the previous year, was opened. This establishment, a brick and stone structure very similar to that at Selkirk, was placed in charge of Dr. Gordon Bell, who continued in office up to 1895, when he resigned to enter private practice at Winni- peg. For about nine months after the retirement of Dr. Bell, Dr. Fraser served as acting medical superintendent, ceasing to be such on the perma- ' The present population of Selkirk asylum is one hundred and seventy, and in- cludes two Indians and sixteen Half-breeds. i^This institution is not really intended for mental cases, but owing to the lack of room, some of the incurable insane (imbeciles and idiots) of a harmless character are still sent there. [bI'BOESH] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 117 . i«nt r>v N B. Gil ic9, in tho autumn of 18'J5.' Manitoba MVluras is similar to Tho systom of management m the »"" .i„ „f „„ i„,pe„iov, that in use in Ontario, '^^^ -=-8 "™'^> t^Zwo to the govornmont. rbr:;r:a"rii:rr:biefmoaeofem,o,.ment. NORTH-WEST TKRRITORIES. . -iv. f h« Dominion Government all cases of By special arrangement with he Doming ^^^^^^^.^ ^^^ ^^^^^ insanity occurring in the North Wjemtoi ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^.^^^^^ ::rori:sreircto:e7o,,arpora. ill 1 The number of patients now resident in eighty-nine Brandon asylum is one hundred and [' [nCRQUW*] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOU THE INSANE 110 APPENDIX A. Copy of inscription on corner-stone of Provincial Lunatic Asylum, St. John, N.B. : THIS STONE, T.e corner Stone ofaBuUd.n«tol,eerected at the PubHccxpen«erora PROVINCIAL LUNATIC ASYLUM, In thA vear of our Lord one thousand eight .vas on the twentyfourth "i'^y "' f^^,^. ^^ ;Vrof the Reign o. our Sovereign hundred and forty-seven. In the elo^ entity ^^^^^^ j^,^^^^^ „f Lady VICTORIA, by f « ^''^f*=" °eEN and in the seventh year Oreat ^^^-^^^^i'^^S^'^^ F-eUency SIR WILLIAM MACBEAN GEORGE COLEBROOKE, K.H Ueutenant-Governor and Con.n,ander.in Chief c^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ "^''"1 "with due solemnity by Hi^Excelle^c^^^^^^^^ ^p^j,,H, ,,eProvlncialGrandMa.e^^^^^^^^^^ COMMISSIONERS. George P. Peters, Esquire, M.D. William Jack, Esquire. John Ward, Esquire. ^rcW<«rt-Matthew Stead. Builder-Ot\s Small. [bueqkss] CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSANE 121 APPENDIX B. Copy of inscription on plate deposited under the corner-stone of the Provmdal Lunatic'Asylum, Toronto, on the 22nd of August, 1846 . THIS CORNER STONE Of the first building erected In Western Canada for the reception of INSANE AND LUNATIC PERSONS; Under the direction and superintendence of The Honourable Robert Sympson Jamieson, Vice-Chancellor. Hamilton Hartley Killaly, Esquire Henry Sherwood, Esquire, Q.C., M.F.F., The Honourable Christopher Widmer Surgeon ^^^^^ TohnKing M.D., Professor of Medicine, University of Kingston g John Ring, m.^ , ^^^^ Ev.a.Tt, Esquire, James Grant Chewitt, Esquire, William Henry Boulton, Esqui., M^P-P-. ^-or « ;h^^^^^^^^^^ of William R. Beaumont, Esquire^F.RaS.E^^^^^^^^ William r^otsfordJavvis, Esquire Sheriff oM^^^^^^ Commissioners appointed for that purpose by His Excellency CHARLES TliEOPHILUS BARON METCALFE, , . rn rrrL::sitroftrp^^^^^ under the provisions oj^an Act of^^the^ J ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA. Was laid by .. „.„.„.«. .OH. BKV.K.V^H0B,.SO., C... ...«. »< - — in the presence of The Clergy, The Judges and Bar of the Province, The members of the Medical Profession, The Mayor and Corporation of t^c C^^^ ^ .^JJ^^^^j^^e District, The Sheriff, Magistrates, Wa.den and Mun.cipa^Cou^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ The National Societies of S . G^'^^' f ^^"^ ^^,^ Companies, The Odd Fellows' Society, the Volunteer r ire t- and The Inhabitants of Toronto generally, on The 22d day of August, m the year of our Lord, 1846 ; 122 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA And the Tenth year of the reign of Her Most Gracious Majesty, QUEEN VICTORIA, His Excellency Lieutenant-General, the Right Honourable CHARLES MURRAY EARL CATHCART, Being Governor-General of British North America and Commander of the Forces therein. The Plan and elevations of the building prepared by JOHN G. HOWARD, Esquire, Architect, Were after mature deliberation and great care for the Health, Comfort, Security and Restoration, under DIVINE PROVIDENCE, Of the unfortunate beings for whom this ASYLUM is erected, adopted by the Commissioners and carried into effect upon this Site of Fifty Acres of Land, Munificently granted by Her Majesty's Government for this HUMANE PURPOSE. Builder, Mr. John Ritchey. Secretary of the Commissioners, Charles Daly. Marshal of the Day, Richard L. Denison, Esquire.