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PAMPHLET No. S-2. fil'plrmhrr. /n/s'. RED CLOVER SEED AND ITS IMPURITIES. JOITN B. DYMONT). B.A. Seed AnalisL Considerable quantities of rod clover seed uro harvested in Canada, chieflj is Ontario and Quebec, each year. Much of this seed contains large numbers of wmi seeds. The SEED CONTTROL ACT prohillts the sale of red clover seed (exrppt for the purpose of beinR recleaned) if it contains more than SO seeds of noxious woods or 400 of all kinds of weed seeds per ounce, including noxious and other useless or harmful sorts. There are only a few kinds of weed seeds which are commonly found in r«d clover seed in quantities sufficient to cause it to be prohibited from sale. Some kinds of wc->d seeds can easily be removed by cleaning if proper sieves are used, but others are f. similar in size and weight to the clover seed that they are difficult or impossible to separate except by screening or blowing out a good deal of th« clover seed with them. The production of clean seo«l requires the adoption of a system of crop rotation and soil treatment that will keep weeds in check and produce conditions favourable to the growth of the clo\er plant. Published by authority of Hon. T. A. CRERAR, Minitttr of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. 4«00«— 1 APPLTCATTON OF THE SKKT) CONTROL ACT. Section Seven of the Act n-quires that timothy, red clover, alfalfa and alaike Mcd, when iM)lil fnr Mi'dinK be Kraded mid the jn-ade nanio, Kxtrn No. 1, No. I, No. 9, or No. 3, markid in a plain and indi'lihle manner on each bag or on a label Bt*«oh«d thereto. A farmer in not required to mark the grade on need that i» grown, Mild mi dcHven^d on his own premiaea for seeding by the purehaner himaelf, but he cannot legally Hell in this way any aeed which is below the standard grade No. 8. The Maximum Number of Weed Seedt per ounce permitted in the different gradM .shiiig clover seed, but the ordinary grain Hnary threshing macfiine is boarded up in les at ' He left. The back of the cylinder toaa ou the right. The concave is placed three)' in dry, frosty weather. 46006— 2J DESCBIPTION OF WEEO SEEDS FOVHD IN CLOVER SEED* WITH NOTKS ON TIIKIU UKI.ATIVK PHKVALKNCE. Of ivir>- iif hundred Kiiniple* of Ciiiiiidimi grown red clover lecd fixamn.d at thii Otiawii Sf. .•Mtchll.v L',1, ('.inada ihi-tlc 10. sti.k.^iH.l :i, wild carrot 3; other lurla: Krccn foxtail ti:.. pall, plantain 4<», lady". thunil> ;):), lumli'.s qiinrtfr* 30. black medick 25, yellow foxtail l.'i, hIumj) norrcl 1.'.. »wcct <'!over 1.'), common plantain 10, mayweci. lO. Ragweed iAmhni.ii,i arti;niKiif<,IUi L.) seed occur* in three conditions in dovtr »eed. (uH' illudtratioti vatif 7). 1. I'car-HliatHHt. Us to * of an inch lonn. the apex lonir and taperintr lo a sharp point, often ^>ith u circle of sharp teeth pointinx toward the apex. 2. Outer oovcrinK removed, showioit a smooth brown, inner cover. .'!. With the inner coverint; remov.l rcvealinR th.. (jrccnish whil. , nearly round inside. Only one (|unrter of the hiiliid seeds are countid in determining the i.'mbcr of impurities in seed. In its natural condition ra»r\vcci| seed is larger than clo-cr seed, hut in threshing, the hulls are removed ond the greenish hulled weds are a' t identical in .size with the clover. Stubble land where this weed is prevalent should be shallow-ploughed directly after harvest, or, if seeded to gr.iss and clover, the autumn growth should l>e clippid with a mowing machine within two weeks after the grain crop is cut. As the p': nt is such a late seeder, hoed crops re<|uire special attention occasionally after (fcneral cultivation is discontinued. Lands badly infested should be put under a thrte-vear rotation of crops, with prompt and thorough cultivntion or mowing in early autumn after the crops have been removed. RIBORASS or bnokLorn (Plantago lanceolata I..), 1/10 inch long, chestnut brown and highly polished, boat-shaped with rounded ends. In cleaning, it turns on end and goes through the same size perforation as red clover. Many of the smaller seeds may be separated from clover by the 4 by 24 woven wire lieve. The larger seeds can- not be removed by sieves in ordinary cle.ming machinery. The plant often lives for a nuinber of years, and, as it seeds freely, spreads rapidly in fields not under cultivation; easily suppressed by hoed croa and short rotation. Oookl (Rumex species), including Curled Dock (Rumex eritpus L.) Bitter Loci. {Rumex obtutifolius L.) and Clustered Dock (Rumex conglomeraius Mutt). The seeds are very similar in appearance, A inch long, shaped like miniatu . ^ech-nut.s. The prevalence of docks in meadows is due to sowing contaminated graf - d clover seeds. Land worked under a short rotation of crops is never badly infested wul, docks. When the soil is soft after continued rain they can be pulled from meadows and pastures. Night-flowering Catchfly (FUene nocUftora L.), round kidney-shaped, 1/20 inch in diameter, covered with cone-shaped tubercles; grayish-brown in colour; seeds diffi- cult fo separate from grass and clover seeds, especially from alsike. Even slightly infested fields should be ploughed up and worked under a short rotation of crops. Hnnd-pull to prevent seeding and consequent rapid spread of the weeds. Sow only pure seed. • The dMcrlptlons of the weed seeds and much of the Infoj^mation on weed* contained In this pamphlet have been taken from " Farm Weeds of Canada " by aeo H Clark B n a •»,! James Fletcher. LLC F.R.B C. F-UB. •-'•rK. d.b.a.. ana 6 ^ ^ ii:Hi>4'iI \ ni'im-Mfi 'itlrmi-^i f'i!it I.. I 4» llr.f I its rr i '/'ij.. ,ini ^, j # ./- ■ j. W0 1^ lll.X' 1-- l'h,l'l,j„ h':,. ,1,1.1 [,.1 » I)ock» ' fiumi'j mtvrit'- Ninht-flowiTitm Ciilc-lilly (.S,(»i nnlifiiri ],. Pr.ATF, I. Photos by H B HtflOQ 8 Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis (L) Beauv), the most prevalent impurity in Cana- dian-f^rown clover aeed. Seed colour very variable according to the degree of ripeness; yellow, grey, brown or purplish, the darker seeds mottled with dark spots. The kernel 18 greenish-white, convex on the outer face, which bears the germ, and flattened on the inner face. Some of the lighter seeds may be blown out in cleaning, but most of them are impossible of separation by the average fanning mill. This plant aeeds profusely from harvest to late autumn in cereal stubble lands, hoed crops, new meadows and clover seed crops. Thick seeding with clovers and grasses will help to suppress foxtail in the autumn stubble and subsequent clover crop. In clover seed crops the patches that have been winter-killed should be mown while the foxtail is still green. The cut thus taken may be of value as fodder. Bare stubble should be ploughed shallow or disced to prevent the further ripening of seed directly after the grain crop is removed. Any practice that will prevent this annual from seeding will reduce and ultimately eradicate it. Yellow Foxtail (f!etaria glauca (L.) Beauv) seeds are similar to those of green foxtail only larger. Sheep Sorrel {Rumex Acetosella L.). The seeds, as they occur in clover seed, are generally covered by the three larger, conspicuously-veined calyx divisions which fit closely over the seed. The naked seed, when the calyx divisions are removed, is %o of an inch long, resemlillns docks in shape; pale brown, shining. Sheep sorrel is able to thrive oi land where clover cannot grow. On this account it is found where, for some reasrn, the clover makes a thin stand or is killed out entirely. On acid or sour soil clr,ver either fails to grow or grows thin'y. The sorrel, however, is able to grow on such soil and takes the place of the clover. Prevalence of sheep sorrel, therefore, indicates an unfavourable soil condition. See page 15 for suggestions on correcting soil acidity. Pale Plantain {Plantago RugelU Dene). This impurity is easily removed by cleaning over the sieve recommended for ribgrass. The seed is black, angular in outline, not very thick through. Hoed crope every four years will keep plantains in check. Working with a broad-shared cultivator, followed by a harrow to drag the plants with their fibrous roots to the surface is recommended for spring cultivation. Common Plantain (Plantago major L.) seeds are smaller than those of pale plan- tain and greenish-brown in colour. Black Medick (Medicago lupuUna L.), a leguminous plant, often sown in Europe as a pasture crop. In red clover and alsike it should be considered as a weed as it matures earlier and the stems are hard and woody when the clover is ready to cut for hay. The seed is about -fyi of an inch long, hard, smooth and somewhat shining, egg- shaped rather than kidney-shaped, yellow to pale olive green. It has a sharp projec- tion near the scar from which a light line runs towards the larger end of the seed. The plant is an annual and may be eradicated by any means that will prevent its forming seeds. Thick seeding to more valuable leguminous plants will help crowd it out. The seed retains its vitality for some time and so the plant is apt to make its appearance for a number of years in fields where it has been allowed to mature its seeds. Lamb's Qnarten (Chenopodium album L.) about 1/20 of an inch in diameter, circular in outline, more or less flattened on one side, strongly convex on the other, edges bluntly rounded, the lower convex face grooved from the margin to the central •car, minutely wrinkled; colour, shining black. The seeds, as found among crop seeds, have a thin envelope closely adhering to them, as a brown or grey mealy deposit, which gives them a granular- roughened appearance; they also often have the dried 5-angIed calyx closed tightly over them. Small seeds are removed from 'ed clover by 4 by 24 screen. r «• ## t Green Foxtail (Sftaria viruiis (L.) Beauv.) Sheep Sorrel (Rumez Acclotilla L.) »t^ Pale Plantain (Planlago Rugelii Dene.) Black Medick (.Medicuyo lupuUna L.), *•' Lamb's Quarters (Chenopodium album L.) LAdy's Thumb (Polygonum Peraicaria L.) PLATE II. Photo* by H. B. Sittoa. 10 Udy'i Thumb (Polygonum tersicaria L.), about 1/12 i.ioh i„ dinmetpr. henrt- ahaped hoUowed out on one side or roundly triangular, jet bluck. shinlnj.. Mnnv nre removed from red clover seed by cleaning over 4 by 24 wovti. wire screen This plant IS not ienously noxious in most field and garden crops. i;.v o.uihiK ti.e plants two or three times during the season for a few years this weed may be eliminated irom waste places. Stickieed {Lappvia echinata Gilibert) and Wild Carrot (Daurus Cnn.la I..) while avoided""**"' "'^ ^"'^ objectionable impurities, and seed containing elUier .^bould be Canada Thirtl* (Cirsium arvense (L) Scop.), the seed is 1/8 of nn inch long, light brown, smooth, somewhat flattened and curved, marked with faint longitudinal lines; the top 18 nearly round, flat, and has a narrow rim with a small cone-shaped point in the centre. Chicory (CichoHum Intybus L.), sometimes found in Quebec red clover The seed 18 J-inch long, daric brown or straw-coloured, mottled with brown ; wedge-shaped obtusely S- to .^angled, sometimes much curved; the surface grooved and ridged from top to bottom and roughened crosswise with minute, close, raised and waved lines; at the top surrounding the apical scar, is a fringe of short, flat, white bristles. A short rotation of crops will soon suppress chicory. Sweet Clovers (MelUotus species). White Sweet Clover (Melilotus aiha Desr ) u much more prevalent than the yeUow species. The seed is hard, small, J of nn inch m length, smooth dull yeUow, evenly egg-shaped with a V-shaped, light mark rt.nning from the scar. Although it has some value as a forage crop when used aloi.e. in red clover It 18 to be considered as a weed. A three-year rotation of crops including a well-cared-for hoed crop is recommended to suppress this plant. , Mayweed (.Anthemis Cotula L.), occurs in large numbers in some samples. Seed 18 A-mch long, oblong, cut off straight at the upper end, with a small knob in the centre; the smaller end abruptly pointed; the surface roughened with tubercles arranged more or less symmetrically in about 10 longitudinal rows; sometimes the dotr ''d " " * ^^ ^ '"^" ^'" '^""""^ '"^"y <>f '^^'^ «^ds from # V\=ii I Hir-'il /)n,„ U.1 ''uriila I. ; i\ Blue liur or SlickMM'il iLai>iiuta irhimla Ciililwi riinailji I lii.-lli" yCirxium oitinne ■ (..1 Srop.) fl6 C'hicdiy \i'i. Iiuriiim InliihuH I..) # A Vf Sweet Clin er {MHihIm species) Stinking Mayweed \Anlhemia VoIuIa L.) PLATE III. Photos by II. B. Sifton. 1M CLEANING BED CLOVER SEED * The seeds of many of the weeds that grow in red clover and ripen at the same time are of such size that they are difficult or impossible to remove by sieves in an ordinary fanning mill. Few fanning mills are fully equipped with sieves for cleaning small seeds; indeed, most of them are not designed for this work. However, seed that contains a very large number of small weed seeds or that contains only a few more weed seeds than are permitted in seed that may he legally sold under the Seed Control Act may often be cleaned to grade without heavy dockage, provided the proper sieve 18 available. If there is a properly equipped and operated power cleaner within a reasonable distance it will usually pay to have seed cleaned by it. For cleaning small quantities, hand sieves may be found to be most satisfactory and economical. A sample usually contains few weed seeds larger than the clover seed. Ragweed if none of the outer hulls has been removed in threshing, should be separated from the clover by a Ms-inch perforated zinc riddle (fig. 4). Sticks, pieces of straw and anything Icrger than the clover run over this sieve. A long mesh woven wire screen is better than one made of square mesh wire cloth for cleaning red clover seed. The 4 by 24 (fig. 3) is often employed for this purpose, but the exact mesh required will depend on the size of the clover seed and the kind of impurities to be removed. A long mesh sieve will hold all the good clover, allowing the smaller impurities to pass through. This sieve, assisted by the air blast, should take out practically all of the pale plantsin. much of the mayweed and lamb's quarters, and many of the ribgrass as well as shrunken clover seeds. Besides the 4 by 24 sieve, the 4 by 25, 4 by 26, 4 by 28, 6 by 28, etc., are also recommended as lower sieves for cleaning red clover, their efficiency depending upon the size of the seeds composing the sample. The 22 by 22 woven wire screen is very useful in the lower shoe for taking out sheep sorrel and seeds only slightly smaller than the clover. In some cases the 20 by 20 or 18 by 18 may be required, but this will allow considerable of the smaller clover to pass through. Hulled ragweed, docks, catchfly, foxtail and black medick are very nearly the size of clover and are impossible to remove by means of an ordinary fanning mill. Fields must be cleaned of these weeds before clover seed can be grown with profit. • SMd Branch Pamphlet No. 1 on " Cleaning 8«ed " deals with the cleaning of all kinda of aeed and grain. It contains llluatratlons of nine different kinds of perforated itnc and woven wire aleves commonly used In cleaning aeed. Coplea may be had from the Publlcatlona Branch, Department af Agrleultnre, Ottawa. Fig. S. — Four by twenty-four woven wire sieve, containing four wires to the Inch one way and twenty-four the other. Is the type of screen used In cleaning red clover seed. Shrunken clover seeds, rlbgrass, and the smaller weed seeds pass through the oblong openings while the plump seed remains abov*. • ••••••Af*itf •••••.••••'#.•••••»• ijm^M <%• ttjvft •'• .•■•.•'•.39 •A^ • •-#.••• • #'< il«-»'A:»* •'« • « .• * •. •■ » • •.• a«a.#..««..«am£ Fig. i. — One-nfteenth-inch perforated ilnc sieve — perforations Vis- Inch In diameter, used as a riddle or upper sieve tor cleaning red clorsr. it? 14 WEED EBAOICATION * To combat Weeds o.,e should know their life histories that is. how tlu-y are c' 1 nnd i^'lJ k'T^ l'"* -'V^" V"^ "^ ^'"'""* '" '''' *''"««'« *i'h the fanner's c .p9. and lU hab.te must be learned in order to know how to get the better of it. .!„« ^^^'^y;."* the I.fe h.*tor>- of weeds they are usually considered in grouns or classes nccord.ng to the length of time they live: as annuals, biennials and j^rennials. ANNUALS. Examples, green foxtail, ragweed. Anm.M weeds complete their entire life history in one year. The seeds produced In'^l. .'; " """■"" ""■ "u'"'"" ''*' '''^""""t '" ^''e soil over winter and germinate in spring, bicssom. n.uture the.r seeds and then die. root and all. Some plants that complete their life-cycle in a year are known as winter annuaU; the seeds that have matured dunng the summer germinate in the fall, make a certain growth before winter sets in, complete their development and mature their seeds the next summer Annuals may be eradicated from land, however badly infested it may be, through ihLTA hy which germination is hastened and the young plants destroyed b^'fore hey produce seed. The weedi of this class that give trouble in clover seed crops are those whose seeds ripen in the fall, at the time red clover seed matures. They make l.tlle growth m the early summer, shouting up unmolested after harvest when other larm work is 8o pressing, and produ.'ing seeds that are returned to the soil to lie doimant until conditions are favourable for their growth a year or more in the future lo reduce the number of these weed seeds in the soil baie stubbles should have surface cultivation directly after harvest to prevent the further ripening of sZ as soon as the grsin crop is removed, and to encourage the germination of seeds already m the sou. The young plants that start from the seeds brought to the surface by cultwat.on may be killed by the harrow or ploughed under. In hoed cro^. tiSe should be continued late, as it is the plants that bloom and fruit after cultivation has ceased which are most likely to pollute the land. The hoe should be used to destroy late plants after cultivation of the crops becomes impracticable. Any prac- tice that will prevent an annual weed from seeding will reduce and ultimately eradi- cate It Fields seeded to clover should be clipped with a mowing machine a few weeks after the nurse crop is har^-ested to prevent the seeding of autumn weeds BIENNIALS. Example, wild carrot. .nll^*"""'"^ "t*^"-'* *"*" '^***"f *" '^'^P'^'e their growth, the first being spent in collecting and storing uv .. supply of nourishment, which is used the second season n proaucng flowers and seeds. Biennials must be either cut or ploughed down before they flower. Mowing at short intervals in the second year, so as to prevent the devel- opment of new seeds, will clear the land of this class of plants; but a single mowing will only induce them to send out lateral branches, which, if not cut. will mature many seeds. Where ploughing is impracticable, such plants should be cut off below the crown of the root. •Pamphlets contaiiiln« Illustrations and descriptions of the following weeds with ..,. m^t n7i'".*''w' eradication may be had on application to the Pub ^t^L Branch Depar^"- wL K* ■'"■'T' Ottawa: Ribgrass, rajweed. night-flowering catchfly greeTfSxUlL bltek medick. sheep »orr«l, plantain, upright cinquefoll. loxtall, black 15 PERENNIALS. Kxai. . . ,, Canada thistle, rihprasa, docks, sheep sorrel, plantain. Perennials are plants that live for nmny .vcars. They are propatfnted im several ways, but all prodin seeds. Annuals and biennials, which live oiil;- one or .vo yfxrs and are reproduced only by seeds, may be eradicated by preventing them from nintiir- i3io given except that ficc(l is to sii'ure a good stand of the clover crop. On many farms clover om-c grew luxuriantly where it is now very diffi- cult if not impossible to get a stand. 'J'hc longer land is allowed to run without secur- ing a good catch of clover, tlie more difficult it is to ^et a stand. This condition should be given serious attention and every possible means used to get red clover back into the rotation. The chief causes of clover failures arc soil aciility and depletion of the humus content of the soil. Another eoniniun cau.sc of clover failure is the heaving of fields in spring through alternate thawing and freezing of water-soaked soil. This may be minimized by proper drainage. Other causes of winter-killing arc: — (1) Plants going into tiie winter in a weak condition or with too much growth. (2) Exposed position of fields. (3) Water lying in pockets. (4) Wet weather on bared soil, followed by cold winds or formation of iee. To ensure a stand Ol clover tlie following precautions should be taken:— (1) See that the land is well drained; fill up jwekets by levelling. (2) Correct acidity by application of lime. For further information in thi con- nection apply to Publications Branch, Department of Agriculture. Ottawa, for copies of Ex. Circular No. SO and Bulletin No. SO on " Lime in Agriculture." (3) Get some humus into soi! by manuring. (4) Inoculato the seed with nitroculture.* (5) Sow nurse crop thin and if season is dry, cut it green. (7j Avoid pasturing new seeding. The young plants are easily killed by tramp- ing in wet weather. Pasturing with sheep or horses, which graze closely, should never be practised. (8^ Clipping with a mowing machine soon after the nurse crop is harvested stimu- lates the branching and stooling of the clover and encourages root development, thus ensuring a better stand and a more uniform growth the following spring. It is important, however, that this be done in plenty of time to ensure a good top growth for winter protection. After such autumn clipping the meadow should never be pas- tured. (9) A light dressing of manure applied to a weak stand will often bring it through the winter in good condition. (10) Early the following spring, if the land is sufficiently well drained, the use of a heavy roller is often beneficial. It packs the earth around the roots of plants that may have been partially lifted out of the soil by alternate thawing and freezing. • For further Information consult the IMvlslon of Botany, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Various agrlcultura! ccUeKes sell nitrocultuje at practically the cost of preparation. 1« (11) line only Canadian-RPown ho«.<1. The exiHTieiicc of thousands of farmer*, that •outhern-grown feed produces a crop \e»n able to withstand the rigourt of our severe winters, has lieen corroborated by Mcientifically conducted experiments in which the best crops of red clovir were realized when Canadiati-Krown seed was used. Advantagei of Canadjan-grown Seed. Seed grown in a mild climate, although an excolleiit looking sample, is less desirable for regions where the winters are severe than inferior looking, acclimated seed. Northern-grown seed of a hardy strain con- taining considerable numbers of wet^d seetls may give a cleaner stand than less hardy seed freer from weed siM'ds. for the reason that the hardy seed may survive the winter and give u heavy stand of strong plants that will choke out the weeds. Where the crop winter-kills, it is the comnion experience that wee irive Kood roturnii, pupecially i>n limextom' fou' Infi.iii; hut (rt'rifrHll.v iir>fnkinK, Ked CIovit prpftTK tho hoBvicr itoils. It cnn bt- itr. i t-veti on «titT cliiy, provided thf mibsoil is iriwii. For itH \>r»\nT diriitiori of the roots and i>i in a bad physiciil condition to in«'t the alternaU' thiiwinjf and free/in^ iif early sprinR. As is well known, water expands when chun»rinK into ice, and if ihe Burface soil coj.tainx an Kbiindiince of water it will coiise(|uently exp.nid when fre«'zin({. The overirround parts of the plnnta will lie lifted up with the fnerinn soil. As the lowiT roots are anchored in the sub- Boil and th»ken. The disastrous effects of alternate thawing ii .■re»'zin»t nuiko it evident that one of the first coiulitions of successful clover (jrowinic is well-drninod ■oil. Htbitl of ^owth. — HeinB n hienninl, Hed Clover cievotes the first senion's growth to the development of it*i root system and the accumulalion of gtrength to meet the winter's hardships. It therefore produces a strong tap root, which, if soil and weather ore favourable. i)enetrates to a consideriible .i.plh. The overjfround parts of the plants consist at fii.Jt of only a few short, upriKbt stems which carry l<>aves but no tlowers. Later in the season, short leafy shoots are ck-velofied which Kf'iPndly lie tlat on the ground and are known as the wintt>r tuft. At the same time the tap root beifins to contract until its original lerifrth is reduced by more than ten i)er cent. As the end of the root is firmly anchored ii the ground, the r(«ult is that the overRrouni parts of the plant are pulled down. This process, which hn.s bcm observed in other plants such as carrots and parsnips, is evidently meant to bring tho stems and leaves into close contact with the ground wliere th?y are best protected against frost and wind. Early in tho sprinn of the 8e<"ond year, the branches of the winter tuft develop into flower-bearing stems, which, if not cut or pastured, produce 8e<>d and late in the fall die. The great mass of clover plants are thus biennial. Red Clover types exist, how- ever, which show a decided t<'ndency to live longer, especially if the plants arc kept from seeding by continual cutt-.ig or pasturing. Seed. — Except in southwestern Ontnrir), Red Clover seed is only grown to a very limited extent in Canada. Whether or not a field should be used for seed production depends on conditions. If these are favourable, all or certain parts of the field are commonly left for .seed. Success depend* on many factors. If tho latter part of the summer, when tho sc»m1 is ripening, is rainy, there is far less chance of y.roducing good seed than if the weather is warm and dry. Cold, stiff soils, which may produce luxur- iant growth, are not as a rule satisfactory for seed production. Tho best soils are sandy loams with un abundance of lime and a fair supply of potash and phosphates. / thick stand of clover improves the quality of the hay but produces only a scant amount of seed. A relatively thin crop will give a heavier yield and the seed produced is of a better quality. A smallei amount should therefore be sown for seed production than for hay or pasture. The first cut of Red Clover gives a small return of seed because the bumble bees, which fertilize the blos.soms. are less numerous during the early part of the summer than later. For this reason the first growth is cut for hay or pastured and the second growth left for seed. By cutting or pasturing the first cjop, the weeds are checked and the second growth is cleaner. Red clover should be cut for seed when most of the heads have turned brown and the stems begin to djy up. The seeds in most of the heads are then ripe and of a pro- nounced colour. By cutting earlier, a large proportion of the seeds will be immature and shrunken, the vitality will be low and the general colour and appearance inferior. It can be cut with an ordinary mowing machine. The heads and flowers "- easily hrohcn by rarelnw hnndlin*, mpntfiBny in dry, hot WMther. Thrc*hinjr »h ild be doiu- in oold, dry wmthir ■• it in diflcult to wimrutf thu seed* from the |mhI whrn it in damp. Quality of leed.— The colour of ordimiry fonimrrcliil Rrd (Mover w U mixed, >iomi' iM't'dji iM'iinr yellow, otlifm purtilf. ami oiIhtm liri((ht in oni' imhI unil ik in the otlitT. In Honii' Nuiniili'x tin- britrlit rolourit prevail while in otlieri the dm •o|nilar U^lief thitt hritfht eoloured "oeili iiri' not f y mature Hiiil thiit 4uni|ile.4 whii'h eontiiiii n larire |iro|mrtioii of thriii are inferior. his, how- ever, i* an er^l^. All ■MH'd.t irathered front Hiiy individual iMatit are of the h«iu* iteneral "•ohiiir. In Hona' plantjt all the xeed* are yellow, in othern deep violet, and n other* uniformly two-roloured. liriKht yi-llow MftU are juMt a* rijie ai* dark purple . e». The mixed colour of the ordinary eomnieri'ial i»auipl<' therefort* doej* not mean hat the »i>edM are not uniformly ri|i«'. It iiiinply means that it i* eompowd of nee*, eaeh ty|H' having itit own colour. Altluunli the darker iie«JH ar • mon; popular, tlie lohiur nhtiuld not Im! taken an an index of valm- ai* the mo*t desirable plant types may have pale yellow hcihIh. Good re«i clover .hciiI should have a ■ihiii lustre anes, differing i" •> binlofrical Iwhaviour and praeiieil value, r rimi a liotanica.' can U' distiiiRuished which niiKht !«> U'rniisl the Americm. latter has itmooth i.tenis whereas the itt«'ms of the former hi Thin hairiness makes the American ty|K' somewhat inferior ■■ du.sty. Within eithi r type numerous varieties can Iw nHsogn^/.i- tical quBliti«« as yielding power, hardiness, maturity, stoolui.^ tion. Most varieties are merely Ke>'KrBphieal ones. Such u nimm ag ( Swedish. French, South or North Russian CMover do imt iniean tha* l)otnni<'ally distinct, but simply that the sec«l is of corta; origin ai.> are adapted to the countrieo for whi«'h they are named. Mammoth Clover, called Cow Oran in England, is < tu ,t the tw^ It has sometimes heen called Trifolium medium L., but rh.;» is not ■:t. tvpo :- HI Tb ufstanituic hair* ai, «■< it i i*|« tn be differiiiti, ilk such pra *iter oo« i* ■>' '1 dura- iiglish, .i«« ,« •re t tfcp [rfanti fron 18 a rg< callwi / T\^ long, c«ar character- medium L. U'ing a distinct siKH'ieji, clearly distingu essentials. As indicated by its name. Mammoth c], It is more decidedly p«'rejinial and has therefore In var. perenne, or Perennial Red Clover. The stem> spreading. The leaves usual'-, lack the white blotch clover. This cannot, however, be used as a disttnguishinif marU is often without the stmt. Mammoth clover is decidedly lat»>r; it Moot tn three weeks after common red do.er. It grows slowly after n. »itt*. ally be cut otily once in a season. It requires the same soil and ^^'»wt' red, but on account of its stronger root system atid perennial tende to thrive under adverse conditions. Its coarser growth makes the hi KSmm firnriie*. r~rff> Trti'^itm '■•i many t)t red. i«kt^ prii nur (1 id ^nerally ■ snon ri-d tumon red .1 ter. days an ^ctier- HM eommon it is rowfc apt P88 relishet* Viy stock; on the other hand, its greater luxuriance makes it a better soil improver. It ia not ponible to separate seed of Mammoth red clover from that of con> nioo red. 8IID TESTIirO— IHSTHncnOVS FOR TAXIKO AHD SEVDIIIO lAMPLII. AddrtM Sampln, (aiinil.-» troiii AlUrU mij liritUii r, Ottawa, Smnplp. wi-iVliiiitr more tbuii U' oiiiirtii and th.)i«' udilri'-u-il f,, \Viiiiii|Mv «'>'! »'iilKttry mu.t Imv.' p .*tu»fi> pn'paid. Site of Camplet for Teit. For purity t<'»t and urad'tm -TimoHiy. uUike and if«dl of likr siz«>. 1 oiinri- (uUiut 7 tcii-poonfulH). U.hI .-lover and --^mU of lik.^ ^i.'.e. a ounetw (uiioiit II' fiMspoonfuU). Wlnat. ..it*. l.arley or linKwh. ut, 1 iMiuiid. When" H nerniiniitoii t.i»t only in wanti-d, alx.iit :,fM. .sord*. Stronf manilU pftper or cottou bag« MhonUi U- n-ud < r H«ndiii»; sampler uf Hcwk. (>luH» l.oftlw, cardboard boxna, ordinary iMivelopo*. or tliin paper bu«« are apt to l>i> broken in the maili. Those not havinjr Htrtniir "ef-d envelop.- ari- rocommoii.l.'d to utK) wniall ('..tton bagt, onoloninK nunie and luldren-. of ««>iii1.t aii.l di«si(ftnition of Kfod oil a .iird or piece of pa{)er irwidfl Uie hiiK- When «vorHl moipleM are encloM-d in thin p«p«,T buKs und »«it under .uic •• .ver. two or nK>n> <»f them are oft«ii broken open in the niaibi ami the ivjntentu mixed or loat Mark fcmplet with,— (1) Nam© and addreai of aendei. (2) Some letter, number or tlier do«i|fDution Ky which aaniplos of tho same kind of »ood may be distiaguij-li.ij. (3) The irvada and test number if Uie iw-isi haa been tetited befon". Tkui is impoHdnt. Churgv fw 6«td Toitinj.— Tweaty-fivo namplcs will be tested fre« of -li,trt{e lor a..y one individual or tirm in cne year. Twenty-five oento per tmt ii charged on all samples in exoeas of thia number. Variation in Te«ti. -The grwie given by the laboratory on a lot of seed is for the sample received und kept on file, and may oufely be lued for sew! from whi.li thu sumplo WBH taken only when the samplo accurately repreiients tho avernKe .juulity o' the whole lot. Tho Seed Branch sUnds behind the grade which it issues on sanipl.s, and is prepared to confirm thr -vie on subsequent aampli-s provided there U not an unreaaonablo (lifference betweeu imples said to be from the same lot of s.^-d. Two or more samples taken from widely different part* of a quantity of seed ni.i., si nv a gretit raiHfe in number of weed .seeds, and even in tho quality of the seed. This is a frequent s..ur(>e of misunderstanding on the part of genders of samples, and ilii< cause of it lies in the fact that the portion eent us does not represent tho average of all the seed to be graded. Tlie extent of the difference betwivn samples from the same lot will be greater in seed that has not been thoroughly mixed and bulked, n..d in seed containing a large number of weed seeds. To Beoure a proper tample of rred for tert it is first essential that the lot to be sampled lie fairly uniform ir. composition. If the seed is in bau< just as it came from the thresher there will be sorae bags from certain parts ,)f tho field of much higher quality and containing fewer weed seeds than stn-d from other parts. In such a case it is better to sample the bags .separately. Whe.i the s.mhI Ls known to be fairly uniform one sample may be taken to represent the lot This sample should be made up of small portions from several different parts as from tho top. middle and bottom of each bag. (A samplci for taking seed from any part of a closed han may be bought from any wholesale seed dealer.) The smaller quantities «o drawn should be thor- oughly mi>e