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N'_ 
 
'>v. 
 
 PART F. ANNUAU REPORT, 1806. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA 
 
 ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, C.M.G, LL.D, F.RS., Director. 
 
 PRELIMINARY REPORT 
 
 ON 
 
 AN EXPLORATION OF COUNTRY 
 
 BETWEEN 
 
 LAKE WINNIPEG AND HUDSON BAY. 
 
 BY 
 
 A. P. LOW, B.Ap.Sc. 
 
 PUBLISHED BV AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. 
 
 T^A.^^rsoN bkoxhkrs. 
 
 1887. 
 
 Price Thirty Cents. 
 
GEOI 
 
 LAI 
 
GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA 
 
 ALFRED R. C. SBLWYN, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., Director. 
 
 PRELIMINARY REPORT 
 
 ON 
 
 AN EXPLORATION OF COUNTRY 
 
 Bin WEEN 
 
 LAKE WINNIPEG AND HUDSON BAY. 
 
 BY 
 
 A. P. LOW, B.Ap.Sc. 
 
 PUBLISHED By AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. 
 
 MONTREAL: 
 DAWSON BROTHERS. 
 
 1887. 
 

 ■Tc Ai 
 
 Sia, 
 ration 
 Huclac 
 
 Ini 
 along 
 region 
 pleasu 
 of the 
 tlie p( 
 which, 
 
 OlTi" 
 
Tl Alfred ]{. (!, Selwvn. Esq., CM.a., F.R.S., LL.D., 
 
 Director Geological and Natural HiHory Survey of Canada. 
 
 Sia,-I herewith beg to submit a Preliminary Report on my explo- 
 H!;lZnBay ''"'"' '" *'" '"""""^ '''''''^'" ^''^' ^^^""'l-^^ '^'"^ 
 
 In it I have merely mentioned the geological formations ob.servo.l 
 along the route followe.!. To deHne thei,- probable distribution in the 
 region, one or more season, work will be required. I have -neat 
 pleasure m tendering thanks to J. Wrigley, Es,., Chief CommisHtoner 
 of the Hudson Bay Company, and all the ofKcer.s of the Company at 
 the posts visited, for their kind hospitality and able assistance to 
 winch, .n a great measure, the success of the expedition is due. 
 
 1 remain, 
 Sir, 
 
 Y(>\\v obedient servant, 
 
 Ottawa, February 24th, 1887. ^" ^' ^^^"^^ 
 
PRELIMINARY REPORT 
 
 ON AN HXI'LOBATIOX 01' COfXTllV IRo>r 
 
 LAKK \VIXXI|.F<:(; TO IirDsON BAY, 
 Between S8° ho' and 97° 30' W. Long. 
 
 •>! Jnf m" 'T"'\^.''"''^'' '" * ■^'"'^" ^''h''^'"^^'-. ^hich sailed 0.. the 
 -iHtof May but which, owing to head wind«, did not ,vach our tarT 
 ing i).,int-tho mouth of Herens River h-.If wav „,. ... 
 eastern side-till the 28tl. of May ^ ^ "" ^'^' ''" '^'^ 
 
 Th. spring was exceptionally early, and the ice had, we were told 
 b.-oken up fully a week earlier than usual . ^^t ueie told, 
 
 At the Hudson Bay post, Mr. Flett informed ,.s that la,-ee canoes 
 
 post on Family Lake, some distance up the river We (h«..«fn 1 
 chased two small canoes in which to taL a ^Itof o^p t it ^Cd 
 
 o F mt L-LTlll' '"''"^' ""''' ''-'^ ^^"^^•^' '^ ^«^« t "- "p 
 
 crpth^;^rir:^rr^^^^^ 
 
 micrometer survov was car.-W'H na 1 .. „ +u x.- , *' ^'''' ""'* '"® Cnmmenco- 
 
 half miles. *^^ *''■'* P'''"*"^''' «>«^e° «'"i » """>'"'■ «''^'^«' 
 
 The country near the river in this distance is made up of many low 
 hu.nmocky, gneiss hills, which seldom rise twenty fee above S 
 
 and along the river banks the soil is thicker, and the Hudson Bay 
 
 uZS :o"ot ''^S"" ^" ''' ^.^^^••^«' ^^--^-^ cropf of potaf^e^ 
 .md othu loots. Little or no grain is raised, and the locality seems 
 unfavorable for such crops, being exposed to the full sweep of thZ 
 north-west winds that blow so frequently over Lake Winnipeg The 
 tree growth is small and poor, consisting of black spruc^aspeu 
 .poplar, tamaiac, white birch, banksian pine and balsam. C of 
 
er 
 
 OEOLOOICAL SIRVEY ok CANADA. 
 
 Charaelrr nf 
 lit■^cIl^ Hivcr. 
 
 Family Lake. 
 
 tlie^e at(aiii n.liarmteroroitrliloon inchen .m.l i.„ i- 
 
 «™.i o,„„.';,.'i,:m::„.o":, par,:;. """'"" ""'""' ™"""" "■ • 
 
 "ne.,,ua,.ter ,„jle. , L In- , ?'" ""■"■•>■"'' """ '""'' ••""'I 
 
 h-o,„ tho second to tl„. Bftl, of J„„e, w. c.„„,i„„„,| „„, ,„,,„, „,. ,, 
 
 9/:;:i:o::„?u':at;a;;rv,:otr:;r.rh- ^''^ 
 «: rr;:,;:;;: r^r "■ " '"-" '--^ *»^ >.;„*, ;r:: 
 
 IrtTf'T ,r", °""'' '- ""• '""■'■™' •" !•»»> ft"' "I- oigh e„ a^i 
 ^ >^iii|j.in^ b po)5t. Jt 18 propo.-ed to survey a 
 
ig near the 
 ' little value 
 
 liankH from 
 oiinil. Tlio 
 >i*, although 
 
 <:itikH lioinir 
 »nsistN of H 
 
 tho 
 
 nvei'. 
 
 I'uin, until 
 H ohuto of 
 e hill 1(1 led 
 
 to \JRt*H a 
 
 Lake the 
 S varying 
 1 \>y short 
 
 the river, 
 . During 
 )ur, three, 
 y, eighty, 
 
 nine and 
 diy, with 
 iCf being 
 of twelve 
 
 ant of the 
 
 as many 
 ry being 
 the river 
 liowe for 
 lake, and 
 
 avoided. 
 
 thi'oiigh 
 I. Prom 
 n miles. 
 
 ten and 
 :he lake, 
 of about 
 e, where 
 iurvey a 
 
 ■] 
 
 t.AKE WINNII'EO, 
 
 7f 
 
 roHervo in tho vi.lnity for the rmli,.,>. who trade at the imnt. Two 
 Htreams flow out of the lake, tho Berenn Elver at tho weLrn ar.gl.. 
 and the P.goon K,ve,. Ht the southern. These .treams, after following 
 .•.•egularly parallel courses, .nter Lake Winnipeg only six miles 
 ai^iit. CoMMderahle areas of gcnl land occur along the shores of the 
 lake, although they arc often very rocky. 
 
 Th.- trees are somewhat larger than those along the river, and at 
 the Hudson Bay (Company s post good crops of potatoes a e grown. 
 
 r.o total length .)f our measured line from Lake Winn.,,eg to the 
 Hdet is one hundred and two miles, with a „^eneral course of S. 7° K 
 The greater par. of the timber has been destroyed by fre-iuent fires! 
 On the 9th o. Juno, having exchanged our small canoes tor larger ones 
 at the Hudsoi. Bay post, and engaged two Indians to take a load of 
 Fovis.ons as far as Deer Lake, on the Severn fiiver, we continued oar 
 ascen of the Berens Kiver. A full and rapid of thirty-Hve feet, 
 passed by a portage onu-iuarter of a mile long, occurs one mile from , , 
 iho lake. Above this the river is deep and rapid for one mile, when """" """' 
 .t widens into Back or Finhing L.U<e. This lake is nine mil^s lon.^ 
 from nor h to south, an.l from two to four miles wide, with a large 
 
 >iat"t«w "' !^''""'^ "';'"^. '•'" '^'^''^■'^ -'l^'- A large stream, called the 
 Mattawa JJiver which rises in the neighborhood of Cat Lake, enters 
 on the eas «de. The lake is surrounded by hills, rising twenty to 
 forty teet above its level; these are covered with a growth of spruce, 
 poplar, birch an.l tamarac, much of which has, however, been burnt 
 hy recent hres. Ascending between the islands, we left the lake at its 
 northern end by a small stream, which flows in a ve,y crooked course 
 hrough low, swampy ground, with protruding bosses of g.u-iss, the p„or,an,I 
 w.ole covered with a small growth of black spruce and tamarac. 
 After to lowing this stream four miles, Fisher Lake was reached and 
 traversed, a distance of three miles, to its uj-per end; thence the 
 river was again followed, through four small unname.1 lakes, to the 
 lioight of land between the Poplar an.l Berens rivers. The country 
 "long the route, with the exception of some patches of bog, is r...-ky 
 wi h very httle soil. The trees do not exceed eight inches in diameter! 
 an.l are chiefly banksian pine, black spruce and tamarac, with some s,,v,Hi„b„ 
 birch an. poplar. Cr..ssing the height of land by a portage two hun- ' 
 
 dred yards long, the r.jute f..llowe.l a branch of the Poplar Eiver 
 passing through three small lakes to Big Jack-fish Lake, a large body 
 of water .m the main bran.'h of the Poplar Eiver. After ascen.ling 
 the river seven miles, in an easterly direction, a small northern 
 branch was followed, leading, in a crooked course, through three small 
 lakes, to the height of lan.l dividing the waters flowing directly into 
 Hudson Bay from those falling into Lake Winnipeg. This point wa« 
 
8 F 
 
 0E0I,00I0AT. HtiRVET OF CANADA. 
 
 Height of 
 land portoRe. 
 
 HeiKl of 
 Severn River. 
 
 Burnt timber. 
 
 Deer Laise. 
 
 not reached till the ITth ^e t 
 
 by U.e ,ow state or T l^^;, Z]^ '^^'^^ '-" ---ed 
 Hiso Jost on account of rain ^ Z ^ti'eams; fo„,- days were 
 
 ™eter survey i„ wet weatl; 71 '"T^'^V^ ''"'y ^ * -^- " 
 thi^heightof iandissrxt%"aJ':htr"?r from Family Lake to 
 tho^course bein, a few dei;.ees east of^nl^ " '' ''' ''^''''^ ^'^"--•' 
 
 ^ethigh.andendfLthe :;^1^^^^^^^ ^/.T, fi%tolventy-t 
 
 of the middle branch of the Se.e n^ '""!'' "'^ '^' headwater. 
 ;eet below that at the other end 1? 2"''' ^""''^ '^^^ ''^« ^^out fifty 
 land on the no,.h nide ml Zlw TkT'T' ^'"" '''' *^- 
 away in a>ath-ea8terly airect on risi p "^'"^ ^"''^^^ ^^^'-^tohes 
 and fifty feet above the watt suSe '' "" ''*^ '" "^ ^-"*l'-d 
 
 -nd t 'to:^^ ;Zir : -^r'; '^"^' -^^^-^ ^-^ ^ 
 
 portage of thirty-five yaz-ds ha« to b in ? ^'"' '''''''' ^« ^^at a 
 second lake,three-qua;ters or« *^^'' "^^^^ l^^tween the lakes. The 
 ^i-h Lake by . ZVCZ^:^' Z.'f^^' -Pf-^ into Black 
 
 ponage one hundred and ten "afds loni' ' ^"'''' '^' '"^^^'^^ ^ 
 
 Vve reached Black Hiroh t„i i ^' 
 chores in an ealTerly ' tc^^^^^^^ 
 
 shores Hse fi.om thirty t^flftvfi? , "''^'' ^° ''' «»tlet. The 
 
 lake; the trees are laL^- than thoL .'"f/''^'"'^'"'^'''^' ^^-^^^ ^he 
 e-ghths of the timber has been butt T '""''^^' ^"* "^^'-'^^ '^even- 
 
 ^^?;^---arying intidtlo'rt n y'r:? tr^^^ 
 half a mile, was followed ten miles to A't f ' '^"'^ ^P^^^^ ^o 
 ban-en and rocky country, almost who^I^f ''r^'' "^ '•^"^"' 
 eight and six feet were nassed in fJ r . ' ''^"^^^ of twelve, 
 
 Deer Lake was reached o^hT^l 70?^"'^' ^"' ^^^ -*-"- of 
 we found the provisions forwaXfrl p ' •, '/'' "" " ^™"" '«l«nd, 
 
 Having transferred theTto ot 11 "^ '' '''''y ^'o^'^^- 
 along the north side of tholke fornt «',''' ''"""""'^ *^« «'»-vey 
 which, however, proved to be a^ inflow r' *" '^' '""^^'''^ outlet, 
 outaguide,wew'ere ob^d to cor:!,:^"-, ^^ ^^ --« with! 
 around each small bay. Thus the ^1^/^ "'"^ ^'^^ ^^^''^ «"d 
 veyed to its extreme e'Ld, whe -e at l^L I "' *'^ ^^^« "^ «»'- 
 Bupposed outlet, another la7ge l^am '"^'7. '''''' ""'''' ^^'^"^ '^^ 
 that the chances were greatfy in fav^, .Al f "^'"^ ^"- knowing 
 «ide, and thinking thatft m gh hte Le„ '"f ' '""^ «" *^« "^'-^^ 
 the coast for twelve miles, Ind succeeded nT'.' ^? ^^'-^^^^J^ -traced 
 bay. It passed through a nl-row cS • J"^/^'' °""^* ^'^ ^^'"'^•l 
 viaible, even when clos! to it" nt'lt dJ I'f "°^' ""^ "^ "«* 
 
 ance. -DeerLakeisalong, nan-ow 
 
1 occasioned 
 I- days were 
 on a mici'o- 
 h' I'ake to 
 ite followed, 
 
 '-five yai-ds 
 ieventy-five 
 headwaters 
 about fifty 
 s that the 
 3 stretches 
 e hundred 
 
 ies into a 
 ^o that a 
 tos. The 
 ito Black 
 naking a 
 
 wasted its 
 et. The 
 bove the 
 ly seven- 
 le outlet, 
 •apids to 
 
 » I'OUgh, 
 
 twelve, 
 •ance of 
 I island, 
 itored. 
 
 survey 
 I outlet, 
 ■e with- 
 )re and 
 as sur- 
 om the 
 lowing 
 ! north 
 (traced 
 i small 
 as not 
 an-ow 
 
 tow.] 
 
 LAKE WINNIPE.i AXD fit'DSOX HAY. 
 
 9f 
 
 outlet is in the north Imv f ,. i . '^ ^'"''^ follovvod. The 
 
 bays above n^^^ j^:, ;: l^ : ^J ^^^ -*"--' ^-i^os the 
 deeply indent the sho.plw V ' '"^ny smaller lateral hays 
 
 the'la'l^e i^^ f i f 1, o;\o kv i'',"'' f'"-™"^^ '''''''' ^-" -'^3^- ''-' 
 The surrounding hi k1 "e f a ^^o'f T ■?'. """ ^^'^ ^•'''"'' -"♦-- 
 dates, and present . 1 til ditt "''"«'^* ^^^'^''^ burnt by firo8 of various 
 
 thos;andiri!aC^^ 
 
 second growtlM.fpoZ .J ^' ''''"' burning, to the small 
 
 i^ very thin t:'t^tC^^^r Zl '' '""'''' ''''■ ^"° """ ^ ^ ' "-• 
 
 J'oints, where some whit« . ^ ° ^ P''"'"' ^"^'^^^'^ °" « ^^^ 'ow 
 
 inches in diame " T- -^ ' ^"''"'" """ P^P'"'' «-^^««J «fto<->' 
 «wift curr ;rrone n 1 'IVr '" "" "7'-'^ ^i-tion. wi.h u 
 "lile beyond whichTtn 1 , , ?^''''^' '"''^ '^ ^"^'*" '"'^"' ""^' 
 
 only with^rv n o VnH f ""^ ^' ''^'''■' ^''^^'' ^'"^^^^ ''""'^^ ««v^"'0'l 
 
 sia^pine::i;csr^:tir;:;:^::::::;t^^^^^ 
 
 ^i-e five chutes which tn..Mi "\'"™«tei. In this distance there 
 
 ten. six, five ^^ Tw t f^S ' Hrt\f''''""' '"' ^'"^ ^'' ^'•'^•-'' . 
 spreading out, flow with. ./""'' '^"^" tUrns north, an.L.t'rtU"" 
 Favorable Lak; '7^^ unt!:^ f '"'"'''"' '''' ^'^'^*°«» '"''- "> 
 feet and a few la, 2' s ' iVthl " '?'"^' *"^"*^ ""^ ^^'-^ 
 
 -nntry gradually becorLoolIra:::^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 three miles of the lake wh^n ti 1 ^^'" '"''«^'" """' ^'^bin 
 
 land, covered with thicic w! T" ^'''''' ^'"•""^'•' ''^^' "^""'Py 
 
 and lamara . W cntt JihT M "'■'"'" ^"^"*^ «^''^''^<''^ «1>''»- 
 lowed the north shZfn . f' ''' ^outh-west corne,-, and fol- 
 
 here the a^ tLl^a ho t tur^t ,? '"'' T'" *^ *^" '^' ^'^ P-''*; *"«-""«^«^e 
 
 outcast andw?st/S; o • L I.tM rT'' ''"' again stretchoJ 
 
 surveyed to the end 0^1.1 h ! '"^ ^' '^ the eastward, we 
 
 niilesf and found wo smalt T '''T'"''''''' ^^^"' "^"^ '^ ^"'"'t^'- 
 
 point, weproceederwesra^^d if^e^^^^^^ \ «;*"'•"'"« ^'> tbo 
 
 north, and discovered that t Joint ^ the /nd o ""' ?"" ^'^^' 
 
 seven miles long, joined to the ma n l! " Penmsula about 
 
10 y 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. 
 
 flood soil 
 and timber. 
 
 Old trading 
 post. 
 
 and found tlio outlet in tht 
 Heen stretclung awi.y to tht 
 
 north-wost angle, where two bay 
 
 Slow current. 
 
 on.hund.: "^Vf^' :J;t/^^« '^ ^;V"'-- Hills Jm fifty t. 
 timber on wlu,.h hn?bln\^It 7,'""' t^' ^'^'' '"^''^ *^^» ^^'^f ^^e 
 '^ble a..oa« of Jod iLd the best be ^"^ .t '''"^ ^'""^ "'^ '^«"^''^«'- 
 -uthern part of ho 1 L;l ^^^ *"" ''' ^^'"^"'"''^ ^"'l ^^^"g the 
 "nd chI,.H sch s the^^^^^^ "'^^'"'^^'"^ '-ks are hornblfndic 
 
 ■■estin,.ongnei« The ol T P'''''" ''^ more barren, the soil 
 
 <<-g.'Owing7o dcrll Tn '' ' ''"^^ ^'^''h' -"^y loan,, quit^ suitable 
 
 bade to Huit: ui".^,^ ;;,:trTh: ' "? *^ '^ ^^« ^^^^y '^-- 
 
 I^ake, though situate Mm.!: ^''^t ^'' '^^'^ ""' ^'^ "^^"•^ '-^^ Trout 
 ;"-o.....I i-'av:rab,:rieo: t^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ trees 
 
 yei.o;vcolo;;aT;nX AHhr r^of tt^^'"^- ", \'^"^^'^^^^' 
 lions of several olrl ),„„. , *^® peninsula the founda- 
 
 inche. i„ r„™ ° ! : r; r„:r„i'" T"'' °':' ■" "'■■<■" •-' '-'- 
 
 we.. Company t Jl 1 „ ,,f ^,?X' *'' '"; """" '"'"''"'"^ ^^""t'- 
 Hud.o,. B ,y (;omo mv^ C ; f '™" ''""°"" '''>°>" " " «!■» 
 
 "«l>oJ; .,[,"!;,"." "7 ™"''\'"" "»nh a fall of eight feet w„. 
 elo»o,y io l,e ; „ n,:! XL:""","' '°J-' °^«"eta, ,vhich 
 
 «..t «„■ . ,f a" 'a tif mile. W? T"- '*"* ""ghtly .,o,..h of 
 
 -.1, we „»..,,! „p it „„„ e„,e,„d a L o^t^ Lu'S,': "' 7™°' 
 survey of its sbo.o tU^t ,„ -^ ""' ^^er making a 
 
 h: .hat ... 0, :;, e eTi ,:r:„2T„t"'°''VH "■' ^'^ ™» «■■'-«' 
 
 t..™ to th. ,„,..,. wi „,.,e, afd ;: i„.rf . a 'atl/^lie" I"" 
 th.8 eo„™, Mn,l<.,-„t Cam Ul<e was entered "'°"° 
 
'"^^WWWlSWSWfffl^^fV^il^^ 
 
 low.] 
 
 • bay« wei-e 
 8 very hre- 
 ' which lies 
 Ij east and 
 •om fifty to 
 m half the 
 e consider. 
 I along the 
 ornbiendic 
 n, the soil 
 te suitable 
 3nly di-aw- 
 !• at Tj-out 
 The treea 
 aspen and 
 of which 
 M in the 
 lij'ty light 
 le founda- 
 Jes twelve 
 mark the 
 y jS'orth- 
 it at the 
 IS left on 
 ; feet was 
 ss, which 
 her on, a 
 enty.fivo 
 I'se seven 
 
 les, then 
 noi'th of 
 
 forked ; 
 3 correct 
 aking a 
 
 entered 
 !S out of 
 a sharp 
 3s along 
 
 ike, the 
 v'ith an 
 )tig the 
 
 WINNirK.i ASl, in;i,«oN BAT. 
 
 11 K 
 
 eharge,. witi, ,u«p;ri !»:! "'""•''•^"H- <=«l-. «n.i i. highly 
 
 The surrounding countrv in « viim# i,. i 
 few knobs of gneits, that L f , I, t'^l^T^; '."^'^"/^"'^ ^^ '^^^-^ 
 surface. The swamp in coverc.rwi . ^ , "^"'' '^" ^'"'''«' 
 
 growth of black spruce and ; 1 ' .. r:.''"'' ^"J^P^'^^ ^ -«" 
 
 g.-owth of black spruce aJ:::,;T;;'"'';.''T' 
 around thp hiu. ^^.. ,. '""""'<'. ''Oftor firnber 
 
 around the hills. Musk-rat Dnm r..; "^""' '"""'"' .'='™^ving on and 
 
 north .;.ie. ,„™e .«..«:',!; ,"',,t.::,r'''r' '? r^ °" ■'" 
 
 state of the atmosphere nn.l .i. Owing to the smoky 
 
 the View, neither r::;tr,^;;;;;'ru::i"""^ ^'"^ ^^^^'•"' 
 
 the exact size of the lake is unk u w VVo V«T7?"' "'"' '"' '' 
 
 Hhore to the south-eastern ang Z.lJal T "^ "" "'^''^ 
 
 miles, passing many inlands of 'an. J 1^' W."'" .?" '"' ' '""' 
 
 the lake, it has <leposited nu.cb Z m iTer it "" ''r'" "^'"'^ 
 
 long point Of low marsh, now cov or 1 w Rh 1 1' ^"V''™'' " 
 
 and surrounding several small, ,.k <y ^ if ?; ""' ^7 ' ^^'"-^•«- Lon.„oi„t. 
 
 F-obably due to this feature. KIh t| ' 't' """?' '^ ^'^^ ^'"^"^^ '« 
 
 to seventy-five feet above the wan, Tl L .'o 1 "? '"" '"" ^'"'^^ 
 
 and loam soil with severnl J '""«'*""«»■?«'•' ^'onsisting of clay 
 
 timber,withth L ; no 'ttft':;'"''^ '""' "'"^''"^ •^'''^"''«- Tht«ood.a„.. 
 corresponds in si.e an „! y1/ Z' "f^ "■!'", ^""^^ ^"' ^«'^"''^' 
 Lake. The islands, many o whhd. f l"' ,'"' "'"""^ ^^'^'^''^'^'^ * 
 
 covered chiefly with a dense gow .n?'';*" '''''' ''' ''^^^^'^ ' ^^^ 
 Hive fires were burning aroumH , ,' '^"■"''- ^'^'^'•'•'' "^-^t^"- 
 
 -okewas so thick ttur::^ li;);:;-;-""" .i^' ^'"^'^'^-- 
 
 ^u'veying. We left Musk-rat l^.m ■ ' "'"r" '^' ""'''' "^ 
 
 followed the river in a S. ;iO'' E , ^ L ' '"?'"'' '"^''' ""^ 
 This lake was also entered o It ' , ' , 7: ""^'^ ^",«-^^' ^"'-^ 
 the western end, and the shore mZJ.\lTSr '''"''' ''■^'" '^'-'^ ^a-^e. 
 distance of fortythreo and a half mlh, T , '''?'■" '•'*''^™^*^' '» 
 
 body of water passed throutrh on !. ^"'" '"^''^ ^'^^ '«'"^'^'^t 
 
 breadth being unknown .sH,? .""'"" ''^^'"^''"'^ length and 
 
 islands, so cio'setoX'tii:;:';;:.;; ^^^•^'•^" ^^^ -""---^^'e 
 
 be had. " '"'"^ "' ^''" opposite shore could not 
 
 The water is turbid and white In color Thn i • .. , 
 more rocky than that of Musk-iat Dam I ak„ h,! 7 " ,'^ ^' '""''J;'''" '<"=">' 
 many trees of white spruce, pop „ | ' ' ' ' T'f ^ ^'"'''' '"^ 
 exceedingeighteen inches in diamtr' no"]. T' '""''' '''"' 
 land around these lakes would n.ako good mlZ ' ''""'"' "''' '' ^'^' 
 
 -^of .ui. The Hverpassiwit:r:i.,^;:;;^r:r:.tl:r 
 
12 p 
 
 OEOLOPICAL SURVEV OP CANADA. 
 
 River nnrrow 
 and crooked. 
 
 Flat countrj- 
 
 Cut bankg. 
 
 Severn Lake. 
 
 Portage route 
 to Trout Lake, 
 
 Low swampy 
 ■country. 
 
 »o.l between. sup,,„,,i„g „ g,,,„,, „, yj^^'^ ^h Cicc ! 1 ^''"^ 
 
 ea. .,,e..:'::: fie f^ S;",:™' '"" '" » --• 
 
 theleTl Pi ' * . ^'""*" "" '"■■' """ f""" brancho, of 
 
 .man lake iL;r.t;.;«l':;4L"vtl" "'°,'"' ""'■ =•»■' ' 
 lakes conneet.rf I,.. ! P°' f*" "" *'"' )""^> brouglit us to three small 
 
 lake ;w ;ii:; fTo''; ;T„i s-:? ;"■' "'■'"°' ■" •"' '"-^ 
 
 iutervenin.rKm.,11 i„! 7"' ^'^^ '^"d 375 yard^, ui-o passed with two 
 
 h tl Tpo Tate bT' r'"'"'.'^" '^'"^ ^^^'" ''^'^^•'-'^ «^' ^'- «"d ^f 
 ae miia poitage. Descending it two and a half miles Little Tronf 
 
 through lo. ;1 « "■"' """■"' "f "■« '■»>««> ™ <!■'« »t, 
 
 hirst :',,:TurorrTL":; r ""'"" r"° - '-' '--■ "*>^ 
 
 black sm-uoft hlT ' *^^^^'«le fovei-ed with small trees of 
 
 black spuce, banksian pme and tamarac, few exceeding six inches in 
 
low.] 
 
 LAKE WINNIPEG AND HUDSON BAY. 
 
 13 F 
 
 diameter two feet from the ground Trout Tnt. ■ • , . 
 
 shape, forty miles Ion.' from Zll /'°"* ^"^*^ '« "•'•^'gularly oval in 
 
 twenty miLwdt Ttt shol ! ' ""'n^f "^"^^''^ ^^^'^ '^^- 
 some rocky points th ufhe I'^f '''""^' ^'^ ^"^ ''^'^VY, with 
 
 rocky ones. The prevailing tree ate ht^t ^"'' ""™^''«"'^ ^"^""^••.I'argeis.ana. 
 
 ".■e conducted by „ native ,„ij„*„.°; ^ °' ''•"""^- '""' ">« ""'=« 
 Mail's Fall, and Cat UkTpltr„',rir'' "X"'""" '""<"'» '"> 
 
 ".-.ly inj,„.ed by ,„,„„„, fro Lt "bin. heT '';.""" "'" ^'^S'"'*."' 
 the westward, between Severn and sllv ft. T\ " '°"""'^' '" 
 ablv situated havim. all ,L '^ *' "'"''' '' °><>™ ft™!- 
 
 richer -oil. ^/a'trL td y ^fv^UaLf fo" ''"" f-"'" '"^ ^ 
 «t seme taure ti^e prove v.Lbi ndT s^ e IT," rtr'^"",' 
 
 Where the Awn ^-^ITtlTZtZ'lZZZ °T "'• 
 whieh varies from thirty to six handred yart in wM^b „ ^''^ '"'"'■ '""'""■ 
 for eleven miles due north, where a small 1.1,1 'X '-7 *"""''"' 
 
 crossed. From here, for fifty mi «s. IT ' J " ""'^ "'""> "= 
 
 of thirty yards, flo^, M E ^ith V™!" '" "T"*^" ''^'" 
 banks. Twentyfoar rapid. a^ThlVoT e/rw^rr '"a 
 crossing the stream, occar in the distance ,L . of gneiss B.„ld^ 
 
 whiehhave to he passed byportag": i^rii g'thCel"",™" f 
 only eight were made in descending. ' '''^''^"gh 
 
14 F 
 
 OKOLOOICAI, SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 Obstruction 
 CHUsed by 
 boulders. 
 
 Svramp. 
 
 increaneH tl.e danger of damaging the oano s f om ^f.-ir ^"''""^^ 
 roekH on the bottom while running down "tr Lm In t ^"'' "^'"'^'^ 
 the channel is greatly obstructed by large bou dei-s st -I ' "^'^*"" P''' 
 bottom, often ri.ing to within a few inches onhl." '''''' ^^' 
 out being necessary to keep cleaVlf them .uZT^' " '''' '"°'^- 
 Hs there is then no sign to show their ^t^sTtion" ' """""^ '^ ^'«"' 
 
 thegeneraUurface. ^^ci^^ tTerstallXs^"f g^nli: ^ 'hT 
 
 i:nrr:;;:^:i\-t::ir^ - V;Xi:::tt 
 
 Northern limit On the isIflnH« ,V „ K Jf'"*''^''' "^'"^ '^ ^^^ poplar clumps. 
 
 of white birch , ^"® islands IS a better growth of white and blafl, L 
 
 and tamarac; the last while birch was een near L^^"S'' f^^'"" 
 course. This region has -i hUnh u. ? , ^® ^"^ "^ this 
 
 black spnice and tamaric- of -™.,r "y sand , ths trees are ohiellv 
 
 onhc,.ive,., ;i.e Whole eo„„.,fw„;;r„:;:,:!i;'::2r° '"- ™""' 
 
 and .he high banh, f„™ a preteo f™"°ieT„M wfnd "° «", '"""" 
 la.t chute the river firat runs N 50° F Z-T ' '^'''"' ""> 
 
 genera, co„™c a few degrecr,o''u.h"of'oa« X:„:'t'tro« " 
 Kiver, a large branch flowing from the south ^J i '., "^ ^"*''" 
 the sloping banks of the rifer van ftU ten T fif^^' "^ '''''^"'■^ 
 
 water, which on leaving Tronf Tnt. " "umberof bars. The 
 
 i«co™e, di,ce,orlr h;*.h?;a\t''; Z'T^lvr rr'^ 
 
 nver, „,, the dirty water, of ^alAro^k'tSltLt' "' "' "" 
 low... „art .I'oping ]^X ^Z w te" "Xf''"'""''""-' """ '^" 
 
 Character of 
 surrounding 
 country. 
 
 Otter River. 
 
 High ''anke. 
 
low,] 
 
 ■< ill several 
 riiis greatly 
 "ng agaipst 
 i ui)])er part 
 ^n over the 
 I good look- 
 ■ent is wlow, 
 
 >es towaixlw 
 
 feet below 
 
 , the whole 
 
 t growth of 
 
 ■ICO, poplar 
 ^d of this 
 )tally unfit 
 ?e. Bolow 
 'ws with a 
 ys, but no 
 lies of the 
 
 flat and 
 '•e chiefly 
 Inch have 
 he mouth 
 
 's on the 
 is bettei- 
 
 ^elow the 
 
 then in a 
 
 he Otter 
 distance 
 
 igli, and 
 
 )ws. 
 
 r almost 
 he chan- 
 ■a. The 
 i-adually 
 ' of the 
 
 ■ to one 
 y'ith the 
 
 LAKE WINNIPEif AND HUDSON BAY. 
 
 15 P 
 
 and the .tream passes from bank to b J'n a vaL about , nT "'"•>' 
 wide, with a general course of Js^ 35° W fn? ^^ ■ ? ^ '' ""'*' 
 
 cut banks are from thirty to two hundred feet high gradu^ f.llf 
 a. the sea is approached. The channel is very shf Ibw and ^ S! ? 
 
 Besides this rapid there arc sevef;,! smaller ones due t/> ,1,. 
 cause, „„. „„„e are heavy enough to necessita'^ ^Sgr ™" 
 
 ».rea™ i,„o di.ereut chaleirfoTlraUr ^ ^ :t,. l^''' '""'-'"* 
 mZ^fTZ " """.S^™-". "'-"W on the west bauk "boat four 
 
 .r;:::;tr£aTeri^^^^ - -,r 
 
 iX;"te2r;i=^ar.Ki::r2^ris^ 
 
 but a few small turnips are with difficulty grown here. On August 
 8th we picked strawberries on the clearings around the post tt E 
 tune they were only beginning to ripen. ^ ' *** 
 
16 T 
 
 OEOLOOICAI, SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 York Factory. 
 
 Character of 
 the coaet. 
 
 It was the intention to return np the river to Severn Lake from, 
 there to go by Tro.it Tjii<e acrosn the height of land to Cat Lake and 
 thence to Rit Portage; but on reaching Fort Severn tiie canoos were 
 found to be so worn out as to make it impossible to return in them 
 and being unable to procure anything suitable for the trip at Fort 
 Severn, wo were obliged to coast along shore to York Factory. 
 
 This we attempted to do in our canoes, and, leaving Fort Severn 
 August 10th, in two days had reached Goose Eiver, forty miles on the 
 Hudson Bay. Avay. Here we were delayed by a heavy gale from the north-west 
 which continued for three days. On the second day a violent gust 
 lifted the larger canoe over the stakes driven in the ground to secure 
 It, and, rolling it over the ground, threw it against one of the tents 
 breaking it beyond repair. I immediately sent Mr. Macoun, with one 
 man, on foot, back to the post with a request to send a boat and men 
 enough to take us to York. They returned on the third day with a 
 small whale boat and two Indians as guides. 
 
 Embarking, we coasted tilong shore, being greatly delayed by head 
 winds, and reached York Factory on the 23rd of August, without other 
 accident than the loss of our other canoe, which broke adrift from the 
 boat while anchored oft' one night in a gale. 
 
 The distance between York and Severn is about 200 miles. The 
 coast is quite flat and low, and is formed, for a considerable distance 
 back from high water mark, of parallel ridges of gravel, from one to 
 four hundred yards apart, the space between being filled up with sand 
 and mud, and dotted with innumerable small lakes or ponds, the water 
 of which is brackish behind the outer ridges, but quite fresh, clear and 
 cold farther inland. 
 
 These ridges are each a few inches higher than the next nearer the 
 sea, and drift wood is seen on each, showing more signs of decay on 
 the inner than on the outer banks. 
 
 This would tend to show that in this part of Hudson Bay the shores 
 are slowly rising, as has been noted by other observers on other por- 
 tions of the northern coasts. 
 
 The ebb and flow of the tide is between four and six feet. At low 
 tide the water retreats a long way, exposing great sand and mud flats 
 with gravel ridges mostly parallel to the shore, and in many places 
 thickly strewn with large boulders. From the mouth of the Severn 
 to near Cape Tatnam no trees are seen from the shore; beyond this 
 small black spruce come to Avithin a mile or so of the water The 
 distance of the trees from the shore is due to the unfavorable soil 
 rather than climatic influences. Between high water and the tree line 
 the sand and gi'avel are almost bare, while the mud between the ridges 
 IS covered with a rich gi-owth of grasses, aff-ording fine feeding grounds 
 
 LOW.] 
 
 Evidence 
 of the shores 
 uprieing. 
 
 Absence of 
 treec. 
 
(.OW. ) 
 
 LAKE WlNNIPEd AND IltTDSON BAY. 
 
 17 f 
 
 Boing unable to obtain canoon at York, we were obliged to travel in Return journey 
 u heavy flat-botlomod boat. Leaving York August 26th, N^orway 
 House, at the head of Lake Winnipeg, was not reached until Septem- 
 ber 20th, grout delay being experienced owing to the very low stale 
 of the water in the Hayes River and itw branch(3s. At Norway House 
 our boat was exchanged for a lighter one, in which we coastetl down 
 the cast shore of Lake Winnipeg, but were so delayed by rough 
 weather that Selkirk wtw not reached until October 13th and Ottawa 
 four days later. 
 
 geoloctIcal notes. 
 
 AaciliEAN. 
 
 A, — Laurcntian. > 
 
 With the exception of some small bands of H.u'onian, the Lauren- Distribution 
 tian rocks occupy the whole area of country between Lake Winnipeg 
 and Trout Lake, and probably extend much farther to the eastward. 
 
 Their northern limit on the Fawn Biver was not exactly located 
 the rocks being covered with drift, but it lies somewhere between the 
 last chute on its .pper portion and the limestone exposures near the 
 Ibrks ; from the physical features of the valley, it is supposed to be Character 
 near the former point. The rocks consist chiefly of the characteristic 
 rod micaceous gneiss, along with grey varieties, and also hornblendic 
 gneisses. No limestones were noted. 
 
 B. — Ifuronian. 
 
 The Huronian rocks wore first observed on Favorable Lake, where 
 they consist of chloritic and altered hornblende rocks, with talc and 
 hydro-mica schists. The same band, presumably, was seen on Sandy 
 Lake, and below it on the Severn River. The rocks in several places 
 are highly magnetic, and probably contain largo quantities of ironj^n 
 ore, both disseminated in small crystals through the rock and in liu'ge '"" 
 masses. Another band was met with at Troilt Lake, in connection 
 with a largo mass of eruptive rocks. 
 
 Owing to the extent of the country covered in one short season, no 
 strict investigation of these rocks could be undertaken, and it remains 
 for another setison to examine them carefully, both as regai-ds their 
 mineral characters and lithological relations. 
 2 
 
"«***-«*»«*'"^-»"«>' 
 
 An. 
 
 Oharnotcr. 
 
 1^ *■' «)E(»I,0(1I0AI, SlinVET OP CANADA. 
 
 Pal,t=;o:',oic, 
 
 Cambro Silurian and Silurian. 
 
 Tho limestones oi' tl.o Sc^vo.n a,..l Kuwn Hivorn, »« ,,>»Khly riotoi- 
 
 m.nc, from the fossils col locte.l, aro not older than (ho (falom^ an.l 
 
 niuy be as new as tho Niagara, more investigation is, however 
 
 required t^) h.K their precise horizon. ' 
 
 The rock is a coarse yollowish-whito dol.,mitic, limestone, doselv 
 
 iosembhng that of Lake Winnipeg. It lies ahnosl flat, being broken 
 
 only by long, low anticlines and synclinos. At the Limestone lipids 
 
 oi the Severn, where it is more contorted than usual, it rises in a 
 
 number of low .lomes, closely resembling a sh. ot of letter paper when 
 
 dampened. The total thickness of tho beds exposed does ..ot exceed 
 
 one nundrcd teet^ 
 
 Evidence of 
 ioe action. 
 
 Drift. 
 
 FoMils. 
 
 Post TERxiARy. 
 
 i I>rift. 
 
 From Lake Winnipeg to Hudson Bay, almost all exposed rock sur 
 laces exh.b.t d.stinc_t evidence of ice action, being strongly marked 
 with glac.al 8tr,H>, which vary in direction but a few degrees on either 
 Hide of north-east, showing that tho drift was from that q-iarter. 
 Scattered all over the surface of tho country are rounded boulders 
 many of great size and evidently far-travelled. 
 
 Tho Severn and Fawn Rivers, for over 200 miles from their mouths 
 have cut valleys into the Post Tertiary deposits. As seen in the banks 
 ot these streams, where sections of 200 feet are obtained, the top beds 
 are composed of a light sandy clay, containing many boulders of lime- 
 stone, gneiss, rod jasper and green chloritic and epidotic rocks. Below 
 these are thin sandy beds, holding a largo number of small boulders; 
 while the lowest and thickest beds are made up of a heavy blue clav 
 comparatively free from bouldei-s. 
 
 The following fossils were collected on tho Fawn Eivor, u short 
 distance from the forks :— 
 
 Rhynchonella psittacea, Chemnitz. 
 
 Cardium Islandicum, Chemnitz. {=zC. ciliatum, Fabr.) 
 
 Macoma calcarea, Chemnitz. 
 
 Mya truneata, L. 
 
 Saxicava pholadis, L. (=S, rugosa, Low,) 
 
 Buccinum tenue, Gray. 
 
 Trophon datheatus, L, 
 
 And a small Balanus, 
 
lOw,^ 
 
 I loii^hly doter- 
 ho (ialonii, arnl 
 n Ih, hovvovoi', 
 
 losfono, cIoHoly 
 t, boing broken 
 noHtono RapulH 
 *l, it riweB in u 
 or paper when 
 I008 not exceed 
 
 )Hod rock 8U1'. 
 ongly marked 
 jrooK on either 
 that q'jartor. 
 ded boulders, 
 
 their mouths, 
 I in the banks 
 , the top beds 
 Iders of lime- 
 rocks. Below 
 lall boulders; 
 ■vy blue clay, 
 
 t,A«R WTNNrPKo AND Ht'MON UAY. 
 
 Botanical Notks. 
 
 19 k 
 
 It has beA. deemed inadvisable to publish with this report a list of 
 the plants collected, as many species will probably be mided during 
 the next season, and after the country has been thoroughly explored a 
 complete list will be published. A number of species were collected 
 that were new to this portion of Canada and a few that are extremely 
 rare. Among the most interesting may be mentioned Aquileyia brevis- K^rt»p.o\H. 
 tyla, Hook, in two localities on the Severn River; Nymplwea odorata 
 Alt. Var mimr, Sims, growing in profusion between Severn and 
 1 rout Lakes. Sisymbrium humile, C. A. Meyer, was found a short dis- 
 tance from the junction of the Fawn and Severn Rivers, growing in 
 gravelly soil; and along the cousl, between Fort Severn and York 
 factory specimens were collected of a species supposed by Watson U. 
 be Sisymbrium humifusum, Hook., and has been so named provisionally 
 by him. This species has not been foun.l before on this continent 
 although reported from Greenland. 
 
 A peculiar form of lAmm perenne, L., with white flowers and of pro- 
 cumbent Imbit was noted in one locality along the coast. Although 
 supposed to be rare, Sa.rifra,ju HIrculus L., grew in great abundance 
 between .'Jevern and Vork. Three specimens of Cnicus Drummondii 
 Ti-., var. acaulescens, Gr., were collected along the Lower Severn, not 
 before noticed east of the Saskatchewan. Chrysantliemum arcticum, L., 
 and Matricaria inodora, L., vAr. nana, grow as far south as the mouth 
 of the Severn. A form of Primula, that appears to be intermediate 
 between P. farinosa, L., and F. Mistassinica, Mx., but placed by Wat- 
 son with the latter species, was found growing along the coast below 
 high water mark. Scheuchzeria palustris, L., is of frequent occurrence 
 throughout the country. Arctophila Laestadii, Rupt., a rare and 
 beautiful species of grass, recorded but once before, is quite common 
 along the coast. 
 
 ivor, a short 
 
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