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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE" le symbole V signifie "FIN ". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre film6s d des taux de r6duction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de I'angle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 oC/ oO V oC/ CO \/ ■♦ 0,'srr- .Tss— "* CAESAR From a Bust in thb Mlskum ui' tuk Ldivre. I.NTl ('l-.\ ffilasoicil %txt giool! Scvics. CAESAR'S BHLLUM GALLICUM, (BOOKS V. & \'J.) WITH IN TkANSI.ATK.N SlITAliKK KOR liKOINXKHS. AXl) A SEKIES OF KXEUCISES FOR RETRANSLATIOX FOK THE I SK OK •l-ASSKS IIKADINO FOR DEl'AliTMKNTAL AND UNIVKIJSITV EXAMINATIONS BY JOHN HENDERSON, MA., I1K.U> .MASTKH, ST. CATIIAHINKS LUI.I.KOIATK IXsTlTirTK, AND E. W. HAGAllTY, B.A.. .LASMUAl. MASTKK, MA1' '"•'«"" '" Toronto, Januaiy, 1X94. J. H. K. \V. II. LIFE OF CAESAR. Caius Julius Caesar" u..= i ^^•^•- '--^ Hcwa tlL " '"" °" '''' '^^'^ of July, «..„„. and Pon>pey. His fam y '"V;'?^"" ^'^^^" ^■-- --^t'>e oldest, b.::^i,f::/^;;-s -.. ,ne,-eiy..^,.,. of the patncian fanuiios of tZ V"^ '""^^ '"^^Pected ^--nt to lulus, son of Aeneas';'';;''' '' '''''''' '^^ cla.med to be of divine orll' T\ "' "'''°"^'h Venns 'ts members many who distin^ u , ^""^''^^^^^ aniong service of the state. ^''^^'"«^"'shed themselves in the Little is known of Caesir'« f .u at some time or other the' offi'/^'^^' '^'''' ^'^ '^^^ Ca.sar'» ci,ed suddenly at Pisa. Be sf n ^""'''"' ''"^^' '^'^^ he"^"'^'"-- Caesar seems to have boon^Hi . , ^^"^ation of younjr ^'-•//.. who was " w man *"?; ''"^'^ ''^ '^'^ -'^^er !-Hever in the noble dl fnv of 1 ^^ '' ''^"''^■"" ''"^^ ^ fi"" '"^^ -cordin, to the Sh on' ;;:: , '''' ^^'^ ^^in- accjiunng a knowledge of numhl '-■' ^""^i^t^'^l in '" P-ctisin,. physical exerc s^s t '"• ""'"''^'■' "^"^i^'' -^1 !!!!!!::^^clerable time to^erse "L^-^IT "''^ '" ^^^ offices. w,u, observe,! i„ Cu.s.r's?! n '•" '•'''^'••" ™>'''nu,l,l .^.h, n ;i'me.stor.l,ip b,foro he «as i, , ^ . '' '"" '"^^ "" "-"^^ <"ul,l h„ M ^- n. ...0 eo.,.„..i,. :;;:;; ;t^2:;;^'7 «^^ "■<• .'-'i : «"Honi,,sai,;,;,,,::.j;:;;;;'--...nbis,„.,;;,^ as8a,sHinat...l. ' •'^•«'"- «iis r,(i .vearH of ,.„, ' ,, " ''' U««c(, ., //.Tcuiw and O.i- '"^ VI LIl'K ul' CAKSAK. llclatal til MariuK. IS'iriithrd to C us lit ill. Mil rriox I 'iiriw'.la. (liicx 111 the h'li.it ami jiml cam- paii/n. lielunis home. Tactic» o/ Cdi'sar. CiimiiiisHiiin OJ thi' fknate. His ;uint Julia was nianicd to C. Mariiis. To this relationship may be ascribed the fact that Caesar at the early aye of 14 was appointed to the ofiice of priest of Jove {Jlanwn dialis), by virtue of which he was a member of the sacred college and received a handsome income. We may also ascribe to his connection with Marius the bent of his political opinions. Caesar after the death of the gieat dictator led the popular or democratic party as opposed Uy the senatorial or aristocratic. He was at first betrothed to Cossutia, a wealthy heiress, but he broke off the engagement on the death of his father! 'n the following year (83 B.C.), he married Cornelia, daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna, the leader of the popular party and the avowed opponent of Sylla. ' This union was displeasing to Sylla, who ordered Caesar to divorce Cor- nelia. This Caesar refused to do. Through the interces- sion of Aurelius Cotta, Caesar was at length pardoned. In consequence of having thwarted the will of Sylla Caesar incurred his enmity and found it unsafe to remain at Rome. He went to the East, and served his first cam- paign under M. Minucius Thermus. He seems to have remained in the East for about four years, distinguishing himself for personal bravery at the siege of Mitylenc and in the war against the Cilician pirates. On the report of Sylla's death, 78 15 C, he came home. The tactics that Caesar adopted at this time to further the interests of his party showed his consummate skill as a political leader. The Roman Senate had become utterly powerless to deal with the duty of administering properly the government. The lower classes filled with turbulent crowds the cities, m consequence of the free labour of the Italian provincials being in a great measure supplanted by that of slaves. Ever since the days of the Grarchi opposed to this democratic element was the Sen- ate, conservative in its nature, being composed of men whoae interests were likely to suffer if the democratic element should ijet any power in the state. In the mid- i ■i. To this icsar at the of priest of i a member ne income. Mariiis the he ciealli of tic party as thy heiress, f his father. I Cornelia, he popular '< union was vorce Cor- le interces- rdoned. II of Sylla to remain 1 first cam- is to have inyiiishing tylcne and e report of to further ite skill as i become linistering filled with f the free t measure ays of the 3 the Scn- :(I of men emocratic 1 the mid- LIFE Ol-' CAESAU. vii way between these two forces we h-no fU , - , led by such men is (V- ^^^ h'^^e the wealtny class r^. /Ar.« y sucn men as Crassus, without any aristocratic ^;."'''»''*'" , "" ""■ """»'"« "f >'ily p.liticians „I,„ by ^"u .1 ^•'-•Mor extortion. Thou-h Caes-ir In^f «'"' hese causes, he really gained a triumph, Lee repr<,v"d^''''''""'- the utter corruption of the courts which ^vere filled I he Senatorial faction. To improve his style in or.to v he m< cussa (now J^en;mo>), one of the Sporades He w-.s^'"'"''^'- ated, have them crucified Thi« fi, . ". ^^nen libcr- ™...c ,„„,. ,.,„„„, ';:"^,„'j;;:, i,'r: „ ifr:;;:* flee, cn,„„rocl ,he,„, „,„l b„„,«lu ,l,c,„ ,„ It m he Consulship „f p,„„,„^, ,„j <,, J^^,, ^ ■'■^. I - W h „ , a been ,„,„,„„„,, „^. ,.,^.,„,.,^ ,„o H»,,,,'',!;, f™-- ,'l ,'" '"""""'• ■■""' ''>■ 'emodelling the Senile I.o,h |.,„,,„ey .,„, Caesar s„p„„,,„, .hese'refonns Tn 68 ac, Caes»r bcean.e ,.„„,,„, „„, ,,, ,,„„^. ^^ „_,%.«^ VIU LIFJi OK CAKSAK. Marritt I'onipria B.C. 67. Elected mnilc aeilUf. Cdcuar I (iiitifex maxiinua. Elected praetor. Office he was entitled to a seat i.. the -enatc 11. v . soon after his election with Antisti.. W ^huo s": and too up his residence at Cor,u,u (now CW ' One of the clnef duties of the quaestor was to attend tl. prov.ncal assi.es (...../..), and settle the disput arose between provincials. In this office he d." p la e m nv 1 '^ «'-,—• His popularity gained for hin. m > c e.ents who, ,n after days, flocked to h,s stan- aaicl at ihe batt e o^ MnnHi i* i ■ .■.a. I,e 1,« „i. ,vifc C„,„e"t "" "'"""■' '"'^ >•'"' al.o showed hi. devotion otht " ^?""''- "'^ ui,vouon to the memory of Mariii<; h,. ausn.g the trophies of that great commande , w i , hS SHE :~-^-tx'^,d Cat.hne, .aesar became /.;;/,/.,- ,„a,,;„us. On the Ll of the conspirators, Caesar advocated the uenahv f petual banislunent, while Cato a voc uTd t rd -.' P-;,ty. Subsequent events proved th^^IeL' w!^ c. He wont ' into Spain, w Cord(,vrar^,, ,,. s, ' , he nianagcd to gain money enough ^ lr\ '''""' ''''"" '7""'"'"- clebts. On his return hi^^°''^'"^'^""''»'H.s''-^-^>«'". t- rt-turn, he united with P,^,„ C.assus to fortn the coalition called the ^L^7'' ""' i c.,,.^ .ay be said to have been ^Z^:;Z:l^^- next year CaesarTrcUluf ^ r S^^^^^^^^ ^" ^'^^cw union, Pompey married Julia Cwu'/h , '"' *'>'-"'' ''•^• his Consulship he brouldu up "vl '''?'''"'• ^^"•'"^-^""^ - bill fbr the division c^Jl^^l"''^™^'^^^^'^'^^''^^:::.^ Before laving down his cL I """"^^ '^^ P'^»?'^ T'^'"'' ''" „^^^ ; ?... " "'s Consulship he n.-.,^, i :, '"'"pey. IX Before laving down his Cnn > , • """"""^^ ^^^ P'^^P'^^ passageofabil,bvTvhih,?e"r '^ ""' P-cured the ^ "'"- with proconsular p-::erovehCa;rrd'n;"'^^^'^ ^^^^\--» r vti tne oauls and Illyricum. ^""'• GALLIC CAMPAIGNS »ti«a.io„ „f „,e ..'rve™ anrf s '""".f "«• "'■" ••" the 'o .ake .hei. pa,, a«a,„s, IhT'edu?""' '■°'' '*'" '""'=" The nest campak-n was rhi.fl ".'"""• ""'■'»•. "-"ever, he „„,; pa", / itj I'"'' "">-", which, «e. .,. LIFE OF CAKSAR. n c. 61 B.C. so. the fall of Alcsia, the power of the Gauls was crushed for ever. In his eighth campaiKn, he was coniDlete master of (-lul, having reduced the trijjes one after anotlier to sub- jection. The last campaign is uneventful. He remained in Cisalpme Caul, and returned to Transalpine (;aul for a short tune m the summer to review his troops. QUARREL WITH POMPEY. ::^/^'^.w„ ^^"--'"^ ^^^s^^r's absence in (iaul, Crassus was slain at wusinaaul. ^'^ battle of Carrhae, J5. C. 53. Tliis really broke up the Tnumviratc. Pompey began to view Caesar's career with distrust and alarm. He entered intc a league with the aristocracy and the Senate. A demand was linaliy passed by the Senate that Caesar should disband his legions. This Caesar refused to do, unless Pompey fol- lowed the same course. Finally a decree " that the Con- suls should provide that the State sliould receive no hurt " was passed. This order was eciuivalent to a declaration of war, and was regarded as such by Caesar. With one legion he crossed the Rubicon, the boundary between Caul and Italy. Soon Italy came over to his side. Pompey and the party of the Senate fled to Greece Caesar marched to Spain, defeated the party of Pompey at //ercia, and took Massilia in Southern Gaul. Caesar then prepared to follow Pompey. For some time both armies encamped on the Apsus in Illyricum Finally the decisive battle was fougl.r Au.-ust yth h C Phar^alia. 48, at PharsaUa. Though Caesar's ^ora-^u- bu't one' half the number of those of Pompey, ,:h,: .upcnur general- ship and the courage of despair won the dav, and Pom- pey s troops were completely routed. Pompey fled to Egypt where he was treacherously huirdered by an emis- sary of the king. Caesar followed and became involved Caemir c/7i,s-,sv,s the Rubicon. B.C. US. ■'.ps,;> in difficulties in settling the succession to the throne Soon after he crushed the Pompeian party at the battle Of nc>/>.us, in Africa, 46 B.C. Caesar was now the master mi^ IS crushed for :te master of ujther to sub- remained in e Gaul for a s. was slain at broke up the .'sar's career L leaj,aie w itli I was finally disband his Pnmpey fol- lat the Con- iveno hurt," declaration le boundary over to his 1 to (Jreece. of Ponipey For some 1 Illyricum. ^ yth, B.C. but one- ur jjeneral- , and Pom- 'ey fled to ly an cmis- e involved none. the battle the master "f the Roman wml.l ii '>!'Ponents. He relorn i ., ^ ^'-"^'^''' '"""esty to his ■-any -ef„, .n^J.':" ^^ ' ^ ^.^n'? """ """""=«' State. '^ inteinal economy of the totally defeated it. T],e Sonni"" "'^';''"^''' '''"f' at Afu,n/a MunUa. an the offices of Stat- u , ','" 7"' "" '^-^-^-.^^h was centered in one man. " '"' "'"^^" ''^"^'^«'"ity A conspiracy, headed bv Brut,,. . , r- formed against him. Thev L "^ ^'"'"'"^' "'^^ taken patriotic n,otives, and n ^1^"''"' '"'"'^^ '^>' -'- ;;-';-.ed. CaesarfeHMlr/h-^i'Bc"'^'^'''^'""^^ the da-gers of the assassin. ■ , ' ,^4 li.C, pierced by /m,^/, ,„• Senate house. ""' ^'''' ^^' ''^ ^^ad entered the ^T^'i. Caesar was tall -.nd of tures well marked inrl ^ J"I"'"''^"^>"ir aspect ; his fea- Cae.ar-x f -^ eyes keen, black^^^^^^^^^ 'f r*"'^'"'"" ''' ' "™^^" 'f^^ -hicl> he son,;vhat CO ce led 1 "'' '^ "^^ ^'"aciem. His robust frame ,. ^ "'"'"^' '"^ ^«''t «^ -i'ilMted renuukabl pow "s .' e,'","" '° '"'^^'^'P' ^^^ t" dress he was very fa' tkl o s H """■'" ''''^'^ ''^^^^ "^arly free from maiy of t^e^ices":; ^Z!'' ^'' ^'""^- XI BRtmrs, THB Ml'RDBRER OF CAB8AB, Xll LIFK OF {'AKSAU. II. THE WORKS OF CAESAR, (i) Extant: — (a) CommaUarii do Bella Galileo in sevcnhooks. This work contains an account of the conquest of Gaul fron. B.C. 58 to B.C. 52. In the firs^ l,.,ok we have the con- quest of the Heivetii n,cntioncd, and in the seventh book the death of Chxiius is referred to as lately having taken place. As the death of Clodius happened B.C. 5-^ we may assume that the events recorded happened between these two dates. An eighth book was added by Aulus Hirtius to complete the events to 51 B.C. (d) Commentani de Bello Chili in three books. This gives an account of the civil wars down to the time of the Alexandnne war. The history of the Alexandrine African, and Spanish campaigns were afterwards added' Hirtius probably wrote the account of the Alexandrine campaign ; Oppms, that of the African ; the arcount of the Spanish war was written probably by a centurion of Caesar's army, acconding to Niebuhr, who discovers a change in style and expression from that of the other two accounts. (2) Lost IVorh:— (a) Anticato. A reply to Cicero's panegyric on Cato Uticcnsis, who fell at Thapsus, B.C. 46. (b) Dd Analogia, or as Cicero calls it, /)e Rationc Laiine loqucndi. Dedicated to Cicero and written when Caesar was crossing the Alps. (c) IJbri Auspiciorum or Aui^utralia. Published B.C. 63, wlien Caesar was Poiiti/cx maximus. (d) r>c Astris. Published also fl.C. 63. (c) Apothci^twda or Dicta Colldtanea. A collection, of witticisms made at different times. (f) i'ocmata; learly all written in 1 us youth. To ooks. This f Gaul from ;ive tlie con- cvcntli book laving taken B.C. 52, we led between d by Aulus joks. This time of the Icxandrine, U(ls added. Alexandrine account of enturion of iiscovers a c other two ic on Cato >c' Rationc itten when ished H.C. •Ucctii)!'. u! until. To ttPE OF TAESAlt. tl.ose belon. Oedipus, Laudcs Hcnulh and her ^des '•'■'l>.nK In. jo„,ncy fro,,, .Spain, B.C. 46. ^ SUMMARY OF CAESAR'S LIFE Born 100 B.C. Father dies 84 B.C. Married Cornelia 83 B C '"^:^^:^sr;h,;r;?c^' -■"''-•->•■- --- Wins popularity by attacks upon .Senatorial party ^-oes to Rhodes to study rhetoric under Molo. Captured by pirates on his way thither. ^••Ptured Elected pontifcx, quaestor, curule aaWc, poniiM man '""s, praetor, yo-G2KC. "U^x maxt- Consul B.C. 59, First Triumvirate. Gallic Campaigns 58-50 B.C. Quarrel with Pompey and the Senate, 49 B.C Defeats Pompey at Pharsalia, 48 ft C c.- ;- or A...., ... THa,., ,a n.c.is°;,7:;rM\:: Assassinated 44 B.C. CAESAR'S PERSONALITY. powI° '( Ws f""' ^"^ '" ^'"'-^ ^"^^' '" P^'itical F"»i-r. »..aesai s keen eye s.'iw this nn,i .1, 1 judges of his own ftge thai he wn, ''T^"' '" «""^^ and there h ive bo.t *^'*'"'"' '^''" 'h^'" ^11; con,,are where c':r;l:^r so dXint^^ seems to t'ood jud..os »ho .^reate-t nf - ' "'""" Mil XIV LIFE OF CAESAR. Of l^o,ne, the Gcnnan Kaisers, p.-obably the Russian C/a>s, iK>,-c- .„• sfll bear Lis nan,... A .uon.h, was ,e- -n,c. un.,shon.H,,:,andhasre.a,n..,i,Iu.„a,n:of.'te E^opr "'■""■ ^■"'^^'"^'^ '-.ua,eso?aH His wonderful life n.ust be studied elsewhere his fear ess youth h.s early ,„anho.,d devoted to the cause of berty and refonn, his marvellous success as a Kcner-.] though e only turned soldier con.paratively ,.!te ^^ "fe' and held no connnand until he was forty years old. Hov' he becanie the master of Route's destinies, and by justice ad clemency showed that he was worthy to'cont.ol hen. uul was ambu.ous n,ore for his country than for hnnself ; ami how, in the height of h.s greatness, he w.s nn-dered by n.en who called hin. tyrant, and 'though at the only r.ght forn. of governn,ent was the rule of the noble and wealthy few,^-of the oligarchy which bore and disgraced the nan.e of the Roman RepuWic,- II h " forms a h.story fulTof interest and lessons fur all time Here (Hk.V) we have only the story of his second in- vasion of 1 ruan. and one s.ene innn the tnidst of his great oxp lou of the conque.t of (iaul. It will show us son.etlung of h.s care for h.s n>en which so en.leared Imn to them, of ins prompt.tu.Ie and daring, of his supreme calm and sdf. control of h^ fa.rness as an historian, of his kindness as asupenorohlcer.slow to blame, c,uick to praise; and] W.I g,ve us a hvely picture of his enemies,\heir strength and weakness, their mode of warfare. Above all, it Cill slmw us the nnatchless strength of the Roman legions when fightu^g behnu- the entrenchments which they were so skilled m making. "-G7/^,v^.. DRAMATIC CHARACTER OF HOOKS V. AND VI Mr. Colbeck's words quoted above aptly set forth some of he leading dramatic features of this tnost interesting portion o c,e.ar'3 otiu.u..c rather dry „,ihtary nan J t.ve In books \- an.l VI. we realize Caesars ob.ect in writing, ;„... ,., g.ve ,o his f.Ilow-.ountrvmen of hi, own flu- Russian '"111, was w- laiiic of "the Liages o^ all sewhere his the cause of IS a general, Y late in life, s old. How >'l by justice f to control try than for ncss, he was ind thought > the rule of which bore lie,— all this ;ill time. second in- ofli is great > something to them, of m and self, cindness as ise ; and it !ir strength all, it will in legions they were n VI. orth some interesting uy narra- objcct in f his own I LIFK OK CAE.SAH. tune, and to leave on record for -.II -u,,.. » ■"-'II )ci ULiic.ite a touch he j;aints slou to bl.une, c,u.ck to praise," (see the episode' ofC.cero, Bk.V.,46-52,andBk. VI.,42) , ' ^'^ cte;;fr'"r;'''"'^' "^""^^' ^^*'^'"-' ^ablenus t-iceio, then- faults and their virtues • (3) bis foes, the Britons, the Gennan's, the Gauls- the.r ch.eftan.s (Cassivellaunus and Ambiorix : ac^In^^'r '"'""' ""' '"'"■ """'"' ^"''^■ (4) ^-;-'';^^..'nanes,wuh then- intrepid zeal amidst fea.ful odd. of peril and hardship; (5) and even I'on.pey, not yet an avowed enemy conc,dn,g something to "friendship and the go ,d of the commonwealth." ^ J,o<>0 These features combine to make books V -md vr .nterestmg study even from the literary sttlp'Z^' '"'' 111. THE CONQUEST OF GAUL '"c .Me.iiterrancan. As the rr.-.l- . 7 '.'"""« ^""^^ "« ;;-.,c .,,, ,,„„,...„„ ;„;,'r,,:;;,;;,^, ; ::' -7;;*^:' "e l,„„nanB boslcKcd A,„i,,„li, ,„ , Ki,,^, "'t XV XVI LIFK OK (JAKSAK lionmns. l''(iids of the Koniiins, by whose aid tlie Li-uiians were dc- fea'.ed, and pari of the territory of the Ligurians given to the Masbihots. Another attacic soon after (125 li.C.) was made by the Ligurians, who were reduced a second time. The army of C. Sextius Calvinus, after three campaigns, plundered their territory, and reihiced the inhal^itants to slavery. Near Massiha, he founded tiie town of A«they defeated the Consul, M. Junius Silanus. The iii.man». Romans sustained anotlier defeat two years later wiien they attempted to keep bark Ihe Tugurini, one of the Helvetic cantons who were attempting to enter Gaul. In this battle fell L. Piso, the grandfather of Caesars father-in-law. In 106 B.C., Q. Servilius Caei.io sacked Toulouse, which had formed .-; irague with tlie Cin^liri and Teutones. This temporary gain was followed by a crushing defeat mflicted on the Romans near the Ijanks of the Rhone by the Cimbri and Teutones. i IS were tlc- fins yiven to 25 V>.C) %v;is secoiul time. Ciunpaigiib, ihabitiuUs to n of Ai/uac from the hot IS time, the /"uverni, the J AUobroges, he Romans. .Uobroges at le same year mited armies IS, near the juntry of the •ovince, and owever, still :t succeeding if the original ; Alps to the in the Rhone to Spain. into conster- id Teutoncs. they entered In 109 B.C. ilanus. The IS later when i, one «>f the enter (iaul. ;r of Caesar's aepio sacked \;c rimiiri and (illowed hy a r tlie l)anks of \hri LIFE OF CAESAR. -Wll "abte all tlie land between the Rhone -in.l tl,,. i. '/' "^,y„.,v While the Teutones renuuned on tl F „ 1 e 'm'"'" ■^'"'^""• the Cimbri turned back from the Pv^n. i I'' Teutones, and then passed the aL M ' 'T !^'' K'aincd !^ro-,^ .ri • , ^ Maruis who had feauiccl great glcy m the Jugurthine war was sent agamst the invaders. He hastenoH f c , and defeated the Teutones at aZ . " ''™ ^--''/v/..,-. In the fnllr.».;,, ^"t""es at Aquae Sextiae, 102 I5.C r,.„t,„J n the fo lowu g year he met the Cimbri at Vercellae am '"""'"" crushed them in battle "t-'ceiiae and and his associates attemnte.l t ' """^P-'-'-^^T- He ^""<"'>: tl^e AUobroges wVo w2 ''"" ""'" ''"^ '^^''"''^'^ "^ ■-""t.cb, wno wete on some mission nf n J".n the conspiracy. These depu ie b "r led tl '"'' '* featcd by Pomptinus. ' ^^'^^ '"'^'"'^ ^'=- The Aedui, proud of their alliance with Rnmo . '"■■d ,t over the other tribes Th. S ' ''^''" *" alliance with the ArveniTh ''"'""' ^"'■'"'='' •''" vistus, a German, t a si t them" ^" "'?" ""■'^'^' ^'•'"- — "* the Aedui were reduced ' , '".''^•''"«^ ^^^^ Aedm". Soon '■"•""■'^• ui were reduced to submission. Their rhi^f tv •. ^-icus went to Rome, and implored the ai f the c The Se(,uani meanwhile found out tLlV "''^'• bHng an ally turned to be t eit m" t r h";"'" '"'" -'-.-themJilhl^Sr^- ^^'^ in I5.L. 60, a report reached Rome thit Ih. u , •• hke the C mbri a"d T-,-- ^ ^"^ Helvct , „ emigration. '^ P'^^'Panng for a great -:' //Wm-.-. 2 "-■ toeing flu. fertile plains of XVIll LIFK OF CAESAU. Caemr Conmd. Seta out to (Ian I. ( laul, tiicy w (MO dissatisfied witli their own. land. In the previous year a ilecrec had l)een passed at Rome, that the Governor of Ciau! for tlie time being should protect the allies of the Roman people. In the next year 59 B.C., Julius Caesar was Consul. During his Consulship, P. Vatinius proposed a law giving Caesar the government of (laul and Illyricum for five years. Caesar's object was to complete the conquest of Gaul. He remained at Rome till after the exile of Cicero. Soon after this, B.C. 58, he hastily set out for Gaul, on the report that the I'ielveti were on the move westward. ROHAN BOLDIRRfl, FROM TRAJAN'S COLUMN. IV. THE ROMAN ARMY. In ancient times of Rome, the army was drawn in a solid mass ( phalanx^, a method very common among the ii.hiiui. In the Rome, that the )uld protect the t year 59 B.C., Consulship, P. ; government of •'s object was to lained at Rome his, B.C. 58, he hat the Helveti «N. vas drawn in a mon among the :% I LIKK OF CAESAH. pendent ly tn i """"^'"''' "'"^^'"'^ '^^ -'^-^^ "-'e- H<.uui.nuy ana also m concert TI.p. ,„i, 1 i ■ arranged in three lines. ,n he " u'!^ T'"" T Hastatt : Principcs ; ~ ~ — Trtarii : ~ — — Each iiiatiipitius of the tun ♦i.-.f i- -/.n.,eacrconnnanL^;a i^r ^""""' ^^" commandin.r the ri.Iit . , "^ '^/™^'"- i 'ic centurion »fiu 2„ior^ tlie one coninianc n»'- the Ifff ,-0.,* .=ch«l, ,„e„,y, ,„ each .„„„,. „1,:, tit:» " "■ V, • ■• '^° =20 " fin ., T .3,000 To every century, 20 ve!ites=,, 200 Tu ■ , 4> 200 To ethTe;: : :f l':t ;*■■-<" - - »«=" b, Cesa. (W.,„a, ,ivc„ .„ „e ,„■„.,>; '„,„„ a,:^';!:: XIX I XX LIFE OF CAESAlt. Officers. Centurions. Trilmne». Legati. Artnt. been aiiiied with the pike {piluvi). Hence the first two Hues were sometimes called ante-pilani. Ihe officers of the army were : (a) Centurions {Centtirioncs) : These were the leaders of the centuries, two in each maniple, six in each cohort, and sixty in each legion. There was a reg- ular system of promotion in the Roman army. The highest centurion was the first centurion of the first maniple of the first cohort, so the lowest would be the second centurion of the third maniple of the tenth cohort. As a badge of authority the centu- rions carried a staff. (b) Miliiary Tribunes {Tribuni Militum): These were six to each legion : hence ten centurions were under each tribune. (c) /Jeutemvifs {Legati) : These were next the gene- ral in conmiand. The cavalry were under the command of the prafedi equitum and decuriones. The weapons of the Roman soldier were of two kinds : (i) Offensive iveapons. The ordinary soldier {tniles legiofuirius) was armed with (a) the javelin. Of this there were four kinds : piliim, iaculum, hnsta, lancea. The pilum was a strong heavy pike, con- sisting of a square shaft of wood four feet long, to the end of which a strong, sharp iron point about two feet long was attached. The iaculum was a lighter dart used for hurling, while the hasta was a long spear used for stabbing. The lancea was a light spear with a broad point. The infantry used th&piluni, while the cavalry and light armed troops, the iaculum, has fa, and lancea. Some of the latter ( arried bows (arcus), and arrows {sagi(tae), slings {fundae). (b) The sivord (gladius) was short, broad, double- edged and pointed, more used for stabbing than for slashing. It was kept in a light scabb.ard fastened to a belt (balteus). ce the first tui) vere the leaders iple, six in each here was a reg- nan army. The irion of the first owest would be maniple of the )rity the centu- •tuvi) : These centurions were next the gene- cre under the id dccuriones. f two kinds : soldier {miles he javelin. Of iaa/lurn, Jtasta, eavy pike, con- cur feet long, to ron point about e iaculum was vhile the hasta g. The lancea t. The infantry md light armed ncea. Some of rrows {sagitiac). LIFK OF CAKSAll. (.) /^v..^.v .vv^..,. The soldiers of thelegion had: ^ t^t , (b) ,, cuirass {lorica), made of leather ,;,• i.f sn-^of metal fastened on the leather, or of ;:L" lie scale.',, or of brazen plates • (c\ n-,-,,,,., ,., / .■eacl.ing as ,,i„, as ,.: .,,ee f(^f:;:;; ,J^^^^^^ "blong, „,ade „f boar*, covered „i,|, leather and surrounded «1,1, a broad nre.allic rin, Isc^lT .nado of br„„.e and of an ova, s "^:; L Z The I,gh, arnred troops had a small buck er (V« ' and a he,„,e, of ,ca.„er (,,„/.„). The solh ^ ' I Ixneach h,s armour his tunic („„„,-„,_ „ „,i^" Tee ™ His cTTT""' "■•"^'"'•' -X^t stuff f r f, **'*'"'"' "■•■" of '«-■"", woollen stuff, fastened by a broach on the shoulder a,Hl ;2;;;,;i:L;^'-''«*------«-^-'an:' orii^.e:r*il:!':A™:;i::?™r''')t-^^ silver, or bronze, with expan^edt i™'» ^"^^^ ^: " f"' Obion, banner carried by 'the Lri;*"" ""' " ''""' " "™!;r:;st^S':d:L::rd'™^;^''=^ '"''"'''•-'"' - generally ..scdtJimlt:';™;, -';■„»«- .."^ "- f»,„ed like an au.ur. stair, and 1,:^^ '^^"'"^ XXI broad, double- stabbing than light scabbard 1 1 XXII LIFK OF CAKSAR. V. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH. The army on tlie march may be divided into three divisions ; (a) agnicn primuni, or van ; (Ij) excrcttus, ag- mcn legiomim, or main body ; (c) agmen noTtssnaum^ or rear. The van was generally composed of liglu armed troops of infantry or cavalry. Their chief duty was to find out the force of the enemy, or to hold the enemy at bay until the main body should arrive. The main body with the baggage train {ivtpediinenta), followed. The rear generally consisted of cavalry or light armed troops. The average march {t/er iustioii) was from six to seven hours, or from fifteen to twenty miles a day. On the forced march the soldiers often covered fifty miles a day. On the march, the soldier carri«.'! two Roman pecks of grain {fntinentuin\ cooking utensils {vasa), his arms, blanket, and two rampart stakes {valli). The private baggage of the soldier was called sarcina. VI, THE ARMY IN CAMP. When the army was on the march, men {ineiaiores) were sent forward to select a suitable place for a camp. If possible, a high ground {locus superior) was sought. The camp was usually square or oblong. An embank- ment {valluvi\ formed from the ground thrown up from trench {fossa), surrounded the camp. The camp had four gates : (i) porta praetoria, near the praetoriuni, or general's tent, faced the enemy ; (2) porta dccumana was opposite to this ; {■t^ porta principalis sinistra on the left ; and (4) porta principalis dcxtra on the right. Connect- ing these two latter gates was the via ^,nncipalis, and jiarallfM to the stroct was the nia quintana. Connecting the porta praetoria and porta dectimnna was the via prae- toria. into tlirce crcttus, ag- 'ssi)itum, or igl t armed \v;;3 to find [emy at bay 1 body with The rear roops. six to seven y. On the miles a day. lan pecks of , his arms, The private LIFK OP CAK.SAIt. The pickets were generally called e.nudifores ■ v,iriiia ■ were mght watches; .«.W/«, ^^rc sentinelt^tn f . some particular post. sentmels to guard The average pay was about 6»/ cents n^r rU r- doubled thiq /\ \^ , ■ ' "^ *^^"'s per day. Caesar oouD eel this,. A centurion received 25 cents ner d-,v XXIll {metatorcs) for a camp. s sought. •3 An embank- • own up from ; camp had \ aetorium, or % xumaiui was "•; % on the left ; t. Connect- ncipa/is, and Connecting the Tta prae- 1 ■vS EXPLANATION OF DIAGRAM. 1. Praeliirhun, or Gcnorai s tunt. '2. Ui'omid for liorsos and bajfj,'a|,a' of the Tribuni militum. y. TfiilH (if tliL' Tiiliuni tnilitxnn. 4. Groiiiid <)(eiii)iud by horses and baggage of praefecti sociurum. fi. Tents (if y/crc/ctVi ,soc)«/'(tm. (). Strec't 100 feet wide, called principia or via principalin. 7. Cross street, 50 feet wide, on both sides of whieh were the tents of the Roman equitcs or horse. 8. The eijniten of two Roman legions, in 10 tunn/ie or troops each. • 9. The triarii of two Rbmaii legions, in 10 manipuli each, forming on two different streets. 10. The two streets, «ach 5») feet wide, between the triarii andprtnct^cc of two legions. 11. The 2>ri>tcipe)i c:' two Konian legions, in 10 manipuli eaeh, 12. The hastati of two Roman legions, in 10 manipuli each. 13. Two streets, eacli SO feet wide, between the hastati of the two Roman legions and the horse (eijiiites) of the allies. 14. The horse of the allies. 15. The infantry of the allies. 10. Tlie quintana via, a street 50 feet wide. 17. Qitacatorivm, the quaestor's tent. 18. The tents of Icgati ; in front of them and the quaestoriuin was the /orum where things were sold. 19. The veteran horse (evocati equitcs), 20. The veteran fnot (cvncati pcdites). 21. The horse of the consular life guards (ableeti equites). 22. The foot of the consular life guards {ableeti pcdites). 23. A cross street, 100 feet wide. 24. A street, fiO feet wide. 25. Extraordinarii equitcs, a part of the allied horse to serve in consul's body guard. 26. Extraordinarii pedites, a part of the allied foot to r3r\'e in consul's body guard. 27. Quarters for strangers coming into oanip. 28. A sjian of 200 feet between tents ai\(l rampart. 29. Kanii)art (yaJ^io/i)- 30. Ditch i/ossn), feet deep, 12 feet wide. 31. Porta jmncipalis dextra. 32. Porta principalis sinistra. 33. Porta decumaiM. 34. Porta praetnria. 35. A transverse breastwork protecting the gates. [o 30 l^-^ 30 teiitH of the Roman 1. ■ njf on two different }ipei! of two legions. Konian les^ions and ui the forum wliero ;onsurs body s'lai'd. nsul's body guard. ___aoj-T 30 14 IS 14 IS 14 IS 14 IS 14 IS Ifl 14 IS 14 IS 14 IS 14 IS 14 IS DUGRAM OF CAMP. 1 i SYNOPSIS OJ.- BOOKS I.-IV., ADAPTED FOR HEGINNKRS. FIRST CAMPA1GN-S8 B.C. Caesar's Descri/ilion of Caul. Gallia est omnis divlsa in Dart,. „„ Belgae, aliam Aauitani lerthm „, fr m ' ''"""'" """"' "'«I"»' Ge^Ania ,,„i ,ra„s Kie" 105,17 "','"""■■""■ ''"'"'"' -« -be„„,„,„„„, „,„,, ;eCorcLT,:rz,:'rcM:r"- THE HELVETIAN WAR. Conspiracy of Orgetorix. Messala et Pisone consulibiis Cc8 h rM n . • ^ Hoc fecit .e,„i ^V^JZ::^ ^^^^ ^-^-nt, pmnacle,. Mi per tre'T. • " ''^"«'''^"^ ^"i^ "ccuparent potiri posse speram. P°"="''^'^'"'- P'>P"'os totlus Gallia; se^e vi'r:^.::^:^,;:-,;^;;;^- -nt..a. -.e...i«en, e. "US exseciui conaretur. mortuus est xuT^''' '"'" "'^'■''''^ ^""•" mortem conscivit. " "«'vetii arbitrantur, sibi f'ost ems mortem. nihi!ninr„.,„ ... .. _ fonat, sunt. .Vr Provimia.n itn^ue '7 iV'"'"'''' ""'' "''"''^'^ '" ^iallia ci...,io.o era., i„ „-^ ' ""'• ^"^^"^ q"i m... 2 SYNOPSIS. (|uinque contendit et ponteni, qui erat ad Genavam, rescind! iussit. Deinde a lacu Lemanno ad nioiitem luram miiriim fossanique per- ducit. Ea spe deiecti, per Seqiianos Helvetii iter fecerunt. In fines Aeduonim pervenerunt eorumque agros populabaiitur. Aedui autem socii et amici Populi Roniani erant. Caesar Helvetios secutus flumen Ararim transeuntes in fugam dedi^t. Interea Dumnorigi, Aeduo, custodcs Caesar ponit quod civitatem suam ne frumentum daret deterreret. Helvetii, apiid BiJjracte, Aeduonim oppidum, iterum superati, pacem peticrunt atque domuni reverti iussi sunt. THK GERMAN WAR. Ariovistus expelled from Gaul. Eodem anno Ariovistus, rex Gernianorum, Rhenum exercitum transduxit atquc superhe et crudeliter Gallis impcrabat. (ialli a Caesarc auxilium pclunt. Ariovistuni, proelio facto, Rhenuin tran- sire et donium redire Caesar coegit. Ita una aestate, duobus niaximis bellis confectis, Cacar in citeriorem Galliam ad conventiis agendt)s jjrofectus est. SECOND CAMPAIGN— 57 B.C. THE BKLGIAN WAR. Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia, ad eum rumores afferebantur, omnes Helgas contra I'opiiluni Romanuin coniurare. His nunliis connnotus, duas novas iegiones conscripsit et initil aestate in ultcr- iorem Galliam misit. Ipse, cum primum pal)uli copia esse inciperet» ad exercitum vcnit. Diebus circiter (|iiindecim ad fines Belgarum pervtMiit. F.o cum de iniproviso venissct, Remi legatos miserunt et se suaque omnia in potcstatem I'opuli Romani permiscrunt. P'lumen Ax5nam Caesar exercitum transduxit et cum Helgae Bibrax, oppidum Remorum, expugnare conaientur, eos superavit. Fierce engai;;eiuent with the Nervii. Suessionibus Bellovacisque in dcditionem acceptis, in fines M .,.: „:>«.. r,.;.;> c'lmi jiu nr(>e!ium a'^ud flu.nifn .S.ibim com- mittit. Quo in proelio ubi Caesar rem esse in angusto vidit, scutum mjliti detraxit et in primam aciem processit. Cuius adventu spes 1, rescindi iussit. I fossanique per- er fecerunt. In abantiir. Aedui Caesar Helvetios it quod civitatem , apud Biljiacte, petieiunt atque lenum exercitum perabat. (ialli a to, Rhenuiu trun- fectis, Cae-ttr in s est. ores afferebantur, ire. His niiiuiis L aestate in ultcr- piaesse inciperet» 1 fines Beljjanini legates miserunt pernuscrunt. t et rum Helgac ur, eos superavit. icceptis, in fines ilcn Sabim com- usto vidit, scutum lius adventu spcs SVN0PSI8. - iliata est et proeliuni redinte-T^tnm h , THIRD CAMPAIGN-S6 B.C. THE VENETIAN WAR. Cum omnibus de rnTisis r-i^^^ amplissima auctoritas omni, nr.„ • ' "'"^ ^^^ civitatis .ribn„„s „,„,„„„, ,^,::" cZ^'T^"'- ?'"'" " ^'='-"'"'. strength of the Vmetian ships accmrz,"" t::^:;"^ 7'", "-™" -.-.-.n,,,,.. »r.q..a„,„ p,„„i„„. 4.,a„. 1 :,;:':;«;■*-• "«I- <-i..ae nos.ae „s,„ „„c.,e po.c.n,, ,a„,a ,„ tZui:::^. ' ' '"^ ^''^i'^ry for Caesar. Una tamen res ma^no usui fuit nostris f-,1. 'ongunis insertae. His fune. .„,; . ' "' praeacutae con.prehensi sunt. N^ vil ddn ■ "^ '"'"^'"^ ^'^stinabant. Pebantur, antennae con i::"^'"';?"" '""'^'"' ^""^ '— '- Vencticum confectum est. ^'l^^^^aDant. Quo proei.o beilum FOURTH CAMPAIGN-55 B.C. CAE.SAR CROSSES THE RHINF transe.ndi fnit quod ab .Sulis I ""'?"'" ^^''"^''^-'""^- ^--^^ est lon^e n.axima et bellic .Is '! ^ '"""^'"" «^"^ 'n.n.nto, sed maxinuun ,:;;:r r,:'!;::::;:"""- ."-'• '-"-" ad 56 importari non sinunt I 'si.7f T 7-?''*'""' ''"'"'"• '^''"""» P"Is.,a,ros e, .ae.lificia Menapi,>a,m mi ■! I /'"'""' ''"' ■""^'^'■^ '^^ 'ncolebant. occupaverunt ' ' ^'^ "" '""4"« ripam flun.ine SYNOPSIS. ,;',.^--,'i- His de rebus Caesai certior factus, atque infirmitatem Gallorutti vcritus, ad exercituni prolu iscitiir. (leimanis superatis, pontem trans Klienum faciendum curavit et exercituni transduxit. Diebus decern et octo trans Rhenum consumptis se in Galiiam recepit pontemque rescidit. FIRST ROMAN INVASION OF BRITAIN. Preliminary enquiries. Exigua parte aestatis reli(|ua, Caesar tamen in Eritanniam pro- ficisci contondit, quod, in omnibus fere Gallicis bcllis, hostibus nostris inde subministrata esse auxilia intellegebat. Mercatoribus ad se vocatis, necjue quanta esset insulae magnitude, nequc quae nationes jncolerent, neque quern usum belli haberent, neque qui essent idonei portus, reperire poterat. C. Volusenum cum nilvi longa ad haec cognoscenda praemittit. Huic mandat ut exploratis omnibus rebus ad se revcrtatur. Caesar repairs to the coast— The Britons thither send ambassadors. Ipse cum omnibus copiis in Morlnos proficiscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in Rritanniam traiectus. Hue naves undic|uc et classem quam ad Vcneticum bellum effecerat convenire iubet. Interim legati ab Rritannis ad eum veniunt et obsides dare poilicentur. Liberaliter pollicitus, eos domum remittit. Caesar crosses the Channel. Nactus idoneam ad navigandum tempestatem, navibus circiter octoginta onerariis coactis, tertia fere vigilia solvit. Equites in ulteriorem portum, qui ex eo loco ab mllibus passuum octo aberat, progrSdi et ibi naves onerarias duodeviginti conscendere iussit. Ipse hora circiter diei quarta cum primis navibus Britanniam attlgit. His landing opposed. Ibi in omnibus collilnis expositas hostium ccpias armatas con- spexit. Ad horam ncmam expectavit. Turn ventum ct aestum nactus secundum, dato signo, sub'^^tis ancoris, circiter milia passuum scptem ab eo loco progressus est. Harbitri, consilio eius cognlto, cum equitatu, esscdfcriis, reltquis copiis subsecuti, nostras cgredi pr()l)ibebant. irmitatem Gallorum s superatis, pontem transduxit. IJiebus in Galliam recepit ITAIN. in T'ritanniam pro- cllis, hostibus nostris Mercatoribus ad se nequL' quae nationes que qui essent idonei loscenda praemittit. revcrtatur. 'r send ambassadors. ciscitur, quod inde uc naves undique et at convenire iubet. It et obsides dare remittit. em, navibus circiter solvit. Equites in assuum octo aberat, conscendere iussit. lavibus Britanniam :opias armatas con- i ventun» ct aestuin 6ris, circiter milia Jarbilri, consilio eius lis subsecuti, nostr<»^ SYNOPSIS. » o P'ierht on the shore—BraTc rn„rl,,rt e "^ '^""duct of a centurion .enere pu«„a. pe-teniti n " ^ ^' "'-Uato Britannorun. utebantur. (^uod ubi C-iesar ^""f'" '^'^""'^f'-'' 1"^^ "f consucrant, ab oneran.s, et re.is ini::i ^'^^ "^^^^. '""^^ — ri motu permoti, barbari pedem rgtul€runt Nn"! ^ ^"^ "' ''"'""'"'^ qu. decimae legionis aquilam for b^ comcs^^^^^ '^ >nquit, «milites, nTsi vu his ac,ui !m h . '''^'' ^^^""^'" meu„, reipublicae atque mpe Ir^offi:" '^"'"" ^^° ^^^^ voce magna dixisset se ex navi n" ""' P'"'''""'"''-" ^'°^ ^""^ ferre coepit, Turn nostri un " sf eTn! 'TV" ^«^'^ ^^"■•'- arido constiterunt, in hostes i "e 'u^^ru'r r"""' '"""' '" dederunt. Longius vero prosequi Zn T "^"^ '"' '" ^''^^"^ sulam capere non potugrant P°'""""' 'l""'^ «^""es in- TAe Britons pardoned, ^«A learning of Caesar^, difficulties, tkey rene^ tke .oar Uie quarto postquam in Rritanni;,>n r decim, quae equites sustui 7 ex s ''"''' ""^^^ °^'°- Qnae cum appropinquarem; .;'•'''"''" P°^'" ^°'^^^""t- continentem petJre 'oactlL't^r'l;, ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'^ ^^^ Caesar exercitum transportaverat temnr^T ^ "•''^"' ^'""^"^ duplicavi, -s.,...inc„„,™,„r ddrr""; '"""""" ""■""™ ■am nocem naves solvi>. Ouae ;,„„" f ' ''••'"'° ?"" ""'I- I EXERCISES IN TRANSLATION INTR.OUUCTORY TO BOOK V. Exercise 1. 1. Domitius et Claudius consules erant. 2. Domitio et Claudio consulibus, Caesar in Italiam discedit. 3. Legates Iggionibus praefecerat. 4. Discedens ab hibernis Caesar in Italiam, his legatis imperat ut naves aedificarent. 5. Legates naves aedificare iubet Caesar. 6. Naves quam plurimas aedificare iussi sunt legati. Exercise 2. 1. Legati, quos legionibus praeff^cerat, naves aedificant veteresque reficiunt. 2. Legatis naves aedificandac sunt veteresque reficiendae. 3. Naves acdificandas veteresque reficiendas curant legati. 4. Legatos praefecit exercitui ad naves aedificandas. 5. Naves ab legatis aedificatae sunt. 6. Ad ceieritatem onerandi paulo facit huiniliores ; ad onera transportanda latiores. 7. In nostro mari navibus humilibus atque latis non utimur. 8. Has naves facit huniiliores atque latiores quam quae sunt in nostro mari. g. Humiliores eas faciunt quam quibus utimur. 10. Latioribus navibus Galli in Oceano uti consueverunt. Exercise 3. 1. Multac res sunt usui hominibus ad naves aedificandas. 2. Ea quae sunt usui ad armandas naves ex Hispania apportari iubet. 1 noN liam discedit. legatis imperat ut gati. Uficant veteresque reficiendae. irant legati. ndas. iliores ; ad onera s not! utimur. [uani quae sunt in sueverunt. ■dificandas. Hispania apportari EXERCISES. 7 [ 3. ^faves omnes actuarias figri imperat I 4. Actuarias eas facere legatos iubet. 5- Militibus uti nave' arfiiQr;-,^ f ■ , „ ''"^^^' actuarias faciant imperat. 6. Quam ad rem humiiitas adiuvat. Exercise 4. ^^r.^ ConventOs iam peracti erant. In l„,Hcum proficiscitur -Conventibusperactis,inIi,yncumproficiscitur. 3. P.rustae partem provinciae vastabant 4- Parte provinciae a Pirustis vi^t;t^ r S. Pirustas nrn.r- • ^' ^''^^''' Profectus est. 5. ^-irustas provmc.am vastare audiebat 6. Pars provinciae vastabatur a Pirustis 7. Partem provinciae vastari audiebat. 8- Pars iam vastata prat d ^ Exercises. '— ™«a'am esse audivi,. f. Eo pervenit Pr> n -perat. Hos mUitrc:^! 1';:::;;^^ ^^'--t '"^''^-^'-ent - Quae res Pirustis nunti a es r """"'' ^^ '■"•^^'• tunt. Hi ita cum eo agunt r/^;,/? « ^tT '' ''■'"•"^'" -'■^- fectum est consilio. Nos parati umus d^ • "•'"'" ''''"'" P^^lico 3. Legatos mittunt qui haec doc:; "'""'^ "'^'^^^^^•" 4. Legatos mittunt qui haec doceant 5- iJocent nihil factum ps«p • 6. Qua re nuntiatl PilT; "" "^^^'«^ «^ -tisfacere. niH. pu. iico fact;;:;;;:: rsi r^^e^e "'" "^'"""^' ^-^ ^--- sat.sfacere dcmonstrant. "'" P^"^"^ «^e de iuiuriis Exercise 6. '■ ''ercept.1 est oratio eorum Caesar .k • , • ^•'''---•-''^i'iesd.rentm,?r;t r^^^^ 3- " Nisi." incuit. " ita feceritis egobelf " ■''""' "■"''^^• 4. Percept., ha, nratio^. r! , '°' Pcsequar." •ylcluci iubet. N,si it, rec;..;n;"tf ' ■'"''""' ^°"'"^ «^«e (Icmonstravit. ''^"" «"s persecuturum esse 8 EXERCISES. 5. Obsidibus adductis, ut imperaverat, arbitros inter civitatcs dat qui litem aestiment {note the mood) poenainque constituant. 6. Hi sunt arbitri qui litem aestimant [note the mood) poenamque constituant. Exercise 7. {Chap 8.) 1. His rebus gestis, Labieno in continente relicto, ipse ad solis occasum naves solvit. Leni Africo provectus est. Media circiter nocte, ventus intermittitur. Vento intermisso cursum non tenet et longius aescu delatus est. Orta luce, sub sinistram (on his le/t) Britanniam relictam conspexit. 2. Caesar legato, quid fieri velit, ostendit. 3. Hoc est quod Caesar vult. 4. Ea, quae in Gallia gerebantur, Labienus cognovit. 5. Quae in Gallia gererentur cognovit. 6. Relictus est ut, quae in Gallia gererentur, cognosceret et con- silium pro tempore caperet. Exercise 8. {Chap, g.) 1. Militum virtus laudata est ab imperatore. 2. x^audanda est militum virtus imperatori. 3. Quo in loco hostium copiae consederunt ? 4. Ex captivis cognovit quo in loco hostium copiae consedissent. 5. Cohortibus decem ad mare relictis, progressus milia passuum circiter duodecim, hostium copias conspicatus est. 6. Illi, ad fl'imen progressi, proelium committere coeperunt. 7. Repulsi ab equitatu se in silvas abdiderunt, locum nact munitum. 8. At milites, testudine facta, eos ex silvis expulerunt, paucis vul- neribus acceptis. Sed eos fugientes Caesar prosequi vetuit. 9. Postridie eius diei milites equitesque misit ut eos perseque- rentur. 10. Naves afflictae sunt quod neque ancorae subsistebant neque nautae vim tempestatis pati poterant. I J, His .ali'iuantum itineris nroo^ressis, equites ad Caesarern ven- erunt, qui nuntiarent {note the subjunctive) superiore nocte, coorta tempestate, naves afflictas esse, quod neque ancorae subsisterent neque nautae vim tempestatis pati posscnt. inter civitatcs dat onstituant. nood) poenamque :to, ipse ad solis t. Media circiter rsum non tenet et :ain (on his le/l) novit. )gnosceret et con- piae consedissent. us milia passuuin re coeperunt. Tunt, locum nact ilerunt, paucis vul- squi vetuit. ut eos perseque- subsistebant neque ad Caesarein ven- riore nocte, coorta icorae subsisterent C. JI'LIfs CAESAR, c. JUL! CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO COMMENTA RIORUM LIBER QUINTUS. ■^ainjacfory pro^^ryess. Marchr. "'"' ""'^ Puis "^K- "i^e~- • c::f- f ?;,j:^-^-«-«'ibusdiscOdensab "\'' ^'"-" P'"n.nas posscnt, Z e ' tI"" T-"""^ P-crocerat, Aci celeritaten, onorandi Ii;:;, ' "^ J— ^^ ^e.on. strat. ^■';;"»Hsqnc pnnio fi.cit humiliores 10 C. lULI CAK3ARIS quam quibiis in nostro mari uti consuevimus, atqiie id eo mngis, quod propter cicbras coinimitalioiies aesluiim mimis magnos ibi fluctus fieri cognoverat ; ad oncra ac multitudinein iuinentormii transportandam paulo latiores, quam quilxis in rel\quis utinuir maribus. Has omnes actuarias imperat fieri, quam ad rem humilitas multum adiuvat. Ea, quae sunt usui ad armandas naves. ex Hispania adportari iiibet. Ipse conventibus (ial- The Piruatae jj citcrioris peractis in lUyricum proficiscitur, quod a give hostages. ' ... • -i Pirustis finitimam partem provmciae mcursiombus vastari audieba;.. Eo cum venisset, civitatibus milites imi)erat certumque in locum convenire iubet. Qua re nunuatfi I'irustae legatos ad eum mittunt, qui doceant, nihil earum rerum publico factum consilio, seseque paratos esse demonstrant omnibus ration- ibus de iniurlis satisfacerc. Percepta oratione eorum Caesar obsides imperat eosque ad certam diem addiici iubet ; nisT Tta fccerint, sese bello civitatem persecuturum demonstrat. lis ad diem adductis, ut imperaverat, arbitros inter civUates dat, qui litem aestimciit poe- namque constituant. II.— His confectis rebus conventibusque peractis, in The soldiers pifgriorem Galliam revertitur atque indc ad excrcitum praised tor ^'>-^' » ... ., their zeal, proficiscitur. Eo cum vemsse' . circuitis omnibas ^ien*dezvoua'^^^^^ singulari militum studio in summa omuium Portus itiua. ^^^^^^^^ inopia circiter sexcentas eius generis, cuius supra demonstravimus, naves et longas viginti octo invenit instructas, neiiue multum abesse ab eo, quin paucis diebus deduci possint. Col- laudatis militibus, iis, qui negotio praefuerant, quid fieri velit ostendit atque omnes ad portum Itium convenire iubet, quo ex portu commodissimura in Britanniam traiectum esse cognoverat, circiter milium passuum triginta a continenti : huic rei quod satis esse visum est militum, reliquit. Ipse cum legionibus expeditis quattuor et equitibus octingentis in fines Treverorum proficiscitur, quod hi neque ad concilia venieljant neque imperio parebant (ier- manosque Transrhcnanos sollicitare dicebantur. III.— Haec civitas longe plurimum totlus Calliae and'th^'r Hval equitatu valet magnasqiic habet ropias p^d.ituui, Chieftains, j^i^^nuinciue, ut supra demonstravimus, tangit. In ea civitate duo de principatu inter se contendobant, Indutiomarus ct [lie id eo mSgis, mis inagiius ibi em iuinentoriiin rcliquis utiimir quam .id rem irmandas naveS' onventibus (lal- ficiscitur, quod a le incursionibiis milites imporat lumiata Piriistae m rerum publico omnibus lation- m Caesar obsidcs Ita fecerint, sese i diem adductis, m aestiment poe- isque ptractis, in ide ad exercilum :ircuitis omnii>as summa omnium meris, cuius supra : instructas,nec|ue ci possint. Col- quid fieri vclit re iubet, quo ex esse cognovcrat, uic rei quod satis rionibus expcditis rum proficiscitur, io parebant (»er- im totlus (lalliae rnpiafi p?(Utum. lus, tanj^it. In ea t, Indutiomarus ct DE BKLLO GALUCO, Lfn. V. „ Cingetorix ; e quibus alter, simul atque de C.es.ri. I. • adventu cognitum est, ad eum v^.i. ^'^^saris Jegionumque ^-urosneque ab ^J^^IaZ^'tZ::^?: "'""" '" "^^'° '..aeque in Treveris .elLL^Zt Tl 7''""^'''' equitatum peditatumque coL^ere lisn,,; indutiomarus esse non poterant, in silv im \ , ' ' ''"' ^"' "'^"'^"^ ■" ^™'"^ "-.nitudine per m^diol ^i ^Z^^f^"^''^^ '"^-^' 'mtium Remorum pertinet bellun n • • """'"^ '^'^^"° ^d "onnulli principes ex ea c ;i 1 " r I" "• '^■'"" ""''^ P^^^eaquam et adventu nosiri exeStO^p: ^^- l""; Pc^f ''"'"""^'^ ^"'^"^^- suis privatim .'ebus'ab eo pet^re coepe unr "''" ^'^^"^'•""' ^^ de suler^non possent : veritus 'l'^ '°"P%""^' ^"«n>am civitati con- arus legato! ad CaeLr m ', "•,' . T ^ -'"""^^"^' ^"^"^-- atque ad cum venire noluTse 2 f.^ " "'"" '' '"'^ ^''^^^^^^e n^ret, ne omnis nobilit^ i^iiT .t tlel""'^"" "" ""^^'^ ^°"*'- laberetur: itaque esse civitatemt' -^ '""P''' ""P'-^dentiam permitteret. ad eum in ca r^?!" "' ''''''''''''' '^''^-^' «i Caesar eius fidei permissurul """'' ^"^^ civitatisque fortunas >S?:a rJ^r^^^:^ ^!;?^;^-!; ^"^ ^^ cans, ea dice- Indutiomarus tx,,,^,, „„ ^ f ^""^ ^^^ ^'^ "istituto consilio deterreref Indutiomarum ad se cum d S " J: r "'•" ■''"''''''''' adductis, in iis filjo propinuuiso„7. """^ '"'''*• His evocaverat, consolatus Ii 1 S^ "r"^"^' ^^^ "«-inatim man.ret; nlhi.o tamen s.cu!: ^ i ^^^^"^ ^^^' "'' '" ««^-o vocatis hos singillatim Cingetorln conci i.vh '' H '""' '^ '^ ^""- a se heri intellegebat turn n-, ' ' ' ^"°^ ^"'" ^erito eius auctoritatem inter'suos'q TfmL '"T" '-^^^'^-^^^--^ eius in se voluntatem perspexisset.' u S"' '^"".^^'" ^«'■^^-•" arus, suam gratiam inter suos minu . " ^'''"'''' ^ndutiom- m nos animo fuisset, multo gravius iK^c^blore rxa'rsTt. "'' "''"^'^° ^'-»--cum~;;!j;:„;t^,:::::S;"^ =^^^ p°«"- ^tium naves, quae in Melcii.'f.n , ^""^'""^^'t. q-adraginta 12 C. lULI CAKSARI8 vertisse ; relTquas paratas ad navigandum atque omnibus rebus instructas invenit. Eodcm equitatus totlus Galliae convenit numero milium quattuor principeslius octingentae^o Sr;.r,rt:mprrr'' 1 r ac se in supcriora loca abdiderant ' ' " '"°''' ^'-'«^^"^nt The Britons -.<-- onions ^^- Caesar exposito exercitu et loco castris iHnnA« opi'OHc his capto, ub ex cauthr,^ ^ castris idoneo n-arch inland. ^. ' '^^ ^aptivis Cognovit, quo n Jorj hostinm < opiae consedissent rni.,.,..;k,,. ,.!*. ^ ^ nostium »^h«es co„..„ai,, e„„i„„, ™,„3 „aviLTruodt,'r;;^:s; 14 C. lULl CAESARIS atque apcrto deligatas ad ancoram relinquebat, et praesidio navi- busqiie Quintum Atrium praefecit. Ipse noctu progressus milia passuiim circiter duodecim hostium copias conspicatus est. I Hi equi- tatu atque essedis ad flumen progress! ex loco superiore nostros prohibere et proelium committere coeperunt. Repulsi ab equitatu se in silvas abdiderunt, locum nacti egiegie et natura et opere munitum, quern domestici belli, ut videbantur, causa iam ante praeparaverant: nam crebris arboribus succisisomnes introituserant pracclusi. Ipsi ex silvis rari propugnabant nostrosque intra munitiones ingrcdi prohibebant. At milites Icgionis soptimae testudine facta et aggere ad munitiones adiecto locum ceperunt eosque ex silvis jcxpulerunt paucis vulneribus acceptis. Sed eos fugientes longius Caesar prosequi vetuit, et quod loci naturam ignorabat, et quod, magna parte diei consumpta, munition! castrorum tempus relinqui volebat. X. — Postridie eius d'ei mane tripertito milites equi- ^thefleet"' tesque in expeditionem misit, ut eos, qui fugerant, persequerentur. His aliquantum itineris progressis, cum iam extremi essent in prospectu, equitos a Quinto Atrio ad Caesarem venerunt, qui nuntiarent, superiore nocte maxima coorta tempestate prope omnes naves adilictas atque in litore ciectas esse, quod neque ancorae funesque subsisterent neciue nautae gubernatoresque vim pati tempestatis possent : itaque ex eo concursu navium magnum esse incommodum acceptum. XI, — His rebus cognitis Caesar legiones equitatum- biiudn^'iiew quc rcvocari atque in itinere resistere iubet, ipse ad ships. naves revertitur ; eadcm fere, (|ua2 ex nuiitiis litterisque cognoverat, coram pcrspicit.sic ut .imissis circiter quadraginta navi- bus reliquae tamen re6ci posse magno negolio viderentur. Itaque ex legionibus fabros deligit et ex continent! lilios arcessiri iubet ; Labieno scribit, ut, quam plurimas posset, iis legionibus, ([uae sunt ajHul eum, naves insliluat. Ipse, etsi res erat multae operae ac laboris, tamen commodissimum esse statuit, omnes naves subdue! fit cum castris una munitione coniungi. In liis rebus circiter vit's dci'ciii ronsriiviit, ne nnrtiirnis qviitiem teiiipuihiun :h\ irtoorem militnm intermissis. Sulnluctis navibus castris(|ue egregie munitis easdem copias, quas ante, praqsidio navibus reliquit, ipse eodem, :t praesidio navi- progiessus milia :us est. Illiequi- uperiore nostros )ulsi ab equitalu natura et opere causa iam ante les introituserant lostrosque intra •g ion is soptimae locum ceperunt ceptis. Sed eos od loci naturani mpta, munitioni rtito milites equi- os, qui fugerant, ineris progressis, a Quinto Atrio e node maxima J atque in litore ibsisterent necjue ent : itaque ex eo sptum. jiones equitatum- ere iubet, ipse ad nuntiis littcrisque quadraginta navi- iderentur. Itaque »s arcessiri iubet ; ionibus, iiuae sunt multae operae ac les naves subduci bis rebus circitir le egrcgie munitis iquit, ipse codeni, DE BELLO OALLICO, MR. v. ig unde redierat, proficiscitur. Eo cum veni.... • c..i. in eum locum copKe , , ' '"""'"''' '"'" ""^"^1"« ---- m. imperii beH^^ r a^ ;: ^:.:^ ^"■'— -' -- permissa Cassivellauno • cuius fin.! «^"'"nn.m consilio dividit. quod appellatu; "2. r A";""'"'^ '^'^''^""^"^ '^"'-" octoginta. Huic superiors temnor; """"^ '"""'^ P'-^^^""»" tia bella intercesser^n so ^7 "T '''"^'"^ '-'ivitatibus continen- toti beiio in,perioqr;;:?:L;r ^'""" '^^""°'' '^■-""^ '-- DESCRIPTION OF BRITAIN. CH. 12, ,3, ,4. The people. na^"^-;!:;:;:^^^^^ '"'^'•'- ^'--"co.itur,quos 'i- pars ab iis, qui";; ^ ^" c r^f ll^l'^'r ^''^""^' "-'" omnes fere iis "ominibus civitatunHn ,clh, ''' .f "^■^''•''"'-Mui tatibus eo pervenerunt-et belH aT ■ ' ''"""" "'' '' ^*^'- colere coeperunt. Hcnniun rl r ''""'r^!"^^^""^ «'^1"^ agros aedificia fere Gallicis cTn i. "'" '""'^""^''' ^reberrimaque tur aut aereaut uLrCrar*?''"""'""^""'"^™^- ^'^^""■ --no. Nascitur ,bi pll^^^lm^lb^; ^^^llle^^^^''-'-''^'^ ^^ •n mantun.s ferrum, sed eius exigua o w^^^ portato. Materia cuiusque generit t . C 1 ' ""'" "'""'"^ '""• P"'ant; baec tame, alum nim i'"^^''^'" «"^tare fas non -.pe.UioraquaminC=;;;i.:r..:;;;::i:;;:'^^:..^^ Locasu„t aci Cantium. quo A.re om . ex G^Ji 'r'" ^"^•- -^"•-. qui .st tern solen. inferior ad n.: Hd n^ c "t'^^Z^^ '"'lia passuum ciuinuenti Au "'^ ^^="'"«1 circiter occidenten, so.em '1 ^l^':: ^'JT' "' "'^f'— "tqu^ exis.i„,a,m.,.,an,Hrtanni. 'ed ou ""^'^"'"' ""-^- >"■-- ut ^^•■'"ia es,, in I^ritannian 'irlc ''di " '""^""^--^- -'^tq- ex appellatur ^Iona ; .onq.Iurcs pr. L " '""" '^' '"^"'•'^ q"''^" :;!'^^--^-"• '^"sins^irr :;;;;:::;;::-.:;■•--- in^-Le '^'".'•' ^^"'' ''i""ia esse noctem. Mn« .,iK:>'r ' '^'" -HUumos oiibus ad laborem - «ngsnta nuh huiuia esse noctem. I reperiebamns, nisi certis ex aui". . „"'''".''" ^" ''""""■•"'""'''"s 16 C. lULI CAESARIS illorum opinio, septingentoium milium, lertium est contra septen- triones ; cui parti nulla est obiecta terra, sed eius angulus latcris maxime ad Germaniam spectat. Hoc milia passuum oclingenta m longitudinem esse existimatur. Ita omnis insula est in circuitu vicies centum milium passuum. XIV.— Ex his omnibus longe sunt humanissimi, qui ^custofns" Cantium incokmt, qua rc-io est maritima omnis neque multum a Gallica diffcrunt consuetudine. Interiores plerique fru- menta non serunt, sed lacte et came vivunt pellibusque sunt vestiti. Omnes vero se Hritanni vitro inficiunt, quod caerulcum efficil coloreni, atque hoc liorridiores sunt in pugna aspectu ; capilloque sunt promisso atque omni parte corporis rasa praeter caput ct labrum superius. Uxores habent deni duodenique inter se com- munes, et maxime fratre-> cum fratribus pareiitesque cum liberis ; sed si qui sunt ex his nati, eorum habentur liljeri, quo primum virgo quaeque deducta est. THF W/VR CONTINUES. More fighting ; XV.— Equilcs hostium essedariique acriter proclio BsurjiriHe; r„j^ equitatu nostro in itinere conflixerunt, tamen ut death of a tri- ' , ., . r ■ . . :,, bune. nostn omnibus partibus superiores fucnnt atque eos ir silvas collcsque compulerint ; sed compluribus intcrfeclis cupidiu insecuti nonnullos ex suis amiserunt. At illi, intermisso spatio. imprudentibus nostris atque occupatis in munitione castroruni. subito se ex silvis eiccerunt impctuquc in eos facto, cpii erant in statione pro castris collocati, acriter puguaverunt, duabusi|ue missi- subsidio cohortibus a Caesare, atque his primis legionum duaruni. cum hae perexiguo intermisso a spalio inter se constitissent, novc. genere pugnae perterritis nostris per medios au<'.acissime perrupc runt seque inde incolumcs receperunt. Eo die Quintus I.aberius Durus tribunus militum mterficitur. Illi pluribus submissis cohorti- bus repelluntur. „ ... u ^ XVI.— Toto hoc in ;,'cnere pugnae, cum sub oculis of flifhtinif. omnium ac pro castris ilimuaietur, mtolloctum est. nostros propter giavilali in armonim, (juiid ncqiie insequi retirnir- possent nequo ab signis disccderc aiuleiLnt, minus aptos esse ad liuius generis hostem, cquites autem magno cum pcriculo procii' i St contra septen- is angulus lateris jin oclingenta in I est in circuitu luinanissimij qui inia omnis neque )res plerique fru- squc sunt vestiti. caerulcum efficil )ectu ; capilloque praeter caput ct le inter se com- ;qiie cum liberis ; jiio primiun virgo le acriter proclio ixeiunt, tanicii ut criiil auiue cos ir jterfectis cupidiu ntermisso spatid. itione castrorum, "acto, qui erant in duabus(|ue missis lej;ionuin duarniu. :onstitissent, novu iacissime perru|)c (2uintus Laberius submissis cohorti- ae, cum sub oculis ir, intolleclum est, ic insequi rciicni€"^ inns aptos esse aii iin pcriculo proeli' ' «K BELLO GALLICO, LIB. V. j^ ^:'::^;.;;:::;;^sritr ^°"^"'^« ^'--^- ---t et, et pedibus d,spari p,-oe;;: ^^^T'^ r"' " ''''''' ^'^^"'-^ ratio et cedcnlibus et in.equentlb ^'-''"«f-.s aute.n proelii ftrebat. Accedebat hue uTnu ' 1^ T' ''"" '^^■''-"-^ '»- . intervallis proeiiarentur ' stadoZu" 7 "' ''' "'•' '"'-»«"-4^- alios alii deinceps exciperem int Si" et'"'" '''^'"^"^' ''''^- cederent. ^ «ntegnque et rccentes defatigatis suc- The Kritons re- ■^^'^•— Postero die procul a r-acf • u P-'-d. bus constitcmnt rariauc st ? T ' ''"''" '" '^""i" pridie nostros equites proel Lr "ere c^"'^" '' '-- ^"am cum O . . nabulandi causa trel I. ^"^''^''""t. Sod meridie ad pauu,arores advolaverunt sic 'i ' b .^^ °'"""-- Partibus «bsisterent. Nostri acriter i'n eos 11^?" 'f '^^'"""-'«l- non f nem sequendi fecerunt, quoad subsid n . 7 '•^PP^'erunt neque IcKiones vide.ent, prae'c^-Js ho f eg:;t; ''''''' ^^ P°- - «umero uiterfecto neque sui colbL^endi n ' '"''^^^""'l"^ ^orum *s.se^ilird Ir ^ ' ^""'^ P"""^'""^' -Pusunqua.n^.„„„^ "-i^cuJl;;;^;^^-- -^ id °^re^^T^rr Taml!im in''fi',LTc;;ssi;cII " -""""^ '"'""'" '''^ «"'"«" ^ansiri potest. Eo cu.n venisse , ^^\fr '"^' ••'^'^-' npam magmas esse copias hostium «7 ! "*''"''"" """""nis acutis sudibus praefixi's mu h ei d ^ ' '''^'^ ^"^^" "«t dCxae sudes flnn.ine tegebantu; H r' ^""'" ^"'^ '•q^a Perft.«is<,ue Caesar praemiss. equifitu cnTT *'?^"'"'' * ^aptivis •«s^'t 8ed «. celeritate a.que T i n L , " .''^"■°"" ^"'««'qui «>•<> ex aqua extarent, ut host s n I TT '"""'' ^""^ ^P''^' .u..nere „o„ possent ripasque dimt: u a Tfl"^'"^ ^•^"•■""» VI V p . „ " ^'^ "^ %ae mandarcnt. ^TacVHof '"^ '^— Cassivellaunus, ut supra dP,»». . • It'''' ""• °'""' ^^f"'^"'-^ ''P^ '^^"nt^-"ti<.nis L,3 '"" ^'T''""'* Ji copns. iniliK,..= (.:„..:._ ' """issis ampJi„nh.,s 18 C. lULI CAKHARI8 Iter facturos cognoverat, pccora atqiie homines ex a^rh in silvas compellebat et, cum equitatus nostcr libenus praeciancli vastandique causa se in agros eiecerat, omnibus viis semitisque essedarios ex silv.s emittebat et magno cum periculo nost.orum equitum cum lis confligebat atque hoc metu latius vagari prohibebat. Relinqueba- tur, ut ncque longius ab agmine iegionum disced] Caesar pateretur et tantuni m agns vastandis incendiisque faciendis hostibus nocere- tur, quantum labore atque itinere legionarii milites efficere poterant. The Trinohan- ^^--^nterim rrinoI)antcs, piope firmissima earum ""'camr'" ;:^^''°""'" c'^itas, ex qua Mandubratius adulesccns Caesans fidem secutus ad euin in continentem Gall- lam venerat, cuius pater ih ea civitate regnum oblinuerat interfect- usque enu a Cassiveilauno, ipse fuga mortem vitavcrat, legates ad Caesarem mittunt poHicenturque, sese ei dcdituros atquo imperata facturos; petunt, ut Mandubratium ab iniuria Cassivellauni defen- dat atque ,n c.vitatem mittat, qui praesit impcriumque oblineat. His Caesar imperat obsides quadraginta frumentumque exercitui Mandubratmmque ad eos mittit. Illi imperata celeriter fecerunt obsides ad numerum frumentumque miserunt. So do other . ^^J.— THnobantibus defensis atque ab omni mill- tribes. turn iniuria prohibitis, CcMiimagni, Segontiaci, Ancal- ites, IJibroci, Cassi Icgationibus -nissis sese Caesari dcdunt. Ab his cognoscit, non longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassivel- A British laiini abesse siivis pahidibusque munitum, quo satis own. niagnus hoiuinum pccorisiiue numerus convcnerit Oppidum autem Hritanni vocant, cum silvas impcdilas vallo atque fossa m.inieiunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandae causa coru-enire consuerunt. Eo proficiscitur cum legionibus; locum reperit egrcg.c natura atque opere munitum; tamen hunc duabus ex part.bus oppugnare coi.tendit. Hostes pauhsper morati mihtum nostrorum impetum non tulerunt sescque aha ex parte oppidi erecerunt. Magnus ibi numerus pecoris repcrtus, multique in La sunt comprehensi atque interfccti. Four Kentish ^•'^"•— •>!"" haec Ml his locis gciuntur, Ca.ssivel- J!Xi .^ '''^ Cantium, quod cBse a hostibus nocere- i efificere poterant. firniissima earum ratiiis adulesccns :ontinentem Gall- liniierat interfect- veiat, legatos ad s atqiio iniperata isivellauni defen- iuiiique obtineat. unique exeicitui eleriter fecerunt, le ab omni mili- -'gontiaci, Ancal- is sese Caesari jpidum Cassivel- litutn, quo satis :rus convcnerit. ditas vallo atque causa con venire locum reperit unc duabus ex inorati inilitum X parte oppidi miltique in fuga untur, Cassivel- V ?upra deinon- eges praeerant, OS mittit atque .j yCr^ ^x \ vP ^J^ Sv^ ^-., •3 \ / % ?.« y *t =5' il HR BEr.r,o GAnrjGo, Lm. v. 19 Cassive!lau«u8 ininli.ito tot (letrimenti.. ... .• ""'"^ "^^^ P'0«''0 treats of peace. ,„ . . ('eiiimcntis acceptis, vastatis finibus caewreturns ^^"^" '— ^^'^«iflibus acccptis exercitum reducit ad to oani. '"arc, naves invcnit refectas. His deductis, qi,od et |l..as postca Lab.e.u.s f. ien.ias curavcat nume.o s'exai Lta p " ! tae locu.n capernU, nHiquac fere o.nnes reiccrentur OnZT ^ .;.anuii>, Cae.„- .nstn. expectasset, ne an. " ::;::;re!: .^ ^ tu.s miluc. cllocav.t ac, sunnna t.an(,uillitate consecut i socnnH. inita cum solvisset vi-ilin nrima l„rn .,. ^ ^"^ecuta, sccunda incohnnos naves perduxit. ' '"'"'" ""'^" "'"""^"^ CA.SAK AOAIN ,N -UL .n.CK ,>X tHK WINXEK CAMPS- wl^ IKK ()^ 54-53 !).c. Caesar flistri l.iilos his It.'Kioiis for the wiiitiT. r^niii^ ., . '• • ' ' "" """"' ""'"entinn in est ..li... ^'"i "■■ '"""""' ^'"^'"■^'i^''^ provenerat, coactus _-t al.ter ac super.onbns annis ex,.,c„un, in hiberni, o.u. r' >t.-K."iiesqiie in pluies civitatcs (iist.ibiicre Fv n„il,„c ^' '''^ Moiinos duce,ula,n Cai-, F.,bio le. , , ii, u ^ ""^'" '" ^l.inf,^ r: • • 't-yaio dobt, alteram n Nervios '.H..nto Ciee.on,, tertian, n. Ksnbios Lucio Roscio , ,nartam 7^ i.u.oshis- ^ ^'"^''y— ^i>'Kl"'tis navibus concilioque Galiorum Sainarobrivae peracto, .p,.,d eo anno /niinenttin "^ Cra la nrnntci- ^ ,-.;...►„ '" 20 C. lULI CAESARIS Remis cum Tito I.abieno in confinic Trevei\.ruin hiemare iussit ; tics in Heliovaciscollocavit; his Marcum Crassiim qiiacstorem et Lucium Munatium Planciim et Caium Trebonium legatos piaefecit. Unam legionem, quain proxime trans Padum conscii;'seiat, et co- hortes quinque in Eburones, quorum pars maxima est inter Mosam ac Rhenum, qui sub imperio Ambiorigis et Catuvolci erant, misit. His militibus Quintum Titurium Sabinum et Lucium Aurunculeium Cottam legatos praeesse iussit. Ad hunc modum distributis legionibus facillime inopiae frumentariae sese mederi posse existi- mavit. Atque harum tamen omnium legionum hiberna praeter earn, quam Lucio Roscio in pacatissimam ot quictissimam partem ducendam dederat, milibus passuum centum continebantur. Ipse interea, quoad iegiones collocatas munitaque hiberna cognovisset, in Gallia morari constituit. Murder of Tas- XXV. — Erat in Carnutibus summo loco natus Tas- getms, cuuis maiores in sua civitate regnum obtinu- erant. Huic Caesar pro eius virtute atque in se ijenevolentia, quod in omnibus bellis singulari eius opera fuerat usus, maiorum locum restituerat. Tertium iam hunc annum regnantem inimici multis palam ex civitate auctoribus interfecerunt. Dcfertur ea res ad Caesarem. Ille veritus, quod ad plures pertinebat, ne civitas eorum impulsu deficeret, Lucium I'lancum cum legionc ex IJelgio celeriter in Carnutes proficisci iubet ibique hiemare, quorumque opera cog- noverat Tasgetium interfectuin, « ms comprehcnsos ad se mittere. Interim ab omnibus legatis quaestoreque, quibus Iegiones tradid- erat, cer'.ior factus est, in hiberna perventum locumque hibernis esse munitum. SAIilNUS AND COTTA ATTACKED.— CH. 26, 27. Revolt of Am- XXVI.— Dicbus circiter quindecim, quibus in hiber- biorixaiMlcat- na vcntum est, initium repentini tumultus ac defectionis ortum est ab Ambiorige et Catuvoico ; qui, cum ad fines rcgni sui Sabino Cottaeque praesto fuissent frumentumque in hiberna comportavissent, Indutiomari Treveri nuntiis impulsi suos concitavcrunt bubiloquc oppressis lignatoribus magna manu ad castra oppugnalum vcnerunt. Cum celeriter nostri arma cepisscnt vallumque adscendissent atque una ex parte Hispanis equitibus De bkllo gallico, lib. v. im hieinare iussit ; .11111 qiiaostorein et I legatos praefecit. nscri;>serat, et co- a est inter Mosam ivolci erant, misit. iim Aurunculeium nodiim distributis ideri posse existi- 1 hiberna praeter L'tissiinam partem itinebantur. Ipse eina cognovissct, 5 loco natus Tas- e regnum obtinu- enevolentia, quod , maiorum locum m inimici multis jfeitur ea res ad , nc civitas eorum X Helgio celeriter iinque opera cog- 's ad se mittere. i legioncs tradid- que hibernis esse 26, 27. , quibus in hiber- liis ac defectionis qui, cum ad fines rumentunique in itiis inipulsi suos lagna manu ad i arma cepisscnt spanis cquitibus 21 ri;T.;rreTa :er'■trrL"''■-"f^'■-•-^•■- co..„„„. a,ce.e veUen, ,„;,. .... c« Je'^sl^li::' tZ Negotiations XXVII. — Mittifur aH ^ .0 „ n with the Gauls. .■ . '^"ittitur ad r.s colloquend causa Caius ouintus iunitT;H-:T^:'"r"^''-"''''^^'^^"'-^ ^-^t- .d Ambiorigem vemu3 " '" "' ^"" '""^ ""^^ ■"'^-' ^^-^-ns ■nodum locutiTest Sese 2"" "^ '' -^P"' ^"°^ '^-b''-- ^d hunc confiteri debere qJod dus no'"' '" f' ^'"'^^"^ P'""'"""^ «i Aduatucis, ^r,^:nCrZ::::^^ ''T'' --' ^-^ fratris filius ab Caesa e rom1«i ' ^ "^"^"^ ^' ^^ «""« et numero missos apuHe^rn sTv e:::ir Lt'"""^^ °'^''"'" , quod fecerit de oppugnatione castmrunn ..''"' ' "'^'"" '^' sua fecisse, sed coactu civk^H. . ' '"^""' ^"' ^'^'""^^^^ noif minus haberensrs'ltZ'l""-""""'' ™P^"^' "^ Civitati porro hanc fuis , e' tslrZ;'" " ""''"''"^"• coniurationi resistere non potuedt M ^ f 7^"''"^« ^''^Horum P^obaie posse, quod non X '\„ tuuf r ^m T''^''' ^"^ .-pulum Ronianum superari posse c'onfid t S d IsTcT commune consilium : omnibus hibernis Pn^ • """"'^^ esse dictum diem, „e qua le^io J ™^ ^ nrLSi^'"'" '""^ set. Non facile Gallos Gallis netr-iro no^nL '"""^ P^"' -Perand^communi .i.c-tate^Sr!:- ::; ^^:^™ ^t Amhiorix ten. ^"°";j"!.P'-« P'^tate satisfecerit, habere nunc se nt on dersadvioe. em officii pro beneficiis Caesaris : monere, orare Titu' Magnamma:rc^z::rnr:^r'"'" ^^'"^---^^ adfore biduo. Ip.orum esse co:::I^Z^:Z::T'V '^"^ sentinm, eductos ex hibernis milites aut Td r ' ^ ^"'""" Labienum «leducere auorum .1 ^ r «^-'ceronem aut ad mra„.l„ c„nfi„„are,tu„„„ ,Vr per fil d-, ?'"' " '"'■'■ n civi,a,i se,e c„„s„,c,e. ,„,;<, hiLe 'ev ™"e, Se". ""' """^' n>em. ,.a.ia,n .f.,.. H.c „.a,io„e hal^.Tii^eSl^^lCir' i 22 C. lULI CAESARI« niSPUTE BETWEEN SAHINUS AND COTTA - CH. 28- 31. Acoundiof , ^'^^^'"•-ArpineiL.s et Iunii;s, cjuae miclk-ru.U, ad legates deferiint. Illi lepentina re perturbati, elsi ab hostc ea dicebantur, tamen non neglegenda existima- bant, maximeque hac re pennovebantur, quod civitatem ignobilcm atque humilem Ebuionum sua sponte populo Romano bellum facere ausam vix erat credendum. Itaque ad consilium rem deferunt magnaque mter eos exsistit controversia. Lucius Aurunculeiiis Cotta favo.., ^"'"Pl^^-esque tribuni militum et primorum ordinum delay. centunones nihil temere agendum neque ex hibernis muissu Caesaris discedendum existimabant ; quantasvis copias etiam Germanorum sustineri posse munitis hibernis doce- bant : rem esse testimonio, quod primum hostiu.n impetum muitis ultro vulnenbus inlatis fortissime sustinuerint ; re frumentaria non prem. ; interea et ex proximis hibernis et a Caesare conventura subsidia ; postremoquid esse levius aut turpius.quam auctore hostc de summis rebus capere consilium ? Sahinus urges ^^ ^ ^"-^^«"tra ea Titurius sero facturos clamita- a hastyretrcat. bat, cum maiores manus hostium adiunctis Germanis convenisscnt, aut cum aliquid calamitatis in proximis hibernis esset acceptum. Hrevem consulcndi esse occasionem Caesarem arbitrari profectum in Italiam ; neque aliter Carnutes interhciendi Tasgetii consilium fuisse capturos, neque Eburoties si ille adesset, tanta contemptione nostri ad castra ventures esse. Non hostem auctoi-em, sed rem spectare : subesse Rhenum ; magno esse Germanis dolor. Ariovisti mortem et superiores nostras victorias ; ardere Galliam tot contumeliis acceptis sub populi Roman! impe- rium redactam, superiore gloria rei militaris extincta. I'ostremo qu.s hoc s.bi persuaderct, sine certa re Ambiorigem ad eiusmodi consilium descendisse ? Suam sententiam in utramque partem esse tutam : si nihil esset durius, nuUo periculo ad proximam legioneni perventuros ; si Gallia omnis cum Germanis consentiret, unamesse in edentate positam salutem. Cottae quidem atque eorum, qui dissentirent, consilium quern habere exitum ? in quo si non praesens periculum, at certe longinqua obsidione fames esset timenda. XXX.-Hac in utramque partem disputatione habita, cum a Cotta pnmisaue ordinibus acritcr resistcretur, Vincite, inquit, siita CH. 28-31. uae aiidiiTiint, ad perturbati, ctsi ab legenda exifstima- vitatem iKnobilcm lano bcllum facere jm rem deferunt, :ius Aurunculeius rimorum ordimim leque ex hibcrnis abant ; i|iiantasvis tis hibernis doce- 1 inipetum imiltis e friimentaria non esare conventura jam auctore hoste facturos clamita- liunctis Germanis litatis in proximis ;sse occasionem. 2 aliter Carnutes K]ue Ebuiones, si ituros esse. Non lum ; majfno esse nostras victorias ; jli Romani impe- incta. Postremo (em ad eiusmodi ique partem esse )ximam legionem ;ntiret, unam esse tque eorum, qui ) si non praesens t timenda. habita, cum a :ite^ inquit, siita »E BELLO OALUCO, LlB. V. ■i'ultis, Saljinus et id i • ---diret ; ne.ue is su^^ T' "^ "^^^^"^ P^rs militum A'^uu/o terrear: hi sJien^i T •^""^''"^"^«^ ^^ ^ol>is mortis mfereant. '''^"^' ^''''^' ** ceteris autferro aut fame Sabinus -^aXI. — -Consureituf f»v nr^ ■!• .h^»„. .em in »„„„„„„, '^.^J^ ^" «--e e, pe«i„acia '•em, seu maneant spi, r^ r "*^*"^ ■ 'acilem esse omnes sentiant ac probent ; contra inT ''"'"'' '' '"«'^^ """"^ Perspicere. Res disputaione ad ";'"''""' """^"^ ^^ «^'"t^-" Tandem dat Cotta permo us ' !l "* ""''^"^ P^'-d^citur. Pronuntiatur, prima luceTuros Cn ' '"^'^"^ ^^"'^"^'^ ^abini. noctis, cum sua quisque miles circurlir""'"' ""^^ ^^''^"^ P^^^ posset, quid ex instrumen to h be^u'r' T^ "^"" ^^^^^^ „ , Omnia exco.itantur nn "-^''"q^ere cogeretur. Departure . , ^^^"i.icantur, quare nee s me nenVni^ ^ from camp, et languore militum et vimlii« ^ ^ ^^"^^'"^ Prima luce sic ex castr-^ n . '''"'"'""^ ^"^^^^"'•• --^ consilmm datum, longiss^ %:-:Z.-^^_ "^;"^"^%iJiS e^e^X^r^^ •nsidiis bipertito in silvis opoortuno T'"'" ''"'^''""^' ^""«^^-^is passuum circiter duobus Rom" "^!!' "''"^*° '°^° ^ '"'"bus cum se maior pars agmtis 1?" "'^^"^""^ expectabant, et "^-que parte dus va^subiTo seTt^d ""''"'" demisisset, ex '"ere et primos prohibere ascen u T ""' "o->^simosque pre- Proelium committere coeperum ^"' 'n.qu.ssimo nostris loco """«".^l»?»' .XXXIII.- -Turn demum Tituri,,» q„i .:u:, ,„. CoUa'Bvalor. f"^'^^*^'' trcp.dare et concursare co~hor<= / *" ^'''' haec tamen insa tim!^ . cohortesque disponere, viderentur; quod plerum ^ "t^.^"^ "' ^"^ ^^ia def.cere -gotio consilium capere agu .^'^f^f.^^^^^^'^ ^- - ipso 4 K nt>n. At Cotta, ,,ui cogitasset, haec u 0. lULl CAESARIS posse iti itinere accidere, atque ob cam caiisam profcctionis aiictof non fuisset, nulla in re commiini saliiti cleorat : ct in appcllandis cohortandisque inilitibus imperatoris et in pugna niiiitis officia praestabat. Cum propter longitudinem agminis minus facile omnia per se obire et, quid quoque loco faciendum esset, providere possent, msserunt pronuntiare, ut impedimenta relinquerent atque in orbem consisterent. Quod consilium etsi in eiusmodi casu rcprehendendum non est, tamen incommode accidit : mm et nostris militibus spem minuit et hostes ad pugnandum alacriore- effecit, quod non sine summo timore et desperatione id factum videbatur. Praeterea accidit, quoc! fieri necesse erat, ut vulgo milites ab signis discederent, quae quisque eorum carissima haberet, ab impedimentis petere atque arripere properaret, clamore ct fletu omnia complerentur. The battle. XXXIV.— At barbaris consilium non defuit. Nam duces eorum tota acie pronuntiare iusserunt, ne quis ab loco discederet : illorum esse praedam atque illis reservari, quaecumque Romani reliquissent : proinde omnia in victoria posita existimarent. Erant et virtute et studio pugnandi pares nostri ; tametsi ab duce et a fortuna deserebantur, tamen omnem spem salutis in virtute ponebant, et quotiens quaeque cohors procurrerat, ab ea parte magnus numerus hostium cadebat. Qua re animadversa Ambiorix pronuntiari iubet, ul procul tela coniciant neu propius accedant et, quam in partem Romani impetum fecerint, cedant : levitate armorum et cotidiana exercitatione nihil iis noceri posse ; rursus se ad signa recipientcs insequantur. XXXV.— Quo praecepto ab iis diligentissime ob- Taotics of the ^„ . . , . '^ enemy. servato, cum quaepiam cohors ex orbe excesserat atque impetum fecerat, hostes velocissime refugiebant. In- terim earn partem nudari necesse erat et ab latere aperto tela recipi. Rursus, cum in eum locum, unde erant egressi reverti coeperant, et ab iis, qui cesserant, et ab iis, qui proximi stcterant, circumvenie- bantur ; sin autem locum tenere valient, nee virtuti locus relinquc- batur, neque ab tanta multitudine coniecta tela con- thJItomans. f^^ti vitare poterant. Tamen tot incommodis con- flictati, multis vulneribus acccptis resistcbant et magna parte diei consumpta, cum a prima luce ad horam octavam " 'feclioiiis aiictdl- :t in apiiellandis I niilitis officia nils facile omnia ovidere possent, atqiie in orbem eprehendendiim ostris militibus ■s effecit, quod :tum videbatur, -ilgo milites ab la haberet, ab imore et fletu n defiiit. Nam sserunt, ne quis illis reservari, 1 victoria posita i pares nostri ; I omncm spem )rs procurrerat, reanimadversa nt neu propius cerint, cedant : > noceri posse ; gentissime ob- xcesserat atque fugiebant. In- erto tela recipi. erti cocperant, It, circumvenie- locus relinquc- ecta tela con- ommodis con- resistcbuiit et loram octavam Bk BeLLo GALLICO, lir v. 26 iTlSv.''.;."''"'' '""' '■'^^" "^^^ ■"'■■«""-' comn.ittebant. Turn Cotta wounded, ^"«^'^"'"s. eiiisdem ordinis, fortissimo puynans dum trapp^. .^""^ Procul ... .o;v,ngcm suos cohortantem conspex- impetrari posse CnL T ' ^ '"''' '"'^ "^'"t"'" ^'^'"te in eo perse'^era;. ''""''"" '"^^" ""^"^ ^^^^ ^^q- The massacre. .^^^VIL-Sabinus, quos in praesentia tribunos ■mpca,. ,„,eri„,, „„„ j, condicionil^s in.e Je a™ r L ' con.„.o ab A^bioH^e i„.,-,„i.„ ,e™„, pi:;:,^" ,;^: "«I- SrX^t Tar;- ,T""' """ ""'' — i«oria„, cone :! «.dines pe„ra„T"\" t ™ 'c'o":: ""'""'"™.'" "°*- '-° n...xima parte mili „n, R,li ''"^°''"' ""■"<'^'""' cum cum de reous gestis certiorem faciunt perve...unt atquc i 26 C. WU CARSARrS Q. CrCERO BESIEGED BY THE NERVII. EBURONES AND ADUATUCI CH. 38-52. Activity ^^^^.^ ' ^•"""^^ ^'*''*''''* '"^'^t»=^ Ambiorix statim ofAmbioiix. ^"^"^ eqnitatu in Aduatiicos, qui erant eius regno finitimi, proficiscitur ; neque noctem neque diem mtenn,tt,t pcdUatumque sese subsequi iubet. Re demonstram Aduatucisque concitatis, postero die in Nervios pervenit hortatur- que, ne su. m perpetuum liberandi atque ulciscendi Romanos pro i.s, quas accepennt, iniuriis occasionem dimittant : interfectos esse legates duos magnanique partem exercitus interisse demonstrat • n.h,l esse negotii, subito oppressam legionem, quae cum Cicerone hiemet, mterfici ; se ad earn rem profitetur adiutorem. Facile hac oratione Nerviis persuadet. XXXlX—Itaque confestim dimissis nuntiis ad Ceutrones, Grud.os, Levacos, Pleumoxios, Geidumnos, qui omnes sub eorum unpeno sunt, quam maximas manus possunt, cogunt ct de impro- V.SO ad Cceron.s hiberna advolant, nondum ad eum fama de Tuurn morte perlata. Huic quoque accidit, quod fuit necesse. ut nonnulh m.l.tes, qui lignationis munitionisque causa in silvas d.scessissent, repentino equitum adventu interciperentur. His Cicero's ca„>p ;^"'^""^^«»t'^. «"^gna manu Eburones, Nervii, Adua- Hurrounded. tuci atque honini omnium socii et clientes legionem oppugnare incipiunt. Nostri celeriter ad arma con- currunt, vallum conscendunt. Aegre is dies sustentatur, quod omnem spem hostes in ceieritate ponebant atque banc adepti victoriam m perpetuuir se fore victores confidebant. stuhhom ,. ^^- ^I'«"nt»r ad Caesarem confestim ab Cicerone l^TZ^ T'''^! '"^^'"" propositis praemiis, si pertulissent ; obsessis omnibus viis missi intercipiuntur. Noctu ex materia, quam munitionis causa comportaverant, turres admodum centi: ct v.^mli excitancur incredibili ceieritate; quae deosse operi videbantur, perficiumur. Hostes postero die multo maioribus anctis copus castra oppugnant, fossam complent. Eadem ratione m,» pridic, ab nostrisj-esistitur. Hoc idem reliquis deinccps fit diebus. N!;!!a pars noctu. s.i tcmporis ad iaboreii. intermittilur ; non aetris. non vulnerai . facultas quietis datur. Quaecumque ad proxinii [> ADUATUCI. biorix statim eius regno neque diem demonstrata :nit hortatur- ' Oman OS pro erfectos esse demonstrat ; •m .Cicerone Facile hac Ceutrones, sub eorum t de impro- m fama de : necesse, ut a in silvas ntur. His ervii, Adua- •s legionein anna con- tatur, quod anc adepti lb Cicerone ;rtulissent ; Noctu ex admodurn eesse operi buscoactis itione, qua dt diebus. ion aetri», d proximi DE BKLLO GALLICO, LIB. y. gy diei oppugnationem onus simf n^^» tae sudes, .agnus nZuZ' 21^7''^''''''' ^ -"'^- P-us- contabulantur, pinnae loricaec ^ ^;:;,:;;:^ ■'^-■^-^-.- tunes C.cero, cum tenuissima valetudine asset ne "■^"^"'^'"■•- ^P^e tempus ad quietem relinquebat ut i ^'"^,!"'-""'" quidem sibi vocibus sibi parcere coge.etur ""'"""^ ^«"^"'-^" ac Bold reply of ai;^^''""^""^ ^""^ Pniicipesqiio Nerviornm OicerS/ aliquem sernionis aditum cii,s-.L ^''^^''''"'"' H^i Cicerone habcbant 00110! • '^"'*""^J"« am.ctiae cum Potestate, eadem, quae A„, i^:' l^"' l"' ""' '"""^- '■■-■''■' rant: omnem esse in armis c;, ' T ° '^^*''^^' ^«'"■"enm- Caesaris reIiquo,un.,ue ],: 1 ""^'"°^ ^^-""'" 'ransisse ; Sabinimorte;A,nbi.>;.igen : ;.:rrrr': ^''""' ^'''-" ^'e e°f dicunt, si quicquam al r. 'r "'""'^^ "^"'^- E-ar. ^>fficiant;sesetamc;n.,cc etcice ^'"""'' ^1- ^'--s rebus — . "t nihil „isi in-be;,: "ec^r consuetudinem noli„t ; n,,,, ; ,'f '"^" '''^'^' ''«nc inveterascere .-e^ere et, quascumque in •,"":;;:'"■"" ^^ '^ ''"-'- ^-ro ad hacc unum modo 0' ond t "o "'" '"''" "■■"^'' ■-•'• P"P"'' Ko.nani, accipere ab luXl ' T '''' ^""^^"'-•'"dinem arnns discedere velin., se ac i u ^ n.n M "'"^'-•°"-" = si nb -ttant; spe^re pro eiu. iustiti ; ^^^^ ^'t'- ''^ ^-sarem ^ Ptticrmt, impetraturos. The Nervii (.„. '^^' '• — Ab liac snp rpni.l,.; \t C.S.IX. - '^-a Pedu„; rS ^^::--"°Pe^".nnovem C,.r' ^•"^---" ann..n.m consu ,, ".S"- "^^ ^'^ , ^ rant et. ,|nos .le exercitu 1,- ' ^ognove- docobantur, sed nulla fnranu.n o , ' '"^ ^'''f'^''^'»^' ^b his "-"■ i«'-gnosci potuit: nan, nnn,. h,. J,'" "\r ''"'""""" -""iti. ''--" in nrcuitu "nn.itioncm^p fe^^^^^^ l-ssuunu.nin. -ant,parareacfacerecoeperu;;t "''"' '"'■" ''^'" -P^ivi docu- Ttir(!,.ii,igttH. „„_, -" " ' '''PP"Kniihnnisdienmviinr.^„ . ««'■itttM.amp. ^**"»" fcrventes fusih ex ,r..ill. , '"*'"'"o ^orto ^c-rvefarta iacula in cisas n. ''""''■'' '■""'^''' «» erant tee.ae. ia.e.e eoepenuHn '?"'''''"':'•''''''•-•'•''-"'<« «ai 28 C, lULI OAKSAIUS denint el venti magnitudine in omncin locum castrorum distulerunt. Hostes niaximo clamoie, sicuti parta iam atque explorata victoria, turres testudineseiue aKcre et scalis vallum ascendere cocperunt. At tanta militum virtus atque ea pracsentia animi fuit, ut, cum undique flamma to. rerentur maximaque teloium multitudine pre- merentur suaque omnia impedimenta atque omncs fortunas conflag- rare intellcgerent, non modo dcmigrandi causa de vallo decedeiet nemo, sed paene ne respiceret quidem quisc|uam, ac turn omnes acernme fortissimeque pugnarent. Hie dies nostris longe gravissi- imtarerepul- "'"^^"'^ ' '^^ ^amen hunc habuit eventum, ut eo die Bed. maxunus numerus hostium vulneraretur atque interfic- eretur. ut se sub ipso vallo constipaverant recessumque prim-s ultimi non dabant. Paulum quidem intermissa flamma ct quodam loco turii adacta et contingente vallum, tertiae cohortis centuriones ex eo, quo stabant, loco recesserunt suosciue omnes removerunt, nutu vocibusque hostes, si introirc vellent, vocare coepcrunt ; quorum progredi ausus est nemo. Tum ex omni parte lapidibus coniectis deturbati, turrisque succensa est. nravc-ry of ^^r'^'— ^''^n^'" «'^ logione fortissimi viri, centuriones two ociitiirionfi. M"' primis ordinibus adpropinquarent, Titus I'ulio ot Lucius Vorenus. Hi perpotuas inter se controversias habebant, quinam anteferretur, omnibusquc annis de locis summis simultatibus contendcbant. Ex his I'ulio, cum accrrime ad numitiones pugnarctur. Quid dubitas, inquit, Vorctc^ aut quern locum tunc probaiuiae vi, tufts expectas f hie dies de „os/n\ aw- troversiis fudicabil. Haec cum dixisset, proccdit extra munitiones quaccpie pars hostium confertissima est visa, in earn irrumpit. Ne Vorenus (piidcm sesc vallo cntinot. m-I omnium veritus existi- mationein subsequitur. Midi-.cri spatio relic o I'ulio pilum in hostes inimittit at(|ue unum ex mullituduic procunentem trairit ■ (|iio pcrcusso et exanimatn, hunc scutis protegunt, in hostem tela univcrsi coniciunt neque d.mt rcgrcdicndi facultatcin. Transfigitu'r scutum I'ulioni ct verutum in balteo deligitur. ,\vertit hie casus vaginam et gladium educere conanti dextram moratur manum. inqKn,n,t,ut in Atrebatum fines (egionem add 17 qua s,b, set Iter .aca-ndun,. Scribit Labieno, si reipublicae 0^«- nodo facere posset, cun. legione ad fines Ne.viorum ven 'a Kelu,u,.m puten, excrcuus, quod paulo aborat longius, non pmat' exp-^mdam; cqu.tes c.rciter c.ua.ir.ngcntos ex proximis^b^i::: .o.^'^^I-'T""''' circi.er terti.1 ab antecursoribus de Crassi adventu certmr factus, eo die milia passuum viuin.; ^^-.^ ^"ventu Samar<,brivae praeficit legioncmque a.lribuit, qu...i ibi'impc^Unl^nU exeratus obswies cvHatuu,, litfras F-blica. sfnunentumque Ine! 4uud cu tolerandae h.enus causa devexera., relinquebat F j^,"s 30 C. lULI CAKSARIS "t .mperatum erat, non ita multum moratus, in itinere cum le.ione abU^jMom cogn.ta, cum omnes ad eum Treverorum copiae fectionem fec.sset, ut host.um impetum sustinere posset, praese tim quos recent, v.ctoria efferri sciret. littoras Caesari rcn^S^^ZZ u,n penculo legionem ex hibernis educturus esset, rem itl Kburon,bus perscnbit, docet, omnes peditatus equi atusqu i Ireverorum tna m.lia passuun. longe ab suis castris consed'ssr Oaesar'smareh , .^LVIIL-Caesar consilio eius probato, etsi opinions totheroscMo. trium legtonum deiectus ad duas redierat, tamen unum communis salutis auxilium in celeritate ponebat Venit magnis umer.bus in Nerviorum fines. Ibi ex captivis cognosc quae apud C.ceronem gerantur quantoque in pericuio res sit Turn A.etterfro.„ ^. ^^ <" '''""'''"' ^^"" "^''^^"'"^ P''^^'"''^ persuadet, Caesar. "ti ad Ciceronem epistolam deferat. Hanc (Jriecis consrnptam litteris mittit, ne inte> .-na epistoli nostra ab host.bus consilia cognoscantur. Si adire : n posst nonet ^t tn^gulam cum epistola ad amentum de.ig.. i^ m ^^^^^ cas.rorum ab.cat^ '" ""-- ^^^^^^^ - cum le^ionibus p.^^ , " celenter adfore ; hortatur. ut pristinam virtutem reti.oa iZ penculum vemus ut erat praeceptum, tragulam mittit. Haec c su ad turr.m adhaes.t neque ab nostris biduo .nimadversa tertio d e a quodam m.lue con.picitur, dempta ad Ciceronem defctur Tile Joyincioero'8 P^'^'^ctam m conventu militum rcc.tat maxi.nauue camp. omnes iaetit.a adficit. Turn fumi incendiorum procul vKlebantur, quae res omnem dubitationem adventus legionum expulit. '"'vcmus The oanl, «o ^^^^' ~^f' ""^ ''^«"''■'^ P^' explo.atores obsidionem to.m.t.tcao8ar. lelmquunt, ad Caesarcm omnibus copiis contemlunt Haec erant armata circiter milia qu^H. ta (Ve,/. data facultate ( iailum ab eodem Vertioone, quern „", ■ \,J,"' vunus, repetit,quilitterasadCaesaremdefer.v;l..- - unmnet .t." caute diligenterque faciat ; perscnbit in litteris, hostesab se disce!'' s.sse omnemquo ad eum muiti.udinem convt,-isse. Quibus liue • L" „." ^ , ', f^^" ""'-'t'^ su.), f.teu ceriiores eostme ad di- niRandum anuno ...nhrmat. I'osi.ro die luce p, i„,a move! cas.ra c't e cum legione ede cohortiuni rorum copiae similem pro- et, praeseitim niittit, qiianto em gestam in tusqiie copias iMisodisse. etsi opinione tarn en unum lie bat. Vcnit 'is cognoscit ■es sit. Turn is persuadet, lane Ciraecis •istola nostra it, nionct, iit munitionem s piofcctnm L'at. (ialius Haec casu teitio die a '^'itiir. Hie nia.ximaqiie »i"um piocul 11 adventus obsidionem :()ntendiint. ta. Cicero ' nionstra- nionet, iter > se disces- biis litieris ih> f'.all accipetet. In his ab l.ucio Koscio, (|uc n; ii loriin nuntinni rliae de. iniac DE BELLO GALLICO, LIB. V. 33 praefecerat, certior factus est nv..rna« roii afuisse, set! niintio allato de victm-i-, c.^ ■ a- "'"^'"'^ ^"'s fugae similis discessus videretur ^'""""^' '"^^^^ "' Caesar standi se^evlr^^f' r"""'" pHncipibus cuiusque civitatis ad consd.o conat, cum ille praesensisset ac ..rofug sse ut "e "S ^^^ u.ss,sset, dicto audientes non fuerunt Tan u>„ Tn H . ''""" barbaros valuit esso -.linn.- lantum apud homines .». u. . pop„,o L,..„„ ™:.i:;err„,:::r ■:?,:-- indutio,„ar,Ks Jt^-"" ' ''^''^" ''"'' »'^"6 Indutiomaius totius hiemis wiHtoam.we ""lUmi tempus intermiserunt „nm f. "^ "'emis thtMUnnana. leuntn<; mit,I» » ^^'^'""'erunt, qum trans Rhenum legates mitterent, civitates sollicitarent nernni-.. „ ir cerentur, magna parte exercitus nostri interfem mul, ' -peresse dicerent parten. Neque tamen d cin ti "'"""'" <;.um persuaderi potuit, ut Rhen mn tran'i ot un ■ "'""" d.cercnt, Ariovisti bello et Tencterorum rans it.^ '''"'"' -Un,am temptaturos. Ha,- s.e .apZ S^n^Z: S::;;::! copias coLfere, exerccre a fin uiini.s c But the (inula 'J'"^ 'o'-» ^ ">allia magnis cqu(!s parare, exiiics damnat os- Hock to I stundunl ''" Ac tanf nil sibi iani liis rebii praomiis ad se allico re coejiit. comparaveiat, ul iin(ii(|ue ad icrenl, yratiam atque ainicit s in (iailia aiicior itatem t-'iim Ie;.;ati,.,o ^ • • ""^'""t ; qui ex lis ,,, novissimus conven.t, m conspect» multitudinis omni- council of Gauls. bus cr,,i,tibus affectus necatur. In eo concilio Cin- getorigem, altenus principem factioni^ <,«„» quem supra demonstravimus Caesar sTecutumfif 7 '"""^' discessisse, hostem iudicat bonaque eius ^^^,1 His" T confectis in concilic, pronuntiat, arcessitum se a onso. ubi visum est, sub vesperum d" ^;:! TZJ;; < parte Senones ^ervios Aduatu- tariorum copias atum concilium o lege communi irunt ; qui ex iis Ititudinis omni- ;o concilio Cin- generum suum, iem ab eo non t- His rebus Senonibus et ' ; hue iturum um ac, prius- uae fieri velit, J>fi BELLO GAtr,tCO, LIB. V. 35 d.scedunt, Subito Labienus duabus nortis om ...e;.„.. -'"it; p^ecipit atque"' u^, ^^ti^rr^ tioin«ru88:ain. atque in fuKam conierfi« 'i;^'oteintis hostibus videbat-unu'^ o^r mJnT r 7'- ^""' ^^^'''^• quis quem prius vulneret Qu^r n^ Indutiomarum, neu -. reiiquoru. spa^'n^rj 7. TC^ L^r ^' '''' proponit ns, qui occiderinf r,,-, • ""^ .^""^^re nolebat; magna subsidio. cipX^sr :-r rirr ^ ''''^- omnes peterent, in ipso fluminis vadoT. u ' ^ ''"'" """"^ interficitur .aputque 'eius rXL t cttJl'^^T Indutiomarus quos possunt, consectantur atque occidum H./ ""'" ''^"''''' The revolt Eburonum et NerviZr m "^""^ ^°^"'*^ °™nes collapses. disr^Hnn. ^^«rviorum, quae convenerant, cooiae munitissimis nihil timebat; ret, cogitabat. v.juis oratione labuerat, nun- sque undique licit. Interim > castris eius IS colloquendi intra vallum lebat timoris- Jitiomarus ad ium finitima- ?^entia omnes tione ea res consiietudine ,^nam partem '■ f^ntiimelia nostris dato ac dissip.nti Bxe I. 2. 3- 8. £xer( I. 2. ( 3- 1 4- ' licatus 5. I niam j 6. Q legioni 7. V eos co< 8. E Hiorci I. U EXERCISES IN TRANSLATION INTRODUCTORY TO BOOK VI. Bxercise 1. 1. Multis de causis Caesar motum Galliae exspectat. 2. Per le-atos delectum habere instituit. 3. Ab Pompeio petit ut milites ad signa convenire iuboret 4. Pompems ad urbem cum imperio remanebat. S- Magn. intererat magnas videri facultates Italiae (■ Hoc Pompeiu. rcipublicae et amiciti.ie tribuit 7. Ita celeriter confectus est delectus et tres Iggiones constitutae 8. Mu" a populi Romani disciplina poterat Exercise 2. I. Magniinterest. Magni interesse existimavit 2 Confectus est delectus. Quid potest disciplina Romanorum ? 3. Delectu confecto, Gallos docuit quid disciplina posset licLf estcTh' T "^'°"'' ''''■ ^^^'«"■'^"^ '"bus adductis .' -p iicatus est cohortium numerus "«i-us (, ,p. «. Eo confecto negotio, in hib-raa legioncs reduxie. I. Undiquebellum parabatur. Bellum undique pa..ri videbat. 38 ii:)tERcises. 2. Senones ad imperatum non veniunt. Senones non venire in- tellegebat, consiha cum finitimis communicare ; Germanos a Tre- veris sollicitan, 3- A Caesare de bello cogitatum est. pl^!^' ^' ^'"° cogitandum (est). Sibi de bello cogitandum esse 5. Omnia postponenda sunt; concilium Lutetiam transferendum. Exercise 4. (See chaps, j and 4. ) 1. Concilium Galliae primo vere indicium est. Eo Senones Carnutes Tr6v6rique non veniunt. aenones, 2. Hoc initium belli esse arbitratus, concilium ad Parisios qui confines erant Senonibus, transfert. ^ 3. Concilium Lutetiam translatum est. Ad oppidum Parisiorum concihum transferre Caesar constituit. •'"siorum 4. Eodem die cum legionibus in Senones proficiscitur. n,.?i;-f T''° "'"' ^'^^'"'"' ^''" '^"^ P'^'^'^^P^ f"'^' '""^et in oppida multitudmem convenire. "ppiua 6. lis id conantibus adesse Romanos nuntiatur. 7. Legates deprecandi causa mittunt. 8. Libenter Caesar, petentibus Aeduis, dat veniam. 9. Eodem Carnutes legatos mittunt, usi deprecatoribus Remis Eadem ferunt responsa. ^emis. Exercise 5. (See Chaps, sand 6.) CAESAR SUBDUES THE MENAPII. Hac parte Galliae pacata, in bellum Trevgrorum insistit Cava rmum cum equ.tatu Senonum serum proficisci iubet " Erant Menapn propmqui Eburonum finibus. paludibus silvisque mumti Q.u un. legatos numquam miserant. Cum his erat hnspitiun "n : b.o„g.. Item per Trevfiros venerat Genuanis in amicitiam KXKKCISKS. 39 Exercise 6. /'r;^^^,. / { tnaps. 6 andy.) '. Magno hominiim numero potitur. re^pll::.'"'"" '^'^'° ""--' «' An.bioWgen. finibus vestHs 4. Co.nn,iu.n custodis loco in Men.piis relinquit. 5- num haec a Caesare senintur Tm,,- ■ Lab,c,nnn adoriri parabant, ia„K u ' J "« I' T'^ '"'^^'^ ^"P"'^ ''"as venisse legiones cognoscunt P:'i,r,:;;" '°"^ V'"""^' ^"" constituunt. ^omus casti is aiixiha exspectare 6. Temeritate hostium erit aliqua di„.icandi facultas 7- ^-ealiquamdimicandifacultatemsperavit Labienus Exercise?. (Chap.y.^ '• ^'^^''^--^ -hortium impedimentis rclictun, est 2- Hostes flumen non transibunt \- , existiinabat. ansmunt. Ne^ue hostes transituros 3- Loquitur in consilio palain « r^rm. • » • quant. Kgo meas exercitusnu Ltun; Tn J'!'"^""' "'-^^''-"P'"- et eras [to-morrow) castra ano.ebu.' ^^'"'" """ ^'^^"^'-^bo 4- Germanos dixit adpropinciuare s tunas in dubiu. no„ devoeaturL el posL^:;:: c" uf "'"^ ^"^■ 5. Quid est Labieni consilii . Lab.enus • , '""'""""• Ponit. A^abienus quid su, sit consilii pro- 7. Quofaciliustimorisdef., • • ^P"" '^^'^"'^ "^«v^eri iubet. fen, strepi, castra nleri ■..:;;"'"'"'"' '"''''''^^ ^-- -"-etudo 40 Exercise 8. BXERCISES. (Chap 8.) I.ABIENUS KOUIS THE TREVERI. Galli, cohortati inter se, ne praedam ex manibus dimittf'rent flumen transire non dubitant. (Longum esse dixcrunt auxilium ex- spectare, neque suam pati dignitatem ut exiguain manim adoriri non audeant). Labienus, usus siniulatione itineris, progrediebatiir rum, " Habetis," inquit, "milites, qimm petistis, facultatem • hostem miquo loco tenctis : praestate ducibus nobis virtutem ves- tram atque Caesarem adesse existimate." Nostri clamore sublato hostes in fugam coniecerunt. Quos Labienus consectatus, magno miinero interfecto, compluribus captis. cv.tatem rgcepit. Caesar, postquam i,i Treveros venit, Flienum transire constituit. CII. I ( H. 9- CU. 2( An ail (Inn I.I ( iiiortiiic fon qtionin dimitterent aiixilium ex- ;imim adoriri )grediebatur. facultateni : irtutem ves- unt. Quos, cptnpluribus veros vcnit, DE C. lULI CAESARIS BKLLO GALLICO COMMENT A RIORUM LIBER SEXTUS. ui. i.l>.-c„,rMoTi,„.s 1.K, „v ,.„„. ,,„,„1^, OH. =,.44.-CAK.„K .UN.S,,,.. ,,„ „„„„, ,,„ UIORIX. I.- ^hlItis de cauais Cacs.ir „, .lo...... r !- «snectaiis tut m,..„ ... " '" '" ''•""•ic ni..(tiin A» an (.t.jiit " "^ «-««ii-^is cacs.ir 111 .io.-....w p. «.uil«c.«Har |-^^l'c^t'»"s Pt-r Marciim Sihimmi Cni,.,. a . 42 C. lUM OAESAIUS mancret, qiios ex Cisalpina Gallia constilis sacrament o rogavisset, ad signa convenire (-t ad w. proCuisci iubcet, in.i.^ni intc.v; se ctiam in rellquuin tcinpus ad opinionem Galliae existimans, lantas vidcri Italiae facilitates, iit, si quid esset in bello detrimenti acceptum.non modo Id brevi tempore sarciri, sed etiam maioribiis aiigeri copiis posset. Quod cum Pompeius et rei publirae et amicitiae tribiiisset, celeriter confecto per suos dilectu tribus ante exactam hiemem et constitutis et adductis logionibus duplicat(xiue earum cohortium numero, quas cum Q. Titurio amiseiat. et celeritate et copiis docuit quid populi Romani disciplina atque oi)es possent. TheTreveri H- — Interfocto Indutiomaro, ut docuimus, ad eius aLielfbyVubi. P''"P'",""os a Treve.is imperium defeitur. Illi fmiti- nrix. nios (lermnnos sollicitare et pecuniam polliceri non desistun^ L ,..i. ab proximis in. petrare non possent, ulteriores temp' ...vet.'i^ nonnullis civitatibus iure inrandn inter se confirma.i. -j!i-;d.)>i)s(iue de pccunia cavent ; Ambiorigt>m sibi societate et focdere . iumgunt. Quibus rebus cognitis Caesar, cum undique bellum parari videiet, Nervios, Aduaturos, Menapios adiunctis Cisrlionauis omnibus (k-rinanis esse in armis, .Son6ner, ad imperatum non venire et cum Carnutibus Hnitimis(|ue civitatibus consilia comnumicare, a Treveris Cermanos crebris legationibus sollicitari, maturius sibi de bcllo cogitandum putavit. Caesar (luell» the NiTvii .iii' ''"Hia l..»,.i.u„„ An,b„ i; .eta "':7;""",''-"-™ C„,„ „i., ess. Menapio, aMfm 11,1 ,■„,„ " '"' "" ''^-^1"^'^., »al„,e aut »c in in.... .'.ns.i., u:::izt::::z::'7uur""- "- '-'•OS rnittit duasciuc ad en.n iV i Ubienum in Trev- le.ioniln.s expcdl i^, L :^,^^ ;;::,.'^'''^-'' -''et ; ,pse cu.n coaca n,aMu loci pne o f" i " ' ' F'-^-scitur. II,i nulla VI.- Caesar parutis copiis cum Caio Fahin le.ato Amhio,.x. , ' -"^''iSM, qu.uvstore colcrKcnnu- cfTcrti. nonH busad.l tnpc-rtifo, a..,li,icia vicusque inc e H .'^ e hon.inun, nnmr, , "^ '"""'^' "^««n" 44 C. lUU CAESAKIS rebus Commium Atrebatem cum equitatu custodis loco in Mena- pns rehnquit, ipse in Treveros proficiscitur. Ubienus and ^^ f •~^""' ''^^^ ^ ^^^^^''^ geruntur, Treveri magnis theTreveri. coactis peditatus equitatusque copiis Labienum cum una legione, quae in eorum finibus hiemaverat, adoriri parabant ; lamque ab eo non longius bidui vTa aberant, cum duas verusse legiones missu Caesaris cognoscunt. Positis castris a mihbus passuum quindecim auxilia Germanorum exspectare consti- tuunt Lab,enushostiumcognitoconsilio,speranstemeritate eorum fore aliquam dmiicandi facultatem, praesidio quinque cohortium im- pedimentis rel.cto, cum viginti quinque cohortibus magnoque equi- tatu contra hosiem proficiscitur et mille passuum intermisso spatio castra commun.t. Erat inter Labienum atque hostem difficili tran- situ flumen np.sque praeruptis. Hoc neque ipse transire habebat in ammo neque hostes transituros existimabat. Augebatur auxili- orum cotrd.e spes. Loquitur in consilio palam, quoniam Germani adpropinquare d.cantur, sese suas exercitusque fortunas in dubium non devocaturum et poslero die prima luce castra moturum. Celer- .ter liaec ad hostes deferuntur, ut ex magno Gallorum equitum numero nonAullos Gallicis rebus favcre natura cogebat. Labicnus noctu tnbun.s militum primisque ordinibus convocatis. quid sui sit cons.lM, proponitet, quo fariiius iiostibus timoris det suspicionem mamre strepitu et tumultu, quam populi Romani fert consuetude' «stra mover, mbet. His rebus fugae similem profectionem eftecit Haec quoqiu. per exploratores ante lucem in tanta propinquitate castrorum ad hostes deferuntur. ^ Vktorv of ^' ^ '■"^''^ '''^'""^" novissimum extra munitiones pro. uLn'ur cessc.at,cum (Jaili cohortati inter se, " ne speratam rifU u .P^,'"''*'»'" «'^ '"■'^ni''^'^ dimitterent ; iongum esse perter- rt.s Komams Germanorum anxilium exspectare, neque suam pat i d.MnUatem. „t tant.s copiis tarn exiKuam manum, praoscrtim fug - entem atque impedi.am, ad..riri nun audeam," flumen transhc et miquo loco comm.ttere pr<,dium non d„bitant. Quae fore sus,„cntus Labu-nus, ut ..nines citra flnmen eliceret. eadem usus SMnulat.nie .tmens placule pn.gred.eba.ur. . „„, pr:emissis p un. anpedmientis atque m tumulo quodam c.Jlocatis. //.L. Mquit, muius, quam pttMs, facultatem: hostem .mpcdito atque :o in Mena- DK BEIXO OALLICO, LrB. VI. cora,n cernere LstiZfX^'"^ ''T '''"" "''''' ^^^'-^ que dirigi iubet et V^^xc\^ x^T^.J.^Z ^"'^"^ '''"^^^'* '"'^i-'»- reliquos equites ad la em d / "»Pedime-na dimissia -'vas petiverunt, Q.L Lab en" eq:it'r"c ""'"' ^"^™^^ numero mterfecto, compluribus caotis ^ '^""^"^^''"'^' '"agno recepit. Nam (ierman au' . ? ' '^ ' P°'' ^'^''"^ *^'^''tatem -n. fuga sese do^u^ X:::''!-^^''"'' ^^^^P^^ ^'-ero- qui defectionis auctores fuerZ "'" '"' ^^^^P'"^'^'* Indutiomari, -t. Cingetorigi, 0^. ab ni o '"""^^«°^ «'^ ^ivitate excesser- cie caus?K:^rr:::i: :;::;;[:;: '" "^^^^^-^ ^^"'^•^-^- auxilia contra se Treveris mi e an .I '"""'" ""^ ^^^' ^-^ quo ante exercitum tradux" " ^ .T'" r"'"" ^'"^'^ ^"'" '--. institu.a ratione magno ^ITa- ' " '"'^"'"'^- '^"^^ «tque F.rn.0 in ^r^^^^^";^"^^^^ ^^_^^. subito motus oreretur relin.ia. rZ ""' "* ^"'^ «^ his qui ante ob.ides d^; „ "arerdXi""^ ^^"■' sui causa ad cum legatos mittunt aui do ""'"' ''"''^"^ P"^*^^»"^' orant. ut sibi parcat, ne comm'uni odL GenLrr ' '""" ^"'"^ nocentiL.s poenas pendant- «i , ""^""""" '""• entes pro pollicentu.. CognicaUer;Ja eTe^^ ■"^'"='' ^'^ esse; Ubiorum satisfactionen, aTciprjitu "''""'" '""^^ perquirit. P'^' '^'"'"^ vmsque in Suebos X.—Interim paucis pr st diebns «f «k ttu- ■Suebos o,nnes in ununf ,.. utcopias '^ ''"^""' nati.^n.i.... , '" '^'•P''*'" 'b.ectam Cheruscos ab Suebis Suebosque ab Cheru liniu .ncurs,^..q,e pn,l,ibe.e : ad eius inil.un. silvae s;;:.;:s a "! turn Romanorum exspectare constituisse. GAUL AND GKRMANY COMPARED. THE GAULS-CH. I r-20. Faotion. and ,,1^';,"'^"" "''"", ''"^ ''""' '°'""^ perventum est, non par,i.Hi„<,am. '^"«"i™ esse videtur de Galliae (Jermaniaequc mori- unt ea , H' 1 ''"" '.-■"■"" '" ^'"^^""'^ ^-"i'-'-^ f-^iones ta cm .^ ' ,^^':""""'" '^--'"^ipes ^unt, qui sun„ua,n auctori- ".::";:'"" '"'^^ «xistimantu, quorum ad arbitru . f unnqut sumnm omnuun rerum consiliorumquc redeat Itume etcircumvcn rnon*^ ■ T T """ ^""'"^ "'^P^""' <;alliae • namonr • '^'^'''" ""'" "-^^ '" ^"'"'"^' '«ti'^s . namque omnes c.v.tatcs in partes divisae sunt duas. Th.. rivaiM for . ■^/^•— C"'» Cacsar in r,alliam \Tnit, aiterius fac- ■tiiliiciiiiKv, tionis Druirines nmnt Ad..; .t. AHluiai.cV ' ^^ '^*^'^"' Aedui, altenus .Scquani. Hi ' """• '-"'" ''.'"■ ''^ '"'""« ^■«"•-•'■ent, quod summa auctoritas cl,ente|..e ,/'"''^'"""^ '^'"''^ '" -^«^'"'^ "-aKnaeque eorun, cran, c hentelae, ( .ermanos a.que Ariovistum sibi a.liunxerant eosn„e ad se maKn,s .acturis poIlin,at,onil.usq,.e perduxerant. Proci i ^ ^ . nplunbus nu-.is socundis a.que omni nobiiita.e Ae Lum tlum ab Aedu.s ud se tra.h.cernit obsidcs,,ue ab iis prin. ip„,n I^K BKLLU GALLICO, LIH. VI. ^^ iuMuctus Diviii.ics auxilii potendi „1 if' "-"«itate p.ofec,„, i,„pe,.fec,a „ re!'" « ••"' -ru,n illi cliligon.er ., ban u,™ ' 1 ^ "" '" '""""'"' '"'■"'"'"• ""^ .».en. .=neba,«. K^ ,;„',:; r:A':??'^' '°"-'- --"" en..r Aedai, .c„„d,„. ,„„„„ d,:", a^rKliXinr^r' "''^■■ tii'st-;;; picbes :: :„ :;;:,L,«,r'r" '""• "";•■ ^••™ »li"''-"maK„i,„dincMib„,o„„;a'ri, J,: '';;'■■ """->»"e ur, scs. in s„vi,„,en, dican, n,,bdibu, "''" K ""i "''■"'"°'- sunt iura, c|„ae dondni» i„ ,e,v„s Sci d , '^".""l''-"' <'"™i^' •"•^■■' « ' ";■:■ ••"-.' =<.™^-... linnet i;:::f:;r:r Their power. ^^'^ ^'<^ ""''^ibus contrcvcrsiis puhlicis nriv^tis!;.,. ».-«.b„.:r;-*::-'i;rrir-'---"; ''aLentur. his on.u d " unt ^"'' ""'"""'" ^'^ --'--'".rum gui,l ex c..naoion-. ",'•■"'" ^*^""""-»'!"- ^'-'f",.unt. ne mi simis aequari videat. "^"''^"^ °P" ^""^ P°tentis- Habits in war. . ^^I I^— Civitatibus maxima laus est quam latissime civitasautillatumdefenfiif:,„^• r "'"'''^^. ^"•^'^to. Cum helium sint, ut vitarrcisq e h,be "'' -'-^^-^-'"«> q- ei bello prae- nullusest comTu s" ma^^^^^^^^ ^ pace pa.o.m inter sues .s d^r::;^eS:^^^;S:r I^^^ Bri.an.a.e„o -"-"""am habent infamiam, quae extra fines cuts" ....race. que av,tat,s fiunt, atque ea iuventutis exercend.e " desKbae nimuendae causa fieri praedlcanf ^, f q»>s ex prmcipibus in concili,, dixit se du Jn. T ^'^"^ "'^' I-fiteantur, consurgunt ii, q cat ret"' '" "'^" ''''"*' snumque auxilium polbcen ur - ten o ^ , 5°"""^"^ P''°'^^"'' qui ex his sccut, non sun esi^ "^"'^'^"dme collaudantur ; cuntur, on.niumc,,e IC^^'^^ ^'T^'''"' ""'"^^ ^^ vio-are fas non putant ; „ui qua^^^e rca^srad ^..^^^^'^^ ah muina prohibent sinrfns i,..k . u- ^a"^^ ^d eos venerunt, victusque c'ommunicatur "'' '"^"^ """'"^ ^«'"^ Patent The Germans vir^ifi^""^"" ^"'^ ^"*^'' *^"'P"^' ^»'» Germanos Gilli contraHte.iwith ^"^'ute superarent, ultro bella infern^n^ '*""s <^^' / riiuiugiajjiliu Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4, A^ qv \\ ^ 62 ItTLl CARSAKIS : :r S:= «-^-- -== I 'I, c>,cbiace, patientia Geimani Dermanpnf t>r.A^r^ ■ . .rans„.,n„an,m rerum „„,i,i„ m„„a ad copiam aleZ tSur THK HERCYNIAN FOREST. lU extent. XXV.-Huius Hercyniae silvae, quae supra demon- non en.m al. er fin.n potest, neque mensuras itinerun. lerunV Outur ab Helvcforum et Nemetum et Rauracorum finibus .ec Uque fl umm.s Danuvu regione pertinet ad fines Dacorum et Anart hi h.nc se flectit sinistrorsus diversis ab flumine regionTbu tCuI^ que gentium fines propter magnitudinem attingit ; neque ouisau.- est lunus Germaniae, qui se aut adisse ad initL eius sHva dij cumd.crumuer sexaginta processerit, aut, quo ex loco oriatut ac' cepcru; multaque m ea genera ferarum nasci constat, quae re^i' uis" .n locis v.sa non smt : ex quibus quae maxime differant lb ce ein memoriae prodenda videantur, haec sunt '«-ion,.., inter''ru';«^unum^""' '^'"^ '"'"' " "^^'^ ^™"'« the reindeer.' '"^^^^ ^"'^es unum cornu exsistit excelsius matrisoue dwectum his, quae nobis nota sunt cornih.,.; ■ X summo sicut pa.mae ramique late diffunduntur ' Tadem ^st'emT nae mar.sque natura, eadem forma magnitudoque cornZm! The elk. ''^^^"— Sunt iuni, quae appellanturalces. Harum est cons.m.iis capris figura et varietas pellium sed maKnm,dme pau o antecedunt mutilaeque sunt cornibus ITcrlt sme nod.s art.cul.sque habent, neque quietis causa procumbunt neque. s. quo afflictae casu conciderunt. erigere sese au subW possunt. H.s sunt arbores pro cubilibus: ad eas se anr^^r ! atque ita paulum modo reclinatae quietem capi „ ^ ^ ex vestigns cu... est animadversum a venatoribus.'quo se Sip " consuennt, omnes eo loco aut ab radicibus subrJunt aut accXt Bos prhni- freniu8. »K «lELLO GALLICO, LIB. Vl. 53 arbores, tantum ut summa species earum stantium relinquatur XZTJ' ^''"^"^*"^'- reclinaverunt.infirn.as arbore poire affligunt atque una ipsae concfdunt. F" ,,„,0,1: , o "iva T; sunt ferT r'-VT"" ^^^' ^'"'^^^ -dificio-circumda o XXXI.-Ambiorix copias suas iiidicione non con- A^l^Z^^L f"-^^"^ ^"°^ P-^-lio climicandum non existimarit an ofCatuvolcu.,. empore cxclusus et repentinn equitum adven' .rohi bitus, cum reliquum exen.itii , subsequ; dub.um est. Sed certe dimissis per aL^ros nuntiis si , ' consulere iussit. Quorum pars i'n Ardu^nl Lt ^^^r^: contmentes paludes profugit ; qui proximi Oceano fuenmt h Tu?: rr: °^^"''''^--"^' ^"- -^tus effice.-e consuerun I ; e. su.s fin.bus egress, se suaque omnia ali<.nissimis credide unt Catuvolcus rex du.idiae partis Eburonum, qui una cum Amb o i"e cons,lu,m n.erat, aetate iam confectus, cL iaborem beUi ^t fugae ferre non posset, omnibus precibus detestatus AmbioLm qu. eu,s cons.ln auctor fuisset, taxo, cuius magna in Gallia Germa ' laque copia est, se exanimavit. «^erman- SeKni ami Con- X-^-'^n.— Segni Condrusique, ex eente et nnm»-^ (;:=S, pennanorun, qui sunt inte^ I^^uro^^ T^c;;:"^ ''^^1^^::^ ''^^^'^ Z^ ^^'^^^•■'^•" '"---"t oratu ., ne se in hosdu, numero duceret neve omnium (iermanorum, qui essn ctra Rbenun. unan. esse cauvtm iudicaret ; nihil so do w!o "J »B BELLO OALLICO, LIR. vi. asse, nulla Ambiorigi auxilia misisse r, se ut reducerentur, ir.peravit s^' ' 7 '' " ^""^^'"^^ent, ad turum negavit. Tun. copl „ e ifn" d"' 'T' ^^™" ^ -«'- omn.um icgionun. Aduatucam "mu , t'"'",.-'"^^^""-'- Hoc fere est i„ ^ediis Eburonum fin , ' JtT''"''' "°'"^" ^^^^ cule.us h.emandi causa consederxn u '"' "'^"" A"'""" locum probarat, turn qu„d superio, *" „„; .'"V'"'" '^''^'"'^ '^^^^ bant, ut militu,. laborem'subl varet 7 T'"^^^"'^^ Ieg.onem quartam decimam reliquit unam . T' " ""P^^'"'entis -e conscriptas ex Italia traduxerat £^"2 " '^""' ^"^^ P^- T-..U.. Ccerone. praeficit ducentos^J:^X--;i;;e Q-intu. C.AVMAT) /--/-iT^r, CAESAR GOES ON A SEVEN DAYS' EVr„. iJAYS EXCURSION TO THE SCHEL Uhienus, Tro- ^^XIII. — Partfto exercitn TJf T ^^' ^=^^i '«^-nibus .ribus ad ^JT ''""""^ ^"^ nuethe^... quae ^enapios attin.:„u, p.o ise '"LI;" ^ '"^^^' be .,um cum pari le^Wonum n. ' ^"^""^ Tre- quae ad Aduatucos adiacet. del" 1 ""^^*^. '^ --" 'egionen, qu.s tribus ad flun.en Sca.den,, q»:? I ^ JJ'"'^' '^^ -- reli-' Arduennae partes ire constituit.quocu " ' i^'^''''"' ^^^''-'^asque Ambtongem audiebat. Discedens post die " '^- """" P^^^^^'""" snrum confirmat, quam ad diem ei le ' on '''''"""'" ^«^^ ^«^^r- quebatur, deberi frumentum scieb.t r k"^^ '" ^"■^'""^'^ ^^''"n- hortatur. si rei publicae commodo facere nn""""" ^'"^boniumque vertantur, ut rursus communicato anjnio "l'' '' '""^ ^'^" ^e- rat,on,bus aliud initium belli cape.e possent. ''^'"^^^"'^^"^ ^ostium "Xt-'' ce,f L\yarnt'Vpki::ri'"'""^^'-^^'--. -a„us amis defenderet sed ' n " P'''^^^'^'"'»- quod se tudo. Ubicuique aut vallis kb" a 1 TL''"'? ''^P^^^' -"'^ mipeduaspem oraesidii aut salutis .^ q,!::;:;"^^^'-^ ^"' P^'«« Haec loca v.cinitatibus erant nota ml ^"''^''''^ consederat. q"..rebat non in summa exerc uVt ^Tn"' ''''^^"^'^ - universis ab perterr,>i« ^c di.n (""""'n enim pofe-at s.n.u,is militibus con^v^d:: ;^ ^: ^"^^ -idere), ^ed t —spertinebat. Namet^aedrc-difrrrtS R6 C. rtJM CAKSARIS Promises of booty. «Hi p.olubelMnt S, neK„t>um ,:unfic. s„r,,u,u|ue h.,mi,u„n s cleri- torum .nterhc, vellet, di,nitlendae plures manus diciuce,Hiic„e e t n. htes ; s. confncc .d si,na manipulos vellet, ut institut ra o onsuetudo exercuus Uo.nani postnlabat, locus ipse cat prae "lio I arbans ncque ex occulto insidiandi et disperses circu.nvenTendi s ngul.s deerat audacia. Ut in eius ,nodi difficultatibus, cu." um d l>gen„a pn.v.deri poterat, providebatur, ut potius in nocendo ahquul praetemmtccur. etsi on.niun. anin." ad ulciscendum a.de bant, quani cum aliquo militum detrimento noceretur Uimittit ad finitimas civitates nuntios Caesar : omnes evocat spe pracdae ad diripiendos Eburones, ut potius m s.Ivs Galioru.n vita quan. legionarius miles periclitetu sinn u s;v::,H;:f"M'^^"'"^"^-ip- ^^^ ^-'-- stirpsr::;;." civitatis tollatur. Maj^nus und.que Humerus celeriter convenit. CICERO BESIEGED BY THE SUGAMBR, m CAESAK's ABSENCE. CH. 35-41. Raid of the . ^'"^^ V;-H'iec in omnibus Eburonum partibus gere- Sugambri. bantur, diesque appetebat Septimus, quern ad diem erat Hi. . ?"" ^^ ""'^^^^""^"'^^ legionemque reverti constitu- erat. H,(^ quantum m bello fortuna possit et quantos afferat casus cognosa potu.t. Dissipatis ac perterritis hostls, ut demonstrlv ' mus manus erat nulla, quae parvam mode causam timorTsX I ' r ans Khenum ad Germanos pervenit fama,diripi Eburones a que ultro omnes ad praedan. evocari. Cogunt equitum duo mi Ha Su gambn, qu, sunt proximi Rheno, a quibus receptos ex fuga Tenet" eros atque Us.pctes supra docui.nus. Transeunt Rhenum navTbus ratdn.sque tr.g.nta m.libus passuum infra eum locum, ubi pons ra p rfectus praes,d,unK,ue ab Caesare relictum ; primes Eburon. m fines adeum ; multos ex fuga dispers-.s excipiunt, magno peco™ numero, cums sunt cupidiss: ni barbari, potiuntur InvL" pr ed. on,nus procedunt. Non hos palus in bello latrociniisque nltos non sdvae morantur. Quibus in locis sit Caesar, ex capt^s quTerunt proectumlongmsreperiunt omnemque exerdtum discessi^ r ^,' noscunt. Atque unus ex captivis, Quu^ vos, inquit, Aanc miserL ac tenuem secUu>uni prae^am^ guU>us licet ram 7ssc .rfu^J^^ inbus hons AUuaUuam venire p„testis : Hue o,„„es suasJo^Zl 'itos adiie nil soleia- iiqiie erant uta ratio et : praesidio iniveniendi >, quantum 1 nocendo diini arde- noceretur. Lr : onines > ut potius ", siim;I ut ic nonien venit. ABSENCE. ibus gere- ad diem constitu- rat casus, lonstravi- > afiVrret. les atque inilia Su- a Tenct- navibus )ons erat Juronum pecoris praeda ^tos, nor» laerunt ; >se cog- niseram s si tuts? ortunas *"■• ""'"^^ OAT.Lrro. LIB. VI. gy ^■^'''>'<'f"s Ronhnwnnn co,it„/,f ^ guuie,n cu„ip„ssU „,-,,,■ Z,ua7 /''"'""" "'' "' "' — ^^•^'ataspe (ier.nani, qua. Z";;;;!'''?^ ''"''"^''— ^''^ q^'-u ; ips, Aduatucam conte, dunt ? I ""' '" "'-''■"''^ '■^''■"- ind.cio cognovorant. ' "" ""'^'^"^ ^"c^> cuius haec Cieeio relaxes AVI. CicCrO, qui omnes <;iin«..;„ j- hi« precautions, ceptis Caesaris cum sumn.aTn '"P"^'"'^^^ ^'^s prae- continuisset ac „e c " Z ^?""'" '"''''"^ ''" '^''^^tris munitione,„ eg.edi passu eset'r 'r'r-^'"""'^"^'^ -'- d.erum Caesarem .K/em servatu Lm'o o 1 ' '"'"^' '^ "— 'ebat neque ulla de reditu eius fanTa' Tff i "^^'"' f^'-^^^''^^^"'" aud- motus vocibus, qui iliius xyXJT ^^"'"^^^"'•' ^"""1 eorum per- ^i ^i-i^'eu. ex ialtris ^^TT^::^ ^^'^^^ ^P^^"'^^- exspectans. quo. novem opposi is Zionih ""' "^"^' ^^^""^ ^i'^Persis ac paene deletifrjs K- ' '"^'^■moque equitatu offendi posset, quinque co o^e't ^'e::,':'"''"^ P^^^""'" ^"^us •"■tt.t, quas inter et castra unus orn^ "o .T""- '" ^'"'''"^^'^ '"^^^'-^ «™n ex logioaibus aegri re i i "xn^ . "•''"''"^- ^"'"P'^'^es convaiuerant, circiter ^ece t s'ub ve ,"' ^^^' ^°^ ^P^^^io dierum P-aetcrea mult.tudo caionu, ' I^"^. •'""" ""'"^ •"'"""tur ; „,agna -bsederant, facta potes:r;:",i;;;;.:" '"'"^"^"^-M-- in castris Is surprised bv «^ -^. ■ """"OC ipso tempore et rnsii r"„ the su^,a,„,.ri^ «l"'tes mterveniunt protinusque eod^. il^ ■'"'"' venerant, cursu ab decNmnn. '""' ^"o pere conantur, ncc prius sunt visi ol iec^ T'" '" "'^^^'''^ '''■-»- castris adpropinquarent, usque To u n 'k '' ^'^'^ ^"^'^' 'i"'"^'" catores, recipiendi sui' fa':! atl 'n'on" I, ""° ^^"^'^'^^^"^ »- nostn re nova perturbantur ac v,x n '"'" ^"""'"•■^"^es -n statione sustinet. Circum undunh r . "I"'" ""P'^"'" ^"'^«''s «' quern aditum reperirc po en a/ '"" '"^^'^^ P"-^"''-'^- ••eliquos aditus locus ipse per se"mm.Cin' '.";^'^' ""^^'"' ^-'"^-• ''■'^tur castris, atque alius e^alio ' " ^' ''"''' ''■'^- q»o siKna ftrantur, neque qui „?'" ^"""^^"^ ^"*-t = "eque provident. Alius clstr.^a^'crpt ^? '' '^ ^""^"^ ^""-"'-t, atque m.peratore victores bXros 7""''' "'"' '^'^'" ---'" 58 1 1 • !ilf 'm( \i f C. lULI CAKSARIS tcMii, qm ,n eodem occiderint rastcllo, ante oculos pcnunt Tali t.morc omnibus pertcrritis, confinnatur opinio barbaris ut ex capt.vo auchcrant, nullum esse intus praesidium. i'errumpere n.tuntur seque ipsi adhortantur, ne tantam fortunam ex manibus dimittant. The oa.p is U^^^J,L[^Z^T ^'^" '""^ ^'^^''^'^ ''^''^^"^ P"'^' sared*^ ""^ i^extius Baculus, qui primum pilum ad Caesarcni duxerat, cuius mcntionem superioribus proeliis feci- mus, ac diem .am quintum cibo caruerat. Hie diffisus suae atque omnium saluti inermis ex tabemaculo prodit ; videt imminere hostes atque m summo esse rem discrimine : capit arma a proxi- mis atque m porta consistit. Consoquuntur hunc centurioncs eius cohortis, quae m statione erat ; paulisper una proelium sustinent. Relmquit animus Sextium gravibus acceptis vulneribus ; aegre per manus tractus servatur. Hoc spatio interposito reliqui sese confir- mant tantum, ut m munitionibus consistere audeant speciemque detensorum praebeant. XXXIX.— Interim confecta frumentatione milites ^rSKa^ "°''" clamorem exaudiunt ; praecurrunt equites ; SmbrUalf" ''"n"*" '^^- -"^ '" Per'^'lo, cognoscunt. Hie vcro upon them. """''^ munitio est, quae pertciritos recipiat : modo conscripti atque usus miiitaris imperiti ad tribununi mil.tum centunonesque ora convertunt ; quid ab his praecipiatur exspectant. Nemo est tarn fortis, quin rei novitate perturbetur Barbari signa procul conspicati oppugnatione desistunt ; redisse pnmo legiones credunt, quas longius discessisse ex captivis cog- noverant ; postea despecta paucitate ex omnibus partibus impetum faciunt. "^ th XL.— Calones in proximum tumulum procurrunt Hr^^'lL "'""^ "''"'^'" ^^'^'^'' '^ '" ^'^^"^ manipulosque coni- canip. <^'""t ; eo magis timidos perterrent milites. Alii cuneo facto, ut celeriter pcrrumpant, censent, quoniam' tarn propmqua s.nt castra, et, si pars aiiqua circumventa ceciderit at rehquos servari posse confidunt ; alii, ut in iugo consistant atque eundem omnes f.rnn casum. Hoc vetcres non probant milites quos sub vexillo una profectos docuimus. Itaquc inter se cohortati DE BKLLO GAhUCO, LIB. VI. gg ca.tra perveniunt. Hos .ubsecu , ^ """"' ^'""^^ '" petu ,nilitu,„ virtute servant a in"" "'"'"^"" ^"^^"^ -■ ^^tiam nunc usu rei milifiris nPr/J ^ '" '"^'"'^""«t'tcrant,nul|„ potuerunt, s^d se in castra rerinTr. "^"^ ^"'^''•'^"^' '"^i'^'i -nt. centuHones:;ro:r'rn ,;"r::"r " 'r--^^--- rcliquarum legionum vi.utis causa in n '"^"""'"^"^ ««-dinibu. iegionis traducti, ne ante p^r e Z^ TJ °^'""^^ '^"- fort.ssin.e pu,nantes conciderunt M^^umpl" 7 ^"'""^"^ summons hostibus nnetPr «n«., • ,'"."'" P^rs, iiorum virtute a barbaris circun.vLn'ta pe" i:' ""^""" " ^^^'^ P^-"", pars CAESAK RE-APPEARS ON THE SCENE. The«u;:ami,ri ^[^'•— ^-emiani desperata expugnatione castrnr,, hostium .error, ut ea „„c e cum r^v 7 """" P°»' '^'^'^''"•^ •a., ad cas.rave„..c, Mr„V ''L!« Xssf:" "'" '^"'- Caesarem exercitu Sic nmnm^ • ' ^ '^"'" 'ncoiumi Paene aHenata u^cL delet ' !„ r:"!:"^^^ P-occupaverat, ut recepisse dicerent neque in olu i Xc^g? " ^^ ^"^^ natures fuisse contenderent. Quertil^err"" ""^" ^^^ sustulit. ^ ^ timorem Caesans adventus -nS-- Ji'JuTf zL't -:r er:;™ jr- l, , m . ' • »5 (o). The */ IS often omilled I.etween tV^ ni!!." ' r ' -^' ^°*^ = Pl-ase. Ti.e year was A. U.C 7,^. B < ." ^^"""^ "^ «-«'"^I'ls in this year by ,l,c nam.s of the ^on^uZ'.^L' • ?he \t '"T T'"'*"' '^'^*'- the chief archon, hence called rwJrA>>:...,!. '''c"' ''^ '*"= "^""^ <^' of the Ephors ; the Argives^,!y '^hHir^^Jr,;, '1^..'"""" '^ "^' «^'^' a^ kibeniis : among the Helgae : B. iv., c j.S clu.ie Li.una, G,Ma ' cZp^a Ll/lilTul c\' ' '"'^''' '".'l "«' '"' his wnuers at Luca, a town un tl e horH ? f V. ^ o''"' «^"'-■'•''i"/ spent could hold easy communka",. w t h s t .is" s S^J '■"^^'^^ " "«^^ ^e his residence was more like a re.ml p ".. ^V lu , ' , '"*^' ^'^'^'^^ f'unntr Proconsul. At one Tin e 2oi S ,. w ^*" ''' l»-"^' quarters of a Roman 120 lictors indicted tlenresS^..',? "" '^"""''"'^ "'''"""t' his visitors ; his levies. Roth Ponlpera d V^ssu crr"hrt"T^'^ "'''^ '■»''-''«' him." Liddell's I list of Rome, p 663 "^ conference with imperfect: hence, " was accu^tomedl" ' "'^' "'*^ ""^^""'^ «^ ^" /^.?a/M .• Caesar put a leffaius over each letjion J«M^ 7- Spain supplied ..roonH.Str:S:andttS1,r^;:L.^ '"^ '^'^' "- prS-isSsof^he^;-;;;::' 'JfnS:^.- -itc^^ ^r- *- "- acted as jud,e, but in'minor nv.tters'he dele'ri t : ow't^ In ''^"""''^^^ or to tne %z/.. For convenience the provinces we e Eded in n'^ ''"' (conzu'tttus). ^ " uiviciea mto circuits Provtnciae: Caesar's province. (^'^iia'citerioris: \.xa.ct:onX\i& ma.-Q Gallia citerior-xnA Cnli, „ ■ tmperat: what two meanings has imMlZxZ.^^,^ '''''''"''- Translate, rnitinhus u.peratKnds^^Z!^,::^:^,^'' constructions? qui doccant^itt ei doceant : F. 184, i ; P. n., 21;. parafos—satisfacere : "that they were readv to mol,.. n . , reasonable means for their wrong doin."'' The i. fini v ^ff "l"'' '^^ ''*'' the gerund or gerundive with ah. „re^, ,lar. Zu > >l.t:',lf'"T'- ■'"'' in such cases as the uresent 1.., =,„......;,,„ .' . ! r '"M'l-iins the inhmi.ve t' ill ''nra/us esse equivalent to in such cases as the present by supposi'i,.. , single verb as volo which takes the infinidve. eos i.e. obsides. adcertam diem : when predetermination of future time i« i,<:pH ,„. f find ad with accusat ve Trnn^lni.. • ^,/ ^. / '""'re ume is used we often Sse. foi..:..aL It is rare that uiei is feminine in such a ii.ll, with les: fi3> A.) calLv I'k' o[ inedi- 'ing reason." n the ocean, viiLss of the of opposing I implied in al of mare. 1 tern u in or lied by oars ; I', n., 27. f in Greek : ■ fact that "ce in the t generally lis quaestor ito circuits u I tenor. — 'triictions ? ids by all 'dialus for ; inliniiive 'aieiit to a we often coiivocat : n such a BOOK V. 65 acr[^,£r[r;;^^^^f ^^^ ---^ - -n-'ered with reference to the ^l 9^y:*^vff:S^r^r^;;j];— ir^'^ i- theirde. paid by the Pirustae over and above restTtutbn ~Poenam : to be qui=ut ei : see above qui doceant, CHAPTER II. ^(Jrt'iV^ after tra^Ll'^vef fSx^ti'r- In^^h ''-""^'^^ '"- ^^-- "-st have Gaul, went to lUyricum and settled disml^l' '"''^ '=°"" '" Cisalpine May or June. disputes there, returned to Belgiutn in ^^.«.. .^explain fully the force of cum with indie, and subj. : F. 303 ; P. praeapiti loco : Bi 33., ,„ ,«„,, J^^no^'l'n 22 " translate» here: "athoimh fi,.., ./„_- • •>• a., 22., materials." 'although they were in th e greatest /« dec, 17 'i ac m tanta hn'i/iiitate. scarcity of ail cujus : here quod would be more corrpr^ ti, u .1. attracted into the case of its arece.lonM!" r T'^^ >^'' '^^^^^''^ '« often Latin : yet we have in Hor Sat 16 •= ^"^ ' " " "°' '° '°'"'""" ■" struction=f«;W^<.;^^^/^„aj,^^, ^ '' *^'''*^''' ''"P''^'" the con- zustructas: '« fully rigged " ; others read constrr.ct.s. for launching within a few days." Note ZJ\\ / 7 «•^'■e a'most ready »1 '/uh^: F. ,85, 2, and i88. 6^ P. ii , iSeVsS. "^^''"'' contained /.r^Sl^^: Vi'Sl.Tf g ?f;i:; '^ «^--^ «^^ ^^e ab.. or by intra o. ..//aW«//..- bring out the force of .^ i„ translation. P'99W!''' "'""'"' questions are put in the subjunctive: F. ,76, 2 ; name of Psqu.s. Othe. .y 2:1^^^ ^i^!' :;:7';J,^:^i;.e by the fi6 NOTES. ^—: ..for carrying o„, this object." ' • '■■vfcMiis : '. unccuinbered with ba^n^re " D^kgage, oj^posed to impeditus. CHAPTER III. h'l^'c civitas : i.e. of the Treveri. plitiiiiiiiiii ^~,hi!ct ■ "fc ti, '-'• co,na,o ace. ..-sed adv^biTS! ^""^'•'"'•" Strictly ;>/«.,,«, .-^ ^ ix£H^r-"?=t^^:riS:^^-^^^ "'"; '^'"^^•"'■- ^'^'"'«"ish .^.. and .^. /■/Jit»»*/., ,,, , .^ '"""• -'■■ "'^' -" '>""■"«'. ■•-« a^« .„„„„„,, ,/' ^ • '• " <■"■ ""■""■ ■■ "" ■>"« ioi»» «f..-» and ^„,,. '■"■"""'■ "'*'"■'""'•'■• ">'■ of ■'-rip,™ .. F. ,3,, , , p nonnutli: di.stinmiish ,„ • J . 9 , i-. 85 (c). pnmtim: "iiuiividually." '«"^^'S^vri^s?"^- '" -*. "--. ».v-... .„^, >^e clause. Ihe/ofof the lo|, so that ditus. BOOH V. 67 •tmum is a the leading * a' of /«,/,/. as slaia |jy / would be Lt the phi- f* priinum, ii.'(jiiires " or from domes, a ArJen at 2»? //(5« ; onsuferf -/-"/aa/iu,: why „„, «>„&„;, y .g, = . P „ ^ j*r-- -•-". "n.^.h. ...... .„„.;:,;.„;;:„::;,,._ ,.^. „^ ^nmapotestaie: " at his mercy. " CHAPTER IV. ^^.«/«..-subiunctive of dependent question :F. .76 3 • P 00 M, w^faz/*ra/ soil. Caesar. • '70; 2 , P. 99 (d). inofficu,: "in allegiance." •s rare because the positive L^. hf ''"^'^''■•" The comparative ..««. from seguorz.v^Ci primarily me-inT-.^ » '=°'"P''"'»'ive meaning. I % means '< less by n'o.hing.^ TrL:^:^,J^''' " '^■^^•" ^ ^'-' -/"-^ ^:^».! cum .us : F. igs' '4 Vp%^^^ ^Jj ^^y be explained as causal subj:.'.':;',"' graviter tulit : " greatly annoyed." 99? (irr^^^ .«. : .. whereas he had already been " : F. ,98, ,, ^,,, ^ p. /•«/^«V. «„,>,,, abl. of description : F. ,3, 9 . p g, ,,, /5^^ o'./.W : " at this grievance " . Tr ^ ^ ^^^ gnevance. —exarsti from -f.^ara'wro. CHAPTER V revertisse ; in thf» jTncar>t 1 j • perfect and derived'' fnS The ^IZ'^T^ T'''^- '^ 'he form .- i„ the Augustan writers. Distinm.S, i?, ^" ''''^"^ '^ "s^.I in the ante way. and ,^. to retuS'x:^;tt:::„;ng^^ii ^:^:^ ^« -t-n o:: :s 68 kotes. obsiih„n loco : when joined with the Penitive Inr. v Torce, " i.istca.l of," «as." SoJLfJT.' '''' ^" ^^"T'l'iepositional a charge," ^,.:e,.h /oro, " as a vi 'rd '' TT '' "^' 'T'"'' ^''"^ " ^' ^l-ve of purpose, which. howeve^lT ttrictJ;, S^^^^aH^;;:^;- ^^ '^ ^j:^:;rT:;^;^-::^o^ft^^ the indicative>„d when the'sub- CHAPTER VI. he .n,j,iu .^second time stir up strife, CaeS desUd\o\.T\-^'^^^^^^ '^^' inpriniis: "particularly." ^«.^-...^...,.. give the syntax of ,uod : F. 198. . ; P. 99 („, ,• «Mw, sell. esse. ^^ '^'' '' ««/W-««./..,V«,,V.. genitive of description: F. 130 7 8 • P 81 f » and sm ,ejerri is in apposi!io"'yr;;i':^:?/;eVy '^t"" '^"^^ ^^^''^ thekteduVi'nf.^K1:L'tfo£e'T,S'k'at'^^^^ *''^ office couidt, ieav" living member of the family held 'tSLpSt ^'''°" """'^ "^" '^''''^' ^^^ «tf^;«f .- " and yet— not." ..«/,-..„., ..,„ p„,„, „ „^ ^^ __,^ ^.^^ ^ ,, /-^//[^^(^«/^«j.- ««religious scruDle<: » Ti,-. tothe W.«^or..«.L.«47ot:of th e'Sn^-'.^J, ^'^'^- "^-^)' ?-"'« «af: the request to be left behind. sevoc-a?-e: "to hold secret meetinpt," . r^^^ some spot. meetmgs : from se, vocare to call apart to nlahfff' '"''^^^«'•^s a'-e perfect-present? F .4^ . p ,, plain ihc construction in pruuipes sollicita^'/..^,- \'~ ^'''' <"')■ Ex- /a/^^f ^<7^/,V. '^ "^'l^^' '"Ktcttart coeptt sunt; p,incipes sollki. -|>ie|)ositional mis loco, " as imte for the ct nouns. i'hen the sub i when sub- md was par- Pearing that 11 to Hritain. world." hO(»K V. 69 »9 (g), i. P. 8i (e). srally, «to 'tod (iixerat rat« called r jud>»ing," Cloyed tlvat 1 6. Cae- i nol leave ected, if a ■ix: "be- 2), points apart to i')- Ex- es sollici- fieri, scil., ,/^.y. Note the l.tL in '«..; .'/J, ',1,, nohlitale: al.l. of separation. F. 158, 2 • I' S- (h) ioi'lsl^'H^X: '" ''^ ^"■^^'^-^"^ "- ^^-« •■ = cp. ',n conspectu impera- J., .n ...anne, and .0. ^'^^::':::-^^^:^"^^^ I ^'^i::Z';Z:^7l:J^i^ '- -- --> ^o the rest,- ,., ,0 insiuraiuium and «V/ww^;//,,;,, ^ civil oith • .. onth by wh.ch the soldier binds hi'n'sdf to Sve'the Cr'""' ' '""'''^'^ CHAPTER VII. a fri^Sr^^ ^- '•' 33- Explain the indicative with ,uo, : K. .98. /m«/ ; scil. Caesar eum coercere et dderrere. lonqius: " too far " : F. 58, 5. — Doderlein. '" ""^" ''^' acts hke a madman." prosfii- n»t.»,w; Leg., I, 3. 8, .>../.»»Hve or as acual permit.» ^ '^'^ ^'"^-'"'^^ as „me and circumstances would Parinun,ero,ue,n = eo,ern munero ,u.n: .>. 3.000 : ch c J^/« <;fr^..o'/in^thl cS o^^?::^!?^-'^'- ^^^ '-^-^ ^t the Conqueror disembarked eleven cenfnr, r? *^* -'P^' ^^i^re William the Klea that the infantry emba.S at S/ T''^?-. ^^«'"'"sen favo^ porlus INns), and the cavalry a, /F;wt^^^^^^ (^^.ch he identifies with Rome, IV., 7). Strabo also iives //^ 'f'/2/ .P'1 ^"'^-^'^ (Hist, of on th . first expedition. O^the^^sav tha? ^he • ?'''' °' embarkation Gesor.acum(^.«/.^c.,,),andthecavalrJat^J^^^^ started from adnwduHi : proncrlv "m^/- !• I)solutc. •y thing else." trahatur : F. BOOK V. 71 'igrta tarn ad >r as actual -in the abl. ta iwo coh„„s („,„ ead, <,f ,|,^ 5,^ P.'£' wSib',: '° «""^ "• "-* ■■ : fo. ,be ,„0 datives : P. ,3,, . , de tertia vi'nli/t • "Jr. .u implies that the thi'rd watch'hTl'"'' °^ '''" ^f"--^' ^-■'ifch " • the exnr • 9 12 p.m.: ferUa visilia fn.m ,2-3 am \nV»' ' •' ••"'"''"''' ^'^« ^om n.lU at,ue ap.r^o : " smooth and clear of rocks » praestdio: dat. of nurno^P • jt , /—in /;v.A.V. TTaol P. 8/&' li' ^" '^ ^^^" "-*^^ governed h, ''^"'■''J,'«-^^-^''^"--abl. ofinstrumen't. 72 NOTES. Veryil, or Cicero. """ '" ' ''"'"^ = "^V'-*'- f""»-! in Lucretius, «:«:: ■.,hey hid tl,=„4lve?S,;rin Sc Zll' " " '" '""" ■"*^- testudine facta: " forminir a /^r/«,//> " 'i-i... „ soldiers of the inner files lockinf U?X'shi • '^"^^■"'^■•1' was done hy the outer files protected thrsides S'h.' ' ' 1 '"^'^«^V'^""" '"-'''"''^- while the a tortorse shell (/../«S) ^ve it tile name " °^ '^^'^ '"'^^^'' '^'''^'ds to longius: "too far." prosequi: " to follow up the ounsiiit "•« f,v ^„ .• • , the next chapter p^rsequon. ^ZS. a p^uitr'""^ 'VurT" "'•" ^" ^^^^:Z^. '-^':^ !:;--P ;•, : ^^y di^^in. a trench often the meaning of castra locai^^a^sJ^a ^^:^^' '""'" '"""''' ^a. CHAPTER X. postridu eius diet: literally "on the morrow of (hat dav " ^ . v Jom the ana^gyof t£ G.e^' ' ^ tliS, S^ ^^'^J^f T^.H^;:?"^- milites=pedites : as we find elsewhere in Latin. in expeditionem : " as a flying column." 'some distance on their aliquautum itineris \ partitive fienitive journey." extremi: "the rear" of the defachm^nf c..,*. » i ^. seen by those remaining in the camp '"* °"^ ^"^ ^^«««'- ^^re still qui numiarent-ut ei nmuiarent x F. 1S4, i j p. j,., 25 rt#/^/«j: "shattered." BOOK V. f IS common in Lucretius, much highei ifence. a/ididfrunt : ulvis abdid- Such breast - ees. javelins out lis in small tantes. ione by the ', while the 1 shields to 73 rsuit. In g a trench 'lunire has —postridie blative in ave arisen live ; cp. t. I., 26, on their were still latter w.ml.l simi>ly i'- In ( v i , ■'""' "'"" ''^-^"^ative is that the woui,. express tiL^.i., j:::^^.:::^^^:^ ^'-^^ ^'"'^ ••- '^'™- subststereiit : "held " '< lf,ir.f .i,„ • • . "eiu, kept them m position." concur sii: "collision." ifuoiiimodntn : a mild wav r.f ct *• 1. •n consequence of the disaster *"^ ^ ^*''"^' '"«s t^^t occurred CHAPTER XI. legionesx 9.0 milites=f>fdites. desisure Ui„ere : abl. of separation : F. .58. 2 ; P. 85 (h). revert, tur: see note v., 5. r.;v//« /„-.;,/,// .• " he sees with his own eyes " mdere,U„r, since it really depend'on'!?4«"oS;;^r '" "^' '^'^"^^ '■^^'^«'^''- negotio: " trouble." ///^/w; these were not necessarily a narf r.f t»,» 1 • quenlly accompanied it. They were a ^o of Fn J'^'°"'r-'''""S'' "^"^ '■•■^■ after the mech.nnical work to be done nn 1 . *^"e'nc-er Corps who looked Praefectus fab, u,n. Here in the Xl^ ^T ""''"' "'^ ''"-action of the for volunteers out of the legion! ' °^ '^^ ''^''^''' >^'-'. Caesar calls iubet-scribit : note the force of these presents. nullae operae ac laboris : " thourrh if t».,c „ undertaking : F. 124 j P. 81 (a)? ^ ^ * wearisome and laborious subduci : snktucere naves opposed to ar " or l..Nn"'' -""'"f"'^^''.;, cp. txamen ( =exagimen), "the beam of a balance: ^o ala::^ axilla : mala- tnaxilla. nummo : Herodotus calls the current coin v6u.iau.a (H i 04 . wr rfi\ According to Aristotle (Ethics v. 8) the word is .ierived from v^Jo'f becaui the value is fixed l,y law (v<5/.of). It is probable that the Romans intro- duced the word numnms from the Sicilian word vovikiq, a name eiven to a r,f^''?o'^°" ^'"•"' '"'^^ '-""'"'' °f o"^ '"'^"ey. The earliest mint estab- Iished at Rome was in 344 B.C. plumbum album : " tin." Caesar here reverses facts. The tin mines of Britain are found near the coast rhiefly in Cornwall, Devon and Wales • while iron •« abundant in Stafiforu, Shropshire, Derby, parts of York and Durham. The Scilly Islands were cal.ed Cassiterules or Tin /slan^ls from he Greek Kacccrepng " i.n." It is strange that Mr. Crutwell, of Oxford (History of Roman Literature, p. 192), should make the mistake in sup- posing th^t plumbum album meant lead. " The existence of lead and iron were known to hun (Caesar) ; he does not allude to tin. but its occurrence couldhardly have been unknown to him." «v-v-urrence ejus: refers to iron. According to official statistics, the gross annual produce of iron is 3,600,000 tons, while //« amounts to about io,>;oo ton' 1 he fact that Caesar gained his information from the people on the coist' where iron is scarce, may have led to this mistake. aere importato: though we find copper in Cornwall, Devon, Stafford and Anglesey, the mines were not much worked till the last century. materia: "timber." fagum : fagus in Vergil and in Pliny is the beech while vy6c in Th^o. phrastus IS the <;<;/■. Both words are from (jxiyelv, " to eat,"' indicating the use of the nuts as food for primitive man. Crutwell (Hist, of Roman il BOOK V. 7r) Caesar is Le^XZl^ rUe^r^Z^r^l ' ^"'^'^^^"- '^•'"-"'" "-a. Scotch fir. certainly existed irthLLt^,"^'^^^^ ^^^ I'a^.s.wnahly „..a„t ,l,c «urnham beeches were then fine young trees."'' "''^- ^'"^ ^« '" "^ ''-'^^>»' ^SdSt::;;;;^^Cari:^';^ The hare of corn .n Br.ta.n n,ay have n,ade thelthlis unpalLkfir"''-' "'^^ ^''«'="- 'ion fas = nefas : "impious." tl.^l/;S:'^ir:^,-^::'(«^;ts^J„su^r posiUo„ a„d the influence of feodum : a./.r//a. frigorum a&' "^ ''''^'"" ^^''^^" "«^^''/'«^ «^ «./.«//. CHAPTER Xiri. natura: "by nature," i.e. «in ,haoe " r. knowledge of the shape of I5ri ain fm,; h '" '^''^ ''^^^ ««''"ed his ex ant works of the Greek wr m % ncL^l^i I'^T *"■ ^•""'^ ""^ "'en gated by the Romans till a.d. 84 fuHvT^n.ni ''^"'^ T'^ "°' circun.navi- Agr. lo: hancoramnovissimimaHllL f""'^'^^^'^'^^''^^- CP. Tacit e;.«/« /«.«/.,. ,,,, BnZ'Zra7r,n^^ P^mun. Ro,uana class! circun. the fact that Britain is triangular fndlavs th^ff ? "^' ^' '> mentions also Kelt.ca and is 4.300 stadia\ e^h (ab^ f ci^'""r'. "^"^V' ^^'^^^'^^ '" ame applied to the country from the n outh ''^ "-i'^''^' '"'"^ ^"'"^^ " Pomponius Mela (in., 6) comoares Br? ^ • u^^ ^^'''^ '« "le Pyrenees one side faces Gaul, akd anST'de. Smany ^ '° '""^ ^"^^ «'^^ 'S C««/.W. : now Kent, which is said to mean " comer " wi?^;^:^:;; :^\^''^, ^lS^ ^^he ships IVom Oau, make ; " inferior corresponds to alter in alter angulus. hoc—alterum, soil, latus. B.SrS6 !w^E"^"^iSSJ Foreland '^^^''^ ^nd is 344 this statement of Caesar. ' statement was evidently taken ix^^ alterum vergit scil. latus -. cp. Tacit A,. ,n o -. Gervtamae, tt, occideutem ms/aniae obten^ul '..^u'-'"''"'," '« "'■''"'''" Germany on the East, to spain on Z West " Th "'*'" ''"'^ "1^'^°''''*^ "' the Romans with regard to the oositinn If n ■ . ■ '-''"'■""««"s views held by dread of long ocean voyages. ^ °^ '^'■"^'" ^™se f^om their innate ?«« ^AT/rt;/* : Tacitus ^Aer -iaX s^vc h,o, t 1 . ■ Spain. The word /lihernia k s J I tn b. h Tf '' "^''^«^" «'•'tain and Iveriu, meaning " Western." (Max M.n"""': 1""" .^''-'^ Celtic ^nV. or p. 284.) dimidio minor : " half th er St leiiee of Language, V^ol. Gr^.rs.sr^^sair ' ! ir;',?'-"'. "t»".-» i.^^. th 30, 37° s^- wiles, 77.370 square utiles; a;, ^rireS^S,; e area of 1 76 MOf» ill characteristic: F. 131,9; i. '05 ic) : so /^ari numero : H. v. (.hai, vm in \V lt''r ?'" f''""'r'^ I'«i'" i" ««^""'«rn la-laiul and St. Da m' s Hal yl/<'«« : some have supposed the /s/g of Man to be here referre^l to since hf position of that Island is midway between Ikitain and Irela^^^^^^ however, there .s no doubt about Mona in Tacitus (Ayr ,4 An x.v' Heiw XS'^^Tm ''^' ^•"""' "^^y '^•'^^^ '"--^" misinforl;.;;! :!f'i,f posmon! Hem.ie the Isle of Man was properly called in Latin \tonoMa. Accordi.u. /i^ A/ i" • -^^ «'e have /)/«,«^, Mayenne in France, ^/«///«a in jtalv (-a Md'icha in Spain, Mansfield, Manchester, the J/.wa,- Strai s in Fn^' land. Others say from Welsh man "alone." or meZr^in'^LZ^ ^"^" compiures-imulae '. Caesar, no doubt, refers to the Hebrides Orknev "a'in anlrifeS'^' "' """^'^ ^"^^" ^*''^'" '" '^^ channel ttwe^nt^ «c.«;/«//«: probably Greek geographers whose works have perished cou^TeTut'Sr^'''"''"'''" '' "''• ''" ■■ '^^ *•"'- -'^''-- '''his. of n^i^''''/'r'"/'""r'^ • '^^^ accurate measures made by the water clock » The cepsydra (K^<^v6pa) is meant. The water clock was «iWl u^t.'.. n^orilt"^^-""','^'^. «-^^- I'« "- was coinnun aiZiVthe Grel? I consisted ordinarily of two globes of glass ceniei.ial together the lower one receiving the water and having the divisions of the hours marked on\l ut~fertopnuo: "according to their belief " : cp. Cic proTomdo it ut opinio mea fert : " as I believe." U.!l^!l!'^'^l'''''*'V''''i'"'''- the west coast of Britain is 590 British or 610 Koniaxi miles. For descriptive genitive : F. 130. 7, 8 : P. 81 (e)! u'rtium, scil.. latui, is t^on 5f rS.°' ''"'^'" *^ «o British or 570 Roman mil... This CHAPTER XIV. humanissimi : cp. Shakespeare Henry VI. , i, 4, 7, Kent, in the commentaries of Caesar writ Is termed the civil'st place in all the isle. ' £^'t ■'*':. :':/''^^'"^J""Vr «f^^e people of the inland district t" : t , ,e ^i;;:»^!'^ "'' '^' '"^J^"'ty " = /^"■/'«^ both " m >» . most people" vitro: "-,><., •' ,till cultivat.-: m France and till im/ij?o took it^ nla,.^ much used m pm- icing blue dyes. ^ " P'*°* ^ii^ BOOK V. 77 hoc : nhlntive nf means. So*SSt?:.:Tt^:^''"''- of description: F. ,3,, ,^ p. ^5 ,,, w.:^:t;r'^ro/;SS^^'^^^^;- -" - '«".r ca^s twelve.- We unfue. ^'^*"- ""« ^-tatenient is neneraJly regarded as CHAPTER XV. ita (amen ut=ita tamen con/iixerunt ut. omn.bus parMus= iu cnnibus partibus : '• i„ every quarter " <•«/»■«'»«: "too eayeriy." inUrmisso spatio : " after an interval of time had elapsed." ^e—eieceruii( : "they sallied forth" 'ii, Kelts was as strongly l.:SV^^,^, ^;, T il^ iS tllll^ '" °' *'"' in statioiie : "on sentry. " Jujrinus : the first cohorts of the legion regularly contained the finest inter se: "apart." CHAPTER XVI. cum — liiniicaretur '. "when fh» i^oni in front of the camp." ^"r J^ ' F aoT" TS' m '" ^'^'l^' »" -^^ con sped u. ' ' " ''"J » * • 99. (f), v.—j//^ ocuhs-in tnlelleclum est : " it was evirlnn» 1«^ .,„ »> i- F. 164, 2, note : P. SaTd), il * ^"P^^'^ "''^" ^»^'- or « «^^» : mst>vs=.milites legionaries, -sub oculis=in conspeclu. ab signis discedere : "to desert the standards" would h. the scuramentum or military oath. '"■"«'rai> would be a violation of «/m«. aptos '. " less elTective " (than others would be). equHes—ditnicare scil. intellectum est. cousulto-cederenl : "often purpu.ely yielded." quum-rcmo^>issent : " when once they had drawn away." their'movemenls, wlViV;Vh;^irii, m!"';'/- ^ :""^"' ''""''' ''»"'Per svvo.^ and small bucMe,-. vm.ll'Si; ' . i^X W^sSV^^'" ^ '^'« and by his superior length of wenp,,,, uouKI In ..ulre eE.ve. ' ^ ''^'""'^' 78 NOTES. Romams used cavalry the da.,, ir ^\\T^r 'u '^'''^" "^^ ^'''«"s and chariots they were a[an afitaye ^ '''' ^"' ^^*^" ^''^ '^"'°"« "«^d a.i«, «,: ..to this was added the fact that." s^aiwnes dispositas : «« outposts stationed here and there. " deinceps : " in succession " • ■ i nominatives used adverbially. ' manceps, tertueps, anceps, old ran CHAPTER XVII. infrequently." Unius=minus acriter -. " with less spirit." -£- '^^J-.;;!;]^^- -' '° «^^"'e :" distinguish this fro. ;W^.. exS^tSr^-rSl^s'thriZn'tt^t r""'T '° -«i on a foraging (B. IV. 32) had n,a' '^"'» 'h^-^'e would be about six hundred senjabat = obs(rvabat'. "kept watching." locis=in iocis. iisre,ion,bus. ablative of separation : " from that district " vns sennnsque : .u^ i.. the regular road : s.nita is a by.pa;h JLI'^SV::;^^'^ -••> 'h- "e was wont to engage with hoc nutu : " from fear of this." as .1. ././.., (,, v.. chap. 4). thirrSnS^'fo^'ca^il^tS:'^ ^'^^™^''^^ '^^ '« C-- was» or '«^ CHAPTER XX. laboreatque itinera : " by toilsome marching » : ,,„^^^, /f-modrt«/M occupied Essex and SufT,, It tk 1 80 NOTES. ••Meanwhile the Trinol.antes, about the most powerful state of that 'Mat : what two meanings and what two constructions has ad Huinerum : " to the full amount." CHAPTER XXI. Trimbantibm de/ensis, the kindness shown by Caesar to th. T • bantes t;anie.l over the other tribes to the sick of k.m.T V. r ^ ''""' ^///V/«w : generally supposed to be Veruia,mu,n or St. Albans. ja//j magnus : " quite a large." autein : " now." ^^nanoaa^,u.opere: "by its natural position and especially by fortifica- oppu^irttarc, " to storm " : ex^ugnare, " to take by storm." faulhper : used of past and future time : paru>, muUiicW. Britatmi'. ««many of the Britons." ^.iisper : used of past and future time : paru,nper, generally of future CHAPTER XXII. in— /act's : about St. Alban's. ad ware : '• on the sea coast." ^^y/|/<^«. r,gio>Mus: "over which district ": for dative F. ,20; P. S, iiutnt nava/ia : I>. v., chap 2. ^0»sritmssef~super,ssc,--nUe//^^^^^^^^^^ : explain these sul.juncues. BOOK V. 81 r>. S2 the danger of wakin7.oXngrnBriuin ""'^''""" '"'^ '^"^'^' ^^^-^ e er CHAPTER XXIII. re/ec/assdl esse: "had been repaired." his deductis,%c\\., navibus. duabus-covuneatibm : '< in two trips : " ablative of manner s,c accidit uti : " it so happened that." F. 182, 4 ; P. 99 (b), ii. desidemretur : "was lost." in^r„;t JrioTdTnyre-'i'^roVJrc^f '" "■■■■ ^'- ""> '« ■ Labienus. ^ °" "'^ continent and sent across by timeVthet:?" = " ^'^' '^^ '"'"S^' ^' ^^ P'-ented from sailing by the aeqiii/wctium suberat : Caesar sailed frnm i^,;.^:^ x. .■> r of Septen.ber. so that he had Ef'^IJl'Sand ^ moSst'^:;;^^ '"'"'"^ na^rrer^om^Xi^sl'L» """""^^ ^^'"-^^ -^>' '''^ -'^-s in solvisset scil. «a»(»j. CHAPTER XXIV. subductis : ««drawn up on shore" for the winter by means of rollers conaho : assemblies of the whole naMon were often held as in B. , ^o Samarobriva : from Samara, Somme, briva brid^r, . c^ ^i . ., ^ me&ns, i>ommebridge : now Amims. bridgt , so that the word Augiislius provenerat : "had turned out rather short" Th 1 > .......refers to the "seasons of dry weathe'r:" ^ > J'! l^'v.' ^in. : " very recently " said of time, though it commonly is said of tram Padum : «peaking from the standpoint of Rome. 82 NOTES. 1-' li.e mo loco natus : '< born of the highest rank " : abl. of origin. kmc mdirect object after restituemt. .vz.«withA;-//«./,Ir ' ''^«"^^"'^' concerned a good many": supply and"7;SlSm ^tVbv wh"''"'^ ^-^* •^''^"'^"^) ^° "^^^ '"'o --tody Tasgetius hai been mu de ^d'^^Nole If """.-^^ •'^^^- "°" '^^'"^^' t^a^ Crtaar. murdered. Note the mdicative in co^Movera/ scil CHAPTER XXVI. •'S?S:fda;sa£:''^' ""'''^'" ^'^«"^ '^'^-" ^'^Vs in which" ,e. ventum est .c\i. Caesan= Caesar venif. F. 164. 2, note; P. 82 (d) ii quum praesto fuissent : " though they had presented themselves." ' Indutwmari--impuhi, this chief had been offended fB v ch.n .^ . he degree of power qivc-n by Caesar to his rivnl M.. .1 V- P' ^^ ^^ become a fornii.iable rival. Mandubratuis, and had oppugfuitum scil. .«.^r« : for supine : F. ,74; 2 and 3 ; P. 105. aliqui: less common than aliquis : F. 132 ; P. 95, j. CHAPTER XXVII. ex nispania=. Hispaniensis. sese : put this speech into direct narration. The order is s^se n«fif ■ N-o benefuns Caesoris in se, (se) debere plurimum ei^&c ^^"^ et=si6i i.e. Ambiorigi. iyhiium numero : cp. loco obsidu/n. °'" -^^-^ ^- ^he interest of ter carefully account for th^ t^^OH^TZSlr' ^" '"^^ ^^ CHAPTER XXVIII. re\ "news." ^etsi^istimabant. explain the mood in e.isti„,aban, F. ,96; P. consilium', "a council of wa .. /r^w^. «.,, .,v////,,;,, ceutunoneT ''°"'*''""g «^ the /^fa/,; tribuni and nihil— existimabant : " thnirnhf »1,^* .l. »ho,„>, .hey wve w,„,„ q»Si;t\.T;;?,,:;-;t.i« ^^^^^^^^^ ■«'■"• - quantasvis—docehaut : "thev tnl.t »», however great, could I.e ke.n iL „ ^ « "' ^"'■'"' ''^ ^^^^ Germans fortified." -.,««,,,, ,,,,,XVabl'ab -"iy" "" "'"'^^ ^u-ters we"; aos. _,< hiLenia munita essent rem — teshmnnio : " win»- Jm,' », the c,a„ i„,„,,,,, b;,tJ"'teh1 d^P^^^^^''"- " -f--H".' to fined to abstract or semi-abstract nouns ^ °^ '"""''"^« ^^ich is con- re-premi.. "that there was trouble about supplies " wSfttSltti^^Jr^Ktati;^?-'-' ^"-'- - oblicue narrative. 8^ NOTES. < HAPTER XXIX. 'W//m 6'«-,w/m : "on the other hiind." sero: "when ton late."-/„/«^^, scil. esse se. ^an,juiacalanntaHs.. "some misfortune:" partitive genitive: P. 69, ,o ; ^^':'r:^'£'Z "SL::} "'^^ ^^^^ ■" ^'^ -^ ^^^^ ^^vice of tl. ene^y but »iagfwdolori: see note on testimonio, last chapter Ariavisti mortem : Caesar nowhere teils us when or where Ariovistus died rercerul^erthl'st^oT^^^^ -any reverses, it (Gaul) had been "Military greatnels'haTbLn'ex'nguiS^'P^^^^ ^^'^^ ''' ^"™- ^icy in qnis—f^rrsnoderet: " who would believe this ?" liff^mllv «< ., i^ersua „ \^ „ to whom he p.,inte,. and who were^^r :;S:^^;oi;^r':'S Ivas':,;;^'"''^^^ BOOK V. 85 f frequenta- : F. 69, 10 ; ! enemy but ivistus died, ) had been ler glory in who would e grounds.', vithout any ' not attack tion. 'g- centurions 'inifilares. ter." 'm 34. 35- y disaster le soldiers said. m, on the rs, would S::^;;^.;;';:;: :^;;;i;|-i'; -'j-'es only .helr share of in„H.„ding Aon, ihe other (Romans)." ^ ''"^*- ""*"''''»''' *"'' ''-i-'ishe,! m.n flir away /m.W/r/^^otabl7cTe7^^ through you "._ / 1-^, flies, the day beyond tomorrow. " CHAPTER XXXI. «««/r^V/wr impersonal passive- "tt,» so also/;-.;,«,„-/^,,,, ,„,„^^ ;. J^,;^^ ^he _members ns,- from the council " : Sabinus. "'"'^'^ • "^^y grasp the hands of both » : Cotta and rem: " their safely." dat — viauus : " t/ives wav " "w; 1^ » a- signifies by . gesture that hemakrjtJfur^h^eT^^sl^JHn^cr^ *° ""' '^^""^ ^ without sl.ep, since each^sohlreSST.ri-P'''' ''L'^'' "'^^t is spent m.ght be able to carry with vZ S ll r T" ^'^^'^'^ <'" "^^e) what he be compelled to leave behind "• ^ " °^ •"' '^'"'"'^ stores he would omnia — aupcatur • " evprv r»^ no staying wiihout danger Ld whv IL'"P^'*'^ (to prove) why there was assuude and watches of ,'he 'olSs ^' T^'"" ''""'^^ ^^ '"^'•^^'^^d by the ry to convince themselves by plausible nL '"^''"'ng is that the soldiers leaving was justifiable. ^ P'aus.ble arguments that their conduct fot ;S^s™M :;Stt£t2i?^^: ^"^'«--'IA-..^.^^ : UteraHy Note the impersonal use of ;i'L,r^^":^'«'- f' "^^" convinced/' cmwirued. r r>.uasum esset. Translate into Utin : lam agnnm-impedimentU : ablative absolute. CHAPTER XXXII. v?:?i7m : " by their not retiring to rest " bipartito: " at two points." a milibns~,l,wh,^ -. " about two miles off" . f duo ah eo loco. '"^" '""^s off : for mtlia passuum circiter opportiiuo—loco : either the abl nh^ |ssa.' • r • -^"'^'^:Z{.^v^^t:trr''''''r^' ^° '^•^ppen t., those "'•■ '•""'-•^«'■'"'ou the other hand". ' ' ''" "'Sii<^^^^i=iuippe qui ccitavisset ' auclor: "adviser." "''""■'' ^^''''■^•- "to attend to allhis duties " s, , ^ tnbu"-a„d centurions .0 p;ss'tNe":.:i ^^''^''T = " '^^^^ «-'-"ed the ■='« . into a hollow square." reprehendendum non est "is nnf *r.u ■ ■ ■ ,„, ., ■'» "ot to be criticised." CHAPTER XXXIV. r^««7/«w: "presence of mind " /^/« ««...ablative of place: "along the whole Hue " .^aiS^T^JS;:-[;::J-V(of ,heKon.ns) belonged to the. (the J^oinde-existimarenf. " therefore I,.f ,1 obhque. would •-•-«/.W.in dtct narJlSl,."""''^'' = '-"'-'-«./ in dttce: Sabinus. .neu=neve = et fu. a«^in- ta.^, up ir.:J;t;:Sr'°°' ""^^"'^<' '" '■""-■ The command is quippe qui viderenlur ins seemed n to those moment." rdered tlie > pronun- •araphrast hem (the 'larent in 'g sword laiies of mand is tn — harharh. Book y. CHAPTER XXX 7. 87 „?.'-- "-eve ..._..,,„. ^_ ^^^^^,,^^^^ '/««..-.../...«, :3ee note on ,««,.,bove ^o^firn : " ,,ei„g so closely packed together "-f - '^^'■^'r^^: '• though ovenvhe.med " " ""'^'^'^'''■ horamoctavam: about 2 p.m. Primum pi/nm duxemt : " who h.,1 . _-.er the .p....„ ., ,^,,, ^^^P XvIS^:--!!^;: -S:, ''-S?'^^=''^'"^"^"-'-P-«--^....'.w.thn,ght,,. CHAPTER XXXVI rogatum : supine. «/'", I.e., litunus. ">i'cf Irans.: "sends word to rv,",, ^ """"«^^'^^ supply "and .„.. . - CHAPTER XXXVir 88 NOTKS. comiicionibus: "terms;" denvcd from r<.;/ and «-/V,;, I «ay hence agreement. ' "• "'-'''-e /(3«?»(7r consulto : " on purpose somewhat tedious. " «/J^/a/«,« : " war cry": cp. Livy, v., 37; «„/,^ w z/^w, /„,;,«/^,„ ™„ pauci—elapn;. Snhinus and Cotta had a letjion and a hnlf or ahout 6000 nien, as ihe k.^Mon would not have ,l,e lull cHuplement of Jld e" At k^ 5000 soldiers must have perisli-d in the battle. '''J'uilis. At luist CHAPTER XXXVIII. re demon St rata: "when news of the battle was laid before them." W///;m,W^: f,re,undive sin-. nf:reein!,r „ith .vm' plural : F 170 x- i . 104. On the other hand uhhcendi is a ^c „n,l. : F. 172 ; I». ,03. ^ ' jiihU-iutcJlcix "that it was not a difficult ta>k for the It'-,,:, winlerinLr wuh L.cero to be surpr.se.l and slaughtered."-,,.,,,//,-: part." r>e genitive mm Cicerone : " under the command of Cicero." hieniet: why subjunctive? F. 206, 4; P. 106, CHAPTER XXXrx. Centrones-GnJunuHn-. small tribes in what is now West Flanders depend. mts of the Nervii. rianaers, eonim - A'en'ioritw. huii i.e. Cicero, whosi; camp was next besieged, quod=id quod. lignal huh -causa: «to procure wood an ' material, for fortification." adepti=si actcpti es.ent : " if !hey got this victory." CHAPTER XL. wiltuuhir: note the emiilialie position of this word. /- rlnlissent scil. eas litleras mmtii -. note the force of/.;-. iua/,ria : "timber." -af ;"?"'= '""'^^^' ""•' '° '^"^ •'^"^«""' °f"= it may mean "f„lly" «r eAiilanlur : ' ' are erected. " >etwTcii the say ; hence nultti!! fffns )>ii/'.'rTtra»il aliout 6000 IS. At least BOOK V. '8d I'- 170, 3; 103. I «intering ; i/enitive. Flanders, :aiion. fully " peyficiutititr: note 1 In i i„- „, ■ ■ '■^K'-larly ,„ -fuioT'''' '"'"'""'""' '""•l-'""'<-of/-^-. make the passive tnulto : reailv an nl.l r j'n- »i.h c„m|,„.,fve.. ■"''• °' ■''''""" "»l •Jv.il.fall,. : cp. Greek »1^ -:s^:^™,r:^-':'"." •'»„«„„„„,„,, T.e,e™i„.„„„ ,, „e A..~/. ,i,e ,,„„„ „„,,i„^, i„ ,;;,„„,„; ,5;- -'; ?«*"■"«/'-. (abl). /«a inuralio : the<:p <;,>,,„ i "■■•linar, pike.. "'«' l'''"'« "■-■•'■■-• longer .„d heavier ,h.n ,he """"'"'""""■'••••"= i,ail,„,> in s,„ie,.» -^'™-^^''e:i:'°L:z;:?^!si-'' -^ •*» -'».ive „e„„,e, »„ CHAPTER XLI. beS^ wfn^t;::!; .i'tS;:.!]:; ^^^;^i'"''y '«•• ^" -^'ence and reasons for potentate: "permission." oppugnari: "are now beinj,^ attacked." Ambiori^em — caii<:n ■ <> (^^ ti boastfully that An^hi^Hx ui^'t IC?^,?^^ °^ ^-'"-g credit they point out r'^:""^^^''^="^"^^'^"="--ve genitive. et>s : Licero and his troon'^ • /„v n »«« ^/«j /6'iam = liter: "which nf tU^ . „ r qi.Mi„„: F. „6, , , ,;:,, j;,"-' ■»<■■■■ for .uhjuncdv. „f d.p.„,k,„ __^».,-"«— "' for ,he „„. .„„,„„„ „_, _„,, .■y.-Hnanay.,, summis shnultatihtts: "with th*. 1,« „^ . • 1 , /'/.•.«/ : dative of disadvantage : F. ,05. 9 ; P. 82 (c) i verutu,n : a light javelin shaped like a spit ^veru). ' ' nic t'astis : "this accident"- th ■ Ki place m<\ »„ plao«l „ul «f I'.ilio', reaS '"i-»'»") "as lurnrf from ii, r"" : ""'" °,' "'""""■"'■"' ^ "« "= "» ■■y.E .0 H„„ his swon, ■■ /•«m?V/rv : ,li.iin^„i.sh this from hoslis venuo .. .he dart that has pierced his shield and struck in .he sword ..!,. 92 NOTKS. in loaim-dejectiis -. " stumbling into a lioll.nv place he fell." rursus: "in his turn." in contoitionc cl ccrtamim- : " in their rivalry and in the fight." utrunujiie sei-vavit : "changed the positions o( jjoth." iniinicus : "though a foe." CHAPTER XLV. i/uan/o correlative to tanfo. haS'Uh'tuS:'- """" ^ ^"^^ """''^^ °^ '^^ -'d-- was ex- res-ferveneraf. "the garrison had been reduced to a few defenders." m//« : "in the camp." He vvas a knight, and probably as such bronrrh, his servants and followers with him : for as Caesr savs " " tl ere a e o^^v suamque-pracstiterat : "and had sworn an oath of fidelity to him " a^ ^0 cognoscitur= Caesar ab eo cognosdt. CHAPTER XLVI. millia : accusative of extent of space. altertim noncium : "a second envoy." reipublicag comniodo : "with advantaf^e to the sHf« » . . j CHAPTER XLVII. advenh4, "approach " rather than "arrival " which the word sometimes means Caesar was already on the march from San,aroi,rivi 7XS^1 when Lrassus reached them, and left orders for him to take champ nfi. troops and stores in that place. ^^^^^^^ "^^ "'^ litteras publicas- probably books an.l papers containing aru ry ac counts. We might translate "state papers." ^ ry ac- mn—moratus: "with tolerable haste." ^atrit: scil., Caesaii. liOOK V. 93 ry ac- .'"P^»s ^^~/>o.»e/: explain ,1, - ^■--'^. T,a„lla,e™ ;, •:^/."!f'''"-^ «^ -^ an,l ., after verbs of ^«--.v>.... ,lK. 'eh r ''''^'^'^'■^'''•'' x::;::::::'--;3;;--.a..er.c.e.r...^^^^ ■.'' of which Caes^ c, hi ,",""' '^ '" ""-' '"assacre i.f ,h r'^r """' '^°''"^' "^ c,..h, have hear., „o .ore U.^. ."L^ t^" ctr;'^ ^ '"'"' . accusative of extent of space ■ F r r. space. P. 69; p, g^^j^j CHAPTER XLVIII. two. lion. etsi—redierat : "tlioiirrl, ,1; threatened all." Ti'.e ./''^ ""'/ "^«asure that couhl meet -i H verb «overns a dative^ '"'^ '^ ^^"^^''"«^' ''^ -'-'^--^ SnJe S/ "^'.^'^ W'T^v/w itinerihns : al.htivP nf '"'' "'arch (He,- />.,/,,,« 1 'f;'' "'^ '"^'-^"^ «r in.irmnent Th. "-aliy.nade'at Sse .ntti!!- "' ^\^^^^" hours L.^Vh?""" '^'-^^'^ special etnerireiK-i,.^ 1, ''^ "^uhl depend on r^; ^ ■^'''*'"' was morning. Tl e |i" n ,' '''' '"'V'"^''^"'' ^" "'i'''"« t o, a^ ' ""^'"T"' ^r in hou. and oAen coveS'^i li^r^.K^"^ '"^ -^^^^ ^ ^ ^ Graects~Htte,is: in CreeA- ,-1, ' place in the :^:^^ -'''-- -h letter being X ^oS'.^Z^'''^^ ^effi'tn;;:.£-V^SuSr '--'---- n,en,ioned -^ "^ from asimentum., from It ,' '7.'"'-^]"s of ,he " th, n " 7 '""'''^ ' " to tie," as ,„ .^,,,5^ '^^^' to dr.ve.» or fron, Jli.iXm- •• ne,iue = ett,imennon ^' i 94 NOTES. CHAPTER XLIX. per exf,!orator,s : distinguish this in meaning from ab exploratoribus. omuihus (opiis : ablative of attendant circumstances. ^^r.;,W«;,/: -Mirect this march": ie,:do means, " to stretch " or " strain " : the word is often used to express eagerness or haste. ///ac'. Another reading is /iaec, agreeing with mt/ia. 6W/«,«-r././^V: "asks for another Gaul": note the force of r^- in m', n /••7''-'""y ^"'^ ^^"' *ho I'ad tai5^.^« from the preceding lines : convertiss, is transi- ^^jy~,-.«/fm«/:«<- his hominum milium septem : '«consisting of" or "containin.' scarce! v ^ovcn tl.ousmd men " : genitive of description. contamm}, scaiceiy iamm--,o,nrahit: "yet he contracts it as much as he can bv mal-in,. 1^^t£^'i::^^TrT^"''^^^^ "bythe'^n^^l I lie stiects, 1' or the ways of a Roman camp see Introduction. ut-~vanat: literally, " that he should come to bean obiect of suoremP contempt to our enen,y. "->5.,//^,,, : date of remoter object. ^ CHAPTER L. adaiimm : at the stream flowing through the valley. G(i//i scil. coutiiient. Caeu,, ,ontau^„et^ the order is : Caesar ( se continuit in suo loco ) nt si ;;.:i;if^r" \;;'.T''ifT. fT • • • •r'T^-'''-- "^'•'•^^''^^ ^^^^ ''in,self in his «wn 1 Id, I '^^' ""'I"' '''"■ '>.'-'^""'' ^'I^l'-^^rance ot fear he might he al.leloalhue (he e.ien.y to h.s position, he might engage in battle with BOOK V, 95 portas obstrui • "th chap^r, by piling „p J^f^-^to^be blocked up." explained in the next thosroSe^7'"^t; /""P^^so"^' passives. Transhte • " , • CHAPTER LI. ww/aA": «'tempted." etwm de vallo : to mve rise «till ^ on the part of the Ro^aL ' '''" "^'''^ ^^«--g'y to an appearance o. alarm t^onuntiari: " a proclamation to be made " <^nte~tertiam: ^\,oxxi^2,.^, sinepericulo lice,e, scil. ,V//,,^^. in speciem^ad speciem : '.«« ///^.;7,w: distinguish trina hiberna (castra): "three winter camps, and trta hberna castra : " three winter huts " : F. , 69 8, c. et—explorabant : " and even trviup to find out ivtiot •• 1 • , of the Gauls were taking and hv wl uU a 1 elhn in^ c^ /.r"'"""" '^? '^''' carried on." -quid-^onsiln ^ v.:,^,^^ S l" / ''•'' T ^"' ^ -capcrent-fJt: dependent quis.iZl.^:c:;;t::-sut5ncC"- ^^^ quin-acciperet: literally, "but that he received." Translate "with out his receiving some news of the plans and disturbance of the Gauls!^' Armoricae: now Britanny and Normandy. The word is sni,l .^ K > nved from rtr" upon," and moir, "sea" both k'„i i^ . '«be de- name means " the country on the sea " ' ''"' ^"'"'''^ = ^° '''^' '^e sui : Roscius. longius milia passman octo: see note on minus horis trihusx chap. 42. cuieout-'indcyctur: " made their retreat even to its havim. th. „ ance of a liiuhl ': adeo. litei.allv. " 1,. rhn, .i„, ' » ^""^ ^^^ H'Pear rally, ' to tiiat degree. ' with- a/Ms—a/ffir: "at one with livilatcs understood. BOOK V. CHAPTER LIV. time -at anotliei." Uthei-s 97 make tliese agree quum—denuntiaret: "since li»> .ti«.. .k causal: F. 1883; p. 99 (gj ii^ Save tiiein to understand -quum, in officio: " to its allegiance." adveutu in Galliam Caesaris in Galliam. "on the arrival of Caesar in Gaul." Note whom dicto audientes: " ohedipnt " . „. j- • , ^^.<^V«. which is a compo d ' .ttuZ.:' )yl ""5 '"-'^^ -^-^ «^ though e /«/^/«/«."unbroken- "t standmg, not necessarily "unbroken"- nobis dative of agent after the perfect participle passive for . nobis. .•^y...-^././....: «and this (th.fact 1. 7 fV; .^'"'^'^"^ '°' '^ """-• JO be wondered at, both o sever.' ot er ' ^""'''> '^ P'^'^'^^P'' "«t so much Tact) that they who in nuirtial Sun t^re t^^'"^ --^-"l especially (from the all nafons, especially grieved tha ev h ull . ""' u" '^' """^^^^ ''«^fo''^' as to en.lure the connnand ol tlu iSa '^^^^ "', '""'i'^ "' 'hat reputation alter /M«,/.v/tf«„i.s generally ariirniative n};' ~ "."'''•ect question cum-ium: "both . . . ani" ^~ ^''"''''" ' P^'^'^i^'^ genitive.- CHAPTER LV. 'o'}»^ hiemis~tN it ffrent: "\et no ixm^i^f ,u. » 1 «m.i,...„, . ..„„„.„,„ „^ ,. . ,„^ „,,_,„„„ j; •;';;>; 5.;: neque—potuit : "still no stifp r.f .!,<. r> s"r up. A;-..../,vv hnpersonal infinitive No e I u r"> "i"'^ '"' P^'^^"-'«' "=- can 1,0 joined onlv with x\y. pas^ivX2^Lt '^ '''' I'^^-'i impersonally. It"s >s not //,„■ /,„v;r potest but /,^,.y/,, / ^,,/y;,^_ " ''^ ""' Possible to do Ariflvisii luilo ^'- 30-54. in the first 'l''>'«'i 5^^ li.C, menl ioued in B. 98 NOTES. Tmrerorumtran^ttu: B. iv., chap. 1-15, in which is re'aled lU accoun of the Tntcteri and the Usip.tes crossing the Rhine IJC.V -x. 1 benig driven back with great slaugluer by Caesar, ^^' /rt/jwj- : " disappointed. " Ma Gallia : abl. of place where : F. L. 85, 3 ; P. 85, (k). CHAPTER LVI. intellexit scW, Indutiomatus ullro: "unsolicited." in=;U;i!K ''^^ ^"^ ^°"""^"= ™P— ' -fi-^-e with an Tasgetius (chap. 25; «-a-ni'tes on account of the assassniation of ,,/cT?f'''''T"^''''''-S'°''''°^^'''^' '''''• 20: inhisu(rvat,rrihilesaHe aperies znsaesl, ,j„od armaH (aa mos gentis) erat in condlium rcnenj. So he cSur^ch " "■' '""^ '° ''''' ''''^ "'"'^ ^™'' "^^'^'^ «"'y ^h«" g"inV to koc=(irmatum concilium indicere. quo adv. = ad quod concilium, —venit : not z/^wrV. ncyissimus- ''last " : so also agmen navissimum, " the rear guard " dies novus,mus: "the end of the world ": cp. the German ,ler Jil^u Tag. hostempublicaf " he declares him a public enemy artti all his pronerl'v i^uillclrop^ert;! ''''" ^'*'''"''"' ^ ^° ^^"^^ l^'-'^ property' iSom^ autght^/S^S^SkTRemr ^° ''^ '^"'^"^^ '^ "^"^'^ ^^^^ - i-- CHAPTER LVII. and an!"'"'''' '^ ""''"' = «'''«^^ «^ ''P'^' (Chap. 9): " by the ^alural position nihil timebat'. "had no feeling of anxiety :" nihil, og. ace. quanZ^""'^''''"''' "°'^ "'*' 4'«" = «''^«« after si, nUi, num. ne, quo, - alias— alias : adverbs, "now— now:" as above Chap. 54. iimouso/,inioncm: "an impression of fear: ' following the snme fictics u^ Caesar had so successtuUy u^ed of late. related (?it i.e. 55, and BOOK V. e with an lion of their issination of \u]ue speries 'tt. So the n going to laid." dies '.iigste 7ag. Ls property 'ty become ive to pass 99 CFI AFTER \.\r\n. !>f f p'^S;''sU!;!;;:rt '^sir''-' "^ ^■-•-'-" and daily," expressing repetition. ^ comparative force : guolidie '>'-t>'S:embi?2S':i::;?^ = " ^^^ -^«^^ °^ '«^^ day appointed for tntromissis'. "admitted." tanta cHligentia : «« with such care " W(5 vesperum: " iust hpfr,r« ti,., words of time may mlan,'4SbeL:''or"? A^r^tv ^t w ■ , comparative failure in Britain i ,' Insl of ,1, "'^..^'^^^. "[ Dumnorix, the Of,.,,, however, l^a,i. 1 ite, "e,' ^;,,',';:,! '"'°'""'S °>"""y «'vice. treiontuU: Pompey «as consul 70 H.C., anil a second 'imf R f- ,, petit— niheret : the construction is ^v/// ('///J juh^r^t f.^.\ j ■ t'''^rs;ttrst,e^'';rn,™'''"°'-"'"^y^^^^^ 'SSI izz.J" °'" "•■"""■"" "^'^- ThrruLr^Te^s';;; OTO^»; genitive of/r/ctf. F. 150, 2 ; P. 81 (g). Note that <.A«/^ is hardly evei to li M-,n I [l"^' ^^ ^^^ ^^"J^-" expressed b/..«/.;,/,V7^''^" '° ^^^ t.ansiated by "opinion," which is forces." Note the pa dtive . -n Hv! I ,"°'"l''^"^-'^fe'' 1^7 the increase of " to repair a ^r^^'^S^l, '"'hJ^'^^Io^eS:" tSr Jir''^ inSi Sr- .S'-- ^^^^^ -^.-^ed^^this .th^^ 100 ^' BOOK VI. 101 n. Domitius tinorix, the { Cotta and «arus, and, of couquisi- iry service. e B.C. 55. eceived (he his lieuten- stgtta con- "he asked > set out to ilitary oath tary power gives, not inipey pre- inteiid the ulis sacra- junctive iu ; consul : " crainento : :re said t'n le Gauls." ' which is ; not only n crease of properly ■ally. th in the endship." per sues, scil , /^^afos. anre~/,/em,m : "before the end of winter." ' />ossett/ : dependent question. CHAPTER 11. documus : B. v., Chap. 58. ul to- lores : " those farther off. " invenlis—cavettt: "having foim^i strengthen thdr alliance by nm loatl'sTncr h " '° ^T"" *° *''^'"' '^^y for the money. "-,W//;«.: ahl. of meVns ""' *'7^^^o^'aiies as securitj caiitio from car;;), "bail • " c„ ' ,°' '"'^'^"^•-^"^'w/ : "give security " so c«.... also n,ean^.to"l;^.i„^i'ecu:;r^;m :;;:"= ''"^'"^''' -"^-« -4 Cisrheuauis Gernianis • the ivf Caeroesi and Paen.oni, who Hwell „;:rtL'Rhr„eI"B''J'x" ri:'' '''""'"«• w«/«m«: "earlier than usual." " ' " ^"'^P' -*• CHAPTER III. nomhan-confecta: "before the end of winter." ccaclis: "having been mustered : " prolnblv ,h. ,1, , • been placed m winter quarters about s"nn n.l J J^ '*^°"' ^''^^ ^^d that one under Fabius among the Morli Ib.'^v.''^;;" ^^^" ^" ^'^'^P- 53) and Priusquam~f assent : the subjunctive is due to f I,, i one of otlique narrative and alsi expressi^gf;:,;:;,!': '='^"" '^^'"^ -""^^^^ the?e4''tjfsdSr::Lty'"'' ^''^^^"^ ^''^^■^'^- — « >4/-5tf^«a : at Samarobriva (Amiens). concilia : a general meeting (conaVium) nf th^ n , a settled institution. Caesar^s'eems after c8 H C f't '''""' '« ^^'' ^een penodtcally and to have considered attl^ili^e at\ rese^a't^^t'oyr'"'') "'^•" A/-. .... : probably the early part of March ''''^• ventssent, scil, ad concYium. initium is emphatic and the predicate of ^w 'giving up Ill 102 NOTKS. important tlinn anything; else ; " literally, "to place everytliinjr after this." Note ilial r'/r/c/r/z/r is personal liere as always. "It seems that lie will do ' he seems to be about to do this IS videtur hoc esse facturus : literally, this." Lutetiain Parisioium: said to be the first mention of Paris in history- l.utetia belonging to the Parisii." The name of the tribe w.as always added to the name of the town in this case, and the name of the tribe after- wards .-ilone survived. According to Pritchara, the word I.utetia is an abridg- ment of the Keltic Loutokia, " the place of the loch," juu as Au^./unum (now Lyons) IS the city of the loch," the rivers in both cases having formed a sort ot small lake -lear the towns mentioned. Luie^ta is said to have occupied onlv il,e island in the .Seine (/s/e de France), which forms only a small part of the modern city. Clovis fixed his residence there in 502 A. D., and from this time the importance of the place dates. tonsilio, "plot:" difTerent from concilium, "an hi, i.e., Parisii. assembly." hac re~pronuHtiata : "this adjournment havin "-iencUy terms will, Caesar; " ''"'"' '''''^^ ''^ ^*-'" «s (he A«lui, JcniHt: "olH.iiu." a Cu^g!- '* '""«^ '° ^ ^^-^ = " ciim^rent from ..uHiun, a,er., - to hold CHAPTER V. th'^t^st? A:s;ir^'''L::::;;:!;.--'''<-" a.., .,„ ,. ,he.ara..i„. jcclivc t;^.„,live. <'^ir>Un. taktii with mol,is.~ huitis : ob- P'-^'e.xplomtohahebat: 'Mie wis ,- ,., • » ^v.<./._,,,,,,,,,,,,,, . ':;;,"■■ '7' = - /'- ^erto habere. -<--/<dinibus~pt imipilis : see note on H. v.. Chap. 35. qiio: when is quo used for ut? F. I83, 5 ; F. 11. 26. fugae similem : fugae is genitive. in tanta propinquitale : "since the camps were so near each other" The prepositional ablative absolute is used, xs the verb sum has no participle." CHAPTER VIII. agmen novissimum: see note, B. v., Chap. 56. Galli']o\n\i\\\\dubitant. ne—dimitterent : "not to let the expectefl booty slip out of their hands." longiim esse: note the transition from tae subjunctive to the infinitive • '• that it was a tedious matter." committere non dubitant: note that dubitare may mean (i) to hesitate- (2) doubt. In the sense of to hesitate as here and in the affirmative mean- ing to doubt it takes an infinitive : in the negative mean ng to doubt it takes quin with the subjunctive. eadem—itirteris: "practising the same deception as regarded his march " i.e., keeping up the appearance of a retreat. ' i tini si. dirigi: "to be formed." paucis—dimissis : literally, "a few squadrons being sent to the bafrirat'e for a guard:" i.e., "a few squadrons being sent to guard the baecnV" -turmts: the cavalry of the legion were usually 300 in number. (iivTded into ten turmae.— pmesidio : dative of purpose. adlatera: "on the Hanks." infestis sigiiis: with hostile standards." ire: supply eo» the suppressed antecedent o{ qttos. camp. BOOK V». 105 CHAPTER IX t '^'""^'" •■ '-^"-^^ "°" ««« '--k to the close of Ch . aZ/gra-a/Z^-a: "the one •),«.., -, ^ """^^ «^ Chapter vi. «/'«J-. i"e one— the other." Distini'uish i,, . i'"tuish in meaning a//^^ and paulum sufira: further nr^ t\. * *""-■''"■""" = '""•''<••«'«• F. ,84, ,; p „ „ "^'^''•"«"1 : " nor had th™ |,„|,„ ,... i, '.' should suffer for t e j^JiU^ "7""°" ''^^'"«l of the Germans the inn . ampltHs obsidum : this eximnl^ ^r would be mo, e usual ,o Se jt^ Ibfuef'^l ^7''^^ '" "«t comnon It :^^r---^--- Tht:^ ----p^ent..^ CHAPTER X. denuntiare: " to announce " ..^f?i; "frr 'he interior:» ^>h ,h, ,„^. ^ . "'J'"'"": from the bottom : " ...w/Jom^eTven^'^- ■'" '" ^""^ = ^van, : the Bacenis wood s,.pmc ^ u cyman forest which ex.e.So: TVe^.t^ ^J" ^ P^rt of the great Her- with the present Thurin«erwa,d, ij^-^ :n:?KjebSr ''^^^'^ 106 NOTKS. introrsus-iniio-versus: "into the interior." ab >-tievts : "on (lie side of tlie Suevi." ad — sihae: some say in Meiniiigeii in Western Saxony. .3 < < Hi-- CHAPTER XL locum: "place" in the narrative perventum est=pe>ijeinmus. aliemim : " foreign " to the subject or " out of place." in—partibusque : "in all cantons and sections of cantons," quorum— redeai : "to whose will and decision the settlement of all matters of business and of all proposals is referred." quorum: the antecedent is qui. ejus rei causa: "with this' object in view:" literally, " for the sake o( this thing :" referring to the clause ne — egeret. quisque : each patron or party leader. kaec — Galliae: "the same principle prevails in general throughout all Gaul." Note that in summa is "in general : " Galliae depends on ratio. CHAPTER Xn. quum—venit: when does quum take the indicative? hi: "the latter:" according to Caesar (B. i. Chap. 31) before the Sequani, the Arverni had held the leadership. maguae—clientelae: "they had many States dependent on them." Wiien does «/«t^aftake the indicative and when the subjunctive? F. 198, 2 ; P. 99 (g), I- jacluris: " sacnfice:" jac/ura is properly anything //^roww ot'c r/'ou ril lo save a cargo. Hence anything sacrificed in expectation of future benefit. tantum — antecesserant scil. Sequani Aeduis : "the Sequani had so far sur- passed the Aedui in power." Distinguish poUiitia, the power of the strong, wealthy or unscrupulous ; auctoritas, the moral power of a great and good man, or the force of example, i.e., influence : poles/as, the official power of a magistrate : imperium, the military power ot a general. publice : " as a state." possiderent : "should occupy ; " depending of course on ut. Divitiacus: the Druid who had gone on this embassy B.C. 63. He became a fiiend of C'ero, and was on the skle of Rome throughout the Gallic wars. (B. 1. \,hap. 31). imperfecta re: "with his suit only half granted," or "before the matter was settled." IS, BOOK VI 107 Ariovistus. • "" ^''-J^- -as h, ought about Uy Caesar's defeat of '^mtseran^: "relinquished the supremacy » £i^«^;;a>.-]- -r .. , ,_ ^^ «'•^''«^^ . to make equal," " balance ''~.uo~.' ^-''"''"' ** ^^vor: "-ac^. «-./.^«W: «devoted themselves." «W: Remi. aent of all the sake o( oughont all > on raiio. before the on them." F. 198, 2 ; (n'crboard to e benefit. id so far sur- \ the strong, at and good ial power of C. 63. He oughout the ; the matter CHAPTER xni. aliquo numero: "in any consideration • " -of plehes: nom sin,r a u of any account." the fifth declension^- ^""''^" ^«'•■" '^ P'->s = in older Latin pletes was of "'"" '• ' '^''^^ '"- »-^^^ as a.^A^■ie^ur governs a dative a^ea/u„o: "with debts." ^ ^^^ns a dative. t»Aos: " over these. " ^^^^•: "the former." referring to the Druids mtersuntx "officiate." procumntx "superintend" ^^.es : everything connected with religion-as omens, rites and cere- <*tsaplinae^aiscendi : " for instruction " hi Druids : eos, the Gauls. admissum: "committed." «'..../. ..../.....has abided by the decree." Note that ^ .• s^ «'^t night of fact that the moon (as the'name inLfe' from ma ' '? '^ -'-f.from the n.easurer of time among these earlv Kelu l^T» ' '"^'isiiie ') was the nations. ^ ^ ^'^"^ ^'"'^' ^*' " was among other primitive (uisistere: scil. « "to place himself." no KOTKS. CHAITER XIX. i^l virii "the husbands : " cp. German il/aw//, dolis nomine : "as dowry." lantiis—coinmuiiicant: "so much from their own wealth they add to the dowry alter a valuation has been made." This means that the lnisl)aiid added to the dower of Ills wife as much as sIil brought. The niconie from this common fund was .^aved up, and when the luisbanii or wife dietl the whole went to the survivor. This, however, could apply only to the rich. ratio: "an account." uier— super fi/ : dependent question; hence subjunctive. pater f.iiniiiae \ for the archaic but more common pater fa ini/ias. loco natus : ablative of origin : so with cdifns, ortiis, oriundns, genitus. et — veitit : "nnd if there is any suspicion concerning; his death." Note in sii.pie/oiieiii venire is ])assive of the deponent stispicor. de ttxorihus : this implies polygamy among the rich nuble.s. in scit'i/tiii nioditin : "as (we do) in the case of slaves." excnicialas, scil., iixores. Among the Romans, citizens gave their eviden e on oath ; slaves alone could l)e examined by torture. pro ciiitu : comi.ared with the means of living the (Jauls had." The French people still like showy panades and brillianl/eto. cordi fuisse : " to have been dear : " cordi esse— gratnin esse : probably a predicative dative : the one the dative to which (vivis) ami the oilier [cordi) diiUvtifar which. supra hanc nicinoriain : "before my time:" cp. hie ho)no = ego : haec vita ; " the present life." iustis — confectis : " when the due ceremonies were ended:" cp. iustt4s triumphus. CHAPTER XX. cominodius : "in a more regulated way" than others. hahent—saiietum : " have a rule laid down by law." Note the differ- ence between saiixernnt, " have passed a law," exi)ressiiig the completion (jf an act and hahent sanctum, have a law passed some time since and still in force. ruinore aut fama: distinguisli rumor, an indefinite rumor: yiVwrj, a dis- tinct statement. This provision by law was probably enacted to check the impetuosity of the Gauls. neiis—etne: F. l86, 6; P. 99 (a), i. cum quo—eonnnunicet : " imjiarl it to any one else." ex iisu : "of advantage. " de re publica : "of public aflfairs." UOUlv VI. Ill CIIAI'TER XXI. ^^Germam-cUfrcnnU : i.e., the customs of the (It-r.nans differ greatly from pn.st.se. though they n.ay har,:;:!';^!^,^^..;::;^.^^ ^^^ ,lin-praesuu^ut d-~p,aesint : •' to preside over religious matters." student: "pay heed to." quos cernunt : a kind of nature worship seems to have been the relimnn ably meant IVodcn or Odin : by He, ee .1, 77. ^ Y^^^T^ '' P'"''" ^-. the god of war ; by Is.s, ^vi'^he V^^Odf^'^''' '^ ^'^"' ^^- ^'"■ in—comistit : "is spent in military pursuits." aS panmlis : " f-om their earliest childhood : » cp. Ik ^raW^v. unpubtres : ' ' unmarried. " CHAI'TKR XXII. modum certuin : "a fixeti amount." ?■« a«;wj- j-///i,7^/(?j- :" each year, "" yearly ." gentihus cog,mtionilms.,ue: " to clans and bodies of kinsmen » alio : "to a different cpiarter," ne~commutent: i.e., //w,;// w-,w,/w«/,;;/ .- "they are afriirl th.f enticed by long continuec re.i.lence thev niw ..v,-l,.,n,V .1 • '"^' andtlK>abla.iv"ofwhat isreSe lr(' to^ '^^^^^^ in either case i 'Ihe abln^ ^ o ui ..^ or^ '' If'' \'\ J'"" ''''''''' agricultura>n the n.eanin, u ..uid tT,;: S^'l- •„/ ^' ^^'' '^-^^ ^^«'^^ ' latos fuia paiarc: " to oiuain loo large lands." poientioresc,ue-cxpellanl : .how tiie ambiguity of this sentence. 112 NOTES. nc—aedificent '. "lest with too great care they may huild houses to with- stand the seasons of cold and heat." Note the force of the plurals. The (.ermans had simply huts, and made with no great care, so that the inhabi- tants may not lose their hardy nature of living out of doors. qtM.=ali,jna : note that quis=aliquis after si, nisi, num, ne, quo, quanta. nascuutur: the indicative is used because this is Caesar's own statement. If the subjunctive nascantur had been used, the rea.son would have been given on the statement of the Germans. ttl—viUeat : the construction is hoc Jit ut—vuieat : «• this is done so that they (the chiefs, scil. magistratus) may be able to keej) the inferior sort together by contentment, since each one sees that his own means are as great as those of the men in authority." animi aequitate \ cp. aequus animus, "resignation." CHAPTER XXIII. civitatibus, indirect object after est, the subject of which is the clause quam—habtre. ^ quamlatissime: «'as far and wide as possible: cp. «if with superlatives in Greek : wf raxusra, proprium virtutis '. "a proof of courage."— /ro/« : "near." hoc referring to the clause repentitiae ittcursionis timore sublato: "since a danger of a sudden raid had been removed." bellum—aut illatum defendit aut infert: "either repels an aggre-ssive war or invades another's territories." When does quum take the ^ubiunc- w^'' ^;..''°^ '. '^.?' 3; 196. 7; p. 99, (0, (g). (i). After »;/>/sciL oellum altts ctvttatwus. qui—praesint=uiei—pratsint: for dative see F. 120 ; P. 82 (e) ii • for subjunctive. F. 184, i ; P. 11. 25. nullus— magistratus: the system among the Germans was not one of centralization, as among the Romans, but one of local administration. regionum—atque pagorum: "of districts and indeed, of townships" The/(7^«j was evidently a division of the regio. The former is from root PAG, "to bind," hence "a district within certain bounds : " cp. 6fmoc ffrom (5^w, "Ibind"). ^ /^ M'rom ius dicunt : "declare what is law : " a Roman magistrate is said ius dicere who has iuris dictio, the right to declare what is law. latrocinia — iufamiam: "robberies involve no disgrace:" cp. Lady of he Lake, Canto V. Stanza 7. This was a common belief among barbarous nations. praedicant: "they openly declare," Distinguish in meaning praedrco are, &nd praeduo, ht, 0^1 BOOK VI. 113 ■ since ubiijuis: "wlicnevcr (,ne." J^tfiT'inur::^:' ''^tT'^rr' " - --» as wish to F. i38, 5, (a). ^"" "' ^^^ '"'i^fnate use of the relative: duaoxur : ' ' are held : " both kabeo and ,/..<, have this meaning. omntumnue—dero'atur- "on^i -,11 r • "'^ meaninfj. held fron. L^^'^'^re .s'g , L,T" sad b 7'""« '^ ^'^ ^'^ ^''^■ part of a law. The con tructiou is «^ ,/f ''^"^'-' "'^ '*^ ^«^Pe'-^' « fl'«r^ " tj,„ i • 82 (c)'. <«.^'<"«0H*o IS the dative of purpose : F. 134, ,; p.' ne excepti: "not even when cau'dit vcrv vomikt " „.^, .^, • ,• may mean : (i) "to lie in wait for," as hJreT (r"^oweSne"f .?"?'' receive," or "to succeed to." ^' '*^ ^^"^'^'»e • (3) 10 ab kibris : " at the rim " : cp. ah radidhm : chap. 27. Drinkinir horns -such as here described were common in early days. ^^""kin^ hoins I.e. CHAPTER XXIX. Caesar: the narrative broken off at Chap. x. is here resumed. supra : Chapter xxii. il J? lie. NOTES. avxilia : the icinfurcemrnt sent hy the Tiermans to the flauls. in crlnmo punte : "at the end of tlie bridge." The garrison was probably stationed on the west bank, nt tlie other end of the l)ridi,'e. frumenta: "crops:" it was now in the latter part of July or early in Aiifjust. ' Arduennam: see B. v.. Chap. 3. milihm ampliwt qningentis, scil., pasmum : this i>< an error. L. Mimicium Banilidu : he was one of Caesar's naval commanders durinE the civil war. Like Trebonius (mentioned Chap. 23,) he turned against his Reneral and was one of his assassins. A year later his cruelty provoked nis household slaves to muider him. si: "to see whether." CHAPTER XXX. opinionem : " expectation. " quo in loco = ad cum, locum in quo. dicehatur, scil., Amhiorix. Notice that dkoi is personal and not im- personal in the passive when said of a person. Translate : it in said f'at Caesar ivaa the (jreatest general among the Romans. quum — tuni=et — et. ipsum : Ambiorix.— €»2M : Basilus : ipmm and ilium below refer to Ambiorix. incideret, scil., Basilus, ma;/nae fuit /ortunae : "so it was a piece of great good fortune for Ambiorix to escape from death. silvd : ablative of means. propinquitates : "vicinity." sic—valuit : "such was the power of fortune both as to his (Ambiori.x) gettmg into danger and getting out of it. ' CHAPTER XXXL jwlicio: abl. of cause, "purposely," "designedly."— note ne~an in double quemona^ /drum — an : F. 177, 5 ; P. II., 42, 44. tempore exclu«us : "prohibited by want of time." prohihituA : ' ' prevented. " coidimntes paludes : called perpetuae, Chap. 5, i«., "land unbroken by insulis : "the low lands that became islands when the tide ran in." BOOK VI. kin( ^ of imprecations." '' 117 "cursing Aml)iorix with all taxo : the juice of the yew leaves is saiH L k' berries are said to he harmLs. ° ''*' poisonous: tliough the CHAPTER XXXII. Ccft:ic£n:Se;^S'c::,JL''^ ^°^° -^^- - '''^^ of the oratum : explain the use of the .upine in -U7n • F „. , ^ ., unam: "one and the sam,," «identi J" '74.2and3; P. ,05. si-~violatumm: in direct discourse=«i ita /ec»-Uis-non violabo Aduatucam: the modem site m^»h v ^wnvioiaoo. of Limburg. on the Ja^'^rb^fncro^f fhe mSs""' '" ''^^ ''^^«'^" ^'^^'^-'^ quum—ium=.et-et: "both— and." reliquM rebuH : " in other respects " e» /«-i/Jo;»» castrisque : dat., F, 120. CHAPTER XXXIII. arf Oceanum versus = acZwer^i» Oceawwm. AdualuciH adiacet : for the dative • F 120 between Tongern and it seems too J... ., ^^"'^' ^"^' -i^ tlie di^ance travelled, in s'even days.' s^mrria'd S^lLS'^^^''''' ^^ ^'^^-^ tireek version. iJ)amurej which occurs in the pojtdiev.. Septimus , Uterally, « during the seventh day afterwards " arf g«am t/iem : note the change in Pender i„ w- -^ ''','" """"'«• feminine is used for "time." ^ ' "* ''^- «Generally eiie^ m praesidio : at Aduatuca. »wertonUM= nrinin : " tU'i):bbours," ahstinci for concrete : sorcinii/ium, "crew;" serifilliini, "sl.ivcs." requirehnt : "demanded." in—fupmln : " in protecting the main body of the army.'' uninerHis scil., Romanix. quae— perlwi hat : "and this circumstance, still, in some dei,'ree, con- cerned the safety of t lie army." lonijiuH : "too far." conferton : "in close order : " from conferdo, ttcelnatnrmn : "of these villains : " refenin;; to the Ehurones, who had destroyed the fifteen cohorts under Cotfa and Sabnuis. No douht Caesar felt bitter hatred aj;ainst this triiie. in — difficnltatiJiUH : " considerint,' the nature of the difficulties." quantum : supply tantum before prDnddiotiir. Oallorum vita, Caesar woild rather sacrifice the lives of the Gauls than those of the Romans. CHAPTER XXXV. reverti : distinguish redeo and revcrfor in meaning. legionem : the 14th under Cicero, and the stores at Aduatuca (TonRern). quantum —ponsit : dependent question. cognosci potuit: impersonal use of poxsnin with passive infinitive. Trans- late and parse each word in hoc fierj jiotcM ; lior facfre pi'text. ajferat: same kind of subjunctive as di'/endi'r/'t in Chap. XXXIV. ultro: connected wiih nlii-a, "beyond." Translate "further." ex fnqa : " after their flight." triginta millihuH : ablative of measure of difference. The place was near Bonn. supra: B. iv., Chap. x6. primos fine» : "the border of the territories of the Eburones." fortunntis-dmis: predicate after f.wc attended to the case of quihun as is usual in Caesar, trilniM horis : " within three hours. this? tantum: "so small." What other ways of expressing f'mg'i: "be manned," literally "encircled." Book vi. CHArTKR XXXVI. 119 Nervii. ^ "•'^' 54 ^"^'^'^o ^ad withstood the attack of the l96:8;T9rS;''' "although he had ke,.- ,«ms here concessive : F. illiuH=Cir.pro)tia, wilS'^^ii^ui- ;u;i.:'^S"f„f^:,-:' -^;fy -uM anse. hy which legions and a larye f.Mreoca'l^^^^^^^^^ ';'"''' '"-' '""ictcd, wIkm, nine pressing; Cicero's opinio., • alTe^,!!]?.' \ ''TT' = ^"''J»"ctivc as ex- simple fact.-,«. is Ih'simpi:^, a -v": ""by '^S''' oD- ^'^''"T ^""^ personally. ^ ^^ ' °y winch, —offi-ndi is used im- frumentatiim : supine. hoc .patio diemm : " during this period of time " v>s : often used in the sense of quantity, „,u„her suhsederat : only used here in the sense "had been left " facta potestate : " having obtained permission " cam: "juncture." CHAPTER XXXVII. i.e., "nay, so completely eodem illo curmi : " at the same full gallop. " ah decuDiana porta: "on the si.l,- nf tl, , • ., position of the pjrta ..■«.« J'^Lcl:..^: £ S^Xc^, '^^' = " '^^ "^«^ ^,obrectis .iMs: causal abl. abs. : " ,„asmuch as woods obstructed the u^'imeo: literally, "even to such a detrree was this the case." '^ rovince. PROPER NAMES. ABBREVIATIONS. -A^J^"^^:'-=f-"™"«;'°- = aia8culine ; N. =noun ; n. neuter ; pi. ,,Uu,iI ; Acc-o. -6nl8, N. m. : Aooo. chief of tf -. Senones. AdQatiSc-i, -orum • N ni m • m„ a i ^ . jn^r to Cal^sar they Were^des'l^ende'd frfX^'aSt^,' ^""''r ^^'^'''«- Accord- IcftbphiTKltogiuardtheba.vaL'eandr.nfH»..,h .u ^"^ Teutones, who had been on Italy (li. „., o. xx,x.) This i" how v.r .!i V*"-''? ^^. "=^'i""« "'^'1« a desct-n" li-lH-ae were the only Gall c tribe ^hoZttiCff'''^'''\'*'^'''' ^"^ sr.ys that the S-^. They hved near the -^^ 'of ^-'J;!!. -'?^1°- -^ c. th.r The> 'co^e<"i"™cy' embrU*id alfthe'tract^of°onnnf ! "Tf "" Powerful nation of Gaul. .mi?'.''"" 'I'.'?/*'''"*'''', and e.x e.X a u ir el w H, "■'• " ''I' ^/''■''^ the .ni.ldle cai.ital «as Ihbracte. When Caes-ii ;.n,n„ .iV u ^'"" '''^er to the south. Their overcpna. by their rivals the^i^^/A/a^Jt'h,^.:!"'^ he found the Aedui had bee, AriovLstus a German prince Caew esuoused fh^n"'"' "^^"^ "j'*^ '='''"'^^'' '" 'he aid o them to their former place of powen *'''°"'"' ^^" '^'''"«^ of the Aedui, and restored AMcus. -i ; m : the .outH-.est wind. Stil, called by the modern Italians Africo ^^lo^^^^'sL""- '■ "•'"''^ °' '''' «-'-- on the Yonn.. a tributary of the Seine: Amblorix, -igis ; m. : Ambiari,x, chief of the Eburones. Anartes, -ium ; m. : a Dacian tribe on the Theiss. Ancalites, -rum ; .n. : a British tribe, near 0..fo^, that surrendered to Caesar Antistms, -i ; m. : Cau^ AntisHus lie.inus, one of Caesar's lieutenants. ^wiii;°a'Gillic'^i^lnity.P'"'''' " ""^' ^*'" "' «'"""- "^"d Catena, identified by Cai«ar ^^^^iu^^tiZi:^:^i::zJTtL![^'-- ^?^'^'"^*»^--, it reach.) wards of fifty n.iles i„ lenf^'r The o ^i,T„f fh!/" *'?•' "^ ^^^ ^ervii 1 oirg m' the profound," '- the deep " (fo^^o^':^ •^t::;^r;^:!::;:!^?^;^;;^r ,en.t Z ;••'•;; ""; "l-rif^sivc trcinuent. ( (ic^ip ii!.ii-,.i,.,r" , .'"'''''ifants to the most 123 124 PROPKB NAMES. Aruncuxeius, -1 ; N. m : Liicms Arunculemn Catta, one of the leirati in Caesar's a.m.v in Gaul. ^\hen Ai.il.ionx, a kin^r of the Kl,unm,s, was seekinj,^ i„ «iih.lraw hnn and his (:olIeaf,nie .Sabinus from xviMter..|uarters, Cottu was op.io^Ted to l..avinu the encanipnient lint finally yielded. The Roman armv wiis drawn into an amlnis cade, and both he and his colleague fell. " "''»» "no an aniinis- Armoric-U8, a, -urn ; adj. : Armoiican. The ancient Armorica comprised modern Bnttanij and part of .^onnamly. The word is derived from ar, ''on '' ariS" 9G!X • • Arpineius, -i ; N. m. : Cuius Arpincnts, a Roman knight. Atrebas, -atis; N. m. : the Atrehatiam were a iieniilc of Pallia Bclnirn of hi.^h TT\' lu \."°"':- ^*"-^"' ^'''''"'l "^i- ^-^- f"'" "'="f of the Mori.S siw from that of the Nervn aiiswerms to the modern A,t,n, in the Department,!,,. /'aJde Atmiu ) '" *^ Nemetooenna (now ^nas, or as the Fk-minKs eall it' Atrius, -i ; N m. : QuintmAtrim, an officer in Caesar's army, left to look after the fleet while Caesar invaded Britain. ^ B. Bacenis, -is (soil, silva); adj.: a forest in Germany separatinff the Suehi from the Cheru.sci. It forresponded to the western portion of the Thirimiian Fuiest and formed part of the Hercynia Silva or Black hWe^t. *=-"'"" "i"«"^ ^"' <•«. and Baculus, -i ; N. m. : Sextim Baculus, a centurion in Caesar's army. Balventi-U8, -i ; N. m. : TUm Balventitw, a brave Koman centurion : v. 2> BAsn-us, -i ; N. in. : L. Mimicius Basilus, one of Caesar's offlcere : afterwai ■ u ne of the conspirators a^'ainst him. ' " ne oi ^®¥^f1; ;f''"^°\: ^;.™-P';v/** '^f'-'^t' ".Pi^ople of Ancient Gaul, separated from SwS "^ * "'■'* '*'**''0'"i {Marne) and the Secpian^ Belgium, -i ; N. n. : the land of the Belgae, the modern Belgium. Bollpvac-i, -orum; N. m. pl.:.the n,Ho€aei, a powerful nation of the Relirae to now"CumiI """• '"" '^'''"" ''"^ t'aesaroiaagus.afLe:.vardVlJeliova£ Bibroci, tribe in S. E. liritain [Brayf] Britanni-a, -ae ; N. f. : the island of Great Britain Britann-i, -orum ; N. m. pi. : the Britons. Britanni-cus, -ca, cum ; adj. : British. 'wm o. CaleU^-orum, also Calet-es, -lum ; N. m. pi. : an Amiorican tribe livin" = o Cantium, -i; N. n.: jr,'n«, a district in England. The name is said to be V-'-t from the German Kante, " a corner." ' *■ Carnut-e8, -lum; N. pi. m. : a tribe in Central Gaul; their capi^p-, was Cana- Imiii ; now Orleai'n. "f^ «-i »uh Vjena- Cai'Vili-US, -1 ; N. m. : a British king of Kent- PROI'KK NAMhS. 125 CassJ, -orum ; N. „1. „,. ; , s,„all tribe of I.rilain wh„ surrculered to Caesar. Cavarinus, -i* N. m. : a chief of theSenone». Cavllius, -i; N. m.: a petty British chief. •^^''Sr^-^' -O^^! N- ■"• Pl.: a British tribe in Suffolk, who Burrendered to "'^'^^^^^^^J^^l^^^^^^^ll^^^^^ Of Courtra. i„ ^^TnJkZuZL^: "• •"• •■ * °"""^" ''"«^ '"-'^-- the We«er. the Elbe, and "^«S^^;r-?^^hi^ po^^ei?i-^^cS:^^r^^^,r^b!^^;jt^ -"■ '''^^ranr;;.j>w, Ckuuih,., <.„„«„I with I. Donutius, i,.c. 54. Comml-us. -1; N. m. : Cowmius, the lea.lor of the AtruhateH. """""^l^kSfoiloF'- "• '■ " '"''''' ^'•"'^ "" ""-• '"-'ht banlc of the Meuse, near Corus, -i ; N. m. : Corns or Caurus : the north-went wind. and his son Publius went to Partl/irand peri^i;:,d':L;^'|;i"^3''" ""'^ '""'"P«y- He ^'^nl'cSer!.=K'^„,fdonrof Turna."^'^ """'^"^ '"='^"P"-"' ^'^'^ «-^»'--' Provinces of the Danubius. -i ; N. m : the Danube, the great river of Central Europe. Dis, Ditis ; N. m. : Pluto, god of the lower wc.hi. A Chief Of the s4siones. ^oSZ::^'^:;^:]^^;^!!;::^^^^ ^ilS^M^ita^? ^°™!hrr; B*c: f^4. ■"• = ""'"■"* ''"'^''''^ Ahenobarbu,, consul with Appius Clat.dius ii^.^', !26 PROI'KK NAMKS. Dumnorix, -leis; N. in.: a chM of liie Aedui, and brother of l)ivitiacii.i. He mariic-d I he (laiijjhter of Oryetonx ami obtained pen.iissioii for thu Uelvetii to jiiss through ilu' tenilory of the Seipiaiii. lie was always hoMlile to tb<; Uonians uiid was killed In B.C. 55 when tryiii^f to eseitpe from Caes'ir, Durocortorum, (.ioupixopTopa) -i ; il. n. : '..^pital of tlu; <>',iiii, now Hheniui, situ- ated ou t)ie \ lie, a braiieh of the Aisne. B, Kburones, -um ; N. i>l. m. : the Eburones, a n.it-on of Galliii, ii-'lffic ', to thi; S.W. of the Ui)ii. Caesar nieiitions tin i?i a.s (ierraans. Their territor\ lav ■•n\ 1« th s'des of he Mosa (.»/«■».•"•) from the u odern Liige to Aix-la-Chapelli: 'Their cJ-ief town was .\duaMi('ii (!i. ii., C. iv.) Eratosthenes, -i -i : N. in. : afin ek, born at Gyrene, in Africa n. c. 270: api.oinlod librarian to the .\i. .vaiid.-ijn f/iiHary and died n.c. 192 of starvation, because he was tired of life. Hn a.;.i!iire<'. fiune as a K>.'o,;rapher, mathematician and ciiiic. BsSUi. orum ; N. va. !.•!. : :>. pcovle of Oaul, supposed to have been the same with tiif .Saii, unci lyinjr ic t.' lodn of !,he Diablintes and Cenomani. Tht-'i "hief city was Saii, now Sa-z, oi; tur rivet Olma, now Orne. FabiUB, -i ; N. m. : Cain-" Fahhts, a lieutenant of Caesar. G. Gallla, -ae Ilia, -ae : N. f. : (iavl, now France and Nnithern Italy. Framv correspond! d to Gallia Trni.jljiiiia, or (Jallia Ulli'iioi; or " (iaul beyond the Aljis," or " Kuilher Gaul"; the luiithern Italian provinces of Piedmont, Venetia, and i.oml)ardv I'om- yrhed Gallia Vusalpiiia or Gallia Citeriur ; "Gaul this side the Ah«" or ""Hither Gaul." Geidiini, -orum ; N. pi. m. : the Geiduni or Gorduni were a people of Beljric Gaul on the sea coast, above the Morini. ' Germani, orum ; X, pi, m. ; the Germans, a general name ^dven by the Romans to the nations dwelling,' east of the Rhine. The word is probablv fi-uni either (1) wer, "war" (the Romans softeniiii,' w to ^) and nmim, "a man" ■ so that the word would mean " warriors," or (2) from the Keltic grerr, "war" and inaitn "a man." ' Germania, -ae ; N. f. : Germany. Germanic-US, -a, -um ; adj. : German. Grudii, -ortim ; N. m. pi. : a Relffic tribe, subject to the Nervii, whose territory lav between the Saildm (.Scheldt) and the ocean. The name still survives in the modern laM van Gruede (district of Groede) above I'Ecluse, to the north. H. Harudes, -um ; N. pi. m. : a German tribe, in the vicinity of the Marcomanni be- tween the Rhine and the head water of the river Danube. The district they occu- pied was in the vicinity of the present cities of lluthwail and FurKtenihcni 'Of'ers say they were from Jutland. They with 24,000 men crossed the Rhine to ■ -i he army of Ariovistus. Helvetil, -orum ; N. pi. m. : a nation of Oaul conquered by Caesar. It is rf ne u-" sup|)osed that IIehtiia(orrev;""n• on the south \<\ I be Rbodunus ( . . ,•) and Lake Lemannus (GeneDa), ,. ; o>i the west by Mt. .iuni. * PKOPKR NAMKS. HelvStiua, -a. -um ; artj. : Uelmtiwn. 127 Accorditipr to Caosar, llio hr ith • ■".IMC . an extensive forest in ( country of the Daoi an,l Anarte" It nnimi \ Da.uil,,. to the separates Alsace and Stiabia the wlJ, " L "''' ''.'''"'■■"'^ '''"«^ /''""''>■', «hich «-aMon the bordon, o"T esse Dar^sTmi • The'vv?''"''' ' "i^' 'iy."'^'"''' ■""' '^'''•" The word is said tc^.e ^ "th^G^.? man wZ' W^ ' • ""''''' '"''^' '" '-'-V.nhnr;. the present //arte, or from Aar^ "hTJh.^' "'""' '"""' ~''" ''""'""^ *" Hibernia, -ae : N. f. sing. : Irelana, for the derivation see note on B v C 13 Hispanus, -a, -um; adj. : lipanish. I. ^""anlXfrwho'l^de^d "ihlhe'-RomM^'"*^ "''" '*'"''"«f *''^ Treveri. and rival o '"^d^rJ'at^^'.i'oleUair^-^ '"''"^'^ <" ^^^'^- ^ country bordering, on the lunius. -i; X.,...s.ng.: QuUUus I --.one of Caesa.s oftieers, by birth a Spaniard UPp:ter (.en. ^..„^) ; N. .n. sin,. ; Ju,,,^, «,„ „, «,,„,„, ^,,^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^_^_^^__ " Italia, -ae ; N. f. sing. : itali/. Itius, -i : N. sing. u. : a harbour in Gaul, said to be moderr. noulo,j,u,. Labarius, -i ; N. „. sing. : Quint^s Laterius Dun., a .iUtary tribune in Caesar's ^^'V^"'- "'■'"hotfi.infrJSf^he d^v^vJIS helefff^'^"^"''* lieutenants in the side of Ponipey. He escaped at PharsaUa, but feH ^litZTI '''"' °'''' '° '^^ i-ievaci, -orum ; N. -jl. m. • a n.ation nf n„i • r. , and no.;th-«.est of the Xervii "S,? b°e'twe 7'them and'lh,';^ '"'T ^^^'^ (*""W0 in part forms the modern Louvaine. "^'- *^''"''"- Their territory They had a town a so called Linc'oiii.s a,^,., / \'leiiw) and .Matnliia (Mur,i,') l.o-,dedtothen.oIiia, the mother of Nero, established a colony of veterans in their territory, called from her C'olonia Agrippiiia, now UslpStes, -wai ; N. pi. m. : a German nation, originally in Saxony. V. Vertico, -onis ; N. sing, m >. Nervi,. nobleman ...cndly to thi Romans. Vorenus, -i ; N. sing. m. : a Roman centurion, rival of I'ulio. Volcatius, -i ; N. sing. m. : Caiiu Voicatius Tulliis, one of Caesar's offlcers left in ohr„rge of the bridge over th- lUiia-i, while Caesar \< . it in pursuit o. ihe s'uebi. si : restored to Kent. le western the Suebi, ho lost bia of Gnllia e Rheiuis . During k'ft li;iiifc ililished a )iiia, MOW VOCABULARY •a, left in Suebi. AHI'.RKVIATIONS. ». aftive. abl aliliiiive. aco accusiitive. adv a(iverl). card (:ar• aa-iutor, ons, m., a helper. ad-iuno. are, iuve, iutum, to aid ^ad-minister, tri, m., an attendant, n^>^:^'^°' ■"•«• »vi, atum, «o aUo'aS,^ ""■'''"''' ^•^^«'•■'"«'''«'^'^ «.«m:"'^''®^' ^''■''' "'• ""«». «o advise 133 134 VOCABULARY. adolescens, entis, part, adolesco : as adj., yiunij ; as subgt, coinin., « iinung laan, youlh. 3.d-6rior, iri, ortus, 4 (but with some 3rd coiij. forms) v. dep., tn attack. adpeto (app.), fire, Ivi, or li, Itum, to draw near, a/jproach. ad-plico (app.), are, Oi, Itum, to put aijaiiiM. ad-portO, are, avi, atum, to cnnvey, ad-propinquo (app.), are, avi, atum, til cniiw or draw twar to. adscendo. V. ascendo. ad-siduus, a, um, adj., omtiiiual, coiiUnnt. [adsidco.] ad-sisto, (?ro, astiti,iiosup.,?osfa/i(??ij/. ad-suefacio, Ore, fdci, factum, to accimtoin, 1« Iniliitnate ; in pass., to gel MS(!(i (to anythiiiff). ad-suesco, Cif, ovi, otum, to grow used to, get accuxtinned to. adsum, -esse, -fui, to be 2>resent, be at hand. ad-tingo, (att.) cro, tigi, taotum, to touch, biirili'v iipiui. ad-tribuo. See attribuo. adventus, us, ra., a coming, ap- proach. adversus, a, um, adj., turned to- wnn'x, fiiclng. ad-v6lo, ars, 5vi, atum, to fig to ; to hasten nff to. aedificiutn, i, n, a building, [aedes, facio. ! aedifico, aro, fivi, atuiu, to make a buitdhi:), to t)iiild. [aedes, faoio.] aeger, ^'ra, jirum, adj., ill, sick. aegre, adv., with difficulty, aequlnoctium, i, n, the eijuinox. [aequu.s iiox.| aequitas, iltls, f., equality, justice, eveii.iie,ss; aniini aequitas, contentment. aequo, are, Svi, atum, to make equal. aequus, a, um, adj., equal, level, ad- vantageous. aes, .'lorls, n., bronze ; money, aestas, atls, f., summer. aestimatio, onis, f., a valuation. aestimo, are, avi, atum, to estimate. reckon. aestiVTIS, a, um, adj., pertaining to gumiiii'i' ; 0/ au.iiiinei'. aestCiS, us, m., heat; tide; current. aetas, iiti-i, f., age, time of life. AfriCUS VL'iitu.'i, the south-west H'iitit. affero (adf.), aflferro, attnii, allfitum, irret'., to bring fonvard, adege, afiFicIo (adf.), ore, fC'i, fcctum, to affect, influence ; to visit ailh, treat. ager, gri, m., land, teiAtory, domain. agmen, Inis, n., an army on the march in cuhunn ; a train. &gO, Ore, 0^1, actum, to do, act, drive, push forward ; to treat (with any one ; cf. Eng-., drive a bargain). agricultura, ae, f., fanning, hus- bandry, [acgcr, colo.] alacer, oris, ere, adj., brisk, eager. albus, a, mn, adj., white. alces, is, f., the elk. , alias, adv., at another time: alias.. alias, .at one time, .at another tiine. alienatus, p. part, of alieno. alieno, are, avi, atnm, to derange, de- prive of reason. filienus, a um, adj., that belongs to another, foreign ; aes alienum, del>t. fi,li6, adv., elsewhere, to another place. [alius.] aliquamdiu, adv., /or « considerable time. fiiliquantum, atij. used as subs., a certain amount. aliqui, ailqua, aiiquod, indef. adj., soaie, any. aliquis, allqua, ailipiid, indof. pron., subst., and adj., someone, sninethiwj. aliter, adv., otherwise, in a different wag ■ aliter ac. differently from, what, otherwise than, [alius.] alius, ia, iud (gen. alius, dative, alii), other, another; alius. aliu9, one., another; alii., alii, some . .others. allicio (abl.), Cre, lexi, lectum, a.,'*» draw to, to attract, alo, ere, &10i, altum and ailtum, to feed, nourish, foster, promote. alter, era, erum (gen. alterius, dat. alteri), adj., the other of two. one o/ two, the other; in plur., alteri. .alteri, the one party . the other party. altitudo, Inis, f., height or p epth. altus, a, um, adj., high, deep. ambactus, i, m., a retainer, vassal. ambo, ambae, bo, adj., f)oth. amentia, ae, f., madness, folly, [a, mens.] amentum, i. n., a strap or th.Imnn, (of aptus, a, uni, a.lj.,_/,7, ..uifable. npud, prep. «. iicc, at, in, amomi rvilli, near, at the hoimc o/. ""«mn, aqua, ao, f,, water. II aquila, ae, f., „„ eaole. Th. eanle thr pr.neirnl standard'' of a iZn '•ywn, carried on (l,e top .'.f a staff ori .-mall.v of silver, later of 'fro|,| ' °"' aquilifer, Ori, „1., ..,„te bearer the '//<>'/• who carr;ed the chief xtandanl„f homan l,',,ion. ("The ea-le.l,e,-,r'r 'va' '/"|/'./'V;, chos,.,, I..V ilR.cen.lu.i„n.s am m" t e hardiest an.l bravest soldiers, Ju\\Z -'.".shed h.v a l,earski,, whi,.h eove e I u'^lpoitT' '"" '''""''''-'•■^•" •"""' ^nd ^^ arbiter, tri, m., . „.7..,,,, arbitrium, ii, n., a derision in,i„ »irnt. [i^rhUcr, an nmpirc.] ' ^ "' 'W^^'TVl'tljr.]'"'' '" -"'"'"•' '^'"*' arbor, oris, f., a tree. ardeo, ere, arsi, arsnm, to be on flrp ■; I'urn : Gallia ardet, i/ ZiZ' burniw^ with nriilh. "jiu-iiu-, argentum, i, n., siircr. arg-illa, ae, f., clai). o,™^' '""■'""' "• •'''"■■• "'■'"''' «'«";'"».« armatus, a, nm, part, armo : a>,adi armed, n'earinu annj<. ,„.y"°' '"■''' •■*''• '■^"""' '" fi'rntKh with weaponn, arm, ei/nip. arripio, ore, ripni, reptum, to wo snatch -■/;. [.ad, rapio.| ' ars, tis, f., art, handicraft, xkill. articulus. i, m.. dim, of artus „ joint of un arnmal body. , aftificium, Ii, n^, .killed labour hamlieiiift, a trade. «■"""/, to a,mb, mount up, ascend, (ad, s(!;indo. i ascensus, us, m.,affoin;f np,aitcpnt. asper, era, Orum, ,adj., romjh ■ oppu" at, con ' III, jiet. atqiie ..ij., ami, and aloo ■ with words meamn- dilference, than. attingo, Ore, tl-i, taclnm, to reach, 101 wit. fii, ulum, to add to. sol- attnbuo. Ore, axxijn, fiire. auctor, oris, m., an ad riser. auctoritas, a tis, f. inilaem dom iraiislaled anlhorif,/. ' audacia, a. . f., boldncix, dariiuj. audaciter, aflv., holdbi ■ nudaoiu» andaeissime. [audax. | audeo, ere, aiisiis sum, semi dcii to dare. ' '■ 136 VOCABULARY iifl ' audio, ire, Ivi, ituni, to hear, to hfdiki'u until, iiliej). augSo, CIO, auxi, auctuiii, til i-nlari/i; incrmne. auiis, is, f., an car. aut, (•otij.,or: aiif. aiit, I'itlier. .or. autem. conj., intrnilucinjr athou^rlit, I'itlii'r ciil/ii'i'ly oi>i)o.swl to the previous train of tliou(,'ht or sitniily ditrefciit ; (1) liiit,()l) iiiiirciirrr. /lOH' (transitional). auxilium, ii, n., aid, help. averto, ere, ti, sum, to turn (any- thing) away. B. bftltetis, \. m., a .lur., wealth, ijouds, pro- jiertji. boniun, i. n., pro/it, good, advantage. bds, bOvis, conim., an ox. brSvis, e, arlj., short, lir>'cf. bruma, ae, f., winter; the winter HuUlice, Ibrcvis.J C&do, ere, cCeldi, easxiin, to fall ; to fall (i.e. he killed) in battle. caedes, is, f., a cutting dmvn, nluiKjhtcr. [oaedo.] caelestls. e, adj., liplon;jiug to the thi, hcnrinly: a»m\h-lne. CftlAm'tas, fitis, f., mishap, disaster. Ch\d, onis, m., camp-follower. Cftper, pri, m., a he-gout, ijoat. Capillus, i, tii., hair, h:ck of hair. C&pio, Sre, c!Opi, captuin, to take, make (in the nautical sense of reuch). caprua, ae, f., a wild »he-o.«/, the others. cibaria, oruin, n. plm-., provisionB. Cibus, i, m., food. cin go, ere, xi, ctuni, to surround, en- compa.ys, circiter, prej). gov. ace. and adv., ■ :'ooi!f , m-iotiy of nuniiiiirti ui' (luie. CircuitUS, part. V. circmneo. circuitus, us, m., a going round, compass, [circum, eoj. VOCABULARY. circum-do d/iii. '-- /"'W.M°^ry^;;'.,-- '«-^"^ to eonfer; tnV!;^^r'"'^'"'°''''''"'''ocunira,e; COioi, oris, m.,cn/,„n- comes, itis,, „.,„,, „,^,„,,.,^ ".^"'. '•'■'"■o.v. [.win, men. •/ •"""'"''" '•'"■"■ com-memorn -i.-,, , ■ conXr'^'' "'"• '■"-' "> '-an... an.vba.lorMMworthva;.u;;;,) '"""'^'■•''l'- commode, adv. .{,,. '-, ■ '■"-'"''//, .,/,.„,,„,,„;,„;;^^;J-me, e.r,, />/•o/(^ "<-'"j, 1, n, ailm,ita;/e, com-moror, ari,a.„s,^.,w„„ ' communioo irp iv,- -. '■ [coniMmnis.j ^ ''' '"'.voiie), ^, o,„,,„/,. ^^com-munls, e, adj.. ,o,„,„,„„^ ^,,^, ^^commutatIo,r.„i, ,,,,,,,,,,,. „,^^^_ comparo, v. conparo com-pello, V. oomn.iin ' "■" ' "Kill, ^,^Com-pleo.er<.,evi,.Hu,n,<. /,V^,,,,„^ compliu-es, v. . oM,,i„r.s. 138 VOCABULARY i com-porto, .iro, \w\, ritum, to carrii (iii/rJIicr, rolifct. com-prohendo, oru, ' ^^con-verto, ore, ti, «u,,., to tun,. coorior, iri, ortus, t„ ,„•,> cor, 'onlis, I,., M\.a\Uu», to believe crerno, .ii-e, avi, atim,, ^, '„n-«,. ^^cruciatiis, us, „,., /„,.a,,,. j^,,,^;^ CniS, firis, II.,,. Ay. culpa, ae, f., fault. cum, |ii(.|i. w. ubl., iC(7^. cum, roiij., „'hen, KiHCe. caneus, i. Ml, a wedqe; aioedne-for tiHihim, niilidvr.v term. "'eaye/or- Cllplde, Ins, issinie, a. w. alil., from, dow-n frmit; 'unit, cunceniiitij. deb6o, ere, fli, Itum, to owe. de-cedo, ore, ccssi, cessuni, to go ! iray, depart , de-cerno, Ore, crevi, crctum, to de- : U',Hfttle. d6cimus, a, una, ord. num, adj., ■nth. decretum, i, n. See decerno. decumanus, in the phrase ilecumdna itiria, the rear ar Main i-iitramr of a lioman camp, placed farthest from the enemy, opposite lo the porta prai'turia, and nameiJ from the fact that tl^e 10th cohort encamped near it. deditio, unis, f.,a nurrendrr. de-do, -dere, -dldi, -dltuni, to deliver :>v ijive up, to derute. de-duco, ire, duxi, ductum, to lead away, withdraw (trooji») ; (of ships), to brituj down, launch. deductUS. V. deduco. defatigatus, part, of defatTgo, wear- ied out, exliaunted. defectio, onis, f., rebellion, revolt. [deiioio.) de-fendO) fire, di, sum, to repel, ward of. defensor, oris, m., a defender. de-fero, ferre, tnli, latum, to an- nounce, rept . t ; to bear down, carry dtwn, bring. de-ficio, ere, foci, footuui, to remit; to fail, lie wanting. de-figo, Ore, xi, xuni, to fa.' '" '■'""• dexter, dextm, dextrum, adj., on the njhthand nde, ri'jht. liiem, «0 yw, /wj/i/: ,( day. ^^ dico, are, avi, atum, t devote, give dictum, i, n, word, command. ^^ dies, ei, m. (sometimes . in Bin^-.), a diff>r^'^^°' ^*^"""' ''''*'*^' '!"''*"'". to difficilis, e, adj., difficult. difflcultas, .".Dis, f., dij/icv.lty. de^ai^o^' "■'• ^^*' '"'"• '" "'■*"•«*«• dif-fundo, fire, fadl, fiiaum, to spread dignitas, atis, f., dignity. di-iudiico, are, avi, atum, to decide, determine. dilectus, a, um, part, diligo. diligenter, -ius, -issime, adv., atten- tively, carefully. ' diligentia, ae, f., carefulness. diligp, Ore, lexi, lectum, to esteem highly, to love. dimico, are, avi, atum, to flLT«o. ' to disco, discere, didloi, to learn Iru gtudy. " discrunen, ini.s, n,. ri^k, daiinr.r- dtjjerence. •' ' dispar, paris, adj., unequal. dia-pono, ere, posui, positum, a. kct in different places, t„ station. 1,5^'*?,?'"'"°' ''?''*• ^■''^rgtiing.disput- in' '0 inveati- gate, treat oj, dismiss. ^^^jssensio, dnis, f., disagreement, din- dis-sentio, ire, si, sum, to differ in opinion, disagree. ■" dissipatus, a, um, part, dissipo. scat'^'f^^^' ■'"''' ^''''' "'"'"• '" '^'"ix-r^e, tAng!'"' """'"^- ^*^^- ■^'^ » '""^ diutmus, a, nm, axij., endurim for a long time, lasting, >„ng. ■' . dJversus, a, um, part, diverto ; adi in dijerent directions, apart, remote. di-vido, 6re, visi, visuui, to divide separate. "-tvuie, diviiius, a, um, diijine. do, il.ii' . dOdi, datum, to c/ive. domesticus, a, um, adj., domestic- bellum domesticum, iite^v!!^^ domicilium, i, n., dwelling. domlnus, i, m., master, lord, owner. domus, us, t, house, hoiie; domi loo. case, at home. u'Jmi, dos, Otis, f., down/, marriage portion. (a«e"^^*°' '"'''' '^^'' ^'"'"' '" ''"'**'• *«*'*■ dllbius, a, um, adj., donhtful. ^.^^'it)iuin, i, n., assubst., uncertaiiUj/, ^.^^pcenti, ae, a, adj., plur., two hun- duco, Cre, xi, ctum, to lead : to hold consider. ' ""«*» dum. '.'0!ij.. i.-kilit, until duo, ae, o, c^rd. imm. lulj., tuw. duodeeim, adj., iwe/ve. 142 VoCAHIir-AllY. uuplico, are, iivi, aiurn, lii\l,i,it,li!. duritia, at>, f., hanliiiss, iKiidiifxn of lij'r. duro, are, iivi, atum, la .'idrdcn, iiiakr lianly. durus, a, urn, adj., Ininl. dux, (liu'is, 111. and f., a leadii. 6a, (.w. jiarte nr vi.'i), adv., on that xiilr, bi) that wit 11, then: |is.| edisco, I're, (lidlci, to team oil' hi/ heart. e-duco, fre, xi, etiim, to Inid ho-lh, drar.' nut. ef-fero, ferre, ext.fili, Olruiini, In linini out ; to .'. alil. of is msimI ,is ;idv. ii'i ^ phrase: eo quod, f>r th, re.mn thnt ; 3. abl. used as :!dv. of dej^ree, the, Ini thot niiieh. eo, ire, ivi or ii, ituni, r,i ,io. eodein. adv., to th, some plan-. epistola, ae, f., a letter. opulae, ."iriim, f. (irrej,'. plur of epu- Inni), hiiiiijKeli.; fra.tts. equga, His, m., a hio-semun, rider ; 11 (lioiiKin) kni:iht; lu plur., eipiiles, cav- u'ry used :,lso of the " Kniijhts" of «Jaul. [e(|inis. I §que8ter, tri.s, ire, adj., bclomiinntt cava I r I/, earalrii-. fiquitatus, us. 111., cavalri/. 6quu8, i, in., a horse. ereptua, v. eriiiio. e-rigo. Ore, rexi, rectum, to raise, or set Up. Hripio, fre, ripfil, reptnm. to snatch aieai/ ; with se, to escape, jlec. erro, are, avi, atum, to st ran, wander; lo wander J com the truth, be mistaken. eniptTo, r.iiis, f., a breakimi out; (of troops) a sally. esSfida, ae, f., war-chariot. e.s.-^odarlus, i, m., charioteer, chariot Warrior. et, coiij., and, also; et .et, both ..ami . StiP.ra, eonj., also, even, .furthermore. etiamsi, eonj., even if, allhoai/h. etal, eonj., although. evontUS, us, m., iss-ue, eouseiiuence result. |e-veiiio.] ' evoco, are, fivi, alum, to call out, stnumon. ex, prep., w. abl., o'(^<;/; ox consuetu- dme, accord I ai to custom. exactuB, V. exif,'o. examino, are, avi, atum, to wiiah in the balance, e.ramlne, test. fexamen, the bmgue of I he balance] exiinimatus, a, um, par*^ exatiimo. exanTmo, are, avi, at um, to kill, fex, aiimia, breath). exai'desco, ere, arsi, arsuin, to hurst mid a bla:e, take fire. ex-audio, ire, ivi, itum, hear autincthi. ex-cedo, ere, cesai, cessum, to go forth or out ; to go out from ; leave. ex-cello. Ore, cellai, celsum, to be emiueul, excel. ex-celaus, a, um, j.f. part, of excello; imIj . tall, loflji. exceptus, a, nm, pf. part, of excipio. ex-cipio, ere, (■.•pi, oeiitum, to catch, Irtl' . rupture: lake in lurii, r.'/fVrv (of Heiiliiicls, etc.). exciito, are, fivi, atum. to rai.',l JO, ill; ,-arnd ,mt, project ahooe': teH^^ffi.'^r;,,^ -'■>- o/ ex. ex-uo, C-re, ,',i, utuni, to despoil, strip. F. facllo, lulv., easibj. mcilis, e, ai 1.1^ i_ ■ ',. 'i",iiiaKe . attt ex-crucio, are, avi, atum, to torture ^''^O. Ire, U, Hmn, to f,o forth or out ^-rS^^^^x:^;^;,^---^-""/- erf^f'^''"^' '"'' ">■• «" «-".v. [ex. «.l'^'^"' f ''• <^'"'' a'''"'". to brim, to an ,f^<^^0, Ctc, foci, fi "iSt". i Szr «"- " .v™;« -i factio, onis, f., rt yW6'/),„i, p„rt,, factUS, a, mil, part. flo. facultas, atis, f., n,mns, opportunity fagUS, I, f., a h-rch-trre. falsus, ,1. ,.,„, part, fallo ; adj., fal,e. ^&mes,h,f.,hii,u,er, famine. .p/'^^.ilifti'is, e, ailj. ; u.su as m.i,«f fii^f!^^'^^^- '''''• '■'''^"^'^ci,, close fatum, i, n.,fate. felicitaa, ntis, f., sucoess. femina, ae, f., a teomnn. femur, 6ris or inis, „., a thigh. fera, ae, f., a wild animal. fere, adv., almo.'it, nearly. f§ro, ferre. tali, latum, to bear brin,, ■ to bear, endure; to assert, say ' ' ferramentum, i, n., an iron tool. ferreus, a, um. aiii m^.i., ,f ■ [ferrum.J "' ^^3; imdc of iron. ferrum, i, n., iron. fertilis e, ^'ij; fertile, fniit/ul. exsfcrnctuj», ex-striio. ire. raise, rear. a. um. p.art. ex=trun vi, etum, t„ hoi.',i fer IS, a. um. .1(11,. mn,i . fx~„ »iili,s(., iriifl beas-t ac, f. "?', extra. of. prep. «. aoc, beyond. mad fervdfaotu unhide -S. a, um red hot. Iferveo, f,- ferveo, C're, I ventes glandes >ni. (11 //, part., heated io|. •!.-!llow: fer ■ulktis. !44 VOCAUULAKY. fides, 61, f, laith, cotijidence ; /aith, iisxurance, wnril o/ honor. figtira., ae, f.,J'onn, shape. flliuu, li, ui., a ton. fingro, Cre, flnxi, flotum, tojunn, devine, frame. finio, ire, ivi or li, Itum, to end; to ili'termine or fix the lirnitu of; to dencribe he extent of. [flnU.] finis, is, m., a boundary, border, liiiit; fines, plur., territory. finitimus, a, um, adj., bordrrinit, "(Ijiiininij, nei(jhlniriiif/ ; plur. subst., flhitimi, oruiii, m., nciijhborx. fio, fieri, factus, v. irri!(f. (pass, of fa- eio), to be made, become, take place. firmo, ire, avi, atum, to make struiuj, secure. flrmus, a, um, adj., strong, powerfiU. fiamma, ae, t., blaze, /lame. fiecto, ere, xi, xura, to bend, curve. flo, flare, flavi, flatuni *'< blow. flumen, Inis, n., a r.i.i!., foedus, cris, n., a w.t<.,0!'T''.. treaty. forma, ae, f., shtt:.- forte, adv., i>ir •,';.'! /ici;, 7\yi adventure. fortis, e, adj., bra... fortiter, -tius, -tissim^, vAv., bravely. fortiina, ae. f., fortune: in plur., otssenidorui, propi ty. fortunatus, a. um, adj., successful, •wealthy. fossa, ae, f, a ditch, trench, [fodic] fovea, ae, f , a pit, pitfall (for catchinsj w ild animals). firater, tris, m., a brother. fi'Smitus, us, m., din, rurise. fi-etus, a, urn, adj., relying ui'on(gov- erne abl.). frigus, Oris, n., cold. firons, tis, f., the forehead. ftuctus, us, m., produce, fruit: of money, interest. finiinentarius, a, um, adj., f)ertain- iiig to corn; res frumentaria, coi-n supply. fi-umentatlo, onis, f., foraging; iMainini/ corn. Irumentor, ari, atus sum, to forage. frumentum, i, n., com, grain. fiiga, ae, f., fli;iht, rout, running away. fuglo, 6re, fiigi, fii),'itum, to flee. fumus, i« m>i *moke. funda, ae, f., a sling. funis, is, in., a rope. filnebris, c, adj. , perlaitiiwi to a fu neral; fuiwraHtid].). tVLTiua, Oris, •!., burial, funeral rite». tartvun, i, u., theft, [fur.l flisilis, e, adj. [fundo.] strictly j;i «I ten, Ituul, liquid ; at, IJk. v, 43. fusllls argpilla, softened clay. Galllcus, a, uni, axij., Gaulish, Gallie, grallina, ae, f., a hen. |;,m11u8.) erener, Cri, m., a son-in-law. gens, tis, f,, a clan, nation. g6nu8, 6ris, n., a class, sort. g6ro. Ore, Kt^ssi, ^estiiin, to curry on: jrer. lielluiii, tn wage war: res jfestae, ivhat has happened, e rents. grl&dius, ii, m., a sword. glans, dis, t, an acorn, an aenrn- shaped in issile. gratia, ae, f., faw»r; thanks, return, requital. gratulatlo, Onis, f., rejoicing, con- gratulation. Gfratus, a, um., adj., acceptable, agree- able, //leasing. gr&vis, e, adj., heavy, severe. gravitas, atis, f., weight, authority, gravity, importance, [jtravis. | gr&Viter, -ius, issime, adv., heavily ; deeply, severely : graviter ferre, to be indignant at, take mniss. gilbernator. Oris, m., a helmsman, [(fuberno. ) gusto, Are, avi, atum, to taste, eat h&bdo, Sre, fti, Itum, to have: to deem, hold, consider: orationem or contioriom habere, to deliver a speech or harangue. baud, adv., not. hereditas, atis, f., heirship, ir^ieri- tanee. [iieres ] hiberna, orum, n., winter-quarters. hie, haec, hoc, denioiistr., pron., this. hiSmo, are, avi, atuni, to pass the winter ; to pointer. [hiims.J hiems. iH, f. , lointer, bine, adv., hence. homo, inis, ooinm, , a human being, a man. VOCAIilLARV honor, Oris, m., hono,, Meem. hora, ae, f., an hour hortor, ari, ntus, '^* '-'. '--A Jactura, ae. f. (a throwing,), expeme, ^.^laculum. i, „., a c/a.«, ,a^;„, iam, adv., now, already. Ibi, adv. , in tfiat place, there, [is ] idem, oadem, Mem. pron., the same idcirco, adv., ./;,,• that rmsvn. ignis, is. m.,y(ye. illatus, V. inlatus. llle, a, ud, pron. dem., that; h.; she, it llllgatus, V. iiiliyatus. illigo, V. inliffo. lllustris, V. inlustris. imitor, ari, atus sum, to imitate immanls, e, adj., enormous, hmje "-. ■" '-"-'' '""', ■<■' woxe. [Iiiriiiii,,.! 'mpamtus. a, un.. adj., unp.epareU lUipedimentum. i,n., » hindranc ■ Plur impedinio.ita <,ru "/«"i, / 'jaue r n„) u, an army. • q < ^ ^ impedio, ire, hi or ,1 ta>n,lr,h,nni.r,hin.leT. |,„, , j ""^- Inipeditus, a, um, part, impedio. ^^impero. are, avi. atum. ?<. co,rt7na»d, J^mpetro, are. avi, atum, to obtain a ^^Impetus. us. m., as%auU, attack, on- .TO' {Ac -y,„/,>i, i,ne\s cotintru, or varenfji- iin,,H,ii.y, wicked, [in-pius.f ^""^««<*. «ySfr°' "■'■ '"'' ^*'""'- '" ««"■'-'«'. . importo, are, avi, atum. to convey, importatus, V. importo l^''T!^l,r^i' ^^'■'''«^'^- P-rti^'- n}^P^'°^^^^^'^' '• "- '/'"< whi,-h is un- maprovisus, a, um, adj.. u^forencen. ta'^F:^^^:^^,. -"«• -ij- —•«-/;. impiiLsua, a, um, part., inipello ^jmpulsus, us, ,u., //..«,,„<,•,«. (im- w<7/„-«. ' "•' '"• ""- "^'«". «»"o«^, inanis, e, adj., empty, void. .%, ^, 6 .w. ^^^ "irJ^ >- „0. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I IL25 i 1.4 2.5 12.2 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 fe A /. f/. 7, L1>^ iV N> \ I 6 § 146 VOOAUULARY. li Jli Incendium, fi, n., a jhv, camp-fire. Incertus, a, mn, lulj., 'lauht/iil: iter incLTtuiii, taken, at hazard or nl a ven- ture. incldo, C-re, cUli, casuin, to happen, (H'cur. I in, oailo.] Inclplo, ore, cOi>i, cei'tum, tn beijin. in-c61o, cOlai, cultum, to inhabit, dwell. Inc6lumi8, e, wij., aaj'e, unhaniml. incommode, atlv., disan'rutmly, un- fortunately. incommodum, 1, n., dimdvantaye, dixOKter, niig/ortvne, incredlbilis, e, adj. , not to be believed, marvellouH. [in, credo.] Incursio, onis, f., invasion, attack, [incurro.] inde, adv., from that place, ther^ce. indicium, i, n., secret information. In-dico, Cre, xi, ctum, to appoint, proclaim. indictus, v. indToo. In-dignus, a, uni, adj., unworthy. in-eo. Ire, Ivi, or 11, Ituiu, to yo into, e.xter upon. inermis, e, adj., unarmM. [in, anna.] iniamia, ae, f., dixyrace, dishonor infectus, a, uni, adj., unaccomplinhed. [facio.] inferior, us, comi). adj., lower, (in. (onis, infra.] Inffiro, -ferre, intfili, inlatnin or ilM- tuui, to briny on or against: Ijclluin. to make, to wage, earn/ on ayuinsl: vulniis, to injiict : in i(fnenj, to throw (anythinjf) into. infestUS, a, um, ai, fluxum, to flow into. inf^a, prei>. w. ace, below, under. IngrrSdlor, gressus, to advance, enter on. inimicitia, ae, f., enmity, hostilUy. InlmiCUS, a, um, lulj., unfriendly; Bvilist., inimiCUS, i, m , an enemy, foe. (in, amicus.] IniQUUS, a, um, adj., not level: locus, ilixivlviiidayeous, unfavourable. [in, ucquus.] inltlum, li, n., a beginning, [in, eo.] initus, a, U!U, part. ineo. iniuria, ae, f., injury, wrvny, oppres- sion, [iii-ius. j in-iussu, m., (only in al)l.) loithout the conunn)id. Inlatua, (ill-), a, um, jwrt. infero. inligatus, (ill-), a, um, part, inllgo. In-ligro, (ill-), are, avi, atura, 1. v. a., to bind on, tie on. inlustris, (ill-), e, a) to ijrrw „!,{, to l,eco,m-rxf^i!i,^j',^'!.^j\' invitatvis, a, um, jialft. invito. ' "" "' Invito, nru, avi, atu.n, ^, u„,,^,_ „,i,„.^ ipse, a, um, pr,»,,. .iemocstr., self- 'r'TLt''^''^^ '-'^'if; for en,„K.i.. jracunclia,ao.f., „„.,,„,, ./i'^W:'' ■"• '"•""• '''"'OMstr.. that; he, item, arlv., also, Uketvise. '''^-""ft'^^rSirr'^^'^''''- iubeo, Ore iim^i ;,, iudico, lire n.-i , lumen turn, i i. i.„ ''.■n.to/Ounlrn. (Uv^^Jf""^'' «"'"'«'. luro. are, avi, at,,;;,, ,,; „„,„, lUS, iiiris, n., ri,i/,f a .. , , whutoneisentilK.^-^U';^?^'''^'"- inssus, a, un,, ,«irt. iulu^o lustltla, ae, f,y,„^V,.^. ^^^lustus, a, um, a.lj., complete, rrgnlnr, liiventrifa, otia f ^i|„ ,. the „o„ih ,\ ' """''ctive noun, mu^Z '"" '■""'''0 persons Of a co,n. itivo, are, iQvi, iatum, to help. L tj.i"f,', /" i« diLiXed «'*".'/ /n„„ a labor, .iris, 1,1., tow, taU. . laboro, are, fn i .if„,„ ,„ , , '« «/„,„«,., r«>,-,,Vi. lapls, i.lis, 111., a fctonc. lapsus, a, „m, part, labor 148 VOCABULARY. latis^iime, sup. adv. [latiis.i latitudo, liiis, f., hrecdth, width. Iliitua.] latrocinium, li, n., rm'lmoti„,^yn, entrust: litk'ns, to commit to v/ mane, a*. or locutUN •Mde of leather ork, mantlet, I n, the moon- lA luce, at day I rrutfiigtrate. adj., grand, i^'Mua, facio.] '(ittieKn ; great "'('. [iiiagnus.] cnmp. mfiior, mat: itinera, lojrniis), plur. ildeed, crime, evil. 1, to commit "ff/n, entrust: '3, early. •sum. to Mde, naniple, com- liiiction. i, factum, to marisiii sco=» to be handled) a band, body, mus), a, um., o/ tlie male lina). sup., to grow ' all, chiefly, IU8.] '•I, remedy, idlitui, mod- erately. adj., inland. mHdiUH. a, ,I,M, ,l.lj., „,/,/, „„rf,;^, ,^ mehor, i„B, a.,j., ,,,,,,. ,„„„.|, ^, thf^^^^'''^'^' '• "•' « «"'^ »^rr,ler of <,V^^™°""^- ""• '•• '"^"""V/. recolUc mens, mentis, f., the wind. mensis, Ih, rn., a mmith mentio, r.ni», ?., tnenthm. mercator, oris, m.. ^,arf<-r, m.r«y>a««. meridianus, a, um, adj., mid-day. metus, Os, m.,/OTr. mile or mille, card. num. adi rnlnr ^ -'«f., mm-a or millia). X^JlJd. miles, Itis, m., a goldier. .,,^.j"taris .«, adj., helonqin^ fn a KnMter or mliire, to uncover; of military formation or position, to leave iiiieor red or exposed to the enemy, [midus. | nudus, a, luii, adj., bnee, naked, un- covered. nullus, a, utn, adj., (uen. millius, dat. nulli), no, none, [nc, ulliis.) niimen, Tnis, n.. the diviiu- will, mil QY power (of the Rods). nuniorus, i, m., a niimher; estima- tion, position : aIi(iuo esse numero, to be of any aeeonnt. numquam. See numpiam. nunc, adv., now. nunquam, adv., never, [ne, un- (piam.J nuntio, are, avi, utum, to announce. nuntius, li, ni., a messenyar, message. nutus, us, m,, a nod, beckoning, making signs. O. 6b, prep. w. ace, on account of: ob cam causam, ,t'or that reason, eonse- (juently, therefore. ob-eo, ire, Ivi or li, itum, irrej;., to go to. obfero, (off) ob-ferre, ob-tilli, obla- tum, to /iresent, offer. obicio, f re, leci, iectum, to put in the tvay, hinder, to face. oblatus, v. obtero. ob-servo, iire, avi, atum, to pay utten'lon to, heed, observe, keep. I -tact; a crime, •i', nnkrd, un- Hi °e^.f^' "*'■«• •"■'"■'•.«'*<««a7.. fob. [ohS?- "'"«• '•• « «•''«7«. blockade. Obstinate, adv., stubbornly «^«W Sf?°;nWV^'"' '^'""' '" *«'■« or occWens, e.tis, m.. ;iet or iiinkr rraily, iirijuiii'. pars, iiiirlis, f., a /Kiii, I'liiili'ii : in utram(|UL' iiiirtiin, ou Imlli uhlfx, fillicr iva'j, u/xin i-itlii'r view of the cnxe. partim, aiiv., in part, parlhj, [pars.] partus, a, UMi, luirt. pario. parvulU8, a, uiii, adj., dim., littli\ pettp, trillinii ; of a^t', liltlc, H'miKj. [par- vus.] passus, fi9. 111., a ulrj), paei'\ as a measure of len>:th, alioul tive of our feet, i.e., a diiulile pact- : iiiille passuum, a (Roiiiati) »1 /A' -about 1,(118 .yards; V. note, IS. v., fhap. 2. pftt6o, ere, fli, to lie, open ; to stretch, extend. pS,ter, tris, ni., a father. paterfAmiliae (or familias), 1)1., the maxter of a hoiiyelmlil, head of a fninilji. pfltientia, ae, f., eiulvrance. [palior.] patior, i , passus, tonnffer, alloiv. paucitas, atis, f., fewii^», gearcity. [pauciis.] paucus, a, mil, adj., few, little (very rare in sing.); a.s subst.," pauci, orum, ta.,feu\ a few. paulatlm, adv., little by Utile, by de- grees, (jrdtliKilli/. [pauUini.] paullsper, adv., for a little while. [pauluiii.) paulo, adv. (with comparatives), by a little, a I life, .loiiieirhat. paulum, aaynieMts were made by weijiliiiiff out metal ; lience) to pay. per, )ire)>. w lu-c., throui/h ; showinir tile usjent or means, by, by means of. per-ago, ore, e^i, actum, toyothromjh tritli, coiiip'cte, fitiisli. perceptUS. v. jtercipio. perCipiO, «re, cj'pi, ceptinn, to take note of, fcccive. (earn percontaliO, onis, f., question, in- quiry, [pereoiitor.] peri^USSllB, a, urn., part., peicutio. per-Cl"mo, ell', lussi, iiissum, to pii'rcc or ^liikc Ihroiujh. [iiiiado. | per-dlPCO, ere, dldlci, to learn thor- onyhhi, yd of by heart. per-duco. ere, \i, ctum, to lead throiifih; to pmlomi ; to brinii or win (any one) over In onf^s side ; carry orer. ptM'endlnus, a, um, adj., after to- iiioirow, [perendie.] p6r6o. Ire, \vi or li, Itum, to perish. per-exlgCills, a,uni.,adj., rervsinall. per-f6ro, ferre, f nli, Mlum, to bear or carry throiiyh ; to brino ; to lienr, put up with, submit to ; in pass., of letters, news, et(\, to arriee, come I:, ha. id. per-flclo, Ore, fOei, fecimn, to nccom- j>lish, complete, liiii.sh. [perfacio.] perfllgra, ae, m., deserter, fuyitire. periclitor, ari, ains smn, to endanger. pSricCilum, i, n., danger. perlatus, a, um, pari, perfero. perlectus, a, um, part, iierlejfo. per-16go, en', lOui, leriuni, to read through. perlCio, ere, Ifli, lutum, to wash; in pa.ss, ^1 liaihe (one self). per-mfl,n6o, Ore, mansi, niansum, to abiite. continue, remain. permltto, mil tore, misi, missum, entrust, surrender, sujl'ir, permit. permotlia, a, um, pari, pernioveo. perm6vt<0, inovore, miivi, niotnm, to //1(11'. tlioiou ihly ; of tlie niind,/i< move ilcc/ly, influen-e, prerall on. per panel, ae, n, adj., very few. per-p6tCiUrt, a, um, adj., continuing Ihroughoiit, unbroken : in pernetuuni, /or ittl time, for ercr. |per-i>eto.) perrumpo, Cre, rupi, ruptum, to break thmugh. per-scribo, Ore, psi, ptum, to write in full, lerite a full account of. per-sSqiior, sOnui, sOcOtus, to follow up, pursue. pers6v6ro, are, avi, stum, to abide steaiUastly, persist. persplcio, Ore, spexi, gpectum, to look thnniyh ; to see etearly, perceive. per-SuadSo, Cre, si, sum, to per- stiade, preinit upon. perterreo, on-, ni, Uum, ?o terrify; thorouyhly frighten. per-terrltus, a, um, part, of per- terreo, thoroughly frightenfd. VOOAnULART. nn, to terrifu : "feet, (teneo.) '' '"• ''""•'•'•", inJ!Znn^^°'. t:,^'^' «""-'. 'o throw './"■^""1, to (l,s,o,„im.,r. confound «o.C;K°' "■''' ^^"■■. -«"f-n, to come pes, jH-dis, ni., a foot. petO, ,vi, and Ii,,t„n,.M,.. *,.,„*. pilum, i, n., a javelin. "o« «/VrA^/n? " centurio, <, centu- pinna, ae, f., « battlement. placlde, adv., ca;»,;»/. aS°' *■■'■ •''^'■■' •-»"""• '« reconcUc, plane, adv., cleatiy. plebs, bis, and plolipa « » #t «.o^JfJ"'^'»"^' "^"-'for the most pan, 1A3 porro..u^.,,.,,;,j,;;;:;-''>-' porta, ae.f., ay,,,,.. Portus, 08, m.,A«,.6„r.«or< Positus. V. ,,o„o ^ ' '■''^■'c'ln. [potisi, Slim.) post. prep. w. ac.o. and adv., a/ter .oKP°!)°y/'-^'. P«ani. POsUun," ro «>o7?°*«r' "■ ''-''" °' »'"««•"» : as adj. potentia, ae f »)/)«,/.- /c. 1^. (potcns.J) ' '••^'"«'«'•- (See note, vi. IVo^uZT^ '''"' '•• ?«'«•'■'•.• opportunit,, B^TtT- '■ '"•• '"«"'• Plumbum .plurimum, adv. ,,,oit ,.,.,„ eidebere, to l>e v,;;\,"tU, L!ul'}' under very ,jreat oWi/aill!^ /o '"' '"' plus, plfiris Hn uliir iii.-,.»„ ,- more, and plf.r?n„.ra ',„?,' 'V"i^'^ cm,p. an,I .up. of mu t " ' T[l ""It 8n,^ylu8 .sgenerall,. a neut. sV.hst.'or'an ^pocmum, i. „.. a cr,p, a drlnlnn,. poena, ae, f., runmnumt,i,enalty. polhceor, on, rtus, to promise pohicitatio, Onls, f., apron,i,'e pondus,eri«,n.,a,mV/A^ [pe„do I pons, ntia, ni., a hridqe aSSESr^iii.-f^rS'a'^ffi: abl. •'• •^"'" V«'»*w,,o/i „/; governs POtius, adv., rather pmeceptu8,a,t,„,,part.praeoipio fpSe^Sf "«• *' "•". adj.. .,.„•«, Prae-clusus. See praedudo. Praeco. 6ni«. n>.. „ enV;- A^,-aW praeda. ae. f., booty. praedico, are. avi afi.,» , cli'nii, aKxert, taunt. ' '" ^*""- . prae-fero. forre >nn !«i, 7«>m« to the command of. ''^fiXT lf)4 VOCABULARY. Tu praemissus, a, um, part, of prae- niilto, ncnt (III Iw/iirehaiul, praemltto, 6re, luui, misHuin, to tend be/ore, unid in •idonnee. praemlum, li, n., a reward, [prae, emo.] prae-occupo, are, &vi, itum, to occupjl beforehand. praepfiro, ftre, 4vi, iitum, to prepare. praepdno, ponSre, posui, positum, to set anyotie in command over. praeruptus, a, um, adj., steep, pre- cipitowi. praesens, tis, adj., that w bf/ore one, at hand, i)re»ent. [prae, sum.) praesentla, ae, f., prenenee, the pre- tent time : in praesentiA, at hand, on the tpot. prae-sentio, sentire, senai, Bensum, to perceive beforehand. praesertim, adv., especially. praesidliun, li, n., protection, help. [prae, sedeo.] praesto, adv., at hand : praesto esse, to present oneself. praesto, are, atlti, stltum and sta- turn, to discharge, fulfil, pr. fldem, keep one's word. prae-sum, esse, (Qi, to be at the head of\in command of. praeter, prep. w. aoc., except. praet6r6a, adv., besides. prae-uro, ere, ussi, ustum, to 6um at the point. praeustus, a, um, p^rt. praeuro. precem, preoi, prece, defective noun ; prayer, entreaty. prdmo, ere, pressi, pressum, to press, press upon, oppress. pridle, adv., on the day before. primo, adv., in the first place. primum, adv., in the first place; quani primum, as soon as possible. primus, a, um, adj. sup., the first, first. princeps, tpis, adj., first, chief; as suDst., coram., a chief, chieftain, [pri- mus, capio. 1 principatus, ua, m., the first place, snpremaeti, chieftainship, [prinoeps.] pristmus, a, um, adj., former, old, old-fashioned. priUS, foil, by quam, and, as one word, priusquam, adv. comp., sooner than, Difore, CiU'vre that. privatim, adv., as an individual, pnvatelji. privatUB, a, um, part, privo, to d"- pnv- ; as adj., belnngitig toiinintiioidual, private. pr6, prep. w. abl., before, in front of ; on account of, in eonsiderntimi of. probo, are, 4vi, atuin, to prove, de- vmnstrtde ; to approve. procedo, 6re, ceasi, oessum, to (jo forth, to (idvance. prociil, adv., in the distance, from ajar, [procello, to drive away.] pro-cumbo, ere. cQbai, oobitum, to sink down to the ground. pro-euro, are, avi, atum, to take care of, look after, pro-CUTTO, fire, cOcurri and curri, cursum, to run forth, rush forward. prodeo, ire, li. Hum, to come or go forth, [pro, eo.] prodltor, oris, m., a betrayer, traitor, [prodo.] prdditus, a, um, part, prodo. pro-do, 6re, didi, ditum. to tjive forth; to hand down (to memory), transmit, recjrd. pro-dtico, 6re, xi, ctum, to lead out. productus, a, um, part, produco. proellor, ftri atus, to engage, fight a battle. proellum, li, n., a battle, combat. profectio, onis, f., a going away, setting out. [protlcisoor.] pr6fectus, a, um, part, proflciscor. proficiscor, profic-isoi prftfectus, to set out, start, depart. protltSor, eri, fessus, to declare pub- licly avow, to offer freely, protnise, [pro- tateor.] pro-fiififio, fire, fiifri, to flee, decamp. pro-grnatus, a, um, part. rgnatu8= natus, nascor], bom, sprung, descended (from some one). pr6-gT6dIor, i, gressus, to go for- ward, advance. Igradior.] pr6-hib6o, ere, Oi, Hum, to keep back, hinder, prevent ; to defend, protect, [ha- beo.] pro-icio, 6re, icci, ieotum, to throw forth, fling away, [pro-iacio.] proinde, adv., accordingly, therefore; (in like manner). promlscue, adv. promiscuously, in common. pro-missus, a, um, pf. part, of pro- mitto ; (of hair) l»ng, flowing. I individual, VOCABULAKV. esaum, to go 1, to take care IS, to go for- liscuouslu, in Pro.ptro,are,avi,atum.«oA«««n. ^latiori: "^'"'i""»- '. ra., o hinsman, proffer alVr^utri' '""'** '^'' '" ">«•. prospectus, us, m.. view «m^'m?mf„>."'^P- »•■ '«^•. ftj' rea^onof, pro.pugmo,are,avi,atun..toy?i,A«. 1.0.') PUema, ae, f., « 6a,„^, „„„, PUfimo.are.avi.atu,M.^,/„/i/^^*'• protlnus, adv.. fmhwUh. provectus, see provcho provincia, ae, f., « province. provisus, V. provideo. proxime, adv. proximus, a, um, adj., „«,«,,. ^^ puDes and puber fria «At ~_ «t«y, to conjUcute. (publicus: ] "'"" populicuV.frompopulus.T ''"'"'^- "°' quaestor, oris,,,)., aquaeMor ner"). (,|ua,itijs.l """"°'^«- '^e ..ler. ^^auare. adv.. wherefore, why. (quae. quattiior, oai^.num.adj,./o«r p;S^.*''°''' ""'"• I""*'"» «"«n. to com. quid. (neut. of quia), a.lv., wh,,> quidem, adi ., indeed. quies, ctis, f., ,e*<, repose. 156 vo(;ai»ui-auy. quinam, «maeimni, «iiiodimin, pron. IntcrroK., i(7i(), ivliich; tchat, praiif [\u ch. 44, B. V. uter.] qulndocini, Jijii'm. quingenti, i\v,a,, jiiiehuinlred. [quin- <\\w, cfiiluin.) qulnquaglnta, fi/t\i. quis, (i|i"ae), ipiid, (1) pron. iiitorro;;., who', irhichf u'lidt f (-J) piDti. imlef. after lie, iii, nisi, ii-,;ratiain rcfcrre, to show gratitude, lo re/Kiy, re- 'ixilte. reficio, ire, feci, fectum, to refit, re- J) lir. r6-fiigriO, ere, Siya'i, tojU'c back. rdg'io, onis, f., rt dlslriit, territory. [re>ro.| regno, are, avi, atuui, to be king, lo reign. [re;.,'Minii. | regnum, i, n., kingly authority, sov- ereignty, chieftiiin-ihiji; ti kingdom, the territory of a iiiiij; or cliief. |re\.J r6gO, Ore, xi, cluui, to direct; to con- trol, govern, rule. r6-gredIor, i, i^ressus, to go back, re- treat. reiectus, a, mn, part, reicio. re-icio, ere, rciOci, iectum, to cast back, drier back. |iacio.] rSlatus; a, nm, )iart. refero. r6-legatus, a, nm, part. relCjfo. r6-legO, are, fui, rii\uii, to .tend away, remore nut of the way. rSliCtus, a, uin, V. reliiicpio. religio, iinis, f., revereuccfor the gods, religion : in jihn' , ■'^uper.tHlioun iiraclicen; matters of religio, i, scruple.'^ of conscience. rSlinquo. ore, ll(|ni, lictnm, to leave behind, to leure remiilning : pass., to re- main. rSliquus, a. um, adj., that iw left, re- maining ; in jilur. .as sutist. reliqui, oruni, ni., the other.i, th rest, [relinciuo.] rSmftneo. ere, mansi, niansum, to stay, riinain behind. remigo, are, avi, atnni, to row. re-missus, a, uiu, part of remitto, slack, Icxs severe. VOCABl/LAKY. 'ii liciiil liai'k, tiiiii, III ijft III iihiect III, tn ijire litick, >ine hack ; to to. , lo hriiiif or ro.J to ktkl intck. iili), rf^lfituin, 'cc. Krotiiim Id (('//III/, ic- I, to refit, re- • hni-k. I, tcrrilorii. II be kini;, lo \ilhiirilji, xnv- {■iiii/iliiiii, the Inx.l irect ; tu cun- go hack, re- ■icio. tuni, to cast ero. relCffo, tn Kcnd (iwuy, |iin. r/iir the (jnds, mis iiKielices; o/ eiiiiKcieuce, tiiiii, lo leave : pass., to re- Mt M left, re- ist. reliqui, I. [reliii()uo.] niaiisum, to lo row. t of reiiiitto. '-'•"''.loKliiekeii. rniiil,aliale. remua, i, m., aa oar. thufto^.'w.l'i'"'""' •''','"'•• •"•• «""e take t m to , c.,.M a reu„leir.y!rin ; i( i„ at anv rfipente, adv., mdiienli/. r6p6rIo, ire, reppoH, rcipurtii /liul, ,i„;'t wlh. (p.irio.) rgpertus, a, um, part, repcrio. r6p6to, f re, Ii or Ivi, ituni, i„ „^1 „r r6porto, are, fivi, Atuir,, lo hear hack. 157 :iliii, tn /nnf.K^/f°-^'^^' '''■-'•'.''''''«'-. rgpulsus. a, uni, part, reiu-llo. to^'de'^'aiH?.' "■'• '"'""' °'' "- '""«»•"". p,,y%,r'' '•• '\ ""■"■''..""'"'■'•■ .A"■^ .'«r„^ eic I(!e exact tneaiiiiif,' ilepend.s on the unjijiiii, iiriitusiiiHu. rescidl, see re-soindo. 0(11* or liehiiid one. responsum, i, n., an answer. respublica, reipnMicae, f., acommmi wealth. .State ; the Inblic weal ' re-Stituo, ere. fii, fitiin,, tn set vv again; to replace, restore, reriiy. [statiio.J retineo, ere, ni, tentum, lo hold fast k'.'ej,, maiitiain, jrreseri'c. ' re-vertor, i, versus, to turn hack return, retire. *•• revQon, .^rP, rivi. ai„,n, to recall S^nninoiL t,< relvrn, ehnllenge. ' rex. ro^is. 111., a ruler at a territory a king, chiejtain. [resjo.] «armory, « rheda, ao, f., carria:,e. ch„ri,it. npa.ie, f., a hank of u lirer. a h}Z!k^' '' '"•■ " """"' '"^'""" "/ M'a<«r, ^^r6jro, ,lre, M, at,,»,, to ask, hey, re- ic^^^r;ix:;'r^.Si--- s. -^^^!lte;i:;"-""^""^'^""" saope. adv., frei/nenili,, often. saepenumero, v saeiw '""III I iiiiiK. |sai,'i,„,.] saltus, fis,. „.,(!)„ „•,»„«„«,/ ,,„,,,„.g. (.1)11 iiiiiuiitain pass. i^'xntie, SAlus, Citis, f., safetji. SancIO, ire, xi, ct,,,,,, /„ moke sar,;;l or inrioln lie l,v a reli., .,u ,Jt ■ 7 'i'"'"' estahlish, onluln. ^ ' ' '" '''''""' sanctua. a, um. pail. saneio: aHaili of peso, IS, siicreil, hinioluhl,: ''' «W,f""^' "' '""' ""'J- """''-'■<"'■. reusim. sap/o, fre, Ivi or Ii, /„ hare sense or disccrnnient. ' repah^^^' "'''■' '^'^'' '*''"•«"'"• '" '««'»d, saucius, a, iiiii, adj., wounded iro. Ifor scaiidla, fioin .seando, In Ainih ] ^.u^^in^,^^^^,' '?• '.'"'. part. 8cele.„: as ad. Iiad, w„-ke,l, in/a, aims: in tnase lute with crime, [scelu.s.] ^ SCindo, ere, scldi, sciss.ini, to cut rend : vallum, to pull or tear down" ' SCio, lie, ivi, itiiiii, to know. scribo, ere, psi, ptiini, to write. scutum, i, n., aahicld. se, sese, pron. reflex, of l.oth num- I'f'-s (-en. s,u, ,lat. sil.i, ,u,.. and al.l s- or sese), hini.sel/, herself, itself thnZ selves: inter si;, irith each other. 158 VOCABUt.ARY. seclus, iwlv., comp. of sCcus, other- wwe: nihilo secius, nenerthelcns. sector, ari, atus sum, intensive, to pursue enjerly. [sequor.] sScundus, a, um, adj., (1) the follow- ing (ir tiext to the first in time or order, the second; (2) favorable, [sequor.] sed, conj., but. sedes, is, (., a seat, dwelling-place, scttlofmnt. [sedec] 36g68, Ctis, f., corn-field, standing gram, corn in the field, crop, semlta, ae, f., a path. semper, adv., always, ever. sdnatus, us., m., the council of elders, the Senate, [seiiex.] sententla, ac, f., a way of thinking, opinion, [sentio.] sentio, sentire, aeiisi, sum, to perceive, notice, observe. septem, card. num. adj., seven. septentrio, onis, almosi always in the plural, the seven stars of the Bear, the north, [literally the seven ploughinjr oxen, septem trionus.] Septimus, a, um, ord. ;ium. adj., seventh [septem.] septingenti, ae, a, num. adj., seven hundred, [septem centum.] s3quor, i, siicutus, to follow, attend. sermo, onis, m. , a talkiniinj,'uli.j SingfiiH, ae, a, distrib. imm adj., o.-w tit each, separate, singly. Sinister, tra, trum, adj., left hand, adverse. sinistrorsus, adv., towards the left side, to the left. Situs, us, m., position, [sine] Sive (seu), conj. whether (^eiVier if), sive (seu) sive (sen), whether or, societas, atis, f., alliance, league. SOCius, li, m., an ally. Sol, soils, m., the sun, the Sun-god. s6l6o, Cre, Itus sum, semi-dep., to be accustom id. to be wont. solitiido, Inis, f., a lonely place, a desert, mlderness. [solus. ] sollicito, are, avi, atum, to try to win over, incite, instijate for warlil'^°' f^^' '"'^^'' '^ernm. to come ^Mothc pl,i-eot, svccenl. [suh ) ■'fire """''' '" *-'*^"-' '" ''■<•«<"'•,'//". «V«n rfJ.r-^^^^O- '^■•«. «di. oisum, to cut suc ^isus. See siiccicio Siidis (nom. sing, rare., is, f., a stake. Buflfragmm. li, n.,ai.„f,.. mouiut, platform for speakintf. ^■~'*i sum, esse, fui, v. subst., lobe peruTS^or"' '"''"'• '«^^■••'•«" Sum-mitto, (subm.), ere iiilm n.iQ sum, to send u,„ \end off, tip^^l: '"^ sapgrior, IU8, comp. adj. .See superus. super-sum, esse, fui, to be over c»= o ren,a>,„ler), to be left] remain" ^rL^!^ " silpgrus, a, uni, adj., that is nhn„. upper: comp. supenor \T of t n p' Miner, past, previous ; of st,e„°fh n a battle or other pfin I. ..If .,. "."^'V'n in a supplicium, li, n., punishment «-n» sapra, prep. w. arc. and adv oio,)* • of tmie, I'^f./ore. [superus.] ''"^•> «"<"«. suspectus, a, um, part, suspiolo. IGO VOCABULAKY. SUSpIcor, ari, atu8 sum, to xrtxpect. snstento, aro, avi, ahiiii, freq., to lii'iti; fiiiliii-i\ siip/iort. [sustineo.] sustineo, ore, tiimi, It'iiluin, ^* AoW }ip ov iiiit KiKiiiixt, to withstand. [sub8 = sill), Iciico. j suBtfili, V. toUo. 8UUS, a, uiii, jiron. poss. of ,3rd i)ersoii, Ilia oirii, lii'f own, its own, their own ; his, her, its, their. T. tabernaculum, \,n.,a tent. tabulatum, i, n., a floor, storey (of a tower or house). tal6a, ae, Ixir, roil {of iron.) tails, e, adj., o/ such a kind ; stick (re- ferriiitt to (|ualit.v always). tamen, adv., kmccver, tieve)-thele88, net. tiimetsi, conj., notvrith standing that, altlinmib. [contr. fr. taflien etsi.] tango, Cre, telijj;!, tactum, to touch. tanto, see taiilus. tantulus, a, tun, adj., dim., so little, so siiKill. [tantus.l tantus.a, uni, !u\}., so great in amount, size, etc.; sulwt. tantum, i, n., .«) )hu(7i; alil. laiilo(\vith comparatives), hi/soimich, so much the, the (cf. «(uantus). tantum, adv., only. tardo, are, avi, atum, to impede, re- tard. taurus, i, m., a hull. taxua, i,f., a new-tree. tectus, a, uni, part. lego. tdfflmentum, 1, n., o covering. [teno.l t6gO, ere, xi, ctuin, to cover. telu^, i, n., aweapon/or throwing^ a jare.iii, etc. temSrarlUS, a, um, adj., rash, in considerate. ( teinere.] tSmere, adv., at random, rashly heedlesslii. tt^IUHritaS, atis, f., rashness, indis cretiiin, [teniere.] temp6ratus. a, um, part, of tem pero. teiiipernte. tempeatas, atis, f., season of the ji ■. storm. temptOi Are, rui, ninm, freq,, to try tempt. tempitS. 'iris, 11., time. t6n6o, Cre, fli, tenium, to hold, keep. tento, are, avi, atum, to try, test, toiipt, try til iiiihienri', eiideuvor. tenuis, e, adj., (thin) ; feeble, weak. terra, ae, f., the (dry) land; the ciirth ; plur. terrae, the earth, the tcorld. terreo, ere, fli, Ituin, to frighten. territo, are (no perf. or sup.) freq., to put in terror, to friyhten. [terreo.] terror, oris, in., fright, alarm. tertius, a, um, num. ord. adj., the third. |ler.] tertiusdecimus, a, uni, num. ord. iwlj., the thirteen'h. testimonium, ii, n., eridmee, proof. [test or.] testudo, Inis, f., a tortoise. As a military term, the word means a eorering I»- shed for tlie protection of soldiers at- tacking fortifications, [testa a shell.] timeo, Cre, fii, (no sup.) to dread, fear. timide, adv., faint-heartedly, timidly. [timidus, timeo.] timer, oris, m., dread, fear, [timeo.] tolero, are, avi, atum, to bear, emiure, sustain. tollo, lollere, sustuli, subh'ituni, to raise, lift, or set up; to take away, re- mom: tormentum, 1, n., torture, [tor- queo, ^(1 twist.] torreo, ere, torrtll, tostum, to scorch. tot, num. adj. indecl., so many. totus, a, um (gen. ius, dat. i), adj., ttie whole, entire, all. tractus, V. tralio. trade, ere, didi, dltum, to nice or haml or^r ; to deliver by teaching, to teach, [trans, do.] traduce, ere, xi, ctum, to Uad or bring aemss or over, [trans, duco.] tragula, ae, t.,a kind of javelin or lance useil by the Gauls, iiiaho. 1 tlu/ho, Cre, traxi, tractum, to driw, drag along. traicie, Cre, ieci, i»<'tuni, to pierce throvgh, tran-sjix. [trans, iacio ] tranquillitas, atis, f., calm. trans, prep. w. ace., across, over, on the far side of. transduce. See traduco. trans-eo, Sf, 'vi or ii, Itum, tr. gn across or orer, to rrnss. trans- fere, ferre, tnli, latum, to bear across, to bring or carry over. VOCABULAHY. torture, [tor- translatus, a, „.„, ,,art. tnw,sfero *<^^^^^^«' ^^- "'•• «--'"/^. -- trecenti, ao, a, adj., three hundred. tres, fria, ca.-d. nun.. a.,ntum, to a time ; ,„ ,„oups o/ ^/„w. [ti-cs ] ^^^trlquetrus, tra, tru.„, a,ij., trian- Jueov. .iri, tatus, to see to, d^end, pro- turn, adv., then. turma, ae, f., a atfuadnm. . hoS^:"' ^^i' '>»-'• shameful, dfs. ad^^^^' ■■*' "'"' '''"*"• '"'^°''- As adj., 161 Ultus, V. ulcjiscor urbs, is, f.,cit.!/. urus, i, ,„., « wild-ox, aurochs ^« I'KM or «,7;.;,x;,:::,. -j,;-- -«, ^ lisus, a. Mill, part, utor order that. ' ' *" '^«'. "i «■S';/';^'^„.;r""'- •"•"■'• ""-ro,., '■a^hV>ffu^' m'T' ^"•l"!"!"'^. Pron., an.bo.>.o;/^Vw'/).^ '"''■"'''^' ''fP- t° utl, cniij. See ut. Uti, infln. of utor. uxor, oris f., K wife. V. fr^^^^.!;';:^/-,>!-'p. "--npti^* u. uJciscor, i. ultus, to take vengeance on, aveuijc onenelf on. J<=auce Ullus, a, uiii, adj., (,/(« ami nt „ii [for inuiluH, di,ui„. of un ,.»•)■' "' "''• Ulterior, (u8,co„,,,. a,lj.,/„rM„.. ultimua, a, um, sup. aflf fn,-th....t vadum, i, n., a j\,rd ''^ema,a.,t.,asr.,l,l>ard,sheath. .^Y"'^®"' '^'■t'> f". ':iiin, toi« ;,^,.„,,,, . , to /,-„v i>nwer or ,«.,/„,-,;,,. ^;^,';f;,";''' ' '" valles or vallls. is, f., „„„/,, ;,„,,„,, varietas, ati«, f., diversit,,, rariety - • ■"•'•, ^" tuy xcanlr. |,imtugj ' vectigral, ali.s, M.,/,,^.. |^,,.f,„, j^vect6rlu8.a,u,,,,a,lj.,,,i..,,:,,,,^,„,., lini and veUem, Ncfvoio. 162 VOCABULARY. velocitas, atis, t., tp,ed, neiftnets. [velox.] veloclter, adv., speedily, sunftly ; pomp velocius; sup. velocissime. [velox.] venatio, onis, f., hunting, the chase. [venor.] venator, oris, m., a hunter, [venor.] V6nia, ae, f., pardon, favor, indulg- v6nIo, ire, veni, ventura, to eoine. ventito, are, a\'i, atum, freq., to come often, to keep cominij. [venic] Ventus, i, m., vnnd. ver, veris, n., spring. vei'Lum, i, n., a word. v6reor, Sri, Itua, to fear or be afraid. vergo, vergfire, to incline, turn, verge. v6ritus, a, ura, part, vereor. vero, adv., in truth, asstiredly, how- ever. [venis.J versor, an, atus, (properly the mid. form of verso, are, freq. of verto), stay, dwell, be in a place, or mix among or with people. versiis, us, m., a line of poetry, a verse. ■" versus, ad. towards, in the direction of, vSrutum, i, n., a dart, javelin- Iveru, a spit.] vesper, eris, (locative vesperi, aco mostly vesperum), m., the eocniittf. vestigium,, li, n., a footprint, track, trace. ' vestio, Ire, vestlvi, vestltum, to clothe. [vestis.J vestitus. Sea vestio. V§tO, .ire, vetQi, v6tltum, to forbid. v6tus, Cris, adj., old. vexlUum, i, n., a flag; a red flaij placed upon the general's tent aa a signdl for battle or marching. vexo, are, avi, atum, to harass, ravage. via, ae, f., a Way, street, rood. viceni, ae, a, num., distrib. adj., twenty each, [viginti.] Viceslmus (vices.nimu8 and vigesi- inus), a, um, num. ord. .wlj., the twentieth. [viginti.] vicies, adv., twenty «me«. [viginti] vlctima, ae, f., o sacnfiee, victim. Viotor, oris, m., a conqueror; ui np- |K)8ition, victorious, [vinco.] victoria, ae, f., victory. victua, a, um, part, vinco. Victus, us, m. (that on which one lives), provisions, stistemince, victual». [vivo.] ViCUS, i, m.. village. yidSo, ere, vidi, visum, «o ,■»«« ; pasa« videor, / s«'m or am seen ; impers. pass.. to seem /it or good. Viginti, adj., indecl., twenty. yimen, Inis, n., a pliant twig, wUhe, osier. " ' vinco. Ore, vici, victuni, to conquer, be victorious : vincite =/ia I't' your own way. _ yiolo, are, avi, atum, to do violence to, injure, (vis.] Vir, viri, m., a man, a husband vires, v. vis. Virgo, inis, f., a maiden. virtus, utis, f., manliness; braveni, courage, valor ; worth, virtue, [vir.l " vis, ace. vim, ahl. vi. f. in sing., vio- lence, Jorce, power ; plur. vires, virium, etc., bodily strength. Vita, ae, f., life, [vivo.] vito, arc, avi, atum, to avoid, evade. vitrum. i, n., woad. Vivo, Crc, vixi, victum, to live. ViVUS, a, um, adj., alive, living, [vivo.] VObis, see vos. voco, are, avi, atum, to call, invite, challenge. volo, velle, vOlai, to wish, will, be unlling. voluntarius, a, um, adj., wilUnn, of one s own free will : voluntarii, orum, m., volunleer.t. [voluntas.] voluntas, atis, f., ivUl, free-will, in- clination, disposition. VOluptas, fitis, f., pleasure. VOS, plur. of tu, pron. pers., you. v6y§0, Ore, vovi, votum, to vow, to I roiaisc solemnly. VOX, vOcis, f., a voice, cry. vulgo, adv., commonly, rienerallv [vulKUS.j ■' " vulgus, i, (usually n., occasionally m but not m Caesar) the mass of the people the penjjle, the public. ' ^ yuln6ro, are, a\i, atum, to wound injufc by a wound, [vuliiuw.] ' VUlnus, tris, n., a ivouiid. inco. on which one uince, victual». n, to see ; pass* ; inipers. pass.> wenty. ant tmig, withe, n, to conquer, be ; your own way. do violence to, lUsbiiTtd incKS ; bravery, ■ttie. [vir.l f. in sing. , mo- vires, virium, ■] iivoid, evade. to live, i, lining, [vivo.] to call, invite, wish, will, be idj., u'ilUiuj, of Lntarii, orum, I, free-will, in- xsiire. pere., you. ini, to vow, to ry. art has already {inn,) been devastated by the enemy. Thev heard (perf.) that th.s part ha.i already been laid waste by the scljie^s^f ?Je 3. Caesar will pursue them with war. Caesar made-clear that he would pursue them with war and rava<,'e their lan ^'^^ ''^'^- Caesar wished to cross (.,•..- (Gtu;j;!:;):'::s? ts;,Sn '^:' <"^'" ^-> ^^ ^-'^'-^ the ships 5. Many things are necessary {u.sui) for repairing a fleet 6. He bids the lieutenants see-to {euro) the equinplng of a fleet 7. Caesar b.ds the ambassadors see that hostages are brought aftentlS)."" '""' °"' ^^^ "^^ -'^^ °f "o-"g to Britain (use ca«.a Ge^ltncHvir '^ ""'"' '° '°'' ^'" "^'^^^ <«''- «^-Z "- aU and Exercise 6. se iubeo). they build with impero t. of person of impero.) n (jni/ea) to It the -ships Review. par,l.) he „r,lare.l all ,„ assemble at llS wlTh'i'"" <"««,l'«»i™ beca„seh,h,ahearat,..h.^:L«yZil5T„"l£r;'ciirSS^ Exercise 7. (''See Chapter 1 and 2) pr:;^^ln!:?rr;i,S;s„'"ttirei^^r t^ rr-'^- ^-^ to see that a fleet (das.h) was bu It and fit7pl ^; "'"''''^^' '"^ lieutenants the assizes he sets out to the P u tae ber-^rl . l"''"'r>- ^^'^' h«Wi"g waste that part of the Ron a Provbc'e wh 'f '^.'^l "'^^^ ^^'^'''^ '^yi"f lilyricum. Having received the "uhSon ftl ^^T^^ ^f^^ been received into mirrender) and Invi. ,"0 , . ''^'I''*'-* ('^''' '^- ^«''»''«^ among them, he returns to the Joas (om maru!"\ ^t' '^"'"^^ «^'^^■^'^«'^ many ships built and old ones repS "'«'^"*"'«) ^here (uhi) he flnds 166 EXEKCISKS. Exercise 8. M^ee Chapter S, S and 4). Having ordered all the ships to assemble at Tortus Itius, he leads four legions against the Treveri, who were defying his authority (iiiipcrio non parere) and stirring up the Germans. Of this state there were two chiefs, Indutiomarus and Cingetorix. One of these, learning of Caesar's approach, surrenders to Caesar, and is received as a frientl {into friendship). The other, Indutiomarus, at first {prima) endeavored to resist (Dative) Caesar, gathering {per/, pass, participle) aW his (people) into the woods. But being frightened by Caesar's arrival, he offered to surrender uncon- ditionally, (said he was williug to entrust himself and hin fortunc.i to his honor (Jides). Nevertheless Caesar, after receiving hostages from Indutio- marus, made Cing, torix head of the Treveri (conciliated the chiefs of the T. to C); at which the former (iUe) was very indignant (bore i/rievously). Exercise 9. 1. The chieftains of the Treveri were not able to consult the interests of their states, so (itaqiie) looked out for themselves. 2. It was of great interest to Caessr that a friend should rule over (impero, with Dat. ) the Treveri. 3. Indutiomarus feared that all would desert him ( = hiinself). 4. Caesar feared that Indutiomarus would not be a friend (see F 181; x 4; P. "., 154). ^' ^' 5. Indutiomarus did not come to Caesar, in order that the state might be the more easily kept loyal (in officio). 6. What (plur.) is going on among the Treveri? Cingetorix will make known (ostendo) to Caesar what is going on. 7. I and all my (people) will be loyal, nor will we desert (dejicioab) the friendship of the Roman people. Exercise 10. ( See latter part of Chapter S), It-is-for-that-reason-that I am not leaving my friends and am unwilling to come to you. I wish to maintain the loyalty of my state and I fear lest the common people may slip. Consequently the state is at my disposal and I will, if you permit me (fut. indie), come to you in your camp and put myself and my state in your hands (entrust myself to your honor). Exercise 11. (See Chapter 6). 1. Caesar's legions had reached the harbor. 2. Fifty war-^hips built in the territories of the Meldae, had been driven back by storms and luid not {neque) been able to reach tiiis harbor. They returned to their starting point. -m BOOK V 167 e leads four The rest k^Jk'^lo-^S. S Slt^;;:: °^ ^"'^''^ ^"^ ^••'- ). -^e iea i,:;.au.. S. Dumnorix, the Aeduan, especially he wished to h , y 'le wisned to have aIonf,r with him. Exercise 12. C'^ee Chapter 6). 4. T,,„e „h„ ar. u„acc„,,„„ed ,„ .a|„,„ „„,^, ,^,„, ,^^ Cij «'"■« ^™ ■» -ai„ „„ „,, ,.„, „/„„, ,„^--^_^^ ^^^^^ i.st:Z°?''^°l° "prJ?!»'^^ "if G«"l ■■» being ,,.,„„, „, i:^, »r », ,H.^p ^--^, "^^^S-. J;,:;lr;i ■!: Exercise 13. ('«S'«e Chapter 7) D. i„ kU duty). """«'f '" "'».".»in-.he.l„yal„of D„,„„„rix (tap 6. When .he men (no, WV,) had embarked be lef, f, H -rer:::*-»---"--^^^^ Mn, and, wben be „LZ K'Siipfe^lrilL^^™"'"-' »"™™1«i 9- In the absence of Caesir n„ .o. I an, .eeand Z be!;:: aT:.;"'"' '" " ^ ^ ' »"« - Exercise 14. r'-^ee Chapter 8). '■ "; "'■" "■•» "•i"!!' (««= .•/"•<.), and lef, F. ,„ ;„ c.„, ^"rr'-~-'.o e «„„„„:;:'::;:„ „.„„,,., 168 KXKBCISES. 3. At day-break lie found out lliat he had left Hritain behind on the I'd. 4. Having been carried on too far by the wind and tide, the ships fol- lowed the change of tide and reached the island. 5. On this part of the island he had landed the summer before. 6. lie knew that these regions were excellent for landing. 7. The soldiers by not relaxing (perf. participle) their efforts (labor) reached the island by rowing the same day. 8. At noon the enemy saw Caesar's ships approaching and, panic- stricken, they left the shore for the woods. Exercise 15. (See Chapter 8). Purpose expressed by ut. 1. Labienus was left behind to guard the coast. 2. He left soldiers to provide corn. 3. They strove to reach the island. 4. We shall strive to equal the speed of the war-galleys. 5. We arc exerting ourselves to learn (f.oi/iionco) many things. ladireot Question. 6. What was being done in Gaul? Labienus saw what was being done. 7. What (sing.) has Caesar done (gero)? We learn what he did when he had crossed into Britain. 8. What had the enemy seen? They were frightened at what (those things which) they had seen. They told their chiefs what they had seen. 9. In what place have the enemy encamped ? (cansido, -sedi). 10. He ascertained in what place they hail encampetl.^ If- Exercise 16. (See Cfiupter 9). 1. Caesar landed his army and selected a site suitable for a camp. The army landed after 12 o'clock (noon). 2. I will leave ten cohorts and 300 cavalry as a guard for the camp. 3. Quiutus had been appointed in command of that part of his array which he was leaving at the sea. 4. After mooring the ships at anchor and appointing Atrius in command, he hastened in pursuit of the enemy's forces. nooK V. 169 on the I'll. le ships fol- re. "orts {labor) and, panic- being done, he (lid wiien what (those had seen. camp. The e camp, of his army in command, „^3"-'"8 -"--«I .nd joined ba.„e, ,h., „ere driv™ back ,„ ,he 10. Ihe enemy were driven fmm tu^ . "i.""nk receive.1 by our men. "" '''^ *""*■'■ «^ vvound having been Exercise 17. (''iee Chapter 10.) I. Next day soldiers were sent to pursue the enemy. stotmhtdiStTwrc'SfJes^r '^''''""' " ^^" ''^''^'^^ '^at a stat,^;^£:onhetrm^"^ "^ ^" ^''°-' ^— they could not with- veSen?e wfSuset"^ '"" ^^'^'''^^" ^^'^ --' "P on shore, ^eat incon- 5. Caesar writes (.cri,,o) to his lieutenants to send workn.en {faber.) Exercise 18. (See Chapter 11.) 2. There he found that about fortv shir». Kn,i k were badly damaged (affliyo). ^ ^ ^'^'^ *^«" ^«st and that the rest A. This wns nnt n r«otf /■ „ , «> Cglons. 4. This was not a matter of much difficulty. 4 .Ks;.r™,,?"n.: S"?;,:iLs^r" -""" "»■ "■■--■of which he had coDslracwJ. ' •"* '^ P'°'"' '!'= fortificalion been g.,» ■„ ,;^„.,„., a.ivdia»™^,'' Stftat^r.-^inxril-i';;; 170 BXKRCISBS. Iiorder-iipon [nttivgo) the Thames. Now (au^wi) between Cassivillaumi» .111(1 the other {ff/ii/tii) tribes there had hitherto Itcen unceasiii),' warfare. Our arrival however stirretl-iip {pfnnooeo) the Urituns to appointing him ({,'erundive) in charge of the whole war. Exercise 19. (See Chapters 1£, IS and 14). t. Those who have been bom in the island itself inhabit the interior ol Kiitain. 2. Those who inhabit the maritime district had their origin in the states if Belgium. 3. The Britons use gold, brass, iron, timber, (and) tin. 4. Of these some are found in the island, others are imported. 5. Those wlio inhabit Belgium are called Belgae. 6. They bring their ships to port at Kent. 7. lie has been called a friend. 8. The ships have been brought to port. 9. Caesar sailed westward and northward. 10. The natives, looking southward, saw Caesar approaching. u. Britain is half as large again as Ireland. 12. They call the island which lies midway between Britain and Ireland Mona. 13. The Kentish people (inhabitants of Kent) are very much like the Gauls, and mo.';t-of-them live on corn. Those-of-the-interior are more like the Germans, living (as they do) on milk and flesh. The woai/. with which they all stain their bodies, produces a dark blue color. In m' .,■ .h-.'V are of a horrible appearance and go {esse) wiiS flowing hair. Exercise 20. t; n i (See Chapters 15 and Iff). I, Our men, having advanced some distance {aliquantum itineris), ' 'iiged the enemy and drove them into the woods. ;„ A'^ui' however, the enemy rushed from the woods and made an i.'ri 1, ^'.n out "Trip. ^v i.;j . ar . .i.i to the rescue the first cohorts of two legions, but our men litmiat I. >{l:!ened by the ( . ;my's mode of fighting. 4. The efiemy, after killing a military tribune, broke through and fled. 5. In this battle the Britons would fall back a little way, leap from their harlots and fight on foot. nooK V. in w.reL;;;rel"""^''°" '"«^ -""^ -'-ve one another so that .he. Exercise 21. (Set Cffuipl^ 17). S- A greal number of them «-ere sUm Exercise 22. ^51!« Chapter 18) '• Caesar had ascertained their plans Tfn • unvun Clown ueneath 4- The cavalry was sent forwarH ,„^ »u i . "P- ^"'^ ^"^ '''«^ '^g'«"^ ^ere ordered to follow 5. The enemy coul.i not withstand the attack of the legions 6. Havng ,., ,He hanks they committed themselves to^:;. Exercise 23. (See Chapter 19), 2. With a few however he watchpH n,^ neighhonng (;>r. »,«„., j hj,,,". """''^^ '^e movements of the Romans from '• ;;:7™^^f ""^^-'^ -y 'h-gh these regions. in^;^^lSS!;^i^' Caesar wonid dire. ,. ^„,,, ,,, ^ ^^^^ ^^ ^_^^_^^_^^_ sidsT^VS.7^^^^"'^^ ^'^ ^--- ^- spreading (.-.. ,., ..^r the 17:? EXERCISES. 6. Caesar did not suffer his (men) to depart too far. 7. Having devastated the land and made fires he kept (rcllueo) his men in camp. 8. By these things we can injure the Britons most and no harm can be done us (it-camiot-be-harmed). Exercise 24. (See Chapter W). 1. Mandubratius came from the Trinobantes to Caesar on the continent. 2. He knew (iiUeUe(/o) that his own father, who had held the sovereignty, had been slain. 3. The Trinobantes, having sent envoys, surrender to Caesar. 4. We will surrender to you and do your bidding. 5. We asTc you to protect our young chief. 6. He who had been-at-the-head-of the state (praesum, with dat.) had been slain. 7. Caesar sent them (a man) to take charge (use Relative of Purpose). 8. He promised to send them (some one) to hold authority. Exercise 25. (See Chapter Zl). 1. Now that this state has been protected (use perf. participle and abl. abs.) the remaining (ones) will send embassies and surrender. 2. Not far distant is a town into which men and cattle will gatiier. 3. Impassable woods had been fortified by ramparts and trenches. 4. Thither they assemble for the purpose of avoiding Caesar. 5. When the enemy had rushed (se eicere) out of the town, many were slain. 6. Caesar, having tarried on the island a little while, returned {se recipere) to the continent. Exercise 26. (See Chapter SS). 1. Four kings preside over Kent. 2. These kings gathering an army suddenly assaulted the camp. 3. Caesar learne<-I that his (men) had made a rally and that many of the enemy had been slain. 4. Cassivellaunus heard that his territories had been ravaged. BOOK V. ueo) his men harm can bt; le continent, sovereignty, th dat.) had Purpose). pie and abl. ather. iches. many were (se recipere) np. many of the This battle had been reported to Cassivellaunus. 173 .uLen"" '""" ^'^' '"^ '^«"''^ -^•■y '!-« out the re.naining part of the 7. I enjoin upon you not to hurt n,y allies {socii). Exercise 27. (See Chapter 23) I. Having led his army to the naval camp, he launched ,h. ships. ^.2. Caesar carried back his soldiers and prisoners fron. Brhain in two 3- The shi|)s, after carrying over the fir>.f \r.i sent back) along with the Sve^ty Jhlps buiirby LahieTu.7 "'""""« <''^''"« deJin^ti:;r" '"'"'' ""^" ^'"^'''^ --y ^- -^ these reached (their, r.lr. ''^Zr^:^^!^^::^ -y»- (^«^«^) stowing his men was concluded Caesar's secondTar ^Jith the Briton^" '"' '^'"^ ^^^ Exercise 28. (See Cliapter S4) 2. This he was compelled to do by the scarcity of corn. 3- Quintus Cicero, brother of Mai-^.ic .k legion into the Nervil. '^"' ^'"- °''''»'o''' ^^s .ent with one 4. One legion, over which Sabinus and Cotta w.n- ;„ . ordered to wnuor among the Eburones. command, was 5. Along with this legion five other cohorts were stationed. Exercise 29. (See Chapter 25). geti J'' kingdom of the Carnutes had been restored by Caesar to Tas- 2. He was slain by his enemies in the third year of his reign. 3. This occurrence havinpf been renorfpH f,, r^^ u this state for-,he-purpose-of („,?) '^:^ ^;^^;^ ^^?^ -*" «iaycs or iasgctms (liiuse who had slain). '' -''i-prehcmnng the 174 EXEUCISB< Exercise 30. (Sei Chapters 26 ami %7). _ I. Within fifteen days a revolt broke out among the Ehurones at the instigation of the two chieftains (the two chiefinins being instigators). 2. Our men gained an advantage in a cavalry fight and the enemy with- drew from the camp. ' 3. Then the enemy said they wished to hold a conference and to settle the dispute. 4. In this conference Ambiorix said that he owed gratitude to Caesar, and ha,. ^ /-■ "■I. i.™. «,,.„1 „„ ,|,e „,„p',,",,nhe'?'„H,'" """' """■" "'•'"' "■»''» 6. For several days thereafter they held out. '' Exercise 35. (f^ee. Chapters 41.4s,) 176 BXKRCISES. 3. Cicero's reply having been received, they surrounded his camp with rampart and tiench and hoped that they would thus compel (co^o) him to surrender. 4. On the seventh day, they again attacked the camp and brought into action towers, pent-houses and scaling ladders (use only one verb). 5. But so great was the valour of our men that on this day also the enemy were repulsed, many of (=out of) their number being wounded and slain. Exercise 36. „ (See Chapters 45-48.) 1. Several messengers having been sent in vain, a slave, who was a Gaul, brought a letter to Caesar. 2. Caesar, learning of Cicero'g danger, immediately sends messengers to Craasus, Fabius and Labienus »nd bids them come with their legions to Cicero's camp. ■\. Crassus and Fabius do as they were ordered, but Labienus sends a letter in which he describes ( prcucriho) his own danger and says he cannot {7iego) leave his winter camp. 4. Caesar, with the two legions which he had received from Crassus and Fabius, hastens by forced marches into the territories ot the Nervii. 5. A Gallic horseman takes a letter from Caesar to Cicero but fearing the Nervii, throws it tied to a spear, into the camp. 6. The spear stuck to a tower and the letter was not observed before the third day. 7. Cicero calling a meeting of the soldiers, reads (rfcitu) the leti;r and great is the joy of all when Caesar's approach is learned. Exercise 37. (See Chapters 49-52.) 1. Cicero asks from Vertico the man who brought the letter to Caesar's camp. 2. Give me a soldier whom I may send with this letter. 3. At midnight the letter was brought to Caesar and he hastened to set out towaids the enemy. 4. The place where lie encamped was as favorable as possible, but the camp which he fortified was as contracted as poisible. 5. The valleys can easily be crossed by this route. 6. Caesar the next day, by a pretence of fear, enticed the enemy to t)attle in front of the c;uiip in a most unfavoral ic place, 7. Some were tearing down the rampart with their hands, some were filling up the ditches. BOOK V. 177 °- I^iil Caesar orvlered a s.illv f,> K, i , 9. The e,K.n,y did not e Vn, '""^ ""^ '"''''''^ '^ "^- ^ >«-• (occ-ulo). -^^^'^^ ^"d lar,.e numbers of then, were cut down Zeroise 38, ^-See Chapters 5S-55.) 4- Some of the Gauls were helH .„ ft, • ,, . ■some by advice, but nearly all fht^states w/ '^"'"'^^ ''>' '"'""illation and Q/ mstnciun to). ^ ""^ ^''^'^^ ^^re suspected by Caesar (oCyS 5. Indutiomarus all this winff.r i f was not however (use noque) able to SsuSTk'" '''■'' "P '^« ^^^^ns, but 6. Many Gauls, however he Zc ' \''" ''"V';!"^ '« '^''«'^^ 'he Rhine. his standard ^conurro ad{ '"''' '" ^'^''' «^> -^"-"f.' to flock to Exercise 39. (See Chapters 56-58.) I. Indutiomarus, callinf in n,„ i ordered a sally a„d |„ ,„„, ^„ ],^ ^i^fj*" "'Vf^Mo» o/ /ear) „„Ue„l" .ii/per^TSitf S; ;;:,r™,«»" '■^''"-- «ho „aa a»c,„b,.d, liXERCISES IN RE-TRANSLATION BASED ON BOOK VI. Exercise 1. (See Chapter 1.) I. A greater disturbance was expected by Caesar. SextiiS ^^^^ "^^" ^"^^ '^'""^^ ^^* lieutenants, Silanus, Reginus, and 3- The pro-consul, Pompeius, who was remaining near the city with his troops had raised soldiers in Cisalpine Gaul. ^ ask;d k'!''^ ^^ ""'^^'^^ '° ^^ °"' ^° ^^^''"" ^^'^^"'^ <9"^) ^^^"" ''^'l 5. Great now (tar«) appeared the resources of the Romans, and the loss ol the previous (prtor) war was soon repaired. 6. This was granted by Pompey to Caesar. 7- What loss had been sustained at that time ? .1\ T'^^Vu^^u """T ^''t^'^^. ^^^'^•' ^""^ «^""bled the number of the cohorts that had been lost by Titurius. Exercise 2. n: (See Chaptern M.) Abl. Absol. 1. The leader of the Treveri had been slain by Labienus. Their leader hav.ng been sla.n, the Treveri conferred the command upon his kinsmeS' 2. Having tempted the nearest Germans, they were unable to stir them up. 3. After attaching Ambiorix to themselves, they prepared for war. (impeS^'r^f war.^"™^ ^"^ ^'^'' ''^'"^ ""^' ^^^"^^ began-to-think Acc. with Infln. 5. Caesar learned that the command had been delegated to the relatives of Indutiomarus, that the Germans were being tempted, and that the Nerva were preparing war. his^commid.^""''"'' ^*'^ """^^' """^' ^""^ ^'^ "°' ''°™"^ in-response-to 178 hOOK VI. 179 iber of the response-to , 7. War has been '-•lesar. Gerundive. ■repared by Caesar. War h^, , u Exercise 3. , vv (^ee Chapters.) Exercise 4. (See Chapter 4 ) ^•Cae.r.sarr.a,.a.tr;:^^°^P^- , 2. The Senones tried to .. h ^'"^ ^''-■"■""'• 'hem before they cou'u'd'^sf ^*^^^ '"'° ^^^ town, but Caesar was uoon ■3 Tha T upon f; ;"'■'*'""-•-•"--. -™.c,«„.,. Exercise 5. (See Chapter 4 ) 180 EXKR( ISKS. 3. These nnil)sns;i(lois arc to be guarded. 4. I hand them over to you to he guarded. 5. Soldiers were sent for the purpose of j^uariliup; the liostages. Utor. 6. Caesar used (jallic horse-soldiers. 7. The Gauls employed excuse-making. Exercise 6. (fiee Vhapti-r 5.) 1. Cavarinus set out with him. lie ordered t lie army to set out with him. 2. I have settled these things, and I am positive the enemy will not «engage in battle. 3. Marshes and woods protected (mnmo) the Menapii. 4. There is friendship between you and me. 5. This support (aiut'iHum) must he taken away from And)iorix. (What case does detraho govern ?) 6. I Laving taken away these supports, I will assail (laci'Mo) thu chieftain himself. 7. Ambiorix will despair-of safety and hide among the dermans. 8. This plan has been entered upon. All the baggage has been sent. 9. Two legions have been ordered to proceed to Labieims, 10. Five lightly equipped legions set out with C'aesar himself against the enemy. Two meanings of COgO, 11. The Menapii were compelled to take refuge in the woods. 12. No force (manus) had been collected by them. Exercise 7. (See Chapter 6.) 1. Caesar divided up his forces with his lieutenants. 2. Bridges were quickly built (('.(ficia) and vill.ages were bvirnt. 3. The Menapii were compelled to send ambassadors concerning peace. What verbs are like utor ? 4. Caesar gained possession of many vill.iges. 5. The soldiers, having gained possession of the bridge, set fire to the l.Hiildings. fiOOK V!. riling peace. t fire to the 181 tot^X'-lSS'"^''- '^^'"^'^^'^^ C-"»-. '-d set out into .l.e .erri- Exercise 8. (Sm Chapter 7.) Vivid present with Dum. was doing these th '"gs. tl „. Treveri gathered large I. While Caesar lorces. '■ ''^'"'^ ""^ ''"^^" "'-« P'-eparing war. Caesar overcame the M ^ 3- the enemy attackpH in^ ■ w , "^"-«"le the Meiiapn. Caesar, were co^ingl"'"' ^"""'''^^^ ^^bienus. Two legions, .ent hy , r. , ^^^ "^th Infln. 4. Caesar learnt that laree forces h^^ 1 . , . ^ lorces had been jrithered hv tV,^ t 5- Lahienus had learnt that the C,..! , , ^ ^^^'''■'• Germans. '^^^ Gauls would pitch camp and await the 6. There will be no opportunity of fi„i,f 7. I Lope Cesar wi„ cLl '''''■'■"«■"•'"'"-'■'■«■■=- 8. The G,„U ,|,„„,^, ,„„ ^,,.^_^^ ^^^^__ ^^^ 9. I w,ll move e.,mp earl, ,„.„„„„„ „„„, , 'O. S„„e or ,he Gau„ i„ Ub,V,„„. „., ra.o.ed ,he en,., c.^'pa^'JI^S"'" '*^-»' '-'- ««'^ .h« Labien.. hI,' bro^e„..p Exercise 9. (See Chapter 8.) ■i,eir bl-^r""" '"' »'■»-« »"' -,her „o, ,o ,e. ,he R„„,„. „, ,.„, „, cri:,;^ l:-,'"" ""•■■' «"«'• »01. s™.,, force,/ ^„ „, ,„„,,^. ,^ 4. Lal,ie,„„ „„p,„„, ,^„ ,,^ ^^^,^ ^^^^ ^^ 5- 'ne Roman soldiers displaved frrA,^ . "i>g on in person. ^ '^"^ S"^"^' ^^'«'- and :.,agined that Caesar 6. .Slandards havi was stationed lins 182 EXKKCISES. Exercise 10. Pres. Participle- Perf. Pass. Participle Deponent Perf. Participle. 1. Many Gauls, while seekiii},' the woods, were slain by Roman soldieis. 2. The Gauls, havinj^ s(juy;ht the woods, heard that the Germans !>fad betaken themselves home. 3. A few were captured. The Romans pursued (conaector) the ic- mainder. 4. Ilavinj^ captured a larjje number and pursued the remainder they returned {ne recipere) into camp. 5. He learned that some Gauls hid accompanied (comitor) the Germans. 6. The Gauls, accompanying '(perf. part.) the Germans, crossed the river into Germany. Exercise 11. {See Chapter 9.) Cum, Postquam, Ubi, and Perf. Participle. 1. When Caesar had come into the Treveri (use cum). 2. When he had crossed the Rhine (use pontquam), 3. Afier sending reinforcements, they received Ambiorix to themselves, ( (a) perf. participle, (b) cum, (c) pottquam). 4. When they saw Caesar coming (use ubi ; see previous chapter). 5. Having determined on these things (translate in three ways). 6. Having led his army over, he built a bridge. 7. When the bridge had been completed by the soldiers, a strong guard was left. 8. No disturbance having arisen, he advanced into Germany. Exercise 12. '(See Cha27ter9.) *'purgandi .wi causa ad e.um leijatos m'tttnnt, qui doceanc. ' 1. These are the ambassadors who inform (doceo) Caesar. 2. Ambassadors were sent to inform Caesar ((a) with cauad, (b) with ad, (c) with qui), 3. Ambassadors came to clear themselves ( (a) with nd, (b) with qui). 4. Caesar sent (men) to enquire the way into the Suebi. BOOK VI. 183 S. The apology (,a«.^^,.^, Exercise 13. I Th. 5 .• ^''^^''- ^^m>'r to.) ^™. - J^hS^SS;-'^,^-^;»-- ...» .„„„. 6 «■ wing cattle '.Hng,,;i'r ^'"''^"' ^'"' P-P- secu'ence of tense, I ., • 8- He i„.,™„ed ^, 3, ','""' '" ^» '«"6 ">= Suebi. 9- Wh« ,h|„g, „, bei„~ H ' Question. Exercise 14. AlltheSuebi after. /''"'"''""'^'"''•^ -^"a ^r i -£rT- =- '^^ 'J; ^ •- '^- .a. protects the Suehi f^^ ■ ^^ ^^^tm. This exi.-n r "^*-'"" lerritories -S.ebUa-r=,S.;;.-Vbe^^„|JS--™--;™.^^ Exercise 15. r r„ t. . ^'^'^* Chapters 11 and 12 j '• In what do these naf; ■• •>' 184 BXK.ncisES 3. Several battles h.id been fouKbt ai.d all the nobility hml been slain. 4. The Aeilui gave iio aj^es and were compelled to take an oath in the name of tiu- state. 5. The hostages have been given back and the old dependencies restomd. Exercise 16. (See Chaptn-H IS and 14.) , 1. In Gaul the common people are of no .iccount. 2. Debt and immense taxes oppress them. 3. The I>ruids are iiighly respuxled .-imong the Gauls. 4. If any one wishes to learn the Druids' system of training, it must l)t learnt in Britain. ; 5. In learnin;^ verses, the Druids relied ori their memory and did not use written characters. 6- Our sou! does not perish aiter death. Exercise 17. (See Chapters msn.) 1. The Druids hand down learning to the young ; the Knights are at the head of the factions. 2. The (iauls worship the same gods, for the most part, as the Romans, 3. They sacrifice animals and human beings. 4. An account is kept of all moneys between husbaml and wife. 5. In the funerals of their greater (aitijtlior) men, slaves, clients and ani- mals specially loved, used to he burned along with their masters. 6. If anyone has heard {ardino) anything regarding the public weal, he lays it before the magistrates. Exercise 18. (See Chapters ei-SS.) 1. Those who have charge of (praesum) divine matters are Druids. 2. Caesar has many lieutenants to officer his army (use a qui clause). 3. The Germans used to devote themselves to war from Iwyhood, 4. The races and family groups slay ni one place only for one year : me year after, they go to another place (use an .iilverli). len shin, oath in t lil- ies restonnl. , it must lie 1 liid not use Its arc at the the Romans, iff. ents and ani- rs. blic weal, he Druids. r clause). y'hood. ne year : iiiu BOOK Vf. tTlz::;:.!"""- -m^..,...,. 186 6 •,., , ""'■ \"j"-r(t) tor (his. Exercise 19. (<-"^n,,ter(,S8m(lS4.) 3. A leader is chosen to take charee of »», 4. Magistrates are chosen ,o ,h " "'"" <""' ^ ''"• «^'""«e). 5-"H.anda,eisnon,::: r:;r^^^'''^'""^^"^-^^^^^^^^^^^ 6. The Gauls formerly i^Uea^ ''""°"*''^' "" '^^™«"«- 'y (-'^ea) surpassed the Gern.ans i„ bravery. Exercise 20. (Chapters SS-SS. ) 1. Gaul starts at the Pyrenee* in ■ 2. There is no one whi i ^ Tr."""''"^ ^"' '^'^'^'^ ^° "'e Rhine «««o e..= ,. ,,, "- v.s.ted ,he he,innin, of „.. forest i,ni Z 3. Many kinds of wild bea-s nr^ nr , . • ^4. Of these the followin,/ J ^ " " "" ^"'■^^'• the elk. the wild ox. """^ "^^ '^ «- that Caesar mentions : the reindeer S- The elk is like the .rmf in i ' 6. I. nav„ „„ down .;,""; ';" ~'"' ""' ^» » »">. U,,„. 7. A tree is its couch j aeainst ,> ,> i 10. Those who kill a wJlH « . ■ Purpose) and gain great praTse °" '^""^ *« horns as a proof m- - 11. Men cnno, ,„„e Ihese, even «-hen r,„u, ■ •'■ Thejusethehon,,., dnnHn^C """"■ 186 UXERClSEd. Exercise 21. (See Chapters S9-SS.J Cum and Postquam. 1. When {cum) the Suebi had betaken themselves f;ir into the woods, Caesar did not advance, but led back his army and broke down the far end of his bridge. 2. When (postquavi) he had broken down the bridge and left a garrison in a tower which he had constructeti, he set out for the purpose of pursuing Ambiorix. 3. Basilus, having been sent forward with the cavalry, almost (paene) captured Ambiorix, who escaped while his companions were fighting (use pres. part.) and afterwards ordered his men to look out for themselves. 4. Catuvolcus, king of half the El)urones, poisoned himself. 5. Ambassadors came from; two German tribes to entreat Caesar not to wage war upon them (express " to entreat " in five different ways). 6. We had no intention of war (nihil cogitare de) ; and sent no aid to Ambiorix. 7. If you bring back to me (fut. perf. ind. ) those who assembled among (aa) you, I will not interfere with your territories. 8. The fourteenth legion was left as protection to the town of Aduatuca, and over this legion Quintus Cicero was put in command. Exercise 22. (See Chapter SS.) Having left Cicero with the fourteenth legion in the camp near Aduatuca, he divided his army and gave orders (impero) to Lahienus to proceed to the Menapii and to Trebonius to proceed to the Aduotuci. These regions were to be laid waste by the two lieutenants. He himself set out to the Scheldt, whither Ambiorix had gone. He said he would be back in seven days and ordered the two lieutenants to return by the same date if possible. Exercise 23. (S e Chapter S4- ) [eonnido) in hid- 1. No town defended itself. The Gauls had encampe den glens, or woody places or obstructed marshes. 2. He did not wish to divide {diduco) his soldiers and could not take (duco) them in a closely packed body through these impassable places. All the neighboring Gauls therefore {itaqiie) were called out for the purpose ot (caiuid and gerund) plundering the Eburones and wiping out (tollo) the state. IS. the woods, 1 the far end ft a garrison of pursuing ost (paene) fighting (use (iselves. f ( BOOK VI. Exercise 24. 187 (See Chapter 35.) ^J^Jo. .uch can fortune ( ,o) i„ ..P What accidents does .h. '^ro\.&S^t?ufof1:^:r^^ --"^ (^-o) in war and what accidents she 3. The Suga^bri ca.e fro. Germany to plunder the El,u.ones 4. After ravaging the territories of thes^ th , 5. H.re they learn that Caelh '""''" ""'"'^'"^" I'agpge of his army has been S^"^\LT '° '" '''■^'^"'^'-'. 'hat all the w.th a small garrison. ^ ^ "" ^^^ '°^»' ^nd that Cicero is there aesar not to 'ays). nt no aid to ibled among if Aduatuca, ir Aduatuca, ) proceed to dese regions t out to the ack in seven i if possible. lido) in hid- ild not take places. All e purpose of t (tollo) the Exercise 25. (See Chapters S6-.t9.) I. Cicero had been ordered h^, r^ - e camp. But on the^fve^tlX ^"s °t''^ 7 '", ^"« '^ '^- («•'/-*-) "g fields o get corn, leaving (perf narT\ n^,? I"""'' '"'^ "'e neighhcr' cohorts behmd. ^ 'P^"' P^"-) ""'X a few sick men and five £rp::,Zto^^^^^^ therlwe^: nSw'S: be\w "^ ^t" "^^ (aU,,ua,Uun. t|;e^Sug.,„bn came along ^^Ueroen^,, ^^^-'^^^^^^^^^^^ 3. With difficulty the few Roman soldiers defended the camp 4- Baculus, a centurion of the firsf mnU r ^' the camp, rusi,ed out of hi?tem anC Mb ' ''"^ ""^ ^"•^* '^e sick men left in He perished, covered with wounds bu "^' "£ "™^' ^'««^ "' 'he ^^"tewa; was saved. ^"""«^S' hut by his courage (virtus) the camp Exercise 26. ^-Sfes (7Aapfer 39. ) Dependent Question. ... . ' — — xiu v^uesLion. 188 EXKKCISES. Exercise 27. (See Chapter 47.) 1. On the first ni{;ht after the Germans, despairing of storminir the cami), had returned across the Rliine into Germany, C. Voiusenus came to the camp with Caesar s cavalry. 2. Cicero's soldiers had thought that the forces of Caesar were destroyed to a man, or that the cavalry alone had escaped {effiucjio). 3. This fear was removed by Caesar's arrival next (proximus) day. Exercise 28. (See Chapter 4S.) 1. Caesar again set out to harass the enemy (translate in four ways). 2. All the corn having been consumed or beaten down (ad/lino) by rains the forces of Ambiorix were perishing from utter destitution (say "lack of all tlnngs. ) ■' 3. Ambiorix himself however was eludmg pursuit (se eripere). 4. At last Caesar leading back his army, held an enquiry regardintr the conspiracy, and inflicted the extreme penalty upon Acco {mpplicium ./ravi^si- mum sumere de). •' 5. Leaving two legions among the Treveri, two among the Lin^ones and SIX at Agedmcum among the Senones, he set out to Italy to hold court (translate the last phrase in six ways). " storming the cami), usenus came to the lesar were destroyed '•oximtis) day. i in four ways). n (adfligc) by rains, ution (say "lack of eripere). qiiiry regarding the mpplicmm (jravind- long the Lingones, It to Italy to hold lenwich \S'' Map No. 4, ^i CAMPAIGNS OF / B.C. 55 and 54. S OF J Long. East *' t i 4 , . k [ I If. ■ I? ikl ' f