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■♦
0,'srr- .Tss— "*
CAESAR
From a Bust in thb Mlskum ui' tuk Ldivre.
I.NTl
('l-.\
ffilasoicil %txt giool! Scvics.
CAESAR'S
BHLLUM GALLICUM,
(BOOKS V. & \'J.)
WITH
IN TkANSI.ATK.N SlITAliKK KOR liKOINXKHS. AXl) A SEKIES
OF KXEUCISES FOR RETRANSLATIOX
FOK THE I SK OK
•l-ASSKS IIKADINO FOR DEl'AliTMKNTAL AND UNIVKIJSITV
EXAMINATIONS
BY
JOHN HENDERSON, MA.,
I1K.U> .MASTKH, ST. CATIIAHINKS LUI.I.KOIATK IXsTlTirTK,
AND
E. W. HAGAllTY, B.A..
.LASMUAl. MASTKK, MA1<H<MU. STHKKT COLLEfllATK lN.STirrTK, T.,RONTO
I.ATK FKI,LOW l.Y < on.TKSY, ..OUXS IlOl'Kl.NS f.MV., BALTIMORK. '
TORONTO:
TriK COPP, CLARK CY)MPANY, LIMITED,
!• KHONT STKKET AVE.ST.
. /
l\4
Entered acoordinif to Act of the Parliuiiifiit, of Canoda, in the year one thousand
cijrht hmidr d and ninety-four, l).v TUK COI'P, OLARK CO., Limited, Toronto,
Ontario, in the t)tlice of the MinisliT of Atfrirultiirc.
PREFACE.
one thouMnd
iiTBD, Toronto,
n„s e,l„„,„ „f n„„U V. „„l V,. „f CacaHs Gallic War Jiffer, ,„
'"""r'7' " ""-"■ -''""'» '•< Cacar, Exorcises .lo.i.J „
-nnocc, ,„,„, i„ ,,„;„ „„„ ,„,„„,. . , ^,^^,^^^^,^ .
.- .caches „.„„ „,,„ , „,,„ ,„.,,„,„ „, ^ ,. . ;" .
"con p,u ,„ w„h a view .„ a ,i„, ,„a. in.ccs, i„ ,„c ,1"
properly. It is Impel tl,,« Ihis clilim, „m t
'"■i'^^» '"e Koviv r Classical l:::^::^ """
our schools. '^■"'>' '"•'«"" '"
Toronto, Januaiy, 1X94.
J. H.
K. \V. II.
LIFE OF CAESAR.
Caius Julius Caesar" u..= i
^^•^•- '--^ Hcwa tlL " '"" °" '''' '^^'^ of July, «..„„.
and Pon>pey. His fam y '"V;'?^"" ^'^^^" ^■--
--^t'>e oldest, b.::^i,f::/^;;-s -.. ,ne,-eiy..^,.,.
of the patncian fanuiios of tZ V"^ '""^^ '"^^Pected
^--nt to lulus, son of Aeneas';'';;''' '' '''''''' '^^
cla.med to be of divine orll' T\ "' "'''°"^'h Venns
'ts members many who distin^ u , ^""^''^^^^^ aniong
service of the state. ^''^^'"«^"'shed themselves in the
Little is known of Caesir'« f .u
at some time or other the' offi'/^'^^' '^'''' ^'^ '^^^ Ca.sar'»
ci,ed suddenly at Pisa. Be sf n ^""'''"' ''"^^' '^'^^ he"^"'^'"--
Caesar seems to have boon^Hi . , ^^"^ation of younjr
^'-•//.. who was " w man *"?; ''"^'^ ''^ '^'^ -'^^er
!-Hever in the noble dl fnv of 1 ^^ '' ''^"''^■"" ''"^^ ^ fi""
'"^^ -cordin, to the Sh on' ;;:: , '''' ^^'^ ^^in-
accjiunng a knowledge of numhl '-■' ^""^i^t^'^l in
'" P-ctisin,. physical exerc s^s t '"• ""'"''^'■' "^"^i^'' -^1
!!!!!!::^^clerable time to^erse "L^-^IT "''^ '" ^^^
offices. w,u, observe,! i„ Cu.s.r's?! n '•" '•'''^'••" ™>'''nu,l,l .^.h, n
;i'me.stor.l,ip b,foro he «as i, , ^ . '' '"" '"^^ "" "-"^^ <"ul,l h„ M
^- n. ...0 eo.,.„..i,. :;;:;; ;t^2:;;^'7 «^^ "■<• .'-'i :
«"Honi,,sai,;,;,,,::.j;:;;;;'--...nbis,„.,;;,^
as8a,sHinat...l. ' •'^•«'"- «iis r,(i .vearH of ,.„, ' ,, " '''
U««c(, ., //.Tcuiw and O.i- '"^
VI
LIl'K ul' CAKSAK.
llclatal til
MariuK.
IS'iriithrd to
C us lit ill.
Mil rriox
I 'iiriw'.la.
(liicx 111 the
h'li.it ami
jiml cam-
paii/n.
lielunis
home.
Tactic» o/
Cdi'sar.
CiimiiiisHiiin
OJ thi'
fknate.
His ;uint Julia was nianicd to C. Mariiis. To this
relationship may be ascribed the fact that Caesar at the
early aye of 14 was appointed to the ofiice of priest of
Jove {Jlanwn dialis), by virtue of which he was a member
of the sacred college and received a handsome income.
We may also ascribe to his connection with Marius the
bent of his political opinions. Caesar after the death of
the gieat dictator led the popular or democratic party as
opposed Uy the senatorial or aristocratic.
He was at first betrothed to Cossutia, a wealthy heiress,
but he broke off the engagement on the death of his father!
'n the following year (83 B.C.), he married Cornelia,
daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna, the leader of the popular
party and the avowed opponent of Sylla. ' This union was
displeasing to Sylla, who ordered Caesar to divorce Cor-
nelia. This Caesar refused to do. Through the interces-
sion of Aurelius Cotta, Caesar was at length pardoned.
In consequence of having thwarted the will of Sylla
Caesar incurred his enmity and found it unsafe to remain
at Rome. He went to the East, and served his first cam-
paign under M. Minucius Thermus. He seems to have
remained in the East for about four years, distinguishing
himself for personal bravery at the siege of Mitylenc and
in the war against the Cilician pirates. On the report of
Sylla's death, 78 15 C, he came home.
The tactics that Caesar adopted at this time to further
the interests of his party showed his consummate skill as
a political leader. The Roman Senate had become
utterly powerless to deal with the duty of administering
properly the government. The lower classes filled with
turbulent crowds the cities, m consequence of the free
labour of the Italian provincials being in a great measure
supplanted by that of slaves. Ever since the days of the
Grarchi opposed to this democratic element was the Sen-
ate, conservative in its nature, being composed of men
whoae interests were likely to suffer if the democratic
element should ijet any power in the state. In the mid-
i
■i. To this
icsar at the
of priest of
i a member
ne income.
Mariiis the
he ciealli of
tic party as
thy heiress,
f his father.
I Cornelia,
he popular
'< union was
vorce Cor-
le interces-
rdoned.
II of Sylla
to remain
1 first cam-
is to have
inyiiishing
tylcne and
e report of
to further
ite skill as
i become
linistering
filled with
f the free
t measure
ays of the
3 the Scn-
:(I of men
emocratic
1 the mid-
LIFE Ol-' CAESAU.
vii
way between these two forces we h-no fU , - ,
led by such men is (V- ^^^ h'^^e the wealtny class r^. /Ar.«
y sucn men as Crassus, without any aristocratic ^;."'''»''*'"
, "" ""■ """»'"« "f >'ily p.liticians „I,„ by ^"u
.1 ^•'-•Mor extortion. Thou-h Caes-ir In^f «'"'
hese causes, he really gained a triumph, Lee repr<,v"d^''''''""'-
the utter corruption of the courts which ^vere filled I he
Senatorial faction. To improve his style in or.to v he
m< cussa (now J^en;mo>), one of the Sporades He w-.s^'"'"''^'-
ated, have them crucified Thi« fi, . ". ^^nen libcr-
™...c ,„„,. ,.,„„„, ';:"^,„'j;;:, i,'r: „ ifr:;;:*
flee, cn,„„rocl ,he,„, „,„l b„„,«lu ,l,c,„ ,„ It m
he Consulship „f p,„„,„^, ,„j <,, J^^,, ^ ■'■^. I - W h „ ,
a been ,„,„,„„„,, „^. ,.,^.,„,.,^ ,„o H»,,,,'',!;, f™--
,'l ,'" '"""""'• ■■""' ''>■ 'emodelling the Senile
I.o,h |.,„,,„ey .,„, Caesar s„p„„,,„, .hese'refonns Tn
68 ac, Caes»r bcean.e ,.„„,,„, „„, ,,, ,,„„^. ^^ „_,%.«^
VIU
LIFJi OK CAKSAK.
Marritt
I'onipria
B.C. 67.
Elected
mnilc
aeilUf.
Cdcuar
I (iiitifex
maxiinua.
Elected
praetor.
Office he was entitled to a seat i.. the -enatc 11. v .
soon after his election with Antisti.. W ^huo s":
and too up his residence at Cor,u,u (now CW '
One of the clnef duties of the quaestor was to attend tl.
prov.ncal assi.es (...../..), and settle the disput
arose between provincials. In this office he d." p la e
m nv 1 '^ «'-,—• His popularity gained for hin.
m > c e.ents who, ,n after days, flocked to h,s stan-
aaicl at ihe batt e o^ MnnHi i* i ■
.■.a. I,e 1,« „i. ,vifc C„,„e"t "" "'"""■' '"'^ >•'"'
al.o showed hi. devotion otht " ^?""''- "'^
ui,vouon to the memory of Mariii<; h,.
ausn.g the trophies of that great commande , w i , hS
SHE :~-^-tx'^,d
Cat.hne, .aesar became /.;;/,/.,- ,„a,,;„us. On the Ll
of the conspirators, Caesar advocated the uenahv f
petual banislunent, while Cato a voc uTd t rd -.'
P-;,ty. Subsequent events proved th^^IeL' w!^
c. He wont
' into Spain,
w Cord(,v<i).
attend the
iisputes that
displayed a
ntrast to ilie
incd for hini
to his stan-
ig this year
, in the fol-
icluded for
eight of his
le Gabinian
nan fleet to
pirates who
ccessful in
/^'. While
as well as
le gave to
J lace. He
Marius by
which had
' a veteran,
of Canipi
uld recall
! deliverer
ghts. In
ipiiacy of
1 the trial
ty of per-
le death
:sar was
wliile in
late. On
LIFJi OK (.AKSAK.
f
■I
res.i;„n,K the ufhcx-, he went as pro/>rar^,, ,,. s, ' ,
he nianagcd to gain money enough ^ lr\ '''""' ''''"" '7""'"'"-
clebts. On his return hi^^°''^'"^'^""''»'H.s''-^-^>«'".
t- rt-turn, he united with P,^,„
C.assus to fortn the coalition called the ^L^7'' ""'
i c.,,.^ .ay be said to have been ^Z^:;Z:l^^-
next year CaesarTrcUluf ^ r S^^^^^^^^ ^" ^'^^cw
union, Pompey married Julia Cwu'/h , '"' *'>'-"'' ''•^•
his Consulship he brouldu up "vl '''?'''"'• ^^"•'"^-^""^
- bill fbr the division c^Jl^^l"''^™^'^^^^'^'^^''^^:::.^
Before laving down his cL I """"^^ '^^ P'^»?'^ T'^'"'' ''"
„^^^ ; ?... " "'s Consulship he n.-.,^, i :, '"'"pey.
IX
Before laving down his Cnn > , • """"""^^ ^^^ P'^^P'^^
passageofabil,bvTvhih,?e"r '^ ""' P-cured the ^ "'"-
with proconsular p-::erovehCa;rrd'n;"'^^^'^ ^^^^\--»
r vti tne oauls and Illyricum. ^""'•
GALLIC CAMPAIGNS
<lmvc back the Helve, ivli '"''^ ''"»" -^»'»'')
i'>»ti«a.io„ „f „,e ..'rve™ anrf s '""".f "«• "'■" ••" the
'o .ake .hei. pa,, a«a,„s, IhT'edu?""' '■°'' '*'" '""'="
The nest campak-n was rhi.fl ".'"""• ""'■'»•.
"-"ever, he „„,; pa", / itj I'"'' "">-", which, «e. .,.
LIFE OF CAKSAR.
n c. 61
B.C. so.
the fall of Alcsia, the power of the Gauls was crushed for
ever.
In his eighth campaiKn, he was coniDlete master of
(-lul, having reduced the trijjes one after anotlier to sub-
jection.
The last campaign is uneventful. He remained in
Cisalpme Caul, and returned to Transalpine (;aul for a
short tune m the summer to review his troops.
QUARREL WITH POMPEY.
::^/^'^.w„ ^^"--'"^ ^^^s^^r's absence in (iaul, Crassus was slain at
wusinaaul. ^'^ battle of Carrhae, J5. C. 53. Tliis really broke up the
Tnumviratc. Pompey began to view Caesar's career
with distrust and alarm. He entered intc a league with
the aristocracy and the Senate. A demand was linaliy
passed by the Senate that Caesar should disband his
legions. This Caesar refused to do, unless Pompey fol-
lowed the same course. Finally a decree " that the Con-
suls should provide that the State sliould receive no hurt "
was passed. This order was eciuivalent to a declaration
of war, and was regarded as such by Caesar.
With one legion he crossed the Rubicon, the boundary
between Caul and Italy. Soon Italy came over to his
side. Pompey and the party of the Senate fled to Greece
Caesar marched to Spain, defeated the party of Pompey
at //ercia, and took Massilia in Southern Gaul.
Caesar then prepared to follow Pompey. For some
time both armies encamped on the Apsus in Illyricum
Finally the decisive battle was fougl.r Au.-ust yth h C
Phar^alia. 48, at PharsaUa. Though Caesar's ^ora-^u- bu't one'
half the number of those of Pompey, ,:h,: .upcnur general-
ship and the courage of despair won the dav, and Pom-
pey s troops were completely routed. Pompey fled to
Egypt where he was treacherously huirdered by an emis-
sary of the king. Caesar followed and became involved
Caemir
c/7i,s-,sv,s the
Rubicon.
B.C. US.
■'.ps,;>
in difficulties in settling the succession to the throne
Soon after he crushed the Pompeian party at the battle
Of nc>/>.us, in Africa, 46 B.C. Caesar was now the master
mi^
IS crushed for
:te master of
ujther to sub-
remained in
e Gaul for a
s.
was slain at
broke up the
.'sar's career
L leaj,aie w itli
I was finally
disband his
Pnmpey fol-
lat the Con-
iveno hurt,"
declaration
le boundary
over to his
1 to (Jreece.
of Ponipey
For some
1 Illyricum.
^ yth, B.C.
but one-
ur jjeneral-
, and Pom-
'ey fled to
ly an cmis-
e involved
none.
the battle
the master
"f the Roman wml.l ii
'>!'Ponents. He relorn i ., ^ ^'-"^'^''' '"""esty to his
■-any -ef„, .n^J.':" ^^ ' ^ ^.^n'? """ """""=«'
State. '^ inteinal economy of the
totally defeated it. T],e Sonni"" "'^';''"^''' '''"f' at Afu,n/a MunUa.
an the offices of Stat- u , ','" 7"' "" '^-^-^-.^^h
was centered in one man. " '"' "'"^^" ''^"^'^«'"ity
A conspiracy, headed bv Brut,,. . , r-
formed against him. Thev L "^ ^'"'"'"^' "'^^
taken patriotic n,otives, and n ^1^"''"' '"'"'^^ '^>' -'-
;;-';-.ed. CaesarfeHMlr/h-^i'Bc"'^'^'''^'""^^
the da-gers of the assassin. ■ , ' ,^4 li.C, pierced by /m,^/, ,„•
Senate house. ""' ^'''' ^^' ''^ ^^ad entered the ^T^'i.
Caesar was tall -.nd of
tures well marked inrl ^ J"I"'"''^"^>"ir aspect ; his fea- Cae.ar-x
f -^ eyes keen, black^^^^^^^^^ 'f r*"'^'"'"" ''' ' "™^^"
'f^^ -hicl> he son,;vhat CO ce led 1 "'' '^ "^^
^'"aciem. His robust frame ,. ^ "'"'"^' '"^ ^«''t «^
-i'ilMted renuukabl pow "s .' e,'","" '° '"'^^'^'P' ^^^
t" dress he was very fa' tkl o s H """■'" ''''^'^ ''^^^^
"^arly free from maiy of t^e^ices":; ^Z!'' ^'' ^'""^-
XI
BRtmrs, THB Ml'RDBRER
OF CAB8AB,
Xll
LIFK OF {'AKSAU.
II.
THE WORKS OF CAESAR,
(i) Extant: —
(a) CommaUarii do Bella Galileo in sevcnhooks. This
work contains an account of the conquest of Gaul fron.
B.C. 58 to B.C. 52. In the firs^ l,.,ok we have the con-
quest of the Heivetii n,cntioncd, and in the seventh book
the death of Chxiius is referred to as lately having taken
place. As the death of Clodius happened B.C. 5-^ we
may assume that the events recorded happened between
these two dates. An eighth book was added by Aulus
Hirtius to complete the events to 51 B.C.
(d) Commentani de Bello Chili in three books. This
gives an account of the civil wars down to the time of the
Alexandnne war. The history of the Alexandrine
African, and Spanish campaigns were afterwards added'
Hirtius probably wrote the account of the Alexandrine
campaign ; Oppms, that of the African ; the arcount of
the Spanish war was written probably by a centurion of
Caesar's army, acconding to Niebuhr, who discovers a
change in style and expression from that of the other two
accounts.
(2) Lost IVorh:—
(a) Anticato. A reply to Cicero's panegyric on Cato
Uticcnsis, who fell at Thapsus, B.C. 46.
(b) Dd Analogia, or as Cicero calls it, /)e Rationc
Laiine loqucndi. Dedicated to Cicero and written when
Caesar was crossing the Alps.
(c) IJbri Auspiciorum or Aui^utralia. Published B.C.
63, wlien Caesar was Poiiti/cx maximus.
(d) r>c Astris. Published also fl.C. 63.
(c) Apothci^twda or Dicta Colldtanea. A collection, of
witticisms made at different times.
(f) i'ocmata; learly all written in 1
us youth. To
ooks. This
f Gaul from
;ive tlie con-
cvcntli book
laving taken
B.C. 52, we
led between
d by Aulus
joks. This
time of the
Icxandrine,
U(ls added.
Alexandrine
account of
enturion of
iiscovers a
c other two
ic on Cato
>c' Rationc
itten when
ished H.C.
•Ucctii)!'. u!
until. To
ttPE OF TAESAlt.
tl.ose belon. Oedipus, Laudcs Hcnulh and her ^des
'•'■'l>.nK In. jo„,ncy fro,,, .Spain, B.C. 46. ^
SUMMARY OF CAESAR'S LIFE
Born 100 B.C. Father dies 84 B.C.
Married Cornelia 83 B C
'"^:^^:^sr;h,;r;?c^' -■"''-•->•■- ---
Wins popularity by attacks upon .Senatorial party
^-oes to Rhodes to study rhetoric under Molo. Captured
by pirates on his way thither. ^••Ptured
Elected pontifcx, quaestor, curule aaWc, poniiM man
'""s, praetor, yo-G2KC. "U^x maxt-
Consul B.C. 59, First Triumvirate.
Gallic Campaigns 58-50 B.C.
Quarrel with Pompey and the Senate, 49 B.C
Defeats Pompey at Pharsalia, 48 ft C c.-
;- or A...., ... THa,., ,a n.c.is°;,7:;rM\::
Assassinated 44 B.C.
CAESAR'S PERSONALITY.
powI° '( Ws f""' ^"^ '" ^'"'-^ ^"^^' '" P^'itical
F"»i-r. »..aesai s keen eye s.'iw this nn,i .1, 1
judges of his own ftge thai he wn, ''T^"' '" «""^^
and there h ive bo.t *^'*'"'"' '^''" 'h^'" ^11;
con,,are where c':r;l:^r so dXint^^
seems to t'ood jud..os »ho .^reate-t nf - ' "'"""
Mil
XIV
LIFE OF CAESAR.
Of l^o,ne, the Gcnnan Kaisers, p.-obably the Russian
C/a>s, iK>,-c- .„• sfll bear Lis nan,... A .uon.h, was ,e-
-n,c. un.,shon.H,,:,andhasre.a,n..,i,Iu.„a,n:of.'te
E^opr "'■""■ ^■"'^^'"^'^ '-.ua,eso?aH
His wonderful life n.ust be studied elsewhere his
fear ess youth h.s early ,„anho.,d devoted to the cause of
berty and refonn, his marvellous success as a Kcner-.]
though e only turned soldier con.paratively ,.!te ^^ "fe'
and held no connnand until he was forty years old. Hov'
he becanie the master of Route's destinies, and by justice
ad clemency showed that he was worthy to'cont.ol
hen. uul was ambu.ous n,ore for his country than for
hnnself ; ami how, in the height of h.s greatness, he w.s
nn-dered by n.en who called hin. tyrant, and 'though
at the only r.ght forn. of governn,ent was the rule of
the noble and wealthy few,^-of the oligarchy which bore
and disgraced the nan.e of the Roman RepuWic,- II h "
forms a h.story fulTof interest and lessons fur all time
Here (Hk.V) we have only the story of his second in-
vasion of 1 ruan. and one s.ene innn the tnidst of his great
oxp lou of the conque.t of (iaul. It will show us son.etlung
of h.s care for h.s n>en which so en.leared Imn to them, of
ins prompt.tu.Ie and daring, of his supreme calm and sdf.
control of h^ fa.rness as an historian, of his kindness as
asupenorohlcer.slow to blame, c,uick to praise; and]
W.I g,ve us a hvely picture of his enemies,\heir strength
and weakness, their mode of warfare. Above all, it Cill
slmw us the nnatchless strength of the Roman legions
when fightu^g behnu- the entrenchments which they were
so skilled m making. "-G7/^,v^..
DRAMATIC CHARACTER OF HOOKS V. AND VI
Mr. Colbeck's words quoted above aptly set forth some
of he leading dramatic features of this tnost interesting
portion o c,e.ar'3 otiu.u..c rather dry „,ihtary nan J
t.ve In books \- an.l VI. we realize Caesars ob.ect in
writing, ;„... ,., g.ve ,o his f.Ilow-.ountrvmen of hi, own
flu- Russian
'"111, was w-
laiiic of "the
Liages o^ all
sewhere his
the cause of
IS a general,
Y late in life,
s old. How
>'l by justice
f to control
try than for
ncss, he was
ind thought
> the rule of
which bore
lie,— all this
;ill time.
second in-
ofli is great
> something
to them, of
m and self,
cindness as
ise ; and it
!ir strength
all, it will
in legions
they were
n VI.
orth some
interesting
uy narra-
objcct in
f his own
I
LIFK OK CAE.SAH.
tune, and to leave on record for -.II -u,,.. »
■"-'II )ci ULiic.ite a touch he j;aints
slou to bl.une, c,u.ck to praise," (see the episode'
ofC.cero, Bk.V.,46-52,andBk. VI.,42) , '
^'^ cte;;fr'"r;'''"'^' "^""^^' ^^*'^'"-' ^ablenus
t-iceio, then- faults and their virtues •
(3) bis foes, the Britons, the Gennan's, the Gauls-
the.r ch.eftan.s (Cassivellaunus and Ambiorix :
ac^In^^'r '"'""' ""' '"'"■ """'"' ^"''^■
(4) ^-;-'';^^..'nanes,wuh then- intrepid zeal amidst
fea.ful odd. of peril and hardship;
(5) and even I'on.pey, not yet an avowed enemy
conc,dn,g something to "friendship and the go ,d
of the commonwealth." ^ J,o<>0
These features combine to make books V -md vr
.nterestmg study even from the literary sttlp'Z^' '"''
111.
THE CONQUEST OF GAUL
'"c .Me.iiterrancan. As the rr.-.l- . 7 '.'"""« ^""^^ "«
;;-.,c .,,, ,,„„,...„„ ;„;,'r,,:;;,;;,^, ; ::' -7;;*^:'
"e l,„„nanB boslcKcd A,„i,,„li, ,„ , Ki,,^, "'t
XV
XVI
LIFK OK (JAKSAK
lionmns.
l''(iids
of the Koniiins, by whose aid tlie Li-uiians were dc-
fea'.ed, and pari of the territory of the Ligurians given to
the Masbihots. Another attacic soon after (125 li.C.) was
made by the Ligurians, who were reduced a second time.
The army of C. Sextius Calvinus, after three campaigns,
plundered their territory, and reihiced the inhal^itants to
slavery. Near Massiha, he founded tiie town of A<yucu'
Scxtiue (now Atx% which ol)tained its name from the hot
springs of the neighbourhood. AlK)Ut this time, the
Aedui and Allobioges were at war. The /u-verni, the
most ^Kjwerful of the Gallic triljes, aided the AUobroges,
while tiie Aedui conchuU:d a treaty with the Romans.
In 121 B.C., Cn. Domitius defeated the AUobroges at
Vindalium, a little above Avignon; and in the same year
the C.allic confederates were defeated I)y the united armies
of Cn. Domitius and Q. Fabius Maximus, near the
junction of the I sere and the Rhone. The country of the
AUobroges was reduced to a Roman province, and
received the name Provincia. Massilia however, still
retained her independence. Within the next succeeding
years, the Romans enlarged the boundaries of the original
Provincia, which extended at first from the Alps to tiie
Rhone, by reducing that portion of (iaul from the Rhone
to the Pyrenees, thus kceiiing open the rood to Spain.
In 113 B.C. the whole of Italy was thrown into conster-
nation by the invasion of the Ciml)ri and Teutones.
After wandering aljoiit the Northern Italy, they entered
Gaul and attacked the Roman Province. In 109 B.C.
rfXw'/>«they defeated the Consul, M. Junius Silanus. The
iii.man». Romans sustained anotlier defeat two years later wiien
they attempted to keep bark Ihe Tugurini, one of the
Helvetic cantons who were attempting to enter Gaul.
In this battle fell L. Piso, the grandfather of Caesars
father-in-law. In 106 B.C., Q. Servilius Caei.io sacked
Toulouse, which had formed .-; irague with tlie Cin^liri and
Teutones. This temporary gain was followed by a
crushing defeat mflicted on the Romans near the Ijanks of
the Rhone by the Cimbri and Teutones.
i
IS were tlc-
fins yiven to
25 V>.C) %v;is
secoiul time.
Ciunpaigiib,
ihabitiuUs to
n of Ai/uac
from the hot
IS time, the
/"uverni, the
J AUobroges,
he Romans.
.Uobroges at
le same year
mited armies
IS, near the
juntry of the
•ovince, and
owever, still
:t succeeding
if the original
; Alps to the
in the Rhone
to Spain.
into conster-
id Teutoncs.
they entered
In 109 B.C.
ilanus. The
IS later when
i, one «>f the
enter (iaul.
;r of Caesar's
aepio sacked
\;c rimiiri and
(illowed hy a
r tlie l)anks of
\hri
LIFE OF CAESAR.
-Wll
"abte all tlie land between the Rhone -in.l tl,,. i. '/' "^,y„.,v
While the Teutones renuuned on tl F „ 1 e 'm'"'" ■^'"'^""•
the Cimbri turned back from the Pv^n. i I''
Teutones, and then passed the aL M ' 'T !^''
K'aincd !^ro-,^ .ri • , ^ Maruis who had
feauiccl great glcy m the Jugurthine war was sent
agamst the invaders. He hastenoH f c ,
and defeated the Teutones at aZ . " ''™ ^--''/v/..,-.
In the fnllr.».;,, ^"t""es at Aquae Sextiae, 102 I5.C r,.„t,„J
n the fo lowu g year he met the Cimbri at Vercellae am '"""'""
crushed them in battle "t-'ceiiae and
and his associates attemnte.l t ' """^P-'-'-^^T- He ^""<"'>:
tl^e AUobroges wVo w2 ''"" ""'" ''"^ '^^''"''^'^ "^
■-""t.cb, wno wete on some mission nf n
J".n the conspiracy. These depu ie b "r led tl '"'' '*
featcd by Pomptinus. ' ^^'^^ '"'^'"'^ ^'=-
The Aedui, proud of their alliance with Rnmo .
'"■■d ,t over the other tribes Th. S ' ''^''" *"
alliance with the ArveniTh ''"'""' ^"'■'"'='' •''"
vistus, a German, t a si t them" ^" "'?" ""■'^'^' ^'•'"- — "*
the Aedui were reduced ' , '".''^•''"«^ ^^^^ Aedm". Soon '■"•""■'^•
ui were reduced to submission. Their rhi^f tv •.
^-icus went to Rome, and implored the ai f the c
The Se(,uani meanwhile found out tLlV "''^'•
bHng an ally turned to be t eit m" t r h";"'" '"'"
-'-.-themJilhl^Sr^- ^^'^
in I5.L. 60, a report reached Rome thit Ih. u , ••
hke the C mbri a"d T-,-- ^ ^"^ Helvct , „
emigration. '^ P'^^'Panng for a great -:' //Wm-.-.
2 "-■ toeing flu. fertile plains of
XVIll
LIFK OF CAESAU.
Caemr
Conmd.
Seta out to
(Ian I.
( laul, tiicy w (MO dissatisfied witli their own. land. In the
previous year a ilecrec had l)een passed at Rome, that the
Governor of Ciau! for tlie time being should protect the
allies of the Roman people. In the next year 59 B.C.,
Julius Caesar was Consul. During his Consulship, P.
Vatinius proposed a law giving Caesar the government of
(laul and Illyricum for five years. Caesar's object was to
complete the conquest of Gaul. He remained at Rome
till after the exile of Cicero. Soon after this, B.C. 58, he
hastily set out for Gaul, on the report that the I'ielveti
were on the move westward.
ROHAN BOLDIRRfl, FROM TRAJAN'S COLUMN.
IV.
THE ROMAN ARMY.
In ancient times of Rome, the army was drawn in a
solid mass ( phalanx^, a method very common among the
ii.hiiui. In the
Rome, that the
)uld protect the
t year 59 B.C.,
Consulship, P.
; government of
•'s object was to
lained at Rome
his, B.C. 58, he
hat the Helveti
«N.
vas drawn in a
mon among the
:%
I
LIKK OF CAESAH.
pendent ly tn i """"^'"''' "'"^^'"'^ '^^ -'^-^^ "-'e-
H<.uui.nuy ana also m concert TI.p. ,„i, 1 i ■
arranged in three lines. ,n he " u'!^ T'"" T
Hastatt :
Principcs ; ~ ~ —
Trtarii : ~ — —
Each iiiatiipitius of the tun ♦i.-.f i-
-/.n.,eacrconnnanL^;a i^r ^""""' ^^"
commandin.r the ri.Iit . , "^ '^/™^'"- i 'ic centurion
»fiu 2„ior^ tlie one coninianc n»'- the Ifff ,-0.,*
.=ch«l, ,„e„,y, ,„ each .„„„,. „1,:, tit:» " "■
V, • ■• '^° =20 " fin .,
T .3,000
To every century, 20 ve!ites=,, 200
Tu ■ , 4> 200
To ethTe;: : :f l':t ;*■■-<" - - »«=" b, Cesa.
(W.,„a, ,ivc„ .„ „e ,„■„.,>; '„,„„ a,:^';!::
XIX
I
XX
LIFE OF CAESAlt.
Officers.
Centurions.
Trilmne».
Legati.
Artnt.
been aiiiied with the pike {piluvi). Hence the first two
Hues were sometimes called ante-pilani.
Ihe officers of the army were :
(a) Centurions {Centtirioncs) : These were the leaders
of the centuries, two in each maniple, six in each
cohort, and sixty in each legion. There was a reg-
ular system of promotion in the Roman army. The
highest centurion was the first centurion of the first
maniple of the first cohort, so the lowest would be
the second centurion of the third maniple of the
tenth cohort. As a badge of authority the centu-
rions carried a staff.
(b) Miliiary Tribunes {Tribuni Militum): These
were six to each legion : hence ten centurions were
under each tribune.
(c) /Jeutemvifs {Legati) : These were next the gene-
ral in conmiand. The cavalry were under the
command of the prafedi equitum and decuriones.
The weapons of the Roman soldier were of two kinds :
(i) Offensive iveapons. The ordinary soldier {tniles
legiofuirius) was armed with (a) the javelin. Of
this there were four kinds : piliim, iaculum, hnsta,
lancea. The pilum was a strong heavy pike, con-
sisting of a square shaft of wood four feet long, to
the end of which a strong, sharp iron point about
two feet long was attached. The iaculum was
a lighter dart used for hurling, while the hasta
was a long spear used for stabbing. The lancea
was a light spear with a broad point. The infantry
used th&piluni, while the cavalry and light armed
troops, the iaculum, has fa, and lancea. Some of
the latter ( arried bows (arcus), and arrows {sagi(tae),
slings {fundae).
(b) The sivord (gladius) was short, broad, double-
edged and pointed, more used for stabbing than
for slashing. It was kept in a light scabb.ard
fastened to a belt (balteus).
ce the first tui)
vere the leaders
iple, six in each
here was a reg-
nan army. The
irion of the first
owest would be
maniple of the
)rity the centu-
•tuvi) : These
centurions were
next the gene-
cre under the
id dccuriones.
f two kinds :
soldier {miles
he javelin. Of
iaa/lurn, Jtasta,
eavy pike, con-
cur feet long, to
ron point about
e iaculum was
vhile the hasta
g. The lancea
t. The infantry
md light armed
ncea. Some of
rrows {sagitiac).
LIFK OF CAKSAll.
(.) /^v..^.v .vv^..,. The soldiers of thelegion had:
^ t^t , (b) ,, cuirass {lorica), made of leather ,;,• i.f
sn-^of metal fastened on the leather, or of ;:L"
lie scale.',, or of brazen plates • (c\ n-,-,,,,., ,., /
.■eacl.ing as ,,i„, as ,.: .,,ee f(^f:;:;; ,J^^^^^^
"blong, „,ade „f boar*, covered „i,|, leather and
surrounded «1,1, a broad nre.allic rin, Isc^lT
.nado of br„„.e and of an ova, s "^:; L Z
The I,gh, arnred troops had a small buck er (V« '
and a he,„,e, of ,ca.„er (,,„/.„). The solh ^ ' I
Ixneach h,s armour his tunic („„„,-„,_ „ „,i^"
Tee ™ His cTTT""' "■•"^'"'•' -X^t
stuff f r f, **'*'"'"' "■•■" of '«-■"", woollen
stuff, fastened by a broach on the shoulder a,Hl
;2;;;,;i:L;^'-''«*------«-^-'an:'
orii^.e:r*il:!':A™:;i::?™r''')t-^^
silver, or bronze, with expan^edt i™'» ^"^^^ ^: " f"'
Obion, banner carried by 'the Lri;*"" ""' " ''""' "
"™!;r:;st^S':d:L::rd'™^;^''=^ '"''"'''•-'"' -
generally ..scdtJimlt:';™;, -';■„»«- .."^
"- f»,„ed like an au.ur. stair, and 1,:^^ '^^"'"^
XXI
broad, double-
stabbing than
light scabbard
1
1
XXII
LIFK OF CAKSAR.
V.
THE ARMY ON THE MARCH.
The army on tlie march may be divided into three
divisions ; (a) agnicn primuni, or van ; (Ij) excrcttus, ag-
mcn legiomim, or main body ; (c) agmen noTtssnaum^ or
rear. The van was generally composed of liglu armed
troops of infantry or cavalry. Their chief duty was to find
out the force of the enemy, or to hold the enemy at bay
until the main body should arrive. The main body with
the baggage train {ivtpediinenta), followed. The rear
generally consisted of cavalry or light armed troops.
The average march {t/er iustioii) was from six to seven
hours, or from fifteen to twenty miles a day. On the
forced march the soldiers often covered fifty miles a day.
On the march, the soldier carri«.'! two Roman pecks of
grain {fntinentuin\ cooking utensils {vasa), his arms,
blanket, and two rampart stakes {valli). The private
baggage of the soldier was called sarcina.
VI,
THE ARMY IN CAMP.
When the army was on the march, men {ineiaiores)
were sent forward to select a suitable place for a camp.
If possible, a high ground {locus superior) was sought.
The camp was usually square or oblong. An embank-
ment {valluvi\ formed from the ground thrown up from
trench {fossa), surrounded the camp. The camp had
four gates : (i) porta praetoria, near the praetoriuni, or
general's tent, faced the enemy ; (2) porta dccumana was
opposite to this ; {■t^ porta principalis sinistra on the left ;
and (4) porta principalis dcxtra on the right. Connect-
ing these two latter gates was the via ^,nncipalis, and
jiarallfM to the stroct was the nia quintana. Connecting
the porta praetoria and porta dectimnna was the via prae-
toria.
into tlirce
crcttus, ag-
'ssi)itum, or
igl t armed
\v;;3 to find
[emy at bay
1 body with
The rear
roops.
six to seven
y. On the
miles a day.
lan pecks of
, his arms,
The private
LIFK OP CAK.SAIt.
The pickets were generally called e.nudifores ■ v,iriiia ■
were mght watches; .«.W/«, ^^rc sentinelt^tn f .
some particular post. sentmels to guard
The average pay was about 6»/ cents n^r rU r-
doubled thiq /\ \^ , ■ ' "^ *^^"'s per day. Caesar
oouD eel this,. A centurion received 25 cents ner d-,v
XXIll
{metatorcs)
for a camp.
s sought.
•3
An embank-
•
own up from
; camp had
\
aetorium, or
%
xumaiui was
"•;
% on the left ;
t. Connect-
ncipa/is, and
Connecting
the Tta prae-
1
■vS
EXPLANATION OF DIAGRAM.
1. Praeliirhun, or Gcnorai s tunt.
'2. Ui'omid for liorsos and bajfj,'a|,a' of the Tribuni militum.
y. TfiilH (if tliL' Tiiliuni tnilitxnn.
4. Groiiiid <)(eiii)iud by horses and baggage of praefecti sociurum.
fi. Tents (if y/crc/ctVi ,soc)«/'(tm.
(). Strec't 100 feet wide, called principia or via principalin.
7. Cross street, 50 feet wide, on both sides of whieh were the tents of the Roman
equitcs or horse.
8. The eijniten of two Roman legions, in 10 tunn/ie or troops each. •
9. The triarii of two Rbmaii legions, in 10 manipuli each, forming on two different
streets.
10. The two streets, «ach 5») feet wide, between the triarii andprtnct^cc of two legions.
11. The 2>ri>tcipe)i c:' two Konian legions, in 10 manipuli eaeh,
12. The hastati of two Roman legions, in 10 manipuli each.
13. Two streets, eacli SO feet wide, between the hastati of the two Roman legions and
the horse (eijiiites) of the allies.
14. The horse of the allies.
15. The infantry of the allies.
10. Tlie quintana via, a street 50 feet wide.
17. Qitacatorivm, the quaestor's tent.
18. The tents of Icgati ; in front of them and the quaestoriuin was the /orum where
things were sold.
19. The veteran horse (evocati equitcs),
20. The veteran fnot (cvncati pcdites).
21. The horse of the consular life guards (ableeti equites).
22. The foot of the consular life guards {ableeti pcdites).
23. A cross street, 100 feet wide.
24. A street, fiO feet wide.
25. Extraordinarii equitcs, a part of the allied horse to serve in consul's body guard.
26. Extraordinarii pedites, a part of the allied foot to r3r\'e in consul's body guard.
27. Quarters for strangers coming into oanip.
28. A sjian of 200 feet between tents ai\(l rampart.
29. Kanii)art (yaJ^io/i)-
30. Ditch i/ossn), feet deep, 12 feet wide.
31. Porta jmncipalis dextra.
32. Porta principalis sinistra.
33. Porta decumaiM.
34. Porta praetnria.
35. A transverse breastwork protecting the gates.
[o
30 l^-^ 30
teiitH of the Roman
1. ■
njf on two different
}ipei! of two legions.
Konian les^ions and
ui the forum wliero
;onsurs body s'lai'd.
nsul's body guard.
___aoj-T 30
14
IS
14
IS
14
IS
14
IS
14
IS
Ifl
14
IS
14
IS
14
IS
14 IS
14
IS
DUGRAM OF CAMP.
1
i
SYNOPSIS OJ.- BOOKS I.-IV.,
ADAPTED FOR HEGINNKRS.
FIRST CAMPA1GN-S8 B.C.
Caesar's Descri/ilion of Caul.
Gallia est omnis divlsa in Dart,. „„
Belgae, aliam Aauitani lerthm „, fr m ' ''"""'" """"' "'«I"»'
Ge^Ania ,,„i ,ra„s Kie" 105,17 "','"""■■""■ ''"'"'"' -«
-be„„,„,„„„, „,„,, ;eCorcLT,:rz,:'rcM:r"-
THE HELVETIAN WAR.
Conspiracy of Orgetorix.
Messala et Pisone consulibiis Cc8 h rM n . •
^ Hoc fecit .e,„i ^V^JZ::^ ^^^^ ^-^-nt,
pmnacle,. Mi per tre'T. • " ''^"«'''^"^ ^"i^ "ccuparent
potiri posse speram. P°"="''^'^'"'- P'>P"'os totlus Gallia; se^e
vi'r:^.::^:^,;:-,;^;;;^- -nt..a. -.e...i«en, e.
"US exseciui conaretur. mortuus est xuT^''' '"'" "'^'■''''^ ^""•"
mortem conscivit. " "«'vetii arbitrantur, sibi
f'ost ems mortem. nihi!ninr„.,„ ... .. _
fonat, sunt. .Vr Provimia.n itn^ue '7 iV'"'"'''' ""'' "''"''^'^
'" ^iallia ci...,io.o era., i„ „-^ ' ""'• ^"^^"^ q"i m...
2
SYNOPSIS.
(|uinque contendit et ponteni, qui erat ad Genavam, rescind! iussit.
Deinde a lacu Lemanno ad nioiitem luram miiriim fossanique per-
ducit. Ea spe deiecti, per Seqiianos Helvetii iter fecerunt. In
fines Aeduonim pervenerunt eorumque agros populabaiitur. Aedui
autem socii et amici Populi Roniani erant. Caesar Helvetios
secutus flumen Ararim transeuntes in fugam dedi^t.
Interea Dumnorigi, Aeduo, custodcs Caesar ponit quod civitatem
suam ne frumentum daret deterreret. Helvetii, apiid BiJjracte,
Aeduonim oppidum, iterum superati, pacem peticrunt atque
domuni reverti iussi sunt.
THK GERMAN WAR.
Ariovistus expelled from Gaul.
Eodem anno Ariovistus, rex Gernianorum, Rhenum exercitum
transduxit atquc superhe et crudeliter Gallis impcrabat. (ialli a
Caesarc auxilium pclunt. Ariovistuni, proelio facto, Rhenuin tran-
sire et donium redire Caesar coegit.
Ita una aestate, duobus niaximis bellis confectis, Cacar in
citeriorem Galliam ad conventiis agendt)s jjrofectus est.
SECOND CAMPAIGN— 57 B.C.
THE BKLGIAN WAR.
Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia, ad eum rumores afferebantur,
omnes Helgas contra I'opiiluni Romanuin coniurare. His nunliis
connnotus, duas novas iegiones conscripsit et initil aestate in ultcr-
iorem Galliam misit. Ipse, cum primum pal)uli copia esse inciperet»
ad exercitum vcnit. Diebus circiter (|iiindecim ad fines Belgarum
pervtMiit. F.o cum de iniproviso venissct, Remi legatos miserunt
et se suaque omnia in potcstatem I'opuli Romani permiscrunt.
P'lumen Ax5nam Caesar exercitum transduxit et cum Helgae
Bibrax, oppidum Remorum, expugnare conaientur, eos superavit.
Fierce engai;;eiuent with the Nervii.
Suessionibus Bellovacisque in dcditionem acceptis, in fines
M .,.: „:>«.. r,.;.;> c'lmi jiu nr(>e!ium a'^ud flu.nifn .S.ibim com-
mittit. Quo in proelio ubi Caesar rem esse in angusto vidit, scutum
mjliti detraxit et in primam aciem processit. Cuius adventu spes
1, rescindi iussit.
I fossanique per-
er fecerunt. In
abantiir. Aedui
Caesar Helvetios
it quod civitatem
, apud Biljiacte,
petieiunt atque
lenum exercitum
perabat. (ialli a
to, Rhenuiu trun-
fectis, Cae-ttr in
s est.
ores afferebantur,
ire. His niiiuiis
L aestate in ultcr-
piaesse inciperet»
1 fines Beljjanini
legates miserunt
pernuscrunt.
t et rum Helgac
ur, eos superavit.
icceptis, in fines
ilcn Sabim com-
usto vidit, scutum
lius adventu spcs
SVN0PSI8. -
iliata est et proeliuni redinte-T^tnm h ,
THIRD CAMPAIGN-S6 B.C.
THE VENETIAN WAR.
Cum omnibus de rnTisis r-i^^^
amplissima auctoritas omni, nr.„ • ' "'"^ ^^^ civitatis
.ribn„„s „,„,„„„, ,^,::" cZ^'T^"'- ?'"'" " ^'='-"'"'.
strength of the Vmetian ships
accmrz,"" t::^:;"^ 7'", "-™" -.-.-.n,,,,..
»r.q..a„,„ p,„„i„„. 4.,a„. 1 :,;:':;«;■*-• "«I- <-i..ae
nos.ae „s,„ „„c.,e po.c.n,, ,a„,a ,„ tZui:::^. ' ' '"^
^''^i'^ry for Caesar.
Una tamen res ma^no usui fuit nostris f-,1.
'ongunis insertae. His fune. .„,; . ' "' praeacutae
con.prehensi sunt. N^ vil ddn ■ "^ '"'"^'"^ ^'^stinabant.
Pebantur, antennae con i::"^'"';?"" '""'^'"' ^""^ '— '-
Vencticum confectum est. ^'l^^^^aDant. Quo proei.o beilum
FOURTH CAMPAIGN-55 B.C.
CAE.SAR CROSSES THE RHINF
transe.ndi fnit quod ab .Sulis I ""'?"'" ^^''"^''^-'""^- ^--^^
est lon^e n.axima et bellic .Is '! ^ '"""^'"" «^"^
'n.n.nto, sed maxinuun ,:;;:r r,:'!;::::;:"""- ."-'• '-"-"
ad 56 importari non sinunt I 'si.7f T 7-?''*'""' ''"'"'"• '^''"""»
P"Is.,a,ros e, .ae.lificia Menapi,>a,m mi ■! I /'"'""' ''"' ■""^'^'■^ '^^
'ncolebant. occupaverunt ' ' ^'^ "" '""4"« ripam flun.ine
SYNOPSIS.
,;',.^--,'i-
His de rebus Caesai certior factus, atque infirmitatem Gallorutti
vcritus, ad exercituni prolu iscitiir. (leimanis superatis, pontem
trans Klienum faciendum curavit et exercituni transduxit. Diebus
decern et octo trans Rhenum consumptis se in Galiiam recepit
pontemque rescidit.
FIRST ROMAN INVASION OF BRITAIN.
Preliminary enquiries.
Exigua parte aestatis reli(|ua, Caesar tamen in Eritanniam pro-
ficisci contondit, quod, in omnibus fere Gallicis bcllis, hostibus nostris
inde subministrata esse auxilia intellegebat. Mercatoribus ad se
vocatis, necjue quanta esset insulae magnitude, nequc quae nationes
jncolerent, neque quern usum belli haberent, neque qui essent idonei
portus, reperire poterat.
C. Volusenum cum nilvi longa ad haec cognoscenda praemittit.
Huic mandat ut exploratis omnibus rebus ad se revcrtatur.
Caesar repairs to the coast— The Britons thither send ambassadors.
Ipse cum omnibus copiis in Morlnos proficiscitur, quod inde
erat brevissimus in Rritanniam traiectus. Hue naves undic|uc et
classem quam ad Vcneticum bellum effecerat convenire iubet.
Interim legati ab Rritannis ad eum veniunt et obsides dare
poilicentur. Liberaliter pollicitus, eos domum remittit.
Caesar crosses the Channel.
Nactus idoneam ad navigandum tempestatem, navibus circiter
octoginta onerariis coactis, tertia fere vigilia solvit. Equites in
ulteriorem portum, qui ex eo loco ab mllibus passuum octo aberat,
progrSdi et ibi naves onerarias duodeviginti conscendere iussit.
Ipse hora circiter diei quarta cum primis navibus Britanniam
attlgit.
His landing opposed.
Ibi in omnibus collilnis expositas hostium ccpias armatas con-
spexit. Ad horam ncmam expectavit. Turn ventum ct aestum
nactus secundum, dato signo, sub'^^tis ancoris, circiter milia
passuum scptem ab eo loco progressus est. Harbitri, consilio eius
cognlto, cum equitatu, esscdfcriis, reltquis copiis subsecuti, nostras
cgredi pr()l)ibebant.
irmitatem Gallorum
s superatis, pontem
transduxit. IJiebus
in Galliam recepit
ITAIN.
in T'ritanniam pro-
cllis, hostibus nostris
Mercatoribus ad se
nequL' quae nationes
que qui essent idonei
loscenda praemittit.
revcrtatur.
'r send ambassadors.
ciscitur, quod inde
uc naves undique et
at convenire iubet.
It et obsides dare
remittit.
em, navibus circiter
solvit. Equites in
assuum octo aberat,
conscendere iussit.
lavibus Britanniam
:opias armatas con-
i ventun» ct aestuin
6ris, circiter milia
Jarbilri, consilio eius
lis subsecuti, nostr<»^
SYNOPSIS. »
o
P'ierht on the shore—BraTc rn„rl,,rt e
"^ '^""duct of a centurion
.enere pu«„a. pe-teniti n " ^ ^' "'-Uato Britannorun.
utebantur. (^uod ubi C-iesar ^""f'" '^'^""'^f'-'' 1"^^ "f consucrant,
ab oneran.s, et re.is ini::i ^'^^ "^^^^. '""^^ — ri
motu permoti, barbari pedem rgtul€runt Nn"! ^ ^"^ "' ''"'""'"'^
qu. decimae legionis aquilam for b^ comcs^^^^^ '^
>nquit, «milites, nTsi vu his ac,ui !m h . '''^'' ^^^""^'"
meu„, reipublicae atque mpe Ir^offi:" '^"'"" ^^° ^^^^
voce magna dixisset se ex navi n" ""' P'"'''""'"''-" ^'°^ ^""^
ferre coepit, Turn nostri un " sf eTn! 'TV" ^«^'^ ^^"■•'-
arido constiterunt, in hostes i "e 'u^^ru'r r"""' '"""' '"
dederunt. Longius vero prosequi Zn T "^"^ '"' '" ^''^^"^
sulam capere non potugrant P°'""""' 'l""'^ «^""es in-
TAe Britons pardoned,
^«A learning of Caesar^, difficulties, tkey rene^ tke .oar
Uie quarto postquam in Rritanni;,>n r
decim, quae equites sustui 7 ex s ''"''' ""^^^ °^'°-
Qnae cum appropinquarem; .;'•'''"''" P°^'" ^°'^^^""t-
continentem petJre 'oactlL't^r'l;, ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'^ ^^^
Caesar exercitum transportaverat temnr^T ^ "•''^"' ^'""^"^
duplicavi, -s.,...inc„„,™,„r ddrr""; '"""""" ""■""™
■am nocem naves solvi>. Ouae ;,„„" f ' ''••'"'° ?"" ""'I-
I
EXERCISES IN TRANSLATION
INTR.OUUCTORY TO
BOOK V.
Exercise 1.
1. Domitius et Claudius consules erant.
2. Domitio et Claudio consulibus, Caesar in Italiam discedit.
3. Legates Iggionibus praefecerat.
4. Discedens ab hibernis Caesar in Italiam, his legatis imperat ut
naves aedificarent.
5. Legates naves aedificare iubet Caesar.
6. Naves quam plurimas aedificare iussi sunt legati.
Exercise 2.
1. Legati, quos legionibus praeff^cerat, naves aedificant veteresque
reficiunt.
2. Legatis naves aedificandac sunt veteresque reficiendae.
3. Naves acdificandas veteresque reficiendas curant legati.
4. Legatos praefecit exercitui ad naves aedificandas.
5. Naves ab legatis aedificatae sunt.
6. Ad ceieritatem onerandi paulo facit huiniliores ; ad onera
transportanda latiores.
7. In nostro mari navibus humilibus atque latis non utimur.
8. Has naves facit huniiliores atque latiores quam quae sunt in
nostro mari.
g. Humiliores eas faciunt quam quibus utimur.
10. Latioribus navibus Galli in Oceano uti consueverunt.
Exercise 3.
1. Multac res sunt usui hominibus ad naves aedificandas.
2. Ea quae sunt usui ad armandas naves ex Hispania apportari
iubet.
1
noN
liam discedit.
legatis imperat ut
gati.
Uficant veteresque
reficiendae.
irant legati.
ndas.
iliores ; ad onera
s not! utimur.
[uani quae sunt in
sueverunt.
■dificandas.
Hispania apportari
EXERCISES.
7
[ 3. ^faves omnes actuarias figri imperat
I 4. Actuarias eas facere legatos iubet.
5- Militibus uti nave' arfiiQr;-,^ f ■
, „ ''"^^^' actuarias faciant imperat.
6. Quam ad rem humiiitas adiuvat.
Exercise 4.
^^r.^ ConventOs iam peracti erant. In l„,Hcum proficiscitur
-Conventibusperactis,inIi,yncumproficiscitur.
3. P.rustae partem provinciae vastabant
4- Parte provinciae a Pirustis vi^t;t^ r
S. Pirustas nrn.r- • ^' ^''^^''' Profectus est.
5. ^-irustas provmc.am vastare audiebat
6. Pars provinciae vastabatur a Pirustis
7. Partem provinciae vastari audiebat.
8- Pars iam vastata prat d ^
Exercises. '— ™«a'am esse audivi,.
f. Eo pervenit Pr> n
-perat. Hos mUitrc:^! 1';:::;;^^ ^^'--t '"^''^-^'-ent
- Quae res Pirustis nunti a es r """"'' ^^ '■"•^^'•
tunt. Hi ita cum eo agunt r/^;,/? « ^tT '' ''■'"•"^'" -'■^-
fectum est consilio. Nos parati umus d^ • "•'"'" ''''"'" P^^lico
3. Legatos mittunt qui haec doc:; "'""'^ "'^'^^^^^•"
4. Legatos mittunt qui haec doceant
5- iJocent nihil factum ps«p •
6. Qua re nuntiatl PilT; "" "^^^'«^ «^ -tisfacere.
niH. pu. iico fact;;:;;;:: rsi r^^e^e "'" "^'"""^' ^-^ ^---
sat.sfacere dcmonstrant. "'" P^"^"^ «^e de iuiuriis
Exercise 6.
'■ ''ercept.1 est oratio eorum Caesar .k • , •
^•'''---•-''^i'iesd.rentm,?r;t r^^^^
3- " Nisi." incuit. " ita feceritis egobelf " ■''""' "■"''^^•
4. Percept., ha, nratio^. r! , '°' Pcsequar."
•ylcluci iubet. N,si it, rec;..;n;"tf ' ■'"''""' ^°"'"^ «^«e
(Icmonstravit. ''^"" «"s persecuturum esse
8
EXERCISES.
5. Obsidibus adductis, ut imperaverat, arbitros inter civitatcs dat
qui litem aestiment {note the mood) poenainque constituant.
6. Hi sunt arbitri qui litem aestimant [note the mood) poenamque
constituant.
Exercise 7. {Chap 8.)
1. His rebus gestis, Labieno in continente relicto, ipse ad solis
occasum naves solvit. Leni Africo provectus est. Media circiter
nocte, ventus intermittitur. Vento intermisso cursum non tenet et
longius aescu delatus est. Orta luce, sub sinistram (on his le/t)
Britanniam relictam conspexit.
2. Caesar legato, quid fieri velit, ostendit.
3. Hoc est quod Caesar vult.
4. Ea, quae in Gallia gerebantur, Labienus cognovit.
5. Quae in Gallia gererentur cognovit.
6. Relictus est ut, quae in Gallia gererentur, cognosceret et con-
silium pro tempore caperet.
Exercise 8. {Chap, g.)
1. Militum virtus laudata est ab imperatore.
2. x^audanda est militum virtus imperatori.
3. Quo in loco hostium copiae consederunt ?
4. Ex captivis cognovit quo in loco hostium copiae consedissent.
5. Cohortibus decem ad mare relictis, progressus milia passuum
circiter duodecim, hostium copias conspicatus est.
6. Illi, ad fl'imen progressi, proelium committere coeperunt.
7. Repulsi ab equitatu se in silvas abdiderunt, locum nact
munitum.
8. At milites, testudine facta, eos ex silvis expulerunt, paucis vul-
neribus acceptis. Sed eos fugientes Caesar prosequi vetuit.
9. Postridie eius diei milites equitesque misit ut eos perseque-
rentur.
10. Naves afflictae sunt quod neque ancorae subsistebant neque
nautae vim tempestatis pati poterant.
I J, His .ali'iuantum itineris nroo^ressis, equites ad Caesarern ven-
erunt, qui nuntiarent {note the subjunctive) superiore nocte, coorta
tempestate, naves afflictas esse, quod neque ancorae subsisterent
neque nautae vim tempestatis pati posscnt.
inter civitatcs dat
onstituant.
nood) poenamque
:to, ipse ad solis
t. Media circiter
rsum non tenet et
:ain (on his le/l)
novit.
)gnosceret et con-
piae consedissent.
us milia passuuin
re coeperunt.
Tunt, locum nact
ilerunt, paucis vul-
squi vetuit.
ut eos perseque-
subsistebant neque
ad Caesarein ven-
riore nocte, coorta
icorae subsisterent
C. JI'LIfs CAESAR,
c.
JUL! CAESARIS
DE BELLO GALLICO
COMMENTA RIORUM
LIBER QUINTUS.
■^ainjacfory pro^^ryess. Marchr. "'"' ""'^ Puis
"^K- "i^e~- • c::f- f ?;,j:^-^-«-«'ibusdiscOdensab
"\'' ^'"-" P'"n.nas posscnt, Z e ' tI"" T-"""^ P-crocerat,
Aci celeritaten, onorandi Ii;:;, ' "^ J— ^^ ^e.on.
strat.
^■';;"»Hsqnc pnnio fi.cit humiliores
10
C. lULI CAK3ARIS
quam quibiis in nostro mari uti consuevimus, atqiie id eo mngis,
quod propter cicbras coinimitalioiies aesluiim mimis magnos ibi
fluctus fieri cognoverat ; ad oncra ac multitudinein iuinentormii
transportandam paulo latiores, quam quilxis in rel\quis utinuir
maribus. Has omnes actuarias imperat fieri, quam ad rem
humilitas multum adiuvat. Ea, quae sunt usui ad armandas naves.
ex Hispania adportari iiibet. Ipse conventibus (ial-
The Piruatae jj citcrioris peractis in lUyricum proficiscitur, quod a
give hostages. ' ... • -i
Pirustis finitimam partem provmciae mcursiombus
vastari audieba;.. Eo cum venisset, civitatibus milites imi)erat
certumque in locum convenire iubet. Qua re nunuatfi I'irustae
legatos ad eum mittunt, qui doceant, nihil earum rerum publico
factum consilio, seseque paratos esse demonstrant omnibus ration-
ibus de iniurlis satisfacerc. Percepta oratione eorum Caesar obsides
imperat eosque ad certam diem addiici iubet ; nisT Tta fccerint, sese
bello civitatem persecuturum demonstrat. lis ad diem adductis,
ut imperaverat, arbitros inter civUates dat, qui litem aestimciit poe-
namque constituant.
II.— His confectis rebus conventibusque peractis, in
The soldiers pifgriorem Galliam revertitur atque indc ad excrcitum
praised tor ^'>-^' » ... .,
their zeal, proficiscitur. Eo cum vemsse' . circuitis omnibas
^ien*dezvoua'^^^^^ singulari militum studio in summa omuium
Portus itiua. ^^^^^^^^ inopia circiter sexcentas eius generis, cuius supra
demonstravimus, naves et longas viginti octo invenit instructas, neiiue
multum abesse ab eo, quin paucis diebus deduci possint. Col-
laudatis militibus, iis, qui negotio praefuerant, quid fieri velit
ostendit atque omnes ad portum Itium convenire iubet, quo ex
portu commodissimura in Britanniam traiectum esse cognoverat,
circiter milium passuum triginta a continenti : huic rei quod satis
esse visum est militum, reliquit. Ipse cum legionibus expeditis
quattuor et equitibus octingentis in fines Treverorum proficiscitur,
quod hi neque ad concilia venieljant neque imperio parebant (ier-
manosque Transrhcnanos sollicitare dicebantur.
III.— Haec civitas longe plurimum totlus Calliae
and'th^'r Hval equitatu valet magnasqiic habet ropias p^d.ituui,
Chieftains, j^i^^nuinciue, ut supra demonstravimus, tangit. In ea
civitate duo de principatu inter se contendobant, Indutiomarus ct
[lie id eo mSgis,
mis inagiius ibi
em iuinentoriiin
rcliquis utiimir
quam .id rem
irmandas naveS'
onventibus (lal-
ficiscitur, quod a
le incursionibiis
milites imporat
lumiata Piriistae
m rerum publico
omnibus lation-
m Caesar obsidcs
Ita fecerint, sese
i diem adductis,
m aestiment poe-
isque ptractis, in
ide ad exercilum
:ircuitis omnii>as
summa omnium
meris, cuius supra
: instructas,nec|ue
ci possint. Col-
quid fieri vclit
re iubet, quo ex
esse cognovcrat,
uic rei quod satis
rionibus expcditis
rum proficiscitur,
io parebant (»er-
im totlus (lalliae
rnpiafi p?(Utum.
lus, tanj^it. In ea
t, Indutiomarus ct
DE BKLLO GALUCO, Lfn. V. „
Cingetorix ; e quibus alter, simul atque de C.es.ri. I. •
adventu cognitum est, ad eum v^.i. ^'^^saris Jegionumque
^-urosneque ab ^J^^IaZ^'tZ::^?: "'""" '" "^^'°
'..aeque in Treveris .elLL^Zt Tl 7''""^''''
equitatum peditatumque coL^ere lisn,,; indutiomarus
esse non poterant, in silv im \ , ' ' ''"' ^"' "'^"'^"^ ■" ^™'"^
"-.nitudine per m^diol ^i ^Z^^f^"^''^^ '"^-^'
'mtium Remorum pertinet bellun n • • """'"^ '^'^^"° ^d
"onnulli principes ex ea c ;i 1 " r I" "• '^■'"" ""''^ P^^^eaquam
et adventu nosiri exeStO^p: ^^- l""; Pc^f ''"'"""^'^ ^"'^"^^-
suis privatim .'ebus'ab eo pet^re coepe unr "''" ^'^^"^'•""' ^^ de
suler^non possent : veritus 'l'^ '°"P%""^' ^"«n>am civitati con-
arus legato! ad CaeLr m ', "•,' . T ^ -'"""^^"^' ^"^"^--
atque ad cum venire noluTse 2 f.^ " "'"" '' '"'^ ^''^^^^^^e
n^ret, ne omnis nobilit^ i^iiT .t tlel""'^"" "" ""^^'^ ^°"*'-
laberetur: itaque esse civitatemt' -^ '""P''' ""P'-^dentiam
permitteret. ad eum in ca r^?!" "' ''''''''''''' '^''^-^' «i Caesar
eius fidei permissurul """'' ^"^^ civitatisque fortunas
>S?:a rJ^r^^^:^ ^!;?^;^-!; ^"^ ^^ cans, ea dice-
Indutiomarus tx,,,^,, „„ ^ f ^""^ ^^^ ^'^ "istituto consilio deterreref
Indutiomarum ad se cum d S " J: r "'•" ■''"'''''''''
adductis, in iis filjo propinuuiso„7. """^ '"'''*• His
evocaverat, consolatus Ii 1 S^ "r"^"^' ^^^ "«-inatim
man.ret; nlhi.o tamen s.cu!: ^ i ^^^^"^ ^^^' "'' '" ««^-o
vocatis hos singillatim Cingetorln conci i.vh '' H '""' '^ '^ ^""-
a se heri intellegebat turn n-, ' ' ' ^"°^ ^"'" ^erito eius
auctoritatem inter'suos'q TfmL '"T" '-^^^'^-^^^--^ eius
in se voluntatem perspexisset.' u S"' '^"".^^'" ^«'■^^-•"
arus, suam gratiam inter suos minu . " ^'''"'''' ^ndutiom-
m nos animo fuisset, multo gravius iK^c^blore rxa'rsTt. "'' "''"^'^°
^'-»--cum~;;!j;:„;t^,:::::S;"^ =^^^ p°«"- ^tium
naves, quae in Melcii.'f.n , ^""^'""^^'t. q-adraginta
12
C. lULI CAKSARI8
vertisse ; relTquas paratas ad navigandum atque omnibus rebus
instructas invenit. Eodcm equitatus totlus Galliae convenit numero
milium quattuor principes<iue ex omnibus civitatibus; ex quibus per-
paucos, quorum in se fidem perspexerat, relinquere in Gallia, reli-
quos obsidum loco secum ducere decreverat, quod, cum ipse
abesset, motum Galliae verebatur.
VI.— Erat una cum ceteris Dumnorix Aeduus, de
Dumnorix ^q j^^jg ^^) nobis dictum est. Hunc secum habere in
gives trouble. ^
primis constivuerat, quod eum cupidum rerum nova-
rum, cupidum imperii, niagni animi, magnae inter Gallos auctori-
tatis cognoverat. Accedebat hue, quod in concilio Aeduorum
Dumnorix dixerat, sibi a Caesare regnum civitatis deferri ; quod
dictum Aedui graviter ferebant, neque recusandi aut deprecandi
causa legatos ad Caesarem mittere audebant. Id factum ex suis
hospitibus Caesar cognoverat. Ille omnibus primo prgcibus petere
contendit, ut in Gallia relinqueretur, partim quod insuetus navi-
gandi mare timeret, partim quod religionibus impediri sese diceret.
Posteaquam id obstinate sibi negari vldit, omni spe impetrandi
adempta, principes Galliae soUicitare, sevocare singulos, hortarique
coepit, uti in continent! remanerent ; metu territare : non sine
causa fieri, ut Gallia ( mni nobilitate spoliaretur ; id esse consilium
Caesaris, ut, quos in conspectu Galliae interficere vereretur, hos
omnes in Britanniam traductos necaret ; fidem reliquis interponere,
iusiurandum poscere, ut, quod esse ex usu Galliae intellexissent,
communi consilio administrarent. Haec a compluribus ad Caesar-
em deferebantur.
VII, — Qua re cognita Caesar, quod tantum ctvitati
Death of Aeduae dignitatis tribucbat, coercendum atque deter-
Dumnonx. ° ' tx •
rendum, quiliuscumque rebus posset, Dumnongem
statuebat ; quod longius eius amentiam progredi videbat, prospici-
endum, ne quid sibi ac reipublicae nocere posset. Itaque dies cir-
citer viginti quinque in eo loco commoratus, quod Corus ventus navi-
gationem impediebat,qui magnam partem omnis temporis in his locis
flare consuevit, dabat uperam, ut in officio Dumnorigem contineret,
nihilo tamen secius omnia eius consilia cognosceret ; tandem
idoneam nactus tempebicuciu laililes equitesque consccndcrc in
naves iubet. At omnium impeditis animis Dumnorix cum
omnibus rebus
mvenit numero
ex quibus pei-
in Gallia, reli-
aod, cum ipse
rix Aeduus, de
jcum habere in
n rerum nova-
Gallos auctori-
ilio Aeduorum
deferri ; quod
aut deprecandi
factum ex suis
prScibus petere
insuetus navi-
iri sese diceret.
spe impetrandi
ulos, hortarique
;are : non sine
1 esse consilium
vereretur, hos
uis interponere,
£ intellexissent,
ibus ad Caesar-
tantum civitati
m atque deter-
, Dumnorigem
debat, prospici-
Itaque dies cir-
rus ventus navi-
poris in his locis
gem contineret,
ceret ; tandem
consccndcrc in
)umnorix cum
DE BRLLO OALLICO, Lib. V.
c:;^^ "^ Q:f' ri:,^r'cr'^"^ '''--' ^^-^- ^'-^^«^
"■nnibus rebus posn't "" '"'"''"'''^ Profectione atque
insequendum" it'i e I :.„r'^^ P"'^" ^^"''^'- «^ eum
SKCOND INVASION OF BRITAIN.-CH. 8-23.
Caesar'B second ^111.— His rebus gestis, Labieno in continente cum
.Sir "U '''T ''""''"^ '' ^^""""^ -"'bus duobus r cto u^
B.O. Portus tueretur et rem frumentariam provSe;et
que pro tempTrr ^r'o" r '^"'^ ^^^^"^"^"^' ^°«"°^^-^ ^^^^
pari ' ume^^^lr i::;'^'^^^ '"" ^"^ "^ '^^'^"'^"^ "
occast,m naves solvi et leniTfrico ' '"'^'^"'^"^' ^"^ ^°''^
vento intr^rmicc ^° provcctus, media circiter nocte
itcesr™ ;;-;-- "°" 'T' ^' '""^'"^ delatusaestuot.
suo sinistra Biitanniam relictam consoexit f,,,^
aestus commutationem secutus rem,« . , 'J!''"^- ' "'" '"rsus
insulae caper, t qua 00!^^ ^°"tend.t, ut eam partem
co^noverat o;,a in re ^H T ''/' '^'"''""^ ^"P^'^'^''^ ^^^-^^^^
longa, u,n naviu: ru s^r aTeqr u^^r " ^^'"*^^"^'* '^^'-
niam omnibus navibus m.HHi! 7 Accessum est ad Britan-
hostis est visus s d ut 00 fr ? '"'"P"''' "^^"^ '" «° '«^o
-agnae manu: ^rt /^ -t ^^^^^^-.^'-^P-- cognovit, cum
quae cu„. annotinis privatirue 1.7 "' "'''"'' P''^'''''^^'
ann>lius octingentae^o Sr;.r,rt:mprrr'' 1 r
ac se in supcriora loca abdiderant ' ' " '"°''' ^'-'«^^"^nt
The Britons
-.<-- onions ^^- Caesar exposito exercitu et loco castris iHnnA«
opi'OHc his capto, ub ex cauthr,^ ^ castris idoneo
n-arch inland. ^. ' '^^ ^aptivis Cognovit, quo n Jorj hostinm
< opiae consedissent rni.,.,..;k,,. ,.!*. ^ ^ nostium
»^h«es co„..„ai,, e„„i„„, ™,„3 „aviLTruodt,'r;;^:s;
14
C. lULl CAESARIS
atque apcrto deligatas ad ancoram relinquebat, et praesidio navi-
busqiie Quintum Atrium praefecit. Ipse noctu progressus milia
passuiim circiter duodecim hostium copias conspicatus est. I Hi equi-
tatu atque essedis ad flumen progress! ex loco superiore nostros
prohibere et proelium committere coeperunt. Repulsi ab equitatu
se in silvas abdiderunt, locum nacti egiegie et natura et opere
munitum, quern domestici belli, ut videbantur, causa iam ante
praeparaverant: nam crebris arboribus succisisomnes introituserant
pracclusi. Ipsi ex silvis rari propugnabant nostrosque intra
munitiones ingrcdi prohibebant. At milites Icgionis soptimae
testudine facta et aggere ad munitiones adiecto locum ceperunt
eosque ex silvis jcxpulerunt paucis vulneribus acceptis. Sed eos
fugientes longius Caesar prosequi vetuit, et quod loci naturam
ignorabat, et quod, magna parte diei consumpta, munition!
castrorum tempus relinqui volebat.
X. — Postridie eius d'ei mane tripertito milites equi-
^thefleet"' tesque in expeditionem misit, ut eos, qui fugerant,
persequerentur. His aliquantum itineris progressis,
cum iam extremi essent in prospectu, equitos a Quinto Atrio
ad Caesarem venerunt, qui nuntiarent, superiore nocte maxima
coorta tempestate prope omnes naves adilictas atque in litore
ciectas esse, quod neque ancorae funesque subsisterent neciue
nautae gubernatoresque vim pati tempestatis possent : itaque ex eo
concursu navium magnum esse incommodum acceptum.
XI, — His rebus cognitis Caesar legiones equitatum-
biiudn^'iiew quc rcvocari atque in itinere resistere iubet, ipse ad
ships. naves revertitur ; eadcm fere, (|ua2 ex nuiitiis litterisque
cognoverat, coram pcrspicit.sic ut .imissis circiter quadraginta navi-
bus reliquae tamen re6ci posse magno negolio viderentur. Itaque
ex legionibus fabros deligit et ex continent! lilios arcessiri iubet ;
Labieno scribit, ut, quam plurimas posset, iis legionibus, ([uae sunt
ajHul eum, naves insliluat. Ipse, etsi res erat multae operae ac
laboris, tamen commodissimum esse statuit, omnes naves subdue!
fit cum castris una munitione coniungi. In liis rebus circiter
vit's dci'ciii ronsriiviit, ne nnrtiirnis qviitiem teiiipuihiun :h\ irtoorem
militnm intermissis. Sulnluctis navibus castris(|ue egregie munitis
easdem copias, quas ante, praqsidio navibus reliquit, ipse eodem,
:t praesidio navi-
progiessus milia
:us est. Illiequi-
uperiore nostros
)ulsi ab equitalu
natura et opere
causa iam ante
les introituserant
lostrosque intra
•g ion is soptimae
locum ceperunt
ceptis. Sed eos
od loci naturani
mpta, munitioni
rtito milites equi-
os, qui fugerant,
ineris progressis,
a Quinto Atrio
e node maxima
J atque in litore
ibsisterent necjue
ent : itaque ex eo
sptum.
jiones equitatum-
ere iubet, ipse ad
nuntiis littcrisque
quadraginta navi-
iderentur. Itaque
»s arcessiri iubet ;
ionibus, iiuae sunt
multae operae ac
les naves subduci
bis rebus circitir
le egrcgie munitis
iquit, ipse codeni,
DE BELLO OALLICO, MR. v. ig
unde redierat, proficiscitur. Eo cum veni.... •
c..i. in eum locum copKe , , ' '"""'"''' '"'" ""^"^1"«
---- m. imperii beH^^ r a^ ;: ^:.:^ ^"■'— -' --
permissa Cassivellauno • cuius fin.! «^"'"nn.m consilio
dividit. quod appellatu; "2. r A";""'"'^ '^'^''^""^"^ '^"'-"
octoginta. Huic superiors temnor; """"^ '"""'^ P'-^^^""»"
tia bella intercesser^n so ^7 "T '''"^'"^ '-'ivitatibus continen-
toti beiio in,perioqr;;:?:L;r ^'""" '^^""°'' '^■-""^ '--
DESCRIPTION OF BRITAIN.
CH. 12, ,3, ,4.
The people.
na^"^-;!:;:;:^^^^^ '"'^'•'- ^'--"co.itur,quos
'i- pars ab iis, qui";; ^ ^" c r^f ll^l'^'r ^''^""^' "-'"
omnes fere iis "ominibus civitatunHn ,clh, ''' .f "^■^''•''"'-Mui
tatibus eo pervenerunt-et belH aT ■ ' ''"""" "'' '' ^*^'-
colere coeperunt. Hcnniun rl r ''""'r^!"^^^""^ «'^1"^ agros
aedificia fere Gallicis cTn i. "'" '""'^""^''' ^reberrimaque
tur aut aereaut uLrCrar*?''"""'""^""'"^™^- ^'^^""■
--no. Nascitur ,bi pll^^^lm^lb^; ^^^llle^^^^''-'-''^'^ ^^
•n mantun.s ferrum, sed eius exigua o w^^^
portato. Materia cuiusque generit t . C 1 ' ""'" "'""'"^ '""•
P"'ant; baec tame, alum nim i'"^^''^'" «"^tare fas non
-.pe.UioraquaminC=;;;i.:r..:;;;::i:;;:'^^:..^^ Locasu„t
aci Cantium. quo A.re om . ex G^Ji 'r'" ^"^•- -^"•-. qui .st
tern solen. inferior ad n.: Hd n^ c "t'^^Z^^
'"'lia passuum ciuinuenti Au "'^ ^^="'"«1 circiter
occidenten, so.em '1 ^l^':: ^'JT' "' "'^f'— "tqu^
exis.i„,a,m.,.,an,Hrtanni. 'ed ou ""^'^"'"' ""-^- >"■-- ut
^^•■'"ia es,, in I^ritannian 'irlc ''di " '""^""^--^- -'^tq- ex
appellatur ^Iona ; .onq.Iurcs pr. L " '""" '^' '"^"'•'^ q"''^"
:;!'^^--^-"• '^"sins^irr :;;;;:::;;::-.:;■•--- in^-Le
'^'".'•' ^^"'' ''i""ia esse noctem. Mn« .,iK:>'r ' '^'" -HUumos
oiibus ad laborem - «ngsnta nuh huiuia esse noctem.
I
reperiebamns, nisi certis ex aui". . „"'''".''" ^" ''""""■•"'""'''"s
16
C. lULI CAESARIS
illorum opinio, septingentoium milium, lertium est contra septen-
triones ; cui parti nulla est obiecta terra, sed eius angulus latcris
maxime ad Germaniam spectat. Hoc milia passuum oclingenta m
longitudinem esse existimatur. Ita omnis insula est in circuitu
vicies centum milium passuum.
XIV.— Ex his omnibus longe sunt humanissimi, qui
^custofns" Cantium incokmt, qua rc-io est maritima omnis neque
multum a Gallica diffcrunt consuetudine. Interiores plerique fru-
menta non serunt, sed lacte et came vivunt pellibusque sunt vestiti.
Omnes vero se Hritanni vitro inficiunt, quod caerulcum efficil
coloreni, atque hoc liorridiores sunt in pugna aspectu ; capilloque
sunt promisso atque omni parte corporis rasa praeter caput ct
labrum superius. Uxores habent deni duodenique inter se com-
munes, et maxime fratre-> cum fratribus pareiitesque cum liberis ;
sed si qui sunt ex his nati, eorum habentur liljeri, quo primum virgo
quaeque deducta est.
THF W/VR CONTINUES.
More fighting ; XV.— Equilcs hostium essedariique acriter proclio
BsurjiriHe; r„j^ equitatu nostro in itinere conflixerunt, tamen ut
death of a tri- ' , ., . r ■ . . :,,
bune. nostn omnibus partibus superiores fucnnt atque eos ir
silvas collcsque compulerint ; sed compluribus intcrfeclis cupidiu
insecuti nonnullos ex suis amiserunt. At illi, intermisso spatio.
imprudentibus nostris atque occupatis in munitione castroruni.
subito se ex silvis eiccerunt impctuquc in eos facto, cpii erant in
statione pro castris collocati, acriter puguaverunt, duabusi|ue missi-
subsidio cohortibus a Caesare, atque his primis legionum duaruni.
cum hae perexiguo intermisso a spalio inter se constitissent, novc.
genere pugnae perterritis nostris per medios au<'.acissime perrupc
runt seque inde incolumcs receperunt. Eo die Quintus I.aberius
Durus tribunus militum mterficitur. Illi pluribus submissis cohorti-
bus repelluntur.
„ ... u ^ XVI.— Toto hoc in ;,'cnere pugnae, cum sub oculis
of flifhtinif. omnium ac pro castris ilimuaietur, mtolloctum est.
nostros propter giavilali in armonim, (juiid ncqiie insequi retirnir-
possent nequo ab signis disccderc aiuleiLnt, minus aptos esse ad
liuius generis hostem, cquites autem magno cum pcriculo procii'
i
St contra septen-
is angulus lateris
jin oclingenta in
I est in circuitu
luinanissimij qui
inia omnis neque
)res plerique fru-
squc sunt vestiti.
caerulcum efficil
)ectu ; capilloque
praeter caput ct
le inter se com-
;qiie cum liberis ;
jiio primiun virgo
le acriter proclio
ixeiunt, tanicii ut
criiil auiue cos ir
jterfectis cupidiu
ntermisso spatid.
itione castrorum,
"acto, qui erant in
duabus(|ue missis
lej;ionuin duarniu.
:onstitissent, novu
iacissime perru|)c
(2uintus Laberius
submissis cohorti-
ae, cum sub oculis
ir, intolleclum est,
ic insequi rciicni€"^
inns aptos esse aii
iin pcriculo proeli'
' «K BELLO GALLICO, LIB. V. j^
^:'::^;.;;:::;;^sritr ^°"^"'^« ^'--^- ---t et,
et pedibus d,spari p,-oe;;: ^^^T'^ r"' " ''''''' ^'^^"'-^
ratio et cedcnlibus et in.equentlb ^'-''"«f-.s aute.n proelii
ftrebat. Accedebat hue uTnu ' 1^ T' ''"" '^^■''-"-^ '»-
. intervallis proeiiarentur ' stadoZu" 7 "' ''' "'•' '"'-»«"-4^-
alios alii deinceps exciperem int Si" et'"'" '''^'"^"^' ''''^-
cederent. ^ «ntegnque et rccentes defatigatis suc-
The Kritons re- ■^^'^•— Postero die procul a r-acf • u
P-'-d. bus constitcmnt rariauc st ? T ' ''"''" '" '^""i"
pridie nostros equites proel Lr "ere c^"'^" '' '-- ^"am
cum O . . nabulandi causa trel I. ^"^''^''""t. Sod meridie
ad pauu,arores advolaverunt sic 'i ' b .^^ °'"""-- Partibus
«bsisterent. Nostri acriter i'n eos 11^?" 'f '^^'"""-'«l- non
f nem sequendi fecerunt, quoad subsid n . 7 '•^PP^'erunt neque
IcKiones vide.ent, prae'c^-Js ho f eg:;t; ''''''' ^^ P°- -
«umero uiterfecto neque sui colbL^endi n ' '"''^^^""'l"^ ^orum
*s.se<li. desihendi facuitatem d t "n ""^"^'^""-^-^li aut ex
quae undique convenerant. au>^ilird Ir ^ ' ^""'^ P"""^'""^'
-Pusunqua.n^.„„„^ "-i^cuJl;;;^;^^-- -^ id
°^re^^T^rr Taml!im in''fi',LTc;;ssi;cII " -""""^ '"'""'" '''^ «"'"«"
^ansiri potest. Eo cu.n venisse , ^^\fr '"^' ••'^'^-'
npam magmas esse copias hostium «7 ! "*''"''"" """""nis
acutis sudibus praefixi's mu h ei d ^ ' '''^'^ ^"^^" "«t
dCxae sudes flnn.ine tegebantu; H r' ^""'" ^"'^ '•q^a
Perft.«is<,ue Caesar praemiss. equifitu cnTT *'?^"'"'' * ^aptivis
•«s^'t 8ed «. celeritate a.que T i n L , " .''^"■°"" ^"'««'qui
«>•<> ex aqua extarent, ut host s n I TT '"""'' ^""^ ^P''^'
.u..nere „o„ possent ripasque dimt: u a Tfl"^'"^ ^•^"•■""»
VI V p . „ " ^'^ "^ %ae mandarcnt.
^TacVHof '"^ '^— Cassivellaunus, ut supra dP,»». . •
It'''' ""• °'""' ^^f"'^"'-^ ''P^ '^^"nt^-"ti<.nis L,3 '"" ^'T''""'*
Ji copns. iniliK,..= (.:„..:._ ' """issis ampJi„nh.,s
18
C. lULI CAKHARI8
Iter facturos cognoverat, pccora atqiie homines ex a^rh in silvas
compellebat et, cum equitatus nostcr libenus praeciancli vastandique
causa se in agros eiecerat, omnibus viis semitisque essedarios ex
silv.s emittebat et magno cum periculo nost.orum equitum cum lis
confligebat atque hoc metu latius vagari prohibebat. Relinqueba-
tur, ut ncque longius ab agmine iegionum disced] Caesar pateretur
et tantuni m agns vastandis incendiisque faciendis hostibus nocere-
tur, quantum labore atque itinere legionarii milites efficere poterant.
The Trinohan- ^^--^nterim rrinoI)antcs, piope firmissima earum
""'camr'" ;:^^''°""'" c'^itas, ex qua Mandubratius adulesccns
Caesans fidem secutus ad euin in continentem Gall-
lam venerat, cuius pater ih ea civitate regnum oblinuerat interfect-
usque enu a Cassiveilauno, ipse fuga mortem vitavcrat, legates ad
Caesarem mittunt poHicenturque, sese ei dcdituros atquo imperata
facturos; petunt, ut Mandubratium ab iniuria Cassivellauni defen-
dat atque ,n c.vitatem mittat, qui praesit impcriumque oblineat.
His Caesar imperat obsides quadraginta frumentumque exercitui
Mandubratmmque ad eos mittit. Illi imperata celeriter fecerunt
obsides ad numerum frumentumque miserunt.
So do other . ^^J.— THnobantibus defensis atque ab omni mill-
tribes. turn iniuria prohibitis, CcMiimagni, Segontiaci, Ancal-
ites, IJibroci, Cassi Icgationibus -nissis sese Caesari
dcdunt. Ab his cognoscit, non longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassivel-
A British laiini abesse siivis pahidibusque munitum, quo satis
own. niagnus hoiuinum pccorisiiue numerus convcnerit
Oppidum autem Hritanni vocant, cum silvas impcdilas vallo atque
fossa m.inieiunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandae causa coru-enire
consuerunt. Eo proficiscitur cum legionibus; locum reperit
egrcg.c natura atque opere munitum; tamen hunc duabus ex
part.bus oppugnare coi.tendit. Hostes pauhsper morati mihtum
nostrorum impetum non tulerunt sescque aha ex parte oppidi
erecerunt. Magnus ibi numerus pecoris repcrtus, multique in La
sunt comprehensi atque interfccti.
Four Kentish ^•'^"•— •>!"" haec Ml his locis gciuntur, Ca.ssivel-
J!Xi .^ '''^ Cantium, quod cBse a<l niare supra demnn-
, ^trav.mus, (,u,bus regioniln.s quattuor reges praeerant,
C.ngeton.x, Carvihus, Faximagulus, Sc-gonax, nuntios mittit atque
ex agri;. in silvas
(i.iiuii vastandiqiie
lue essedarios ex
1 equitum cum iis
at. Relinqueba-
Caesar pateretur,
> hostibus nocere-
i efificere poterant.
firniissima earum
ratiiis adulesccns
:ontinentem Gall-
liniierat interfect-
veiat, legatos ad
s atqiio iniperata
isivellauni defen-
iuiiique obtineat.
unique exeicitui
eleriter fecerunt,
le ab omni mili-
-'gontiaci, Ancal-
is sese Caesari
jpidum Cassivel-
litutn, quo satis
:rus convcnerit.
ditas vallo atque
causa con venire
locum reperit
unc duabus ex
inorati inilitum
X parte oppidi
miltique in fuga
untur, Cassivel-
V ?upra deinon-
eges praeerant,
OS mittit atque
.j
yCr^
^x
\
vP
^J^
Sv^ ^-.,
•3
\ /
%
?.« y
*t
=5'
il
HR BEr.r,o GAnrjGo, Lm. v. 19
Cassive!lau«u8 ininli.ito tot (letrimenti.. ... .• ""'"^ "^^^ P'0«''0
treats of peace. ,„ . . ('eiiimcntis acceptis, vastatis finibus
caewreturns ^^"^" '— ^^'^«iflibus acccptis exercitum reducit ad
to oani. '"arc, naves invcnit refectas. His deductis, qi,od et
|l..as postca Lab.e.u.s f. ien.ias curavcat nume.o s'exai Lta p " !
tae locu.n capernU, nHiquac fere o.nnes reiccrentur OnZT
^ .;.anuii>, Cae.„- .nstn. expectasset, ne an. " ::;::;re!: .^ ^
tu.s miluc. cllocav.t ac, sunnna t.an(,uillitate consecut i socnnH.
inita cum solvisset vi-ilin nrima l„rn .,. ^ ^"^ecuta, sccunda
incohnnos naves perduxit. ' '"'"'" ""'^" "'"""^"^
CA.SAK AOAIN ,N -UL .n.CK ,>X tHK WINXEK CAMPS-
wl^ IKK ()^ 54-53 !).c.
Caesar flistri
l.iilos his
It.'Kioiis for the
wiiitiT. r^niii^ ., . '• • ' ' "" """"' ""'"entinn in
est ..li... ^'"i "■■ '"""""' ^'"^'"■^'i^''^ provenerat, coactus
_-t al.ter ac super.onbns annis ex,.,c„un, in hiberni, o.u. r'
>t.-K."iiesqiie in pluies civitatcs (iist.ibiicre Fv n„il,„c ^' '''^
Moiinos duce,ula,n Cai-, F.,bio le. , , ii, u ^ ""^'" '"
^l.inf,^ r: • • 't-yaio dobt, alteram n Nervios
'.H..nto Ciee.on,, tertian, n. Ksnbios Lucio Roscio , ,nartam 7^
i.u.oshis- ^ ^'"^''y— ^i>'Kl"'tis navibus concilioque Galiorum
Sainarobrivae peracto, .p,.,d eo anno /niinenttin "^
Cra la nrnntci- ^ ,-.;...►„ '"
20
C. lULI CAESARIS
Remis cum Tito I.abieno in confinic Trevei\.ruin hiemare iussit ;
tics in Heliovaciscollocavit; his Marcum Crassiim qiiacstorem et
Lucium Munatium Planciim et Caium Trebonium legatos piaefecit.
Unam legionem, quain proxime trans Padum conscii;'seiat, et co-
hortes quinque in Eburones, quorum pars maxima est inter Mosam
ac Rhenum, qui sub imperio Ambiorigis et Catuvolci erant, misit.
His militibus Quintum Titurium Sabinum et Lucium Aurunculeium
Cottam legatos praeesse iussit. Ad hunc modum distributis
legionibus facillime inopiae frumentariae sese mederi posse existi-
mavit. Atque harum tamen omnium legionum hiberna praeter
earn, quam Lucio Roscio in pacatissimam ot quictissimam partem
ducendam dederat, milibus passuum centum continebantur. Ipse
interea, quoad iegiones collocatas munitaque hiberna cognovisset,
in Gallia morari constituit.
Murder of Tas- XXV. — Erat in Carnutibus summo loco natus Tas-
getms, cuuis maiores in sua civitate regnum obtinu-
erant. Huic Caesar pro eius virtute atque in se ijenevolentia, quod
in omnibus bellis singulari eius opera fuerat usus, maiorum locum
restituerat. Tertium iam hunc annum regnantem inimici multis
palam ex civitate auctoribus interfecerunt. Dcfertur ea res ad
Caesarem. Ille veritus, quod ad plures pertinebat, ne civitas eorum
impulsu deficeret, Lucium I'lancum cum legionc ex IJelgio celeriter
in Carnutes proficisci iubet ibique hiemare, quorumque opera cog-
noverat Tasgetium interfectuin, « ms comprehcnsos ad se mittere.
Interim ab omnibus legatis quaestoreque, quibus Iegiones tradid-
erat, cer'.ior factus est, in hiberna perventum locumque hibernis esse
munitum.
SAIilNUS AND COTTA ATTACKED.— CH. 26, 27.
Revolt of Am- XXVI.— Dicbus circiter quindecim, quibus in hiber-
biorixaiMlcat- na vcntum est, initium repentini tumultus ac defectionis
ortum est ab Ambiorige et Catuvoico ; qui, cum ad fines
rcgni sui Sabino Cottaeque praesto fuissent frumentumque in
hiberna comportavissent, Indutiomari Treveri nuntiis impulsi suos
concitavcrunt bubiloquc oppressis lignatoribus magna manu ad
castra oppugnalum vcnerunt. Cum celeriter nostri arma cepisscnt
vallumque adscendissent atque una ex parte Hispanis equitibus
De bkllo gallico, lib. v.
im hieinare iussit ;
.11111 qiiaostorein et
I legatos praefecit.
nscri;>serat, et co-
a est inter Mosam
ivolci erant, misit.
iim Aurunculeium
nodiim distributis
ideri posse existi-
1 hiberna praeter
L'tissiinam partem
itinebantur. Ipse
eina cognovissct,
5 loco natus Tas-
e regnum obtinu-
enevolentia, quod
, maiorum locum
m inimici multis
jfeitur ea res ad
, nc civitas eorum
X Helgio celeriter
iinque opera cog-
's ad se mittere.
i legioncs tradid-
que hibernis esse
26, 27.
, quibus in hiber-
liis ac defectionis
qui, cum ad fines
rumentunique in
itiis inipulsi suos
lagna manu ad
i arma cepisscnt
spanis cquitibus
21
ri;T.;rreTa :er'■trrL"''■-"f^'■-•-^•■-
co..„„„. a,ce.e veUen, ,„;,. .... c« Je'^sl^li::' tZ
Negotiations XXVII. — Mittifur aH ^ .0 „ n
with the Gauls. .■ . '^"ittitur ad r.s colloquend causa Caius
ouintus iunitT;H-:T^:'"r"^''-"''''^^'^^"'-^ ^-^t-
.d Ambiorigem vemu3 " '" "' ^"" '""^ ""^^ ■"'^-' ^^-^-ns
■nodum locutiTest Sese 2"" "^ '' -^P"' ^"°^ '^-b''-- ^d hunc
confiteri debere qJod dus no'"' '" f' ^'"'^^"^ P'""'"""^ «i
Aduatucis, ^r,^:nCrZ::::^^ ''T'' --' ^-^
fratris filius ab Caesa e rom1«i ' ^ "^"^"^ ^' ^^ «""« et
numero missos apuHe^rn sTv e:::ir Lt'"""^^ °'^''"'"
, quod fecerit de oppugnatione castmrunn ..''"' ' "'^'"" '^'
sua fecisse, sed coactu civk^H. . ' '"^""' ^"' ^'^'""^^^^
noif minus haberensrs'ltZ'l""-""""'' ™P^"^' "^
Civitati porro hanc fuis , e' tslrZ;'" " ""''"''"^"•
coniurationi resistere non potuedt M ^ f 7^"''"^« ^''^Horum
P^obaie posse, quod non X '\„ tuuf r ^m T''^''' ^"^
.-pulum Ronianum superari posse c'onfid t S d IsTcT
commune consilium : omnibus hibernis Pn^ • """"'^^
esse dictum diem, „e qua le^io J ™^ ^ nrLSi^'"'" '""^
set. Non facile Gallos Gallis netr-iro no^nL '"""^ P^"'
-Perand^communi .i.c-tate^Sr!:- ::; ^^:^™ ^t
Amhiorix ten. ^"°";j"!.P'-« P'^tate satisfecerit, habere nunc se nt on
dersadvioe. em officii pro beneficiis Caesaris : monere, orare Titu'
Magnamma:rc^z::rnr:^r'"'" ^^'"^---^^
adfore biduo. Ip.orum esse co:::I^Z^:Z::T'V '^"^
sentinm, eductos ex hibernis milites aut Td r ' ^ ^"'"""
Labienum «leducere auorum .1 ^ r «^-'ceronem aut ad
mra„.l„ c„nfi„„are,tu„„„ ,Vr per fil d-, ?'"' " '"'■'■
n civi,a,i se,e c„„s„,c,e. ,„,;<, hiLe 'ev ™"e, Se". ""' """^'
n>em. ,.a.ia,n .f.,.. H.c „.a,io„e hal^.Tii^eSl^^lCir'
i
22
C. lULI CAESARI«
niSPUTE BETWEEN SAHINUS AND COTTA - CH. 28-
31.
Acoundiof , ^'^^^'"•-ArpineiL.s et Iunii;s, cjuae miclk-ru.U, ad
legates deferiint. Illi lepentina re perturbati, elsi ab
hostc ea dicebantur, tamen non neglegenda existima-
bant, maximeque hac re pennovebantur, quod civitatem ignobilcm
atque humilem Ebuionum sua sponte populo Romano bellum facere
ausam vix erat credendum. Itaque ad consilium rem deferunt
magnaque mter eos exsistit controversia. Lucius Aurunculeiiis
Cotta favo.., ^"'"Pl^^-esque tribuni militum et primorum ordinum
delay. centunones nihil temere agendum neque ex hibernis
muissu Caesaris discedendum existimabant ; quantasvis
copias etiam Germanorum sustineri posse munitis hibernis doce-
bant : rem esse testimonio, quod primum hostiu.n impetum muitis
ultro vulnenbus inlatis fortissime sustinuerint ; re frumentaria non
prem. ; interea et ex proximis hibernis et a Caesare conventura
subsidia ; postremoquid esse levius aut turpius.quam auctore hostc
de summis rebus capere consilium ?
Sahinus urges ^^ ^ ^"-^^«"tra ea Titurius sero facturos clamita-
a hastyretrcat. bat, cum maiores manus hostium adiunctis Germanis
convenisscnt, aut cum aliquid calamitatis in proximis
hibernis esset acceptum. Hrevem consulcndi esse occasionem
Caesarem arbitrari profectum in Italiam ; neque aliter Carnutes
interhciendi Tasgetii consilium fuisse capturos, neque Eburoties si
ille adesset, tanta contemptione nostri ad castra ventures esse. Non
hostem auctoi-em, sed rem spectare : subesse Rhenum ; magno esse
Germanis dolor. Ariovisti mortem et superiores nostras victorias ;
ardere Galliam tot contumeliis acceptis sub populi Roman! impe-
rium redactam, superiore gloria rei militaris extincta. I'ostremo
qu.s hoc s.bi persuaderct, sine certa re Ambiorigem ad eiusmodi
consilium descendisse ? Suam sententiam in utramque partem esse
tutam : si nihil esset durius, nuUo periculo ad proximam legioneni
perventuros ; si Gallia omnis cum Germanis consentiret, unamesse
in edentate positam salutem. Cottae quidem atque eorum, qui
dissentirent, consilium quern habere exitum ? in quo si non praesens
periculum, at certe longinqua obsidione fames esset timenda.
XXX.-Hac in utramque partem disputatione habita, cum a
Cotta pnmisaue ordinibus acritcr resistcretur, Vincite, inquit, siita
CH. 28-31.
uae aiidiiTiint, ad
perturbati, ctsi ab
legenda exifstima-
vitatem iKnobilcm
lano bcllum facere
jm rem deferunt,
:ius Aurunculeius
rimorum ordimim
leque ex hibcrnis
abant ; i|iiantasvis
tis hibernis doce-
1 inipetum imiltis
e friimentaria non
esare conventura
jam auctore hoste
facturos clamita-
liunctis Germanis
litatis in proximis
;sse occasionem.
2 aliter Carnutes
K]ue Ebuiones, si
ituros esse. Non
lum ; majfno esse
nostras victorias ;
jli Romani impe-
incta. Postremo
(em ad eiusmodi
ique partem esse
)ximam legionem
;ntiret, unam esse
tque eorum, qui
) si non praesens
t timenda.
habita, cum a
:ite^ inquit, siita
»E BELLO OALUCO, LlB. V.
■i'ultis, Saljinus et id i •
---diret ; ne.ue is su^^ T' "^ "^^^^"^ P^rs militum
A'^uu/o terrear: hi sJien^i T •^""^''"^"^«^ ^^ ^ol>is mortis
mfereant. '''^"^' ^''''^' ** ceteris autferro aut fame
Sabinus -^aXI. — -Consureituf f»v nr^ ■!•
.h^»„. .em in »„„„„„„, '^.^J^ ^" «--e e, pe«i„acia
'•em, seu maneant spi, r^ r "*^*"^ ■ 'acilem esse
omnes sentiant ac probent ; contra inT ''"'"'' '' '"«'^^ """"^
Perspicere. Res disputaione ad ";'"''""' """^"^ ^^ «^'"t^-"
Tandem dat Cotta permo us ' !l "* ""''^"^ P^'-d^citur.
Pronuntiatur, prima luceTuros Cn ' '"^'^"^ ^^"'^"^'^ ^abini.
noctis, cum sua quisque miles circurlir""'"' ""^^ ^^''^"^ P^^^
posset, quid ex instrumen to h be^u'r' T^ "^"" ^^^^^^
„ , Omnia exco.itantur nn "-^''"q^ere cogeretur.
Departure . , ^^^"i.icantur, quare nee s me nenVni^ ^
from camp, et languore militum et vimlii« ^ ^ ^^"^^'"^
Prima luce sic ex castr-^ n . '''"'"'""^ ^"^^^^"'••
--^ consilmm datum, longiss^ %:-:Z.-^^_
"^;"^"^%iJiS e^e^X^r^^
•nsidiis bipertito in silvis opoortuno T'"'" ''"'^''""^' ^""«^^-^is
passuum circiter duobus Rom" "^!!' "''"^*° '°^° ^ '"'"bus
cum se maior pars agmtis 1?" "'^^"^""^ expectabant, et
"^-que parte dus va^subiTo seTt^d ""''"'" demisisset, ex
'"ere et primos prohibere ascen u T ""' "o->^simosque pre-
Proelium committere coeperum ^"' 'n.qu.ssimo nostris loco
"""«".^l»?»' .XXXIII.- -Turn demum Tituri,,» q„i .:u:, ,„.
CoUa'Bvalor. f"^'^^*^'' trcp.dare et concursare co~hor<= / *" ^''''
haec tamen insa tim!^ . cohortesque disponere,
viderentur; quod plerum ^ "t^.^"^ "' ^"^ ^^ia def.cere
-gotio consilium capere agu .^'^f^f.^^^^^^'^ ^- - ipso
4 K nt>n. At Cotta, ,,ui cogitasset, haec
u
0. lULl CAESARIS
posse iti itinere accidere, atque ob cam caiisam profcctionis aiictof
non fuisset, nulla in re commiini saliiti cleorat : ct in appcllandis
cohortandisque inilitibus imperatoris et in pugna niiiitis officia
praestabat. Cum propter longitudinem agminis minus facile omnia
per se obire et, quid quoque loco faciendum esset, providere possent,
msserunt pronuntiare, ut impedimenta relinquerent atque in orbem
consisterent. Quod consilium etsi in eiusmodi casu rcprehendendum
non est, tamen incommode accidit : mm et nostris militibus
spem minuit et hostes ad pugnandum alacriore- effecit, quod
non sine summo timore et desperatione id factum videbatur.
Praeterea accidit, quoc! fieri necesse erat, ut vulgo milites ab
signis discederent, quae quisque eorum carissima haberet, ab
impedimentis petere atque arripere properaret, clamore ct fletu
omnia complerentur.
The battle. XXXIV.— At barbaris consilium non defuit. Nam
duces eorum tota acie pronuntiare iusserunt, ne quis
ab loco discederet : illorum esse praedam atque illis reservari,
quaecumque Romani reliquissent : proinde omnia in victoria posita
existimarent. Erant et virtute et studio pugnandi pares nostri ;
tametsi ab duce et a fortuna deserebantur, tamen omnem spem
salutis in virtute ponebant, et quotiens quaeque cohors procurrerat,
ab ea parte magnus numerus hostium cadebat. Qua re animadversa
Ambiorix pronuntiari iubet, ul procul tela coniciant neu propius
accedant et, quam in partem Romani impetum fecerint, cedant :
levitate armorum et cotidiana exercitatione nihil iis noceri posse ;
rursus se ad signa recipientcs insequantur.
XXXV.— Quo praecepto ab iis diligentissime ob-
Taotics of the ^„ . . , . '^
enemy. servato, cum quaepiam cohors ex orbe excesserat atque
impetum fecerat, hostes velocissime refugiebant. In-
terim earn partem nudari necesse erat et ab latere aperto tela recipi.
Rursus, cum in eum locum, unde erant egressi reverti coeperant,
et ab iis, qui cesserant, et ab iis, qui proximi stcterant, circumvenie-
bantur ; sin autem locum tenere valient, nee virtuti locus relinquc-
batur, neque ab tanta multitudine coniecta tela con-
thJItomans. f^^ti vitare poterant. Tamen tot incommodis con-
flictati, multis vulneribus acccptis resistcbant et
magna parte diei consumpta, cum a prima luce ad horam octavam
"
'feclioiiis aiictdl-
:t in apiiellandis
I niilitis officia
nils facile omnia
ovidere possent,
atqiie in orbem
eprehendendiim
ostris militibus
■s effecit, quod
:tum videbatur,
-ilgo milites ab
la haberet, ab
imore et fletu
n defiiit. Nam
sserunt, ne quis
illis reservari,
1 victoria posita
i pares nostri ;
I omncm spem
)rs procurrerat,
reanimadversa
nt neu propius
cerint, cedant :
> noceri posse ;
gentissime ob-
xcesserat atque
fugiebant. In-
erto tela recipi.
erti cocperant,
It, circumvenie-
locus relinquc-
ecta tela con-
ommodis con-
resistcbuiit et
loram octavam
Bk BeLLo GALLICO, lir v. 26
iTlSv.''.;."''"'' '""' '■'^^" "^^^ ■"'■■«""-' comn.ittebant. Turn
Cotta wounded, ^"«^'^"'"s. eiiisdem ordinis, fortissimo puynans dum
trapp^. .^""^ Procul ... .o;v,ngcm suos cohortantem conspex-
impetrari posse CnL T ' ^ '"''' '"'^ "^'"t"'" ^'^'"te
in eo perse'^era;. ''""''"" '"^^" ""^"^ ^^^^ ^^q-
The massacre. .^^^VIL-Sabinus, quos in praesentia tribunos
■mpca,. ,„,eri„,, „„„ j, condicionil^s in.e Je a™ r L '
con.„.o ab A^bioH^e i„.,-,„i.„ ,e™„, pi:;:,^" ,;^: "«I-
SrX^t Tar;- ,T""' """ ""'' — i«oria„, cone :!
«.dines pe„ra„T"\" t ™ 'c'o":: ""'""'"™.'" "°*- '-°
n...xima parte mili „n, R,li ''"^°''"' ""■"<'^'""' cum
cum de reous gestis certiorem faciunt perve...unt atquc
i
26
C. WU CARSARrS
Q. CrCERO BESIEGED BY THE NERVII. EBURONES AND ADUATUCI
CH. 38-52.
Activity ^^^^.^ ' ^•"""^^ ^'*''*''''* '"^'^t»=^ Ambiorix statim
ofAmbioiix. ^"^"^ eqnitatu in Aduatiicos, qui erant eius regno
finitimi, proficiscitur ; neque noctem neque diem
mtenn,tt,t pcdUatumque sese subsequi iubet. Re demonstram
Aduatucisque concitatis, postero die in Nervios pervenit hortatur-
que, ne su. m perpetuum liberandi atque ulciscendi Romanos pro
i.s, quas accepennt, iniuriis occasionem dimittant : interfectos esse
legates duos magnanique partem exercitus interisse demonstrat •
n.h,l esse negotii, subito oppressam legionem, quae cum Cicerone
hiemet, mterfici ; se ad earn rem profitetur adiutorem. Facile hac
oratione Nerviis persuadet.
XXXlX—Itaque confestim dimissis nuntiis ad Ceutrones,
Grud.os, Levacos, Pleumoxios, Geidumnos, qui omnes sub eorum
unpeno sunt, quam maximas manus possunt, cogunt ct de impro-
V.SO ad Cceron.s hiberna advolant, nondum ad eum fama de
Tuurn morte perlata. Huic quoque accidit, quod fuit necesse. ut
nonnulh m.l.tes, qui lignationis munitionisque causa in silvas
d.scessissent, repentino equitum adventu interciperentur. His
Cicero's ca„>p ;^"'^""^^«»t'^. «"^gna manu Eburones, Nervii, Adua-
Hurrounded. tuci atque honini omnium socii et clientes legionem
oppugnare incipiunt. Nostri celeriter ad arma con-
currunt, vallum conscendunt. Aegre is dies sustentatur, quod
omnem spem hostes in ceieritate ponebant atque banc adepti
victoriam m perpetuuir se fore victores confidebant.
stuhhom ,. ^^- ^I'«"nt»r ad Caesarem confestim ab Cicerone
l^TZ^ T'''^! '"^^'"" propositis praemiis, si pertulissent ;
obsessis omnibus viis missi intercipiuntur. Noctu ex
materia, quam munitionis causa comportaverant, turres admodum
centi: ct v.^mli excitancur incredibili ceieritate; quae deosse operi
videbantur, perficiumur. Hostes postero die multo maioribus anctis
copus castra oppugnant, fossam complent. Eadem ratione m,»
pridic, ab nostrisj-esistitur. Hoc idem reliquis deinccps fit diebus.
N!;!!a pars noctu. s.i tcmporis ad iaboreii. intermittilur ; non aetris.
non vulnerai . facultas quietis datur. Quaecumque ad proxinii
[> ADUATUCI.
biorix statim
eius regno
neque diem
demonstrata
:nit hortatur-
' Oman OS pro
erfectos esse
demonstrat ;
•m .Cicerone
Facile hac
Ceutrones,
sub eorum
t de impro-
m fama de
: necesse, ut
a in silvas
ntur. His
ervii, Adua-
•s legionein
anna con-
tatur, quod
anc adepti
lb Cicerone
;rtulissent ;
Noctu ex
admodurn
eesse operi
buscoactis
itione, qua
dt diebus.
ion aetri»,
d proximi
DE BKLLO GALLICO, LIB. y. gy
diei oppugnationem onus simf n^^»
tae sudes, .agnus nZuZ' 21^7''^''''''' ^ -"'^- P-us-
contabulantur, pinnae loricaec ^ ^;:;,:;;:^ ■'^-■^-^-.- tunes
C.cero, cum tenuissima valetudine asset ne "■^"^"'^'"■•- ^P^e
tempus ad quietem relinquebat ut i ^'"^,!"'-""'" quidem sibi
vocibus sibi parcere coge.etur ""'"""^ ^«"^"'-^" ac
Bold reply of ai;^^''""^""^ ^""^ Pniicipesqiio Nerviornm
OicerS/ aliquem sernionis aditum cii,s-.L ^''^^''''"'"' H^i
Cicerone habcbant 00110! • '^"'*""^J"« am.ctiae cum
Potestate, eadem, quae A„, i^:' l^"' l"' ""' '"""^- '■■-■''■'
rant: omnem esse in armis c;, ' T ° '^^*''^^' ^«'"■"enm-
Caesaris reIiquo,un.,ue ],: 1 ""^'"°^ ^^-""'" 'ransisse ;
Sabinimorte;A,nbi.>;.igen : ;.:rrrr': ^''""' ^'''-" ^'e
e°f dicunt, si quicquam al r. 'r "'""'^^ "^"'^- E-ar.
^>fficiant;sesetamc;n.,cc etcice ^'"""'' ^1- ^'--s rebus
— . "t nihil „isi in-be;,: "ec^r
consuetudinem noli„t ; n,,,, ; ,'f '"^" '''^'^' ''«nc inveterascere
.-e^ere et, quascumque in •,"":;;:'"■"" ^^ '^ ''"-'-
^-ro ad hacc unum modo 0' ond t "o "'" '"''" "■■"^'' ■-•'•
P"P"'' Ko.nani, accipere ab luXl ' T '''' ^""^^"'-•'"dinem
arnns discedere velin., se ac i u ^ n.n M "'"^'-•°"-" = si nb
-ttant; spe^re pro eiu. iustiti ; ^^^^ ^'t'- ''^ ^-sarem
^ Ptticrmt, impetraturos.
The Nervii (.„. '^^' '• — Ab liac snp rpni.l,.; \t
C.S.IX. - '^-a Pedu„; rS ^^::--"°Pe^".nnovem
C,.r' ^•"^---" ann..n.m consu ,, ".S"- "^^ ^'^
, ^ rant et. ,|nos .le exercitu 1,- ' ^ognove-
docobantur, sed nulla fnranu.n o , ' '"^ ^'''f'^''^'»^' ^b his
"-"■ i<ionca. gladiis r.spi, "^^ ^'-''^' --t ad hnnc
terram exhauriro ni.ehant r Qu. • '' "'"""'"' ^•''^'^""«^"«^
t"^>«'-gnosci potuit: nan, nnn,. h,. J,'" "\r ''"'""""" -""iti.
''--" in nrcuitu "nn.itioncm^p fe^^^^^^ l-ssuunu.nin.
-ant,parareacfacerecoeperu;;t "''"' '"'■" ''^'" -P^ivi docu-
Ttir(!,.ii,igttH. „„_, -" " ' '''PP"Kniihnnisdienmviinr.^„ .
««'■itttM.amp. ^**"»" fcrventes fusih ex ,r..ill. , '"*'"'"o ^orto
^c-rvefarta iacula in cisas n. ''""''■'' '■""'^''' «»
erant tee.ae. ia.e.e eoepenuHn '?"'''''"':'•''''''•-•'•''-"'<«
«ai
28
C, lULI OAKSAIUS
denint el venti magnitudine in omncin locum castrorum distulerunt.
Hostes niaximo clamoie, sicuti parta iam atque explorata victoria,
turres testudineseiue aKcre et scalis vallum ascendere cocperunt.
At tanta militum virtus atque ea pracsentia animi fuit, ut, cum
undique flamma to. rerentur maximaque teloium multitudine pre-
merentur suaque omnia impedimenta atque omncs fortunas conflag-
rare intellcgerent, non modo dcmigrandi causa de vallo decedeiet
nemo, sed paene ne respiceret quidem quisc|uam, ac turn omnes
acernme fortissimeque pugnarent. Hie dies nostris longe gravissi-
imtarerepul- "'"^^"'^ ' '^^ ^amen hunc habuit eventum, ut eo die
Bed. maxunus numerus hostium vulneraretur atque interfic-
eretur. ut se sub ipso vallo constipaverant recessumque
prim-s ultimi non dabant. Paulum quidem intermissa flamma ct
quodam loco turii adacta et contingente vallum, tertiae cohortis
centuriones ex eo, quo stabant, loco recesserunt suosciue omnes
removerunt, nutu vocibusque hostes, si introirc vellent, vocare
coepcrunt ; quorum progredi ausus est nemo. Tum ex omni parte
lapidibus coniectis deturbati, turrisque succensa est.
nravc-ry of ^^r'^'— ^''^n^'" «'^ logione fortissimi viri, centuriones
two ociitiirionfi. M"' primis ordinibus adpropinquarent, Titus I'ulio ot
Lucius Vorenus. Hi perpotuas inter se controversias
habebant, quinam anteferretur, omnibusquc annis de locis summis
simultatibus contendcbant. Ex his I'ulio, cum accrrime ad
numitiones pugnarctur. Quid dubitas, inquit, Vorctc^ aut quern
locum tunc probaiuiae vi, tufts expectas f hie dies de „os/n\ aw-
troversiis fudicabil. Haec cum dixisset, proccdit extra munitiones
quaccpie pars hostium confertissima est visa, in earn irrumpit. Ne
Vorenus (piidcm sesc vallo cntinot. m-I omnium veritus existi-
mationein subsequitur. Midi-.cri spatio relic o I'ulio pilum in
hostes inimittit at(|ue unum ex mullituduic procunentem trairit ■
(|iio pcrcusso et exanimatn, hunc scutis protegunt, in hostem tela
univcrsi coniciunt neque d.mt rcgrcdicndi facultatcin. Transfigitu'r
scutum I'ulioni ct verutum in balteo deligitur. ,\vertit hie casus
vaginam et gladium educere conanti dextram moratur manum.
inqK<iilum(|iie iiosks cirrumsistunt. .Su( currit inimicus illi Vorenus
ct l.dmranti Mibvenit. Ad h.mr se .onfcsiini a I'l.iioue onmis
mulliludo converiii ; ilium veruto arbit.anlur occisum. (JIadio
II distulerunt.
rata victoria,
e cocperunt.
fuit, ut, cum
Ititudine pre-
inas conflag-
ilo decederet
turn onines
nge gravissi-
m, ut eo die
que interfic-
recessunicjue
il flammfi ct
iae cohortis
sfjue onines
lent, vocare
omni parte
centunones
tus I'ulio ot
ontroversias
)cis sunimis
icerrime ad
? au/ qucin
nostris con-
niunitioncs,
iimpit. Ne
ritns existi-
o pilum in
em traicit ;
liostem tela
Transfigitur
t hie casus
iir manum,
illi Vorenus
ione oinnis
n. (iladio
DK BKLLO GALLICO. LIB. V 2»
famine u.rum<,ue ve v ' ut 1, '?' '" "^"'^'"'*""« «' cer-
New« conveyed ^LV.-Quanto erat in dies gravior atque asnerior on
Galii.. slave. '"^" ^^.o, ct m.ixiine c|u.)d magna parte militum confcc
ta vulner.bus res ad pauc.tatcm ciefensorum perven.rat
tanto crebr,ores luterae nuntiique ad Caesarem nmtel.m 1 "J'
ru.n pa,.s deprehensa in conspec.u nostrorum militum c c-Lci tu
necabatur. K,at unus intus Nerv.us non.ine Vcrtico, loco nat "
honesto, qu. a prnna obs,dionc ad Ciceronem perfuge at suamoue
e. fidem prae..,Uerat. Hie servospe iibertatis mag„itc,ue p^radet
pracmns, ut interas ad Caesarem deferat. Has ille in r m
l^at.s e,^rt e. .alius mt.r (.llos sn,e u.la s" L; ^ ^::^^,
^;^::::;:.r"^^'"'- "^ - '- '^--•^^ -— '^.-^i^e
CacmrH prompt ^'^VF -.(aesar acceptis litteris hora circiter unde
..a-— for cnna d.e, s.atim nuntium in M.-lIovacos ad M. C a " ,"
cpuuMoren, n.iuit, cuius hibcrna aberant ab eo m.I a
passuum v.g.nt. qunup,. ; u.bet media nocte legio„em p, ohcisci ce '
en orqueadscven.re Exit cum nuntio Crassus. Alterumad cli.m
Kd„um!c.ga.um >n,n,t,ut in Atrebatum fines (egionem add 17
qua s,b, set Iter .aca-ndun,. Scribit Labieno, si reipublicae 0^«-
nodo facere posset, cun. legione ad fines Ne.viorum ven 'a
Kelu,u,.m puten, excrcuus, quod paulo aborat longius, non pmat'
exp-^mdam; cqu.tes c.rciter c.ua.ir.ngcntos ex proximis^b^i:::
.o.^'^^I-'T""''' circi.er terti.1 ab antecursoribus de Crassi adventu
certmr factus, eo die milia passuum viuin.; ^^-.^ ^"ventu
Samar<,brivae praeficit legioncmque a.lribuit, qu...i ibi'impc^Unl^nU
exeratus obswies cvHatuu,, litfras F-blica. sfnunentumque Ine!
4uud cu tolerandae h.enus causa devexera., relinquebat F j^,"s
30
C. lULI CAKSARIS
"t .mperatum erat, non ita multum moratus, in itinere cum le.ione
abU^jMom cogn.ta, cum omnes ad eum Treverorum copiae
fectionem fec.sset, ut host.um impetum sustinere posset, praese tim
quos recent, v.ctoria efferri sciret. littoras Caesari rcn^S^^ZZ
u,n penculo legionem ex hibernis educturus esset, rem itl
Kburon,bus perscnbit, docet, omnes peditatus equi atusqu i
Ireverorum tna m.lia passuun. longe ab suis castris consed'ssr
Oaesar'smareh , .^LVIIL-Caesar consilio eius probato, etsi opinions
totheroscMo. trium legtonum deiectus ad duas redierat, tamen unum
communis salutis auxilium in celeritate ponebat Venit
magnis umer.bus in Nerviorum fines. Ibi ex captivis cognosc
quae apud C.ceronem gerantur quantoque in pericuio res sit Turn
A.etterfro.„ ^. ^^ <" '''""'''"' ^^"" "^''^^"'"^ P''^^'"''^ persuadet,
Caesar. "ti ad Ciceronem epistolam deferat. Hanc (Jriecis
consrnptam litteris mittit, ne inte> .-na epistoli nostra
ab host.bus consilia cognoscantur. Si adire : n posst nonet ^t
tn^gulam cum epistola ad amentum de.ig.. i^ m ^^^^^
cas.rorum ab.cat^ '" ""-- ^^^^^^^ - cum le^ionibus p.^^ , "
celenter adfore ; hortatur. ut pristinam virtutem reti.oa iZ
penculum vemus ut erat praeceptum, tragulam mittit. Haec c su
ad turr.m adhaes.t neque ab nostris biduo .nimadversa tertio d e a
quodam m.lue con.picitur, dempta ad Ciceronem defctur Tile
Joyincioero'8 P^'^'^ctam m conventu militum rcc.tat maxi.nauue
camp. omnes iaetit.a adficit. Turn fumi incendiorum procul
vKlebantur, quae res omnem dubitationem adventus
legionum expulit. '"'vcmus
The oanl, «o ^^^^' ~^f' ""^ ''^«"''■'^ P^' explo.atores obsidionem
to.m.t.tcao8ar. lelmquunt, ad Caesarcm omnibus copiis contemlunt
Haec erant armata circiter milia qu^H. ta (Ve,/.
data facultate ( iailum ab eodem Vertioone, quern „", ■ \,J,"'
vunus, repetit,quilitterasadCaesaremdefer.v;l..- - unmnet .t."
caute diligenterque faciat ; perscnbit in litteris, hostesab se disce!''
s.sse omnemquo ad eum muiti.udinem convt,-isse. Quibus liue • L"
„." ^ , ', f^^" ""'-'t'^ su.), f.teu ceriiores eostme ad di-
niRandum anuno ...nhrmat. I'osi.ro die luce p, i„,a move! cas.ra c't
e cum legione
ede cohortiuni
rorum copiae
similem pro-
et, praeseitim
niittit, qiianto
em gestam in
tusqiie copias
iMisodisse.
etsi opinione
tarn en unum
lie bat. Vcnit
'is cognoscit
■es sit. Turn
is persuadet,
lane Ciraecis
•istola nostra
it, nionct, iit
munitionem
s piofcctnm
L'at. (ialius
Haec casu
teitio die a
'^'itiir. Hie
nia.ximaqiie
»i"um piocul
11 adventus
obsidionem
:()ntendiint.
ta. Cicero
' nionstra-
nionet, iter
> se disces-
biis litieris
i<liie ad di-
f'tcastract
»E BEILO OALLICO, LIB. V.
^- copiis iniquo ioco dim are turn ou '"'""i P^"^"'" ''^' '--
Cceronem sciebat, aequo ani^^ ^mi tentm t''^^'''^^^'--
whoe..ca..,, -^b^^- ^--ditet,quaraeZssn:o;''^' "'■"'-
/' ^ast^a communit atque haer- ,,''"'"""'" '"C" Potest,
vix hommum milium septem, praeser^r' r ""'"^ "^■^"''^ P^''' ^^N
tamen angustiis viarum, quam^ma^'e n.? '""^ ""Pedin.entis
ut m summam contem^tlne iiT Is"' '"'"'^''^ ^° '^°-"-
tonbus in omnes partes dimiss exni ' ' ''""' '"^"''" ^P«^"'-
valles transire possit. P'°'*'' ^"° '^««"'"odissime itinere
ampliores copias 'e^ond.' ""'"'"^' ^^"'' ^""^
'^ant, Caesar, si forte tinior^ ^sim,!.? /°""'"^''^"*' ^^P^cta-
encere posset, ut citra valiem pro "a f "n' ^''" '" """^ '"'"'"
efficere non posset, ut explores ^ n k'" ' ^«"'enderet ; si id
vailem rivumque transiret.' P ;V ce ; :• "'"°" ^"'" P^'-'^
accedit proeliumque cum nostr s ea "1 "'"""^ '^'"''"^^"^ «^ castra
-.Ito equites cedere seque m cTstra r ' '' ""?'"'' ^^^«^^ -""
bus partibus castra altile vai o ^.n '"' '"''' ' ^"""' ^'^ «'-n'-
h.^ administrandis rebus quam rx" ^"^"^"'^''■"' '''^^- ■""
t'one agi timoris iubet. concursari et cum simula-
The Qauls re. LI.— Qujbus omnibus reh.iQ k^..
-a- traducunt aciemque inijuo loco "ns'tir'^' ^"^'^^
vero edam de vallo dr,!. ..; ^«"^tituunt, nostris
-ntra munitionem ex omnibus nanib ' : ^'"''''' ^**^^"^^^""» «^ ^ela
c.rcummissis pronuntiari iubeat seu nl ^l.'"""' P''''*^"^""'busque
ante l.oram te.tiani ad se tran ;« ^e ,e V" '"""""^ -'''
pus non fore potestatem ; ac s ni "o ' ? '""' ' ^ ' ' ''' '«'"-
- ^Peciem portis. singu.i's orSuT:: "TuTr?' ""''^^"
■"t'o'umpere videbantur, alii villum ' ' ^ ''"^ """ ^'''''^
coniplere inciperent. Tum CaeTa 1 K '""'^'^"' ^"" '"'-as
equitatuque emisso celeriter'ro::e3 r;';;:.^" ""'^''""^' ^^'^
i-i^^^n-md; cau^a rcsisteret nemo „,,/""'' =*^" "" «""nino
"ccidita.q.H oniucarmisexur "^"^'""'"^"'^ «'^ «'^ "umeru-r,
32
C. iUM CAKSAKIS
Cicero relieved- ^^^" "^^""«'"^ ['K^-equi veritiis, quod silvae paludes-
faesaronUie' 9"«^ mt i edeban' nrqiie etiani parvlo detriments
and consoli^K^ "^"'^^"" '^'cum relin(|u. videUat, onviibus suis .iicoluuii-
bus copiis rodem dir ad • icerantni pervenit InsM-
tutas tuneMestudines n.uniticMiesque bostiiin adiuinui.r , 'e-ione
pn-'cucta o..;jnoscit, non dcciimim quemqiu- ..!sse'rc^'|uuni militen*
•..ne vulnere : ex his omnibus iudicat rebus, quanto cum pericuio et
qi.a-ita rvm vmuu res sint administratae. Ciccronem pro eius
mento ic^gainemquc collaudat ; centuriones singillatim tribunosqut
milru u appeli t, quorum egregiam fuisse v]i:utem testimonio Cice-
ron,=, cognoverat. De casu Sabini et Cott;.e certius ex captivis
cognnscit. Postero die contione habita v.m gestam proponit
mdites consolatur et confirmat ; quod detriii. ntum culpa et teme-
ntate legati sit acceptum, hocaequiore animo ftnendum docet,quod
benefc.o deorum immortaiium et virtute eorum c<piato incommodo'
neque hostibus diutina laetatio neque ipsis longior dolor relinquatur.'
LABIKNUS AND THK TREVKRI.- CH. 53-58.
News of cae. ^'^ '•— '"'crim ad Labionum per Kemos incredibili
sar'g victory celentate ile victoria Caesaris fama pcrfertur, ut, cum ab
uKi'*' hibernis Ciceronis milia passuum abesset circiter sex-
gmta, eoque post liorain nonam diei Caesar pervenissct
ante mediam noctem ad portas casforum clamor orcretur, quo'
clamoie significatio victoriae gratulatioque ab Remis Labieno fieret
Hac fama ad Treveros perlata, Indutiomarus, qui postero die castra
Lab.en. oppugnare decreverat, noctu profugit copiastpie omne^ in
Caesar'Hpre. ^'■«^«■■"S 'educit. Caesar Fabium cum sua legione re-
X'win/cT """'^ '" lube. na, ipse cum tribus legionibus circum
Samarobnvam trinis liibernis hiemare constituit et
quod tant. motus Galliae cxstiteiani, totam hiemeni ipse ad cxerci-
tum maneredecrevit. Nam illo incommodo de S^Lini morte perluo
omnes fere Galliae civitates de bello consultabr u.itios logation-
esque m omnes partes dimittebant el, quid rel'' , , nsilii caperem
atque undo -litium belli fieret, explon ' nt : . curmxque in locis
DlH,„ri.e..H,a.. , '""' "'"'^'"''^ I'-'bcbant. :..:q.: , ullum fere totius
-^fUiiui. i-.omis tcinpns «mc s.nllicitu.ii-c Caesaris infcrcrssit
quin aliqucin de consiliis ac nv>h> f'.all
accipetet. In his ab l.ucio Koscio, (|uc
n; ii
loriin nuntinni
rliae de. iniac
DE BELLO GALLICO, LIB. V. 33
praefecerat, certior factus est nv..rna« roii
afuisse, set! niintio allato de victm-i-, c.^ ■ a- "'"^'"'^ ^"'s
fugae similis discessus videretur ^'""""^' '"^^^^ "'
Caesar standi se^evlr^^f' r"""'" pHncipibus cuiusque civitatis ad
consd.o conat, cum ille praesensisset ac ..rofug sse ut "e "S ^^^
u.ss,sset, dicto audientes non fuerunt Tan u>„ Tn H . ''"""
barbaros valuit esso -.linn.- lantum apud homines
.». u. . pop„,o L,..„„ ™:.i:;err„,:::r ■:?,:--
indutio,„ar,Ks Jt^-"" ' ''^''^" ''"'' »'^"6 Indutiomaius totius hiemis
wiHtoam.we ""lUmi tempus intermiserunt „nm f. "^ "'emis
thtMUnnana. leuntn<; mit,I» » ^^'^'""'erunt, qum trans Rhenum
legates mitterent, civitates sollicitarent nernni-.. „ ir
cerentur, magna parte exercitus nostri interfem mul, '
-peresse dicerent parten. Neque tamen d cin ti "'"""'"
<;.um persuaderi potuit, ut Rhen mn tran'i ot un ■ "'"""
d.cercnt, Ariovisti bello et Tencterorum rans it.^ '''"'"'
-Un,am temptaturos. Ha,- s.e .apZ S^n^Z: S::;;::!
copias coLfere, exerccre
a fin
uiini.s c
But the (inula 'J'"^ 'o'-» ^ ">allia magnis
cqu(!s parare, exiiics damnat
os-
Hock to I
stundunl
''" Ac tanf
nil sibi iani liis rebii
praomiis ad se allico
re coejiit.
comparaveiat, ul iin(ii(|ue ad
icrenl, yratiam atque ainicit
s in (iailia aiicior itatem
t-'iim Ie;.;ati<inrs concur-
lam jniblice privatim(|iic pLic
lent.
34
C. lULI CAESAmS
LVI.— Ubi intellexit, ultro ad se veniri altera ,., „.„. c
Carnmcsque conscicuis facinoris ins.ij a^wa N,"^ !,""""
coa,„e „e„u. Ro„,a„is ,a.are, .c;nkf r„„^™ '' It
Hoc more Ga,„n,.„ es, i„i,i„m belli, ,„„ ,,,, „„,„„„.
r ir^Tr""'',"""™"' ""-"""• ^ ■.- ox lis
An armed nnv;cc,"r>,.,o ^ • • ""^'""t ; qui ex lis
,,, novissimus conven.t, m conspect» multitudinis omni-
council of
Gauls.
bus cr,,i,tibus affectus necatur. In eo concilio Cin-
getorigem, altenus principem factioni^ <,«„»
quem supra demonstravimus Caesar sTecutumfif 7 '"""^'
discessisse, hostem iudicat bonaque eius ^^^,1 His" T
confectis in concilic, pronuntiat, arcessitum se a <? k "'
LVII.— Labienus, cum et loci natnra «f «,„
castris sese tenere de sun ,r l «» ^anu munitissimis
nequamo^asionl^erU^-r^^^^^
Indu.o.aru,. t.os mittit ad finitimas civitates equitesqt „ 'd" "
evocat: his certum diem conveniendi dicit Ztl
prope cotidie cum omni equitatu Indutiomarus ub cast." •™
vagabatur, alias ut situm castrorum cognoscere 'lias rn ""J
aut territandi causa; equites plerumque on nes te rintra"'T''
con.cebant. Labienus suos intra munitionercon fnlh?. ■"'
que opinionem, quibuscumque poterat rebus augeba^''"' """""
rum civitatum, quos arcessendos curaverat ama dTii '™^"
suos custodiis intra castra continuir 1 nj, , X'' "^
enuntiari aut ad Treveros perferri nosse Tnf ^^ '^
cotidiana Indutiomarus ad ca trT.ccedi t ,/"''"'" ^'^ ^«"«"^'"^ine
diei consumit; equites telat!:; ^r^ ^^ " 3^ CT
vcrborum noslros ad pu^nam evocant. Nuiio -ib ''-''^''''f'^
r.,>onso. ubi visum est, sub vesperum d" ^;:! TZJ;;
< parte Senones
^ervios Aduatu-
tariorum copias
atum concilium
o lege communi
irunt ; qui ex iis
Ititudinis omni-
;o concilio Cin-
generum suum,
iem ab eo non
t- His rebus
Senonibus et
' ; hue iturum
um ac, prius-
uae fieri velit,
J>fi BELLO GAtr,tCO, LIB. V.
35
d.scedunt, Subito Labienus duabus nortis om
...e;.„.. -'"it; p^ecipit atque"' u^, ^^ti^rr^
tioin«ru88:ain. atque in fuKam conierfi« 'i;^'oteintis hostibus
videbat-unu'^ o^r mJnT r 7'- ^""' ^^^'''^•
quis quem prius vulneret Qu^r n^ Indutiomarum, neu
-. reiiquoru. spa^'n^rj 7. TC^ L^r ^' ''''
proponit ns, qui occiderinf r,,-, • ""^ .^""^^re nolebat; magna
subsidio. cipX^sr :-r rirr ^ ''''^-
omnes peterent, in ipso fluminis vadoT. u ' ^ ''"'" """"^
interficitur .aputque 'eius rXL t cttJl'^^T Indutiomarus
quos possunt, consectantur atque occidum H./ ""'" ''^"'''''
The revolt Eburonum et NerviZr m "^""^ ^°^"'*^ °™nes
collapses. disr^Hnn. ^^«rviorum, quae convenerant, cooiae
munitissimis
nihil timebat;
ret, cogitabat.
v.juis oratione
labuerat, nun-
sque undique
licit. Interim
> castris eius
IS colloquendi
intra vallum
lebat timoris-
Jitiomarus ad
ium finitima-
?^entia omnes
tione ea res
consiietudine
,^nam partem
'■ f^ntiimelia
nostris dato
ac dissip.nti
Bxe
I.
2.
3-
8.
£xer(
I.
2. (
3- 1
4- '
licatus
5. I
niam j
6. Q
legioni
7. V
eos co<
8. E
Hiorci
I. U
EXERCISES IN TRANSLATION
INTRODUCTORY TO
BOOK VI.
Bxercise 1.
1. Multis de causis Caesar motum Galliae exspectat.
2. Per le-atos delectum habere instituit.
3. Ab Pompeio petit ut milites ad signa convenire iuboret
4. Pompems ad urbem cum imperio remanebat.
S- Magn. intererat magnas videri facultates Italiae
(■ Hoc Pompeiu. rcipublicae et amiciti.ie tribuit
7. Ita celeriter confectus est delectus et tres Iggiones constitutae
8. Mu" a populi Romani disciplina poterat
Exercise 2.
I. Magniinterest. Magni interesse existimavit
2 Confectus est delectus. Quid potest disciplina Romanorum ?
3. Delectu confecto, Gallos docuit quid disciplina posset
licLf estcTh' T "^'°"'' ''''■ ^^^'«"■'^"^ '"bus adductis .' -p
iicatus est cohortium numerus "«i-us (, ,p.
«. Eo confecto negotio, in hib-raa legioncs reduxie.
I. Undiquebellum parabatur. Bellum undique pa..ri videbat.
38
ii:)tERcises.
2. Senones ad imperatum non veniunt. Senones non venire in-
tellegebat, consiha cum finitimis communicare ; Germanos a Tre-
veris sollicitan,
3- A Caesare de bello cogitatum est.
pl^!^' ^' ^'"° cogitandum (est). Sibi de bello cogitandum esse
5. Omnia postponenda sunt; concilium Lutetiam transferendum.
Exercise 4. (See chaps, j and 4. )
1. Concilium Galliae primo vere indicium est. Eo Senones
Carnutes Tr6v6rique non veniunt. aenones,
2. Hoc initium belli esse arbitratus, concilium ad Parisios qui
confines erant Senonibus, transfert. ^
3. Concilium Lutetiam translatum est. Ad oppidum Parisiorum
concihum transferre Caesar constituit. •'"siorum
4. Eodem die cum legionibus in Senones proficiscitur.
n,.?i;-f T''° "'"' ^'^^'"'"' ^''" '^"^ P'^'^'^^P^ f"'^' '""^et in oppida
multitudmem convenire. "ppiua
6. lis id conantibus adesse Romanos nuntiatur.
7. Legates deprecandi causa mittunt.
8. Libenter Caesar, petentibus Aeduis, dat veniam.
9. Eodem Carnutes legatos mittunt, usi deprecatoribus Remis
Eadem ferunt responsa. ^emis.
Exercise 5. (See Chaps, sand 6.)
CAESAR SUBDUES THE MENAPII.
Hac parte Galliae pacata, in bellum Trevgrorum insistit Cava
rmum cum equ.tatu Senonum serum proficisci iubet " Erant
Menapn propmqui Eburonum finibus. paludibus silvisque mumti
Q.u un. legatos numquam miserant. Cum his erat hnspitiun "n :
b.o„g.. Item per Trevfiros venerat Genuanis in amicitiam
KXKKCISKS.
39
Exercise 6. /'r;^^^,. /
{ tnaps. 6 andy.)
'. Magno hominiim numero potitur.
re^pll::.'"'"" '^'^'° ""--' «' An.bioWgen. finibus vestHs
4. Co.nn,iu.n custodis loco in Men.piis relinquit.
5- num haec a Caesare senintur Tm,,- ■
Lab,c,nnn adoriri parabant, ia„K u ' J "« I' T'^ '"'^^'^ ^"P"'^
''"as venisse legiones cognoscunt P:'i,r,:;;" '°"^ V'"""^' ^""
constituunt. ^omus casti is aiixiha exspectare
6. Temeritate hostium erit aliqua di„.icandi facultas
7- ^-ealiquamdimicandifacultatemsperavit Labienus
Exercise?. (Chap.y.^
'• ^'^^''^--^ -hortium impedimentis rclictun, est
2- Hostes flumen non transibunt \- ,
existiinabat. ansmunt. Ne^ue hostes transituros
3- Loquitur in consilio palain « r^rm. • » •
quant. Kgo meas exercitusnu Ltun; Tn J'!'"^""' "'-^^''-"P'"-
et eras [to-morrow) castra ano.ebu.' ^^'"'" """ ^'^^"^'-^bo
4- Germanos dixit adpropinciuare s
tunas in dubiu. no„ devoeaturL el posL^:;:: c" uf "'"^ ^"^■
5. Quid est Labieni consilii . Lab.enus • , '""'""""•
Ponit. A^abienus quid su, sit consilii pro-
7. Quofaciliustimorisdef., • • ^P"" '^^'^"'^ "^«v^eri iubet.
fen, strepi, castra nleri ■..:;;"'"'"'"' '"''''''^^ ^-- -"-etudo
40
Exercise 8.
BXERCISES.
(Chap 8.)
I.ABIENUS KOUIS THE TREVERI.
Galli, cohortati inter se, ne praedam ex manibus dimittf'rent
flumen transire non dubitant. (Longum esse dixcrunt auxilium ex-
spectare, neque suam pati dignitatem ut exiguain manim adoriri
non audeant). Labienus, usus siniulatione itineris, progrediebatiir
rum, " Habetis," inquit, "milites, qimm petistis, facultatem •
hostem miquo loco tenctis : praestate ducibus nobis virtutem ves-
tram atque Caesarem adesse existimate."
Nostri clamore sublato hostes in fugam coniecerunt. Quos
Labienus consectatus, magno miinero interfecto, compluribus
captis. cv.tatem rgcepit. Caesar, postquam i,i Treveros venit,
Flienum transire constituit.
CII. I
( H. 9-
CU. 2(
An ail
(Inn I.I (
iiiortiiic
fon
qtionin
dimitterent
aiixilium ex-
;imim adoriri
)grediebatur.
facultateni :
irtutem ves-
unt. Quos,
cptnpluribus
veros vcnit,
DE
C. lULI CAESARIS
BKLLO GALLICO
COMMENT A RIORUM
LIBER SEXTUS.
ui. i.l>.-c„,rMoTi,„.s 1.K, „v ,.„„. ,,„,„1^,
OH. =,.44.-CAK.„K .UN.S,,,.. ,,„ „„„„, ,,„
UIORIX.
I.- ^hlItis de cauais Cacs.ir „, .lo...... r !-
«snectaiis tut m,..„ ... " '" '" ''•""•ic ni..(tiin
A» an (.t.jiit " "^ «-««ii-^is cacs.ir 111 .io.-....w p.
«.uil«c.«Har |-^^l'c^t'»"s Pt-r Marciim Sihimmi Cni,.,. a .
42
C. lUM OAESAIUS
mancret, qiios ex Cisalpina Gallia constilis sacrament o rogavisset,
ad signa convenire (-t ad w. proCuisci iubcet, in.i.^ni intc.v; se ctiam
in rellquuin tcinpus ad opinionem Galliae existimans, lantas vidcri
Italiae facilitates, iit, si quid esset in bello detrimenti acceptum.non
modo Id brevi tempore sarciri, sed etiam maioribiis aiigeri copiis
posset. Quod cum Pompeius et rei publirae et amicitiae tribiiisset,
celeriter confecto per suos dilectu tribus ante exactam hiemem et
constitutis et adductis logionibus duplicat(xiue earum cohortium
numero, quas cum Q. Titurio amiseiat. et celeritate et copiis docuit
quid populi Romani disciplina atque oi)es possent.
TheTreveri H- — Interfocto Indutiomaro, ut docuimus, ad eius
aLielfbyVubi. P''"P'",""os a Treve.is imperium defeitur. Illi fmiti-
nrix. nios (lermnnos sollicitare et pecuniam polliceri non
desistun^ L ,..i. ab proximis in. petrare non possent,
ulteriores temp' ...vet.'i^ nonnullis civitatibus iure inrandn
inter se confirma.i. -j!i-;d.)>i)s(iue de pccunia cavent ; Ambiorigt>m
sibi societate et focdere . iumgunt. Quibus rebus cognitis Caesar,
cum undique bellum parari videiet, Nervios, Aduaturos, Menapios
adiunctis Cisrlionauis omnibus (k-rinanis esse in armis, .Son6ner, ad
imperatum non venire et cum Carnutibus Hnitimis(|ue civitatibus
consilia comnumicare, a Treveris Cermanos crebris legationibus
sollicitari, maturius sibi de bcllo cogitandum putavit.
Caesar (luell»
the NiTvii .iii<l
"'•-■'taque nondum hieme confecta proximis quat-
oftliH a fouii.ii ^""'' C"''i< tis iCgionihus, de improviso in tines Ncrvinrum
at Paris. contcndit et, prius(iuam illi aut conveniic aut profugcre
possent. magno pecoris atque hominum niimcro capto alcjue ea
praoda miliiibus coi.cessa vastatisquc agris in deditionem venire
atque obsidcs sibi dare coegit. Ko celeriter ...nfecto negotio rursus
in hiberna legiones reduxit. Concilio ( ialiiae primo vcre, ut insti-
tuerat, indicto, cum rell(|ui praeter Scnones. Carnutes Trevcrosque
venisseni, iniiium l)elli ac dofrctionis hoc esse arbitratus, ut omnia
postponere vuierotur, concilium Liilctiam I'aiisiorum naiisfcrt.
Confines erant hi .Senonibus civitatemquo patnim mcmoiia .on
iunxerant, sed ab hoc consilio afiiis^e cxistimabantur. Ililc re pro
suggi-Titu prnnunn.ita ei.dcur die < nm U-Kionii)us m Senoias proficis-
citur magnis(|ue iimi ribiis co pcrvt^^iiit
I
DK BKLLO (iALLICO, LIB. vr. 43
The sonones 'V;-<^"«nito eius adventu Acco, ,M,i princenc ciu.
«".....it. ^;; ' f-at, i.bet in oppiCa .nultit^clinon. ":: e.^^
nnntiatur. iS^: -ir;::;'^'!"^'"" '^.^«^^' '---, adesse Ro.::^
causa ad Caesa^ ^l^^ ^^ j^^ l^^J^--"- dep.ecandi
erat in frde civitas I jbent, .• r ' "'' '''"'""" •'^"f'qi'itus
excusationemque accipi " . u:!"' ^^'^"^''^"^ ^-'"^ ^^^^ vcnian.
1 .tccipit, (juod aostivum tempus instantis hf^li; „
f,, '-'i-iiTum et Atnhiorims nsisfit
Lavanniim cnni ediiitqfn t:«„' msistit.
i"'-^. - quis aut ex huius u.ZZlt'T"' T"" P"'"^^'
civitatis motus exsistat H,. ' ''"'"^ memeraf. odio
™r«i;;;:;;;:::;r;;s;;;;;i ■;-" -^^"™;."";^.r
.Ic luco a,l Lsarc c I """""^ "'""'''• ""' ""' ->' ''"Hia
l..»,.i.u„„ An,b„ i; .eta "':7;""",''-"-™ C„,„ „i., ess.
Menapio, aMfm 11,1 ,■„,„ " '"' "" ''^-^1"^'^., »al„,e aut »c in
in.... .'.ns.i., u:::izt::::z::'7uur""- "-
'-'•OS rnittit duasciuc ad en.n iV i Ubienum in Trev-
le.ioniln.s expcdl i^, L :^,^^ ;;::,.'^'''^-'' -''et ; ,pse cu.n
coaca n,aMu loci pne o f" i " ' ' F'-^-scitur. II,i nulla
VI.- Caesar parutis copiis cum Caio Fahin le.ato
Amhio,.x. , ' -"^''iSM, qu.uvstore colcrKcnnu- cfTcrti. nonH
busad.l tnpc-rtifo, a..,li,icia vicusque inc e H .'^
e hon.inun, nnmr, , "^ '"""'^' "^««n"
44
C. lUU CAESAKIS
rebus Commium Atrebatem cum equitatu custodis loco in Mena-
pns rehnquit, ipse in Treveros proficiscitur.
Ubienus and ^^ f •~^""' ''^^^ ^ ^^^^^''^ geruntur, Treveri magnis
theTreveri. coactis peditatus equitatusque copiis Labienum cum
una legione, quae in eorum finibus hiemaverat, adoriri
parabant ; lamque ab eo non longius bidui vTa aberant, cum duas
verusse legiones missu Caesaris cognoscunt. Positis castris a
mihbus passuum quindecim auxilia Germanorum exspectare consti-
tuunt Lab,enushostiumcognitoconsilio,speranstemeritate eorum
fore aliquam dmiicandi facultatem, praesidio quinque cohortium im-
pedimentis rel.cto, cum viginti quinque cohortibus magnoque equi-
tatu contra hosiem proficiscitur et mille passuum intermisso spatio
castra commun.t. Erat inter Labienum atque hostem difficili tran-
situ flumen np.sque praeruptis. Hoc neque ipse transire habebat
in ammo neque hostes transituros existimabat. Augebatur auxili-
orum cotrd.e spes. Loquitur in consilio palam, quoniam Germani
adpropinquare d.cantur, sese suas exercitusque fortunas in dubium
non devocaturum et poslero die prima luce castra moturum. Celer-
.ter liaec ad hostes deferuntur, ut ex magno Gallorum equitum
numero nonAullos Gallicis rebus favcre natura cogebat. Labicnus
noctu tnbun.s militum primisque ordinibus convocatis. quid sui sit
cons.lM, proponitet, quo fariiius iiostibus timoris det suspicionem
mamre strepitu et tumultu, quam populi Romani fert consuetude'
«stra mover, mbet. His rebus fugae similem profectionem eftecit
Haec quoqiu. per exploratores ante lucem in tanta propinquitate
castrorum ad hostes deferuntur. ^
Vktorv of ^' ^ '■"^''^ '''^'""^" novissimum extra munitiones pro.
uLn'ur cessc.at,cum (Jaili cohortati inter se, " ne speratam
rifU u .P^,'"''*'»'" «'^ '"■'^ni''^'^ dimitterent ; iongum esse perter-
rt.s Komams Germanorum anxilium exspectare, neque suam pat i
d.MnUatem. „t tant.s copiis tarn exiKuam manum, praoscrtim fug -
entem atque impedi.am, ad..riri nun audeam," flumen transhc
et miquo loco comm.ttere pr<,dium non d„bitant. Quae fore
sus,„cntus Labu-nus, ut ..nines citra flnmen eliceret. eadem usus
SMnulat.nie .tmens placule pn.gred.eba.ur. . „„, pr:emissis p
un. anpedmientis atque m tumulo quodam c.Jlocatis. //.L.
Mquit, muius, quam pttMs, facultatem: hostem .mpcdito atque
:o in Mena-
DK BEIXO OALLICO, LrB. VI.
cora,n cernere LstiZfX^'"^ ''T '''"" "''''' ^^^'-^
que dirigi iubet et V^^xc\^ x^T^.J.^Z ^"'^"^ '''"^^^'* '"'^i-'»-
reliquos equites ad la em d / "»Pedime-na dimissia
-'vas petiverunt, Q.L Lab en" eq:it'r"c ""'"' ^"^™^^
numero mterfecto, compluribus caotis ^ '^""^"^^''"'^' '"agno
recepit. Nam (ierman au' . ? ' '^ ' P°'' ^'^''"^ *^'^''tatem
-n. fuga sese do^u^ X:::''!-^^''"'' ^^^^P^^ ^'-ero-
qui defectionis auctores fuerZ "'" '"' ^^^^P'"^'^'* Indutiomari,
-t. Cingetorigi, 0^. ab ni o '"""^^«°^ «'^ ^ivitate excesser-
cie caus?K:^rr:::i: :;::;;[:;: '" "^^^^^-^ ^^"'^•^-^-
auxilia contra se Treveris mi e an .I '"""'" ""^ ^^^' ^-^
quo ante exercitum tradux" " ^ .T'" r"'"" ^'"^'^ ^"'" '--.
institu.a ratione magno ^ITa- ' " '"'^"'"'^- '^"^^ «tque
F.rn.0 in ^r^^^^^";^"^^^^ ^^_^^.
subito motus oreretur relin.ia. rZ ""' "* ^"'^ «^ his
qui ante ob.ides d^; „ "arerdXi""^ ^^"■'
sui causa ad cum legatos mittunt aui do ""'"' ''"''^"^ P"^*^^»"^'
orant. ut sibi parcat, ne comm'uni odL GenLrr ' '""" ^"'"^
nocentiL.s poenas pendant- «i , ""^""""" '""• entes pro
pollicentu.. CognicaUer;Ja eTe^^ ■"^'"='' ^'^
esse; Ubiorum satisfactionen, aTciprjitu "''""'" '""^^
perquirit. P'^' '^'"'"^ vmsque in Suebos
X.—Interim paucis pr st diebns «f «k ttu-
■Suebos o,nnes in ununf ,.. utcopias '^ ''"^""'
nati.^n.i.... , '" '^'•P''*'" '<H;ero .itcMc iis
pruvKKt, castris idon<uin locum
Tho Ruehl rp
I real Ixjfore
him.
46
C. lULI CAKSAKIS
deligit; Ubiis imperat, ut pecora dcducant snanu. omnia ex
a.ns ,n oppuia conferant, sperans barbaros atque i.npcntos hon i
et Zeis dieh ^"'"'•"' ^"«— -"• I"' ""Pcata faciun
suis socicnniul Romanorum venerint, cum omnibus
e rc^^ "e s """' '"^ "'■ ^"""'' '^"^'^"^ =^^ "^^— fin-
it. en l.n,"" "" ' """""''^ -agnuudine, quae appcllatur
' •iccn.s, banc longe mtrorsus pertincre ef pre nativo mnr.
;>b.ectam Cheruscos ab Suebis Suebosque ab Cheru liniu
.ncurs,^..q,e pn,l,ibe.e : ad eius inil.un. silvae s;;:.;:s a "!
turn Romanorum exspectare constituisse.
GAUL AND GKRMANY COMPARED. THE GAULS-CH. I r-20.
Faotion. and ,,1^';,"'^"" "''"", ''"^ ''""' '°'""^ perventum est, non
par,i.Hi„<,am. '^"«"i™ esse videtur de Galliae (Jermaniaequc mori-
unt ea , H' 1 ''"" '.-■"■"" '" ^'"^^""'^ ^-"i'-'-^ f-^iones
ta cm .^ ' ,^^':""""'" '^--'"^ipes ^unt, qui sun„ua,n auctori-
".::";:'"" '"'^^ «xistimantu, quorum ad arbitru .
f unnqut sumnm omnuun rerum consiliorumquc redeat Itume
etcircumvcn rnon*^ ■ T T """ ^""'"^ "'^P^""'
<;alliae • namonr • '^'^'''" ""'" "-^^ '" ^"'"'"^' '«ti'^s
. namque omnes c.v.tatcs in partes divisae sunt duas.
Th.. rivaiM for . ■^/^•— C"'» Cacsar in r,alliam \Tnit, aiterius fac-
■tiiliiciiiiKv, tionis Druirines nmnt Ad..; .t.
AHluiai.cV ' ^^ '^*^'^"' Aedui, altenus .Scquani. Hi
' """• '-"'" ''.'"■ ''^ '"'""« ^■«"•-•'■ent, quod summa auctoritas
cl,ente|..e ,/'"''^'"""^ '^'"''^ '" -^«^'"'^ "-aKnaeque eorun, cran,
c hentelae, ( .ermanos a.que Ariovistum sibi a.liunxerant eosn„e ad
se maKn,s .acturis poIlin,at,onil.usq,.e perduxerant. Proci i ^ ^
. nplunbus nu-.is socundis a.que omni nobiiita.e Ae Lum
tlum ab Aedu.s ud se tra.h.cernit obsidcs,,ue ab iis prin. ip„,n
I^K BKLLU GALLICO, LIH. VI. ^^
iuMuctus Diviii.ics auxilii potendi „1 if' "-"«itate
p.ofec,„, i,„pe,.fec,a „ re<lie,ar Ad.cIV : !■ "V " ""■''"""
tatione reriiin f)l,si,llK„e ^ j .^'^^^""^' '-lesdiis facta cominu-
res.i.mis.„" • t' l„f!''"'' -'■IW'^. veterib,. olie.uelis
nmicKiam ar-ro^vc;,", '''■■'''■■'','"' """" '''• >!'" « ••"' -ru,n
illi cliligon.er ., ban u,™ ' 1 ^ "" '" '""""'"' '"'■"'"'"• ""^
.».en. .=neba,«. K^ ,;„',:; r:A':??'^' '°"-'- --""
en..r Aedai, .c„„d,„. ,„„„„ d,:", a^rKliXinr^r' "''^■■
tii'st-;;; picbes :: :„ :;;:,L,«,r'r" '""• "";•■ ^••™
»li"''-"maK„i,„dincMib„,o„„;a'ri, J,: '';;'■■ """->»"e
ur, scs. in s„vi,„,en, dican, n,,bdibu, "''" K ""i "''■"'"°'-
sunt iura, c|„ae dondni» i„ ,e,v„s Sci d , '^".""l''-"' <'"™i^'
•"•^■■' « ' ";■:■ ••"-.' =<.™^-... linnet i;:::f:;r:r
Their power. ^^'^ ^'<^ ""''^ibus contrcvcrsiis puhlicis nriv^tis!;.,.
».-«.b„.:r;-*::-'i;rrir-'---";
''aLentur. his on.u d " unt ^"'' ""'"""'" ^'^ --'--'".rum
gui,l ex c..naoion-. ",'•■"'" ^*^""""-»'!"- ^'-'f",.unt. ne
<i.ui.h. ,_ t.„us. ,. ....„rr'L':r rt::z^
48
C. lULI CARSARI8
Hoc mortuo aut, si qui « reliquis excellit dignitate, succedit aut
s. sunt plures pares, suffragio druidum. nonnunquam ;tiam armis de
pnncpatu contendunt. Hi certo anni tempore in finTbl Carnt
consecrato. Hue omnes undique, qui controversias habent con
ven.unt eorun^que decretis iudiciisque parent. DiscSa "n
Bntann,a reperta atque mde in Galliam translata esse ex' st "atu"
prnquisque rn.ttuntur. Magnum ibi numerum veL^med seer"
d^cuntur Itaque annos nonnulli vicenos in disciplina permanent
Neque fas esse existin^ant ea litteris mandare, cum in reZfs fe/e
rebus pubhcspnvatisque rationibus, Graecis litteris utamu Id
m,h duabus de causis instituisse videntur, quod neque in vulJm
nuerarum diiigentiam in' ^'^^ZtT^:::^'^:^
Their bene,. LTlliis'of "^ f""'*"' "°" '"^^"'« ^"'^-^
maxime^ad '^ilZ' \l[;r„"'::f f ^^ ^^^^ ^^
neglecto. Multa Praeterea T ^deXTatqC ^Cmort
mund. ac terraruu. magnitudine, de rerum' naCde d^m
.mmortal.um vi ac potestate disputant et iuventuti tr^dunt
TheNob... ^u72lZUr""VT'''"'- »»' <^'" «t USUS
atque aliquod bellum mcidit quod fere ante Caesaris aH
ventum quotann.s accidere solebat, iiti aut ipsi iniuriasinJe'en aut"
illatas propulsarrnt) omnes in bello versantur ataue enr„m .
cl.entesque habet. Hanc unam gratian. potentiamque noverum
ReiiKjonofthe r.uJ!^'^^^'''' ""'^ *"""'' ^'^"o™m admodum dedita
Their gods.
DE BELLO GALLICO, LIB. VI. 49
"talium numen pircar^rh-^ ^eddatur non posse deorum im-
habent, quorum contextTvimin ih '"'"""I "^^^"'^-''"^ -nn.Iacra
Supplicia eorum, qui in furtoTutTn ,1 '^"^"'■"''^"t"^ homines.
comprehensi^ritL dlT im^ , r:r ;:St:'r ""7 ""
- genens copia defeci, etia. ad .nocel:::^:;^;- ^:Z
s«m^!?'~°'"'" '"'"'™^ Mercurium colunt ; huius
pecuniae n.;^^^^ TZ '"""' 'T '' ^"^^^^'^
hunc.pollinemet -Vlartem et ove^^^^^ P-t
fere, quam reliquae gentes h«h.nr '^'"^'^^'"- ^e his eandem
depellere, MineLm% 1^^^^^^^^^^ ^P°"'-- -orbos
imperium caelestium teneTe Ta^t m T^^ ^«--
P'oelio dimicare constituerunt 1 quae beH '"^"'"- ""''' ^""^
devovent; cum superavenmf .„ r '^P^""'' Ple^umque
res in unum CZZZeZ' ^?;";^"\-P':\'--"'-t reliquasque
accKlit, ut neglec^a Itisoiam ." ""'"""" ''^^' ' "^^•"'^ ^'-^epc
aut posita t£ ruTerr^rT'^"" '"' ^^'^^^ ^^"^ '^^ --"^-*
cruciatu constitutum est ^^'^""'"""^^"^ «' rei supplicium cum
idq'^.rib'dT^diL^sri^f^t^^ ^^^^""^^ ^-^^^-^
temporis non numcro d erum ,.H T '''"'^'" ^'P*'^"^^ "'"'^'^
mensiu,n et annorum i.?irsT; I "' "'" ^"'""^ ' ^'"^ "'^^^^^^^ ^^
tu.-- In rel,qu"s vTtle ins itu is ho"T"' u "'^^'"^ ''^^ ^""-^1"-
-.os iiberos'nisi cm do v Lt ut 1 "T '^ '''''^'•^■"^' ^""''
sint,palam ad se uvZ ' """"^'^ "^"''tiac sustinere pos-
publiLinconspectut^^^^ T""'""" '"""'"^ P"«"" ^^^^'^ in
i-onspectu patns assistere turpe ducunt.
''"'■""'''err"/'' ''"'"'^' ^' "^°'"^"^ ""^*^ -'^■•ne accep-
Marriatf« and """'» 'antas ex suis bonis aestinir. i,,,,^ f...... _.... .
=.~ ^ c„,„,„„,,ica„,. Huius o,,.;;, :;eu;,ar2iu;;";
tuu ra.,o habeeu, fructu,quc ,e. .«cur , „,„ eorm,,
tsPsrjFT- „
50
C. lULI CAESARIS
Vita superavu, ad eum pars utriusque cum fructibus superinrnni
temporum pervenit. Viri in uxores, sicuti in liberos, vitae necisque
habent potestatem ; et cum pater familiae illustriore loco natus de-
cess.t ems propinqui conveniunt et, de morte si res in suspicionem
venit, de uxonbus in sei-vilem modum quaestionem habent et si
compertum est, igni atque omnibus tormentis excruciatas interfi-
cumt. Funera sunt pro cuitu Gallorum magnifica et sumptuosa •
ommaque, quae vivis cordi fuisse arbitrantur, in ignem inferunt'
et.am anmialia, ac pauIo supra banc memoriam servi et ciientes'
quos ab us dilectos esse constabat, iustis funeribus confectis una
cremabantur.
Uw8a,.ain«t ^^— 9"^« ^i^itates commodius suam rem pubii-
gossipintf. cam admmistrare existimantur, liabent legibus sanctum
SI quis quid de re publica a finitimis rumore aut fama
accepei : . .d magistratum deferat neve cum quo alio communi-
cet, qiK. ,: e e hommes temerarios atque imperitos falsis rumoribus
terreu «M. ac! iicinus impelli et de summis rebus consilium rapere
cognitum ..,i, Magistratus, quae visa sunt, occultant, quaeque esse
ex usu ludicaverunt, multitudini produnt. De re publica nisi per
concilium loqui non conceditur.
THE GERMANS.— CH. 21-24.
Their O0G8. XXI.— Germani multum ab hac consuetudine diffe-
runt. Nam neque druides habent, qui rebus divinis
praesmt, neque sacrificiis student. IJeorum numero eos solos
ducunt, quos cernunt et quorum aperte opibus iuvantur, Solem et
Vulcanum et Lunam, reliquos ne fama quidem acceperunt. Vita
iiar.iy lives. °."'"'^ '" venationibus atque in studiis rei militaris con-
sistit; ab parvulis labori ac duritiae student Qui
duitissmie unpuberes permanserunt, maximam inter suos ferunt
laudem : hoc ali staturam, ali vires nervosque confirmari putant
In flum.mbus perluuntur et pellibus aut parvis renonum tegimentis
utuntur, magna corporis parte nuda.
Und tenuro. -^'XII. -Agrirultiirae non student, maiorque pars
eorum victus in lacte, a^cn, rarnc consisiii. Neque
q*Msquam agri modum certum aut Hnes habet proprios, sed magis-
DK BELLO QAI.LIOO, LIB. VF 51
0(1 frigora atque aestu,, vitandos aedificeL, „. ' ■ """"'""^
cupidita, <,„a ex .e fac.ioaes^i^et "n^^.l^rc"::" 7^"''
aequitate plebem contineant cum <;.,=,= ■ "''^''""'"'^ ' "^ an>mi
simis aequari videat. "^"''^"^ °P" ^""^ P°tentis-
Habits in war. . ^^I I^— Civitatibus maxima laus est quam latissime
civitasautillatumdefenfiif:,„^• r "'"'''^^. ^"•^'^to. Cum helium
sint, ut vitarrcisq e h,be "'' -'-^^-^-'"«> q- ei bello prae-
nullusest comTu s" ma^^^^^^^^ ^ pace
pa.o.m inter sues .s d^r::;^eS:^^^;S:r I^^^
Bri.an.a.e„o -"-"""am habent infamiam, quae extra fines cuts"
....race. que av,tat,s fiunt, atque ea iuventutis exercend.e "
desKbae nimuendae causa fieri praedlcanf ^, f
q»>s ex prmcipibus in concili,, dixit se du Jn. T ^'^"^ "'^'
I-fiteantur, consurgunt ii, q cat ret"' '" "'^" ''''"*'
snumque auxilium polbcen ur - ten o ^ , 5°"""^"^ P''°'^^"''
qui ex his sccut, non sun esi^ "^"'^'^"dme collaudantur ;
cuntur, on.niumc,,e IC^^'^^ ^'T^'''"' ""'"^^ ^^
vio-are fas non putant ; „ui qua^^^e rca^srad ^..^^^^'^^
ah muina prohibent sinrfns i,..k . u- ^a"^^ ^d eos venerunt,
victusque c'ommunicatur "'' '"^"^ """'"^ ^«'"^ Patent
The Germans vir^ifi^""^"" ^"'^ ^"*^'' *^"'P"^' ^»'» Germanos Gilli
contraHte.iwith ^"^'ute superarent, ultro bella infern^n^ '*""s <^<T"
thuuauisin num mnlfin,Hin«J, . ''^ '"'^'^'^*-"*, propter homi-
bravery. """^ niultuudmem agrique inopiam trans Rhennm
colon.as muterent. Itague ea. q,,ae fo,tiH -V ?
maniac sunt, loca circum Herruni^^v," -i ' " 'nii3.-,.i„a Car-
r¥
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62
ItTLl CARSAKIS
: :r S:= «-^-- -==
I 'I, c>,cbiace, patientia Geimani Dermanpnf t>r.A^r^ ■ .
.rans„.,n„an,m rerum „„,i,i„ m„„a ad copiam aleZ tSur
THK HERCYNIAN FOREST.
lU extent. XXV.-Huius Hercyniae silvae, quae supra demon-
non en.m al. er fin.n potest, neque mensuras itinerun. lerunV
Outur ab Helvcforum et Nemetum et Rauracorum finibus .ec Uque
fl umm.s Danuvu regione pertinet ad fines Dacorum et Anart hi
h.nc se flectit sinistrorsus diversis ab flumine regionTbu tCuI^
que gentium fines propter magnitudinem attingit ; neque ouisau.-
est lunus Germaniae, qui se aut adisse ad initL eius sHva dij
cumd.crumuer sexaginta processerit, aut, quo ex loco oriatut ac'
cepcru; multaque m ea genera ferarum nasci constat, quae re^i' uis"
.n locis v.sa non smt : ex quibus quae maxime differant lb ce ein
memoriae prodenda videantur, haec sunt
'«-ion,.., inter''ru';«^unum^""' '^'"^ '"'"' " "^^'^ ^™"'«
the reindeer.' '"^^^^ ^"'^es unum cornu exsistit excelsius matrisoue
dwectum his, quae nobis nota sunt cornih.,.; ■ X
summo sicut pa.mae ramique late diffunduntur ' Tadem ^st'emT
nae mar.sque natura, eadem forma magnitudoque cornZm!
The elk. ''^^^"— Sunt iuni, quae appellanturalces. Harum
est cons.m.iis capris figura et varietas pellium sed
maKnm,dme pau o antecedunt mutilaeque sunt cornibus ITcrlt
sme nod.s art.cul.sque habent, neque quietis causa procumbunt
neque. s. quo afflictae casu conciderunt. erigere sese au subW
possunt. H.s sunt arbores pro cubilibus: ad eas se anr^^r !
atque ita paulum modo reclinatae quietem capi „ ^ ^
ex vestigns cu... est animadversum a venatoribus.'quo se Sip "
consuennt, omnes eo loco aut ab radicibus subrJunt aut accXt
Bos prhni-
freniu8.
»K «lELLO GALLICO, LIB. Vl. 53
arbores, tantum ut summa species earum stantium relinquatur
XZTJ' ^''"^"^*"^'- reclinaverunt.infirn.as arbore poire
affligunt atque una ipsae concfdunt. F"<Hii-rc
antur. H. sunt magnitudine paulo infra elephantos
et magna veS IT^' ^''^"^^ ^^""^ -^^«^ - ^■-- e^t'
parcum Hos tuH^ f '"' "''^"' '''""'^' ^"^'" <=onspexerunt.
duranradulescentes r '^" ''"'"' '"^^'^-"nt; hoc se labore
CAESAR A«Am m OAUL. HR PUNISHES THE REBELS.
CH. 29-44.
XXIX.-Caisar, posequam per UWos explonitores
tionibus firmat E. lorn " T "^*^"'^^"^ «"'n ^ocum muni-
adulescentem praefecif Inr" '^" "^""^ ''^'^*^'"'" 'T"""-
rent, ad bell^.Tml tigi 'pr^fe^^^^^^ ^^— -'P-
est totius Galliae maxima'^ e ab r If RtniTT "'T' ^"^^
rum ad Nervios uertln.t nTii k ^ "' ^^'^usque Trevero-
p ucui signihcatio fiat ; sese coiifeseim subseqai dicit.
«4
C. lULI CAESARI3
XXX.-B.isilus, ut imi)craliiin est, facit Cclcjilpt
te":",il'';: "™™:-: ™i".n „„i„i„„.,„ c„„fo;„> ,,„,0,1: , o
"iva T; sunt ferT r'-VT"" ^^^' ^'"'^^^ -dificio-circumda o
XXXI.-Ambiorix copias suas iiidicione non con-
A^l^Z^^L f"-^^"^ ^"°^ P-^-lio climicandum non existimarit an
ofCatuvolcu.,. empore cxclusus et repentinn equitum adven' .rohi
bitus, cum reliquum exen.itii , subsequ;
dub.um est. Sed certe dimissis per aL^ros nuntiis si , '
consulere iussit. Quorum pars i'n Ardu^nl Lt ^^^r^:
contmentes paludes profugit ; qui proximi Oceano fuenmt h
Tu?: rr: °^^"''''^--"^' ^"- -^tus effice.-e consuerun I ; e.
su.s fin.bus egress, se suaque omnia ali<.nissimis credide unt
Catuvolcus rex du.idiae partis Eburonum, qui una cum Amb o i"e
cons,lu,m n.erat, aetate iam confectus, cL iaborem beUi ^t
fugae ferre non posset, omnibus precibus detestatus AmbioLm
qu. eu,s cons.ln auctor fuisset, taxo, cuius magna in Gallia Germa '
laque copia est, se exanimavit. «^erman-
SeKni ami Con- X-^-'^n.— Segni Condrusique, ex eente et nnm»-^
(;:=S, pennanorun, qui sunt inte^ I^^uro^^ T^c;;:"^
''^^1^^::^ ''^^^'^ Z^ ^^'^^^•■'^•" '"---"t oratu ., ne se in hosdu,
numero duceret neve omnium (iermanorum, qui essn
ctra Rbenun. unan. esse cauvtm iudicaret ; nihil so do w!o "J
»B BELLO OALLICO, LIR. vi.
asse, nulla Ambiorigi auxilia misisse r,
se ut reducerentur, ir.peravit s^' ' 7 '' " ^""^^'"^^ent, ad
turum negavit. Tun. copl „ e ifn" d"' 'T' ^^™" ^ -«'-
omn.um icgionun. Aduatucam "mu , t'"'",.-'"^^^""-'-
Hoc fere est i„ ^ediis Eburonum fin , ' JtT''"''' "°'"^" ^^^^
cule.us h.emandi causa consederxn u '"' "'^"" A"'"""
locum probarat, turn qu„d superio, *" „„; .'"V'"'" '^''^'"'^ '^^^^
bant, ut militu,. laborem'subl varet 7 T'"^^^"'^^
Ieg.onem quartam decimam reliquit unam . T' " ""P^^'"'entis
-e conscriptas ex Italia traduxerat £^"2 " '^""' ^"^^ P^-
T-..U.. Ccerone. praeficit ducentos^J:^X--;i;;e Q-intu.
C.AVMAT) /--/-iT^r,
CAESAR GOES ON A SEVEN DAYS' EVr„.
iJAYS EXCURSION TO THE SCHEL
Uhienus, Tro- ^^XIII. — Partfto exercitn TJf T ^^'
^=^^i '«^-nibus .ribus ad ^JT ''""""^ ^"^
nuethe^... quae ^enapios attin.:„u, p.o ise '"LI;" ^ '"^^^'
be .,um cum pari le^Wonum n. ' ^"^""^ Tre-
quae ad Aduatucos adiacet. del" 1 ""^^*^. '^ --" 'egionen,
qu.s tribus ad flun.en Sca.den,, q»:? I ^ JJ'"'^' '^^ -- reli-'
Arduennae partes ire constituit.quocu " ' i^'^''''"' ^^^''-'^asque
Ambtongem audiebat. Discedens post die " '^- """" P^^^^^'"""
snrum confirmat, quam ad diem ei le ' on '''''"""'" ^«^^ ^«^^r-
quebatur, deberi frumentum scieb.t r k"^^ '" ^"■^'""^'^ ^^''"n-
hortatur. si rei publicae commodo facere nn""""" ^'"^boniumque
vertantur, ut rursus communicato anjnio "l'' '' '""^ ^'^" ^e-
rat,on,bus aliud initium belli cape.e possent. ''^'"^^^"'^^"^ ^ostium
"Xt-'' ce,f L\yarnt'Vpki::ri'"'""^^'-^^'--. -a„us
amis defenderet sed ' n " P'''^^^'^'"'»- quod se
tudo. Ubicuique aut vallis kb" a 1 TL''"'? ''^P^^^' -"'^
mipeduaspem oraesidii aut salutis .^ q,!::;:;"^^^'-^ ^"' P^'««
Haec loca v.cinitatibus erant nota ml ^"''^''''^ consederat.
q"..rebat non in summa exerc uVt ^Tn"' ''''^^"^'^ -
universis ab perterr,>i« ^c di.n (""""'n enim pofe-at
s.n.u,is militibus con^v^d:: ;^ ^: ^"^^ -idere), ^ed t
—spertinebat. Namet^aedrc-difrrrtS
R6
C. rtJM CAKSARIS
Promises of
booty.
«Hi
p.olubelMnt S, neK„t>um ,:unfic. s„r,,u,u|ue h.,mi,u„n s cleri-
torum .nterhc, vellet, di,nitlendae plures manus diciuce,Hiic„e e t
n. htes ; s. confncc .d si,na manipulos vellet, ut institut ra o
onsuetudo exercuus Uo.nani postnlabat, locus ipse cat prae "lio
I arbans ncque ex occulto insidiandi et disperses circu.nvenTendi
s ngul.s deerat audacia. Ut in eius ,nodi difficultatibus, cu." um
d l>gen„a pn.v.deri poterat, providebatur, ut potius in nocendo
ahquul praetemmtccur. etsi on.niun. anin." ad ulciscendum a.de
bant, quani cum aliquo militum detrimento noceretur
Uimittit ad finitimas civitates nuntios Caesar : omnes
evocat spe pracdae ad diripiendos Eburones, ut potius
m s.Ivs Galioru.n vita quan. legionarius miles periclitetu sinn u
s;v::,H;:f"M'^^"'"^"^-ip- ^^^ ^-'-- stirpsr::;;."
civitatis tollatur. Maj^nus und.que Humerus celeriter convenit.
CICERO BESIEGED BY THE SUGAMBR, m CAESAK's ABSENCE.
CH. 35-41.
Raid of the . ^'"^^ V;-H'iec in omnibus Eburonum partibus gere-
Sugambri. bantur, diesque appetebat Septimus, quern ad diem
erat Hi. . ?"" ^^ ""'^^^^""^"'^^ legionemque reverti constitu-
erat. H,(^ quantum m bello fortuna possit et quantos afferat casus
cognosa potu.t. Dissipatis ac perterritis hostls, ut demonstrlv '
mus manus erat nulla, quae parvam mode causam timorTsX I '
r ans Khenum ad Germanos pervenit fama,diripi Eburones a que
ultro omnes ad praedan. evocari. Cogunt equitum duo mi Ha Su
gambn, qu, sunt proximi Rheno, a quibus receptos ex fuga Tenet"
eros atque Us.pctes supra docui.nus. Transeunt Rhenum navTbus
ratdn.sque tr.g.nta m.libus passuum infra eum locum, ubi pons ra
p rfectus praes,d,unK,ue ab Caesare relictum ; primes Eburon. m
fines adeum ; multos ex fuga dispers-.s excipiunt, magno peco™
numero, cums sunt cupidiss: ni barbari, potiuntur InvL" pr ed.
on,nus procedunt. Non hos palus in bello latrociniisque nltos non
sdvae morantur. Quibus in locis sit Caesar, ex capt^s quTerunt
proectumlongmsreperiunt omnemque exerdtum discessi^ r ^,'
noscunt. Atque unus ex captivis, Quu^ vos, inquit, Aanc miserL
ac tenuem secUu>uni prae^am^ guU>us licet ram 7ssc .rfu^J^^
inbus hons AUuaUuam venire p„testis : Hue o,„„es suasJo^Zl
'itos adiie
nil soleia-
iiqiie erant
uta ratio et
: praesidio
iniveniendi
>, quantum
1 nocendo
diini arde-
noceretur.
Lr : onines
> ut potius
", siim;I ut
ic nonien
venit.
ABSENCE.
ibus gere-
ad diem
constitu-
rat casus,
lonstravi-
> afiVrret.
les atque
inilia Su-
a Tenct-
navibus
)ons erat
Juronum
pecoris
praeda
^tos, nor»
laerunt ;
>se cog-
niseram
s si tuts?
ortunas
*"■• ""'"^^ OAT.Lrro. LIB. VI. gy
^■^'''>'<'f"s Ronhnwnnn co,it„/,f ^
guuie,n cu„ip„ssU „,-,,,■ Z,ua7 /''"'""" "'' "' "' —
^^•^'ataspe (ier.nani, qua. Z";;;;!'''?^ ''"''"^''— ^''^
q^'-u ; ips, Aduatucam conte, dunt ? I ""' '" "'-''■"''^ '■^''■"-
ind.cio cognovorant. ' "" ""'^'^"^ ^"c^> cuius haec
Cieeio relaxes AVI. CicCrO, qui omnes <;iin«..;„ j-
hi« precautions, ceptis Caesaris cum sumn.aTn '"P"^'"'^^^ ^'^s prae-
continuisset ac „e c " Z ^?""'" '"''''"^ ''" '^''^^tris
munitione,„ eg.edi passu eset'r 'r'r-^'"""'^"^'^ -'-
d.erum Caesarem .K/em servatu Lm'o o 1 ' '"'"^' '^ "—
'ebat neque ulla de reditu eius fanTa' Tff i "^^'"' f^'-^^^''^^^"'" aud-
motus vocibus, qui iliius xyXJT ^^"'"^^^"'•' ^"""1 eorum per-
^i ^i-i^'eu. ex ialtris ^^TT^::^ ^^'^^^ ^P^^"'^^-
exspectans. quo. novem opposi is Zionih ""' "^"^' ^^^""^
^i'^Persis ac paene deletifrjs K- ' '"^'^■moque equitatu
offendi posset, quinque co o^e't ^'e::,':'"''"^ P^^^""'" ^"^us
•"■tt.t, quas inter et castra unus orn^ "o .T""- '" ^'"'''"^^'^ '"^^^'-^
«™n ex logioaibus aegri re i i "xn^ . "•''"''"^- ^"'"P'^'^es
convaiuerant, circiter ^ece t s'ub ve ,"' ^^^' ^°^ ^P^^^io dierum
P-aetcrea mult.tudo caionu, ' I^"^. •'""" ""'"^ •"'"""tur ; „,agna
-bsederant, facta potes:r;:",i;;;;.:" '"'"^"^"^-M-- in castris
Is surprised bv «^ -^. ■ """"OC ipso tempore et rnsii r"„
the su^,a,„,.ri^ «l"'tes mterveniunt protinusque eod^. il^ ■'"'"'
venerant, cursu ab decNmnn. '""' ^"o
pere conantur, ncc prius sunt visi ol iec^ T'" '" "'^^^'''^ '''■-»-
castris adpropinquarent, usque To u n 'k '' ^'^'^ ^"^'^' 'i"'"^'"
catores, recipiendi sui' fa':! atl 'n'on" I, ""° ^^"^'^'^^^"^ »-
nostn re nova perturbantur ac v,x n '"'" ^"""'"•■^"^es
-n statione sustinet. Circum undunh r . "I"'" ""P'^"'" ^"'^«''s
«' quern aditum reperirc po en a/ '"" '"^^'^^ P"-^"''-'^-
••eliquos aditus locus ipse per se"mm.Cin' '.";^'^' ""^^'"' ^-'"^-•
''■'^tur castris, atque alius e^alio ' " ^' ''"''' ''■'^-
q»o siKna ftrantur, neque qui „?'" ^"""^^"^ ^"*-t = "eque
provident. Alius clstr.^a^'crpt ^? '' '^ ^""^"^ ^""-"'-t,
atque m.peratore victores bXros 7""''' "'"' '^'^'" ---'"
58
1 1 •
!ilf
'm(
\i f
C. lULI CAKSARIS
tcMii, qm ,n eodem occiderint rastcllo, ante oculos pcnunt Tali
t.morc omnibus pertcrritis, confinnatur opinio barbaris ut ex
capt.vo auchcrant, nullum esse intus praesidium. i'errumpere
n.tuntur seque ipsi adhortantur, ne tantam fortunam ex manibus
dimittant.
The oa.p is U^^^J,L[^Z^T ^'^" '""^ ^'^^''^'^ ''^''^^"^ P"'^'
sared*^ ""^ i^extius Baculus, qui primum pilum ad Caesarcni
duxerat, cuius mcntionem superioribus proeliis feci-
mus, ac diem .am quintum cibo caruerat. Hie diffisus suae atque
omnium saluti inermis ex tabemaculo prodit ; videt imminere
hostes atque m summo esse rem discrimine : capit arma a proxi-
mis atque m porta consistit. Consoquuntur hunc centurioncs eius
cohortis, quae m statione erat ; paulisper una proelium sustinent.
Relmquit animus Sextium gravibus acceptis vulneribus ; aegre per
manus tractus servatur. Hoc spatio interposito reliqui sese confir-
mant tantum, ut m munitionibus consistere audeant speciemque
detensorum praebeant.
XXXIX.— Interim confecta frumentatione milites
^rSKa^ "°''" clamorem exaudiunt ; praecurrunt equites ;
SmbrUalf" ''"n"*" '^^- -"^ '" Per'^'lo, cognoscunt. Hie vcro
upon them. """''^ munitio est, quae pertciritos recipiat : modo
conscripti atque usus miiitaris imperiti ad tribununi
mil.tum centunonesque ora convertunt ; quid ab his praecipiatur
exspectant. Nemo est tarn fortis, quin rei novitate perturbetur
Barbari signa procul conspicati oppugnatione desistunt ; redisse
pnmo legiones credunt, quas longius discessisse ex captivis cog-
noverant ; postea despecta paucitate ex omnibus partibus impetum
faciunt. "^
th
XL.— Calones in proximum tumulum procurrunt
Hr^^'lL "'""^ "''"'^'" ^^'^'^'' '^ '" ^'^^"^ manipulosque coni-
canip. <^'""t ; eo magis timidos perterrent milites. Alii
cuneo facto, ut celeriter pcrrumpant, censent, quoniam'
tarn propmqua s.nt castra, et, si pars aiiqua circumventa ceciderit
at rehquos servari posse confidunt ; alii, ut in iugo consistant atque
eundem omnes f.rnn casum. Hoc vetcres non probant milites
quos sub vexillo una profectos docuimus. Itaquc inter se cohortati
DE BKLLO GAhUCO, LIB. VI. gg
ca.tra perveniunt. Hos .ubsecu , ^ """"' ^'""^^ '"
petu ,nilitu,„ virtute servant a in"" "'"'"^"" ^"^^"^ -■
^^tiam nunc usu rei milifiris nPr/J ^ '" '"^'"'^""«t'tcrant,nul|„
potuerunt, s^d se in castra rerinTr. "^"^ ^"'^''•'^"^' '"^i'^'i
-nt. centuHones:;ro:r'rn ,;"r::"r " 'r--^^---
rcliquarum legionum vi.utis causa in n '"^"""'"^"^ ««-dinibu.
iegionis traducti, ne ante p^r e Z^ TJ °^'""^^ '^"-
fort.ssin.e pu,nantes conciderunt M^^umpl" 7 ^"'""^"^
summons hostibus nnetPr «n«., • ,'"."'" P^rs, iiorum virtute
a barbaris circun.vLn'ta pe" i:' ""^""" " ^^^'^ P^-"", pars
CAESAK RE-APPEARS ON THE SCENE.
The«u;:ami,ri ^[^'•— ^-emiani desperata expugnatione castrnr,,
hostium .error, ut ea „„c e cum r^v 7 """" P°»' '^'^'^''"•^
•a., ad cas.rave„..c, Mr„V ''L!« Xssf:" "'" '^"'-
Caesarem exercitu Sic nmnm^ • ' ^ '^"'" 'ncoiumi
Paene aHenata u^cL delet ' !„ r:"!:"^^^ P-occupaverat, ut
recepisse dicerent neque in olu i Xc^g? " ^^ ^"^^
natures fuisse contenderent. Quertil^err"" ""^" ^^^
sustulit. ^ ^ timorem Caesans adventus
-nS-- Ji'JuTf zL't -:r er:;™ jr-
l<he„u,„ .ransieran,, u, Ambi^rli. fi^ ™';'' ?", ~ '^™''"''
casua Komanorun, delali optatissimum A,.l * T™'"''' '"'
obtuleruni. fiaussmium Ambiorigi beneliciMn)
60
C, IIMJ CAKSAiaS
Ami.iorix Iwf- XLIII.— Caesar rurbus ad vexanclos Iiostes profectiis
.fle« affinal p„r- magno coacto numero ex finitiinis civitatibus ii, ..mnes
partes dimittit. Onines vici atque omnia aedificia
quae quisquc conspexerat, incendebantur ; praeda ex omnibus locig
agebatur ; frumenta non solum a tanta multitudinc lumentonm.
atque hominum consumebantur, sed etiam anni tempore atque
iinbnbus procubuerant, ut, si qui etiam in praesentia se occultas-
sent, tamen his deducto exercitu rerum omnium inopia poreundum
videretur. Ac saepe in cum locum ventum est tanto in omnes
partes diviso equitatu, ut modo visum ab se Ambiorigem in fu-a
circumspicerent captivi nee plane etiam abisse ex conspectu con-
tenderent, ut spe consequendi illata atque inrinito labore suscepto
qu. se summam ab Caesare gratiam inituros putarent, paene natu-
ram studio vincerent, semperque paulum ad summam felicitatem
defuisse videretur, atque llle latebris aut saltibus se eriperet
et noctu occultatus alias regiones partesque pctoret non maiore
equitum praesidio quam quattuor, quibus soils vitam suam com-
mJttere audebat.
Execution of
Acco for trea-
son. Caesar
crosses the
Alps to Italy.
XLIV.— Tali modo vastatis regionibus cxercitum
Caesar duarum cohortium damno I ^urocortorum
Remorum reducit, concilioque in eum locum Galliae
indicto de coniuratione Senonum et Carnutum quaes-
tionem habere instituit et dc Accone, qui princeps eius
consiln fuerat,graviore scntentia pronuntiata more maiorum suppli-
cium sumpsit. Nonnulli indicium veriti profugerunt. Quibus cum
aqua atque igni interdixisset, duas legiones ad fines Treverorum
duas m Lmgonibus, sex reliquas in .Senonum finilnis Agendici in
h.bern.s collocavit frumentoque exercitui proviso, ut instituerat in
Italiam ad conventus agondos profectus est.
NOTES.
NOTES.
BOOK V.
the*..^o«ol Part III., exoeplwherro/ir;;:':",:.';!;,:,:.;;/''''^-- "' "h- I.a.cr. ,„
CHAPTER I.
^^ucio Domitio, Appio Claudia comuHbus : abl. abs • F ,r>, , m .
' • »5 (o). The */ IS often omilled I.etween tV^ ni!!." ' r ' -^' ^°*^ =
Pl-ase. Ti.e year was A. U.C 7,^. B < ." ^^"""^ "^ «-«'"^I'ls in this
year by ,l,c nam.s of the ^on^uZ'.^L' • ?he \t '"T T'"'*"' '^'^*'-
the chief archon, hence called rwJrA>>:...,!. '''c"' ''^ '*"= "^""^ <^'
of the Ephors ; the Argives^,!y '^hHir^^Jr,;, '1^..'"""" '^ "^' «^'^'
a^ kibeniis : among the Helgae : B. iv., c j.S
clu.ie Li.una, G,Ma ' cZp^a Ll/lilTul c\' ' '"'^''' '".'l "«' '"'
his wnuers at Luca, a town un tl e horH ? f V. ^ o''"' «^"'-■'•''i"/ spent
could hold easy communka",. w t h s t .is" s S^J '■"^^'^^ " "«^^ ^e
his residence was more like a re.ml p ".. ^V lu , ' , '"*^' ^'^'^'^^ f'unntr
Proconsul. At one Tin e 2oi S ,. w ^*" ''' l»-"^' quarters of a Roman
120 lictors indicted tlenresS^..',? "" '^"""''"'^ "'''"""t' his visitors ;
his levies. Roth Ponlpera d V^ssu crr"hrt"T^'^ "'''^ '■»''-''«'
him." Liddell's I list of Rome, p 663 "^ conference with
imperfect: hence, " was accu^tomedl" ' "'^' "'*^ ""^^""'^ «^ ^"
/^.?a/M .• Caesar put a leffaius over each letjion
J«M^<//(7««.- "hauiiiiL' ui)" on land <ii- "K.,1,- 1.
-^-^.'nandnm su^tj-a, Thlf'^lm-a^ is ^^'^;;,?-,,'^; --
ve.^^el is leferred to. ilic w,.nl //^./»,-.L ;.. „.,.,1: ... l. ! ."?'-': ^""^^ ""=
vessels to the sea.
The word deducere is applied «< to talTdown '■ "Se
93
64
NOTFX
i i
terra,n^s\. '' inlancr' i!c,^' f:"fZ [he le^' "" ""-"""'^' ^*" '''^'^'■•
.V/ .. ma,ris, soil. /««V ;" he does this the more for the following reason "
nofT^rs^; ,1!;^ s:s;"it tut'b' ""^" 'Yr ''-' '- ''- --■'-
channel, the varied chancfcr^ofh -^ ,''^"'", °f "" "^^'■'"«"'-■^^ of the
currents. ci.aractc of the coast, an.i the nieet.njr of opposing
o:Uo7Z7::r^'''''''''''''"-- ^'^'^ — uPPly^--/../..^. in^pHedin
"Mediterranean." "'ncrent parts of the Mare Internum or
an^s^S:"" '^"''"^^ •• '''■ '!'''''■ T^-^ -- vessels propelled by oars
Mi: what is the usual construction after imperat ? F. i8i, 3 ; P. „ 27
«5«^• .dative of purpose : K. 134, I ; p. jj2(c). ' ' • •> 7-
Spain supplied ..roonH.Str:S:andttS1,r^;:L.^ '"^ '^'^' "-
prS-isSsof^he^;-;;;::' 'JfnS:^.- -itc^^ ^r- *- "-
acted as jud,e, but in'minor nv.tters'he dele'ri t : ow't^ In ''^"""''^^^
or to tne %z/.. For convenience the provinces we e Eded in n'^ ''"'
(conzu'tttus). ^ " uiviciea mto circuits
Provtnciae: Caesar's province.
(^'^iia'citerioris: \.xa.ct:onX\i& ma.-Q Gallia citerior-xnA Cnli, „ ■
tmperat: what two meanings has imMlZxZ.^^,^ '''''''"''-
Translate, rnitinhus u.peratKnds^^Z!^,::^:^,^'' constructions?
qui doccant^itt ei doceant : F. 184, i ; P. n., 21;.
parafos—satisfacere : "that they were readv to mol,.. n . ,
reasonable means for their wrong doin."'' The i. fini v ^ff "l"'' '^^ ''*''
the gerund or gerundive with ah. „re^, ,lar. Zu > >l.t:',lf'"T'- ■'"''
in such cases as the uresent 1.., =,„......;,,„ .' . ! r '"M'l-iins the inhmi.ve
t' ill
''nra/us esse equivalent to
in such cases as the present by supposi'i,.. ,
single verb as volo which takes the infinidve.
eos i.e. obsides.
adcertam diem : when predetermination of future time i« i,<:pH ,„. f
find ad with accusat ve Trnn^lni.. • ^,/ ^. / '""'re ume is used we often
Sse. foi..:..aL It is rare that uiei is feminine in such a
ii.ll, with les:
fi3> A.) calLv
I'k' o[ inedi-
'ing reason."
n the ocean,
viiLss of the
of opposing
I implied in
al of mare.
1 tern u in or
lied by oars
; I', n., 27.
f in Greek :
■ fact that
"ce in the
t generally
lis quaestor
ito circuits
u I tenor. —
'triictions ?
ids by all
'dialus for
; inliniiive
'aieiit to a
we often
coiivocat :
n such a
BOOK V.
65
acr[^,£r[r;;^^^^f ^^^ ---^ - -n-'ered with reference to the
^l 9^y:*^vff:S^r^r^;;j];— ir^'^ i- theirde.
paid by the Pirustae over and above restTtutbn ~Poenam : to be
qui=ut ei : see above qui doceant,
CHAPTER II.
^(Jrt'iV^ after
tra^Ll'^vef fSx^ti'r- In^^h ''-""^'^^ '"- ^^-- "-st have
Gaul, went to lUyricum and settled disml^l' '"''^ '=°"" '" Cisalpine
May or June. disputes there, returned to Belgiutn in
^^.«.. .^explain fully the force of cum with indie, and subj. : F. 303 ; P.
praeapiti loco : Bi 33., ,„ ,«„,, J^^no^'l'n 22 "
translate» here: "athoimh fi,.., ./„_- • •>• a., 22.,
materials."
'although they were in
th
e greatest
/« dec, 17 'i ac
m tanta hn'i/iiitate.
scarcity of ail
cujus : here quod would be more corrpr^ ti, u .1.
attracted into the case of its arece.lonM!" r T'^^ >^'' '^^^^^''^ '« often
Latin : yet we have in Hor Sat 16 •= ^"^ ' " " "°' '° '°'"'""" ■"
struction=f«;W^<.;^^^/^„aj,^^, ^ '' *^'''*^''' ''"P''^'" the con-
zustructas: '« fully rigged " ; others read constrr.ct.s.
for launching within a few days." Note ZJ\\ / 7 «•^'■e a'most ready
»1 '/uh^: F. ,85, 2, and i88. 6^ P. ii , iSeVsS. "^^''"'' contained
/.r^Sl^^: Vi'Sl.Tf g ?f;i:; '^ «^--^ «^^ ^^e ab.. or by intra o.
..//aW«//..- bring out the force of .^ i„ translation.
P'99W!''' "'""'"' questions are put in the subjunctive: F. ,76, 2 ;
name of Psqu.s. Othe. .y 2:1^^^ ^i^!' :;:7';J,^:^i;.e by the
fi6
NOTES.
^—: ..for carrying o„, this object." ' •
'■■vfcMiis : '. unccuinbered with ba^n^re "
D^kgage, oj^posed to impeditus.
CHAPTER III.
h'l^'c civitas : i.e. of the Treveri.
plitiiiiiiiiii ^~,hi!ct ■ "fc ti,
'-'• co,na,o ace. ..-sed adv^biTS! ^""^'•'"'•" Strictly ;>/«.,,«, .-^ ^
ix£H^r-"?=t^^:riS:^^-^^^
"'"; '^'"^^•"'■- ^'^'"'«"ish .^.. and .^.
/■/Jit»»*/., ,,, , .^
'"""• -'■■ "'^' -" '>""■"«'. ■•-« a^« .„„„„„,, ,/' ^ • '• " <■"■
""■""■ ■■ "" ■>"« ioi»» «f..-» and ^„,,.
'■"■"""'■ "'*'"■'""'•'■• ">'■ of ■'-rip,™ .. F. ,3,, , , p
nonnutli: di.stinmiish ,„ • J . 9 , i-. 85 (c).
pnmtim: "iiuiividually."
'«"^^'S^vri^s?"^- '" -*. "--. ».v-... .„^,
>^e clause.
Ihe/ofof the
lo|, so that
ditus.
BOOH V.
67
•tmum is a
the leading *
a' of /«,/,/.
as slaia |jy
/ would be
Lt the phi-
f* priinum,
ii.'(jiiires
" or from
domes, a
ArJen at
2»? //(5« ;
onsuferf
-/-"/aa/iu,: why „„, «>„&„;, y .g, = . P „ ^
j*r-- -•-". "n.^.h. ...... .„„.;:,;.„;;:„::;,,._ ,.^. „^
^nmapotestaie: " at his mercy. "
CHAPTER IV.
^^.«/«..-subiunctive of dependent question :F. .76 3 • P 00 M,
w^faz/*ra/ soil. Caesar. • '70; 2 , P. 99 (d).
inofficu,: "in allegiance."
•s rare because the positive L^. hf ''"^'^''■•" The comparative ..««.
from seguorz.v^Ci primarily me-inT-.^ » '=°'"P''"'»'ive meaning. I %
means '< less by n'o.hing.^ TrL:^:^,J^''' " '^■^^•" ^ ^'-' -/"-^ ^:^».!
cum .us : F. igs' '4 Vp%^^^ ^Jj ^^y be explained as causal subj:.'.':;',"'
graviter tulit : " greatly annoyed."
99? (irr^^^ .«. : .. whereas he had already been " : F. ,98, ,, ^,,, ^ p.
/•«/^«V. «„,>,,, abl. of description : F. ,3, 9 . p g, ,,,
/5^^ o'./.W : " at this grievance " . Tr ^ ^ ^^^
gnevance. —exarsti from -f.^ara'wro.
CHAPTER V
revertisse ; in thf» jTncar>t 1 j •
perfect and derived'' fnS The ^IZ'^T^ T'''^- '^ 'he form .- i„ the
Augustan writers. Distinm.S, i?, ^" ''''^"^ '^ "s^.I in the ante
way. and ,^. to retuS'x:^;tt:::„;ng^^ii ^:^:^ ^« -t-n o:: :s
68
kotes.
obsiih„n loco : when joined with the Penitive Inr. v
Torce, " i.istca.l of," «as." SoJLfJT.' '''' ^" ^^"T'l'iepositional
a charge," ^,.:e,.h /oro, " as a vi 'rd '' TT '' "^' 'T'"'' ^''"^ " ^'
^l-ve of purpose, which. howeve^lT ttrictJ;, S^^^^aH^;;:^;- ^^ '^
^j:^:;rT:;^;^-::^o^ft^^ the indicative>„d when the'sub-
CHAPTER VI.
he .n,j,iu .^second time stir up strife, CaeS desUd\o\.T\-^'^^^^^^ '^^'
inpriniis: "particularly."
^«.^-...^...,.. give the syntax of ,uod : F. 198. . ; P. 99 („, ,•
«Mw, sell. esse. ^^ '^'' ''
««/W-««./..,V«,,V.. genitive of description: F. 130 7 8 • P 81 f »
and sm ,ejerri is in apposi!io"'yr;;i':^:?/;eVy '^t"" '^"^^ ^^^''^
thekteduVi'nf.^K1:L'tfo£e'T,S'k'at'^^^^ *''^ office couidt, ieav"
living member of the family held 'tSLpSt ^'''°" """'^ "^" '^''''^' ^^^
«tf^;«f .- " and yet— not."
..«/,-..„., ..,„ p„,„, „ „^ ^^ __,^ ^.^^ ^ ,,
/-^//[^^(^«/^«j.- ««religious scruDle<: » Ti,-.
tothe W.«^or..«.L.«47ot:of th e'Sn^-'.^J, ^'^'^- "^-^)' ?-"'«
«af: the request to be left behind.
sevoc-a?-e: "to hold secret meetinpt," . r^^^
some spot. meetmgs : from se, vocare to call apart to
nlahfff' '"''^^^«'•^s a'-e perfect-present? F .4^ . p ,,
plain ihc construction in pruuipes sollicita^'/..^,- \'~ ^'''' <"')■ Ex-
/a/^^f ^<7^/,V. '^ "^'l^^' '"Ktcttart coeptt sunt; p,incipes sollki.
-|>ie|)ositional
mis loco, " as
imte for the
ct nouns.
i'hen the sub
i when sub-
md was par-
Pearing that
11 to Hritain.
world."
hO(»K V.
69
»9 (g), i.
P. 8i (e).
srally, «to
'tod (iixerat
rat« called
r jud>»ing,"
Cloyed tlvat
1 6. Cae-
i nol leave
ected, if a
■ix: "be-
2), points
apart to
i')- Ex-
es sollici-
fieri, scil., ,/^.y. Note the l.tL in '«..; .'/J, ',1,,
nohlitale: al.l. of separation. F. 158, 2 • I' S- (h)
ioi'lsl^'H^X: '" ''^ ^"■^^'^-^"^ "- ^^-« •■ = cp. ',n conspectu impera-
J., .n ...anne, and .0. ^'^^::':::-^^^:^"^^^ I
^'^i::Z';Z:^7l:J^i^ '- -- --> ^o the rest,- ,., ,0
insiuraiuium and «V/ww^;//,,;,, ^ civil oith • ..
onth by wh.ch the soldier binds hi'n'sdf to Sve'the Cr'""' ' '""'''^'^
CHAPTER VII.
a fri^Sr^^ ^- '•' 33- Explain the indicative with ,uo, : K. .98.
/m«/ ; scil. Caesar eum coercere et dderrere.
lonqius: " too far " : F. 58, 5.
— Doderlein. '" ""^" ''^' acts hke a madman."
prosf<icici,dutH : scil, statnebat.
ne-^possel: scil. ameutia : " to nrevpi.f ),i= r^ii u
state to any degree " : _„, ; F. 18^5! f^ '""'"""S ''™ «•• the
or degree. -" -^ ' ' " "•' ^9. ~ i/iii,/ : ace. of extent
/ar/(7w .• ace. of extent. F. 69, 9 ; P. 83 (c).
teniporis—anni
dabat opeiam : " he was careful."
imptditts animis : "when th.>ii- n»t.»,w;
Leg., I, 3. 8, .>../.</.•/. «„S. ''^"^ ""^'"•"" ^^--^-^ .Lstracted": op. Cic.
70
NOfES.
i
n'snent. Caesare : " without Caesar's knowlol^e • " ahl .1 , .
domu,n : explain construction : F. 85 i • p ^ o. ^ "
^•«'--•--/../A./.»: '«,ivin;runhV,' "- '^' ^^)"
re.a,.- unperat : the .ore u u7 '" '" ""' '^^'^^^ "^'"^' ^'-•"
'8'. 3 ; P. if., 27. 28 '"'""' construction would be ut r.trahatur : F.
si facial : '« if he should offer resistance »
//■^.«/w: "like a sane man."
pmesentis, scil. Caesaris.
nesle^isset: what would this be in direct narrative.
civitatU : predicate genitive : F. 124 ; P. 8, (a).
CHAPTER VIII.
contitunte: words in /rnc u
Ranicipfe, ™ed,||, i„ ,he»^S„^;=„"f™«',- !f'>»»Hve or as acual
permit.» ^ '^'^ ^'"^-'"'^^ as „me and circumstances would
Parinun,ero,ue,n = eo,ern munero ,u.n: .>. 3.000 : ch c
J^/« <;fr</,.« .- another renderin.r is ^ / /
first expedition is fixed at the iS or t.^^Z'""'' '^^' ^'^'^ of the
wi;^r:ti,Sd% t ;S; ^^^'S^- ^^-.a. The S. W.
intermisso : " having calmed down."
offSe^^L^S^nrlit^e^-^^ ^-^'-^-^ on the return
frorXcrSit;;:^ ^ JnrSVr^-'^ l'^:--"^" as to the port
contends that Caesar started from ?h J "^ "P'."'""'^ ^^^ held. Mr CJ
the beach of />^..o'/in^thl cS o^^?::^!?^-'^'- ^^^ '-^-^ ^t
the Conqueror disembarked eleven cenfnr, r? *^* -'P^' ^^i^re William
the Klea that the infantry emba.S at S/ T''^?-. ^^«'"'"sen favo^
porlus INns), and the cavalry a, /F;wt^^^^^^ (^^.ch he identifies with
Rome, IV., 7). Strabo also iives //^ 'f'/2/ .P'1 ^"'^-^'^ (Hist, of
on th . first expedition. O^the^^sav tha? ^he • ?'''' °' embarkation
Gesor.acum(^.«/.^c.,,),andthecavalrJat^J^^^^ started from
adnwduHi : proncrlv "m^/- !•
I)solutc.
•y thing else."
trahatur : F.
BOOK V.
71
'igrta tarn ad
>r as actual
-in the abl.
<ite.
tices Would
ate of the
TheS.W.
the return
o the port
Mr. Airy
landed at
■ William
ien favors
ifies with
(Hist, of
jarkation
ed from
great a
^proxim-
^ it only
»«..-".hou8h",F. ,^.7,p.^„ ,,,
CHAPTER IX
'-^^ -'.'«,. „. „„ .,^^,„„ ,,__.,^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^
'7"*"'""^ subjunctive of depend», ,„„,]„„ . f ,„ „
let-ons. '<«»"> ta iwo coh„„s („,„ ead, <,f ,|,^ 5,^
P.'£' wSib',: '° «""^ "• "-* ■■ : fo. ,be ,„0 datives : P. ,3,, . ,
de tertia vi'nli/t • "Jr. .u
implies that the thi'rd watch'hTl'"'' °^ '''" ^f"--^' ^-■'ifch " • the exnr •
9 12 p.m.: ferUa visilia fn.m ,2-3 am \nV»' ' •' ••"'"''"''' ^'<?-'>^« ^om
n.lU at,ue ap.r^o : " smooth and clear of rocks »
praestdio: dat. of nurno^P • jt ,
/—in /;v.A.V. TTaol P. 8/&' li' ^" '^ ^^^" "-*^^ governed h,
''^"'■''J,'«-^^-^''^"--abl. ofinstrumen't.
72
NOTES.
Veryil, or Cicero. """ '" ' ''"'"^ = "^V'-*'- f""»-! in Lucretius,
«:«:: ■.,hey hid tl,=„4lve?S,;rin Sc Zll' " " '" '""" ■"*^-
testudine facta: " forminir a /^r/«,//> " 'i-i... „
soldiers of the inner files lockinf U?X'shi • '^"^^■"'^■•1' was done hy the
outer files protected thrsides S'h.' ' ' 1 '"^'^«^V'^""" '"-'''"''^- while the
a tortorse shell (/../«S) ^ve it tile name " °^ '^^'^ '"'^^^'' '^'''^'ds to
longius: "too far."
prosequi: " to follow up the ounsiiit "•« f,v ^„ .• • ,
the next chapter p^rsequon. ^ZS. a p^uitr'""^ 'VurT" "'•" ^"
^^^^:Z^. '-^':^ !:;--P ;•, : ^^y di^^in. a trench
often the meaning of castra locai^^a^sJ^a ^^:^^' '""'" '"""''' ^a.
CHAPTER X.
postridu eius diet: literally "on the morrow of (hat dav " ^ . v
Jom the ana^gyof t£ G.e^' ' ^ tliS, S^ ^^'^J^f T^.H^;:?"^-
milites=pedites : as we find elsewhere in Latin.
in expeditionem : " as a flying column."
'some distance on their
aliquautum itineris \ partitive fienitive
journey."
extremi: "the rear" of the defachm^nf c..,*. » i ^.
seen by those remaining in the camp '"* °"^ ^"^ ^^«««'- ^^re still
qui numiarent-ut ei nmuiarent x F. 1S4, i j p. j,., 25
rt#/^/«j: "shattered."
BOOK V.
f IS common
in Lucretius,
much highei
ifence.
a/ididfrunt :
ulvis abdid-
Such breast -
ees.
javelins out
lis in small
tantes.
ione by the
', while the
1 shields to
73
rsuit.
In
g a trench
'lunire has
—postridie
blative in
ave arisen
live ; cp.
t. I., 26,
on their
were still
latter w.ml.l simi>ly i'- In ( v i , ■'""' "'"" ''^-^"^ative is that the
woui,. express tiL^.i., j:::^^.:::^^^:^ ^'-^^ ^'"'^ ••- '^'™-
subststereiit : "held " '< lf,ir.f .i,„ • • .
"eiu, kept them m position."
concur sii: "collision."
ifuoiiimodntn : a mild wav r.f ct *• 1.
•n consequence of the disaster *"^ ^ ^*''"^' '"«s t^^t occurred
CHAPTER XI.
legionesx 9.0 milites=f>fdites.
desisure Ui„ere : abl. of separation : F. .58. 2 ; P. 85 (h).
revert, tur: see note v., 5.
r.;v//« /„-.;,/,// .• " he sees with his own eyes "
mdere,U„r, since it really depend'on'!?4«"oS;;^r '" "^' '^'^"^^ '■^^'^«'^''-
negotio: " trouble."
///^/w; these were not necessarily a narf r.f t»,» 1 •
quenlly accompanied it. They were a ^o of Fn J'^'°"'r-'''""S'' "^"^ '■•■^■
after the mech.nnical work to be done nn 1 . *^"e'nc-er Corps who looked
Praefectus fab, u,n. Here in the Xl^ ^T ""''"' "'^ ''"-action of the
for volunteers out of the legion! ' °^ '^^ ''^''^''' >^'-'. Caesar calls
iubet-scribit : note the force of these presents.
nullae operae ac laboris : " thourrh if t».,c „
undertaking : F. 124 j P. 81 (a)? ^ ^ * wearisome and laborious
subduci : snktucere naves opposed to </.</«,,r^ „aves
^raesid. navibus : for the two datives : F. ,34. X ; P. 82 (c) and (b)
.W.« : to the fortified place lately taken from the enemy
summa imperii : " the whole of the command "
an^tfc:i;::rsS"V.:;rSv:s^fVs^7^;Yen this one
apSS'cSSn^ujVlt^^^^^^^ ^"^«- ^-Sot th^; Lis and
CHAPTER XII.
i,«^,_«^/^,,„/ . .«of ^^^^ j^^ inhabitant» state there i« . r ■ .
they were burn in the island itself" The n. t n i • t f-'' f""^^'"'"" that
belonged to the great Keltic fam ly thit occ ,S 'S'''''r'^«f ^^"^
western part of Europe. The ^^^^.f" ,,.^ ^:;;^::^^:::^::!:^^
74
NOTKS.
havet)een common among the Romans : Tacit. Agr. ii.: ceterum Pntau-
ntam q,n owrMes imlio a,luf,inl. m.n^^enae an aUvecli. ut inter luirbaros
(B. I, 171) ; the Sican. ( I hucy. VI. 2) ; the Athenians (Eurip. Ion, 29).
maritima pars scil. incolitur ab Us. So also Tacit. Agr. n.: proximi
Gallis et similes sunt; ^ "-*"««
nominibus : that is, there were tribes in Britain and on the continent with
the same name as the Atrebates, Helgae and Parisii.
hominum : " of the population."
fereGallicis consimtlia : with Gallicis scil. aedificiis : " like in the main
tnese in Lxaul.
taleis examinatis : "iron bars of ascertained weight." A eood deal nf
discussion has arisen on this passage, because the (Jreek paiaphrast ren.lers
the word ta/eis hy .h.rvhoa, " finger rings." By comparing the presen
passages With H. v.i. 33, we find /,i/eae used in the sJnse of " l>ar " or
l..Nn"'' -""'"f"'^^''.;, cp. txamen ( =exagimen), "the beam of a
balance: ^o ala::^ axilla : mala- tnaxilla.
nummo : Herodotus calls the current coin v6u.iau.a (H i 04 . wr rfi\
According to Aristotle (Ethics v. 8) the word is .ierived from v^Jo'f becaui
the value is fixed l,y law (v<5/.of). It is probable that the Romans intro-
duced the word numnms from the Sicilian word vovikiq, a name eiven to a
r,f^''?o'^°" ^'"•"' '"'^^ '-""'"'' °f o"^ '"'^"ey. The earliest mint estab-
Iished at Rome was in 344 B.C.
plumbum album : " tin." Caesar here reverses facts. The tin mines of
Britain are found near the coast rhiefly in Cornwall, Devon and Wales •
while iron •« abundant in Stafiforu, Shropshire, Derby, parts of York and
Durham. The Scilly Islands were cal.ed Cassiterules or Tin /slan^ls from
he Greek Kacccrepng " i.n." It is strange that Mr. Crutwell, of Oxford
(History of Roman Literature, p. 192), should make the mistake in sup-
posing th^t plumbum album meant lead. " The existence of lead and iron
were known to hun (Caesar) ; he does not allude to tin. but its occurrence
couldhardly have been unknown to him." «v-v-urrence
ejus: refers to iron. According to official statistics, the gross annual
produce of iron is 3,600,000 tons, while //« amounts to about io,>;oo ton'
1 he fact that Caesar gained his information from the people on the coist'
where iron is scarce, may have led to this mistake.
aere importato: though we find copper in Cornwall, Devon, Stafford and
Anglesey, the mines were not much worked till the last century.
materia: "timber."
fagum : fagus in Vergil and in Pliny is the beech while <t>vy6c in Th^o.
phrastus IS the <;<;/■. Both words are from (jxiyelv, " to eat,"' indicating the
use of the nuts as food for primitive man. Crutwell (Hist, of Roman
il
BOOK V.
7r)
Caesar is Le^XZl^ rUe^r^Z^r^l ' ^"'^'^^^"- '^•'"-"'" "-a.
Scotch fir. certainly existed irthLLt^,"^'^^^^ ^^^ I'a^.s.wnahly „..a„t ,l,c
«urnham beeches were then fine young trees."'' "''^- ^'"^ ^« '" "^ ''-'^^>»'
^SdSt::;;;;^^Cari:^';^ The hare
of corn .n Br.ta.n n,ay have n,ade thelthlis unpalLkfir"''-' "'^^ ^''«'="-
'ion fas = nefas : "impious."
tl.^l/;S:'^ir:^,-^::'(«^;ts^J„su^r posiUo„ a„d the influence of
feodum : a./.r//a. frigorum a&' "^ ''''^'"" ^^''^^" "«^^''/'«^ «^ «./.«//.
CHAPTER Xiri.
natura: "by nature," i.e. «in ,haoe " r.
knowledge of the shape of I5ri ain fm,; h '" '^''^ ''^^^ ««''"ed his
ex ant works of the Greek wr m % ncL^l^i I'^T *"■ ^•""'^ ""^ "'en
gated by the Romans till a.d. 84 fuHvT^n.ni ''^"'^ T'^ "°' circun.navi-
Agr. lo: hancoramnovissimimaHllL f""'^'^^^'^'^^''^^- CP. Tacit
e;.«/« /«.«/.,. ,,,, BnZ'Zra7r,n^^ P^mun. Ro,uana class! circun.
the fact that Britain is triangular fndlavs th^ff ? "^' ^' '> mentions also
Kelt.ca and is 4.300 stadia\ e^h (ab^ f ci^'""r'. "^"^V' ^^'^^^'^^ '"
ame applied to the country from the n outh ''^ "-i'^''^' '"'"^ ^"'"^^ "
Pomponius Mela (in., 6) comoares Br? ^ • u^^ ^^'''^ '« "le Pyrenees
one side faces Gaul, akd anST'de. Smany ^ '° '""^ ^"^^ «'^^ 'S
C««/.W. : now Kent, which is said to mean " comer "
wi?^;^:^:;; :^\^''^, ^lS^ ^^he ships IVom Oau, make ; "
inferior corresponds to alter in alter angulus.
hoc—alterum, soil, latus.
B.SrS6 !w^E"^"^iSSJ Foreland '^^^''^ ^nd is 344
this statement of Caesar. ' statement was evidently taken ix^^
alterum vergit scil. latus -. cp. Tacit A,. ,n o -.
Gervtamae, tt, occideutem ms/aniae obten^ul '..^u'-'"''"'," '« "'■''"'''"
Germany on the East, to spain on Z West " Th "'*'" ''"'^ "1^'^°''''*^ "'
the Romans with regard to the oositinn If n ■ . ■ '-''"'■""««"s views held by
dread of long ocean voyages. ^ °^ '^'■"^'" ^™se f^om their innate
?«« ^AT/rt;/* : Tacitus ^Aer -iaX s^vc h,o, t 1 . ■
Spain. The word /lihernia k s J I tn b. h Tf '' "^''^«^" «'•'tain and
Iveriu, meaning " Western." (Max M.n"""': 1""" .^''-'^ Celtic ^nV. or
p. 284.)
dimidio minor : " half th
er St
leiiee of Language, V^ol.
Gr^.rs.sr^^sair ' ! ir;',?'-"'. "t»".-» i.^^. th
30, 37° s^- wiles,
77.370 square utiles; a;, ^rireS^S,;
e area of
1
76
MOf»
ill
characteristic: F. 131,9; i. '05 ic) : so /^ari numero : H. v. (.hai, vm
in \V lt''r ?'" f''""'r'^ I'«i'" i" ««^""'«rn la-laiul and St. Da m' s Hal
yl/<'«« : some have supposed the /s/g of Man to be here referre^l to since
hf position of that Island is midway between Ikitain and Irela^^^^^^
however, there .s no doubt about Mona in Tacitus (Ayr ,4 An x.v'
Heiw XS'^^Tm ''^' ^•"""' "^^y '^•'^^^ '"--^" misinforl;.;;! :!f'i,f posmon!
Hem.ie the Isle of Man was properly called in Latin \tonoMa. Accordi.u.
/i^ A/ i" • -^^ «'e have /)/«,«^, Mayenne in France, ^/«///«a in jtalv
(-a Md'icha in Spain, Mansfield, Manchester, the J/.wa,- Strai s in Fn^'
land. Others say from Welsh man "alone." or meZr^in'^LZ^ ^"^"
compiures-imulae '. Caesar, no doubt, refers to the Hebrides Orknev
"a'in anlrifeS'^' "' """^'^ ^"^^" ^*''^'" '" '^^ channel ttwe^nt^
«c.«;/«//«: probably Greek geographers whose works have perished
cou^TeTut'Sr^'''"''"'''" '' "''• ''" ■■ '^^ *•"'- -'^''-- '''his. of
n^i^''''/'r'"/'""r'^ • '^^^ accurate measures made by the water clock »
The cepsydra (K^<^v6pa) is meant. The water clock was «iWl u^t.'..
n^orilt"^^-""','^'^. «-^^- I'« "- was coinnun aiZiVthe Grel?
I consisted ordinarily of two globes of glass ceniei.ial together the lower
one receiving the water and having the divisions of the hours marked on\l
ut~fertopnuo: "according to their belief " : cp. Cic proTomdo it
ut opinio mea fert : " as I believe."
U.!l^!l!'^'^l'''''*'V''''i'"'''- the west coast of Britain is 590 British or 610
Koniaxi miles. For descriptive genitive : F. 130. 7, 8 : P. 81 (e)!
u'rtium, scil.. latui,
is t^on 5f rS.°' ''"'^'" *^ «o British or 570 Roman mil... This
CHAPTER XIV.
humanissimi : cp. Shakespeare Henry VI. , i, 4, 7,
Kent, in the commentaries of Caesar writ
Is termed the civil'st place in all the isle. '
£^'t ■'*':. :':/''^^'"^J""Vr «f^^e people of the inland district
t" : t , ,e ^i;;:»^!'^ "'' '^' '"^J^"'ty " = /^"■/'«^ both " m
>» .
most
people"
vitro: "-,><., •' ,till cultivat.-: m France and till im/ij?o took it^ nla,.^
much used m pm- icing blue dyes. ^ " P'*°*
^ii^
BOOK V.
77
hoc : nhlntive nf means.
So*SSt?:.:Tt^:^''"''- of description: F. ,3,, ,^ p. ^5 ,,,
w.:^:t;r'^ro/;SS^^'^^^^;- -" - '«".r ca^s twelve.- We
unfue. ^'^*"- ""« ^-tatenient is neneraJly regarded as
CHAPTER XV.
ita (amen ut=ita tamen con/iixerunt ut.
omn.bus parMus= iu cnnibus partibus : '• i„ every quarter "
<•«/»■«'»«: "too eayeriy."
inUrmisso spatio : " after an interval of time had elapsed."
^e—eieceruii( : "they sallied forth" 'ii,
Kelts was as strongly l.:SV^^,^, ^;, T il^ iS tllll^ '" °' *'"'
in statioiie : "on sentry. "
Jujrinus : the first cohorts of the legion regularly contained the finest
inter se: "apart."
CHAPTER XVI.
cum — liiniicaretur '. "when fh» i^oni
in front of the camp." ^"r J^ ' F aoT" TS' m '" ^'^'l^' »" -^^
con sped u. ' ' " ''"J » * • 99. (f), v.—j//^ ocuhs-in
tnlelleclum est : " it was evirlnn» 1«^ .,„ »> i-
F. 164, 2, note : P. SaTd), il * ^"P^^'^ "''^" ^»^'- or « «^^» :
mst>vs=.milites legionaries, -sub oculis=in conspeclu.
ab signis discedere : "to desert the standards" would h.
the scuramentum or military oath. '"■"«'rai> would be a violation of
«/m«. aptos '. " less elTective " (than others would be).
equHes—ditnicare scil. intellectum est.
cousulto-cederenl : "often purpu.ely yielded."
quum-rcmo^>issent : " when once they had drawn away."
their'movemenls, wlViV;Vh;^irii, m!"';'/- ^ :""^"' ''""''' ''»"'Per
svvo.^ and small bucMe,-. vm.ll'Si; ' . i^X W^sSV^^'" ^ '^'«
and by his superior length of wenp,,,, uouKI In ..ulre eE.ve. ' ^ ''^'""'^'
78
NOTES.
Romams used cavalry the da.,, ir ^\\T^r 'u '^'''^" "^^ ^'''«"s and
chariots they were a[an afitaye ^ '''' ^"' ^^*^" ^''^ '^"'°"« "«^d
a.<v,/.-J«^>i«, «,: ..to this was added the fact that."
s^aiwnes dispositas : «« outposts stationed here and there. "
deinceps : " in succession " • ■ i
nominatives used adverbially. ' manceps, tertueps, anceps, old
ran
CHAPTER XVII.
infrequently."
Unius=minus acriter -. " with less spirit."
-£- '^^J-.;;!;]^^- -' '° «^^"'e :" distinguish this fro. ;W^..
exS^tSr^-rSl^s'thriZn'tt^t r""'T '° -«i on a foraging
(B. IV. 32) had n,a<?e them more guarLl """' °" ^ ^--^^'^"^ °'^---
were attacked byUe German Ll^i'^'vi? fo! '""'"' ^"'"'^^^ ""^ ^^'^'^
advolaverunt, scil., /J<?j/«.
•4Tth1ujrfmpSity';Lvtslt5trr.M'.r?''f "'''''■'''''' '^'^^^'''^^'^r««/ :
standards of the legions " 7-1^^1 i '' u^"^^ "''^y '=^"''-' *-•''«« "P to the
those that had vel-^tS oul de h "rfnE 'to'V'" ^f -^ "-'-A-inst
commence a regular engagement wth th^tW^ '^^' ''"' ^'^ not dare to
neque~et non
neque~d,dertmt scil.. «^c/,/ milif,^ . «. „ i ,■
tunity either to unite .hdX cefor fj forr^'in l''"' ^^^^ "^^"^ "° «PP»-
tl.e.r war ch.rio.s. " -,«; ../AvS,/-": 'J 7,'? ." , ''"«' «r t» leap down from
IS more emphatic than a secon,l ^™ would,;"'' '^'- '-^«^ ^f"--'' «'V«e
arepropel-lyttsed in sentences ^\JZl^^2l~'':''''\'^^^
•lie negative oi virtually nefjative.
sumfuis cofiiijs • "x»\tU -II H- ; r
"with a numerous force " The P-T "'"""u" ^^°""^ '^^"^'^ite it by
6w&,Mei, '°'*'^' T'^^ ^«^«ek paraphrase renders it by M^
itons while
Britons and
Britons used
BOOK V.
ciiAPiKR xvrii.
79
inceps, old
n proelium
a foraging
IS occasion
md distin-
of Cicero
laverunt :
up to the
3d against
3t dare to
onibusque
5 case see
Iry trust-
(leir rear.
o oppor-
wn from
er neque
mquam
ive.
te it by
Bfi^kmgSSiS'''''' """'' '^" '^"''-'^""-'^ '" what is now Middlesex and
is Smi;::::' '"^zz:'^:r"\:;^'^- ^^ - difficult to say which spot
a.e given by ciiffi::ShStier' ""'''"""'''^' ^^alUng foruln.X ^nXn
hoc i.e. in hoc loco.
alleram = cuivnsam : " on the opposite. "
drC^ll^othetiuftrstVtm^'^'"^'^'"'" while ./.;f... refers to th.se
ad^ir:^ -.-t^P -■;;;- the j^U, ban.< of the Tha.; .o guard the
oppose them. ^ ' "*' ''^ '''^'«^^'^ t^ose who may he waiting to
pace, and with so viXnt an'on°:[ So^h tH'f If^"?-^ ^' «" ^P'^ ^
t'- water, tha, etc. " : capUe sot\ Sl'l!} me;s.':f f!^^;!;^:^ S"^'
CHAPTER XIX.
ut supra : B. v.. 17.
f o///<.;///„„/, : " of continuing (the war). "
avipliorihus : "the most of."
chariots. "^" '"'">' '^"'» 'h^-^'e would be about six hundred
senjabat = obs(rvabat'. "kept watching."
locis=in iocis.
iisre,ion,bus. ablative of separation : " from that district "
vns sennnsque : .u^ i.. the regular road : s.nita is a by.pa;h
JLI'^SV::;^^'^ -••> 'h- "e was wont to engage with
hoc nutu : " from fear of this." as .1. ././.., (,, v.. chap. 4).
thirrSnS^'fo^'ca^il^tS:'^ ^'^^™^''^^ '^^ '« C-- was» or '«^
CHAPTER XX.
laboreatque itinera : " by toilsome marching » : ,,„^^^,
/f-modrt«/M occupied Essex and SufT,, It tk 1
80
NOTES.
••Meanwhile the Trinol.antes, about the most powerful state of that <li,
' : ''• "•. 34. 55! ~^ praesit^talcm ut praestt : F. 184,
J;i^^:^^>'Mat : what two meanings and what two constructions has
ad Huinerum : " to the full amount."
CHAPTER XXI.
Trimbantibm de/ensis, the kindness shown by Caesar to th. T •
bantes t;anie.l over the other tribes to the sick of k.m.T V. r ^ ''""'
^///V/«w : generally supposed to be Veruia,mu,n or St. Albans.
ja//j magnus : " quite a large."
autein : " now."
^^nanoaa^,u.opere: "by its natural position and especially by fortifica-
oppu^irttarc, " to storm " : ex^ugnare, " to take by storm."
faulhper : used of past and future time : paru>,
muUiicW. Britatmi'. ««many of the Britons."
^.iisper : used of past and future time : paru,nper, generally of future
CHAPTER XXII.
in— /act's : about St. Alban's.
ad ware : '• on the sea coast."
^^y/|/<^«. r,gio>Mus: "over which district ": for dative F. ,20; P. S,
iiutnt nava/ia : I>. v., chap 2.
^0»sritmssef~super,ssc,--nUe//^^^^^^^^^^ : explain these sul.juncues.
BOOK V.
81
r>. S2
the danger of wakin7.oXngrnBriuin ""'^''""" '"'^ '^"^'^' ^^^-^
e
er
CHAPTER XXIII.
re/ec/assdl esse: "had been repaired."
his deductis,%c\\., navibus.
duabus-covuneatibm : '< in two trips : " ablative of manner
s,c accidit uti : " it so happened that." F. 182, 4 ; P. 99 (b), ii.
desidemretur : "was lost."
in^r„;t JrioTdTnyre-'i'^roVJrc^f '" "■■■■ ^'- ""> '« ■
Labienus. ^ °" "'^ continent and sent across by
timeVthet:?" = " ^'^' '^^ '"'"S^' ^' ^^ P'-ented from sailing by the
aeqiii/wctium suberat : Caesar sailed frnm i^,;.^:^ x. .■> r
of Septen.ber. so that he had Ef'^IJl'Sand ^ moSst'^:;;^^ '"'"'"^
na^rrer^om^Xi^sl'L» """""^^ ^^'"-^^ -^>' '''^ -'^-s in
solvisset scil. «a»(»j.
CHAPTER XXIV.
subductis : ««drawn up on shore" for the winter by means of rollers
conaho : assemblies of the whole naMon were often held as in B. , ^o
Samarobriva : from Samara, Somme, briva brid^r, . c^ ^i . ., ^
me&ns, i>ommebridge : now Amims. bridgt , so that the word
Augiislius provenerat : "had turned out rather short" Th 1 >
.......refers to the "seasons of dry weathe'r:" ^ > J'! l^'v.'
^in. : " very recently " said of time, though it commonly is said of
tram Padum : «peaking from the standpoint of Rome.
82
NOTES.
1-' li.e <li.sea.se. ' '^''^"'"g '« '^e skill of the physician and suHor,
-^^^■"^ZZL^lj;^^y,^^Z:^^^J^^ ca.ps were situated
I'e more than 2^ miles fr^m each other ' '° '^'' "^* ' "° ^*»"?^ ^«"^^
CHAPTER XXV.
su»>mo loco natus : '< born of the highest rank " : abl. of origin.
kmc mdirect object after restituemt.
.vz.«withA;-//«./,Ir ' ''^«"^^"'^' concerned a good many": supply
and"7;SlSm ^tVbv wh"''"'^ ^-^* •^''^"'^"^) ^° "^^^ '"'o --tody
Tasgetius hai been mu de ^d'^^Nole If """.-^^ •'^^^- "°" '^^'"^^' t^a^
Crtaar. murdered. Note the mdicative in co^Movera/ scil
CHAPTER XXVI.
•'S?S:fda;sa£:''^' ""'''^'" ^'^«"^ '^'^-" ^'^Vs in which" ,e.
ventum est .c\i. Caesan= Caesar venif. F. 164. 2, note; P. 82 (d) ii
quum praesto fuissent : " though they had presented themselves." '
Indutwmari--impuhi, this chief had been offended fB v ch.n .^ .
he degree of power qivc-n by Caesar to his rivnl M.. .1 V- P' ^^ ^^
become a fornii.iable rival. Mandubratuis, and had
oppugfuitum scil. .«.^r« : for supine : F. ,74; 2 and 3 ; P. 105.
aliqui: less common than aliquis : F. 132 ; P. 95, j.
CHAPTER XXVII.
ex nispania=. Hispaniensis.
sese : put this speech into direct narration. The order is s^se n«fif ■
N-o benefuns Caesoris in se, (se) debere plurimum ei^&c ^^"^
et=si6i i.e. Ambiorigi.
iyhiium numero : cp. loco obsidu/n.
<U oppusnatione : '« in regard to the storming of the camp.'»
m
:orn." Dis-
n and sanor,
ere situated
imps would
BOOK V.
83
in.
rally "this
"f were in-
" : supply
to custody
anied that
verat scil
lich" i.e.
'■ (d), ii.
lap. 4) by
, and had
cvnfiteri.
alUrt le,Honi. snbsidio : for the two datives : F. ,34 , . p o, , , , ,,,
of his duty toi.rrountry'"' £So for'at 'p"'"' "^?^'»' '^^ ^^^- '" -^Pect
habere — Caesaris • " hp ho^ j
for the favours of desar." "^*"^ '° ^''^^ ^^.s due from him in return
canductam scil. ^,^^,^^ ^ .. hj^ed for pay...
^aw scil. manum.
ipsorum esse consilium : " that if „,,0 r
*/w««. refers to Titurius and Cotta '^ for themselves to consider:"
eductos—deducere : " to fiW^ fh« .^i r
conduct them either to Cicero oMoS^m,?'- °' ""^ "'"'^^ ^"^'-^ ^"d
hi/S^::^!^^^;;i;^t?it:r T>°'" -^^-^ ^- ^he interest of
ter carefully account for th^ t^^OH^TZSlr' ^" '"^^ ^^
CHAPTER XXVIII.
re\ "news."
^etsi^istimabant. explain the mood in e.isti„,aban, F. ,96; P.
consilium', "a council of wa ..
/r^w^. «.,, .,v////,,;,, ceutunoneT ''°"'*''""g «^ the /^fa/,; tribuni and
nihil— existimabant : " thnirnhf »1,^* .l.
»ho,„>, .hey wve w,„,„ q»Si;t\.T;;?,,:;-;t.i« ^^^^^^^^^ ■«'■"• -
quantasvis—docehaut : "thev tnl.t »»,
however great, could I.e ke.n iL „ ^ « "' ^"'■'"' ''^ ^^^^ Germans
fortified." -.,««,,,, ,,,,,XVabl'ab -"iy" "" "'"'^^ ^u-ters we";
aos. _,< hiLenia munita essent
rem — teshmnnio : " win»- Jm,' »,
the c,a„ i„,„,,,,, b;,tJ"'teh1 d^P^^^^^''"- " -f--H".' to
fined to abstract or semi-abstract nouns ^ °^ '"""''"^« ^^ich is con-
re-premi.. "that there was trouble about supplies "
wSfttSltti^^Jr^Ktati;^?-'-' ^"-'- - oblicue narrative.
8^
NOTES.
< HAPTER XXIX.
'W//m 6'«-,w/m : "on the other hiind."
sero: "when ton late."-/„/«^^, scil. esse se.
^an,juiacalanntaHs.. "some misfortune:" partitive genitive: P. 69, ,o ;
^^':'r:^'£'Z "SL::} "'^^ ^^^^ ■" ^'^ -^ ^^^^ ^^vice of tl. ene^y but
»iagfwdolori: see note on testimonio, last chapter
Ariavisti mortem : Caesar nowhere teils us when or where Ariovistus died
rercerul^erthl'st^oT^^^^ -any reverses, it (Gaul) had been
"Military greatnels'haTbLn'ex'nguiS^'P^^^^ ^^'^^ ''' ^"™- ^icy in
qnis—f^rrsnoderet: " who would believe this ?" liff^mllv «< .,
i^ersua<le tins to himself? " Note the rhetorical question ^' '"' """'''
^'necerta re: "without sure information." or "unless on sure grounds ',
sua,n-tuta,n : " his own advice was safe for either emergency "
cla^tlSrwo^f l^^^^S^^::^ rr-^^f rv. wi:hout any
them. ^ • '■"•' " t"e Gauls did not attack
u.am--saMem : "their only hope of safety was in speedy action."
/ra««« :" immediate."
^n^,^ua ohi^io». : ablative absolute ; "if the siege were long."
CHAPTER XXX.
m utramque partem : " on both sides " i.e. pro and con
TlH-.e were n,embers of tEouncit of wT ^'"'"^'^''"' -^ Pnmipilares.
acriter reshteretur: "a tierce opposition was maintained "
vmate: " have your own way ", literally "prevail", " conntter "
^s-~talu : " I am not the one to be " &c. : F. ,88, 8, , ; ,> „ \^ „
to whom he p.,inte,. and who were^^r :;S:^^;oi;^r':'S Ivas':,;;^'"''^^^
BOOK V.
85
f frequenta-
: F. 69, 10 ;
! enemy but
ivistus died,
) had been
ler glory in
who would
e grounds.',
vithout any
' not attack
tion.
'g-
centurions
'inifilares.
ter."
'm 34. 35-
y disaster
le soldiers
said.
m, on the
rs, would
S::^;;^.;;';:;: :^;;;i;|-i'; -'j-'es only .helr share of in„H.„ding
Aon, ihe other (Romans)." ^ ''"^*- ""*"''''»''' *"'' ''-i-'ishe,! m.n flir away
/m.W/r/^^otabl7cTe7^^ through you "._
/ 1-^, flies, the day beyond tomorrow. "
CHAPTER XXXI.
«««/r^V/wr impersonal passive- "tt,»
so also/;-.;,«,„-/^,,,, ,„,„^^ ;. J^,;^^ ^he _members ns,- from the council " :
Sabinus. "'"'^'^ • "^^y grasp the hands of both » : Cotta and
rem: " their safely."
dat — viauus : " t/ives wav " "w; 1^ » a-
signifies by . gesture that hemakrjtJfur^h^eT^^sl^JHn^cr^ *° ""' '^^""^ ^
without sl.ep, since each^sohlreSST.ri-P'''' ''L'^'' "'^^t is spent
m.ght be able to carry with vZ S ll r T" ^'^^'^'^ <'" "^^e) what he
be compelled to leave behind "• ^ " °^ •"' '^'"'"'^ stores he would
omnia — aupcatur • " evprv r»^
no staying wiihout danger Ld whv IL'"P^'*'^ (to prove) why there was
assuude and watches of ,'he 'olSs ^' T^'"" ''""'^^ ^^ '"^'•^^'^^d by the
ry to convince themselves by plausible nL '"^''"'ng is that the soldiers
leaving was justifiable. ^ P'aus.ble arguments that their conduct fot
;S^s™M :;Stt£t2i?^^: ^"^'«--'IA-..^.^^ : UteraHy
Note the impersonal use of ;i'L,r^^":^'«'- f' "^^" convinced/'
cmwirued. r r>.uasum esset. Translate into Utin : lam
agnnm-impedimentU : ablative absolute.
CHAPTER XXXII.
v?:?i7m : " by their not retiring to rest "
bipartito: " at two points."
a milibns~,l,wh,^ -. " about two miles off" . f
duo ah eo loco. '"^" '""^s off : for mtlia passuum circiter
opportiiuo—loco : either the abl nh^
|ssa.<l that such a place is the vallev o7 r"""""'' 'T '" ""'le'-^tood. I,
Tongres. ''^^ ^'^"^y «f Lavarges, about two miles above
^se-^m,,s.: .'h.! descended ": so ..^.. .,_, .., _,,,.. ^
thr;!:Ss :r5;,gt'^ "^'•'^"""'^^ '^^ '^•"^. - the bottom of which
novissimos = agmen novissimum.
iniijuissimo ■ " most unfavourable."
86
NOTKS.
CUAITER XXXTII.
turn demum : " ,l,en an,l not till ,hon >' • r •
-^"'^'^:Z{.^v^^t:trr''''''r^' ^° '^•^ppen t., those
"'•■ '•""'-•^«'■'"'ou the other hand". ' '
''" "'Sii<^^^^i=iuippe qui ccitavisset '
auclor: "adviser."
"''""■'' ^^''''■^•- "to attend to allhis duties " s, , ^
tnbu"-a„d centurions .0 p;ss'tNe":.:i ^^''^''T = " '^^^^ «-'-"ed the
■='« . into a hollow square."
reprehendendum non est "is nnf *r.u ■ ■ ■
,„, ., ■'» "ot to be criticised."
CHAPTER XXXIV.
r^««7/«w: "presence of mind "
/^/« ««...ablative of place: "along the whole Hue "
.^aiS^T^JS;:-[;::J-V(of ,heKon.ns) belonged to the. (the
J^oinde-existimarenf. " therefore I,.f ,1
obhque. would •-•-«/.W.in dtct narJlSl,."""''^'' = '-"'-'-«./ in
dttce: Sabinus.
.neu=neve = et fu.
a«^in- ta.^, up ir.:J;t;:Sr'°°' ""^^"'^<' '" '■""-■ The command is
quippe qui
viderenlur
ins seemed
n to those
moment."
rdered tlie
> pronun-
•araphrast
hem (the
'larent in
'g sword
laiies of
mand is
tn — harharh.
Book y.
CHAPTER XXX 7.
87
„?.'-- "-eve ..._..,,„. ^_ ^^^^^,,^^^^
'/««..-.../...«, :3ee note on ,««,.,bove
^o^firn : " ,,ei„g so closely packed together "-f
- '^^'■^'r^^: '• though ovenvhe.med " " ""'^'^'^'''■
horamoctavam: about 2 p.m.
Primum pi/nm duxemt : " who h.,1 .
_-.er the .p....„ ., ,^,,, ^^^P XvIS^:--!!^;: -S:,
''-S?'^^=''^'"^"^"-'-P-«--^....'.w.thn,ght,,.
CHAPTER XXXVI
rogatum : supine.
«/'", I.e., litunus. ">i'cf
Irans.: "sends word to rv,",, ^ """"«^^'^^ supply "and .„.. . -
CHAPTER XXXVir
88
NOTKS.
comiicionibus: "terms;" denvcd from r<.;/ and «-/V,;, I «ay hence
agreement. ' "• "'-'''-e
/(3«?»(7r consulto : " on purpose somewhat tedious. "
«/J^/a/«,« : " war cry": cp. Livy, v., 37; «„/,^ w z/^w, /„,;,«/^,„ ™„
pauci—elapn;. Snhinus and Cotta had a letjion and a hnlf or ahout 6000
nien, as ihe k.^Mon would not have ,l,e lull cHuplement of Jld e" At k^
5000 soldiers must have perisli-d in the battle. '''J'uilis. At luist
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
re demon St rata: "when news of the battle was laid before them."
W///;m,W^: f,re,undive sin-. nf:reein!,r „ith .vm' plural : F 170 x-
i . 104. On the other hand uhhcendi is a ^c „n,l. : F. 172 ; I». ,03. ^ '
jiihU-iutcJlcix "that it was not a difficult ta>k for the It'-,,:, winlerinLr
wuh L.cero to be surpr.se.l and slaughtered."-,,.,,,//,-: part." r>e genitive
mm Cicerone : " under the command of Cicero."
hieniet: why subjunctive? F. 206, 4; P. 106,
CHAPTER XXXrx.
Centrones-GnJunuHn-. small tribes in what is now West Flanders
depend. mts of the Nervii. rianaers,
eonim - A'en'ioritw.
huii i.e. Cicero, whosi; camp was next besieged,
quod=id quod.
lignal huh -causa: «to procure wood an ' material, for fortification."
adepti=si actcpti es.ent : " if !hey got this victory."
CHAPTER XL.
wiltuuhir: note the emiilialie position of this word.
/- rlnlissent scil. eas litleras mmtii -. note the force of/.;-.
iua/,ria : "timber."
-af ;"?"'= '""'^^^' ""•' '° '^"^ •'^"^«""' °f"= it may mean "f„lly" «r
eAiilanlur : ' ' are erected. "
>etwTcii the
say ; hence
nultti!! fffns
)>ii/'.'rTtra»il
aliout 6000
IS. At least
BOOK V.
'8d
I'- 170, 3;
103.
I «intering
; i/enitive.
Flanders,
:aiion.
fully "
peyficiutititr: note 1 In i i„- „, ■ ■
'■^K'-larly ,„ -fuioT'''' '"'"'""'""' '""•l-'""'<-of/-^-. make the passive
tnulto : reailv an nl.l r j'n-
»i.h c„m|,„.,fve.. ■"''• °' ■''''""" "»l •Jv.il.fall,. : cp. Greek »1^
-:s^:^™,r:^-':'"." •'»„«„„„„,„,, T.e,e™i„.„„„ ,, „e
A..~/. ,i,e ,,„„„ „„,,i„^, i„ ,;;,„„,„; ,5;- -'; ?«*"■"«/'-. (abl).
/«a inuralio : the<:p <;,>,,„ i
"■■•linar, pike.. "'«' l'''"'« "■-■•'■■-• longer .„d heavier ,h.n ,he
""""'"'""""■'••••"= i,ail,„,> in s,„ie,.»
-^'™-^^''e:i:'°L:z;:?^!si-'' -^ •*» -'».ive „e„„,e, »„
CHAPTER XLI.
beS^ wfn^t;::!; .i'tS;:.!]:; ^^^;^i'"''y '«•• ^" -^'ence and reasons for
potentate: "permission."
oppugnari: "are now beinj,^ attacked."
Ambiori^em — caii<:n ■ <> (^^ ti
boastfully that An^hi^Hx ui^'t IC?^,?^^ °^ ^-'"-g credit they point out
r'^:""^^^''^="^"^^'^"="--ve genitive.
et>s : Licero and his troon'^ • /„v n
»<f/««/: for what two reasons is fh« ...i •
'^'^^sons IS the subjunctive used?
unu;,i,nodo: " only one thing."
r^Pr::Z~:S7;:;^T£'- f- ^""J--'- in obn^ue narration
me as a mediator." "^"^ "•^"•^"o" = ^'^ «^^«/'c?.-* «//Ww: " emp|<f
90
N0TE8.
¥'ran impetrahtroi ■ if is unusual for »he pronoun to l.e omiltea with (!.<•
Cicero.' ■ ^^'"'" ^"'' ^""^- «'"" ^^"^' ''■ -^' ^«--f "^ "'<•
pro eius iustitia : " in accords ;cc with his sense of justice." •« iuch wa..
Ilia sense of justice. '
CHAPTER XLII.
ceitt.! '^"^ *'''' ''"''^ "'^ deceivioK Cicero as Titurius Sabinus had been dc
Jf''it'''Jf''''''^'"/"'- "f r'"Prt nine feet high and a ditch fifteen feel
iV, i' r r ^''""T °[ '^'••'^^■'■'1"'"" i'* usual when no adjective is use.!
Had adjs. iieen used, what woukl have been the usual construction ?
««//a-r^/m: "thrreheinti no supply of iron implements adapted for
///«•«?« //fl/^V /r/^«5: /5^m is the ablative of time within which a thin,' is
done: ///;;/,«, //«,, ,zW»« being used adverbially without any innuence
M.fa ///« /d?(/6'^ /;-« /a/u or />«« ^/«j /6'<//i5?« /ridus lata.
»«7j«/« /aw««w qiiindecim : w//«<,« quindecim is descriiitive depend-
ing on /««/«/,^;w« and has passuum partitive genitive depending on it.
adaltiludinem valli-. "up to the height," i.e. equalling the height of
the Roman rampart. *" ^
h/w = '■'Tr '"T-^'^'u' "f"'^'" *"■ "^'^^'^ hoo'^"'." lo"g poles with iron
hooks for pulling down battlements and walls.
CHAPTER XLIII.
ferventes—glandes scil. /a^/rtj : " red hot balls (made) of soft clay • " it is
ilifficult to understand how these could l,e thrown by leathern slinL' The
Klans was usually a leaden bullet, acorn-shaped at both ends, whence its
fervefacta iacula : perhaps tow and pitch was wrapped round tliem and
trien set on fire.
<rasas: instead of tents, the winter quarters were provided with huts
more permanent structures (casae). '
distukrunt, i.e., (hae casae) distulerunt (ignem).
parta: "gained:" from pario: scil. «/.
ea—fuit: "such the firmness of their resolution," "their firm resolve."
demigravdi causa: "for the purpose of retiring from the fight."
ne respiceret qu.dem: note the emphatic word put between ne ^nnidem
\J\ course the verb is governed by ut.
Book v.
rf^ntutn: "result."
^t -constipavitant • "
very
m
91
o"*'- " ^'^'"- "o chance t<, retreat k, i1„, f..^.
</uo<iam loco, scil im tu- r
/«c'^//»/ • '"•' '"• ^''^ ^«rerence .s to a .uovablc lower (turns
quorum nemo = sed nemo eorum.
-ieiurbati scil. sunt.
CHAPTER XLIV.
perpetuus controversias
to the various occasions.
point ot being priniipHa ...
'long continued disputes." The plural refers
for
<!ui>iam = liter: "which nf tU^ . „ r
qi.Mi„„: F. „6, , , ,;:,, j;,"-' ■»<■■■■ for .uhjuncdv. „f d.p.„,k,„
__^».,-"«— "' for ,he „„. .„„,„„„ „_, _„,, .■y.-Hnanay.,,
summis shnultatihtts: "with th*. 1,« „^ . • 1
, <ina,n^pu,.uuetur. " wl „ ^ IT "^^^^^^"^«"^ '""''-y -ition •■
fonificaiio;,.'' ^''"" '^« %ht was going on the keenest at the
que;.^spe.as. .-what opportunity for proving your valour do you ,00.
in ea,n irrumpif. -against this (part) he directs his attack »
/>/'/.•.«/ : dative of disadvantage : F. ,05. 9 ; P. 82 (c) i
verutu,n : a light javelin shaped like a spit ^veru). ' '
nic t'astis : "this accident"- th ■ Ki
place m<\ »„ plao«l „ul «f I'.ilio', reaS '"i-»'»") "as lurnrf from ii,
r"" : ""'" °,' "'""""■"'■"' ^ "« "= "» ■■y.E .0 H„„ his swon, ■■
/•«m?V/rv : ,li.iin^„i.sh this from hoslis
venuo .. .he dart that has pierced his shield and struck in .he sword ..!,.
92
NOTKS.
in loaim-dejectiis -. " stumbling into a lioll.nv place he fell."
rursus: "in his turn."
in contoitionc cl ccrtamim- : " in their rivalry and in the fight."
utrunujiie sei-vavit : "changed the positions o( jjoth."
iniinicus : "though a foe."
CHAPTER XLV.
i/uan/o correlative to tanfo.
haS'Uh'tuS:'- """" ^ ^"^^ """''^^ °^ '^^ -'d-- was ex-
res-ferveneraf. "the garrison had been reduced to a few defenders."
m//« : "in the camp." He vvas a knight, and probably as such bronrrh,
his servants and followers with him : for as Caesr savs " " tl ere a e o^^v
suamque-pracstiterat : "and had sworn an oath of fidelity to him "
a^ ^0 cognoscitur= Caesar ab eo cognosdt.
CHAPTER XLVI.
millia : accusative of extent of space.
altertim noncium : "a second envoy."
reipublicag comniodo : "with advantaf^e to the sHf« » . . j
CHAPTER XLVII.
advenh4, "approach " rather than "arrival " which the word sometimes
means Caesar was already on the march from San,aroi,rivi 7XS^1
when Lrassus reached them, and left orders for him to take champ nfi.
troops and stores in that place. ^^^^^^^ "^^ "'^
litteras publicas- probably books an.l papers containing aru ry ac
counts. We might translate "state papers." ^ ry ac-
mn—moratus: "with tolerable haste."
^atrit: scil., Caesaii.
liOOK V.
93
ry ac-
.'"P^»s ^^~/>o.»e/: explain ,1, -
^■--'^. T,a„lla,e™ ;, •:^/."!f'''"-^ «^ -^ an,l ., after verbs of
^«--.v>.... ,lK. 'eh r ''''^'^'^'■^'''•''
x::;::::::'--;3;;--.a..er.c.e.r...^^^^ ■.''
of which Caes^ c, hi ,",""' '^ '" ""-' '"assacre i.f ,h r'^r """' '^°''"^' "^
c,..h, have hear., „o .ore U.^. ."L^ t^" ctr;'^
^ '"'"' . accusative of extent of space ■ F r r.
space. P. 69; p, g^^j^j
CHAPTER XLVIII.
two.
lion.
etsi—redierat : "tlioiirrl, ,1;
threatened all." Ti'.e ./''^ ""'/ "^«asure that couhl meet -i H
verb «overns a dative^ '"'^ '^ ^^"^^''"«^' ''^ -'-'^--^ SnJe S/ "^'.^'^
W'T^v/w itinerihns : al.htivP nf '"''
"'arch (He,- />.,/,,,« 1 'f;'' "'^ '"^'-^"^ «r in.irmnent Th.
"-aliy.nade'at Sse .ntti!!- "' ^\^^^^" hours L.^Vh?""" '^'-^^'^
special etnerireiK-i,.^ 1, ''^ "^uhl depend on r^; ^ ■^'''*'"' was
morning. Tl e |i" n ,' '''' '"'V'"^''^"'' ^" "'i'''"« t o, a^ ' ""^'"T"' ^r in
hou. and oAen coveS'^i li^r^.K^"^ '"^ -^^^^ ^ ^ ^
Graects~Htte,is: in CreeA- ,-1, '
place in the :^:^^ -'''-- -h letter being X ^oS'.^Z^'''^^
^effi'tn;;:.£-V^SuSr '--'---- n,en,ioned -^ "^
from asimentum., from It ,' '7.'"'-^]"s of ,he " th, n " 7 '""'''^ '
" to tie," as ,„ .^,,,5^ '^^^' to dr.ve.» or fron, Jli.iXm- ••
ne,iue = ett,imennon ^'
i
94
NOTES.
CHAPTER XLIX.
per exf,!orator,s : distinguish this in meaning from ab exploratoribus.
omuihus (opiis : ablative of attendant circumstances.
^^r.;,W«;,/: -Mirect this march": ie,:do means, " to stretch " or
" strain " : the word is often used to express eagerness or haste.
//</<^, soil. ro/>/ac'. Another reading is /iaec, agreeing with mt/ia.
6W/«,«-r././^V: "asks for another Gaul": note the force of r^- in
m', n /••7''-'""y ^"'^ ^^"' *ho I'ad tai<en Cicero's first message had
^ "I'c. nut re(u,ned or was not disposed to make a second venture.
m'uihu^"' ^'- '^^' " ^- "' ^^- ^^P»-^^-^ P^'-Pose in different ways
/(la'ai, i.e., ut faciat.
^^^cmvertisse : supply >5^.^« from the preceding lines : convertiss, is transi-
^^jy~,-.«/fm«/:«<and he strengthens them in their resolution to
j2ZTsl''''U '' '''""'''•; '° ''^ construed with conspicatur. The river is
l'i"lulily tiie Ilarnc, a tributary of the Scheldt.
..■^t^^';'^,::;,,ui::i^£^^,!^r^''= ''^^^^ "^ ''"-^ °^
s,S':ithr:i;;;:^f^'''"^''^'^ "'^ '•'«"^•^^ "^-^^ -^^ -'^^' «'-><- his
hominum milium septem : '«consisting of" or "containin.' scarce! v
^ovcn tl.ousmd men " : genitive of description. contamm}, scaiceiy
iamm--,o,nrahit: "yet he contracts it as much as he can bv mal-in,.
1^^t£^'i::^^TrT^"''^^^^ "bythe'^n^^l
I lie stiects, 1' or the ways of a Roman camp see Introduction.
ut-~vanat: literally, " that he should come to bean obiect of suoremP
contempt to our enen,y. "->5.,//^,,, : date of remoter object. ^
CHAPTER L.
adaiimm : at the stream flowing through the valley.
G(i//i scil. coutiiient.
Caeu,, ,ontau^„et^ the order is : Caesar ( se continuit in suo loco ) nt si
;;.:i;if^r" \;;'.T''ifT. fT • • • •r'T^-'''-- "^'•'•^^''^^ ^^^^ ''in,self in his «wn
1 Id, I '^^' ""'I"' '''"■ '>.'-'^""'' ^'I^l'-^^rance ot fear he might he
al.leloalhue (he e.ien.y to h.s position, he might engage in battle with
BOOK V,
95
portas obstrui • "th
chap^r, by piling „p J^f^-^to^be blocked up." explained in the next
thosroSe^7'"^t; /""P^^so"^' passives. Transhte • " , •
CHAPTER LI.
ww/aA": «'tempted."
etwm de vallo : to mve rise «till ^
on the part of the Ro^aL ' '''" "^'''^ ^^«--g'y to an appearance o. alarm
t^onuntiari: " a proclamation to be made "
<^nte~tertiam: ^\,oxxi^2,.^,
sinepericulo lice,e, scil. ,V//,,^^.
in speciem^ad speciem : '</or show "
en^phaUc he^?" "« ^ ^^ all." I„ .Hat two wa,s is ... „,,,
/«iv;.«^,- ..«.«: "to make a fight of it"
am«: ablative of separation.
CHAPTER Lri.
'^^'-^Z\^^^^t\l^^^^^ r"^ "o lon-^er any chance of infl- r
cumstance. I^" 'hem. -«fe/^,,,^«^^ ^ ^'''^tive "? auenclant cir^
Producta-. "beinj,. paraded."
noil — vitlnere • " thnt
''"' •^'^'""-"-.u- .. dependent question ■ F .1 '' '''''"'"-'
<^Ppellat: "addresses." " ' '7''' ' ' '^- 99 (d).
96
NOTKS.
de casuSabini et CoUae : he had previously receive.l an account of the
disaster from Labienus chapter 44, H. v, who had learned trcircun.
stances from survivors, chap. 35, H. v. circuni-
hoc-relinquatur : "he tells them that the loss must be borne with the
greater resignation on this account because, by the kindne° of^he in
mortal gods and by their valour since the loss has been wiped o nei, "c,"
IS lasting joy left to the enemy nor is more prolonged gric'f lef to Sm "
-hoc aolative of means : quod expounds what it is. -rehnuualur 7xA,
junctive of <7^//,y«tf narration. "^^inquuiur . suD
CHAPTER LIII.
of^ttreTS "'"''"■' "''"■""^'^ *^" country of the Remi," or "by means
abesset: scil., Labienus.
ante inediam uoctem : the ninth hour would be about 2 ^o d m for it
was now autumn. To midnight from 2.30 p.m., would K^sTh'.n te
hours. Messages were transmitted (B. vii char, -tin th, f^ 1
"when anything unusually important an ;, iki V^nLs^^^ ^'^ =
the news over fields and districls by shouting, di£eUp:.f,r in turner
ceive the message, and j)ass it on to their neighbors."
ab^ntf"' ^" ''"'"'''"^ "'' "''''^' "'^'"'^"^ (Samarobriva) i„ Caesar's
trihus—leiiionihus : Caesar had now the letrion of Cicern win, v ■
addition to the other two mentioned, B. v., chap. 48! " '"
/>.«« ///^.;7,w: distinguish trina hiberna (castra): "three winter
camps, and trta hberna castra : " three winter huts " : F. , 69 8, c.
et—explorabant : " and even trviup to find out ivtiot •• 1 • ,
of the Gauls were taking and hv wl uU a 1 elhn in^ c^ /.r"'"""" '^? '^'''
carried on." -quid-^onsiln ^ v.:,^,^^ S l" / ''•'' T ^"' ^
-capcrent-fJt: dependent quis.iZl.^:c:;;t::-sut5ncC"- ^^^
quin-acciperet: literally, "but that he received." Translate "with
out his receiving some news of the plans and disturbance of the Gauls!^'
Armoricae: now Britanny and Normandy. The word is sni,l .^ K >
nved from rtr" upon," and moir, "sea" both k'„i i^ . '«be de-
name means " the country on the sea " ' ''"' ^"'"'''^ = ^° '''^' '^e
sui : Roscius.
longius milia passman octo: see note on minus horis trihusx chap. 42.
cuieout-'indcyctur: " made their retreat even to its havim. th. „
ance of a liiuhl ': adeo. litei.allv. " 1,. rhn, .i„, ' » ^""^ ^^^ H'Pear
rally,
' to tiiat degree.
' with-
a/Ms—a/ffir: "at one
with livilatcs understood.
BOOK V.
CHAPTER LIV.
time -at anotliei." Uthei-s
97
make tliese agree
quum—denuntiaret: "since li»> .ti«.. .k
causal: F. 1883; p. 99 (gj ii^ Save tiiein to understand
-quum,
in officio: " to its allegiance."
adveutu in Galliam Caesaris
in Galliam.
"on the arrival of Caesar in Gaul." Note
whom
dicto audientes: " ohedipnt " . „. j- • ,
^^.<^V«. which is a compo d ' .ttuZ.:' )yl ""5 '"-'^^ -^-^ «^
though <//<•/„ andiens is common. '"^^ '''''^'''' "^ °ot found,
tauttun-vahiit : the suhject of ?-„/„// jc ,)„. f^n • • .
translate : " (The fnct) that some we'^ Lfn u f""°"""&, '"«"itive clause :
war had such an influence wm ht In hS , "'T '^'^"''■''■^ '" '"''I'^ing
sion of feelings in the min.l.^; , Tl ' /l"' '! '"V,"^''" ^"'^'' '-^ ^-"1
was not suspected bv our men exc-pt ie A ,,',1.0""^ '"^ ^'"'^'^ ^•'i'^"'
always hekl in especial lu.uour, one o," 1 ^i ,'' ^'"•'- '^'''e'^e Caesar
towards the Roman people, the o"her for i '"""^ »"w=ivering loyalty
Gallic war." -vetus, -\in^\,^J?' "^'T '''''^''' ^''''^''^^^'' '» 'l>e
/«/^/«/«."unbroken- "t standmg, not necessarily "unbroken"-
nobis
dative of agent after the perfect participle passive for . nobis.
.•^y...-^././....: «and this (th.fact 1. 7 fV; .^'"'^'^"^ '°' '^ """-•
JO be wondered at, both o sever.' ot er ' ^""'''> '^ P'^'^'^^P'' "«t so much
Tact) that they who in nuirtial Sun t^re t^^'"^ --^-"l especially (from the
all nafons, especially grieved tha ev h ull . ""' u" '^' """^^^^ ''«^fo''^'
as to en.lure the connnand ol tlu iSa '^^^^ "', '""'i'^ "' 'hat reputation
alter /M«,/.v/tf«„i.s generally ariirniative n};' ~ "."'''•ect question
cum-ium: "both . . . ani" ^~ ^''"''''" ' P^'^'^i^'^ genitive.-
CHAPTER LV.
'o'}»^ hiemis~tN it ffrent: "\et no ixm^i^f ,u. » 1
«m.i,...„, . ..„„„.„,„ „^ ,. . ,„^ „,,_,„„„ j; •;';;>; 5.;:
neque—potuit : "still no stifp r.f .!,<. r> s"r up.
A;-..../,vv hnpersonal infinitive No e I u r"> "i"'^ '"' P^'^^"-'«' "=-
can 1,0 joined onlv with x\y. pas^ivX2^Lt '^ '''' I'^^-'i impersonally.
It"s >s not //,„■ /,„v;r potest but /,^,.y/,, / ^,,/y;,^_ " ''^ ""' Possible to do
Ariflvisii luilo
^'- 30-54.
in the first
'l''>'«'i 5^^ li.C, menl
ioued in B.
98
NOTES.
Tmrerorumtran^ttu: B. iv., chap. 1-15, in which is re'aled lU
accoun of the Tntcteri and the Usip.tes crossing the Rhine IJC.V -x. 1
benig driven back with great slaugluer by Caesar, ^^'
/rt/jwj- : " disappointed. "
Ma Gallia : abl. of place where : F. L. 85, 3 ; P. 85, (k).
CHAPTER LVI.
intellexit scW, Indutiomatus
ullro: "unsolicited."
in=;U;i!K ''^^ ^"^ ^°"""^"= ™P— ' -fi-^-e with an
Tasgetius (chap. 25; «-a-ni'tes on account of the assassniation of
,,/cT?f'''''T"^''''''-S'°''''°^^'''^' '''''• 20: inhisu(rvat,rrihilesaHe aperies
znsaesl, ,j„od armaH (aa mos gentis) erat in condlium rcnenj. So he
cSur^ch " "■' '""^ '° ''''' ''''^ "'"'^ ^™'' "^^'^'^ «"'y ^h«" g"inV to
koc=(irmatum concilium indicere.
quo adv. = ad quod concilium, —venit : not z/^wrV.
ncyissimus- ''last " : so also agmen navissimum, " the rear guard " dies
novus,mus: "the end of the world ": cp. the German ,ler Jil^u Tag.
hostempublicaf " he declares him a public enemy artti all his pronerl'v
i^uillclrop^ert;! ''''" ^'*'''"''"' ^ ^° ^^"^^ l^'-'^ property' iSom^
autght^/S^S^SkTRemr ^° ''^ '^"'^"^^ '^ "^"^'^ ^^^^ - i--
CHAPTER LVII.
and an!"'"'''' '^ ""''"' = «'''«^^ «^ ''P'^' (Chap. 9): " by the ^alural position
nihil timebat'. "had no feeling of anxiety :" nihil, og. ace.
quanZ^""'^''''"''' "°'^ "'*' 4'«" = «''^«« after si, nUi, num. ne, quo,
- alias— alias : adverbs, "now— now:" as above Chap. 54.
iimouso/,inioncm: "an impression of fear: ' following the snme fictics
u^ Caesar had so successtuUy u^ed of late.
related (?it
i.e. 55, and
BOOK V.
e with an
lion of their
issination of
\u]ue speries
'tt. So the
n going to
laid." dies
'.iigste 7ag.
Ls property
'ty become
ive to pass
99
CFI AFTER \.\r\n.
!>f f p'^S;''sU!;!;;:rt '^sir''-' "^ ^■-•-'-" and
daily," expressing repetition. ^ comparative force : guolidie
'>'-t>'S:embi?2S':i::;?^ = " ^^^ -^«^^ °^ '«^^ day appointed for
tntromissis'. "admitted."
tanta cHligentia : «« with such care "
W(5 vesperum: " iust hpfr,r« ti,.,
words of time may mlan,'4SbeL:''or"?<ju^Uft;;''"^'^ '^'^^ ^"^ -'»'
T/;^;a,2^;£t.;t!S^-e,,ave a po.i.ive and a negative onier
rnurdiat the claute «^trrr rr/'/""^' ^"'^''^''^^
commands them that when the'^ene mfs oul 'h''?' ' -T'^ '''•"^'^^'^ = he
(which he foresaw would happe'r^s it °1 ,„ li'^' '"' ^^"^' pnt to flight
alone: •^n^' he forl.ids anyone woiiuUn/a man tf T' ^' ^"''""io'narus
slain. "-/,/«„/ i.e. «//./-^«/.-Z; ie n^ ^ "'''-" '" '"' '''at chieftaia
^ <imm . see note on qnam, Chao 1:7
^^n^c... ..having gained time By the dly c^sed Vpursuin,
shSt^^SedS;."'^'""^^"'^' 'herefbre. subjunctive: «'a.^ who
comprobat: "justifies. -'-^.,«,v,^, L^yenus.
Jlumtnh : the Mosa {y^/^«.f<.).
iaduf/: "found."
ral position
, )ie, t/uo.
me tactics
BOOK vr.
CIIAI'IKR I.
The events oftlns book hclonfr to llic year V. C c-2 wJi^n r„ r. •••
Culvinus and M. Vakrius Mcssala were consuls * "' ^"^ ^°™''"'
Diultis de ■uiusis: these reasons mav hf " fhf> A^r^tv ^t w ■ ,
comparative failure in Britain i ,' Insl of ,1, "'^..^'^^^. "[ Dumnorix, the
Of,.,,, however, l^a,i. 1 ite, "e,' ^;,,',';:,! '"'°'""'S °>"""y «'vice.
treiontuU: Pompey «as consul 70 H.C., anil a second 'imf R f- ,,
petit— niheret : the construction is ^v/// ('///J juh^r^t f.^.\ j ■
t'''^rs;ttrst,e^'';rn,™'''"°'-"'"^y^^^^^
'SSI izz.J" °'" "•■"""■"" "^'^- ThrruLr^Te^s';;;
OTO^»; genitive of/r/ctf. F. 150, 2 ; P. 81 (g).
Note that <.A«/^ is hardly evei to li M-,n I [l"^' ^^ ^^^ ^^"J^-"
expressed b/..«/.;,/,V7^''^" '° ^^^ t.ansiated by "opinion," which is
forces." Note the pa dtive . -n Hv! I ,"°'"l''^"^-'^fe'' 1^7 the increase of
" to repair a ^r^^'^S^l, '"'hJ^'^^Io^eS:" tSr Jir''^
inSi Sr- .S'-- ^^^^^ -^.-^ed^^this .th^^
100 ^'
BOOK VI.
101
n. Domitius
tinorix, the
{ Cotta and
«arus, and,
of couquisi-
iry service.
e B.C. 55.
eceived (he
his lieuten-
stgtta con-
"he asked
> set out to
ilitary oath
tary power
gives, not
inipey pre-
inteiid the
ulis sacra-
junctive iu
; consul : "
crainento :
:re said t'n
le Gauls."
' which is
; not only
n crease of
properly
■ally.
th in the
endship."
per sues, scil , /^^afos.
anre~/,/em,m : "before the end of winter." '
/>ossett/ : dependent question.
CHAPTER 11.
documus : B. v., Chap. 58.
ul to- lores : " those farther off. "
invenlis—cavettt: "having foim^i
strengthen thdr alliance by nm loatl'sTncr h " '° ^T"" *° *''^'"' '^^y
for the money. "-,W//;«.: ahl. of meVns ""' *'7^^^o^'aiies as securitj
caiitio from car;;), "bail • " c„ ' ,°' '"'^'^"^•-^"^'w/ : "give security " so
c«.... also n,ean^.to"l;^.i„^i'ecu:;r^;m :;;:"= ''"^'"^''' -"^-« -4
Cisrheuauis Gernianis • the ivf
Caeroesi and Paen.oni, who Hwell „;:rtL'Rhr„eI"B''J'x" ri:'' '''""'"«•
w«/«m«: "earlier than usual." " ' " ^"'^P' -*•
CHAPTER III.
nomhan-confecta: "before the end of winter."
ccaclis: "having been mustered : " prolnblv ,h. ,1, , •
been placed m winter quarters about s"nn n.l J J^ '*^°"' ^''^^ ^^d
that one under Fabius among the Morli Ib.'^v.''^;;" ^^^" ^" ^'^'^P- 53) and
Priusquam~f assent : the subjunctive is due to f I,, i
one of otlique narrative and alsi expressi^gf;:,;:;,!': '='^"" '^^'"^ -""^^^^
the?e4''tjfsdSr::Lty'"'' ^''^^^"^ ^''^^■^'^- — «
>4/-5tf^«a : at Samarobriva (Amiens).
concilia : a general meeting (conaVium) nf th^ n ,
a settled institution. Caesar^s'eems after c8 H C f't '''""' '« ^^'' ^een
penodtcally and to have considered attl^ili^e at\ rese^a't^^t'oyr'"'') "'^•"
A/-. .... : probably the early part of March ''''^•
ventssent, scil, ad concYium.
initium is emphatic and the predicate of ^w
'giving up
Ill
102
NOTKS.
important tlinn anything; else ; " literally, "to place everytliinjr after this."
Note ilial r'/r/c/r/z/r is personal liere as always. "It
seems that lie will do
' he seems to be about to do
this IS videtur hoc esse facturus : literally,
this."
Lutetiain Parisioium: said to be the first mention of Paris in history-
l.utetia belonging to the Parisii." The name of the tribe w.as always
added to the name of the town in this case, and the name of the tribe after-
wards .-ilone survived. According to Pritchara, the word I.utetia is an abridg-
ment of the Keltic Loutokia, " the place of the loch," juu as Au^./unum (now
Lyons) IS the city of the loch," the rivers in both cases having formed a sort
ot small lake -lear the towns mentioned. Luie^ta is said to have occupied
onlv il,e island in the .Seine (/s/e de France), which forms only a small part
of the modern city. Clovis fixed his residence there in 502 A. D., and from
this time the importance of the place dates.
tonsilio, "plot:" difTerent from concilium, "an
hi, i.e., Parisii.
assembly."
hac re~pronuHtiata : "this adjournment havin<j been announced from
the tribunal. The saqgestus {or sugi;;es(um) was an elevated platform made
ot stones, turf or wood, according to circumstances. From it speeches
were delivered and judgment given by the presiding officer.
CHAPTER IV,
prtnceps eius consilii : "the leader in that scheme."
conantibus—nuntiatur: literally, "to them attempting to do so, befrre
It could be accomplished, word is brought." For the subjunctive in to. set
see note on priusquam possent in Chap. 3.
deprecandi causa : " for the purpose of excusing their acts."
adeunt—civitas :"thty make their application through the Aedui, under
u-hose protection their state was in former days. "-5.«<„-«;« depends on *«
fide. The Senones had been clients and allies of the ktdni.-anHqwtns :
from ancient times. The termination -tus is adverbial : cp. Greek -tiev •
caehtus = ovpavoOev.
libenter joined with dcU veniam : " willingly grants pardon."
petentibus Aeduis : abl. abs.: "at the request of the Aedui • " The par-
don was granted to the Senones at the instance of the Aedui, who with the
Kemi were Caesar s friends. He afterwards punished Acco. Chap. 44,
quod-arbitrabatur '. "because he (Caesar) considered the summer was
the season for the war that was on hand and not for an enquiry " Under
stand tempus y,\\^, instantis belli.-quaestio is the technical term for any
enquiry of a judicial nature whether conducted by regular forms or bva
speci.il commission. ^ o / «
obsidibus imperatis- what two meanings and constructions have imperaref
1 ranslate : he ordered the Ugions : he levied ten legions from this state.
COVti
POOK VI.
an
/iPi/ci
lo;{
'"> "-iencUy terms will, Caesar; " ''"'"' '''''^^ ''^ ^*-'" «s (he A«lui,
JcniHt: "olH.iiu."
a Cu^g!- '* '""«^ '° ^ ^^-^ = " ciim^rent from ..uHiun, a,er., -
to hold
CHAPTER V.
th'^t^st? A:s;ir^'''L::::;;:!;.--'''<-" a.., .,„ ,. ,he.ara..i„.
jcclivc t;^.„,live. <'^ir>Un. taktii with mol,is.~ huitis : ob-
P'-^'e.xplomtohahebat: 'Mie wis ,- ,., • »
^v.<./._,,,,,,,,,,,,,, . ':;;,"■■ '7' = - /'- ^erto habere.
-<--/<<vy,Ms only used here by Caii/^^rr''^ ;r f^"«"' '" battle."
to the A us'e ■ ZT'""'- V' ^'''"-/«extended fr.,m ,1
by means of the Treveri." ^.t^V •' ^^'^'rf "^•"- "*"' "- r;ern,ans
'//^.- Ambiorix. I^I,9.5(a): P'i (c) ' "'''^"^- '' ''^ <''')■
^'^:^^^'^::^:"''""^'^ ^"'^— ^' -'«^1 ob,i,ue nnr.a,ion i„
.h:St:;S?^^:!-r ^^^ -"^^--- "- lo- «i^es with:» not
nuUacoaa, ,uanu : "collected no regular force. "
CHAPTER VI.
/ow/«"^w; bridijes over the strenniQ ..■,•) ,
CHAPTER VII.
^««,^.„,,;,,,,, ,,p,,j^ j,,^ tense after ./«;«.
quae hiemaverat : "which hnd =,1»^» .t.
104
MOTES.
hiduivia: "the distance of two days."— 7//«. • al.I. of distance.
qunm coi^nouimt : when does qtiutn tal<e the inilicativc?
impedimmtis: dative depending 011 pmesidio. Nole that impedimenta is
lie i)af,'f,'ai,'e of the whole army, and sarana that of the individual soldier.
Jliimen: either the Moselle, .Sour or Ourthe.
consilio: "council of war:" from root skd "to sit," hence a meetin.'
C'<w<r//««w IS from a different root. = concalium : root CAL, "to summon":
cp. calare, KaUndae, Koktiv.
dicantur : subjunctive of oblique narration.
primis o>dinibus~pt imipilis : see note on H. v.. Chap. 35.
qiio: when is quo used for ut? F. I83, 5 ; F. 11. 26.
fugae similem : fugae is genitive.
in tanta propinquitale : "since the camps were so near each other"
The prepositional ablative absolute is used, xs the verb sum has no
participle."
CHAPTER VIII.
agmen novissimum: see note, B. v., Chap. 56.
Galli']o\n\i\\\\dubitant.
ne—dimitterent : "not to let the expectefl booty slip out of their hands."
longiim esse: note the transition from tae subjunctive to the infinitive •
'• that it was a tedious matter."
committere non dubitant: note that dubitare may mean (i) to hesitate-
(2) doubt. In the sense of to hesitate as here and in the affirmative mean-
ing to doubt it takes an infinitive : in the negative mean ng to doubt it takes
quin with the subjunctive.
eadem—itirteris: "practising the same deception as regarded his march "
i.e., keeping up the appearance of a retreat. '
i
tini
si.
dirigi: "to be formed."
paucis—dimissis : literally, "a few squadrons being sent to the bafrirat'e
for a guard:" i.e., "a few squadrons being sent to guard the baecnV"
-turmts: the cavalry of the legion were usually 300 in number. (iivTded
into ten turmae.— pmesidio : dative of purpose.
adlatera: "on the Hanks."
infestis sigiiis: with hostile standards."
ire: supply eo» the suppressed antecedent o{ qttos.
camp.
BOOK V».
105
CHAPTER IX
t '^'""^'" •■ '-^"-^^ "°" ««« '--k to the close of Ch .
aZ/gra-a/Z^-a: "the one •),«.., -, ^ """^^ «^ Chapter vi.
«/'«J-. i"e one— the other." Distini'uish i,, .
i'"tuish in meaning a//^^ and
paulum sufira: further nr^ t\. *
*""-■''"■""" = '""•''<••«'«• F. ,84, ,; p „ „
"^'^''•"«"1 : " nor had th™ |,„|,„ ,... i, '.'
should suffer for t e j^JiU^ "7""°" ''^^'"«l of the Germans the inn .
ampltHs obsidum : this eximnl^ ^r
would be mo, e usual ,o Se jt^ Ibfuef'^l ^7''^^ '" "«t comnon It
:^^r---^--- Tht:^ ----p^ent..^
CHAPTER X.
denuntiare: " to announce "
..^f?i; "frr 'he interior:» ^>h ,h, ,„^. ^ .
"'J'"'"": from the bottom : " ...w/Jom^eTven^'^- ■'" '" ^""^ =
^van, : the Bacenis wood s,.pmc ^ u
cyman forest which ex.e.So: TVe^.t^ ^J" ^ P^rt of the great Her-
with the present Thurin«erwa,d, ij^-^ :n:?KjebSr ''^^^'^
106
NOTKS.
introrsus-iniio-versus: "into the interior."
ab >-tievts : "on (lie side of tlie Suevi."
ad — sihae: some say in Meiniiigeii in Western Saxony.
.3 < <
Hi--
CHAPTER XL
locum: "place" in the narrative perventum est=pe>ijeinmus.
aliemim : " foreign " to the subject or " out of place."
in—partibusque : "in all cantons and sections of cantons,"
quorum— redeai : "to whose will and decision the settlement of all
matters of business and of all proposals is referred."
quorum: the antecedent is qui.
ejus rei causa: "with this' object in view:" literally, " for the sake o(
this thing :" referring to the clause ne — egeret.
quisque : each patron or party leader.
kaec — Galliae: "the same principle prevails in general throughout all
Gaul." Note that in summa is "in general : " Galliae depends on ratio.
CHAPTER Xn.
quum—venit: when does quum take the indicative?
hi: "the latter:" according to Caesar (B. i. Chap. 31) before the
Sequani, the Arverni had held the leadership.
maguae—clientelae: "they had many States dependent on them."
Wiien does «/«t^aftake the indicative and when the subjunctive? F. 198, 2 ;
P. 99 (g), I-
jacluris: " sacnfice:" jac/ura is properly anything //^roww ot'c r/'ou ril lo
save a cargo. Hence anything sacrificed in expectation of future benefit.
tantum — antecesserant scil. Sequani Aeduis : "the Sequani had so far sur-
passed the Aedui in power." Distinguish poUiitia, the power of the strong,
wealthy or unscrupulous ; auctoritas, the moral power of a great and good
man, or the force of example, i.e., influence : poles/as, the official power of
a magistrate : imperium, the military power ot a general.
publice : " as a state."
possiderent : "should occupy ; " depending of course on ut.
Divitiacus: the Druid who had gone on this embassy B.C. 63. He
became a fiiend of C'ero, and was on the skle of Rome throughout the
Gallic wars. (B. 1. \,hap. 31).
imperfecta re: "with his suit only half granted," or "before the matter
was settled."
IS,
BOOK VI
107
Ariovistus. • "" ^''-J^- -as h, ought about Uy Caesar's defeat of
'^mtseran^: "relinquished the supremacy »
£i^«^;;a>.-]- -r .. , ,_ ^^
«'•^''«^^ . to make equal," " balance ''~.uo~.' ^-''"''"' ** ^^vor: "-ac^.
«-./.^«W: «devoted themselves."
«W: Remi.
aent of all
the sake o(
oughont all
> on raiio.
before the
on them."
F. 198, 2 ;
(n'crboard to
e benefit.
id so far sur-
\ the strong,
at and good
ial power of
C. 63. He
oughout the
; the matter
CHAPTER xni.
aliquo numero: "in any consideration • " -of
plehes: nom sin,r a u of any account."
the fifth declension^- ^""''^" ^«'•■" '^ P'->s = in older Latin pletes was of
"'"" '• ' '^''^^ '"- »-^^^ as a.^A^■ie^ur governs a dative
a^ea/u„o: "with debts." ^ ^^^ns a dative.
t»Aos: " over these. "
^^^^•: "the former." referring to the Druids
mtersuntx "officiate."
procumntx "superintend"
^^.es : everything connected with religion-as omens, rites and cere-
<*tsaplinae^aiscendi : " for instruction "
hi Druids : eos, the Gauls.
admissum: "committed."
«'..../. ..../.....has abided by the decree." Note that ^ .•
s<urijicns iuterdicunt: note that n,t W , '" " "^''''"^^•
ofthiiijr: ^2) dqf nfr, , t '■-'/^vv;'/^^) takcs / 1 ) acc „f ,.
of th.nl;. ^^^ '^'- ^'^1--» and ace. of thing, or (^"^, ,"f p^S J^,^ :|:j-
.-•^..-.VV^.^^«^ = " those who are so excommunicated "
utsudunf. "shrink from." municated.
iusredditur: "is justice rendered."
GauVbeforethedWI^!owr^an7t1.^ ""^' ^''•"'^"^'" was declining i,
purer form than on the eminent. " '''"'^' ^^^* ^''" '"^'aitied Vn BdS,;:
108
NOTfc».
CHAPTER XIV.
disciplinam \ "training."
quum—utantur: "though in almost all other affairs, in public and pri-
vati; transactions, they use Greek \elters."—</uum—utaH(ur: F. 196, 7;
P. 99 (i)-
quodvdint: giving, not Caesar's reason, but the reason of the Druids.
qui discunt : for the indie, in a dependent clause in oblique narration,
sec F. 205-209 ; P. 106.
praesidio Utterarutn : "by the aid of letters."
hoc persuadere : "to impress this belief."
animas; "soul." A Latin plural is often represented by a singular in
Knglish. The doctrine of the transmigration of souls or metempsychosis is
referred to. It is not likely that a belief in this doctrine would lead one to
disregard death.
multa— disputant : "they have frequent discussions."
mundi ac terrarum: "the universe and the globe."— w««fl/'«i(= Greek
K^/uof) is the whole universe of visible things — earth, sky, sun, moon and
stars.
de— natural "science," literally, "the nature of things:" the cele-
brated poem of Lucretius that relates the origin and growth of the universe
is called by the name De Reriun Natura.
m
CHAPTER XV.
fuum—usus: "whenever there is necessity:" note f««»/ with indica-
Uve. F. 203.
incidit : " breaks out."
/ere taken with quotannis.
uti—propulsarent : in apposition to quod,
versa» tur : "engage in."
atque—hahet: "and the number of retainers and dependants each one
has about him is in proportion to his distinction for birth and wealth."
amlmctos: said to be depved from the Keltic amlnn^, " to lead " or "to
drive around one:" hence, "one led" or "one who moves about a
person." Others derive it from the German and, "against," and bak,
"back :" hence "one who stands behind his lord in battle."
hanc—uoveruut : "this is the only way they know of obtaining influence
!\\\(\ power." Note \.\\Vi\. primus, ultiinus, solus are not used with a predi-
cate clause as in English. " He was ill»? tirst to dp it " is Hie primus id
fedi.
week
BOOK VI.
109
CHAPTER XVI.
dedita: "devoted."
supplicio'. "execution."
etus generis : " of criminals of this sort."
descettdunt : " they ha ve recourse to. "
CHAPTER XVH.
buf '^^t^i; ^i:;.^ ^^ *t,;Ss ^Srr^l^ ^3"'^ -''-^ ^»-
Teutates (Tuw Taith, the GotXZJ^\ZT' I^\ ^^'^^ ^^« ^a»ed
Theut, of the Phoenicians Ld?othoSte;Hr''^''^y '^ ^'-""^ ^^ ^^^
Beknus or ^./.«, p.-ohably connec;ed witii i£ ''q "^^'"^ "'"^ '^^ Celtic
sun; soalsoa/?«,of=^;i,ofSinirvTr.i ir ^^P^''^" "^'"« '"«'• t^e
orEsus, the Terrible Lr god S^^LTfr' ^"^"^ ^*^ t^e Keltic Hesus
"the suggester of ideas," ^TeuHte ^ £ "'T^ «^^i-^^ = " hence)
/«AV.r «as the Keltic' tSJ,^ or " Gocf oT ""r'. T^ '''"^"' '"*° »'•^«•
/-.«, "thunder.")_;.;«-..,«^«';° he der va° o^ of Me ^^''°'""^; ^^"''^
same root as merx, merces, mercaturl ''^"''^"°" "^ Mercunus ,s from the
operum-initia : " the elements of useful labours and of the arts "
rehquas res: " the rest of the spoil. » *
«m: "for that offence."
CHAPTER XVni.
night ( = four',een nShtsJ^s^m! gh Is'e^TS^^^ IZ'T. '"'"^'^'^■
week "eight nights." ^-t-ven nignts). A Welchman calls a
"SU^tZ'^n^e^:r^°i;rS^--^«;'^'^efirstd^^
the month," ^', he firJ night of t'leyL;'' ^ ^'^ :'/'>^ «'^t night of
fact that the moon (as the'name inLfe' from ma ' '? '^ -'-f.from the
n.easurer of time among these earlv Kelu l^T» ' '"^'isiiie ') was the
nations. ^ ^ ^'^"^ ^'"'^' ^*' " was among other primitive
(uisistere: scil. « "to place himself."
no
KOTKS.
CHAITER XIX.
i^l
virii "the husbands : " cp. German il/aw//,
dolis nomine : "as dowry."
lantiis—coinmuiiicant: "so much from their own wealth they add to the
dowry alter a valuation has been made." This means that the lnisl)aiid
added to the dower of Ills wife as much as sIil brought. The niconie from
this common fund was .^aved up, and when the luisbanii or wife dietl the
whole went to the survivor. This, however, could apply only to the rich.
ratio: "an account."
uier— super fi/ : dependent question; hence subjunctive.
pater f.iiniiiae \ for the archaic but more common pater fa ini/ias.
loco natus : ablative of origin : so with cdifns, ortiis, oriundns, genitus.
et — veitit : "nnd if there is any suspicion concerning; his death." Note
in sii.pie/oiieiii venire is ])assive of the deponent stispicor.
de ttxorihus : this implies polygamy among the rich nuble.s.
in scit'i/tiii nioditin : "as (we do) in the case of slaves."
excnicialas, scil., iixores. Among the Romans, citizens gave their
eviden e on oath ; slaves alone could l)e examined by torture.
pro ciiitu : comi.ared with the means of living the (Jauls had." The
French people still like showy panades and brillianl/eto.
cordi fuisse : " to have been dear : " cordi esse— gratnin esse : probably a
predicative dative : the one the dative to which (vivis) ami the oilier [cordi)
diiUvtifar which.
supra hanc nicinoriain : "before my time:" cp. hie ho)no = ego : haec
vita ; " the present life."
iustis — confectis : " when the due ceremonies were ended:" cp. iustt4s
triumphus.
CHAPTER XX.
cominodius : "in a more regulated way" than others.
hahent—saiietum : " have a rule laid down by law." Note the differ-
ence between saiixernnt, " have passed a law," exi)ressiiig the completion (jf
an act and hahent sanctum, have a law passed some time since and still in
force.
ruinore aut fama: distinguisli rumor, an indefinite rumor: yiVwrj, a dis-
tinct statement. This provision by law was probably enacted to check the
impetuosity of the Gauls.
neiis—etne: F. l86, 6; P. 99 (a), i.
cum quo—eonnnunicet : " imjiarl it to any one else."
ex iisu : "of advantage. "
de re publica : "of public aflfairs."
UOUlv VI.
Ill
CIIAI'TER XXI.
^^Germam-cUfrcnnU : i.e., the customs of the (It-r.nans differ greatly from
pn.st.se. though they n.ay har,:;:!';^!^,^^..;::;^.^^ ^^^
,lin-praesuu^ut d-~p,aesint : •' to preside over religious matters."
student: "pay heed to."
quos cernunt : a kind of nature worship seems to have been the relimnn
ably meant IVodcn or Odin : by He, ee .1, 77. ^ Y^^^T^ '' P'"''"
^-. the god of war ; by Is.s, ^vi'^he V^^Odf^'^''' '^ ^'^"' ^^- ^'"■
in—comistit : "is spent in military pursuits."
aS panmlis : " f-om their earliest childhood : » cp. Ik ^raW^v.
unpubtres : ' ' unmarried. "
CHAI'TKR XXII.
modum certuin : "a fixeti amount."
?■« a«;wj- j-///i,7^/(?j- :" each year, "" yearly ."
gentihus cog,mtionilms.,ue: " to clans and bodies of kinsmen »
alio : "to a different cpiarter,"
ne~commutent: i.e., //w,;// w-,w,/w«/,;;/ .- "they are afriirl th.f
enticed by long continuec re.i.lence thev niw ..v,-l,.,n,V .1 • '"^'
andtlK>abla.iv"ofwhat isreSe lr(' to^ '^^^^^^
in either case i 'Ihe abln^ ^ o ui ..^ or^ '' If'' \'\ J'"" '''''''''
agricultura>n the n.eanin, u ..uid tT,;: S^'l- •„/ ^' ^^'' '^-^^ ^^«'^^ '
latos fuia paiarc: " to oiuain loo large lands."
poientioresc,ue-cxpellanl : .how tiie ambiguity of this sentence.
112
NOTES.
nc—aedificent '. "lest with too great care they may huild houses to with-
stand the seasons of cold and heat." Note the force of the plurals. The
(.ermans had simply huts, and made with no great care, so that the inhabi-
tants may not lose their hardy nature of living out of doors.
qtM.=ali,jna : note that quis=aliquis after si, nisi, num, ne, quo, quanta.
nascuutur: the indicative is used because this is Caesar's own statement.
If the subjunctive nascantur had been used, the rea.son would have been
given on the statement of the Germans.
ttl—viUeat : the construction is hoc Jit ut—vuieat : «• this is done so that
they (the chiefs, scil. magistratus) may be able to keej) the inferior sort
together by contentment, since each one sees that his own means are as
great as those of the men in authority."
animi aequitate \ cp. aequus animus, "resignation."
CHAPTER XXIII.
civitatibus, indirect object after est, the subject of which is the clause
quam—habtre.
^ quamlatissime: «'as far and wide as possible: cp. «if with superlatives
in Greek : wf raxusra,
proprium virtutis '. "a proof of courage."— /ro/« : "near."
hoc referring to the clause repentitiae ittcursionis timore sublato: "since
a danger of a sudden raid had been removed."
bellum—aut illatum defendit aut infert: "either repels an aggre-ssive
war or invades another's territories." When does quum take the ^ubiunc-
w^'' ^;..''°^ '. '^.?' 3; 196. 7; p. 99, (0, (g). (i). After »;/>/sciL
oellum altts ctvttatwus.
qui—praesint=uiei—pratsint: for dative see F. 120 ; P. 82 (e) ii • for
subjunctive. F. 184, i ; P. 11. 25.
nullus— magistratus: the system among the Germans was not one of
centralization, as among the Romans, but one of local administration.
regionum—atque pagorum: "of districts and indeed, of townships"
The/(7^«j was evidently a division of the regio. The former is from root
PAG, "to bind," hence "a district within certain bounds : " cp. 6fmoc ffrom
(5^w, "Ibind"). ^ /^ M'rom
ius dicunt : "declare what is law : " a Roman magistrate is said ius dicere
who has iuris dictio, the right to declare what is law.
latrocinia — iufamiam: "robberies involve no disgrace:" cp. Lady of
he Lake, Canto V. Stanza 7. This was a common belief among barbarous
nations.
praedicant: "they openly declare," Distinguish in meaning praedrco
are, &nd praeduo, ht, 0^1
BOOK VI.
113
■ since
ubiijuis: "wlicnevcr (,ne."
J^tfiT'inur::^:' ''^tT'^rr' " - --» as wish to
F. i38, 5, (a). ^"" "' ^^^ '"'i^fnate use of the relative:
duaoxur : ' ' are held : " both kabeo and ,/..<, have this meaning.
omntumnue—dero'atur- "on^i -,11 r • "'^ meaninfj.
held fron. L^^'^'^re .s'g , L,T" sad b 7'""« '^ ^'^ ^'^ ^''^■
part of a law. The con tructiou is «^ ,/f ''^"^'-' "'^ '*^ ^«^Pe'-^' «
fl'«r<?.^^.r£. "■auction IS de ahqua re or ex ,ai,jua re alicui
qui communuatur: Tacitus fGermania ru
treat strangers and friends alike Thi' ''' "^ '""y' '^"^ "^'^ ^"-•"nans
primitive ciVilization. ' ^^'' '^^™' '^ S*^»-^'^' '"1^, at least in all
CHAPTER XXIV.
r« and „„.„„/. The ™ s'e of i V^lTit^' '" '"■*""•""• "V"-
bee„fromUwra»l,anrtil,ey,™„,o r„ ",,„| ''■'""»8"»'»™» w have
called 6W,«,„, and i„ i^-i.^'ZiS .Sll'^;;, ?iKf ^» "'"»'
^SriK-Sdeni^SdrsirjAt, "kt"?/'" ^™'» -i- -^ "
the Carpathians. -^ou'ingerwald, t.zgebnge, Kiesengebirge and
J^'':^i:t^LS'Z:::'^'l^;^^'^^''^^^ ^"^ geographer of Mex.
t^T ' ??■" "•'P'"'" '° '^^ "'-'^"^•"'«i ^''h the works of these authors
occupaverunt ; "seized."
adhocumpus: " up to the present time "
taiiTV'TT"'" ""P^'-i™ f"')»"» and warlike valour "
ratKih^?o:Lra";Si.i-2-;'^-". "w™.," "need." refer,
«//M : the Germans : ipsi -. the Gauls. ^"^tiiat.
CHAPTER XXV.
«//m: Chapter 21.— ,/m^,„/w/rt : "mentioned."
brea.iih " from North to .South.
of
kUiiudo :
novem dierum : descriptive genitive d
exleuf of space.
epending on iter.—iter
accusative
114
NOTKS.
ri..rCl f, / '"'■"' ''«h"y.^'M'"'l'l'c.l." i.e., for a rapi.l traveller.
It ..(lotus uses tiK' same expressKm in estinmlinfi, a mensuic of distance :
15. 1. 72 : u,/Ko<: u,ov, n'^tom., n,6in m-,TE ,),niHu Avmm fioh.mt . A day's
1,'stTni; i:ir '-■'■'"•,',''• '?' '' '°° ^^■^'"•^ "^ ''^""t 23 miles: so that the
instance liere would l)c about 200 miles.
Jhtiii: "computed."
fioverunt, ^cA., Germani. The Germans were not acquainted with the
Koinun practise of setting up mile stones (lapide.) on their roads.
oritur, scil., Heiryuia silva.
nJ^lMTr^'"'"- '^?!;''"^,' "'" ^ '"■''''^'^'' ""^ ^if^ the river Danube," i.e.,
paiallel to the river Danube.
Z?r;<v;/7<w ^/ .^;/rt, //«w ; these tribes extended beyond the Theiss ( Tibiscus )
m llungaiy. So r<;w//,' movfri i.s «'to proceed in a straight line • "
e nxtone castrorum, " opposite to the camp." '
simstrorsus^si,mtr.o.7,rsus : "to the left " of the Danube, towards the
Carpathian niouiitnins : cp. prorsus=zpro-versus.
diversis—regionibns : "in a direction away from the river."
kuius: i.e. We.stern Germany.
initiidit : "tiie further end."
quum-^processerit : "even though he has gone a journey of sixty days "
—?/«-: cognate object : 1'. 95, I J I'. 83 (d). ^
quae—visa sint^talia ut—visa sint: the indefinite relative : F 188 ■; •
^- "•. 38; 39' iso in qtiae—differant. ' ^ '
CHAPTER XXVI.
bos cervi figura : " an animal with the form of a deer." The word has
IS often^ used for any horned animal and even elepharts which were called
Luaw ooiv.f. Otiiers take the word to mean not a reiiulec. I.ut a bison.
umm rornu ■ this statement is prol.il.ly a misstatement. He may have
seen tlie animal from one side, or one horn may have been shed.
palmat ramique: "branching hands": hendiadys. This evidently
points to the reindeer. ^ '-«•ut.my
CHAPTER XXVn.
alces : " elks : " the elendthkr of the German and the elan of the French.
capreis=Ji<jurap. capraruin,
varietas pellium : "the spotted skin."
mutilae~c<jrnibm: literally, "they are blunted in their horss " ie
•' their horns are blunt.''
BOOK vr.
115
arf m,9 scil. arbores.
pavliim modo : " only a short time."
quo-comuerint : subjunctive of dependent question.
affliyunt, scil,, o^ce»: so also t/?sae, scil., alce^i.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
nri: probably the wnw was the German aurochs (7w «nnnV/^»/,,,) now
catch them .n pitfalls with great care and kill ihcm." '"'''^"""^ ' ^^'^V
■seduraiH: "harden themselves."
quae dnt (eatlmoino : " to serve as .in ,'vi<Ipn,>^ " tj,„ i •
82 (c)'. <«.^'<"«0H*o IS the dative of purpose : F. 134, ,; p.'
ne excepti: "not even when cau'dit vcrv vomikt " „.^, .^, • ,•
may mean : (i) "to lie in wait for," as hJreT (r"^oweSne"f .?"?''
receive," or "to succeed to." ^' '*^ ^^"^'^'»e • (3) 10
ab kibris : " at the rim " : cp. ah radidhm : chap. 27. Drinkinir horns
-such as here described were common in early days. ^^""kin^ hoins
I.e.
CHAPTER XXIX.
Caesar: the narrative broken off at Chap. x. is here resumed.
supra : Chapter xxii.
il
J?
lie.
NOTES.
avxilia : the icinfurcemrnt sent hy the Tiermans to the flauls.
in crlnmo punte : "at the end of tlie bridge." The garrison was
probably stationed on the west bank, nt tlie other end of the l)ridi,'e.
frumenta: "crops:" it was now in the latter part of July or early in
Aiifjust. '
Arduennam: see B. v.. Chap. 3.
milihm ampliwt qningentis, scil., pasmum : this i>< an error.
L. Mimicium Banilidu : he was one of Caesar's naval commanders durinE
the civil war. Like Trebonius (mentioned Chap. 23,) he turned against his
Reneral and was one of his assassins. A year later his cruelty provoked
nis household slaves to muider him.
si: "to see whether."
CHAPTER XXX.
opinionem : " expectation. "
quo in loco = ad cum, locum in quo.
dicehatur, scil., Amhiorix. Notice that dkoi is personal and not im-
personal in the passive when said of a person. Translate : it in said f'at
Caesar ivaa the (jreatest general among the Romans.
quum — tuni=et — et.
ipsum : Ambiorix.— €»2M : Basilus : ipmm and ilium below refer to
Ambiorix.
incideret, scil., Basilus,
ma;/nae fuit /ortunae : "so it was a piece of great good fortune for
Ambiorix to escape from death.
silvd : ablative of means.
propinquitates : "vicinity."
sic—valuit : "such was the power of fortune both as to his (Ambiori.x)
gettmg into danger and getting out of it. '
CHAPTER XXXL
jwlicio: abl. of cause, "purposely," "designedly."— note ne~an in
double quemona^ /drum — an : F. 177, 5 ; P. II., 42, 44.
tempore exclu«us : "prohibited by want of time."
prohihituA : ' ' prevented. "
coidimntes paludes : called perpetuae, Chap. 5, i«., "land unbroken by
insulis : "the low lands that became islands when the tide ran in."
BOOK VI.
kin(
^ of imprecations." ''
117
"cursing Aml)iorix with all
taxo : the juice of the yew leaves is saiH L k'
berries are said to he harmLs. ° ''*' poisonous: tliough the
CHAPTER XXXII.
Ccft:ic£n:Se;^S'c::,JL''^ ^°^° -^^- - '''^^ of the
oratum : explain the use of the .upine in -U7n • F „. , ^ .,
unam: "one and the sam,," «identi J" '74.2and3; P. ,05.
si-~violatumm: in direct discourse=«i ita /ec»-Uis-non violabo
Aduatucam: the modem site m^»h v ^wnvioiaoo.
of Limburg. on the Ja^'^rb^fncro^f fhe mSs""' '" ''^^ ''^^«'^" ^'^^'^-'^
quum—ium=.et-et: "both— and."
reliquM rebuH : " in other respects "
e» /«-i/Jo;»» castrisque : dat., F, 120.
CHAPTER XXXIII.
arf Oceanum versus = acZwer^i» Oceawwm.
AdualuciH adiacet : for the dative • F 120
between Tongern and it seems too J... ., ^^"'^' ^"^' -i^ tlie di^ance
travelled, in s'even days.' s^mrria'd S^lLS'^^^''''' ^^ ^'^^-^
tireek version. iJ)amurej which occurs in the
pojtdiev.. Septimus , Uterally, « during the seventh day afterwards "
arf g«am t/iem : note the change in Pender i„ w- -^ ''','" """"'«•
feminine is used for "time." ^ ' "* ''^- «Generally eiie^
m praesidio : at Aduatuca.
»werton<Mr=ii^ rtvertantur.
CHAPTER XXXIV.
nite relative.
abdita: "secluded.
was able to defend : " indefi-
118
NOTES.
ronHCfhrtU, i.e., ihi conmlernt as coirt-laiive in nhi.
viriniMtif>UM= nrinin : " tU'i):bbours," ahstinci for concrete : sorcinii/ium,
"crew;" serifilliini, "sl.ivcs."
requirehnt : "demanded."
in—fupmln : " in protecting the main body of the army.''
uninerHis scil., Romanix.
quae— perlwi hat : "and this circumstance, still, in some dei,'ree, con-
cerned the safety of t lie army."
lonijiuH : "too far."
conferton : "in close order : " from conferdo,
ttcelnatnrmn : "of these villains : " refenin;; to the Ehurones, who had
destroyed the fifteen cohorts under Cotfa and Sabnuis. No douht Caesar
felt bitter hatred aj;ainst this triiie.
in — difficnltatiJiUH : " considerint,' the nature of the difficulties."
quantum : supply tantum before prDnddiotiir.
Oallorum vita, Caesar woild rather sacrifice the lives of the Gauls than
those of the Romans.
CHAPTER XXXV.
reverti : distinguish redeo and revcrfor in meaning.
legionem : the 14th under Cicero, and the stores at Aduatuca (TonRern).
quantum —ponsit : dependent question.
cognosci potuit: impersonal use of poxsnin with passive infinitive. Trans-
late and parse each word in hoc fierj jiotcM ; lior facfre pi'text.
ajferat: same kind of subjunctive as di'/endi'r/'t in Chap. XXXIV.
ultro: connected wiih nlii-a, "beyond." Translate "further."
ex fnqa : " after their flight."
triginta millihuH : ablative of measure of difference. The place was
near Bonn.
supra: B. iv., Chap. x6.
primos fine» : "the border of the territories of the Eburones."
fortunntis-dmis: predicate after f.wc attended to the case of quihun as is
usual in Caesar,
trilniM horis : " within three hours.
this?
tantum: "so small."
What other ways of expressing
f'mg'i: "be manned," literally "encircled."
Book vi.
CHArTKR XXXVI.
119
Nervii. ^ "•'^' 54 ^"^'^'^o ^ad withstood the attack of the
l96:8;T9rS;''' "although he had ke,.- ,«ms here concessive : F.
illiuH=Cir.pro)tia,
wilS'^^ii^ui- ;u;i.:'^S"f„f^:,-:' -^;fy -uM anse. hy which
legions and a larye f.Mreoca'l^^^^^^^^^ ';'"''' '"-' '""ictcd, wIkm, nine
pressing; Cicero's opinio., • alTe^,!!]?.' \ ''TT' = ^"''J»"ctivc as ex-
simple fact.-,«. is Ih'simpi:^, a -v": ""by '^S''' oD- ^'^''"T ^""^
personally. ^ ^^ ' °y winch, —offi-ndi is used im-
frumentatiim : supine.
hoc .patio diemm : " during this period of time "
v>s : often used in the sense of quantity, „,u„her
suhsederat : only used here in the sense "had been left "
facta potestate : " having obtained permission "
cam: "juncture."
CHAPTER XXXVII.
i.e., "nay, so completely
eodem illo curmi : " at the same full gallop. "
ah decuDiana porta: "on the si.l,- nf tl, , • .,
position of the pjrta ..■«.« J'^Lcl:..^: £ S^Xc^, '^^' = " '^^ "^«^
^,obrectis .iMs: causal abl. abs. : " ,„asmuch as woods obstructed the
u^'imeo: literally, "even to such a detrree
was this the case." '^ <jct,iee ,
not gane with the foragiiJ ' .-ty Theri . ?K . '-" '"'-''•^■''^"1« ''.id
often M.cd both in pods a,ui historians ",o teU- '' en Ovi , 7 ''^' "
naevuH tendehat Achilles. Vergil, Aen. u. 29: ^jc
re «om : " by the novelty of the occurrence."
120
NOtES.
in statione: "on guard," closely taken with cohom.
si: "to see if:" so B. V. Chap. 29.
aditus : " points of attack."
locus : the camp was on a hij;h hill.
totis castris : abl. of place without preposition, as often when the noun is
qualified by totun : cp. tula Oraecid.
quo si{]na ferautur i "when an advance should be made:" dependent
question, therefore, subjunctive : F. 176, 2 ; P. 99 (d).
plerique—Jimjimt: "most of them imajjine new superstitious alarms
suggesttd by the place."
calamitatem : described in B. V. Chap. 26-37.
occiderint : Caesar is thinking of the thought of the soldiers, hence the
subjunctive.
barbaris : translate as i[= barbarorum.
ex manibns dimittant : " let go ; " " let slip. "
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
immum pilum duxerat : " had held the office of chief centurion "
(primipiliisj.
ad Caesarem : "in Caesar's army," "in Caesar's service." He was in
the 1 2th legion. — ad = apml.
superioribuft jn-oeliin: with the Nervii (B. 11. Chap. 2;): amomr the
Alps (B. III. Chap 8). r j/ . t,
diem iam (/iiintum : ace. duration of time.
diffims : audco, (jaudeo, mlco, fido and its compounds are semi-deponents.
What verbs govern a dative? K. 105, 9 .md 120; P. 82 (e), i. ii.
reliiiquit animm Sexlium : " Sextius faints." Distinguish relinquere
animuvi, "lo (aim" : relinqmrc animaiti, "to die."
pt,- mantis : "passed from hand to hand."
CHAFTrR XXXIX.
exaudiunt : "hear from afar." Note the force of ex.
sit : subj. of dependent question : F. 176, 2 ; P. 99 (d).
qtuie : consecuti'-. relative=M< ea. The foragers were three miles oflF.
modo—imperiti : "those who were lately enlisted, and therefore, un-
acquamted with the usages of war." He refers to the 14th legion • B vi
Chap. 33 ; B. vi. ( hap. i. & • .
quin perturbetm : V. 188, 6; P, 11., 156-1^8, quin—qui nan: "as not
to be confused."
as not
Book vi.
CHAPTER XL.
121
way in,„ the line and amung?I,c™a,Ss"'n *-'"'• '^''^ ''^ »" '""'■c^ 'heir
was originally a pule with 'a ^:^7^',, tJe U,?""!'.,"'*''' f "f^"^"'^'
^yas chantjed into a spear and the wis» o MnV '^' ^^'f ^a-^''^ H'e -o!e
silver or bronze figures of animal Sly t&ri;''-'^;''' ""^ ^ ''^'
^::rr - :^ wl:;:;;^;tsrt£ -^i ?- "-"S
enemy's line. In shape it waf 1 kTa T T^ Z' ='"^/°™'^^ ^o l^reak the
or "pig's head. " ' "«t a A . It was called also caput porcinum
quoniam—sbit : "since (thev <'xv\ tu^
iunctive: F. ,98, 2; l" 99' (g)! l^^ '""P '' '° "^^•■ = " f""" 'he sub-
a<: "still," "at least."
alii, scil., cenmit.
ad iinum ovtne.s -. " to a man "
«e must be taken with both recipere and rfe«»-,sv,.„„<
CHAPTER XLT.
fdem M.„ Is .„ give co,„ir„ce oMo'S: liSeT ''°" "'^ "oU-n^l-V-
ti< is consecutive: "thus fear harl =r. t^i,
inco/«miea^rc7l«: abl. abs. ' have attacked the camp."-
CHAPTER XLII.
eventus: ace. pi.: "the vicissitudes," "the chances»
rZT!"' f " '""""= "-'"I''-"i"g "f (only) one thin. »
,«orf-..,.en. 0«.... : virtual ohlique narration and hence Subjunctive.
122
NOTES.
mmt=eami, dative: ( "saying that) for not even the slightest chance,
etc."
iudicavit: •'concluded."
avertisect, s,ci],, for tuna.
optat'iKnimum—vhtukrunt: "had incidentally rendered a most acceptable
service to Ambiorix."
CHAPTER XLIII.
praeda : cattle and other animals as shown by agebatur.
fruimnta: different kinds of grain: hence, plural.
anni tempore : autumn rain:, had set in.
m praeneiitia : " for a time."
hin, dative : to be construed with pereundum.
in eum locum : "to such a pass." Translate: " and often matters came
to such a pass from the number of the horse that were scattered in all direc-
tions, that tlie captain declared Ambiorix had just been seen by them in
llight, and that he had not yet gone completely out of their sight ; insomuch
that some, who thought to stand high in the favor of Caesar, insjiiicd with
the hojie of overtaking him, and undertaking a task of infinite labor, almost
overpowered nature by their zeal.' — ventumest: F. 164, 2; P. jz.- diviso
eiinitatu : abl. abs.
ad, mtmwam felidtatem : " to complete success."
atque. ille.—criperet : "while he kept snatching himself from their hands
by the aiil of hiding places in forests and passes "
CHAPTER XLIV.
damno: abl. of accompaniment : F. p. 12, 3; P. 85 (e).
Durocortorum '. from dur, "water:" now Rheims on the Vgle, a
liranch of the Seine.
more maiorum : after Roman fashion, the condemned man was first
llogged and then beheaded.
ipuhm inlerdlxknet : " when he had forbidden these the use of fire and
water," if'., when he had banished them. The er.prc^sion aquae et {(jiiis
'nterdU-tio is said of a ]ierson banished. The l)anished person miglil go
my where out of the province from which he was banished. Here it means
l)iinishe<l from (iaul.
vt—imtitiierat : cp. B. v. Chap, i, ut qjMtannis facere conmierat.
conveiitm agendon: "to hold .assizes" in Cisalpine Gaul. "Holding
assizes " was the regular duty of the comnl or lyroconml of the i>rovince.
PROPER NAMES.
ABBREVIATIONS.
-A^J^"^^:'-=f-"™"«;'°-
= aia8culine ; N. =noun ; n. neuter ; pi. ,,Uu,iI ;
Acc-o. -6nl8, N. m. : Aooo. chief of tf -. Senones.
AdQatiSc-i, -orum • N ni m • m„ a i ^ .
jn^r to Cal^sar they Were^des'l^ende'd frfX^'aSt^,' ^""''r ^^'^'''«- Accord-
IcftbphiTKltogiuardtheba.vaL'eandr.nfH»..,h .u ^"^ Teutones, who had been
on Italy (li. „., o. xx,x.) This i" how v.r .!i V*"-''? ^^. "=^'i""« "'^'1« a desct-n"
li-lH-ae were the only Gall c tribe ^hoZttiCff'''^'''\'*'^'''' ^"^ sr.ys that the
S-^. They hved near the -^^ 'of ^-'J;!!. -'?^1°- -^ c. th.r
The> 'co^e<"i"™cy' embrU*id alfthe'tract^of°onnnf ! "Tf "" Powerful nation of Gaul.
.mi?'.''"" 'I'.'?/*'''"*'''', and e.x e.X a u ir el w H, "■'• " ''I' ^/''■''^ the .ni.ldle
cai.ital «as Ihbracte. When Caes-ii ;.n,n„ .iV u ^'"" '''^er to the south. Their
overcpna. by their rivals the^i^^/A/a^Jt'h,^.:!"'^ he found the Aedui had bee,
AriovLstus a German prince Caew esuoused fh^n"'"' "^^"^ "j'*^ '='''"'^^'' '" 'he aid o
them to their former place of powen *'''°"'"' ^^" '^'''"«^ of the Aedui, and restored
AMcus. -i ; m : the .outH-.est wind. Stil, called by the modern Italians Africo
^^lo^^^^'sL""- '■ "•'"''^ °' '''' «-'-- on the Yonn.. a tributary of the Seine:
Amblorix, -igis ; m. : Ambiari,x, chief of the Eburones.
Anartes, -ium ; m. : a Dacian tribe on the Theiss.
Ancalites, -rum ; .n. : a British tribe, near 0..fo^, that surrendered to Caesar
Antistms, -i ; m. : Cau^ AntisHus lie.inus, one of Caesar's lieutenants.
^wiii;°a'Gillic'^i^lnity.P'"'''' " ""^' ^*'" "' «'"""- "^"d Catena, identified by Cai«ar
^^^^iu^^tiZi:^:^i::zJTtL![^'-- ^?^'^'"^*»^--, it reach.)
wards of fifty n.iles i„ lenf^'r The o ^i,T„f fh!/" *'?•' "^ ^^^ ^ervii 1 oirg m'
the profound," '- the deep " (fo^^o^':^ •^t::;^r;^:!::;:!^?^;^;;^r ,en.t Z
;••'•;; ""; "l-rif^sivc trcinuent. ( (ic^ip ii!.ii-,.i,.,r" , .'"'''''ifants to the most
123
124
PROPKB NAMES.
Aruncuxeius, -1 ; N. m : Liicms Arunculemn Catta, one of the leirati in Caesar's
a.m.v in Gaul. ^\hen Ai.il.ionx, a kin^r of the Kl,unm,s, was seekinj,^ i„ «iih.lraw
hnn and his (:olIeaf,nie .Sabinus from xviMter..|uarters, Cottu was op.io^Ted to l..avinu
the encanipnient lint finally yielded. The Roman armv wiis drawn into an amlnis
cade, and both he and his colleague fell. " "''»» "no an aniinis-
Armoric-U8, a, -urn ; adj. : Armoiican. The ancient Armorica comprised modern
Bnttanij and part of .^onnamly. The word is derived from ar, ''on '' ariS"
9G!X • •
Arpineius, -i ; N. m. : Cuius Arpincnts, a Roman knight.
Atrebas, -atis; N. m. : the Atrehatiam were a iieniilc of Pallia Bclnirn of hi.^h
TT\' lu \."°"':- ^*"-^"' ^'''''"'l "^i- ^-^- f"'" "'="f of the Mori.S siw from
that of the Nervn aiiswerms to the modern A,t,n, in the Department,!,,. /'aJde
Atmiu ) '" *^ Nemetooenna (now ^nas, or as the Fk-minKs eall it'
Atrius, -i ; N m. : QuintmAtrim, an officer in Caesar's army, left to look after the
fleet while Caesar invaded Britain. ^
B.
Bacenis, -is (soil, silva); adj.: a forest in Germany separatinff the Suehi from the
Cheru.sci. It forresponded to the western portion of the Thirimiian Fuiest and
formed part of the Hercynia Silva or Black hWe^t. *=-"'"" "i"«"^ ^"' <•«. and
Baculus, -i ; N. m. : Sextim Baculus, a centurion in Caesar's army.
Balventi-U8, -i ; N. m. : TUm Balventitw, a brave Koman centurion : v. 2>
BAsn-us, -i ; N. in. : L. Mimicius Basilus, one of Caesar's offlcere : afterwai ■ u ne of
the conspirators a^'ainst him. ' " ne oi
^®¥^f1; ;f''"^°\: ^;.™-P';v/** '^f'-'^t' ".Pi^ople of Ancient Gaul, separated from
SwS "^ * "'■'* '*'**''0'"i {Marne) and the Secpian^
Belgium, -i ; N. n. : the land of the Belgae, the modern Belgium.
Bollpvac-i, -orum; N. m. pl.:.the n,Ho€aei, a powerful nation of the Relirae to
now"CumiI """• '"" '^'''"" ''"^ t'aesaroiaagus.afLe:.vardVlJeliova£
Bibroci, tribe in S. E. liritain [Brayf]
Britanni-a, -ae ; N. f. : the island of Great Britain
Britann-i, -orum ; N. m. pi. : the Britons.
Britanni-cus, -ca, cum ; adj. : British.
'wm
o.
CaleU^-orum, also Calet-es, -lum ; N. m. pi. : an Amiorican tribe livin" = o
Cantium, -i; N. n.: jr,'n«, a district in England. The name is said to be V-'-t
from the German Kante, " a corner." ' *■
Carnut-e8, -lum; N. pi. m. : a tribe in Central Gaul; their capi^p-, was Cana-
Imiii ; now Orleai'n. "f^ «-i »uh Vjena-
Cai'Vili-US, -1 ; N. m. : a British king of Kent-
PROI'KK NAMhS.
125
CassJ, -orum ; N. „1. „,. ; , s,„all tribe of I.rilain wh„ surrculered to Caesar.
Cavarinus, -i* N. m. : a chief of theSenone».
Cavllius, -i; N. m.: a petty British chief.
•^^''Sr^-^' -O^^! N- ■"• Pl.: a British tribe in Suffolk, who Burrendered to
"'^'^^^^^^^J^^l^^^^^^^ll^^^^^ Of Courtra. i„
^^TnJkZuZL^: "• •"• •■ * °"""^" ''"«^ '"-'^-- the We«er. the Elbe, and
"^«S^^;r-?^^hi^ po^^ei?i-^^cS:^^r^^^,r^b!^^;jt^ -"■
'''^^ranr;;.<i^^ &;:.;:r^^ t}:!f;.i/^i^-;;^.^'^'"«j = '-■j- = '^^-^ - ''^^
Claudi-ua, -i ; N. m. : Ai>j>w, Ckuuih,., <.„„«„I with I. Donutius, i,.c. 54.
Comml-us. -1; N. m. : Cowmius, the lea.lor of the AtruhateH.
"""""^l^kSfoiloF'- "• '■ " '"''''' ^'•"'^ "" ""-• '"-'ht banlc of the Meuse, near
Corus, -i ; N. m. : Corns or Caurus : the north-went wind.
and his son Publius went to Partl/irand peri^i;:,d':L;^'|;i"^3''" ""'^ '""'"P«y- He
^'^nl'cSer!.=K'^„,fdonrof Turna."^'^ """'^"^ '"='^"P"-"' ^'^'^ «-^»'--' Provinces of the
Danubius. -i ; N. m : the Danube, the great river of Central Europe.
Dis, Ditis ; N. m. : Pluto, god of the lower wc.hi.
A Chief Of the s4siones. ^oSZ::^'^:;^:]^^;^!!;::^^^^ ^ilS^M^ita^?
^°™!hrr; B*c: f^4. ■"• = ""'"■"* ''"'^''''^ Ahenobarbu,, consul with Appius Clat.dius
ii^.^',
!26
PROI'KK NAMKS.
Dumnorix, -leis; N. in.: a chM of liie Aedui, and brother of l)ivitiacii.i. He
mariic-d I he (laiijjhter of Oryetonx ami obtained pen.iissioii for thu Uelvetii to jiiss
through ilu' tenilory of the Seipiaiii. lie was always hoMlile to tb<; Uonians uiid
was killed In B.C. 55 when tryiii^f to eseitpe from Caes'ir,
Durocortorum, (.ioupixopTopa) -i ; il. n. : '..^pital of tlu; <>',iiii, now Hheniui, situ-
ated ou t)ie \ lie, a braiieh of the Aisne.
B,
Kburones, -um ; N. i>l. m. : the Eburones, a n.it-on of Galliii, ii-'lffic ', to thi; S.W. of
the Ui)ii. Caesar nieiitions tin i?i a.s (ierraans. Their territor\ lav ■•n\ 1« th s'des of
he Mosa (.»/«■».•"•) from the u odern Liige to Aix-la-Chapelli: 'Their cJ-ief town
was .\duaMi('ii (!i. ii., C. iv.)
Eratosthenes, -i -i : N. in. : afin ek, born at Gyrene, in Africa n. c. 270: api.oinlod
librarian to the .\i. .vaiid.-ijn f/iiHary and died n.c. 192 of starvation, because he was
tired of life. Hn a.;.i!iire<'. fiune as a K>.'o,;rapher, mathematician and ciiiic.
BsSUi. orum ; N. va. !.•!. : :>. pcovle of Oaul, supposed to have been the same with
tiif .Saii, unci lyinjr ic t.' lodn of !,he Diablintes and Cenomani. Tht-'i "hief city
was Saii, now Sa-z, oi; tur rivet Olma, now Orne.
FabiUB, -i ; N. m. : Cain-" Fahhts, a lieutenant of Caesar.
G.
Gallla, -ae
Ilia, -ae : N. f. : (iavl, now France and Nnithern Italy. Framv correspond! d to
Gallia Trni.jljiiiia, or (Jallia Ulli'iioi; or " (iaul beyond the Aljis," or " Kuilher
Gaul"; the luiithern Italian provinces of Piedmont, Venetia, and i.oml)ardv I'om-
yrhed Gallia Vusalpiiia or Gallia Citeriur ; "Gaul this side the Ah«" or ""Hither
Gaul."
Geidiini, -orum ; N. pi. m. : the Geiduni or Gorduni were a people of Beljric Gaul
on the sea coast, above the Morini. '
Germani, orum ; X, pi, m. ; the Germans, a general name ^dven by the Romans
to the nations dwelling,' east of the Rhine. The word is probablv fi-uni either (1)
wer, "war" (the Romans softeniiii,' w to ^) and nmim, "a man" ■ so that the
word would mean " warriors," or (2) from the Keltic grerr, "war" and inaitn "a
man." '
Germania, -ae ; N. f. : Germany.
Germanic-US, -a, -um ; adj. : German.
Grudii, -ortim ; N. m. pi. : a Relffic tribe, subject to the Nervii, whose territory lav
between the Saildm (.Scheldt) and the ocean. The name still survives in the modern
laM van Gruede (district of Groede) above I'Ecluse, to the north.
H.
Harudes, -um ; N. pi. m. : a German tribe, in the vicinity of the Marcomanni be-
tween the Rhine and the head water of the river Danube. The district they occu-
pied was in the vicinity of the present cities of lluthwail and FurKtenihcni 'Of'ers
say they were from Jutland. They with 24,000 men crossed the Rhine to ■ -i he
army of Ariovistus.
Helvetil, -orum ; N. pi. m. : a nation of Oaul conquered by Caesar. It is rf ne u-"
sup|)osed that IIehtiia(orrev;""n<led to the modern Sivifzerlaiid. Ymt th •■■ jnd-
aries of the ancieni piovin ■■ .-re of less extent than the mo'.. , '^- , .land
hciiifrbnuiidcd 1)11 thr iinrrli ., (; Rhenii.s a'ld Lake liriifantinus (■ ■., ,,■ ,.,>• on
the south \<\ I be Rbodunus ( . . ,•) and Lake Lemannus (GeneDa), ,. ; o>i the west
by Mt. .iuni. *
PKOPKR NAMKS.
HelvStiua, -a. -um ; artj. : Uelmtiwn.
127
Accorditipr to Caosar,
llio
hr ith • ■".IMC . an extensive forest in (
country of the Daoi an,l Anarte" It nnimi \ Da.uil,,. to the
separates Alsace and Stiabia the wlJ, " L "''' ''.'''"'■■"'^ '''"«^ /''""''>■', «hich
«-aMon the bordon, o"T esse Dar^sTmi • The'vv?''"''' ' "i^' 'iy."'^'"''' ■""' '^'''•"
The word is said tc^.e ^ "th^G^.? man wZ' W^ ' • ""''''' '"''^' '" '-'-V.nhnr;.
the present //arte, or from Aar^ "hTJh.^' "'""' '"""' ~''" ''""'""^ *"
Hibernia, -ae : N. f. sing. : Irelana, for the derivation see note on B v C 13
Hispanus, -a, -um; adj. : lipanish.
I.
^""anlXfrwho'l^de^d "ihlhe'-RomM^'"*^ "''" '*'"''"«f *''^ Treveri. and rival o
'"^d^rJ'at^^'.i'oleUair^-^ '"''"^'^ <" ^^^'^- ^ country bordering, on the
lunius. -i; X.,...s.ng.: QuUUus I --.one of Caesa.s oftieers, by birth a Spaniard
UPp:ter (.en. ^..„^) ; N. .n. sin,. ; Ju,,,^, «,„ „, «,,„,„, ^,,^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^_^_^^__ "
Italia, -ae ; N. f. sing. : itali/.
Itius, -i : N. sing. u. : a harbour in Gaul, said to be moderr. noulo,j,u,.
Labarius, -i ; N. „. sing. : Quint^s Laterius Dun., a .iUtary tribune in Caesar's
^^'V^"'- "'■'"hotfi.infrJSf^he d^v^vJIS helefff^'^"^"''* lieutenants in the
side of Ponipey. He escaped at PharsaUa, but feH ^litZTI '''"' °'''' '° '^^
i-ievaci, -orum ; N. -jl. m. • a n.ation nf n„i • r. ,
and no.;th-«.est of the Xervii "S,? b°e'twe 7'them and'lh,';^ '"'T ^^^'^ (*""W0
in part forms the modern Louvaine. "^'- *^''"''"- Their territory
They had a town a so called Linc'oiii.s a,^,., / \'leiiw) and .Matnliia (Mur,i,')
l.o-,dedtothen.o<iernDepLt,„e;7t''';^^&'i;'27^ «"'i their territor^ co;;t:i;
Lucanms, -i ; N. m. si„g. .- QuinHcs Lucanius, a brave centurion
"'"fS^^^fiailg^ = ^- '"■ -•^- = ^ «''"«h Chief Who was captured in an attack on
Lilt
km;,s and vv.js extendedV/J;),,^ t l^' ^1 'w" ."'?;;;:'• V"".T"?" ^"'^ "^t ^"nch
them by bridges. ' ""^ ' " '^'^' ""^' i-*'"'"'! bemsr connected «ith
128
I'KOl'KK NAMES.
M.
Mandubratius, -i ; N. m. Hinjr. : a chief of the Trinol inles in Britain, who attached
lii?iiHelf to Caesar.
Mars, Martis ; N. m. bUxk. : Mam, tho Itoman (fod of war.
Meldl, -orum ; N. pi. m. : a Gallic tribe on the Mariie, east of the Parisii.
Menapil, -orum ; N. pi. m. ; a nation of Oallia lieltjiea occupyiiijj both sirtes of the
river Rhine. Their town was called Menapinnim Cantellnm, now, Kegsel.
Mercurius, -i ; N. m. sin^f. ; ili'mir/i, a Roman jr"<l, patron of trailers and thieves;
also the god of alo(inence and the niesseriKor of J(ii)iter. The name is from vierces,
"(;ain".
Minerva, -ae ; N. f. sin;.'. : Miiutroa, jroddess of wisdom and arts (from moneo, " to
otlvise," hence, " the adviser").
Mlnucius, -1 ; N. sint,'. m. : A. MinuaiuH linMvg, one of Caesar's officers, in the war
a^'aiiist Ambionx, and afterwards st^ilioiied in winter (iiiartcrs amorii^'' the Renii.
He sided with Caesar in the civil war, but afterwards bec^anie one of Caesar's
assassins. The jear after Caesar's death, 48 B.C., he was killed by his own slaves
Mona, -ae ; N. f. m\K. : the island of Aiiijlmpy. See note v., 13.
Morltasgus, -i ; N. m. Hin^'. : chief of the Senotics, a brother of Cavarinus.
Mosa, ae ; N. f. sinij. : the MntM, or Moan, a river of Gatil risinpf among the Lin-
ffones, a little west of Mt. Vosegus and fallin),,' into the Vahalis (now Waal).
MunatiliS, -i ; N. sm^i. m. : L. Muiiatuin I'lancus, a lientenant of Caesar's, ap
pointed with M. Crassiis and C. Trebonius to the connnand of three legions which
wintered in Heltfinni.
N.
Nemetes, -um ; N. pi. ni. : the Ncmet.en, a German tribe, along the west bank of
the river Kbine, occupying part of Uadeii. Their chief town was Noviomagus
(now Spirvg).
Nervii, -orum ; N. pi. m. : the Scvvii, a pwcrfnl nation of Gallia Relgica, whose
territory was N.E. of that of the Atrebates. The river Scaldis (.S'oAeM*) passed
thniiijfh part of their territories. Their chief town was Bagocmn (now Bam}))
which was afterwards supplanted by Canieraoum (now Cambray), and Turnacuin
(now Tournay).
P.
Padus, -i; N. m. sing. : the I\i, the largest river of Italy. It rises in Mons Vesuliis
(Mt. 1'mo), near the sonnes of the Unientia (now I)ru nee), tuns in an easterly (li-
rection for moiv than Hoii miles and discharges its waters into the Adriatic about 30
miles south of I'ortns Venetus (the modern Venice).
Parisii, -orum ; N. pl. m. : the PariHu, a Gallic tribe, north of the Carnutes and
Senones. Their chief city was Lvtctia, afterwards I'arixii, now Paris.
Petrosidius, -i ; N, sing. m. : Lwius Petrosidius, a standard bearer of Caesars
army.
Pirustae, -arum ; N. pi. m. : a tribe in lUyrlcum.
Plancus, -1 ; N. Sitig. m. : li. Muaatiux J'laiunix, a lieutenant of Caesar'9,
PROI'KK NAMKS.
129
Pullo. -onis; N. sing, m.: » centurion, rival of Vurenm.
■ the Lin-
RaurftcT, -orum ; N ni m • o r'^n,- * -i
.Se,,ua„i a„„ thV^'k/^L'"- Th'ei^' I, ■•; ',:,f "X^^e "elvetii and between the
"^^^i^-tS ^- P'- - ■• ^ .-v-^ulGallic tribrwhose capita, wa. Durocorton.n,
^^V''4-^"^ "n'^f ^"^r^,^'' |-o..onti„c A,p«, a little above
(liaxlc) At this point it flows noitherlv rp<4iv,-n,r ^- "^' "'"'''•'' "f^st to liasilia
enters the North Sea. The word is from' th^'Tryal/roorsLr'-'to^ow "'"'"' "'"*
Romanus, -a, -um : adj. : Roman.
^°K^U;n U ^ti^rrZiy'^ott: eS'' °"' "^' ^'^^'^^'^^ <"«'=^™ ««"* to winter with
^"SKffinr ,■ if^^;,^^ : ^.*-" "' the A.biani on the Sa.ara ,S.n.u, ■
^^eSe;^'-^- = ^- »"• - = "^ people or Britain, livin. probabl, in the modern
^'^t^on:'^'^ •■ ^- «'"^- - •• 0- Of the four rulers of Kent at the tin. of Caesar's
^^«InrA^t^hePinl^'e o^SSte'^ to the north-west of
Aedn,. Theirchief ^o.n ..^ Al':,-!i^Z!:t:^ZA^^^^^^^^
tTth:i,*^' ''-■" ^'^''^'■'^•^ the po«\'r oVVhe A dui Caeslr 1''" "^*^ ^'^'^-'•'"'■^1.1^'
to then, fonner power. Their chief .own ^^vLn^:^:,^^'^' '•'•'^'<"--' 'hen,
"^^^^.;^^ ^<.^^;rbk^P,^-t''&a-i^^"t in Caesars a... ,,
Silanus, -i : K. sinK. n. : 3f„ . ., ^i^^,,, , .^^^^^^^^ ^/^^^^
°"^^ l^^?^- k tl^- a ^,1,^^;?^;;' «^nnan people who settled in the regions
t'.'-jf/'
130
PKOPKK NAMES.
T.
Tamesla, -Is ; N. m. muif. : the Thames.
Tasgetius, 1 ; N. in. siinj. : the chief of the r.-irnui'.<» wh-m Caesar restored to
supreiiu' power.
Taximagulus, -i ; N. m. sinjr. : a British prince, one of the four kings of Kent.
Tectosftg-es -um ; N. m. pi. : a division of the Volcae, who lived in the western
part ■ .' ' lit" provuice. Their capital was Tolfwa (now Tuuluuxe).
Tencteri, vmrn ; N. pi. m. : a German tribe who, beint; harti pressed by the Suebl.
settled iilh the Usipetes ni the lower Rhine.
' i*\"'iu^''' •* : N. ni. sin(,'. : (f. Titnriun Sn'^iniin, a lieutenant of Caesar's, who lost his
Ufi' ;i. an anilmsoade contrived by Anilu..ii.x, kin;,' of the Kburones.
Transrhi nanus, -a, -um ; adj. : bci/and or on the other gide of the Rhine.
Trebonius, -1 ; N. m. sinjf. : Cnim Treboniu», a Roman knight.
Treveri, (also Trevlri) -orum ; N. pi. ni. : the Tn-veri, a powerful nation of Gallia
UelKica, northoiust of the Rhine, between the -Mosa (Mciixr) and the Rhenus
(muie). Their (ihief town was Augusta Trevlroiara, now Treves.
Ubli, orum ; N. pi. in. : a German nation on the right bank of the Rhine. During
the reign of Anjrnstus, Iboy wiTe removed by Agrii.pa to the opjOTsiie or left batik
in Gaul. .Vt a .subse(pn,iit period \gripi>Iiia, the mother of Nero, established a
colony of veterans in their territory, called from her C'olonia Agrippiiia, now
UslpStes, -wai ; N. pi. m. : a German nation, originally in Saxony.
V.
Vertico, -onis ; N. sing, m >. Nervi,. nobleman ...cndly to thi Romans.
Vorenus, -i ; N. sing. m. : a Roman centurion, rival of I'ulio.
Volcatius, -i ; N. sing. m. : Caiiu Voicatius Tulliis, one of Caesar's offlcers left in
ohr„rge of the bridge over th- lUiia-i, while Caesar \< . it in pursuit o. ihe s'uebi.
si :
restored to
Kent.
le western
the Suebi,
ho lost bia
of Gnllia
e Rheiuis
. During
k'ft li;iiifc
ililished a
)iiia, MOW
VOCABULARY
•a, left in
Suebi.
AHI'.RKVIATIONS.
». aftive.
abl aliliiiive.
aco accusiitive.
adv a(iverl).
card (:ar<linal.
cf confer, i.e., compare.
coiniii coininoM ffcnder.
coiiip comparative.
conj cotijuiK-tive.
demoiiHtr demonstrative.
dep (U'ponc'iit.
dim (limirnilive.
diHtrib dislril)iitive.
e. g exemj)!! i^ratin (for
in.st!in('e).
= meaniiipr the.saiiiias.
t feminine jjender.
freq frequentative.
inipers impersonal, -ly.
inccp inceptive.
indeol indeclinable.
interrot; interrogative.
irrt},' irregular.
III. .
n.
num.
opp.
ord.
P •
part.
)iass.
pi., or I
prep,
pron.
rel. .
sc. .
Sq.
sinsr.
snbst.
sup.
usu.
v.
V.
Ill
, inasfiillne (fonder.
neuter, neuter frender
numeral.
opposed to in meaning
. ordinal.
page.
. participle.
passive.
plural.
preposition.
pronoun.
relative.
scilicet tone must un-
derstand).
seaiiens (and the fol
lowinff).
sin^fiilar.
substantive.
suiHi'lative.
usually,
verb,
vide (look at).
!*■■-
VOCABULARY.
at%^^' ^*^^' '"■*'''• "■ '*'''■ ''I'' from,
ftb-do, alidldi, nlHlItiiiii, to hid,-
a,S:*°' "■'-'• "' "■• "• »""■■ "' /7«
ablclo (abj.l ere, ift.i. iectum, to cant
ot throw au'a!/,th);„ down. *""»*'
Abies, ftis, f.,y/;-.
n,*J??H°^' "'"'''"''■ "''"*'• '"*•• in' . ''Iifore
or al)futurii8 esse, (,; be away /mm be
absent, bedintant. " ■' '
ac, oonj., and, and moreover.
accedo, Ore, cessi, cesauin, to come
or .7» near, to approach ; to („■ added.
accerso (=arce88o), .';rc, ivi, rtuni, to
send Jor, ^summon, [ad-ccdo.]
accido, 6re, oldi, no sup., to happen.
[ad-cado.] ^
accido, ere oldi, cisuni, to cut into
(a<l cat'dci. I
accJpio, i-te, cepi, ceptnm, to receive:
to learn. [nd-<'apio.] '
accurate, adv., comp. -tius, care.
fully, exa lly. '
acerrlme. F. ocriter.
array, [root ac sharp ; "a thin hne."]
acriter, adv., Jinrrly, sharply, Coran
aonus : sui). acerrime. [deer.] '^'
oaT'll^oT' "• "'"• '^^" ""^"'^"^ '^
ftdactus. V. adijfo.
ad-aequo, are, avi, atum, to make
equal to ; to tquul, rival.
^^-auareo, ere, auxi, auotum, to in-
ad-do, 6re, didi, dltiiin, to adti.,
ad-duco, ere, xi, ctum, tc Jkad to
ftdemptus. V. adimo.
&d-6o, Ire, II, Itum, logo to, approach.
^Me,o, adv., ,„ „„•, ^,^,,,_ ,^,,^^ ,^^^
adfectns, V. adfl.io.
adfero. V. am lo.
ad-flcio. r. afticio.
adfllctus. V. aiWMin
[ad, ;,'rex, yreKO ] ' """'''' ""''^'''/•
^^^ad-hortor, ari. atus, to -„^«,,a^,,
u^ni'^add! "■'' ""'• '"•'""". «« it^row
</.ff "er [a^7,;,5:)' »«»"•". '« ^n^ or
ad-ipl8cor, i, eptus, to gain, obtain
ad'StT'-"''' "^'■' '"'"'"• '" ^'^ ">•
aa-iutor, ons, m., a helper.
ad-iuno. are, iuve, iutum, to aid
^ad-minister, tri, m., an attendant,
n^>^:^'^°' ■"•«• »vi, atum, «o
aUo'aS,^ ""■'''"''' ^•^^«'•■'"«'''«'^'^
«.«m:"'^''®^' ^''■''' "'• ""«». «o advise
133
134
VOCABULARY.
adolescens, entis, part, adolesco :
as adj., yiunij ; as subgt, coinin., « iinung
laan, youlh.
3.d-6rior, iri, ortus, 4 (but with some
3rd coiij. forms) v. dep., tn attack.
adpeto (app.), fire, Ivi, or li, Itum, to
draw near, a/jproach.
ad-plico (app.), are, Oi, Itum, to put
aijaiiiM.
ad-portO, are, avi, atum, to cnnvey,
ad-propinquo (app.), are, avi, atum,
til cniiw or draw twar to.
adscendo. V. ascendo.
ad-siduus, a, um, adj., omtiiiual,
coiiUnnt. [adsidco.]
ad-sisto, (?ro, astiti,iiosup.,?osfa/i(??ij/.
ad-suefacio, Ore, fdci, factum, to
accimtoin, 1« Iniliitnate ; in pass., to gel
MS(!(i (to anythiiiff).
ad-suesco, Cif, ovi, otum, to grow
used to, get accuxtinned to.
adsum, -esse, -fui, to be 2>resent, be at
hand.
ad-tingo, (att.) cro, tigi, taotum, to
touch, biirili'v iipiui.
ad-tribuo. See attribuo.
adventus, us, ra., a coming, ap-
proach.
adversus, a, um, adj., turned to-
wnn'x, fiiclng.
ad-v6lo, ars, 5vi, atum, to fig to ; to
hasten nff to.
aedificiutn, i, n, a building, [aedes,
facio. !
aedifico, aro, fivi, atuiu, to make a
buitdhi:), to t)iiild. [aedes, faoio.]
aeger, ^'ra, jirum, adj., ill, sick.
aegre, adv., with difficulty,
aequlnoctium, i, n, the eijuinox.
[aequu.s iiox.|
aequitas, iltls, f., equality, justice,
eveii.iie,ss; aniini aequitas, contentment.
aequo, are, Svi, atum, to make equal.
aequus, a, um, adj., equal, level, ad-
vantageous.
aes, .'lorls, n., bronze ; money,
aestas, atls, f., summer.
aestimatio, onis, f., a valuation.
aestimo, are, avi, atum, to estimate.
reckon.
aestiVTIS, a, um, adj., pertaining to
gumiiii'i' ; 0/ au.iiiinei'.
aestCiS, us, m., heat; tide; current.
aetas, iiti-i, f., age, time of life.
AfriCUS VL'iitu.'i, the south-west H'iitit.
affero (adf.), aflferro, attnii, allfitum,
irret'., to bring fonvard, adege,
afiFicIo (adf.), ore, fC'i, fcctum, to
affect, influence ; to visit ailh, treat.
ager, gri, m., land, teiAtory, domain.
agmen, Inis, n., an army on the
march in cuhunn ; a train.
&gO, Ore, 0^1, actum, to do, act, drive,
push forward ; to treat (with any one ; cf.
Eng-., drive a bargain).
agricultura, ae, f., fanning, hus-
bandry, [acgcr, colo.]
alacer, oris, ere, adj., brisk, eager.
albus, a, mn, adj., white.
alces, is, f., the elk. ,
alias, adv., at another time: alias..
alias, .at one time, .at another tiine.
alienatus, p. part, of alieno.
alieno, are, avi, atnm, to derange, de-
prive of reason.
filienus, a um, adj., that belongs to
another, foreign ; aes alienum, del>t.
fi,li6, adv., elsewhere, to another place.
[alius.]
aliquamdiu, adv., /or « considerable
time.
fiiliquantum, atij. used as subs., a
certain amount.
aliqui, ailqua, aiiquod, indef. adj.,
soaie, any.
aliquis, allqua, ailipiid, indof. pron.,
subst., and adj., someone, sninethiwj.
aliter, adv., otherwise, in a different
wag ■ aliter ac. differently from, what,
otherwise than, [alius.]
alius, ia, iud (gen. alius, dative, alii),
other, another; alius. aliu9, one.,
another; alii., alii, some . .others.
allicio (abl.), Cre, lexi, lectum, a.,'*»
draw to, to attract,
alo, ere, &10i, altum and ailtum, to
feed, nourish, foster, promote.
alter, era, erum (gen. alterius, dat.
alteri), adj., the other of two. one o/ two,
the other; in plur., alteri. .alteri, the one
party . the other party.
altitudo, Inis, f., height or p epth.
altus, a, um, adj., high, deep.
ambactus, i, m., a retainer, vassal.
ambo, ambae, bo, adj., f)oth.
amentia, ae, f., madness, folly, [a,
mens.]
amentum, i. n., a strap or th<mg.
amicitia, ae, f., friendship.
Amicu-s, a, um, adj., friendly.
voc:Am;LARY.
135
amitto, Ore, misi, tnissuin, to luse
ampiitudo, i.iis, f., width, xizp.
[amphJ^j''^' '•°""- •■'^'^•- "^'•''. /«'""'•.
amplus, a, iiin, iiflj., ffivat, fan,,.
rt,-.^??' f-'"'*- '"V"''"'''"- second hiiif of a
d.sj ,,K.f,vo or doublo .luestion. o, ■ an.
an, iclii'ther. .or.
ancora, ae, f., «„ anchor.
t,fm.f^U^: '' '"•• " ""■"'"'■' ""■''''-' '^■
angustiae, anim, f., narroin,p:is,.
nanoir /,ii,,t.i; ;„,„■,. KcantUji.
anima, a,., f., tl„ soul, life, brmth.
animadverto, oi-e, ti, sum, to turn
'''." '",', ■"■«" hmf to, notice ^J'.^
[aiiiiiiiis, ad, vcrto.J .""«/(/,.
animal, alls, n., an animal.
annotiniia, a, um, adj., n wear oW
of la.l near, last near',, [annus.)
annirj, i, m., a year.
anser, Cv'n, m., a poose.
3-nte, prt.p. w. ace. and adv., &e/ore.
anrou, adv., l)c.l'ore.
ante C!3do, Pre, rcssi, eessum, to 70
6«;/V,ir, ,;,) ahca,l, take tl,c lend.
in'^nlnf"''T^°^' '"'''^' "'■• " ^'"-''^" ««'''•;
judge,
antefero, fcrre, tnli, latum, to /ic^/V-r
antiquitus, 'Mh- ,anc!enll,i, in former
tnne,. o.t old. [andqiuw.l ■'' '" ■""'"«'^
cr,tF.^'''^°' """' '^■'■'"'*' ''■■'"'"' '" "J"'"' ««■
apertus, a, un,, pert. part, of aperio •
as adj., open, vn,ii,ileel,<l. l"-""-
mfPI?"^^^?' •'"■'-• ■■'^■i. ■'""". to call upon,
call iijion bji name, to call.
s,^^h,;^:;),^;\''^'' W>.Imnn, (of
aptus, a, uni, a.lj.,_/,7, ..uifable.
npud, prep. «. iicc, at, in, amomi
rvilli, near, at the hoimc o/. ""«mn,
aqua, ao, f,, water.
II
aquila, ae, f., „„ eaole. Th. eanle
thr pr.neirnl standard'' of a iZn
'•ywn, carried on (l,e top .'.f a staff ori
.-mall.v of silver, later of 'fro|,| ' °"'
aquilifer, Ori, „1., ..,„te bearer the
'//<>'/• who carr;ed the chief xtandanl„f
homan l,',,ion. ("The ea-le.l,e,-,r'r 'va'
'/"|/'./'V;, chos,.,, I..V ilR.cen.lu.i„n.s am m"
t e hardiest an.l bravest soldiers, Ju\\Z
-'.".shed h.v a l,earski,, whi,.h eove e I
u'^lpoitT' '"" '''""''''-'•■^•" •"""' ^nd
^^ arbiter, tri, m., . „.7..,,,,
arbitrium, ii, n., a derision in,i„
»irnt. [i^rhUcr, an nmpirc.] ' ^ "'
'W^^'TVl'tljr.]'"'' '" -"'"'"•' '^'"*'
arbor, oris, f., a tree.
ardeo, ere, arsi, arsnm, to be on flrp
■; I'urn : Gallia ardet, i/ ZiZ'
burniw^ with nriilh. "jiu-iiu-,
argentum, i, n., siircr.
arg-illa, ae, f., clai).
o,™^' '""■'""' "• •'''"■■• "'■'"''' «'«";'"».«
armatus, a, nm, part, armo : a>,adi
armed, n'earinu annj<.
,„.y"°' '"■''' •■*''• '■^"""' '" fi'rntKh with
weaponn, arm, ei/nip.
arripio, ore, ripni, reptum, to wo
snatch -■/;. [.ad, rapio.| '
ars, tis, f., art, handicraft, xkill.
articulus. i, m.. dim, of artus „
joint of un arnmal body.
, aftificium, Ii, n^, .killed labour
hamlieiiift, a trade. «■"""/,
to a,mb, mount up, ascend, (ad, s(!;indo. i
ascensus, us, m.,affoin;f np,aitcpnt.
asper, era, Orum, ,adj., romjh ■ oppu"
at, con ' III, jiet.
atqiie ..ij., ami, and aloo ■ with
words meamn- dilference, than.
attingo, Ore, tl-i, taclnm, to reach,
101 wit.
fii, ulum, to add to.
sol-
attnbuo. Ore,
axxijn, fiire.
auctor, oris, m., an ad riser.
auctoritas, a tis, f. inilaem
dom iraiislaled anlhorif,/. '
audacia, a. . f., boldncix, dariiuj.
audaciter, aflv., holdbi ■ nudaoiu»
andaeissime. [audax. |
audeo, ere, aiisiis sum, semi dcii to
dare. ' '■
136
VOCABULARY
iifl '
audio, ire, Ivi, ituni, to hear, to
hfdiki'u until, iiliej).
augSo, CIO, auxi, auctuiii, til i-nlari/i;
incrmne.
auiis, is, f., an car.
aut, (•otij.,or: aiif. aiit, I'itlier. .or.
autem. conj., intrnilucinjr athou^rlit,
I'itlii'r ciil/ii'i'ly oi>i)o.swl to the previous
train of tliou(,'ht or sitniily ditrefciit ; (1)
liiit,()l) iiiiirciirrr. /lOH' (transitional).
auxilium, ii, n., aid, help.
averto, ere, ti, sum, to turn (any-
thing) away.
B.
bftltetis, \. m., a .<iword-belt.
barbiirus, i. m., a foreu/uer, //«■-
liariim. IfJiip^opos.]
belHcus, a, ntn, adj., used /or war,
warlih:.
bellum, i, n., war.
bAne, adv., well.
ben6 f icium, a Hndms», favor.
[benc-fiw'io. I
bfine-volentia, at», f., (jfr [ ; i ',
frieminliip, ki udiieas. [liciie, volo.)
bidiium, i. n., a space of two dr m.
(I)Ih, (Wvh. 1
bipertito, adv., in two divisioiii^.
bl.4, inim. adv., twice.
bonus, a, uni, adj., ijood; a.s subst.,
bona, oruiii, n. |>lur., wealth, ijouds, pro-
jiertji.
boniun, i. n., pro/it, good, advantage.
bds, bOvis, conim., an ox.
brSvis, e, arlj., short, lir>'cf.
bruma, ae, f., winter; the winter
HuUlice, Ibrcvis.J
C&do, ere, cCeldi, easxiin, to fall ; to
fall (i.e. he killed) in battle.
caedes, is, f., a cutting dmvn,
nluiKjhtcr. [oaedo.]
caelestls. e, adj., liplon;jiug to the
thi, hcnrinly: a»m\h-<t., adeity.
caerixltius, a, uiu, adj., I>lne.
CftlAm'tas, fitis, f., mishap, disaster.
Ch\d, onis, m., camp-follower.
Cftper, pri, m., a he-gout, ijoat.
Capillus, i, tii., hair, h:ck of hair.
C&pio, Sre, c!Opi, captuin, to take,
make (in the nautical sense of reuch).
caprua, ae, f., a wild »he-o<jat.
captivus, a, iini, a<lj., taken prisoner'.
as sulwl., captivviti, i, ni., a primner of
war, cuptirc. [eapin. |
captus, p. part, of capio ; capta,
ortiin, n, ]il. subst., fUnnder.
C&put, Itis, n., tlie head.
careo, fire, Oi, Itum, to be without ,
iiovH. alil.
care, earn is, f., jte.'<h.
carus, a, \m<, adj., dear, valued.
casa, ae, f., a hnt.
Cas6us, i. in., chi'cse.
castrum, i. ii., a fort; more usual in
plur., castra, ormn, n., a cuwp.
casns, US, m., accident, chance, event.
[cade]
C&tena, ae, f., a chnin.
causa, ae, f., a reason, causa, abl.
sing, with gen., for the sake of, on ac-
count of.
caute. adv., catit}imsly. [cavco.]
caveo, ere, cavi, uautum, to take cure;
■n oTiC's gxuird.
rr», Cre, cessi, cessum, (of troops) <o
(^.'' • , fall back.
Cf'fritas, atis, f., quickness, speed,
itir-i ■ 'ss. [eeler.]
censeo, ere, oeiisfli, ceiisuni, to be of
opinion, to think.
centum, a hundred.
centurio, onis, m., a captuin of a
hundred men, a centurion.
Cerno, ore, crevi, erotum, to distin-
guish by the senses, to see, perceive.
certamen, !nis, n., a contest, rivalry.
certe, adv., certainly, sureh/ : cer-
tius (cojrnoscere) more exactly', more in
detail.
certus, a, nm, adj., assured, ri.rcd,
settled : (aliquem) certiorem facere,
to iiitnrm, let anyone know ; in pass.,
certior fieri, to' lie informed.
cervus, i, m., a stag, deer.
cespes, itis, m., a cut sod or turf.
ceterus, a, inn, adj., theregt; usually
in plur., the /•<>.«/, the others.
cibaria, oruin, n. plm-., provisionB.
Cibus, i, m., food.
cin go, ere, xi, ctuni, to surround, en-
compa.ys,
circiter, prej). gov. ace. and adv.,
■ :'ooi!f , m-iotiy of nuniiiiirti ui' (luie.
CircuitUS, part. V. circmneo.
circuitus, us, m., a going round,
compass, [circum, eoj.
VOCABULARY.
circum-do d/iii. <i,'„n i-.
9athvr arumut ' """''' "'■"'""/.
U7
roynd, ."traiH^- '°'"'' ^^'''^•)' '" ■^"'•-
cu^lf^,r^«°*^«. ='. -". I-. pan. cir.
Citra, I"-q>. Nv.aco.. „„,/,;,,;,/, „^
clamor, oris, ,„., a ./,«»«. «/,.««,:„„
coegi, V. e()j,'o.
c6-eo. Ire, ivi or Ti tfm„ /„
f„'ther, meet, as.rZle' "' *" ''^"^ '«■
coepi, isse, V. rk.foct., <„/;«//„.
Cog-ito, fire, avi, atmn //. .^ •,
cog-natio, oiiis, f., kimlmi
cognitus, a, um, ,,. part. ,.ofr„o3co
^ cohors, ti., f.. a e,,,...;] ^ „j. ^
coierirn, v. eoeo.
COlIectus, a, „,„, part, collide
Ic'jfo.] ' '" •'"'. acquire. foo„.
COllis, i.,, ,„., „/„7/
A^"^^^°' '^••^' -i. -turn, «0 pr.n.e
colloco, are, avi, at„m,M, ,,„,;„„
CO S'""^'"--'^-- '-''''>'--
/"'W.M°^ry^;;'.,-- '«-^"^ to eonfer;
tnV!;^^r'"'^'"'°''''''"'''ocunira,e;
COioi, oris, m.,cn/,„n-
comes, itis,, „.,„,, „,^,„,,.,^
".^"'. '•'■'"■o.v. [.win, men. •/ •"""'"''" '•'"■"■
com-memorn -i.-,, , ■
conXr'^'' "'"• '■"-' "> '-an...
an.vba.lorMMworthva;.u;;;,) '"""'^'■•''l'-
commode, adv. .{,,. '-, ■
'■"-'"''//, .,/,.„,,„,,„;,„;;^^;J-me, e.r,,
/>/•o/(^ "<-'"j, 1, n, ailm,ita;/e,
com-moror, ari,a.„s,^.,w„„ '
communioo irp iv,- -. '■
[coniMmnis.j ^ ''' '"'.voiie), ^, o,„,,„/,.
^^com-munls, e, adj.. ,o,„,„,„„^ ^,,^,
^^commutatIo,r.„i, ,,,,,,,,,,,. „,^^^_
comparo, v. conparo
com-pello, V. oomn.iin
' "■" ' "Kill,
^,^Com-pleo.er<.,evi,.Hu,n,<. /,V^,,,,„^
compliu-es, v. . oM,,i„r.s.
138
VOCABULARY
i
com-porto, .iro, \w\, ritum, to carrii
(iii/rJIicr, rolifct.
com-prohendo, oru, <li, sum, to
mteli or scui: tiold of.
COm-probo, arc, avi, fitiim, to con-
firm, eitalilLsh, make (/dihI.
concedo, ore, cessi, cessuiii, yiclil'
;/raiit.
concerto, are, avi, atuin, to contt'iul.
COn-cIdO, Ore, cidi. to fall toi/,-thc)\
to Jail down.
GonciliO, .'ire, avi, atum, to reconcile.
concilium, ii, u., anasnonblif, inect-
in;/, council.
concito, are, avi, .".turn, freq., to
row-v up, .ttir up, excite, [t'on, cieo. ]
COn-clamo, i"re, avi, atum, to call or
cry out toijcllier, io xliotit.
concurro, ore, curri, cursuni, to run
together, jiock.
COn-CUl'SO, are, avi, atum, freq., to
run to and fro, runh about.
concursus, fis, m., a rvnnimj or
Jloclcinij toijcllier, a concoximc, colllxion.
condicio, onis, f., a nondition (of a
liarfjain), tcnua; condition (— state, cir-
cuHiKtances.)
con-duco, ere, xi, ctuni, to lead, or
6n»t.f/ together ; to hire.
confectus, v. couticio.
C^n-ferciO, ire, no, perf., fertum, to
cram, stuff or press close together.
[farcio.]
COn-fertU3, a, um, part, coiifercio ;
adj., dense, close-packed, crowded.
con-fero, -ferre, coiitflli, collatum, to
bring or gather together.
con-festim, adv., forthwith.
con-ficlo. Ore, fOoi, feetuiu, to /inish,
acconijilixh , perform ; to iccar out (with
wouikIs), e.rhnust.
con fid o, Ore, ftsus sum, to believe^
trust, nil/ on.
confinis, e, adj., bordering on, ad-
joining.
con-f inium, li, n., limit, border, (of
land») ; district.
con-flrmo, are, avi, atum, to make
firm, encourage ; 'i. to assert, protest or
pledge oneself to (a tliini;.)
con-fiteor, Cri, fessua, to acknow-
U'dge, co)ifess.
Con-flagTO, are, avi, atum, to burn,
be coitsiinied.
con-flictatvis, a, um, part, eonflicto,
harassed, distressed.
con-fligo, Ore, llixi, llicliiiii, to clash
with, dash tog-ther, engage with,
conftiglo. Ore, fiiK'i, to fee fu^- refuge.
con gredior, i, t^res-sus, s\nii, to meet,
to engage injighi : coni,'rO<li cniii, to make
coniiiiott cause with.
con-icio. Ore, ieci, iectiuu, to east,
jling, hurt.
con-iunctim adv., jointly, in com-
mon,
coniungo, ere, nxi, ctum, to join,
unite.
con-iuratio, onis, f., a con-ipiraeii.
[coii-iuro.]
con-laudo, v. eol-laudo.
con-loco, V. col-loco.
con-loquium, v. col-»- (luiura.
con-loquor, v. col-loo. 'or.
Conor, ari, atus, to atieinpt, try.
con-paro, (com), .ire, avi, atum, tc
get ready, prepare, procure ; 2. to pul
togettier for comparison, to comiiure.
con-pello, (com), iiolloi ', pnli, i)ul-
sum, to drive together, gather.
con-plures, (com), a .and ia, ,adj. or
subst., .wveral, very many.
COnquirO, ore, (jiUsivi, (luisitum, ("
search out, seek after. Icon-iuaero.)
Con-SCondo, Ore, udi, nsuiii, to climb,
mount, go on board.
c^n-scientia, .ae, f., consciousness.
con-scribo. Ore, psi, ptum, to write ;
to enlist, enrol.
consecratus, a, um, ))art. consecro.
con-secro, are, ,avi, atum, to make
sacred, consecrate.
con-sector, ari, .Itus, sum, to chase,
pursue.
con-.sedi, pf. of consTdo.
con-sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum, to
agree, make common cause.
con-sea Mor, sOqui, secutug, to follow
up, follow.
con-sido, oie, seai, sessum, to take
cost, pitch a camp.
consilium, ii, n., plan, counsel;
gouncil of war.
Con-simiii9, e, adj., r-ry like.
con ai.qt.o. ere, stlti. sllluiu, /o plnrA
oneself, stand ; 2. to •onsisl in or o/.
con rtolor, ari, atus, sum, to cheer,
eomjorl.
conspectus, us, m., sight, view.
t
t
«I
■I J
VOCAIJUI.AHV.
^-wIa"^??,.^:,;"-'- «P-tum. to
con-stituo, ore, fii, ri(„,„ „„.1 „ -,.
«(•<;)<s/o,;u.,/, <o be wont ' '" '"'
[c;5;°SJ''^°' '"'^' '•' --'-". -"^«.
*rf°vUh -kV '7' ,'"• '*"'"• '" "^'^" '•"""-
.uk.T^"^'°' '"'''■• "'*«"«''"'«»%. [con-
tfl/K' ?/^, IMC t,p, cunmme, waste, .ipend.
consumptus. V. conaumo
«vvf;,/*'^^,!:^'"' ^'•^- ^-- St""'. '" line
'.'^"*S.S/- '' "'"^^^'"'- -"■
contemno, ore, tempsi, tempt im.
t» fh-xin^r, hold cheap. Lriipuiii.,
contentio, onis, f., conteH, nimln/
cUbo adj., iiiibrukcii, ciinti/moiiK.
con-tineo, ere, Oi, te.itum, ^. *,.,.,;
S^. lei.o;r'"=("^«'--) '"-""«-
contra, iue|i. «■. ace. aiKi a.iv
ai/aiiixt ; ui «piiiiMlliiii, ill replji.
.'/ether, (Iniir in, lexnen.
l:vj
,'/'
contumelia, ao, f., affiont, imnli ■
c. verhoiuni, uisnlliw, iam/vwie. soolh'
taunt... bloic (^injury, disaster) ^''
t '"«, I er.inr .„/, ■,,„„//, > '
^^con-verto, ore, ti, «u,,., to tun,.
coorior, iri, ortus, t„ ,„•,>
cor, 'onlis, I,., </je/j,;f,rt.
coram, iuh. aiKl nren VI- -LI • -I
COrnu, MS, „., a Iwrn.
corpus. Oris, n., a bod,/.
^ Corns ventus, ,n„ th. a.ith.we„
COtidlfinus, a, 111,,, aflj., daily.
cotidie, ,1(1 v., daily.
cratis, is, f., wickei:u.,„.k, hurdle
creber, Mu, ,„„, a.lj.,/m/„™^
credo, ^n:>M\.a\Uu», to believe
crerno, .ii-e, avi, atim,, ^, '„n-«,.
^^cruciatiis, us, „,., /„,.a,,,. j^,,,^;^
CniS, firis, II.,,. Ay.
culpa, ae, f., fault.
cum, |ii(.|i. w. ubl., iC(7^.
cum, roiij., „'hen, KiHCe.
caneus, i. Ml, a wedqe; aioedne-for
tiHihim, niilidvr.v term. "'eaye/or-
Cllplde, Ins, issinie, a<h., eiiyerl,,.
Clipldltas, atis, f., crrtoiisiie^s de-
xn;:,,i;r,t. [.•upi.liis, ciipiu.)
.ClipIdUB, a, 111,,, ,ulj., ,,,,,„, ,;j^ .
KU-niiHi.J. lenpio.l ' ■" ,Jr,ae-
Cllp'fo, Ore, Ivi or li, TtiiMi, )„ wig/i ■
mm ,wr.,tobe leell indiued /„' L^^co
ciir, adv., ((•////,
C^ro, uh-.-ni, .iiuiii, /„ care for: w
CursUH, us. III., ,(/»;w. leurro.J
CUatodia, ae, f., „,„„„•,/, ,,:atch.
140
VOCABUI.AKY.
D.
damnatUS, a, inn, part, (iaiiiiio, coJt-
(li'iniie.tl ; a-s siibst., damnati, Oram, in.,
coiicictn, erbn inah.
damnum, i, ii., hurt, injury, long.
de, pi(|>. w. alil., from, dow-n frmit;
'unit, cunceniiitij.
deb6o, ere, fli, Itum, to owe.
de-cedo, ore, ccssi, cessuni, to go
! iray, depart ,
de-cerno, Ore, crevi, crctum, to de-
: U',Hfttle.
d6cimus, a, una, ord. num, adj.,
■nth.
decretum, i, n. See decerno.
decumanus, in the phrase ilecumdna
itiria, the rear ar Main i-iitramr of a
lioman camp, placed farthest from the
enemy, opposite lo the porta prai'turia,
and nameiJ from the fact that tl^e 10th
cohort encamped near it.
deditio, unis, f.,a nurrendrr.
de-do, -dere, -dldi, -dltuni, to deliver
:>v ijive up, to derute.
de-duco, ire, duxi, ductum, to lead
away, withdraw (trooji») ; (of ships), to
brituj down, launch.
deductUS. V. deduco.
defatigatus, part, of defatTgo, wear-
ied out, exliaunted.
defectio, onis, f., rebellion, revolt.
[deiioio.)
de-fendO) fire, di, sum, to repel, ward
of.
defensor, oris, m., a defender.
de-fero, ferre, tnli, latum, to an-
nounce, rept . t ; to bear down, carry
dtwn, bring.
de-ficio, ere, foci, footuui, to remit;
to fail, lie wanting.
de-figo, Ore, xi, xuni, to fa.'<ten or
Jix down or in.
defugio, ere, fugi, to jlee frmn,
avoid, nhun.
deinceps.
delectus, a, um, part deioio.
de-ioio, ore, iOci, ieetuui, to cant or
throw down ; to dinappaint.
de-latus. See defero.
del6o, Ore, evi, Ctum, to deitmy.
de-ligo, are, avi, atum, to hind up,
bind faxt. (lino, " to bind."]
dellgo, ore, legi, leutum, to elinoae
llei^'O, "< hoosc. "J
demigro, are,
I'luin tlui Jight,
Mi, atum, to retire
de-mitto. Ore, niisi, missuni, to acnd
or let down ; se, to dencend.
demo, Ore, dempsi, demptum, to take
off, reitiore.
de-monstro, are, avi, atum, to »how,
point iiut.
demum, adv., at last.
deni, ae, a, dis. adj., ten apiece, ten.
de-nvmtio, are, avi, atum, to declare.
depello. Ore, pitli, pulsuni, to drive
away, remove.
de-perdo, 6re, dldi, ditum, to lose,
lose utterly.
de-pereo, ire, perii, to perish utterly.
depono, ere, V)Osai, pOsltum, to
lay down.
depopulor, ari, atus aum, to ravage,
lay waste.
deprecator, oris, m., an intercessor.
deprecor, riri, atus sum, to avert by
entreaty, beg off.
de-prehendo, ere, di, sum, to catch,
seize upon.
derogo, are, avi, atum, to take away
withdraw.
descendo, ere, scendi, scensum, to
descend.
de-aero, ere, rfii, rtum, to abandon,
forsake.
desertor, oris, m., a runaway, de-
serter. [cU'scro.]
desertus, a, um, part, desero, de-
serted; mI\,., (of v\M:Kit) solitary, waste.
desidero, are, avi, .itnni, to wish.
desidia, ae, f., idleness, sloth.
desUio, Ire, sllf.i, sulfutn, to leap
down.
desisto, ere, stiti, stitum, to cease
fro in.
d'''spero, 5re, avi, atum, and a., to
rfc.v. . v.
despicio, ere, spexi, spectum, to de-
spise, look down upon.
de-sum, esse, fni, to be wantimj,
fail.
de-terreo, ore, terrfii, terrltum, to
frighten thoroughly, deter.
deterritUS. See. (kteii-eo.
detestor, ari, atus, sum, to curse,
call down enrses u/on.
detraho, Cre, xi, ctum, to withdraw
fl.OII.
detnmentum, i, n., damage, loss'
["a ruliliinu' nlf," dc, lero.J
deus, i, m., a deity, a god.
VOCABULARY
141
de-veho, Cre, xi, ctuin, to carry
iluwn, convey. "^.'ly
devoco, are, avi, atuni, to rati (limn.
<Z«w1e^°^^°' "^' "^*''' '■°''"'"> '" '■'""•
dexter, dextm, dextrum, adj., on the
njhthand nde, ri'jht.
liiem, «0 yw, /wj/i/: ,( day.
^^ dico, are, avi, atum, t devote, give
dictum, i, n, word, command.
^^ dies, ei, m. (sometimes . in Bin^-.), a
diff>r^'^^°' ^*^"""' ''''*'*^' '!"''*"'". to
difficilis, e, adj., difficult.
difflcultas, .".Dis, f., dij/icv.lty.
de^ai^o^' "■'• ^^*' '"'"• '" "'■*"•«*«•
dif-fundo, fire, fadl, fiiaum, to spread
dignitas, atis, f., dignity.
di-iudiico, are, avi, atum, to decide,
determine.
dilectus, a, um, part, diligo.
diligenter, -ius, -issime, adv., atten-
tively, carefully. '
diligentia, ae, f., carefulness.
diligp, Ore, lexi, lectum, to esteem
highly, to love.
dimico, are, avi, atum, to fl<jht.
Himif^n^/'^V "a '^- ""'.'.J- ''«'/; dimi-
amin, n., the half, [medius.]
dimitto, ere. mlsi, niissuni, to send
out in oanous directions ; to fureao let
slip, relinquish, abandon.
ad?!S;^ *•"'"• P"-"'- ^^.Kojako
dirigo, 6re, rexi, rectum, to form into
a straight line ; draw up troops in battle
array.
dis-cedo, ere, oessi, cesssum, to no
away, depart. ^
discessus, us, m., departure.
disciplina, ae, t, training, discip-
clispersus, a, um, p. part,, used as
adj., scattered [dis|>LT«o. '
to
disco, discere, didloi, to learn Iru
gtudy. "
discrunen, ini.s, n,. ri^k, daiinr.r-
dtjjerence. •' '
dispar, paris, adj., unequal.
dia-pono, ere, posui, positum, a.
kct in different places, t„ station.
1,5^'*?,?'"'"°' ''?''*• ^■''^rgtiing.disput-
in<i , an uiguincnt.
„«?J®;P^.*°,! i'^''' "'■'• ''^"">' '0 inveati-
gate, treat oj, dismiss.
^^^jssensio, dnis, f., disagreement, din-
dis-sentio, ire, si, sum, to differ in
opinion, disagree. ■"
dissipatus, a, um, part, dissipo.
scat'^'f^^^' ■'"''' ^''''' "'"'"• '" '^'"ix-r^e,
tAng!'"' """'"^- ^*^^- ■^'^ » '""^
diutmus, a, nm, axij., endurim for a
long time, lasting, >„ng. ■'
. dJversus, a, um, part, diverto ; adi
in dijerent directions, apart, remote.
di-vido, 6re, visi, visuui, to divide
separate. "-tvuie,
diviiius, a, um, diijine.
do, il.ii' . dOdi, datum, to c/ive.
domesticus, a, um, adj., domestic-
bellum domesticum, iite^v!!^^
domicilium, i, n., dwelling.
domlnus, i, m., master, lord, owner.
domus, us, t, house, hoiie; domi
loo. case, at home. u'Jmi,
dos, Otis, f., down/, marriage portion.
(a«e"^^*°' '"'''' '^^'' ^'"'"' '" ''"'**'• *«*'*■
dllbius, a, um, adj., donhtful.
^.^^'it)iuin, i, n., assubst., uncertaiiUj/,
^.^^pcenti, ae, a, adj., plur., two hun-
duco, Cre, xi, ctum, to lead : to hold
consider. ' ""«*»
dum. '.'0!ij.. i.-kilit, until
duo, ae, o, c^rd. imm. lulj., tuw.
duodeeim, adj., iwe/ve.
142
VoCAHIir-AllY.
uuplico, are, iivi, aiurn, lii\l,i,it,li!.
duritia, at>, f., hanliiiss, iKiidiifxn of
lij'r.
duro, are, iivi, atum, la .'idrdcn, iiiakr
lianly.
durus, a, urn, adj., Ininl.
dux, (liu'is, 111. and f., a leadii.
6a, (.w. jiarte nr vi.'i), adv., on that xiilr,
bi) that wit 11, then: |is.|
edisco, I're, (lidlci, to team oil' hi/
heart.
e-duco, fre, xi, etiim, to Inid ho-lh,
drar.' nut.
ef-fero, ferre, ext.fili, Olruiini, In linini
out ; to .'<i't J'liith, inililinh ; in |)ii.ss., to lie
pujf'cil K/i, clalvtl, in.sp!i-ilril.
ef-ficio, fre, fOci, feetuin, tolirini lo
pass, acc(iiii/ili.ih, I'll'i'ct, jiri:ilii<v.
ef-fugiO, ere, ffifji, to encape. '
6geo, Ore, ai, to lack, tiecil, he in want
o.f.
egestas, atis, f., nfedhiesn, extreme
porerhi,
e-gredior, i, ifressus, to come or 70
out.
e-grggius, a, uni, adj., dintiioinisheil,
remarkahli-. [e, yrege, i.e. oiil o/ the
(coinnioii) //('(•(/.]
egre.ssus, a, uni, part, e^'redlor.
egressus, fis, m., i)oin(j out, the way
Otit, dejKirl'iire.
eicio, ire, iooi, iectuni, to turn out,
ea,'<t <inl, ccv/ up.
eius-modi, of that kind, of mch a
kind, [is, modus ]
e-labor, i, elapsus, lo slip away,
escape,
elapSLlS, a, mil, jiarl. elabor.
elephantus, i, and olcphas, antis, ni.,
an eb'nhiiiit.
elicio. ire, ireili and lexi, IIcKiini, to
entice or draw oiit.
e-mitto. Ore, mlsi, missmn, to send out,
enim, eonj. for.
e-nuntio, fire, avi, atum, In tllscloge,
tell. I
eo, adv., 1. iin old dat. or ace , Ihither.
to that I laer ; i>. alil. of is msimI ,is ;idv. ii'i ^
phrase: eo quod, f>r th, re.mn thnt ;
3. abl. used as :!dv. of dej^ree, the, Ini
thot niiieh.
eo, ire, ivi or ii, ituni, r,i ,io.
eodein. adv., to th, some plan-.
epistola, ae, f., a letter.
opulae, ."iriim, f. (irrej,'. plur of epu-
Inni), hiiiiijKeli.; fra.tts.
equga, His, m., a hio-semun, rider ; 11
(lioiiKin) kni:iht; lu plur., eipiiles, cav-
u'ry used :,lso of the " Kniijhts" of
«Jaul. [e(|inis. I
§que8ter, tri.s, ire, adj., bclomiinntt
cava I r I/, earalrii-.
fiquitatus, us. 111., cavalri/.
6quu8, i, in., a horse.
ereptua, v. eriiiio.
e-rigo. Ore, rexi, rectum, to raise, or
set Up.
Hripio, fre, ripfil, reptnm. to snatch
aieai/ ; with se, to escape, jlec.
erro, are, avi, atum, to st ran, wander;
lo wander J com the truth, be mistaken.
eniptTo, r.iiis, f., a breakimi out; (of
troops) a sally.
esSfida, ae, f., war-chariot.
e.s.-^odarlus, i, m., charioteer, chariot
Warrior.
et, coiij., and, also; et .et, both ..ami .
StiP.ra, eonj., also, even, .furthermore.
etiamsi, eonj., even if, allhoai/h.
etal, eonj., although.
evontUS, us, m., iss-ue, eouseiiuence
result. |e-veiiio.] '
evoco, are, fivi, alum, to call out,
stnumon.
ex, prep., w. abl., o'(^<;/; ox consuetu-
dme, accord I ai to custom.
exactuB, V. exif,'o.
examino, are, avi, atum, to wiiah in
the balance, e.ramlne, test. fexamen,
the bmgue of I he balance]
exiinimatus, a, um, par*^ exatiimo.
exanTmo, are, avi, at um, to kill, fex,
aiimia, breath).
exai'desco, ere, arsi, arsuin, to hurst
mid a bla:e, take fire.
ex-audio, ire, ivi, itum, hear
autincthi.
ex-cedo, ere, cesai, cessum, to go
forth or out ; to go out from ; leave.
ex-cello. Ore, cellai, celsum, to be
emiueul, excel.
ex-celaus, a, um, j.f. part, of excello;
imIj . tall, loflji.
exceptus, a, nm, pf. part, of excipio.
ex-cipio, ere, (■.•pi, oeiitum, to catch,
Irtl' . rupture: lake in lurii, r.'/fVrv (of
Heiiliiicls, etc.).
exciito, are, fivi, atum. to rai.'<e, eiecl,
livild ; III arouse, incitt.
sion.
raise
VOCABULARY.
143
en
exiguus, a. »m,:v\l,.vrutll.
yb^?1^;/'"' ^""' ^""■"'- '» -«"
[e)ft^j'^^' '""• '"•• "" ''■'"'' "«'. result.
expecto, \ . exspecto. j
ex-perior, iri, [.eriiis, <o 6-»/.
explorator, r.iis, m., a ;(,y,)/^ k/,,,
ox iloratus, pf. jiart. of exploro
ascTtani.:! for certain; pro eXDlo?'
«X-ploro. are. uvi, fituin, t,i search
wit, reiiiiiiiiiUri: "i-urcn
ex-ponoore. jx-isui, poaituDi, v. tran».
to lau,l . rroopM, to set on xhorc O.autical).'
expodltua. See expoiio.
expug-natio, CnhJ., attack, axsault.
expulsus, a, um, part expello
exsto(exto), are, no perf. or sui) tn
stm,>,l JO, ill; ,-arnd ,mt, project ahooe':
teH^^ffi.'^r;,,^ -'■>- o/ ex.
ex-uo, C-re, ,',i, utuni, to despoil, strip.
F.
facllo, lulv., easibj.
mcilis, e, a<Ij., easn. [facio]
facmus.dris, „.,„„,-,„,, [,.,^i„j
tacio.Cre feci, factum, to do makn ■
111 lein i>i 1.1^ i_ ■ ',. 'i",iiiaKe .
attt
ex-crucio, are, avi, atum, to torture
^''^O. Ire, U, Hmn, to f,o forth or out
^-rS^^^^x:^;^;,^---^-""/-
erf^f'^''"^' '"'' ">■• «" «-".v. [ex.
«.l'^'^"' f ''• <^'"'' a'''"'". to brim, to an ,f^<^^0, Ctc, foci, fi
"iSt". i Szr «"- " .v™;« -i
factio, onis, f., rt yW6'/),„i, p„rt,,
factUS, a, mil, part. flo.
facultas, atis, f., n,mns, opportunity
fagUS, I, f., a h-rch-trre.
falsus, ,1. ,.,„, part, fallo ; adj., fal,e.
^&mes,h,f.,hii,u,er, famine.
.p/'^^.ilifti'is, e, ailj. ; u.su as m.i,«f
fii^f!^^'^^^- '''''• '■'''^"^'^ci,, close
fatum, i, n.,fate.
felicitaa, ntis, f., sucoess.
femina, ae, f., a teomnn.
femur, 6ris or inis, „., a thigh.
fera, ae, f., a wild animal.
fere, adv., almo.'it, nearly.
f§ro, ferre. tali, latum, to bear brin,, ■
to bear, endure; to assert, say ' '
ferramentum, i, n., an iron tool.
ferreus, a, um. aiii m^.i., ,f ■
[ferrum.J "' ^^3; imdc of iron.
ferrum, i, n., iron.
fertilis e, ^'ij; fertile, fniit/ul.
exsfcrnctuj»,
ex-striio. ire.
raise, rear.
a. um. p.art. ex=trun
vi, etum, t„ hoi.',i
fer
IS, a. um. .1(11,. mn,i . fx~„
»iili,s(., iriifl beas-t
ac, f.
"?',
extra.
of.
prep. «. aoc, beyond.
mad
fervdfaotu
unhide
-S. a, um
red hot. Iferveo, f,-
ferveo,
C're, I
ventes glandes
>ni. (11 //,
part., heated
io|.
•!.-!llow: fer
■ulktis.
!44
VOCAUULAKY.
fides, 61, f, laith, cotijidence ; /aith,
iisxurance, wnril o/ honor.
figtira., ae, f.,J'onn, shape.
flliuu, li, ui., a ton.
fingro, Cre, flnxi, flotum, tojunn, devine,
frame.
finio, ire, ivi or li, Itum, to end; to
ili'termine or fix the lirnitu of; to dencribe
he extent of. [flnU.]
finis, is, m., a boundary, border,
liiiit; fines, plur., territory.
finitimus, a, um, adj., bordrrinit,
"(Ijiiininij, nei(jhlniriiif/ ; plur. subst.,
flhitimi, oruiii, m., nciijhborx.
fio, fieri, factus, v. irri!(f. (pass, of fa-
eio), to be made, become, take place.
firmo, ire, avi, atum, to make struiuj,
secure.
flrmus, a, um, adj., strong, powerfiU.
fiamma, ae, t., blaze, /lame.
fiecto, ere, xi, xura, to bend, curve.
flo, flare, flavi, flatuni *'< blow.
flumen, Inis, n., a r.i.i!.,
foedus, cris, n., a w.t<.,0!'T''.. treaty.
forma, ae, f., shtt:.-
forte, adv., i>ir •,';.'! /ici;, 7\yi adventure.
fortis, e, adj., bra...
fortiter, -tius, -tissim^, vAv., bravely.
fortiina, ae. f., fortune: in plur.,
otssenidorui, propi ty.
fortunatus, a. um, adj., successful,
•wealthy.
fossa, ae, f, a ditch, trench, [fodic]
fovea, ae, f , a pit, pitfall (for catchinsj
w ild animals).
firater, tris, m., a brother.
fi'Smitus, us, m., din, rurise.
fi-etus, a, urn, adj., relying ui'on(gov-
erne abl.).
frigus, Oris, n., cold.
firons, tis, f., the forehead.
ftuctus, us, m., produce, fruit: of
money, interest.
finiinentarius, a, um, adj., f)ertain-
iiig to corn; res frumentaria, coi-n
supply.
fi-umentatlo, onis, f., foraging;
iMainini/ corn.
Irumentor, ari, atus sum, to forage.
frumentum, i, n., com, grain.
fiiga, ae, f., fli;iht, rout, running
away.
fuglo, 6re, fiigi, fii),'itum, to flee.
fumus, i« m>i *moke.
funda, ae, f., a sling.
funis, is, in., a rope.
filnebris, c, adj. , perlaitiiwi to a fu
neral; fuiwraHtid].).
tVLTiua, Oris, •!., burial, funeral rite».
tartvun, i, u., theft, [fur.l
flisilis, e, adj. [fundo.] strictly j;i «I
ten, Ituul, liquid ; at, IJk. v, 43. fusllls
argpilla, softened clay.
Galllcus, a, uni, axij., Gaulish, Gallie,
grallina, ae, f., a hen. |;,m11u8.)
erener, Cri, m., a son-in-law.
gens, tis, f,, a clan, nation.
g6nu8, 6ris, n., a class, sort.
g6ro. Ore, Kt^ssi, ^estiiin, to curry on:
jrer. lielluiii, tn wage war: res jfestae,
ivhat has happened, e rents.
grl&dius, ii, m., a sword.
glans, dis, t, an acorn, an aenrn-
shaped in issile.
gratia, ae, f., faw»r; thanks, return,
requital.
gratulatlo, Onis, f., rejoicing, con-
gratulation.
Gfratus, a, um., adj., acceptable, agree-
able, //leasing.
gr&vis, e, adj., heavy, severe.
gravitas, atis, f., weight, authority,
gravity, importance, [jtravis. |
gr&Viter, -ius, issime, adv., heavily ;
deeply, severely : graviter ferre, to be
indignant at, take mniss.
gilbernator. Oris, m., a helmsman,
[(fuberno. )
gusto, Are, avi, atum, to taste, eat
h&bdo, Sre, fti, Itum, to have: to
deem, hold, consider: orationem or
contioriom habere, to deliver a speech or
harangue.
baud, adv., not.
hereditas, atis, f., heirship, ir^ieri-
tanee. [iieres ]
hiberna, orum, n., winter-quarters.
hie, haec, hoc, denioiistr., pron., this.
hiSmo, are, avi, atuni, to pass the
winter ; to pointer. [hiims.J
hiems. iH, f. , lointer,
bine, adv., hence.
homo, inis, ooinm, , a human being, a
man.
VOCAIilLARV
honor, Oris, m., hono,, Meem.
hora, ae, f., an hour
hortor, ari, ntus, <o t-^/K-rt, «,-ye.
bospes, His, m., ajtu-st.
hospitium, ii, n., Imsi'ltnlily ■ at P"
nostis, is, foiniii., an enemy
cidif h5','r;-; ';;""•" -''''"•«• Ai<A«r; ac-
ceait due, (u thui m iidUi'd
f^^^'^^^' ^'^' '•■ '»«'«««««. weak.
145
I iS'<f j7^° distinction is made between
/iS^Itt ''°'' "^'"'"> '^* '-'. '--A
Jactura, ae. f. (a throwing,), expeme,
^.^laculum. i, „., a c/a.«, ,a^;„,
iam, adv., now, already.
Ibi, adv. , in tfiat place, there, [is ]
idem, oadem, Mem. pron., the same
idcirco, adv., ./;,,• that rmsvn.
ignis, is. m.,y(ye.
illatus, V. inlatus.
llle, a, ud, pron. dem., that; h.; she, it
llllgatus, V. iiiliyatus.
illigo, V. inliffo.
lllustris, V. inlustris.
imitor, ari, atus sum, to imitate
immanls, e, adj., enormous, hmje
"-. ■" '-"-'' '""', ■<■' woxe. [Iiiriiiii,,.!
'mpamtus. a, un.. adj., unp.epareU
lUipedimentum. i,n., » hindranc ■
Plur impedinio.ita <,ru "/«"i, /
'jaue r n„) u, an army. • q < ^
^ impedio, ire, hi or ,1
ta>n,lr,h,nni.r,hin.leT. |,„, , j ""^-
Inipeditus, a, um, part, impedio.
^^impero. are, avi. atum. ?<. co,rt7na»d,
J^mpetro, are. avi, atum, to obtain a
^^Impetus. us. m., as%auU, attack, on-
.TO' {Ac -y,„/,>i, i,ne\s cotintru, or varenfji-
iin,,H,ii.y, wicked, [in-pius.f ^""^««<*.
«ySfr°' "■'■ '"'' ^*'""'- '" ««"■'-'«'.
. importo, are, avi, atum. to convey,
importatus, V. importo
l^''T!^l,r^i' ^^'■'''«^'^- P-rti^'-
n}^P^'°^^^^^'^' '• "- '/'"< whi,-h is un-
maprovisus, a, um, adj.. u^forencen.
ta'^F:^^^:^^,. -"«• -ij- —•«-/;.
impiiLsua, a, um, part., inipello
^jmpulsus, us, ,u., //..«,,„<,•,«. (im-
w<7/„-«. ' "•' '"• ""- "^'«". «»"o«^,
inanis, e, adj., empty, void.
.%,
^,
6
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146
VOOAUULARY.
li Jli
Incendium, fi, n., a jhv, camp-fire.
Incertus, a, mn, lulj., 'lauht/iil: iter
incLTtuiii, taken, at hazard or nl a ven-
ture.
incldo, C-re, cUli, casuin, to happen,
(H'cur. I in, oailo.]
Inclplo, ore, cOi>i, cei'tum, tn beijin.
in-c61o, cOlai, cultum, to inhabit,
dwell.
Inc6lumi8, e, wij., aaj'e, unhaniml.
incommode, atlv., disan'rutmly, un-
fortunately.
incommodum, 1, n., dimdvantaye,
dixOKter, niig/ortvne,
incredlbilis, e, adj. , not to be believed,
marvellouH. [in, credo.]
Incursio, onis, f., invasion, attack,
[incurro.]
inde, adv., from that place, ther^ce.
indicium, i, n., secret information.
In-dico, Cre, xi, ctum, to appoint,
proclaim.
indictus, v. indToo.
In-dignus, a, uni, adj., unworthy.
in-eo. Ire, Ivi, or 11, Ituiu, to yo into,
e.xter upon.
inermis, e, adj., unarmM. [in, anna.]
iniamia, ae, f., dixyrace, dishonor
infectus, a, uni, adj., unaccomplinhed.
[facio.]
inferior, us, comi). adj., lower, (in.
(onis, infra.]
Inffiro, -ferre, intfili, inlatnin or ilM-
tuui, to briny on or against: Ijclluin. to
make, to wage, earn/ on ayuinsl: vulniis,
to injiict : in i(fnenj, to throw (anythinjf)
into.
infestUS, a, um, a<lj., hostile.
in-ficio, f re, feci, fectinn, todye, stain.
infinitus, a, um, adj., endless, un-
liniiled. [in, finis.]
iri-ftrmus, a, um, adj., weak.
Inflecto, Ore, fle.\i, He.vum, to bend.
influo. Cre, (lu>i, fluxum, to flow into.
inf^a, prei>. w. ace, below, under.
IngrrSdlor, gressus, to advance, enter
on.
inimicitia, ae, f., enmity, hostilUy.
InlmiCUS, a, um, lulj., unfriendly;
Bvilist., inimiCUS, i, m , an enemy, foe.
(in, amicus.]
IniQUUS, a, um, adj., not level: locus,
ilixivlviiidayeous, unfavourable. [in,
ucquus.]
inltlum, li, n., a beginning, [in, eo.]
initus, a, U!U, part. ineo.
iniuria, ae, f., injury, wrvny, oppres-
sion, [iii-ius. j
in-iussu, m., (only in al)l.) loithout
the conunn)id.
Inlatua, (ill-), a, um, jwrt. infero.
inligatus, (ill-), a, um, part, inllgo.
In-ligro, (ill-), are, avi, atura, 1. v. a.,
to bind on, tie on.
inlustris, (ill-), e, a<lj., distiwiuished,
high (at social rank), [in, lustre]
in-nocens, ntis, adj., harmless, guilt-
less, innocent.
inpetro, v. impetro.
indpia, ae, f., want, lack, poverty.
iuquit, V. defect., says he.
in-rumpo, (irr-), Cre, rfipi, ruptum,
to break, burst, or nish in, or into.
insciens, entis, adj., not knowing,
ignorant.
insSquor, i, <iuritus or cfitus, to
follow up, pursue.
insidiae, arum, f., plur., an ambus-
cade, ambush, [insideo.]
insidior, ari, atus sum, to lay an
ambv^sh.
insisto, ere, stiti no sup., with in. and
ace, to devote oneself to; press fonvnrd.
instans, pres. part, of insto, pressing,
imminent.
instigo, are, avi, atum, to urge on,
incite.
Institlio, Ore, fii, fituni, to set up,
build: to fabricate, fashion, make: ser-
nioneni, to arrange, keep up.
institutum, i, ii., mode or manner of
life, custom, habits.
in-sto, stare, stIti, statum, to press
forward.
instructus. See instruo.
Instrumenttma, i, n., furniture.
[in-struo.]
instruo. Ore, struxi, structum, tn
draw up in array, fit out, e(juip.
insuetus, a, um., a(\j.,uniiccttstomed.
insAla, ae, f., an island.
Integer, gra, gram, adj., untotiched,
whole, new.
intellSgO, Ore, exi, ectum, to umler-
stand, jH-rceive: to be quite aware.
inter, prep. w. ace, between, among,
during.
irrter cedo, Ore, cessi, ce.smim, to
come between, intervene; to interfere,
occur, arise.
armless, ijuill-
turn, to press
('"'Iter, ca,,io I ""' "'«"■ '" '•«<«'•«'/,/.
int6r.So..-re,ri,,tum,«„rf,v,^„.,V,
^^Inter-flclo. 6re. feci, feccm, to kill.
^ninSf '[iruer' inr/oM "■'''"• , ?" '""
!„,.- i""'-r, ini (old lice, of is.)]
Mv,,-,/. ' ' " "' " • "''e"i '" pMae one,
,,/,nter.pre8. m., comm.. «« ,„,„.
.<>)<!^'K!?/°: ''^' ^*^"'. vent„,„, ,.
Intra, pr, ,,. w. aco., «rrt^i;,,.
/»/"'K°;..""''''^-'°'-"' ■'"'". to go
^, mtroltus, us, ,„., ..,.„„„, ,i„,^„^
VOCABULAKV.
l47
intOili, V. iiifero.
intus, adv., 0« the Urnde., within.
^.^invenio. ire, ve„i, ventun,, to disco,, r,
ln-v6t6rasco, rasoore, ravi i,w.,..>
to ijrrw „!,{, to l,eco,m-rxf^i!i,^j',^'!.^j\'
invitatvis, a, um, jialft. invito. ' "" "'
Invito, nru, avi, atu.n, ^, u„,,^,_ „,i,„.^
ipse, a, um, pr,»,,. .iemocstr., self-
'r'TLt''^''^^ '-'^'if; for en,„K.i..
jracunclia,ao.f., „„.,,„,,
./i'^W:'' ■"• '"•""• '''"'OMstr.. that; he,
item, arlv., also, Uketvise.
'''^-""ft'^^rSirr'^^'^''''-
iubeo, Ore iim^i ;,,
iudico, lire n.-i
, lumen turn, i i. i.„
''.■n.to/Ounlrn. (Uv^^Jf""^'' «"'"'«'.
luro. are, avi, at,,;;,, ,,; „„,„,
lUS, iiiris, n., ri,i/,f a .. , ,
whutoneisentilK.^-^U';^?^'''^'"-
inssus, a, un,, ,«irt. iulu^o
lustltla, ae, f,y,„^V,.^.
^^^lustus, a, um, a.lj., complete, rrgnlnr,
liiventrifa, otia f ^i|„ ,.
the „o„ih ,\ ' """''ctive noun,
mu^Z '"" '■""'''0 persons Of a co,n.
itivo, are, iQvi, iatum, to help.
L
tj.i"f,', /" i« diLiXed «'*".'/ /n„„ a
labor, .iris, 1,1., tow, taU.
. laboro, are, fn i .if„,„ ,„ , ,
'« <l<JI<cul,i,.s, to /J'harrrre:.^''' '" '"^
labrum,i.„..aiip;n„,,6rt,«.
lac, laotis, n., w)t//|;.
|aedo,_ore,|,aeHi,laesum,A«r^^•,.to,.
1^ laetatio, r,„i.s, f.. .«,v,„„-,„_ ,.,.„.^.^^^;
laetitla, ao, f., >«/„,„«,., r«>,-,,Vi.
lapls, i.lis, 111., a fctonc.
lapsus, a, „m, part, labor
148
VOCABULARY.
latis^iime, sup. adv. [latiis.i
latitudo, liiis, f., hrecdth, width.
Iliitua.]
latrocinium, li, n., rm'lmoti„<i, nil,,
hery, hujluraii-rohliern : in jilur., tVu'l,,,,,!-
uig ''xpeditioiis, jorayn. [latro(uiior,
lat.'o.
latus, eris, n., a side,
latus, a, um, .-ulj., ivide, broad.
laUB, laudia, f., praise, credit.
legatio, onis, f., ati C7nhn.--K)i. [lou'o,
to .lend with a cittnmigirlon. In (lrj,;ift'.\
lepratus, i, m., a licutriiant-i/eneial.
legrip, onis, f., a legion. |lCgo, to
choose.] "
l|g^"onariu8, a, um, adj., legionary
leni8,e, adj., gentle, alack.
lenius, a<lv., conip. of leiilter,' more
.tee.ldy.
16pus, oris, m.,a hare.
levis, o, adj., liijht (i.e. nut heavy;
honce, light-minded, J'nvoloun.
16vita8, atis, f., liijhtnesg. [luvis.]
leVO, are, avi, atuiii, to lighten, ease,
relieve.
lex, ICfjis, f., ft laiv.
libenter, adv., freely, willitigly,
gladli/.
libere, adv., freely.
liberl, orum, m., plur., children.
[liber, .tree.]
lib6ro, are, avi, atiim, to make or set
free; to free, release, [liber.]
libertas, atis, f., freedom, liberty.
licet, ere, llcnit, and llcltum est, im-
pers., V. 1(18 lawful; it is allowed, per-
mitted.
lignatJo, onis, t, felling or getting
Wdiid. [lif;num.]
llgnator, oris, m.,a woodcutter, one
sent '.(I ijft wood.
lis, litis, f., dispute, lawmit : litem
aesiiniare, to settle the matter in dispute.
litterae, annn, f., plur., a written
coiiiiiniiiicution, a letter (the sing, means
a let tfi' of an alphabet.)
locus, i, m., place, jmsition, region;
chance, opportunity.
lonpre, -ius, -issime, adv., /dr. (longus.]
longinquus, a, um, adj., distant;
lujitt, pruiimjcd. [loiigus.]
longritudo, Inis, f., length. [longus.J
longus, a, uni, adj., lonn.
.nn^S""''' 1"'!"V '"'i'''''''^ or locutus
sum, to s/irnk, tall,-, .siii/.
lorica, ac, f. (a niirassmade of leather
thongs, iumrr) n breastwork, mantlet,
I'ariipe.t. [X^ivniw, a thong.]
Luna, ae, f., the moon, the moon-
goddess.
lux, luois, f., /»■ .<; prima luce, 0« daw
iireak. "
M.
mag-is, adv., more.
magistratus, us, m., a magistrate.
splendid, mngnijieent. [maffiius, facio.)
magnTtudo, inis, f., greatness; great
amount: vcnu,, io,re, rioknce. [niagnus.]
mag-nus, a, um, adj., (comp. mrdor.
u.s; .sup. jiiaxanus,a, im),great: Itinera!
forced marches.
malores, um, m, (v. ma^nus), plur.
subst., ancestors. forefathersT
maleflcium, i, n, on evil deed, crime,
mischiej, hurt. '
malus, a, um, adj., fiad, evil.
mando, are, avi, atum, to commit
(to aiiy one s <har}re), to co>,^yn, entrust:
litk'ns, to commit to v/
mane, a<lv., in the , ,g, early.
m&neo, ore, mansi sum. to Mde,
to stay, remain.
manipulus, i, in., a maniple, com-
pany oj suldu-rs. .See Introduction.
mansuefficio, ere, feci, factum, to
tame, [maii.uetus (part, of niansucsoo=i
"ac""l'' *"''^'^"' *" «"^*'»»" to be handled)
manus, us. f., a hand, a band, body,
force (of soldiers). "'
maris, v. mas.
maritumus (also marltlmus), a. um
oAy, maritime, of the sea. ' '
mas, maris, adj., male, of the intUe
«eu-; .subst., a male (opp. femina).
materia, ue, f., timber.
mature, adj., early, soon.
maturesco, ere, nil, no sup., to grow
maxin 5, adv., most of all, chiefly
espeinlly. [maxiiiius, niagnua.]
m6d6or, cri, to aire, heal, remedy.
mediocris, e, adj., middlitui, mod-
erale. [iin-dius.]
mediocriter, adv., moderately.
mfiditerraneus, a, um, adj., inland.
Vocabi;lary.
>*. or locutUN
•Mde of leather
ork, mantlet,
I
n, the moon-
lA luce, at day
I rrutfiigtrate.
adj., grand,
i^'Mua, facio.]
'(ittieKn ; great
"'('. [iiiagnus.]
cnmp. mfiior,
mat: itinera,
lojrniis), plur.
ildeed, crime,
evil.
1, to commit
"ff/n, entrust:
'3, early.
•sum. to Mde,
naniple, com-
liiiction.
i, factum, to
marisiii sco=»
to be handled)
a band, body,
mus), a, um.,
o/ tlie male
lina).
sup., to grow
' all, chiefly,
IU8.]
'•I, remedy,
idlitui, mod-
erately.
adj., inland.
mHdiUH. a, ,I,M, ,l.lj., „,/,/, „„rf,;^,
,^ mehor, i„B, a.,j., ,,,,,,. ,„„„.|, ^,
thf^^^^'''^'^' '• "•' « «"'^ »^rr,ler of
<,V^^™°""^- ""• '•• '"^"""V/. recolUc
mens, mentis, f., the wind.
mensis, Ih, rn., a mmith
mentio, r.ni», ?., tnenthm.
mercator, oris, m.. ^,arf<-r, m.r«y>a««.
meridianus, a, um, adj., mid-day.
metus, Os, m.,/OTr.
mile or mille, card. num. adi rnlnr
^ -'«f., mm-a or millia). X^JlJd.
miles, Itis, m., a goldier.
.,,^.j"taris .«, adj., helonqin^ fn a
KnMter or ml<hcrrnn • irloria rpi min/ -i„
vnbtaryrev rn. [mill's.] '"'''^''"«•
mintia, ae, f., m,lltan,.sfrvire. [„,iieg i
minime, superl. adv., leaul
V^^^W.' "■ "'"■ '^^i-' «"Perl. Of
^^minor, m, adj., fe,«. [co.np. of par-
;«*^K^;a'' "'""■• ''"^^■''-'««-.
minus, adv., ;<««, the le»s. [minor.]
miror, ari, atns, to wonder, wonder at
missus, a, um, pf. part, mitto.
missus, n.s, ,„., „ ..ndiw,. fmitto.)
mitto, ere, niisi, inisNum, tn send
mollis, e, adj., £;«„<;,, gently shimir,.
mora, ae, f., jfiaj/.
morbus, i, m., a disease
mors, lis, f., death. ' ^
149
^^mo8^mr,ri,s,m.., ■,,.,„,„,/„,,,,,„ ,,,„,,
a,sno?iH^?i,"'' '"•• '"""■"". »,n,vmenf
mulier, oris, f., „ woman.
[nuiltus ] • "" '""^'■* or populace.
co^p".l^ivr^•,;:;;;;;t;;f/«-•"-rtwi
«•S/v""|;nu^rus.,'''''^^- ^'-".v. -"-
ma'!;!,J^'*"«''''"'"'«'i-.'""oA;inplur.,
-r'ffii^du A^^f • "'" --<■
^m^unIo,.re.,vi,or.i.,tum,^o/^,^„.
munus, eris, n., « rf„«y.
[n™f "^' ^' «^J- ^«'o".'"-''.'/ «0 a wall.
morus, i, n,., a wall.
.^utilus, a, um, adj.. ,naimed, want-
N.
nactus, a, um, part, nanoigcor
nam, conj., /or.
namque, conj.,/or.
«"n^1nCr]'-'''''*'^'^^''^'«.«««-
nativus, a, um, adj., natural.
natura, ae, f., «„/„r,,. [na^oor.]
natus, a, um, part, nascor.
nauta, ae, m., a milor. [n:^yl.^ i
UHvalis, e., a,lj., „„,„/. ^^^^^'
navigrIum,U.,r..„/.^«^,. ,„^^i.
150
Vo(!ABur,AnY.
navigo, fire, iivi, atiiiii, to «ail, make
li. raiiiii/i'. [iiavis. I
navis, is, f., anhip.
ne, lulv. and cmij., nut, that not, lest :
lie. .quidcni, not even.
-nS, an enclitic particle, interrog. ;
-nc, .:\n, ivIutliiT . .or.
necessario, adv., perforce, nfneceg-
»ity. Inccesst'.j
nScesse, neut. adj., unavoidable
necessitas. litis, f., unavoitlahlmc^x,
necessity (in the sen.su of comjiiUtion).
neco, are, avi, atuni, to kill, put to
death.
neglego, ere, exi, ctum, to disregard,
make li<jht of. [nee, \c\io=not to gather
"/'■I
nego, are, avi, atuin, and a., to mi/
no, to denri, to refuse, [ne, aio.] ;
nSgotium, ii, n., a business, matter.
(nee, otium.]
neino,acc. nCnilii' 1' 'lulllu.sandinillo
in best Lat., used -in. and abl.), no
man, 7jo one. [ne, lionio.]
neque, or nee, conj., an I not, nor:
neque. .neque, neither. . nor.
nervus, i, m., a sinnv.
neu or ne-ve, conj., and not, nor.
nex. nCcis, f. (violent) death.
nihil, n. indecl., nothing, [ne, hiluni
=»»()< a hit.]
nihilO, abl. of nihiluni, n., h/i nothimj ;
esp. as adv., nihilo minus, mim the less.
ni-8l, conj., unless; except, save only.
nitor. i, nisus and ni.\us, to strife,
endeavor.
nobilis, e, adj., «/■ /it/y/i In rth, noble ;
plur. nol)iles, the nobles
nobilitas, atis, f., nobility, [nobilis].
nocens, pres. part, of noceo, as adj.,
piiltji, as subs., an evil doer.
noceo. ere, ni, Itum, to do hurt '.r
harm to, injure.
noctu, adv., at niijlit, by nUihf. [iiox.]
nocturnus, a, um, adj., belongiiiy to
Hviht, (:j;oiiiK on) by niylit. [nox.]
nodus, i, ni., (a knot ; lien('e) a joint
.■)f an animal's body.
nolo, nolle, nolni, fo iei.tli . .not, to be
unwitlin^l. [ne, volo.]
nomen, inis, n., a name.
n6inuiSithi'i,iulv.,by name, [iiomcn.]
non, lulv., not.
nondum, adv., not yet.
non nullum, a, um (usually plur.),
ildj., siiiiie, xi'Veral.
nonnunquam, .ulv., sometime» (not
never).
nonus, a, um, num, :ulj., ord., the
ninth. I^novenus, from noveni.J
nos, nostrum, plur. nf ej^o.
nosco. Ore, novi, nntuiu, tc /jet, to
knoir a tliini; ; in jierf. tenses, to know.
noster, stra, Htrum, pron. adj.poss.,
())/(•, onr oirp.; jiliu'. iiosiri, orum, m.,
<)»/• ijicii (i.e., Roniuns). [n. s. |
notltia, ae, f., knowled'je. [iiOtus.]
notus, a, ujn, part., known. [nosco.J
novem, card. muu. a<lj., nme.
novi, see imsco.
n6vU3, a, luu, adj., neiv ; sup. nOvis-
slmns, a, um, the la.it, latest, hindermost.
nox, iioctis, f., nUjht.
noxa, ae, t., an injicrioiis act; a crime,
(fiiUt. (noceo.)
nudo, are, iivi, atum, /■/ make naked
or l>iire, to uncover; of military formation
or position, to leave iiiieor red or exposed
to the enemy, [midus. |
nudus, a, luii, adj., bnee, naked, un-
covered.
nullus, a, utn, adj., (uen. millius, dat.
nulli), no, none, [nc, ulliis.)
niimen, Tnis, n.. the diviiu- will, mil
QY power (of the Rods).
nuniorus, i, m., a niimher; estima-
tion, position : aIi(iuo esse numero, to be
of any aeeonnt.
numquam. See numpiam.
nunc, adv., now.
nunquam, adv., never, [ne, un-
(piam.J
nuntio, are, avi, utum, to announce.
nuntius, li, ni., a messenyar, message.
nutus, us, m,, a nod, beckoning,
making signs.
O.
6b, prep. w. ace, on account of: ob
cam causam, ,t'or that reason, eonse-
(juently, therefore.
ob-eo, ire, Ivi or li, itum, irrej;., to
go to.
obfero, (off) ob-ferre, ob-tilli, obla-
tum, to /iresent, offer.
obicio, f re, leci, iectum, to put in the
tvay, hinder, to face.
oblatus, v. obtero.
ob-servo, iire, avi, atum, to pay
utten'lon to, heed, observe, keep.
I -tact; a crime,
•i', nnkrd, un-
Hi °e^.f^' "*'■«• •"■'"■'•.«'*<««a7.. fob.
[ohS?- "'"«• '•• « «•''«7«. blockade.
Obstinate, adv., stubbornly
«^«W Sf?°;nWV^'"' '^'""' '" *«'■« or
occWens, e.tis, m.. <A« ,,,,«. [ocoido i
octo, card, num., adj., eigU.
ociilus, i, m.. eye.
Odium, i, n., hatred.
oflfendo,ere.fe„di,fensum,«„i„^„.
foSr°' '^''•' '''''aether, at all.
omnia, e, adj., all, every.
VOCAfiULAKT.
151
artoMr.J ' ' P0'^'"8=«« or before thi
OPprtmo, Cre nrPQai „.
cn«A. ovenvheC:,,.^rZ.' to fan""' '"
a°^.^7oS.o:]''""' '■• «" "'""^*. «*•
[or° f"°' ""''• '•• « xP<'^---h. harangue.
orbis, is, m., a circle, ring
pany. ^ ^''^«''-centuria, ce««ur!/, com-
oriens, enti8. ,„., ,^6 east, [orior.l
Ortor, Iri, ortus, to „rUe. ^
trZ%Tplhr:'' "'""• '" ""^- *«*«"*. «n-
6s, oris, n , the mouth.
^hT^^'^?r^ke'!het)'a'''"' ""^ '»'». '»
• "•-< ""J'lce cncir a/ipearance
oppidum, i, n., town.
^,°^Portunltas, at«. f., opportunity,
12
P.
I^pabulator, oris, m., a/arager. fpabu-
r.s^ iH^Jij^ as adj., ^eacey^;
toZl°o/pe'ac/.''' '''""' '"*«'■*«. ««^««^
paene, adv., almost, nearly
n«lmT' '"'^^ ''^'"■'' '"^'^ynUedly.
^pams, udis, f.. a marsh, morass,
par. pSris, adj., equal.
ha^vfZX'oA"'^'^''' '*^"'""- ""'P«'-*.
j^^parens, enti,. m. and f., a p ,ent.
152
VOCABUI-AUY.
11 ^ft
5-
pAro, fire, fivi, rituni, ^> ;iet or iiinkr
rraily, iirijuiii'.
pars, iiiirlis, f., a /Kiii, I'liiili'ii : in
utram(|UL' iiiirtiin, ou Imlli uhlfx, fillicr
iva'j, u/xin i-itlii'r view of the cnxe.
partim, aiiv., in part, parlhj, [pars.]
partus, a, UMi, luirt. pario.
parvulU8, a, uiii, adj., dim., littli\
pettp, trillinii ; of a^t', liltlc, H'miKj. [par-
vus.]
passus, fi9. 111., a ulrj), paei'\ as a
measure of len>:th, alioul tive of our feet,
i.e., a diiulile pact- : iiiille passuum, a
(Roiiiati) »1 /A' -about 1,(118 .yards; V.
note, IS. v., fhap. 2.
pftt6o, ere, fli, to lie, open ; to stretch,
extend.
pS,ter, tris, ni., a father.
paterfAmiliae (or familias), 1)1., the
maxter of a hoiiyelmlil, head of a fninilji.
pfltientia, ae, f., eiulvrance. [palior.]
patior, i , passus, tonnffer, alloiv.
paucitas, atis, f., fewii^», gearcity.
[pauciis.]
paucus, a, mil, adj., few, little (very
rare in sing.); a.s subst.," pauci, orum,
ta.,feu\ a few.
paulatlm, adv., little by Utile, by de-
grees, (jrdtliKilli/. [pauUini.]
paullsper, adv., for a little while.
[pauluiii.)
paulo, adv. (with comparatives), by a
little, a I life, .loiiieirhat.
paulum, a<l\., a little, soinewhiit.
pax, pacis, f., jieaee. |Tlie root of the
woiil is seen in paciscor, panijo, wlience
our pdfl. eoiiipiiet.]
pecunia, ao, f., immey. [pec is, be-
cause, in early times, wealth wa:^ cattle.]
pecus, Oris, n., a flock, heril, eat He.
pedes, pe<litis, m., foot-soldier.
peditatus. us, m., foot-soldier», in-
injiintri/. [pedes, pes.)
pellis, is, f., a hi'le, skin.
pendo, ere, pependi, ])ensum, to irrliih
out ; (in early times i>aynieMts were made
by weijiliiiiff out metal ; lience) to pay.
per, )ire)>. w lu-c., throui/h ; showinir
tile usjent or means, by, by means of.
per-ago, ore, e^i, actum, toyothromjh
tritli, coiiip'cte, fitiisli.
perceptUS. v. jtercipio.
perCipiO, «re, cj'pi, ceptinn, to take
note of, fcccive. (earn
percontaliO, onis, f., question, in-
quiry, [pereoiitor.]
peri^USSllB, a, urn., part., peicutio.
per-Cl"mo, ell', lussi, iiissum, to
pii'rcc or ^liikc Ihroiujh. [iiiiado. |
per-dlPCO, ere, dldlci, to learn thor-
onyhhi, yd of by heart.
per-duco. ere, \i, ctum, to lead
throiifih; to pmlomi ; to brinii or win
(any one) over In onf^s side ; carry orer.
ptM'endlnus, a, um, adj., after to-
iiioirow, [perendie.]
p6r6o. Ire, \vi or li, Itum, to perish.
per-exlgCills, a,uni.,adj., rervsinall.
per-f6ro, ferre, f nli, Mlum, to bear or
carry throiiyh ; to brino ; to lienr, put up
with, submit to ; in pass., of letters, news,
et(\, to arriee, come I:, ha. id.
per-flclo, Ore, fOei, fecimn, to nccom-
j>lish, complete, liiii.sh. [perfacio.]
perfllgra, ae, m., deserter, fuyitire.
periclitor, ari, ains smn, to endanger.
pSricCilum, i, n., danger.
perlatus, a, um, pari, perfero.
perlectus, a, um, part, iierlejfo.
per-16go, en', lOui, leriuni, to read
through.
perlCio, ere, Ifli, lutum, to wash; in
pa.ss, ^1 liaihe (one self).
per-mfl,n6o, Ore, mansi, niansum, to
abiite. continue, remain.
permltto, mil tore, misi, missum,
entrust, surrender, sujl'ir, permit.
permotlia, a, um, pari, pernioveo.
perm6vt<0, inovore, miivi, niotnm,
to //1(11'. tlioiou ihly ; of tlie niind,/i< move
ilcc/ly, influen-e, prerall on.
per panel, ae, n, adj., very few.
per-p6tCiUrt, a, um, adj., continuing
Ihroughoiit, unbroken : in pernetuuni, /or
ittl time, for ercr. |per-i>eto.)
perrumpo, Cre, rupi, ruptum, to
break thmugh.
per-scribo, Ore, psi, ptum, to write in
full, lerite a full account of.
per-sSqiior, sOnui, sOcOtus, to follow
up, pursue.
pers6v6ro, are, avi, stum, to abide
steaiUastly, persist.
persplcio, Ore, spexi, gpectum, to
look thnniyh ; to see etearly, perceive.
per-SuadSo, Cre, si, sum, to per-
stiade, preinit upon.
perterreo, on-, ni, Uum, ?o terrify;
thorouyhly frighten.
per-terrltus, a, um, part, of per-
terreo, thoroughly frightenfd.
VOOAnULART.
nn, to terrifu :
"feet, (teneo.) '' '"• ''""•'•'•",
inJ!Znn^^°'. t:,^'^' «""-'. 'o throw
'./"■^""1, to (l,s,o,„im.,r. confound
«o.C;K°' "■''' ^^"■■. -«"f-n, to come
pes, jH-dis, ni., a foot.
petO, ,vi, and Ii,,t„n,.M,.. *,.,„*.
pilum, i, n., a javelin.
"o« «/VrA^/n? " centurio, <, centu-
pinna, ae, f., « battlement.
placlde, adv., ca;»,;»/.
aS°' *■■'■ •''^'■■' •-»"""• '« reconcUc,
plane, adv., cleatiy.
plebs, bis, and plolipa « » #t
«.o^JfJ"'^'»"^' "^"-'for the most pan,
1A3
porro..u^.,,.,,;,j,;;;:;-''>-'
porta, ae.f., ay,,,,..
Portus, 08, m.,A«,.6„r.«or<
Positus. V. ,,o„o ^
' '■''^■'c'ln. [potisi, Slim.)
post. prep. w. ac.o. and adv., a/ter
.oKP°!)°y/'-^'. P«ani. POsUun," ro
«><fr°.f^*' ^'"- «/'«'• 'his or ^A,,^ ^rt,.,.
Posteaquam, adv., „/,,,„„,.
POStquam, conj., after
Postau., are, avi.atun.; „„,.„„,,,
;>o7?°*«r' "■ ''-''" °' »'"««•"» : as adj.
potentia, ae f »)/)«,/.- /c.
1^. (potcns.J) ' '••^'"«'«'•- (See note, vi.
IVo^uZT^ '''"' '•• ?«'«•'■'•.• opportunit,,
B^TtT- '■ '"•• '"«"'• Plumbum
.plurimum, adv. ,,,oit ,.,.,„
eidebere, to l>e v,;;\,"tU, L!ul'}'
under very ,jreat oWi/aill!^ /o '"' '"'
plus, plfiris Hn uliir iii.-,.»„ ,-
more, and plf.r?n„.ra ',„?,' 'V"i^'^
cm,p. an,I .up. of mu t " ' T[l ""It
8n,^ylu8 .sgenerall,. a neut. sV.hst.'or'an
^pocmum, i. „.. a cr,p, a drlnlnn,.
poena, ae, f., runmnumt,i,enalty.
polhceor, on, rtus, to promise
pohicitatio, Onls, f., apron,i,'e
pondus,eri«,n.,a,mV/A^ [pe„do I
pons, ntia, ni., a hridqe
aSSESr^iii.-f^rS'a'^ffi:
abl. •'• •^"'" V«'»*w,,o/i „/; governs
POtius, adv., rather
pmeceptu8,a,t,„,,part.praeoipio
fpSe^Sf "«• *' "•". adj.. .,.„•«,
Prae-clusus. See praedudo.
Praeco. 6ni«. n>.. „ enV;- A^,-aW
praeda. ae. f., booty.
praedico, are. avi afi.,» ,
cli'nii, aKxert, taunt. ' '" ^*""-
. prae-fero. forre >nn !«i,
7«>m« to the command of. ''^fiXT
lf)4
VOCABULARY.
Tu
praemissus, a, um, part, of prae-
niilto, ncnt (III Iw/iirehaiul,
praemltto, 6re, luui, misHuin, to tend
be/ore, unid in •idonnee.
praemlum, li, n., a reward, [prae,
emo.]
prae-occupo, are, &vi, itum, to
occupjl beforehand.
praepfiro, ftre, 4vi, iitum, to prepare.
praepdno, ponSre, posui, positum,
to set anyotie in command over.
praeruptus, a, um, adj., steep, pre-
cipitowi.
praesens, tis, adj., that w bf/ore one,
at hand, i)re»ent. [prae, sum.)
praesentla, ae, f., prenenee, the pre-
tent time : in praesentiA, at hand, on the
tpot.
prae-sentio, sentire, senai, Bensum,
to perceive beforehand.
praesertim, adv., especially.
praesidliun, li, n., protection, help.
[prae, sedeo.]
praesto, adv., at hand : praesto esse,
to present oneself.
praesto, are, atlti, stltum and sta-
turn, to discharge, fulfil, pr. fldem,
keep one's word.
prae-sum, esse, (Qi, to be at the head
of\in command of.
praeter, prep. w. aoc., except.
praet6r6a, adv., besides.
prae-uro, ere, ussi, ustum, to 6um at
the point.
praeustus, a, um, p^rt. praeuro.
precem, preoi, prece, defective noun ;
prayer, entreaty.
prdmo, ere, pressi, pressum, to press,
press upon, oppress.
pridle, adv., on the day before.
primo, adv., in the first place.
primum, adv., in the first place;
quani primum, as soon as possible.
primus, a, um, adj. sup., the first,
first.
princeps, tpis, adj., first, chief; as
suDst., coram., a chief, chieftain, [pri-
mus, capio. 1
principatus, ua, m., the first place,
snpremaeti, chieftainship, [prinoeps.]
pristmus, a, um, adj., former, old,
old-fashioned.
priUS, foil, by quam, and, as one
word, priusquam, adv. comp., sooner
than, Difore, CiU'vre that.
privatim, adv., as an individual,
pnvatelji.
privatUB, a, um, part, privo, to d"-
pnv- ; as adj., belnngitig toiinintiioidual,
private.
pr6, prep. w. abl., before, in front of ;
on account of, in eonsiderntimi of.
probo, are, 4vi, atuin, to prove, de-
vmnstrtde ; to approve.
procedo, 6re, ceasi, oessum, to (jo
forth, to (idvance.
prociil, adv., in the distance, from
ajar, [procello, to drive away.]
pro-cumbo, ere. cQbai, oobitum, to
sink down to the ground.
pro-euro, are, avi, atum, to take care
of, look after,
pro-CUTTO, fire, cOcurri and curri,
cursum, to run forth, rush forward.
prodeo, ire, li. Hum, to come or go
forth, [pro, eo.]
prodltor, oris, m., a betrayer, traitor,
[prodo.]
prdditus, a, um, part, prodo.
pro-do, 6re, didi, ditum. to tjive forth;
to hand down (to memory), transmit,
recjrd.
pro-dtico, 6re, xi, ctum, to lead out.
productus, a, um, part, produco.
proellor, ftri atus, to engage, fight a
battle.
proellum, li, n., a battle, combat.
profectio, onis, f., a going away,
setting out. [protlcisoor.]
pr6fectus, a, um, part, proflciscor.
proficiscor, profic-isoi prftfectus, to
set out, start, depart.
protltSor, eri, fessus, to declare pub-
licly avow, to offer freely, protnise, [pro-
tateor.]
pro-fiififio, fire, fiifri, to flee, decamp.
pro-grnatus, a, um, part. rgnatu8=
natus, nascor], bom, sprung, descended
(from some one).
pr6-gT6dIor, i, gressus, to go for-
ward, advance. Igradior.]
pr6-hib6o, ere, Oi, Hum, to keep back,
hinder, prevent ; to defend, protect, [ha-
beo.]
pro-icio, 6re, icci, ieotum, to throw
forth, fling away, [pro-iacio.]
proinde, adv., accordingly, therefore;
(in like manner).
promlscue, adv. promiscuously, in
common.
pro-missus, a, um, pf. part, of pro-
mitto ; (of hair) l»ng, flowing.
I individual,
VOCABULAKV.
esaum, to go
1, to take care
IS, to go for-
liscuouslu, in
Pro.ptro,are,avi,atum.«oA«««n.
^latiori: "^'"'i""»- '. ra., o hinsman,
proffer alVr^utri' '""'** '^'' '" ">«•.
prospectus, us, m.. view
«m^'m?mf„>."'^P- »•■ '«^•. ftj' rea^onof,
pro.pugmo,are,avi,atun..toy?i,A«.
1.0.')
PUema, ae, f., « 6a,„^, „„„,
PUfimo.are.avi.atu,M.^,/„/i/^^*'•
protlnus, adv.. fmhwUh.
provectus, see provcho
provincia, ae, f., « province.
provisus, V. provideo.
proxime, adv.
proximus, a, um, adj., „«,«,,. ^^
puDes and puber fria «At ~_
«t«y, to conjUcute. (publicus: ] "'""
populicuV.frompopulus.T ''"'"'^- "°'
quaestor, oris,,,)., aquaeMor
ner"). (,|ua,itijs.l """"°'^«- '^e ..ler.
^^auare. adv.. wherefore, why. (quae.
quattiior, oai^.num.adj,./o«r
p;S^.*''°''' ""'"• I""*'"» «"«n. to com.
quid. (neut. of quia), a.lv., wh,,>
quidem, adi ., indeed.
quies, ctis, f., ,e*<, repose.
156
vo(;ai»ui-auy.
quinam, «maeimni, «iiiodimin, pron.
IntcrroK., i(7i(), ivliich; tchat, praiif [\u
ch. 44, B. V. uter.]
qulndocini, Jijii'm.
quingenti, i\v,a,, jiiiehuinlred. [quin-
<\\w, cfiiluin.)
qulnquaglnta, fi/t\i.
quis, (i|i"ae), ipiid, (1) pron. iiitorro;;.,
who', irhichf u'lidt f (-J) piDti. imlef. after
lie, iii, nisi, <uiy (i>ii-,<ini/tliini/. nequis,
in order that no mail.
qulsplam, quaepiunv<|uodpiain, pron.
iiioi't., niiji.
guisquam, <|uaei|uum, i|nic<|uiiiii or
<|uicl(|iiaiii, proii. intluf. <iiii(, uinj "(«',
aiiiilhiiuj (alwujB in a ne^'alivu (■oiiiiuc-
tioii).
qulsqu&i iiuaeciue, nuodiiue, pron.
iiKluf., each, every.
qi\6, a<lv., whither.
quo, fnnj., in order that (used with
comparative decree instead of ut).
qvi6-ad, conj., till, until.
quod, conj., because ; that.
quon-iam, conj., since, seeing, that,
whind-i. |(|iioni^;cuni, iam.]
quo-que, conj., also, too.
quoque, alil. of (|aisi|ue, each.
quotanniS, adv., ereri/ year, yearly.
quotions or quoties, a<lv., how
often, «.'< uj'ten as. ((juot.]
quotidie, atlv., daily; day by day.
B.
radix, icis, f., a root.
ramus, i, m., a bouqh, branch.
rapina, ae, f., village, ylunder.
rarus, a, mn, adj., few, sparse, few
and far beUreen.
rasus, a uni, part, of rado, shaven.
r&tio, ("mis, !., « reckoning, an accavnt ;
a transaction, business; a care, consider-
ation, regard for a thins ; fashion, sys-
tem, way.
ratis, is, f., a raft.
r$-cedo. Pre, ccssi, cessum, to go
back, fall back, retire.
rScens, tis, aA^,, fresh, recent.
receptue, fis, m., retreat, refuge.
recessus, fis, m., agoing back, retreat.
[reccdo.]
•re-cipio, ere, oepi, ceptuin, to receive ;
jn._ f,, firttihr tnipxelf ^ny-.vliorc, t» retire,
retreat, jcapio.]
rp-Cito, are, avi, atum, to read out (a
letter, el*;.).
r6-olino, ilre, ilvi, alinn, to liend bark,
lean back.
r6-Cv'ip6ro, are, Ivi, atuni, to ijet
back, rniiei'r, ruiaia.
r6-CU80, arc, avi, alum, to objeel lo,
refuKi. jcaiiMa. I
red-do, ire, didi, ditnni, to give back,
restore: to niider, grant.
redditua, sec rcd-do.
r6d-6o, li, Uinn. Ire, to come back; to
be reduced to ; to be referred to.
r6d-lgro. Ore, c;;i, actum, to bring or
reduce to any condil ion. [imo.J
reditus, see red-eo.
r6-diico, ere, xi, ctuni, to lead back,
draw r.//' troops,
r6fectU3. C reHcio.
r6f6ro, -fcir, , retti'di (retnli), rf latum,
to carry back; rcfnrt ; refer. >;ratiain
rcfcrre, to show gratitude, lo re/Kiy, re-
'ixilte.
reficio, ire, feci, fectum, to refit, re-
J) lir.
r6-fiigriO, ere, Siya'i, tojU'c back.
rdg'io, onis, f., rt dlslriit, territory.
[re>ro.|
regno, are, avi, atuui, to be king, lo
reign. [re;.,'Minii. |
regnum, i, n., kingly authority, sov-
ereignty, chieftiiin-ihiji; ti kingdom, the
territory of a iiiiij; or cliief. |re\.J
r6gO, Ore, xi, cluui, to direct; to con-
trol, govern, rule.
r6-gredIor, i, i^ressus, to go back, re-
treat.
reiectus, a, mn, part, reicio.
re-icio, ere, rciOci, iectum, to cast
back, drier back. |iacio.]
rSlatus; a, nm, )iart. refero.
r6-legatus, a, nm, part. relCjfo.
r6-legO, are, fui, rii\uii, to .tend away,
remore nut of the way.
rSliCtus, a, uin, V. reliiicpio.
religio, iinis, f., revereuccfor the gods,
religion : in jihn' , ■'^uper.tHlioun iiraclicen;
matters of religio, i, scruple.'^ of conscience.
rSlinquo. ore, ll(|ni, lictnm, to leave
behind, to leure remiilning : pass., to re-
main.
rSliquus, a. um, adj., that iw left, re-
maining ; in jilur. .as sutist. reliqui,
oruni, ni., the other.i, th rest, [relinciuo.]
rSmftneo. ere, mansi, niansum, to
stay, riinain behind.
remigo, are, avi, atnni, to row.
re-missus, a, uiu, part of remitto,
slack, Icxs severe.
VOCABl/LAKY.
'ii liciiil liai'k,
tiiiii, III ijft
III iihiect III,
tn ijire litick,
>ine hack ; to
to.
, lo hriiiif or
ro.J
to ktkl intck.
iili), rf^lfituin,
'cc. Krotiiim
Id (('//III/, ic-
I, to refit, re-
• hni-k.
I, tcrrilorii.
II be kini;, lo
\ilhiirilji, xnv-
{■iiii/iliiiii, the
Inx.l
irect ; tu cun-
go hack, re-
■icio.
tuni, to cast
ero.
relCffo,
tn Kcnd (iwuy,
|iin.
r/iir the (jnds,
mis iiKielices;
o/ eiiiiKcieuce,
tiiiii, lo leave
: pass., to re-
Mt M left, re-
ist. reliqui,
I. [reliii()uo.]
niaiisum, to
lo row.
t of reiiiitto.
'-'•"''.loKliiekeii. rniiil,aliale.
remua, i, m., aa oar.
thufto^.'w.l'i'"'""' •''','"'•• •"•• «""e take
t m to , c.,.M a reu„leir.y!rin ; i( i„ at anv
rfipente, adv., mdiienli/.
r6p6rIo, ire, reppoH, rcipurtii
/liul, ,i„;'t wlh. (p.irio.)
rgpertus, a, um, part, repcrio.
r6p6to, f re, Ii or Ivi, ituni, i„ „^1 „r
r6porto, are, fivi, Atuir,, lo hear hack.
157
:iliii, tn
/nnf.K^/f°-^'^^' '''■-'•'.''''''«'-.
rgpulsus. a, uni, part, reiu-llo.
to^'de'^'aiH?.' "■'• '"'""' °'' "- '""«»•"".
p,,y%,r'' '•• '\ ""■"■''..""'"'■'•■ .A"■^ .'«r„^
eic I(!e exact tneaiiiiif,' ilepend.s on the
unjijiiii, iiriitusiiiHu.
rescidl, see re-soindo.
0(11* or liehiiid one.
responsum, i, n., an answer.
respublica, reipnMicae, f., acommmi
wealth. .State ; the Inblic weal '
re-Stituo, ere. fii, fitiin,, tn set vv
again; to replace, restore, reriiy. [statiio.J
retineo, ere, ni, tentum, lo hold fast
k'.'ej,, maiitiain, jrreseri'c. '
re-vertor, i, versus, to turn hack
return, retire. *••
revQon, .^rP, rivi. ai„,n, to recall
S^nninoiL t,< relvrn, ehnllenge. '
rex. ro^is. 111., a ruler at a territory a
king, chiejtain. [resjo.] «armory, «
rheda, ao, f., carria:,e. ch„ri,it.
npa.ie, f., a hank of u lirer.
a h}Z!k^' '' '"•■ " """"' '"^'""" "/ M'a<«r,
^^r6jro, ,lre, M, at,,»,, to ask, hey, re-
ic^^^r;ix:;'r^.Si---
s.
-^^^!lte;i:;"-""^""^'^"""
saope. adv., frei/nenili,, often.
saepenumero, v saeiw
'""III I iiiiiK. |sai,'i,„,.]
saltus, fis,. „.,(!)„ „•,»„«„«,/ ,,„,,,„.g.
(.1)11 iiiiiuiitain pass. i^'xntie,
SAlus, Citis, f., safetji.
SancIO, ire, xi, ct,,,,,, /„ moke sar,;;l
or inrioln lie l,v a reli., .,u ,Jt ■ 7 'i'"'"'
estahlish, onluln. ^ ' ' '" '''''""'
sanctua. a, um. pail. saneio: aHaili
of peso, IS, siicreil, hinioluhl,: '''
«W,f""^' "' '""' ""'J- """''-'■<"'■. reusim.
sap/o, fre, Ivi or Ii, /„ hare sense or
disccrnnient. '
repah^^^' "'''■' '^'^'' '*''"•«"'"• '" '««'»d,
saucius, a, iiiii, adj., wounded
iro. Ifor scaiidla, fioin .seando, In Ainih ]
^.u^^in^,^^^^,' '?• '.'"'. part. 8cele.„: as
ad. Iiad, w„-ke,l, in/a, aims: in tnase
lute with crime, [scelu.s.] ^
SCindo, ere, scldi, sciss.ini, to cut
rend : vallum, to pull or tear down" '
SCio, lie, ivi, itiiiii, to know.
scribo, ere, psi, ptiini, to write.
scutum, i, n., aahicld.
se, sese, pron. reflex, of l.oth num-
I'f'-s (-en. s,u, ,lat. sil.i, ,u,.. and al.l s-
or sese), hini.sel/, herself, itself thnZ
selves: inter si;, irith each other.
158
VOCABUt.ARY.
seclus, iwlv., comp. of sCcus, other-
wwe: nihilo secius, nenerthelcns.
sector, ari, atus sum, intensive, to
pursue enjerly. [sequor.]
sScundus, a, um, adj., (1) the follow-
ing (ir tiext to the first in time or order,
the second; (2) favorable, [sequor.]
sed, conj., but.
sedes, is, (., a seat, dwelling-place,
scttlofmnt. [sedec]
36g68, Ctis, f., corn-field, standing
gram, corn in the field, crop,
semlta, ae, f., a path.
semper, adv., always, ever.
sdnatus, us., m., the council of elders,
the Senate, [seiiex.]
sententla, ac, f., a way of thinking,
opinion, [sentio.]
sentio, sentire, aeiisi, sum, to perceive,
notice, observe.
septem, card. num. adj., seven.
septentrio, onis, almosi always in
the plural, the seven stars of the Bear,
the north, [literally the seven ploughinjr
oxen, septem trionus.]
Septimus, a, um, ord. ;ium. adj.,
seventh [septem.]
septingenti, ae, a, num. adj., seven
hundred, [septem centum.]
s3quor, i, siicutus, to follow, attend.
sermo, onis, m. , a talkin<i, conversa-
tion. [8ero=fo join words.]
sero, adv., too late, [serus.] ,
eSro, Cre, sevi, satum, to sow.
servlUs, e, adj., helov!;ing to or of a
slave, [servus.]
servitus, utis, t., slavery, (servus.)
servo, are, avi, Stum, to keep, lay up,
pre crve, beset.
89rvus, i, m,, a stave, serf.
sexaginta, sixty
sexcenti, ae, a, num adj., six hun-
dred. [See centum.]
se-voco, are, avi, Htxim, to call apart,
take aside.
81, conj., if.
Sic, adv., so, thtu,
siccitas, atis, f., dryness (of the
weather), droxtijht. [siccus.]
pc Ut (sicut), adv., as, just as,
SiC-Uti, (sIcOti) r- sicut.
sidus. Oris, n., a constellation, a
group of stars.
significatio, oms, (., a waking of a
sign or taken ; tidings. Isiuniini, facio.]
signum, i, n., a military rtandard,
ensign.
silva, ae, f., a wood, forest.
silvestris, e, adj. wooded, woodland
[silva.]
Similis, e, adj., like, like unto,
SimiU, adv., at the same time, at
once.
Simiilacrum, i, n., an image, [aim-
ulo = to make like, similis.]
Simiilatio, onis, f., pretence.
simul atque, oonj. adv., as soon as.
simultas, atis, f . , deceit.
sin, conj., if hovever, but if.
sine, prep. w. abl., withmit.
singi]'p.tim, adv., one by one, singly,
[sinijuli.]
slngularis, e, adj., (alone of its kind,
hence) singular, remnrkanle. [.>iinj,'uli.j
SingfiiH, ae, a, distrib. imm adj., o.-w
tit each, separate, singly.
Sinister, tra, trum, adj., left hand,
adverse.
sinistrorsus, adv., towards the left
side, to the left.
Situs, us, m., position, [sine]
Sive (seu), conj. whether (^eiVier if),
sive (seu) sive (sen), whether or,
societas, atis, f., alliance, league.
SOCius, li, m., an ally.
Sol, soils, m., the sun, the Sun-god.
s6l6o, Cre, Itus sum, semi-dep., to be
accustom id. to be wont.
solitiido, Inis, f., a lonely place, a
desert, mlderness. [solus. ]
sollicito, are, avi, atum, to try to
win over, incite, instijate for warlil<e
purposes.
SOUICitudo, Inis, f., anxiety,
solum, adv., alone, only.
solus, a, um, adj., alone, only,
SOlVO, Cre, solvi, sSlruuiu, to loose,
(naves), to weigh anchor, .set sail.
sp&tium, li, n., a space, distance, in-
terval.
8p6cie8, ei, f., outwu/jl appear nee
look, seeming : in speciem, for a show,
semingly. [specioj.
SP'jCto, are, avi, atum, to look at, look
to, bear ir, mind ; to look fur, i.e., aiiait,
expect, (specio,]
SpScillator, oris, nj., a scout, ex-
plnrer.
3pero, are, avi, atum, to hope, eX'
peel.
VOCABULARY.
■y itandard,
i, woodland
nchj pLicc, a
distniicf, in-
spes, spci, f., hope.
pof^Mpop'^ '"'^■'' •-^^»"'. '« rob, des.
169
M^^°' °"''' '•• «» outpost, a road.
Btirps.ia.f., stem,. stock, race.
Strepitus, us, m., m.he, din, clatter.
With much paim. [stu-diosus. s?udiu;S
Seo ] "'• ""■''''"'■•" ^«'•*«»■^■
sab, prep. w. ace. or abl., under.
sub-duco, ere, xi, etum, to draw tip
un^^gT '"'• '"' °'- «. «"•». to enter.
tBifl?ear' '^''•' *^''«»'2'. unexpectedly.
sublatus, a, um, part, tollo
»iwt^.^''°'''''''''-''^"^'(oraUeup,
SUb-mitto, Cre, misi mi8«.<m /„
'B'l't up, (reinforcemervts). '' ^
oi/t 0/ ?/«. way, move on, repuUe.
^ sub-sequor, i, cf.tus. to follow close
subsidium, li, n., aid, relief mn-
fvrcmenf, support, fsub-sillco]
<o o«3?;T!F,°' ''^' ^"-"'- centum, <o co,»^,
to 07i(' s ant, to succour.
inf^tlT^>'^°' f^^' '"'^^'' '^ernm. to come
^Mothc pl,i-eot, svccenl. [suh )
■'fire """''' '" *-'*^"-' '" ''■<•«<"'•,'//". «V«n
rfJ.r-^^^^O- '^■•«. «di. oisum, to cut
suc ^isus. See siiccicio
Siidis (nom. sing, rare., is, f., a stake.
Buflfragmm. li, n.,ai.„f,..
mouiut, platform for speakintf. ^■~'*i
sum, esse, fui, v. subst., lobe
peruTS^or"' '"''"'• '«^^■••'•«"
Sum-mitto, (subm.), ere iiilm n.iQ
sum, to send u,„ \end off, tip^^l: '"^
sapgrior, IU8, comp. adj. .See superus.
super-sum, esse, fui, to be over c»= o
ren,a>,„ler), to be left] remain" ^rL^!^ "
silpgrus, a, uni, adj., that is nhn„.
upper: comp. supenor \T of t n p'
Miner, past, previous ; of st,e„°fh n a
battle or other pfin I. ..If .,. "."^'V'n in a
supplicium, li, n., punishment «-n»
sapra, prep. w. arc. and adv oio,)* •
of tmie, I'^f./ore. [superus.] ''"^•> «"<"«.
suspectus, a, um, part, suspiolo.
IGO
VOCABULAKY.
SUSpIcor, ari, atu8 sum, to xrtxpect.
snstento, aro, avi, ahiiii, freq., to
lii'iti; fiiiliii-i\ siip/iort. [sustineo.]
sustineo, ore, tiimi, It'iiluin, ^* AoW
}ip ov iiiit KiKiiiixt, to withstand. [sub8 =
sill), Iciico. j
suBtfili, V. toUo.
8UUS, a, uiii, jiron. poss. of ,3rd i)ersoii,
Ilia oirii, lii'f own, its own, their own ; his,
her, its, their.
T.
tabernaculum, \,n.,a tent.
tabulatum, i, n., a floor, storey (of
a tower or house).
tal6a, ae, Ixir, roil {of iron.)
tails, e, adj., o/ such a kind ; stick (re-
ferriiitt to (|ualit.v always).
tamen, adv., kmccver, tieve)-thele88,
net.
tiimetsi, conj., notvrith standing that,
altlinmib. [contr. fr. taflien etsi.]
tango, Cre, telijj;!, tactum, to touch.
tanto, see taiilus.
tantulus, a, tun, adj., dim., so little,
so siiKill. [tantus.l
tantus.a, uni, !u\}., so great in amount,
size, etc.; sulwt. tantum, i, n., .«) )hu(7i;
alil. laiilo(\vith comparatives), hi/soimich,
so much the, the (cf. «(uantus).
tantum, adv., only.
tardo, are, avi, atum, to impede, re-
tard.
taurus, i, m., a hull.
taxua, i,f., a new-tree.
tectus, a, uni, part. lego.
tdfflmentum, 1, n., o covering.
[teno.l
t6gO, ere, xi, ctuin, to cover.
telu^, i, n., aweapon/or throwing^
a jare.iii, etc.
temSrarlUS, a, um, adj., rash, in
considerate. ( teinere.]
tSmere, adv., at random, rashly
heedlesslii.
tt^IUHritaS, atis, f., rashness, indis
cretiiin, [teniere.]
temp6ratus. a, um, part, of tem
pero. teiiipernte.
tempeatas, atis, f., season of the ji ■.
storm.
temptOi Are, rui, ninm, freq,, to try
tempt.
tempitS. 'iris, 11., time.
t6n6o, Cre, fli, tenium, to hold, keep.
tento, are, avi, atum, to try, test,
toiipt, try til iiiihienri', eiideuvor.
tenuis, e, adj., (thin) ; feeble, weak.
terra, ae, f., the (dry) land; the
ciirth ; plur. terrae, the earth, the tcorld.
terreo, ere, fli, Ituin, to frighten.
territo, are (no perf. or sup.) freq.,
to put in terror, to friyhten. [terreo.]
terror, oris, in., fright, alarm.
tertius, a, um, num. ord. adj., the
third. |ler.]
tertiusdecimus, a, uni, num. ord.
iwlj., the thirteen'h.
testimonium, ii, n., eridmee, proof.
[test or.]
testudo, Inis, f., a tortoise. As a
military term, the word means a eorering
I»- shed for tlie protection of soldiers at-
tacking fortifications, [testa a shell.]
timeo, Cre, fii, (no sup.) to dread,
fear.
timide, adv., faint-heartedly, timidly.
[timidus, timeo.]
timer, oris, m., dread, fear, [timeo.]
tolero, are, avi, atum, to bear, emiure,
sustain.
tollo, lollere, sustuli, subh'ituni, to
raise, lift, or set up; to take away, re-
mom:
tormentum, 1, n., torture, [tor-
queo, ^(1 twist.]
torreo, ere, torrtll, tostum, to scorch.
tot, num. adj. indecl., so many.
totus, a, um (gen. ius, dat. i), adj.,
ttie whole, entire, all.
tractus, V. tralio.
trade, ere, didi, dltum, to nice or
haml or^r ; to deliver by teaching, to
teach, [trans, do.]
traduce, ere, xi, ctum, to Uad or
bring aemss or over, [trans, duco.]
tragula, ae, t.,a kind of javelin or
lance useil by the Gauls, iiiaho. 1
tlu/ho, Cre, traxi, tractum, to driw,
drag along.
traicie, Cre, ieci, i»<'tuni, to pierce
throvgh, tran-sjix. [trans, iacio ]
tranquillitas, atis, f., calm.
trans, prep. w. ace., across, over, on
the far side of.
transduce. See traduco.
trans-eo, Sf, 'vi or ii, Itum, tr. gn
across or orer, to rrnss.
trans- fere, ferre, tnli, latum, to bear
across, to bring or carry over.
VOCABULAHY.
torture, [tor-
translatus, a, „.„, ,,art. tnw,sfero
*<^^^^^^«' ^^- "'•• «--'"/^. --
trecenti, ao, a, adj., three hundred.
tres, fria, ca.-d. nun.. a<lj., three.
asS"""' '''' ^'•^1'«'. 'r>.,ntum, to
a time ; ,„ ,„oups o/ ^/„w. [ti-cs ]
^^^trlquetrus, tra, tru.„, a,ij., trian-
Jueov. .iri, tatus, to see to, d^end, pro-
turn, adv., then.
turma, ae, f., a atfuadnm. .
hoS^:"' ^^i' '>»-'• shameful, dfs.
ad^^^^' ■■*' "'"' '''"*"• '"'^°''- As adj.,
161
Ultus, V. ulcjiscor
urbs, is, f.,cit.!/.
urus, i, ,„., « wild-ox, aurochs
^« I'KM or «,7;.;,x;,:::,. -j,;-- -«, ^
lisus, a. Mill, part, utor
order that. ' ' *" '^«'. "i
«■S';/';^'^„.;r""'- •"•"■'• ""-ro,.,
'■a^hV>ffu^' m'T' ^"•l"!"!"'^. Pron.,
an.bo.>.o;/^Vw'/).^ '"''■"'''^' ''fP- t°
utl, cniij. See ut.
Uti, infln. of utor.
uxor, oris f., K wife.
V.
fr^^^^.!;';:^/-,>!-'p. "--npti^*
u.
uJciscor, i. ultus, to take vengeance
on, aveuijc onenelf on. J<=auce
Ullus, a, uiii, adj., (,/(« ami nt „ii
[for inuiluH, di,ui„. of un ,.»•)■' "' "''•
Ulterior, (u8,co„,,,. a,lj.,/„rM„..
ultimua, a, um, sup. aflf fn,-th....t
vadum, i, n., a j\,rd
''^ema,a.,t.,asr.,l,l>ard,sheath.
.^Y"'^®"' '^'■t'> f". ':iiin, toi« ;,^,.„,,,, . ,
to /,-„v i>nwer or ,«.,/„,-,;,,. ^;^,';f;,";''' ' '"
valles or vallls. is, f., „„„/,, ;,„,,„,,
varietas, ati«, f., diversit,,, rariety
- • ■"•'•, ^" tuy xcanlr. |,imtugj '
vectigral, ali.s, M.,/,,^.. |^,,.f,„,
j^vect6rlu8.a,u,,,,a,lj.,,,i..,,:,,,,^,„,.,
lini and veUem, Ncfvoio.
162
VOCABULARY.
velocitas, atis, t., tp,ed, neiftnets.
[velox.]
veloclter, adv., speedily, sunftly ;
pomp velocius; sup. velocissime.
[velox.]
venatio, onis, f., hunting, the chase.
[venor.]
venator, oris, m., a hunter, [venor.]
V6nia, ae, f., pardon, favor, indulg-
v6nIo, ire, veni, ventura, to eoine.
ventito, are, a\'i, atum, freq., to come
often, to keep cominij. [venic]
Ventus, i, m., vnnd.
ver, veris, n., spring.
vei'Lum, i, n., a word.
v6reor, Sri, Itua, to fear or be afraid.
vergo, vergfire, to incline, turn, verge.
v6ritus, a, ura, part, vereor.
vero, adv., in truth, asstiredly, how-
ever. [venis.J
versor, an, atus, (properly the mid.
form of verso, are, freq. of verto), stay,
dwell, be in a place, or mix among or with
people.
versiis, us, m., a line of poetry, a
verse. ■"
versus, ad. towards, in the direction of,
vSrutum, i, n., a dart, javelin-
Iveru, a spit.]
vesper, eris, (locative vesperi, aco
mostly vesperum), m., the eocniittf.
vestigium,, li, n., a footprint, track,
trace. '
vestio, Ire, vestlvi, vestltum, to clothe.
[vestis.J
vestitus. Sea vestio.
V§tO, .ire, vetQi, v6tltum, to forbid.
v6tus, Cris, adj., old.
vexlUum, i, n., a flag; a red flaij
placed upon the general's tent aa a signdl
for battle or marching.
vexo, are, avi, atum, to harass, ravage.
via, ae, f., a Way, street, rood.
viceni, ae, a, num., distrib. adj.,
twenty each, [viginti.]
Viceslmus (vices.nimu8 and vigesi-
inus), a, um, num. ord. .wlj., the twentieth.
[viginti.]
vicies, adv., twenty «me«. [viginti]
vlctima, ae, f., o sacnfiee, victim.
Viotor, oris, m., a conqueror; ui np-
|K)8ition, victorious, [vinco.]
victoria, ae, f., victory.
victua, a, um, part, vinco.
Victus, us, m. (that on which one
lives), provisions, stistemince, victual».
[vivo.]
ViCUS, i, m.. village.
yidSo, ere, vidi, visum, «o ,■»«« ; pasa«
videor, / s«'m or am seen ; impers. pass..
to seem /it or good.
Viginti, adj., indecl., twenty.
yimen, Inis, n., a pliant twig, wUhe,
osier. " '
vinco. Ore, vici, victuni, to conquer, be
victorious : vincite =/ia I't' your own way.
_ yiolo, are, avi, atum, to do violence to,
injure, (vis.]
Vir, viri, m., a man, a husband
vires, v. vis.
Virgo, inis, f., a maiden.
virtus, utis, f., manliness; braveni,
courage, valor ; worth, virtue, [vir.l "
vis, ace. vim, ahl. vi. f. in sing., vio-
lence, Jorce, power ; plur. vires, virium,
etc., bodily strength.
Vita, ae, f., life, [vivo.]
vito, arc, avi, atum, to avoid, evade.
vitrum. i, n., woad.
Vivo, Crc, vixi, victum, to live.
ViVUS, a, um, adj., alive, living, [vivo.]
VObis, see vos.
voco, are, avi, atum, to call, invite,
challenge.
volo, velle, vOlai, to wish, will, be
unlling.
voluntarius, a, um, adj., wilUnn, of
one s own free will : voluntarii, orum,
m., volunleer.t. [voluntas.]
voluntas, atis, f., ivUl, free-will, in-
clination, disposition.
VOluptas, fitis, f., pleasure.
VOS, plur. of tu, pron. pers., you.
v6y§0, Ore, vovi, votum, to vow, to
I roiaisc solemnly.
VOX, vOcis, f., a voice, cry.
vulgo, adv., commonly, rienerallv
[vulKUS.j ■' "
vulgus, i, (usually n., occasionally m
but not m Caesar) the mass of the people
the penjjle, the public. '
^ yuln6ro, are, a\i, atum, to wound
injufc by a wound, [vuliiuw.] '
VUlnus, tris, n., a ivouiid.
inco.
on which one
uince, victual».
n, to see ; pass*
; inipers. pass.>
wenty.
ant tmig, withe,
n, to conquer, be
; your own way.
do violence to,
lUsbiiTtd
incKS ; bravery,
■ttie. [vir.l
f. in sing. , mo-
vires, virium,
■]
iivoid, evade.
to live,
i, lining, [vivo.]
to call, invite,
wish, will, be
idj., u'ilUiuj, of
Lntarii, orum,
I, free-will, in-
xsiire.
pere., you.
ini, to vow, to
ry.
<ily, generally.
wcasionallym.,
i (if the people,
nil, to wound,
n».]
nd.
EXERCISES IN RE-TRANSLATION
HASED ON BOOK V.
2f.B.-m fir,t fiv. Exercises are base.1 on Chapter 1.
Exercise 1.
1. Lucius and Appius are consuls ; Lucius is consul.
2. Luaus (being) consul. Caesar sets out for hither Gaul
the'-ar";.'^"'' "^^''^""^' ^''^rius (and) Cotta, (his) lieutenants in-charge-ol
(/i J)^.'5:: t (SS)"'' he-gives-orders (Unpero) that they should build
6. They will build ships and repair the old (ones)
7. These ships Caesar will use against (contra) Britain (Britannia).
». They make the ships low aid broad.
9. l-he Romans use in the Mediterranean high and narrow ships
whick thelrom^'^ns^SrltcSsTomed^o'^So;?' ^'"'' ^^^'^ '»'- ^^^^s.)
II. Many things were useful to the lieutenants.
Exercise 2.
Abl. Absol.
con^;u!;""'" '^'' ^"''^'^'^^^ ^- «--". when* Pompeius and C.ssus were
2. The assizes have been held ; I will now (iam) set out for Italy
3. ^^-^;^^'"«^'^e -i-. Caesar returns (re.ertor, 3) to the army.
ha^inXn^S:s=:;hJri;;r- .£S-^^^-'^- ^hls part
5. These things were reported. Tjiese rr-l nr«„ \ »u- ^ .
reported to Caesar, he ordered (imp..,) ho^tages^^^ ^'"^'' ^^^''"^ ^^'^
6. He gave-orders-to the Gauls (f„r) many hostages.
103
164
EXEKCISKS.
7. These speeches were delivered (hahoo). When these speeches had
been .Iclivered (part, phrase), Caesar rephe<r(mv^w«(K -di).
Exercise 3.
The
Acc. with Inf.— Tenses of the Inf
was bcin^'^a^ilS ^" ''""^ ''''^^'^'- ' '"^ ^ept-hearing that the province
2 I>art has already {inn,) been devastated by the enemy. Thev heard
(perf.) that th.s part ha.i already been laid waste by the scljie^s^f ?Je
3. Caesar will pursue them with war. Caesar made-clear that he would
pursue them with war and rava<,'e their lan<ls.
.,4- T'ley heard (from time to time) that Caesar was comintr Uiemn a\
that h.s lieutenants had built sl?ips an.l that he would clemand hostages. ' ^^
S- Caesar believed (credo, cr.'didi) that the Tirustae ha<i done all these
thmijs (neut. pi.) as a matter of public policy.
facUoif * '^'^'"^'^ ^"'^'f'^'"''"' ''oonovi) that they were ready to give satis-
7. Caesar said that he would, after hostages were sent (abl. abs )
appoint (= give) assessors. ^ ''
Exercise 4.
lubeo and Impero.
1. He ordered them to build ships an<l repair the old ones (use iuheo)
shfc^^i^SrTiledc/on;;;''™' ''^'"^'"^ '^""'^ ^°'*^ ^'^^ '^V btii.d
v^Jt^S':::^^:? ^" ''^ "•"" <"^^ ^^^ """^ (^^-^-^^ with«„,..o
reetiv"rtKSr" '"" '''^ ^""^''^^ ^"^^ '^^P'^'- '^^ ^^'- °' Person
5. He bids them bring th'e hostages to himself.
Sequence of Tenses.
6. It was Caesar's cust..m to order (express by proper tense of i7npero )
conquered (nrta.^, -a, -inn) states to give hostages. impero.)
7. lie had onlered that these should be brought to him.
bullT'ershiplTowl'dXo:;^^^^ ^° '^^ men(,„/Mto
9. lie will give orders for the repairing of the ships (="that the shins
be repaired " ). ' .
* Impera may take the infin. in passive.
Book v.
peeches had
the province
They heard
liliers of the
«at he would
ig {venio, 4)
lostages.
)ne all these
3 give satis-
(abl. abs.),
166
II. Ui<i the man come. Command the man to come.
Exercise 5.
Gerund and Gerundive.
1. Great was the speed of loading these vessels.
2. They were low for-the-purpose-of (ad) loading.
siri) to BrS" "' '""'"^ ^"^'^'"> ^'^^ ''^'^- Caesar wished to cross (.,•..-
(Gtu;j;!:;):'::s? ts;,Sn '^:' <"^'" ^-> ^^ ^-'^'-^ the ships
5. Many things are necessary {u.sui) for repairing a fleet
6. He bids the lieutenants see-to {euro) the equinplng of a fleet
7. Caesar b.ds the ambassadors see that hostages are brought
aftentlS)."" '""' °"' ^^^ "^^ -'^^ °f "o-"g to Britain (use ca«.a
Ge^ltncHvir '^ ""'"' '° '°'' ^'" "^'^^^ <«''- «^-Z "- aU and
Exercise 6.
se iubeo).
they build
with impero
t. of person
of impero.)
n (jni/ea) to
It the -ships
Review.
par,l.) he „r,lare.l all ,„ assemble at llS wlTh'i'"" <"««,l'«»i™
beca„seh,h,ahearat,..h.^:L«yZil5T„"l£r;'ciirSS^
Exercise 7.
(''See Chapter 1 and 2)
pr:;^^ln!:?rr;i,S;s„'"ttirei^^r t^ rr-'^- ^-^
to see that a fleet (das.h) was bu It and fit7pl ^; "'"''''^^' '"^ lieutenants
the assizes he sets out to the P u tae ber-^rl . l"''"'r>- ^^'^' h«Wi"g
waste that part of the Ron a Provbc'e wh 'f '^.'^l "'^^^ ^^'^'''^ '^yi"f
lilyricum. Having received the "uhSon ftl ^^T^^ ^f^^
been received into mirrender) and Invi. ,"0 , . ''^'I''*'-* ('^''' '^- ^«''»''«^
among them, he returns to the Joas (om maru!"\ ^t' '^"'"^^ «^'^^■^'^«'^
many ships built and old ones repS "'«'^"*"'«) ^here (uhi) he flnds
166
EXEKCISKS.
Exercise 8.
M^ee Chapter S, S and 4).
Having ordered all the ships to assemble at Tortus Itius, he leads four
legions against the Treveri, who were defying his authority (iiiipcrio non
parere) and stirring up the Germans. Of this state there were two chiefs,
Indutiomarus and Cingetorix. One of these, learning of Caesar's approach,
surrenders to Caesar, and is received as a frientl {into friendship).
The other, Indutiomarus, at first {prima) endeavored to resist (Dative)
Caesar, gathering {per/, pass, participle) aW his (people) into the woods.
But being frightened by Caesar's arrival, he offered to surrender uncon-
ditionally, (said he was williug to entrust himself and hin fortunc.i to his
honor (Jides). Nevertheless Caesar, after receiving hostages from Indutio-
marus, made Cing, torix head of the Treveri (conciliated the chiefs of the T.
to C); at which the former (iUe) was very indignant (bore i/rievously).
Exercise 9.
1. The chieftains of the Treveri were not able to consult the interests of
their states, so (itaqiie) looked out for themselves.
2. It was of great interest to Caessr that a friend should rule over
(impero, with Dat. ) the Treveri.
3. Indutiomarus feared that all would desert him ( = hiinself).
4. Caesar feared that Indutiomarus would not be a friend (see F 181; x
4; P. "., 154). ^' ^'
5. Indutiomarus did not come to Caesar, in order that the state might
be the more easily kept loyal (in officio).
6. What (plur.) is going on among the Treveri? Cingetorix will make
known (ostendo) to Caesar what is going on.
7. I and all my (people) will be loyal, nor will we desert (dejicioab) the
friendship of the Roman people.
Exercise 10.
( See latter part of Chapter S),
It-is-for-that-reason-that I am not leaving my friends and am unwilling
to come to you. I wish to maintain the loyalty of my state and I fear lest
the common people may slip. Consequently the state is at my disposal
and I will, if you permit me (fut. indie), come to you in your camp and
put myself and my state in your hands (entrust myself to your honor).
Exercise 11.
(See Chapter 6).
1. Caesar's legions had reached the harbor.
2. Fifty war-^hips built in the territories of the Meldae, had been driven
back by storms and luid not {neque) been able to reach tiiis harbor. They
returned to their starting point.
-m
BOOK V
167
e leads four
The rest k^Jk'^lo-^S. S Slt^;;:: °^ ^"'^''^ ^"^ ^••'- ). -^e iea i,:;.au..
S. Dumnorix, the Aeduan, especially he wished to h ,
y 'le wisned to have aIonf,r with him.
Exercise 12.
C'^ee Chapter 6).
4. T,,„e „h„ ar. u„acc„,,„„ed ,„ .a|„,„ „„,^, ,^,„, ,^^
Cij «'"■« ^™ ■» -ai„ „„ „,, ,.„, „/„„, ,„^--^_^^ ^^^^^
i.st:Z°?''^°l° "prJ?!»'^^ "if G«"l ■■» being ,,.,„„, „,
i:^, »r », ,H.^p ^--^, "^^^S-. J;,:;lr;i ■!:
Exercise 13.
('«S'«e Chapter 7)
D. i„ kU duty). """«'f '" "'».".»in-.he.l„yal„of D„,„„„rix (tap
6. When .he men (no, WV,) had embarked be lef, f, H
-rer:::*-»---"--^^^^
Mn, and, wben be „LZ K'Siipfe^lrilL^^™"'"-' »"™™1«i
9- In the absence of Caesir n„
.o. I an, .eeand Z be!;:: aT:.;"'"' '" " ^ ^ ' »"« -
Exercise 14.
r'-^ee Chapter 8).
'■ "; "'■" "■•» "•i"!!' (««= .•/"•<.), and lef, F. ,„ ;„ c.„,
^"rr'-~-'.o e «„„„„:;:'::;:„ „.„„,,.,
168
KXKBCISES.
3. At day-break lie found out lliat he had left Hritain behind on the I'd.
4. Having been carried on too far by the wind and tide, the ships fol-
lowed the change of tide and reached the island.
5. On this part of the island he had landed the summer before.
6. lie knew that these regions were excellent for landing.
7. The soldiers by not relaxing (perf. participle) their efforts (labor)
reached the island by rowing the same day.
8. At noon the enemy saw Caesar's ships approaching and, panic-
stricken, they left the shore for the woods.
Exercise 15.
(See Chapter 8).
Purpose expressed by ut.
1. Labienus was left behind to guard the coast.
2. He left soldiers to provide corn.
3. They strove to reach the island.
4. We shall strive to equal the speed of the war-galleys.
5. We arc exerting ourselves to learn (f.oi/iionco) many things.
ladireot Question.
6. What was being done in Gaul? Labienus saw what was being done.
7. What (sing.) has Caesar done (gero)? We learn what he did when
he had crossed into Britain.
8. What had the enemy seen? They were frightened at what (those
things which) they had seen. They told their chiefs what they had seen.
9. In what place have the enemy encamped ? (cansido, -sedi).
10. He ascertained in what place they hail encampetl.^
If-
Exercise 16.
(See Cfiupter 9).
1. Caesar landed his army and selected a site suitable for a camp. The
army landed after 12 o'clock (noon).
2. I will leave ten cohorts and 300 cavalry as a guard for the camp.
3. Quiutus had been appointed in command of that part of his array
which he was leaving at the sea.
4. After mooring the ships at anchor and appointing Atrius in command,
he hastened in pursuit of the enemy's forces.
nooK V.
169
on the I'll.
le ships fol-
re.
"orts {labor)
and, panic-
being done,
he (lid wiien
what (those
had seen.
camp. The
e camp,
of his army
in command,
„^3"-'"8 -"--«I .nd joined ba.„e, ,h., „ere driv™ back ,„ ,he
10. Ihe enemy were driven fmm tu^ . "i.""nk
receive.1 by our men. "" '''^ *""*■'■ «^ vvound having been
Exercise 17.
(''iee Chapter 10.)
I. Next day soldiers were sent to pursue the enemy.
stotmhtdiStTwrc'SfJes^r '^''''""' " ^^" ''^''^'^^ '^at a
stat,^;^£:onhetrm^"^ "^ ^" ^''°-' ^— they could not with-
veSen?e wfSuset"^ '"" ^^'^'''^^" ^^'^ --' "P on shore, ^eat incon-
5. Caesar writes (.cri,,o) to his lieutenants to send workn.en {faber.)
Exercise 18.
(See Chapter 11.)
2. There he found that about fortv shir». Kn,i k
were badly damaged (affliyo). ^ ^ ^'^'^ *^«" ^«st and that the rest
A. This wns nnt n r«otf /■ „ , «> Cglons.
4. This was not a matter of much difficulty.
4 .Ks;.r™,,?"n.: S"?;,:iLs^r" -""" "»■ "■■--■of
which he had coDslracwJ. ' •"* '^ P'°'"' '!'= fortificalion
been g.,» ■„ ,;^„.,„., a.ivdia»™^,'' Stftat^r.-^inxril-i';;;
170
BXKRCISBS.
Iiorder-iipon [nttivgo) the Thames. Now (au^wi) between Cassivillaumi»
.111(1 the other {ff/ii/tii) tribes there had hitherto Itcen unceasiii),' warfare.
Our arrival however stirretl-iip {pfnnooeo) the Urituns to appointing him
({,'erundive) in charge of the whole war.
Exercise 19.
(See Chapters 1£, IS and 14).
t. Those who have been bom in the island itself inhabit the interior ol
Kiitain.
2. Those who inhabit the maritime district had their origin in the states
if Belgium.
3. The Britons use gold, brass, iron, timber, (and) tin.
4. Of these some are found in the island, others are imported.
5. Those wlio inhabit Belgium are called Belgae.
6. They bring their ships to port at Kent.
7. lie has been called a friend.
8. The ships have been brought to port.
9. Caesar sailed westward and northward.
10. The natives, looking southward, saw Caesar approaching.
u. Britain is half as large again as Ireland.
12. They call the island which lies midway between Britain and Ireland
Mona.
13. The Kentish people (inhabitants of Kent) are very much like the
Gauls, and mo.';t-of-them live on corn. Those-of-the-interior are more like
the Germans, living (as they do) on milk and flesh. The woai/. with which
they all stain their bodies, produces a dark blue color. In m' .,■ .h-.'V are of
a horrible appearance and go {esse) wiiS flowing hair.
Exercise 20.
t;
n
i
(See Chapters 15 and Iff).
I, Our men, having advanced some distance {aliquantum itineris),
' 'iiged the enemy and drove them into the woods.
;„ A'^ui' however, the enemy rushed from the woods and made an
i.'ri 1, ^'.n out "Trip.
^v i.;j . ar . .i.i to the rescue the first cohorts of two legions, but our men
litmiat I. >{l:!ened by the ( . ;my's mode of fighting.
4. The efiemy, after killing a military tribune, broke through and fled.
5. In this battle the Britons would fall back a little way, leap from their
harlots and fight on foot.
nooK V.
in
w.reL;;;rel"""^''°" '"«^ -""^ -'-ve one another so that .he.
Exercise 21.
(Set Cffuipl^ 17).
S- A greal number of them «-ere sUm
Exercise 22.
^51!« Chapter 18)
'• Caesar had ascertained their plans Tfn •
unvun Clown ueneath
4- The cavalry was sent forwarH ,„^ »u i .
"P- ^"'^ ^"^ '''«^ '^g'«"^ ^ere ordered to follow
5. The enemy coul.i not withstand the attack of the legions
6. Havng ,., ,He hanks they committed themselves to^:;.
Exercise 23.
(See Chapter 19),
2. With a few however he watchpH n,^
neighhonng (;>r. »,«„., j hj,,,". """''^^ '^e movements of the Romans from
'• ;;:7™^^f ""^^-'^ -y 'h-gh these regions.
in^;^^lSS!;^i^' Caesar wonid dire. ,. ^„,,, ,,, ^ ^^^^ ^^ ^_^^_^^_^^_
sidsT^VS.7^^^^"'^^ ^'^ ^--- ^- spreading (.-.. ,., ..^r the
17:?
EXERCISES.
6. Caesar did not suffer his (men) to depart too far.
7. Having devastated the land and made fires he kept (rcllueo) his men
in camp.
8. By these things we can injure the Britons most and no harm can be
done us (it-camiot-be-harmed).
Exercise 24.
(See Chapter W).
1. Mandubratius came from the Trinobantes to Caesar on the continent.
2. He knew (iiUeUe(/o) that his own father, who had held the sovereignty,
had been slain.
3. The Trinobantes, having sent envoys, surrender to Caesar.
4. We will surrender to you and do your bidding.
5. We asTc you to protect our young chief.
6. He who had been-at-the-head-of the state (praesum, with dat.) had
been slain.
7. Caesar sent them (a man) to take charge (use Relative of Purpose).
8. He promised to send them (some one) to hold authority.
Exercise 25.
(See Chapter Zl).
1. Now that this state has been protected (use perf. participle and abl.
abs.) the remaining (ones) will send embassies and surrender.
2. Not far distant is a town into which men and cattle will gatiier.
3. Impassable woods had been fortified by ramparts and trenches.
4. Thither they assemble for the purpose of avoiding Caesar.
5. When the enemy had rushed (se eicere) out of the town, many were
slain.
6. Caesar, having tarried on the island a little while, returned {se recipere)
to the continent.
Exercise 26.
(See Chapter SS).
1. Four kings preside over Kent.
2. These kings gathering an army suddenly assaulted the camp.
3. Caesar learne<-I that his (men) had made a rally and that many of the
enemy had been slain.
4. Cassivellaunus heard that his territories had been ravaged.
BOOK V.
ueo) his men
harm can bt;
le continent,
sovereignty,
th dat.) had
Purpose).
pie and abl.
ather.
iches.
many were
(se recipere)
np.
many of the
This battle had been reported to Cassivellaunus.
173
.uLen"" '""" ^'^' '"^ '^«"''^ -^•■y '!-« out the re.naining part of the
7. I enjoin upon you not to hurt n,y allies {socii).
Exercise 27.
(See Chapter 23)
I. Having led his army to the naval camp, he launched ,h. ships.
^.2. Caesar carried back his soldiers and prisoners fron. Brhain in two
3- The shi|)s, after carrying over the fir>.f \r.i
sent back) along with the Sve^ty Jhlps buiirby LahieTu.7 "'""""« <''^''"«
deJin^ti:;r" '"'"'' ""^" ^'"^'''^ --y ^- -^ these reached (their,
r.lr. ''^Zr^:^^!^^::^ -y»- (^«^«^) stowing his men
was concluded Caesar's secondTar ^Jith the Briton^" '"' '^'"^ ^^^
Exercise 28.
(See Cliapter S4)
2. This he was compelled to do by the scarcity of corn.
3- Quintus Cicero, brother of Mai-^.ic .k
legion into the Nervil. '^"' ^'"- °''''»'o''' ^^s .ent with one
4. One legion, over which Sabinus and Cotta w.n- ;„ .
ordered to wnuor among the Eburones. command, was
5. Along with this legion five other cohorts were stationed.
Exercise 29.
(See Chapter 25).
geti J'' kingdom of the Carnutes had been restored by Caesar to Tas-
2. He was slain by his enemies in the third year of his reign.
3. This occurrence havinpf been renorfpH f,, r^^ u
this state for-,he-purpose-of („,?) '^:^ ^;^^;^ ^^?^ -*"
«iaycs or iasgctms (liiuse who had slain). '' -''i-prehcmnng the
174
EXEUCISB<
Exercise 30.
(Sei Chapters 26 ami %7).
_ I. Within fifteen days a revolt broke out among the Ehurones at the
instigation of the two chieftains (the two chiefinins being instigators).
2. Our men gained an advantage in a cavalry fight and the enemy with-
drew from the camp. '
3. Then the enemy said they wished to hold a conference and to settle
the dispute.
4. In this conference Ambiorix said that he owed gratitude to Caesar,
and ha<l attacked the camp not by his own will Init by the compulsion of
tne state, ^
1 h ".'' "/^'t^ {^uadere ut) the lieutenants (Dat.) to lead out their men and
hasten to Labienus.
i
Exercise 31.
(See Chapters SS-Sl).
I. These things having been laid before Cotta and Sabinus, a LTtat
<lispute arose. ' -s"-'^"^
2 Cotta wished to remain in the camp and await reinforcements from
t.aLsar, babinus thought they ought to depart (use Gerundive).
3. The matter having been prolonged till midnight, the opinion of Cotta
was overborne (supero) by Sabinus.
4- At day-break they left camp.
Exercise 32.
(See Chapters Sg-S5).
I. The enemy placed an ambuscade in a valley.
2 When our column had advanced into this valley, the enemv made an
T^nZT' "" " ''™ "'" *^"'^' '^'"'"^'"'^ inZtTope^e
3 1» this battle, Sabinus who had been the promoter of the dei^arture
from can,,,, acted timidly ; Cotta alone discharged the duties of coninmnS
4- Sabinus had foreseen none of those things that happene.l ; Cotta had
thought -of (co<fito) everything. ft^ ' - v^uiia naa
into a di^le."'"'""'' "'^'^"''°"'"g ^P^^^- P'^^.) their baggage, formed (comislo)
6. The barbarians, thinking that all things depended upon victory made
no n ten.p (»0« r.».m) to seize the plunder left l,v the R..,, an ToiS
but nnled missiles horn afar. Whenever the Romans charged (p W
ind.), they would retire. ^"aij^du ipiupert,
BOOK V.
;ir men and
176
Exercise 33.
(See Ohaptfim S6-S7).
co^-etrSerfS£^'rp:^„t/^' - ..'^i.- .0,, .he w..,„.,,
3- When Sabinus ha<l asked ^n^^, f • , ,
s i^i^ -;,-- -f°s -E's -^- -s:- »^o
Exercise 34.
(See Chapters SS-Zfi.)
^ „ . , ' °"f throughout the first day
4. navmtj disnatched t I,.h<>,. ^ /-■
"■I. i.™. «,,.„1 „„ ,|,e „,„p',,",,nhe'?'„H,'" """' """■" "'•'"' "■»''»
6. For several days thereafter they held out. ''
Exercise 35.
(f^ee. Chapters 41.4s,)
176
BXKRCISES.
3. Cicero's reply having been received, they surrounded his camp with
rampart and tiench and hoped that they would thus compel (co^o) him to
surrender.
4. On the seventh day, they again attacked the camp and brought into
action towers, pent-houses and scaling ladders (use only one verb).
5. But so great was the valour of our men that on this day also the enemy
were repulsed, many of (=out of) their number being wounded and slain.
Exercise 36. „
(See Chapters 45-48.)
1. Several messengers having been sent in vain, a slave, who was a
Gaul, brought a letter to Caesar.
2. Caesar, learning of Cicero'g danger, immediately sends messengers to
Craasus, Fabius and Labienus »nd bids them come with their legions to
Cicero's camp.
■\. Crassus and Fabius do as they were ordered, but Labienus sends a
letter in which he describes ( prcucriho) his own danger and says he cannot
{7iego) leave his winter camp.
4. Caesar, with the two legions which he had received from Crassus and
Fabius, hastens by forced marches into the territories ot the Nervii.
5. A Gallic horseman takes a letter from Caesar to Cicero but fearing
the Nervii, throws it tied to a spear, into the camp.
6. The spear stuck to a tower and the letter was not observed before the
third day.
7. Cicero calling a meeting of the soldiers, reads (rfcitu) the leti;r and
great is the joy of all when Caesar's approach is learned.
Exercise 37.
(See Chapters 49-52.)
1. Cicero asks from Vertico the man who brought the letter to Caesar's
camp.
2. Give me a soldier whom I may send with this letter.
3. At midnight the letter was brought to Caesar and he hastened to set
out towaids the enemy.
4. The place where lie encamped was as favorable as possible, but the
camp which he fortified was as contracted as poisible.
5. The valleys can easily be crossed by this route.
6. Caesar the next day, by a pretence of fear, enticed the enemy to t)attle
in front of the c;uiip in a most unfavoral ic place,
7. Some were tearing down the rampart with their hands, some were
filling up the ditches.
BOOK V.
177
°- I^iil Caesar orvlered a s.illv f,> K, i
, 9. The e,K.n,y did not e Vn, '""^ ""^ '"''''''^ '^ "^- ^ >«-•
(occ-ulo). -^^^'^^ ^"d lar,.e numbers of then, were cut down
Zeroise 38,
^-See Chapters 5S-55.)
4- Some of the Gauls were helH .„ ft, • ,, .
■some by advice, but nearly all fht^states w/ '^"'"'^^ ''>' '"'""illation and
Q/ mstnciun to). ^ ""^ ^''^'^^ ^^re suspected by Caesar (oCyS
5. Indutiomarus all this winff.r i f
was not however (use noque) able to SsuSTk'" '''■'' "P '^« ^^^^ns, but
6. Many Gauls, however he Zc ' \''" ''"V';!"^ '« '^''«'^^ 'he Rhine.
his standard ^conurro ad{ '"''' '" ^'^''' «^> -^"-"f.' to flock to
Exercise 39.
(See Chapters 56-58.)
I. Indutiomarus, callinf in n,„ i
ordered a sally a„d |„ ,„„, ^„ ],^ ^i^fj*" "'Vf^Mo» o/ /ear) „„Ue„l"
.ii/per^TSitf S; ;;:,r™,«»" '■^''"-- «ho „aa a»c,„b,.d,
liXERCISES IN RE-TRANSLATION
BASED ON BOOK VI.
Exercise 1.
(See Chapter 1.)
I. A greater disturbance was expected by Caesar.
SextiiS ^^^^ "^^" ^"^^ '^'""^^ ^^* lieutenants, Silanus, Reginus, and
3- The pro-consul, Pompeius, who was remaining near the city with his
troops had raised soldiers in Cisalpine Gaul. ^
ask;d k'!''^ ^^ ""'^^'^^ '° ^^ °"' ^° ^^^''"" ^^'^^"'^ <9"^) ^^^"" ''^'l
5. Great now (tar«) appeared the resources of the Romans, and the loss
ol the previous (prtor) war was soon repaired.
6. This was granted by Pompey to Caesar.
7- What loss had been sustained at that time ?
.1\ T'^^Vu^^u """T ^''t^'^^. ^^^'^•' ^""^ «^""bled the number of the
cohorts that had been lost by Titurius.
Exercise 2.
n:
(See Chaptern M.)
Abl. Absol.
1. The leader of the Treveri had been slain by Labienus. Their leader
hav.ng been sla.n, the Treveri conferred the command upon his kinsmeS'
2. Having tempted the nearest Germans, they were unable to stir them up.
3. After attaching Ambiorix to themselves, they prepared for war.
(impeS^'r^f war.^"™^ ^"^ ^'^'' ''^'"^ ""^' ^^^"^^ began-to-think
Acc. with Infln.
5. Caesar learned that the command had been delegated to the relatives
of Indutiomarus, that the Germans were being tempted, and that the
Nerva were preparing war.
his^commid.^""''"'' ^*'^ """^^' """^' ^""^ ^'^ "°' ''°™"^ in-response-to
178
hOOK VI.
179
iber of the
response-to
, 7. War has been
'-•lesar.
Gerundive.
■repared by Caesar. War h^, , u
Exercise 3.
, vv (^ee Chapters.)
Exercise 4.
(See Chapter 4 )
^•Cae.r.sarr.a,.a.tr;:^^°^P^-
, 2. The Senones tried to .. h ^'"^ ^''-■"■""'•
'hem before they cou'u'd'^sf ^*^^^ '"'° ^^^ town, but Caesar was uoon
■3 Tha T upon
f; ;"'■'*'""-•-•"--. -™.c,«„.,.
Exercise 5.
(See Chapter 4 )
180
EXKR( ISKS.
3. These nnil)sns;i(lois arc to be guarded.
4. I hand them over to you to he guarded.
5. Soldiers were sent for the purpose of j^uariliup; the liostages.
Utor.
6. Caesar used (jallic horse-soldiers.
7. The Gauls employed excuse-making.
Exercise 6.
(fiee Vhapti-r 5.)
1. Cavarinus set out with him. lie ordered t lie army to set out with
him.
2. I have settled these things, and I am positive the enemy will not
«engage in battle.
3. Marshes and woods protected (mnmo) the Menapii.
4. There is friendship between you and me.
5. This support (aiut'iHum) must he taken away from And)iorix. (What
case does detraho govern ?)
6. I Laving taken away these supports, I will assail (laci'Mo) thu chieftain
himself.
7. Ambiorix will despair-of safety and hide among the dermans.
8. This plan has been entered upon. All the baggage has been sent.
9. Two legions have been ordered to proceed to Labieims,
10. Five lightly equipped legions set out with C'aesar himself against the
enemy.
Two meanings of COgO,
11. The Menapii were compelled to take refuge in the woods.
12. No force (manus) had been collected by them.
Exercise 7.
(See Chapter 6.)
1. Caesar divided up his forces with his lieutenants.
2. Bridges were quickly built (('.(ficia) and vill.ages were bvirnt.
3. The Menapii were compelled to send ambassadors concerning peace.
What verbs are like utor ?
4. Caesar gained possession of many vill.iges.
5. The soldiers, having gained possession of the bridge, set fire to the
l.Hiildings.
fiOOK V!.
riling peace.
t fire to the
181
tot^X'-lSS'"^''- '^^'"^'^^'^^ C-"»-. '-d set out into .l.e .erri-
Exercise 8.
(Sm Chapter 7.)
Vivid present with Dum.
was doing these th
'"gs. tl „. Treveri gathered large
I. While Caesar
lorces.
'■ ''^'"'^ ""^ ''"^^" "'-« P'-eparing war. Caesar overcame the M ^
3- the enemy attackpH in^ ■ w , "^"-«"le the Meiiapn.
Caesar, were co^ingl"'"' ^"""'''^^^ ^^bienus. Two legions, .ent hy
, r. , ^^^ "^th Infln.
4. Caesar learnt that laree forces h^^ 1
. , . ^ lorces had been jrithered hv tV,^ t
5- Lahienus had learnt that the C,..! , , ^ ^^^'''■'•
Germans. '^^^ Gauls would pitch camp and await the
6. There will be no opportunity of fi„i,f
7. I Lope Cesar wi„ cLl '''''■'■"«■"•'"'"-'■'■«■■=-
8. The G,„U ,|,„„,^, ,„„ ^,,.^_^^ ^^^^__ ^^^
9. I w,ll move e.,mp earl, ,„.„„„„„ „„„, ,
'O. S„„e or ,he Gau„ i„ Ub,V,„„. „., ra.o.ed ,he en,.,
c.^'pa^'JI^S"'" '*^-»' '-'- ««'^ .h« Labien.. hI,' bro^e„..p
Exercise 9.
(See Chapter 8.)
■i,eir bl-^r""" '"' »'■»-« »"' -,her „o, ,o ,e. ,he R„„,„. „, ,.„, „,
cri:,;^ l:-,'"" ""•■■' «"«'• »01. s™.,, force,/ ^„ „, ,„„,,^. ,^
4. Lal,ie,„„ „„p,„„, ,^„ ,,^ ^^^,^ ^^^^ ^^
5- 'ne Roman soldiers displaved frrA,^ .
"i>g on in person. ^ '^"^ S"^"^' ^^'«'- and :.,agined that Caesar
6. .Slandards havi
was
stationed
lins
182
EXKKCISES.
Exercise 10.
Pres. Participle- Perf. Pass. Participle Deponent
Perf. Participle.
1. Many Gauls, while seekiii},' the woods, were slain by Roman soldieis.
2. The Gauls, havinj^ s(juy;ht the woods, heard that the Germans !>fad
betaken themselves home.
3. A few were captured. The Romans pursued (conaector) the ic-
mainder.
4. Ilavinj^ captured a larjje number and pursued the remainder they
returned {ne recipere) into camp.
5. He learned that some Gauls hid accompanied (comitor) the Germans.
6. The Gauls, accompanying '(perf. part.) the Germans, crossed the river
into Germany.
Exercise 11.
{See Chapter 9.)
Cum, Postquam, Ubi, and Perf. Participle.
1. When Caesar had come into the Treveri (use cum).
2. When he had crossed the Rhine (use pontquam),
3. Afier sending reinforcements, they received Ambiorix to themselves,
( (a) perf. participle, (b) cum, (c) pottquam).
4. When they saw Caesar coming (use ubi ; see previous chapter).
5. Having determined on these things (translate in three ways).
6. Having led his army over, he built a bridge.
7. When the bridge had been completed by the soldiers, a strong guard
was left.
8. No disturbance having arisen, he advanced into Germany.
Exercise 12.
'(See Cha27ter9.)
*'purgandi .wi causa ad e.um leijatos m'tttnnt, qui doceanc. '
1. These are the ambassadors who inform (doceo) Caesar.
2. Ambassadors were sent to inform Caesar ((a) with cauad, (b) with ad,
(c) with qui),
3. Ambassadors came to clear themselves ( (a) with nd, (b) with qui).
4. Caesar sent (men) to enquire the way into the Suebi.
BOOK VI.
183
S. The apology (,a«.^^,.^,
Exercise 13.
I Th. 5 .• ^''^^''- ^^m>'r to.)
^™. - J^hS^SS;-'^,^-^;»-- ...» .„„„.
6 «■ wing cattle
'.Hng,,;i'r ^'"''^"' ^'"' P-P- secu'ence of tense, I ., •
8- He i„.,™„ed ^, 3, ','""' '" ^» '«"6 ">= Suebi.
9- Wh« ,h|„g, „, bei„~ H ' Question.
Exercise 14.
AlltheSuebi after. /''"'"''""'^'"''•^
-^"a ^r i -£rT- =- '^^ 'J; ^ •- '^- .a.
protects the Suehi f^^ ■ ^^ ^^^tm. This exi.-n r "^*-'"" lerritories
-S.ebUa-r=,S.;;.-Vbe^^„|JS--™--;™.^^
Exercise 15.
r r„ t. . ^'^'^* Chapters 11 and 12 j
'• In what do these naf; ■• •>'
184
BXK.ncisES
3. Several battles h.id been fouKbt ai.d all the nobility hml been slain.
4. The Aeilui gave iio aj^es and were compelled to take an oath in the
name of tiu- state.
5. The hostages have been given back and the old dependencies restomd.
Exercise 16.
(See Chaptn-H IS and 14.) ,
1. In Gaul the common people are of no .iccount.
2. Debt and immense taxes oppress them.
3. The I>ruids are iiighly respuxled .-imong the Gauls.
4. If any one wishes to learn the Druids' system of training, it must l)t
learnt in Britain. ;
5. In learnin;^ verses, the Druids relied ori their memory and did not use
written characters.
6- Our sou! does not perish aiter death.
Exercise 17.
(See Chapters msn.)
1. The Druids hand down learning to the young ; the Knights are at the
head of the factions.
2. The (iauls worship the same gods, for the most part, as the Romans,
3. They sacrifice animals and human beings.
4. An account is kept of all moneys between husbaml and wife.
5. In the funerals of their greater (aitijtlior) men, slaves, clients and ani-
mals specially loved, used to he burned along with their masters.
6. If anyone has heard {ardino) anything regarding the public weal, he
lays it before the magistrates.
Exercise 18.
(See Chapters ei-SS.)
1. Those who have charge of (praesum) divine matters are Druids.
2. Caesar has many lieutenants to officer his army (use a qui clause).
3. The Germans used to devote themselves to war from Iwyhood,
4. The races and family groups slay ni one place only for one year : me
year after, they go to another place (use an .iilverli).
len shin,
oath in t lil-
ies restonnl.
, it must lie
1 liid not use
Its arc at the
the Romans,
iff.
ents and ani-
rs.
blic weal, he
Druids.
r clause).
y'hood.
ne year : iiiu
BOOK Vf.
tTlz::;:.!"""- -m^..,...,.
186
6 •,., , ""'■ \"j"-r(t) tor (his.
Exercise 19.
(<-"^n,,ter(,S8m(lS4.)
3. A leader is chosen to take charee of »»,
4. Magistrates are chosen ,o ,h " "'"" <""' ^ ''"• «^'""«e).
5-"H.anda,eisnon,::: r:;r^^^'''^'""^^"^-^^^^^^^^^^^
6. The Gauls formerly i^Uea^ ''""°"*''^' "" '^^™«"«-
'y (-'^ea) surpassed the Gern.ans i„ bravery.
Exercise 20.
(Chapters SS-SS. )
1. Gaul starts at the Pyrenee* in ■
2. There is no one whi i ^ Tr."""''"^ ^"' '^'^'^'^ ^° "'e Rhine
«««o e..= ,. ,,, "- v.s.ted ,he he,innin, of „.. forest i,ni Z
3. Many kinds of wild bea-s nr^ nr , . •
^4. Of these the followin,/ J ^ " " "" ^"'■^^'•
the elk. the wild ox. """^ "^^ '^ «- that Caesar mentions : the reindeer
S- The elk is like the .rmf in i '
6. I. nav„ „„ down .;,""; ';" ~'"' ""' ^» » »">. U,,„.
7. A tree is its couch j aeainst ,> ,> i
10. Those who kill a wJlH « . ■
Purpose) and gain great praTse °" '^""^ *« horns as a proof m- -
11. Men cnno, ,„„e Ihese, even «-hen r,„u, ■
•'■ Thejusethehon,,., dnnHn^C """"■
186
UXERClSEd.
Exercise 21.
(See Chapters S9-SS.J
Cum and Postquam.
1. When {cum) the Suebi had betaken themselves f;ir into the woods,
Caesar did not advance, but led back his army and broke down the far end
of his bridge.
2. When (postquavi) he had broken down the bridge and left a garrison
in a tower which he had constructeti, he set out for the purpose of pursuing
Ambiorix.
3. Basilus, having been sent forward with the cavalry, almost (paene)
captured Ambiorix, who escaped while his companions were fighting (use
pres. part.) and afterwards ordered his men to look out for themselves.
4. Catuvolcus, king of half the El)urones, poisoned himself.
5. Ambassadors came from; two German tribes to entreat Caesar not to
wage war upon them (express " to entreat " in five different ways).
6. We had no intention of war (nihil cogitare de) ; and sent no aid to
Ambiorix.
7. If you bring back to me (fut. perf. ind. ) those who assembled among
(aa) you, I will not interfere with your territories.
8. The fourteenth legion was left as protection to the town of Aduatuca,
and over this legion Quintus Cicero was put in command.
Exercise 22.
(See Chapter SS.)
Having left Cicero with the fourteenth legion in the camp near Aduatuca,
he divided his army and gave orders (impero) to Lahienus to proceed to
the Menapii and to Trebonius to proceed to the Aduotuci. These regions
were to be laid waste by the two lieutenants. He himself set out to the
Scheldt, whither Ambiorix had gone. He said he would be back in seven
days and ordered the two lieutenants to return by the same date if possible.
Exercise 23.
(S e Chapter S4- )
[eonnido) in hid-
1. No town defended itself. The Gauls had encampe
den glens, or woody places or obstructed marshes.
2. He did not wish to divide {diduco) his soldiers and could not take
(duco) them in a closely packed body through these impassable places. All
the neighboring Gauls therefore {itaqiie) were called out for the purpose ot
(caiuid and gerund) plundering the Eburones and wiping out (tollo) the
state.
IS.
the woods,
1 the far end
ft a garrison
of pursuing
ost (paene)
fighting (use
(iselves.
f (
BOOK VI.
Exercise 24.
187
(See Chapter 35.)
^J^Jo. .uch can fortune ( ,o) i„ ..P What accidents does .h.
'^ro\.&S^t?ufof1:^:r^^ --"^ (^-o) in war and what accidents she
3. The Suga^bri ca.e fro. Germany to plunder the El,u.ones
4. After ravaging the territories of thes^ th
, 5. H.re they learn that Caelh '""''" ""'"'^'"^"
I'agpge of his army has been S^"^\LT '° '" '''■^'^"'^'-'. 'hat all the
w.th a small garrison. ^ ^ "" ^^^ '°^»' ^nd that Cicero is there
aesar not to
'ays).
nt no aid to
ibled among
if Aduatuca,
ir Aduatuca,
) proceed to
dese regions
t out to the
ack in seven
i if possible.
lido) in hid-
ild not take
places. All
e purpose of
t (tollo) the
Exercise 25.
(See Chapters S6-.t9.)
I. Cicero had been ordered h^, r^
- e camp. But on the^fve^tlX ^"s °t''^ 7 '", ^"« '^ '^- («•'/-*-)
"g fields o get corn, leaving (perf narT\ n^,? I"""'' '"'^ "'e neighhcr'
cohorts behmd. ^ 'P^"' P^"-) ""'X a few sick men and five
£rp::,Zto^^^^^^ therlwe^: nSw'S: be\w "^ ^t" "^^ (aU,,ua,Uun.
t|;e^Sug.,„bn came along ^^Ueroen^,, ^^^-'^^^^^^^^^^^
3. With difficulty the few Roman soldiers defended the camp
4- Baculus, a centurion of the firsf mnU r ^'
the camp, rusi,ed out of hi?tem anC Mb ' ''"^ ""^ ^"•^* '^e sick men left in
He perished, covered with wounds bu "^' "£ "™^' ^'««^ "' 'he ^^"tewa;
was saved. ^"""«^S' hut by his courage (virtus) the camp
Exercise 26.
^-Sfes (7Aapfer 39. )
Dependent Question.
... . ' — — xiu v^uesLion.
188
EXKKCISES.
Exercise 27.
(See Chapter 47.)
1. On the first ni{;ht after the Germans, despairing of storminir the cami),
had returned across the Rliine into Germany, C. Voiusenus came to the
camp with Caesar s cavalry.
2. Cicero's soldiers had thought that the forces of Caesar were destroyed
to a man, or that the cavalry alone had escaped {effiucjio).
3. This fear was removed by Caesar's arrival next (proximus) day.
Exercise 28.
(See Chapter 4S.)
1. Caesar again set out to harass the enemy (translate in four ways).
2. All the corn having been consumed or beaten down (ad/lino) by rains
the forces of Ambiorix were perishing from utter destitution (say "lack of
all tlnngs. ) ■'
3. Ambiorix himself however was eludmg pursuit (se eripere).
4. At last Caesar leading back his army, held an enquiry regardintr the
conspiracy, and inflicted the extreme penalty upon Acco {mpplicium ./ravi^si-
mum sumere de). •'
5. Leaving two legions among the Treveri, two among the Lin^ones
and SIX at Agedmcum among the Senones, he set out to Italy to hold
court (translate the last phrase in six ways).
" storming the cami),
usenus came to the
lesar were destroyed
'•oximtis) day.
i in four ways).
n (adfligc) by rains,
ution (say "lack of
eripere).
qiiiry regarding the
mpplicmm (jravind-
long the Lingones,
It to Italy to hold
lenwich \S''
Map No. 4, ^i
CAMPAIGNS OF /
B.C. 55 and 54.
S OF J
Long. East *' t
i
4
,
.
k
[
I
If. ■
I?
ikl '
f