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ITS WONDERFUL GROWTH AND PROGRESS, ESPECIALLY A3 AN IMPORTING CENTRE WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF ITS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, AND REM- INISCENCES EXTENDING OVER THE FOUR DECENNIAL PERIODS FROM 1846 TO 1880, INCLUDING THE INTRODUCTION OF THE BONDING SYSTEM THROUGH THE UNITED STATES. / WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. Also, a Vikw ok tub Proposkd Esjlanauk, with Bridubs, bv Kivus Ti'li-y, Kmi., is 1850, Viuws OK THE ClTV IX 1850 AND 1880, ANi) A Map OF TORO.NTO. THE APPENDIX CONTAIN.S THE TARIFF OK CUSTOMS, OOMPARATIVK .STATEMENT OF IMPORTS TO TORONTO, ANU THE PRINOIPAL AMERICAN ISLAND CITIES, TABLES CON- VERTING STERLING AND FRENCH CURRENCY INTO DOLLARS AND CENTS, AND OTHER INFORMATION VALUABLE ALIKE TO THE BUSINE.SS MAN AND TOURIST. BY CONYNGHAM CRAWFORD TAYLOR, Her Ma'iesty's CxMoms. TORONTO: :•*•.,• i'fcjjw';^/':*'*^* Tai!\Aj;TVioB. syi : v :'.. ••• WILLIAM BRig<}S,.78.& ^f) I1JJJ0.S3*KEET EAST. Entered, according tj the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-aix, by Wiilum Brigop, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture at Ottawa. ' • . ' « c t i « • 't mm HON. JOHN BEVERLEV ROBINSON, LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR OF ONTARIO. TO : : \ LIEUTENANTGOVEIiNOR OF ONTARIO, (.Sox OK TiiK Latk Hon. Sir .Ions Brvkblky Rohisso.n, Baroxkt, Ciiikk JrsTiCK ok Titkh Canada), WHO, As Private Citizen, Mayor, Member op Paruamext, on, as at Present, the Representative of HER MAJESTY, QUEEN VICTORIA, In the Phemier Province ok the Dominion, has always Ivkhibitkd tiik Warmf.st Interest in all that has tkxdeu to I'homotk the (iRiiwTH AND Progress ok Toronto, whkthkr in ARTS, SCIKNCES, LITERATURE. RELIGION, TRADE, COMMERCE, OR MANIJFACTITRES, THESE PAIJES ARE HESPECTKOLLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR. ! mw wi t iWi«a JSSk CONTENTS Paob Chapter ok Introduction — Not an Autobiography, nor a Book of Travels, nor a Romance, nor yet a Political Dissertation of Free Trade or Protection, but a Narrative of Facts from Personal Know- ledge and Observation — Early Days — Todd, Burns & (.'o. and Pirn Bros. & Co., Dublin — Incidents from 1341 to 1847 — Daniel O'Connell — Something like Fenianism — Father Matthew — Evan- gelical Alliance — Dublin Castle — Lord-Lieutenants — l^eviews in Pho'nix Park — Holiday Excursions — Donnybrook Fair — St. Pat- rick's Cathedral — Emigration — Departure for New York — First Impressions of New York — From New York to Toronto — Arrival. 9-46 1847 TO 18B7. First Impressions of Toronto — Shopping — Appearance of Toronto in 1847 — Gossip — Incidents in 1847 — Richmond Street Wesleyan Church — Rev. James Caughey — A. & S. Nordheimer — Toronto Post Office — Toronto Gas and Water Works — The Circulating Medium — Store Pay — Retail Importing — Wholesale Trade in 1847 — Prominent Men in 1847 — Lord Elgin — Toronto Police Force — First Strike in Toronto— Immigrant Fever — Bathing — Great Fire on King Street in 1848 — Establishment of Celebration of Queen's Birthday — First Retail Dry Goods Store on Yonge Street — Selling on the Sterling Cost — Business Houses in Toronto 1847-1850 — Prominent Men in 1850— A Tour of Observation — First Return Visit to Europe — Windsor Castle and Queen Victoria — Commence- ment of Commercial Travelling in Canada — Public Institutions — Financial Affairs in 1850 — ^Toronto in 1850 — Bonding System via United States— First Great World's Fair in 1851— Turning the First Sod of the Northern Railway — Mayor Bowes — Lady Elgin — Tariff in 1850-1851— The Industrial Crystal Palace- The Esplanade — Rossin House — Mercantile Agencies — Erastus Wiman — Paris in 1855 — Passports— Queen Victoria and Prince' Albert in Paris — Pro- cession on the Boulevards — The Queen at Versailles — Departure from Paris — Incidents During the Queen's Visit — The Imperial Cent Gardes — Paris Universal Exhibition — The Queen Opening Parlia- ment — Great Peace Rejoicings in London — Fireworks in Green Park — Great Naval Review at Portsmouth — The Queen's Arrival Fleet-Close of the First Decade 47-144 Vlll. Contents. 1887 TO 1867. Financial Crisis in 1857— Desjardins Canal Accident— Art Treasures Kxhibition in Manchester— Queen's Reception in the Building- Royal Mail Cunard Steamer " Persia "Visit of the I'rince of Wales to Canada,' 186'J— Death of IVince Albert— Buying in Europe, its Pleasures and Resjwnsibilities -Fenian Raid, 18«(5— Decimal Currency and American Silver H/i-lyo 1867 TO 1877. Confederation -Paris Universal Exposition, 18C7 -Fenianism in Man- chester— Assassination of Tnomas D'Arcy McUee, M.P.— Tarififsof England, United States and Canada from 1869 to 1876— Metro- politan Church— Toronto in 1870, 1871— Return of Rev. Dr. Punshon to England— St. James' Cathedral Clock 177-194 1877 TO 1886. Protection versus a Revenue TarifT— Exhibition Buildings— Mar(|uis of Lome and H.R.H. the Princess Louise— Farewell Visit of the Viceregal Party— Arrival of the Marquis of Lansdowne— First Visit to Toronto— The Semi-Centennial Celebration— Captain Joseph Dutton, R.N.— Population i/f British Cities— Comparative Population of Seven Canadian Cities— Climate of Toronto— Snow —The Toboggan- Departure of Toronto Troops for the North - West — Return of the Toronto Contingent— A»-rival at North Toronto— How to see Toronto in 1886 — Toronto the Centre of the Dominion— Population and Assessment Returns — Toronto Street — Population of Toronto at Different Periods— Value of Buildings Erected During the Years 1882-1885— Commercial Travellers' Association — Toronto Custom House —Civil Service Examinations — Total Imports to Toronto since 1849 — Coal Imported to Toronto in 1885— Coal Produced at Nanaimo, B.C. — The Imports of Toronto Compared with Cities in the United States — Exports from Toronto in 1885 195-238 It 1886. Introductory— Ontario Assembly in 1866 — State Dinner &c Govern- ment House — Toronto Board of Trade — Banks in Toronto — Public Companies — Assets of Banks in Canada — Toronto Gas Works — Toronto Water Works — Meat Markets and Horses of Toronto — Toronto a Manufacturing City — Toronto Manufactures — Percent- age of Growth of Manufactures in 50 Years — J. & J. Tnylor, Toronto Safe Works — Taylor Bros. — Brown Bros. & Co. — Rolph Contents. IX. 1886— Con3 Mrs. John Beverley Kohinson and Mrs. J. (i. Beard— The Musical Festival— The Toronto Vocal Society— Toronto Choral Society - The Toronto Philharmonic Society— St. Micliael's and St. Basil's -'Jhe Manu- facture of I'ianos in Toronto— Heintzman & CJo.— Mason & Risch - Octavius Newcombe & XJo. — Lansdowne I'iano Co.— Benevolent Institutions— The Lakeside Home— Toronto a Literary City— The (Uohe and ifa/7— The World and JV^ew*— The Evmimj Tdfgram— The Chrhtiim Guardian and the Methodist Book and Publishing House -The Free Library— King Street in 1 88(5— Messrs. Robert Walker & Sons-W. A. Murray & Co.— The Art of Pottery— Mr. Clover Harrison— New Buildings Approaching Completion— Build- ings Proposed to be Erected this Year— The Manning Arcade- New Bank of Montreal— Toronto Post Office in 1886— Toronto as a Place of Residence— Gover.iors-General of Canada since 1847— Lieutenant-Governors of Ontario— Mayors of Toronto— f:xtent of City -Toronto Street Railway Company— Street Traffic— The Model Wholesale Dry Goods Warehouse of the Dominion— Corsets —The Telfer and Harold Manufacturing Company— The Lace and Embroidery Trade— White, Joselin & Co.— Yonge Street in 1886— Messrs. T. Eaton & Co.— Great Increase in Imports— The Arcade —Summer Resorts— Queen's Park— Exhibition Park— Lome Park —Canadian Pacific Railway— Dominion Day, 1886— Toronto Zoolo- gical Gardens -Queen Victoria's Jubilee— The Indian and Colonial Exhibition held in London, Elngland, 1886— Table of Belgian, French and Swiss Francs, Spanish Pesetas, Grecian Drachma and Italian Livres- Sterling Table at 9i or par of Exchange— Canadian Tariff of Customs 339-356 I V LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. The Marquis of Lanadowne Frontispiece Hon. John Beverley Robinson, Lieut. -Governor of Ontario 4 Map of Toronto 8 View of Toronto, C.W., in 1847 47 Knox Church in 1848 79 Windsor Castle ^9 Crystal Palace 102 St. James' CathCvlral 105 Toronto Esplanade 1 jO Place de la Concorde, Paris 12I Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris 130 Former Post Office (Present Office of Receiver-General) . . 143 Government House and 8t. Andrew's Church 158 Metropolitan Church 1 jj7 JCxhibition Building I97 Rossin House 221 Knox College ; 222 Normal School 225 Toronto Custom House 231 View of Toronto, 1886 239 Osgoode Hall 240 The Queen's Hotel 259 St. Andrew's Church, King Street West 262 The Salvation Army Temple 265 University of Toronto 267 Canadian Institute, Richmond Street West 269 F. H. Torrington, Esq 277 The Lakeside Home 296 The Olobe Building 3qi The Mail Building oqo The Telegram Building 304 Rev. Egerton Ryerson, D. D 307 Toronto Post Office 317 John Macdonald & (Jo.'s Warehouse 322 Yonge Street Arcade goj '"ommmmmm / \ y MAP OF THE CITY C H A R B O U HE CITY OF TORONTO. I back was : were fainil As not a Dubl Paris of so Atlar and I Sir influe in tui capita other ally! any w Noi gifted and ' TORONTO "CALLED BACK." CHAPTER OF INTRODUCTION. I DO not intend to write an autobiography. In "calling back " from memory the facts and incidents to be related, there was no intention of their ever meeting the public eye, but they were written partly for recreation and partly for personal and family gratification. As, however, nothing will appear of which the writer was not an eye-witness, it may be that in narrating scenes of life in Dublin, or in describing grand sights witnessed in London, or Paris, or the great Naval Review at Portsmouth, the interest of some reader may be so awakened, on either side of the Atlantic, as to lead him to turn to an account of the growth and progress of Toronto. Since the writer's first trip to Europe from this city he has influenced a number of families to make it their home, and they in turn have influenced others ; and should in the future any capitalist, manufacturer, or any other desirable citizen of any other ciuy or country, be induce-^' to adopt Canada, and especi- ally Toronto, as his future place of residence, and contribute in any way to its wealth and population, his object will be attained. Nor do I intend to write a book of travels. There are gifted individuals who, having made a trip across the Atlantic, and " run through " from Liverpool to London, then over the 2 iKT lO Toronto " Called Back." Continent, and perhaps gone round the worhl in 90 days, have the faculty of writ ng so easily, that on their return home they wnte a book ; but the present writer makes no preten- sions to such literary ability, although, from an average of travels of 10,000 miles a year, by sea and land, for many years, materials might be furnished for such a purpose. One could tell of passages made in nearlj^ all the old Cunard Royal Mail steamers, — the Asia, Africa, Arabia, America, Europa, Niagara and Persia,, the last of the ocean paddle- wheel steamers crossing the Atlantic (the Scotia only excepted); with recollections of the celebrated Commanders, who had the proud boast of never having lost a life, — Lott, Stone, Leitch, Harrison, Shannon, and Commodore Judkins; also of the splendid steamers of the Inman Line, then of our own Allan Line, and occasional trips in the " White Star ;" of hairbreadth 'scapes from rocks and icebergs, of storms and winds, from the gentle zephyr through all the gradations of ships' " log " record, — light and strong breezes, half gales and whole gales, thunder storms, hurricanes, and tremendous hurricanes, with an occasional cyclone, described by a writer as "a magnificent scene. The whole ocean, from the central speck on which he stood to the vast vanishing circle of the horizon, as one boundless, boiling cauldron. " Millions of waves simultaneously leaping in thunder from the abyss and rearing themselves into blue mountain peaks, capped with white foam and sparkling in the sunlight for a moment, to be swallowed up in the darkness of the roaring deep the next. A lashing, tossing, heaving, falling, foaming, glancing rise and fall of liquid mountains and valleys, awful but ravishing to look upon." And then might turn to beautiful, calm weather, pleasant company, music, games, mock trials; splendid bills of fare — four meals a day, with every delicacy that money could procure ; refined society, comprising distinguished statesmen, ambassadors with their suites, celebrated divines and historians, poets and men of leisure, merchant princes and buyers, representing all the large mercantile houses, some of the best patrons of the t a 11 a or t( b W ni h Chapter of Introdtiction. 1 1 ocean steamers; also of people of all nationalities, English, Irish, Scotch, American, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Turks, Spaniards, Russians, and Japanese ; of the hardships of the steerage as well as the luxury of the saloon ; all of which might make a readable volume. In the hands of the ued that afternoon forbidding the meeting. This led to O'Connell's advising its postponement sine die. Nevertheless, the Government, to effectually prevent any further demonstra- tion, marched the troops through the city the next day. Fully 15,000 of all arms marched with fixed bayonets and drawn swords, while artillery and cavalry, with nets of hay attached to the saddles and every .rrangement for battle, made the streets echo with their warli ce tread. In the midst of this scene appeared Tom Steele, the " head pacificator," waving a green branch imder the immediate direction of O'Connell himself, driving through the dense masses of people and advising thern to retire peaceably to their homes. The subsequent arrest and conviction of O'Connell, after a long trial in the four courts, on a charge of high treason, is a matter of history. The punishment was reduced to six months' imprisonment in Richmond Bridewell, and here on any Siinut»,7 during that time might be seen thousands of people all round the grounds, eager to catch a glimpse of his jolly face through the bars. Provisions, delicacies of all kinds, and a variety of presents, with every manifestation of sympathy, were given him to the fullest extent. At the expiratioii of the time he made his triumphal proces- sion through the city, seated on a large car drawn by four horses, with a white-bearded Irish harpist and some of his most intimate friends around him. The ^Drocession, which was about six miles in length, halted at the Bank of Ireland, where the last Irish Parliament had met, and round after round of cheers were given, after which they passed on through the city. By tliis step on the part of the Government peace was secured, but from that time O'Connell's sovereignty ceased to 3 26 Toronto " Called Back."" exist. He had led the peasantry in sight of the promised land, but failed to enter. The hot-headed Young Ireland party supplanted him, and a farcical rebellion followed under Smith O'Brien. The abortive O'Connell agitation resulted in nothing more than the uprising at Balgarry. The Liberator was essentially a man of peace, opposed to secret societies and everything resembling physical force. After a lapse of many years a statue has been erected to his memory, at the foot of Sack vi He Street. A monument repre- senting one of the round towers of Ireland stands close to the vault in which the body (except the heart, which was left in Rome, where he died,) is deposited. The writer, a few years ago, visited the beautiful cemetery of Glasnevin and entered the vault. The coffin was covered with fresh flowers gathered close by, the cemetery being a perfect flower garden. The Botanical Gardens, almost adjoining, are only excelled by Kew Gardens, in London, and contain every specimen in botany, from the lily of the valley to the cedars of Lebanon. Something Like Fenianism. The establishment of Pim Bros. & Co. was so situated that it ran back to the wall of the Lower Castle yard. From our bed- room windows we could see the guard of cavalry parade, and had a view of the Chapel Royal connecting with the Castle itself. Whether it was the favorable position which the house occupied for an attack on the Castle, or not, a plot was dis- covered in which a large number of the young men were im- plicated. The police, having had private information, prepared for a descent on the establishment. A large number of us usually went down to the Pigeon House Fort on Dublin Bay, as here there was deep water for a swim, and one morning, having gone as usual about o o'clock, on our return we found the police had been through the bed- rooms, expecting to find their prey. In their trunks papers Chapter of Introduction, 27 containing their commissions to various rank were found. Quite a number of arrests were made, and some who had been out for a swim, whose friends ha every clime ; but the County Wicklow seemed to offer the greatest inducements for a day of real pleasure. At 5 o'clock on a fine summer's niorni ig, with a splendid four-in-hand before a car holding ten on each side, and the " well " in the centre well filled with cold fowl and hams, and all the necessary appendages, and generally with one or two I'l? 32 Toronto " Called Back. musical instruments, the twenty mile drive over a road without an uneven spot in the whole distance — over hill and down dale, amid ever-changing scenes of beauty and romantic gran- deur, with the perfume of the hawthorn in the fresh morning air — was as exhilarating as delightful, and for pleasure could not be exceeded in the world. The supply of provisions being reserved for a later period of the day, breakfast was served at the first stopping place, Rotmdtown. The way in which the first supply of beefsteak and ham-and- eggs disappeared always astonished the good-looking girls who waited at the table, and while a second edition was being pre- pared the most boisterous merriment went on. The seat of Lord Monck, formerly Governor-General of Canada, was passed, as also that of Lord Powercourt. Moun- tains and glens, lakes and waterfalls succeeding each other, the " seven churches " at Glendalough, the most attractive spot, is reached. Here is the lake of which Tom Moore has written : "By that lake whose gloomy shore Skylark never warbled o'er." The water is said to possess some peculiar quality which has the effect of driving away the warblers. From this lake rises a precipitous rock several hundred feet in height, and in the face about midway up is a cave, called St. Kevin's bed, having, at the bottom, the appearance of the form of a man in the polid rock, giving rise to the legend that here St. Kevin took refuge from the wiles of a fascinating young lady who pursued him, and at length, having made her way to the mouth of the cave where he lay, feet outward, he pushed her into the lake below. On the stone are carved the names of nearly all celebrated L-ish travellers, including Sir Walter Scott, Rev. Caesar Otway, Mr. and Mrs. S. C. Hall, and others. The guide who " coins " legends always assists visitors to enter this cava, which is a very dangerous operation, and more I 1 Chapter of Introduction. 0.? especially so in getting out, as this is done feet foremost. Not being able to see where you are going, and the deep lake immediately below, you are entirely at the mercy of the guide, who places your feet in certain niches known only to herself — the guide at that time being a woman called Kathleen, said to be the name of the victim of St. Kevin's determined celibacy. The scenery in this neighborhood is unsurpassed, and con- tinues to be very fine till the destination of the day's excursion is reached, at the Vale of Avoca, of which Tom Moore says : "There's not in this wide world a valley so sweet." Donnybrook Fair, '* Who has not lieard of sweet Donnybrook Fair ? An Irishman, all in his glory, was there, With his sprig of shillelah, and shamrock so green." During the time of the writer's residence in Dublin this cele- brated gathering was in full blast, once a year. Whether there was a sale of merchandise, as at Leipsic, or a grand bazaar, such as is seen in the grounds of the nobility in England, for sonic benevolent or charitable object, or a cattle fair, during the day, I do not profess to know, but in the •evenings and at night, when the crowds poured into the grounds, it had peculiar features in which it differed from all other fairs. It must be admitted that nothing so bad was seen as what, when a boy, I had witnessed at fairs in other parts of Ireland. At some of these the " who'11-tread-on-thetail-of-my-coat" •challenge was literally given, and promptly accepted by oppo- site factions, and the battle commenced. Those who had no cudgels were supplied with pokers, tongs, and other weapons, •taken without permission from the neighboring houses by the women, who also supplied ammunition in the shape of paving stones ; and soon heads were broken and the blood flowed copiously. This generally continued till either the priest appeared on horseback, and by the free use of a long whip, or the constabulary with fixed bayonets, dispersed the rioters. 34 Toronto "Called Back." ■ iiji Sometimes when the constables were attacked they fired on the mob, wounding some and killing others. The rush to Donnybrook was very great, although the general character of the crowds differed from those to be seen on the road to the Derby. There was an entire absence of the aristocratic four-in-hand and other carriages of a stylish char- acter, and none of the " dust veils " worn by the gentlemen in drj' weather. The usual mode of conveyance was by the out- side cars, and if one of these happened to be disengaged, the driver made the tempting offer to parties on the road to "rowl" six of them out for a shilling. The first sight of the grounds, if not imposing, was certainly very surprising. Like a vast military camp the tents were spread all over, interspersed with, and surrounded Vi-"', •. 'scel- laneous collection of shows of all kinds from every part of Great Britain and Ireland. There were menageries and theatres, peep shows and Punch and Jud3^s, giants, dwarfs, fat women and living skeletons^ monstrosities of all kinds, acrobats, jugglers, clowns, mounte- banks, gypsies, nigger minstrels, organ grinders, hurdy-gurdy men, and thimble-riggers, all inviting customers with a din that is utterly indescribable. In the tents were fiddlers and pipers,, and the dance went on merrily, while the free use of whiskey contributed to make matters still more lively. Occasionally a batch of Trinity College students, bent on fun would appear rushing through the crowd, and from one she to another, up on the platforms, and down again, then throvg,:- the tents, much to the astonishment of proprietors and the great amusement of visitors. The whole business has been entirely abolished by law as a public evil. The memory of years spent in Dublin is pleasant. As a place of residence it possesses many attractions. Its squares and parks, especially Pha'nix Park, with the Zoological Gardens close by; the Botanical Gardens at Glasnevm; the beauty oi its suburbs, and its historical associations, all combine to li <>; e it the pride of its citizens. Chapter of Introduction. 35 To lovers of first-class music, especially cathedral and choral, Dublin is unsurpassed in all that can delight the ear. To be privileged to hear the choir of Trinity College Chapel at early matins, tlien the Chapel Royal choir at ten o'clock, from which, if we choose, to go to Christ Church at twelve, and St. Patrick's at three, would be to enjoy the veiy greatest treat in this class of music. Trinity College Chapel on a Sunday morning is a moving sight. Five hundred young men in college gowns, thronging the chapel from end to end — the xavy flower of British youth, in manly beauty, in strength, in race, in courage, in mind — all kneeling side by side, bound together in a common bond of union by the grand historic associations of that noble place; all mingling their voices together with the trebles (all well-trained boys) of the'choir and the thunder music of the organ. This is a spectacle not often equalled, and to take a share in it a privilege not to be forgotten. In the beautiful grounds of Trinity College the writer was accustomed to take his morning walk, frequently meeting the celebrated Archbishop Whately, with whom it was a favorite resort. St. Patrick's Cathedral. The choral music of St. Patrick's Cathedral is almost unrivalled in its combined powers of voice, organ and scientific skill. The majestic harmony of effect thus produced is not a little deepened by the character of the church itself, which with its dark rich fretwork, knightly helmets and banners, and old monumental effigies, .seems all filled and overshadowed by the spirit of valorous antiipiity. Mrs. Hemans, who after residing in Dublin for several years, died there, and was buried in St. Anne's Churchyard, speaks of the ex(|uisite music of St. Patrick's, the effbct of which is such as once heard can never be forgotten. "If earthly n\usic can ever be satisfying it must be such as this, bringing home to our bosoms the solemn beauty of the Liturgy, with all its endeared 36 Toronto " Called Backy associations, in tones that make the heart swell with ecstacy and tlie eyes often flow with unbidden tears." There was one anthem frequently heard within these walls which Mrs. Hemans used to speak of with peculiar enthusiasm — that fi'om the 3rd Psalm, " Lord, how are they increased that trouble me!" The consummate skill exhibited in the adapta- tion of sound to sense in the noble composition is, in truth, most admirable. The symphony in the fifth verse — " I laid me down and slept," — with its soft, dreamy vibrations, gentle as the hovering of an angel's wing, the utter abandon, the melting away into slumber implied by the half-whispered wo (1.- that come breathing as from a world of spirits, almost " steep " the senses in forgetfulness, when a sudden outbreak, as it were, of light and life bursts forth with the glad announce- ment — " I awaked, for the Lord sustained me " — and then the old sombre arches ring with an almost overpowering peal of triumph, bearing to heaven's gate in the exalting chorus which follows. The leading singers in the cathedrals were David Weyman, Vicar-Choral of St. Patrick's ; Dr. John Smith, composer to the Chapel Royal, and R W. Beatty, Professor of Music to Christ Church, with the celebrated Robinson Brothers leading tenor and bass. Dr. Smith, although a very corpulent man, was said to be the only true counter-tenor singer of the day, taking the highest notes with his natural voice as pure as the warbling of a bird. The first named three gentlemen were eminent composers, whose works appear in every complete Church Psalmody. Emigration. Who should emigrate ? This is a question much more easily asked than answered. The best answer appears to be, " those who are obliged to do so." If this be so, and America has been peopled with those who have come from every country in Europe, how does it happen that there is on every hand such an accumulation of wealth ? Chapttr of Introduction. 37 Was all this acquired by people who came here, not from choice, but of necessity ? If so, the possession and use of brain and muscle must have stood in good stead in the absence of other capital. And yet the rule is that few, if any, do leave the Old Country from choice ; and none who are really doing well at home should emigrate with the expectation of doing better, no matter what their occupation or profession may be. But those who are not doing well, who find it difficult, with an increasing family, to keep up appearances, and find it neces- sary to make a change, may safely emigrate with a fair pros- pect of improving their condition. If these pages should meet the eye of any young man wishing to know about Canada, and Toronto in particular, he may be able to form a pretty correct opinion of the chances of success from the facts stated. No doubt that in proportion to the population the failures in business in America are more numerous than in Great Britain, especially if the figures of mercantile agencies can be relied on. But if a city can grow in wealth and prosperity like Toronto, in a comparatively short time, as no city in the Old Country (London always excepted) is doing, it is clear that some must become rich where on the whole so much has been accumu- lated. There are exceptions to the rule as to emigration. Some do leave home who are well to do, but have some ulterior object in the future as to the settlement of their families. The hope of doing better for one's self in a new country, the dreams of youth, and correspondence with friends, with the love of novelty and, perhaps, adventure, influence many young men. Having gained an excellent position by remaining in the house from its establishment, while about 2,000 young men had come and gone, and being one of the two who alone remained of the original founders, when we had decided to leave for America the heads of the|[firm were incredulous at first, but finding our decision was made, the leading partner used all his 38 Toronto " Called Back. persuasion to induce us to remain, telling us we would " cry salt tears " when we found ourselves in America, But all to no purpose, we had determined to find out for our- selves what America was like. In the meantime addresses of regret and good wishes were prepared and signed by hundreds of our companions in the business, and arrangements made for a presentation supper at considerable expense. The writer, having conscientious objections to these festive •occasions, which generally ended in over-indulgence, with much regret at offending his friends, declined the intended honor, and all his subsequent experience has confirmed his opinion that he acted rightly in his decision. A volume could be written on this subject. Having heard all the celebrated temperance lecturers in England and America, including Mr. John B. Gough and Hon. Neal Dow, also Cardinal Manning, Sir Wilfred Lawson, Wm. Lloyd Garri.son, Dr. Rees, and a host of others, I can say, I never heard a statement of the evil effects of intemperance exaggerated, but have seen instances as terrible as any they have related in actual life. Where are the 2,000 young men with whom I associated in one house alone ? The history of many I know, but cannot enter more fully into the subject. When the question of temperance is growing to be of such intense interest in Canada and in Toronto, and the future merchants, manufacturers, and bankers of the city are to take part in the movement, the writer, who can safely say he has come into actual contact with more busi- ness young men in Great Britain and America than any other man in Toronto, gives it as his deliberate opinion, that nothing short of total abstinence is a safeguard against evil conse- quences, whether travelling or at home. The reception of various addresses from societies and friends, in a quiet way, wound up my connection with the beau- tiful city, which I have never missed an opportunity of visiting, when time has permitted, on my business journeys to Britain. aBtaKtf^AftttuutaiM Chapter of Inl^oduction. 39 Departure for New York. • "Isle of Beauty, fare thee well." On the l7th of March, 1847, our party of five, and a man- servant who accompanied one of our friends, .sailed from Liver- pool in the ship S/ieridan, Captain Cornish, of the " Dramatic" Line — the other three being called respectively the Gavrick, Roscius, and SiOdons. Not being- pressed for time, we had decided to come by a sailing vessel, and as far as the wi'iter is concerned it was tlie first and last experience in that line. AVhen time becomes money it does not pay to roll on the deep from side to side, in the most beautiful weather, in a dead calm for days together. The voyage was devoid of interest and very unlike any of my after passages in steamers. The cabin passengers were few, and those of the steerage had a hard time. The Captain, being a harsh man, thought nothing of kicking them should they trespass on the after part of the deck, where they would sometimes lie down to get away from the surroundings of the forecastle. On the other hand, we who liked a change would fain get out on the bow, or the jib-boom, and watch the figure-head of the gallant ship, as she alternately rose high on the crest of a wave and then plunged into the deep abyss. Our first adventure in this way taught us a lesson. Standing on the forecastle we scanned the horizon for the sight of a sail, when quietly a ring was made with chalk around our feet, and out of this we were expected not to move till we had " paid our footing," and of course we could not refuse the jolly tars their usual douceur. Had we been in a hurry the passage would have been a terrible tax on our patience. Now terrific storms, with thunder's •roll and lightning's flash — and so vivid was the lightning, that from pitch darkness the sea, as far as the eye could reach, was suddenly lit up so as to appear like an ocean of flame. Again |t;,t 40 Toronto " Called Back!'' followed a dead calm, with a ground-swell so heavy that in the roll the mainyards would dip in the water ; the rolling so violent that standing was impossible, and many a fearful pitch took place. When sea-sickness had done its work amongst the steerage passengers, the natural passion for a fight soon showed itself amongst our Hibernian friends. The Munster and Connaught men soon got up a good old- fashioned faction fight, perhaps to illustrate the beauties of " Home Rule " on the " rolling deep." So at it they went, hammer, tongs, and shillelahs, pitching each other down the hatchways, head over heels. Matters having become serious, the sailors thought it time to spoil the sport. Handspikes, from " heaving" the capstan were heaved to some purpose, and the Irishmen soon beat a retreat. The most remarkable incident of the voyage was having spoken a vessel one hundred days out from Ireland, short of provisions, which were liberally supplied from our ship. And so twenty-six days passed, and the land appearing in sight we soon arrived in New York. First Impressions of New York. "Hail; Columbia." Our youthful dreams of this city represented it metaphori- cally as having its streets lined with orange trees and paved with gold, but this illusion was soon dispelled. From Liverpool docks — five miles in length and having twenty miles of dockage, with massive gates set in everlasting granite — to the wooden wharves of New York, must strike the eye of every one arriving there as a wonderful contrast. On reaching the dock over piles of merchandise and emigrants' baggage, we found ourselves in a sea of mud. One of our party, on taking " soundings," reported a depth of twelve inches in the middle of the street. On our way to the hotel we were struck with the melancholy appearance of the private streets, — long lines of houses, having Chapter of Introduction. 41 green outside shutters all closed, without the appearance of a flower-pot, or the face of a chambermaid airing curtains or looking out, presented a striking contrast to scenes so familiar just left behind, when wall flowers and crocuses were blooming, and where windows were opened every morning all the year round. It being now the middle of April, we expected spring weather, and feeling hearty after the sea voyage, enjoyed the fresh air. Our astonishment on reaching a hotel was very great to find the guests crowded round a stove, nearly red hot, all very grave, ruminant, expectorant and whittling. Our appearance soon attracted attention, and remarks were i^ade as to the freshness of our complexion (a compliment we could not truthfully return), and we were informed that they "guessed" (the first time we had heard the word so applied) we would not be long in the country before we should lose all that higli color. Not at all anxious to adopt the sallow shade, we were by no means encouraged, and having made necessary ^.rrange- ments, and feeling uncomfortable with the sickening heat, rushed out of doors to get relief ; and never for the week we remained in the city did we venture again near one of those health-destroying inventions. The stoves of the present time are entirely different, and in every way adapted to the climate. We soon found that to see Broadway, including A. T. Stewart's marble store and Barnum's Museum, was to see New York. A. T. Stewart's was very fine in marble, and the inside arrangements were very superior, but the system of doing business did not appear to us as perfect as that we had just left. We were struck with the signs of "Dry Goods Store," "Flour and Feed," " Help Wanted," etc., none of which we had seen before, and had to enquire what they meant. We found that " helps " meant servants, and as there were no masters, the term " boss," which we have never yet known the meaning of, was used to distinguish what in the Old Country is known by the other familiar term. On enquiring as to the police, none of that class appearing 4 42 Toronto " Called Backr to us oil the streets, we were told they might be known by the wearini; of a small metal badtre fastened to the collar of the coat, with the stars and stripes and " E jduribus ununt " in- scribed upon it, and further, that no man in the country could be found to wear a uniform. This accounted for the entire absence of anything in the shape of livery on the coachmen. To wear a livery button or cockade would be derogatory to the dignity of men who were all equal. The ladies on the streets were invisible as to their faces, each having a green woollen barege veil tightly drawn over the face. The appearance of Astor House illuminated, on the night of our arrival, as seen from the Park opposite, was very fine. This was effected by a candle being placed in every pane ot glass in the whole building, and the name " Taylor " in gas over the principal entrance. This we found was in celebration of one of General Taylor's victories in Mexico. The experience of our first morning at the hotel did not alter the unfavorable impression of the previous day. According to our usual custom, our boots were left outside our doors, pretty well coated with mud, and on taking them in found them just in the same condition. In reply to our enquiries why they were not cleaned, we were told, if we required that labor performed we must make a special contract with a person that they would send ; the arrangement was made accordingly. The cheery voice of the Englii^h chambermaid, as she knocked at the door and called " hot water, sir," with boots which might serve as a mirier, by the application of " Day and Martin's " blacking, were all sadly missed. Breakfast was announced by the ringing of a bell, when we found what was to us a novel bill of fare. The selections by the guests were chiefly in the shape of mush, buckwheat cakes, pickles and green tea, while we were satisfied with old-fashioned ham-and-eggs and coffee. The solemnity of the proceedings was quite remarkable ; so far we had not seen the shadow of a smile on any one's countenance. Having got through we found all the other guests had long since disappeared, and then, with- Chapter of hiiroduction. 43 out giving offence, we gave full vent to our feelings by hearty bursts of laughter, and the mutual exclamation, " And this is America!" How difi'erent from all our expectations ! On Sunday we observed in the churches notices that gentle- men were " not to spit in the pews," and the clergymen during the service made free use of the " cuspadores." But " fempora mutant ar nos et inittamur in illis. We have lived to see the n».''lionaires and aristocrats of New York vie with the " creiiie de la creme " of London society, and the Central Park equipages, including crests and mottoes, with livery of every hue, rivalling Rotten Row and the carriage drives in Hyde Park ; while a four-in-hand coaching club copies the style, as far as the roads will admit, of the Brighton Club of noblemen in London. Touching crests and mottoes, a story is told of the celebrated Lundy Foot, manufacturer of the snuffs known all over the world as " Irish Blackguard " and other remarkable brands, known only to the writer by enjoying many a good sneeze in passing the mill near Essex Bridge. When Mr. Foot first got a carriage, he adopted as a motto beneath the family crest, the Latin words, " Quid rides?" — why do you laugh ? On his first appearance, the Dublin street boys, quick to catch a new idea and enjoy a joke, taking the words in their English orthography, set up the cheer, " Quid rides ! Quid rides ! " The upper ten of new York, no doubt, are more careful in the selection of their mottoes. To see New York to-day is to see an almost entirely new city. Some of the old buildings, as the Astor House and City Hall, remain, but the magnificent warehouses oa Broadway and adjacents streets are unsurpassed in the world, and nearly all have been built since that time. A. T. Stewart's fine store was latterly turned into a whole- sale warehouse, and the magnificent new marble block, bounded by 10th and 11th Streets and Broadway and the Bowery, a perfect palace, was opened as the great retail house of America, and altoffether the finest in the World. WT 44 Toronto '" Called Back!' The hotels, for magnificence, are of world-wide fame, while Central Park, Brooklyn Bridge, the great reservoirs at 42nd and loOth Streets, the Grand Central Depot, all so often de- scribed, are now striking objects of interest. The splendid private residences, of oth Avenue especially, are magniticent in style and finish. From New York to Toronto. By night steamer on the Hudson River the travelling was very fine and comfortable. The steamer Isaac Newtoyi, then called a floating palace, landed us at Albany. The New York Central to Rochester and Buffalo was then taken. The rails consisted of a plain plate of iron fastened to the sleepers with iron spikes. We were informed, that for one of these plates to start at one end and obtrude itself into the car, to the danger of life and limb, was a matter of comm occurrence. We escaped this danger and arrived safely Rochester, where, for the first time, we noticed frame houses and plank sidewalks, with both of which we soon became familiar. Arriving, via Buffalo, at the Falls, — the station at Buffalo con- sisting of the open firmament above and the street below, — we took up our abode at the American Hotel, from which we were to make our first visit to Canada. The ice was coming down from Lake Erie in great masses, and the only means of crossing was a small ferry-boat, which took passengers across to the landing below the Clifton House. On enquiry we found that this boat had not crossed for several days, and it was quite uncertain when any attempt would be made. The ice became more and more massed, forming the usual bridge. Having waited for several days the ice at length began to move, when the ferryman asking us if we would risk the cross- ing, we consented. The ice at this time was floating in large packs; so off we started, with two oarsmen, and with one foot on the ice and one in the boat they pushed the boat by main force through. To have been carried a hundred yards below the. Chapter of Introduction. 45 landing would have sealed our doom, but having worked our way through we placed our feet for the tirst time on Canadian soil. Having executed this dangerous navigation wo soon tasted the pleasures of land travelling. The stage for St. Catharines was soon ready, and we shortly found ourselves "at sea" on diy land. Having driven a long distance on what we thought was a field or common, there being no sign of hedge or fence visible, we enquired when we .should reach a road. With a smile of self-complacency and a look of f ity for our fveah ness or ver- dancy, the driver informed us we had been jn tlie main road all the time. It so happened that the year before, bein^ the year of the memorable potato fan.ine in Ireland, the Govern- ment had spent immense sums in making and r^pairir j voads. to give employment to the people, the con.sequence of which was the greatest perfection in md-making , and withoi.t exaggera- tion, the worst road you could find was infinitely better than any we saw for years afterwards, not excepting the city macad- amized streets. We .soon found, however, that to mention this to our driver only subjected us to his contempt. Our driver appeared to think " the lines " had fallen to him in pleasant places, and was quite satisfied with the state of things; while the writer, years after, on handling "the lines" (as Americans .say for reins; over mud, .slush, old planks and corduroy, found it incumbent to drive from his memory the smooth roads, hawthorn hedges, and the beauties of highly cultivated landscapes left behind, and think only of farms without rent, and the real necessaries of life enjoyed so abun- dantly, in this land where the inhabitants possess truly a " goodly heritage." ST. CATHARINES was reached at length, and here we rested for the night, and the next afternoon started with four good horses in the Mail Stage for Hamilton. To attempt a description of this journey as it appeared to us at the time would only result in failure. 46 Toronto " Called Backy With both hands we grasped the seat to save our heads from bumping against the top of the conveyance, and many times when we got into a deep rut we had to use rails from the fence to pry the wheels out. And so at 2 o'clock on Sunday morning, covered with mud and thoroughly (exhausted, we reached Weckes' Hotel, the clerk at the tiii.e being Mr. Riley, so long and well known afterwards in Toronto in connection with the firm of Riley & May, of the Revere House. Having been regular church-goers, we were in our places in the red brick Wesleyan Church on John Street, at 11 o'clock, and soon found we were on British soil and amongst our own countrymen under the same Queen and flag. Here we soon found friends, and myself relatives, the first day, and with the natural longing for old familiar faces when far away from home, we walked ten miles to Copetown to see a family with whom we had been acquainted in Dublin, and were amply repaid for our visit. Again taking the regular Mail Stage, we arrived in Toronto, after a tedious ride, and put up at Mac- donald's Hotel, King Street, then the best in the city. u h2 u] TORONTO FROM 1847 TO 185 First Impressions of Toronto. Our first view from the door of Macdonald's Hotel, which stood on the site of the present Romain buildings, did not give us a favorable impression of the town. From near Bay Street to the corner of York was an immense vacant space filled with rubbioh, and at the back a dirty lane with a few of what we for the first time heard of by the name of " shanties." Walking eastward as far as the Market, and, returning to Yonge Street, proceeding as far north as Queen, we found we had, so far as bu.siness was concerned, seen Toronto, with the exception of a few wholesale warehouses to the south of King. Having never seen a view of Toronto, except one which appeared a short time before in the London lUiuitratexl Neivs, our expectations were not of a very sanguine character, — that view representing the " City " of Toronto something like what a view of Oakville might be at the present time. Why it should be called a city was something we could not (juite understand, as even towns in Canada lately honored with that appellation are far superior in architecture to what Toronto was at that time, — such cities as Gutlph, Brantford and London having kept pace with the improveuients wliich have taken place in the intervening years. Everything appeared fiat, dull, uninteresting, and especially unfinished. Not a single point of attractiveness could we dis- cover in or abovit the place, although we were quite taken with the people. i|ii 48 Toronto ''Called Back.'' ^UM, The contrast between the city we had left and Toronto was most depressing, and grew more marked as we viewed the outskirts. Having letters from friends we soon found a cordial welcome to several homes, which went a great way to reconcile us to the place. On enquiry we found, rather to our surprise, that there were two churches having organs, something we had not expected to find : one was in the old Cathedral and the other in the Richmond Street Wesleyan Church. On being introduced to Rev. Messrs. Cooney and Harvard by letters, the former took us with pride to see the new church on Richmond Street. It then stood on an almost vacant lot, there being no building between it and Bay Street. On entering he pointed with a good deal of satisfaction to the fine organ, which stood behind the pulpit at the time. We attended divine service on the following Sunday, when Mr. Cooney preached, and were much interested. The musical portion of the service was very pleasing and eft'ective. A well- known alderman of the city at the present time was leader of the tenors, and the writer has a distinct recollection of his fiexible voice as he glided from tenor to counter-tenor, and occasionally appeared imperceptibly to run into a falsetto, which added much to the harmony and contributed very greatly to the general effect. We were equally pleased in the old Cathedral. The beauti- fully composed and impressively delivered sermons of the Rev. Mr. Grassett were such as should never be forgotten, while the music was of a very high order. During the week we had an opportunity of visiting some of the retail stores, the principal of which were Betley & Kay's, corner of King and Yonge Streets ; Walker and Hutchinson's, P. Patterson's, and Walter McFarlane's. My friend and companion of seven years, dropping into Betley & Kay's, was immediately oft'ered a situation, which he accepted, much to my surprise, as we had not decided to remain in Toronto at the time ; and here my loneliness com- menced. From 184'] to i8^j. 49 My destination was Brock ville, where I intended to go, hav- ing a letter from my grand- uncle (and his uncle) to the Hon. George Crawford, who was to advise me as to my future movements. The unwillingness to part with my friend, and the un solicited offer of a situation, also on King Street, with the desire to have a rest after so much travelling, led to my acceptance of the offer, and so we entered on our new career. To compare the business of King Street in 188G with what it was in 1847 could give no conception of the difference which it may be imagined we found after leaving the business already described. The prospect of its being only temporary alone made it at all endurable, while it gave time to arrange plans for the future and get some knowledge of the mode of doing business before deciding where to choose as a future field of operation. The want of system in showing goods, the bantering about price, and the lack of customers, made it tiresome beyond description. Here we first became acquainted with the habit of "SHOPPING," either for amusement or for comparison of prices before pur- chasing. The custom was almost universal to go from Yonge Street to the Market before deciding on what or where to buy. The common expression was : " We will look around, and return if not belter suited elsewhere." At the same time the anxiety to press sales was painfully apparent, the offer of a reduction in price being the principal inducement held out. This of course led to exaggeration, and often misrepresenta- tion, and was altogether demoralizing to both seller and buyer. The few houses named were, I believe, exceptional in this respect, and were the first to introduce the " one price " system. In consideration of my previous experience, the principal of the business in which I had made a temporary engagement immediately took charge of a customer where any deviation from the marked price was asked, well knowing that on no account would I condescend to such a practice. 50 Toronto " Called Backy The arguments of friends to induce us to settle in Toronto were drawn more from the absence of the rudeness and incon- venience that existed before we were born, or the wonderful future that lay before the city, than from any especially attractive features the present afforded. Amusements or entertainments there were scarcely any. There was the old Mechanics' Institute, where the present Police Court now stands — then a dirty lane, — where a subscriber could read books or papers. This, and the auction room of William Wakefield, who, by his genial humor and English physi- ognomy, did all in his power to entertain his customers, were about the only places of resort of an evening. And so summer came on. and recollections of botanical and private gardens, parks, squares, delightful suburbs, music, lectures, literary entertainments, all crowded on one's memory to make the contrast painful. Suburbs there were none, except Yorkville, then 8,n embryo village with a few scattered houses, the best being the residence of Mr. Bloor, which still remains. As no resident of Toronto went there except on business, the journey was not often under- taken. Toronto business men lived either over their stores, or on some street south of Qu^en. Our first tour of exploration in the outskirts was along Carl- ton Street from Yonge, then a clay road without houses or side- walks. Having got as far as the present Ilomewood Avenue, we found a small gate-house, and on enterinsj the wicket dis- covered a natural pathway through a thick pine grove. Pro- ceeding north we reached the house now occupied by Homer Dixon, Esq., and finding further progress that way, or egress, impossible, retraced our steps. Our next adventure was along Bloor Street east to the prosent cemetery fence, and thence backwards again ; and these for a time constituted our only recreation grounds, except the College Avenue. In taking a morning or an afternoon walk, there was the absence of many pleasing objects so familiar in former every- -M^Mmbm From 184^ to 18^7. 51 day life. The " wee crimson-tippit " flowers that covered the pasture fields like a carpet ; the banks of primroses, buttercups and violets, abounding by every roadside ; the double line of hawthorns whose blossoms perfumed the air with their delicious fragrance, and the honeysuckle and wall-flowers in every lane ; the meadows, thick with May flowers, all were missed during this first summer in Toronto. For the hedgerows we found the unsightly snake fence, and for the evergreens of holly, laurel, and ivy, the everlasting, monotonous pines, good for use but not very ornamental. The study of this class of " flora " no doubt might be inter- esting to those who studied the subject from a utilitarian point of view, and the smaller species might have been discovered by an adventurous descent down the ravine to where the river Don flowed in its native beauty ; and some ferns and beautiful wild flowers might have been discovered, very interesting to students in botany ; but to the casual observer these beautiful objects were at that time conspicuous by their absence. Along Church Street, any summer's afternoon, especially in a swamp at the south-east corner of the present beautiful Normal School grounds, could be heard the music of a frogs' concert, accompanied at a short distance with the tintinabu- lation of the bells on the necks of the cows which roamed through the browny-green pastures and amongst the thick bush which prevailed east of Church and north of Queen Streets. These souads were further augmented by the cackling of flocks of geese, which, in their amphibious character, had their choice of both native elements. The song of the lark, the thrush, the blackbird, and gold- finch, so familiar before, was no more heard ; the buzz of the bumblebee, and the whirr of the numerous insects that abounded in the bush, being the only .substitute. Apart from its political history, which has been given so repeatedly, Toronto possessed no points of interest beyond what any town on the shore of Lake Ontario possesses at the present time, except that she had made a step in advance and outgrown them in population and trade. ^\ 3| 52 Toronto " Called Back.'' The young friends with horn we became acquainted, and whose ideas were circumscribed by the visible horizon, would not admit of the superiority of any other place in any respect. If you spoke of London, Dublin, or New York as great places, you were immediately met with the question, " Was not Toronto also a city ? " And the statement that she had one street forty miles long extinguished all your arguments and left them masters of the situation. When it is borne in mind that at that time Toronto, as far as intercourse with the outer world was concerned, was far more isolated than is Regina to-day, it will be admitted that these young people had a pretty good conceit of the place. A correspondence was soon opened with friends in Great Britain with a view to importing goods, either to Toronto or Montreal, and at the same time I had an opportunity of writing to my uncle's executors in Philadelphia, as to tlie property already referred to. The reply was to the effect that the climate of Mississippi was bad, and if I went there I could not find an honest lawyer in the State. The American war coming on prevented further efforts for several years. Under these cir- cumstances I allowed the matter to rest until I visited that city, when no trace of the executors could be found, and only at the Centennial, in 1876, did I discover my uncle's tomb in " Macpelah " Cemetery, where a handsome marble monument is erected to his memory. It may be that, like the Lawrence- Townley estate, the property may turn out to be of fabulous value. Toronto in 1847. To give an idea of the general appearance of Toronto at this time, it may assist the imagination to conceive of all its present attractions being removed, and all the improvements that have taken place still unanticipated. To do this it will be necessary, commencing with the Island, to remove every building there at present, leavir j the light- house, Privat's Hotel, which then stood neav the pre.sent gap, and two or three fishermen's huts at the West Point. ','':! Ts? From 1 8 4'/- to iS^y. 53 Crossing the Bay, the whole Esplanade must be taken away, leaving two or throe wharfs with a ragged edge of stagnant water between. The whole of the railway tracks, with all buildings and stations, must next disappear. Coming north, all the block, stone and wood pavements ; n\] the street railway tracks ; all telegraph poles and wires, except a single line to Hamilton and Montreal ; all the gas latnps except about a hundred ; all the water hydrants except about twelve; all that are called " modern conveniences," which are now considered indispensable in every house ; the suburbs of Brockton, Parkdale, Seaton Village, Riverside, Leslieville ; all the streets north of Queen and west of John — leaving some scattered houses outside these limits — except Yonge and Church Streets. As it is supposed there are at present 30,000 houses in the city and suburbs, you must imagine 26,500 of these taken away, leaving 3,500 as composing the entire city at that time. From these 3,500 you may deduct 2,500 of frame and rough- cast houses, leaving 1,000 of a better class; from which again, if you take 500 two-storey red brick, you have 500 which com- prised all the best buildings, including churches, banks and private residences, the best of the latter being tho.se at present • on Bay Street, and a few detached mansions scattered over the city. To complete the picture must be added the absence of every .shade tree — except those on College Avenue — which now adorns and beautifies the city ; every flower-bed and conservatory, and in stores all plate-glass windows. In addition to all this you have to conceive of 90,000 of the population being left out, and .some idea may be formed of Toronto in 1847. At this time only four of the present churches were in existence : the Richmond Street Wesleyan, Power Street Roman Catholic, St. George's Episcopalian, and Little Trinity. The others that were then built have either been burned down, or removed to give place to present structures, amongst which are I ,v 54 Toronto " Called Back.'' the St. James' Cathedral, which has taken the place of the old one burned in 1849, and T'nox Church, on the site of the old one burned in 1S47. Not one of the banks or large insurance buildings ; none of the wholesale houses as they now appear ; none of the benevo- lent institutions, then existed ; and none of the public schools or colleges except Upper Canada College. Front Street occupied the same relative position to the Bay as the Esplanade does at present. There were no buildings on the south side except the Cu.stom House, and only a few scattered along on the north .side, leaving the view of the Bay uninterrupted. There was a skating-rink near where the Custom House now stands. Going westward from Yonge Street, on the north side of front, where the warehou.se of Messrs. McMaster, Darling & Co. now stands, was the residence of Judge Macauley; next that of Judge Jones; further west the re.sidence of Mr. Joseph Rogers, and at the corner of Bay Street was the Baldwin mansion. Where the Queen's Hotel now .stands Capt. Thomas Dick had four dwellings ; these afterwards were used as Knox College, and subsequently were turned into a hotel kept by Mr. Swords. Holland House, in the rear, on Wellington Street, lately the residence of ex-Mayor Manning, and at present the Reform Club, and which was built in 1832 by Hon. Henry John Boulton, and from its peculiar style of architecture sometimes called " The Castle," was occupied by Mr. Boulton at this time. At York Street corner, a picturesque cottage was the resi- dence of Capt. Strachan, son of the Bishop of Toronto, whose palace adjoined with the entrance on Front Street. This building is now a boarding-hou.se. Turning up Simcoe to corner of Wellington you saw the Hagerman mansion, and returning eastward on Wellington, the little white house lately occupied by Mr. Mercer, standing by itself at the corner of Bay. When Toronto was first settled most of the buildings were From iS^y to iS^j. %% erected afc tlie upper end of the Bay, towards the river Don, and it was generally supposed that the east end would become the principal part of the city. As the buildinjjfs were extended, however, they began to creep westward and northward. The town in its young days was much scattered, the roads were bad, and communication between distant portions of the town, at least in certain seasons of the year, was dithcult; in con- sequence, houses of business were started at each extx-emity, which, in some cases, realized to their owners handsome profits. As the town increased the footpaths were improved, business became more concentrated, and at this time was almost con- fined to the space between York Street and the Market, and it was doubtful whether, if the best store was removed to either extremity, it would do a paying business. The necessary consequence of this state of things was that the value of pro- perty and rents within the limits mentioned had risen enor- mously. In the absence of street railways the few travellers who had occasion to reach the steamboats in sunmier (in winter the stages called for passengers at their houses) were limited for accommodation to a few old-fashioned one-horse cabs, owned by well-known drivers, and the number of horses and vehicles of all kinds was so small as to make it an easy matter for any inquisitive person to know the owner of every particular turn- out in the town. The only city omnibus at this time was one that ran to Yorkville every hour, and a ride in this was not very exhilar- ating at certain seasons, especially when the frost was breaking up. The jolting was terrific, but as few or none of the Toronto people lived in Yorkville, there was not much travel up or down. An hourly omnibus started from the Market to Parliament Street, but it did not pay and was soon discontinued. The question of meat being an important one, it may be stated, from actual experience, that after repeated endeavors to masticate the beefsteaks, my young friend and myself came to the conclusion that, having heard that oxen were employed in I 56 Toronto ''Called Back. the country for ploughing and otlier purposes, the Toronto market was supplied with beef from their carcases after their usefulness as livinj^ animals had departed. The supply of vegetables was excellent. Gossip. The extent to wliich regard for local boundaries, customs, and every-day chit-chat is sometimes carried, can only be realized in a small town. At home, in this nook, all life is lived under minute inspec- tion of neighbors, and perh.aps the unavoidable supervision of parson and squire. The tierce light that beats upon the throne is not clearer than that which exhibits the young man ".sowing his wild oats." He sins under a microscope, and the professional gossip finds rich matevial for the next social or tea-party by placing him under the instrument for the general entertainment of the company, and so the engagement of lovers is discussed a.s earnestly as if each person were personally or directly interested in the result of every matrimonial arrangement. In 1847 Toronto had not outgrown the habits which charac- terize the country town. The gossip which prevails where every person knows all about the business and social life of his neighbors, was still noticeable, and the absence of all foreign news, oftener than once a fortnight, gave a local character to the general topics of conversation. Every birth, marriage and death furnished material for dis- cussion in every family circle, and very much as it is on board ship, out at sea, the most trivial matters were invested with exaggerated importance. On Sundays, generally, three carriages could be seen at St. James' Cathedral, and as a good deal of rivalry existed between the owners of two out of three, in the style of the appoint- ments, the coachmen's livery, and horses and harness, their appearance on driving from church was a standing topic at almost every dinner-table ; the dresses of the ladies coming in for a full share of the criticism, of course of a good-natured character. ■^rom iS^y to iS^y. 57 The arrival of t!ie Engli.sh mail, once a fortnij^ht, created a pleasing diversion for n time from the monotony of daily life. The news telerjraphed from New York ahead of the mails was given in a condensed foi'm, in printed " extras," which were issued by the newspaper people; there being no second edition of papers as at present. Incidents. Amongst the incidents of the summer of 1847 a strange one occurred, which all'orded matter for town-talk for some time, although at the present time it would probably be confined to the daily police reports. A gentlemanly-looking person was observed for several even- ings to promenade a portion of King Street — between Yonge and Church — fashionably dressed, and when nearly opposite the present Qlohc otHce, stand near a lamp post and rea-ot in the Don river for the latter, and by importing coal for , lie former, little was said of manufactures, and the prospect of their establi.shment was exceedingly dull. The prospect of the growth of Toronto — from the two facts of the great agricultural country at its back, and the harbor and water communication in the front — led to a decision, and within a few months of arriving in the country the writer was in communication with friends in England with a view to mm 62 Toronto " Called Back.'' importing a stock of goods, which was successfully accomplished the next year. Information as to Toronto in England was not very flattering. A gentleman had a servant-maid whose brother had enlisted in a regiment which was subsequently ordered to Canada. While quartered in Toronto, the young man took to himself a help- mate, an Anglo-Canadian, who afterwards returned with him to England. On his arrival at home his sister paid him a visit. On her return her mistress asked her if she had seen her new sister ; she replied in the affirmative, adding, " But Lor'> mammy, she's not very dark. I thought .she'd be black." As an example of the accuracy of description, Mr. R. Mont- gomery Martin wrote about this time : — " The country bordering Lake Ontario is well wooded ; through the numerous openings the prospect is enlivened by flourishing settlements, the view being extremely picturesque along the White CUAls of Toronto, (!) heightened on the north by the remarkably high land over Presque Isle, called the Devil's Nose." Richmond Street Wesleyan Church, around which so many hallowed memories will ever cluster, is one of the four which remain of those existing in 1847. Thinking it may interest many who have been associated with it in years gone by, and some since its erection in 184.5, a copy of the inscription on the brass plate at present in the corner stone is given on the opposite page. This fac simile was obtained by the writer twenty-flve years ago, in England, from the Rev. J. P. Hetherington, who was one of the resident ministers at the time it was built. It will be seen that it was called a chapel, after the English custom, and was a representative British institution, as we were told the next day after our arrival in the city. This church, like City Road in London, which it resembles in the plainness of its architecture, may be regarded as the cathedral of Methodism in Toronto. In 1847, the congregation worshipping here was styled the From 184'] to iS^y. >3 IN THE NAME OF THE EVER BLESSED TRINITY THIS CORNER STONE was laid by THE REV? MATTHEW RICHEY, A.M., CHAIRMAN OF THE WESTERN CANADA DISTRICT, AND THE REV?E. EVANS, secretary in connexion WITH THE British Wesley an Conference, on the 20™ DAY OF AUGUST, IN THE 8™ YEAR OF THE REIGN OF VICTORIA, A.D., 1844. the REV" J. R HETHERINGTON, AND THE REV" J. B. SELLEY, BEING RESIDENT MINISTERS. MESS«s JOSH WILSON J. G. BOWES THO« STORM WM OSBORNE THOS WHEELER ALEX" HAMILTON R" WOODSWORTH SAML SHAW JN« STERLING C. & W. WALKER TRUSTEES FOR THIS CHAPEL. RB WOODSWORTH, BUILDER. T. WHEELER, t ENGRAVER. 64 Toronto " Called Back!' j8Tnnp?si loyal British Wesleyan body, while the Adelaide Street people were said to be more of the American type, and not quite so loyal. However that may have been, the union which took place in 1849 settled the matter and made both one, which event was celebrated by a union tea-meeting in Richmond Street Church. Dr. Alder, who had been sent out by the British Conference, had been the means of effecting this consummation ; but so strong was the feeling against it that several of the British ministers would not remain in Canada, and went to the Lower Provinces, amongst whom were Dr. Richey, father of the present Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, and Rev. Ephraim Evans, while shortly after Rev. Enoch Wood and Rev. S, D. Rice came up to supply their places. This church had the peculiarity of having, till the late im- provements, the entrance door at the same end as the pulpit, which appeared to cause a good deal of annoyance to some ministers while conducting the service. Rev. Dr. Dixon, from England, on one occasion remarked in the course of the service, that he wished they had put the pulpit at the other end. It had one good effect, however, on those who were a little bashful, by inducing them to come in good time, and so be spared the gaze of those whom they had to face on enterinc: the doors. Rev. James Caughey. In the fall of 1853 — while waiting in Kingston for the Toronto boat, the last of the season — I met, at the British American Hotel, the Rev. James Caughey, the celebrated reviv- alist, on his way to Toronto. Having frequently heard him when in Dublin, he seemed pleased when I reminded him of the fact. The night was very stormy, and after some conversation in the saloon about mutual friends, we retired for the night to the same stateroom. I noticed that he did not undress, and on enquiry as to his reason he replied he thought better to be prepared for anything that might happen during the night. From i8^y to iS^y. 65 This may have been a wise precaution, but it did not appear to me to be conducive to comfort. On arriving at Toronto, I escorted him to the house of Mr. Richard Yates, whose guest he was during the following six months. The excitement he created was not confined to the Richmond Street Church and congregation, but extended to every church. People of all denominations flocked in crowds every night, Saturday excepted, during six months, with un- abated interest. The effect was marvellous ; numbers who thought he addressed them individually, when describing par- ticular characters, waiting at the close of the service to enquire who had told him of their case. There were many remarkable cases 6f restitution and conscience-money paid to the customs. On one occasion, at night, when the house was crowded to the doors, and the writer occupied a pew almost in the centre of the church, the preacher, in the middle of his sermon, in making a point by way of illustration, referred to some remarkable case which had occurred in Dublin (of which, however, I had not heard), and, supposing that 1 must have known of the case, stated that his friend — mentioning my name — was cognizant of the facts ; as every eye was immediately turned to where I sat, my situation was rather embarrassing. As his visit was so intimately associated with Richmond Street Church, it will not be considered out of place to refer to it in connection with other reminiscences, that church being one of the few land marks remaining of Toronto, in 1847, and many remarkable men having, from time to time, occupied its pulpit. A. & S. Nordheimer. In 1847 this firm occupied premises on the north side of King Street, nearly opposite their present establishment. The senior partner, Mr. Abraham Nordheimer, was an accom- plishe»l musician, and it was quite a treat to witness the enthu- siasm he displayed when exhibiting the fine points of the instruments to intending purchasers. Mr. Samuel Nordheimer undertook the outside work, travel- ling a great deal, and to this firm is due to a great extent the 66 Toronto " Called Back^ credit of having educated the taste of the people of Canada up to its present high musical standard. Prior to this time, if an Old Country family had brought out a piano, although not of the most modern style, they were supposed to have belonged to the better class of society at home ; but even these instruments were few and far between. It was on Mr. S. Nordheimer's Journeys, between Toronto and Montreal, that the writer first became acquainted with him, and soon found that by his universal courtesy, polished mannei's and pleasing address, he was winning golden opinions, not only in the towns and cities, but amongst the better class of farmers; and the firm being sole agents for the Chickering & Stodart and Dunham pianos, soon succeeded in placing a large number of these instruments in the hands of the better class of people, all over Canada. The fame of the firm is now as extensive a» the Dominion, and their success has been as great as their highest ambition could have desired. In the chapter on " Toronto as a Musical City," reference will be made to their successful ettbrts to induce the first-class musicians and vocalists of the world to visit Toronto, when it was little known, and had few^ attractions for these great artists ; but the influence of Messrs. Nordheimer — through their connections in Europe and the United States — overcame all difficulties, and to them is due, from the citizens of Toronto, a debt of gratitude for many a musical treat during the past thirty-five years. The Toronto Post Office. In 1847, and up till 1852, the whole business of the Toronto Post Office was transacted in a small building on Wellington Street, where the present Exchange now stands. The delivery office was a room about 20 x 40 feet, and the distributing room was an old cellar-kitchen some 20 feet square. « The staflf up to 1850 consisted of a postmaster, three clerks, and a letter carrier. The postmaster was Mr. Charles Berczy, and the clerks, John Armstrong, Christopher Walsh, and W. H. Pearson (now secretary of the Consumers' Gas Co.), who sue- From 1847 to 1857. 67 ceeded Geo. H. Wilson, the present accountant of the Bank of Montreal, in 1847. John McCloskey was letter carrier, and a charge of one " copper " was made on each letter delivered by him. At this time, and up till 1850, the English mails were only delivered fortnightly — by stage from Halifax in winter, and partly by steamboats in summer. The rate of postage on Eng- lish letters was Is. 2 id. sterling, or Is. 4d. Halifax currency (about 27 cents) ; the postage to Halifax was 2.s. 9d. ; Quebec Is. 6d. ; Montreal, Is. 2d.; Kingston, 9d.; Windsor, lOAd; the lowest rate being 4id. In 1850 there were only about 400 boxes in the Post Office. Postage stamps were at this time unknown, and the postage on paid letters was written in red ink, and on unpaid in black. The only visible representative of Her Majesty on ordinary occasions was cither Mr. Walsh or Mr. Armstrong, who for the time being combined in themselves the offices of receiving, de- livery and inquiry clerks; and as every letter must be taken to the Post Office, these gentlemen were known to every man, woman and child in Toronto and Yorkville who ever posted a letter. The arrival of the English mail, once a fortnight, broke in on the usual monotony and brought a rush to the wicket from which the dalivery, both general and particular, took place. Up to 1852 the Post Office Department was under the control of the Imperial Government, which was repre.sented by Mr. Stayner, but at this time, almost simultaneously with the intro- duction of the bonding svstem through the United States, the business was transferred to the Canadian Government, and the mails began to arrive once a week, via Boston and New York alternately. These mails were conveyed in charge of conductors, of whom there were three — Messrs. McNamee, Malone and Magillivray — two taking the mails to above ports respectively, and one extra to supply in case of need. The conductor taking the outgoing mails waited at his port for those coming in, and this system continued for many years. During Mr. Malone's time of conducting the mails a circumstance occurred, illustrat- ing the economy of the Government at that day. 68 Toronto " Called Back'' The writer, in company with Mr. John Kay, Mr. Patrick Hughes and three others, on our way from England, accom-* panied the mails from Boston, arriving at Suspension Bridge on Saturday night too late to connect with the' train for Toronto, Feeling anxious to get home, instead of staying over Sunday at the Bridge we telegraphed for a special train to meet us at Hamilton ; the charge to be forty dollars. On arriving at Hamilton we found an engine and one car all ready, and took on board Mr. Malone and the English mails, with a Roman Catholic clergyman who wished to get to Toronto with us. To this gentleman we ottered a free pas.sage, hut hoped to receive from the Post Office authorities a share of the co.st of the special train. The trip was made within an hour, perhaps then the " fastest time on record." On the fol- lowing Monday one of our party waited on Hon. Mr. Foley Postmaster-General, stating the case, and asking for the pro- portion of the expense for trrying the mails ; his reply was, that the letters would have been in quite time enough for the merchants on MonS. John Macdonald. P. Paterson. Betley & Kay. J. Carmichael. Hdwaril Cooper. William Creighton. John Eastwood. Arthur Lepper. Walker & Hutchinson. Robert Sargant & Co. George Bilton. Richard Hastings. Walter Macfarlane. Scott & Laidlaw. Hughes & Co. Thomas Lailey. Charles Robertson. John Ritchey, jun. RETAIL URV dOODS— r();iecSlierwood, Barrister. J. G. Spragge, Vice Chancellor. Hon. and Right Rev, John Strachan, Lord Bishop of Toronto. G. W. Strathy, Professor of Music. Hon E. P. Tache, Receiver-General. John F. Taylor, Clerk and Master in Chancery. Kiva.s Tully, Architect and Civil En- gineer. Win. ^Vedd, Third Classical Master U. G. College. Hon. C. Widnier, Surgeon. Rev. M. Willis, D.D., Prof. Divinity, Kno.r College. William Wilson, Cashier Bank ofMont- nal. It is worthy of note that the residences of all the leading men whose names are given were all .south of Queen Street, except one or two who lived on that street. This will give a good idea of the improvement that has taken place in this respect. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k> •■^^ -"^ 4i i ^° /% ^ 1.0 I.I |50 *^~ L25 II 1.4 III 1^ 1.6 V] y] ^> ^ ^ ^ aT Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. MS80 (716) 872-4503 ■^^ 84 Toronto "Called Back!' The upper stratum of society was decidedly refined and in- tellectual, and not by any means as exclusive as some have represented it. Nothing so invidious in class distinctions existed as was found in Montreal up to a late period, when the line was distinctly drawn between wholesale and retail mer- chants, and in other ways the " upper ten " principle strictly carried out. The number of churches in Toronto at this time was 27, divided as follows : — 4 Episcopal ; 1 Presbyterian Church of Scotland ; 4 Wesleyan ; 1 Presbyterian Church of Canada ; 2 Congregational ; 1 United Presbyterian ; I Methodist New Connexion; 1 Catholic Apostolic; 1 Primitive Methodist; 2 Baptist ; 1 Disciples ; 2 Roman Catholic. A Tour of Observation. ■ Before deciding on settling in Toronto, the writer took a trip to New York to consult with his friend aad companion of the previous seven years, Mr. Edward Martin, who had preceded him, and had, like Mr. A. T. Stewart, brought out a stock of Irish embroideries, then giving employment to thousands of girls all over Ireland, and sold all over the world. My friend continued in the same trade, adding lace goods when the em- broidery business fell off, and retired quite recently with a large fortune. It was thodght best that I should make a tour of several of the states as far west as Ohio, then the most rising and pros- perous state in the west. Returning by the New York Central, all the large towns were visited up to Buffalo, and then Erie and Cleveland were reached by steamer. From the latter place, down to Cincinnati, the only mode of travelling was either by the stages or canal boats drawn by horses. There appeared to be nothing, either in the manners of the people met with or the mode of doing business, to induce me to settle on that side of the line. Being invariably taken for an Englishman, and addressed as " stranger," I found that an Englishman was more of a foreigner than on^^ ">f any other nationality. From 184'] to i8^y. 85 There were whole villages in Ohio owned by Germans or Dutch, on the communistic principle, and no English spoken. Apropos of speaking languages I may mention that having an uncle, who was an elder in the Methodist Episcopal Church, stationed near Syracuse, on my way through I called to see him. Having two daughters at a large school in the centre of the state of New York, he wished me to go and see them. The distance to drive being about twenty miles, we stopped to rest with one of my uncle's parishioners, and in conversation with the lady of the house .she asked me whether I had spoken the Engli-sh language before I came to America. At once perceiving that her question was put on account of my being a native Irishman, I answered her accordingly. Having seen persons from different parts of Europe in that country, and all speaking their own language, she naturally thought I should know mine. We found my cousins boarding with the family of the sheriff' of the county, and the lady herself busy with a broom, e-.imv using which to good purpose she was so..n ready to entertain us in her drawing-room. "Helps" being hard to find, most of the ladies were obliged to help themselves. Being everywhere reminded that I was now in a free country, I have frequently regretted not having crossed the Ohio River into Kentucky, where slavery was in full vigor, and human chattels were bought and sold every day ; and never having ex- perienced any particular oppression in the country from which I had recently come, I failed to appreciate the advantages of the freedom of which I was so constantly reminded as existing in the United States. Describing the gaiety going on in "Washington while slavery existed there at this time, Whittier writes : Pitying God ! Is that a woman On whose wrists tlie shackles clash ? Is that shriek she utters human, Underneath the stinging lash ? Are they men whose eyes of madness From that sad procession flash i pill" !."M 86 Toronto " Called Back.'' Still the dance goes gaily onward — What is it to wealth and pride That without the stars are looking On a scene which earth should hide ; That the slave ship lies in waiting, Rocking on Potamac's tide ? This being the year in which Louis Philippe and his accom- plished consort were driven from the Tuilleries, and every vestige of royalty ruthlessly destroyed, and Lamartine & Co. had established the Republic of " Liberie, egalite, et fraternite" in France, additional favor seemed to have been given to these principles. While there was much to admire in the apparent absence of poverty, and a good degree of prosperity which seemed to exist, and an appearance of greater equality an^.ongst all classes the further west I went, it was plainly seen that distinctions still existed, and society was divided into classes, as in every other community. There were some illiterate and others educated, some rude and rough in manners, others more refined and cultured. To judge of the manners of the people at the table d'hote of the best hotel in Cleveland at the time, and compare them with these seen at present, the decision must be, that a marvellous improvement has taken place, as well as in all other western cities. This being the place where a stranger has the best oppor- tunity of remarking the habits of people, my first impression was one of surprise that so little time should be devoted to table enjoyment. When the gong sounded there was a perfect rush, and a grab at everything that could be reached. Vege- tables of all kinds, with pickles, wero, mixed up, and made to disappear before the waiters had time to present the bill of fare, and then fish, tlesh and fowl were taken on the same plate, with a variety of puddings and pies ; all of which were conveyed to the mouth with the knife, the fork only doing duty while the meat was being cut ; and by the time a person not in a hurry got through with his soup, and was discussing the bill of fare, «t.^Hb«l^i^^ -HfiK^t^^ From 184'j to iS^y. 87 the table was half empty, and almost entirely so by the time the substantials were reached. The most surprising thing was to find these people after- wards quietly sitting round, apparently having abundance of time on their hands. On returning to Canada a trip was taken to Quebec, includ- ing a short stay at the principal towns and cities ' en route. Wei'e it possible for a large proportion of the persons leaving the British Islands to postpone their decision as to their desti- nation till they had travelled through the principal States of the Union, and over a portion of this Dominion, it can scarcely be doubted that by far a larger number would prefer Canada. But as, either through correspondeiicc with friends, or the representations of interested agents, nearly all decide as to the place of their future settlement, they lose the advantage to be gained by actual observation. * This delightful trip, entirely by water on the lake and river steamers, could not fail to make a favorable impression. No longer addressed as " stranger," I everywhere found friends, and a thorough " home" feeling was constantly experienced, till on my return to Toronto there was no hesitation as to making it my future home. First Return Visit to Europe. The passage to England, on the Cunard steamer Niagara, in the winter of 1849-50 was a most perilous one. When on the Banks of Newfoundland we found ourselves suddenly sur- rounded by immense fields of ice, which increased so rapidly that in a few hours the man at the mast-head sung out, " Nothing but ice all around!" Having Her Majesty's mails on board, Capt. Leitch was not to be kept long in such a position, and having consulted with his officers, determined to push through. Orders were given to go ahead at half -speed, and after sevei'al hours of bumping and grinding, that was terrible to witness, the cry came from aloft, "Clear water ahead !" and on getting out of the ice we found the grand vessel almost as helpless as a log on the water. Every float on both paddle-wheels had been 88 Toronto " Called Back.'' iiiliir literally torn to pieces, except six, and these vessels not being rigged foi- sailing, like the modern screw steamers, there was no prospect of progress from that quarter. With the foresight which has characterized the Cunard Line from the commencement, duplicate floats were on board, and the carpenter's crew, in spite of the rolling of the vessel, in a comparatively short time had all the floats replaced, and we were soon again under full steam for Liverpool. Shortly after arriving in London a partnership was formed with Mr. James Steven.son, with whom I had lived for several years in Dublin, and who was then residing in London, as buyer and manager with Munt, Brown & Co., Wood Street, London, Luton and Dunstable. Mr. Stevenson came to Toronto in the following spring. Windsor Castle. " Imperial dome of Edward, wise and brave! Where warlike Honor's brightest banners wave. TJiy royal j)ile8 that rise elate, With 1 any an antique tower in massy state. " Never having seen Her Majesty the Queen, I expressed a wisli to visit Windsor with that object, and accompanied by my brother, who was buyer for the house of Brown, Davis & Halse, of Gresham Street, and afterwards for Cook Sons & Co., St. Paul's Church Yard, went down to that historical town. We knew by the Royal Standard floating from the Castle tower that Her Majesty was at home, and after inspecting the portions of the Castle accessible to visitors during the Queen's residence there, and St. George's Chapel, and getting a splendid view of the surrounding country from the top of the tower, we had not yet seen any indication of the Queen's appearance, and were returning oo the railway station to take the first train for London, when, while walking in a private street, v/ithout a single person in sight, we heard the noise of horses' feet, and presently an equerry in royal livery came in view, and immedi- ately afterwards the Queen and Prince Albert, in an open carriage and pair, enjoying a quiet drive. We, of course, un- ■■'-iiS'^wSWk.'»ri' ? '.. *^ p*ll*?'^i'^ ^m 1 «'■:.* 7*^?^ ■^^mm mm ■ i WIXDSOK CAISTLE. i I ^'^l^^jal^^-^'^ ^ii«iu;^i!i^aa!»^^i.i£^';tSjtt^'Lai^»^«^a:s.^^A ra-rtllirfwi^dtJiiAMiiii ;^tiWi*«**iS»»*!S From 184'j to 1851. 91 covered our heads, and in return had a most gracious uow and smile from Her Majesty, Prince Albert at the same time raising his hat in response to our salutation. ■' This was an opportunity seldom enjoyed, even by residents of London, and often earnestly desired by Americans, and although having seen Her Majesty frequently afterwai'ds, no sight on state occasions was so gratifying as this one. Commencement of Commercial Travelling in Canada. In 1850 the tirm of Taylor & Stevenson was established, and their business was carried on at the coi^ner of Yonge and Col- borne Streets, in the building now occupied by Messrs. Buntin, Reid & Co. It was then newly built, and was one of the finest warehouses in the city. Mr. Stevenson having had extensive connections with all the straw goods manufacturers in London and Bedfordshire, that trade was made a leading branch. The first importations of these goods, in the spring of 1851, were the largest that had ever been made into Canada, and having sent out circulars, we had buyers from Windsor in the west to Brockville in the east. The whole importations were closed out in a few weeks, and such was the quantity to be entered and packed that all hands were obliged to work for several weeks every night, except Saturday, till 2 or 3 o'clock, so as to get the goods forwarded within a reasonable time. To obviate this in future, the idea of taking the orders beforehand and shipping the goods direct soon took shape, and in the fall of that year samples were got out from the leading manufacturers, and the writer undertook to travel for orders. After the close of navigation there was only one regular mode of travelling. Weller's line of Mail Stages left daily for Mont- real and Quebec, and in this way the writer, who was the first commercial traveller in Canada, started from Toronto. In these days of Pullman cars and commercial hotels, to hear travellers complain of the discomforts and annoyances is rather amusing to those who have ploughed through mud and slush, 92 Toronto " Called Back. M j.i";;'^-. soinetimcs carryin<]f rails off the fences to "pry" the wheels of the sta<,'es out of the ruts, and aj^ain, in snow, carrying sliovels to (li<( out the horses when larj^e drifts were encountered ; all which is known to the writer hy actual experience. The acconnaodation for ba^f^'a<,'e for nine or ten passen<;ers consisted of a "rack" at tiie back of the statje, so that hai^jxa^e trunks and 800 Ihs. weight of samples were never even thought of up to the time of the opening of the railroads. To meet this difficulty the writer had his samples sent out in miniature models, so small that samples representing ilwaaanclH of dozens, for which he actually took orders, could all be carried in a small valise. The experiment was a great success; the goods were all packed in England to the various marks, and in the spring of 1852 were shipped in bulk to the various merchants, from Quebec to Windsor, or sent to Toronto for distribution. During that fall not a single traveller was met on the whole road, but the following season a gentleman appeared as a com- petitor from a New York house, and one or two others, amongst them Mr. Darling, of Montreal, in the hardware trade, and Mr. D. B. Macdonald, in fancy dry goods. The summer trips by steamers were very pleasant, but in the wmter there was nothing but hardships, and in crossing the ice at ditierent points very great danger. My rule was, that wherever the mail driver would venture I would go. On one occa.sion, in crossing from Bellevill? to Picton, the ice had melted, and in the whole dipoance across the Bay of Quinte no ice could be seen — the horses being almost knee deep in water. Again, in crossing from Kingston to Cape Vincent with four horses in the Mail Stage, and a heavy mail with a large number of passengers, where the ice was Ci-acking, the horses had to "jump the cracks." Many rivers and canals were crossed in this way. One adventure on the road will give an idea of snow drifts. The town of Brockville was always to me, whether in summer or winter, a *lelightful resting-place, a sort of oasis in my travels from east to west, or vice versa. Young men away From iS^y to iS^j. 93 from home in a new country will iipprcciate my feelings when I nay, that to find a sort of (yanadian home, when a young traveller, was indeed a delightful feeling. Here 1 always rested for a few days amongst my friends — the Kon. (Jeorge and Messrs. John and James Crawford and their con- nections, and especially Mr. Sheriff Sherwootl, and the late Hon. John Ro.ss, whom I had the pleasure of meeting there fre(piently. In the v/inter of 1858 I arrived there from the East in a heavy snow storm ; it was the 28rd of December, and I wished to get to Toi'onto by Christmas Day. On the 24th the Mail Stage came along, and having supplied ourselves with wooden shovels, we started for Kingston. Hav- ing got on a few miles we found the drifts getting worse, and after repeated etibrts in literally digging the horses out, we were compelled to put up at a small tavern on the road side, and here, with bitter regrets at my folly in not remaininjj at Brockville, where I might have spent a pleasant Christmas, we were compelled to remain all Christmas Day. In the meantime the path masters had been notified by mes- sengers that the track must be opened at their peril to allow Her Majesty's Mails to proceed. On the 2Gth we again started, having much the same shovel- ling as before, when, having got on a few miles, we heard the sound of the down stage's horn, and knew the track had been liroken, and arrived in Kingston in a reasonable time. The formation of the Commercial Travellers' A.ssociation followed soon after the opening of the railroads, and has grown to immense proportions, as the annual reports of the various associations now existing abundantly show. In the last year (1874) in which the writer travelled in con- nection with the Toronto Association, his orders taken, in the United States and Canada, with some assistance, represented close on half-a-million dollars, and during the year scarcely a day was lost. With the comforts and facilities afforded by the Pullman and Wagner cars, enabling travellers to work all day and travel at night, and the best hotels on the Continent Ill 94 Toronto " Called Back. competinjT for the patronarje of the commercial travellers, the occupation has become, from being a drudgery', quite a pleasant life. Having served a good apprenticeship, and then given a son to succeed me in the Association, anything connected with com- mercial travelling is still a matter of great interest. The following newspapers were published: British Colonist, Christian Guardian, Daily Patriot and Express, Globe, North American, Canada Gazette, Church, Examiner, Mirror, Watch- man. It will be seen that of all the papers published in 1850 only two continue, the Globe and Christian Guardian, the latter being the oldest estaulished weekly paper in Upper Canada. W. H. Smith says of Toronto in 1850: — "Let a traveller, starting from Montreal on a summer trip, proceed westward till he arrives at Toronto. He sees a city, which he is told fifty years ago was a swamp, with street beyond street and building after building. He sees town lots selling for £10,000 an acre where thirty or forty years ago flourished a garden ; a magnificent church being erected where an old settler told him he once shot, wild ducks." In connection with the old Mechanics' Institute it should be recorded thav, Mr. Robert Edwards was the polite and obliging Secretary for many year.s, and it is also due to the memory of Mr. John Harrington to state that it was chiefly through his exertions and the liberality of the citizens that the pre.sent Free Library building was erected. The Music Hall in the upper part was, for years, the principal place for concerts, lectures and various exhibitions, and many celebrated men appeared from time to time on its platform, including Wilkie Collins, Proctor, Pepper, Punsh'^.i, and many others. Important public meetings were held, and public balls and banquets took place in this Hall, for any of which its capacity would be insufficient at the present time. The office of the Express Company, styled the European, United States and Canadian Express Company, was on Front Street, and James Burns was agent. FrofN 1841 to iS^f. 95 Public Institutions. Athenseuin and Coniinercial New.s KooiiK Mechanics' Institute. Post Oliice. Telegraph OfJice. University (old building). Upper Canada College. O.sgoode Hall. Parliament Buildings. Financial Affairs 1850. REVKNDE. Assessment 8,540 Rental .3,417 Ft3S Licenses Drainage Fees & Arrears of Taxes Cash on hand 1,325 994 l.W 2,360 530 d. j KXPENDITUKK. ! t \ Interest 4,800 ! Salaries 2,875 Koails 1,355 : (ias 1,277 Fire l,C0f) , Redemption of City j Notes 850 I Use of County Jail 600 ' Ward Appropriation . . 500 I Incidental Palice Ex- I penditure 110 j Printing and Stationery 280 I Oo/oner's Expenses ... 115 ! Miscellaneous 2,994 j Estimated Revenue over ! Expenditure 16 £17,322 14 or $69,290 SO ' S. (]. 7 4 J 6 8 £r,322 14 or $69,290 00 CITY DEBT. C s. d. Debentures 67,372 15 6 Corporation Notes 17,346 15 Sundries 2,444 14 8 £87,184 5 2 or $348,737 04 APSET.S. *; 8. (J. Outstanding Rents, Fees, Debts, Taxes, and Cash on hand 2,436 9 Leaving to be paid .... 84,727 16 2 .£87,184 5 2 or $348,737 04 mm, 96 Toronto " Called Back" Toronto in 1850. In 1850 the principal streets running east and west were Front, King, Richmond, Adelaide and Queen ; running north and south were Yonge, Church, Bay and York. These were the most thickly settled and best business portions of the city. The two principal thoroughfares, and the streets containing the largest number of shops, were King and Yonge. A little eastward of the centre of the city were situated the Market Building and City Hall. The old City Hall was a decent, old-fashioned pile of red brick, the front of which was on King Street. Leneath and behind was the Market, walled in, and enclosed with gates. After the fire the new City Hall, the present one, was erected of white brick, opposite the Market Square, and running down towards the Bay. This is a very strange looking building, and it was unfortun- ate for the reputation of the architect employed that he had not left the Province before he completed the building, instead of afterwards. The old City Buildings having been destroyed in the great fire, a magnificent pile of buildings was erected in their place, called the St. Lawrence Hall and St. Lawrence Buildings. At this time the St. James' Cathedral was in the course of erection ; Knox Church, Holy Trinity, and St. Michael's had been built. o Bonding System via United States. In the spring of 1848 there were no new spring goods shown in Toronto till the middle of May, on the opening of navigation. The arrival of sailing vessels, which then conveyed all freight to Quebec, was looked for with great anxiety. The ladies, in the meantime, were compelled to wear their last spring bonnets, dresses and mantles, and the retail dry goods men had a chance of selling ofl[' their old stock from the previous season. The effect of this was that when the goods arrived in Toronto the country storekeeper's, who awaited the event, came in a body to From 184'] to iS^y. 97 ! I the city, and at seven o'clock in the morning it was no unusual sight to see as many as thirty or forty on the street, awaiting the opening of the warehouses, and ready to grab at the first lot of goods they could get their hands on — styles and prices being considered a matter of no importance : they wanted British and foreign dry goods, and were determined to have them. There was no time for mak'ng prices ; that was to follow after the rush, and each man filled his locker or bunk with an indiscriminate collection, subject to revision on the first opportunity. When, perhaps, his neighbor's back was turned, to make a fair exchange was considered no robbery, .should he happen to spy a chance lot of something he coveted in his neighbor's bunk. As the goods were sold at sterling prices, with a certain advance added, the invoice book was then called into requisition, and goods entered accordingly. In this way the whole importations were generally pretty well cleared out in a few weeks, and as the country merchants were supposed to have laid in their whole. season's stock, the wholesale houses had a quiet time in the warehouse after this, however it might be in the counting house, the financing following such a sys- tem requiring much tact and ingenuity. This state of things could not continue, with the increasing demand for early spring goods, and something must be done in the way of improvement. While British and foreign goods were arriving at Boston or New York weekly, Canadian merchants were debarred from getting any of their importations from these ports via the American railroads, there being no law to permit it. The firm of Hill, Sears & Co., of Boston, a branch of the Lon- don firm of Alfred Hill & Co., seeing a prospect of getting hold of the Canadian business, supported by the Montreal and Toronto wholesale houses, undertook to make arrangements for a bonding system, and after some negotiations with the Govern- ment at Washington, were successful in their object. In the spring of 18.52 permission was given to allow goods for Canada to pass through on the bonding system at present in operation. The writer, with representatives of two other wholesale houses, .spent a week in New York with brokers at the Custom Hou.se, If IJl.i"r"< 98 Toronto " Called Back'' completing the arrangements for the despatch of the first goods by that route, and after many days' delay on the road, a large lot of goods, comprising the bulk of the spring imports, arrived at Oswego. Toronto Bay was then frozen solid, and as merchants east, west and north were anxiously awaiting the arrival of the goods* there was no other course but to make a channel for the steamer Admiral to get out. This was accomplished by sawing the ice from Yonge Street to the Queen's wharf, and in this way the .spring goods arrived comparatively early. First Great World's Fair. The year 1851 was remarkable for the grand project of Prince Albert to assemble a display of the industrial resources of the world. Subscriptions were raised, men of science were chosen to fo^m a committee, and a colossal palace of glass was erected from a design suggested by Mr. (afterwards Sir) Joseph Paxton, hef*d gardener to the Duke of Devonshire, at Chatsworth. The building from which the design was taken was the smallest of the conservatories of the "Palace of the Peak," and contained the celebrated Victoria Regia lily. When the great palace was built in Hyde Park, a mighty bazaar of nations was summoned. Nor was the summons unavailing. Before the opening Lon- don was crowded with foreigners and native visitors, all anxious to enter the wonderful dome. Even immense London could not afford accommodation for the throngs that poured in ; people walked the streets through the night or slept in cabs, unable to procure a bed. And who that witnessed it can ever forget the opening scene? Her Majesty, in the pride of beauty and glory and domestic happiness, looking around on the representatives of all nations, while the Venerable Archbishop of Canterbury pronounced his benediction on that meeting of the nations in peace and pre ^- perity. Then day by day poured into that fancy palace the strangely mingled crowd of voluble Frenchmen, grave Germans, sharp From 1842 to iS^y. 99 Americans, active, monkey-like Chinamen, and sensual-looking Turks ; while the rustics, who had never travelled beyond their native village, gazed with astonishment, and even with awe, as they entered the lofty transept, which actually enclosed tall elm trees, and where the tropical plants, the fountains, the statuary, and the rich fabrics of India realized the tales of the "Arabian Nights," and seemed the work of enchantment. The building was afterwards removed to Sydenham, and was greatly enlarged so as to foi'm the now celebrated Crystal Palace. At this exhibition Canada was well represented, and obtained a large number of prizes and medals. H fflr;| 5 Turning the First Sod of the Northern Railway. On October loth, 1851, the first sod of the Northern Railway was turned by Lady Elgin, assisted by Mayor Bowes, nearly opposite the Parliament Buildings. Mayor Bowes was in full official costume — cocked hat and sword, knee breeches, silk stockings, and shoes with steel buckles. The earth dug by her ladyship, with a beautiful silver spade, was taken by His Worship a short distance in an oak wheel- barrow, the whole ceremony creating great interest. Mr. F. C. Capreol had so far seen his much ridiculed scheme carried into effect. No longer laughed at and spoken of as "Mad Capreol," as the writer has often heard him called, he had shown great method in his madness. Having been a fellow-passenger with him when crossing on his visit to England to raise the necessary capital — at first by a kind of lottery scheme, and afterwards in the legitimate way — I saw his determination to carry out his plans, and the clear prospect he had of the future of the under- taking. Had his energies been spared, the Huron and Ontario Ship Canal might soon be an accomplished fact, not at all more improbable than the Manchester Ship Canal was fifteen or twenty years ago. ppp lOO Toronto " Called Back^ Tariff in 1850-51. Mr. W. H. Smith, writing at this time on the tariff, says: "We are a queer people. While we are writing a public meeting is being held in the St. Lawrence Hall, Toronto, for the purpose, as the requisition says, of addressing a petition to Her Most Gracious Majesty, Queen Victoria, and the British Legislaturer for the purpose of obtaining a more favorable home market for the staple productions of the country than we at present enjoy, and for the adoption of such a course of commercial policy towards the Colonies generally as may prove beneficial to them and to the Mother Country. " Do not these gentlemen fear that the British Prime Minister ,^ in glancing over the Canadian tariff, will be apt to tell the signers of the petition that 'Jupiter helps those who help themselves.' "In our legislative wisdom we charge on sugar, tea and cofi'ee, articles which we cannot produce ourselves, a duty of 12i per cent. ; while on tobacco, which we can grow, we charge the same. " On wine, rum and brandy, which we do not make, we charge 25 per cent. ; while whiskey, which we do make, we admit at 12^ per cent. " On spices, fruits, etc., which we cannot produce, we charge SO per cent. ; while hemp, flax and tow, undressed lard, charcoal, broom corn, and wool are admitted at 2 A per cent. ; and still further, as if this were not sufficient, we extend our liberality and admit pot and pearl ash, wheat and Indian corn duty free." All Axy goods, hardware, etc. at this time paid a duty of 12^ per cent, ad ludornn. In the fall of 1852 the locomotive Lady Elgin was tried, on the 6th October, on the Northern Railroad, by order of the Engineer, under whose direction the engine was erected. This was the first locomotive run in Upper Canada. A considerable number of persons congregated near the Queen's wharf to witness the trial, and appeared much pleased with the " iron horse " as he snorted along the track. The rails, were laid for about fourteen miles. From 184^ to iS^y. lOI The contract for the railroad from Toronto to Guelph was given at this time to Messrs. C. S. Gzowski & Co., for £7,-i08 currency per mile — €355,600 for the whole distance. It was also in 1852 that the contract for the establishment of a line of steamers between Liverpool and the St. Lawrence was completed, the contracting parties being Mr. J. Young, then late Commissioner of Public Works, and Messrs. Kean & McCarthy the ship owners. The conditions were that Messrs. Kean k, McCarthy should keep up a regular line of large and powerful .screw steamers to leave Liverpool for the St. Lawrence monthly or fortnightly, while navigation was open, and monthly during the winter to Portland ; the maximum passage rates to be £21 sterling, first- class ; £12 12s, second-class; and £6 6s., third-class. These steamers began to run the following spring. Two years later the contract was annulled, and an arrange- ment made with the firm of Edmonstone, Allan k> Co., of Montreal. The small fleet of the last named company has since developed into the line well known as the Allan Line of Trans- Atlantic Steam.ships. At this time Toronto had begun to display a rapidity of growth and stability, produced by wholesome enterprise, both encouraging and remarkable. In describing its appearance in 1852 it was said that such strides had been taken in improve- ment that the effect produced on the mind of a stranger, when entering the bay and viewing the city from the deck of a steamer, was very pleasing and striking. In the evening the spires and domes, lighted up with the parting rays of the setting sun, the dark woods at the back, and the numerous handsome villas which flanked the bay, combined in creating an effective cowp d'aeil A most prominent object a . the eastern end was the jail, by no means a picturesque or prepossessing one, but still might be taken as an indication of the generally substantial and appro- priate character of the buildings, being a solid .symmetrical mass of gray lime-stone, sufficiently significant of its purpose — perhaps in the same sense as that in which the traveller stated I02 Toronto " Called Back.'' that he alwaye knev/ he was in a civilized country when he saw a gibbet ! Be this as it may, the writer has a distinct recollection of seeing two men liung off' a platform erected on the west side of the wall which surrounded the building and which still remains. The lighv.house on the point of the peninsula, the Lunatic Asylum, Government Wharf, Parliament Buildings, City Hall, and Trinity Church, all attracted the eye. The sites of the St. James' Cathedral and St. Michael's, could also be seen. The Industrial Crystal Palace. Exhibitions of the Provincial Agricultural Association of Canada West, incorporated in July, 1847, were held irregularly till 1852. /,:.:■-,;;,;..;.■ ■ ,.■■■.• ;. - --■ -■■ ■:■ At the close of the Exhibition in Toronto in 18.=»2, it was re- solved to memorialize the Government to appropriate a certain sum of money to purchase land whereon to erect permanent buildinofs for the holding of their annual exhibitions. To this resolution is due the structure then erected, for in granting to the Corporation of the City of Toronto the fee simple of that portion of the garrison reserve lying immedi- ately south of the Lunatic Asylum, for a public park, the Gov- ernment made it a condition that not less than twenty jicres should be appropriated for the holding of the Provincial Asso- ciation's annual exhibitions wlienever it might be required for that purpo.se. This condition was accepted by the Council with a liberality which did them honor, at once appropriating t5,000 for the purpose of erecting permanent buildings thereon. On the 16th July, 1852, the corner stone was laid b}' W. H. Boulton, Mayor, in the presence of a large number of citizens. The band of the Royal Canadian Rifles performed at intervals during the ceremony. This building was afterwards used as a military l)arracks, and was occupied by the 18th Hussars, the band of which regi- i ! 11 I n SI «1 t] a ir f< e' 01 tc w m si P' From 1841 to 1S5J. 105 ment for several years contributed so much to the pleasure of the people of Toronto ; and here, in 1860, His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales was entertained at a public ball. The Antjlo- American Magazine says: — "Dwelling; in a city whose evoiy stone and brick has been placed in its present position under the eyes of many who remember the locality as the sight of primeval woods the region of swamp ; of some who have seen the lonely wif^wam of the Mississaucjua give place to the log house of the earner settler, and this in its turn disappear to be replaced by the substantial an 1 elegant structures of modern art, — we find we are justified in _) ielding to the pardon- able if vain desire to tell the wonderful metamorphosis of forty years. " It is meet that we should rejoice over the triumphs of civi- lization, the onward progress of our race, the extension of our language, institutions, taste, manners, customs and feelings. " In no spot within British territory could we find aggregated, in so striking a manner, the evidences of this startling change. In none should we ti'ace, so strongly marked, the imprint of national emigration. In few discover such ripened fruits of succes.sful colonization. " The genius of Britain presides over the destiny of her off- spring. The glory of the empire enshrouds the prosperity of the colony, the noble courage and strength of the lion inspires and protects the industry of the beaver. The oak and the maple unioe their shadows over the breasts that beat in unison for the common weal. " We boast not superior intelligence, we claim not greater or even an equal share of local advantages over the sister cities of our country ; but we assert, in sincerity of belief and in justice to ourselves, a rapidity of growth and a stability produced by wholesome enterprise as encouraging as it is remarkable. " The fine bay in front of the city is formed by the remarkable peninsula (this was before the gap was formed) which, com- mencing at the river Don, stretches away westward, with a singular bend or curve at its western extremity, until it ap- proaches the mainland opposite the garrison. Here a very I04 Toronto " Called Back.'' narrow channel, marked by buoys, admits vessels of almost any tonnage to shelter and safe; anchorage. " Over this extended sheet of water may be seen, in summer, many a graceful and tidy little craft, gliding along luider the skilful management of the amateur crew — yachting being a favorite amusement and source of recreation to the inhalntants after the toils of the day and the confinement of their occu- pations. A considerable number of steamers, both Briti.sh and American, arriving and departing almost hourly, and numerous sailing vessels, laden with the produce of the back country or freighted with valuable imports from other lands, impart ani- mation and bustle to the .scene, which truly indicates the com- mercial activity of a thriving population ; while the wharves which skirt the bay, with their large warehouses and bu.sy throng of stevedores, porters, carts and cabs, confirm this impression." The assessed value of the property in the Corporation was $12,4G5,G00. The value of dutiable and free goods imported was $2,778,388 ; the exports, $1,636,824. In the past year the beauty of the principal streets had increased very greatly. St. James' Cathedral had been com- pleted, except the spire. This church, built of white brick (for which Toronto had become famous), in the restored style of architecture, was then decidedly the most beautiful and appro- priate religious structure to be found in Canada. In the order of civil architecture, the Court House, then in course of erection, was considered to be as fine a structure of its own kind as the church. But public buildings may .sometimes proceed rapidly, while general distress prevents improvements in domestic archi- tecture. This, however, was not the case in Toronto. A correspondent of the Montreal Herald writes at this time: "Upon King Street we noticed the builders at work in five or six places, besides observing several new and handsome brick hou.ses, where a year ago wooden ones stood. Our readers wlio are acquainted with Toronto will remember the corner of Bay and King Streets, which used to be disfigured by some wooden - ■ n«.K«Mn(^- » v^^?^ jn ^^ffp^'l ST. JAMBS CATHEDRAL. 8 ji^mH^. t I I s F TWWnil From 1841 to 1851. 107 shanties ; these have been completely swept away, to make room for elegant brick liouses. While the retailers have been improving their places of business, the wholesale houses have also continued to augment in number an regarding the occupation of the water frontage by the railway companies. One party advocates the conversion of every foot of ground now lying waste, into track, brick and mortar Another party, with more concern for the healthful recrea- tion of future generations than the convenience of the present, insists on these reserves for pleasure grounds being retained for the purpose they were originally intended to serve. All must admit that the interests of the public and the railway companies are one in the most important particulars, and that every facility shoald be afforded them in endeavoring to establish their work ; but, if in so doing it be found expedient that these public grounds should be surrendered for the purposes of business — the life and soul of all commercial cities — it ought not to be forgotten that posterity has some claim on the repre- sentatives of the public at the present day, and some effort should be made to provide breathing space for those who come after us. • i : ; i " It will indeed be a reproach if, within the limits of the City of Toronto, comprising an area of six square miles, and which, half a century ago, was just emerging from the wilderness, a few acres be not set apart and held inviolate for these purposes." W' ?:4 f 5 UJ UJ < ^ Z z . < ^ ■ a: (-4 3 X a. p a. o z ui X h- 4 O Z^ o oi S J 1 1 From iS^y to iSjj. Ill Doctor — " I quite agree with the writer in many respects. It will indeed be a great reproach if space be not left for a few parks and public walks. She has now, exclusive of the pro- posed Esplanade and Terrace, only one lung for the airing of 40,000 human beings, with almost a certainty of that number reaching 100,000 in ten years. I refer to the College Avenue, a strip of land about half a mile long by 130 feet wide, and if that be insufficient now for the recreation of the inhabitants, what will it be in ten years hence ?" Laird — " Onybody will admit that the arguments in favor of public works are guid, an' that it's better to hae nae " level crossings" if ye can arrange so as no to hae them, yet if I understand your plan, Major, I dinna think it'll work weel. Look at the number of bridges required to cross the railways, and the trouble it wad be to climb up a slope as high as the tap of a locomotive, just to come doun the other side again, and a' the gudes frae the wharves wad hae to be drawn up to the bridge and doun again to the street, in the same way. J rather think the carters wad gie up work a'thegither," Major — " Ah, Laird, I see you are laboring under a mistake. You have forgotten that Front Street is already about as high as the bridges would require to be, and that slopes would be wanted only from the wharves upward, similar to the present roads from the wharves up to the level of Front Street." [Major continues to read] : " It is proposed to set apart a strip of land throughout the entire length of the city, of a width sufficient to accommodate nine railway tracks, to be level with the wharves, to be crossed only by bridges, and to be used solely as a railway approach and for railway connections. " Front Street to be converted into a Terrace above the level of and separate from the railway approach, by a retaining wall and parapet, to be 120 feet wide, and planted with roWs of trees throughout the entire length. " The entire area south of the Front Street Terrace to be on the wharfage level, and reached by slopes from the bridges. The bridges may be of iron of a simple ornamental character. i m ,•"1 IJ'In 112 Toronto " Called Back'' w " It is also proposed to reserve certain portions for the land- ing of steamboats, for private forwarders, for baths and wash- houses, or for general public service. The places allotted for this purpose on the plans are situated at the foot of York and Yonge Streets, and at the rear of the St. Lawrence Hall, and are named, respectively, the Niagara, the City, and St. Law- rence Basins ; while contemplating improvements on so grand a scale, the selecting of a site to be dedicated to a great public building should not be lost sight of. I refer to one of which even now the want is felt, viz. : The Canadian Museum, for the formation of which the Canadian Institute is making strenu- ous exertions, and also a permanent home for that Society. " The very best situation would doubtless be in the vacant space at the intersection of Yonge Street with the grand Ter- race (where the Custom House and Soap Factory now stand), or south of the railway tracks facing the bridges from Yonge Street, as shown on the plan. " There can be no good reason why the building should not be sufficiently extensive to include a Merchants' Hall and Exchange under the same roof, or offices for telegraph companies, brokers, etc., in its basement, or why it should not be as ornamental and imposing as its central position would require, or the pur- pose of its erection demand." Mr. Cumberland's report is then read, when the Major pro- ceeds. Major—" After these two documents we come to the last that has appeared on this subject — a letter from Mr. Thomas, City Surveyor. I feel rather fatigued, Doctor, perhaps you will read the extract marked. You will see that the leading feature of Mr. Thomas' plan is to build a street or Esplanade over the railway tracks on stone piers and brick arches, extend- ing the whole length from Simcoe to Parliament Streets, with flightp oi stone steps leading up thereto at intervals. I can scarcely yet venture an opinion, but it seems to be rather an extrav igant idea of the value of space, to put one street ovo" anothei' on arches, when the same object can be attained at much less cost by taking in sixty or seventy feet more of the bay." WW ^ From iS^y to iS^y. T I Doctor reads : " I purpose, therefore, to make Front Street, from Simcoe to Parliament, a business street, and of such a width as not to destroy the Custom House, or the vahiable wholesale and other stores already built and now in course of erection on the south side of Front Street to the Esplanade, securinj; the frontage of these valuable water lots. " I would then leave from Front S*-reet a depth of from one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet, for the building lots, whereon to erect, as may be required, the railway stations, the proposed large hotel, wholesale stores and goods warehouses, with other principal frontages to the railroads on the wharfage level on the south ; also to an Esplanade on the south of Front Street, constructed on piers and arches over the lines of rail- way, sixty-six feet in width, on the Front Street level, with an open space of twenty feet area for light and ventilation to the lower storey of the building- in front of the tracks. The buildings would have their north frontage on Front Street ; passengers would enter the respective stations as the goods would be received on Front Street. The Esplanade, by this arrangement across the most central part of the city, would be in the proper place on the Front Street level, with the railroad cars running underneath, having arched openings on the north side of the railroad to the buildings, and on the south side to the wharfage, being in appearance like a continued station. The passengers would be protected from heat and dust in summer, and the trains from snow accumulations in winter. " The buildings being erected with handsome stone frontings to the Esplanade and Bay, would give the city a magnificent appearance, with the arched frontage of the Esplanade as a basement to the whole. " Trees may be planted for shade opposite the piers on the lower level, which would form an avenue for the raised Espla- nade, along the entire distance, which might be limited at the outset, from Simcoe Street to George Street. From that point east and west the railroad may be open. The raised Esplanade over the railroad to have five lines of rails, with five arches in brickwork turned over them, continuous on stone piers, backed up with brickwork." ^wmmmp 114 Toronto "Called BackT LviRD— "Ah, doctor, I canna say I like yere plan either. Nane o' them are equal to the ane I had many a chat about wi' my auld friend, Sir R. Bonnycastle, now dead, poor man, an' wi' Mr. Howard, the architect. Keep awa' yere new-fangled plans frae me ; what wi' yere bridges, an' brick arches, an' tree-plant- in', and level crossin's, and so on, its enough to dumbfounder a body. Na, na, gentlemen, the auld plan is a plan ye can all understan', it's a simple one, an' the simplest way is often found the best way." Doctor — " I confess I feel quite taken aback, not having thought of the subject before. It appears to me, however, that there are many good things in all -of them, which, if combined together, might form a better plan than any one of them." This ends the "sederunt" of these gentlemen in 1850, and it may be remarked in 1886, that if we cannot have a work as solid and grand as the Thames embankment in London, we can have one which in point of situation and beauty of prospect may form a more delightful promenade, and now appears to be the time for prompt action to secure its establishment. Rossin House. With the prospect of railroads being built, and the consequent increase of travel, the want of a first-class hotel was much felt, and Messrs. Rossin Bros., very popular and enterprising gentle- men, then doing the principal watch and jewellery business, undertook to canvass the wholesale merchants and others in- terested in the growth and prosperity of the city, for subscrip- tions towards building an hotel worthy of the Queen City. The stock was soon taken up, and debentures of £100 or $400 each were issued, one of which the writer willingly took in behalf of the firm, just as all others did, not with a view of making profit but to promote the enterprise. The ground was secured and the first hotel built and finished, and was placed in the hands of Mr. A. C. Joslin as proprietor. It being found that it did not pay, Messrs. Rossin Bros, bought up the debentures at 50 per cent, discount, which the holders were willing to lose ''™p^9rwwwiT?pjHTr* ^ From 184"] to i8^y "5 to keep the concern afloat, and in this way it was continued till it was burned down. It was soon re-built on a much grander scale, and has gone on increasing in size and splendor ever since. In June 01 1853 the Grand Trunk Railway was opened to Portland, and at the close of the year the Great Western was opened from the Suspension Bridge to Hamilton and Londoni and within a month was completed to Windsor. The contract for the road from Toronto to Montreal was signed by Mr. Jackson and his associates on the arrival in London of the Hon. John Ross. The line from Toronto to Hamilton was undertaken by another contractor, at £1,000 more per mile than the Grand Trunk. The writer travelled in the old leather-swung stage from Hamilton to London the night before the opening of the road, and in anticipation of their occupation being about to go the following day, the hotel-keepers at the clifferent places where the horses were changed were especially grninpy. The St. James' Cathedral organ, built by Messrs, Warren Bros., of Montreal, was put in its place on 17th May, and was worthy of the reputation of that firm. The choir at this time was composed of effective and well-trained singers, and the whole musical service gave great satisfaction. .^A^jjumy • Mercantile Agencies. The system of reporting the standing of business men by regular subscription rates was commenced in Toronto in 1855. Previous to that time there had been private correspondence with New York, but no regular agency had been opened, nor was the arrangement publicly known. A Mr. Hart was sent to Toronto by the firm of R. G. Dun & Co. at this time, to obtain subscribers, and the firm of Taylor & Stevenson was among the first to give their names. Having received a sufficient number to warrant them in opening an office, Mr. Kimball arrived shortly afterwards from New York, and commenced h'« agency in the Exchange Buildings, Wel- lington Street. 'M I -411 ii6 Toronto " Called Back!' The principle of giving int'cnnation as to every man in busi- ness was not well received by a portion of the press. Several severe articles appeared, denouncing the introduction of such a system of espionage. The agents were called pimps, detec- tives, spies, informers, and eaves-droppers, and the business community was called upon to denounce the whole busi- ness, and stamp it out, as a blot on the respectability of the city. Lawsuits for defamation of character were threat- ened, and although the agent and his assistants were well received personally, the system was looked upon as wholly disreputable. To think that a man's private business was to be exposed by strangers who had no legitimate means of knowing the circum- stances, was said to be an outrage on public decency, and only a system of black -mail for the purpose of extorting money and compelling business houses to subscribe to the agency in .self- defence. Notwithstanding all this opposition, the business grew in strength from day to day, and merchants found that the infor- mation received was, on the whole, of a more reliable character, because more disinterested and independent, than could be obtained by references from one house to another. It had been known that merchants' references were more or less unreliable, on account of the interest they had in keeping up the credi^> of their customers, who, if in the books of a house to any great extent, would not be likely to receive an unfavorable character, and in this way other houses would be ed to give them credit on the strength of these interested statements, often resulting in a loss to the new creditors, while the old had an opportunity of reducing their line of credit, and saving themselves either partially or entirely from loss. In this appeared to be the secret of success of the mercantile agencies, the information given being alike to all subscribers, and recorded in their books for constant reference, with changes in rating given from time to time, and all preferences or securi- ties regularly registered and reported. The style of R. G. Dun & Co. was shortly afterwards changed From 1 84 J to i8^y. II to Dun, Wirnan & Co., by the introrluction of Mr. Ernstus Wiman into the firm. The iianie of MR. EU.VSTIS WIMAN is so intimately connected with Toronto as to deserve more than a passing notice. Aithouj^h a resident of the United States, he is still a Briti.sh subject, a Canadian and a Torontonian, and owes his present high position more to Canada than to tlie United States. In Toronto he commenced hi;s career as a |)rinter boy at iJi'l.oO per week, which at twenty he was proud to have advanced to St.oO per week. From this he became a market reporter, then commercial reporter on the staft" of the Globe, and Superintendent of the Toronto Exchange, and in 18G0 became connected with the mercantile agency of R. G. Dun tte Co. He was subsequently promoted to the position of travelling reporter, and in 1862 became manager of the Toronto office, succeeding Mr. Kimball. In 1868 he was transferred to the Montreal office — botli the Toronto and Montreal districts being placed under his administration. This continued till 1806, when he was transferred to the New York office, and admitted as a partner in the firm. Owing to the war the business had run down, and was sustained chiefiy by the amount of money made in Canada. This success, with his knowledge of printing, gave Mr. Wiman great advantages, and firmly established his posi- tion. The business has grown to vast proportions. The books of the firm are published quarterly, and contain one million names. They employ forty printers, and have standing in type twenty tons agate, costing one dollar per pound. There are one hundred and six branch establishments through- out the country — forty of the managers being Canadians, with salaries ranging from fifteen hundred to twelve thousand dollars per annum. There are aboiit one thousand Canadians employed in the business. On the death of Mr. Barlow, the interest of that gentleman passed into the hands of Mr. Wiman, and he became virtually the working-head of the entire agency. The consolidation of the two Canadian Telegraph Companies is due, to a great ex- ; : I ii8 Toronto '' Called Back." V i > i tent, to his assistance, placing the whole system on a paying basis, Mr. H. C. Dwight being made general superintendent. Mr. Wiman has shown his liberality to this city in the free gift of the baths which are called after his name, and which cost about fifteen thousand dollars. On returning from Europe after making spring purchases in February, 1855, on board the (/unard Steamer Canada, a terrible hurricane was encountered. One tremendous sea broke over the forward part of the ship, carrying an immense hawser, weighing several tons, oft' the forecastle, and rushing along, stove in all th.i doors on the main deck, throwing the sailors down and breaking one man's leg. The water rushed into the intermediate cabin, and when the passengers jumped out of their berths, they found themselves up to the middle in water. On being removed to the saloon, where they lay wrapped in blankets waiting for dry clothing, one of them, a gentleman at present in Toronto, who had suppo.sed the ship was sinking, asked amidst the raging of the storm, and much to the amuse- ment of those who had similar experience before, whether " she was nearly full yet." The storm soon abated and Boston was reached in safety. In June of the same year, when great numbers were going to the Paris Exhibition, a delightful passage was made in one of the Allan L'ne steamers from Quebec. Amongst the passengers were the late Ool. R. L. Denison, of Toronto, and Messrs. Kirchkoffer, Meredith, and Eraser, of Port Hope, who proved to be most >,^reeable " compagnons de voyage." The two former never L^^ving seen the Old Country, and the two latter having been away from boyhood, described their sensations as being very peculiar on approaching the Irish coast, and everything they saw in Liverpool proved to be intensel}^ interesting to them. Paris in 1855. Having completed my purchases in Brit«>in, T went to Paris and got through my business there. In anticipation of a matri- monial arrangement in England, and a return to Paris in a few days, apartments were secured at ray usual stopping place, the n ''fP''"!- From 184^ to 1S37. 119 Hotel fie Tours, in the Place la Bourse; and tliroufijh the kind- ness of our commissionaires, a stand in the balcony of a fan manufactory in tiie Boulevard des Italians was promised, from which a view of the great processions would be had. Leavinif England on the 1 6th of August, l>y the Oreat Western Railway from Birmingham, and stopping at Oxford, the unique classical and historical city of colleges, libraries, parks, gardens, meadows, and " academic groves," of indescribable beauty, so familiar to the greatest scholars of (Ireat Britain for many centuries ; then through Reading and Windsor to London, and thence, via Dover and Calais, Paris w»xs reached ; and here was spent the week during which the Queen's stay continued. While during the summer the great Exposition was the attrac- tion, the grand sights connected with the Queen's visit caused (juite a diversion to every point where the Royal party ap- peared. Passports. The system of pa.s.sports being then strictly enforced, with the crowds that were then flocking into Paris the delay and annoy- ance was very great. These passports were procured from the French Con.sul- General in London, and bore the Imperial Seal of France. They described minutely the bearer's height, measurement, color of eyes and hair, complexion, expression, shape of countenance, nationality, religion and destination, and, having pa.ssed all the inspections, rnu.st be deposited with the proprietor of your hotel, so that the police could have access to them at all times during your stay. While the clash of arms and deeds of heroism on the fields of Balaclava, Inkerman and at Alma were still fresh, and the thunder of the artillery of the allied armies of Great Britain, France and Turkey was still boor"ag at Sebastopol, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, amidst scenes of unparalleled splen- dor, made their grand entry into Paris, to vi.sit the Inter- national Exhibition in the Palais de I'lndustrie. By special order of the Emperor, great preparations were m m ,"'!', !!iiif»'r" I 20 Toronto '' Called Back" made for this visit. Every house v/as cleaned or renovated, and the most lavish decorations were to be displayed, especially where the procession was to pass. The success of the allied armies in the Crimea, the recent demonstration by the allied fleets at Sveaborg, and the com- mencement of another bombardment of the Russian lines south of Sebastopol, were cii'cumstances of such happy augury, that the Queen seemed to carry victory and good fortune in her train, while the glorious weather gave unbounded hope and joy to the roj'^al progress. On the evening of the 18th of August, Her Majesty arrived at the Strasbourg railway station from Boulogne. Here a military band struck up the National Anthem, thrilling many a lieart. At the close of the performance, Her Majesty, leaning on the arm of the Emperor, trod the soil of the bright Capital of France amid intense applause. The Emperor was in full costume, and wore the riband of the Garter ; Prince Albert, the Prince of Wales, and the Princess Royal came next with their suite ; then Prince Napoleon, accom- panied by a host of high officers of State. The illustrious party entered the open carriages, six in number, drawn by four horses, prepared to convey them to St. Cloud. * „ . The Procession on the Boulevards. It was curious to observe the intense desii-e displayed by all classes to make this wonderful city look its best and fairest be- fore the eyes of the Island Queen, and to inspire Her Majesty with a due appreciation of the claims which Paris had to be considered the gayest and most brilliant capital in the world ; and these claims were overpoweringly displayed. '' ' ' The great width of the Boulevards and the asphalt side- walks afforded a splendid opportunity for displaying the deco- rations. The arch on the Rue Lapelletiere was very magnificent^ while trophies, including sculpture of great merit, chains of streamers, hung with flags, evergreens and flowers, extended throughout the route. This was especially observable in that o w /. o u C X o i 9 V .# I . |. ijt |1U" "r^HB Pwl From 184J to iS^j. 123 noble street, the Rue de la Paix, near the Madeleine, the whole street beinj^ brilliantly ornamented. Those who do not know Paris will have some difficulty in realizing the splendid aspect of the line of Boulevards, with the bright sunlight pouring down, without a cloud ; the pave- ments and carriage ways swarming with people ; the lofty houses with their jalousied windows thrown open and filled with spectators ; the extensive range of balconies all occupied, and in every direction that indescribable air of excitement which marks a great event. The route of the procession lay along the Boulevard de Strasbourg, the Port St. Denis, the Boulevards Bonne Nouvelle, Poissonniere, Montmartre, des Italiens, des Capucines, and the Madeleine, down the Rue Royal, across tlie Place de la Concorde, and by the Champs Elysees, the new Avenue de I'Emperatrice, and the Bois de Boulogne to St. Cloud. About four o'clock, the troops, numbering fully 100,000 men — half of the line and hall of the Imperial Guard — began to take up their position on this immense and splendid route, while penned in behind them the myriads of spectators settled into their places, to await the arrival of the illustrious visitors. The Prefect of Police put the numbers down at 800,000. It is worthy of note that, during the whole week, not a single di-sorderly or intoxicated person was observed amongst these vast multitudes. The sight of the military alone was -magnificent in the extreme. The gay uniforms of the various regiments produced a marvellous effect — Chasseurs d'Africjue, Zouaves, Garde Mobile, Imperial Guard, Voltigeurs and Cent Gardes, all in the most picturesque costumes, and in great variety, formed a military spectacle unsurpassed in modern times, and seemed to impress the Royal party, antl to be enjoyed with great admiration. The Queen at Versailles. The party entered the Palace by the central gateway in the grand front. The Grand Court, 380 feet in width, is separated from the Place D'Armes by stone parapets Hanking an iron !5 1 124 Toronto ''Called Back.'' railing richly charged with gilded ornaments, and the central gateway is surmounted by the ancient Crown Shield of France, charged with three Jieur-de-lis. At the extremity of this rail- ing are groups of figures in stone — those on the right repre- senting France victorious over Austria, by Marsy, with the statue of Peace ; those on the left, France victorious over Spain, by Orardon, with the figure of Plenty. The Court itself slopes from the Palace, and on each side is a plain range of buildings erected by Louis XIV. for the use of his ministers. In front of these stand sixteen marble statues: on the right, Richelieu, Bayard, Colbert, Jandon, Massina, Jounville, Due Gray, Trounin ■ .nd Touren ; on the left, Suger, Du Graschin, Sully, Lalles. Mortier, Suftren, Duquesne and Conde. In the midst of the upper part of the Court is a colossal equestrian statue of Louis XIV. The lofty building on the right is the chapel, the architecture of which is remarkably florid and elegant. It is ornamented with Corinthian pilasters and a balustrade crowned by twenty-eight statues The Grand Trianon is a villa at the extremity of the Park, and was built by Louis XIV. for Madame Maintenon, after the design hj Mansard. It is in the Italian style, consisting of one storey and two wings united by a long gallery pierced by seven arcades, fronted with Ionic columns and pilasters of Lan- guedoc marble. ' The garden of the Grand Trianon is laid out in a style similar to that of Versailles, and contains seven fine fountains in Carara marble. There are many excellent pieces of sculpture in vari- ous parts. The grounds in the rear are laid out in groves cut into labyrinths. The Grand Trianon was always a favorite residence of Louis XIV., XV. and XVI, Napoleon also frequently resided in it, and made a direct road from there to St. Cloud. As no opportunity was lost during the week of seeing all the sights, Versailles was the point of attraction on the 25th of August. The Royal party were in the Park in the rear of the Palace, while immense crowds thronged the square in front. A deter- From 184J to iS^y. 125 mined effort had to be made to get through the gateway. A procession of officials appeared from another part of the Palace marching towards the main entrance to the Park. Seizing the opportunity we fell into the procession and soon found our- selves on the Grand Terrace, close to the Royal carriages, with only a .select few standing around, while the splendid band of the Gent Gardes performed. Shortly afterwards the party drove towards the Grand Trianon along lines of statuary Hanked by evergreen yew trees, forming perpendicular walls pierced with arches. This effect is produced by clipping the trees. As the carriage of the Queen and Prince Albert passed each fountain a salute burst from the water works, producing a most beautiful effect. These water works, commenced by Charles X., are the finest in the world, and have cost fabulous sums in being brought to their present perfection, receiving constant additions and improvements from the various reigning .sovereigns. As a reminiscence connected with Toronto, on entering a restaurant at Versailles, we noticed at a table close by Mr. and Mrs. William Henry Boulton. After inspecting various grand galleries in the Palace, in- cluding the great hall of paintings, which if .spread out would cover seven miles, we left this grandly historical building, having a delightful run to Paris by rail, some of the carriages having seats for passengers outside, on the top. The rush to leave Paris after the departure of the Queen, was far greater than on lier arrival. It seemed as if everybody wanted to get away at the same time, and here a hint may be given that might be useful in sirnila'- crowds, should they ever be witne-s.sed in Paris again. Even if a knowledge of the language is possessed, it is an advantage .sometimes to appear to know nothing about it. The Paris gens d'armes, with cocked hats and swords, are formidable looking individuals, but if there is a rush for a train, and you are kept back, with the risk of losing your connection with the tidal train at Dieppe (which was to be our point of departure for Newhaven), a volley of English will be found to I (.-I'PIIW 126 Toronto " Called Back!' confound the policemen, and to gain the victory. This plan was never known to the writer to fail, except on one occasion. The rule on all omnibuses and tramways of limiting the num- ber of passengers is strictly enforced, and each passenger, no matter what the rush may be, is only admitted by ticket in the order of con.secutive numbers. When the conveyance is full the board with the word " complet " is shown. A story was told of a gentleman waiting at a certain point to get a 'bus for the Grand Exposition, but all appeared with this board at the back. At last he remarked that all the con- veyances appeared to be going to " Complet" and ho wanted to go to the Exposition. On going to the waiting room he got on in his regular order. The writer undertook to jump on a 'bus having the word referred to, and hoped by the free use of English to confountl the conductor, but this attempt proved a failure, and a firm " BescendezvoiiS, monsieur, si voua plait," compelled a descent- When will the Toronto Street Car Company adopt the French and English system of finding a seat for every passenger ? Departure from Paris. This occurred on Monday, the 27th August. As the brilliant stafi" of Generals, headed by a squadron of mounted Chasseurs, turned down the Rue Castiglione, it became evident that a splendid show was behind them. Very imposing the statt looked, backed by the scarlet uniform of the band of the Guides. After the Guides came four Piqueurs preceding four elegant carriages drawn by two hor.ses, and three state carriages drawn by six horses. The splendor of these equipages, literally covered with gold, led the crowds to believe that they must contain the Queen and the Emperor, but glancing along the line they saw that the point of attraction lay still in the distance. These carriages contained the suites of the two Courts. They were followed by eight splendidly-equipped Piqueurs, who were before a gorgeous state carriage, the body of which was green, iK Fro77i iS^y to iS^j. 127 richly relieved by gilt ornamentation. In this vehicle sat the Prince of Wales, wearing over a black velvet tunic a tartan scarf. He appeared to take a boyish delight in the affair. In the same carriage with him was Prince Napoleon. The next carriage, drawn by eight splendid horses, contained the Queen of England, the Emperor, Prince Albert, and the Princess Royal. As this magnificent carriage, made for the Emperor's wedding, advanced tlie most lusty cheers arose to greet the Royal party. The Imperial carriages were followed by the Generals of division and brigade, the Cent Gardes, and a squadron of Cuirassiers of the Guard, preceded by their band. From the railway station, where the ceremony of parting took place amid great enthusiasm, the Queen and party left for Boulogne en route for England. Incidents During the Queen's Visit. , The Queen, accompanied by the Emperor, admired at the Exhibition a fine group in bronze, " Le Lion A moreu.r." Im- mediately on the departure of their Majesties, it was removed to St. Cloud and placed in the apartments occupied by the Queen. On the evening of the representation at the Grand Opera, just before starting, the Emperor sent to the Queen a bouquet of splendid exotic flowers, contained in a porte-houquet of gold ornamented with diamonds and pearls, being one of the most p-^"]'*.3ite productions of jewellery that could be conceived. The Queen \.'as so enchanted with it that during the evening she svas continually admiring it, and remarked, " I cannot describe the amiability with which I am received here ; all is so magni- ficently and at once so delicately done, that it is impossible to find a fitting expression." Upon her entrance into the gorgeous saloon of fountains at the Hotel de Ville, the Queen remained a moment breathless, speechless with admiration and surprise, and at last uttered these words : " Our English language has no word, no term, to express the feeling excited by such wonders. It is a dream, the realization of one of the Arabian Nights tales !" T"^^P«"I 128 Toronto " Called Backy The Imperial Cent Gardes, as their name indicates, were one hundred in number, and nearly all six feet in height. When mounted they wore a light blue tunic, with crimson facings, a cuirass, and bright, silvery looking helmets, profusely decorated with gold, and carrying a double red and white feather. The epaulettes were gold and fringe gold, mixed with crimson silk. The breeches were white leather, the boots similar to the Horse Guards, the saddle-cloths crimson, richly embroidered with gold. The writer on one occasion seeing them at night, observed that over all this gorgeous uniform they wore long cloaks of pure white cloth. Being attracted by their appearance at the entrance to the Gymnase Theatre, and hearing that the Emperor and Empress had just gone in, the temptation was too great to be resisted, and I soon found myself in a place nearly opposite the Royal box. With the free use of a " binocular " I had a splendid sight of the Royal pair, whicn was really the object I had in view at the time. The Empress was then in the very prime of her celebrated beauty, and being in mourning, without any ornament whatever, showed to the greater advantage. This circumstance occurred during a previous visit to Paris. The cost of lighting the Palace and Gardens at Versailles amounted to $31,250, and the ball at the Hotel de Ville to $60,000. In a few days after the departure of the Queen from Paris, the second bombardment of Sebastopol — which Prince Gort- chakotf profanely designated as "afire of hell"— commenced, on the 5th of September, and on the 8th the Russians fled. When day dawned on the 8th, the flames of a great confla- gration were seen in the centre of the city, and in a short time it was a inass of ruins. On the same day the assault of the Malakoff" was undertaken by Marshal Pelessier, assisted by Generals Bo.squet and McMahon, to whom the Marshal gave the credit of the assault. The taking of the MalakofF Tower compelled the Russian evacuation of Sebastopol. Toronto can boast of two of the trophies which were dis- ' if I'ji'l I' 1*1" ' It.; |, Frofu 184'] to 1S57. 129 tributed through England and her colonies, in the possession of two guns in the Queen's Park. Paris Universal Exhibition. The building erected for the finer productions, remaining still, is familiar to visitors to Paris, situated on the Champ Elysees, close to the Place de la Concorde ; it is now used as a tine arts gallery. Tiie annexes, extending for nearly a mik' along the banks of the Seine, and used for machinery and heavy exhibits, were removed. The splendor of the Panorama building, with its long line of jewellery, gold, silk, satins, paintings, sculptu* j, musical in- struments, etc., was in some respects superior to London in 1851, but was surpassed by the Exhibition in 1867. During the week, as far as time permitted, all the grand sights were witnessed and the various places of interest visited. The Palace of the Luxembourg, the Hotel des Invalides, and the Tomb of Napoleon, where streams of visitors passed in and out. Under the magnificent dome is the open crypt, on the polished granite walls of which are inscribed the names of the hero's great victories. In the centre stands the massive sarcophagus with marble statues around it. " Before you is the superb high altar, flooded with golden light from the painted windows, and around are the stately columns which .support the lofty . ^:, This list of vessels, taken from the programme of the day, will jjive a good idea of the strength of the British Navy, especially when it is borne in mind that these ships were ordered only from convenient naval stations, and many more were scattered all over the world on every sea. Since that time a new fleet, comprising the most magniticent specimens of naval architecture, has been built, and England's claim to the supremacy of the sea cannot be denied, and never since " first, at heaven's command, she rose from out the azure main," did Britain more triumphantly "rule the waves," than at the present time. The most interesting feature in the day's movement was that reserved for the night, as an Emeralder might say, and was a thorough novelty to all who witnessed it. The illumination was effected by simultaneously lighting up the yards and port- holes with blue lights. . At nine o'clock gun-fire, the whole fleet at anchor burst into light as if by magic. The jets one above another, main topmast- high aloft, and the port of each opening at once, showing a vivid glare between decks, caused an unusual roar of cheering from the shore, which was echoed and given back by the boats 142 Toronto " Called Back!'' and the legion aflc j. This, in the stillness of the calm night, had an effect as imposing as it was rare. Cheer upon cheer applauded the spectacle. From nine till ten, rockets were sent up thickly from the ships and rained a golden shower upon the " floating capital." The Close of the First Decade. After making his purchases for the Fall trade of 1856 the writer came out to Toronto and found everything apparently prosperous. The importations for the year exceeded those of any previous year, reaching a point equal to 1866, ten years later. Sales were large and payments good, and none seemed to anticipate hard times. The progress of Toronto during the ten years ending in 1856 was accelerated by the opening of railways, east, west and north, and by that time its population was 45,000, showing an increase of 2JiOOO in ten years ; the number of its houses was 7,476 ; the assessment of property had increased from $69,000 to $515,000, and the imports from $750,000 to $6,670,500. Toronto had been reaping the first fruits of her connections through the Grand Trunk and Great Western Railways, and the close of this, the first decade, contained in this sketch, found Toronto improved almost beyond recognition to those who had not seen it during that time. The wide streets, con- taining splendid shops, and the number of handsome churches, all conspired to impress a visitor with the growing character of the place. Dr. Mackay writes of it at this time as " a thing of yesterday, a mushroom, compared with the antiquity of Montreal and Quebec, though rivalling the one and exceeding the other in trade and population. It is built on the American plan of straight lines, preferring the chess board to the maze, and the regularity of art to the picturesque irregularity of nature. The streets are long and straight. There is a Yankee look about the whole place which it is impossibl to mistake, a pushing, thriving, business-like, smart appearance in the people and the streets, in the stores, and in the banks and churches. Frotn 1 84"] to 1857. 14. "Looked upon from any part of itself, Toronto docs not greatly impress the imagination, but seen from the deck of a steamer, it has 0II the air of wealth and majesty that belongs to a great city. Its numerous churches, stores, and public buildings, its wharves, factories, and tall chimneys, mark it for what it is, a thriving place." Durinsj this decade the followin, Free Library Building, Post Office, City Schools, the University, several Banks, and the Rossin House Hotel. Toronto was now the headtiuarters of the Royal Canadian Rifles. The science of photography had lately been discovered, and artists styled photographei*s and ambrotypists began to multiply. 144 Toronto " Called Back.'' Manufactures had not shown much progress, and consisted cliieHy of woo '.-working and planing mills, boots, shoes, safes, soap, spices, paper, and blank books. From the time of the introduction of the bonding system through the United States, British goods to Boston generally came to Toronto nla Ogdensburg, and from New York iria Lewiston, until the opening of the Suspension Bridge, and pas- sengers sometimes had dilHculty in making connections in winter. In the winter of 1856-7 the writer had secured his passage to Liverpool by Cunard steamer from Boston, and started in good time to Prescott, intending to cross to Ogdensburg to connect with train for Boston. On arriving at Prescott a vio- lent snow storm prevailed, and the captain of the steam ferry refused to cross. On telegraphing across to our agents, Messrs. Stark, Hill & Co., Mr. Stark, who had been a .sea captain, immediately came across in a small row boat and offered to row me acros.s. As the storm grew worse, while thanking the captain for his kindness and courage, I declined to risk both our lives when the steamer would not risk the crossing, and telegraphed to Messrs. Hill, Sears & Co., of Boston, to write to my family in England the cause of my detention. Not wishing to return to Toronto, I went on to New York and waited for the next Cunard steamer from that port. h'' -.'•'.' ' -»■ TORONTO FROM 1857 TO 1807. * Financial Crisis in 1 857- Returning to make the sprinj^ purcliases in Europe, and back to Toronto in February, IH')?, there were indications of an iui- nending chanjife. The stoppage for the time of railway operations and the circulation of money was soon felt all over the country, and th '■ testing time of the 4th of March was the crisis, when pay- ments at the banks were so bad as to cause a number of failures. In a short time the panic ensued with full force, and the whole picture suddenly changed. Railway enterpri.se sudderdy came to an end ; .some of the largest hou.ses were compelled to sus- pend payment. Old established houses sma.shed like glass bottles, and mercantile credit collapsed. To show, however, that this state of affairs was not contined to Canada, one fact may be stated. During this year the deficiency in remittances from the United States to England amounted to nearly fifty millions sterling, the great bulk of which was never paid. So depressed was trade in Toronto that hundreds of persons in the city who. had heretofore enjoyed all the ordinary comforts of life, for the first time felt the .sharp pinch of poverty. There was much suffering and want amongst the laboring classes, with a corresponding amount of drunkenness and crime. There is good rea.son to believe that several persons died of sheer starvation. For the first time in her history her streets swarmed with mendicants. ««p 146 Toronto '"Called Jiacky The lirilkh ColoniHt of August 4th -says : " Pass when you will, you are beset with some sturdy applicant for ahns. They dodge you round corners, follow you into shops, they are to be found at the church steps, and at the door of the theatre. They infest the entrance to every bank. They crouch in the lobby of the post office, assail you on every street, knock at your private residence, walk into your place of business, and beard you with a pertinacity that takes no denial. " In this, our good city of Toronto, begging has assumed the dignity of a craft. Whole families sail}' forth and have their appointed round. Children are taught to dissemble, to tell a lying tale of misery and woe, and beg or steal as occasion offers." This picture is far from attractive. The advent of brighter days, however, brought in a ver}' perceptible change, and when trade assuuied its normal condition, our streets ceased to be suggestive of poverty and mendicancy; but it was not till i^oi) that busincvss resumed its healthy appearance. The writer re- turned to Europe in May 1857. The Desjardins Canal Accident. During the writer's stay in Toronto at this time the most terrible accident which had happened sinci; the opening of the railroads, occurred at seven o'clock of the evening of the 12th March, ISoT, at the bridge over the Desjardins Canal, a mile east of Hamilton. The train from Toronto, consisting of a locomotive, tender, baggage car, and two passenger coaches, the latter containing about ninety-three persons, left about five p.m. When this train reached the junction just above Hamilton, it was ascertained that the train from Detroit had not gone down to Hamilton, as it was entitled to do before the Toronto train. After waiting twenty minutes the Toronto train came on. Just before reaching the bridge over the Desjar- dins Canal, the train left the track by the misplacement of a switch or some other cause, and ran upon the bridge. The force of the train knocked the bridge down, and engine, cars and all plunged into the canal thirty or forty feet below. From /8^y to iS6y. 1*7 The jsoastroplio was sudden and awful, and the work of death was instantaneous and complete. The locomotive and tender were entirely submerged, and the baf;'gage car partially so. The forward pas.senger coach turned bottom upwards, and sank so deep that the floor was but a few inches above the water. The rear passenger coach rested upon one end and was about half submerged. Most of the passengers in the rear of this coach escaped ; the remainder were drowned. The writer had a description of the scene inside this car, from one who escaped, by the wood-work being cut through with axes within a few inches of his head, and the scene described was terrible in the extreme. Every person in the tirst car perished except four — two men and two children. One of the children was thrown out of the window on to the ice ; the other was dragged out of a window, having been up to its neck in water for fifteen minutes. They were brother and sister ; their father, mother and uncle perished. Among those who were killed were Samuel Zimmerman, the great Railway King of Canada, and Captain Sutherland, owner of the well-known iron steamer Magnet, with other prominent men, both American and Canadian. Mr. Hugh McSloy, of St. Catharines, having come over in response to a circular to see the spring opening of new goods, had made some purchases, and bid the writer good-bye, stating he would soon be back to complete them. At about 7. -30 a telegram came from his brother to know whether he had left by that train, when a reply was sent accordingly. He was amongst the victims of the terrible tragedy. British capital to the amount of $4-50,000,000 was invested in the United States at this time.. The whole gold coinage of the United States from 1793 to 1st January, 1856, was only $396,895,574 ; the silver coinage the same period was $100,729,602, and copper $1,572,206 ; the three together amounting to $493,197,383. All the gold would not suffice to pay back the capitalists and more than half of the silver would be required for the purpose. 148 Toronto " Called Back. Art Treasures Exhibition in Manchester. "A thing of beauty is a joy forever." The history of painting and its clo.se identity, from the earliest periods, with the interests of religion and morality, and the rapidity with which the art is increa.sing its influence upon current opinion and thought, would render it nothing leas than a scandal if nineteenth century religionists and moralists were indifferent to its tendencies and claims. That will indeed be an evil day in which the range of moral sympathy is not wnde enough to comprehend a love of all the pure and noble forms of art. It is the duty of religion to cherish every delicate art which tends to embellish and reform human life and character. Piety is never more unwise than when she expels beauty from her tents, and by that act of excomiiiunication drives her fairest sister into alienation and profanity. Only a .shallow observer of human society will lightly esti- mate the painter's power on the domains of human morals. Under what an obligation are we placed by some of the giant names of historic art — Fra Angelico, Botticelli, Guido, Bassano, Raphael, in his cartoons and pictures of the Divine Incarnation; Rembrandt, in his setting forth of Christ as the poor man's Saviour and friend, habited in coar.se garments, concerting alter- nately with angels and men of low estate ; and an amiable Caracci, in his overwhelming picture of " The Three Maries. " It is not possible to conceive a scoffing Michael Angelo, or a flippant Raphael. What ma.sculine blows at drunkenness, debauchery, coxcombery and cruelty were dealt out upon canvas by Wm. Hogarth, long before philanthropy and temper- ance reform had become the race. English art has touched with subtle ski'! a wide range of religious emotions, — the form of a pure and beautiful woman transferred to canvas, the picture of a good man's face, the vision of a godly mother, bu.sy in the hallowed sphere of home, are -surely powerful side-lights upon the question of religion in daily life. From i8y; to iSdy. '49 Never was a blow more fearlessly and directly dealt at the ruinous vice of gambling than was given by Mr. W. P. Frith R.A., when he portrayed on canvas in five divisions, the " Road to Ruin." Every picture that denounces evil, that attracts to good, that kindles sympathy with pure and innocent pleasure, that awakens in us higher and holier affections, and makes us more kind to the brotherhood of men is, in a broad and healthy sense, moi'al and religious art. In the entire history of the fine arts, there never occurred such a wonderful display as that which took place in Man- chester in the year 1857. Amidst the throes of a commercial panic, which shook the world to its centre, when banks, public companies and mercantile establishments were tumbling down, bringing ruin and destruction in their fall, the merchant princes of Manchester undei-took to collect from the private galleries of Great Britain, for the purpose of exhibition, the priceless gems of art, hitherto only seen by a select few, and to accomplisli this a palace was erected and all expenses guaranteed by these gentlemen. On the oth of May, " I declare this Exhibition opened," were the words which, uttered by Prince Albert, gave to Man- chester, the first city in the Empire in regard to its manufac- tures and the second in respect to its population, an Exhibition of its own, and differing in some respects from those held in Lon- don, Cork, Dublin, New York, and Paris, where industrial and art gatherings had been held. The treasures of art alone con- stituted this wonderful exhibition, such as the world had never beheld. The birth of Princess Beatrice, on the 14th of April, caused the postponement of Her Majesty's visit till the beginning of July. Her Majesty was entertained during her visit at the mansion of the Earl of Ellesmere, Wprsley Hall. It so happened, the day of the Queen's visit to the Exhibition, the writer was removing from among the smoky chinuieys of the celebrated glass and chemical works, and the furnaces of the copper and silver smelting works, of So. Helens, to the heart of »5o Toronto " Called Back. -- 'SI the cotton manufacturing district of Manchester, and, anxious to see the pageant, arranged by a study of " Bradshaw " to strike the spot where the procession would pass at a certain time ; and with the Queen's well-known punctuality, not a minute was lost. The sight was very fine. For seven miles, with crowds ten deep on the pavements, through which she had to pass before she reached the Art Treas- ures Exhibition, which the taste and wealth of Manchester had been the means of bringing together, every window was filled with human beings anxious to see Her Majesty. The whole city seemed to have ceased from the untiring, energetic labors of its manufactures, and appeai-ed with one consent engaged in the more pleasing occupation of welcoming the Queen. Gigantic mills, with their enormous extent of bare walls, assumed a gay and festive appearance. Forests of flag- staffs grew as if by magic out of the factory roofs, while strings of banners between opposite windows bore devices of welcome. Her Majesty, accompanied by the Prince Consort, the Prince of Wales, the Princess Ro3'al, Prince Alfred, the Princess Alice and Prince Frederick William of Prussia, left Worsley Hall in the following order : First carriage, containing Mr. Gibbs, tutor to the Prince of Wales and Lieut. Cowell, tutor to Prince Alfred ; second carriage, the Hon. C. B. Phipps, C.B., and the two equerries-in-waiting ; third carriage, the Lord Cham- berlain (the Marquis of Breadalbane), Sir George Grey, Bart., Baron Moltke, in attendance on Prince Frederick William of Prussia ; fourth carriage, the Marchioness of Ely, lady-in-waiting to Her Majesty the Queen. Reception in the Building. As the audience rose and Halle, supported by Miss Novel lo and Sims Reeves, looking and feeling musical, began to attune their ears and voices for tha Coronation Anthem — in glancing round we observed the following noteworthy people at the foot of the dais erected for the Queen: The Prince Consort, Lord and Lady Palmerston, Lord and Lady Stanhope, Lord Burling- From i8s7 to 1867. 151 ton, Lord Wilton, Lord Ward, Mr. Granville Harcourt, M.P., and Frances, Countess of Waldegrave, Mr. Ex-Chancellor Glad- stone and Mrs. Gladstone, Lord Talbot De Malahide, Me.s.srs. Peto and Paxlon, Sir Roderick Murchison, Williams of Kars, etc., etc. The Queen was accompanied by the Prince Consort, the Prince of Wales, the Princess Royal and her intended, Prince Frederick William of Prussia ; Princess Alice and Prince Alfred, Sir GeorgG Grey, Secretary of State ; the Lord Chamberlain, Marquis of Breadalbane; the Mistress of the Robes, Duchess of Sutherland, and the Hon. Eleanor Sutherland, daughter of Lord Stanley of Alderley. Her Majesty then knighted Mi'. James Watts, merchant of Portland Street, and at the time Mayor of Manchester, This ceremony was performed by the Queen with the Peninsular and Aliwal sword of Sir Harry Smith, with two strokes given with wonderful grace — James Watts rising into Sir James, (here Lady Watts blushed, smiled and looked down). Sir Harry, retaking his sword, kissed the hilt recently touched by the fair hand of Her Majesty. This done. Her Majesty commenced her walk through the Exhibition. The route was, of course, chronological, beginning with Van Eyck, and ending with Leighton and Millais. It was noticed that she lingered longer over the early Ger- man School than any other part of the Exhibition. As for the Royal cb Idren, it was easy to see, as the policemen observed, that Muiready's ''Boy having his hair cut," and Webster's "" Slide " were more after the children's heart than the best Raphael or the finest Mabrisc. Amongst modern paintings, the greatest crowd .seemed to collect around the " Death of Chatterton," where .several police- men wore stationed to keep back the ci'owd. The Royal party then, retracing their steps, studied the series of British portraits, also chronologically arranged, forming a perfect Engli.sh history) afterwards the Enamels, Venetian Glass, Metal Work and Ivories. Her Majesty before leaving the building partook of a hand- 152 Toronto '' Called BackT I- ' I I! i| I I some luncheon served by Mr. Donald, and is said to have praised most highly a particular mixture, which, on Her Majesty enquiring what it was, Mr. Donald immediately called " Donald's Royal Art Treasures Nectar, patronized by Royalty." Her Majesty smiled at the " patronized " and left the building amid enthusiastic cheers, and blushes from Mr. Donald such as Scotchmen alone can blush. * " To wake the houI by tender strokes of art." The works of art contained in the Exhibition were divided into the following sections : 1. Paintings by Ancient Masters ; 2. Paintings by Modern Masters ; 3. British Portrait Gallery ; 4. Collection of Historical Miniatures ; 5. Museum of Orna- mental Art; 6. Sculpture; 7. Water Color Drawings; 8. Original Drawings and Sketches b}' the Old Masters ; 9. En- gravings ; 10. Photographs. The number of paintings by ancient masters, commencing with Cimabue in 1240, and ending with Jean Baptiste Greuze in 1805, including the Marquis of Hertford's contribution of forty-four, was 1,128. The number of what were classed as modern masters, commencing with Hogarth in 1740, up to 1857, was G89. The number of portraits, 880 ; of water colors, 909 ; works of sculpture, including a few bronze, 100. The collection comprised works by every great artist, ancient and modern, and of every school of art. The whole of these works of art were insured for live millions sterling, much below their reab value. The number of visitors was 2,500,000. Royal Mail Cunard Steamer "Persia." The voyage to New York by the Cunard steamer Persia in the winter of 1857-8 was unusually stormy, as may be judged from the report of the ship's "log" publishe«l in New York papers on our arrival. The statement of having encountered " tre- mendous hurricanes," although rarely reported, was no exaggera- tion. For several days we " lay to," making about two knots an hour — just enough to keep the engines in motion. One of Frovi 7(5*57 ^o iSdy. 15. the immense paddle-boxes, forty feet in diameter, was carried away with one sea, and other damage done. The voyage lasted over sixteen days, nearly double her usual time. Lord and Lady Napier and suite were passengers, and his lordship suffered greatly from sea-sickness, while her ladyship, whose cabin was nearly opposite that of the writer, scarcely ever missed her morning salt water bath, and was present at almost every meal at the table in the saloon. As this magnificent ship was then the finest afloat, and was the last of the paddle steamers, except the Scotia, a notice of her may not be out of place. This leviathan vessel, then the largest steamship in the world, left Liverpool on the 26th June, 185G, commanded by Captain Judkins, the Conunodore of the Cunard Mail Packets, on her first voyage across the Atlantic. This Company having the exclusive contract for carrying the mails, the position of (y'onnnander of one of these steamers was at that time one of gieat importance, and the rank equal to a commander in the Royal Navy. As the whole Continent was on the qui vive for the arrival of the.se steamers at Boston or New York, when the signals went up by firing guns by day or rockets at night, a whole fleet of steamers and boats of every size were seen racing for the great object. Then the scramble up the ladders, the rush for the latest papers and despatches, and the rush back to the city of news reporters for the daily papers, and the competition to publish the latest news, was a lively scene. The Captain, in full naval uniform, giving orders through his silver trumpet, before the days of electric bells, as he stood on the bridge was the observed of all observers. If we are about to start, I see him on his elevated position, and it is interesting to notice how quickly and completely the inward thought and purpose alters the outward man. He gives a ([uick glance to every part of the ship. He casts his eya over the multitude coming on board, among whom is the English Ambassador and suite. He sees the husbands and wives, mothers and children, entrusted to his care, the valuable cargo, 11 ^MHi 154 Toronto " Called Back^ the carefully counted mail bags, all pouring in, and his form as lie gives orders for our departure seems to grow more ei'ect and firm. The muscles of his face swell, his eyes glow with a new fire, and his whole person expands with the proud consciousness of his importance and responsibility. In these days of cablegrams, the importance of a Commander is chiefly dependent on the shortness of the passage made by his ship, as is described on the arrival of the Etruvia at New York, on having made the fastest passage on record. " The steam was puffing out of her sides in short, painful gasps, like the quickened breath of a grand race-horse, tired, and resting after a great burst of speed. Commodore Theodore Cook was proud as the proudest man in America, as he walked down the noble ship's gang-planks, and then stood up so straight that he nearly fell backwanls. No one seems to have been prepared for the phenomenal time she had made." In November, 18.'>8, " Westward ! " was the cry. The more that was learned of the great countries to the North-West, the stronger grew the desire to establish uninterrupted com- umnication therewith. The means of access to the Eastern seaboard were already numerous and easy. An open route to the banks of the Saskatchewan and to the shores of the Pacific was wanted. The feeling was that more would be gained in a single year by trading with the North-West than by ten years of the closest communication with the lower Provinces. The Mediterranean would not bear upon its bosom so great a burden of wealth as would our lakes and rivers, should the country become the highw^ay between the two great oceans — the con- necting link between China and Europe. In this year the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway was opened. The first Toronto City Directory was published by William Brown, the writer having lent him a copy of the London (England) Directoiy as a model. It was only copied in the classification of the names, the addition of the street direc- tory, as at present, not being adopted for several years after- wards. In July of this year the writer went to Quebec to meet his a.ati is From iS§i to iSby. 155 family coininj:y out from England by the North American, Captain Grange, and had the pleasure of meeting Rev. John Maclean, now Bishop of Saskatchewan, Rev. Dr. Helhuuth, late Bishop of Huron, and Rev. Mr. Fleury, Chaplain of the Moly- neux Blind Asylum in Dublin, to whom I fre((uently had the pleasure of listening in the chapel attached to the institution, as also the delightful music of the choir, the mend)ers of which, including the organist, were all inmates. These gentlemen had been exceedingly kind and attentive to my family during a long and stormy voyage, and on their arrival in Toronto all paid us a visit, expressing, at the same time, their surprise and delight at the tine appearance of the city. In this year the 100th Regiment, to which Toronto con- tributed a large quota, was enrolled in the Regular Army as the Prince of Wales' Royal Canadian Regiment of;' the line ; Major-General Viscount Melville was appointed Colonel-in- Chief. The Regiment sailed in three detachments, the first from Quebec, by the Allan steamer Indian, nearly 500 strong ; the second per Nova Scotian, 435 strong, and the third per Anglo- Saxon with remainder. In July, 1859, the Agamemnon, in laying the Atlantic cable between Valentia Bay, in Ireland, and Trinity Bay, Newfound- land, a distance of 1,650 nautical miles, was in great danger! the coils broke adrift and the cable was displaced, as she was nearly thrown on her beam ends ; the electric instruments were all injured and the deck boats got adrift. On the successful accomplishment of the undertaking, on the l7th of August, messages were exchanged from the Queen to the President of the United States. Lord Napier was then British Minister at Washington. Fetes were given at New York, and a reception to the officers of the Agamemnon by the City Council ; on that occasion, amongst the toasts proposed was the following: "The people of Great Britain and Ireland, joined to us in the Court of Neptune. May that nuptial tie never be put asunder." 156 Toronto '' Called BackT Visit of the Prince of Wales to Canada, 1860. On the Oth of July, the Prince, accompanied by the Queen and Prince Consort to Plyinoutli, embarked on board the line- of-battle ship Hero, ninety-one guns, Captain Seymour, having as an escort the ship Ariadne. , The suite of His Royal Highness consisted of the Duke pf Newcastle, Secretary of State for the Colonies ; the Lord- Steward of Her Majesty's Household, Earl of St. Geruiains ; His Royal Highness' Governor, Major-General Hon. R. Bruce ; equerries-in- Waiting, Major Teesdale, R.A., and Capt. Gray, Grenadier (Juards ; Dr. Acland, His Royal Highness' physician. The Prince was commissioned to represent Her Majesty in the opening of the Victoria Bridge, and on all public occasions ; to hold levees and receive addresses while in Canada ; and in travellinij through the United States he was to assume the title of Baron Renfrew. The sijuadron arrived at Halifax on the 29th of July, and after visiting Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick pro- ceeded to Quebec, where, leaving the men-of-war, they pro- ceeded to Montreal, arriving on the 2')th of August. The Royal party remained there for several days, during which the Prince opened the Industrial Exhibition in the Crystal Palace, attended a magnificent ball given in his honor, laid the corner stone, being also the last stone, of the Victoria Bridge, and clinched the last bolt of the Bridge (a silver rivet) with stout and sturdy blows. After stopping at Ottawa, Brockville and Kingston on the way up, the Prince arrived at Toronto on the 7th of September, and met with a magnilicent reception, the preparations being on a scale far surpassing those of the other cities he had visited. The Prince disembarked at the western extremity of the Esplanade. Here a splendid pavilion was erected facing the city; the hangings were of crimson, blue and white, and the building was adorned with green leaves and festoons of flowers. The whole was surmounted by a Royal crown, on all sides pro- tected by flags. The greatest charm was the entrance arch, which spanned the From jSjj to 1S6']. 157 street and was really magiiiticent. It was of the Grecian order, but exceedingly rich in ornament, and stood sixty feet high. The pillars were massive, palmated at the top. The interior of the arch was adorned with beautiful fresco paintings, and the whole surmountetl with a shield bearing the Royal Arms and a Royal crown supported on each side by a Hno display of Hags. A semicircular platform was erected, with tier upon tier of seats, and was ornamented with shields and banners, and more than 10,000 people were in position on it. In the open space was a troop of cavalry, and in th« centre was a great level platform, with the dais and throne under a gorgeous canopy. Here the Prince was received by the Mayor, Corporation, Judges, Members of Parliament, Officers of the Army and Volunteers, etc. After the reading of the address the National Anthem was sung by 5,000 children, under the leadership of Mr. John Carter, the Cathedral organist. It is impossible to do justice to the imposing spectacle pre- sented when the vast assembly stood up and united in one tre- mendous burst of cheering, which lasted several minutes, the ladies waving their handkerchiefs and men nearly killing them- selves with shouting the loyal hurrahs, while several bands played the National Anthem. The Prince was intensely affected at thi.*? glorious welcome, which was so hearty and magnificent. A proces.sion of militia, firemen and national societies filed past, drooping banners and cheering vociferously. The Prince's carriage followed the procession through the principal streets, cheered by the people, while fiower.-j were strewed before him. Night having come on by this time the city was most brilliantly illuminated, and the whole formed a spectacle which, for magnificence, was never surpa.ssed in Canada. The Prince and suite were entertained during their stay at Government House. On Sunday the party attended divine service in St. James' Cathedral, and were met at the door by Bishop Strachan, Rector 158 Toronto " Called Back." Grasset, and other clergymen. The sermon was preached by the Bishop, from the text, "Give the King Thy Judgments, O God, and Thy righteousness unto the King's son." The de- meanor of the Prince during the service was what mi'dit have been expected. Ho joined heartily in the responses, and his entire manner might be copieil by some church-going young men with decided advantage. The Orangemen had erected a splendid arch at the intersec- tion of Church and King Streets, with a large painting of King OOVERNMENT HOUSE AND ST. ANDREW S CHUKCH. William III. in a conspicuous position. Instead, however, of the party driving under the arch along King Street, the car- riage went down Church to Wellington, and so to the Govern- ment House. It transpired that this was done by the positive order of the Duke of Newcastle. During the week the Prince visited all the principal objects of interest, and planted a tree in the Horticultural Gardens, at the same time opening the rastic arbor then recently erected. He also planted an English silver oak in the Queen's Park, From iSs7 ^^ 1S6']. 159 which stands to the east of the guns, and laid the foundation stone of the statue to the Queen, surroundera monar- cliy, if 111! wislied to appreciate tlie horrible state of that Imuich of the fine arts under his tlemocracy. C'hurches, catlieiirals, markets, post office, collej^es, scfiools, mechanics' institute rise in imperial dlLfnity in the city. The sliops are lar<.je and well furnished witli "oods. " In tlu! winter time the streets are filled with sleighs, and the air is gay with the carolling of their bells. Some of the sleighs are exceedingly elegant in form and finish, and an; provided with very expensive furs, not only for tlie u.se of the occupants, but for display. The horses are small, spirited animals, of no great pretension to beauty. " The people in the street are well dres.sed, comfortable look- ing, well-to-do; not so tall as the people in New Yorl:, but stouter and more sturdy looking. Their winter brings no dis- comfort, as fuel is abundant, and when the wind is not l)lowing high the weather is very agreeable." Anthony TroUope says : " Toronto, as a city, is not generally attractive to a traveller. The country around it is fiat; although it stands on a lake, that lake has no attributes of beauty. The streets of Toronto are paved with wood, or rather planked, as are those of Montreal or Quebec, but they are kept in better order. I should say that the planks are first used in Toronto, and then sent down bv the lake to Montreal, and when all but rotted out, they are again floated off by the St. Lawrence, to be used in the thoroughfares of the old capital." This is somewhat hard upon Quebec, but is highly flattering to Toronto. But there is no rose without its accompanying thorn; at this time another writer informs us that if the streets of Toronto are better than those of other towns, the roads around it are worse. " I had the honor," he writes, "of meeting two distinguished m 'M 1 Se& Ja 1 1 1 si.:-^^!;, 162 Toronto " Called Back'' members of Parliament at dinner some few miles out of town, and returning back a short time after they had left the host's house, was glad to be of use in picking them up from a ditch into which their carriage had been upset." The Death of Prince Albert. On the 14th of Decen.ber, 1861, occurred the most mournful event in the reign of Queen Victoria, the death of the good and universally beloved Prince Consort, Prince Albert, a double calaniity to the kingdom, since it also removed for a long period from public life and public usefulness the affectionate and incon- solable Queen. Not Britain alone, but all Europe, ane houses on ^i ( ill 164 Toronto "Called Back." ■' ^*. deck for butcher, baker, pastry cook, ice, vegetables and meat, and the perfection of ranges in tlie cook's gallery, are all in- spected with pleasure. The bedrooms are next visited, with the pui-est of bed linen, toilet utensils, mai'ble basins, damask curtains, electric bells, and so on to the engine room, and from stem to stern, the size of a pin's head of anything cannot be found out of place; all that f-»-t and skill, combined with wealth> can do to make a voyage 'asant and comfortable has been done. And now the hour of sailing has arrived, and under a full head of steam the noble vessel moves out seaward, a thing of life as well as a thing of beauty. If sailing from New York, the decks are crowded with passengers as they pass Staten Island and view the charming villas and merchants' mansions so thickl}'- studded all over that beautiful .suburlj. Soon outside of Sandy Hook, now for the first time the heavy swell and roll of the Atlantic is felt, and presently the scene changes. The indefatigable stewards are already at work. The elegant crim- son silk-embroidered table-covers give place to the plain "Tur- key red," and the satin damask to worsted. The linen covers are soon doing duty on sofas, where wet boots would prove fatal to rich plush covering, and the ominous guards are attached to the dining-tables, something which all sea-goers understand. A certain lady writer has said that in naming the Cunard steamers in some of which she ci'ossed, while there was a Persia, OaUia, Etruria, etc., it was a wonder that none had been named the Nausea ; and Dickens said that on his first trip to vVmerica he counted twenty di.stinct smells ; but that was long before the late improvements in ventilation and other matters, and must have included the smell of beautiful flowers in the saloon, and the fragrant odors of the cuisine ; and yet there is something on board every ship to justify the lady's remark as to the feelings that are experienced when once on the " rolling foaming billows." At the worst, at the present time, the voyage is short, and enjoyed greatly by most after the first dcsagre- ments are over, and England is soon reached. The buyers who go to Europe from Toronto are chiefly From iSs'j to iSdy. 165 confined to the dry goods and millinery trades ; while a few visit the markets for fancy goods and toys, a few more for china and earthenware, and one or two for jewelry, watches and watch materials ; in these branches of busiuv^ss a visit twice a year, or once at least, is indispensable ; and while a good share of pleasure may be enjoyed, in the variety of scene, the attentions of business men, and the delightful sco/iery through which the journeys lie, yet the responsibility is very great. In the dr}' goods and millinery trades especially, the buj^er is thrown very uuich on his resources as to whether he shall risk the novelties which are constantly coming forward, and then as to the (|uantity that would be safe. This applies, of course, to fancy goods, while as to gofid ; of a staple character he must be wide awake as to price, which is the main point. The responsibility is enhanced where one buyer has to select every class of goods ; but even where the ground to be gone over only includes the goods foro'ie large department, a buyer must not only possess judgment and taste, but have a (]uick perception of the value and suitability of the goods. Prompt- ness of decision is absolutely necessary, as Ins time is valuable and limited. Every buyer of dry goods must make Manchester one of his principal points; here, in the very heart of the cotton trade of the world his contracts must be made for printed and plain cotton goods, and many classes of dress goods and small wares. If he lias time to ffo throuirh the various mills and manufactories, he cannot fail to be instructed and interested ; and as every experi- enced buyer has his eyes and ears open, he will gain information of great practical value. The print trade must be regarded as one of the greatest importance, and the perfection to which these goods have been brought during the present century is one of the greatest triumphs of art and science, whether regarded as to the finish and style, or their marvellous cheapness. As late as 1860, in the very district where calico printing is now carried on so extensively. Squire Raven owned the parish of llavensborne, a fine estate in the most rural part of Lancashire. 1 66 Toronto " Called Back.'' In this parisli he ruled supreme. By his orders, in the Squire's servants' pew on Sundays was ranged a row of serving-maids in the old Lancashire costume — a calico jacket, a Lancashire bed-gown, and a striped linsey-woolsey petticoat — a very pretty costume, no doubt, and formerly a costly one, for the old- fashioned chintz, in the good old days of Queen Charlotte, would have cost five shillings instead of tive pence a yard. If the Squire's ukase had been as powerful in Parliament as in his own parish, the long line of manufacturing towns and villages which, beginning at the green oasis of said Squiredom, stretches into Yorkshire, and gives employment to millions of operatives, might be still in the future. The cheapness of machinery has swept away a crowd of prejudices and flooded us with comforts and luxuries unknown to past generations. The reference to Lancashire takes the writer back to his former residence at Bran^llesholme Hall, near Bury, just nine miles from Manchester. From my hall door one could look out on a forest of factory chimneys, extending for miles in every direction. Yonder is the old seat of the Peel family, in which the late Sir Robert Peel was box-n, and here the calico printing, from the hand block work to the copper cylinder productions, has been carried on from its commencement. Just behind is the Peel monument on Holcomb Hill ; on the other side is the Grant monument, erected in honor of the family of that name who, coming here from Scotland, by wonderful skill and indu.stry in this trade, accumu- lated an immense fortune. Away in the distance is Bolton, where, amongst a wilderness of factories, only one can be named — the firm of Barlov/ & Jone.s, who have supplied the world with quilts and counter- panes, all made and bleached in their own works. A Uttle nearer is Ratclift'e, where the firm of R. Bealey & Co. divide some of the business with Barlow & Jones ; and a buyer from Canada, and especially from Toronto, will be sure of a cordial welcome to the beautiful mansion, and grounds and conserva- tories cf Mr. Bealey, as the writer can abundantly testify from happ)^ hours spent in that delightful home. From iS^y to iSS-j. 167 The same may be said of the cotton .spinning- works of Mrs. I Robinson Kay, at Sunnnerseat, the town being entirely occupied by the employees of the firm, some 5,000 finding employment and the kindest treatment. Jii the Weslej-an Church a tablet to the memory of the late Rev. J. P. Hetherington, a most intimate friend of the family, is placed in the chancel, and in the adjoining yard is .seen the tomb beneath which he is buried. This church is the free gift of the firm for the use of the work people, who with the family are the sole worshippers. Walmersly House, the family residence, is a fine specimen of the princely mansions of these manufacturers ; the furniture and decorations inside corresponding with the beauty and magnificence of the surroundings. Here has ever been found the most unbounded hospitality without ostentation, and finest style without a particle of attectation ; and here delightful evenings were spent, which are plea.sant to the memory of the writer. Five miles on the other side is Rochdale, where the river Roche, after the water has been used in various ways, carries ott'the ott-scourings of hundreds of factories, including those of Mr. John Bright and othiis, in the fiannel and drugget trade. Yonder are the paper works of Messrs. Wrigley & Co., who supply the Loixlon Times, and pay to the excise about £80,000 sterling a year. All around are the works of the Rylands, Bannermans^ Henrys, Westhead.s, Phillips's, Barboui's, Hoylos, Ashtons Watts', etc. The sight at night, when the factories are lighted up, forms a fairy scene which is (juite indescribable. The thousands of windows, as far as the eye can reach, illuminated, which, with the hum of machiiiery on all hands, .show the enter prise of the capitalists (nearly all self-made men) who control this trade and give employment to such vast masses of people. From Bur}' to Mar Chester trains can be had about every ten minutes, by a choice of ihree lines of railway, besides omnibuses, from the top of which a splendid \ iew may be obtained, antl a delightful ride on one ov the finest roads in the world. 1 68 Toronto " Ca ted Back'' The nephew of the writer, Mr. J. C. Kay, proprietor of one of the oldest and most extensive foundries and engine woi-k.s in Lancashire, will introduce any Canadian buyer who may call to any of those large manufactories, which will well repay a visit. His residence is Heaton Grove, and the works are on Bolton Street, Bury. It will be evident from the advantage of being in the centre of this district, that a house with large capital and being in a position to place orders of from 50,000 to 100,000 pieces of prints, can always get bottom prices, besides being able to avail themselves of opportunities of a depression to get even below the cost of production. The Tuesday meetings of the Lancasliire manufacturers in the Exchange in Manchester is a sight which, once witnessed, is not soon forgotten. The hum of thousands of voices by which, without any visible signs in the way of goods or samples, and in the quietest manner, yarns and goods to the value of millions of pounds sterling change hands, is something mar- vellous. East Indian, Turkish, Oreek, Australian, Canadian, and other resident merchants contract for goods for their different markets, while the spinner contracts with the weaver, and the weaver with the finisher or printer; the cotton is bought on the spot by telegraph to Liverpool for cash. The merchant or man- ufacturer in this way can calculate to a penny what his profit will be, and sometimes as many as 500,000 or 750,000 pieces of one line of shirtings, for Calcutta, are bought and sold m a few minutes. A transaction was mentioned to the writer, in Manchester, in which such a lot of goods was sold in Calcutta in the morning and repeated four times in twenty-four hours by telegraph. A large portion of the trade of Canada in this class of goods has been lost to England through the competition with Canadian and American manufacturers, who produce on the whole a purer article. One of the most interesting branches of manufacture in Manchester is the cotton velvet trade. The perfection to which cotton velvets and velveteens have been brought within the From iS^y to iS6y. 169 last few years would in itself require a separate paper to ex- plain. Rivallin,h"n taken from the looms in Lancashire are simply fustians, such as are worn by brick- layers and ..tlier aitizans at their daily work ; very few would suppose that the process of turnini,' these fustians into velvets is accomplished by boys and girls, thoiisamls of whom are em- ployed in that trade. The cloth is stretched on frames, and these boys and girls, with sharp-pointed knives, cut every thread so as to form the " pile " on the face, (this being done on the silk velvets by the threads being cut each time the shuttle passes through, but it is hand- work in the cotton trade,) and afterwanls comes the singeing, dyeing and finishing, which brings them to a state of perfection that is trulj- wonderful. Passing from the cotton to the linen manufactures, we remaik that while Russia, Scotland, and England are large producers, we must go to the great centre of the fiax-growing districts in the north of Ireland for the chief supplies. Not only Cana^ o^. /A Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ' i^ o"^ i 174 Toronto " Called Back.'' i ' f present when the Colonel was sentenced to be hung. The sentence was not carried out, however, having been commuted to imprisonment in the Penitentiary ; and so ended the great invasion. Decimal Currency and American Silver. During this period the Halifax Currency was abolished and the Decimal S3^stem introduced ; at the same time all accounts in banks and warehouses were changed from pounds, shillings and pence to dollars and cents, thereby assimilating the whole system to that of the United States, p;etting rid of the confusion with sterling money and facilitating exchanges generally. During, and subsequent to the American War, American currency became depreciated, and the premium on gold rose to a corresponding degree, at last reaching to 250 premium. The efiect of this fluctuation was to drive the silver and gold in the United States out of circulation, leaving it in the hands of brokers and speculators, and specie became an article only to be bought and sold in the Gold Room in New York, where scenes of intense excitement might be witnessed every day. The effect of this was to send it over to Canada in large quantities, where it passed freely in the purchase of cattle and produce, as well as of every kind of merchandise, at a discount of from four to five per cent. The " nuisance " commenced when the banks refused to take it, and the greatest inconvenience was experienced by merchants, when making deposits or paying duties at the Custom House, and messengers were running round the cit}* every day to get it changed into bankable funds. At the same time the want of a Canadian silver and copper currency was sorely felt. At this juncture the Hon. Francis Hincks, Minister of Finance, undertook to grapple with the difficulty, his first act being to issue twenty-five-cent paper " shin-plasters," and afterwards to get an Act passed for the issue of a silver and copper coinage, which was shortly after- wards shipped to Canada from the Royal mint. At the same time Ml-. Kincks undertook, through the agency of Mr. Weir, From 1 8^" to i86y. 175 of Montreal, to buy up all the American silver in Canada and ship it back to the United States. The value of the same was reduced by the Government, and every precaution taken to prevent its re-importation. This put an end to what was long known as the "silver nuisance." This decennial period was not marked by any extraordinary progress, being more a time of recuperation of resources than of actual advancement. The importations at the end of 1866 were a little less than they had been ten years previously, amounting to S6,840,679 ; the cit}' expenditure was !J322,892, compared with $299,848 in IS56 ; retrenchment and econoni}^ had been judiciously exer- cised and the future made all the brighter in conse(|Ucnce. The opening of the Street Railway by Mr. Easton in 1861, from Yorkville to the St. Lawrence Market, was hailed with great delight, and a good deal of excitement took place when the first car arrived at the corner of King and Yonge Streets. The undertaking, not proving pi'ohtablc, was afterv irds handed over to Mr. J. G. Bowes, who was the owner up to the time of his death. One or two locomotive engines had been built by Mr. James Good at his works on Queen Street, from whence they were taken down Yonge Street tc the Northern Railway track with (juite a display of pride on the part of the citizens generally. Between 1860 and 1869 Toronto was visited by three Princes be'ndes H. R. H. the Prince of Wales. After him came Prince Alfred, as midshipman in the Royal Navy ; leaving his ship at Halifax he paid Toronto an informal visit, and was received with every demonstration suitable to the occasion. As Duke of Edinburgh he has since sailed round the world. Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, arrived in Toronto in 1869, and won all hearts by his princely demeanor. Of more commanding presence than either of his brothers, his appearance created great enthusiasm. He appeared in a public procession and was loudly cheered. The Prince planted a tree in the Hor- ticultural Gardens as a memento of his visit. The Grand Duke Alexis, of Russia, also paid Toronto a visit and was well received. 176 Toronto " Called Back!' The increase of manufactures since I806 was not very re- markable, and consisted of chemicals, brushes, confectionery, engines and boilers, pumps, scales, vinegar, trunks and saddlery, stnined glass, carriages, refrigerators, and brass work, all of which gave emploj-ment to numbers of operatives, and con- tributed to the growth and prosperity of the city. - Notwithstanding the financial crisis and consequent depres- sion experienced in Toronto during this period, improvements went on. Churches, banks, several benevolent institutions and private residences sprang into existence. The city continued to extend in evt-ry direction, and the population continued to increase. The Esplanade had been built, forming a continuous street, which proved a great convenience in reaching the wharves to which access previously' could only be had by coming up from one wharl' to Front Street and down to another, and the receiving and shipping ol' goods were greatly facilitated. TOKOKTO FROM 1807 TO 187T. Confederation. When the clock struck mi Fenianism in Manchester. While residing in Manchestei', in 18G7, the trial and execu- tion of Allen, Larkin and O'Brien, for the murder of Policeman Brett, took place. Two Fenian head centres, Kelly and Deasy — who were styled Colonel Kelly and Captain Deasy, officers of the Fenian Army — From 186-] to iSjy l8£ having been arrested, were put in irons and locked in the police van with a number of other prisoners. The van proceeded over Ardwick Green, and along Hyde Road, a fine open street nearly a mile in length, toward the prison. It was drawn by two horses and was guarded behind by seven policemen, with Brett inside the tloor, while each prisoner was locked in a separate compartment. • The van had proceeded about half up the road, when, \\\ passing under the viaduct of the London and North-Western Railway, a volley of shots was tired at both horses and men. The policemen dropped from the van and spread them- selves out wide. There was a rush of thirty or forty men (said to be Irish) upon the police and the van. One had a hatchet, another a hammer, and a third a bayonet, with which they set to work to break open the van ; one man took a revolver and fired it into the lock. At last several men, with large stones, broke thi'ough the top of the van and the panels of the door behind, and set all the prisoners, including the Fenians, at liberty. The policemen collected in a body to pre- vent the prifHoners from being liberated, and Brett refusing to give up the key, several revolvers were discharged. Sergeant Brett was shot over one of his eyes and died shortly afterwards. It was proved that Allen fired the fatal shot. The trial which followed was one of the most remarkable in history. The Fenians threatened to burn up the city, and the greatest excitement prevailed. Troops, including dragoons, hussars, and infantry, amongst which were the 42nd Highlanders, with artillery, ]>oured into Manchester, while policemen from the surrounding towns were ordered into service. The splendid new assize courts, where the trial was held, was guarded by immense bodies of police, who were heavily taxed to keep back the crowds. After every day's trial the police van was escorted to the prison by a strong body of military marching before, behind, and on each side, the whole width of the streets, while police- men stood on the van with loaded revolvers to meet every or any attack that might be attempted. ^?"i 182 Toronto " Called Back." After the fullest and fairest trial Allen, Larkin, and O'Brien were found f^uilty and sentenced to be hung. The writer — usiny Dr. Punshon in the south-west gallery. In 1870 and 1871 Toronto had become a very important commercial centre. The principal streets wore au aspect of staid, unpretentious pros- perity. They had begun to spread out indefinitely ; the area of METKOroLITAN CHURCH. ijwr w IP From iS6y to iSyy. 189 the population had been widely and rapidly extended. From the Provincial Lunatic Asylum on the west, to far eastward beyond the Don, stretched mile upon mile of densely popu- lated thoroughfares. To the northward, Bloor Street had lonj,' since ceased to be anything more than a nominal boundary between Toronto and Yorkville. The Esplanade on the City front had become a hive of railway and general industry. Jarvis Street had been beautified with elegant and stately re.sidences. King and Yonge Streets continued to monopolize the lion's share of the retail business ; but Front and Wellington had developed into the centre of the wholesale trade, and many lai'ge and wealthy establishnjents had headquarters there. A writer in the Canadian Illustrated News (Montreal), at this time indulges in some rather severe strictures on the aspect of our streets, which he describes to be, generally speaking, either dirty or narrow, with the light of heaven almost .shut out ; or broad, wretchedly paved, certainly with a nuir\ber of sufficienth^ hand.some houses, but at the same time with an undue preponderance of common, and generally having the appearance of being laid out on the .sand-fiat. He admits, however, that Toronto posse.s.ses two principal streets, sufficiently broad, well lit, and well paved, and lined with handsome .shops. Some of this gentleman's comments on the social aspect of the .streets are suggestive and entertaining. " Between the two principal streets of the Western Capital is a great gulf, made by the inflexible laws of .society and fashion — a gulf as great as .separates the Bowery from Broadway, the Rue de Rivoli from Rue Mont Parnasse, or Regent Street and Rotten Row from the humble thoroughfares of Pentonville and the City Road. "Tlie buildings on King Street are greater and grander than tlieir neighbors on Yonge ; the .shops are larger and dearer; and last, but not least. King Street is honored by the daily pre.sence of the aristocracy, while Yonge is given over to the business of the middle-class and the beggar. Amid the upper classes there is a performance that goes on daily, that is known among habitues as ' doing King.' It consists principally of fil 190 Toronto ''Called Back!' marching up and down a certain part of that street at a certain hour, performing, as it were, ' Kotow ' to the goddess of fashion, and sacrificing to her sister divinity of society. " At three o'clock in the afternoon the first stragglers appear on the scene, which extends perhaps a quarter of a mile. These consist principally of young ladies, whose proper place shoiild be at school, and young men attired in the height of fashion. By the time these ardent devotees have paraded a few times, the regular hiihititrs make their appearance, and till six o'clock in the evening one side — for one side only is patronized — is crowded to excess. " It is rather considered ' the thing' to patrol King Street in this manner ; and of a fine evening every one who belongs to the elite, as well as many who do not, may be seen perse veringly trudging up and down, no doubt to their great comfort, and to the intense discomfiture and dismay of others less smiled upon by nature or less favored I'y their tailors or their dressmakers. King Street is in a way a great social ' (Change,' wdiere every- body meets everybody and his wife ; where the latest fashions are exhibited, and the last quotations of the matrimonial market are exchanged. " Would you see the newest style in hats or panniers ? They are to be seen on King Street. And would you know how many young swells are doing nothing for a living ? You are sure to find them on King Street. Would you wish to hear the last imprudence of young Harum Scarum, or the progress of Miss Slowcome's engagement ? You may l)e sure before you take half-a-dozen turns some conversant, intelligent busy-body of your acquaintance will have whispered the facts of the case in your ear, all of which he has ' on the best authority, sir.' It is on King Street that Clelius makes his appointment with Clelia for their afternoon walk ; that Thersiiies, jealousy stricken, scowls at Adonis ; and that Pomponia depreciates the value of her dear friend Amaltheus' new silk and trimmings. There Cornelia, the careful mother, brings out her treasures and exhibits to the public gaze those desirable lots of which she is so anxious to dispose on advantageous terms. While far above Iff' ff' From i86'j to iSyy. 191 all, Diogenes, in his garret, little more roomy or commorlious than the ancient ' tub/ looks down upon the motley throng, notices their petty follies and foibles, and thanks his lucky stars that he is not as other men." In 1871 the population was 5(j,000, an increase in ten years of 11,000. During the next three years Toronto, in common with the Province, enjoyed an unexampled epoch of prosperity. A remarkable impetus was given to all the usual branches of trade ; and the connnerce, both wholesale and retail, assumed such proportions as not even the most .sanguine had hoped for. More than 18,000 were added to the population, and both public and private enterprise kept pace with this rapid increase. The streets were full of bustle and activity. Mercantile palaces were built by .some of the leading houses, and many of the finest mansions and most beautiful churches in the city were erected. ; - The progress made since Confederation had been amazing. Not only had its area and population largely increased, but it had been greatly beautified l»y the erection of huge business establishments, and palatial private residences; and it had developed a commercial enterprise and energy which seriously endangered the pretensions of Montreal to the mercantile supremacy of the Dominion. It was during 1872-74 *-hat Toronto began to make the rapid strides in commercial enterprise that placed her in the proud position she now occupies. They were years of unusual pros- perity, and trade of all kinds received a remarkable impetus. Happily the foundations then laid of the city's mercantile greatness were sufficiently solid to resist the shock of the reaction that followed. ' In July, 187y, a delightful passage as made to England in the Allan steamer Polynesian from Quebec. After passing through the Straits of Belle Isle large icebergs were seen, while the weather was that of summer. Amongst the pa.ssengers were Dr. and Mrs. W. T. Aikens, of Toronto, and the family of Mr. and Mrs. Gannnon, of Chicago, visiting Europe for the fir.st time. The fine weather gave an opportunity for games of 192 Toronto " Colled Back. various kinds on deck, those of shuffle-board and quoits being the favorites. A very pleasant time was spent in London in sight-seeing. Return of Rev. Dr. Punshon to England. During my stay in Manchester, in 1873, the late Rev. Dr. Punshon — who, had he lived, would have done as much to recommend Canada, and Toronto in particular, to the attention of the English people as any other man, having frequently stated he was bound to the country by the dead and the living — re- turned to England. In company with Dr. Gervasc Smith and other friends, we met him at the railway station on his arrival from Liverpool. The Wesleyan Conference being then in session in the Free Trade Hall, the Doctor was expected to attend one of the even- ing meetings. The Conference, numberinjj about six hundred ministers, occupied the great platform, while the audience was fully six thousand in number. Dr. James occupied the presidential chair, and all were on the qui-vive for the appearance of Dr. Punshon, who was known to have arrived. Soon he entered quietly at the back of the platform and took a seat, but was instantly recognized, when the immense audience stood up, and between clapping of hands and waving of handkerchiefs, round after round, the scene baffles description. For the time all the Doctor could do was to stand with head bent down and eyes streaming with tears, until an opportunity was given afterwards for giving expres- sion to his feelings in words. It was a scene never to be for- gotten. In 1874 a voyage from England was made in company with .several Toronto gentlemen, including the late Rev. Dr. Jennings. One of the passengers was the now celebrated Mr. Joseph Arch, M.P., who, it is reported, took the oath in the House of Com- mons dressed in a suit of corduroy, and appeared at a banquet given in his honor, amongst a number of noblemen and gentle- men, dressed in a tweed suit. Mr. Arch was accompanied by a secretary, and represented From 1 86"] to i8yy. i93 the Laborers' Trade Union of England ; himself a working-man. Their object was to get information as to the desirability of emigration on a large scale. After travelling extensively through Canada and the United States they returned to Eng- land, but no practical results followed. On the passage many lively discussions on politics took place, in which Mr. Arch showed himself lo be a man of good common .sense and of moderate views, with a decided tendency to the democratic side. He is a Methodist local preacher. St. James' Cathedral Clock. About ten years ago the citizens of every denomination united to purchase the world's prize timekeeper from Benson & Sons, of London, and succeeded in placing it in the tower on Christmas Eve, 1875. This clock possesses a threefold movement, viz., keeping time, chiming, and striking the hours and quarter-hours. Tiie com- bined weights to keep it going are over three thousand pounds ; the pendulum is over sixteen feet in length, the end weight being two hundred and fifty pounds. The quarter-hour chimes are a copy of the famous Cambridge chimes in England, com- posed by Handel one hundred years ago, and may become in time, to citizens of Toronto, what Bow Bells are to inhabitants of London. The year 187o had been marked by a very perceptible re- action in the commercial world of Toronto. The year 1876 came in gloomily, and with murmurs against the trade policy, and yet improvements went steadily on. New streets were being opened up in all directions, and the popula- tion went on increasing. At the close of 1876 the imports to Toronto had reached $11,231,543; the value of taxable property was $47,150,362, and the population had grown to 71,693. It will be seen from the above that the value of the imports had nearly doubled in ten years ; the greatest increase having caken place between 1871-72. After a period of prosperity a time of depression set 194 Toronto " Called Back,'' in that continued till 1878, when the city began slowly to , recover from the effects of evil times. Several new and additional manufactures had been intro- duced, amongst which were fine jewellery, steam gauges, engines and general machinery, watch cases, elevators, rubber stamps, cork cutting and varnishes. The highest point the duty had reached up to this time was twenty per cent, ad valorem, except on one or two articles on which, by way of incidental protection, twenty-five per cent, was charged. These goods were principally ready-made clothing. ■ < '-'*^, TORONTO (.FROM 18TT TO 1880. Protection versus a Revenue Tarili'. The question of Protection versus a Revenue Tariff, inaugu- rated in 1878, brought in the Tilley Tariff and National Policy. Previous to 1858 the manufacturing industries of Toronto were few and small. At this time, in the Parliament of United Canada, then sitting in Toronto, a protective tariff was intro- duced by Inspector-General Cayley, the rate being twenty per cent., and, as previously stated, on some goods twenty-five per cent. The improvement was soon perceptible in the immediate impetus given to manufactures, which continued till 1860, whon Inspector-General Gait cut down the tariff to fifteen per cent., producing a disastrous change. Manufacturers who had invested large capital in machinery, at once losing confidence, became discouraged, and commenced to withdraw their capital from what appeared to be a policy of fluctuation and uncer- tainty, — a state of things which continued till 1878. It will be seen by comparison with the Tariff of the United States that in general the principles are the same. Although the rates of duty in Canada are much lower there is evidence of a similar arrangement for the protection of home manufac- ture, especially those in actual operation throughout Canada. Exhibition Buildings. These magnificent buildings were opened by His Excellency the Earl of Dufferin, in September, 1878. The palace is built with solid brick foundations, with sides and roof of glass, and I m 196 Toronto " Called Back^ ii 'I affords admirable accommodation for the display of goods. The cost of the buildings was S2r)0,000. Through the suggestion of Mr. J. J. Withrow, the indefatig- able President of the Industrial Exhibition As.sociation, the whole of the material of the original Crystal Palace was utilised in the erection of the present building, thereby effecting a great saving, and accounting for the similarity in appearance of the two buildings. The design was copied by Mr. Sandford Flem- ing from that of Sir Joseph Paxton for the London Cry.stal Palace, in I80I. The grounds, sixty acres in extent, are the finest in the Dominion. They are most beautifully situated on the shore of Lake Ontario, and from there a splendid view of Toronto and the surrounding country and lake can be obtained. The other buildings comprise horticultural and machinery halls, apiary, dairy, and horse and cattle pens, etc. The build- ings and grounds are kept in the most perfect order. The Marquis of Lome and H.R.H. the Princess Louise. The appointment of the Manpiis of Lome to succeed the Eai'l of Dufferin as Governor-General of Canada gave great satisfaction. The Vice-regal party sailed from Liverpool on the 14th of November, IJSTH, in the Allan steamship Sarmatian, and ar- rived in Halifax on the 23rd, having had a very rough pas.sage. They were met by the Duke of Edinburgh, who, with a naval scjuadron, had come to meet his royal sister. Leaving for Montreal the following Wednesday, and stopping at various places on the way, they arrived in Ottawa in a few days. The Governor-General held his first New Year's Day recep- tion at Rideau Hall on the 1st of January, 1879. Their first visit to Toronto was on the 20th of January, on their way to the Falls, and was quite informal ; their object being to get a winter view of Niagara. The lamented death of the beloved Princess Alice had oc- curred on the 14th of December. Under the circumstances it mef. o 25 O 1^ H a M 3 ■A I I nm4*\ m f-'^l From iSj-j to iSS6, 199 was considercfl best to defer the Vice-regal visit till after th(! harvest of 1879, and the CJovernor-CJeneral haviii;^ consentt'd to open the B^xhibition, the date of their visit was Hx«mI for that time. When Toronto had been visited by tlirce princes it was scarcely expected she would so soon afterwards be honored by a visit from one of Her Majesty's daujrliters, and when the announcement of the appointment of the Marqnis of liorne as Governor-General was made, it was received with intense pleasure. Tile Earl of Duft'erin, in his speeches on the occasion, in truly eloquent and beautiful lan^nia^'o describe- which is indispensable to public men of your race. "The Canadians will recoi^nizo in Lady Lansdowne a guar- antee that they are about to welcome a Vice-Queen after their own heart." The Semi-Centennial Celebration took place in Dominion week. The Oth March was celebrated by the opening of the Free Library by the Lieutenant-Governor, and a receptioji by the Mayor in the City Hall, this being the proper day for the conmiemoration of the birth of the city in 1834 ; but it was deemed advisable to postpone the celebration till Dominion week. The celebration commenced on Monday, 30th June. Flags, bunting, mottoes, and evergreens were used in the decorations, and the scene, looking down one of the principal streets, was simply a vista of fluttering colors. The whole week was given to pleasure, and thousands of sight-seers, from all parts of the Province and the United States, crowded the city. Monday, June SOlh, was the municipal and historical day, .specially commemorative of the city's municipal organization and progress. The procession comprised municipal bodies, police, Are brigade, etc. Tuesday, July 1st, military daj^ ; grand street parade and review, comprising visiting and city corps to the extent of over four thousand men. • ; ,, .... wi 204 Toronto '' Called Back!' Wednesday, July 2nd, trades and industrial day, specially commemorative of the progress and standing of the commercial interests of the city. The parade comprised members of the different labor organizations of the city, each with a tableau, illustrative of the trade followed ; also representatives with illustrative tableaux from all the mercantile ana manufacturing establishments of the city. It consisted, in part, of waggons, on which various mechanics were plying their daily vocations. Thursday, July .3rd, " U. E. Loyalists " day, commemorative of the settlement of the U. E. Loyalists in Canada, one hundred years ago. In the afternoon tliere was a reception at the Gov- ernment House, and in the evening the Oratorio of Redemption was given at the Horticultural Gardens, also a grand display of fireworks in the harbor, and imitation naval combat. Friday, July 4th, benevoliut societies day; parade compris- ing uniformed and un-unj formed lodges of Masons, societies of all kinds, etc. Saturday, July oth, commemorative of our educational insti- tutions. The parade comprised over 8,000 children from the public and separate sciiools of the city. Captain Joseph Button, R.N. This popular and favorite Commander, as Commodore of the Allan Line, always took charge of the newest ship; and having had the pleasure of his personal acquaintance, I desire to pay some small tribute to his memory. On land an accredited local preacher of the Wesleyan Church, he never failed to fulfil the duty on board his ship, except by consent to give place to regularly ordained clergymen. Those who have crossed with him will remember his appropriate sermons and his leading of the singing, while he accompanied himself on his melodeon, which he always had in addition to *:he piano belonging to the ship. Not alone in the saloon did he study to please and profit the passengers by getting up concerts, but on certain nights in the week, and also on Sunday after- noons, he got the sailors to carry hLs melodeon into the steerage, much to the delight of the passengers. Here, accompanied by Fro7n iSyy to 1886 205 a number of tlie saloon passengers, he would sing and play and then call on those around for a song or recitation, the response to which often shoM'^ed a wonderful amount of talent, scarcely to be expected from such a motley crowd, many of whom, who, from necessity or economy, were travelling in this way, would put to the blush those who would not deign to associate with them on the saloon deck. As a total abstainer Capt. Dutton was a pattern of firmness and consistency. On his ships no sailors were allowed any intoxicating liquors, and in his place at the head of the table, while surrounded constantly by the most distinguished pas- sengers who had the place of honor, neither wine nor other liquors ever passed his lips. At the same time he never inter- fered with the chief steward, who attended to the wine list — and every passenger ordered what he wanted ad lihitwni — but kept on the even tenor of his way, always ready to "crack a joke " when chaffed on his temperance principles, giving offence to none and setting a good example to all. Once a week he delivered a temperance address in the steerage. His genial manners, united with the fearlessness and bravery of the true seaman, inspired every pas.senger with the most perfect confi- dence in times of danger. When relieved from the severe duties incident to stormy weather, all his efforts were directed to make the time pass pleasantly for the passengers, a contrast in this respect to many who were almost unapproachable be- neath the weight of their responsibility. His pleasant humor turned at one time on composing what himself and his intimate friend. Dr. Punshon, called " logograms," which consisted in making the name of a town or city out of a sentence given im- promptu. The writer, having on one passage lost his perpendicular by a sudden lurch of the ship, saved himself from an actual fall by grasping a rope attached to one of the life- boats, but in doing so was caught by another rope, taking the .skin off his legs, and causing him to lie on a sofa in the saloon for several days. Capt. Dutton soon propounded as one of his logograms, " Mr. T. has a sore leg." The answer was shortly given in the 206 Toronto ''' Called Back!' name of the town "Sorel." Man v a dull hour was relieved and enlivened by such innocent amusement. In these days of fast sailing a passage made in the Foly- nesian, under command of Capt. Button, in five and a-half days from sight of land to land, is worthy of mention. Although faster sailing has been made from Sandy Hook to Queenstown, this was the shortest sea passage of which there is any record. Those who have seen the Captain's family come out from New Brighton on the Company's tender to meet him, and have seen the joy of all, will sympathise with them in their loss, which will also be felt by those who waited for his ship to have the pleasure of crossing with him. Population of British Cities. Professor Seeley, speaking of the expansion of England, saj-s: "As an instance of a lack of a due conception of the spread of the British race, how many people, on being asked to enumerate the twenty most populous British cities, would think of including Melbourne, Sydney and Montreal. And yet, leaving London with its tive millions out of the list," the following are the fourteen chief cities and towns in the order of population : City. Population. City. PojHtlation. Glasgow ()71,o9,l Liverpool 573,202 Biriningliam 421,5158 Manchester 3.38,296 Leeds 327,324 Melb iinie 305,000 Sheffiekl 300,563 Sydney 250,000 Dublin 249,602 Edinburgh 236,002 Bristol 215,457 Bradford 209,564 Nottingham 205,298 Montreal 200,000 And in the next fifteen would be found Adelaide and Toronto, each with over 100,000 inhabitants." He proceeds to remark of Toronto, that it is "a political centre of great activity, where originate plans and projects that largely influence Dominion politics ; the tone of its intellectual life is higher, and it is generally admitted that there is a more assured type of culture and urban refinement by the shores of Lake Ontai'io than even in the Island of Montreal." ^i^ From iSyj to 1886. ZQJ. Comparative Population of Seven Canadian Cities. ^**''- INTKNYKARS. ^^^- 1XCRK.A8K,. ^'***- Toronto 56,092 36,323 86,4ir> M.Oa 102,000 Montreal * 107,22:) 33,r)22 140,747 31.21 200,000 Quebec r)9,6!l9 2,741 60,440 4.60 6->,0(K) Hamilton 26,716 9,24.") 3:),96l 35.96 42,000 Halifax 29,082 6,")! 8 .36,100 22.03 40,000 Winnipeg 241 7,744 7,118". 3213.21 .30,000 Ottawa 21,545 5.867 27,412 27.23 29,700 * Since 1881 Montreal added Hochelaga with 40,000. > ;, In reference to Toronto, the Freilerieton (N.B.) Reporter says, " The growth of Toronto is sometlung astonishing;. The census of 1881 gave that city a population of 80,415. In 1885 the a.sse.ssors' returns place it at 111,800, ami this may be re- garded as under the mark, as the census would be taken in a more liberal manner. That city is now fast approaching Montreal in the number of its inhabitants, and when the next census is taken, if it continues to make the same rapid progress it has in the past fiA.^e years, it may be tlie first city in the Dominion in numbers. Its growth in wealth and its substan- tial improvement are very remarkable." Climate of Toronto, 1885. FROM THE METKOROLOCJICAL RECORDS. Av. 45 yrs. Average temperature for year 41.57 44. 17 Warmest month, July. Average of warmest month 68..30 67. 58 Coldest month, Fel)ruary», Average of coldest month 1 1 08 22.60 Ditterence between the warmest and coldest 57.22 44 91 Warmest day, July 25th. Average of warmest day 75.45 77.41 Coldest day, February 11th. Average of coldest day 5.90 2.00 Date of highest temperature, July 17th. Highest temperature 88.6 90.73 Date of lowest temperature, January 22nd. Lowest temperature 16. 1 12.00 Mean temperature, winter, 26 4 ; summer, 6.3.6. N.B. — The year 1885 was the coldest on the records except 1875. Number of hours of possible sunshine 4,463 Number of hours of actual sunshine 1,931* Number of fair days 184 ♦Over 4."} per cent. I p lili 208 Toronto " Called Back.'' Toronto is situated in North Latitude 4.S.49, and West Longi- tude 70.71 ; 5 hours, 17 minutes and 2G seconds later than Greenwich time. While writing the above, on the 19th of January, 1886, at one o'clock in the afternoon, the thermometer stood at thirty degrees, just sufficiently below freezing-point to prevent a thaw. The universal desire was expressed that we would not lose our snow, the sleigliing being good and everybody wishing it to continue. The disappointment felt by the absence of snow at New Year's would seem strange to people in Britain, but is well known to those who have resided in Canada any length of time. The thermometer is in this respect a sure indicator of the state of trade, which rises or falls according to whether we are favored with a good fall of snow or otherwise, its absence being regarded as a calamity by all business men ; so any feel- ing of compassion towards us by those at a distance on the ground of climate would be entirely thrown away. As to the fall of rain, it will be sufficient to mention that nature is very propitious; there always appears to be a supply of the right degree and at the right seasons for all agricul- tural purposes. Li 1885 the number of days on which rain fell was 108 ; the average in forty -five years, 112 days. As to whether more rain is desirable or beneficifil there will be a diffiirence of opinion. The writer never left his home in Lancashire, summer or winter, without an umbrella, and it was .said that rain fell in the neighborhood of Manchester altout 250 days in the year. The effect of this was to keep every bit of grass in a state of constant verdure unknown in America, but it may have disadvantages as great as the absence of such a quantity has in Canada. The quantity of fruit shipped to England will show that the climate is well adapted to the ripening of all vegetable pro- ductions, which abound in perfection in the neighborhood of Toronto. The pictures i-epresenting Canadian winter costumes are very misleading, and a plain statement of facts from actual experi- -if Li From iSyy to i8S6. 209 ence will form a more correct staiKlard than that of any ther- Miometrical character. , . If I were asked in England why the ladies in Canada wear furs, I should reply that they also wear them there, and very nearly to as great an extent, and pai tly because it is tlie I'aslilon as well as for comfort. If asked why men wear heavj- fur caps and coats, I should say it was the fashion also, and not so mucn a necessity. In no city in the United States, where the <3old is quite as great as in Toronto, can you find men wearing the headgear referred to, and a Canadian is instantly recog- nized when appearing in this costume ; .so that it is evidently not becau.se of the rigor of the climate, and yet it is one of the.se things that tend to fasten this idea on the minds of people abroad. The fir.st winter the writer spent in Toronto he was much struck with this fact, and not to pos.sess a " .set " of furs — con- sisting of a great cap, a pair of gauntlets up to the elbows, and a fur mufiler, made out of a whole mink or fox skin with the head carefully preserved and worn as an ornament in front — was to make yourself a marked man and alto<>-ether unfa.sh- ionable. Neverthele.ss, the writer, who soon commenced ixoinir back and forward to England and France, persisted in wearing his usual clothinir, and from that tiuie to the present has never worn one single article different from what he wore on the other .side of the Atlantic, and on the ocean in winter. The heaviest outer garment \:cj3, a heavy beaver coat with a fur collar, and this did service on land and sea in the most severe weather, and was found just as necessary on a night journey from Manchester to Gla.sgovv as in an open sleigh in Canada. An ordinary felt hat was the warmest head covering, and no inconvenience was felt from want of fur. I will state one fact for the information of those who pity Canadians who have to travel in winter. I have driven from Toronto to Kingston, in what I will call a one-horse .sleigh (known here as a cutter), 1 80 miles in three days, and returned in the same time ; with snow .So deep that I was in danger of over- turning in the drifts, and with no warmer clothing than I have m 2IO Toronto " Called Back'' :|;ll!! ill ' i' described, except to have a buffalo skin for knee covering ; and felt no more discomfort than I have experiei'ced in one of the journeys from London to Liverpool. I have told this many times in Ent^land, but friends who were in the habit of " bait- ing " their horses every ten miles on their beautiful I'oails were so incredulous that they would not lie convinced the thing was possible, and yet it was a simple fact. ' Mr. Burdette, under cover of what is intended as a humorous strain, unwittingly represents every soul in Toronto as swathed in furs. The London Times could have done no more and no worse. A walk along our principal streets any day, the coldest that comes, will demonstrate the fact that the great majority of the people do not find it necessary to wear furs. There are com- paratively few days during the winter when a man who knows how headaches and baldness are superinduced finds it prudent to wear so much as a fur cap. The people of Ontario gener- ally have less need of furs than their friends of many of the States of the Union where the plug hat prevails all the year round. The custom of wearino- fnrs by ^enllemen must have origin- ated at the time when the beaver, mink, otter, fox, wolf, raccoon, and the bear were trapped by the Indians in the neighborhood of our present cities, and being found useful for articles of clothing, have continued in use and will do so till these animals are gradually exterminated from the country. Not many years ago the same ideas were enter hained in Toronto of the climate of Manitoba and the North- West as are now held by many in Great Britain with regard to Ontario, and yet the Canadian Pacific Railway Co. assert of the climate of Manitoba, that "it is healthy: there are no epidemic diseases, no malaria ; spring, clear and bright ; summer, warm with cool nights ; autumn, balmy and pleasant ; winter, uniform, dry and bracing." It would be just as incorrect to put down the whole of Canada as having the same climate, as to compare the State of Florida, where flowers bloom all the year round, with northern From iSyi to i8S6. 211 Minnesota. It must be i'emembere«l that the whole of Kngland is farther north than Toronto, and that Aberdeen is seven de- fjrees still farther. That fur coats are not confined to Canada, it may be stated that a Boston gentleman, last winter, purchased an overcoat costing i?4,000, and it is declarcMl that it could not bo duplicated for a much larger sum. Jt contains sixty-nine Russian sable skins of the finest quality. The overcoat, which is (juite largo, is of the finest German castor; the body and sleeves being lined with sable, while a broad collar and deep cufis of this costly material fjive a rich finish to the ''arment. Altlioujfh so warm that the wearer would not fool the most intense cold, the over- coat is much lijfhter than our ordinary ulster. Much misapprehension certainly exists in Englanstruction of tiathe, when a heavy fall of snow takes place, in Toronto the event is hailed with joy ; no one is inc(nivenienced, but, on the contrary, traffic is mP* Population and Assessment Returns. Toronto commenced business as a city fifty-one years ago, with a population of 9,254. To-day, according to the just com- pleted assessment rolls, the population is 111,800. An increase of 102,000, or the multiplication of the population by twelve in half a centurj-^, is a pretty good record, and Toronto people may well be proud of it. ^^ 228 Toronto "Called Back.'' Should the rate of increase not diminish, another half-century will see in the site of the present Toronto a city of almost half a million. As it is, Toronto takes a place with the cities of the second class as to population in the empire. There are only forty-seven larger cities in the British Domin- ions, and England herself can boast of only eighteen w^hich have a greater population. We are larger than Aberdeen, Cork, Derby, Greenock, Halifax, Iluddersfield, Northampton, Norwich, Plymouth, Preston, Southampton, or Stockport. There are only seven larger cities in Germany, nineteen in th^ United States, seven in France, and seven in Russia. We rank with Detroit, Milwaukee, Bremen, Stuttgart, Blackburn, Oldham and Sunderland, all of which stand in the neighbor- hood of 111,000. The following grand annual total assessments will show the gradual increase which has been made in the value of taxable property in the city for the j-ears indicated : ■i ■ ASSK8SMBNT8. 1871 $29,277,235 1872 32,487,772; 1873 41,775,844 1874 43,472,512 1875 46,50(5,280 1876 47,150,362 1877 47,614,.393 1878 49,053,765 ASSESSMBNTS. 1879 $49,753,402 1880 50,16-5,539 1881 53,559,910 1882 55,904,899 1883 59,561,143 1884 65,683,877 1885 69,225,114 1886 72,721,559 TORONTO STREET. The realty and personalty on this street is assessed in round numbers at one million dollars, one-seventieth of the total assess- ment of the city, and is only a block in length. POPULATION OF TORONTO AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. 1817 1826 1832 18.34 1842 1845 1,200 1,677 4,000 9,000 15,000 19,000 1847 22,500 1850 25,000 1854 40,000 1857 4.1,000 1871 56,000 1881 86,000 1884 100,000 1886 110,000 From i8yy to 1886. 229 VALUE OF BUILDINGS ERECTED DURING THE YEARS 1882 $1,757,630 1883 1,506,740 1884 $2,033,235 1885 3,449,375 NO. VAbDE. 33 $168,000 22 230,000 9 61,000 5 17,000 181 488,000 900 2,028,375 465,000 $3,449,375 Of the buildings erected in 1885 the proportion was For miscellaneous manufacturing and others Social and charitable institutions Schools and churches Hotels Business buildings Residences Various improvements Commercial Travellers' Association. There are five Commercial Travellers' Associations in Canada: Toronto, with a membership of 2,800 ; Montreal, 1,500 ; London, 500; Winnipeg, 150; Halifax, N.S.,150. We give the following statistics of the Toronto C. T. A. : Reserve Funds $100,000 Gain for last year 13,930 Membership 2,300 Increase last year 77 As an interesting item, showing the growth of commercial travelling in the United States, the history of which nearly corresponds with its date in Canada, one of the leading men says, "There are now 8 bout 80,000 travelling salesmen in the United States ; their expenses are $1,500 each, which means an outlay of $120,000,000 a year, and if you count on an average salary of $1,000 a year each, it will swell the total to $200,000,- 000 a year. This immense sum is scattere ,{i ..:r:r.:' -.-''i' {.{.. ' ; As the whole importations that year were under a million dollars in value, the Custom House stafi", inside and outside, did not exceed four or five, not one of whom remains in the service. Mr. Stanton was succeeded by Mr. Meudell, and in 1851 the staff had slightly increased ; Mr. T. McCarthy, still in the service, being the only one remaining of the number in the service at that time ; Mr. Thomas Scott was surveyor, Mr. John Cameron, chief clerk, and Mr. Robert Emery, landing waiter. Shortly after the introduction of the " bonding system " . through the United States, the private bonded warehouses were authorized as a convenience to importers, who, com- mencing to receive goods at all seasons of the year, discontinued the custom of opening their whole importations at one time ; country merchants visiting the market more freijuently, and importers taking their goods out of bond as orders were given from samples, or, in the case of dry goods, by opening only a portion of any class of goods at one time. The appointment of " lockers " followed this arrangement, and the first who acted in that capacity were Mr. James Stitt, some time superannuated, Mr. R. G. A. Taton, the present polite and courteous cashier, and Mr. Alex. Duff, now gauger; all 16 234 Toro7ito " Called Back.'' I 'it% of whom were justly popular for their obliging and attentive manners, as well as the faithful discharge of their duties. Of the former and the latter the writer can speak from experience (Mr. Paton having to do with the grocery trade). On the arrival of goods, the.se gentlemen were always ready to lend a hand and use a truck to get a lot of goods off the street sometimes after ten o'clock at night, when l;y getting the goods in they would be covered by insurance. The conscientious discharge of duty, the unvarying readiness to oblige and willingness to impart information, on the part of Mr. Scott, are all well known to present as well as past im- porters. When it was necessary to see Mr. Meudell he was to be found at his post, and if a question arose on any point in which he differed with an importer, if he showed any dispo- sition to act in an arbitrary manner, a gentle reminder that as the servant of the public he must be accommodating invariably resulted in the offer of a friendly pinch of .snuff, a box of which he always kept on his desk, and the matter came to an amicable conclusion. The gradual increase in the importations, with the rate of duty at various periods up to the present time, when they have reached such a large figure, will be found in another place. The Custom House staif in 18o4 consisted, in addition to the gentlemen already named, of Hon. Captain Curzon and George Henderson, clerks ; J. P. Dunn, landing waiter, and A. Macphenson, who succeeded Mr. John Boyd, father of the present Chancellor, who was the first appraiser. The present surveyor. Mr. John Douglas, entered the service in 1855, having occupied the position of chief clerk before his present position, which he assumed on the death of Mr. Scott. The long and valuable services of Mr. Douglas are, and will be, associated with the history of the importing trade of Toronto, long after the present time. His uniform courtesy and gentle- manly deportment are too well known to the merchants of Toronto to give the statement even the shadow of flattery. Having known Mr. Douglas during the whole of his connec- tion with the service, the writer can say he never heard a M' From i8yy to 1886. 235 breath of complaint, but, on tlie contrary, universal respect always expressed towards him. Mr. Meudell was succeeded by the Hon. Robert Spence, and after his death Mr. T. C. Scott acted as collector. An effort was made to have him appointed to the coUectorship, but the petition for the object was never presented, a number of mer- chants and others, including the Hon. George Brown, refusing to sign, on the ground that the appointment of collector should continue to be a political one. Mr. J. E. Smith was appointed to the office, and on his retirement Mr. John Douglass acted as collector till the appointment of the Hon. Jas. Patton, Q.C, LL.D., who now occupies the responsible position. In 188G the Custom House staff consists of collector, sur- veyor, chief clerk, cashier, assistant cashier, seventeen clerks, three acting clerks, three appraisers and two assistant ap- praisers, two gaugers and lockers, three lockers, one engineer and two assistants, eighteen landing waiters, nine packers and porters, one housekeeper and messenger, and four messengers. an»^i CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. The time has now happily gone by when, by an act of poli- tical legerdemain, persons from mechanical, agricultural or other pursuits, without any training or qualification, mitrht have been metamorphosed into civil service officers, and placed in positions for which they were entirely unfitted, contrary to every recog- nized principle of trade or commerce. Should a contractor for any large undertaking require skilled workmen, as carpenters, plumbers or bricklayers, and the best accountant in the Dominion apply for an engagement, it is easy to know what his answer would be. Why the rule should be reversed in the case of public departments is pecu- liar, and could only be applied on the ground of their having the power to conduct the business on a principle that would inevitably lead to the ruin of ordinary commercial undertak- ings ; experience and competency being indispensable in every business where private capital is invested. The Civil Service examinations must ultimately result in 236 Toronto " Called Back'' greater efficiency and econom^ when the infusion of the new element shall have had time to develop. It is said that alread}- the effect is apparent in the introduction of a more advanced system, in accordance with modern ideas of mercantile life, and resulting in quicker and more correct returns being made to the Government. Should the reform result in a system of remunera- tion corresponding with services actually rendered, as is the rule in every well-ordered mercantile establishment, and pro- motion given only on the ground of merit, it will prove alike advantageous to the service and beneticial to the officers, and in a few years the -whole service will be purified and improved so that Canada may claim to have established a system of Civil Service equal to that which is styled " the pride and glory of Britain." Total Imports to Toronto Since 1849. The fiscal year ending 31st December, 1863, and ending 30th June, 1885. The year 1864 showing .six months to 30th June. 1849 . Credit Foncier (Franco-( nadian) 5,000,000 Freehold Loan and Savings Company 2,000,000 Home J" . \ Ings and Loan Company . 2,000,0C0 Imperial I lan and Investment Company 1,000,000 London an Canadian Loan and Agency Company f^, 000, 000 London atii Ontario Investment Company 2,250,000 Ontario and 'ulustrial Loan and Investment Company .500,000 Ontario and i "Appelle Company 1 ,000,000 People's Loan and Deposit ('ompany .500,000 Cor.imercial Building and Investment Society Loan and Investment Company Canada C'ompany Canada Lamled Credit Companj' Farmers Loan and Savings Company Land Security Company Trust and Loan Company Western Canada Loan and Savings Company National Investment Company ASSETS OK BANKS IN CANADA. In January 188() S!222,905,.522 !,f).|"""" T 244 Toronto " Called Back!'' Toronto Gas Works. The Gas Works of Toronto were originated and built by the late Albert Furniss, in 1842, who was also the builder of the Water Works. The present Consumers' Gas Company origin- ated in 1847, and the first meeting of the subscribers for stock was held on the 29th October, 1847, when Directors were ap- pointed for the management of the Company. The Act of Incorporation was passed in 1848. The Directors had not pro- ceeded far with their arrangements for the construction of the Works before they ascertained that the Gas Works then in use could be purchased, and they unanimously decided on concluding the bargain for their purchase. The late Charles Berczy, Postmaster, was the first President of the Company. The Directors in 1852 were Charles Berczy, Hugh Miller, John T. Smith, David Patterson, J. Arnold, M. Betley, I. 0. Gilmor, W. Mathers. S. Alcorn, E. C. Hancock, S. Piatt, and James Strange. When the Company took over the Gas Works the price of gas was $5 per thousand, net, besides a large meter rent, and the quality from ten to twelve candles. On September 30th, 1847, there were one hundred and sixty- four street lamps and three hundred and seventeen gas con- sumers, and the total amount of rental for gas for fifteen months — two quarters at 25s. and three quarters at 20s. — amounted to only £4,619 7s. lOd. The first manager was Mr. John Watson, who only occupied the position for a short time, when he was succeeded by the late Henry Thompson, who occupied the position until 1874, when he was succeeded by W. H. Pearson. The gas manufactured up to September 30th, 1854, was 14,000,000 cubic feet. The quality of gas now supplied is from seventeen to eighteen candles, and the price charged to small consumers $1.25 per M., medium size consumers, $1.15, and very large consumers, .$1.10. Gas stoves and engines, $1 per M. No charge now is made for meters. Over one hundred and twenty-six miles of pipe were laid up to September 30th, 1885. There are two thousand five hundred and fifty-seven street lamps, and six thousand seven From iSyy to 1886. . 245 hundred and seventy eight consumers. Gas rentals amounted to S353,498.26 for the year ending September 30th, 1885, and the gas made was 273,488,000 cubic feet. The present officers of the Company are : James Austin, President ; Larratt W. Smith, Vice-President, and W. H. Pear- son, Secretary. There are one hundred and fifty-four hands, now employed by the Company, and its business is rapidly increasing. Toronto Water Works. Toronto is supplied with water from Lake Ontario by means of pumping engines, mamifactured by Messrs. Inglis & Hunter, of this city, having a capacity of 12,000,000 gallons per twenty- four hours ; also two Worthington Duplex Engines of a capacity of 12,000,000, making a total of 24,000,000 gallons. The build- ing of the Water Works in which they are placed is a handsome structure at the edge of the bay. The reservoir at Rose Hill, from which the water is dis- tributed, is beautifully situated to the north of the city. The wonderful growth of the city will be seen by a comparison of the following statistics with the system in 1847 : Total mileage of water pipes 144 Number of hydrants 1,414 Number of services 22,000 Number of hydraulic hoists 140 Gallons of water pumped in 1885 3,543,735,410 It is interesting to notice that in 1847 there was no hoist of any kind in any building in Toronto. All goods and furniture were carried to the different floors, while passengers had to walk up stairs. The first two hoists were of the old wheel and rope pattern, and one wqs placed in the present Bank of Com- merce building by Messrs. Ross, Mitchell & Co., and the other in the warehouse at present occupied by Mr. P. Jacobi by Taylor & Stevenson in 18.53. - Meat Markets and Horses of Toronto, ._ Contrasting with the inferior meat of former times, the markets of Toronto, for splendid supplies of first-class meats,, cannot be surpassed anywhere. The display at Christmas time- 246 Toronto " Called Back." is another evidence of Toronto's great progress, and would do credit to any city in the world. In connection with this, reference may be made to the won- derful improvement that has taken place in all classes of horses, which are to be seen in such numbers on our streets. Whether for saddle, carriage, or heavy draught, no city in America can show finer specimens of horse-tiesh, and it is only in point of size that they are excelled in Britain. The finest display of heavy draught horses in the world is to be seen on the first of May in Manchester, when, in splendid new brass-mounted, shining harness, and gaily decorated with ribbons and flowers, the proud teamsters display their leviathian animals, sleek and fat, in a procession extending for miles in length. Toronto horses belonging to the railway companies are quite equal in symmetry and condition. > ; rrivrv s: ■ Toronto a Manufacturing City. A Shefl[ield teacher gave a school girl, for a home lesson, a composition on the question of trade. Next morning she brought an excuse for not having done her task, and also handed to the teacher a note which her brother had sent, and which contained the following : — " ' Trade is the substance of things hoped for, and the evidence of things not seen.' It will come ' in the sweet by-and-bye.' Trade ! trade ! where art thou ? Come forth and show thyself." This is the problem which the greatest political economists in the world are trying to solve to-day. An Imperial Commis- sion has been appointed in England to find out where her trade has disappeared to, and the cause of its decline ; with this only result so far, that new markets must be found to supply the place of those that have been lost. It is probable the j'outh knew nothing of the theories of Free Trade and Protection, and did not know that Sheflield goods were excluded by a hostile tarifi' from what had formerly been the largest market for these goods ; nor that the manufac- turers of Connecticut and Rhode Island were sending in similar goods to England entirely free ; he only knew the sad fact of poverty and all its attending evils. From iSyy to i8S6. 247 When — either V)y defective legislation or some unfortunate circumstance, as the (Cotton Famine during the American War — tens of thousands of industrious operatives are reduced to the verge of starvation, it is a dreadful state of things, and it must be gratifying to the citizens of Toronto, that happily no such state of things exists here ; trade is a visible and tangible I'eality, and there appears every prospect of steady progress in the future as there has been in the past. While no class is oppressed all are benefitted. • List i)f ((vfirles maniifdctu.red in Toronto, the iwpoTtation of which hax fallen of in a ratio eorresponding with the . home production: Agricultural Implements Bagatelle Tables. Baking Powders. Bed ('omforters. Bedsteads. Billiard Tables. Bird Cages. Biscuits. Blacking. Blankets. Blank Books. Boots and Shoes. Boot Laces. l^uilding Brick. Bildges, iron. Candles, tallow. Carpet Bags. Carriages and Sleighs. Cloaks, fur. Cloaks, cloth. Clothing, Cotton. C!ollars and Cuffs. Colors and Paints. Copper Manufactures. Corks. Cottons, grey and white. Earth Closets. Electro-plated Ware. ! Envelopes. 1 Fire Works. | Furniture, all kinds. FurCa|)s, Hats, Muffs, &c Gas Fixtures, (i loves, leatlier. Gutta Percha Goods. Hats and Caps. Hollow Ware. Horse Shoes. Horse .Shoe Nails. India Rubber Manuf'res. Ink, writing & printing. Iron Bolts and Nuts. Jellies and .lams. Jewellery, manuf'res of gold and silver. Linen Clothing. Meats, smoked and dried. Mill (& other) Machinery. Mouldings, gilded. Mouldings, wood. Musical Instruments. Oil, luliricating. Oil, illuminating. Organs, parts of, & reeds. Ornamental Iron Work. Paper Manufactures. Paper Bags and Boxes. Paper Hangings. Pianos. Pickles and .Sauces. Rasps and Files. Saddlery. Satchels. Scales and Balances. Shirts. Show Cases. Skates. Soaps. Spices. .Stoves and Furnaces. Suspenders and C/orsets. Telegraph Supplies. Tin Manufactures. Trunks and Valises. Whips. Wire Work. Wooden Ware. Woollen Clothing, Woollen Hosiery. Woollen Underclothing. Woollen Yarns. The cottons mentioned, although not manufactured in the city, are largely sold here b}'' manufacturers and their agents, and are controlled b}'^ Toronto merchants ; this also applies to denims, drillings, and other lines of goods. The list could be greatly extended if goods manufactured in the Dominion were enumerated. 248 Toronto '* Called Back. % When it is remembered that at the commencement of our sketch there was just one stove foundry, one soap and candle factory, and one or two other unimportant kinds of goods manufactured in Toronto, the list speaks for itself. It must be borne in mind, however, that this does not by any means in- clude all the branches of manufactures, as new industries are starting up constantly, for which we have no comparison to make in imported goods. It would be impossible to over-estimate the importance of these manufactures to the city, not only giving employment to thousands of the population, but forming a large market for the agricultural productions in the surrounding country, and also attracting buyers of every class of goods ; all tending to the circulation of money, and contributing to the general prosperity. No thoughtful person can walk down any of the leading thoroughfares in the morning, or at six o'clock in the evening, without being struck with the crowds of well-dressed men and women, all tending toward or returning from the centre of these industries ; and he must, indeed, be void of patriotism, whose feelings are not thrilled by the sight of so nuich enterprise and industry, making our streets vie with those of Manchester or Nottingham. Nor is there any reason to doubt that, before long, we may see the numbers greatly increased. While the extension of manufactures may embrace chose not so cleanly, no one would object to see even the linen overalls and the wooden clogs which, in other cities, although corresponding with the work of the operatives during the week, are often replaced by silk and patent leather on Sundays and holidays. A spool of cotton may appear trifling, but few people, except the initiated, are aware of the gigantic business done in this article. In Paisley, Scotland, there are employed in the trade thousands of operatives, — one mill alone employing .over 3,000 hands, earning good wages, and employed all the year round. When factories in other trades are shut down for lack of orders, the spool cotton mills do not suffer much, if any, from depres- sion. Torontonians will be pleased to hear that this important branch of manufacture is to be established in Toronto by Kerr From jSjy to jS86. 249 and Co., the well-known Paisley manufacturers. Machinery of the newest and best description will be imported from home, and workers l)rougations than worship in Toronto churches. What the feelings must be of those who absent themselves from Toronto churches on Sunday I cannot imagine, never having such an experience, but it seems as if that very absence would preach a sermon which, to every freethinker or agnostic, would be as powerful in favor of Christianity as if a sermon were listened to inside the walls of a church. 262 Toronto " Called Back.'' The ringing of the bells is at an end, the rumbling of the carriage has ceased, the pattering of the feet is heard no more, the flocks are folded in the numerous churches. For a time 'SieesS^i ST. ANDREWS CHURCH, K .NU STRKET WEST. everything is hushed, but soon is heard the deep pervading .sound of the organ, rolling and vibrating through the buildings and out into the streets, and the sweet chanting of the choirs makes them resound with melody and praise, while it is poured From iSyy to i8S6 263 forth like a river of joy through the recesses of the city, elevat- ing and bearing the soul on a tide of triumphant liarniony to heaven. The wanderer about the streets at such a time is not a proper subject for envy. In writing of Toronto as a city of churches, the men who, by their faithful discharge of duty and their advocacy and in- fluence, have been to a great extent nistrumental in educating the religious element up to the present high standard of church- going in Toronto, ought not to be forgotten. The following are amongst those to whom much of the credit is due, and as the names are given entirely from memory, and none given whom the writer has not heard preach since 1847, ai y omission will be overlooked : — BAPTIST. Rev. Messrs. Piper, B'yfe, Caldecott. Castle, and Thomas. CONGREGATION L. Rev. Messrs. Koaf, Ellerby, Marling, i^illie, Burton, Povvis and Wild. PRESBYTERIAN. Rev. Messrs. Burns, Topp, Barclay, Gregg, Taylor, Parsons, King, McLeod, MacDonnell, Kirkpatrick, Milligan, Robb and Kellogg. EPISCOPAL CHURCH. Bishops Strachan, Bethune, McLean and Sweatman ; Rev. Messrs. Grasett, Baldwin, Lett, Givens, Sanson, Williams, Dar- ling, Pearson, Scadding, Lewis, Jones, Rainsford, ])umoulin, Langtry, McCollum, McCarrol, Bilkey, Eoddy, A. H. Baldwin and Morgan Baldwin. METHODIST. On account of the itinerant system of the Methodist Church, the array of names will necessarily be much greater than of the others. Rev. Messrs. Hetherington, Cooney, Harvard, Richey, Evans, Wood, Rice, Stinson, Wilkinson, Squire, Bishop, Douse, Douglas, Elliott, Ryerson, Rose, Taylor, Green, Spencer, Sanderson, 264 Toronto ' ' Called Back. n Borland, Howard, Williams, Hall, Jjavell, Stevenson, Punshon, Cochrane, McClure, Savage, Potts, Brigijfs, Dewart, Dorey, Johnston, Antlifi" S. J. Hunter, W. .1. Hunter, Clarkson, W. W, Ross, Jeffrey, Jeffers, Hannan, Learoyd, McRitchie, Stafford, Poole, Bridgeman, Harper, Laird, Starr, Blaekstock, S. P. Rose, and Shorey. ROMAN CATHOLIC. Not having heard any pi'eachers of this Church except Arch- bishop Lynch and Rev. Mr. Teefy, I can onl}^ say that both of these gentlemen are distinguished for literary ability and devo- tion to the interests of their Church. The improvement in the numbers and respectability of the worshippers since tliey were confined to the comparatively in- significant church on Power Street is somethijig marvellous, and no one visiting any of the handsome Roman Catholic churches in Toronto can help being struck with the decorum and reverence observed during the service. CHURCHES. The total immber of ciiurches at present in Toronto is one hundred and ten, divided as follow : — Episcopal, 2(1 ; Presby- terian, 18; Baptist, 11: Methodist, 2o ; Roman Catholic, 9 ; Hebrew, 1 ; Congregational, 7 ; Reformed Episcopal, 2 ; Uni- tarian, 1 ; Lutheran, 1 ; Catholic Apostolic, 1 ; PJA-inoiith Brethren, 2 ; Mi.scellaneous, 5. THE SALVATION TEMPLE. The Salvation Temple just completed is quite an imposing structure with its castellated bastions, combining in appearance the castle, the barracks and the temple. The frontage is 106 feet, with a depth of 100. It is built of red brick with stone facings. A space of 22 feet has been divided ofJ in front to be used as offices. Through this portion three entrances reach the Temple ; the central one being broad and lofty. The height of the ceiling inside is 32 f^et, and the width 96, with no roof columns. This is the widest span without support of any Frotn iSyy to iS86. 265 public buildin*,' in Canada. The walls are four t'net thick, and are capable of standing' an enormous strain. The auditorium will hold about 2, .')()() people, ajid there is not a bad seat in the house ; the ventilation is perfect, as are also the acoustic properties. The Temple is constructed in amphitheatrical form and has one gallery at the back. The ground Hoor rises from the centre, and a passage runs entirely round ne.xt the wall. The officers conducting the services sit on the north side, with thesoldieis and audience all about them. The soldiers for the most ])art occupy the pit, or dress circle. This latter THE SALVATION ARMV TKMI'I.E. arrangement is in accordance with the .system followed by General Booth in England. The ceiling of the Temple is of varnished wood, while the walls are finished stucco work in plaster. Texts and mottoes will be u.sed as additional orna- ments. The entire height of the building, which comprises four .stories, is 80 feet to the top of the tower, and 50 feet to the centre and slates. The windows are all stained glass with Scripture mottoes. A pair of iron gates close in the front entrance, over which appears in stone letters the single word " Hallelujah." The entire cost will be about ^40,000. ' 18 '^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k 1/. // A 1.0 Ifi- m I.I 1^ 1^ 12.0 L25 11 1.4 18 1.6 vj ^^ 'c-1 ^^y > / Photographic Sciences Corporation ,\ ^<^^ 1. •SJ N> % V o^ ^.l* 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 ■^ <5> S r^ IP ' ir 266 Toronto " Called Back.'' THE SALVATION ARMY reports that the organization is at work in one hundred and fifty-one cities, towns and villafres throughout the country. It > has outposts in fifty- three places. In five places land has been secured for building purposes, while there are barracks in forty ■ places. The number of officers in 1885 was 418, number of corps 148, and outposts 47. The attendance numbered 209,000, being an increase over the previous year of 76,012. The amount of money received and expended weekly on the local corps was $2,905. The Temple was formally open'^d on the arrival of Marshall Ballington Booth, who came this way from Australia (on his return to England) to dedicate the building. The " Council of War " continued from the 1st to the 8th of May, and was the occasion of enthusiastic demonstrations. The daily processions accompanied by bands of music, were witnes .ed by immense crowds of people, and at night the vast auditoi-ium of the Temple was crowded to excess. On Sunday, the 2nd, the formal dedication took place, i.,nd each succeeding day and evening through the week there was a change of programme, including a Hallelujah Wedding and Infant Dedication. On the night of the latter ceremony a number of officers and soldiers who had been imprisoned for noisy demonstrations appeared in nrison costume and related their experience. In connection with the presentation of the infant the Marshall stated that twenty-eight years ago he was taken by his parents sixty miles in England to be baptized by the Rev. Jas. Caughey, so well known in Toronto, who is still living, and commencing again to preach as an evangelist. The Marshall gave a striking account of his opening cam- paign in Manchester, — the e.Ktraordinary language used in the posters having brought immense masses of the people to see and hear, — and then of his arrest and imprisonment; all of which had a thrilling effect on the vast audience. He left for England the following week, accompanied by Commissioner Coomb.'' and William Gooderham, Esq., of this city. From rSyy to 1886. 267 Toronto an Educational Centre. This position claimed for Toronto will be admitted by all. From the lowest step in the ladder to the highest, no city can boast of equal advantages in the shape of education. The Common School system, a lasting monument to the ability, wis- dom, and indefatigable exertions of the late Dr. Ryerson, has been brought to a state of perfection perhaps unequalled in the world. Framed on the models of all the best system ^ in every ■isrp^sh,-?^. i^t UMVKKSITV OF TOKUM'O. other country, it combines the best feature of all, and improve- ments on most. Rising in the scale, it will be found that no educational want has been left unsupplied ; whatever the pursuit or profession the student may intend to follow through life, he will find a school, academy, college or university in which he will have full scope for his ambition. From the Public Schools, there is a step upwards to the Model Schools, then to the Collegiate Insti- tute, Upper Canada College, and to the [Jnivei'sity of Toronto. Then there are technical .schools, including the School of Prac- tical Science and the Ontario School of Art. If ■ 'M 268 Toronto " Called Back.' , , T^f^ 1 A city possessing so many advantages for students must afibrd increasing attractions from year to year, the high sta.id- ing of its professors, and the honors to be obtained, whether as medals, scholarships, fellowships, or other degrees, offer induce- ments superior to those of any other citj'^ in the Dominion, xnd must lead ultimately to the federation of other colleges .vith the University of Toronto. In addition to ihe colleges named are Knox College, Trinity College, the Baptist College, and St. Michael's. There are also the College of Pharmacy, Toronto School of Medicine, Trinity Medical College, V^eterinary College, Canadian Institute, and School of Divinit}', or Wycliffe College. The Normal School, for the training of teachers, was estab- lished in 1847. 'ne present buildings were erected in 1851, the corner stone being laid by the Earl of Elgin, and in the month of November, 1852, the buildings were opened. They were then described as being elegant in architectural appear- ance, commodious in their accommodations, and healthy in their situation. They are at present an ornament to St. James' Square, the grounds surrounding the building being beautifully laid out with trees and flower beds, and in addition there is a liand- some conservatory. The Educational Museum is a source of attraction to visitors, as well as valuable to the students, and contains paintings, statuary, and curiosities of various kinds, plaster casts of Egyptian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, Grecian and Roman antiquities. It al.so contains philosophical apparatus, being representative, on a small scale, of the South Kensington Museum. Great North-Western Telegraph Co. Miles of lines 34,000 Number of otti jes 2,000 Number of messages in 1885 2,440,000 Number of words in press reports 63,500,000 Number of miles for messages at twenty-five cents 1,275 Ni'.mber of miles controlled by connection with Western Union Co, 450,000 Employees of the Company , _ 2,600 Toronto staff' 174 CANADIAN INSTITUTE, RICHMOND STKEET WEST. I H hi '3 ' ! JRiV^ Bli# From i8yy to 1686. 271 Toronto a Musical City. High on the sliore sate the great god Pan, While turbidly flowed tlie river, And hacked and hewed as a great god can. With his hard bleak steel, at tlie patient reed, Till there was not a sign of a leaf, indeed, To prove it fresh from the river. He cut it short, did the great god Pan,— How tall it stood in the river I Then drew the pith, like the heart of a man. Steadily from the outside ring, Then notched the poor dry, enii)ty thing. In holes, as he sate by the river. "This is the way," laughed the great god Pan,— Laughed while he sat? by the river,— " The only way, since gods began To make sweet music, they could succeed." Then dropping his mouth to a hole in the reed. He blew, in power, by the river. Sweet, sweet, sweet, O Pan, Piercing sweet by the river, Blinding sweet, O great god Pan ! The sun on the hill forgot to die. And the lilies revived, and the dragon-fly Came back to dream on the river. —Elizabeth Barrett Brovming. Prior to the period when the present reminiscences commence there was little to note of the musical history of Toronto. The writer is indebted to the Toronto Mail for some account pre- vious to 1847. It appears by the earliest records, that as far back as 1818 the sole instrumental artist of Toronto was a Mr. Maxwell, distinguished "for his quiet manner, for the* shade over one eye, and for his homely skill on the violin." With military music the townspeople were familiarized by the occasional performances of the regimental bands which were stationed here from time to time. The ecclesiastical music was entirely destitute of organs or melodeons. m^. » 272 Toronto " Called Back. At the Church of St. James' a Mr. Hetherington officiated as clerk, and his mode of procedure was to announce the psalm or hymn, give out the tune on the bassoon, and then accompany the vocalists present with original and often grotesque improvi- sations on tliat instrument. At one time a choir was formed at this church with a bass viol, clarionet and bassoon as the accompanying instruments. The music was almost entirely confined to the churches that then existed ; the choirs being accompanied by flutes, violins, violoncellos, and occasionally a trombone. It is said that Mr. Janies Baxter organized and led a choir at the old Methodist church on King Street, near the present site of R. Hay & Co.'s establishment, in 1831. The first impetus of a permanent character given to music was through the services of the late Mr. John Ellis and Dr. McCaul ; the former distinguished by his performance on the violoncello, with which Toronto audiences were favored gratui- tously for many years, and the latter on the piano, showing himself to be an accomplished musician as well as composer. For many years Dr. McCaul was the patron of every enter- prise which contributed to t^ pleasure and advantage of the citizens. No meeting for any object of a literary, benevolent, or pleasurable character was considered complete without the presidency of Dr. McCaul, and whenever he took the lead his felicitous remarks, always mingled with real Irish humor, in- variably resulted in success. Through the influence and efforts of Dr. McCaul, selections from the oratorios were first given in 1845, in the Parliament Buildings. Monsieur Bley, a talented violinist, v/as brought over from New York to conduct, and with him were engaged Miss Andrews, Miss Northrall, and Mr. Miller, as principal vocalists. Two concerts were given, which were very suc- cessful and excited great enthusiasm. Dr. McCaul presided at the piano, and the Toronto Mail says, " was received with a burst of applause on making his appearance on the platform." The result of' this new venture led to the inception of the idea of establishing a Philharmonic Society. Monsieur Bley, having been induced to remain in Toronto, was appointed conductor of From i8jy to 1886. 273 the new orf^anization, which started in 1846. Dr. MeCaul was the President and Mr. Ellis the instrumental manager. This Society gave a concert in the University Hall, Parlia- ment Buildincrs, on St. George's Day, April 23rd, 1847, a few days after the writer's arrival in the city, for the benefit of the Irish and Scotch relief funds. Among the vocalists were Mr. J. D. Humphreys, who became Toronto's favorite tenor, Mrs. Searle, and Messrs. Ambrose and Barron. After a short stay in Toronto, Monsieur Bley returned to France, and the Society was started afresh in 1848, with Dr. Strathy as vocal conductor and pianist, and Mr. Schallehn as " chef (Tattaque " of the orchestra. The first concert was given in the City Hall on the 28th of December, 1849, which created quite an excitement; some of the most diflTicult morceaux of the great umsters were given with fair success. The second of these concerts was jjiven in the Temperance Hall, on the 31st of January, 1850, under the patronage of the Earl and Countess of Elgin. Mr. Schallehn was a clever clarionet player, and was bandmaster of the 71st Regiment. In 1851 the Toronto Vocal Music Societv was formed in the room of the old Philharmonic. Dr. McCaul was the President, the late Chief-Justice Draper, Vice-President, and Di". Clarke, Conductor. At the first of the reunions of this Society, in May of that year, the solo vocalists were Miss Davis (afterwards Mrs. F. Thomas) and Mi.ss Harris ; among the choral numbers given was Handel's " Hailstone Chorus," from " Israel in Egypt." These meetings culminated in a public concert in the following December. The programme embraced selections from the works of Handel, Weber, Rossini, and Mendelssohn. The soloists were Miss Davis, Mr. Hecht, baritone, and Mr. T. Cooper, tenor. The second concert was given in June, 1852, in the St. Law- rence Hall, which had just been opened. This concert was given in commemoration of Moore, the poet. Mi*. Paige, tenor. and Miss Paige, soprano, made their appearance and became great favorites with the public. I'M 't ! 274 Toronto ''Called Back.' After this a new organization was formed under the old title of the Philharmonic Society. Dr. McCaul was elected Presi- dent, Mr. Fred. Widder, vocal manager, Prof. Croft, instru- mental manager, Dr. Clarke, conductor, and Mr. F. Griebel* leader of the orchestra. Mr. Griebel, who came to Toronto with the Jenny Lind concert troupe, was one of the greatest violinists ever resident in the city. , ,\^ a^ The first open meeting of this Philharmonic Society was held on the 25th of April, 1854, in the University Hall, Parliament Buildings. On the programme was a symphony of Beethoven's, the " Hallelujah Chorus " from the " Mount of Olives," a cornet solo from Mr. Harkness (bandmaster),the overture to"L'Italiana', and a violin solo, " The dying scene, " from " Lucia," by Herr Griebel. At the third meeting, Herr Griebel played De Beriot's first concerto for violin, and one of Paganini's concert solos. The Chorus sang: Handel's " Fixed in his everlasting seat." This society next figured at a concert in aid of the patriotic fund for the Crimean War sufterers, in the St. Law^rence Hall, February, 1885. The programme included the '• Funeral March," by Beethoven, piano solo, Mr. Hay craft ; song, " Oh, God, pre- serve the mourners," Miss Davis ; solo and chorus, " Qui tollis,' Mr. Hecht ; fantasia, on the " Cujus animam," Mr. Hayter; song " Ruth," Mrs. Beverley Robinson ; song, " I would be a soldier," Mr. L. W. Smith ; piano and violin duo on " William Tell," Messrs. Griebel and Haycraft ; " Heroes of the Crimea," Mr, Humphreys ; piano solo, " La Violette," Mr. Klophel ; song " The sea is Merry England's," Mr. Barron, (then late Principal of the U. C. College). This concert excited unbounded enthusiasm, and was very successful. The patronage of music lovers was at this time diverted from the society by the introduction of subscription concerts given by Mr. and Miss Paige. This resulted in the fall of the Phil- harmonic Society, and musical matters were comparatively neglected tUl the arrival of Mr. John Carter, who accepted the post of organist at the Cathedral Church of St. James, then From iSyj to 1886. 275 newly built. Mr. Carter arrived in Toronto in October, 1856, and the aspect of the musical world of Toronto was soon com- pletely changed. Mr. Carter was not long in developing theresident talent, for in the following year he gave the first oratorio performance ever given in Upper Canada. The oratorio selected was the " Messiah," and was given on the 17th December, 1857. The work was accomplished in twelve weeks, and such was the enthusiasm created, that the concert room was tilled to the doors. Mr. Carter was assisted by Herr Griebel, and Messrs. Noverre, Maul, Schmidt, and Martin Lazare, amongst the instrumentalists, and by Miss Davis Miss Kemp (afterwards Mrs. Cobban), Miss Robinson, Mr.s. Poetter and Mrs. Scott. Among the vocalists were Messrs. Jacob Wright, Sugden, Barron, C. Grasett, Briscoe, Lang, Jas. Baxter and F. Roche. " Judas Maccabeus" was performed in 1858, under the direc- tion of Rev. Mr. Onions, who started an opposition scheme which divided musical society into two parties, known as the Onionites and the Carterites. The feud, however, was of rather an amicable nature. The Rev. Mr. Onions had Mr. Noverre as leader of t'.e band, and Mr. G. F. Graham as organist. His vocalists were Mr. and Mrs. Hickok, Mr. Lindsay, Mrs. Dunlevi, C. J. Martin, Mr. Humphreys, Mr. John Baxter, the [Misses Robinson, Madame Wookey, Mrs. Hastings, Miss Searle, Mrs. Emerson, and Messrs- Briscoe, Sugdon and Vial. The band and chorus were adver- tised as numbering two hundred. At one of these oratorios, the writer and his party sat near a, gentleman of the legal profession, recently out from London> who criticised the performance of each vocalist, and during the performance of one tenor singer, not appreciating his efforts, he made himself conspicuous by shrugging his shoulders and screwing up his countenance, at the same time exclaiming loudly enough to be heard, " Oh, Sims Reeves ! " Having lately heard that celebrated tenor, in Exeter Hall, we could partly sympathize with his feelings, but not so far as to 1-^ (I \. 276 Toronto " Called Back'' il- i;:: % lose tlie enjoyment of the Toronto performance, which was hi<;hly creditable to all concerned. The rivalry resulted in each party giving the " Creation." In 18G1 Mr. Carter formed the "Toronto MuHical Union," and Mr. Onion.s ti^e " Metropolitan Choral Society," under the direc- tion of Mr. MaHin Lazare, a most able musician. Some of the performances ot this gentleman on the piano were truly mar- vellous, especially " medleys " and " fantasia " with one hand. In 18G3-4 Mr. Carter, as director of the Musical Union in connection with the Mechanics' Institute, in the Music Hall over the present Free Library, gave occasional concerts ; and among the works produced were the " Messiah," " Judas Mac- cabeus," the " Creation," the " Lay of the Bell," the " Stabat Mater," and the operas " II Trovatore," and " Martha." In 1872 Mr. Robert Marshall, in connection with Mr. Alex. Mil's, undertook to reorganize the Philharmonic Society, and succeeded in ifiducing a sufficient number of instrumentalists and vocalists to combine for this purpose. Dr. McCaul was appointed President, the veteran Dr. Clarke, Conductor, Mr. Robt. Marshall, Vice-President, and Mr. John Hague, Secretary. The first concert of this new society was given in October, 1872, when the " Messiah " was given in Shaftesbury Hall_ The chorus consisted of twenty-eight .sopranos, twenty-six altos, forty-eight tenors, fifty bas.ses, and eight principals — in all one hundred and fifty. The orchestra, under the direction of Mr. Marshall, consisted of twelve violins, three violas, three basses, two double basses, two flutes, two clarionets, one bassoon, one horn, two trumpets, and two drums — total thirty. The solo vocalists were Messr-. J. G. Sheriff. Marriott, Martin and Pearson, and Mrs. Grassick, Mrs. Cuthbert, Miss Hillary, Miss Clarke and Miss Thomas. The pianist was Mr. H.. G. Collins. This was the last occa- sion on which Dr. Clarke conducted at an oratorio. Mr. Marshall wielded the baton, until the arrival of Mr. Torrington in 1873. This event marked a new epoch in the musical history of Toronto. From i8yj to iSSt. 2/7 F. H. T()lUiIN(;T()N. This gentleman received his musical training as Catheilral orjranist, clioirmaster, pianist, etc., uiulei* James b'itzgerald, of Kidderminster (pupil of Dr. Corge, Bristol), under •whom he was articled for four years. As violinist he was a pupil of Geo. Hay.vard, Birmingham. In 18o4, Mr. Torrington was elected a member of the London Society of Sciences, Literature F. H. TORRINt.TON. and Arts, for which he has a diploma. After a successful career in England he came to Canada, and was engaged in Montreal as organist of Great St. James' Street Methodist Church, a post he held for twelve years. During this period he developed his musical talent, and worked hard to cultivate public taste for the best class of music. For a considerable portion of this time Mr. Torrington was bandmaster of the 2oth Regiment, and as 278 Toronto " Called Back.^'' ^% founder and director of various vocal and instrumental societies, his services as solo organist and violinist were in constant de- mand. His reputation brought him to the notice of Mr. Gilmore, and he was engaged by that gentleman to form a representative Canadian Orchestra to take part in the first jireat Peace Jubilee at Boston. During this visit Mr. Torrington was asked by Mr. Gihuore to take up his residence in Boston, and a short time afterwards was offered and accepted the posi- tion of organist and musical director at King's Chapel, which position he left for the one he now holds at the Metropolitan Church, Toronto. During Mr. Torrington's residence in Boston he was engaged as teacher of the piano and organ at the New England Conservatory of Music, solo organist at the Music Hall Concerts, one of the first violins in the Harvard Symphony Orchestra, solo organist at the Saturday afternoon organ con- certs in Henry Ward Beecher's Church, Brooklyn, N.Y., con- currently with Messrs S. P. Warren, Geo. W. Morgan and other eminent organists. His services as conductor of musical societies were in much demand in and around Boston, and in the last Great Jubilee, six societies which Mr. Torrington was conducting took part. In connection with this event he was extensively engaged as conductor of the Mass-rehearsals preparatory to the great gathering of the twenty thousand voices which met to- gether on that occasion. During the period of his residence in Toronto his work speaks for itself, as, in addition to the palpable improvement in church and choir music which he has effected, and the training of pianists, vocalists, organists and choir- masters now to be found occupying positions in Toronto and other Canadian cities, he has produced with large chorus and orchestra, through the medium of the Toronto Philharmonic Society, the following works of the Great Masters, many of them heard for the first time in Canada, and some for the first time on this side of the Atlantic : Messiah, Elijah, Creation, Lay of the Bell, Fridolin, St. Paul, Stabat Mater, May Queen, Hynm of Praise, Walpurgis Night, Naaman, Fair ^Jlen March and Chorus (Tannhauser), March Cortege (Reine de Saba), March and Chorus (Life of the Czar), From iSjj to i8S6. 279 Miserere Scene (Trovatore), Mors et Vita, Israel in Egypt, Spring's Message, Bride of Dunkerron, Rose of Sharon, Judas Maccabeus, Gypsy Life, The Last Judgment, Acis and Galatea, Preciosa, Redemption, Rose Maiden, Crusaders. Mr. Torrington is also Conductorof the Hamilton Philhar- monic Society, and in that capacity has produced in Hamilton^ Romberg's "Lay of the Bell," " The Messiah," " Elijah," " Hymii of Praise," " Naaman," " Rose of Sharon " and " Samson." And with the Toronto University Glee Club Mendelssohn's music of " Antigone," in the original Greek, and Max Bruch's " Frithjof." CHAMBER MUSIC. The extent to which classical music is cultivated in private in the shape of trios, quartettes, and quintettes for stringed and other instruments, is generally considered a fair indication of the degree of musical taste that has been developed in a community. The earliest quartette party in Toronto consisted of Herr Griebel, first violin; Mr. Noverre, second violin; Mr. Childs, tenor, and Mr. Ellis, bass. After the death of Mr. Griebel, a piano quartette party was formed as follows : Mr. Carl Pieler, piano ; Mr. Ernest Pieler, violoncello ; Mr. Thomas, tenor, and Mr. Noverre, violin. Although the amateur players on stringed instruments were few, there were in proportion to their number many fine and valuable instruments among them. Mr. Thomas had the Walmsly bass that belonged to Mr. Ellis (who died in 1877, at the age of 83,) and an Amati tenor ; Mr. Msirshall had a beau- tiful Testore ; Mr. E. R. Parkhurst had a Johaine Baptiste Guadagnini, date 1751 ; Mr. H. Parkhurst, a Jacob Stainer, and Mr. Torrington is the owner of an Amati. From a host of star artists who have appeared in Toronto since Jenny Lind's arrival, we name the following : Piccolomini, Mario, Santley, Carlotta Patti, RudersdorfF, Parepa Rosa, Catharine Hayes, Gary, Lucca, Canissa, Madame Anna Bishop, Di Murska, Kellogg, Thai berg, Rubinstein, Vieuxtemps (the king of violinists), Arabella Goddard, Wieni- L I 280 Toronto "Called Back!' in.:- 1 m owski, Sauret, H. C. Cooper, Lichtenherg, Theresa Liebe Alfred Jaell, Camilla Urso, Prinne, Listerman, llemenyi, JoseflB, Teresa Carreno, Bri^noli, Nillson, Lehmann, Musin, Ruminell, Wilhelmj, Fabre, Leopold D'Meyer, Paul Julien, Brega. Among the clubs, the MCTidelssohn and Beethoven Quintette, the Damrosch and Thomas Orchestras, and Gilmore's Band have appeared from time to time in Toronto. The Toronto Quartette Club is composed of Mr. J. Bayley and Herr Jacobsen, violins ; Mr. Fisher, viola ; and Mr. Correll, cello. JENNY LIND. The arrival of Jenny Lind, the "Swedish Nightingale," in America, in 1853, created such a sensation as was never known in the musical world. The sale of tickets for her first concert in New York was a great event. The first choice of a seat being set up for competition, was purchased by Genin, the Broadway hatter, for five hundred dollars. On her first appearance she carried all hearts by storm, not for her great beauty, either of face or figure, but the irresistible charm of her simple and natural manner. Once heard, Jenny Lind could never be forgotten. Nor was her wonderful gift as a songstress the only cause of the royal ovations she received wherever she made her appearance. Everywhere she was fairly worshipped for her goodness and benevolence. Although she had hundreds of lettc vs every day asking her for help from all sorts of applicants, no worthy cause was over- looked. Her purse was always open to afford relief, and no request to give her services towards any charitable object was denied. The foundation of the Protestant Orphans' Home in this city is due to her kind-hearted benevolence. In New York espe- cially, the Jenny Lind mania became so strong that fabulous prices were paid for anything that might be preserved as a memento of her visit. It was said that chambermaids at the hotel sold the combings and even stray hairs from her hair-brushes, at large prices, and so of every article of which she had made use at the table. Fro7n i8yy to 1886. 281 Jenny Lind was the first and greatest star artiste Toronto has ever seen. Her one concert was given in the St. Lawrence Hall, in the fall of 1853. Before the time announced, on the sale of tickets at Nord- heimer's, the window shutters were put up, and the door strongly barricailed to keep back the crowd and allow appli- cants to enter in batches. So great was the scramble that coats were literally torn on men's backs ; and to the great amusement of the crowd, one gentleman, determined to secure his prize, hoisted a small boy over the heads of the people, and in this way the boy procured a ticket. The price of admission was ten shillings, or two dollars. Tho.se who were present at the concei't will remember her rendering of the simplest and most familiar songs. " Comin' through the rye," and " John Anderson, my Jo," were given, although with a slightly foreign accent, with great beauty and simplicity of expression ; but while the air was so familiar, the variations, from the lowest to the highest range of the voice, were such as were never heard in Toronto, and were perfectly indescribable ; and so of all the other numbers on the pro- gramme. THE " SWEDISH NIGHTINGALE " AT WASHINGTON IN 1853. The immense Na-tional Hall was crowded to its utmost capacity, notwithstanding big prices and inclement M'eather. Among the notabilities in the front .seats, were President Fill- more, Daniel Webster, Henry Clay and John Howard Payne. Jenny opened with the " Flute song," her voice contesting rivalry for purity and sweetness with a flute in a duett; then the once famous " Bird song," and next the " Greetinj; to America." The volume of plaudits which followed each piece was emphasized by Mr. Webster, who rose and made the singer a profound bow, as if responding for the country to her greeting. In response to a rapturous encore, Jenny Lind turned in the direction of John Howard Payne, the author of the song, and gave " Home, Sweet Home," with all the wonderful tenderness, 19 Pl^ 282 Toronto " Called Back'' ; i-' si ■' uv m ifii: purity and siuiplicit}'^ fitting both tlie air and the words of the familiar song. Before the first verse of the song was completed, the audience was fairly off" its feet. People ordinarily demon- strative clapped, stamped and shouted as if they were mad, and it really .seemed as if the uproar would never end. Meantime, all eyes were turned upon Payne, a small-sized, gray-haired man, who blushed violently at Hnding himself the cynosure of .so many glances. It was the most thrilling episode in his life. Jenny Lind (Mdme. Goldschmidt) has been importuned by her friends and admirers to appear once more in public. Her voice is said to have lost none of its sweetness, and to retain much of its power. She sings a good deal in private, so that .she has preserved the flexibility of her voice, and the command of it which made her famous in her younger days. She has finally yielded to the solicitations which have been forced upon her, and has consented to re-appear in a concert in London. This event will take place during the .summer season, and is looked forward to with very great pleasure by all nmjical people in the metropolis. MRS. JOHN BEVERLEY ROBINSON AND MRS. J. G. BEARD. Any account of the progress of vocal music in Toronto would be incomplete without the name of Mrs. John Beverley Robin- son, wife of the present Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario. This gifted and accomplished lady, possessing a fine appear- ance and exquisite voice, was ever ready to respond to the call of the citizens on every occasion, on behalf of any charitalile or benevolent enterpri.«e, and her singing always elicited the most hearty applause. The amounts raised by Mrs. Ribinscm's services for these noble objects were very large, amounting to many thousands of dollars ; one excellent institution here, '• The Home for Incurables," having, in IST^, received the sum of $2,000, the result of one of her charitable concerts. Only a comparatively small number of citizens know how much they m From i8yy to 1886. 28 are indebted to this lady for the existence of some of the insti- tutions of our city. Mrs. J. G. Beard also contributed largely to the same objects, especially the Girls' Home. Her services as leading soprano in the choir of St. James' Cathedral, as well as at all such concerts as have been alluded to, are well known to many in Toronto. As amateurs these ladies have never been surpassed, and even by the great artistes who have visited the city, seldom excelled. THE MUSICAL FESTIVAL. To Mr. Torrington is due the conception of establishing a series of musical festivals in Toronto, after the model of those given in England and the United States, and the first of these, wdiich took place on the 15th, IGth and 17th of June, will be memorable in the musical history of Toronto, 'ihc first concert consisted of the opening chorus of God Save the Queen, fol- lowed by Gounod's sacied trilogy. " Mors et Vita ;" tlie second wa.s a miscellaneous concert ; the third %vas Handel's sublime oratorio of " Israel in Egypt," and the fourth the Children's Jubilee and miscellaneous concert, in wdiich 1,200 children took part. The solo performers were as follows : Soprano, Fraulein Lilli Lehmann, Mrs. E. Aline Osgood, Mrs, Gertrude Luther; contralto, Miss Agnes Huntington; tenor, Mr. Albert L. King; baritone, Mr. Max Heinrich ; biss, Mr. D. M. Babcock ; organ, Mr. Fiederic Archer ; piano, Mr. Otto Bendix ; harp, Mme. Josephine Chatterton ; violin, Herr Henri Jacobsen. The festival chorus comprised 1,000 voices, ai\d the orchestra 100 performers. Mr. F. M. Torrington was the musical director. Whatever Mr. Torrington's ambition m ly be in the future, unlesr- some grander compositions appear than Gounod s " Mors et Vita," and Handel's " I.si .1 in Egypt," he can expi-ct no greater success than he has already achieved in the perfor- mance of these great works. The interpretation of the conception of these great composers, and the thorough execution of their great works, is only .second to the compositions themselves, and in the Toronto festival, the i 284 Toron/o " Called Back. I , /i5 masterly manner in which, in every part of light and shade, whether of vocalization or instrumentation, Mr. Torrington ren- dered every word and note in the programme, has placed him in the front rank of musicians. To sum up in one word, the whole festival was perfect in all its parts, and the delighted audiences who had the opportunity of listening will look forward to a repetition of the musical feast with confident anticipation. The best building the city afforded, having been utilized, proved to be most adequate to the occasion. While it would be most desirable that a music hall could be built to accommodate double the number which attended the festival concerts, yet as there is a limit to the powers of the human voice and ear, the whole advantajje was on the side of the buildincj used for these concerts, and of both performers and listener? who were present. It is well known that at the Crystal Palace and other large places, no matter what the number of the performers may be, the outside rim of the 20,000 people who attend do not enjoy the music, from the fact that it is impossible to hear at such a distance. Toronto could afford to have a hall sufficient to accommodate six thousand people, and at prices within the reach of all ; and chorus and orchestra might then be increased in a correspond- ing degree, without loss of the general effect so delightful on the late occasion. The officers of the Musical Festival Association, who so ably carried out the arrangements, were as follows : Geo. Goodei'ham, Honorary President ; S. Nordheimer, President ; J. B. Boustead, J. Herbert Mason, P. Jacobi, Vice-Presidents; James McGee, Treasurer ; Jas. C. McGee, Assistant Treasurer ; John Earls, Honorary Secretary ; Edmond L. Roberts, Secretary ; A. L. Ebbels, Recording Secretary. The festival was successful financially as well as artistically, and refiects the highest credit on all concerned. The musical festival orchestra comprised twenty first violins, fourteen second violins, ten violas, ten cellos, ten double basses, two flutes, one piccolo, two clarionets, two oboes, two bassoons* From iSyy to i8S6. 285 four horns, six cornets, three trombones, two tubas, kettle drums, big drums, side-drums, cymbals, triangle and gong. At the Children's Jubilee a most interesting programme was successfully carried out, several of the celebrated soloists taking part. The children, however, were the chief attraction. When their youthful voices, with pleasing freshness and simplicity, struck the chorus "Hark to the Rolling Drum," the vast assem- blage listened with marked attention, and many a father and mother looked with pride upon their children, whose appearance and behavior reflected much credit on the city. Mr. Torrington, taking the place of Mr. Schuch, next con- ducted them in singing the national song of his own composi- tion, entitled " Canada," the first verse of which runs : — O Canada, fair Canada ! ■ Name ever dear to me ; A home for all who leave the shores Beyond tho bright, blue sea. We love our land, though young it be, Its sunsliine and its storms, Its faces fair, and hearts sincere, Affections strong and warm. We love our land, We love our flag, Beyond all others seen ; God prosper ouv Dominion fair, Our country and our Queen. At a particular part in the closing verse each child suddenly produced a small Union Jack and waved it in the air. The beautiful sight of 1,200 flags, together with the patriotic senti- ment and excellent singing of the song, created the greatest enthusiasm, and the last verse had to be repeated. It was a pretty sight to see 2,400 little hands waving in the air in the action songs, led by Mrs. J. L. Hughes, in illustration of the words being sung at the same time. At the close of the concert the entire chorus joined in God Save the Queen, THE TORONTO VOCAL SOCIETY, Founded last season by Mr. W. S. Haslam, for the practice of glees and unaccompanied part songs, is the latest enterprise. II 286 Toronto " Called Back. TOllONTO CHOKAL SOCIETY. This society was organized in 1879 by Mr. Edward Fisher, and has during, its existence performed many of the greatest works of the great composers, including the principal oratorios, coiiipositims for chorus and orchestra, and solos with orchestral accompaniment. * (I'll i|>t' 4^ THE TORONTO PHILHARMONIC SOCIETY. The principal soloists are Mrs. Bradley, Mrs. (Corlett) Thomp- son, Mrs. Jenkins, Mrs. (Torrington) Parkei-, Miss Hillary, Miss Corlett, Mrs. Caldwell, Mrs. J. B. Baxter, and Messrs. Warring- ton, Blight, Taylor, Curran, Schuch, and Sims Richards. The principal instrumentalists of the Philhnrmonic Society are : Messrs. Bayloy, Jacobsen, R, Cowan, T. Aikenhead, and Mr. Campbell, violins; Mr. Obemer, viola; Messrs. Correll and Daniels, cellos ; Mr. Claxton, bass ; Mr. Young, trombone ; Wt. Williams, tuba, and Mr. C. Reiddy, tynipani. ST. Michael's and st. basil's. ■ In these churches the very highest cla.ss of sacred music is performed, under the direction of Vicar-General Laurent, The grand masses of Mozart and Haydn, the Gregorian Chant, and other works of the great masters are given with splendid eti'oct. Mr. Leniaitre is oi'ganist of St. Michael's, and amongst the soloists in these churches are Mrs. Petley, Miss Bolsier, Mrs. O'Hara, Miss Meyers, Miss Murphy, and Messrs. Ward, Mc- Namara, and jNIcCloskey, with forty chorus singers. In cliurch music the two organs of 1847 have increased to fully one hundred ; and the choirs are now composed of trained voices from the various musical societies. The removal of the regular troops from Toronto by the Eng- lish Government caused the want of a military band for several years, the last being that of the 13th Hussars, under command of Colonel Jennings. That want has been well sup- plied of late years by the splendid bands of the volunteers : the Queen's Own, Mr. Bayley bandmaster, and Royal Grena- From i8yy to 1886. 287 tilers, with Mr. Toulmin, also the Governor-General's Body Guards, and the Garrison Battery of Artillery. Besides the fine hand of " C " Company, Infantry School, which completes the list of military bands, there are the bands of Heintzman & Co., the Massey Manufacturing Co., and Christian Brothers, all of which contribute to the pleasure of the citizens, and show a wonderful development of musical talent in our midst. The Manufacare of Pianos in Toronto. In a work professing to give a sk* tch of the wonderful growth and progress of Toronto, and the development of its manufacturing industries, and also of its present character as a " nnisical city," nothing can be more appropriate than to refer to tho manufacture of musical instrumetits, ami especially of pianos. No better evidence of the advancement of Toronto in wealth, culture, and refinement could be found than in the existence in her midst of extensive establishments for this branch of manufacture, and in the prospect of constantly increasing demand. The specimens forwarded to the Indian and Colonial Exhibition in London must remove every trace of misconception as to the state of society in the (^ueen City of the West, and of Canada in general, and show a state of eiluca- tional refinement that no other class of exhibits could possibly do. HEINTZMAN d- CO. The first piano made in Toronto was mf.nufactured by Mr. John Thomas, about 1847. In 18G0 Mr. T. A. Heintzman, the founder of this firm, removed to Toronto from Buffalo, where he had been engaged in the manufacture of pianos for the pre- vious ten years. First in connection with Mr. Thomas, and then on his own account, he entered energetically into the business, having no competition in the manufacture of pianos for several years. From that time to the present the growth of the business has been marked by steady progress, and during the past few years has .shown an'increase of fifty per cent, every year, and especially in the last ten years, has shown a total increase of 800 per cent. ■; ; i i 288 Toronto " Called Back." The present start" numbers one hundred and forty men, who turn out an average of from twelve to fifteen pianos a week. The perfection to which this firm has brought their instruments is shown in the magnificent specimens now being exhibited at the Indian and Colonial Exhibition. These consist of one "concert grand" fpiano, and one "semi-grand," and five diHier- ent styles of upright pianos. On the grand pianos there are two very important patents. First, the patent bridge, which gives a very brilliant, distinct and beautiful singing quality to the treble notes. Second, the improved action, which makes it less complicated, and less liable to get out of order. The up- right pianos are all constructed in different styles, and the workmanship and designs of the cases are excellent. One is in American blistered walnut, which looks very neat, and another upright is finished in mahogany and satin wood, with carved fretwork. Another smaller upright piano is got up in a very pretty figured French burl walnut, with beautifully carved trusses. Two more of the ordinary stock pianos are finished in rosewood. All the upright pianos have Mr. Heintzman's patent desk, a very complete arrangement for supporting music. Many pro- fessors of music, both in London and elsewhere, have examined these instruments, and pronounce them first-class in every respect. No doubt many of them will find their way into the English and colonial markets. J. E. Adkins, Royal College of Music, London, says : " I can bear testimony to the excellence of Messrs. Heintzman & Co.'s piano, both as regards workmanship and tone." Herr Max Blume, F.S.S., London, from the Conservatory of Music, Leipsic, writes : " Having tried the pianos made by Messrs. Heintzman & Co., at the London and Colonial Exhibi- tion, I must say, without hesitation, that they are, without doubt, to my liking, the finest pianos I have ever tested ; their tone, touch, and mechanicism are perfection, whilst the solidity of their construction and workmanship is the finest I have evr^ seen in the pianoforte making." Henry Wienkowski, f rom the Vienna Conservatory, says: "I From rSjy to 1886. 289 have the most sincere pleasure in sayinj^ that I have never met with a piano I can so confidently recommend for quality of tone and delightful touch, and can really say that it more than surprises me to see that so perfect an instrument is made in Canada. Having travelled through the United States for three years, I had the opportunity of trying the very best American pianos, and gave recitals at Chickering Hall, playing on Stein- way and Weber pianos, and consider the Heintzman piano equal to the very best in the world." The exhibit of pianos has been visited by .several members of the Royal family, including the Crown Princess of Germany, and the Princess Louise, also the ex-Empress Eugenie, all of whom, having tested them personally, have given them unquali- fied praise. Before the Toronto Industrial Exhibition opened, these pianos always took first prize at Provincial Exhibitions, and at the Industrial have carried off first honors, also medals at Centennial in Philadelphia, and Sydney, N. S. W. MASON d- HI SO II. " Triumphant success ! Our pianos are greatly admired for their true tone quality and beauty of design. The Queen, Princess Louise, and other members of the Royal party delighted with them," were the contents of a cable despatch from London to the above firm, on the opening of the Indian and Colonial Exhibition. This exhibit is displayed within a handsome canopy, occupy- ing six hundred square feet of space, and consists of eight pianos. Four are out of the ordinary stock, two being up- rights, one a concert upright, and one a grand. Of the other four it may be said, they are magnificent and beautiful speci- mens of workman.ship : one is a finely polished mahogany grand, supported on elegantly carved leg.s. Around the sides run eleven carved panels, each of a different design. Two other pianos are uprights, one finished in silver and green, the other in gold and olive, both elaborately and delicately carved ^Ml 290 Toronto " Ca//ec^ Bad'." and fretted in metal and wood carvinj^. The last is a polished wahmt upri^^ht of fine finish and tone. The pianos of Mason & Risch are noted For their rich, sympa- thetic, and flute-lil<(( tone (|uality and (hirability. The busi- ness was establisheil in 1871, and assumed tlie present style in 187H, during' whieli time it has steadily increased, till at present one hundred hands are employed in all the branches. From the commencement of the business, the aim of Mason & Risch has been to secure a substantial and endurinj? success by deservin:^ it. The Mason &' Risch " Parlor Grand Pianos," are instruments of tlie hi<:fhesfc artistic excellence. In their develop- ment the best scientilic skill of the tirm has been employed, and in the results attained, it is safe to say that new problems in tone science have been successfully solved. Musicians who have examined the.se instruments are unani- mous in their expressions of praise; the great master, Dr. Franz Li.szt, pronouncing^ them " excellent, ma;Tfriificent, unequalled." As a token of his high appreciation, he had his portrait painted by Baron Joukovsky, son of the renowned Russian author, and personal instructor of the Eniperor Alexander II., and presented to the tirm. This portrait is now in Lontlon in connection with the Piano Exhibit. At the Toronto Exhibition in liS79 the Mason & Risch pianos obtained two special diplomas and the gold medal. From their manifold excellence of tone, touch and workman- ship, the Mason & Risch pianos have received from the highest musical authorities in Europe, United States and Canada, the most unqualified recognition. The Mason & RLsch factory is one of the most extensive in the country, and is complete in every department. It is sup- plied with the best' labor-saving machinery, and with every facility for superior production. The lumber yard is stocked with the best material, which is seasoned for three or four years before being used, and in addition has been subjected to a patent drying process, for the use of which the firm has had a large royalty. ^^:;:^ ! From i8yy to 1886 291 OCT A VI us NEWCOMliE A CO. This firm does nob claim to be one of the pioneers of piano manufactnrinj^' in Toronto, but to have cominencetl operations with all the hi'iiefit of the experience fjained by experiments ma(U' previously in piano buildini^. In LS7I Mr. Newconibe, with two others, established a first-class pianoforte business in Toronto. It was continued with success durinjjf a partnership of seven j'ears, after wluch the Hrni assumed its present style. Beginning in a careful way, with a staff of skilful and experi- enced artisans, their aim was to manufacture a superior class of pinal'ortes, strong, durable, and of true musical quality, that would in time lake the place of the costly American instru- ments, and siipersede the inferior ones, whether of Canadian or foreign nuike. By atloptidg the latest and most approved system of construction, entleavoring to produce oidy the very best grade, and sparing no expense in making any possible improvement, their pianos have gained a position and reputa- tion that has secured for them an increasinu denuind. Their factory is conducted on the principle of a division of labor, the work passing through man} hands before it is com- pleted, each man being required to make his part perfect before it is received by the next, and each department being in charge of an experienced foreman, and all under the supervision of the firm. As their pianos have become known, their merits have been recognized and acknowledged by the musical public. They have been selected by teachers for their own use, and for the severe work of schools, convents and colleges, which is the best evidence of their substantial character, thoroughness aud durabilit}', as well as their superiority in touch and tone. A tone clear and liquid in the treble, mellow and well sustained in the centre, and resonant in the bass, and affording in all the registers a harmony clear and equal, and of that sympathetic nature which, under the hands of an artist, arouses the enthu- siasm of the listener, and demonstrates that the Newcombe pinafortes are unsurpassed in these qualities. At the World's Exhibition in New Orleans, in 1885, a striking 292 Toronto " Called Backr ii'i vPf illustration of this effect occurred in a piano recital by Mrs. Marguerite Samuel, whose great talent as a pianist was recog- nized by all musicians in that city. The programme selected was strictly musical. The vast space of the building did not prevent her Jinesae of execution and delicacy of tenor being immediately apparent to her critical audience. All the num- bers were choice and conscientiously rendered. There was the prayer of Lohengrin, arranged by Liszt, with its orchestral tones and immense difficulties; Weber's Barcarole of Oberon, full of poesy ; the Polonaise of Chopin, brilliant and at the same time thoughtful ; Les deux Alouettes of Lecktizki, a warble of birds in springtime, with fresh perfumes in it of vernal breezes ; the Rondo Capricioso of Mendelssohn, ideally repre- sentative of that composer's dreamy and finished style ; and the " Suis moi " of Gottschalk, so passionately nimble. Here was enough to try not only the best piano, but even the distinguished pianist. Both stood the test victoriously. The '• Newcombe " piano expressed all that was asked : the vigorous sonorities of Wagner, the agility and brilliancy of Liszt, the though tfulness of Chopin, the grace of Weber, the sparkling melody of Lecktizki, the sweetness and polish of Mendelssohn, and the passionate lightness of Gottschalk. The Musical Courier, of New York, says of the Newcombe pianos exhibited at New Orleans: "Toronto is noted lor its advancement in education and musical taste, and has, within the last decade, made remarkable progress in manufactures, and is now the centre of pianoforte industry of Canada. There are a number of piano factories in Toronto making the various styles of these instruments, and doing such a successful business that the importation of instruments from Europe has almost ceased. The enterprise of Messrs. Newcombe & Co., and their confi- dence in the substantial character of their work, is shown by the fact of their placing their pianos where they can be com- pared with the best instruments of United States makers. The style of these pianos indicates a Northern degree of solidity and strength that ensures durability, and they possess From i8yy to 1886. 293 a pleasing symmetry of design at once graceful and appropriate. The woods used in the cases are American wave walnut, and French burl, an agreeable change from rosewood. The actions of these pianos are creditable specimens of material and work- manship, atid give a full round .satisfying tone which is much admired." The Newcombe pianofortes sent to the Exhibition in Lon- don comprise some half-dozen instruments selected from their regular styles. From a musical point of view these pianos are magnificent specimens of skill and industry, and will, no doubt, create as favorable an impression in London as they did at the World's Exposition, New Orleans, 1884-5. In external appear- •snce they are everything that could be desired, evidencing the practical good taste for which the firm has already earned a good reputation. The large grand and small parlor grand arc both in rosewooJ, the latter being an exceedingly pretty model. One upright is chiefly of French burl walnut, relieved with plain walnut, so as to set off the rich coloring and figuring of the natural burl in fine relief. Another upright is in mahogany — a richly-panelled design, some fine emblematical carving in the centre panel, but with a fret running straight across the front of the upper frame ; brass continuous hinges and cande- labra are attached at each side to a fret work of crystals. The design is both unique and elegant to a degree. The other styles are in rosewood and American wave walnut, and are chaste and beautiful in appearance, and perfect in tone and finish. On " awards on musical instruments " at New Orleans, the Times-Democrat says: "The Newcombe Pianoforte heads the list with the first silver medal, and jurors' report of commenda- tion for construction, quality of material, workmanship, even tone throughout the instrument, and general excellence from a musical as well as a mechanical point of view. This is a genuine triumph for the manufacturers, who have not only had to compete with other foreign makers, but with the wealthy and enterprising exhibitors from the great centres of pianoforte manufacture in the United States, New York, Boston and Baltimore." if 294 Toronto '■' Called Back!' m ' > 1 LANSDOWNE PIANO GO. Messrs. A. & S. Nordheimer having acquired sucli liijih reputa- tion for American pianos of the most celebrated makers, for whom they have been the exclusive agents.amongst which are the Chickering, Stodart & Dunham, the Steinvvay, Haines & Gabler, that, notwithstanding the high rate of duty on these instru- ments, their customers being willing to pay the higher prices so as to secure an instrument of first-class quality and excel- lence (some of these pianos having been in use for forty years), still continue to supply these instruments. Nevertheless, to meet the deniand for instruments less expensive, and yet such as they could recommend, they estab- lished the present firm for the purpose, appointing Mr. Ger,fild Heintzman as managing partner, who, from his well-known practical experience as a manufacturer, will co-operate with Messrs. Nordheimer in placing the enterprise in the front rank of the manufactuiinaf industries of Toronto. Tln'ir capital being practically unlimited, and their facilities unsurpassed, a biiglit future is in prospect for the company, and another star in the galaxy of Toronto's manufacturing establishments now shines at the grand display of Indian and Colonial exhibits at Kensington, London. The Lansdowne Piano Co. have sent to the Indian and Colonial Exhibition six instruments. They are all "cabinet grands," and form a magnificent collection, both as regards beauty of finish, and perfection of tune. One of these possesses a hantlsome case, consisting of inlaid work, carving, and other ornamentation in lavish profusion, yet with such exquisite taste and skill that it stands as a perfect gem of workmanship. The other,^ are from the Coinpan3-'s stock of inlaid and polished walnut, and are a credit to the manufacturers and to Toronto. Many musical critics have pronounced these pianos to be without equal in the country, and their superior excellence is atteste W'}. In the days when business nion were thrown together in the Montreal steamers for a couple ov days at a time, the writer has spent pleasant hours in his company, in conversation and chess playing, a game in which he excelled. The glory of his career cul- minated in his coalescence with Hon. John A. Macdonald and the other gentlemen who founded the Confederacy, and the paint- ing now opposite the main entrance to the Parliament Buildings, in commemoration of the great event, and in which the Hon. George Brown is one of the most prominent figures, will perpetuate his name even more than the monument to his memory in the Queen's Park THE MAIL miLi.iN.i. i" Toronto. Wf,' m\ m II The World and News. The World has well supplied a want previously felt, in the shape of a one-cent morning paper, and is remarkable for the full reports of all leading topics, as well as ably written edi- torials, which display a large amount of literary ability and sound common sense, on all questions of the day. The News is the only one-cent paper published both morning and evening, and is fast rising in importance, and shows a rapidly increasing circulation both in and around the city. The Evening Telegram. The Evening Telegram, has for some years past been com- monly recognized by the public as the principal paper in Toronto. It is now in the ninth year of its existence. The first number was issued on the l7th April, 1876, and from that J i& > ^ jfl •h III From iSyy to iS86. l^l time down to the present six editions of it have appeared every afternoon, except on Sundays and liolidays. It was founded by its present proprietor, Air. John Ross Robertson, who had previously been connected with several newspaper enterprises in Toronto, and had acquired a reputation as an energetic and capable man of business. Durin*? the first year of its existence it was issued at two cents. It tilled an acknow- ledged want in local journalism, and met with considerable success from the first. In 1877 the price was reduced to one cent, and the effect was at once apparent in a largely extended circulation, which, from that time forward, grew with rapid strides. Advertising patronage was a necessary accompaniment of increased circulation, and by the tithe the paper had been established three years it had begun to yield a large and lucra- tive revenue from this source. Of late yeans it has been subjected to very keen rivalry, but as a local advertising medium it has fully held its own, and is to-day one of the most profitable newspaper enterprises in Canada. It is read by people of all classes, and is more extensively sold on the streets and in the news stores than any other paper in the city. Its present circulation ranges from 17,000 to 19,000 ; on Saturdays it runs up to 21,000 and 22,000. The Telegram was the first daily paper started in this Province on independent or non- partisan political principles. From the date of its first issue until now it has kept itself entirely untrammelled by party ties, and has always been ready to award its approval or its censure upon considerations of merit alone. Speaking in general terms, its pervading tone is decidedly liberal, but it is in no sense the organ of any hard-and-fast school of politicians, and it criticises both sides vdth the utmost freedom. It has from the first devoted special attention to municipal matters, a feature which has had no slight share in contributing to its very remarkable pecuniary success. It has also been noteworthy for the freshness and comprehensiveness of its local news, in which respect it has generally distanced its larger and older contemporaries. Its editorial notes and articles are light and readable, the writers carefully avoiding the ponderous, unwieldy THE TELEORAM HUILDINU. From i8yy to iSS6. 305 style which mars the effect of so many of the articles in the morning dailies. The Hne building in which the Telegravi\\eiH\in heatlquarters, at the south-west corner of King and Bay Streets, was erectetl expressly for its accommodation. The structure was completed in 1881, and was fitted up with all the latest im- provements, and with little regard to the mere question of expense. The counting-room and the private oftices are the handsome.st for their size of any in Canada, and the private ofhce of Mr. Robertson is considered by connoisseurs the most artistically furni.shed office in the Dominion. Indeed, outside of one or two offices in New York and Philadelphia, there is no office in America that will compare with the j)rivate office of the Telegram. Within its walls there are thousands of dollars' worth of statuary, oil paintings, etchings and bric- a-brac. The etchings of the " Breaking up of the Agamenmon," and "A Lanca-shire River," by the celebrated etcher, Seymour Haden, are gems ; and an oil painting entitled "The old Poli- tician," by Guzzardi, is regarded as one of the finest specimens of that kind of work in the Dominion. This office also con- tains a marble bust entitled " The Coquette," a veiled figure, by Bazzanti, of Florence, which is so perfect that the lines of the face may be seen distinctly through the marble veil. The velvet decorations, and the leaded glass screen which separates the private office from the main office, are highly commendable pieces of work. The furniture is in keeping. The front office is finished in cherry, mahogany,' and Hungarian ash, and the ceiling and cornices, in plaster, are so finished in detail and design, that they attract the attention of not only those who are interested in that kind of work, but the thousands of visitors who yearly visit the office to inspect its contents. The Telegram is printed on a Scott Webb Perfecting Press, which has capacity for printing from 25,000 to 30,000 impressions per .hour. The appointments of the esti- ^ii-shment are fully com- mensurate with the spirit of enterprise which characterizes the general management. The editorial department is, beyond comparison, the most comfortable to be found in the city. The ?o6 Toronto " Called Back'' library and chief editor's room are artistically furnished, and no expense has been spared to render them pleasant for the gentle- men who occupy them. Of the business of the Telegram it is almost unnecessary to write. It is not an unusual thing of a Saturday to see sixteen to eighteen columns of the paper occu- pied by small type advertisements, varying from one to three lines each. The returns from this source are considerable, and it has been stated that they average over one hundred dollars a day which is certainly a large amount for a paper published in Toronto. Take it all for all, the Evening Telegram is an honorable monument to the energy and enterprise of its pro- prietor. The " Christian Guardian " and Methodist Book and Publishing House. The Christian Guardian, the chief paper of the Methodist Church in Canada for many years, and now the sole organ of United Methodism in Ontario, Quebec, the Northwest, and B.itish Columbia, was started in the fall of 1829. Its first editor was the late Dr Egerton Ryerson. In 1879 the present editor. Dr. Dewart, issued a jubilee number, for whicli Dr. Ryerson wrote an article, giving an account of the origin of the paper. He took the long and toilful journey to New York to obtain printing material, spending six days and nights between Lewiston and New York. The first number of the paper was issued on November 22, 1829. During these early years the Guardian did valiant battle for equal religious rights and privileges. Dr. Ryerson was editor for nearly nine years with some breaks, which were filled by Revs. James Richardson, Franklin Metcalf , and Ephraim Evans. In the earlier years of the Guardian, before the establishment of the political papers that have since become famous, it was a leading organ of public opinion in a greater degree than since it has become more strictly a religious paper. During its whole course it has vigorously contended for all moral and social reforms, as well as defended the doctrines and usages of From iSyy to iS86, 307 Methodism. Of the editors which succeeded those already named the Rev. Jonathan Scott was in office four years ; the Rev. Geo. F. Playter two years ; tlie B.ev. G. R. Sanderson five years ; the Rev. James Spencer nine years ; the Rev. Dr. Jett'ers nine years ; the Rev. Dr. Dewart, at the present date (1886), has been in office seventeen years. REV. EUEKTON RYERSON, D.I). The Wesleyan Book Room was begun at the same time as the publication of the Guardian. The publication office was on " March Street, north of the new court-house." It was after- ward removed to the present stand on King Street East. At first it was a small bookstore doing a very limited business. But it has steadily grown, till it has become an extensive pub- 3o8 Toronto " Called Back." l! Lk. lishing house. It probably publishes a larger number of books and other publications than any other house in Canada. It gives employment to over one hundred fifty hands ; and does a great deal to supply both Methodists and others with whole- some religious literature. The present Book Steward, Eev. William Briggs, D.D., has done much to extend the business. Free Library. The good the Free Library is accomplishing in informing and brightening the life of large masses of people should make its operations welcome. The growth of the Toronto Library, owing to its efficient management, has been steady and onward, and its future seems bright and assured. The increasing rate of its book circulation is very marked, and the inter taken by its promoters, is manifested in a practical wa^ Ly a hand- some addition to the reference department in the shape of a donation of some 2,000 volumes, the valuable private collection of Mr. John Hal lam, of this city. It may be hoped that others will follow his example, and multiply the resources and attrac- tions of the Public Library until it becomes the pride of Toronto. The largest private library in the city is that of Professor Goldwin Smith. The Ontario Parliament Library ranks first in importance amongst those of a public character, and con- tains 25,000 volumes. Next conges Osgoode Hall with 20,000 volumes, chiefly on Ifgt.I subjects. The University Library i.- in every way worthy of that splendid institution, and occuj^i one of its handsomest rooms. The Canadian Institute has 4,000 volumes ; Normal School, 5,000 ; Free Library, 38,000 ; Trinity College also possesses a la:'ge library which is steadily increasing. There are seventy- two newspapers and periodicals published in Toronto. The five daily papers are the Globe, Mail, Telegram, World and News. These are all published every morning, except the Telegram, which contiimes as it commenced, as an evening paper As .such it is, perhaps, both as to its popularity and circiil ''on, without an equal in any city of the size of Toronto in the world. From i8yy to 1886. 309 King Street in 1886. In every city there is some street which is the special resort of ladies for promenading and shopping. HerPi strangers and visitors first receive their impressions of the wealth and taste of the citizens, and in reporting their opinions to their friends, the effect will be favorable or otherwise just as they are struck with the elegance of the shops and the richness of the goods displayed. King Street, Toronto, has long been known to travellers as the centre of attraction, but the tourist of 1886, in describing the splendid plate glass fronts of immense establishments especially in the dry goods trade, would completely cast in the shade all previous descriptions. To illustrate the subject of Toronto's growth and progress, two of the King Street stores are selected, and the first is that of MESSRS. ROBERT WALKER d- SOXS. as being the oldest established house in the trade. While scores, if not hundreds, of dry goods stores on King Street have either changed their entire form, or failed, as the writer knows by experience and losses, there is only one which can date its existence back to 1847, when this sketch commences. The firm of Walker & ^Sons was originally established in 1836 by the late Mr. Robert Walker, and in 1847 the firm was Walker & Hutchinson. In that year two stone-fronted buildings, the first in the city, were erected by Mr. Peter Paterson and Mr. Walker^ at a cost of S30,000. In 1867 Mr. Walker acquired the whole site, pulled the two buildings down and erected the present magnificent building, at a cost of $.50,000, and since that time it has been enlarged and increased to its present immense pro- portions. Every visitor to the city is at once struck with the imposing appearance of this establishment, which is, indeed, an ornament to the city, and a self-evident proof of its wonderful progress and advancement. The front of the building is of ornamented cut stone, surmounted by a large figure of a lion, 3IO Toronto "Called Back!' the trade mark of the firm. For the first thirty feet the front of the structure is entirely composed of plate glass, running from the sidewalk up to a massive ornamental iron girder* extending the entire width of the building. The windows and doorway contain over 1,500 square feet of glass. The interior is beautifully finished, and in addition to the front, light is supplied still further from an ornamental dome, which adds greatly to the general effect. The premises extend to Colborne Street, where there is another entrance, and altogether it maybe said to be the finest retail dry goods and clothing house in the Dominion. The taff consists of nearly one hundred salesmen, cashiers and bookkeepers, and the average stock amounts to about a quarter of a million dollars. In 1847 this firm and Mr. Peter Paterson were the only retail importers in Toronto. The business is conducted on the departmental system, and the European markets are visited semi-annually by one of the firm, their immense capital giving unsurpassed advantages in purchasing direct from the manu- facturers. While King Street has always had the reputation of possess- ing the finest shops, as London has Regent Street, New York its Broadway, Boston its Washington Street, and Chicago its State Street, there are in each of these certain houses distin- guished as the leaders of fashion and as caterers to the highest taste. The house of W. A. MURRA Y .f- GO. may, in this respect, be considered as the "Swan & Edgars," or " Marshall & Snelgrove.s," of Toronto, as in this splendid estab- lishment may be found the richest classes of goods, to meet the requirements of the most refined and wealthy or the most fa.shionable. From the " layettes," to the " trousseaux," for wedding or christening, ball or opera, every want can be sup- plied by " modistes," " costumieres," and " coiffeures," not ex- celled by Mr. Worth himself. So perfect are the arrangements Front iSy"/ to 1886. 11 in every department, that a special room is provided, where may be seen, by artificial light, the effect of shades for evening dresses, at any hour of the day. The senior partner, Mr. W. A. Murray, having graduated in some of the large houses in Britain, two of which are already described, and having been a buyer in 1854, when the present business was established, brought to Canada all the experience and judgment already acquired; and, devoting all his attention to the buying department since that time, by continuous visits to the Britisli and foreign markets has not only kept abreast of the fashions, but has h'ad the advantage of leading them in Toronto by anticipating the styles and designs in course of pre- paration for the coming season. The fact of Mr. Murray having cros.sed the Atlantic this season for the one hundred and twenty-fifth time, is a sure guarantee of the experience he brings to bear on this depart- ment of the business. The splendid plate glass front of this establishment extends from 17 to 27 King Street East, and liere are displayed the finest productions of British and continental manufac- tures. The interior arrangements are simply perfect in every detail, the departments being so connected that each harmonizes with the other, and the light has been studied with such artistic skill as to be adapted to each class of goods, advantageous alike to the buyer and seller. Every article in woollen and linen drapery, silks, ho.siery, lace good.s, haberdashery, house furnishings, including the finest curtain materials, millinery and mantles, is to be found in this well-regulated establishment. The staff consists of about on« hundred salesmen, besides cashiers and bookkeepers, and from one hundred to two hundred workwomen are employed, according to the sea.son, in the dress- making and millinery departments. Mr. John Drynan, a member of the firm, has the general management, and Toronto may well take a pride in this, as a repre.sentative house in its line, of the wonderful growth and progress that are still going on. 12 Toronto " Called Back.'' The Art of Pottery. While other arts, as painting and sculpture, have been culti- vated to please the taste and delight the eye, the art of making vessels oi' earthenware for domestic use, and in particular of turning them into shape on a wheel, is of very remote antiquity, and was undoubtedly suggested by the instinct of necessity. In Egypt, all the processes of mixing the clay, of turning, baking, and polishing vessels and vases, are represented in the tombs of Thebes and Beni Hassan, and to-day may be seen in the potteries of Staffordshire — as witnessed by the writer in his frequent visits to the pottery district — the same kind of wheel, and the potter moulding the clay into beautiful shapes of great variety by his manipulation while the wheel revolves. No art has a more wonderful record of self-sacriticing and heroic per- severance and endurance in experiment, nor more wonderful success in discovery in bringing it to its present perfection, than the art of pottery. The Palissy's, Wedgewoods and others, by their chemical re- search have produced the variety of enamelled and variegated ware which rival in beauty the finest china, which, accord- ing to Chinese chronology, has been made in that country for thousands of years. In Chelsea, porcelain was made so beautiful that George II. bestowed the light of his countenance upon it, and it became all the rage ; one service was purchased by the King for £1,200. Then comes the Wedgewood ware, manufactured by the Wedge wood's, of Burslem (a place well remembered by the writer as having spent the coldest night of his life there), — at first, tableware, dense, durable, well glazed and cheap ; then the Queen's ware ; then terra cotta, a kind of pottery in which Wedgewood was enabled to imitate porphyry, granite, Egyp- tian pebble, and other beautiful stones ; then basalt, or black ware ; then white porcelain biscuit, having a smooth wax-like appearance ; then jasper, or white porcelainic biscuit, of exqui- site delicacy and beauty. But although the Chelsea and Wedgewood ware were both From 1S77 to 1886. 313 beautiful, and are now sought out bj' connoisseurs, — as much as five guineas a piece for dessert plates, and twenty-five guineas for a couple of tea cups having been paid, — it was a West-of- England man who discovered the clay in Cornwall from which the pure porcelain is made, and the clay is largely shipped to StaflTordshire to be manufactured. The discoveiT of felspar, at Belleek, County Donegal, Ire- land (only celebrated before for the catch of eels), led to the establishment of the pottery there, and the most beautiful ware is produced Hand-painted dishes were shown to the writer when visiting this establishment (just six miles from the Atlantic coast), the prices of which were from twenty to fifty guineas each ; the painting being done by first-class artists. The terra cotta ware at Torquay, in Devon, is very beautiful and fashionable, as are also the Royal Worcester and Royal Derby ware, placing the English manufactures high up in the scale of pottery, as seen at Kensington and other places, where the largest collection of the productions of all countries are on permanent exhibition. To add one more to the list of enter- prises in Ireland, the Vodrian ware, manufactured in Dublin, deserves special notice, being awarded the first prize medal at Cork Exhibition, in 1883. MR. GLOVER HARRISON, of the China Hall, King Street, has foi the past twenty-five years made this art his study, and in catering for the citizens of Toronto has done much to educate the taste of the people in this branch of trade, combining the useful with the orna- mental more than in any other department; while on the other hand his efforts have been appreciated by all classes, from the highesi, who have expended their wealth in furnishing and decorating their hou.ses (showing as much as in anything else the wonderful progress of Toronto), down to the humblest, who have suited them.selves in ever}- article necessary for com- fort and convenience. Mr. Harrison visits all these sources of production periodically, including Limoges and Sevres in France, and Dresden, in Germany. A visit to his galleries of art 21 r^i 314 Toronto ''Called Back." treasures will be found exceedinjrly interesting and instructive and everything in glass, as well as earthenware, to furnish the mansion, hotel, or cottage, will be found in endless variety and beauty. New Buildings Approaching Completion. Bank of Montreal, College of Pharmacy, Manning's Arcade, Orange Hall. Buildings Proposed to be Erected this Year. Young Men's Christian Association Building, St. Alban's Cathedral, St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, Sherbourne Street Methodist Church, Parliament Buildings, Court House, Quebec Bank. The Manning Arcade is of the Italian Renaissance style, ornamented with polished granite pillars, and sculptured emblematic figures, two being caryatides supporting entablatures on each side, and one male figure in the centre representing Laboi', which add much to the beauty of the design. To form a perfect arcade, it will be extended to the north, and is an ornament to King sti*eet. New Bank of Montreal. This beautiful building illustrates in a remarkable manner the progress of architecture in the city. The material is Ohio stone, and the style of the composite order of architecture, in which the Corinthian largely predomi- nates, and is the most ornate of all classical styles. The Cor- inthian is the most elaborate of all Grecian orders. The merit of its invention is ascribed to Callimachus, a celebrated sculptor of Athens, about 540 B.C. He is said to have taken the idea from observing the leaves of the acanthus, growing round a basket which had been placed with some favorite trinkets upon the grave of a young Corinthian lady — the stalks which rose *jf , . m From i8yy to i8S6. 315 among the leaves having been formed into slender volutes by a square tile which covered the basket. The capital is larger and more ornamental than in the other orders, spreading in the form of a basket, and commingling the richest and lightest vegetation with the decorations of previous orders. The pilasters of the Bank of Montreal are richly sculptured, the designs, surmounted by mask heads, emblematic of various subjects. On the south are : (1) Commerce, (2) Music, (8) Archi- tecture, (4) Agriculture. On the east front are: (1) Industry, (2) Science, (3) Literature, (4) Arts ; and over the main entrance are the arms of the Bank of Montreal. This splendid work has been executed by Messi's. Holbrook & Mollington, architectural sculptors, who aiso performed the fine work on the Custom House. Messrs. Darling & Currie are the architects. The interior will be superbly finished in stucco, and being one complete room, with dome light, will present a magnificent appearance. Toronto Post Office in 1886. No greater evidence of the growth and the expansion of the commerce of Toronto can be given than by a comparison of the business of the Post Office Department during the period covered by the present sketch. When the present office of the Receiver-General, on Toronto Street was built for a new post office, none but the most san- guine doubted its capacity for all its requirements for many years to come, but while it was still a comparatively new build- ing it was soon found to be quite inadequate to the rapidly- growing business of the city, and in 1873 the present beautiful structure was erected. A more suitable situation could not have been chosen than that on which it stands, surrounded, as it is, by buildings in every way worthy of the neighbourhood, and in close proximity to the business portion of the city. The building is of three stories, faced with cut stone, elabo- 3i6 Toronto ''Called Back'' rately onminented, and the internal arranj^'ements are admirably adapted to the never-ceasinf]^ business transacted. A side door at the western end of the building leads, by a handsome staircase, to the offices of Mr. M. Sweetnam, the Post Office Inspector, and his assistant and other officials. The present staff consists of Mr. Thos. 0. Patteson, post- master ; Mr. John Carruthers, assistant-postmaster ; 5 tirst-clas8 12 second-class, and 49 third-class clerks. There are 74 letter carriers, 3 caretakers, and 7 porters ; 95 street letter boxes, and .S branch po.st offices. Through the politeness of the postmaster the following sta- tistics are given for the year ended 31st December, 1885 : Amount of money orders issued $1509,203 Amount of money orders paid 1,35(),1G3 Number of orders paid 80,086 . Amount of deposits in Post Office Savings Bank 8495, 304 Amount of postage stami^s sold 228,751 Number of letters delivered by letter carriers, exclusive of box holders and general deliver}' 7,937,401 : ■ Number of letters posted 11,288,(>80 Number of post cards posted 3,328,260 In the month of February no less than nineteen English mails were despatched from Toronto — fifteen via New York and four v'm Halifax — and this in twentj'-four working days, and in March, April, and May about twenty each month ; so that a daily mail to England from Toronto may be looked for in the nen,r future. Toronto as a Place of Residence. • If the city possesses all the advantages to which reference has been made, it will be admitted that no element in the con- stitution of a great city is wanting. The capitalist who would invest money to advantage can here find a promising field for enterprise. There is also plenty of room for more manufactur- ing industries. The man of leisui^e, with fixed income, may find in Toronto a TOKONTO VOHT OFFICE. 3i8 Toronto " Called Back^ -T 1 deliglitful lioine, and live just as liis means may allow, even to the enjoyment of luxury. The mechanic and tradesman can, by industry and economy, secure a comfortable home on easy tern)s, and in Toronto every reasonable wish may be gratified, and the new settler find a welcome to any class of society which may be congenial to his taste. Governors-General of Canada since 1847. Earl of Elgin, Sir Edmund Head, Lord Monck, Sir John Young (Lord Lisgar), Earl of Uufterin, Marquis of Lome, and Marquis of Lansdowne. Lieutenant-Governors of Ontario. Major-General Stisted, Sir W. P. Howland, Hon. John Craw- ford, Hon. D. A. Macdonald, and Hon. John Beverley Robinson. Mayors of Toronto. William Lyon Mackenzie, R. B. Sulli' George Gurnctt, John Powell, George Munro, Henry Sher> , William Henry Boulton, John G. Bowes, Joshua G. Beard, John Beverley Rob- inson, G. W. Allan, John Hutchinson, David B. Reid, Adam Wilson, Francis H. Medcalf, James E. Smith, S. B. Harman, George D'Arcy Boulton, Joseph Sheard, Alexander Manning Angus Morrison, James Beaty, jun., W. B. McMurrich, Arthur R. Boswell, Alexander Manning, W. H. Howland. Extent of City- Total number of miles of streets, one hundred and sixty-six ; of which forty miles are cedar blocked, ten miles are cedar and gravel, fifty-four miles are macadamized, and the remainder graded or unimproved. Miles of sidewalks, two hundred and fifty. The work of substituting stone and other material in place of wood has commenced, and the experiment of grano- lithic versus stone will soon be tested on King Street. The stone now used is quarried in Pelee Lsland, and is consequently cheaper than imported stone. If block's sufficient to extend the whole width of the sidewalk could be procured in Canada it would be found the most durable. From iSyy to iSS6. 3»9 Toronto Street Railway Company. Those who are awiuainted with I'hihidelphia know that with its popuhition of nearly three-quarters of a million, there are no tenement houses of four to eij^ht stories, in which a number of families are crowded tof^ether, with the terrible lisk from fire. Covering more fjround than New York, it atlbrds space on which every family can have a home, and this is almost entirely due to the street car service afFordinf^ easy access to the farthest limits of the city, and around Fairmount Park, with its J},000 acres, and to the manufacturing suburbs of Germantown. Applj'ing this to Toronto, it must be admitted that the spread and expansion of the city has been in proportioi to the exten- sion of the street car service, and the increase in the value of property in the suburbs is due to the same c iU.s<-. No city in America can boii4 of a more efficient street car service than that furnished ly the Toronto Street Railway Company, and nothing but very large capital and enterprise could have brought it to its present state of efficiency. To interrupt this traffic would be to throw Toronto back to the "jolting" times of a quarter of a century ago, and reduce the value of property in all th.e distant portions of the city. A company which has contributed so much to the health, comfort and convenience of the citizens, and to the enhance- ment of the value of property in and around the city, as well as giving employment to such a large number of men, must be regarded as public benefactors, and are fully entitled to every financial benefit that may accrue from their enterprise while lawfully and justly carried on. The Conipany owns sixty miles of track, and employs three hundred and seventy-five men. The number of hor.ses in the service is seven hundred and fifty, number of cars one hundred and sixty-five sleighs and oumi buses one hundred and sixty. The value of the buildings erected by the Company is about $250,000, with others in course of erection. The entire stock of the Company is owned by Hon. Frank Smith and Mr. R. M. Keiley. 120 Toronto " Called Back. Street Traffic. There is no city of the size of Toronto, in Great Britain or America, which shows so extensive street traffic, as the writer knows from personal observation. Havin<^ said this, the rest of the world might be included. This arises chiefly from the position Toronto occupies as the great ilistributing centre of the Dominion, The receiving and shipping of imported and n\anufactured goods, which are sent to every point from Hali- fax to Vancouver — the representatives of Toronto houses now regularly visiting the whole of this immense field — have created this wonderful amount of business traffic on our streets, evi- dencing the solid and substantial progress the city has made in a comparatively short time. Had our Rip Van Winkle, instead of coming from Holland, been accjuainted with the topography of London, and in some day during the week of the Industrial Exhibition " waked up " from his long sle<^p, at the Dominion Bank (leaving out the powdered wigs, plush breeches, silk stockings, and gold-headed sticks of the footmen, and throwing in continuous lines of street cars), he might naturally fancy himself at Oxford Circus, with Oxford Street stretching away at one side, and the Regent Street Quadrant at the other ; or should a '• block " occur, as in the case of some procession, might imagine he was standing .somewhere between the Bank of England, the Royal Exchange . and the Mansion House ; and as to the wholesale trade, if at the corner of Scott and Front Streets, might imagine himself in St. Paul's Churchyard, with " view from Ludgate Hill on the west, to New Cannon Street on the east, where are to be seen the finest specimens of warehouse architecture in London Returning to Yonge and King Streets, he would find car- riages of every style, private and public, including phsetons, broughams, waggons, coupes, market carts, dog carts, rocka- ways, pony carriages and hansoms in endless variety, also drays, lorries, merchants', manufacturers', express, and tradesmen's delivery wagons, — all producing a scene of bu.stle and activity only to be witnessed in a great and prosperous city, and showing a marvellous contrast with the appearance of the streets in 1847' From i8yy to 1886. 321 ith The Model Wholesale Dry Goods Warehouse of the Dominion. It is no disparagement of other large wholesale importing dry goods houses, of which Toronto is so justly proud, and to which much of the description that may be given will apply, to select one as par excellence the model house of the Dominion; and if a knowledge of its history from the commencement fur- nishes a qualification for the work, the writer can safely under- take it. Having had the pleasure of knowing Mr. John Macdonald before he commenced business, and having been our best customer for the two years he remained in the retail trade, I had an opportunity of witnessing the success of his first venture. His rare judgment as a buyer, and carefulness as a financier, gave him, from the very first, a sound position, resulting in a decision to seek a wider field for his enterprise. The " pent up " confines of a retail store did not afford scope for his ambition, and while becoming parties to the transfer of his business, it was with regret we lost a customer who had, in additioii to meeting every engagement, promptly and honorably acquired sufficient capital to embark in the wholesale importing trade. On his first visit to Britain his arrangements were made on such a solid basis as to be a guarantee of the success which followed. Tlu system of buying from large general houses had prevailed almost entirely in Canada and the Maritime Provinces, and this Mr. Macdonald, at the very outset, avoided. He saw no reason why he .should not go to the fountain-head of supply, and give his customers the benefit of the intermediate profits previously enjoyed by these large houses in London, Glasgow and Manchester, and whatever commission he paid for his introduction to manufacturers was more than made up by cash discounts. The saying that "goods well bought are half sold" was in this instance soon verified. Taking Mr. Lyle asa junior partner and buyer, with goods purchased on such advantageous terms. JOHN MACDONALD & CO.'S WAHEHOUSE. From iSyy to 1886. 323 the firm had no occasion to " push trade," but, as Mr. Macdonald at the time I'emarked to the writer, he " would wait Tor cus- tomers to come, and then dictate his own terms," or in other words, "the goods would sell themselves." On the retirement of Mr. Lyie from the firm, and his depar- ture for Africa, where he is now doing a lucrative trade in ostriches and coffee, the facilities afforded by the bonding system through the United States led Messrs. Macdonald & Co. to introduce the system of having a resident buyer in Europe and by weekly .shipments afford merchants an opportunity of as,sorting their stocks from time to time, thereby precluding the necessity of laying in a stock for the whole season, as had hitherto been the rule, and also .saving a large amount of interest and the accumulation of bad stock. This formed another element in the rapid growth and exten- sion of the business, as buyers were attracted froui all parts to select from the weekly arrivals. From that time to the present, the business has been marked with uninterrupted prosperity, and has attained to a magnitude unequalled in the Dominion, and a fame co-extensive with the great inter-oceanic highway, now successfully completed from the Atlantic to the Pacific. If a visitor to New York wants to see a grand business and splendid system, he fimls his way to A. T, Stewart & Co., or H- B. Chafhn & Co.; if in London, he will go to Cook, Sons & Co., St. Paul's Churchyard, the Fore St. Warehouse Co., or J. i^ R. Morley's ; if in Manchester, he will vLsit Rylands & Sons, Bannerman's, or Philips's ; and so in Toronto he will be directed to the house of John Macdonald & Co. The situation of the warehou.se is quite unique having equally fine frontages on Wellington Street, Nos. 21-27, and on Front Street, Nos. 28-34. The building, which is six stories in height, is massive and plainly elegant, and in every respect adapted for the business. The light is perfect, both from the north and south, with addi- tional advantages in this respect from the west side, thus atford- ing buyers the greate.st facility for in.specting the stock, while the arrangements for the display of goods, affording perfect access to each section, make it easy and pleasant. 324 Toronto " Called Back.'' To most people visiting an establishment of this kind, their ideas are influenced either as consumers, who look upon these goods as supplying one of the great wants of mankind, or as producers, who are interested in the sale of the goods, and wish for more orders, while to the buyer the chief consideration is as to how much profit he could make out of such or such a lot of goods. To anj'one who has had connection with the home markets and manufacturing districts, his associations immediately con- nect him with the sources of supply, and as every article, from a pin or needle to the finest productions of the looms of Lyons or Nottingham, has a history which would in itself form an interesting paper, he cannot resist the impression made on his mind of the immense influence which a great distributing centre such as this, between the producers and the consumers, must necessarily have on the thousands who are dependent not only for the comforts but the necessaries of life on the success of such a business. All through the process of manufacture, from the inventor to the designer, and then through the manufac- turer and shipper, till the retail merchant and consumer are reached, what vast interests are concerned in the manajjement of such an enterprise on both sides of the Atlantic ! What buyer, who has taken a run through soTne of the large manufactories of Lancashire or Yorkshire, and conversed with some of the humble yet intelligent operatives, has not been asked whether he had brousrht jjood orders from Canada, and has *iot seen their faces brighten up if he could give an encour- aging answer ? While they have the world for a market, they know more of Canada and Australia than of any other country. The aim of the tirm throughout has been to systematize the business after the model of flrst-elass British houses, and to accomplish this successfully the departmental system has been most efficiently adopted and carried out. To give to each buyer the entire management of his own department, and throw on him the responsibility, is the principle which has been found to work so successfully in all the British warehouses, and Messrs. Macdonald & Co.'s business has been From iSy.'/ to i8S6. 325 no exception to the rule. The business is divided into depart- ments, from the entering room to the warehouse and counting- house, each having a recognized head, and the discretionarj- power afforded furnishes a motive to excel which no other principle could effect. To attempt a detailed account of the working of the business would far exceed the limits of these pages, and nothing beyond a cursory glance can be given. There are six principal depart- ments, which, with their subdivisions, are as follows : — Staples. — Prints and general Manchester goods, flannels and blankets, linens and jute goods. Dress Goods. — Hosiery and gloves, ribbons and corsets, gonts' furnishings. Mantles and Shawls. — Silks, satin.s, crapes, laces, muslins, and embroideries, British and German knitted goods. Woollens. — Canadian tweeds, imported woollens, rubber goods. Haberdashery. — Wools and wool work, British and foreign fancy goods, Japanese and papier mache goods. Carpets and Oil Cloths. — Brussels and tapestries, supers and three-ply carpets, Dutch and hemp carpets, upholsterers' goods, raw silk and jute coverings, damasks, rep.s, ferries, plushes, piano and furniture felts, etc. These six departments are managed by experienced buyers, who visit the markets periodically, making the home office in Manchester their rendezvous, and where orders are sent between seasons to the resident Imyers. A reference to the chapter on 'buying in Europe" will show the ground to be gone over by these gentlemen in making their purchases, and, in addition to this, large orders are placed for goods manufactured in other countries, as China and Japan, which are not visited. The firm employs thirteen travellers, extending their opei-a- tions from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and altogether the staff comprises about 100 in all departments. Mr. Paul Campbell has the entire management of the finan- cial and general conduct of the business. 326 Toronto " Called Back!' Corsets. Whatever may be tlie opinion as to the use of corsets, from a hyj^ienic point of view, whether as improvers or supporters of " the female form divine," it is certain that the trade is one of vast proportions, and perhaps with the exception of Japan and some barbarous or semi-civilized nations, the corset is considered as an indispensable part of female attire in every country. Germany, France, Great Britain, the United States, and Canada give employment to thousands of girls in this suitable and appropriate branch of industry. THE TELFEH AND HAROLD MANUFACrURINO CO. of this city is selected for special notice as an evidence of the progress of the city in this branch of manufactures, in giving employment to a large number of operatives, and as being devoted exclusively to the manufacturing for the wholesale trade of the Dominion, no goods being sold to the retail trade. The premises occupied by this firm were built especially for them, having every appointment and arrangement for the car- rying on of the business in the most convenient manner, and for the comfort of the employees. The writer, who for several years represented in America the leading corset manufacturers of England, had much pleasure in inspecting the various processes through which these goods pass, in the establishment of Messrs. Telfer & Harold, and found the division of labor so perfectly carried out, and the machinery so complete, as to reduce the cost of production to a minimum. The insertion of eyelets by a machine is done so rapidly as to be well worth a visit, and all through the various stages to the fine embroidery work, which is a marvel of skill and taste, every arrangement is perfect and the best talent employed. The firm has agents in Victoria, B.C., Winnipeg, Man., Mon- treal, and Halifax. The Lace and Embroidery Trade. Having been the first exclusive importer of these goods in Toronto, and having had an intimate acquaintance with the From iSjj to 1886. 327 trade for twenty-five years, the writer has pleasure in notic- ing the establishment of the firm of WHITE, JOSELIN ,t- CO. who are at present, and have for many years been the only exclusive importers of these goods in the wholesale trade in the Dominion. The enormous capital required to pay designers who are con- stantly employed to produce novelties to meet the insatiable demands of fashion and trade, aud the necessity of a large export trade such as England has to all the markets of the world, renders it probable that in this branch of trade Canada must continue to import for many years to come. Even the United States, with its immense population, cannot in this particular manufacture compete with Nottingham, only one factory of lace curtains having so far attempted the production of lace goods. Lace is not a describable article. Malines has long been famous for a lace coarser and stronger than that of Brussels. Mechlin lace, properly so called, has been surpassed by that of Nottingham. Malines lace is made on a cushion with a battalion of pins stuck into it. Each young worker has two small knobby sticks in her hand, to which are attached shining white threads, and with these she manoeuvres among the pins with a rapidity that is surprising. Thread by thread the delicate fabric progresses to its completion. All this work is done by the girls in their own homes, there being no manufactory. In contrast with this is the Jacquard loom, which is a most wonderful piece of mechanism. The patterns of Nottingham lace being registered, each manufacturer jealously guards against any infringement of his designs ; and yet a single thread of difference may be suffi- cient to evade the penalty of infringement. A case occurred some years ago where a suit was entered for infringement, and before a decision could be given, a lawyer was commissioned to go from London to Nottingham to see the pattern actually produced on the loom. 328 Toronto " Called Back. \ % The extent of the trade may be measured in millions of yards. France and Be' lum supply hand-made pillow lace, as do the English counties of Buckingham, Hertford, Nottingham, and Devon. Limeiick, in Ireland, was long celebrated for her lace, which was brought to such perfection that a pair of gloves, enclosed in a silver-mounted and clasped walnut shell, was a usual and veryacceptable present, but the great trade at this time is in machine lace from Nottingham, Honiton and Tiverton. The embroider}^ trade has also changed its seat. Formerly thousands of females in Ireland and Scotland found employ- ment in what was called "sprigging" muslin, but at present the trade is almost exclusively carried on by machinery in Switzerhind, and from these sources of supply Messrs. White* Joselin& Co., who visit the markets regularly, import their goods, which are distributed from Toronto all over the Dominion. The spacious warehouse occupied by the firm contains four extensive floors, to which access is had by an elevator, and all are fully stocked with complete lines of the various manufac- tures of Great Britain, France, Belgium and Switzerland, com- prising the greatest novelties in f.he trade. The senior partner, Mr. White, has brought an experience of 25 years to the successful carrying on of the business, and is ably supported by the Messrs. Joselin Brothers. In addition to the lace and embroideiy trade, the handker- chief department is made very attractive in every class adapted to the ladies' trade. Yonge Street in 1886. If the writer on the Montreal Canadian Illustrated News in 1871 , who spoke of the " great gulf " between the frequenters of King and Yonge Streets, the latter, according to his state- ment, being the resort of the " middle class and the beggar,' were to make such a statement in 1886, he would deserve to be tarred and feathered. The rapid progress made on Yonge Street as a business thoroughfare has already placed it on an equal footing with the aristocratic King, and the carriages to From iSjy to 1886. 329 be seen any day lining this street, testify to the high class of trade it has secured. By way of contrast with the time of the first dry goods store in 1849, aTnongst a number of splendid shops which now attract crowds of customers, one is selected as illustrative of our sub- ject, and in accordance with the principle laid down in reference especially to Toronto as an importing centre. The building known as Page's Block, erected by the late John Hillyard Cameron, was considered the finest block of retail stores in the city. MKSSRS. T. EA TON ,<• GO. having built up a large business at the corner of Queen Street, sought to extend it, and for this object secured the stores where their present building now stands. When Mr. Eaton commenced pulling down the fine front of the building, people were amazed at what appeared to be folly and destruction, but when the present front, with its splendid plate glass windows and lofty floors, made its appearance, their wonder was turned to admiration, and a splendid addition had been made to the palatial stores of Toronto. The internal arrangements are complete in every respect. Thirty-five departments, embracing not only everything belong- ing to the dry goods trade, including carpets, millinery, and house furnishing goods, but also various classes goods a little distinct from the regular branches (as is the custom of the mam- moth establishments in Britain to add boots and shoes, perfum- ery, toilet and fancy articles to the stock of drapery goods), are all managed with perfect system and discipline. Whoever would have predicted in 1847, when there was not a single dry goods house on Yonge Street, that such an estab lishnient would be found in 1886, would certainly be the subject of ridicule, and especially should he have ventured to say that the sales of one hundred and fifty salesmen and ladies would be all for cash, he would be put down as a dreamer. It is no exaggeration to say that the cash sales of this house exceed those of all the stores in Toronto in 1847. This will be admit- 22 330 Toronto " Called Hack.'' m. ted as a proof of the " won- YONGE STRKKT ARCADE. the Burlington Arca(Je in London, glittering with much that is attractive, and a stairway leads to gallery, offices, and studios. Let us hope that in the future it will increase in attractive- ness, when every spot will be fully occupied, making it a place of resort not unlike the Palais Royal in Paris. 332 Toronto " Called Back. '-b. Summer Resorts. queen's park. Just west of the Osf]foocle Hall on Queen Street West will he found a hcautifnl avenue of nearly a mile in length. Chestnut and nmple trees Hank the carriac^e drive and pathway, which in the vista open out npon the Queen's Park. Going north the intersection of the Yonge Street Avenue is reached, and we pass from the grateful shade of the long line of chestnuts into the verduous sunlight of the open Park, one hundred acres in all, including the University grounds, which have been fenced otf from the city property. The Park is a favorite resort dur- ing the hot weather, and contains the University Buildings, Ob.servatory (Meteorological Office), Wyclitfe College, Volun- teers' and Hon. George Brown's monuments, and a score of beautiful villas ; it is also the site selected for the erection of the new Provincial Parliament Buildings. EXHimriON PARK. These grounds, originall}' used exclusively by tlie Industrial Exhibition Association, have for some time been thrown open to the public all the year round, except for two weeks in Sep- tember, during the Exhibition. Under the superintendence of Mr. Chambers, the Commis- sioner of Parks, these grounds have assumed a most beautiful appearance, being laid out in the most artistic manner as land- scape gardens, and having a profusion of shrubs and flower- beds, which increase in beauty from season to season. Further improvements are in progress this season — new roads are being made, new sidewalks laid down, a number of new flower-beds have been formed, and the whole of the grounds will this year present a more beautiful and attractive appearance than they have at any previous Exhibition. LORNE PARK. This favorite resort is beautifully situated on the north shore of Lake Ontario, fourteen miles from Toronto, and can be reached in twenty-five minutes by rail, or forty-five minutes by P'l m Frotn iSjj to iSS6. 333 watc" It commaiuls a splendid view of the lake. It has receiitly been laid out in cotta<^e and camp lots, of which there are two hundred, with main avenue of one hundred feet, and streets of sixty-six feet, leaving fifty acres for recreation grounds. The grounds will be lighted by electricity, a proper water supply and system of drainage arranged for, and everything has been done to make this the most pleasant sunuaer resort in Ontario. No intoxicating li^juor will be allowed to be sold on the ground.s, or on the steamer plying to the park. Canadian Pacific Railway. On the first of November a message was received by the Governor-General at Ottawa from Her Majesty, congratulating the Dominion Government on the accomplishment of the great work , and on the ninth of the same month. Sir John A. Mac- donald received a telegram from Mr. Van Home, and the Pre- mier of British Columbia, congratulating him on the compfetion of the C.P.R. Mr. Handford Fleming also telegraphed, stating that the first through train had accomplished the journey from Montreal to Vancouver in five days, and that the trip would .shortly be accomplished in four days. At a banquet given in Montreal to Sir George Stephens and Hon. D. A. Smith, the former said in his speech : " When Sir John A. Macdonald stated in London that the termini of the Canadian Pacific Railway were Liverpool and Hong Kong, he was not indulging in a flight of eloquence. He was stating in .simple language a .sober fact. By the proposed line of steamers from Vancouver to the far East, the cro.ssing point of the Canadian Pacific Railway will be reached. In 18(31 it took from ten to twelve days for troops to be conveyed from Halifax to Quebec. In 1870, during the Red River rebellion, it took eleven weeks from Quebec to Red River, and ninety-five days from Toronto to Winnipeg. Now the whole distance can be traversed in six days. Troops and stores can reach the Pacific coast from Liverpool in thirteen or four- teen days. 334 Toronto ' ' Called Back. Wm In .summer, from Montreal to Vancouver can be done in four and a half days ; in winter, Halifax to Vancouver in six days. With steamers making fourteen to fifteen knots, the passage from Vancouver to Yokohama can be made in twelve days, from England to Japan in twenty-six days, from England |to Hong Kong and Shanghai in thirty-four days. From England to Hong Kong, (ua Brindisi, takes forty to forty-four days, and vi'i Gibralter, forty-nine to fifty-three days ; from England to Calcutta, thirty-eight days ; and vw Halifax, adding seven days for Atlantic passage, the distance can be done in twenty-eight days. Lord Lome, in his article on the Canadian Pacific Railway, says : " Had not the Americans derived new life and hope from the time that civilization was carried inward from the coast, and the mere fringe of the New England colonies and the Carolinas and New York had blossomed into a nation control- ling the Mississippi, and master of all the regions which pour their wealth through the great market place on the shore of Michigan — the city of Chicago." And his lordship asks, " Why should not Canada have its Chicago ? " Either his lord.ship had forgotten to mention Toronto, or he did not wi.sh to show anj' partiality, as he must know that (Canada has her Chicago, and that can be no other than Toronto, situated on Lake Ontario, in a position corresponding almost exactly with Chicago on Lake Michigan. Toronto is quite as favorably situated as regards her water communication, and much ncL^rer the seaboard, and as a centre of railways equally well situated, and commanding a larger extent of country for trade, which will be secured to Toronto as quickly as the great Northwest is settled. Even now her trade extends from ocean to ocean, whereas Chicago has no trade whatever to the east- ward, and is chiefly confined to the States of Hlinois, Indiana, Iowa, Wisconsin and Minne.sota, and has to ijompete with St. Louis, Milwaukee and St. Paul ; and if her trade has developed to such large proportions in half a century, what may Toronto not expect, with her immense field for enterprise, during the same period ? Surely it must become even greater than the trade of Chicago. From iSyy to 1886. 335 Dominion Day, 1886. The nineteenth birthday of Confederation, amidst the usual celebrations that took place, was especially remarkable at Win- nipeg by the arrival there of the first through passenger train for Vancouver, wliich left Montreal on June 28th. Its arrival was greeted with a grand military display, the firing of a /m dejoie, thunder of artillery, and the cheers of the a.s.sembled multitude. The civic address to tlie President and Directors of the Canadian Pacific Railway contained the following: "We have no doubt as to the influence this stupendous work will have upon the commercial progress of the grand old Empire of which we are proud to form a part. " We know that the consummation of this work will unite and con.solidate an extensive British Colonial Empire in America, and that by placing our own girdle around the (.con- tinent territories now lying waste and desolate will be brought under the beneficent influence of civilization and commerce, maintaining in Briti.sh hands that supremacy that would appear to be the heritage of the Anglo-Saxon and Celtic races." This was the first train run on the twenty-four hour time system introduced by the C.P.R. Co. The train to connect left Toronto on the 28th at seventeen (five p.m.) o'clock. This train arrived at Port Moody on the 5th July, and was received with great enthusiasm. The Victoria band playing " See the Conquering Hero Comes." Toronto Zoological Gardens. Toronto is the first city of its size to have established zoo- logical gardens. To Alderman Harry Piper belongs the credit of having established gardens in this city. The nucleus, at first consisting of two white mice, soon became the centre of a collection of a sufficient size to warrant their exhibition, for which a small fee was charged. This col- lection soon increased to such an extent as to necessitate the use of a large space of ground on Front Street, where it still m. 33(^ Toronto ''Called Back" III I grew and proved a grand success both financially and as a source of amusement and recreation to citizens and visitors. In 1884 the Zoological and Acclimatization Society was char- tered by letters patent, Mr. Harry Piper being appointed man- aging director. The removal of the animals to the new build- ings in Exhibition Park entitles the institution to the name of Zoological Gardens, and the arrangements for future exhibitions are complete in every respect. Visitors can have access to the gardens by a choice of conveyance both by land and water, and during the time of the Industrial Exhibition the electric rail- way will land passengers on the spot. The Society has built a station on the Great Western Division of the Grand Trunk Railway, also landing passengers at the garden.s. The buildings are arranged for the classification of animals, carnivorous, herbivorous and omnivorous, with provision for aquatic and amphibious animals al.so, and will be largely increa.sed to provide for further accessions to the collection. i ; - Queen Victoria's Jubilee. " The year 1886 being the fiftieth year since Her Majesty's accession to the throne in 1887, it was intended to celebrate this year as the jubilee, but in consequence of the Indian and Colonial Exhibition, and to allow more time for the prepar" ations, which will be on a scale of unparalleled grandeur and magnificence, the event has been postponed till 1887, when the full fifty years shall have elapsed. The following lines in honor of the occasion, from a poem composed by Mr. John Imrie, of Toronto, are worthy of a place in this connection : — ' 1. Our noble Queen, all hail ! On this thy .lubilee ; True hearts shall never fail To love and honor thee. Choku.s. — Victoria, to thee, From loyal hearts and free. At this glad time, From every clime. Come shouts of Jubilee! From 1 8 J J to 1886. :-,ii The Indian and Colonial Exhibition held in London, England, 1886. When Albert " the Good," Prince Consort, first conceived the idea of inviting all nations to exhibit the productions of their skill and industry in London, the project was entertained with some doubt, but when the crystal structure was reared in Hyde Park, and all countries poured in their treasures, and after the invocation of a blessing by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the youthful Queen, surrounded by her great ministers of state, and ambassadors from all foreign nations, amid the strains of music and the boom of artillery, proclaimed the Exhibition open, and when for six months the millions of visitors had gazed with wonder and awe at the vastness of the building, so high as to enclose large elm trees, and then had feasted their eyes on all that was rare and beautiful, the grand result showed the wisdom of the undertakina;. This was followed by another in New York in LSo.'i, then came Paris in LSoo, Lonrhin again in 1862, then Paris in 1867, after that Vienna, and the Centennial in Philadelphia, next Paris in 1878, then came Antwerp, and tlie " Fisheries" anld, Where the burning rays of the ruhy shine. And the diamond lights up the golden mine. And the pearl gleams forth from the coral strand." Will come all that the imagination can conceive of, or the Arabian Nights have pictured of richness, grandeur, magni- ficence and luxury. From Australia, embracing New South Wales, Van Dieman's Land and New Zealand, have been sent the great natural productions of these vast countries, — animals and their produce, in the shape of wool, meats and cheese, and the celebrated woollen inanuFactures of Nelson, with a variety of other speci- mens worthy of a great nation. The gold fields of Australia, already represented in the Crystal Palace at Sydenham by a pyramid showing the bulk of gold shipped to England, from its first discovery up to a comparatively recent period, exhibit much that is still more magnificent. From Africa have been sent ostrich feathers, cofiee and ivory, and men of every shade, from the dark Hottentot to the European colonist, unite to make their very best ||s P n u v 1 200 1 .193 21 7.91 61 11.77 81 15.63 38.60 2 ..sse 22 4.24 42 8.10 62 11.96 82 16.82 300 57.90 8 .!)7i> 23 4.43 43 8.29 63 12.16 83 16.01 400 77.20 4 .772 24 4.63 44 8.49 64 12.35 S4 16.21 500 96.60 b .9e5 25 4.82 45 8.68 65 12.54 85 16.40 600 115.80 (5 1.16 26 6.01 46 8.87 66 12.73 80 16.69 700 135 10 7 1.35 27 6.21 47 9.07 67 12.93 87 16.79 8P0 154.40 8 1.64 28 5.40 48 9.26 68 13.12 88 16.98 903 173.70 9 1.74 29 5..59 49 9.45 69 13.31 to 17.17 1000 lOt.OO 10 1.93 30 5.79 fiO 9.65 70 13.51 90 17.37 2000 ;)8fi.co 11 2.12 31 5.98 51 9.84 71 13.70 91 17.56 300O 579.00 12 2.32 32 6.17 52 10.03 72 13.89 92 17.75 40(0 772. CO 13 2. SO 33 0.36 53 10.22 73 14.08 03 17.94 5000 965.00 14 2.70 ^4 6..'j« 64 10.42 74 14.28 94 18.14 6000 1158.00 15 2.89 35 6.75 55 10.01 75 14.47 95 18.33 7(00 1361.00 18 3.08 3(i 6.94 56 10.80 76 14.66 96 18.52 80OO 1514.00 37 3.28 37 7.14 57 ll.uo 77 14.86 97 18.72 9000 1737.(0 18 3.47 38 7.33 58 11.19 78 15.05 98 18.91 10000 1930.00 19 8.60 39 7.62 £9 11.38 79 15.24 99 19.10 20 3.80 40 7.72 60 11.58 80 15.44 luO 19.30 Sterling Table at 9^ 2 or par of Exchange. I'OUND STKKLINO $4.86ii. Fenob. Cbntb. £ • c. £ $ 0. £ 1 0. 1 2 1 4.87 35 170.33 69 33,5.80 2 4 2 9.73 36 175.20 70 340.07 8 e 3 14.00 37 180.07 71 345.!)3 4 8 4 19.47 38 184.93 72 360.40 6 10 6 24 33 39 189.80 73 35.5.27 6 12 6 29.20 40 194.67 74 860.13 7 14 7 34.07 41 199.63 75 365.00 8 16 8 . 38.93 42 204.40 70 369.87 18 9 43.80 43 209.27 77 374.73 10 20 10 48.67 44 214.13 78 379.60 11 22 11 53.53 45 1;19.00 79 384.47 12 24J 12 58.40 46 223.87 80 389.33 13 63.27 47 298.73 81 304. -20 iSlllLLINOH. 14 68.13 48 233.00 82 399.07 1 24i 15 73.00 49 238.47 83 4U3 93 2 48J 10 77.87 50 243.33 84 408.80 3 73 17 8?.73 51 248.20 85 41.3.67 4 1.2li 18 87.60 62 2.i3.07 86 418.63 6 19 92.47 53 257.93 87 423.40 6 1.46 20 97.3} 54 262. fcO 88 4 8.27 7 1.704 21 102.20 55 207.67 89 4:!3.13 8 1.048 22 107.07 56 27?. 63 90 438.00 9 2.19 23 111 93 57 277.40 91 442.87 10 2.43i 24 116.80 68 28?. 27 92 447.73 11 2.67J 25 121.67 69 287.13 93 462.60 12 2.92 20 126.63 00 292.00 94 457.47 13 3.10J 3.40ii 27 131.40 61 296.87 96 462.33 14 28 136.27 62 301.73 96 467.20 15 3.65 29 141.13 63 306.60 97 472.07 16 8.89J 30 146.00 64 311.47 98 470.93 17 4. 13 J 81 150.87 65 316. H3 99 481.80 18 4.38 32 155.73 60 321.20 100 486. 6T 19 4.62 33 160.60 67 326.07 20 4.S6it 34 166.47 C8 330.93 CANADIAN TARIFF OF CUSTOMS. REvirtKw> io 1st July, 1886. Agatex, sapphiies, eiimralds, gaiiiet.s and opals, polislied, hut not set or otlioiwise mauufactuitid — 10 p.p. Ale, beer and porter in bottles — 18 cts. ^'^^^ per gal. Ale, beer and porter in ea.sks 10 cts. per gal. (ringer ale —'20 p.e. Animals living, viz. : Horned Cattle— 20 [). c. " '■ to he slaughtered in bond for exportation —20 p. c. H[or.s(!S — 20 p e. Sheep -20 i>.v,. iSwine— 20 p.e. " to be slaughterei exportation — 20 )).e. All other not else\vlier(! p.c. 1 in homl for speciiii'd— 20 Bagatelle tables o hoards with cues and balls — 35 p.c. Bags containijig tine salt from all coun- tries— 25 p.c. Baking powder.s — (} ot.s. per ih. Yeast cakes and compresse p.c. With pockets, all over .5A by 11 ft. — each $40.00 and 15 p ci Bird cages of all kinds — 30 p c Blacking (shoe) and s.hoeniaker's ink, harness and leather ilre.ssing— 25 p.c. Blacklt ad— 20 p. c. Bluing Laundry — 25 p.e. Book.s, printed ; periodicals and pamph- let.s, N. K. S.-1.5 pc. BritLsh copyright works, reprints of— 1.5 p.c. and 12^ p c in addition. Bibles, ]irayer l)ooks, psalm and hymn books — 5 p.c Blank book.s, viz. : -Account books, copy books, or books to be written or drawn upon — SO p.c. Printed, lithographed or copper, or steel plate lull-heads, i liep"c. Railway box and flat cars — 30 p.c. Sleighs and cutters — 30 p.c. Whecdbarrows and hand-carts — SOp.c. Chiltlren's carriages of all kinds — 35 p.c. All other carriages not otherwise enunn-ratcd — 35 jt.c I'arts of cai'riages— Same as on tinish- cd article. Carpets, not elsewhere specified — 25 p.c. Cases -Jewel and watch cases and other like articles, of wood or any other material, N.K S. — 30 p.c. Celluloid, moulded into sizes for lunidles of knives and forks, &c. — 10 p.c. Cement, raw, or in stoni!— 1$1 ]ier ton. Burnt and unground -7A cts. per 100 lbs. I Hydraulic, or waterlime, ground —40 cts per lirl. In bulk (U- in bags — cts. per bush. I'oitland or Roman — 20 p.c. Chtlk-20 p.c. Chicory, v;\\\ or given and substitutes foi- colfce, (N.E.S.)— 3 cts. per 11>. Kiln dried, roasted or ground and sub.stitutes for colfee composed of roots or vegetables — 4 cts. per lb. Cider — 1(1 cts. jier gallon. Clocks and jjarts thereof, except springs — 35 )).c. Clock springs — 10 [).c. Coal— anthracite — 50 cts. per ton. Bituminous — (50 cts. per ton. All other, N. E.S.— 50 cts. per ton. Coke— 50 cts. per ton. Dust — 20 p.c. Coal-tar and coal-pitch — 10 p.c. Cocoa matting— 2) ]i.c. Cocoa nuts, imported from place of growth by vessel direct to a Cana- dian port — 50 cts. per 100. Cocoa nuts, N.E.S. —$1 per 100. Dessicated cocoa nut, sw'eetened or not — 6 cts. {)er lb. Colfee, green, importe.(•. Gums : Assaf(«tida— 20 j».c. Camphor — 20 p.c. Opium— 20 p.c. OthiT, N.E.S. -20 p.c. liinic and lemon juice— 20 p.c. Lime, acetate of — 20 p.c. Litjuorice root, paste extract of, for manufacturing^ purposes — 15 p.c. Liii\iorice, stick extrai't or confection — 1 et. per 11) ami 20 p.c. Magnesia — 20 |>. ';. Milk food and all other similar pre- parations — 30 p.c. Morphine — 20 p.c. Opium, prepared for smoking — $5 per 11). Patent medicines — In linuiil form — 50 p.c. All other not otherwise provided for — 25 p.c. Potassa or potash : Bicarbonate or saleratus — 20 p.c. Chlorate of— 20 p.c. Nitrate of — saltpetre— 20 p.c. Prussiate of, red — 10 p.c. Soda — bicarbonate of — 20 p.c. Sumac — 20 p.c. Vasseliueand all similar preparations of petroleum, for toilet, medicinal or other purposes, in bulk — 4 ct. per lb. Vasseline in bottles or other packages, not over 1 lb in weight each — 6 cts. per lb. Zinc, chloride, salts and sulphate of — 5 p.c. All other drugs, dyes and chemicals, not otherwise provided for — 20 p.c. Earthenware and china : Brown or colored earthenware and stoneware, and Rockinghamware — 30 p.c. Decorated, printed or sponged, and all earthenware, N.E.S.— 30 p.c. White granite or ivonstone ware, and C.C. or cream colored ware — 30 p.c. Karthen ware, etc. — contintied. Earthonwaro and stoneware, domi- jolins or jugs, chuniH ami crocks — 2 cts. per gallon. China and porcidain ware — 30 p.c. Electric ami galvanic batteritis— 2.5 p.c. Electric lights, apparatus for — S."^ p.c, End)roideries, not otherwise provided for— 20 p.c. Emery wheels — 2f) p.c. Essences, vi/. : of apple, pear, pineapple, &c.— $1.1»0 per gal. and 20 p.c. Excelsior for tipiiolsterers' nse — 20 p.c. Fancy goods, viz. ; Ornaments of alabaster, spar, terra- cotta, comi)ositi(m, statuettes, beads and iu-ad c)rnaments — 30 [i.e. Kancy nianufactures of bom-, shell, horn and ivory, N.E.S. — 30 p.c. Coral cut or nianufactured — 20 p.c. Kans, not priiited — 25 p.c. Flowers, artificial, and feat hers, N.E.S. — 25 p.c. Feathers, ostrich and vulture, un- dressed — 20 p.c. Do., do., dressed — 30 p.c. (iold and silver cloth, las.sels, thread, &c.— 2O1..C. Ivory or bone dice, draughts, chess- men, &c. — 20 p.c. Millinery not elsewhere provided for — To be rated according to material of chief value. Gimps, cords, braid«, ribbons and bindings for nse in factories — l.") p.c. Laces, braids, fringes, embroideries, cords, tassels and bracelets, also braids, chains ami cords of hair — .30 p.c. Toys and dolls of all kimls — 30 p.c. Felt, pressed, of all kinds — 17i p.c. F" ire works — 25 p.c. Fish : Cod, haddock, lingand pollock — fresh, imported otln^rwise than in barrels —50 cts. per 100 lbs. Do., do , dry salted — do., do. Do., do., wet salted— do., do. Do., do., smoked — 1 ct. per lb. Do., do., pickled in barreLs — do., do. Halibut, fresh— 50 cts. per 100 lbs. Do., pickled — 1 ct. per lb. Herrings, fresh— 50 cts. per 100 lbs. Do., pickled or salted — h ct. per lb. Do., smoked— 1 ct. per lb. Mackerel, fresh — " " Do., pickled—" Seafish, other,fresh — 50 cts. perlOOlbs Do., pickled — 1 ct. per lb. From i8jj to iS86. 347 Fish — continit'd. Sea fish, pipwiviid — 2r> p.c. ad val. Oysters, Iresh in slieli— " Do., sht'llcil ill Idilk — lOcfs perj^al. Oysters, caiiiKMl, in eans not over one pint — 3 cts. per can. Do., do., in fan.s ov^r one pint ami not over one iiuurt -5 I'.ts. per ran. Do., do., in cans exceediiij.; one ipiart — r> ets. additional for t!ai:li (piart or fraction of a quart. Do,, jnepared (ir preserved, N. E.S. — 25 p.c. Lobsters, fresh — 20 p.c. ad val. Do., canned— 2*") " " Bait fish, fresli— 20 " " Do , salted— 1 ct. j)er lb, Salmon, fresh— 50 ets per 100 lbs. Do., smoked — 1 ct. per lb. Do., canned prepared or preserved 25 p c. ad val. Do,, i>ickled— 1 ct. per lb. Fish, smoked and boneless fi.sh, N. E. S. — '' ct. per lb. Anchovies and .sardines, packed in oil or otherwise, in tin boxes measuring not more than 5 inches long 4 inches wide and 34 inches deep— fi cts. per box. Do., in half boxes, measuring not more than 5 inches long, 4 inches wide and Ig inches deep — 2 J cts. each. Do., in quarter boxes, measuring not more than 4.^ inches long, 3J inches wide and and H inches deep— 2 cts. eacli. Do., imported in any other form — 30 p.c. ad val. Fish preserved in oil, cxcei)t anchovies and sardines — 30 p.c ad val. Fish, all other, not in barrels or half barrels, fresh— 50 ct.s. per 100 Ib.s. Do., do., do., pickled— 1 ct. per lb. Fish prepared or preserved, and N. E.S. -25 p.c, ad val. Fish, fresh, not specially enumerated or provided for, 20 p.c. ad val. Fish oil— cod, N. E S. —20 p. c. ad val. Do. seal, " " " Whale and spermaceti, N. E. S— 20 p. c. al val. Other N. E.S. —20 p.c. ad val. Packages containing oysters or other fish not otherwise provided for — 25 p.c. ad val. Other articles, the produce of the fish- eries, not specially provided for — 20 p.c. ad val. manufactures of, of Flax, hemp and Juti vi/. ; Carpeting oi matting, and mats hemp and jute — 25 p.c. Canvas of fi:ix or hemp when to lie used for boats' iiiKJ ships' .sails, 5 p.c. Sail twine, do., do., do. — 5 p.c. Damask of liiK-n oi of cotton and linen, bh-achcd, unbb-ached, or col- ored— 2."> V c. Fibre, .scutched- I , t. p, r lb. Fibre, hackled— 2 cts. per lb. Tow of, scutched or green — J ct. per lb. Towels — 25 J), c. Laces and insertings, of fiax or hemp —20 p. c. Sheetings, Russia and other of tlax or hemp — 20 p.c. Linens, brown or bleached — 20 p.c. Linen duck, canvas, diapers, hucka- backs, or other manufactures of llax, not elsewhere specified — 20 j).c. Linen clothing, or articles worn by men, women, or children — 30 j).c. Linen thread— 20 p.c. Yarns, singles, llax and hemp— 20 j>.c. Jute— 20 p.c. Other manufactures of jute, N.E.S. — 20 p.c. Fruits — including nuts, viz. : Dried —apples— 2 et.s. per lb. Raisin.s— 1 ct. per lb. and 10 p.c. Almonds, shelled—.") cts. per lb. Do., not shelled — 3 cts. per lb. Fillierts and walnuts — 20 p.c. All other nuts not elsewhere specified 20 p.c. Green — apples — 40 cts. per brl. Currants, dates, figs, pr\inesaiid other dried fruit--l ct. per lb. Blackberries, gooseberries, raspberries and strawlicrrie.s — 4 cts. per lb. Peaches— 1 1 1. per lb. Oranges and lemons— 20 jt.c. All other not elsewhere specified — 20 p.c. Fruits in air-tight cans or packages, weighing not over 1 lb.— 3 cts. per can or package. Do., do., over 1 lb, — 3 cts. pci can or package, an-iron/tlii(;ker tliau No. 17fj;augi!— 17i p.c Bars, rolled or haiuuiered, including flats, lounds and squares — \1\ p.c. Boiler-plate— 12^ p.c. Bolts, nuts, washers and rivets of iron and steel — I ct. per lb. and 15 p.c. Bedsteads and other iron furniture — 35i>.c. Canada plates— 12^ p.c. Car wheels — 25 p.c. Castings of every description not elsewhere specified, and forgings — 25 p.c. Cast iron, gas, v. aer and soil pipes — 30 p.c. Chains, iron or steel, over 9-16th3 of an inch in diani.— 5 p.c. Chain (.'aides — all other — 20 p.c. Engines, locomotives — 25 p.c. Do., tire— 25 p.c. Do., other and boilers, N. E.S. — 25 p.c. Fire extinguishers (chemical) — 25 p.c. ^^)rks, cast iron, not handled, ground or otherwise further numufactured —10 p.c. Hardware, viz. : Muilders, cabinet makers, upliolsterers, carriage mak- ers, saddlers and undertakers — 30 p.c. Hardware, house furnishing — 30 ji.c. Do. not elsewhere specified — 20 p.c. Carriage Ipodware — 35 p.c. Hollow-ware, tinned, glazed or enam- elled — 25 p.c. Hollow-ware, sheet iron and all manu- factures of sheet iron, N. E. S. — 25 p.c. Horse shoes and horse shoe nails — 30 p.c. Iron, other, in .slabs, blooms, loops, &c., &c. — 10 p.c. Iron bridges and structural iron -work — 25 p.c. Iron not otherwise provided for — 17?! P-c- Locks of all kiii(ls--30 p.c. Machines and machinery, &c. ; Middlings, purifier — 25 p.c. Portable machines : Fanning mills — 35 p.c. Hor.sc powers— 35 p.c. Port.ilde sti'am engines — 35 p.c. Portaldo saw ndlls — 35 p.c. Threshers and sepaiators — 35 p.c. Parts of above articles — 35 p.c. Iron, manufactures of : — continued. Sewing machines — $2 each and 20 p.c. All other machinery compo.sed wholly or in part of iron, N.E.S. — 25 p.c. Malleable iron castings — 25 p.c. Nail and spike rods — 17i p.c. Nails, Hungarian and clout— 30 p.c. Nails, iron wire. "Pointes de Paris" —30 p.c. Nails, .spikes and sheathing nails, composition— 20 p.c. Nails and spikes, wrought and pressed, ini luding R.R. spikes — ;^ ct. peril). and 10 p.c. Nails and sjiikes, cut — J ct. per lb. and 10 ]).c. Stove bolts and nuts — 35 p.c. Nail plate, iron or steel — 25 p.c. Ornamental iron work — 25 p.c. Pig-iron — charcoal — $2 per ton. Do., all other— $2 " Pumps, iron, jiitcher spout, cistern, well and force pumps — 35 p.c. Railway bars or iron rails for railways or tramways — 15 p.c. Railway fish j)lates, trogs, frog points, chairs and finger bars — 174 I'-''- Rolled beams, cliannels and angle and T iron, steel or iron and steel, N.E.S.--12ip.c. Rolled, round wire rods in coils, under 4 inch diam. — 10 p.c. Safes and doors for safes anil "aults — 25 p.c. Screws, iron and steel, commonly called "wood screws" — 35 p.c. Scales, balances and weighing beams —30 p.c. Sheet iron, smoothed or polisheil, coated or galvanized, and common or black. No. 17 gauge and thinner — 12i p.c. Do., do., thicker than No. 17 gauge -17i p.c. Skates, iron or stcid — 30 p.c. Stoves— 25 p.c. Tarks. brads and sprigs — 30 p.c. Tubing, wrought iron, plain, thread- ed or not — 30 p.c. Lap-welded boiler iron tubing, not threaded, coupled or otherwise manufactured, one and one-half in. in diameter and over — 15 p.c. Wire, iron and steel — 30 p.c. Wire fencing, buckthorn stri]>, &c. — 14 cts. pel' 11). Wire covered with any material — 25 p.c Wire rope, strand or chain made of iron wire — 25 p.c. 350 Toronto " Called Back''' Iron, manufactures of : — conlmued. Wire work other — 2") p.c. Manufactures of iron all other, not otherwise provided for — 20 p.c. Steel, manufactures of : Pen-knives, jack-knives, and pocket knives of all kinds — 2.') p.c. All other cutlery N.E.S. — 2'i p.c. Coil and other springs— 30 p.c. Files and rasps — 35 p.c. Locomotive tires of steel or Besse- mer steel in the rough — 10 p.c Muskets, rifles, and other fire arms —20 p.c. Needles, sewing machine— 20 p.c. Needles, knitting, and all other, N. E.S.— 20p.c. Needles, knitting machine, cylinder, hand, frame and latch — 30 p.c. ."'lurgical instruments — 20 p.c. Steel ingots and bars —.$3 per ton and 10 p.c. Steel sheets under 3-16 inch thick, whole or cut to shape — 13 per ton and 10 p.c. Steel sheets thicker than 3 16 of an inch and N.E.S.— 12^ p.c. Steel coils, rolled round wire rods, N.E.S.— $3 per ton and 10 p.c. Steel wire rods, rolled round under J an inch in diameter, imported by wire manufacturers for use in their factories — 5 p.c. Tools, edge, and mechanics' : Axes — 30 p.c. Saws— 30 p.c. Carpenters, coopers, cabinet mak- ers, and all other mechanics' tools— 30 p c. Edge tools, not elsewhere specified —30 p. c. Knife blades or knife l)lank8, in the rough, unhandled, for use by elec- tro-platers —10 p.c. All manufacturers of steel and of iron and steol, not otherwise speci- fied— 20 p.c. Ivory, manufactures of, not otherwise provided for— 20 p.c. Jellies and jams—.) cts. per lb. Jet, manufactures of — 20 p.c. Jewellery, of gold, silver or other metal, or imitations of — 20 p.c. Lead and manufactures of : Old, scrap and pig— 40 cts. per 100 lbs. Bars, blocks and sheets — 60 cts. per 100 lbs, Lead pipe and lead .shot — 1^ cts. perlb. Lead and manufactures of : — con. Nitrate, and acetate of — o p.c. Manufactures of, not otherwise pro- vided for — 30 p.c. Leather, and manufactures of : Sole leather, tanned, but rough or undressed - 10 p.c. « Sole leather and belting leather, tan- ned or dressed, but not waxed or glazed — lo p.c. Sole leather and belting leather, tan- red or dressed, waxed or glazed — ,'0 p.c. Upper leather, tanned or dressed, l)ut not wazed or glazed — 15 p c. Calf, kid, lamb and sheep skins, tan- ned or dressed, but not waxed or glazed — 15 p.c. Calf, kid, Limb and sheep skins, dressed and waxed or glazed — 20 p.c. Cordova leather tanned from horse- hide, and manufactures of — 25 p.c. Glove leathers, viz. : Buck, deer, and antelope, canned or dressed, colored or not colored — 10 p.c. Upper leather, dressed and waxed or glazed — 20 p.c. Japaned, patent, or enamelled leather— 20 p.c. Morocco skins, tanned, but rough or undressed — 10 p.c. All other leather and skins tanned, N.E.S.— 20p.c. . Manufactures of, viz. : Boots and shoes, all materials, X ES.-25p.c. Harness and saddlery — 30 p. c. Leather belting— 25 p.c. All other manufactures of leather, not otherw ise provided for — 2op c. Lime— 20 p c. Lithographic stones, not engraved — 20 p. c. Machine card clothing — 25 p.c. Magic lanterns — 25 p.c. Malt — 15 cts. per bush. Manilla hoods — 20 p.c. Malt, extract of, for medicinal pur- poses — 25 p.c. Marble, and manufactures of : Blocks from the quarry, in the rough or sawn on two sides only, and not specially shapen, contain- ing less than 15 cub. ft. —10 p.c. Slabs sawn on not more than two sides— ^10 p.c. Blocks and slabs, sawn on more than two sides — 20 p.c. li. From iS'jj to 1886. i5i |ur- bid Liii- |).C. Iwo lian Marble, and manufactures of : — con. Manufactures of, notelsewl\erespeci- fied—SOp.c. i Mats and rugs of all kinds, N.E.S, — | 20 p.c. Metal, not elsewhere specified and I manufactures of : I Babbit metal -40 p.c. I Britannia metal, manufactures of, ' not plated— 25 p.c. ', Bronze or Dutch metal — 20 p.c. ; Phosphor bronze, in blocks, bars, sheets and wire — 10 p.c. Gas, coal oil, and kerosene fixtures or part.s thereof — 30 p. c. German and nickel silver, manufac- tures of, not plated- — 17^ p.c. German and nickel silver in sheets —10 p.c. Japanned and stamped wares, not otherwise provided for — 25 p.c. Nickel anodes — 10 p.c. Pins— 30 p.c. Screws of iron, steel, brass or other metal, not elsewhere specilied — 30 p.c. Stereotypes and electrotypes of stan- dard books — 10 p.c. Stereotypes and electrotypes of type metal — 5 cts. per lb. Umbrella and parasol steel, iron o" brass ribs, runners, rings, caps, notches, tin caps and ferrules when imported by and for the use of manufacturers of umbrellas— 20 p.c. ad val. Type for printing^20 p.c. Type metal — 10 p.c. Pewter, platina and metal composi- tion, not otherwise provided for — 20 p.c. J»Iineral substances, not otherwise pro- vided foi : Asbestos, in any form other than crude, and all manufactures of — 25 p.c. Meerschaum, manufactures of — 20 p.c. Mineral and bituminom substances, not otherwise provided for — 20 p.c. Plumbago — 10 p.c. " manufactures of — 20 p.c. Mineral and ;erated waters, N.E.S. — 20 p.c. Musical instrumi-ats, viz : Organs, cabinet: Reed organs having not more than two sets of reeds — $10 each and 15 p.c. Musical Instruments— co/iiJHMCt/. Ueed organs having over two and not over four sets of reeds — 1815 each and 15 p.c. Reed organs having over four and not over six sets of reeds — .'#20 eacii and 15 p.c. Reed organs having over six sets of re>3d8—.$;i0 each and 15 p.c. Sets or parts of ? ,'t s of reeds for cabinet organs — 25 p.c. Pipe organs — -25 p.c. Pianofortes, viz. : Square, v hether round cornered or not, not over 7 octaves — 1!25 each and 15 p.c. Square pianofortes, all other — $30 each and 15 p.c. Upright pianofortes — $30 eacli and 15 p.c. Concept, semi-concert or parlor grand pianofortes — §50 t:icli and 15 p.c. Pianos, parts of - 25 p c. Other musical instruments, not else- wliere specified- -25 p.c. Must^'d cake — 20 p.c. Mustard seed, vmground- 15 p c. Mustard seed, ground or prepared and French mustard — 25 p c. Oils: Mineral — Coal and kerosene, distilled, puri- fied or refined, naphtha, benzole and petroleum — 7 1-5 cts. per gal Products of petroleum, coal, shale and lignite, X.K S. — 7 1-5 cts. per gal. Carbolic or heavy oil — 10 p.c. Animal — Cod-liver medicated — 20 p.c. Lard oil -20 p.c. Neat's foot — 20 p.c. Other animal oil, N.E.S. — 20 p.c. Vegetable — Castor — 20 p.c. Plax seed or linseed — 25 p.c Olive or salad — 20 p.c. Sesame seed — 20 p.c. Vegetable oil, not otherwise speci- fied — 20 p.c. Lubricating oils composed wholly or in part of petroleum and costing 30 cts. per Imperial gallon, or over — 25 p.c. Lubricating oils composed wholly or in part of petroleum and costing less than 30 cts. per imperial gal- lon — 6-15 cts. per imp. gall. 352 Toronto " Called Back. Oils : — conltmi'd. All other lubricating oils — 25 p.c. Volatile or essential oils — 20 p c. All other oils, not elsewhere speci- fie.s. All kinds not elsewhere specified — 2(1 p.c. Paraiiine wax or stearine — 3 cents per lb. Pencils, lead, in wood or otherwise — 25 p c. Perfumery, viz : Hair oil, tooth and other powders and washes, pomatums, pastes, &c.— 30p.c. Pickles, sauces and capers of all kinds, not otherwise provided for — 25 p.c. Plants, viz. : Shade, lawn and orna- mental trees, shrubs and plants — 20 p.c. Plaster of Paris, or gypsum, ground, not calcined — 10 cts per 100 lbs. Plates, engraved on wood and on steel or on other metal —20 p c. Pomades, French or flower odors, &c., imported in tins of not less than 10 lbs. each — 15 p.c. I'omades, ditto, all other — 30 p.c. Precious stones, imitation, not set — 10 p.c. i Printing presses of all kinds — 10 p.c. Provisions, not otherwi.se specified : Butter— 4 cts. per lb. Cheese— 3 cts. peril). Lard, tried or rendered — 2 cts. peril). " untried or rendered — 1^ cts. per lb. Oleoiuiirgarinc, b>ittc'rinL', or other su'istitutc for butter — 10 cts. per lb. Meats, viz : Bacon and hams, shoulders and sides — 2 cts. per lb. Beef — 1 ct. jper lb. Kxtract of fluid beef, not medicat- ed- -25 p.c. Mutton — let per lb. Pork — 1 ct. per lb. Poultry and game of all kinds — I 20 p.c. From iSyj to iS86. << e 1 JO J Provisions : roulinnciU * ricpaicd iiic-iit'*, s< a'eil or unsenl- eil, ill CUM-', "ir otlierwisi', N.K. S. - 2 c 8. per I'l Ot'icr iiii-iits iMt el.-ewliere speci- Heil — '2 cts. pur II). Bucf imported in the carcass, to ha cured or |)reservcil in h~n\\\ for exportation — -I ct. per lb. Pork, ditto — 1 ct. pur II). Pumice st)ne, ^rouiidor powdered— 20 pc. Rihhoiis not elsewhere siiecified — -.'lO p c Sails for hoats and ships, also tents and awninjis —2.") p. c. Salt, coarse (not importeil from Great Bi'itain or British possessions or for sea or yulf fisheries), and all fine salt : In bulk— 8 ct"*. per 100 lbs In baf;8, barrels and other packages — 12 cts per 100 lbs. Sand paper, j(lass, flint and emery paper, sand, ^lass and emery elotli — 25 p c. Svasage casings, N. E.S — 20 p.c. Seed.s, viz. : Flax-seed — 10 cts. per bush. Flower, garden, field and other seeds for agricultural purposes, when in bulk or iu large parcels — 1 o p.c. Ditto iu small papers or parcels — 2.-) p. c Bulbous roots — 2f^ p.c. Ships, and other vessels, built in any foreign country, hull, rig^'iiii; and all app n-ti-nances, except machin- eiy — 10 )) c Roiltrs, steam engines and other michinery — 2o p.^^ Ships ai! I vcsnels, repairs on— Aci. rd- ing t > 111 iterial Silk aud minufacturea of : Vt a' Is, fi-'u.'cs aid u'rillonis — 30 p.c C r Is ami 1 1 sds -.']0 p c. ])ies9 and piece goods— 30 p c. L I «M —."?!) p.c. Ha id'cere'ii< fs— no p.c. Hniery -:10 p.c. P.iris Is, umbrellas and sunshades — SO )) c H iid ,' ma le i lothing — .3:) p c R bii iH— ;iO p c Sil'v iu t'le gum or s iun, n >t nnre al\Miicel than singlc-s, tram, an 1 tliro'.vn orgauziue, not ^'oljied — li) p.c. Dicto, c iloied 25 p c. Sewing silk and silk twist -2,1 p c. 24 Silk aud uii'iuf ictures of :—co:itliiu'd. ShiwN :M) p c. Silk plush netting used in the manu- factuii- of uhivcs- 15 p.c. Silk aud all m.inuf ictures of, not otherwise ])rovidtMl for, or of which silk is the component part of chief value— 30 p.c. Velvets — .30 p.c. Slate and minuf ictures of: Mantels— ."0 p.c. Roofing slate, black or blue — 80 cts. per square. Rooting slate, red, green or any otlier color— SI per square. School aud writin<_' slates, porcelain, driwiug, kc — 25 p.c. Slal)8, 8(|uare, or in -ipccial shapes, and ad other manufactures of slate — 25 p.c. Soap : Common brown and yellow, not per- fumed— 1.\ cts. per lb. Common, soft and liquid not per- fumed, saddlers' soaps and silver soap— 20 p.c. Castile and white— 2 cts. per lb, Perfumed or toilet— 10 cts. per lb. mill 10 p c. Powders— 3 cts. per lb. Spices : Ginger and sjiices of all kinds (pxcept nutmeg and mace)uirir iuud-10 p.c (Hnger and ditto, ground— 25 p.c. Nutmegs anil mace — 25 p.c. Spirits and wines : Spirits anil strong waters, not hav- ing been sweetened or mixed with any article so tliMt the deuree of htri n.-th thereof c.innot le ascer- t lined by ,Sv ke's hydioiii' ter, viz.: Absinthe — •?2 per gal. Brandy — 't!I 45 per v'al. to 0th July, *'2 fnun thut date. O .1 T ui !.'iii-$l.i»0 imp. gal. Spiiits and strong waters not having been swe t. ni!! or ini\id with any a tic e. viz , Gin va gin. rum. whii- k"y. a'lN'ihol or spir ts of wine — $1.75 poi- gal. Spii t< sWfetenrd aud mixed so that t'lo .-itiength ,anujt Ije ascertained, vi/. : Cor liaN, rum-slirub, bitters, &c. — >^l 0) ierg-.l. S;)iritsaud stron,' waters mixed with any ingredient, and a'flioiij.htheie- bv coiuina under thedenominatioii of 1 roprletary niutUuines, tinctures, 354 Toronto ''Called "iackr Spirits and wines : — continnnl. essences, extracts, including medi- cinal elixir and lluid extracts, whe- ther in bulk or l)ottle — $2 per inil). gid. and 30 ji.c. Cologne water anil perfumeil spirits in bottles or flasks, not weighing more tlian four ounces each — 50 p.c Cologne water and perfumed spirits in bottles, flasks, &c., weighing more than 4 ounces eacli, including bay rum. — ^1 per gal. and -lO p.c. Wines of all kinds, except sparkling wines, including ginger. oranL'e, lemon, strawberry, raspberry, elder and currant wines : Containing 2(5 p.c. or less of spirits — '25 cts. per gal. and 80 p c. Containing over 20 )i. c. and not over 27 p.c. — 28 cts. per gal and 30 p.c. Containing over 27 j) c. and not over 28 p.c. — 31 cts. per gal. and .SO p.c. Containing over 28 p.c. and not over 29 p.c. — 34 cts i;er gal. and 30 p.c. Containing over 29 p.c. and not o»'er 30 p.c ~ 37 cts. per gal. and 30 p.c. Containing over 30 p.c. and not over 31 p c. - 40 «l8. per gal. and 3 » p c. Containing over 31 p.c. and not over 32 p.c. — 43 cts. per gal. and 30 p.c. Containing over 32 p c. and not over 33 p.c — 46 cts. per gal. and 30 p.c. Containing over 33 p.c and not over 34 p.c — 49 cts. pur gal. and 30 p.c. Containing over 34 p.c. and not over 35 p.c. — 52 cts. per gal. and 30 p.c. Containing over 35 p.c. and not over 31) p.c. — 55 cts. per gal. and 30 p.c. Containing over 30 p c. and not over 30 p.c. — 58 cts. per gal. and 30 p.c. Containing over 37 p.c. and not over 38 p.c.~ 01 cts. per gal. ivnd .30 p.c. Containing over 38 j>.c. inul not over 39,p.c. 04 cts. per gal. and'30 p.c Containing over 39 p.c. and not over 40 p.c. —67 cts. })er gal. and 30 p.c. Champagne and all other sparkling wines ; Wines, conliniud. Jn bottles, containing each not more than a (|Uiirtand more than a pint, old wine measure — $3 per doz. and .30 p.c. In bottles, containing not more than a pint and more than half a pint, oltl wine measure— j 1. 50 per doz. and 30 p.c. In bottles containing one half pint eacii or less — 75 cts. per doz. and 30 p.c. In bottles containing more than one (juait each— §3 per doz., } 81 50 per I. G. and 30 p.c. , Sponges— 20 p.c. Starch, including farina, corn starch, &c., &c — 2 cts. 1 cr lb Stone and manufnctures of : Building i-tono (except nuirble) from the (juarry, not hannnered or chiselled : — Dressed freestone and all other building stone 2l) p.c. Ivoujii frcestfuie, sandstone and building stone— SI per ton Flag.stones, dressed— .*!l. 50 per ton. Grinilstones-S^ |ier ton. Manufactures of stone (>r granite, N. E.S — 20p.c. Straw — 20 p.c. Manufactures of, not otherwise pro- vided for— 20 p c. Sugars, syrups and mr 'asses On sugar, nielado concentrated mela- do, concentrated c me juice, con- centrated nu>lasscL, concentrated beet-root juice, ami concrete wlicn imported direct from tiie country of growth and production for re- fining purposes only, and not over No. 13, Dutch standard or c(jlor, and not testing over 70 degrees by the polariscope — let. per ib. 70 degrees cest, and 3^ cts. per 100 11)8. for each degree above 70. On sugar for refining purposes when imported direct -1 ct. per lb. and 30 p.c. On all sugars about No. 13. Dutch standard in color and unrefined, all grades or standards — \\ cts. per lb. and 35 p.u. On all sugars not imported direct - 74 p.c. additional. Syrups, cane juice, refined syrup, sugar-house syrup, or molasses — 1 ct. per lb and 30 p.c From 1 8 J J to iSS6. 355 Sugars, etc. — continued. Molasses, other, imported ilirect — —15 p.c. Provided that molasses when im- ported from any re(inery or sugar factory, to be u«ed for other tlian actual consumption — 5 cts. per imp. gal Sugar candy and confectionery — 1| eta per lb. and ',]'> p.c Glucose or grape sugar, dutiable ar sugar— According to grade by D. S. in color. Glucose r-rup— 2 cts. per lb. Tallow — 1 ct. per ll». Tea, black, imp. from U.S. — 10 p.c. (ireeii and Japan — 10 p.c. Telephones — 25 p.c. Teli.'gra;)hic instruments — 25 p.c. Tin and manufactures of : Cans or pack i'.'l, manufiictnies of :— con fivnciK Flannels, iiioludiuir plain ami clu-ck- ed, (if all colors— 7i ets. per IW. ami 20 p.c. liobii-ry, shirts and drawers— 74 cts. per III. and 20 p.c. Shiwls— 2") p.c. Yarn, knitting yarn, fingering yarn, worsted yarn— 7i ets. per lb. and 20 p.c. All otiier fabrics, composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, &c. — 22Jip.c. Clothing, ready-made, including socks and stockings, cloth caps and horse clothing shaped— 10 cts. per lb. and 25 p.c. Carpets, Brussels and tapestry -25 p.c. Carpets, two-ply and three-ply, treble ingrain, composed wholly of wool— 10 cts. per sq. yd. and 20 p.c. Ditto, ingrain, of which the warp is Wool, manufactnvca of :-ro»lii'Vf(l. ciinposeil wholly of cuttuii or other material than wool, worbted, &c.— 5 cts. per sq. yd. ar>.! -JO I'.c, Felt for boots, shots and t-kiita, when inipMrted by the niaiiufac- tuieis for use in their factoiies IS P-c. , . . , Felt for glove linings when imported by the manufarturers for use in their factories— 10 p.c. Wintc'VM of all kinds not otherwise provided for— '2'2A p.c. Woollen netting for boots, shoes and gloves— 10 p.c. Wool, class one, viz.:-Leicester, t ots- wold, Lii>^ olnshire, Down comb- ing wo< Is, or wools known as lustre wools, ajid other like comb- ing wools such as are grown in Canada— 3 cts. per lb. Zinc, seandess drawn tubing— 10 ]'.c^ Zinc, manufactures of, N.E.S.— 2j p.c. Except a few unenumerated articles which pay 20 per cent, ad valorem, all other goods are free. in