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HIS EXCELLENCY THE MOST HONORABLE THE MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE,
G.C.M.G., ETC., ETC., COVERNOR-GENEUAL OP CANADA.

Toronto "Called Back,

FEOM 1886 TO 1850.

ITS WONDERFUL GROWTH AND PROGRESS, ESPECIALLY A3 AN IMPORTING CENTRE
WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF ITS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, AND REM-
INISCENCES EXTENDING OVER THE FOUR DECENNIAL PERIODS FROM
1846 TO 1880, INCLUDING THE INTRODUCTION OF THE BONDING
SYSTEM THROUGH THE UNITED STATES.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.

Also, a Vikw ok tub Proposkd Esjlanauk, with Bridubs, bv Kivus Ti'li-y, Kmi., is 1850, Viuws

OK THE ClTV IX 1850 AND 1880, ANi) A Map OF TORO.NTO.

THE APPENDIX

CONTAIN.S THE TARIFF OK CUSTOMS, OOMPARATIVK .STATEMENT OF IMPORTS TO
TORONTO, ANU THE PRINOIPAL AMERICAN ISLAND CITIES, TABLES CON-
VERTING STERLING AND FRENCH CURRENCY INTO DOLLARS AND
CENTS, AND OTHER INFORMATION VALUABLE ALIKE TO
THE BUSINE.SS MAN AND TOURIST.

CONYNGHAM CRAWFORD TAYLOR,

Her Ma'iesty's CxMoms.

TORONTO:

:•*•.,• i'fcjjw';^/':*'*^* Tai!\Aj;TVioB. syi : v :'.. •••

WILLIAM BRig<}S,.78.& ^f) I1JJJ0.S3*KEET EAST.

Entered, according tj the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand
eight hundred and eighty-aix, by Wiilum Brigop, in the Office of the Minister of
Agriculture at Ottawa.

' • . ' «

c t

i « •

HON. JOHN BEVERLEV ROBINSON, LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR

OF ONTARIO.

TO : : \

LIEUTENANTGOVEIiNOR OF ONTARIO,

(.Sox OK TiiK Latk Hon. Sir .Ions Brvkblky Rohisso.n, Baroxkt, Ciiikk JrsTiCK ok Titkh Canada),

WHO,

As Private Citizen, Mayor, Member op Paruamext, on, as at
Present, the Representative of

HER MAJESTY, QUEEN VICTORIA,

In the Phemier Province ok the Dominion, has always Ivkhibitkd tiik

Warmf.st Interest in all that has tkxdeu to I'homotk the

(iRiiwTH AND Progress ok Toronto, whkthkr in

ARTS, SCIKNCES, LITERATURE. RELIGION, TRADE, COMMERCE,
OR MANIJFACTITRES,

THESE PAIJES ARE HESPECTKOLLY DEDICATED BY

THE AUTHOR.

mw wi t

iWi«a

JSSk

CONTENTS

Paob

Chapter ok Introduction — Not an Autobiography, nor a Book of
Travels, nor a Romance, nor yet a Political Dissertation of Free
Trade or Protection, but a Narrative of Facts from Personal Know-
ledge and Observation — Early Days — Todd, Burns & (.'o. and Pirn
Bros. & Co., Dublin — Incidents from 1341 to 1847 — Daniel
O'Connell — Something like Fenianism — Father Matthew — Evan-
gelical Alliance — Dublin Castle — Lord-Lieutenants — l^eviews in
Pho'nix Park — Holiday Excursions — Donnybrook Fair — St. Pat-
rick's Cathedral — Emigration — Departure for New York — First
Impressions of New York — From New York to Toronto — Arrival.

9-46

1847 TO 18B7.

First Impressions of Toronto — Shopping — Appearance of Toronto in
1847 — Gossip — Incidents in 1847 — Richmond Street Wesleyan
Church — Rev. James Caughey — A. & S. Nordheimer — Toronto
Post Office — Toronto Gas and Water Works — The Circulating
Medium — Store Pay — Retail Importing — Wholesale Trade in 1847
— Prominent Men in 1847 — Lord Elgin — Toronto Police Force —
First Strike in Toronto— Immigrant Fever — Bathing — Great Fire
on King Street in 1848 — Establishment of Celebration of Queen's
Birthday — First Retail Dry Goods Store on Yonge Street — Selling
on the Sterling Cost — Business Houses in Toronto 1847-1850 —
Prominent Men in 1850— A Tour of Observation — First Return
Visit to Europe — Windsor Castle and Queen Victoria — Commence-
ment of Commercial Travelling in Canada — Public Institutions —
Financial Affairs in 1850 — ^Toronto in 1850 — Bonding System via
United States— First Great World's Fair in 1851— Turning the
First Sod of the Northern Railway — Mayor Bowes — Lady Elgin —
Tariff in 1850-1851— The Industrial Crystal Palace- The Esplanade
— Rossin House — Mercantile Agencies — Erastus Wiman — Paris in
1855 — Passports— Queen Victoria and Prince' Albert in Paris — Pro-
cession on the Boulevards — The Queen at Versailles — Departure
from Paris — Incidents During the Queen's Visit — The Imperial Cent
Gardes — Paris Universal Exhibition — The Queen Opening Parlia-
ment — Great Peace Rejoicings in London — Fireworks in Green
Park — Great Naval Review at Portsmouth — The Queen's Arrival
Fleet-Close of the First Decade 47-144

Vlll.

Contents.

1887 TO 1867.

Financial Crisis in 1857— Desjardins Canal Accident— Art Treasures
Kxhibition in Manchester— Queen's Reception in the Building-
Royal Mail Cunard Steamer " Persia "Visit of the I'rince of
Wales to Canada,' 186'J— Death of IVince Albert— Buying in Europe,
its Pleasures and Resjwnsibilities -Fenian Raid, 18«(5— Decimal
Currency and American Silver H/i-lyo

1867 TO 1877.

Confederation -Paris Universal Exposition, 18C7 -Fenianism in Man-
chester— Assassination of Tnomas D'Arcy McUee, M.P.— Tarififsof
England, United States and Canada from 1869 to 1876— Metro-
politan Church— Toronto in 1870, 1871— Return of Rev. Dr.
Punshon to England— St. James' Cathedral Clock 177-194

1877 TO 1886.

Protection versus a Revenue TarifT— Exhibition Buildings— Mar(|uis of
Lome and H.R.H. the Princess Louise— Farewell Visit of the
Viceregal Party— Arrival of the Marquis of Lansdowne— First
Visit to Toronto— The Semi-Centennial Celebration— Captain
Joseph Dutton, R.N.— Population i/f British Cities— Comparative
Population of Seven Canadian Cities— Climate of Toronto— Snow
—The Toboggan- Departure of Toronto Troops for the North -
West — Return of the Toronto Contingent— A»-rival at North
Toronto— How to see Toronto in 1886 — Toronto the Centre of the
Dominion— Population and Assessment Returns — Toronto Street
— Population of Toronto at Different Periods— Value of Buildings
Erected During the Years 1882-1885— Commercial Travellers'
Association — Toronto Custom House —Civil Service Examinations
— Total Imports to Toronto since 1849 — Coal Imported to Toronto
in 1885— Coal Produced at Nanaimo, B.C. — The Imports of Toronto
Compared with Cities in the United States — Exports from Toronto
in 1885 195-238

1886.

Introductory— Ontario Assembly in 1866 — State Dinner &c Govern-
ment House — Toronto Board of Trade — Banks in Toronto — Public
Companies — Assets of Banks in Canada — Toronto Gas Works —
Toronto Water Works — Meat Markets and Horses of Toronto —
Toronto a Manufacturing City — Toronto Manufactures — Percent-
age of Growth of Manufactures in 50 Years — J. & J. Tnylor,
Toronto Safe Works — Taylor Bros. — Brown Bros. & Co. — Rolph

Contents.

IX.

1886— Con<mwrf.

Smith & Co.— Heating of Btiiidinga in Toronto R & C. (Jurney
& Co. ( Limited )--Tlie(i rand "Trunk" House of the Dominion—
H. E. Clarke & Co.— The Queen's Hotel— Toronto's Natural
Advantages - Toronto a City of Churches— Ministers Since 1847 -
The Salvation Temple -The Salvation Army - Toronto an Kduca-
tional Centre —IJreat North- Western Telegraph I'o. Toronto a
Musical City- F. H. Torrington-Chamber Music— Jenny Lind,
the "Swedish Nightingale," at Washington in lHr>3 Mrs. John
Beverley Kohinson and Mrs. J. (i. Beard— The Musical Festival—
The Toronto Vocal Society— Toronto Choral Society - The Toronto
Philharmonic Society— St. Micliael's and St. Basil's -'Jhe Manu-
facture of I'ianos in Toronto— Heintzman & CJo.— Mason & Risch -
Octavius Newcombe & XJo. — Lansdowne I'iano Co.— Benevolent
Institutions— The Lakeside Home— Toronto a Literary City— The
(Uohe and ifa/7— The World and JV^ew*— The Evmimj Tdfgram—
The Chrhtiim Guardian and the Methodist Book and Publishing
House -The Free Library— King Street in 1 88(5— Messrs. Robert
Walker & Sons-W. A. Murray & Co.— The Art of Pottery— Mr.
Clover Harrison— New Buildings Approaching Completion— Build-
ings Proposed to be Erected this Year— The Manning Arcade-
New Bank of Montreal— Toronto Post Office in 1886— Toronto as
a Place of Residence— Gover.iors-General of Canada since 1847—
Lieutenant-Governors of Ontario— Mayors of Toronto— f:xtent of
City -Toronto Street Railway Company— Street Traffic— The
Model Wholesale Dry Goods Warehouse of the Dominion— Corsets
—The Telfer and Harold Manufacturing Company— The Lace and
Embroidery Trade— White, Joselin & Co.— Yonge Street in 1886—
Messrs. T. Eaton & Co.— Great Increase in Imports— The Arcade
—Summer Resorts— Queen's Park— Exhibition Park— Lome Park
—Canadian Pacific Railway— Dominion Day, 1886— Toronto Zoolo-
gical Gardens -Queen Victoria's Jubilee— The Indian and Colonial
Exhibition held in London, Elngland, 1886— Table of Belgian,
French and Swiss Francs, Spanish Pesetas, Grecian Drachma and
Italian Livres- Sterling Table at 9i or par of Exchange— Canadian
Tariff of Customs 339-356

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

The Marquis of Lanadowne Frontispiece

Hon. John Beverley Robinson, Lieut. -Governor of Ontario 4

Map of Toronto 8

View of Toronto, C.W., in 1847 47

Knox Church in 1848 79

Windsor Castle ^9

Crystal Palace 102

St. James' CathCvlral 105

Toronto Esplanade 1 jO

Place de la Concorde, Paris 12I

Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris 130

Former Post Office (Present Office of Receiver-General) . . 143

Government House and 8t. Andrew's Church 158

Metropolitan Church 1 jj7

JCxhibition Building I97

Rossin House 221

Knox College ; 222

Normal School 225

Toronto Custom House 231

View of Toronto, 1886 239

Osgoode Hall 240

The Queen's Hotel 259

St. Andrew's Church, King Street West 262

The Salvation Army Temple 265

University of Toronto 267

Canadian Institute, Richmond Street West 269

F. H. Torrington, Esq 277

The Lakeside Home 296

The Olobe Building 3qi

The Mail Building oqo

The Telegram Building 304

Rev. Egerton Ryerson, D. D 307

Toronto Post Office 317

John Macdonald & (Jo.'s Warehouse 322

Yonge Street Arcade goj

'"ommmmmm

/ \

MAP OF THE CITY C

H A R B O U

HE CITY OF TORONTO.

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TORONTO "CALLED BACK."

CHAPTER OF INTRODUCTION.

I DO not intend to write an autobiography. In "calling
back " from memory the facts and incidents to be related, there
was no intention of their ever meeting the public eye, but they
were written partly for recreation and partly for personal and
family gratification.

As, however, nothing will appear of which the writer was
not an eye-witness, it may be that in narrating scenes of life in
Dublin, or in describing grand sights witnessed in London, or
Paris, or the great Naval Review at Portsmouth, the interest
of some reader may be so awakened, on either side of the
Atlantic, as to lead him to turn to an account of the growth
and progress of Toronto.

Since the writer's first trip to Europe from this city he has
influenced a number of families to make it their home, and they
in turn have influenced others ; and should in the future any
capitalist, manufacturer, or any other desirable citizen of any
other ciuy or country, be induce-^' to adopt Canada, and especi-
ally Toronto, as his future place of residence, and contribute in
any way to its wealth and population, his object will be attained.
Nor do I intend to write a book of travels. There are
gifted individuals who, having made a trip across the Atlantic,
and " run through " from Liverpool to London, then over the
2

iKT

Toronto " Called Back."

Continent, and perhaps gone round the worhl in 90 days, have
the faculty of writ ng so easily, that on their return home
they wnte a book ; but the present writer makes no preten-
sions to such literary ability, although, from an average of
travels of 10,000 miles a year, by sea and land, for many years,
materials might be furnished for such a purpose.

One could tell of passages made in nearlj^ all the old Cunard
Royal Mail steamers, — the Asia, Africa, Arabia, America,
Europa, Niagara and Persia,, the last of the ocean paddle-
wheel steamers crossing the Atlantic (the Scotia only excepted);
with recollections of the celebrated Commanders, who had the
proud boast of never having lost a life, — Lott, Stone, Leitch,
Harrison, Shannon, and Commodore Judkins; also of the
splendid steamers of the Inman Line, then of our own Allan
Line, and occasional trips in the " White Star ;" of hairbreadth
'scapes from rocks and icebergs, of storms and winds, from
the gentle zephyr through all the gradations of ships' " log "
record, — light and strong breezes, half gales and whole gales,
thunder storms, hurricanes, and tremendous hurricanes, with an
occasional cyclone, described by a writer as "a magnificent
scene. The whole ocean, from the central speck on which
he stood to the vast vanishing circle of the horizon, as one
boundless, boiling cauldron.

" Millions of waves simultaneously leaping in thunder from
the abyss and rearing themselves into blue mountain peaks,
capped with white foam and sparkling in the sunlight for a
moment, to be swallowed up in the darkness of the roaring
deep the next. A lashing, tossing, heaving, falling, foaming,
glancing rise and fall of liquid mountains and valleys, awful
but ravishing to look upon."

And then might turn to beautiful, calm weather, pleasant
company, music, games, mock trials; splendid bills of fare — four
meals a day, with every delicacy that money could procure ;
refined society, comprising distinguished statesmen, ambassadors
with their suites, celebrated divines and historians, poets and
men of leisure, merchant princes and buyers, representing all
the large mercantile houses, some of the best patrons of the

11
a

b
W

ni
h

Chapter of Introdtiction.

1 1

ocean steamers; also of people of all nationalities, English, Irish,
Scotch, American, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Turks,
Spaniards, Russians, and Japanese ; of the hardships of the
steerage as well as the luxury of the saloon ; all of which might
make a readable volume.

In the hands of the <listinguishcd novelist, Wilkie Collins,
whom I have heard read from his own works in this city, the
facts wnth which I could furnish him mio-ht be woven into a
romance equal in interest to the " Woman in White."

The inimitable Dickens, whom 1 have also heard and by
whose tombstone — which, amongst the numberless monuments
in the Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey, in memory of the
great poets, essayists, novelists and dramatists in past centuries,
is most remarkable for its plainness, and without any epitaph
but "Dickens" — I afterwards stood, could have produced out
of the matei'ials a book quite as true to life as "Martin
Chuzzlewit."

Or the lamented Hugh Conway might have given to the
world another volume quite as popular as " Called Back ;" but
simple facts and " a plain, unvarnished tale " are all that are
offered in these pages.

A residence for several years in Lancashire, with an oppor-
tunity of seeing the working of the principle of Free Trade ;
afterwards six years travelling through the United States, and
sending large orders to be shipped from England to the prin-
cipal cities, from Baltimore to St. Louis, in the face of a tariff
which averaged 60 per cent., and watching the growth of the
manufacturing industries during that time ; and, in addition to
all this, the experience of an importer to Toronto, with a tariff
gradually increasing from 12i per cent, to 25 per cent., ought
to furnish some valuable information.

But in writing on the growth and progress of Toronto, it is
best to allow every person to draw his own conclusions as to
whether our city has been benefited by the multiplication of
manufacturing establi.shments, as well as to the question of
how far she is indebted to the pres'^nt policy for their success.

To go over the ground taken by those who so ably and

Toronto " Called Backr

beautifully described the progress of Toronto in its civic and
political phases during the

SEMI-CENTENNIAL

from 1834 to 1884, would be quite superfluous. The programme
of the celebration itself forms a splendid record of the events
which transpired during that period.

The grand tableaux in the daily processions, illustrating the
progress of the city, from the rude and uncivilized to the high
state of refinement at the present time, were most striking and
impressive.

If, however, the growth and progress of Toronto as an im-
porting centre has been given, the writer has never seen it,
and yet, in this respect, there are distinct marks of contrast
between the present and the past which are not only striking
but marvellous.

Perhaps, with the exception of London and Chicago, no other
city in the world has made such rapid strides in the march of
progress, and this it will be my endeavor to show to the best
of my ability.

Early Days.

" I have observed, that a reader seldom peruses a book with pleasure
till he knows whether the writer of it be a black or afair'man."— ^cZ^iwoH.

My uncle, Dr. Conyngham Crawford, having refused to accept
a commission in the British Army offered by the Marquis of
Conyngham, on account of religious scruples on the part of his
parents, adopted the medical profession, and came to the United
States, where he became a celebrated physician and lecturer in
one of the medical colleges in Philadelphia. Having no pros-
pect of a family, he expressed the wish that my parents should
call me after him, partly from a wish to perpetuate the name
in our branch of the family, and with the intention of leaving
me his property should I survive him.

When school days came I was, at his request, educated with
a view of qualifying for the same profession. Having mastered
the course of classics required for the examination at Apothe-

- ' iM w a ii MJi' Ww w ' n i

^ %

Chapter of Introdnctio?i.

caries' Hall, Dublin, which was necessary as preparatory for the
studies for the cle<,'ree of Medical Doctor, I was about to enter
for examination, when, in my thirteenth year, news came of
my uncle's death.

The letters from the executors contained a copy of his will,
in which all his property, real and personal, Was left to me.

Glad to tind that I .should not be compelled to continue the
study of medicine, Avhich I never fancied, I decided to enter
into a mercantile life, anu through the introduction of a per-
sonal and intimate friend of Mr. Todd's, toon entered the cele-
brated house of Todd, Burns & Co., the yomgest lad who had
ever entered on a salary.

As I may describe another of these splendid establishments,
for which Dublin has since become so famous, I shall only give
a general idea of this house, so well known to all travellers
from America.

When I entered there, in 1840, it was the largest house in
G .*eat Britain ; the house of Shoolbred & Co., of Tottenham-
Court Road, London, being its only equal as to the number of
employees, while inferior in amount of trade done.

Including fifty well-educated lads from Scotland, there were
400 living on the premises, and for comfort of domestic arrange-
ments, strict system, and thorough discipline, the house could
not be excelled in the world at the time.

There being an opinion in America that apprentices to the
dry goods trade in the Old Country are badly paid, I shall just
state the terms on which these boys were engaged and kept for
five years. In addition to first-class board, with comfortable
bed-rooms, use of reading-rooms and magnificent library, each
boy was paid £5 the first year, and £5 advance the succeeding
four years, when they were at liberty to remain or leave for a
better situation.

The oversight of their moral and commercial training was
particularly attended to, and a schoolmaster kept in the house
for their general education. This was attended to every even-
ing in a splendid school-room devoted to the purpose, with every
school requisite.

Toronto *' Called Back,''

Todd. Burns & Oo.

The house of Torld, Burns & Co. is situated at the corner of
Mary and Jervis Streets, and within sijrlit of Nelson's PiMar in
Sackvillo Street and the General Post Office at the cornen

Along this street any tine day might be seen a long line of
carriages, representing the wealth, beauty and fashion of the
city, only surpassed by the brilliant display of equipages on
the occasion of a levee, drawing-room, or ball at the Castle.

A walk to tlie Post Office, at the corner of Sackville and
Mary Streets, at nine o'clock any night, afibrded a most enjoyable
sight, especially in summer when it was clear daylight. Nine
Royal Mail coaches stood in the Post Office yard to receive the
mails, each with coachman and guard in scarlet and gold. A gun-
smith was always in attendance to examine the cavalry pistols
and blunderbus of each guard to see they were in perfect
order, and while the clock was striking the hour the thorough-
breds, four-in-hand, prancing and rearing, emerged from the
yard into Sackville Street, while the guards vied with each
other in their performances on their key bugles. In Sackville
Street the horses were let go to do their ten miles an hour, a
beautiful sight to behold.

While a large wholesale trade was done, the chief feature of
the establishment was the extensive retail branch, conducted
strictly on the departmental system, each department man-
aged by a buyer.

The system of introducing customers to the different depart-
ments was managed by Messrs. Todd and Burns personally,
assisted by a large staff of superintendents, the principals
giving special attention to the humbler classes, while the more
aristocratic were looked after by the superintendents.

The domestic arrangements for the accommodation of so
many young men were very complete, and the diet excellent ;
whether the moral tone was improved or not by the use of beer,
a barrel of that beverage was made to disappear every day.

The house of Todd, Burns & Co. still maintains its high rank
amongst the great establishments of Britain.

Chapter of Introduction. 15

I loft on account of j,'reator inducements to assist in the
e.stablislunent of the house of

Pirn Bros. & Co.

Tliis tirm, composed of three brothers, Jonathan, William, and
Thomas, a leading family of the Society of Friends, had been
in an exclusively wholesale business in William Street up to
the year 1<S41.

At this time an old military V)arracks in South Great St.
(jleor<,'e's Street, off Dame Stn^et, and in the vicinity of Stephens'
Green, Mt^-rion Square, and <jther fashionable localities, was
guarded by sentries, when Messrs. Pint Bros. — thinking an estab-
lishment on the south side of the Liffey, similar to that of Todd
Burns & Co. on the north, would be equally successful — con-
ceived the idea of buying the property, which was about to be
abandoned by the Government. They were not long in putting
their ideas into practice. Having turned the premises into a
warehouse, they set about to engage competent young men to
conduct the business, and as even a year's experience in tl 3
house of Todd, Burns h Co. was a great recommendation, I had
only to make application to get an engagement; and in this
way twenty-five were engaged, the writer being the youngest.
With this staff, from which the buyers and managers were
selected, we commenced to lay the foundation of what in seven
years became the model house of Great Britain, and has con-
tinued to grow ever since, till at the present time it has
attained to the same position there that the house of A. T.
Stewart k, Co. occupied for so many years in America.

The principle on which this great house was founded was to
throw the whole responsil)ility on the heads of the departments,
the firm not interfering in any way except to supply unlimited
capital, and allow the results of each stock-taking to show the
merits or demerits of the managers.

When fully organized there were twentj'-two regular depart-
ments, the business of each being kept as di.stinct as if in
different buildings, and as this was the first house in which this
system was discovered and applied, a brief description of its

Toronto " CalUd Back."

workin<^.s may bo iiiterestinjj and useful to .some who have not
yet adopted it.

The dithculty always had been, that where a salesman went
from one department to another he j^ot the credit of the sale,
while the department in which the goods were sold had nothing
to show for it. This defect still existed in Todd, Burns & Co.
and the large London house.s.

To cure this defect, a system of furnishing to each depart-
ment bill-heads, with the name of department printed at top,
was introduced. To each of these bill-heads a cheque at the
bottom was attached with name of department to correspond.
When a sale was made, no matter to what department the
salesman belonged, these cheques were tiled in the cashier's
desk during the day, and the next morning a lot of boys set to
work, with large .sheets prepared for the purpose, entering
every amount to credit of each of the.se twenty-two depart-
ments ; thus .showing daily, weekly, monthly, and at stock-
taking — semi-annually — an exact return of each department's
business, and of each .salesman's work during that period. Of
course, the goods had been previously charged to each depart-
ment in the counting-house.

To complete this system, when one salesman went through a
number of departments, which was .sometimes allowed, as in the
ca.se of a friend, bill-heads were provided, with " general "
cheques, on which tht amount sold in each department was
distinctly stated, the entry boys being careful to .separate
these amounts and distribute them under their proper headings;
and further, each department had a locked till for coppers, of
which one man had the sole charge, and who, every day,
emptied the contents into linen bags, all stamped with name of
department and credited to each accordingly. As no bill was
given for less than sixpence, and the giving a bill over that
amount was compulsory, change was got at the desk, and the
amount of sale dropped into these tills, so that the returns
were exact.

It was the duty of each manager — or, in his absence, of the
second in charge — every morning, to examine the bill-heads,

Chapter of Introduction.

after distribution by the porters, to see that they did not get
mixed in hv\x\^ taken from the lockers.

As the buyin;T is at the founchition of every mercantile busi-
ness, buying the best goods from the best houses was the great
object, and proved to be an extraordinary success in this liouse.

As the wholesale and retail branches were under the same
buyer's management, his responsibility was so much tlie
greater; and when a buyer decided to visit his particular
market he had no one to consult, having a carie hlanche to go
when he thought proper, and buy just what he considered right.

Buyers were supposed to spend a guinea a day while on their
trip, with the price of a pint of wine extra, which was invari-
ably charged at all the commercial hotels, whether they used it
or not. It being the prerogative of the president at the dinner-
table to order for each guest, it would be entirely lnfr<i dig,
for any house to attempt to violate so time-honored a custom,
even when the principals happened, as in our case, to be the
very leading " Friends " in the country. The custom still pre-
vails in all commercial rooms at hotels in England.

These commercial dinners are always supposed to be enjoyed
after the business of the day is over, and if goods were opened
that appeared to have had less than the usual care in selection,
or were a little inferior in value to the buyer's usual purchases,
it was a sort of standing joke that Mr. So-anJ-so had bought
such a lot of goods " after dinner."

The inducements held out to buyers by interested manufac-
turers required a firm resolution to refuse all sorts of presents
which were offered, and which, if accepted, placed him under
an obligation, greater or less, to purchase.

The writer has had most liberal offers, sometimes so far as to
pay all his expenses visiting celebrated castles in Warwickshire,
etc., all of which he felt it his duty most positively to decline.

The system of "shopping" as practised in America was posi-
tively unknown to us.

The rule was that no customer should be allowed to leave
the house without being served. This bore heavily on young
lads just leaving home, having the fear of dismissal before their

Toronto " Called Back.''

eyes ; and yet it was almost invariably enforced, the only excep-
tion beinf^ by reference to a superintendent.

It was assumed that, as there was no restriction imposed on
the buyers, they were supposed to be constantly supplied with
every line of goods in their department, and every line com-
plete in widths, shades, prices and variety, and in this particular
alone was there ever a question put to the buyers.

If a salesman was asked why he had not sold any particular
article and he said it was not in stock, while this was no excuse
for him, as he was expected to sell something else, the buyer
was generally asked why he had not the article in stock ; and,
having full scope to order or personally select at all times, no
excuse was accepted, but it was looked upon simply as to that
extent neglectful on his part.

As to the control of his assistants, it might be said to be
almost absolute. The orders were, if they did not suit in
every respect not to continue their services. For years the
writer felt this a delicate position to be placed in, as all his
assistants were older than himself ; and it being the custom to
reduce the number at the dull season — and the heads were
expected to name the one or two that must go — he had the
.satisfaction of never having one in his department discharged
during six yeavs, always managing to have them changed to
another department.

To explain the absence ot the shopping system it is necessary
to state that, the rules of these houses being known, no person
appeared to enter the house except with the intention of buying.
The ladies of the higher classes came with their lists all prepared,
and were shown from department to department till all was
selected ; so, through all classes, there was no time for banter-
ing, as there was no idea of anything but a fixed price. So,
with this throng of customers from morning till night, the
business moved like a piece of machinery or clockwork. No
person was allowed to remain in the business who violated any
rule, and no allowance was made for even the slightest delin-
quency, the system of fines being the slightest punishment for
such delinquency — after these, dismissal.

Chapter of IntrcdiAction.

The rule of serving every customer being enforced led to
wonderful expedients to accomplish the object.

Frequently ladies declining to buy an article at the counter,
yet purchasing the exact duplicate when brought from the
wholesale department, salesmen have often been heard to boast
that they could sell black for white, which they often did. No
person was allowed to suand idle for a moment, and no " buz-
zing " or " clubbing " was allowed. Every head o*:' a depart
ment was expected to see every man constantly employed.
The writer's wholesale department upsfcaii*s occupied a position
from which a view of over one hundred young men could be
obtained at any time, and this was a favorite spot of the
governor's, where he could observe all without been seen. In
chatting he would sometimes say, " Who is that young man
counting the flies «^- 1 the ceiling ? " if the young man happened
to show an indolent manner.

The number of salesmen was so great, and the changes so-
frequent, the heads of the firm scarcely knew even their names^
except those of the managers.

The system of daily business was strictly regular, commenc-
ing exactly at 8 o'clock, and ending at 7 in summer and 6 in
winter. During these hours a continuous line of carriages
might be seen extending nearly half the length of the street,
a watchman in livery always in attendance outside to take
messages and parcels.

For six years the house was never without workmen con-
stantly employed in carrying out extensions and improvements,
as number after number on the street was added, and continued
to go on during all my subsequent visits to the city up till a
comparatively recent period ; and only a few days ago I heard
the enlargement was still going on.

The average sales in the retail department alone, all for cash^
were £1,000 sterling per day in 1847.

In addition to the inside business of the house were the manu-
facturing departments: the celebrated poplins employed several
hundred hands; the grey calicos, at Oreenmount Spinning
Works, owned by the firm, and the manufacture of upholstery.

Toronto '' Called Back.''

trimmings, and paper and leather branches employed several
hundreds more ; and such was the enterprise of the firm that a
time of depression was unknown. Even during the potato
famine, in 1846, there was no falling off in the business, although
this might have been expected in some of the departments,
such as jewellery and silks, yet the sales showed no diminution.

•I

ROUTINE OF DAILY BUSINESS.

The first bell rang at 7.30, when the junior hands and porters
went down to sweep 'and dust — the former inside the counters,
the latter outside. At 8 o'clock the second bell rang for all
others to be in their departments. At the same time a porter
stood at the main entrance, watching the clock opposite, over
the main stairway, and precisely to the minute the doors were
opened, when a large number of customers, who waited for the
time to arrive, would be admitted. The arrangements for
meals were posted up in the library every Monday morning,
showing a division into three classes, which changed alternately
every week, giving all an equal privilege a^J ^o time.

At 8.30 the first bell for breakfast was the signal for the
first class, at 9 for the second, and at 9.30 for the third, no
one being allowed to leave his place till his reliever returned.
Dinner and tea were arranged on the same principle.

The weather was the only thing that affected our daily busi-
ness, the complaint of bard times or falling off in trade being
quite foreign to us.

The short hours of business, especially on the long summer
days — part of the time being clear daylight till 10 o'clock — gave
us all a fine opportunity for enjoyment and recreation.

Those who preferred to remain at home had the advan-
tage of a magnificent library, which, although established by a
monthly contribution from each young man (which was com-
pulsory), had become the property of the firm. This, with the
news room, containing all the leading magazines, periodicals,
and latest newspapers, was an inestimable boon, and highly
appreciated by the lovers of literature.

At 11 o'clock precisely the door was locked ; and so strict

'™***"«w*»»WiSWBW^WKPf?1l"

Chapter of Introduction.

was the rule, I have seen the porter refuse to turn back the
key in the lock to admit a late-comer, the transgressor of the
rule bein2f obliged to seek lodgings elsewhere, with the certainty
of a reproof in the morning, and, if repeated, of dismissal.

At 11.30 a superintendent went round every room with a
dark lantern to see that every one was in his proper bed, aj;id
all lights put out.

Every morning the house doctor went round the rooms, and
if any were sick, or shamming, a sick diet was immediately
prescribed ; and on Sundays, if any remained in their rooms,
whether to carry on a flirtation with the good-looking chamber-
maids or from a fit of laziness, the same sick diet was prescribed.

The cooking arrangements were perfect. Twenty legs of
mutton could be roasted at one time, while the stewing, steam-
ing, and boiling in the same range all went on at the same
time ; one hundred loaves of Manders' celebrated bread were
cut by a machine daily.

The domestic arrangements of the house generally would
well repay a visit from travellers.

The magnificent plate-glass front of the house, comprising
from 74 to 88 in consecutive numbers in the street, was on a
fine day lined with carriages, while this line sometimes ex-
tended beyond. We select one out of many of the equipages
for description. Look at this

EQUIPAGE

and its appointments. Mark the exquisite balance of that
claret- bodied chariot upon its springs; the fine sway of the
sumptuous hammer-cloth in which the smiling coachman sits
buried to the middle ; the exact fit of the saddles sittinsr into
the curve of the horses' backs, so as not to break to the most
careless eye the fine lines which exhibit action and grace. See,
when they stand together, alert, fiery, yet obedient to the weight
of a silken thread; and as the coachman sees you studying his
turnout, observe the perceptible feel of the reins, and the just
visible motion of his lips, conveying to the quick ear of his
horses the premonitory, and to us inaudible, sound, while, with-

Torofito " Called Back!'

out drawing a haii-breadth upon the traces, they paw their fine
hoofs and expand their nostrils impatiently. Come nearer, and
observe not a »peck or a raised hair on those glossy coats.
Observe the nice fit of the dead black harness, the modest
crest upon the panel, the delicate picking out of white upon
tlip panels, and if you would venture upon a freedom of
manners, look in through the window of rose-tinted glass and
see the luxurious cushions, and the costly and splendid adap-
tation of the interior.

One of the twin-mated footmen waits upon my lady as .she
completes her purchases, and as she, with a charming smile,
says good-bye to the salesman — who had recognized a carriage
customer before she had spoken ten words, was certain of it as
soon as she took off her glove, and had enjoyed a tete-a-Ute for
which a Prince Royal might sigh and an ambassador might
negotiate in vain — hands the parcel to the footman, who with
silver-headed st ,. attends her ladyship to the door.

The twin footman flies to the carriage door, the small foot
presses on the carpeted .step, thf diry vehicle yields lightly and
recovers from the slight weight of the descending form, the
coachman inclines his ear for the half-suppressed order from
the footman, and off' whirls the admirable structure as if
horses, footmen, and chariot were but the parts of some com-
plicated centaur — some swift-moving monster upon legs and
wheels.

Mr. Thomas Pim combined business with pleasure. He
owned a yacht, and was the only member of the Bri.stol Yacht
Club who was not by birth a nobleman. In the winter the
skipper was appointed to work in the warehouse. Mr. Pim
always kept a saddle-horse in the city, and had daily rides
in the Phtjenix Park. His residence was Monkstown Castle,

near Kingstown.

In 1846, the potato crop having failed, we never saw one for
six months. This increased the consumption of bread in the
house to an enormous extent.

The bakers' attempt to raise the price of bread was checked
by Mr. Pim's threat to open large public bakeries, and sell at a

Chapter of Litroduction.

small profit, adding, that if the people would not bu)^ his bread
he would put a slice of bacon in every loaf.

As an instance of the j^enerosity of this firm, Mr. John West,
for many years head superintendent, having taken a trip to
America, speculated largely in lands near Chicago. After
spending a few years in Paris as agent for their celebrated
poplins, for which thirteen prize medals have been obtained, he
determined to return to America and settle on his property.
Before leaving he was invited* to a supper given by the iirm,
Vv^hen on turning up his plate he found a cheque for £1,000
sterling placed there as a parting gift.

And this firm, with its princely revenues, army of assistants,
thousands of dependents, its several branch establishments and
numerous agents, all working with a clockwork regularity in-
comprehensible to the muddling proceedings of Ordnance, Horse
Guards, Admiralty, Woods and Forests and Public Works,
is a model of the firms which organize the labor of the staple
trade of Great Britain. Neither are the principals money-
grabbing drudges. They can afford time, as we have seen,
for healthful recreation ; neither do any of their dependents
appear to be overworked. Such is the establishment of which
the writer had the honor of being one of the founders.

INCIDENTS FROM 1841 TO 1847.

Daniel O'Oonnell.

No name will remain more prominently on the pages of Irish
history than that of Daniel O'Connell. His persuasive oratory,
his brilliant wit, and laughter-provoking humor, attracted great
crowds to listen to his speeches in Conciliation Hall. While
his persevering efforts in the House of Commons were the best
proof of his patriotism, it may be, that had he confined his am-
bition to the attainment of a " Home Rule " for Ireland, he
might have succeeded at the time in .seeing his object accom-

Toronto " Called Back.

plished. In 1843 he confidently stated that the great repeal
year had arrived, the repeal of the union being avowedly the
object he had in view.

As history appears to be repeating itself in Ireland, when a
Lord Mayor refused to hoist the city flag on the occasion of the
visit of the Prince of Wales in 1885, and, while 1 write, the
new Lord Mayor is said, in a despatch from Dublin, to join in a
movement to erect a monument to the three Fenians who were
executed in Manchester for the murder of Policeman Brett, one
is reminded that, nearly forty years ago, the celebrated Daniel
O'Connell, having been elected Lord Mayor amidst scenes of
terror and riot, was said to have displayed his feelings by
having the statue of King William III. in College Green
painted bronze with as much green as possible.

This celebrated equestrian statue, said to be the finest in
Europe, had a short time before been overturned by an explosion
of gunpowder, and, after its re-erection, was painted orange and
blue — the Trinity College students, close by, taking great pains
on the 12th of July to add decorations of ribbons and flowers
of the same color.

.The agitation for the repeal of the union ivas prosecuted
with systematic vigor by its advocates. The city was divided
into districts, and house-to-house visitation carried on by the
collectors of the " repeal rent," and as some of the contributors
showed considerable ignorance of the nature of the object, they
sometimes innocently stated their belief that the repeal would
be over next week " for sure," and the knowing ones, to help
the joke, would tell them it was coming over from England " in
three ships." The climax of the excitement on this question
was reached by Mr. O'Connell issuing a proclamation calling a
mass-meeting to be held upon the Strand of Clontarf, a suburb
of the city, near the Hill of Howth. All went well for the
cause until the afternoon of the day before the meeting.

In the meantime the guards on the Bank of Ireland, the
Castle, and all the barracks, were doubled, and orders issued for
supplies of rations for the men and provender for tho horses as
in the time of siege.

Chapter- of Introduction.

O'Connell promised that half a million of men would meet
next day to show the British Government their strength, but
not beint^ an advocate of " physical force," like Smith O'Brien
and the Young Ireland party, he w^arned them against any
display beyond that of numbers. However, the Government,
regarding these meetings as an attempt at intimidation, deter-
mined to stop the proceedings, and a counter pi'oclamation was
is->ued that afternoon forbidding the meeting. This led to
O'Connell's advising its postponement sine die. Nevertheless,
the Government, to effectually prevent any further demonstra-
tion, marched the troops through the city the next day. Fully
15,000 of all arms marched with fixed bayonets and drawn
swords, while artillery and cavalry, with nets of hay attached
to the saddles and every .rrangement for battle, made the
streets echo with their warli ce tread.

In the midst of this scene appeared Tom Steele, the " head
pacificator," waving a green branch imder the immediate
direction of O'Connell himself, driving through the dense
masses of people and advising thern to retire peaceably to their
homes. The subsequent arrest and conviction of O'Connell,
after a long trial in the four courts, on a charge of high treason,
is a matter of history. The punishment was reduced to six
months' imprisonment in Richmond Bridewell, and here on any
Siinut»,7 during that time might be seen thousands of people
all round the grounds, eager to catch a glimpse of his jolly
face through the bars. Provisions, delicacies of all kinds, and
a variety of presents, with every manifestation of sympathy,
were given him to the fullest extent.

At the expiratioii of the time he made his triumphal proces-
sion through the city, seated on a large car drawn by four
horses, with a white-bearded Irish harpist and some of his most
intimate friends around him. The ^Drocession, which was about
six miles in length, halted at the Bank of Ireland, where the
last Irish Parliament had met, and round after round of cheers
were given, after which they passed on through the city.

By tliis step on the part of the Government peace was
secured, but from that time O'Connell's sovereignty ceased to
3

Toronto " Called Back.""

exist. He had led the peasantry in sight of the promised land,
but failed to enter.

The hot-headed Young Ireland party supplanted him, and a
farcical rebellion followed under Smith O'Brien. The abortive
O'Connell agitation resulted in nothing more than the uprising
at Balgarry. The Liberator was essentially a man of peace,
opposed to secret societies and everything resembling physical
force.

After a lapse of many years a statue has been erected to his
memory, at the foot of Sack vi He Street. A monument repre-
senting one of the round towers of Ireland stands close to the
vault in which the body (except the heart, which was left in
Rome, where he died,) is deposited.

The writer, a few years ago, visited the beautiful cemetery of
Glasnevin and entered the vault. The coffin was covered with
fresh flowers gathered close by, the cemetery being a perfect
flower garden. The Botanical Gardens, almost adjoining, are
only excelled by Kew Gardens, in London, and contain every
specimen in botany, from the lily of the valley to the cedars
of Lebanon.

Something Like Fenianism.

The establishment of Pim Bros. & Co. was so situated that it
ran back to the wall of the Lower Castle yard. From our bed-
room windows we could see the guard of cavalry parade, and
had a view of the Chapel Royal connecting with the Castle itself.

Whether it was the favorable position which the house
occupied for an attack on the Castle, or not, a plot was dis-
covered in which a large number of the young men were im-
plicated.

The police, having had private information, prepared for a
descent on the establishment.

A large number of us usually went down to the Pigeon
House Fort on Dublin Bay, as here there was deep water for a
swim, and one morning, having gone as usual about o o'clock,
on our return we found the police had been through the bed-
rooms, expecting to find their prey. In their trunks papers

Chapter of Introduction,

containing their commissions to various rank were found.
Quite a number of arrests were made, and some who had been
out for a swim, whose friends ha<l been out on the watch to
warn them, thinking^ discretion the better part of valor, made
tracks for the land of liberty. Amongst the number was one
who at present is doing a large business in Louisville, Kentucky.
One of those who were arrested, and who held the commis-
sion of captain, as his papers showed, was, up to a late date, a
corset manufacturer in New York. Tlie Government did not
prosecute any of those who were arrested, so they were allowed
to get out of the country, possibly for their country '.s_ good.

Father Matthew.

During this time the Rev. Theobald Matthew, familiarly
known as Father Matthew, was busily engaged in his good
work of temperance and total abstinence. His influence over
the masses, especially of his own Church, was something re-
markable.

On Sunday afternoons he was to be seen in the open square
at the back of the Custom House, administering the pledge to
the thousands who knelt on the pavement while he passed from
rank to rank placing his hand on the head of each person.
This was considered equivalent to taking a pledge, and each of
these received a medal, which no doubt was carefully preserved.

Dr. Cuyler, of New York, said lately in a speech at Exeter
Hall, London, that in 1842 he made his first speech by the side
of Father Matthew in the City Hall, Glasgow. The doctor
stated he was then but a youth, and Father Matthew gave
him a warm kiss, which he felt to be a kind of consecration
to temperance work.

The writer has a pleasing recollection of attending one of
Father Matthew's addresses, in front of a Roman Catholic
chapel at Donnybrook, when also a youth, and also of the kind-
hearted, benevolent-looking father taking him by the hand,
which he warmly shook, and drawing him from the croM^d to a
position near himself, where he stood to the close of the address.

Toronto ''' Called Back!'

Evangelical AilJance.

At this time the Evangelical Alliance was formed in London,
and shortly after the formation of the Irish branch followed,
in Dublin. Ministers of all Evangelical denominations united
cordially on the seven fundamental points which constituted
the basis, the English Church clergymen alone keeping aloof.

Archbishop Whatel^ , being opposed to the movement, issued
a manifesto forbidding ministers under liis jurisdiction to unite
with the dissenters or nonconformists.

One curate refused to submit to his orders, and was deposed
from his position. Being an old man with a family, and having
no other means of suppoi t, great sympathy was shown in his
case. A public meeting was held in the Rotunda, and resolu-
tions passed sympathising with him and condemning the action
of the Archbishop.

At the same time meetings were held at which the action of
the Alliance in London, in refusing to admit representatives of
the Methodist Episcopal Church South into the Alliance, on the
ground of the slavery then existing, was discussed.

Bishop Soule, and his colleague, Rev. Mr. Sargent, came over
as the Southern deputation to ask for admission, and were
refused, it being proved that the Bishop himself held slaves at
the time.

The feeling at these meetings was very strong, and intensified
by the presence, a short time before, of Frederick Douglas, who
denounced the whole system of American slivery, and from
personal experience of the horrors of the lash, the gag, and the
thumbscrew, had depicted the evil in such a w ay as to carry
the feelings of his audiences completely away; and with true
British feeling in favor of freedom, the American representa-
tives were allowed to return home to relate the failure of their
mission.

Having had the pleasure of being present at the great Evan-
gelical Conference held in New York about ten years ago, when
representatives from every part of the civilized world were
present, including a converted Brahmin in his native costume,

Chapter of Introduction.

I could not help contrasting the circumstances with the feeble
coniniencenient — the growth and spread of this organization
being truly wonderful.

During the month of January, this year, the present Arch-
bishop of Dublin assisted in the services of the Evangelical
Alliance.

Dublin Castle.

The balls at the Castle were the occasion of great excitement,
their splendor equalling any given at Buckingham Palace, and
causing a large amount of money to be circulated amongst all
classes.

Having had the enMe to the gallery of St. Patrick's Hall,
through a friendly official, I had an opportunity of witnessing
these brilliant gatherings. The feathers and diamonds on some
of the most beautiful women in the world, mingling with the
brilliant military tmiforms of the gentlemen, .shown to the best
advantage by about 2,000 wax-lights, was a scene not soon to
be forgotten.

The House of Commons, thirty years ago, voted the abolition
of the Vice-Royalty by a majority of three to one. The
measure was dropped solely in deference to Irish opposition,
particularly the opposition of the citizens of Dublin, who liked
the pageant, the entertainment and the expenditure.

The glory of Dublin would depart with its Viceroy, and this
the citizens knew full well. ,

Lord-Lieutenants.

Earl de Grey, during his term of office, gained the reputation
of being stingy.

It was customary for every Lord-Lieutenant to send beef for
A Christmas Dinner to the Mendicity Institution. It was
reported that Earl de Grey had sent cheap and inferior meat.

On the occasion of his departure from the Castle the usual
military arrangements were carried out. The streets, all the
way from the Castle along Dame Street, College Green, and

Toronto "'Called Back,

down to the Wostland Row Station, were lined on both sides
with tioop.s, throuf,'h which the Vice-Regal carriages passed
amidst dense throngs of pcoplo.

Suddenly an addition to the crowd was made, Ijy the appear-
ance of four men carryin'' on their shoulders the carcase of an
ox, minus the meat, and n)arching close to the carriage of the
Lord-Lieutenant, and so amidst the cries of "shins of beef,"
the Vice-Regal party made their ignoble exit.

Such is the temper of a certain class in that city as to make
the popularity of any high official to a great extent dependent
on imaginai'Y as well "^is real grievances. And yet, while this
state of feeling exists, the city is so overrun with " purveyors"
of every kind " to His Excellency," that were the Castle a whole
town in itself there are as many bakers, butchers, grocers, Italian
warehousemen, hatters, furriers, boot and shoe makers, wine
and spirit merchants, dairymen, and even chimney-sweepers,
" to Their Excellencies," as indicated by their own sign-boards^
as would amply supply all the demands of Dublin Castle.

The Earls of Carlisle and Eglinton were very popular as
Lord-Lieutenants during theii- term of office.

A despatch from Dublin, January'- 2(Sth, 188G, says: — "Lord
Carnarvon, ex-Viceroy of Ireland, left Dublin Castle to-day,
accompanied by his wife, for their home in England. The
retiring Viceroy was followed to the railway station by enor-
mous crowds, and his route all the way to Kingstown, where
he took the ferrv for Holyhead, was lined with people anxious
to witness his d ' arture. He was cheered almost continuously
from the time ii ^ left Dublin Castle until he departed from the
Irish coast. The enthusiasm of the populace was phenomenal."

Reviews in Phoenix Park.

Up to the time of Louis Napoleon being proclaimed Emperor
of France, the Battle of Waterloo was commemorated on the
18th of June by a sham fight.

The Duke of Wellington, from regard for the feelings of th&
Emperor, ordered these reviews to be discontinued.

Chapter of Introduction.

On tlie open ground near the Vice-Rei,'al Lofljnre, commonly
calh'd the " Fifteen Acres," but really of much larger extent,
these grand military displays took j)lace. The Hower of the
British Army, stationed at tlie various barracks, including
lancers, dragoons, hussars, infantry and artillery, generally
numbering from 10,000 to 1 5,000 men, took part in these
mamBUvres.

Here for several years Lord Cardigan, the future hero of the
charire of the Light Brigade, could be seen on his Aral)ian
charger, at the head of the 11th Hussars, or Prince Albert's
Own, of which he was colonel.

This regiment, wearing the loose jacket worn in commemo-
ration of their having won a battle when only partially dressed,
and with crimson trousers over the new saddle cloths lately
])resented by Prince Albert, made a splendid appearance. The
sight attracted immense crowds, and wa.s very imposing.

Holiday Excursions.

Where there were so many points of interest, the diiiiculty
was to decide on some particular place to resort to in these
delightful outings.

There was Maynooth, with its College and beautiful grounds,
t*nd a magnificent library always open to visitors, and close
by was the splendid seat of the Duke of Leinster ; Clontarf
Castle and the Hill of Howth wei*e other attractive points for
a holiday excursion. There were Kingstown and Bray, and
Killiney Hill, from which a magnificent view, on the land side,
could be had away back to the city, with the intervening bath-
ing villages ; and on the other side the Bay of Dublin, said to
rival that of Naples, and the L'ish Channel studded with ships
f ron> every clime ; but the County Wicklow seemed to offer the
greatest inducements for a day of real pleasure.

At 5 o'clock on a fine summer's niorni ig, with a splendid
four-in-hand before a car holding ten on each side, and the
" well " in the centre well filled with cold fowl and hams, and
all the necessary appendages, and generally with one or two

I'l?

Toronto " Called Back.

musical instruments, the twenty mile drive over a road without
an uneven spot in the whole distance — over hill and down
dale, amid ever-changing scenes of beauty and romantic gran-
deur, with the perfume of the hawthorn in the fresh morning
air — was as exhilarating as delightful, and for pleasure could
not be exceeded in the world.

The supply of provisions being reserved for a later period of
the day, breakfast was served at the first stopping place,
Rotmdtown.

The way in which the first supply of beefsteak and ham-and-
eggs disappeared always astonished the good-looking girls who
waited at the table, and while a second edition was being pre-
pared the most boisterous merriment went on.

The seat of Lord Monck, formerly Governor-General of
Canada, was passed, as also that of Lord Powercourt. Moun-
tains and glens, lakes and waterfalls succeeding each other, the
" seven churches " at Glendalough, the most attractive spot, is
reached.

Here is the lake of which Tom Moore has written :

"By that lake whose gloomy shore
Skylark never warbled o'er."

The water is said to possess some peculiar quality which
has the effect of driving away the warblers.

From this lake rises a precipitous rock several hundred feet
in height, and in the face about midway up is a cave, called St.
Kevin's bed, having, at the bottom, the appearance of the form
of a man in the polid rock, giving rise to the legend that here St.
Kevin took refuge from the wiles of a fascinating young lady
who pursued him, and at length, having made her way to the
mouth of the cave where he lay, feet outward, he pushed her
into the lake below.

On the stone are carved the names of nearly all celebrated
L-ish travellers, including Sir Walter Scott, Rev. Caesar Otway,
Mr. and Mrs. S. C. Hall, and others.

The guide who " coins " legends always assists visitors to
enter this cava, which is a very dangerous operation, and more

Chapter of Introduction.

0.?

especially so in getting out, as this is done feet foremost. Not
being able to see where you are going, and the deep lake
immediately below, you are entirely at the mercy of the guide,
who places your feet in certain niches known only to herself —
the guide at that time being a woman called Kathleen, said to
be the name of the victim of St. Kevin's determined celibacy.
The scenery in this neighborhood is unsurpassed, and con-
tinues to be very fine till the destination of the day's excursion
is reached, at the Vale of Avoca, of which Tom Moore says :

"There's not in this wide world a valley so sweet."

Donnybrook Fair,

'* Who has not lieard of sweet Donnybrook Fair ?
An Irishman, all in his glory, was there,

With his sprig of shillelah, and shamrock so green."

During the time of the writer's residence in Dublin this cele-
brated gathering was in full blast, once a year.

Whether there was a sale of merchandise, as at Leipsic, or a
grand bazaar, such as is seen in the grounds of the nobility in
England, for sonic benevolent or charitable object, or a cattle
fair, during the day, I do not profess to know, but in the
•evenings and at night, when the crowds poured into the
grounds, it had peculiar features in which it differed from all
other fairs.

It must be admitted that nothing so bad was seen as what,
when a boy, I had witnessed at fairs in other parts of Ireland.

At some of these the " who'11-tread-on-thetail-of-my-coat"
•challenge was literally given, and promptly accepted by oppo-
site factions, and the battle commenced. Those who had no
cudgels were supplied with pokers, tongs, and other weapons,
•taken without permission from the neighboring houses by the
women, who also supplied ammunition in the shape of paving
stones ; and soon heads were broken and the blood flowed
copiously. This generally continued till either the priest
appeared on horseback, and by the free use of a long whip, or
the constabulary with fixed bayonets, dispersed the rioters.

Toronto "Called Back."

■ iiji

Sometimes when the constables were attacked they fired on
the mob, wounding some and killing others.

The rush to Donnybrook was very great, although the
general character of the crowds differed from those to be seen
on the road to the Derby. There was an entire absence of the
aristocratic four-in-hand and other carriages of a stylish char-
acter, and none of the " dust veils " worn by the gentlemen in
drj' weather. The usual mode of conveyance was by the out-
side cars, and if one of these happened to be disengaged, the
driver made the tempting offer to parties on the road to
"rowl" six of them out for a shilling.

The first sight of the grounds, if not imposing, was certainly
very surprising. Like a vast military camp the tents were
spread all over, interspersed with, and surrounded Vi-"', •. 'scel-
laneous collection of shows of all kinds from every part of
Great Britain and Ireland.

There were menageries and theatres, peep shows and Punch
and Jud3^s, giants, dwarfs, fat women and living skeletons^
monstrosities of all kinds, acrobats, jugglers, clowns, mounte-
banks, gypsies, nigger minstrels, organ grinders, hurdy-gurdy
men, and thimble-riggers, all inviting customers with a din that
is utterly indescribable. In the tents were fiddlers and pipers,,
and the dance went on merrily, while the free use of whiskey
contributed to make matters still more lively.

Occasionally a batch of Trinity College students, bent on fun
would appear rushing through the crowd, and from one she
to another, up on the platforms, and down again, then throvg,:-
the tents, much to the astonishment of proprietors and the
great amusement of visitors.

The whole business has been entirely abolished by law as a
public evil.

The memory of years spent in Dublin is pleasant. As a
place of residence it possesses many attractions. Its squares
and parks, especially Pha'nix Park, with the Zoological Gardens
close by; the Botanical Gardens at Glasnevm; the beauty oi its
suburbs, and its historical associations, all combine to li <>; e
it the pride of its citizens.

Chapter of Introduction.

To lovers of first-class music, especially cathedral and choral,
Dublin is unsurpassed in all that can delight the ear.

To be privileged to hear the choir of Trinity College Chapel
at early matins, tlien the Chapel Royal choir at ten o'clock,
from which, if we choose, to go to Christ Church at twelve, and
St. Patrick's at three, would be to enjoy the veiy greatest treat
in this class of music.

Trinity College Chapel on a Sunday morning is a moving
sight.

Five hundred young men in college gowns, thronging the
chapel from end to end — the xavy flower of British youth, in
manly beauty, in strength, in race, in courage, in mind — all
kneeling side by side, bound together in a common bond of
union by the grand historic associations of that noble place; all
mingling their voices together with the trebles (all well-trained
boys) of the'choir and the thunder music of the organ.

This is a spectacle not often equalled, and to take a share in
it a privilege not to be forgotten.

In the beautiful grounds of Trinity College the writer was
accustomed to take his morning walk, frequently meeting the
celebrated Archbishop Whately, with whom it was a favorite
resort.

St. Patrick's Cathedral.

The choral music of St. Patrick's Cathedral is almost unrivalled
in its combined powers of voice, organ and scientific skill. The
majestic harmony of effect thus produced is not a little deepened
by the character of the church itself, which with its dark rich
fretwork, knightly helmets and banners, and old monumental
effigies, .seems all filled and overshadowed by the spirit of
valorous antiipiity.

Mrs. Hemans, who after residing in Dublin for several years,
died there, and was buried in St. Anne's Churchyard, speaks of
the ex(|uisite music of St. Patrick's, the effbct of which is such
as once heard can never be forgotten. "If earthly n\usic can
ever be satisfying it must be such as this, bringing home to our
bosoms the solemn beauty of the Liturgy, with all its endeared

Toronto " Called Backy

associations, in tones that make the heart swell with ecstacy
and tlie eyes often flow with unbidden tears."

There was one anthem frequently heard within these walls
which Mrs. Hemans used to speak of with peculiar enthusiasm —
that fi'om the 3rd Psalm, " Lord, how are they increased that
trouble me!" The consummate skill exhibited in the adapta-
tion of sound to sense in the noble composition is, in truth,
most admirable. The symphony in the fifth verse — " I laid me
down and slept," — with its soft, dreamy vibrations, gentle as
the hovering of an angel's wing, the utter abandon, the
melting away into slumber implied by the half-whispered
wo (1.- that come breathing as from a world of spirits, almost
" steep " the senses in forgetfulness, when a sudden outbreak,
as it were, of light and life bursts forth with the glad announce-
ment — " I awaked, for the Lord sustained me " — and then the
old sombre arches ring with an almost overpowering peal of
triumph, bearing to heaven's gate in the exalting chorus which
follows.

The leading singers in the cathedrals were David Weyman,
Vicar-Choral of St. Patrick's ; Dr. John Smith, composer to the
Chapel Royal, and R W. Beatty, Professor of Music to Christ
Church, with the celebrated Robinson Brothers leading tenor
and bass.

Dr. Smith, although a very corpulent man, was said to be the
only true counter-tenor singer of the day, taking the highest
notes with his natural voice as pure as the warbling of a bird.
The first named three gentlemen were eminent composers,
whose works appear in every complete Church Psalmody.

Emigration.

Who should emigrate ? This is a question much more easily
asked than answered. The best answer appears to be, " those
who are obliged to do so."

If this be so, and America has been peopled with those who
have come from every country in Europe, how does it happen
that there is on every hand such an accumulation of wealth ?

Chapttr of Introduction.

Was all this acquired by people who came here, not from
choice, but of necessity ?

If so, the possession and use of brain and muscle must have
stood in good stead in the absence of other capital.

And yet the rule is that few, if any, do leave the Old
Country from choice ; and none who are really doing well at
home should emigrate with the expectation of doing better, no
matter what their occupation or profession may be.

But those who are not doing well, who find it difficult, with
an increasing family, to keep up appearances, and find it neces-
sary to make a change, may safely emigrate with a fair pros-
pect of improving their condition.

If these pages should meet the eye of any young man
wishing to know about Canada, and Toronto in particular, he
may be able to form a pretty correct opinion of the chances of
success from the facts stated.

No doubt that in proportion to the population the failures in
business in America are more numerous than in Great Britain,
especially if the figures of mercantile agencies can be relied on.

But if a city can grow in wealth and prosperity like Toronto,
in a comparatively short time, as no city in the Old Country
(London always excepted) is doing, it is clear that some must
become rich where on the whole so much has been accumu-
lated.

There are exceptions to the rule as to emigration. Some do
leave home who are well to do, but have some ulterior object
in the future as to the settlement of their families.

The hope of doing better for one's self in a new country, the
dreams of youth, and correspondence with friends, with the
love of novelty and, perhaps, adventure, influence many young
men.

Having gained an excellent position by remaining in the
house from its establishment, while about 2,000 young men had
come and gone, and being one of the two who alone remained
of the original founders, when we had decided to leave for
America the heads of the|[firm were incredulous at first, but
finding our decision was made, the leading partner used all his

Toronto " Called Back.

persuasion to induce us to remain, telling us we would " cry
salt tears " when we found ourselves in America,

But all to no purpose, we had determined to find out for our-
selves what America was like.

In the meantime addresses of regret and good wishes were
prepared and signed by hundreds of our companions in the
business, and arrangements made for a presentation supper
at considerable expense.

The writer, having conscientious objections to these festive
•occasions, which generally ended in over-indulgence, with much
regret at offending his friends, declined the intended honor,
and all his subsequent experience has confirmed his opinion
that he acted rightly in his decision.

A volume could be written on this subject. Having heard all
the celebrated temperance lecturers in England and America,
including Mr. John B. Gough and Hon. Neal Dow, also
Cardinal Manning, Sir Wilfred Lawson, Wm. Lloyd Garri.son,
Dr. Rees, and a host of others, I can say, I never heard a
statement of the evil effects of intemperance exaggerated, but
have seen instances as terrible as any they have related in
actual life.

Where are the 2,000 young men with whom I associated in
one house alone ? The history of many I know, but cannot enter
more fully into the subject. When the question of temperance
is growing to be of such intense interest in Canada and in
Toronto, and the future merchants, manufacturers, and bankers
of the city are to take part in the movement, the writer, who
can safely say he has come into actual contact with more busi-
ness young men in Great Britain and America than any other
man in Toronto, gives it as his deliberate opinion, that nothing
short of total abstinence is a safeguard against evil conse-
quences, whether travelling or at home.

The reception of various addresses from societies and friends,
in a quiet way, wound up my connection with the beau-
tiful city, which I have never missed an opportunity of
visiting, when time has permitted, on my business journeys
to Britain.

aBtaKtf^AftttuutaiM

Chapter of Inl^oduction.

Departure for New York.

• "Isle of Beauty, fare thee well."

On the l7th of March, 1847, our party of five, and a man-
servant who accompanied one of our friends, .sailed from Liver-
pool in the ship S/ieridan, Captain Cornish, of the " Dramatic"
Line — the other three being called respectively the Gavrick,
Roscius, and SiOdons.

Not being- pressed for time, we had decided to come by a
sailing vessel, and as far as the wi'iter is concerned it was tlie
first and last experience in that line.

AVhen time becomes money it does not pay to roll on the
deep from side to side, in the most beautiful weather, in a
dead calm for days together.

The voyage was devoid of interest and very unlike any of
my after passages in steamers. The cabin passengers were
few, and those of the steerage had a hard time. The Captain,
being a harsh man, thought nothing of kicking them should
they trespass on the after part of the deck, where they would
sometimes lie down to get away from the surroundings of the
forecastle.

On the other hand, we who liked a change would fain get
out on the bow, or the jib-boom, and watch the figure-head of
the gallant ship, as she alternately rose high on the crest of a
wave and then plunged into the deep abyss.

Our first adventure in this way taught us a lesson. Standing
on the forecastle we scanned the horizon for the sight of a sail,
when quietly a ring was made with chalk around our feet, and
out of this we were expected not to move till we had " paid
our footing," and of course we could not refuse the jolly tars
their usual douceur.

Had we been in a hurry the passage would have been a
terrible tax on our patience. Now terrific storms, with thunder's
•roll and lightning's flash — and so vivid was the lightning, that
from pitch darkness the sea, as far as the eye could reach, was
suddenly lit up so as to appear like an ocean of flame. Again

|t;,t

Toronto " Called Back!''

followed a dead calm, with a ground-swell so heavy that in the
roll the mainyards would dip in the water ; the rolling so
violent that standing was impossible, and many a fearful pitch
took place.

When sea-sickness had done its work amongst the steerage
passengers, the natural passion for a fight soon showed itself
amongst our Hibernian friends.

The Munster and Connaught men soon got up a good old-
fashioned faction fight, perhaps to illustrate the beauties of
" Home Rule " on the " rolling deep."

So at it they went, hammer, tongs, and shillelahs, pitching each
other down the hatchways, head over heels. Matters having
become serious, the sailors thought it time to spoil the sport.
Handspikes, from " heaving" the capstan were heaved to some
purpose, and the Irishmen soon beat a retreat.

The most remarkable incident of the voyage was having
spoken a vessel one hundred days out from Ireland, short of
provisions, which were liberally supplied from our ship.

And so twenty-six days passed, and the land appearing in
sight we soon arrived in New York.

First Impressions of New York.

"Hail; Columbia."

Our youthful dreams of this city represented it metaphori-
cally as having its streets lined with orange trees and paved
with gold, but this illusion was soon dispelled.

From Liverpool docks — five miles in length and having
twenty miles of dockage, with massive gates set in everlasting
granite — to the wooden wharves of New York, must strike the
eye of every one arriving there as a wonderful contrast.

On reaching the dock over piles of merchandise and emigrants'
baggage, we found ourselves in a sea of mud. One of our
party, on taking " soundings," reported a depth of twelve
inches in the middle of the street.

On our way to the hotel we were struck with the melancholy
appearance of the private streets, — long lines of houses, having

Chapter of Introduction.

green outside shutters all closed, without the appearance of a
flower-pot, or the face of a chambermaid airing curtains or
looking out, presented a striking contrast to scenes so familiar
just left behind, when wall flowers and crocuses were blooming,
and where windows were opened every morning all the year
round.

It being now the middle of April, we expected spring
weather, and feeling hearty after the sea voyage, enjoyed the
fresh air. Our astonishment on reaching a hotel was very
great to find the guests crowded round a stove, nearly red hot,
all very grave, ruminant, expectorant and whittling. Our
appearance soon attracted attention, and remarks were i^ade
as to the freshness of our complexion (a compliment we could
not truthfully return), and we were informed that they "guessed"
(the first time we had heard the word so applied) we would
not be long in the country before we should lose all that higli
color. Not at all anxious to adopt the sallow shade, we were
by no means encouraged, and having made necessary ^.rrange-
ments, and feeling uncomfortable with the sickening heat,
rushed out of doors to get relief ; and never for the week we
remained in the city did we venture again near one of those
health-destroying inventions.

The stoves of the present time are entirely different, and in
every way adapted to the climate.

We soon found that to see Broadway, including A. T. Stewart's
marble store and Barnum's Museum, was to see New York.

A. T. Stewart's was very fine in marble, and the inside
arrangements were very superior, but the system of doing
business did not appear to us as perfect as that we had just left.

We were struck with the signs of "Dry Goods Store," "Flour
and Feed," " Help Wanted," etc., none of which we had seen
before, and had to enquire what they meant. We found that
" helps " meant servants, and as there were no masters, the
term " boss," which we have never yet known the meaning of,
was used to distinguish what in the Old Country is known
by the other familiar term.

On enquiring as to the police, none of that class appearing
4

Toronto " Called Backr

to us oil the streets, we were told they might be known by the
wearini; of a small metal badtre fastened to the collar of the
coat, with the stars and stripes and " E jduribus ununt " in-
scribed upon it, and further, that no man in the country could
be found to wear a uniform.

This accounted for the entire absence of anything in the
shape of livery on the coachmen.

To wear a livery button or cockade would be derogatory to
the dignity of men who were all equal.

The ladies on the streets were invisible as to their faces, each
having a green woollen barege veil tightly drawn over the face.

The appearance of Astor House illuminated, on the night of
our arrival, as seen from the Park opposite, was very fine.
This was effected by a candle being placed in every pane ot
glass in the whole building, and the name " Taylor " in gas
over the principal entrance. This we found was in celebration
of one of General Taylor's victories in Mexico.

The experience of our first morning at the hotel did not alter
the unfavorable impression of the previous day.

According to our usual custom, our boots were left outside
our doors, pretty well coated with mud, and on taking them in
found them just in the same condition. In reply to our enquiries
why they were not cleaned, we were told, if we required that
labor performed we must make a special contract with a person
that they would send ; the arrangement was made accordingly.

The cheery voice of the Englii^h chambermaid, as she knocked
at the door and called " hot water, sir," with boots which might
serve as a mirier, by the application of " Day and Martin's "
blacking, were all sadly missed.

Breakfast was announced by the ringing of a bell, when we
found what was to us a novel bill of fare. The selections by
the guests were chiefly in the shape of mush, buckwheat cakes,
pickles and green tea, while we were satisfied with old-fashioned
ham-and-eggs and coffee. The solemnity of the proceedings
was quite remarkable ; so far we had not seen the shadow of a
smile on any one's countenance. Having got through we found
all the other guests had long since disappeared, and then, with-

Chapter of hiiroduction.

out giving offence, we gave full vent to our feelings by hearty
bursts of laughter, and the mutual exclamation, " And this is
America!" How difi'erent from all our expectations !

On Sunday we observed in the churches notices that gentle-
men were " not to spit in the pews," and the clergymen during
the service made free use of the " cuspadores."

But " fempora mutant ar nos et inittamur in illis. We have
lived to see the n».''lionaires and aristocrats of New York vie
with the " creiiie de la creme " of London society, and the
Central Park equipages, including crests and mottoes, with
livery of every hue, rivalling Rotten Row and the carriage
drives in Hyde Park ; while a four-in-hand coaching club
copies the style, as far as the roads will admit, of the Brighton
Club of noblemen in London.

Touching crests and mottoes, a story is told of the celebrated
Lundy Foot, manufacturer of the snuffs known all over the
world as " Irish Blackguard " and other remarkable brands,
known only to the writer by enjoying many a good sneeze in
passing the mill near Essex Bridge.

When Mr. Foot first got a carriage, he adopted as a motto
beneath the family crest, the Latin words, " Quid rides?" — why
do you laugh ? On his first appearance, the Dublin street boys,
quick to catch a new idea and enjoy a joke, taking the words
in their English orthography, set up the cheer, " Quid rides !
Quid rides ! "

The upper ten of new York, no doubt, are more careful in the
selection of their mottoes.

To see New York to-day is to see an almost entirely new
city. Some of the old buildings, as the Astor House and City
Hall, remain, but the magnificent warehouses oa Broadway and
adjacents streets are unsurpassed in the world, and nearly all
have been built since that time.

A. T. Stewart's fine store was latterly turned into a whole-
sale warehouse, and the magnificent new marble block, bounded
by 10th and 11th Streets and Broadway and the Bowery, a
perfect palace, was opened as the great retail house of America,
and altoffether the finest in the World.

Toronto '" Called Back!'

The hotels, for magnificence, are of world-wide fame, while
Central Park, Brooklyn Bridge, the great reservoirs at 42nd
and loOth Streets, the Grand Central Depot, all so often de-
scribed, are now striking objects of interest.

The splendid private residences, of oth Avenue especially,
are magniticent in style and finish.

From New York to Toronto.

By night steamer on the Hudson River the travelling was
very fine and comfortable. The steamer Isaac Newtoyi, then
called a floating palace, landed us at Albany. The New York
Central to Rochester and Buffalo was then taken. The rails
consisted of a plain plate of iron fastened to the sleepers
with iron spikes. We were informed, that for one of these
plates to start at one end and obtrude itself into the car, to
the danger of life and limb, was a matter of comm occurrence.

We escaped this danger and arrived safely Rochester,
where, for the first time, we noticed frame houses and plank
sidewalks, with both of which we soon became familiar.
Arriving, via Buffalo, at the Falls, — the station at Buffalo con-
sisting of the open firmament above and the street below, — we
took up our abode at the American Hotel, from which we were
to make our first visit to Canada.

The ice was coming down from Lake Erie in great masses,
and the only means of crossing was a small ferry-boat, which
took passengers across to the landing below the Clifton House.
On enquiry we found that this boat had not crossed for several
days, and it was quite uncertain when any attempt would be
made. The ice became more and more massed, forming the
usual bridge.

Having waited for several days the ice at length began to
move, when the ferryman asking us if we would risk the cross-
ing, we consented. The ice at this time was floating in large
packs; so off we started, with two oarsmen, and with one foot on
the ice and one in the boat they pushed the boat by main force
through. To have been carried a hundred yards below the.

Chapter of Introduction.

landing would have sealed our doom, but having worked our
way through we placed our feet for the tirst time on Canadian
soil. Having executed this dangerous navigation wo soon
tasted the pleasures of land travelling.

The stage for St. Catharines was soon ready, and we shortly
found ourselves "at sea" on diy land.

Having driven a long distance on what we thought was a
field or common, there being no sign of hedge or fence visible,
we enquired when we .should reach a road. With a smile of
self-complacency and a look of f ity for our fveah ness or ver-
dancy, the driver informed us we had been jn tlie main road
all the time. It so happened that the year before, bein^ the
year of the memorable potato fan.ine in Ireland, the Govern-
ment had spent immense sums in making and r^pairir j voads.
to give employment to the people, the con.sequence of which was
the greatest perfection in md-making , and withoi.t exaggera-
tion, the worst road you could find was infinitely better than
any we saw for years afterwards, not excepting the city macad-
amized streets. We .soon found, however, that to mention this
to our driver only subjected us to his contempt.

Our driver appeared to think " the lines " had fallen to him
in pleasant places, and was quite satisfied with the state of
things; while the writer, years after, on handling "the lines"
(as Americans .say for reins; over mud, .slush, old planks and
corduroy, found it incumbent to drive from his memory the
smooth roads, hawthorn hedges, and the beauties of highly
cultivated landscapes left behind, and think only of farms
without rent, and the real necessaries of life enjoyed so abun-
dantly, in this land where the inhabitants possess truly a
" goodly heritage."

ST. CATHARINES

was reached at length, and here we rested for the night, and
the next afternoon started with four good horses in the Mail
Stage for Hamilton.

To attempt a description of this journey as it appeared to us
at the time would only result in failure.

Toronto " Called Backy

With both hands we grasped the seat to save our heads from
bumping against the top of the conveyance, and many times
when we got into a deep rut we had to use rails from the
fence to pry the wheels out. And so at 2 o'clock on Sunday
morning, covered with mud and thoroughly (exhausted, we
reached Weckes' Hotel, the clerk at the tiii.e being Mr. Riley,
so long and well known afterwards in Toronto in connection
with the firm of Riley & May, of the Revere House.

Having been regular church-goers, we were in our places in
the red brick Wesleyan Church on John Street, at 11 o'clock,
and soon found we were on British soil and amongst our own
countrymen under the same Queen and flag. Here we soon
found friends, and myself relatives, the first day, and with the
natural longing for old familiar faces when far away from
home, we walked ten miles to Copetown to see a family with
whom we had been acquainted in Dublin, and were amply
repaid for our visit. Again taking the regular Mail Stage, we
arrived in Toronto, after a tedious ride, and put up at Mac-
donald's Hotel, King Street, then the best in the city.

TORONTO FROM 1847 TO 185

First Impressions of Toronto.

Our first view from the door of Macdonald's Hotel, which
stood on the site of the present Romain buildings, did not give
us a favorable impression of the town. From near Bay Street
to the corner of York was an immense vacant space filled with
rubbioh, and at the back a dirty lane with a few of what we
for the first time heard of by the name of " shanties."

Walking eastward as far as the Market, and, returning to
Yonge Street, proceeding as far north as Queen, we found we
had, so far as bu.siness was concerned, seen Toronto, with the
exception of a few wholesale warehouses to the south of King.

Having never seen a view of Toronto, except one which
appeared a short time before in the London lUiuitratexl Neivs,
our expectations were not of a very sanguine character, — that
view representing the " City " of Toronto something like what
a view of Oakville might be at the present time. Why it
should be called a city was something we could not (juite
understand, as even towns in Canada lately honored with that
appellation are far superior in architecture to what Toronto
was at that time, — such cities as Gutlph, Brantford and London
having kept pace with the improveuients wliich have taken
place in the intervening years.

Everything appeared fiat, dull, uninteresting, and especially
unfinished. Not a single point of attractiveness could we dis-
cover in or abovit the place, although we were quite taken
with the people.

i|ii

Toronto ''Called Back.''

^UM,

The contrast between the city we had left and Toronto was
most depressing, and grew more marked as we viewed the
outskirts. Having letters from friends we soon found a cordial
welcome to several homes, which went a great way to reconcile
us to the place.

On enquiry we found, rather to our surprise, that there were
two churches having organs, something we had not expected
to find : one was in the old Cathedral and the other in the
Richmond Street Wesleyan Church.

On being introduced to Rev. Messrs. Cooney and Harvard
by letters, the former took us with pride to see the new church
on Richmond Street. It then stood on an almost vacant lot,
there being no building between it and Bay Street.

On entering he pointed with a good deal of satisfaction to
the fine organ, which stood behind the pulpit at the time. We
attended divine service on the following Sunday, when Mr.
Cooney preached, and were much interested. The musical
portion of the service was very pleasing and eft'ective. A well-
known alderman of the city at the present time was leader of
the tenors, and the writer has a distinct recollection of his
fiexible voice as he glided from tenor to counter-tenor, and
occasionally appeared imperceptibly to run into a falsetto,
which added much to the harmony and contributed very
greatly to the general effect.

We were equally pleased in the old Cathedral. The beauti-
fully composed and impressively delivered sermons of the Rev.
Mr. Grassett were such as should never be forgotten, while the
music was of a very high order.

During the week we had an opportunity of visiting some of
the retail stores, the principal of which were Betley & Kay's,
corner of King and Yonge Streets ; Walker and Hutchinson's,
P. Patterson's, and Walter McFarlane's.

My friend and companion of seven years, dropping into
Betley & Kay's, was immediately oft'ered a situation, which
he accepted, much to my surprise, as we had not decided to
remain in Toronto at the time ; and here my loneliness com-
menced.

From 184'] to i8^j.

My destination was Brock ville, where I intended to go, hav-
ing a letter from my grand- uncle (and his uncle) to the Hon.
George Crawford, who was to advise me as to my future
movements.

The unwillingness to part with my friend, and the un solicited
offer of a situation, also on King Street, with the desire to have
a rest after so much travelling, led to my acceptance of the
offer, and so we entered on our new career.

To compare the business of King Street in 188G with what
it was in 1847 could give no conception of the difference which
it may be imagined we found after leaving the business already
described.

The prospect of its being only temporary alone made it at all
endurable, while it gave time to arrange plans for the future
and get some knowledge of the mode of doing business before
deciding where to choose as a future field of operation. The
want of system in showing goods, the bantering about price, and
the lack of customers, made it tiresome beyond description.

Here we first became acquainted with the habit of

"SHOPPING,"

either for amusement or for comparison of prices before pur-
chasing. The custom was almost universal to go from Yonge
Street to the Market before deciding on what or where to buy.
The common expression was : " We will look around, and return
if not belter suited elsewhere." At the same time the anxiety
to press sales was painfully apparent, the offer of a reduction
in price being the principal inducement held out.

This of course led to exaggeration, and often misrepresenta-
tion, and was altogether demoralizing to both seller and buyer.
The few houses named were, I believe, exceptional in this
respect, and were the first to introduce the " one price " system.

In consideration of my previous experience, the principal of
the business in which I had made a temporary engagement
immediately took charge of a customer where any deviation
from the marked price was asked, well knowing that on no
account would I condescend to such a practice.

Toronto " Called Backy

The arguments of friends to induce us to settle in Toronto
were drawn more from the absence of the rudeness and incon-
venience that existed before we were born, or the wonderful
future that lay before the city, than from any especially
attractive features the present afforded.

Amusements or entertainments there were scarcely any.
There was the old Mechanics' Institute, where the present
Police Court now stands — then a dirty lane, — where a subscriber
could read books or papers. This, and the auction room of
William Wakefield, who, by his genial humor and English physi-
ognomy, did all in his power to entertain his customers, were
about the only places of resort of an evening.

And so summer came on. and recollections of botanical and
private gardens, parks, squares, delightful suburbs, music,
lectures, literary entertainments, all crowded on one's memory
to make the contrast painful.

Suburbs there were none, except Yorkville, then 8,n embryo
village with a few scattered houses, the best being the residence
of Mr. Bloor, which still remains. As no resident of Toronto
went there except on business, the journey was not often under-
taken.

Toronto business men lived either over their stores, or on
some street south of Qu^en.

Our first tour of exploration in the outskirts was along Carl-
ton Street from Yonge, then a clay road without houses or side-
walks. Having got as far as the present Ilomewood Avenue,
we found a small gate-house, and on enterinsj the wicket dis-
covered a natural pathway through a thick pine grove. Pro-
ceeding north we reached the house now occupied by Homer
Dixon, Esq., and finding further progress that way, or egress,
impossible, retraced our steps.

Our next adventure was along Bloor Street east to the prosent
cemetery fence, and thence backwards again ; and these for a
time constituted our only recreation grounds, except the College
Avenue.

In taking a morning or an afternoon walk, there was the
absence of many pleasing objects so familiar in former every-

-M^Mmbm

From 184^ to 18^7.

day life. The " wee crimson-tippit " flowers that covered the
pasture fields like a carpet ; the banks of primroses, buttercups
and violets, abounding by every roadside ; the double line of
hawthorns whose blossoms perfumed the air with their delicious
fragrance, and the honeysuckle and wall-flowers in every lane ;
the meadows, thick with May flowers, all were missed during
this first summer in Toronto. For the hedgerows we found
the unsightly snake fence, and for the evergreens of holly,
laurel, and ivy, the everlasting, monotonous pines, good for use
but not very ornamental.

The study of this class of " flora " no doubt might be inter-
esting to those who studied the subject from a utilitarian point
of view, and the smaller species might have been discovered
by an adventurous descent down the ravine to where the river
Don flowed in its native beauty ; and some ferns and beautiful
wild flowers might have been discovered, very interesting to
students in botany ; but to the casual observer these beautiful
objects were at that time conspicuous by their absence.

Along Church Street, any summer's afternoon, especially in
a swamp at the south-east corner of the present beautiful
Normal School grounds, could be heard the music of a frogs'
concert, accompanied at a short distance with the tintinabu-
lation of the bells on the necks of the cows which roamed
through the browny-green pastures and amongst the thick
bush which prevailed east of Church and north of Queen
Streets. These souads were further augmented by the cackling
of flocks of geese, which, in their amphibious character, had
their choice of both native elements.

The song of the lark, the thrush, the blackbird, and gold-
finch, so familiar before, was no more heard ; the buzz of
the bumblebee, and the whirr of the numerous insects that
abounded in the bush, being the only .substitute.

Apart from its political history, which has been given so
repeatedly, Toronto possessed no points of interest beyond
what any town on the shore of Lake Ontario possesses at the
present time, except that she had made a step in advance and
outgrown them in population and trade.

Toronto " Called Back.''

The young friends with horn we became acquainted, and
whose ideas were circumscribed by the visible horizon, would
not admit of the superiority of any other place in any respect.
If you spoke of London, Dublin, or New York as great places,
you were immediately met with the question, " Was not
Toronto also a city ? " And the statement that she had one
street forty miles long extinguished all your arguments and
left them masters of the situation.

When it is borne in mind that at that time Toronto, as far
as intercourse with the outer world was concerned, was far
more isolated than is Regina to-day, it will be admitted that
these young people had a pretty good conceit of the place.

A correspondence was soon opened with friends in Great
Britain with a view to importing goods, either to Toronto or
Montreal, and at the same time I had an opportunity of writing
to my uncle's executors in Philadelphia, as to tlie property
already referred to. The reply was to the effect that the climate
of Mississippi was bad, and if I went there I could not find an
honest lawyer in the State. The American war coming on
prevented further efforts for several years. Under these cir-
cumstances I allowed the matter to rest until I visited that
city, when no trace of the executors could be found, and only
at the Centennial, in 1876, did I discover my uncle's tomb in
" Macpelah " Cemetery, where a handsome marble monument
is erected to his memory. It may be that, like the Lawrence-
Townley estate, the property may turn out to be of fabulous
value.

Toronto in 1847.

To give an idea of the general appearance of Toronto at this
time, it may assist the imagination to conceive of all its present
attractions being removed, and all the improvements that have
taken place still unanticipated.

To do this it will be necessary, commencing with the Island,
to remove every building there at present, leavir j the light-
house, Privat's Hotel, which then stood neav the pre.sent gap,
and two or three fishermen's huts at the West Point.

','':! Ts?

From 1 8 4'/- to iS^y.

Crossing the Bay, the whole Esplanade must be taken away,
leaving two or throe wharfs with a ragged edge of stagnant
water between.

The whole of the railway tracks, with all buildings and
stations, must next disappear.

Coming north, all the block, stone and wood pavements ; n\]
the street railway tracks ; all telegraph poles and wires, except
a single line to Hamilton and Montreal ; all the gas latnps
except about a hundred ; all the water hydrants except about
twelve; all that are called " modern conveniences," which are
now considered indispensable in every house ; the suburbs of
Brockton, Parkdale, Seaton Village, Riverside, Leslieville ; all
the streets north of Queen and west of John — leaving some
scattered houses outside these limits — except Yonge and Church
Streets.

As it is supposed there are at present 30,000 houses in the
city and suburbs, you must imagine 26,500 of these taken
away, leaving 3,500 as composing the entire city at that time.
From these 3,500 you may deduct 2,500 of frame and rough-
cast houses, leaving 1,000 of a better class; from which again,
if you take 500 two-storey red brick, you have 500 which com-
prised all the best buildings, including churches, banks and
private residences, the best of the latter being tho.se at present •
on Bay Street, and a few detached mansions scattered over
the city.

To complete the picture must be added the absence of every
.shade tree — except those on College Avenue — which now adorns
and beautifies the city ; every flower-bed and conservatory, and
in stores all plate-glass windows.

In addition to all this you have to conceive of 90,000 of the
population being left out, and .some idea may be formed of
Toronto in 1847.

At this time only four of the present churches were in
existence : the Richmond Street Wesleyan, Power Street Roman
Catholic, St. George's Episcopalian, and Little Trinity. The
others that were then built have either been burned down, or
removed to give place to present structures, amongst which are

I ,v

Toronto " Called Back.''

the St. James' Cathedral, which has taken the place of the old
one burned in 1849, and T'nox Church, on the site of the old
one burned in 1S47.

Not one of the banks or large insurance buildings ; none of
the wholesale houses as they now appear ; none of the benevo-
lent institutions, then existed ; and none of the public schools
or colleges except Upper Canada College.

Front Street occupied the same relative position to the Bay
as the Esplanade does at present.

There were no buildings on the south side except the Cu.stom
House, and only a few scattered along on the north .side,
leaving the view of the Bay uninterrupted.

There was a skating-rink near where the Custom House
now stands.

Going westward from Yonge Street, on the north side of front,
where the warehou.se of Messrs. McMaster, Darling & Co. now
stands, was the residence of Judge Macauley; next that of
Judge Jones; further west the re.sidence of Mr. Joseph Rogers,
and at the corner of Bay Street was the Baldwin mansion.

Where the Queen's Hotel now .stands Capt. Thomas Dick
had four dwellings ; these afterwards were used as Knox
College, and subsequently were turned into a hotel kept by
Mr. Swords.

Holland House, in the rear, on Wellington Street, lately the
residence of ex-Mayor Manning, and at present the Reform
Club, and which was built in 1832 by Hon. Henry John
Boulton, and from its peculiar style of architecture sometimes
called " The Castle," was occupied by Mr. Boulton at this time.

At York Street corner, a picturesque cottage was the resi-
dence of Capt. Strachan, son of the Bishop of Toronto, whose
palace adjoined with the entrance on Front Street. This
building is now a boarding-hou.se.

Turning up Simcoe to corner of Wellington you saw the
Hagerman mansion, and returning eastward on Wellington, the
little white house lately occupied by Mr. Mercer, standing by
itself at the corner of Bay.

When Toronto was first settled most of the buildings were

From iS^y to iS^j.

erected afc tlie upper end of the Bay, towards the river Don,
and it was generally supposed that the east end would become
the principal part of the city. As the buildinjjfs were extended,
however, they began to creep westward and northward.

The town in its young days was much scattered, the roads
were bad, and communication between distant portions of the
town, at least in certain seasons of the year, was dithcult; in con-
sequence, houses of business were started at each extx-emity,
which, in some cases, realized to their owners handsome profits.

As the town increased the footpaths were improved, business
became more concentrated, and at this time was almost con-
fined to the space between York Street and the Market, and it
was doubtful whether, if the best store was removed to either
extremity, it would do a paying business. The necessary
consequence of this state of things was that the value of pro-
perty and rents within the limits mentioned had risen enor-
mously.

In the absence of street railways the few travellers who had
occasion to reach the steamboats in sunmier (in winter the
stages called for passengers at their houses) were limited for
accommodation to a few old-fashioned one-horse cabs, owned by
well-known drivers, and the number of horses and vehicles of
all kinds was so small as to make it an easy matter for any
inquisitive person to know the owner of every particular turn-
out in the town.

The only city omnibus at this time was one that ran to
Yorkville every hour, and a ride in this was not very exhilar-
ating at certain seasons, especially when the frost was breaking
up. The jolting was terrific, but as few or none of the Toronto
people lived in Yorkville, there was not much travel up or
down.

An hourly omnibus started from the Market to Parliament
Street, but it did not pay and was soon discontinued.

The question of meat being an important one, it may be
stated, from actual experience, that after repeated endeavors to
masticate the beefsteaks, my young friend and myself came to
the conclusion that, having heard that oxen were employed in

Toronto ''Called Back.

the country for ploughing and otlier purposes, the Toronto
market was supplied with beef from their carcases after their
usefulness as livinj^ animals had departed. The supply of
vegetables was excellent.

Gossip.

The extent to wliich regard for local boundaries, customs,
and every-day chit-chat is sometimes carried, can only be
realized in a small town.

At home, in this nook, all life is lived under minute inspec-
tion of neighbors, and perh.aps the unavoidable supervision of
parson and squire.

The tierce light that beats upon the throne is not clearer
than that which exhibits the young man ".sowing his wild
oats." He sins under a microscope, and the professional gossip
finds rich matevial for the next social or tea-party by placing
him under the instrument for the general entertainment of the
company, and so the engagement of lovers is discussed a.s
earnestly as if each person were personally or directly interested
in the result of every matrimonial arrangement.

In 1847 Toronto had not outgrown the habits which charac-
terize the country town. The gossip which prevails where
every person knows all about the business and social life of his
neighbors, was still noticeable, and the absence of all foreign
news, oftener than once a fortnight, gave a local character to
the general topics of conversation.

Every birth, marriage and death furnished material for dis-
cussion in every family circle, and very much as it is on board
ship, out at sea, the most trivial matters were invested with
exaggerated importance.

On Sundays, generally, three carriages could be seen at St.
James' Cathedral, and as a good deal of rivalry existed between
the owners of two out of three, in the style of the appoint-
ments, the coachmen's livery, and horses and harness, their
appearance on driving from church was a standing topic at
almost every dinner-table ; the dresses of the ladies coming
in for a full share of the criticism, of course of a good-natured
character.

■^rom iS^y to iS^y.

The arrival of t!ie Engli.sh mail, once a fortnij^ht, created a
pleasing diversion for n time from the monotony of daily life.
The news telerjraphed from New York ahead of the mails was
given in a condensed foi'm, in printed " extras," which were
issued by the newspaper people; there being no second edition
of papers as at present.

Incidents.

Amongst the incidents of the summer of 1847 a strange one
occurred, which all'orded matter for town-talk for some time,
although at the present time it would probably be confined to
the daily police reports.

A gentlemanly-looking person was observed for several even-
ings to promenade a portion of King Street — between Yonge
and Church — fashionably dressed, and when nearly opposite
the present Qlohc otHce, stand near a lamp post and rea<l what
appeared to be letters, then, using a white handkerchief, make
signals of a mysterious character, and repeat the same time
after time and evening after evening. At length a plan was
laid to discover the identity of the individual by a number of
young men approaching in a body. Apparently afraid of
detection the " gentleman " took to his heels, making for the
darkness which prevailed beyond Simcoe Street, where the gaa
lamps ended. A policeman joining in the chase an arrest was
made, and the prisoner taken to the police station to account
for "his" conduct. On being brought to the light, and the hat,
which was a handsome silk one, removed, behold a maiden
stood " revealed in all her charms," which was clearly seen by
her long flowing tresses falling over her shoulders.

On being brought before the magistrate the next day, wear-
ing the same clothing, she was discharged with a reprimand,
but the motive which led to such an extraordinary adventure
was never fully explained.

During the summer a young minister, to whom the writer
was introduced, was engaged to be married, and asked me to be
his best man on the occasion, to which I consented.

On the Sunday following my first interview he was appointed

Toronto " Called Back!'

to preach somewhere on the Dundas Road, and requested me
to accompany him, stating that he would call for me with a
horse and buggy. Feeling curious to know what description
of vehicle that might be, never having heard the name before,
and at the same time thinking it very repulsive, and also wish-
ing to have a specimen of Canadian driving horses, besides being
assured that a drive on Sunday on a mission of piety, necessity,
or mercy, was perfectly justifiable, the arrangement was made.

Arriving at the place in good time, my friend preached an ex-
tjellent sermon, apparently to the edification of the congregation.

On our return to the city he appeared to be in excellent
spirits, and showed off the trotting qualities of the, horse to
good advantage. When near Queen Street we espied a pig
lying in the middle of the, road. He said to me that if the
animal did not get out of his way he would drive over it. No
sooner said than done. The squealing of the pig being likely
to set the owner in pursuit the horse got a loose re:n, and in a
short time we were out of sight, never pulling up till I found
we were in the old barrack square. This was my first experi-
ence of buggy riding and fast trotting in Canada.

I attended to assist my clerical friend ir« the matrimonial
affair, some fifty miles west of Toronto, the following October.

So much has been written on the condition of the streets of
Toronto that the subject has become monotonous, and as in
1886 it still continues to engage a large amount of public
attention, nothing will be said in this connection from personal
observation, the writer preferring to quote the descriptions of a
few other parties, some of which were written prior to 1847.

The first is that of a lady, ten years previously, Mrs. Jamie-
son, wife of Vice-Chancellor Jamieson.

This lady, whose name is pleasantly familiar to lovers of art
and literature, was for some time a resident of Toronto. She
reached the city by way of New York, Albany and Queenston,
towards the end of 1836.

Her husband, then Attorney-General, had been a resident
for several years, but she arrived unexpectedly and he was not
there to meet her.

From 184"] to iSf^j.

When she stepped from the boat her foot sank ankle deep
in the mud, and there being no conveyance at hand she was
compelled to walk through the muddy, uninviting streets to
her husband's residence near the foot of Brock Street.

It was during her abode here that she wrote her " Winter
Studies " and " Sunmier Rambles." She describes the city as
it appeared in the winter :

"What Toronto may be in summer I cannot tell ; they say it
is a pretty place. At present its appearance to me, a stranger,
is most strangely mean and melancholy. A little ill-built town,
on low land at the bottom of a frozen bay, with one very ugly
church without tower or steeple, some government offices, built
of staring red brick, in the most tasteless and vulgar style
imaginable ; three feet of snow all around, and the grey, sullen
wintry lake, with the dark gloom of the pine forest bounding
the prospect, — such seems Toronto to me now."

As a set-off to this desponding account, she admits that some
of the shop fronts on King Street are rather imposing, and
declares, in a patronizing kind of way, that the front of Beckett's
apothecary shop is v/orthy of Regent Street in appearance.

A few words from Sir H. R. Bonnycastle, in 1845, may be
given. He " was greatly surprised and pleased to see the
alterations since 1837, then not one-third of its present size.
Now it is a city in earnest, with upwards of 20,000 inhabi-
tants, gas lit, with good plank sidewalks, and macadamized
streets, vast sewers and houses of brick or stone. The main
street, King Street, is two miles in length. St. George's church
was built in 1844."

Another writer .says : " Few who now stroll down the well-
boarded sidewalks of King Street reflect upon the inconveni-
ences attending this recreation to their sires and grandsires
and granddames, who were compelled to tuck up their garments
and pick their way from tuft to tuft and from stone to stone.

"It was no unusual sight to behold the heavy lumber waggon
sticking fast in the mud, up to the axle, in the very n?iddle of
King Street, opposite to what is now McConkey's refectory.

" The party-going portion of the citizens were content either

Toronto " Called BackT

to trudge it, or to be shaken in a cart drawn by two sturdy oxen.
The fashionable cry then was ' Mrs. McTavish's cart is here,'
and the 'gee up' resounded as clearly among the pines and
elms as the glib ' all right ' of tbe modern footman along the
gas lit street.

Since those days the art of photography has been discovered,
and it is not probable that Mr. Eli Palmer — the only artist of
which Toronto could boast in 1847 — could have brought his
camera with the Daguerrean process to bear on Mrs. McTavish's
cart to get a good picture in a conveniently short space of time.

A late number of London Fun thus describes a scene in
the studio of a photographer in that city :

Mr. Juggins — "Look here, Mr. Photygrapher, 'ow much d'yer
want to take me and the missus and the kids altogether ?"

Photographer — "Well, I could take a carte of you for five
shillings."

Mr. Juggins — " Cart, be blowed ! Stick us in a waggonette."

No doubt Mrs. McTavish would have preferred a waggonette
also, and had the art attained its present state of perfection an
instantaneous photograph could have been taken that would
have been quite interesting.

" A little nonsense now and then
Is relished by the wisest men."

Mr. Wm. Osborne — who had left Dublin, in consequence of
the failure of the silk trade, when French goods were first ad-
mitted free of duty — was a good specimen of a Dublin gentle-
man, and amongst other stories about the state of Toronto
streets in former years, related the following, without in any
way vouching for its accuracy :

A gentleman, walking on the loose planks forming a sidewalk
on King Street, espied a good-looking hat in the middle of the
street. Curious to see and pick up the hat, he managed to
reach it, and on removing it, discovered to his surprise the
head of a living man underneath.

This individual at once appealed for help and deliverance,
urging, as a special plea, that if prompt assistance was not

From 1 847 to 185"].

rendered, his horse, which was underneath, would certainly
perish.

The usual mode of extrication by the use of shovels and
oxen was soon applied, and man and horse excavated.

This being the climax of exaggeration on this muddy ques-
tion, it must now be dismissed.

Apart from the social enjoyments among friends — and of those
we had a full share — there was nothing, either in the business
or surroundings, to iead to a preference of Toronto to any other
place, when the world was before us where to choose.

In business, the farmers were alway.s complaining about some-
thing. Prices of produce were too low or too high ; the former
from too good crops, and consequent low prices, and the latter
because they had not enough to sell.

The roads were a constant source of complaint, which
appeared to be natural from our little experience of mud and
ruts, and when ""inter came on they generally had either too
much snow or too little.

Those leaving home in sleighs, fifty or sixty miles back,
found bare streets, and had a hard time to get back to sleighing

agam.

As my friend and myself had never heard complaints of
roads before, this topic became terribly monotonous, and the
same remark applies to the prices of produce, although in
Toronto a trade of the greatest importance.

There was the ]"Ospect of tra<Je increasing by the growth of
towns and villages outside, and the facilities for transport by
watei navigation in summer; but as railroads were not thought
of, anil 'here was neither steam nor water power, except what
could bi >-ot in the Don river for the latter, and by importing
coal for , lie former, little was said of manufactures, and the
prospect of their establi.shment was exceedingly dull.

The prospect of the growth of Toronto — from the two facts
of the great agricultural country at its back, and the harbor
and water communication in the front — led to a decision, and
within a few months of arriving in the country the writer was
in communication with friends in England with a view to

Toronto " Called Back.''

importing a stock of goods, which was successfully accomplished
the next year.

Information as to Toronto in England was not very flattering.
A gentleman had a servant-maid whose brother had enlisted in
a regiment which was subsequently ordered to Canada. While
quartered in Toronto, the young man took to himself a help-
mate, an Anglo-Canadian, who afterwards returned with him
to England. On his arrival at home his sister paid him a
visit. On her return her mistress asked her if she had seen her
new sister ; she replied in the affirmative, adding, " But Lor'>
mammy, she's not very dark. I thought .she'd be black."

As an example of the accuracy of description, Mr. R. Mont-
gomery Martin wrote about this time : — " The country bordering
Lake Ontario is well wooded ; through the numerous openings
the prospect is enlivened by flourishing settlements, the view
being extremely picturesque along the White CUAls of Toronto, (!)
heightened on the north by the remarkably high land over
Presque Isle, called the Devil's Nose."

Richmond Street Wesleyan Church,

around which so many hallowed memories will ever cluster,
is one of the four which remain of those existing in 1847.

Thinking it may interest many who have been associated
with it in years gone by, and some since its erection in 184.5,
a copy of the inscription on the brass plate at present in the
corner stone is given on the opposite page.

This fac simile was obtained by the writer twenty-flve years
ago, in England, from the Rev. J. P. Hetherington, who was
one of the resident ministers at the time it was built.

It will be seen that it was called a chapel, after the English
custom, and was a representative British institution, as we were
told the next day after our arrival in the city.

This church, like City Road in London, which it resembles
in the plainness of its architecture, may be regarded as the
cathedral of Methodism in Toronto.

In 1847, the congregation worshipping here was styled the

From 184'] to iS^y.

IN THE NAME OF THE

EVER BLESSED TRINITY

THIS CORNER STONE was laid by

THE REV? MATTHEW RICHEY, A.M.,

CHAIRMAN OF THE WESTERN CANADA DISTRICT,

AND THE REV?E. EVANS, secretary in connexion
WITH THE British Wesley an Conference, on the

20™ DAY OF AUGUST, IN THE 8™ YEAR OF THE REIGN OF

VICTORIA, A.D., 1844.

the REV" J. R HETHERINGTON, AND THE REV" J. B. SELLEY,
BEING RESIDENT MINISTERS.

MESS«s

JOSH WILSON
J. G. BOWES
THO« STORM
WM OSBORNE
THOS WHEELER

ALEX" HAMILTON
R" WOODSWORTH
SAML SHAW
JN« STERLING
C. & W. WALKER

TRUSTEES FOR THIS CHAPEL.

RB WOODSWORTH, BUILDER.

T. WHEELER,
t ENGRAVER.

Toronto " Called Back!'

j8Tnnp?si

loyal British Wesleyan body, while the Adelaide Street people
were said to be more of the American type, and not quite so
loyal.

However that may have been, the union which took place in
1849 settled the matter and made both one, which event was
celebrated by a union tea-meeting in Richmond Street Church.

Dr. Alder, who had been sent out by the British Conference,
had been the means of effecting this consummation ; but so
strong was the feeling against it that several of the British
ministers would not remain in Canada, and went to the Lower
Provinces, amongst whom were Dr. Richey, father of the
present Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, and Rev. Ephraim
Evans, while shortly after Rev. Enoch Wood and Rev. S, D.
Rice came up to supply their places.

This church had the peculiarity of having, till the late im-
provements, the entrance door at the same end as the pulpit,
which appeared to cause a good deal of annoyance to some
ministers while conducting the service.

Rev. Dr. Dixon, from England, on one occasion remarked
in the course of the service, that he wished they had put the
pulpit at the other end. It had one good effect, however, on
those who were a little bashful, by inducing them to come in
good time, and so be spared the gaze of those whom they had
to face on enterinc: the doors.

Rev. James Caughey.

In the fall of 1853 — while waiting in Kingston for the
Toronto boat, the last of the season — I met, at the British
American Hotel, the Rev. James Caughey, the celebrated reviv-
alist, on his way to Toronto. Having frequently heard him
when in Dublin, he seemed pleased when I reminded him of
the fact.

The night was very stormy, and after some conversation
in the saloon about mutual friends, we retired for the night to
the same stateroom. I noticed that he did not undress, and on
enquiry as to his reason he replied he thought better to be
prepared for anything that might happen during the night.

From i8^y to iS^y.

This may have been a wise precaution, but it did not appear to
me to be conducive to comfort.

On arriving at Toronto, I escorted him to the house of Mr.
Richard Yates, whose guest he was during the following six
months. The excitement he created was not confined to the
Richmond Street Church and congregation, but extended to
every church. People of all denominations flocked in crowds
every night, Saturday excepted, during six months, with un-
abated interest. The effect was marvellous ; numbers who
thought he addressed them individually, when describing par-
ticular characters, waiting at the close of the service to enquire
who had told him of their case. There were many remarkable
cases 6f restitution and conscience-money paid to the customs.
On one occasion, at night, when the house was crowded to the
doors, and the writer occupied a pew almost in the centre of
the church, the preacher, in the middle of his sermon, in making
a point by way of illustration, referred to some remarkable
case which had occurred in Dublin (of which, however, I had
not heard), and, supposing that 1 must have known of the case,
stated that his friend — mentioning my name — was cognizant
of the facts ; as every eye was immediately turned to where I
sat, my situation was rather embarrassing.

As his visit was so intimately associated with Richmond
Street Church, it will not be considered out of place to refer to
it in connection with other reminiscences, that church being one
of the few land marks remaining of Toronto, in 1847, and many
remarkable men having, from time to time, occupied its pulpit.

A. & S. Nordheimer.

In 1847 this firm occupied premises on the north side of
King Street, nearly opposite their present establishment.

The senior partner, Mr. Abraham Nordheimer, was an accom-
plishe»l musician, and it was quite a treat to witness the enthu-
siasm he displayed when exhibiting the fine points of the
instruments to intending purchasers.

Mr. Samuel Nordheimer undertook the outside work, travel-
ling a great deal, and to this firm is due to a great extent the

Toronto " Called Back^

credit of having educated the taste of the people of Canada up
to its present high musical standard.

Prior to this time, if an Old Country family had brought
out a piano, although not of the most modern style, they were
supposed to have belonged to the better class of society at
home ; but even these instruments were few and far between.

It was on Mr. S. Nordheimer's Journeys, between Toronto
and Montreal, that the writer first became acquainted with him,
and soon found that by his universal courtesy, polished mannei's
and pleasing address, he was winning golden opinions, not only
in the towns and cities, but amongst the better class of farmers;
and the firm being sole agents for the Chickering & Stodart
and Dunham pianos, soon succeeded in placing a large number
of these instruments in the hands of the better class of people,
all over Canada. The fame of the firm is now as extensive a»
the Dominion, and their success has been as great as their
highest ambition could have desired.

In the chapter on " Toronto as a Musical City," reference
will be made to their successful ettbrts to induce the first-class
musicians and vocalists of the world to visit Toronto, when it
was little known, and had few^ attractions for these great
artists ; but the influence of Messrs. Nordheimer — through
their connections in Europe and the United States — overcame
all difficulties, and to them is due, from the citizens of Toronto,
a debt of gratitude for many a musical treat during the past
thirty-five years.

The Toronto Post Office.

In 1847, and up till 1852, the whole business of the Toronto
Post Office was transacted in a small building on Wellington
Street, where the present Exchange now stands. The delivery
office was a room about 20 x 40 feet, and the distributing room
was an old cellar-kitchen some 20 feet square. «

The staflf up to 1850 consisted of a postmaster, three clerks,
and a letter carrier. The postmaster was Mr. Charles Berczy,
and the clerks, John Armstrong, Christopher Walsh, and W. H.
Pearson (now secretary of the Consumers' Gas Co.), who sue-

From 1847 to 1857.

ceeded Geo. H. Wilson, the present accountant of the Bank of
Montreal, in 1847.

John McCloskey was letter carrier, and a charge of one
" copper " was made on each letter delivered by him.

At this time, and up till 1850, the English mails were only
delivered fortnightly — by stage from Halifax in winter, and
partly by steamboats in summer. The rate of postage on Eng-
lish letters was Is. 2 id. sterling, or Is. 4d. Halifax currency
(about 27 cents) ; the postage to Halifax was 2.s. 9d. ; Quebec
Is. 6d. ; Montreal, Is. 2d.; Kingston, 9d.; Windsor, lOAd; the
lowest rate being 4id.

In 1850 there were only about 400 boxes in the Post Office.

Postage stamps were at this time unknown, and the postage
on paid letters was written in red ink, and on unpaid in black.

The only visible representative of Her Majesty on ordinary
occasions was cither Mr. Walsh or Mr. Armstrong, who for the
time being combined in themselves the offices of receiving, de-
livery and inquiry clerks; and as every letter must be taken to the
Post Office, these gentlemen were known to every man, woman
and child in Toronto and Yorkville who ever posted a letter.

The arrival of the English mail, once a fortnight, broke in on
the usual monotony and brought a rush to the wicket from
which the dalivery, both general and particular, took place.

Up to 1852 the Post Office Department was under the control
of the Imperial Government, which was repre.sented by Mr.
Stayner, but at this time, almost simultaneously with the intro-
duction of the bonding svstem through the United States, the
business was transferred to the Canadian Government, and the
mails began to arrive once a week, via Boston and New York
alternately. These mails were conveyed in charge of conductors,
of whom there were three — Messrs. McNamee, Malone and
Magillivray — two taking the mails to above ports respectively,
and one extra to supply in case of need. The conductor taking
the outgoing mails waited at his port for those coming in, and
this system continued for many years. During Mr. Malone's
time of conducting the mails a circumstance occurred, illustrat-
ing the economy of the Government at that day.

Toronto " Called Back''

The writer, in company with Mr. John Kay, Mr. Patrick
Hughes and three others, on our way from England, accom-*
panied the mails from Boston, arriving at Suspension Bridge on
Saturday night too late to connect with the' train for Toronto,
Feeling anxious to get home, instead of staying over Sunday
at the Bridge we telegraphed for a special train to meet us at
Hamilton ; the charge to be forty dollars.

On arriving at Hamilton we found an engine and one car all
ready, and took on board Mr. Malone and the English mails,
with a Roman Catholic clergyman who wished to get to
Toronto with us. To this gentleman we ottered a free pas.sage,
hut hoped to receive from the Post Office authorities a share of
the co.st of the special train. The trip was made within an
hour, perhaps then the " fastest time on record." On the fol-
lowing Monday one of our party waited on Hon. Mr. Foley
Postmaster-General, stating the case, and asking for the pro-
portion of the expense for trrying the mails ; his reply was,
that the letters would have been in quite time enough for the
merchants on Mon<lay morning by first regular train. He did
not even consider that Mr. Malone would have had to pay his
expenses at a hotel over Sunday, and so we had to pay the
whole bill.

Toronto Gas and Water Works.

In LS-il Mr. James Crappor had been brought out from
London by Mr. Furness, and in the same ship were imported
the gas and water pipes to commence the supplying of the city
with these two great requisites.

In 1847 there may have been altogether about TOO gas lamps,
and at this time the Consumers' Gas Co. was established, on the
principle that the consumers, by taking up the stock, would
themselves get all the benefit. Mr. Henry Thompson sold all
the shares, the writer being one of the first to subscribe. Since
that time the success of the Company is well known.

The water supply was very imperfect, especially in case of
fire, and even up to 1850 no arrangement had been made to
keep the city furnished with a constant and adequate supply.

From 1S4J to iS^y.

The licensed carters were compelled under a penalty to attend
all tires, for the purpose of conveying water from the Bay
in casks.

As the first who arrived was entitled to two dollars' reward,
these men were in the habit of filling their casks at night, and
carting them to their own houses so as to be ready for a race
at the first sound of the fire alarm.

It was very remarkable, that about this time scarcely a
Saturday or Sunday night passed without a tire taking place.

Some said they occur re< I opportunely on these nights, because
everybody was at liberty, and the firemen being volunteers,
their occupations were not interfered with ; while others went
so far as to say that the very love of excitement, in some way
to relieve the monotony that prevailed over everything, had led
to the wilful acts of incendiarism, which undoubtedly took
place, but which were all overruled for the growth and general
improvement of the city.

The fire brigade in 1850 consisted of four engine companies,
two hook and ladder and one hose company; Air. Ashtield
being then the chief engineer.

The old hand-engines were not very powerful, and when the
firemen grew tired at the pumping, the law compelled any
bystanders to "lend a hand;" while many were willing, many
more could be seen taking their departure when there was a
prospect of a "dnift" for active service.

There were some remarkable instances of destruction of
property, one of which the writer distinctly remembers.

A fire took place in a frame building on King Street, one
door from the corner of Yonge, then occupied by Messrs. Betley
& Kay. The flames from the wooden building were driven by
an easterly wind into the millinery and mantle room over the
store of Betley & Kay. On the arrival of the firemen the fine
windows were immediately smashed in witli axes, when the
door might have served as well, and when the fire was extin-
guished it was found that a number of fine silk velvet mantles
had been placed at the door of the room to prevent the water
from .spreading to other parts of the building.

■1

Toronto ''Called Back.''

The Circulating Medium.

In the house I had just left the daily cash sales avera(]fed
£1,000 sterling. This amount was taken in five cashiers' desks,
hy boys under sixteen years of age, and the rapidity with which
the cliange had to be given may be judged from the number of
checjues handed in from about four hundred salesmen.

The coins were farthings, half-pence, pence, sixpences, shil-
lings, half-crowns, crowns, half-sovereigns and sovereigns.

Farthings were strictly charged on all amounts to 2s. Gd., and
no salesman could omit them at 2s. a^d. The desks have fre-
quently been swept out to find a missing half-penny, as every-
thing must balance. There being no Canadian Silver (Currency
at this time, the process of making change out of what was
technically called ".specie" was a perfect study. There were
Mexican and United States dollars and half-dollars ; United
States G|, 12i, and 25-cent pieces ; English sixpences, shillings
half-crowns, with a miscellaneous as.sortment from every other
country.

Coin and bank note detectors were used in every place to
ascertain the value of the coin and the genuineness of bank
notes, especially those from the United States.

As each had to make his own change in the absence of a
cashier, this was found to be a work of great difficulty, to know
when a York shilling ceased to possess that value by reason
of abrasion or defacement and became a 10-cent piece, and in-
volved many a dispute; and the same with all the other coins.
In payment of a debt the Mexican dollar would go for 5s. Id.,
or $1.02, but in independent trading it was just $1.

Anyone visiting New York at this time, and buying a news-
paper, if he gave a good 25-cent piece would generally lose in
change, through the manipulation of the boys, from one to four
cents, just as the boy happened to have more or less of the
small coins. [.Toronto had no newsboys at this time. As for
coppers, I have no doubt a great many brass buttons found
circulation just by flattening the shanks. This state of things
continued more or less for years, till the Decimal System was

From 184"] to 185J.

introduced by Act of Parliament, and the present silver coinage
issued.

Previous to this all wholesale or importing accounts were
kept in sterling for French and English accounts, Halifax
currency, or S4 to the pound, for Canadian, and in dollars and
cents for the United States.

Store Pay.

This kind of business was on the whole more agreeable to
salesmen than the system of cash sales.

Every builder or contractor made an arrangement with the
various trades and stores for a line of credit, by which they
could pay their workmen as much of their wages as possiljle
with the smallest amount of cash.

Orders were giver on the stores, and mechanics' wives went
to make their purchases, carefully concealing their written
" orders " as long as the knowini; salesman failed to draw out
the fact of their existence; the object of the caution on the part
of the frugal housewives being to ascertain the "cash " price of
the goods. If the " cat was let out of the bag " the sale.sman
at once " stood at ease," knowing well that the customer had
no alternative but to take out the value of the order. A few
immigrants, in perfect innocence, would present these orders
at once, much to the satisfaction of the salesman.

The block of buildings known as Ritchey's Terrace, and
other large buildings, including chui'ches, St. Lawrence build-
*ings, etc., were largely paid for in this way.

The time of " strikes " had not then arrived, the supply of
labor always being fully equal to the demand.

Retail Importing.

The only retail importers of dry goods at this time were Mr.
Peter Patterson, who occupied a portion of the present premises
of Messrs. R. Walker & Sons, and was supplied direct by
Messrs. Heron & Dickson, of Glasgow, who had arrangements
to supply not more than one house in each principal town in
Canada ; and Messrs. Walker & Hutchinson, who also had ar-

Toronto " Called Back''

rangements for getting their goods direct from Great Britain.
Nearly every dry goods rirni, as well as hardware and others,
called themselves importers, and had the term on their signs.

This importing, however, was not direct, but was carried on
through the wholesale houses to whom they gave their orders,
which were sometimes delivered in the original packages. In
this way, in after years, we imported almost every class of
goods to order, including jewellery and fancy goods for one of
the present leading jewellery houses on King Street, raw furs
for manufacturing, oil paintings, fire-arms, fancy stationery,
and, in fact, anv class of goods for which an order was given.

Wholesale Trade in 1847.

In 1847 the wholesale dry goods trade was entirely confined
to Yonge Street, south of King.

First came Mr. William McMaster, where the Dominion Bank
now stands ; next was Mr. John Robertson's warehouse. At the
corner of Melinda Street, where the splendid warehouse of
Messrs. Hughes Bros, now stands, was the old red brick store
of Messrs. Ross, Mitchell & Co. ; a door or two further south
Mr. W. L. Perrin occupied a plain brick building, and below
Wellington Street were Messrs. Moffat & Murray, and Messrs.
Bryce, McMurrich & Co. On the east side, north of Wellington,
was the warehouse of Messrs. Bowes h Hall, and these com-
prised the whole of the dry goods warehouses at that time.
There being no houses exclusively in the millinery trade, thai?
was done by tlie same houses.

The wholesale g?'ocery trade was represented by Messrs. F,
& G. Perkins, Mr. A. V. Brown, and Whittemore, Rutherford & Co.

There were no exclusively wholesale houses in the hardware
trade, nor in earthenware, jewellery, hats, caps or furs. The
oldest house in the latter trade is that of Mr. James H. Rogers ;
the uusiness having been established by his father in 181.5.

The large block at the corner of King and Toronto Streets
was, in 1847, tht- finest wholesale hou.se in the city, and was
occupied by Messrs. Whittemore, Rutherford & Co. as a whole-

From 184/' to i8s7-

sale grocery warehouse, and afterwards tliey added dry goods,
being the only house in which both classes of goods were com-
bined. This building is at present being demolished to make
room for the new Quebec Bank, thereby removing one of the
most prominent of the old landmarks of the city.

Prominent Men in 1847.

Amongst the prominent men to be seen on King Street in
1847 was the Right Keverend John Strachan, Lord Bishop of
Toronto. Although sir r^ 11 in stature, his lordship was di;:^nified
in manner and commanaed universal respect.

Mr. Peter Brown — father of Messrs. George and Gordon
Brown — was a gentleman of venerable appearance and much
respected.

The Messrs. Ridout Brothers, hardware merchants, Mr. Rice
Lewis, Mr. John Harrington, and Mr. T. D. Harris, all in the
same business, occupied prominent positions as business men.

Mr. E. F. Wliittemore, of the firm of Whittemore, Rutherford
& Co., took an active part in every benevolent and philan-
thropic enterprise, and was distinguished for his temperance
principles.

Mr. Hugh, Scobie, proprietor of the Britisli Colonist, was a
man of commanding presence and universally respected.

Lord Elgin.

In January, 1847, Lord Elgin — two months after his second
marriage, to Lady Mary Louise Lambton, daughter of Lord
Durham — sailed for America in the Cunard steamer Hibernia,
and encountered unusually rough weather, the voyage being
most uncomfortable. They arrived at Halifax on the 20th,
intending to proceed to Montreal by way of Fredericton, but
the condition of the roads was not suited to such an under-
taking, so they re -embarked for Boston, arriving on the 25th.
They set out for Montreal the following morning, and reached
their destination on the 29th, three days' journey, and took up
their abode at Monklands,
G

Toronto " Called Back.'

He was young and healthy, and could work eighteen hours
a day ; possessed an amiable temper, and always a pleasant
demeanor, and did not consider it derogatory to his dignity to
walk to church.

In lS-1-9 the Rebellion Losses Bill was assented to, and riots
occurred in consequence in Montreal. After this the seat of
Government was removed to Toronto, in 1850.

Lord Elgin was very popular in T. "to, and his levees were
always well attended. During the summer of that year he
gave a fete charapetre at his residence, near where the Central
Presbyterian Church now stands, and as the view as far as
Queen Street was almost uninterrupted, the entertainment was
as pleasant as the name was appropriate The writer has a
pleasant recollection of a cordial greeting and a hearty shake
of his hand on that occasion.

The garden party given by the present Lieutenant-Governor
on the occasion of the visit of the members of the British
Association last year, showed by the surroundings the va.st
improvement that has taken place since that time.

The beauty of the grounds which surround the present Gov-
ernment House, with its luxurious furniture, and conservatory,
fragrant with the perfume of rare exotics, contrasts in a strik-
ing manner with former times.

Toronto Police Force.

There were about a dozen of policemen, hav'ng as a Chief
Mr. George Sherwood. The Chief being a quiet, good-natured
man, did not insist on any strict regulations as to the dress or
discipline of the men.

They wore a sort of uniform, but without uniformity, except
in one respect — they were unifoiinly slovenly. Day & Martin's
blacking and white gloves were not considered at all necessary ;
the latter had not come into fashion, and as to the former, the
men might .say as to their boots what was generally said as
to waggons and carriages, that if the mud was taken off they
would be just as dirty in a short time again.

It could not be wondered at, that in a city so celebrated for

From 184'j to iS^y.

mud as Toronto, the buggies were allowed to remain for
months in a dirty condition, when only a short time ago Lon-
don Punch gives a conversation between a tourist in the
Highlands of Scotland and his hostler. The tourist says, " Why
haven't you cleaned my carriage, as I told you last night ?"
Hostler — " Hech, sir, what for would it need washing ? It will
be just the same when you be using it again."

There was not much improvement in the Police Force till the
appointment of Captain Prince, who, by the introduction of a
semi-military system of discipline, brought about a complete
revolution in every respect ; not only in the dress and dis-
cipline of the men, but in the selection of a superior class, both
as regards physique and intelligence, forming in i . hor'; Mme a
body of police equal to that of any city in the world.

The best men selected were from the Irish Constabulary, who
had been drilled at the barracks in PlKienix Park. Dublin.

First Strike in Toronto.

In 1847 the first sewing machine was introduced by Messrs.
Walker & Hutchinson. The tailors in their employment,
regarding this innovation as contrary to all their time-honored
ideas of the manufacture of clothing, at once rebelled.

Had not the old needle been used by hand since the fig-leaves
were made into garments in the Garden of Eden ? Then, why
should a new-fangled machine be invented to supersede the
ancient system ?

The machine was only in use a few days when Messrs.
Walker & Hutchinson, finding it so objectionable, agreed to
discontinue its use, and hj<nded it over to their men to use it as
they thought proper.

A day was appointed for the display of their triumph over
machinery, and the discarded machine was exhibited on King
Street, in the centre of a procession of the workmen, after
which it was returned to the manufacturers in New York.

The firm, in order to remove every trace of dissatisfaction^
treated the men to a banquet, given the same evening.

Toronto " Called Back.

Immigrant Fever.

The effects of the potato famine in Ireland were painfully
visible in the appearance of the immigrants arriving by Quebec
during the summer. It was estimated that 240,000 had died
from starvation in Ireland. It was not that the people who
had the means failed to stretch out the hand of charity. Won-
derful acts of liberality and self-denial occurred, but the whole
means of Ireland were inadequate to support her destitute
poor.

The British ships were too few to carry over the provisions
necessary to save human life. Then every English heart, while
looking with terror at the future, throbbed with sympathy
for their dying biethren, and the relief distributed was re-
ceived with the liveliest gratitude — the writer's brother being
one of the " relief" agents appointed by the Government, related
many instances of a most touching character in his district
and towards himself personally.

Enormous sums were subscribed to relievo the distressed.
Noble and fearle.ss men ventiired into the haunts of famine and
distress, and examined the evil before trying to remedy it.

In the hour of calamity all differences of creed were laid
aside, and the Roman and English priests met at the bed of the
dying, joining in administering temporal and spiritual aid to
the sufferers ; and, by a kind Providence, a fine summer and
better crops gradually l)rought about a better state of things.

The late Hon. W. E, Forster, when a young man, represented
the Society of Friends in Ireland during the terrible famine,
and his services as a distributer of relief earned for him the
love and gratitude of many a suffering soul, though it was his
strange fortune forty years later to be regarded as the worst
enemy of Ireland.

When the world was horrified by the Phcenix Park murders,
it came out on the trial of the assassins that Mr. B^orster had
been selected as another victim, so that, notwith-standing the
respect and veneration with which the young Quaker had been
regarded by the peasantry while engaged in the merciful work

From iS^y to rS^y.

of relieving hunger and soothing the pillow of death in 1846, yet
the same peasantry held the kind-hearted, though tirin andblufi'
Chief Secretary in utter execration, and taught their children
to curse hiui as the representative of blood-and-iron tyranny.

As the result of imperfect nourishment, and other causes, the
emigrants who left for America were decimated by ship fever,
and hundreds were buried at Grosse Isle, below (.Quebec, who
died on board the ships or at the (juarantine station.

There were many cases in Toronto, and in attending these,
Bishop Power and Dr. Grassett contracted the disease, from
which they both died while faithfully and fearlessly discharg-
ing their duties.

Bathing.

Before the Esplanade was formed, a favorite place for a swim
was oH" Rees' wharf,- nearly opposite the Parliament Buildings
and other quiet .spots along the shore of the Bay.

Here, on a fine summer's morning, many of the leading mer-
chants and clerks from King Street might be seen indulging in
the healthy exercise. The only restriction was as to time, there
being none as to dre.ss. No person was allowed to bathe after
.seven o'clock, before which time it w;.s perfectly legal.

By tho.se of us who had been accustomed to " di.sport beneath
the crested wave" on the Atlantic Coast, in purls naturalibus,
the privilege was highl}^ appreciali'd ^nd enjoyed.

One morning the writer chose a spot in front of the Com-
missariat Depot, which was always guarded by a sentry, who,
with fixed bayonet, " walked his lonely round " in front of his •
box. The.se sentries appeared to be authorised to enforce the
rule as to time.

Not knowing it was past seven o'clock, I had (juite prepared
for a dip, when tlio sentry advanced a few paces, and, in a very
decided tone, said if 1 went into the water he " would do his
duty." Not liking the look of tho cold steel, and thinking that
in this case discretion was the befier part of valor, I (juickly
dressed, and apologizing for havinj." mistaken the hour, beat a
retreat.

7«

Toronto " Called Back

Great Fire on King Street in 1848.

This fire orij^nated eastward of the Cathedral, and spread
rapidly as far as Jarvis Street, and northward to Adelaide, then
across to the old City Hall and Market, all of which were
speedily consumed. The Rectory of .St. James escaped, but the
Cathedral, takinj? fire from .some sparks which lodged on the
spire, was entirely consumed. One bucket of water would have
extinguished it when first discovered, but there was no way of
reaching it, the fire hose being quite inadequate for the purpose.
The writer distinctly recollects the falling of the spire. When
the fire had done its work, and the crash became inevitable, it
was supposed the spire would fall outwards, and the spectators
kept a long way off, when, to the surprise of every one, it fell
almost perpendicularly, top foremost, the vane on the top strik-
ing the flag at the front door. The buildings on the opposite
side were badly scorched, but escaped destruction.

Establishment of Celebration of Queen's Birthday.

To Toronto belongs the honor of having first inaugurated
this celebration.

In the year when every throne in Europe was shaken when
Louis Philippe and his illustrious Queen were driven by the
mob from the Tuilleries, and every vestige of Royalty on which
the latter could lay their ruthless hands was destroyed, and
when in disguise the Royal pair escaped to England as a haven
• of refuge, never did our noble Queen sit more firmly on her
throne ; and the feeling of loyalty appeared to be intensified by
the surrounding contrast.

At that time it was proposed to celebrate her birthday in
Toronto, but it was not till the following year that it was fully
kept, and .shortly afterwards it was nuido a legal holiday, other
cities having taken the matter up and followed the example
set by Toronto.

In 1850 Monsieur Napheygi, Secretary to the celebrated
Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot anil orator, who had

•I WAlVrp ■< -z-r^

KNOX CHURCH IN 184S.

Toronto ''Called Back.''

visited Toronto, assisted in the celebration of Her Majesty's
birthday by a gran<l display of fireworks in front of the Par-

liament Buildintrs.

First Retail Dry Goods Store on Yonge Street.

Up to 1849 the retail dry goods trade was confined to King
Street, and to a very limited portion of that street.

The only dry goods sold on Yonge Street were in connection
with groceries, in a store kept by Mr. James Leask, one door
south of Queen Street.

Mr. John Macdonald having decided to start a store with the
enterprise and pluck which has characterized all his movements,
decided to try the experiment of an exclusively dry goods busi-
ness, and in a short time was doing a thriving trade, one door
.south of Richmond Street, then known as the "Large 103," that
being the number on the street at that time, and the figures
conspicuously painted in front of the building.

The result of this venture is referred to in the chapter on the
Model Wholesale Dry Goods Warehouse of the Dominion.

SELLING ON THE STERLING COST.

The system of selling at an advance on the sterling cost
gave buyers the privilege of inspecting the invoice books be-
fore i;he arrival of the goods, and if the buyer knew of .special
cheap lines, and wished to favor a particular customer, these
lots were selected beforehand and laid aside as soon as opened.
In this way Mr. Macdonald secured many a lot which, by judi-
cious advertising, he brought before the attention of the public
and soon acquired the reputation of selling cheap goods.

The population of Toronto in 1847 was 21,050.

Total assessment, £122,981, or $591,924 ; total expenditure,
£7,288, or $29,152.

The total importations to Toronto in 1848 were £197,225 5s.
3d., equd to $788,901.05. The same year Montreal imported
goods valued at £1,603,027 17s. 9d., or $6,452,111.55, or nearly
eight times as large as Toronto.

From iS^y to 1857.

In 1849 Toronto showed value imported to be je'}2G.868 17s.
9d., or $1,307,455.55, and Montreal £1,230,553 6.s. 3d., or $4,-
940,133.25, Toronto having within the year brought the pro-
portion as compared with Montreal from one-eighth to about
one-fourth.

Business Houses in Toronto, 1847 1850.

WHOLESALE DRV (;oona.

Bowes & Hall.
Bryce, McMunich & Co.
John Ewart, jim. & Co.
Henry Fowler.
Gilmour & Coulsoii.
William McMaster.
Moffatt, Murray & Co.
P. .). O'Neill.
W. L. Perrin & Co.
John Robertson.
Ross, Mitchell & Co.
Taylor & Stevenson.
Shaw, TurnbuU & (Jo.
Topping & Brown.
U. Wightman &. Co.

RETAIL DRY (iOOI>S.

John Macdonald.
P. Paterson.
Betley & Kay.
J. Carmichael.
Hdwaril Cooper.
William Creighton.
John Eastwood.
Arthur Lepper.
Walker & Hutchinson.
Robert Sargant & Co.
George Bilton.
Richard Hastings.
Walter Macfarlane.
Scott & Laidlaw.
Hughes & Co.
Thomas Lailey.
Charles Robertson.
John Ritchey, jun.

RETAIL URV dOODS— r();i<i»i(f(/.

J. R. Mountjoy.
(J. B. Wylie.
J. Charlesworth.

WHOLESAl.K (JBOCERS.

A, V. Brown.
Thomas Brunskill.
Fitcli & Matthews.

B. Torrance & Co.
F. k G. Perkins.
George Munro.

Wli ttemore, Rutherford & Co.

RETAIL (iROCERS.

Alexander Ogilvy & Co.
k. M. Smith.
K. M. Sutherland.
Richard Yates.

HARDWARE MERCHANTS.

John Harrington.
Rice Lewis.
T. Haworth.
T. D. Harris.
Ridout Brothers.
Darling Brothers.
Hayea Brothers.
P. Paterson & Son.

DRUOOI.STS.

Neil C. Love.
Jos*»ph Beckett & Co.
Lyman Bros. & Co.
W. H. Doel.
Hugh Miller.
J. C. Bettridge.

Toronto '' Called Backy

JEWELLERS.

Rossin Brothers.
E. M. Morpliy.
George Savage.
J. (f. Joseph.
Henry Jackson.

FURRIER.S.

Joseph llogers.
John Salt.
J. (i. Joseph,
J. Bastedo.

CHINA AND EARTHENWARE.

Patton & Co.
H. F. Norris.

HIDES AND LEATHER.

James Beaty.

MERCHANT TAILOR.S.

C. & W. Walker.

MDSICAL IN.STRUME.NTS.

A. & S. Nordhcimer.

BOOKSELLERS AM) STATIONERS.

Brewer, McPhail & Co.
Thomas Maclear,
Henry Howsell.
Hugit Scobie.
A. H. Armour & Co.

BOUTS AND SHOES.

Thomas Thompson.
Edward Dack.
Brown & Childs.

WATCHMAKERS.

J. E. Ellis.
William Bell.

CLOTHIERS AND OUTFITTERS.

Evans & Hamilton.

FANCY OOODS.

James Skelton.

SADDLERY HARDWARE.

Alexander Dixon.

MANUFACTURERS.

STOVES,

J. R. Armstrong.
G. H. Cheney & Co.

PAPER.

John Taylor & Brother.

FURNITURE.

Jacques & Hay.

IRONFOUNDBB,

James Good.

STEAM MILLS.

Gooderham & Worts.

SOAP AND CANDLB.S.

P. & R. Coate.
Peter Freeland.

STARCH.

J. A. Cull.

PIANOS

John Thomas.

GLUE.

Peter R. Lamb.

AXES.

Samuel Shaw,

•^iu^'^'^.j^^i^^is^'-'t^t^^Umis^tsMJt^,

From 1S4J to fSy^.

Prominent Men in 1850.

ALPIIABKTICALIA' ENIMERATEO.

Dr. \V. T. Aikens.

Hon. H. HaUlwiii.

K. W. IJanon, /'rindpal U. C. Co'lege.

\I. Barrett, Firnt Eiiylixli Master,

U. C. C'ollefj,'.
Charles Berc/.y, PoMniaMtcr.
Hon. \V. H. lUake, Chitncdlor.
W. H. Boulton, .\I.IM\
Hon. Col. Bruce, Sicij. ami A.D.C. to

Earl of Ehjin.
Hon. H. K. Burns, Judge .
.John Cameron, Caahier Commercial

Bank.
Hon. R. E. Caron, Sptaker Legislative

Council.
VV. G. Cassels, Managir Bank of li.X.

America.
H. H, Croft, Prof, of Chenmtry and

Vice-Chanccllor of Unirersity.
R. G. Dalton, liarrider.
Lieut. -Colonel DeSalaberry, Deputy

Adjutant-General.
Hon. \V. H. Draper, Jiid(/i' Queen's

Bench.
J. C. 1*. Esten, Vice-chancellor.
George Gurnett, Cl< rk of the Peace.
Kev. Anson Green, ]\''e8leyan Book

Steward.
Hon. Francis Hinck8,/»).s7>ec<or-(?('n''7'((/.
J. G. Hodgina, Secretary of Edtuation

Department.
J. G. Howaril, Architect.
\V. B. Jarvis, Sheriff.
Hon.L.H.Lafontaine, Attorney-General
Hon. Jas. Leslie, Prorincial Secretary.
Hon. J. B. Macauley, Chief Justice.

I W. F. yiendeU, Collector of Customs.
Rev. .Jolin McCaul, LL. D., Presiilent

University.
A. T. McCord, City Chamherlain.
Hon. Archibald McLean, Judge.
E. -J. Palmer, Dagiierrcan Artist.
Rev. Bishop I'ower.
Hon. J. H. Price, Commissioner Crown

Lands.
VV'illiam Proudfoot, Presidejd Bank of

Upper Canada.
T. (i. Ridout, Cashier Bank of Upper
\ Canada.

• Hon. J. B. Robinson, Chief Justice.
Dr. John Rolph.
Rev. Egerton Ryerson, Chief Supt. of

Ed neat ion.
\ Rev. Henry Scadding, First Classical

Master U. C. College.
Hon. Henry >Slierwood, Barrister.
J. G. Spragge, Vice Chancellor.
Hon. and Right Rev, John Strachan,

Lord Bishop of Toronto.
G. W. Strathy, Professor of Music.
Hon E. P. Tache, Receiver-General.
John F. Taylor, Clerk and Master in

Chancery.
Kiva.s Tully, Architect and Civil En-
gineer.
Win. ^Vedd, Third Classical Master

U. G. College.
Hon. C. Widnier, Surgeon.
Rev. M. Willis, D.D., Prof. Divinity,

Kno.r College.
William Wilson, Cashier Bank ofMont-

nal.

It is worthy of note that the residences of all the leading
men whose names are given were all .south of Queen Street,
except one or two who lived on that street. This will give a
good idea of the improvement that has taken place in this
respect.

IMAGE EVALUATION
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Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. MS80

(716) 872-4503

■^^

Toronto "Called Back!'

The upper stratum of society was decidedly refined and in-
tellectual, and not by any means as exclusive as some have
represented it. Nothing so invidious in class distinctions
existed as was found in Montreal up to a late period, when the
line was distinctly drawn between wholesale and retail mer-
chants, and in other ways the " upper ten " principle strictly
carried out.

The number of churches in Toronto at this time was 27,
divided as follows : — 4 Episcopal ; 1 Presbyterian Church of
Scotland ; 4 Wesleyan ; 1 Presbyterian Church of Canada ; 2
Congregational ; 1 United Presbyterian ; I Methodist New
Connexion; 1 Catholic Apostolic; 1 Primitive Methodist; 2
Baptist ; 1 Disciples ; 2 Roman Catholic.

A Tour of Observation.

■ Before deciding on settling in Toronto, the writer took a
trip to New York to consult with his friend aad companion of
the previous seven years, Mr. Edward Martin, who had preceded
him, and had, like Mr. A. T. Stewart, brought out a stock of
Irish embroideries, then giving employment to thousands of
girls all over Ireland, and sold all over the world. My friend
continued in the same trade, adding lace goods when the em-
broidery business fell off, and retired quite recently with a
large fortune.

It was thodght best that I should make a tour of several of
the states as far west as Ohio, then the most rising and pros-
perous state in the west. Returning by the New York Central,
all the large towns were visited up to Buffalo, and then Erie
and Cleveland were reached by steamer. From the latter
place, down to Cincinnati, the only mode of travelling was
either by the stages or canal boats drawn by horses. There
appeared to be nothing, either in the manners of the people
met with or the mode of doing business, to induce me to settle
on that side of the line.

Being invariably taken for an Englishman, and addressed as
" stranger," I found that an Englishman was more of a foreigner
than on^^ ">f any other nationality.

From 184'] to i8^y.

There were whole villages in Ohio owned by Germans or
Dutch, on the communistic principle, and no English spoken.

Apropos of speaking languages I may mention that having
an uncle, who was an elder in the Methodist Episcopal Church,
stationed near Syracuse, on my way through I called to see
him. Having two daughters at a large school in the centre of
the state of New York, he wished me to go and see them. The
distance to drive being about twenty miles, we stopped to rest
with one of my uncle's parishioners, and in conversation with the
lady of the house .she asked me whether I had spoken the
Engli-sh language before I came to America.

At once perceiving that her question was put on account of
my being a native Irishman, I answered her accordingly.

Having seen persons from different parts of Europe in that
country, and all speaking their own language, she naturally
thought I should know mine.

We found my cousins boarding with the family of the sheriff'
of the county, and the lady herself busy with a broom, e-.imv
using which to good purpose she was so..n ready to entertain
us in her drawing-room. "Helps" being hard to find, most
of the ladies were obliged to help themselves.

Being everywhere reminded that I was now in a free country,
I have frequently regretted not having crossed the Ohio River
into Kentucky, where slavery was in full vigor, and human
chattels were bought and sold every day ; and never having ex-
perienced any particular oppression in the country from which
I had recently come, I failed to appreciate the advantages of the
freedom of which I was so constantly reminded as existing in
the United States.

Describing the gaiety going on in "Washington while slavery
existed there at this time, Whittier writes :

Pitying God ! Is that a woman
On whose wrists tlie shackles clash ?

Is that shriek she utters human,
Underneath the stinging lash ?

Are they men whose eyes of madness
From that sad procession flash i

pill" !."M

Toronto " Called Back.''

Still the dance goes gaily onward —
What is it to wealth and pride

That without the stars are looking
On a scene which earth should hide ;

That the slave ship lies in waiting,
Rocking on Potamac's tide ?

This being the year in which Louis Philippe and his accom-
plished consort were driven from the Tuilleries, and every
vestige of royalty ruthlessly destroyed, and Lamartine & Co.
had established the Republic of " Liberie, egalite, et fraternite"
in France, additional favor seemed to have been given to these
principles.

While there was much to admire in the apparent absence of
poverty, and a good degree of prosperity which seemed to exist,
and an appearance of greater equality an^.ongst all classes the
further west I went, it was plainly seen that distinctions still
existed, and society was divided into classes, as in every other
community. There were some illiterate and others educated,
some rude and rough in manners, others more refined and
cultured.

To judge of the manners of the people at the table d'hote of
the best hotel in Cleveland at the time, and compare them with
these seen at present, the decision must be, that a marvellous
improvement has taken place, as well as in all other western
cities.

This being the place where a stranger has the best oppor-
tunity of remarking the habits of people, my first impression
was one of surprise that so little time should be devoted to
table enjoyment. When the gong sounded there was a perfect
rush, and a grab at everything that could be reached. Vege-
tables of all kinds, with pickles, wero, mixed up, and made to
disappear before the waiters had time to present the bill of fare,
and then fish, tlesh and fowl were taken on the same plate, with
a variety of puddings and pies ; all of which were conveyed to
the mouth with the knife, the fork only doing duty while the
meat was being cut ; and by the time a person not in a hurry
got through with his soup, and was discussing the bill of fare,

«t.^Hb«<MiarsK«K^Mkj^i;^l^^Jiffia^>l^i^^ -HfiK^t^^

From 184'j to iS^y.

the table was half empty, and almost entirely so by the time
the substantials were reached.

The most surprising thing was to find these people after-
wards quietly sitting round, apparently having abundance of
time on their hands.

On returning to Canada a trip was taken to Quebec, includ-
ing a short stay at the principal towns and cities ' en route.

Wei'e it possible for a large proportion of the persons leaving
the British Islands to postpone their decision as to their desti-
nation till they had travelled through the principal States of
the Union, and over a portion of this Dominion, it can scarcely
be doubted that by far a larger number would prefer Canada.
But as, either through correspondeiicc with friends, or the
representations of interested agents, nearly all decide as to the
place of their future settlement, they lose the advantage to be
gained by actual observation. *

This delightful trip, entirely by water on the lake and river
steamers, could not fail to make a favorable impression. No
longer addressed as " stranger," I everywhere found friends, and
a thorough " home" feeling was constantly experienced, till on
my return to Toronto there was no hesitation as to making it
my future home.

First Return Visit to Europe.

The passage to England, on the Cunard steamer Niagara, in
the winter of 1849-50 was a most perilous one. When on the
Banks of Newfoundland we found ourselves suddenly sur-
rounded by immense fields of ice, which increased so rapidly
that in a few hours the man at the mast-head sung out, " Nothing
but ice all around!" Having Her Majesty's mails on board,
Capt. Leitch was not to be kept long in such a position, and
having consulted with his officers, determined to push through.
Orders were given to go ahead at half -speed, and after sevei'al
hours of bumping and grinding, that was terrible to witness,
the cry came from aloft, "Clear water ahead !" and on getting
out of the ice we found the grand vessel almost as helpless as a
log on the water. Every float on both paddle-wheels had been

Toronto " Called Back.''

iiiliir

literally torn to pieces, except six, and these vessels not being
rigged foi- sailing, like the modern screw steamers, there was no
prospect of progress from that quarter.

With the foresight which has characterized the Cunard Line
from the commencement, duplicate floats were on board, and
the carpenter's crew, in spite of the rolling of the vessel, in a
comparatively short time had all the floats replaced, and we
were soon again under full steam for Liverpool.

Shortly after arriving in London a partnership was formed
with Mr. James Steven.son, with whom I had lived for several
years in Dublin, and who was then residing in London, as buyer
and manager with Munt, Brown & Co., Wood Street, London,
Luton and Dunstable. Mr. Stevenson came to Toronto in the
following spring.

Windsor Castle.

" Imperial dome of Edward, wise and brave!
Where warlike Honor's brightest banners wave.
TJiy royal j)ile8 that rise elate,
With 1 any an antique tower in massy state. "

Never having seen Her Majesty the Queen, I expressed a wisli
to visit Windsor with that object, and accompanied by my
brother, who was buyer for the house of Brown, Davis & Halse,
of Gresham Street, and afterwards for Cook Sons & Co., St.
Paul's Church Yard, went down to that historical town.

We knew by the Royal Standard floating from the Castle
tower that Her Majesty was at home, and after inspecting the
portions of the Castle accessible to visitors during the Queen's
residence there, and St. George's Chapel, and getting a splendid
view of the surrounding country from the top of the tower, we
had not yet seen any indication of the Queen's appearance, and
were returning oo the railway station to take the first train for
London, when, while walking in a private street, v/ithout a
single person in sight, we heard the noise of horses' feet, and
presently an equerry in royal livery came in view, and immedi-
ately afterwards the Queen and Prince Albert, in an open
carriage and pair, enjoying a quiet drive. We, of course, un-

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From 184'j to 1851.

covered our heads, and in return had a most gracious uow and
smile from Her Majesty, Prince Albert at the same time raising
his hat in response to our salutation. ■'

This was an opportunity seldom enjoyed, even by residents
of London, and often earnestly desired by Americans, and
although having seen Her Majesty frequently afterwai'ds, no
sight on state occasions was so gratifying as this one.

Commencement of Commercial Travelling in Canada.

In 1850 the tirm of Taylor & Stevenson was established, and
their business was carried on at the coi^ner of Yonge and Col-
borne Streets, in the building now occupied by Messrs. Buntin,
Reid & Co. It was then newly built, and was one of the finest
warehouses in the city.

Mr. Stevenson having had extensive connections with all the
straw goods manufacturers in London and Bedfordshire, that
trade was made a leading branch. The first importations of
these goods, in the spring of 1851, were the largest that had ever
been made into Canada, and having sent out circulars, we had
buyers from Windsor in the west to Brockville in the east. The
whole importations were closed out in a few weeks, and such
was the quantity to be entered and packed that all hands were
obliged to work for several weeks every night, except Saturday,
till 2 or 3 o'clock, so as to get the goods forwarded within a
reasonable time. To obviate this in future, the idea of taking
the orders beforehand and shipping the goods direct soon took
shape, and in the fall of that year samples were got out from
the leading manufacturers, and the writer undertook to travel
for orders.

After the close of navigation there was only one regular mode
of travelling. Weller's line of Mail Stages left daily for Mont-
real and Quebec, and in this way the writer, who was the first
commercial traveller in Canada, started from Toronto.

In these days of Pullman cars and commercial hotels, to hear
travellers complain of the discomforts and annoyances is rather
amusing to those who have ploughed through mud and slush,

Toronto " Called Back.

M j.i";;'^-.

soinetimcs carryin<]f rails off the fences to "pry" the wheels of
the sta<,'es out of the ruts, and aj^ain, in snow, carrying sliovels
to (li<( out the horses when larj^e drifts were encountered ; all
which is known to the writer hy actual experience.

The acconnaodation for ba^f^'a<,'e for nine or ten passen<;ers
consisted of a "rack" at tiie back of the statje, so that hai^jxa^e
trunks and 800 Ihs. weight of samples were never even thought
of up to the time of the opening of the railroads.

To meet this difficulty the writer had his samples sent out in
miniature models, so small that samples representing ilwaaanclH
of dozens, for which he actually took orders, could all be carried
in a small valise.

The experiment was a great success; the goods were all packed
in England to the various marks, and in the spring of 1852
were shipped in bulk to the various merchants, from Quebec to
Windsor, or sent to Toronto for distribution.

During that fall not a single traveller was met on the whole
road, but the following season a gentleman appeared as a com-
petitor from a New York house, and one or two others, amongst
them Mr. Darling, of Montreal, in the hardware trade, and Mr.
D. B. Macdonald, in fancy dry goods.

The summer trips by steamers were very pleasant, but in the
wmter there was nothing but hardships, and in crossing the ice
at ditierent points very great danger. My rule was, that
wherever the mail driver would venture I would go.

On one occa.sion, in crossing from Bellevill? to Picton, the ice
had melted, and in the whole dipoance across the Bay of Quinte
no ice could be seen — the horses being almost knee deep in
water. Again, in crossing from Kingston to Cape Vincent with
four horses in the Mail Stage, and a heavy mail with a large
number of passengers, where the ice was Ci-acking, the horses
had to "jump the cracks." Many rivers and canals were
crossed in this way.

One adventure on the road will give an idea of snow drifts.

The town of Brockville was always to me, whether in summer
or winter, a *lelightful resting-place, a sort of oasis in my
travels from east to west, or vice versa. Young men away

From iS^y to iS^j.

from home in a new country will iipprcciate my feelings
when I nay, that to find a sort of (yanadian home, when a
young traveller, was indeed a delightful feeling. Here 1
always rested for a few days amongst my friends — the Kon.
(Jeorge and Messrs. John and James Crawford and their con-
nections, and especially Mr. Sheriff Sherwootl, and the late
Hon. John Ro.ss, whom I had the pleasure of meeting there
fre(piently.

In the v/inter of 1858 I arrived there from the East in a
heavy snow storm ; it was the 28rd of December, and I wished
to get to Toi'onto by Christmas Day.

On the 24th the Mail Stage came along, and having supplied
ourselves with wooden shovels, we started for Kingston. Hav-
ing got on a few miles we found the drifts getting worse, and
after repeated etibrts in literally digging the horses out, we
were compelled to put up at a small tavern on the road side,
and here, with bitter regrets at my folly in not remaininjj at
Brockville, where I might have spent a pleasant Christmas, we
were compelled to remain all Christmas Day.

In the meantime the path masters had been notified by mes-
sengers that the track must be opened at their peril to allow
Her Majesty's Mails to proceed.

On the 2Gth we again started, having much the same shovel-
ling as before, when, having got on a few miles, we heard the
sound of the down stage's horn, and knew the track had been
liroken, and arrived in Kingston in a reasonable time.

The formation of the Commercial Travellers' A.ssociation
followed soon after the opening of the railroads, and has grown
to immense proportions, as the annual reports of the various
associations now existing abundantly show.

In the last year (1874) in which the writer travelled in con-
nection with the Toronto Association, his orders taken, in the
United States and Canada, with some assistance, represented
close on half-a-million dollars, and during the year scarcely a
day was lost. With the comforts and facilities afforded by the
Pullman and Wagner cars, enabling travellers to work all day
and travel at night, and the best hotels on the Continent

Ill

Toronto " Called Back.

competinjT for the patronarje of the commercial travellers, the
occupation has become, from being a drudgery', quite a pleasant
life.

Having served a good apprenticeship, and then given a son
to succeed me in the Association, anything connected with com-
mercial travelling is still a matter of great interest.

The following newspapers were published: British Colonist,
Christian Guardian, Daily Patriot and Express, Globe, North
American, Canada Gazette, Church, Examiner, Mirror, Watch-
man.

It will be seen that of all the papers published in 1850 only
two continue, the Globe and Christian Guardian, the latter
being the oldest estaulished weekly paper in Upper Canada.

W. H. Smith says of Toronto in 1850: — "Let a traveller,
starting from Montreal on a summer trip, proceed westward
till he arrives at Toronto. He sees a city, which he is told
fifty years ago was a swamp, with street beyond street and
building after building. He sees town lots selling for £10,000
an acre where thirty or forty years ago flourished a garden ; a
magnificent church being erected where an old settler told him
he once shot, wild ducks."

In connection with the old Mechanics' Institute it should be
recorded thav, Mr. Robert Edwards was the polite and obliging
Secretary for many year.s, and it is also due to the memory of
Mr. John Harrington to state that it was chiefly through his
exertions and the liberality of the citizens that the pre.sent
Free Library building was erected. The Music Hall in the
upper part was, for years, the principal place for concerts,
lectures and various exhibitions, and many celebrated men
appeared from time to time on its platform, including Wilkie
Collins, Proctor, Pepper, Punsh'^.i, and many others.

Important public meetings were held, and public balls and
banquets took place in this Hall, for any of which its capacity
would be insufficient at the present time.

The office of the Express Company, styled the European,
United States and Canadian Express Company, was on Front
Street, and James Burns was agent.

FrofN 1841 to iS^f.

Public Institutions.

Athenseuin and Coniinercial

New.s KooiiK
Mechanics' Institute.
Post Oliice.
Telegraph OfJice.

University (old building).
Upper Canada College.
O.sgoode Hall.
Parliament Buildings.

Financial Affairs 1850.

REVKNDE.

Assessment 8,540

Rental .3,417

Ft3S

Licenses

Drainage

Fees & Arrears of Taxes
Cash on hand

1,325
994
l.W

2,360
530

j KXPENDITUKK.

! t

\ Interest 4,800

! Salaries 2,875

Koails 1,355

: (ias 1,277

Fire l,C0f)

, Redemption of City

j Notes 850

I Use of County Jail 600

' Ward Appropriation . . 500

I Incidental Palice Ex-

I penditure 110

j Printing and Stationery 280

I Oo/oner's Expenses ... 115

! Miscellaneous 2,994

j Estimated Revenue over

! Expenditure 16

£17,322 14
or $69,290 SO '

S. (].

7 4

6 8

£r,322 14
or $69,290 00

CITY DEBT.

C s. d.

Debentures 67,372 15 6

Corporation Notes 17,346 15

Sundries 2,444 14 8

£87,184 5 2
or $348,737 04

APSET.S.

*; 8. (J.
Outstanding Rents, Fees,

Debts, Taxes, and

Cash on hand 2,436 9

Leaving to be paid .... 84,727 16 2

.£87,184 5 2
or $348,737 04

mm,

Toronto " Called Back"

Toronto in 1850.

In 1850 the principal streets running east and west were
Front, King, Richmond, Adelaide and Queen ; running north
and south were Yonge, Church, Bay and York. These were
the most thickly settled and best business portions of the city.

The two principal thoroughfares, and the streets containing
the largest number of shops, were King and Yonge.

A little eastward of the centre of the city were situated the
Market Building and City Hall. The old City Hall was a
decent, old-fashioned pile of red brick, the front of which was
on King Street. Leneath and behind was the Market, walled
in, and enclosed with gates.

After the fire the new City Hall, the present one, was erected
of white brick, opposite the Market Square, and running down
towards the Bay.

This is a very strange looking building, and it was unfortun-
ate for the reputation of the architect employed that he had
not left the Province before he completed the building, instead
of afterwards.

The old City Buildings having been destroyed in the great
fire, a magnificent pile of buildings was erected in their place,
called the St. Lawrence Hall and St. Lawrence Buildings.

At this time the St. James' Cathedral was in the course of
erection ; Knox Church, Holy Trinity, and St. Michael's had
been built. o

Bonding System via United States.

In the spring of 1848 there were no new spring goods shown
in Toronto till the middle of May, on the opening of navigation.
The arrival of sailing vessels, which then conveyed all freight
to Quebec, was looked for with great anxiety. The ladies, in
the meantime, were compelled to wear their last spring bonnets,
dresses and mantles, and the retail dry goods men had a chance
of selling ofl[' their old stock from the previous season. The
effect of this was that when the goods arrived in Toronto the
country storekeeper's, who awaited the event, came in a body to

From 184'] to iS^y.

! I

the city, and at seven o'clock in the morning it was no unusual
sight to see as many as thirty or forty on the street, awaiting
the opening of the warehouses, and ready to grab at the first
lot of goods they could get their hands on — styles and prices
being considered a matter of no importance : they wanted
British and foreign dry goods, and were determined to have
them. There was no time for mak'ng prices ; that was to
follow after the rush, and each man filled his locker or bunk
with an indiscriminate collection, subject to revision on the first
opportunity. When, perhaps, his neighbor's back was turned,
to make a fair exchange was considered no robbery, .should he
happen to spy a chance lot of something he coveted in his
neighbor's bunk. As the goods were sold at sterling prices,
with a certain advance added, the invoice book was then called
into requisition, and goods entered accordingly. In this way
the whole importations were generally pretty well cleared out
in a few weeks, and as the country merchants were supposed to
have laid in their whole. season's stock, the wholesale houses
had a quiet time in the warehouse after this, however it might
be in the counting house, the financing following such a sys-
tem requiring much tact and ingenuity. This state of things
could not continue, with the increasing demand for early spring
goods, and something must be done in the way of improvement.

While British and foreign goods were arriving at Boston or
New York weekly, Canadian merchants were debarred from
getting any of their importations from these ports via the
American railroads, there being no law to permit it.

The firm of Hill, Sears & Co., of Boston, a branch of the Lon-
don firm of Alfred Hill & Co., seeing a prospect of getting hold
of the Canadian business, supported by the Montreal and
Toronto wholesale houses, undertook to make arrangements for
a bonding system, and after some negotiations with the Govern-
ment at Washington, were successful in their object. In the
spring of 18.52 permission was given to allow goods for Canada
to pass through on the bonding system at present in operation.
The writer, with representatives of two other wholesale houses,
.spent a week in New York with brokers at the Custom Hou.se,

If IJl.i"r"<

Toronto " Called Back''

completing the arrangements for the despatch of the first goods
by that route, and after many days' delay on the road, a large
lot of goods, comprising the bulk of the spring imports, arrived
at Oswego.

Toronto Bay was then frozen solid, and as merchants east,
west and north were anxiously awaiting the arrival of the goods*
there was no other course but to make a channel for the steamer
Admiral to get out. This was accomplished by sawing the ice
from Yonge Street to the Queen's wharf, and in this way the
.spring goods arrived comparatively early.

First Great World's Fair.

The year 1851 was remarkable for the grand project of Prince
Albert to assemble a display of the industrial resources of the
world. Subscriptions were raised, men of science were chosen to
fo^m a committee, and a colossal palace of glass was erected from
a design suggested by Mr. (afterwards Sir) Joseph Paxton, hef*d
gardener to the Duke of Devonshire, at Chatsworth. The
building from which the design was taken was the smallest of
the conservatories of the "Palace of the Peak," and contained
the celebrated Victoria Regia lily. When the great palace was
built in Hyde Park, a mighty bazaar of nations was summoned.

Nor was the summons unavailing. Before the opening Lon-
don was crowded with foreigners and native visitors, all anxious
to enter the wonderful dome. Even immense London could not
afford accommodation for the throngs that poured in ; people
walked the streets through the night or slept in cabs, unable to
procure a bed.

And who that witnessed it can ever forget the opening scene?
Her Majesty, in the pride of beauty and glory and domestic
happiness, looking around on the representatives of all nations,
while the Venerable Archbishop of Canterbury pronounced his
benediction on that meeting of the nations in peace and pre ^-
perity.

Then day by day poured into that fancy palace the strangely
mingled crowd of voluble Frenchmen, grave Germans, sharp

From 1842 to iS^y.

Americans, active, monkey-like Chinamen, and sensual-looking
Turks ; while the rustics, who had never travelled beyond their
native village, gazed with astonishment, and even with awe, as
they entered the lofty transept, which actually enclosed tall elm
trees, and where the tropical plants, the fountains, the statuary,
and the rich fabrics of India realized the tales of the "Arabian
Nights," and seemed the work of enchantment.

The building was afterwards removed to Sydenham, and was
greatly enlarged so as to foi'm the now celebrated Crystal
Palace.

At this exhibition Canada was well represented, and obtained
a large number of prizes and medals.

fflr;|

Turning the First Sod of the Northern Railway.

On October loth, 1851, the first sod of the Northern Railway
was turned by Lady Elgin, assisted by Mayor Bowes, nearly
opposite the Parliament Buildings.

Mayor Bowes was in full official costume — cocked hat and
sword, knee breeches, silk stockings, and shoes with steel buckles.

The earth dug by her ladyship, with a beautiful silver spade,
was taken by His Worship a short distance in an oak wheel-
barrow, the whole ceremony creating great interest.

Mr. F. C. Capreol had so far seen his much ridiculed scheme
carried into effect.

No longer laughed at and spoken of as "Mad Capreol," as the
writer has often heard him called, he had shown great method
in his madness. Having been a fellow-passenger with him
when crossing on his visit to England to raise the necessary
capital — at first by a kind of lottery scheme, and afterwards in
the legitimate way — I saw his determination to carry out his
plans, and the clear prospect he had of the future of the under-
taking.

Had his energies been spared, the Huron and Ontario Ship
Canal might soon be an accomplished fact, not at all more
improbable than the Manchester Ship Canal was fifteen or
twenty years ago.

ppp

lOO

Toronto " Called Back^

Tariff in 1850-51.

Mr. W. H. Smith, writing at this time on the tariff, says: "We
are a queer people. While we are writing a public meeting is
being held in the St. Lawrence Hall, Toronto, for the purpose,
as the requisition says, of addressing a petition to Her Most
Gracious Majesty, Queen Victoria, and the British Legislaturer
for the purpose of obtaining a more favorable home market for
the staple productions of the country than we at present enjoy,
and for the adoption of such a course of commercial policy
towards the Colonies generally as may prove beneficial to them
and to the Mother Country.

" Do not these gentlemen fear that the British Prime Minister ,^
in glancing over the Canadian tariff, will be apt to tell the
signers of the petition that 'Jupiter helps those who help
themselves.'

"In our legislative wisdom we charge on sugar, tea and cofi'ee,
articles which we cannot produce ourselves, a duty of 12i per
cent. ; while on tobacco, which we can grow, we charge the same.

" On wine, rum and brandy, which we do not make, we charge
25 per cent. ; while whiskey, which we do make, we admit at
12^ per cent.

" On spices, fruits, etc., which we cannot produce, we charge
SO per cent. ; while hemp, flax and tow, undressed lard, charcoal,
broom corn, and wool are admitted at 2 A per cent. ; and still
further, as if this were not sufficient, we extend our liberality
and admit pot and pearl ash, wheat and Indian corn duty free."

All Axy goods, hardware, etc. at this time paid a duty of 12^
per cent, ad ludornn.

In the fall of 1852 the locomotive Lady Elgin was tried, on
the 6th October, on the Northern Railroad, by order of the
Engineer, under whose direction the engine was erected. This
was the first locomotive run in Upper Canada.

A considerable number of persons congregated near the
Queen's wharf to witness the trial, and appeared much pleased
with the " iron horse " as he snorted along the track. The rails,
were laid for about fourteen miles.

From 184^ to iS^y.

lOI

The contract for the railroad from Toronto to Guelph was
given at this time to Messrs. C. S. Gzowski & Co., for £7,-i08
currency per mile — €355,600 for the whole distance.

It was also in 1852 that the contract for the establishment of
a line of steamers between Liverpool and the St. Lawrence was
completed, the contracting parties being Mr. J. Young, then late
Commissioner of Public Works, and Messrs. Kean & McCarthy
the ship owners.

The conditions were that Messrs. Kean k, McCarthy should
keep up a regular line of large and powerful .screw steamers to
leave Liverpool for the St. Lawrence monthly or fortnightly,
while navigation was open, and monthly during the winter to
Portland ; the maximum passage rates to be £21 sterling, first-
class ; £12 12s, second-class; and £6 6s., third-class. These
steamers began to run the following spring.

Two years later the contract was annulled, and an arrange-
ment made with the firm of Edmonstone, Allan k> Co., of
Montreal. The small fleet of the last named company has since
developed into the line well known as the Allan Line of
Trans- Atlantic Steam.ships.

At this time Toronto had begun to display a rapidity of
growth and stability, produced by wholesome enterprise, both
encouraging and remarkable. In describing its appearance in
1852 it was said that such strides had been taken in improve-
ment that the effect produced on the mind of a stranger, when
entering the bay and viewing the city from the deck of a steamer,
was very pleasing and striking. In the evening the spires and
domes, lighted up with the parting rays of the setting sun, the
dark woods at the back, and the numerous handsome villas
which flanked the bay, combined in creating an effective cowp
d'aeil

A most prominent object a . the eastern end was the jail, by
no means a picturesque or prepossessing one, but still might be
taken as an indication of the generally substantial and appro-
priate character of the buildings, being a solid .symmetrical
mass of gray lime-stone, sufficiently significant of its purpose —
perhaps in the same sense as that in which the traveller stated

I02

Toronto " Called Back.''

that he alwaye knev/ he was in a civilized country when he saw
a gibbet !

Be this as it may, the writer has a distinct recollection of
seeing two men liung off' a platform erected on the west side
of the wall which surrounded the building and which still
remains.

The lighv.house on the point of the peninsula, the Lunatic
Asylum, Government Wharf, Parliament Buildings, City Hall,
and Trinity Church, all attracted the eye.

The sites of the St. James' Cathedral and St. Michael's, could
also be seen.

The Industrial Crystal Palace.

Exhibitions of the Provincial Agricultural Association of
Canada West, incorporated in July, 1847, were held irregularly
till 1852. /,:.:■-,;;,;..;.■ ■ ,.■■■.• ;. - --■ -■■ ■:■

At the close of the Exhibition in Toronto in 18.=»2, it was re-
solved to memorialize the Government to appropriate a certain
sum of money to purchase land whereon to erect permanent
buildinofs for the holding of their annual exhibitions.

To this resolution is due the structure then erected, for in
granting to the Corporation of the City of Toronto the fee
simple of that portion of the garrison reserve lying immedi-
ately south of the Lunatic Asylum, for a public park, the Gov-
ernment made it a condition that not less than twenty jicres
should be appropriated for the holding of the Provincial Asso-
ciation's annual exhibitions wlienever it might be required for
that purpo.se.

This condition was accepted by the Council with a liberality
which did them honor, at once appropriating t5,000 for the
purpose of erecting permanent buildings thereon.

On the 16th July, 1852, the corner stone was laid b}' W. H.
Boulton, Mayor, in the presence of a large number of citizens.
The band of the Royal Canadian Rifles performed at intervals
during the ceremony.

This building was afterwards used as a military l)arracks,
and was occupied by the 18th Hussars, the band of which regi-

i !

11
I
n

«1
t]

tc
w

m
si

From 1841 to 1S5J.

105

ment for several years contributed so much to the pleasure of
the people of Toronto ; and here, in 1860, His Royal Highness
the Prince of Wales was entertained at a public ball.

The Antjlo- American Magazine says: — "Dwelling; in a city
whose evoiy stone and brick has been placed in its present
position under the eyes of many who remember the locality as
the sight of primeval woods the region of swamp ; of some who
have seen the lonely wif^wam of the Mississaucjua give place to
the log house of the earner settler, and this in its turn disappear
to be replaced by the substantial an 1 elegant structures of
modern art, — we find we are justified in _) ielding to the pardon-
able if vain desire to tell the wonderful metamorphosis of
forty years.

" It is meet that we should rejoice over the triumphs of civi-
lization, the onward progress of our race, the extension of our
language, institutions, taste, manners, customs and feelings.

" In no spot within British territory could we find aggregated,
in so striking a manner, the evidences of this startling change.
In none should we ti'ace, so strongly marked, the imprint of
national emigration. In few discover such ripened fruits of
succes.sful colonization.

" The genius of Britain presides over the destiny of her off-
spring. The glory of the empire enshrouds the prosperity of
the colony, the noble courage and strength of the lion inspires
and protects the industry of the beaver. The oak and the
maple unioe their shadows over the breasts that beat in unison
for the common weal.

" We boast not superior intelligence, we claim not greater or
even an equal share of local advantages over the sister cities of
our country ; but we assert, in sincerity of belief and in justice
to ourselves, a rapidity of growth and a stability produced by
wholesome enterprise as encouraging as it is remarkable.

" The fine bay in front of the city is formed by the remarkable
peninsula (this was before the gap was formed) which, com-
mencing at the river Don, stretches away westward, with a
singular bend or curve at its western extremity, until it ap-
proaches the mainland opposite the garrison. Here a very

I04

Toronto " Called Back.''

narrow channel, marked by buoys, admits vessels of almost any
tonnage to shelter and safe; anchorage.

" Over this extended sheet of water may be seen, in summer,
many a graceful and tidy little craft, gliding along luider the
skilful management of the amateur crew — yachting being a
favorite amusement and source of recreation to the inhalntants
after the toils of the day and the confinement of their occu-
pations. A considerable number of steamers, both Briti.sh and
American, arriving and departing almost hourly, and numerous
sailing vessels, laden with the produce of the back country or
freighted with valuable imports from other lands, impart ani-
mation and bustle to the .scene, which truly indicates the com-
mercial activity of a thriving population ; while the wharves
which skirt the bay, with their large warehouses and bu.sy
throng of stevedores, porters, carts and cabs, confirm this
impression."

The assessed value of the property in the Corporation was
$12,4G5,G00. The value of dutiable and free goods imported
was $2,778,388 ; the exports, $1,636,824.

In the past year the beauty of the principal streets had
increased very greatly. St. James' Cathedral had been com-
pleted, except the spire. This church, built of white brick (for
which Toronto had become famous), in the restored style of
architecture, was then decidedly the most beautiful and appro-
priate religious structure to be found in Canada. In the order
of civil architecture, the Court House, then in course of erection,
was considered to be as fine a structure of its own kind as the
church.

But public buildings may .sometimes proceed rapidly, while
general distress prevents improvements in domestic archi-
tecture. This, however, was not the case in Toronto.

A correspondent of the Montreal Herald writes at this time:
"Upon King Street we noticed the builders at work in five or
six places, besides observing several new and handsome brick
hou.ses, where a year ago wooden ones stood. Our readers wlio
are acquainted with Toronto will remember the corner of Bay
and King Streets, which used to be disfigured by some wooden

- ■ n«.K«Mn(^- » v^^?^ jn

^^ffp^'l

ST. JAMBS CATHEDRAL.

ji^mH^.

I
I

TWWnil

From 1841 to 1851.

107

shanties ; these have been completely swept away, to make
room for elegant brick liouses. While the retailers have been
improving their places of business, the wholesale houses have
also continued to augment in number an<l beauty."

The present Bank of Coiiunerce was then newly built, and
was by far the finest wholesale warehouse in the city, and was
about to be occujiied by Messrs. Ross, Mitchell & Co., wholesale
dry goods merchants.

During the times the Parliament remained in Toronto, between
1850 and 18r)7, many men celebrated in history could be heard
to speak. Papineau, W. L. Mackenzie, Cauchon, Cartier, Prince,
Merritt, Gugy, Drumrnond, Dorion, Hincks, D'Arcy McGee,
Baldwin, John Sandfield Macdonald, and others.

When Mr. McGee rose to speak, the most profound attention
prevailed, all admitting the superior charm of his eloquence.
No matter what the subject of debate might be, it was in-
vested with new interest, and having at command art, science,
poetry, and history, his ideas were clothed in most beautiful
language, and were full of originality, and given with such a
sprinkling of wit and humor as never failed to delight his
listeners.

In 1852 Mr. George Brown made his nmiden Parliamentary
speech, which occupied two hours.

On the 28th of December, 1853, J — d Elgin left Toronto, and
was succeeded by Sir Edmund Head, in 1854.

The Esplanade.

It is said that when the Grand Trunk Railway was being
built, the Company ofiered to build stone wharves or quays along
the front of the city, with iron bridges across the tracks at the
principal crossings, and at less than the cost of the present
Esplanade, but through the obstructiveness of some, and the
squabbling and procrastination of others, of the Corporation, the
offer was withdrawn.

At present, when so much public attention is directed to the
proposed new street and general improvement of the city front,
it may be interesting to refer to the various schemes proposed

jpf'flll;')'

1 08

Toronto " Called Back^

from 1850 to 1854, and for this purpose we extract a few items
from Maclear's Anglo-American Magazine.

The " Editor's Shanty " was supposed to be the resort of
representative characters, under the Holyriquets of the "Doctor,"
the "Laird," and the "Major."

Tl^ese gentlemen met to discuss the current events, and to
review the literature of the week.

The (i(uestion of the proposed Esplanade having come up for
discussion, the Laird begins :

" But, Major, what was ye gaun to say aboot the Toronto
Esplanade at our last meetin', when Mrs. Grundy telt us the
supper was ready ? I see the newspapers are makin' a great
fuss about it now. One day we have a long report from Cum-
berland to the Northern Railway directors, another day a letter
from the City Surveyor about it, in another it is announced
that Gzowski and the Grand Trunk contractors are gaun to
make the thing at once. Did ye hear onything mair aboot it?"

Major — "I was then going to draw your attention to a long
letter which appeared in the May number of the Canadian
Journal, prior to any of these you have just mentioned, the
author of which signs himself "A Member of the Canadian
Institute," and advocates strongly the importance of making
provision for public walks, baths, wash-houses, etc., and sets
forth a new plan for the Esplanade, by which the railways can
be brought into the very heart of the city without the necessity
of level crossings. I thought at the time that the plan, although
probably too costly, and on too grand a scale, was a feasible one,
and deserving of more attention than it seems to have received.
Since then I am glad to see that the Chief Engineer of the
Northern Railway has taken it up, and strongly recommended
its adoption, with slight modifications."

Laird — "Before we gang any further, I would like to ken the
correct meaning of level crossings, for there were nae railroad"
when 1 was at schule, maist saxty years syne, and I'm rather
particularly concerned in this niatter — one of my friends has a
water lot near Yonge Street."

Major — " When one railway crosses another on the .same

From iS^j to iSj'j.

109

horizontal plane, or where a railway crosses a street in the same
manner, that is to say, without either being bridged, it is termed
a level crossing, and they are the cause of a great many acci-
dents."

Doctor — " You will recollect, Laird, of that serious collision,
only a few months ago, near Detroit, when one passenger train
ran into another on a level crossing, to the great destruction of
life and property. Level crossings have always been a source
of danger, and should, at any cost, be avoided, if possible, in
crowded thoroughfares."

Laird — " 1 understand it noo. Indeed I thocht it was that,
yet I aye like to mak sure ; but I dinna see why the needna
gang slower through a town ; there's na use to biss through as
if the deil was at their heels."

Doctor — " "^ '.s, my good Laird, but there are innumerable
chances of danger, however slow the trains may travel, — the
locomotives themselves have been known to become unmanage-
able and run away. Horses are apt to get frightened, women
and children may be overtaken while crossing the tracks, or
old gentlemen, like yourself and the Major, who do not hear
quite so well as in your younger years, may make even as nar-
row escapes as he did at Waterloo."

Laird — " Toot, mon, I can hear yon whussle half a mile awa'.
I'm no sae deaf as a' that, and maybe there are some older and
deafer than me (joking). I'll tell ye. Doctor, gin there be as
muckle danger as you say, gentlemen in your profession should
keep a calm, sough. A broken leg noo and then would aye be
inair grist to your mill. I think we'd better cry quits noo, as
we're gettin' afFthe thread, and I'm an.xious to hear aboot this
plan of the Major's. It's strange I didna see the letter he
spoke of."

Major — " Indeed, Laird, it's altogether my fault. I lent the
Journal for May to a friend of mine, who (mly returned it a few
days ago, but here it is ; and, although the letter is rather long,
it refers to various other matters, which we may discuss at an-
other time. With your permission I will read the letter."

Doctor and Laihd — "Do. Go on, go on."

I lO

Toronto " Called BackT

Major — " Thei-e was a lithographed plan which accompanied
the letter, and you will have some trouble to understand the
letter without it. However, here goes."

[Major reads the letter] :

" To the Editor Canadian Journal, — The water frontage of
Toronto, extending over a length of from two to three miles,
and up to the present time almost unoccupied, is now about to
be used for railway purposes. : , / r

" Adjoining thereto, and extending about three-fourths of a
mile along the south side of Front Street, immediately to the
east of the old fort, a tract of land, averaging in width about
100 feet, was some years ago reserved for the public as a pro-
menade or pleasure ground, which reserve is also being appro-
priated by the railway companies for their own use.

" Much has latel}' been written, and far more has been said >
regarding the occupation of the water frontage by the railway
companies. One party advocates the conversion of every foot
of ground now lying waste, into track, brick and mortar
Another party, with more concern for the healthful recrea-
tion of future generations than the convenience of the present,
insists on these reserves for pleasure grounds being retained
for the purpose they were originally intended to serve. All
must admit that the interests of the public and the railway
companies are one in the most important particulars, and
that every facility shoald be afforded them in endeavoring to
establish their work ; but, if in so doing it be found expedient
that these public grounds should be surrendered for the purposes
of business — the life and soul of all commercial cities — it ought
not to be forgotten that posterity has some claim on the repre-
sentatives of the public at the present day, and some effort
should be made to provide breathing space for those who come
after us. • i : ; i

" It will indeed be a reproach if, within the limits of the City
of Toronto, comprising an area of six square miles, and which,
half a century ago, was just emerging from the wilderness, a
few acres be not set apart and held inviolate for these
purposes."

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From iS^y to iSjj.

Ill

Doctor — " I quite agree with the writer in many respects.
It will indeed be a great reproach if space be not left for a few
parks and public walks. She has now, exclusive of the pro-
posed Esplanade and Terrace, only one lung for the airing of
40,000 human beings, with almost a certainty of that number
reaching 100,000 in ten years. I refer to the College Avenue,
a strip of land about half a mile long by 130 feet wide, and if
that be insufficient now for the recreation of the inhabitants,
what will it be in ten years hence ?"

Laird — " Onybody will admit that the arguments in favor of
public works are guid, an' that it's better to hae nae " level
crossings" if ye can arrange so as no to hae them, yet if I
understand your plan, Major, I dinna think it'll work weel.
Look at the number of bridges required to cross the railways,
and the trouble it wad be to climb up a slope as high as the
tap of a locomotive, just to come doun the other side again, and
a' the gudes frae the wharves wad hae to be drawn up to the
bridge and doun again to the street, in the same way. J rather
think the carters wad gie up work a'thegither,"

Major — " Ah, Laird, I see you are laboring under a mistake.
You have forgotten that Front Street is already about as high
as the bridges would require to be, and that slopes would be
wanted only from the wharves upward, similar to the present
roads from the wharves up to the level of Front Street."

[Major continues to read] :

" It is proposed to set apart a strip of land throughout the
entire length of the city, of a width sufficient to accommodate
nine railway tracks, to be level with the wharves, to be crossed
only by bridges, and to be used solely as a railway approach
and for railway connections.

" Front Street to be converted into a Terrace above the level
of and separate from the railway approach, by a retaining wall
and parapet, to be 120 feet wide, and planted with roWs of
trees throughout the entire length.

" The entire area south of the Front Street Terrace to be on
the wharfage level, and reached by slopes from the bridges.
The bridges may be of iron of a simple ornamental character.

,•"1 IJ'In

112

Toronto " Called Back''

" It is also proposed to reserve certain portions for the land-
ing of steamboats, for private forwarders, for baths and wash-
houses, or for general public service. The places allotted for
this purpose on the plans are situated at the foot of York and
Yonge Streets, and at the rear of the St. Lawrence Hall, and
are named, respectively, the Niagara, the City, and St. Law-
rence Basins ; while contemplating improvements on so grand
a scale, the selecting of a site to be dedicated to a great public
building should not be lost sight of. I refer to one of which
even now the want is felt, viz. : The Canadian Museum, for the
formation of which the Canadian Institute is making strenu-
ous exertions, and also a permanent home for that Society.

" The very best situation would doubtless be in the vacant
space at the intersection of Yonge Street with the grand Ter-
race (where the Custom House and Soap Factory now stand),
or south of the railway tracks facing the bridges from Yonge
Street, as shown on the plan.

" There can be no good reason why the building should not be
sufficiently extensive to include a Merchants' Hall and Exchange
under the same roof, or offices for telegraph companies, brokers,
etc., in its basement, or why it should not be as ornamental
and imposing as its central position would require, or the pur-
pose of its erection demand."

Mr. Cumberland's report is then read, when the Major pro-
ceeds.

Major—" After these two documents we come to the last that
has appeared on this subject — a letter from Mr. Thomas, City
Surveyor. I feel rather fatigued, Doctor, perhaps you will
read the extract marked. You will see that the leading
feature of Mr. Thomas' plan is to build a street or Esplanade
over the railway tracks on stone piers and brick arches, extend-
ing the whole length from Simcoe to Parliament Streets, with
flightp oi stone steps leading up thereto at intervals. I can
scarcely yet venture an opinion, but it seems to be rather an
extrav igant idea of the value of space, to put one street ovo"
anothei' on arches, when the same object can be attained at much
less cost by taking in sixty or seventy feet more of the bay."

From iS^y to iS^y.

T I

Doctor reads : " I purpose, therefore, to make Front Street,
from Simcoe to Parliament, a business street, and of such a
width as not to destroy the Custom House, or the vahiable
wholesale and other stores already built and now in course of
erection on the south side of Front Street to the Esplanade,
securinj; the frontage of these valuable water lots.

" I would then leave from Front S*-reet a depth of from one
hundred to one hundred and fifty feet, for the building lots,
whereon to erect, as may be required, the railway stations, the
proposed large hotel, wholesale stores and goods warehouses,
with other principal frontages to the railroads on the wharfage
level on the south ; also to an Esplanade on the south of Front
Street, constructed on piers and arches over the lines of rail-
way, sixty-six feet in width, on the Front Street level, with an
open space of twenty feet area for light and ventilation to the
lower storey of the building- in front of the tracks. The
buildings would have their north frontage on Front Street ;
passengers would enter the respective stations as the goods
would be received on Front Street. The Esplanade, by this
arrangement across the most central part of the city, would be
in the proper place on the Front Street level, with the railroad
cars running underneath, having arched openings on the north
side of the railroad to the buildings, and on the south side to the
wharfage, being in appearance like a continued station. The
passengers would be protected from heat and dust in summer,
and the trains from snow accumulations in winter.

" The buildings being erected with handsome stone frontings
to the Esplanade and Bay, would give the city a magnificent
appearance, with the arched frontage of the Esplanade as a
basement to the whole.

" Trees may be planted for shade opposite the piers on the
lower level, which would form an avenue for the raised Espla-
nade, along the entire distance, which might be limited at the
outset, from Simcoe Street to George Street. From that point
east and west the railroad may be open. The raised Esplanade
over the railroad to have five lines of rails, with five arches in
brickwork turned over them, continuous on stone piers, backed
up with brickwork."

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Toronto "Called BackT

LviRD— "Ah, doctor, I canna say I like yere plan either.
Nane o' them are equal to the ane I had many a chat about wi'
my auld friend, Sir R. Bonnycastle, now dead, poor man, an' wi'
Mr. Howard, the architect. Keep awa' yere new-fangled plans
frae me ; what wi' yere bridges, an' brick arches, an' tree-plant-
in', and level crossin's, and so on, its enough to dumbfounder a
body. Na, na, gentlemen, the auld plan is a plan ye can all
understan', it's a simple one, an' the simplest way is often found
the best way."

Doctor — " I confess I feel quite taken aback, not having
thought of the subject before. It appears to me, however, that
there are many good things in all -of them, which, if combined
together, might form a better plan than any one of them."

This ends the "sederunt" of these gentlemen in 1850, and it
may be remarked in 1886, that if we cannot have a work as
solid and grand as the Thames embankment in London, we can
have one which in point of situation and beauty of prospect
may form a more delightful promenade, and now appears to be
the time for prompt action to secure its establishment.

Rossin House.

With the prospect of railroads being built, and the consequent
increase of travel, the want of a first-class hotel was much felt,
and Messrs. Rossin Bros., very popular and enterprising gentle-
men, then doing the principal watch and jewellery business,
undertook to canvass the wholesale merchants and others in-
terested in the growth and prosperity of the city, for subscrip-
tions towards building an hotel worthy of the Queen City. The
stock was soon taken up, and debentures of £100 or $400 each
were issued, one of which the writer willingly took in behalf of
the firm, just as all others did, not with a view of making
profit but to promote the enterprise. The ground was secured
and the first hotel built and finished, and was placed in the
hands of Mr. A. C. Joslin as proprietor. It being found that
it did not pay, Messrs. Rossin Bros, bought up the debentures at
50 per cent, discount, which the holders were willing to lose

''™p^9rwwwiT?pjHTr*

From 184"] to i8^y

to keep the concern afloat, and in this way it was continued till
it was burned down. It was soon re-built on a much grander
scale, and has gone on increasing in size and splendor ever since.

In June 01 1853 the Grand Trunk Railway was opened to
Portland, and at the close of the year the Great Western was
opened from the Suspension Bridge to Hamilton and Londoni
and within a month was completed to Windsor.

The contract for the road from Toronto to Montreal was
signed by Mr. Jackson and his associates on the arrival in
London of the Hon. John Ross. The line from Toronto to
Hamilton was undertaken by another contractor, at £1,000 more
per mile than the Grand Trunk.

The writer travelled in the old leather-swung stage from
Hamilton to London the night before the opening of the road,
and in anticipation of their occupation being about to go the
following day, the hotel-keepers at the clifferent places where
the horses were changed were especially grninpy.

The St. James' Cathedral organ, built by Messrs, Warren
Bros., of Montreal, was put in its place on 17th May, and
was worthy of the reputation of that firm. The choir at this
time was composed of effective and well-trained singers, and
the whole musical service gave great satisfaction.

.^A^jjumy •

Mercantile Agencies.

The system of reporting the standing of business men by
regular subscription rates was commenced in Toronto in 1855.
Previous to that time there had been private correspondence
with New York, but no regular agency had been opened, nor
was the arrangement publicly known.

A Mr. Hart was sent to Toronto by the firm of R. G. Dun &
Co. at this time, to obtain subscribers, and the firm of Taylor &
Stevenson was among the first to give their names. Having
received a sufficient number to warrant them in opening an
office, Mr. Kimball arrived shortly afterwards from New York,
and commenced h'« agency in the Exchange Buildings, Wel-
lington Street.

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Toronto " Called Back!'

The principle of giving int'cnnation as to every man in busi-
ness was not well received by a portion of the press. Several
severe articles appeared, denouncing the introduction of such a
system of espionage. The agents were called pimps, detec-
tives, spies, informers, and eaves-droppers, and the business
community was called upon to denounce the whole busi-
ness, and stamp it out, as a blot on the respectability of the
city. Lawsuits for defamation of character were threat-
ened, and although the agent and his assistants were well
received personally, the system was looked upon as wholly
disreputable.

To think that a man's private business was to be exposed by
strangers who had no legitimate means of knowing the circum-
stances, was said to be an outrage on public decency, and only
a system of black -mail for the purpose of extorting money and
compelling business houses to subscribe to the agency in .self-
defence.

Notwithstanding all this opposition, the business grew in
strength from day to day, and merchants found that the infor-
mation received was, on the whole, of a more reliable character,
because more disinterested and independent, than could be
obtained by references from one house to another. It had been
known that merchants' references were more or less unreliable,
on account of the interest they had in keeping up the credi^>
of their customers, who, if in the books of a house to any great
extent, would not be likely to receive an unfavorable character,
and in this way other houses would be ed to give them credit
on the strength of these interested statements, often resulting
in a loss to the new creditors, while the old had an opportunity
of reducing their line of credit, and saving themselves either
partially or entirely from loss.

In this appeared to be the secret of success of the mercantile
agencies, the information given being alike to all subscribers,
and recorded in their books for constant reference, with changes
in rating given from time to time, and all preferences or securi-
ties regularly registered and reported.

The style of R. G. Dun & Co. was shortly afterwards changed

From 1 84 J to i8^y.

to Dun, Wirnan & Co., by the introrluction of Mr. Ernstus
Wiman into the firm. The iianie of

MR. EU.VSTIS WIMAN

is so intimately connected with Toronto as to deserve more than
a passing notice. Aithouj^h a resident of the United States,
he is still a Briti.sh subject, a Canadian and a Torontonian, and
owes his present high position more to Canada than to tlie
United States. In Toronto he commenced hi;s career as a |)rinter
boy at iJi'l.oO per week, which at twenty he was proud to have
advanced to St.oO per week. From this he became a market
reporter, then commercial reporter on the staft" of the Globe, and
Superintendent of the Toronto Exchange, and in 18G0 became
connected with the mercantile agency of R. G. Dun tte Co. He
was subsequently promoted to the position of travelling
reporter, and in 1862 became manager of the Toronto office,
succeeding Mr. Kimball. In 1868 he was transferred to the
Montreal office — botli the Toronto and Montreal districts being
placed under his administration. This continued till 1806, when
he was transferred to the New York office, and admitted as a
partner in the firm. Owing to the war the business had run
down, and was sustained chiefiy by the amount of money made
in Canada. This success, with his knowledge of printing, gave
Mr. Wiman great advantages, and firmly established his posi-
tion. The business has grown to vast proportions. The books
of the firm are published quarterly, and contain one million
names. They employ forty printers, and have standing in type
twenty tons agate, costing one dollar per pound.

There are one hundred and six branch establishments through-
out the country — forty of the managers being Canadians, with
salaries ranging from fifteen hundred to twelve thousand dollars
per annum. There are aboiit one thousand Canadians employed
in the business.

On the death of Mr. Barlow, the interest of that gentleman
passed into the hands of Mr. Wiman, and he became virtually
the working-head of the entire agency. The consolidation of
the two Canadian Telegraph Companies is due, to a great ex-

; :

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Toronto '' Called Back."

V i

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tent, to his assistance, placing the whole system on a paying
basis, Mr. H. C. Dwight being made general superintendent.

Mr. Wiman has shown his liberality to this city in the free
gift of the baths which are called after his name, and which
cost about fifteen thousand dollars.

On returning from Europe after making spring purchases in
February, 1855, on board the (/unard Steamer Canada, a
terrible hurricane was encountered. One tremendous sea broke
over the forward part of the ship, carrying an immense hawser,
weighing several tons, oft' the forecastle, and rushing along,
stove in all th.i doors on the main deck, throwing the sailors
down and breaking one man's leg. The water rushed into the
intermediate cabin, and when the passengers jumped out of
their berths, they found themselves up to the middle in water.
On being removed to the saloon, where they lay wrapped in
blankets waiting for dry clothing, one of them, a gentleman at
present in Toronto, who had suppo.sed the ship was sinking,
asked amidst the raging of the storm, and much to the amuse-
ment of those who had similar experience before, whether " she
was nearly full yet." The storm soon abated and Boston was
reached in safety.

In June of the same year, when great numbers were going to
the Paris Exhibition, a delightful passage was made in one of
the Allan L'ne steamers from Quebec. Amongst the passengers
were the late Ool. R. L. Denison, of Toronto, and Messrs.
Kirchkoffer, Meredith, and Eraser, of Port Hope, who proved to
be most >,^reeable " compagnons de voyage." The two former
never L^^ving seen the Old Country, and the two latter having
been away from boyhood, described their sensations as being
very peculiar on approaching the Irish coast, and everything
they saw in Liverpool proved to be intensel}^ interesting to them.

Paris in 1855.

Having completed my purchases in Brit«>in, T went to Paris
and got through my business there. In anticipation of a matri-
monial arrangement in England, and a return to Paris in a few
days, apartments were secured at ray usual stopping place, the

n ''fP''"!-

From 184^ to 1S37.

119

Hotel fie Tours, in the Place la Bourse; and tliroufijh the kind-
ness of our commissionaires, a stand in the balcony of a fan
manufactory in tiie Boulevard des Italians was promised, from
which a view of the great processions would be had.

Leavinif England on the 1 6th of August, l>y the Oreat Western
Railway from Birmingham, and stopping at Oxford, the unique
classical and historical city of colleges, libraries, parks, gardens,
meadows, and " academic groves," of indescribable beauty, so
familiar to the greatest scholars of (Ireat Britain for many
centuries ; then through Reading and Windsor to London, and
thence, via Dover and Calais, Paris w»xs reached ; and here was
spent the week during which the Queen's stay continued.
While during the summer the great Exposition was the attrac-
tion, the grand sights connected with the Queen's visit caused
(juite a diversion to every point where the Royal party ap-
peared.

Passports.

The system of pa.s.sports being then strictly enforced, with the
crowds that were then flocking into Paris the delay and annoy-
ance was very great.

These passports were procured from the French Con.sul-
General in London, and bore the Imperial Seal of France. They
described minutely the bearer's height, measurement, color of
eyes and hair, complexion, expression, shape of countenance,
nationality, religion and destination, and, having pa.ssed all the
inspections, rnu.st be deposited with the proprietor of your hotel,
so that the police could have access to them at all times during
your stay.

While the clash of arms and deeds of heroism on the fields of
Balaclava, Inkerman and at Alma were still fresh, and the
thunder of the artillery of the allied armies of Great Britain,
France and Turkey was still boor"ag at Sebastopol, Queen
Victoria and Prince Albert, amidst scenes of unparalleled splen-
dor, made their grand entry into Paris, to vi.sit the Inter-
national Exhibition in the Palais de I'lndustrie.

By special order of the Emperor, great preparations were

m
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I 20

Toronto '' Called Back"

made for this visit. Every house v/as cleaned or renovated,
and the most lavish decorations were to be displayed, especially
where the procession was to pass.

The success of the allied armies in the Crimea, the recent
demonstration by the allied fleets at Sveaborg, and the com-
mencement of another bombardment of the Russian lines south
of Sebastopol, were cii'cumstances of such happy augury, that
the Queen seemed to carry victory and good fortune in her
train, while the glorious weather gave unbounded hope and joy
to the roj'^al progress.

On the evening of the 18th of August, Her Majesty arrived
at the Strasbourg railway station from Boulogne. Here a
military band struck up the National Anthem, thrilling many
a lieart. At the close of the performance, Her Majesty, leaning
on the arm of the Emperor, trod the soil of the bright Capital
of France amid intense applause.

The Emperor was in full costume, and wore the riband of the
Garter ; Prince Albert, the Prince of Wales, and the Princess
Royal came next with their suite ; then Prince Napoleon, accom-
panied by a host of high officers of State. The illustrious party
entered the open carriages, six in number, drawn by four
horses, prepared to convey them to St. Cloud.

* „

. The Procession on the Boulevards.

It was curious to observe the intense desii-e displayed by all
classes to make this wonderful city look its best and fairest be-
fore the eyes of the Island Queen, and to inspire Her Majesty
with a due appreciation of the claims which Paris had to be
considered the gayest and most brilliant capital in the world ;
and these claims were overpoweringly displayed. '' ' '

The great width of the Boulevards and the asphalt side-
walks afforded a splendid opportunity for displaying the deco-
rations. The arch on the Rue Lapelletiere was very magnificent^
while trophies, including sculpture of great merit, chains of
streamers, hung with flags, evergreens and flowers, extended
throughout the route. This was especially observable in that

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From 184J to iS^j.

123

noble street, the Rue de la Paix, near the Madeleine, the whole
street beinj^ brilliantly ornamented.

Those who do not know Paris will have some difficulty in
realizing the splendid aspect of the line of Boulevards, with
the bright sunlight pouring down, without a cloud ; the pave-
ments and carriage ways swarming with people ; the lofty
houses with their jalousied windows thrown open and filled
with spectators ; the extensive range of balconies all occupied,
and in every direction that indescribable air of excitement
which marks a great event.

The route of the procession lay along the Boulevard de
Strasbourg, the Port St. Denis, the Boulevards Bonne Nouvelle,
Poissonniere, Montmartre, des Italiens, des Capucines, and the
Madeleine, down the Rue Royal, across tlie Place de la Concorde,
and by the Champs Elysees, the new Avenue de I'Emperatrice,
and the Bois de Boulogne to St. Cloud.

About four o'clock, the troops, numbering fully 100,000 men
— half of the line and hall of the Imperial Guard — began to take
up their position on this immense and splendid route, while
penned in behind them the myriads of spectators settled into
their places, to await the arrival of the illustrious visitors.

The Prefect of Police put the numbers down at 800,000. It
is worthy of note that, during the whole week, not a single
di-sorderly or intoxicated person was observed amongst these
vast multitudes.

The sight of the military alone was -magnificent in the
extreme. The gay uniforms of the various regiments produced
a marvellous effect — Chasseurs d'Africjue, Zouaves, Garde Mobile,
Imperial Guard, Voltigeurs and Cent Gardes, all in the most
picturesque costumes, and in great variety, formed a military
spectacle unsurpassed in modern times, and seemed to impress
the Royal party, antl to be enjoyed with great admiration.

The Queen at Versailles.

The party entered the Palace by the central gateway in the
grand front. The Grand Court, 380 feet in width, is separated
from the Place D'Armes by stone parapets Hanking an iron

!5 1

124

Toronto ''Called Back.''

railing richly charged with gilded ornaments, and the central
gateway is surmounted by the ancient Crown Shield of France,
charged with three Jieur-de-lis. At the extremity of this rail-
ing are groups of figures in stone — those on the right repre-
senting France victorious over Austria, by Marsy, with the
statue of Peace ; those on the left, France victorious over Spain,
by Orardon, with the figure of Plenty. The Court itself slopes
from the Palace, and on each side is a plain range of buildings
erected by Louis XIV. for the use of his ministers. In front
of these stand sixteen marble statues: on the right, Richelieu,
Bayard, Colbert, Jandon, Massina, Jounville, Due Gray, Trounin
■ .nd Touren ; on the left, Suger, Du Graschin, Sully, Lalles.
Mortier, Suftren, Duquesne and Conde. In the midst of the
upper part of the Court is a colossal equestrian statue of
Louis XIV. The lofty building on the right is the chapel, the
architecture of which is remarkably florid and elegant. It is
ornamented with Corinthian pilasters and a balustrade crowned
by twenty-eight statues

The Grand Trianon is a villa at the extremity of the Park,
and was built by Louis XIV. for Madame Maintenon, after the
design hj Mansard. It is in the Italian style, consisting of one
storey and two wings united by a long gallery pierced by seven
arcades, fronted with Ionic columns and pilasters of Lan-
guedoc marble. '

The garden of the Grand Trianon is laid out in a style similar
to that of Versailles, and contains seven fine fountains in Carara
marble. There are many excellent pieces of sculpture in vari-
ous parts. The grounds in the rear are laid out in groves cut
into labyrinths.

The Grand Trianon was always a favorite residence of Louis
XIV., XV. and XVI, Napoleon also frequently resided in it,
and made a direct road from there to St. Cloud.

As no opportunity was lost during the week of seeing all the
sights, Versailles was the point of attraction on the 25th of
August.

The Royal party were in the Park in the rear of the Palace,
while immense crowds thronged the square in front. A deter-

From 184J to iS^y.

125

mined effort had to be made to get through the gateway. A
procession of officials appeared from another part of the Palace
marching towards the main entrance to the Park. Seizing the
opportunity we fell into the procession and soon found our-
selves on the Grand Terrace, close to the Royal carriages, with
only a .select few standing around, while the splendid band of
the Gent Gardes performed. Shortly afterwards the party
drove towards the Grand Trianon along lines of statuary
Hanked by evergreen yew trees, forming perpendicular walls
pierced with arches. This effect is produced by clipping the
trees. As the carriage of the Queen and Prince Albert passed
each fountain a salute burst from the water works, producing a
most beautiful effect. These water works, commenced by
Charles X., are the finest in the world, and have cost fabulous
sums in being brought to their present perfection, receiving
constant additions and improvements from the various reigning

.sovereigns.

As a reminiscence connected with Toronto, on entering a
restaurant at Versailles, we noticed at a table close by Mr. and
Mrs. William Henry Boulton.

After inspecting various grand galleries in the Palace, in-
cluding the great hall of paintings, which if .spread out would
cover seven miles, we left this grandly historical building,
having a delightful run to Paris by rail, some of the carriages
having seats for passengers outside, on the top.

The rush to leave Paris after the departure of the Queen,
was far greater than on lier arrival. It seemed as if everybody
wanted to get away at the same time, and here a hint may be
given that might be useful in sirnila'- crowds, should they ever
be witne-s.sed in Paris again. Even if a knowledge of the
language is possessed, it is an advantage .sometimes to appear to
know nothing about it.

The Paris gens d'armes, with cocked hats and swords, are
formidable looking individuals, but if there is a rush for a train,
and you are kept back, with the risk of losing your connection
with the tidal train at Dieppe (which was to be our point of
departure for Newhaven), a volley of English will be found to

(.-I'PIIW

126

Toronto " Called Back!'

confound the policemen, and to gain the victory. This plan
was never known to the writer to fail, except on one occasion.
The rule on all omnibuses and tramways of limiting the num-
ber of passengers is strictly enforced, and each passenger, no
matter what the rush may be, is only admitted by ticket in the
order of con.secutive numbers. When the conveyance is full
the board with the word " complet " is shown.

A story was told of a gentleman waiting at a certain point
to get a 'bus for the Grand Exposition, but all appeared with
this board at the back. At last he remarked that all the con-
veyances appeared to be going to " Complet" and ho wanted to
go to the Exposition. On going to the waiting room he got on
in his regular order.

The writer undertook to jump on a 'bus having the word
referred to, and hoped by the free use of English to confountl
the conductor, but this attempt proved a failure, and a firm
" BescendezvoiiS, monsieur, si voua plait," compelled a descent-

When will the Toronto Street Car Company adopt the French
and English system of finding a seat for every passenger ?

Departure from Paris.

This occurred on Monday, the 27th August. As the brilliant
stafi" of Generals, headed by a squadron of mounted Chasseurs,
turned down the Rue Castiglione, it became evident that a
splendid show was behind them. Very imposing the statt
looked, backed by the scarlet uniform of the band of the Guides.
After the Guides came four Piqueurs preceding four elegant
carriages drawn by two hor.ses, and three state carriages drawn
by six horses. The splendor of these equipages, literally
covered with gold, led the crowds to believe that they must
contain the Queen and the Emperor, but glancing along the
line they saw that the point of attraction lay still in the
distance.

These carriages contained the suites of the two Courts. They
were followed by eight splendidly-equipped Piqueurs, who were
before a gorgeous state carriage, the body of which was green,

Fro77i iS^y to iS^j.

127

richly relieved by gilt ornamentation. In this vehicle sat the
Prince of Wales, wearing over a black velvet tunic a tartan
scarf. He appeared to take a boyish delight in the affair. In
the same carriage with him was Prince Napoleon.

The next carriage, drawn by eight splendid horses, contained
the Queen of England, the Emperor, Prince Albert, and the
Princess Royal.

As this magnificent carriage, made for the Emperor's wedding,
advanced tlie most lusty cheers arose to greet the Royal party.

The Imperial carriages were followed by the Generals of
division and brigade, the Cent Gardes, and a squadron of
Cuirassiers of the Guard, preceded by their band.

From the railway station, where the ceremony of parting
took place amid great enthusiasm, the Queen and party left for
Boulogne en route for England.

Incidents During the Queen's Visit. ,

The Queen, accompanied by the Emperor, admired at the
Exhibition a fine group in bronze, " Le Lion A moreu.r." Im-
mediately on the departure of their Majesties, it was removed
to St. Cloud and placed in the apartments occupied by the
Queen.

On the evening of the representation at the Grand Opera,
just before starting, the Emperor sent to the Queen a bouquet
of splendid exotic flowers, contained in a porte-houquet of gold
ornamented with diamonds and pearls, being one of the most
p-^"]'*.3ite productions of jewellery that could be conceived. The
Queen \.'as so enchanted with it that during the evening she
svas continually admiring it, and remarked, " I cannot describe
the amiability with which I am received here ; all is so magni-
ficently and at once so delicately done, that it is impossible to
find a fitting expression."

Upon her entrance into the gorgeous saloon of fountains at
the Hotel de Ville, the Queen remained a moment breathless,
speechless with admiration and surprise, and at last uttered
these words : " Our English language has no word, no term, to
express the feeling excited by such wonders. It is a dream, the
realization of one of the Arabian Nights tales !"

T"^^P«"I

128

Toronto " Called Backy

The Imperial Cent Gardes,

as their name indicates, were one hundred in number, and
nearly all six feet in height. When mounted they wore a light
blue tunic, with crimson facings, a cuirass, and bright, silvery
looking helmets, profusely decorated with gold, and carrying a
double red and white feather. The epaulettes were gold and
fringe gold, mixed with crimson silk. The breeches were white
leather, the boots similar to the Horse Guards, the saddle-cloths
crimson, richly embroidered with gold.

The writer on one occasion seeing them at night, observed
that over all this gorgeous uniform they wore long cloaks of
pure white cloth. Being attracted by their appearance at the
entrance to the Gymnase Theatre, and hearing that the Emperor
and Empress had just gone in, the temptation was too great to
be resisted, and I soon found myself in a place nearly opposite
the Royal box. With the free use of a " binocular " I had a
splendid sight of the Royal pair, whicn was really the object I
had in view at the time. The Empress was then in the very
prime of her celebrated beauty, and being in mourning, without
any ornament whatever, showed to the greater advantage.
This circumstance occurred during a previous visit to Paris.

The cost of lighting the Palace and Gardens at Versailles
amounted to $31,250, and the ball at the Hotel de Ville to
$60,000.

In a few days after the departure of the Queen from Paris,
the second bombardment of Sebastopol — which Prince Gort-
chakotf profanely designated as "afire of hell"— commenced,
on the 5th of September, and on the 8th the Russians fled.

When day dawned on the 8th, the flames of a great confla-
gration were seen in the centre of the city, and in a short time
it was a inass of ruins. On the same day the assault of the
Malakoff" was undertaken by Marshal Pelessier, assisted by
Generals Bo.squet and McMahon, to whom the Marshal gave
the credit of the assault. The taking of the MalakofF Tower
compelled the Russian evacuation of Sebastopol.

Toronto can boast of two of the trophies which were dis-

' if I'ji'l I' 1*1"

' It.; |,

Frofu 184'] to 1S57.

129

tributed through England and her colonies, in the possession of
two guns in the Queen's Park.

Paris Universal Exhibition.

The building erected for the finer productions, remaining
still, is familiar to visitors to Paris, situated on the Champ
Elysees, close to the Place de la Concorde ; it is now used as a
tine arts gallery. Tiie annexes, extending for nearly a mik'
along the banks of the Seine, and used for machinery and heavy
exhibits, were removed.

The splendor of the Panorama building, with its long line
of jewellery, gold, silk, satins, paintings, sculptu* j, musical in-
struments, etc., was in some respects superior to London in
1851, but was surpassed by the Exhibition in 1867.

During the week, as far as time permitted, all the grand
sights were witnessed and the various places of interest visited.
The Palace of the Luxembourg, the Hotel des Invalides, and the
Tomb of Napoleon, where streams of visitors passed in and out.
Under the magnificent dome is the open crypt, on the polished
granite walls of which are inscribed the names of the hero's
great victories. In the centre stands the massive sarcophagus
with marble statues around it. " Before you is the superb high
altar, flooded with golden light from the painted windows,
and around are the stately columns which .support the lofty
<lome. The tomb is gorgeous in marble and gold."

Notre Dame Cathedral, with its jewelled splendors, the solid
gold and silver utensils on the altar, the splendid robes of Popes,
Bishops, and Coronation robes of Kings, including that of the
Emperors Napoleon I. and III. Then the Louvre, with its
frescoed walls and ceilings, marble pillars and long halls of
I)aintings and statuary by the great masters, marble tables
covered with rich cabinets of the rarest specimens of jewels and
enamels. The Madeleine, the Palace of the Tuilleries, the
Grand Exposition itself, which it would be vain to attempt to
describe, were all done and thoroughly enjoyed before leaving
the beautiful city on this visit.

The return to England was by way of Dieppe to Newhaven,

-S^WIPi^PI

130

Toronto ''Called BackT

and in another week we were on board one of the Allan
steamers for Quebec, having again as a fellow-passenger, also
returning to Toronto, our friend Col. R. L. Denison. After re-

NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, I'ARIS.

maining in Toronto till the close of the fall trade we returned
to England, making St. Helens, near Liverpool, our home. This
was a convenient point for attending to shipping from Liver-
pool, and as nearly three hundred trains a day passed the

From 184'/ to 1S5J.

"junction," it afforded constant and easy access to the nianu-
facturinff districts of Lancashire and Yorkshire, as also to
London, Paris, Irehind and Scotland.

While making my home in England, for the purpose of ship-
ping goods weekly to Toronto, till 1(S58, two trips were made
(luring that time, and the trade was closely watched. In 18;")6
the work of railway construction went rapidly on, and trade
had nevei h'ien so good — the importations had increased from
i?2,286,o08 in 1850, to .*?G,670,600. The duty had increased
from 12^ to 15 per cent., and no one foresaw the re-action that
was so soon to take place, on the completion of the (Irand
Trunk and other railways, as well as the close of the Crimean
war, when prices of produce returned to their normal condition.

\ I 'HHRl!

The Queen Opening Parliament, February 1st, 1856,

at the close of the Crimean War, was an event of more than
ordinary importance. Crowds of people as.sembled at all the
points of the route from Buckingham Palace to the Palace Yard,
and long before the usual time for opening Parliament every
available spot in Parliament Street, Whitehall, the Horse Guards
and along the Mall was occupied ; numbers of ladies crowded
the windows, and platforms along the route were filled. On
no former occasion was there so monstrous an assemblage or
so prevailing a sentiment of loyal curiosity.

At two o'clock Her Majesty left Buckingham Palace amidst
the cheers of thousands of spectators who lined the Mall. In
the state carriage, which was drawn by eight splendid cream-
colored Hanoverian horses, were the Queen and Prince Consort,
Her Grace the Duchess of Sutherland, and the Duke of Wel-
lington. The Marquis of Breadalbane, Lord Chamberlain, and
Ekirl Spencer, Master of the Horse, occupied the carriage which
preceded that of Her Majesty. The other carriages forming
the cortege contained the other high officers of the Queen's
Household. Besides the Yeomen of the Guard, the escort con-
sisted of two troops of the 1st Regiment of Life Guards and a
troop of the Royal Horse Guards Blue, and the magnificent

:ii!

-s^^^mmm

132

Toronto " Called Back.

appearance of this fine body of soldiers evidently sent a thrill
of pride throuLjh the ho.sonis of all that beheld thoiii. The pro-
cession passed through the dense rows of spectators, who, from
time to time, burst forth into cordial cheering, which was
graciously acknowledged by Hor Majesty and the Prince
Consort.

At the Horse Guards and through Whitehall, but nio'"»
especially in Palace Yard, the crowd was immense. Here,
along the front of the Palace, and along Parliament Street, was
the line of peeress's carriages, which, in itself, was a dazzling
sight. The most beautiful women in the world in full dress,
ablaze with coronets of diamonds and jewels, all waiting the
arrival of Her Majesty, was indeed a brilliant spectacle. Alto-
gether it was a scene which, in the essential features, it would
be impossible to witness outside of England.

Royal and Imperial pageants abroad might outstrip the
scene m military pomp and magnificp , but where shall we
seek for that warmth of loyalty, th) oted reverence and

affection for the monarch, that unaffected interest in the per-
sonal welfare of the sovereign, which Queen Victoria's subjects
display ; and on the other hand, where look for the perfect.con-
tidence with which our Queen's womanly virtues and purity of
private character, no less than her irreproachable conduct as the
occupant of the throne, enable her at all times to meet her
admiring people ?

Her Majesty's arrival at the Victoria Tower was announced
by the discharge of cannon from the Horse Guards' Parade, and
a flourish of trumpets by the Royal Trumpeters on splendidly
caparisoned steeds, themselves stiff" in scarlet and gold, as also
were the Royal coachmen and the grooms who walked at the
head of each horse in the Royal carriage.

The Queen was received by the officers of the House of Peei;s,
and entered the House led by Prince Albert and preceded by
Lord Viscount Harding bearing the Sword of State, the Marquis
of Winchester bearing the Cap of Maintenance, and the Marquis
of Lansdowne carrying the Crown. A guard of honor, com-
posed of a body of the Life Guards, dismounted, lined the

From 1847 to i8^y.

133

entrance to the House of Lords, and a com|miiy of the Scots
Fusiliers Guards was drawn up in front of the Tower.

After the delivery of the Speech the Queen descendecj from
the Throne, and left the House in the same order which had
been observed on Her Majesty's entry.

The Great Peace Rejoicings in London.

In April, IHoG, peace was concluded, and was announced in
London by the tiring of guns in St. James' Park, and from the
Tower, and the Lord Mayor read the despatch announcing the
fact at the Royal Exchange.

A (hiy was appointed for great peace rejoicing ,s, and a general
illumination, with a display of fireworks on v '■fale of magni-
ficence never before attempted.

Being in Lond 1 that day I first visited the Crystal Palace,
when the great water-works were first opened, and played their
grand part in the programme. The crowds were immense, and
trains every five minutes for London were not sufficient to
accommodate the tens of thousands who were rushing back to be
in time for the grand display.

Some desperate efforts were made to secure even standing
room on the trains. My brother-in-law, who accompanied me,
having got into the same carriage, was suddenly pushed out in
the scramble, and nothing more was seen of him till the next
morninof.

I
I

THE FIREWORKS IN GREEN I'AKK.

As the hour approached for the introductory discharge of
fireworks, thousands entered the Park by the six new entrances
which had been made to prevent accident. Deepening and
thickening with wonderful rapidity, the huge mass extended
itself on the soft and verdant carpet, and the larj^e spaces in
front of Buckingham Palace, the Mall and Constitution Hill,
were crowded with spectators. A few minutes before the com-
mencement of the fireworks, the Queen, Prince Albert, and the
Jiierabers of the Royal Family, Prince William of Prussia, and

"fi^l^mm

134

Toronto ' ' Called Back.

other persons of rank, took their seats in the pavilion erected
at the north end of Buckingham Palace, facing the Park. Hen-
Majesty was received with loud demonstrations of loyalty and
enthusiasm. The Royal party had an admirable view of the
fireworks, and seemed to participate in the admiration which
they excited. To describe the scene would require a large
amount of time and space. For upwards of an hour and a half
the air was luminous with the blaze of sun-stars and comets,
the flight of shells, rockets, and Roman candles, descent of
meteors, parachutes, and showers of pearls, silver and golden
rain, shining serpents, and fire-flies, chasing each other through
a sea of light resting on a bed of upturned human faces. The
programme consisted of twenty -four divisions, and was not
exhausted till eleven o'clock. It comprised everything new,
curious or beautiful in pyrotechny. , y

Some of the fixed pieces were remarkably elegant. The
stars, hoops and crosses elicited bursts of delight ; cascades,
fountains, and trees were represented with wonderful exactness,
and one of the most beautiful devices was the formation in the
air of sheaves of golden corn. But the great triumph of art
was the concluding exhibition. It consisted of four fixed
pieces, all of the most elaborate construction, with the words
" God Save the Queen," illuminated iu the centre. At the same
time there was a grand discharge of Roman candles, batteries
of pearls, .streamers, and tour billions, and rockets in red, blue,
green and yellow. The effect was magnificent, almost magical,
and when in addition to the above no fewer than ten thousand
rockets were .shot in the air, the scene was one which can only
be witnessed once in a lifetime. The display in Hyde Park,
Primrose Hill, and Victoria Park were, thougli ail different iu
design, equally magnificent. : r:

Having seen all four exhibitions, or the larger portion of
each, wo wended our way through the millions of people
who crowded the streets, amid the blaze of illuminations which
made it as bright as day, all along Pall Mall, Charing Cross,
The Strand, Fleet Street, to Cheapside, arriving at our hotel
between two and three o'clock in the morning.

From iS^y to iS^j.

135

Great Naval Review at Portsmouth,

In 185G there were ample opportunities for a buyer in Europe
to combine business with pleasure in the way of sight-seeing.
Having been in London at the opening of Parliament by the
Queen, and at the peace rejoicings with fireworks and illumina-
tions, a second journey v;as made, taking in the great Naval
Review at Portsmouth. Leaving Liverpool by the Great
Western Railway through Chester, I arrived at Portsmouth the
<lay before the memorable event took place.

Never, at any period of our history, could we boast of a fleet
as powerful in numbers and metal as that which floated at
Spithead "in April 1856. Such a mighty gathering of first-
rates an 1 gun-boibs may not again be witnessed on these
waters. ' '

The people who, in 1854-5, met to cheer our gallant sailors to
their duty, again assembled to cheer them from its performance.

\i\ the same proportion as the fleet of 1856 exceeded that of
Lord Howe in 1791, so the number of spectators exceeded that
of sixty-five years ago. It was then considered a splendid
efTort to bring together a single line of .ships extending for
five miles ; here we had a double line for a much longer
distance, whilst hundreds of gun-boats, floating batteries, and
mortar vessels, crowded the outer spaces ofT Ryde and Ports-
mouth.

On Saturday the fleet anchored, a stately line, with the Diike
i)f Wellington at its head, bearing the Admiral's ensign. The
Rodneij and London had already taken up their position near
the Nab as pivot ships round which the fleet was to sail. In
the open spaces between the two divisions the water was
sprinkled with boats carrying spectators, steamers filled with
visitors, steering like pigmies through their colo.ssal sisters; gun-
boats puffing like locomotive engines ; while in a mass off Ryde
lay a host of craft forming clumps with their masts, relieved in
yellow on the houses and trees of the town.

At no great distance off Southsea Castle lay the heavy forms
of the floating batteries, rising and falling on the swell like

U"fi

136

Toronto " Called Back.

whales, and .stretching from their vicinity far away past Monck-
ton towards Browndown, where hxy tlie heavy, round hulls of
the mortar vessels in the grim gray rest that seemed to have its
attractions.

The .sun .shone brightly on the white walls of Southsea Castle,
with its tower soaring away above the embankments, bristling
with guns, and on the varied crowd that covered the Esplanade.
The entrance to the harbor was thronj'ed with boats, some of
which, tilled with merry bearded faces, were carrying liberty
men from the ships of war to the .sliore. Others were crowded
to the thwarts with curious spectators, anxious to gain a view
from the water.

Passenger steamers, gun-boats, and tenders to the fleet were
perpetually passing in and out of harbor, bewildei'ing the eye
by their rapidity of motion and (juick successions. Stream-
ing down the streets of the town, visitors from London and
elsewhere, curiously viewing the great guns in the embrasures,
and peering into their muzzles, did not wait long, but rushing to
the pier, invaded the steamers, which left the quays swaying to
and fro in an alarming manner.

It is almost needless to say that the usual accommodation to
travellers at hotels had long been pre-engaged and taken.
Those who trusted to chance to find a bed were woefull}' disap-
pointed in the endeavor to find a resting place.

The streets were filled with people who .seemed totally at
a loss how to .spend the night. Tired groups might be seen
wandering from street to street, making fruitless attempts at
admittance at various hou.ses, where the price seemed too
exorbitant to any but millionaires. While wandering about
the streets in this way the writer had offers of beds at a guinea
apiece, or to be rowed over to the Isle of Wight for the same
price, but the appearance of our soliciting friends not bespeak-
ing extra accommodation, we declined their kind offer, and the
night being fine, with the exception of a rest on a chair at an
hotel, was spent in promenading the city.

The weather was most suitable, and never did a more delight-
ful day shine upon the millions of spectators congregated at the

From 184"] to iS^y.

^31

various points, commanding a view of the fleet and its evolu-
tions. And splendid was the sight it was destined to shine
upon, for never was there a more magnificent and gorgeous
spectacle in ancient or modern times.

The " Great Cleopati-a," could she have risen from her sar-
cophagus and been witness to it, would have envied our Island
Queen her rule of a nation which can boast possession of the
greatest and most splendid armament, that ever floated, of which
it might well be said :

' ' Britannia needs no bulwarks,

No towers along the steep ;
Her course is o'er the ocean wave,.

Her home is on the deep."

Although for days before the railways had been bringing
thousands of visitors from all parts of the kingdom, and
steamers from every port on the southern coast, teeming with
human freight, had been day by day discharging their living
cargoes, yet it was on the morning of the Review that the town
presented the most extraordinary appearance.

From an early hour, and up to midday, thousands of excur-
sionists were seen issuing from the various railway depots
and wending their way in one continued stream toward the
shore to secure a good ji'Osition to witness the sight. Southsea
common was literally teeming with human beings. Frou) the
ramparts and along the Esplanade to beyond the Castle, was
one dense living mass. An immense grand stand was erected
on the Esplanade for the accommodation of those who preferred
to witness the Review from the land. The admission to the
stand was ten .shilling.s, a moderate demand compared with
prices required for accommodation on board the steamers. But
it was not only upon the land that the scene was interesting,
nor was the interest on the waters confined exclusively to the
Royal Fleet. There was another fleet important in itself, which
contributed greatly to the splendor of the scene.

Our mercantile steamers are of a class that astonish and com-
mand the admiration of all who behold them. Several of these
10

I I

wmm

138

Toronto " Called Back.''

n 4

were present, belonging to the Oriental and Peninsular Naviga-
tion Company, and the Atrato, the largest paddle-wheel steamei-
in the world. La Plata, Trent and Ta'i, belonging to the Royal
Mail Steam Packet Company, were all thronged with visitors.
The Directors of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company and
their friends were on board the Atrato. The steamers of the
South-Eastern Company, from Folkestone, and those belong-
ing to the South-Western Company were also present, together
with many others from various ports, all swaying with pas-

sengers.

The French steamer L lmj)cratrice, from Calais, with a numer-
ous company of la,dies and gentlemen on board, was among the
list. She had a splendid brass band, which, in passing the
Admiral's yacht, struck up " Rule Britannia " — a graceful com-
pliment.

Nearly all the large steamers carried the French flag at the
fore, in compliment to our gallant allies. On the arrival of Her
Majesty she was at once conveyed by her state barge on board
the Royal yacht, accompanied by Prince Albert and the other
members of the Royal party and suite. The Victor jj and the
other ships in the harbor manned yards and fired a
salute as soon as the Royal Standard was seen flying at the
masthead. Her Majesty was accompanied on board by the
Lords of the Admiralty. The yacht then moved rapidly out of
the harbor, when the forts immediately saluted.

The Queen's Arrival.

Never had monarch a greater opportunity of witnessing a
people's loyalty and devotion than our august and beloved
Queen had on the occasion of her reviewing her mighty and
magnificent fleet on that day. The moment of Her Majesty's
appearance in the port was a signal for that enthu.siasm which
is always displayed whenever she is graciously plea.sed to
appear among her subjects. Simultaneous cheers burst from
tens of thousands of loyal hearts, showing the hearty welcome
of the " Sea Queen " by her dcliglited people. The review of
such a fleet as the world never before beheld, equipped with

From 1841 to iS^y.

139

^% an efficiency which all the newest appliances of art and science
had p;iven to each of these powerful engines of war which com-
posed it, and manned by seamen whose services our vast com-
mercial wealth enabled us to command without limit, was most
gratifying to all who witnessed it. This gorgeous and truly
national pageant was a fitting spectacle in celebration of peace,
and one which illustrated the greatness of our triumph, the
immensity of our resources, and the solid basis of our strengoh.

The fleet as it appeared at anchor on the morning of the
review, extending in a line east and west from pivot ship to
pivot ship, covered a space of more than twelve miles, and com-
prised line-of-battle ships, frigates, corvettes, sloops, floating
batteries, mortar ships, mortar boats, and gun-boats, and up-
wards of two hundred and forty sail, of which not more than
ten were without steam power.

There never had been a time when the British Navy was
more efficient than it was at that time.

The Queen was most enthusiastically cheered by the assem-
bled thousands on the shore as the yacht pursued her way
toward the Spit buoy, on rounding which the whole of the
fleet manned their yards and commenced a royal salute. The
scene was most imposing at this point.

The yacht then proceeded rapidly towards the westward,
followed by a large fleet of steamers which were desirous of
keeping pace with her, but which her superior speed rendered
a matter of impossibility. As she passed along the line each
of the men-of-war manned their rigging and cheered Her
Majesty.

The French corvette of war La Chavalor manned yards
and joined in the cheer of welcome. Then followed the sham-
fight, and after the signal was made to cease firing the Royal
yacht proceeded to the harbor under the salute of the fleet.

Southsea Beach, extending for many miles, aflbrded a .splendid
opportunity for the immense multitude, numbering fully half
a million, to witness the whole spectacle. As the Royal yacht
Victoria and Albert steamed close to the shore, the writer had a
distinct view of the Queen and Prince Albert sitting on the deck.

140

Toronto ''Called Back^

The following is the list of the fleet with their order of

sailing : —

STARBOARD DIVISION.

VICE-ADMIRAL SIR Ci. SEYMOUR, COMMANDBR-IN-CHIEF.

Name.

Guru.

Royal George 102

Nile 91

Conqueror 100

Creasy 80

CiBsar 91

Algiers 90

Sanspariel 70

Centurion 80

Ajax 70

Hawke 60

Hastings 60

Impcrieuse . . 51

Amphion 34

Pylades 20

Crew.

920
850
930
750
850
850
626
750
600
600
600
530
342
260

Hame.

Cossack . . .

Esk

Falcon . . . .
Conflict . . . .
Harier . . . .
Eurolas. . . .
Seahorse . .
Vulture.. . .
Magicienne
Samson . . . .
Vesuvius . .
Baselisk
(lorgon . . . .
Firefly . . . .

Grins.

Crew.

250

240

160

165

160

200

220

200

160

100

PORT DIVISION.

REAR-ADMIRAL SIR R. DUNDAS.

Duke of Wellington . .

Orion

James Watt

Majestic

Exmouth

Colossus

131 1100 I Brunswick

91 850 I Edinburgh 60

91 850 I Hogue

80 750 I Bleinheim

90 ^60 ' Russell . .

80 750 ' Euryalus 51

REATv-ADMlRAL R. L. BAYNES.

Arrogant 41

Pearl
Tartar . . .
Archer . . .
Desperate .
Cruiser . . .
Rattler . . .
Forth . . . .
Horatio . . .

20
20
14

8
17
11
12

450
260
250
175
165
160
130
200
200

Retribution
Centaur . . .
Dragon . . .
Bulldog....
Geyser ....

Merlin

Hecla

Hydra ....

753

600

6fj0

600

530

300

200

160

110

135

Meteor
Glatton

FLOATING BATTERIES,

14
14

200
200

Thunder 14 200

Trusty 14 200

SAILING SHIPS.

Loudon 90 830

Rodney 90 820

Belleisle

244

From 184'j to iS^y.

141

GUNBOAT FLOTir.LA. •: - ; -

Centre, Red — Algiers, 91 ; Flying Fish, G ; Hingdove, G ; Biter, 4 ; Starling,
4 ; Snapper, 4 ; Bustard, 4 ; Dove, 4 ; Loveret, 4 ; Fervent, 4 ; Beaver, 4
Opossum, 4 ; Firm, 4 ; Blazer, 4 ; Brazen, 4 ; Rainbow, 4 ; Redbreast, 4
Havoc, 4 ; Pioneer, G ; Lapwing, 6 ; Swinger, 4 ; Skylark, 4 ; I'incher, 4
Charger, 4 ; Grasshopper, 4 ; Mackerel, 4 ; Forester, 4 ; Whiting, 4.

Van, Whitk -Colossus, 81 ; Victor, (5 ; I'eter, 4 ; Thistle, 4 ; Sandfly, 4 ;
Plover, 4 ; Carnation, 4 ; Insolvent, 4 ; Mayflower, 4 ; Spanker, 4 ; Traveller,
4 ; Louisa, 4 ; Krne, 4 ; Mastiff, 4 ; Lively, 4 ; Ruby, 4 ; Tickler, 4 ; Seagull,
4 ; Bulldog, 4 ; Hasty, 4 ; Herring, 4 ; (iriper, 4 ; Thresher, 4 ; Julia, 4 ;
Sepoy, 4 ; Manly, 4 ; Mistletoe, 4 ; Magnet, 4.

Rkar, Blue— Brunswick, 81 ; Intrepid, G ; Mohawk, G ; Stork, 4 ; Dapper,
4 ; Gleaner, 4 ; Magpie, 4 ; Redwing, 4 ; Badger, 4 ; Skipjack, 4 ; Forward,
4; Banterer, 4; Haughty, 4; Assurance, G ; Procris, 4; (Joshawk, 4; Grappler,
4 ; Hyena, 4 ; Violet, 4 ; Weasel, 4 ; Jackdaw, 4 ; Hind, 4 ; Lark, 4 ; Snap, 4 ;
Sheldrake, 4 ; Cockchafer, 4 ; Stanch, 4 ; Charon, 4.

Light, Stkiped — Sanspareil, 71 ; Surprise, G ; Cheerful, 2; Daisy, 2; Pert,

O .

■** ]

Drake, 2 ; Angler, 2 ; Pet, 2 ; Rambler, 2 ; Wanderer, G ; Chub, 2 ; Onyx,
Janus, 2 ; Ant, 2 ; Nettle, 2 ; Decoy, 2 ; Partridge, 4 ; Co<iuette, G ; Beacon,
Brave, 4 ; Bullfinch, 4 ; Raven, 4 ; Hardy, 4 ; Tilbury, 4 ; Sparrowhawk.
Goldfinch, 4 ; Delight, 4 ; Bouncer, 4 ; Nightingale, 4. >. ^:,

This list of vessels, taken from the programme of the day, will
jjive a good idea of the strength of the British Navy, especially
when it is borne in mind that these ships were ordered only
from convenient naval stations, and many more were scattered
all over the world on every sea.

Since that time a new fleet, comprising the most magniticent
specimens of naval architecture, has been built, and England's
claim to the supremacy of the sea cannot be denied, and never
since " first, at heaven's command, she rose from out the azure
main," did Britain more triumphantly "rule the waves," than
at the present time.

The most interesting feature in the day's movement was that
reserved for the night, as an Emeralder might say, and was
a thorough novelty to all who witnessed it. The illumination
was effected by simultaneously lighting up the yards and port-
holes with blue lights. .

At nine o'clock gun-fire, the whole fleet at anchor burst into
light as if by magic. The jets one above another, main topmast-
high aloft, and the port of each opening at once, showing a
vivid glare between decks, caused an unusual roar of cheering
from the shore, which was echoed and given back by the boats

142

Toronto " Called Back!''

and the legion aflc j. This, in the stillness of the calm night,
had an effect as imposing as it was rare. Cheer upon cheer
applauded the spectacle. From nine till ten, rockets were sent
up thickly from the ships and rained a golden shower upon the
" floating capital."

The Close of the First Decade.

After making his purchases for the Fall trade of 1856 the
writer came out to Toronto and found everything apparently
prosperous. The importations for the year exceeded those of
any previous year, reaching a point equal to 1866, ten years
later. Sales were large and payments good, and none seemed
to anticipate hard times.

The progress of Toronto during the ten years ending in
1856 was accelerated by the opening of railways, east, west and
north, and by that time its population was 45,000, showing
an increase of 2JiOOO in ten years ; the number of its houses was
7,476 ; the assessment of property had increased from $69,000 to
$515,000, and the imports from $750,000 to $6,670,500.

Toronto had been reaping the first fruits of her connections
through the Grand Trunk and Great Western Railways, and
the close of this, the first decade, contained in this sketch,
found Toronto improved almost beyond recognition to those
who had not seen it during that time. The wide streets, con-
taining splendid shops, and the number of handsome churches,
all conspired to impress a visitor with the growing character of
the place.

Dr. Mackay writes of it at this time as " a thing of yesterday,
a mushroom, compared with the antiquity of Montreal and
Quebec, though rivalling the one and exceeding the other in
trade and population. It is built on the American plan of
straight lines, preferring the chess board to the maze, and the
regularity of art to the picturesque irregularity of nature. The
streets are long and straight. There is a Yankee look about
the whole place which it is impossibl to mistake, a pushing,
thriving, business-like, smart appearance in the people and the
streets, in the stores, and in the banks and churches.

Frotn 1 84"] to 1857.

14.

"Looked upon from any part of itself, Toronto docs not greatly
impress the imagination, but seen from the deck of a steamer,
it has 0II the air of wealth and majesty that belongs to a great
city. Its numerous churches, stores, and public buildings, its
wharves, factories, and tall chimneys, mark it for what it is, a
thriving place."

Durinsj this decade the followin<j buildinjfs had betn erected :
The General Hospital, Normal and Model Schools, St. James'
and St. Michael's Cathedrals, Knox Church, St. Lawrence Build-

FORMEK I'OST OKKICK (I'RKSENT OFFU'K OK KEt'KlVKU-dENKKAI,).

ing.s, Nordheimer's Buildings on Toronto Street, the Exchan >,
Free Library Building, Post Office, City Schools, the University,
several Banks, and the Rossin House Hotel.

Toronto was now the headtiuarters of the Royal Canadian
Rifles. The science of photography had lately been discovered,
and artists styled photographei*s and ambrotypists began to
multiply.

144

Toronto " Called Back.''

Manufactures had not shown much progress, and consisted
cliieHy of woo '.-working and planing mills, boots, shoes, safes,
soap, spices, paper, and blank books.

From the time of the introduction of the bonding system
through the United States, British goods to Boston generally
came to Toronto nla Ogdensburg, and from New York iria
Lewiston, until the opening of the Suspension Bridge, and pas-
sengers sometimes had dilHculty in making connections in winter.

In the winter of 1856-7 the writer had secured his passage
to Liverpool by Cunard steamer from Boston, and started in
good time to Prescott, intending to cross to Ogdensburg to
connect with train for Boston. On arriving at Prescott a vio-
lent snow storm prevailed, and the captain of the steam ferry
refused to cross. On telegraphing across to our agents, Messrs.
Stark, Hill & Co., Mr. Stark, who had been a .sea captain,
immediately came across in a small row boat and offered to
row me acros.s. As the storm grew worse, while thanking the
captain for his kindness and courage, I declined to risk both
our lives when the steamer would not risk the crossing, and
telegraphed to Messrs. Hill, Sears & Co., of Boston, to write
to my family in England the cause of my detention. Not
wishing to return to Toronto, I went on to New York and
waited for the next Cunard steamer from that port.

h''

-.'•'.' ' -»■

TORONTO FROM 1857 TO 1807.

* Financial Crisis in 1 857-

Returning to make the sprinj^ purcliases in Europe, and back
to Toronto in February, IH')?, there were indications of an iui-
nending chanjife.

The stoppage for the time of railway operations and the
circulation of money was soon felt all over the country, and
th '■ testing time of the 4th of March was the crisis, when pay-
ments at the banks were so bad as to cause a number of failures.
In a short time the panic ensued with full force, and the whole
picture suddenly changed. Railway enterpri.se sudderdy came
to an end ; .some of the largest hou.ses were compelled to sus-
pend payment. Old established houses sma.shed like glass
bottles, and mercantile credit collapsed.

To show, however, that this state of affairs was not contined
to Canada, one fact may be stated. During this year the
deficiency in remittances from the United States to England
amounted to nearly fifty millions sterling, the great bulk of
which was never paid.

So depressed was trade in Toronto that hundreds of persons
in the city who. had heretofore enjoyed all the ordinary
comforts of life, for the first time felt the .sharp pinch of
poverty. There was much suffering and want amongst the
laboring classes, with a corresponding amount of drunkenness
and crime. There is good rea.son to believe that several persons
died of sheer starvation. For the first time in her history her
streets swarmed with mendicants.

««p

146

Toronto '"Called Jiacky

The lirilkh ColoniHt of August 4th -says : " Pass when you
will, you are beset with some sturdy applicant for ahns. They
dodge you round corners, follow you into shops, they are to be
found at the church steps, and at the door of the theatre. They
infest the entrance to every bank. They crouch in the lobby
of the post office, assail you on every street, knock at your
private residence, walk into your place of business, and beard
you with a pertinacity that takes no denial.

" In this, our good city of Toronto, begging has assumed the
dignity of a craft. Whole families sail}' forth and have their
appointed round. Children are taught to dissemble, to tell a
lying tale of misery and woe, and beg or steal as occasion offers."

This picture is far from attractive. The advent of brighter
days, however, brought in a ver}' perceptible change, and when
trade assuuied its normal condition, our streets ceased to be
suggestive of poverty and mendicancy; but it was not till i^oi)
that busincvss resumed its healthy appearance. The writer re-
turned to Europe in May 1857.

The Desjardins Canal Accident.

During the writer's stay in Toronto at this time the most
terrible accident which had happened sinci; the opening of
the railroads, occurred at seven o'clock of the evening of the
12th March, ISoT, at the bridge over the Desjardins Canal, a
mile east of Hamilton. The train from Toronto, consisting of
a locomotive, tender, baggage car, and two passenger coaches,
the latter containing about ninety-three persons, left about
five p.m. When this train reached the junction just above
Hamilton, it was ascertained that the train from Detroit had
not gone down to Hamilton, as it was entitled to do before the
Toronto train. After waiting twenty minutes the Toronto
train came on. Just before reaching the bridge over the Desjar-
dins Canal, the train left the track by the misplacement of a
switch or some other cause, and ran upon the bridge. The
force of the train knocked the bridge down, and engine, cars
and all plunged into the canal thirty or forty feet below.

From /8^y to iS6y.

1*7

The jsoastroplio was sudden and awful, and the work of death
was instantaneous and complete. The locomotive and tender
were entirely submerged, and the baf;'gage car partially so. The
forward pas.senger coach turned bottom upwards, and sank so
deep that the floor was but a few inches above the water. The
rear passenger coach rested upon one end and was about half
submerged. Most of the passengers in the rear of this coach
escaped ; the remainder were drowned.

The writer had a description of the scene inside this car,
from one who escaped, by the wood-work being cut through
with axes within a few inches of his head, and the scene
described was terrible in the extreme.

Every person in the tirst car perished except four — two men
and two children. One of the children was thrown out of the
window on to the ice ; the other was dragged out of a window,
having been up to its neck in water for fifteen minutes. They
were brother and sister ; their father, mother and uncle perished.

Among those who were killed were Samuel Zimmerman, the
great Railway King of Canada, and Captain Sutherland, owner
of the well-known iron steamer Magnet, with other prominent
men, both American and Canadian.

Mr. Hugh McSloy, of St. Catharines, having come over in
response to a circular to see the spring opening of new goods,
had made some purchases, and bid the writer good-bye, stating
he would soon be back to complete them. At about 7. -30 a
telegram came from his brother to know whether he had left by
that train, when a reply was sent accordingly. He was amongst
the victims of the terrible tragedy.

British capital to the amount of $4-50,000,000 was invested
in the United States at this time..

The whole gold coinage of the United States from 1793 to
1st January, 1856, was only $396,895,574 ; the silver coinage
the same period was $100,729,602, and copper $1,572,206 ; the
three together amounting to $493,197,383.

All the gold would not suffice to pay back the capitalists
and more than half of the silver would be required for the
purpose.

148

Toronto " Called Back.

Art Treasures Exhibition in Manchester.

"A thing of beauty is a joy forever."

The history of painting and its clo.se identity, from the earliest
periods, with the interests of religion and morality, and the
rapidity with which the art is increa.sing its influence upon
current opinion and thought, would render it nothing leas than
a scandal if nineteenth century religionists and moralists were
indifferent to its tendencies and claims.

That will indeed be an evil day in which the range of moral
sympathy is not wnde enough to comprehend a love of all the
pure and noble forms of art.

It is the duty of religion to cherish every delicate art which
tends to embellish and reform human life and character. Piety
is never more unwise than when she expels beauty from her
tents, and by that act of excomiiiunication drives her fairest
sister into alienation and profanity.

Only a .shallow observer of human society will lightly esti-
mate the painter's power on the domains of human morals.
Under what an obligation are we placed by some of the giant
names of historic art — Fra Angelico, Botticelli, Guido, Bassano,
Raphael, in his cartoons and pictures of the Divine Incarnation;
Rembrandt, in his setting forth of Christ as the poor man's
Saviour and friend, habited in coar.se garments, concerting alter-
nately with angels and men of low estate ; and an amiable
Caracci, in his overwhelming picture of " The Three Maries. "

It is not possible to conceive a scoffing Michael Angelo, or a
flippant Raphael. What ma.sculine blows at drunkenness,
debauchery, coxcombery and cruelty were dealt out upon
canvas by Wm. Hogarth, long before philanthropy and temper-
ance reform had become the race.

English art has touched with subtle ski'! a wide

range

religious emotions, — the form of a pure and beautiful woman
transferred to canvas, the picture of a good man's face, the
vision of a godly mother, bu.sy in the hallowed sphere of home,
are -surely powerful side-lights upon the question of religion in
daily life.

From i8y; to iSdy.

'49

Never was a blow more fearlessly and directly dealt at the
ruinous vice of gambling than was given by Mr. W. P. Frith
R.A., when he portrayed on canvas in five divisions, the " Road
to Ruin."

Every picture that denounces evil, that attracts to good, that
kindles sympathy with pure and innocent pleasure, that
awakens in us higher and holier affections, and makes us more
kind to the brotherhood of men is, in a broad and healthy sense,
moi'al and religious art.

In the entire history of the fine arts, there never occurred
such a wonderful display as that which took place in Man-
chester in the year 1857. Amidst the throes of a commercial
panic, which shook the world to its centre, when banks, public
companies and mercantile establishments were tumbling down,
bringing ruin and destruction in their fall, the merchant princes
of Manchester undei-took to collect from the private galleries of
Great Britain, for the purpose of exhibition, the priceless gems
of art, hitherto only seen by a select few, and to accomplisli
this a palace was erected and all expenses guaranteed by these
gentlemen.

On the oth of May, " I declare this Exhibition opened,"
were the words which, uttered by Prince Albert, gave to Man-
chester, the first city in the Empire in regard to its manufac-
tures and the second in respect to its population, an Exhibition
of its own, and differing in some respects from those held in Lon-
don, Cork, Dublin, New York, and Paris, where industrial and
art gatherings had been held. The treasures of art alone con-
stituted this wonderful exhibition, such as the world had never
beheld.

The birth of Princess Beatrice, on the 14th of April, caused
the postponement of Her Majesty's visit till the beginning of
July. Her Majesty was entertained during her visit at the
mansion of the Earl of Ellesmere, Wprsley Hall.

It so happened, the day of the Queen's visit to the Exhibition,
the writer was removing from among the smoky chinuieys of
the celebrated glass and chemical works, and the furnaces of the
copper and silver smelting works, of So. Helens, to the heart of

»5o

Toronto " Called Back.

-- 'SI

the cotton manufacturing district of Manchester, and, anxious
to see the pageant, arranged by a study of " Bradshaw " to strike
the spot where the procession would pass at a certain time ; and
with the Queen's well-known punctuality, not a minute was
lost. The sight was very fine.

For seven miles, with crowds ten deep on the pavements,
through which she had to pass before she reached the Art Treas-
ures Exhibition, which the taste and wealth of Manchester
had been the means of bringing together, every window was
filled with human beings anxious to see Her Majesty. The
whole city seemed to have ceased from the untiring, energetic
labors of its manufactures, and appeai-ed with one consent
engaged in the more pleasing occupation of welcoming the
Queen. Gigantic mills, with their enormous extent of bare
walls, assumed a gay and festive appearance. Forests of flag-
staffs grew as if by magic out of the factory roofs, while strings
of banners between opposite windows bore devices of welcome.

Her Majesty, accompanied by the Prince Consort, the Prince
of Wales, the Princess Ro3'al, Prince Alfred, the Princess Alice
and Prince Frederick William of Prussia, left Worsley Hall
in the following order : First carriage, containing Mr. Gibbs,
tutor to the Prince of Wales and Lieut. Cowell, tutor to Prince
Alfred ; second carriage, the Hon. C. B. Phipps, C.B., and
the two equerries-in-waiting ; third carriage, the Lord Cham-
berlain (the Marquis of Breadalbane), Sir George Grey, Bart.,
Baron Moltke, in attendance on Prince Frederick William of
Prussia ; fourth carriage, the Marchioness of Ely, lady-in-waiting
to Her Majesty the Queen.

Reception in the Building.

As the audience rose and Halle, supported by Miss Novel lo
and Sims Reeves, looking and feeling musical, began to attune
their ears and voices for tha Coronation Anthem — in glancing
round we observed the following noteworthy people at the foot
of the dais erected for the Queen: The Prince Consort, Lord
and Lady Palmerston, Lord and Lady Stanhope, Lord Burling-

From i8s7 to 1867.

151

ton, Lord Wilton, Lord Ward, Mr. Granville Harcourt, M.P.,
and Frances, Countess of Waldegrave, Mr. Ex-Chancellor Glad-
stone and Mrs. Gladstone, Lord Talbot De Malahide, Me.s.srs.
Peto and Paxlon, Sir Roderick Murchison, Williams of Kars,
etc., etc.

The Queen was accompanied by the Prince Consort, the
Prince of Wales, the Princess Royal and her intended, Prince
Frederick William of Prussia ; Princess Alice and Prince Alfred,
Sir GeorgG Grey, Secretary of State ; the Lord Chamberlain,
Marquis of Breadalbane; the Mistress of the Robes, Duchess
of Sutherland, and the Hon. Eleanor Sutherland, daughter of
Lord Stanley of Alderley.

Her Majesty then knighted Mi'. James Watts, merchant of
Portland Street, and at the time Mayor of Manchester, This
ceremony was performed by the Queen with the Peninsular
and Aliwal sword of Sir Harry Smith, with two strokes given
with wonderful grace — James Watts rising into Sir James,
(here Lady Watts blushed, smiled and looked down). Sir
Harry, retaking his sword, kissed the hilt recently touched by
the fair hand of Her Majesty.

This done. Her Majesty commenced her walk through the
Exhibition. The route was, of course, chronological, beginning
with Van Eyck, and ending with Leighton and Millais.

It was noticed that she lingered longer over the early Ger-
man School than any other part of the Exhibition. As for the
Royal cb Idren, it was easy to see, as the policemen observed,
that Muiready's ''Boy having his hair cut," and Webster's
"" Slide " were more after the children's heart than the best
Raphael or the finest Mabrisc.

Amongst modern paintings, the greatest crowd .seemed to
collect around the " Death of Chatterton," where .several police-
men wore stationed to keep back the ci'owd. The Royal party
then, retracing their steps, studied the series of British portraits,
also chronologically arranged, forming a perfect Engli.sh history)
afterwards the Enamels, Venetian Glass, Metal Work and
Ivories.

Her Majesty before leaving the building partook of a hand-

152

Toronto '' Called BackT

I- ' I
I! i|

I I

some luncheon served by Mr. Donald, and is said to have
praised most highly a particular mixture, which, on Her
Majesty enquiring what it was, Mr. Donald immediately called
" Donald's Royal Art Treasures Nectar, patronized by Royalty."
Her Majesty smiled at the " patronized " and left the building
amid enthusiastic cheers, and blushes from Mr. Donald such as
Scotchmen alone can blush.

* " To wake the houI by tender strokes of art."

The works of art contained in the Exhibition were divided
into the following sections : 1. Paintings by Ancient Masters ;
2. Paintings by Modern Masters ; 3. British Portrait Gallery ;
4. Collection of Historical Miniatures ; 5. Museum of Orna-
mental Art; 6. Sculpture; 7. Water Color Drawings; 8.
Original Drawings and Sketches b}' the Old Masters ; 9. En-
gravings ; 10. Photographs.

The number of paintings by ancient masters, commencing
with Cimabue in 1240, and ending with Jean Baptiste Greuze
in 1805, including the Marquis of Hertford's contribution of
forty-four, was 1,128. The number of what were classed as
modern masters, commencing with Hogarth in 1740, up to 1857,
was G89. The number of portraits, 880 ; of water colors, 909 ;
works of sculpture, including a few bronze, 100. The collection
comprised works by every great artist, ancient and modern, and
of every school of art. The whole of these works of art were
insured for live millions sterling, much below their reab value.
The number of visitors was 2,500,000.

Royal Mail Cunard Steamer "Persia."

The voyage to New York by the Cunard steamer Persia in
the winter of 1857-8 was unusually stormy, as may be judged
from the report of the ship's "log" publishe«l in New York papers
on our arrival. The statement of having encountered " tre-
mendous hurricanes," although rarely reported, was no exaggera-
tion. For several days we " lay to," making about two knots
an hour — just enough to keep the engines in motion. One of

Frovi 7(5*57 ^o iSdy.

15.

the immense paddle-boxes, forty feet in diameter, was carried
away with one sea, and other damage done. The voyage lasted
over sixteen days, nearly double her usual time. Lord and
Lady Napier and suite were passengers, and his lordship
suffered greatly from sea-sickness, while her ladyship, whose
cabin was nearly opposite that of the writer, scarcely ever
missed her morning salt water bath, and was present at almost
every meal at the table in the saloon.

As this magnificent ship was then the finest afloat, and was
the last of the paddle steamers, except the Scotia, a notice of
her may not be out of place.

This leviathan vessel, then the largest steamship in the
world, left Liverpool on the 26th June, 185G, commanded by
Captain Judkins, the Conunodore of the Cunard Mail Packets,
on her first voyage across the Atlantic. This Company having
the exclusive contract for carrying the mails, the position of
(y'onnnander of one of these steamers was at that time one of
gieat importance, and the rank equal to a commander in the
Royal Navy.

As the whole Continent was on the qui vive for the arrival of
the.se steamers at Boston or New York, when the signals went
up by firing guns by day or rockets at night, a whole fleet of
steamers and boats of every size were seen racing for the great
object. Then the scramble up the ladders, the rush for the
latest papers and despatches, and the rush back to the city of
news reporters for the daily papers, and the competition to
publish the latest news, was a lively scene.

The Captain, in full naval uniform, giving orders through
his silver trumpet, before the days of electric bells, as he stood
on the bridge was the observed of all observers. If we are
about to start, I see him on his elevated position, and it is
interesting to notice how quickly and completely the inward
thought and purpose alters the outward man. He gives a
([uick glance to every part of the ship. He casts his eya over
the multitude coming on board, among whom is the English
Ambassador and suite. He sees the husbands and wives,
mothers and children, entrusted to his care, the valuable cargo,
11

^MHi

154

Toronto " Called Back^

the carefully counted mail bags, all pouring in, and his form as
lie gives orders for our departure seems to grow more ei'ect and
firm. The muscles of his face swell, his eyes glow with a new
fire, and his whole person expands with the proud consciousness
of his importance and responsibility.

In these days of cablegrams, the importance of a Commander
is chiefly dependent on the shortness of the passage made by
his ship, as is described on the arrival of the Etruvia at New
York, on having made the fastest passage on record. " The
steam was puffing out of her sides in short, painful gasps, like
the quickened breath of a grand race-horse, tired, and resting
after a great burst of speed. Commodore Theodore Cook was
proud as the proudest man in America, as he walked down the
noble ship's gang-planks, and then stood up so straight that he
nearly fell backwanls. No one seems to have been prepared
for the phenomenal time she had made."

In November, 18.'>8, " Westward ! " was the cry. The more
that was learned of the great countries to the North-West,
the stronger grew the desire to establish uninterrupted com-
umnication therewith. The means of access to the Eastern
seaboard were already numerous and easy. An open route to
the banks of the Saskatchewan and to the shores of the Pacific
was wanted. The feeling was that more would be gained in a
single year by trading with the North-West than by ten years
of the closest communication with the lower Provinces. The
Mediterranean would not bear upon its bosom so great a burden
of wealth as would our lakes and rivers, should the country
become the highw^ay between the two great oceans — the con-
necting link between China and Europe. In this year the
Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway was opened.

The first Toronto City Directory was published by William
Brown, the writer having lent him a copy of the London
(England) Directoiy as a model. It was only copied in the
classification of the names, the addition of the street direc-
tory, as at present, not being adopted for several years after-
wards.

In July of this year the writer went to Quebec to meet his

a.ati

From iS§i to iSby.

155

family coininj:y out from England by the North American,
Captain Grange, and had the pleasure of meeting Rev. John
Maclean, now Bishop of Saskatchewan, Rev. Dr. Helhuuth, late
Bishop of Huron, and Rev. Mr. Fleury, Chaplain of the Moly-
neux Blind Asylum in Dublin, to whom I fre((uently had the
pleasure of listening in the chapel attached to the institution,
as also the delightful music of the choir, the mend)ers
of which, including the organist, were all inmates. These
gentlemen had been exceedingly kind and attentive to my
family during a long and stormy voyage, and on their
arrival in Toronto all paid us a visit, expressing, at the
same time, their surprise and delight at the tine appearance
of the city.

In this year the 100th Regiment, to which Toronto con-
tributed a large quota, was enrolled in the Regular Army as
the Prince of Wales' Royal Canadian Regiment of;' the line ;
Major-General Viscount Melville was appointed Colonel-in-
Chief. The Regiment sailed in three detachments, the first from
Quebec, by the Allan steamer Indian, nearly 500 strong ; the
second per Nova Scotian, 435 strong, and the third per Anglo-
Saxon with remainder.

In July, 1859, the Agamemnon, in laying the Atlantic cable
between Valentia Bay, in Ireland, and Trinity Bay, Newfound-
land, a distance of 1,650 nautical miles, was in great danger!
the coils broke adrift and the cable was displaced, as she was
nearly thrown on her beam ends ; the electric instruments were
all injured and the deck boats got adrift.

On the successful accomplishment of the undertaking, on the
l7th of August, messages were exchanged from the Queen to
the President of the United States. Lord Napier was then
British Minister at Washington.

Fetes were given at New York, and a reception to the officers
of the Agamemnon by the City Council ; on that occasion,
amongst the toasts proposed was the following:

"The people of Great Britain and Ireland, joined to us
in the Court of Neptune. May that nuptial tie never be put
asunder."

156

Toronto '' Called BackT

Visit of the Prince of Wales to Canada, 1860.

On the Oth of July, the Prince, accompanied by the Queen
and Prince Consort to Plyinoutli, embarked on board the line-
of-battle ship Hero, ninety-one guns, Captain Seymour, having
as an escort the ship Ariadne. ,

The suite of His Royal Highness consisted of the Duke pf
Newcastle, Secretary of State for the Colonies ; the Lord-
Steward of Her Majesty's Household, Earl of St. Geruiains ; His
Royal Highness' Governor, Major-General Hon. R. Bruce ;
equerries-in- Waiting, Major Teesdale, R.A., and Capt. Gray,
Grenadier (Juards ; Dr. Acland, His Royal Highness' physician.

The Prince was commissioned to represent Her Majesty in
the opening of the Victoria Bridge, and on all public occasions ;
to hold levees and receive addresses while in Canada ; and in
travellinij through the United States he was to assume the
title of Baron Renfrew.

The sijuadron arrived at Halifax on the 29th of July, and
after visiting Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick pro-
ceeded to Quebec, where, leaving the men-of-war, they pro-
ceeded to Montreal, arriving on the 2')th of August. The
Royal party remained there for several days, during which the
Prince opened the Industrial Exhibition in the Crystal Palace,
attended a magnificent ball given in his honor, laid the corner
stone, being also the last stone, of the Victoria Bridge, and
clinched the last bolt of the Bridge (a silver rivet) with stout
and sturdy blows.

After stopping at Ottawa, Brockville and Kingston on the
way up, the Prince arrived at Toronto on the 7th of September,
and met with a magnilicent reception, the preparations being
on a scale far surpassing those of the other cities he had visited.
The Prince disembarked at the western extremity of the
Esplanade. Here a splendid pavilion was erected facing the
city; the hangings were of crimson, blue and white, and the
building was adorned with green leaves and festoons of flowers.
The whole was surmounted by a Royal crown, on all sides pro-
tected by flags.

The greatest charm was the entrance arch, which spanned the

From jSjj to 1S6'].

157

street and was really magiiiticent. It was of the Grecian order,
but exceedingly rich in ornament, and stood sixty feet high.
The pillars were massive, palmated at the top. The interior of
the arch was adorned with beautiful fresco paintings, and the
whole surmountetl with a shield bearing the Royal Arms and
a Royal crown supported on each side by a Hno display of Hags.
A semicircular platform was erected, with tier upon tier of
seats, and was ornamented with shields and banners, and more
than 10,000 people were in position on it.

In the open space was a troop of cavalry, and in th« centre
was a great level platform, with the dais and throne under a
gorgeous canopy.

Here the Prince was received by the Mayor, Corporation,
Judges, Members of Parliament, Officers of the Army and
Volunteers, etc.

After the reading of the address the National Anthem was
sung by 5,000 children, under the leadership of Mr. John Carter,
the Cathedral organist.

It is impossible to do justice to the imposing spectacle pre-
sented when the vast assembly stood up and united in one tre-
mendous burst of cheering, which lasted several minutes, the
ladies waving their handkerchiefs and men nearly killing them-
selves with shouting the loyal hurrahs, while several bands
played the National Anthem.

The Prince was intensely affected at thi.*? glorious welcome,
which was so hearty and magnificent.

A proces.sion of militia, firemen and national societies filed
past, drooping banners and cheering vociferously. The Prince's
carriage followed the procession through the principal streets,
cheered by the people, while fiower.-j were strewed before
him. Night having come on by this time the city was most
brilliantly illuminated, and the whole formed a spectacle which,
for magnificence, was never surpa.ssed in Canada. The Prince
and suite were entertained during their stay at Government
House.

On Sunday the party attended divine service in St. James'
Cathedral, and were met at the door by Bishop Strachan, Rector

158

Toronto " Called Back."

Grasset, and other clergymen. The sermon was preached by
the Bishop, from the text, "Give the King Thy Judgments,
O God, and Thy righteousness unto the King's son." The de-
meanor of the Prince during the service was what mi'dit have
been expected. Ho joined heartily in the responses, and his
entire manner might be copieil by some church-going young
men with decided advantage.

The Orangemen had erected a splendid arch at the intersec-
tion of Church and King Streets, with a large painting of King

OOVERNMENT HOUSE AND ST. ANDREW S CHUKCH.

William III. in a conspicuous position. Instead, however, of
the party driving under the arch along King Street, the car-
riage went down Church to Wellington, and so to the Govern-
ment House. It transpired that this was done by the positive
order of the Duke of Newcastle.

During the week the Prince visited all the principal objects
of interest, and planted a tree in the Horticultural Gardens, at
the same time opening the rastic arbor then recently erected.
He also planted an English silver oak in the Queen's Park,

From iSs7 ^^ 1S6'].

159

which stands to the east of the guns, and laid the foundation
stone of the statue to the Queen, surrounde<l by civic, provin-
cial and other dignitaries; and in addition to all he turned the
lirst sod of the Toi'onto Grey and Bruce Railway.

He attended a public hall, given in his honor, in the Crystal
Palace, wearing the uniform of a colonel of the British Army,
unattached, and led oft" the dance by taking the hand of the
accomjjlished wife of Mayor Wilson, one of the present Cldef
Justices of Ontario. The ball was a brilliant scene, and wound
up the entertainments given in lionor of the Prince in Toronto.

He next visited Hamilton, and then proceeded to New York,
where the demonstrations were almost extravajjant, and did the
people of that city much credit.

The squadron sailed from Portland in November, arriving in
England in a short time.

1860 to 1865.

Outside of general events, the local history of Toronto
from 1860 to 1865 was that of the proverbially happy country
that has no history. The close of the decade of the fifties had
witnessed commercial depression, stagnation in trade and manu-
factures, starvation und misery. The first half of the decade of
the sixties brought commercial vigor, activity in trade and
manufactures, abundance and prosperity.

It was the story of Pharaoh's kine reversed. The American
war caused the country to be overrun with conunissariat agents
purchasing stoi'cs for the army. American gold poured in in
steady streams, and produce of all kinds could not be supplied
to meet the demand.

Farmers and merchants reaped a golden harvest, and many a
fortune was accumulated by trader and speculator. Toronto
had its share in the general prosperity, and the condition of the
city was one hitherto unexampled.

During this period the speculation in gold reached its climax.
Fortunes were made and lost in exchanges between New York
and Toronto. Goods bought in American currency and paid

lOO

Toronto " Called Back!'

for in ^f()l(l at a lu<^h preiuiuin, corresponding with the depre-
ciation in American currency, gave the importers of American
goods room to realize immense profits.

As an iihistration of thc^ difference in the vahies of the cur-
rency at one time, the writer and th(! hitc Mr. A. W. liauder,
M.PP., when startint; to New York to meet our families, who
had been visiting in F]ngland, took $+0 i^ach to a broker on
King Street, for which we received SlOO in American currency,
and as the price of everything on tlie American side had re-
mained unchanged — their argument being that a dollar was still
a dollar, which they soon found to be rather a delusion — the
fare to New York, which fi'om the Suspension Bridge was $10,
was to us only $4, while a charge of S4 a day at the St.
Nicholas' Hotel, New York, was to us just $1.()0. Travellers to
'^anada soon found out the real value of their currency, com-
pared with ours, when coming oft* the boats to make their
purchases.

One gentleman, on purchasing aii article on King Street, the
price of which was 25 cents, and getting 15 cents change out of
his dollar bill, was so chagrined that he vowed he never again
would put his foot on Canadian soil.

The return to specie payments was much more rapid than
any one had anticipated.

Mr. J. G. Bowes, who had filled the civic chair in 1848-49-
50, and had been described as the ablest man who ever
filled the oflice of Chief Magistrate up to that time, was again
honored with the confidence of his fellow-citizens by being
elected in the years 1861-02-G8.

Mr. Bowes spaied neither time nor expense in keeping up the
dignity of his office and attending to his duties; his hospitality
and benevolence extending far beyond the emoluments attached
to the oflice. The re-spect in which he was held was most
marked whenever he made his appearance, and the almost uni-
versal recognition accorded him was proof of his great popu-
larity.

On public occasions Mr, Bowes always appeared in official
costume, which, although not ornamented with the gold chain,

From 1851 to f86y.

161

as tlio Lord Mayors in Enirland, vsa.s most approjji-iato and
becoiiiintj.

Dr. Iiussell, of the London 2'y'ines, writes; "The city is so
very surprisiii<r in the extent of its ])ul)lic tMlitiees that I was
fain to write to an American friend in New York to come up
and aihnire what had ht-cn done; in arcliitectur*' un(h>ra monar-
cliy, if 111! wislied to appreciate tlie horrible state of that Imuich
of the fine arts under his tlemocracy. C'hurches, catlieiirals,
markets, post office, collej^es, scfiools, mechanics' institute rise
in imperial dlLfnity in the city. The sliops are lar<.je and well
furnished witli "oods.

" In tlu! winter time the streets are filled with sleighs, and
the air is gay with the carolling of their bells. Some of the
sleighs are exceedingly elegant in form and finish, and an;
provided with very expensive furs, not only for tlie u.se of the
occupants, but for display. The horses are small, spirited
animals, of no great pretension to beauty.

" The people in the street are well dres.sed, comfortable look-
ing, well-to-do; not so tall as the people in New Yorl:, but
stouter and more sturdy looking. Their winter brings no dis-
comfort, as fuel is abundant, and when the wind is not l)lowing
high the weather is very agreeable."

Anthony TroUope says : " Toronto, as a city, is not generally
attractive to a traveller. The country around it is fiat; although
it stands on a lake, that lake has no attributes of beauty. The
streets of Toronto are paved with wood, or rather planked,
as are those of Montreal or Quebec, but they are kept in better
order. I should say that the planks are first used in Toronto,
and then sent down bv the lake to Montreal, and when all but
rotted out, they are again floated off by the St. Lawrence, to be
used in the thoroughfares of the old capital."

This is somewhat hard upon Quebec, but is highly flattering
to Toronto. But there is no rose without its accompanying
thorn; at this time another writer informs us that if the streets of
Toronto are better than those of other towns, the roads around
it are worse.

" I had the honor," he writes, "of meeting two distinguished

Se&

si.:-^^!;,

162

Toronto " Called Back''

members of Parliament at dinner some few miles out of town,
and returning back a short time after they had left the host's
house, was glad to be of use in picking them up from a ditch
into which their carriage had been upset."

The Death of Prince Albert.

On the 14th of Decen.ber, 1861, occurred the most mournful
event in the reign of Queen Victoria, the death of the good and
universally beloved Prince Consort, Prince Albert, a double
calaniity to the kingdom, since it also removed for a long period
from public life and public usefulness the affectionate and incon-
solable Queen.

Not Britain alone, but all Europe, an<l distant India and
America, felt this blow as the shock of an earthquake. In
every place of worship throughout the land, on that fatal Sun-
day morning, the congregations met in deep sorrow, and the tears
of multitudes were sheil in regret for the bitter los.s, and com-
passion for the heart-broken widow.

For even the distant homage due Her Majesty's high estate
was swallowed up in the sympathy of woman for woman. Nor
was she less revered as the mighty sovereign when recogni?;«d
by all as the weeping -widow, and true and earnest were the
prayers raised for Her Majesty and her fatherle.ss children.

England never saw King or Consort who so greatly won the
respect, the confidence and love of his people. Under his (juiet,
unassuming and profoundly judici(ms intiuence the kingdom
was blessed with prosperity and domestic tran(|uiiity, his chil-
dren were trained in the paths of virtue, honor and religion, and
the Royal Consort became not only an example to the country,
but to all Europe. The blessings conferred on society by the
good Prince Albert can never be forgotten, and po.sterity will
regard with reverence the name of a Prince who, though early
removed froui earth, left behind him the glory of a holy and
useful iife.

"Only tho actions of the ju.st
Smell 8V.'eet and blossom in tlie dust."

From iS^y to iSdy.

163

Bujring in Europe.

ITS PLEASURES AND KESI'ONSIIULITIES.

It has been said of a colelirated New York millionaire and
mercliant prince, that durin<^ his visits to Europe he would
never turn aside to witness any exhibition oi- display that had
not immediate connection with his own business; and yet it is a
question wliether, in the case of his own buyers who regularly
visited the markets, such a course would not have deprived
them of using one of the very best means of educating their
taste and ini aiming their judgment as to the results of the
skill and the beauty of the productions of those who contribute
to these exhibitions. Besides, all work and no play, in this as
in every other department of labor, is not good policy.

There may be a few to whom a sea \oyage is a pleasure, but
to most persons crossing the Atlantic becomes a weary and
monotonous duty, altogether apart from the dangers incurred.
Not a few of the buyers with whom the writer was acquainted
met with a watery grave. Wilson, of Toronto, Silver, of
Halifax, and Cameron, of Montreal, arc amongst the number.

The rule is, that the pleasure of the trip is confined to icrra
firma, and to combine business with a reasonable amount of
plea.sure is both desirable and profitable.

As one of the magnificent ocean steamers floats at anclior in
the Mer-ej', or the St. Lawrence, or her dock in New York, she
appears to tlu; beholder a "thing of beauty,'' and on going on
board, Iiow often the exclamation is heard from untried passen
gers and their fiiends when they enter the main saloon, and
gaze on the elegant carpets, luxurious sofas and arm chaii's,
mirrors, panels and gilding, tlie racks of .shining glasses, satin
(himask curtains, handsome piano, etc., " How beautiful every-
thing is, and how nice it must be to cro.ss the ocean in such a

Their adn)ii'ation increases as they view tlie steward's pantry
adjoining, with its glittering electro-plate and piles of earthen-
ware, all fitted in so as to weatJier every storm, with a place for
everything and everything in its place. Then tl>e houses on

^i (

ill

164

Toronto "Called Back."

■'

^*.

deck for butcher, baker, pastry cook, ice, vegetables and meat,
and the perfection of ranges in tlie cook's gallery, are all in-
spected with pleasure. The bedrooms are next visited, with
the pui-est of bed linen, toilet utensils, mai'ble basins, damask
curtains, electric bells, and so on to the engine room, and from
stem to stern, the size of a pin's head of anything cannot be
found out of place; all that f-»-t and skill, combined with wealth>
can do to make a voyage 'asant and comfortable has been
done.

And now the hour of sailing has arrived, and under a full
head of steam the noble vessel moves out seaward, a thing of
life as well as a thing of beauty. If sailing from New York,
the decks are crowded with passengers as they pass Staten
Island and view the charming villas and merchants' mansions
so thickl}'- studded all over that beautiful .suburlj. Soon outside
of Sandy Hook, now for the first time the heavy swell and roll
of the Atlantic is felt, and presently the scene changes. The
indefatigable stewards are already at work. The elegant crim-
son silk-embroidered table-covers give place to the plain "Tur-
key red," and the satin damask to worsted. The linen covers
are soon doing duty on sofas, where wet boots would prove fatal
to rich plush covering, and the ominous guards are attached to
the dining-tables, something which all sea-goers understand.

A certain lady writer has said that in naming the Cunard
steamers in some of which she ci'ossed, while there was a Persia,
OaUia, Etruria, etc., it was a wonder that none had been
named the Nausea ; and Dickens said that on his first trip to
vVmerica he counted twenty di.stinct smells ; but that was long
before the late improvements in ventilation and other matters,
and must have included the smell of beautiful flowers in the
saloon, and the fragrant odors of the cuisine ; and yet there is
something on board every ship to justify the lady's remark as
to the feelings that are experienced when once on the " rolling
foaming billows." At the worst, at the present time, the voyage
is short, and enjoyed greatly by most after the first dcsagre-
ments are over, and England is soon reached.

The buyers who go to Europe from Toronto are chiefly

From iSs'j to iSdy.

165

confined to the dry goods and millinery trades ; while a few
visit the markets for fancy goods and toys, a few more for
china and earthenware, and one or two for jewelry, watches
and watch materials ; in these branches of busiuv^ss a visit
twice a year, or once at least, is indispensable ; and while a good
share of pleasure may be enjoyed, in the variety of scene, the
attentions of business men, and the delightful sco/iery through
which the journeys lie, yet the responsibility is very great.

In the dr}' goods and millinery trades especially, the buj^er
is thrown very uuich on his resources as to whether he shall
risk the novelties which are constantly coming forward, and
then as to the (|uantity that would be safe. This applies, of
course, to fancy goods, while as to gofid ; of a staple character
he must be wide awake as to price, which is the main point.

The responsibility is enhanced where one buyer has to select
every class of goods ; but even where the ground to be gone
over only includes the goods foro'ie large department, a buyer
must not only possess judgment and taste, but have a (]uick
perception of the value and suitability of the goods. Prompt-
ness of decision is absolutely necessary, as Ins time is valuable
and limited.

Every buyer of dry goods must make Manchester one of his
principal points; here, in the very heart of the cotton trade of the
world his contracts must be made for printed and plain cotton
goods, and many classes of dress goods and small wares. If he
lias time to ffo throuirh the various mills and manufactories, he
cannot fail to be instructed and interested ; and as every experi-
enced buyer has his eyes and ears open, he will gain information
of great practical value.

The print trade must be regarded as one of the greatest
importance, and the perfection to which these goods have been
brought during the present century is one of the greatest
triumphs of art and science, whether regarded as to the finish
and style, or their marvellous cheapness.

As late as 1860, in the very district where calico printing is
now carried on so extensively. Squire Raven owned the parish of
llavensborne, a fine estate in the most rural part of Lancashire.

1 66

Toronto " Called Back.''

In this parisli he ruled supreme. By his orders, in the Squire's
servants' pew on Sundays was ranged a row of serving-maids
in the old Lancashire costume — a calico jacket, a Lancashire
bed-gown, and a striped linsey-woolsey petticoat — a very
pretty costume, no doubt, and formerly a costly one, for the old-
fashioned chintz, in the good old days of Queen Charlotte,
would have cost five shillings instead of tive pence a yard. If
the Squire's ukase had been as powerful in Parliament as in his
own parish, the long line of manufacturing towns and villages
which, beginning at the green oasis of said Squiredom,
stretches into Yorkshire, and gives employment to millions of
operatives, might be still in the future.

The cheapness of machinery has swept away a crowd of
prejudices and flooded us with comforts and luxuries unknown
to past generations. The reference to Lancashire takes the
writer back to his former residence at Bran^llesholme Hall, near
Bury, just nine miles from Manchester.

From my hall door one could look out on a forest of factory
chimneys, extending for miles in every direction. Yonder is the
old seat of the Peel family, in which the late Sir Robert Peel
was box-n, and here the calico printing, from the hand block
work to the copper cylinder productions, has been carried on
from its commencement. Just behind is the Peel monument on
Holcomb Hill ; on the other side is the Grant monument, erected
in honor of the family of that name who, coming here from
Scotland, by wonderful skill and indu.stry in this trade, accumu-
lated an immense fortune.

Away in the distance is Bolton, where, amongst a wilderness
of factories, only one can be named — the firm of Barlov/ &
Jone.s, who have supplied the world with quilts and counter-
panes, all made and bleached in their own works. A Uttle
nearer is Ratclift'e, where the firm of R. Bealey & Co. divide
some of the business with Barlow & Jones ; and a buyer from
Canada, and especially from Toronto, will be sure of a cordial
welcome to the beautiful mansion, and grounds and conserva-
tories cf Mr. Bealey, as the writer can abundantly testify from
happ)^ hours spent in that delightful home.

From iS^y to iSS-j.

167

The same may be said of the cotton .spinning- works of Mrs. I
Robinson Kay, at Sunnnerseat, the town being entirely occupied
by the employees of the firm, some 5,000 finding employment
and the kindest treatment.

Jii the Weslej-an Church a tablet to the memory of the
late Rev. J. P. Hetherington, a most intimate friend of the
family, is placed in the chancel, and in the adjoining yard is
.seen the tomb beneath which he is buried. This church is the
free gift of the firm for the use of the work people, who with
the family are the sole worshippers.

Walmersly House, the family residence, is a fine specimen of
the princely mansions of these manufacturers ; the furniture
and decorations inside corresponding with the beauty and
magnificence of the surroundings. Here has ever been found
the most unbounded hospitality without ostentation, and finest
style without a particle of attectation ; and here delightful
evenings were spent, which are plea.sant to the memory of the
writer.

Five miles on the other side is Rochdale, where the river
Roche, after the water has been used in various ways, carries
ott'the ott-scourings of hundreds of factories, including those of
Mr. John Bright and othiis, in the fiannel and drugget trade.

Yonder are the paper works of Messrs. Wrigley & Co., who
supply the Loixlon Times, and pay to the excise about £80,000
sterling a year.

All around are the works of the Rylands, Bannermans^
Henrys, Westhead.s, Phillips's, Barboui's, Hoylos, Ashtons
Watts', etc. The sight at night, when the factories are lighted
up, forms a fairy scene which is (juite indescribable. The
thousands of windows, as far as the eye can reach, illuminated,
which, with the hum of machiiiery on all hands, .show the enter
prise of the capitalists (nearly all self-made men) who control
this trade and give employment to such vast masses of people.

From Bur}' to Mar Chester trains can be had about every ten
minutes, by a choice of ihree lines of railway, besides omnibuses,
from the top of which a splendid \ iew may be obtained, antl a
delightful ride on one ov the finest roads in the world.

1 68

Toronto " Ca ted Back''

The nephew of the writer, Mr. J. C. Kay, proprietor of one
of the oldest and most extensive foundries and engine woi-k.s
in Lancashire, will introduce any Canadian buyer who may
call to any of those large manufactories, which will well repay
a visit. His residence is Heaton Grove, and the works are on
Bolton Street, Bury.

It will be evident from the advantage of being in the centre
of this district, that a house with large capital and being in a
position to place orders of from 50,000 to 100,000 pieces of
prints, can always get bottom prices, besides being able to avail
themselves of opportunities of a depression to get even below
the cost of production.

The Tuesday meetings of the Lancasliire manufacturers in
the Exchange in Manchester is a sight which, once witnessed, is
not soon forgotten. The hum of thousands of voices by which,
without any visible signs in the way of goods or samples, and
in the quietest manner, yarns and goods to the value of
millions of pounds sterling change hands, is something mar-
vellous. East Indian, Turkish, Oreek, Australian, Canadian, and
other resident merchants contract for goods for their different
markets, while the spinner contracts with the weaver, and the
weaver with the finisher or printer; the cotton is bought on the
spot by telegraph to Liverpool for cash. The merchant or man-
ufacturer in this way can calculate to a penny what his profit
will be, and sometimes as many as 500,000 or 750,000 pieces of
one line of shirtings, for Calcutta, are bought and sold m a few
minutes.

A transaction was mentioned to the writer, in Manchester, in
which such a lot of goods was sold in Calcutta in the morning
and repeated four times in twenty-four hours by telegraph. A
large portion of the trade of Canada in this class of goods has
been lost to England through the competition with Canadian
and American manufacturers, who produce on the whole a purer
article.

One of the most interesting branches of manufacture in
Manchester is the cotton velvet trade. The perfection to which
cotton velvets and velveteens have been brought within the

From iS^y to iS6y.

169

last few years would in itself require a separate paper to ex-
plain.

Rivallin<f in lustre the very finest productions of silk velvets
from Crefelt and Lyons, they possess a brilliancy and finish
that fit them for the use of royalty itself; and yet, wonderful
as it may seem, these <jfoods >,h"n taken from the looms in
Lancashire are simply fustians, such as are worn by brick-
layers and ..tlier aitizans at their daily work ; very few would
suppose that the process of turnini,' these fustians into velvets is
accomplished by boys and girls, thoiisamls of whom are em-
ployed in that trade. The cloth is stretched on frames, and
these boys and girls, with sharp-pointed knives, cut every
thread so as to form the " pile " on the face, (this being done on
the silk velvets by the threads being cut each time the shuttle
passes through, but it is hand- work in the cotton trade,) and
afterwanls comes the singeing, dyeing and finishing, which
brings them to a state of perfection that is trulj- wonderful.

Passing from the cotton to the linen manufactures, we remaik
that while Russia, Scotland, and England are large producers,
we must go to the great centre of the fiax-growing districts in
the north of Ireland for the chief supplies. Not only Cana<la
and the United States, but almost every country in the world,
here find goods of every grade to suit their wants. Wherever
you travel, l»y land or sea, alike in the cottage of the peasant
and the palace of royalty, every table is fm-nished with the
productions of the thrifty and enterprising linen bleachers and
manufacturers of Ulster.

From the rough brown diaper to the finest bleached satin
damask, all can be procured in this market. The navy and
mercantile marine, and also raihvay companies of almost every
nation, here place their orders for table linen and towels, and
orilers are taken for every design, whether Royal Arms, crests,
monograms, names of vessels, or anything that may be required.
These are woven into the fal)ric with exquisite skill. Cambric
handkerchiefs in millions are here produced at prices low
enough for the school-child, and others so fine that a microscope
would be necessary to count the threads ; and lastly, the
12

f!;

170

Toronto " Called Back.''

threads (chiefly made in Gilford), as fine as a lady's hair, are
produced b}' the perfection of machinery.

The buyer who visits this district in the season is delighted
with the beauty of the plant from which all these fabrics are
produced. The delicate blue flowers, as beautiful as the " fox'get-
me-not," waving in millions in the breeze, as far as the eye can
reach, is a lovely sight.

The view of immense tracts of country covered with the
linen during the bleaching process has been partially changed
by the introduction of chemicals.

Leaving the linen district proper, the buyer of shirts and
collars, previous to the changes in the luifi's both of CaJiada
and the United States, would visit Londond'^rry, where thous-
ands of operatives are employed in this trade, although the goods
manufactured there are sent to Glasgow to be finished and
boxed. The trade in these goods has almost entirely dropped,
nearly all the goods of this class being now made in Canada
and the United States for home consumption.

To complete purchases in heavy linen goods, a buyer will go
on to Gla.sgow. visiting Dundee, Dunfermline and other places,
and will place his orders for white and printed muslins, winceys,
handkerchiefs, shawls, and many classes of dress goods.

For Scotch tweeds, the neighborhoods of Hawick and Ban-
nockburn will be visited.

Returning to England, the woollen districts of Yorkshire, in-
cluding Leeds, Huddersfield, Bradford, Halifax, Heckmondwike,
will be ransacked for cloths, blankets, and upholstery goods ;
and for cai'pets, Kidderminster and other places.

Nottingham and Leicester will be visited for lace goods and
hosiery, and the buyer of millinery will take in Luton and
Dunstable for straw goods.

Crossing over to the Continent, he will visit Lyons for velvets
and silks, Grenoble for gloves, St. Etienne for ribbons, and in
P;iiis he will .select fine dress goods, and a vai'iety of fancy
articles of rare beauty and fine workmanship. Here he can
select from a stock of fans, from 1 to 3,000 francs each.

The luxury of buying can only be experienced in Paris,

From i8^y to 1S6'].

171

especially if the goods be artificial fiowers. In an elegantly
furnislied room, on a luxurious sofa, the buyer will be waited on
by ladies of refinement and taste, who with charming grace
submit their samples of flowers for his selection. These are
imitations of every natural flower, with many of a purely fancy
character, either mounted or unmounted, and of extjuisite work-
manship. When the order is given and goods made, they
are packed in cartoons got up in the well-known .style of
perfection.

Then visiting Switzerland, he will buy his embroideries in
St. Gall, and silks in Zurich.

In Gerniany there are Chemnit for tine hosiery, Crefelt for
velvets, and Berlin for fancy wool goods.

In London he will complete his purchases, as here, in the
great market of the world, he will find every manufacture
represented, whether British or foreign.

It will be admitted that the position of a buyer for Toronto
is no sinecure, and few r^ luire such a combination of qualifica-
tions. To be a successful buyer, taste, judgment, tact, promptness
of decision, and self-reliance are all necessary ; and while there
are many pleasures connected with the travels of a regular
buyer, there is much responsibility.

In London, buyers are paid from £500 to £5,000 sterling ?.
year, according to their experience, £1,000 being a common
.salary. Buyers from Toronto for fancy goods, watch materials.
«lectro-plate, toys, and such goods, do not go over as much
ground as dry goods and millinery buyers, yet have to visit
France, Switzerland and Germany, as well as London, Birming-
ham, Sheffield, and other places in England.

The grocery and hardware trades do not necessitate a regular
system of visiting their sources of supply, the bulk of these
trades being done by samples or through agents.

The Fenian Raid.
In IV^arch, 1866, the Fenians had formed an elaborate military

-11 ^

plan for the capture of Canada, including the seizure of the
<jrrand Trunk Railway by Sweeny, with oO,000 men. A mass-

172

Toronto " Called Back''

meeting, attended by 100,000 persons, was held at Jones's
Wood, New York, and drilling went on openly all over the
Northern States.

The most vigorous efforts were made to repel any invasion.
Bodies ot" volunteers were despatched to the principal points
along the frontier.

Bishop Lynch issued a circular denouncing Fenianism, and
calling upon the people to repel the threatened invasion. A
meeting of the St. Patrick's Society was held and FenianLsni
denounced. A Defence Committee was formed for the protection
of the city, and liberal subscriptions were given amid great
enthusiasm, the late Mr. William Cawthra heading the list
with ^^1,000.

At this time the Canadian forces consisted of 10,000 regular
troops ; 11,000 volunteers on frontier service ; 1 5,000 volunteers
ready for immediate .service, and (S0,000 uiilitia balloted for
and ready to be called out.

The excitement subsequently siibsided for a time, till, on the
night of the 29th of May, the demented creatures made a dasli
acro.ss the Niagara River from Buffalo, under Colonel O'Neill,
and captured Fort Erie. The number was variously estimated
at from .500 to 2000.

When the news reached Toronto the greatest excitement pre-
vailed, as it was supposed by getting a foothold large reinforce-
ments would soon follow, and that they would probably reach
Toronto before their progress could be checked. The moment
the news was received by the Government, troops, both regu-
lar and militia, were despatched as rapidly as po.ssible from
Toronto.

Two columns of troops were directed by different routes to
Fort Erie; one — consisting principally of regulars, with a battery
of field artillery, amounting to about 1,500 men, under the
command of Colonel Peacock, 16th Regiment — proceeded by
way of Niagara Falls and Chippewa; the other — composed
altogether of militia, about 500 in number, under the command
of Colonel Dennis — went by the Welland Railway through Port
Col borne.

From iS^-j to iS6j.

173

The Fenians remained in possession of Fort Erie till the
inorninfj of the 2nd of June, when they advanced towards Port
Colhorne. Colonel Booker, on whom the coiinnand of the
militia <levolved, found them stronudy posted at Ridgeway.
He immediately attacked them, at Hrst with success, l)ut tind-
iiifr himself opposed to superior numbers and his ammunition
failinj^, he returned towards Poi't Colborne with a loss of
six killed and forty wounded ; tlie enemy sufieriny; about
equally.

Colonel Peacock did not reach Fort Ei-ie till after ni<,dit, when
the Fenians re-eud)arked, leavini,' a few of their wounded and
a few stragglers, in all about sixty men, in tlie hands of the
Canadians.

The brunt of the battle fell upon the Queen's Own Ritles,
five of whom were killed. The}' were so placed as to be with-
out support, and behaved with the utmost gallantr}'. The
bodies were removed to Toronto, and were displayed in the
drill shed for several hours on a platform draped with black.
The cotRn of Ensign McEachran occupied the middle and
front position, covered with the Union Jack ; that of Corporal
Defries was placed on the right, and that of Private Anderson
on the left. The coffins of Privates Alderson and Tempc'st were
placed behind and above, covered with flags. The procession
from the drill shed to St. James' Cemetery was led by the band
of the 47th Regiment. The Mayor and Corporation, with an
immense concourse of citizens, accompanied the funeral. The
burial .service was read by the Rev. J. H. Gras.sett. Several
other members of the Queen's Own died from the etiects of
wounds and exposure, amongst whom were Mewburn, Mathe-
son, Leckie and McKenzie.

A handsome monument in the Queen's Park conimemorates
their bravery.

To prevent further attempts nine steamers on the lakes were
temporarily turned into gunboats, and 20,000 troops stationed
at different points along the frontier.

Colonel O'Neill, and other ringleaders, including a Protestant
and Roman Catholic chaplain, were tried, and the writer was

IMAGE EVALUATION
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Hiotographic

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23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

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174

Toronto " Called Back.''

i '

present when the Colonel was sentenced to be hung. The
sentence was not carried out, however, having been commuted
to imprisonment in the Penitentiary ; and so ended the great
invasion.

Decimal Currency and American Silver.

During this period the Halifax Currency was abolished and
the Decimal S3^stem introduced ; at the same time all accounts
in banks and warehouses were changed from pounds, shillings
and pence to dollars and cents, thereby assimilating the whole
system to that of the United States, p;etting rid of the
confusion with sterling money and facilitating exchanges
generally.

During, and subsequent to the American War, American
currency became depreciated, and the premium on gold rose to
a corresponding degree, at last reaching to 250 premium. The
efiect of this fluctuation was to drive the silver and gold in the
United States out of circulation, leaving it in the hands of
brokers and speculators, and specie became an article only to be
bought and sold in the Gold Room in New York, where scenes
of intense excitement might be witnessed every day. The
effect of this was to send it over to Canada in large quantities,
where it passed freely in the purchase of cattle and produce, as
well as of every kind of merchandise, at a discount of from
four to five per cent. The " nuisance " commenced when the
banks refused to take it, and the greatest inconvenience was
experienced by merchants, when making deposits or paying
duties at the Custom House, and messengers were running
round the cit}* every day to get it changed into bankable funds.
At the same time the want of a Canadian silver and copper
currency was sorely felt. At this juncture the Hon. Francis
Hincks, Minister of Finance, undertook to grapple with the
difficulty, his first act being to issue twenty-five-cent paper
" shin-plasters," and afterwards to get an Act passed for the
issue of a silver and copper coinage, which was shortly after-
wards shipped to Canada from the Royal mint. At the same
time Ml-. Kincks undertook, through the agency of Mr. Weir,

From 1 8^" to i86y.

175

of Montreal, to buy up all the American silver in Canada and
ship it back to the United States. The value of the same
was reduced by the Government, and every precaution taken
to prevent its re-importation. This put an end to what was
long known as the "silver nuisance."

This decennial period was not marked by any extraordinary
progress, being more a time of recuperation of resources than
of actual advancement.

The importations at the end of 1866 were a little less than
they had been ten years previously, amounting to S6,840,679 ;
the cit}' expenditure was !J322,892, compared with $299,848 in
IS56 ; retrenchment and econoni}^ had been judiciously exer-
cised and the future made all the brighter in conse(|Ucnce.

The opening of the Street Railway by Mr. Easton in 1861,
from Yorkville to the St. Lawrence Market, was hailed with
great delight, and a good deal of excitement took place when
the first car arrived at the corner of King and Yonge Streets.
The undertaking, not proving pi'ohtablc, was afterv irds handed
over to Mr. J. G. Bowes, who was the owner up to the time of
his death.

One or two locomotive engines had been built by Mr. James
Good at his works on Queen Street, from whence they were
taken down Yonge Street tc the Northern Railway track with
(juite a display of pride on the part of the citizens generally.

Between 1860 and 1869 Toronto was visited by three Princes
be'ndes H. R. H. the Prince of Wales. After him came Prince
Alfred, as midshipman in the Royal Navy ; leaving his ship at
Halifax he paid Toronto an informal visit, and was received
with every demonstration suitable to the occasion. As Duke
of Edinburgh he has since sailed round the world.

Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, arrived in Toronto in
1869, and won all hearts by his princely demeanor. Of more
commanding presence than either of his brothers, his appearance
created great enthusiasm. He appeared in a public procession
and was loudly cheered. The Prince planted a tree in the Hor-
ticultural Gardens as a memento of his visit. The Grand Duke
Alexis, of Russia, also paid Toronto a visit and was well received.

176

Toronto " Called Back!'

The increase of manufactures since I806 was not very re-
markable, and consisted of chemicals, brushes, confectionery,
engines and boilers, pumps, scales, vinegar, trunks and saddlery,
stnined glass, carriages, refrigerators, and brass work, all of
which gave emploj-ment to numbers of operatives, and con-
tributed to the growth and prosperity of the city. -

Notwithstanding the financial crisis and consequent depres-
sion experienced in Toronto during this period, improvements
went on. Churches, banks, several benevolent institutions and
private residences sprang into existence. The city continued
to extend in evt-ry direction, and the population continued to
increase. The Esplanade had been built, forming a continuous
street, which proved a great convenience in reaching the wharves
to which access previously' could only be had by coming up
from one wharl' to Front Street and down to another, and the
receiving and shipping ol' goods were greatly facilitated.

TOKOKTO FROM 1807 TO 187T.

Confederation.

When the clock struck mi<l night on the .SOth of June, 18G7,
the joy bells of St. James' Cathedral rang out ; it was the 1st
of July, the birthdaj^ of the new Dominion. Confederation
was accomplished and Toronto was once more a capital. The
capital only of a Province, it is true, but that Province the
wealthiest, the most enterprising, and the most populous in the
Union. The day was observed by the greatest rejoicings in
the city. What with bonfires, fireworks and illuminations,
excursions, military displays and musical and other entertain-
ments, the citizens and the thousands of strangers who crowded
the streets did not want for amusement. Since the visit of the
Prince of Wales no such day had been witnessed in Toronto.

To celebrate the event a bancjuet was given in the Music
Hall, over the present Public Library room, at which the Hon.
John A. MacJonald and Hon. George Brown were the principal
guests, as having united for the accomplishnient of this grand
and crowning work. Their mutual interchange of compliments
on the occasion, when each spoke of the other as respectivelj'
the greatest statesman and patriot Canada had ever produced,
was a striking feature on this memorable and festive occasion.

Paris Universal Exposition, 1867.

From December 1866 to January 1868, the writer crossed the
Atlantic six times, keeping up a constant correspondence with
Toronto, as far as circumstances would permit, a large portion
of the time being spent on the water.

178

Toronto " Called Back.

While Toronto was recovering from the reaction caused by
the cessation^^of the American war, with the consequent loss of
demand for Canadian products, and the alarm of further
Fenian invasions was subsiding, important events were trans-
piring in'Europe, some of which are memorable as matters of
history.

The most remarkable trial of modern times, that of the
Tichborne claimant, was going on in the Westminster Hall,
London. London and Paris were visited by the Sultan of
Turkey and the Viceroy of Egypt. The splendid Exhibition
in Paris was the great centre of attraction for visitors from all
parts of the world, amongst whom were numbers from Canada,
and many from Toronto.

The building of the Paris Universal Exposition of 1867 was
erected in the Champ de Mars. The palace consisted of eight
elliptical galleries, intersected by sixteen transversal avenues,
each about five hundred feet long, and all radiating from a
central garden. These a' enues were described as streets,
named after the various countries whose particular section of
the palace they abutted on.

There were the Rue d'Alsace, Rue de Normandie, Rue de
Flandres, Rue de France, Rue de Lorraine, Rue de Provence,
Rue de Belgrave, Rue de Russia, Rue d'Afrique, Rue de
Prusse, Rue d'Austriche, Rue de Swisse, Rue des Indes, Rue
d'Angleterre, Rue des Etats Unis, Rue de Canada, and the
Grand Vestibule.

The palace had sixteen difterent entrances. The Exhibition
Park filled the whole of the Champ de Mars from the Point de
Jena to the Ecole Militaire, and was covered with buildings
erected by all nations, representing the exact mode of life in
each country, both as to the style of the interior and the
costumes of the inhabitants. ^ :

The Russian stables and post-house were elegant looking
buildings. Tlie marble steps that led to the elegant orna-
mented polished steel doorway, were beautifully engraved and
inlaid. The majolica balustrades were remarkably handsome.
The stables contained stalls for twenty horses, which were led

V i

From 1 86 J to iSyy.

179

every day by a Russian groom in tlie Czar's livery, and put
through their paces. The Emperor's Pavilion was furnished
and decorated in gorgeous style, and was an object of great
attraction.

There was the Palace of the Bey of Tunis, the Prussian
Garden and Pavilion, Egyptian Okel, and model of the Cata-
combs of Rome, model of the house of Gustavus Vasa, in the
Swedish quarters, Turkish Mosque and Palace of the Pacha of
Egypt, the Egyptian department with costumes and figures,
the establishment of the Bey of Tunis, and the English Cottage
and Terra Cotta Boiler-house. "Jhe outer of the seven con-
centric ovals, in the vast range of buildings, about one mile in
circumference, was entirely taken up with restaurants ot
every nation in the world, where the attendants, in native
costumes, served their own countrymen and others with re-
freshments to which they had been accustomed in their own
country ; and in addition, there were the magnificent Spanish,
Swedish, Austrian, Turkish, Japanese and Chinese cafes in
the Park.

No attempt is made to describe the wonders of the exhibits ;
one article only can be mentioned from amongst the long line
of cases of Lyons silks, which were purchased by Grant &
Gask of London — a silk dress, richly embroidered, was sold by
that firm at their grand display after the Exhibition was over
for £1100 sterling. This particular dress the writer saw, and
was credibly informed of the price at which it was sold when
in London.

The Sunday before leaving Paris on this trip was spent with
several Canadians, amongst whom was Mr. Richard Brown, of
Brown Bros., of this city. Having met at the Wesleyan Chapel
in the Rue Roquepine, a visit was paid to the celebrated
cemetery of Pere La Chaise, where repose the ashes ot kings,
queens, emperors, statesmen, poets, philosophers, musician.s,
painters, and all ranks of Pari-sians, down to the humble work-
man ; and here crowds of people resort on Sundays to decorate
the tombs. In the evening the sight of the Champs Elysees, at
ten o'clock, being still daylight, was such as even Paris herself

,"f(TWIi

1 80

Toronto " Called Backy

t*;

has never witnessed before or since. The climax of splendor
liad been reached. From the Place de la Concorde to the Arch
of Triumph was one stream of carriages, while on both sides
the various exhibitions were in full blast.

The following Thursday, the llth of July, may be regarded
as the turning point in the history of Napoleon III. He had
seen Paris arise under his direction, as with a magician's wand,
to a point of unparalleled grandeur. Mile after mile of magni-
ficent new boulevards had sprung into existence. The Exhibi-
tion had eclipsed all those which preceded. Paris had been
visited by kings and emperors, and on the day named a grand
review of the troops took place in the presence of Abdul
Aziz, then the Sultan of Turkey ; Ismael Pacha, G.C.B., Viceroy
of Egypt, being there the same week. : ■; ; ;

This was the last peaceful military display ever witnessed
by the Emperor. Not very long after the Franco-Prussian
war broke out, terminating in the surrender at Sedan. " HIq
transit gloria maudi."

The same day the writer left Paris for London, accompanied
by Mr. Richard Brown and the late J. H. Mead, who, being
an excellent Frencli scholar, as well as a gentleman of very
general information, made a very agreeable fellow-traveller.

As an incident of the Exhibition, the writer had an oppor-
tunity of seeing the Empress Eugenie in one of the picture
galleries, where from the peculiar shape of the building
allowing no long views, the Roj'al party had the advantage of
a quiet inspection. The Empress had become quite matronly
in appearance since 1855, but still retained marks of beauty
which were very attractive. ; -;>

Fenianism in Manchester.

While residing in Manchestei', in 18G7, the trial and execu-
tion of Allen, Larkin and O'Brien, for the murder of Policeman
Brett, took place.

Two Fenian head centres, Kelly and Deasy — who were styled
Colonel Kelly and Captain Deasy, officers of the Fenian Army —

From 186-] to iSjy

l8£

having been arrested, were put in irons and locked in the police
van with a number of other prisoners.

The van proceeded over Ardwick Green, and along Hyde
Road, a fine open street nearly a mile in length, toward the
prison. It was drawn by two horses and was guarded behind
by seven policemen, with Brett inside the tloor, while each
prisoner was locked in a separate compartment.
• The van had proceeded about half up the road, when, \\\
passing under the viaduct of the London and North-Western
Railway, a volley of shots was tired at both horses and
men. The policemen dropped from the van and spread them-
selves out wide. There was a rush of thirty or forty men
(said to be Irish) upon the police and the van. One had a
hatchet, another a hammer, and a third a bayonet, with which
they set to work to break open the van ; one man took a
revolver and fired it into the lock. At last several men, with
large stones, broke thi'ough the top of the van and the panels
of the door behind, and set all the prisoners, including the
Fenians, at liberty. The policemen collected in a body to pre-
vent the prifHoners from being liberated, and Brett refusing to
give up the key, several revolvers were discharged. Sergeant
Brett was shot over one of his eyes and died shortly afterwards.
It was proved that Allen fired the fatal shot.

The trial which followed was one of the most remarkable in
history. The Fenians threatened to burn up the city, and the
greatest excitement prevailed.

Troops, including dragoons, hussars, and infantry, amongst
which were the 42nd Highlanders, with artillery, ]>oured into
Manchester, while policemen from the surrounding towns were
ordered into service. The splendid new assize courts, where the
trial was held, was guarded by immense bodies of police, who
were heavily taxed to keep back the crowds.

After every day's trial the police van was escorted to the
prison by a strong body of military marching before, behind,
and on each side, the whole width of the streets, while police-
men stood on the van with loaded revolvers to meet every or
any attack that might be attempted.

^?"i

182

Toronto " Called Back."

After the fullest and fairest trial Allen, Larkin, and O'Brien
were found f^uilty and sentenced to be hung.

The writer — usin<f his unfailinjj talisman to gain admission
to every place of interest after working on the feelings of a
policeman for nearly two hours, and speaking of Canada and
America — succeeded in getting admittance to the Court Room,
and was present when the death sentence was passed.

Larkin, amid the shrieks of some of the female relatives of
the prisoners, jumped up in the dock and shouted " God save
Ireland ! "

The morning of the execution of these three men was so
foggy that those on the opposite side of the street could not see
the terrible spectacle. The streets around the Old Bailey at
Salford, where they were hung, were barricaded with immense
beams of timber, and all traffic was suspended till all was over.

The judges at the trial were Justices Blackburn and Mellor.
For the prosecution, Sir J. B. Karslake, Attorney-General, and
Mr. Hinman ; for the defence Mr. Digby Seymour, Q.C., Mr,
Sergeant O'Brien, Mr. Cottingham and Mr. Ernest Jones.

Assassination of Thomas D'Arcy McGee, M.P.

Having, when a young man of twenty-three, been one of the
accomplices of the Smith-O'Brien rebellion in 1848, Mr. McGee
escaped in the guise of a priest to America, and when the am-
nesty was granted became a loyal citizen of Canada ; and at
the time of his assassination represented Montreal "West in the
House of Commons. He was a man of high personal character,
and of remarkable talents and accomplishments.

Mr. D'Arcy McGee was most earnestly opposed to the
Fenian Conspiracy, and by speech and writing warned his
countrymen against it.

On the night of April 7th, after an eloquent speech in the
House of Commons in favor of loyalty and unity, he was
shot dead from behind, at the door of his lodgings. The agent
of the bloody deed was James Whelan. The murder was
planned by forty Fenians in Montreal, among whom lots were

Froui 1 86 J to iSyj.

183

cast as to who should execute the deerl, and the lot fell upo)i
Whelan. He was hanged on the llth of February, IHdl).
Sir John Younpf was sworn in as Governor-General on the
2nd of February.

"iR^

TarifiFs of England, United States and Canada from

1869 to 1876.

Havini^ retired from the direct iniportin*,' trade in LSO!),
the writer accepted the agency of the firm of Potters & Martin
(Limited), of Manchester, England, for the United States an<l
Canada. This firm had been established nearly a century before,
the head at one time being Sir John Potter, under the style of
Potters & Norris, and subsequently of Potters k- Taylor ; the
present Mr. Thomas Bailey Potter, M.P., continuing the busi-
ness till the introduction of Mr. Martin as partner, is well known
as the friend of Mr. Cobden and Mr. John Bright, and is still the
chairman of the Cobden Club, and a representative free trader.

Having been a buyer of American goods for many years, I
had a good knowledge of the leading lines of their domestic
manufactures, which up to a comparatively recent period had
been limited in both number and extent ; and having engaged
three traveller., to look after the Canadian business, I undertook
to do all the American trade myself, and with this view got up
an immense line of .samples weighing some five hundred pounds,
and comprising a full assortment of British dry goods, besides
everything in French and German goods for which an order
was likely to be obtained. During six years of this busine.ss I
had the best opportunity of seeing the operation of the tarifts
of the three countries. Every invoice passed through my hands,
and all the correspondence, extending from Halifax to Winnipeg,
and Baltimore to St. Louis, was carried on by myself directly,
while the ground gone over twice a year was about o,000 miles
each journey.

The amount of business done in the States may be judged
from the .sales of the year 187o, representing in American
money about $800,000. That amount was done from a very
few lines of the samples carried, and if a fair proportion of the

1 84

Toronto '' Called Back!'

if;

ill!

fi 11

■%■

<joorl.s prcvioush' imported from England liad boon ordered the
amount could liave reached the millions. But the rapitl growth
of their manufactures from season to season, under the high
tariti" gradually excluded line after line, and instead of having
six hundred pounds of samples, one hundred pounds would be
amply sufficient to represent all the goods there was any chance
of selling, and by the end of 187() the United States were
independent of the world for all necessary goods; those
which might V)e called luxuries only being re<iuir'j(l for their
wants.

The firm which I represented did not seem to appreciate the
real position of aftairs, and in the face of these facts would
supply me wath lists of members of the Cobden Free Trade
Club, amongst whom were a few American names, including
that of Rev. Henry Ward Beecher.

To circulate literature of that kind amongst my clients
would have been as ineffectual as the efforts of Free Traders in
188'), described by the Philadelphia Fvce Presi^, which says: —
'' The Free Traders are preparing to smash the tariff' again.
The performance will resemble the efforts of an over-ripe
tomato to smash a stone fence."

Tn taking oi-ders, it was necessary to take the American
tariff constantly as a vade tnecum. This required constant
study, with its endless distinctions in specific and ad valorem-
rates, and both combined. It was evident that no branch
of industry had been overlooketl, and that every manu-
facturer, small and large, had been at Washington and had
a clause inserted for his own benefit, and so the manufac-
tures spread and grew with amazing rapidity. The average
rate on our goods was about 60 per cent, ad valorem, and this
was always payable in gold, the premium en which, during this
period, averaged nearly 20 per cent. To illustrate the actual
cost of foreign goods to the importer, it may be stated, that at
the highest rate of duty paid this year (1886) in Canada, goods
can be laid down at about 65 per cent, advance on the sterling
cost, or 3^ cents to the penny.

The simplest way the leading importers in the States used to „

From iS6j to iS-jj.

185

arrive; at the probaV)lo cost of <yo(xl.s, in givini^ their orders, wis
the hitter calculation of so many cents to the penny. A^
nothing in dry goods paid less than ^^'^ per cent, ad lulorcin, no
goods could he laid down at less than 4 cents, while most cost
4A to .') cents. The effect of this high rate of duty was to hring
some British manufaccurers to establish their works in the States.
Messrs. Coats and C'lark, the great thread manufacturers,
finding the difference in duty between threa«l in hanks and on
sp(v)ls to be so great (on tb.e latter the duty, l)eing specific,
reached to an average of 72 per cent, ail valorem), opeiuid large
e.stal)lishments in New Jersev, where now their thread is all
spooled, giving employment to hundreds of operatives, and by
so much depriving Paisley of the payment of these people's
wages, and all the corresponding advantages. All this time
American goods were being shipped to England free of duty,
and the climax was reached when, on my last tiip, I was asked
to take samples of American cottons, these being largely sold
close by the warehouse in Manchester, and otter them for sale
in Canada (I) while not a yard of similar goods made in Eng-
land was sold in the whole of the United States. This pro-
posal I at once begged to decline ; it would have been too
humiliating. The goods referred to, admitted free into Eng-
land, were liable at the time in the States to a duty of five
cents a square yard, and ten per cent, ad valorera. This did
not appear to me to be in any sense " fair trade " the opinions
of the great Manchester manufacturers to the contrary notwith-
standing. About the same time the firm of Randall, Farr & Co.,
of Hespeler, Ontario, who were extensively engaged in the
manufacture of Alpaca cloths, not being able to compete with
British goods, removed their whole machinery to Mas.sachusetts,
and never returned.

Metropolitan Church,

During the residence of Rev. Dr. Punshon in Toronto, the

congregation worshipping in the old Adelaide Street Church,

corner of Toronto Street, feeling the necessity of increased

accommodation, as well as of having a building of more modern

1 86

Toronto " Called Back''

siyle, in lookino^ round for a site, Hxed their attention on McGill
.S(|uare, then about to be sold. The late Rev. J^r. Taylor and
Dr. Punshon, with other niendters rnd trustees, soon secured
the property, .•elyinijj to a great extent on the service.s ami
inliuence of Dr. Punshon to raise funds for the erection of a
church in the centre of the s(iuare,

The corner stone was laid in I.S70, and soon the present
magniHcent structure appeared iu its grand and beautiful
proportions.

The building lias so often l)een described, and is so familiar
to both citizens and visitors, that any present description is
quite unnecessary ; besides, any attempt to describe the churches
of Toronto would involve a larger ar.iount of space, fioin the
vast number that has sprung up of late years, than these pages
could afford.

The Metropolitan Church with its beautiful grounds, so splen-
didly ornamented v.ith trees and flowering shiubs, as well as
flower beds, belongs not only to the Methodist body, but to the
whole city of Toronto, forming, as it does, an open square,
which is at once a boon and ornament to Toronto, and remains
a lasting monument to the memory of Dr. Punshon, and also
to Drs, Taylor, Ryerson and Green, as well as laymen who
contriljuted liberally towards its erection.

While some churches in Methodism are more elegant and
greatly more e.Kpensive, thisrc is not one in the world — take it
altogether, internally and externally, the grounds included —
which, in all its appointments, is so complete as the Metro-
politan Church of Toronto. Mcssr.s. Langley\r Burke were the
arclntects.

A beautiful stained glass window, in memory of Mrs. Punslion,
who dieil at their residence on Bond Street, was placed l>y Dr.
Punshon in the south-west gallery.

In 1870 and 1871

Toronto had become a very important commercial centre. The
principal streets wore au aspect of staid, unpretentious pros-
perity. They had begun to spread out indefinitely ; the area of

METKOroLITAN CHURCH.

ijwr

From iS6y to iSyy.

189

the population had been widely and rapidly extended. From
the Provincial Lunatic Asylum on the west, to far eastward
beyond the Don, stretched mile upon mile of densely popu-
lated thoroughfares. To the northward, Bloor Street had lonj,'
since ceased to be anything more than a nominal boundary
between Toronto and Yorkville. The Esplanade on the City
front had become a hive of railway and general industry.
Jarvis Street had been beautified with elegant and stately
re.sidences. King and Yonge Streets continued to monopolize
the lion's share of the retail business ; but Front and Wellington
had developed into the centre of the wholesale trade, and many
lai'ge and wealthy establishnjents had headquarters there.

A writer in the Canadian Illustrated News (Montreal), at
this time indulges in some rather severe strictures on the aspect
of our streets, which he describes to be, generally speaking,
either dirty or narrow, with the light of heaven almost .shut
out ; or broad, wretchedly paved, certainly with a nuir\ber of
sufficienth^ hand.some houses, but at the same time with an
undue preponderance of common, and generally having the
appearance of being laid out on the .sand-fiat. He admits,
however, that Toronto posse.s.ses two principal streets, sufficiently
broad, well lit, and well paved, and lined with handsome .shops.
Some of this gentleman's comments on the social aspect of the
.streets are suggestive and entertaining.

" Between the two principal streets of the Western Capital is a
great gulf, made by the inflexible laws of .society and fashion —
a gulf as great as .separates the Bowery from Broadway, the
Rue de Rivoli from Rue Mont Parnasse, or Regent Street and
Rotten Row from the humble thoroughfares of Pentonville and
the City Road.

"Tlie buildings on King Street are greater and grander than
tlieir neighbors on Yonge ; the .shops are larger and dearer;
and last, but not least. King Street is honored by the daily
pre.sence of the aristocracy, while Yonge is given over to the
business of the middle-class and the beggar. Amid the upper
classes there is a performance that goes on daily, that is known
among habitues as ' doing King.' It consists principally of

fil

190

Toronto ''Called Back!'

marching up and down a certain part of that street at a
certain hour, performing, as it were, ' Kotow ' to the goddess of
fashion, and sacrificing to her sister divinity of society.

" At three o'clock in the afternoon the first stragglers appear
on the scene, which extends perhaps a quarter of a mile. These
consist principally of young ladies, whose proper place shoiild
be at school, and young men attired in the height of fashion.
By the time these ardent devotees have paraded a few times,
the regular hiihititrs make their appearance, and till six o'clock
in the evening one side — for one side only is patronized — is
crowded to excess.

" It is rather considered ' the thing' to patrol King Street in
this manner ; and of a fine evening every one who belongs to the
elite, as well as many who do not, may be seen perse veringly
trudging up and down, no doubt to their great comfort, and to
the intense discomfiture and dismay of others less smiled upon
by nature or less favored I'y their tailors or their dressmakers.
King Street is in a way a great social ' (Change,' wdiere every-
body meets everybody and his wife ; where the latest fashions
are exhibited, and the last quotations of the matrimonial market
are exchanged.

" Would you see the newest style in hats or panniers ? They
are to be seen on King Street. And would you know how many
young swells are doing nothing for a living ? You are sure to
find them on King Street. Would you wish to hear the last
imprudence of young Harum Scarum, or the progress of Miss
Slowcome's engagement ? You may l)e sure before you take
half-a-dozen turns some conversant, intelligent busy-body of
your acquaintance will have whispered the facts of the case in
your ear, all of which he has ' on the best authority, sir.' It is
on King Street that Clelius makes his appointment with Clelia
for their afternoon walk ; that Thersiiies, jealousy stricken,
scowls at Adonis ; and that Pomponia depreciates the value of
her dear friend Amaltheus' new silk and trimmings. There
Cornelia, the careful mother, brings out her treasures and
exhibits to the public gaze those desirable lots of which she is
so anxious to dispose on advantageous terms. While far above

Iff'

ff'

From i86'j to iSyy.

191

all, Diogenes, in his garret, little more roomy or commorlious
than the ancient ' tub/ looks down upon the motley throng,
notices their petty follies and foibles, and thanks his lucky
stars that he is not as other men."

In 1871 the population was 5(j,000, an increase in ten years
of 11,000. During the next three years Toronto, in common
with the Province, enjoyed an unexampled epoch of prosperity.
A remarkable impetus was given to all the usual branches of
trade ; and the connnerce, both wholesale and retail, assumed
such proportions as not even the most .sanguine had hoped for.
More than 18,000 were added to the population, and both public
and private enterprise kept pace with this rapid increase. The
streets were full of bustle and activity.

Mercantile palaces were built by .some of the leading houses,
and many of the finest mansions and most beautiful churches
in the city were erected. ; -

The progress made since Confederation had been amazing.
Not only had its area and population largely increased, but it
had been greatly beautified l»y the erection of huge business
establishments, and palatial private residences; and it had
developed a commercial enterprise and energy which seriously
endangered the pretensions of Montreal to the mercantile
supremacy of the Dominion.

It was during 1872-74 *-hat Toronto began to make the rapid
strides in commercial enterprise that placed her in the proud
position she now occupies. They were years of unusual pros-
perity, and trade of all kinds received a remarkable impetus.
Happily the foundations then laid of the city's mercantile
greatness were sufficiently solid to resist the shock of the
reaction that followed. '

In July, 187y, a delightful passage as made to England in
the Allan steamer Polynesian from Quebec. After passing
through the Straits of Belle Isle large icebergs were seen, while
the weather was that of summer. Amongst the pa.ssengers
were Dr. and Mrs. W. T. Aikens, of Toronto, and the family of
Mr. and Mrs. Gannnon, of Chicago, visiting Europe for the fir.st
time. The fine weather gave an opportunity for games of

192

Toronto " Colled Back.

various kinds on deck, those of shuffle-board and quoits being
the favorites. A very pleasant time was spent in London in
sight-seeing.

Return of Rev. Dr. Punshon to England.

During my stay in Manchester, in 1873, the late Rev. Dr.
Punshon — who, had he lived, would have done as much to
recommend Canada, and Toronto in particular, to the attention
of the English people as any other man, having frequently stated
he was bound to the country by the dead and the living — re-
turned to England. In company with Dr. Gervasc Smith and
other friends, we met him at the railway station on his arrival
from Liverpool.

The Wesleyan Conference being then in session in the Free
Trade Hall, the Doctor was expected to attend one of the even-
ing meetings. The Conference, numberinjj about six hundred
ministers, occupied the great platform, while the audience was
fully six thousand in number.

Dr. James occupied the presidential chair, and all were on
the qui-vive for the appearance of Dr. Punshon, who was known
to have arrived. Soon he entered quietly at the back of the
platform and took a seat, but was instantly recognized, when
the immense audience stood up, and between clapping of hands
and waving of handkerchiefs, round after round, the scene
baffles description. For the time all the Doctor could do was
to stand with head bent down and eyes streaming with tears,
until an opportunity was given afterwards for giving expres-
sion to his feelings in words. It was a scene never to be for-
gotten.

In 1874 a voyage from England was made in company with
.several Toronto gentlemen, including the late Rev. Dr. Jennings.
One of the passengers was the now celebrated Mr. Joseph Arch,
M.P., who, it is reported, took the oath in the House of Com-
mons dressed in a suit of corduroy, and appeared at a banquet
given in his honor, amongst a number of noblemen and gentle-
men, dressed in a tweed suit.

Mr. Arch was accompanied by a secretary, and represented

From 1 86"] to i8yy.

i93

the Laborers' Trade Union of England ; himself a working-man.
Their object was to get information as to the desirability of
emigration on a large scale. After travelling extensively
through Canada and the United States they returned to Eng-
land, but no practical results followed.

On the passage many lively discussions on politics took place,
in which Mr. Arch showed himself lo be a man of good common
.sense and of moderate views, with a decided tendency to the
democratic side. He is a Methodist local preacher.

St. James' Cathedral Clock.

About ten years ago the citizens of every denomination
united to purchase the world's prize timekeeper from Benson
& Sons, of London, and succeeded in placing it in the tower on
Christmas Eve, 1875.

This clock possesses a threefold movement, viz., keeping time,
chiming, and striking the hours and quarter-hours. Tiie com-
bined weights to keep it going are over three thousand pounds ;
the pendulum is over sixteen feet in length, the end weight
being two hundred and fifty pounds. The quarter-hour chimes
are a copy of the famous Cambridge chimes in England, com-
posed by Handel one hundred years ago, and may become in
time, to citizens of Toronto, what Bow Bells are to inhabitants
of London.

The year 187o had been marked by a very perceptible re-
action in the commercial world of Toronto.

The year 1876 came in gloomily, and with murmurs against
the trade policy, and yet improvements went steadily on. New
streets were being opened up in all directions, and the popula-
tion went on increasing.

At the close of 1876 the imports to Toronto had reached
$11,231,543; the value of taxable property was $47,150,362,
and the population had grown to 71,693. It will be seen from
the above that the value of the imports had nearly doubled
in ten years ; the greatest increase having caken place between
1871-72. After a period of prosperity a time of depression set

194

Toronto " Called Back,''

in that continued till 1878, when the city began slowly to
, recover from the effects of evil times.

Several new and additional manufactures had been intro-
duced, amongst which were fine jewellery, steam gauges, engines
and general machinery, watch cases, elevators, rubber stamps,
cork cutting and varnishes.

The highest point the duty had reached up to this time was
twenty per cent, ad valorem, except on one or two articles
on which, by way of incidental protection, twenty-five per
cent, was charged. These goods were principally ready-made
clothing.

■ <

'-'*^,

TORONTO (.FROM 18TT TO 1880.

Protection versus a Revenue Tarili'.

The question of Protection versus a Revenue Tariff, inaugu-
rated in 1878, brought in the Tilley Tariff and National Policy.

Previous to 1858 the manufacturing industries of Toronto
were few and small. At this time, in the Parliament of United
Canada, then sitting in Toronto, a protective tariff was intro-
duced by Inspector-General Cayley, the rate being twenty per
cent., and, as previously stated, on some goods twenty-five per
cent. The improvement was soon perceptible in the immediate
impetus given to manufactures, which continued till 1860,
whon Inspector-General Gait cut down the tariff to fifteen per
cent., producing a disastrous change. Manufacturers who had
invested large capital in machinery, at once losing confidence,
became discouraged, and commenced to withdraw their capital
from what appeared to be a policy of fluctuation and uncer-
tainty, — a state of things which continued till 1878.

It will be seen by comparison with the Tariff of the United
States that in general the principles are the same. Although
the rates of duty in Canada are much lower there is evidence
of a similar arrangement for the protection of home manufac-
ture, especially those in actual operation throughout Canada.

Exhibition Buildings.

These magnificent buildings were opened by His Excellency
the Earl of Dufferin, in September, 1878. The palace is built
with solid brick foundations, with sides and roof of glass, and

196

Toronto " Called Back^

ii 'I

affords admirable accommodation for the display of goods. The
cost of the buildings was S2r)0,000.

Through the suggestion of Mr. J. J. Withrow, the indefatig-
able President of the Industrial Exhibition As.sociation, the
whole of the material of the original Crystal Palace was utilised
in the erection of the present building, thereby effecting a great
saving, and accounting for the similarity in appearance of the
two buildings. The design was copied by Mr. Sandford Flem-
ing from that of Sir Joseph Paxton for the London Cry.stal
Palace, in I80I.

The grounds, sixty acres in extent, are the finest in the
Dominion. They are most beautifully situated on the shore of
Lake Ontario, and from there a splendid view of Toronto and
the surrounding country and lake can be obtained.

The other buildings comprise horticultural and machinery
halls, apiary, dairy, and horse and cattle pens, etc. The build-
ings and grounds are kept in the most perfect order.

The Marquis of Lome and H.R.H. the Princess Louise.

The appointment of the Manpiis of Lome to succeed the
Eai'l of Dufferin as Governor-General of Canada gave great
satisfaction.

The Vice-regal party sailed from Liverpool on the 14th of
November, IJSTH, in the Allan steamship Sarmatian, and ar-
rived in Halifax on the 23rd, having had a very rough pas.sage.
They were met by the Duke of Edinburgh, who, with a naval
scjuadron, had come to meet his royal sister. Leaving for
Montreal the following Wednesday, and stopping at various
places on the way, they arrived in Ottawa in a few days.

The Governor-General held his first New Year's Day recep-
tion at Rideau Hall on the 1st of January, 1879.

Their first visit to Toronto was on the 20th of January, on
their way to the Falls, and was quite informal ; their object
being to get a winter view of Niagara.

The lamented death of the beloved Princess Alice had oc-
curred on the 14th of December. Under the circumstances it

mef.

25
O
1^
H

3
■A

I nm4*\

f-'^l

From iSj-j to iSS6,

199

was considercfl best to defer the Vice-regal visit till after th(!
harvest of 1879, and the CJovernor-CJeneral haviii;^ consentt'd
to open the B^xhibition, the date of their visit was Hx«mI for
that time.

When Toronto had been visited by tlirce princes it was
scarcely expected she would so soon afterwards be honored by
a visit from one of Her Majesty's daujrliters, and when the
announcement of the appointment of the Marqnis of liorne as
Governor-General was made, it was received with intense
pleasure.

Tile Earl of Duft'erin, in his speeches on the occasion, in truly
eloquent and beautiful lan^nia^'o describe<l the character of the
l^rincess Louise, an<l congratulated the country on this distin-
guished mark of the Queen's love and artectiou for Canada, in
consigning her favorite daughter to her care; at the same time
portraying the character of Her Royal Highness, from actual
knowledge, in colors which he well knew how to use. As an
artist, nuisician, and scholar, she excelled in every accomplish-
ment, and her benevolent and kind disposition was truly and
beautifully described.

Her visits to Toront(i fully confirmed the description given
by His Lordship, and Toronto fully sustained her reputation
for loyalty by giving the Vice-regal pair a right hearty recep-
tion. The party arrived in Toronto on Sept:/...her the 4th, ami
were received with a guard of honor, and by all the civic and
military dignitaries.

The Exhibition was opened on September the Gth by the
Marquis and Princess Louise, amidst great enthusiasm. There
was a general illumination at night. They left for London on
the following morning. Returning on the 18th, Her Royal
Highness laid the foundation stone of the Home for Incurables,
and the Governor-General presided at the opening ceremony of
the Credit Valley Railway.

During this and subsequent visits all the public institutions
were inspected, especial attention being given by Her Royal
Highness to those of a charitable and benevolent character, in-
cluding the General Hospital.

'■'i. i

200

Toronto " Cnlled Back.''''

The Grand Opera House was destroyed by fire in November,
1879.

On the 25th of March, 1880, the Hon. George Brown was
shot in the thigh and succumbed to the effects the following
May. The funeral was attended by an immense concourse of
people, and business was almost entirely suspended while the
procession was passing. Bennett, the murderer, was tried and
executed for the crime.

In June, the Hon. John Beverley Robinson was appointed
Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario.

During this year Prince Leopold visited Toronto, accompanied
by the Marquis of Lome and the Princess Louise on their third
visit. The Princess and Prince Leopold left for England by the
steamer Polynesian, on the 31st of July.

On the 6th of August a tight occurred between Roman
Catholics and Orangemen, and one policeman was fatally
wounded.

Dr. W. H. Russell writes : " Toronto, seen under the most
disadvantageous circumstances " (it was pouring rain when
his party arrived), " was voted to be very surprising, and
my friends Vv^ere not prepared for such fine buildings and such
a great array of wharves and quays on the bay, and the great
fieet of craft alongside them. Toronto 1ms increased in all the
elements of wealth and consequence by bounds, and since 1861,
when I was there, the population has doubled and is still increas-
ing very rapidly."

The Doctor pronounces the University to be worthy of a
great nation, a noble Norman pile, beautifully situated.

Farewell Visit of the Vice-regal Party.

Having on se\'eral occasions expressed the pleasure with
which they visited Toronto, the Marquis of Lome and Her
Royal Highness the Princess Louise, before leaving Canada,
paid a farewell visit to the city.

On the 12th September the Vice-regal party arrived at
the Union Station, and were received with a guard of honor of
one hundred men of the Royal Grenadiers, accompanied by their

«-«»-w.

Frovi iSy-j to iSS6.

20 1

band. A large number of civic and military dignitaries were
present to welcome the distinguished party.

Additional interest was manifested from the fact that another
member of the Royal family, Prince George of Wales, second
son of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, was with the
V^ice-regal party, and for the first time in Toronto. The first
day was spent in visiting the public institutions, including the
Home for Incurables, General Hospital, Infants Home and
Ffoiise of Providence

In the evening thev attended a concert in the Horticultural
Pavilion, given by J. T. Thomson. The artists were Signori
Brignoli, Poggi, AJamouski, Madame Teresa Carreno, and Miss
Carrie Mason,

The next day the Exhibition was visited, and preparations
were made to present tiie !v arquis and Princess Louise with
a farewell address. By one o'clock the Queen Street Avenue
was lined with immense crowds of people, while detachments
from the Queen's Own Rifles and Royal Grenadiers took up
their positions around the gates of the enclosure. An archway
was erected on the mound which rises in the centre of the
tlower plot, .surmounted with the Royal Arms, hedged in on
either side with flags, an<l decorated with flowers, and having
the words " Welcome to Toronto," " Lome and Louise," artistic-
ally displayed.

The steel helmets of the Bod}' Guards were the signal of the
approach of ohe Vice-regal party, and amitl a down-pour of rain
they entered the enclosure and stood on the dais, in front of
which about H,000 people presented an imbroken covering of
umbrellas. As they made their appearance, cheer after cheer
arose from the assembled multitude, the pouring rain being
ined'fCtual to dampen their enthusiasm. When the cheering for
the Marquis and Princess had subsided, .some one called out for
three cheers for Prince George. Not catching the words at
first, as referring to himself, the Princess turned towards him
and pleasantly said, " That's you." The cheers were given
heartily, and Prince George bowed his acknowledgment.

When the ceremonies were ended the Princess drove to the
14

202

Toronto " Called Back.''

1 V\

Hospital for Sick Children, and the Marquis to the Exhibition.
They left Government House r, the 14th ; Toronto, as usual,
having done herself honor in this display of genuine loyalty.

Arrival of the Marquis of Lansdowne.

The new Governor-General, Lady Lansdowne and suite ar-
rived by the Allan steaiuer Circassian, at Quebec, on the
23rd of October, and were met bj' Lord Lome and the Cabinet.
The Marquis of Lansdowne took the oath of office the same day,
after which they proceeded to Ottawa.

i V; ;; ■ FIRST VISIT TO TORONTO. .

On the 9th of January, 1884, His Excellency the Governor-
General, Lady Lansdowne, Lord and Lady Melgund and suite
arrived at the Union Station, where they were met by His
Honor the Lieutenant-Governor and Captain Geddes, A.D.C.

A guard of honor from the Queen's Own Rifles, composed of
one hundred men and the Band, asseniblf^J to meet the dis-
tinguished party, who were iunnediu^ely driven to Government
House. ; .

•' The first day was spent in sight-seeing. The route taken
was through the principal streets to the University. In the
eveninfj a large number of the leadincj citizens were invited to
meet the party at Government House.

The next day they went to the vails, and crossing the new
Suspension Bridge, were landed on American soil for the first
time in their lives. On their return to Toronto on the 12th,
His Excellency proceeded to the City Hall to receive the
Address of the Corporation, to which he replied in the most
felicitous terms. The Vice-regal party visited the Hospital and
othpr institutions. The Marquis and Lord Melgund visited
the Granite Rink and attended the ball of the Royal Canadian
Yacht Club.

In letters to the London World addressed to eminent persons,
an independent critic said, at the time of his appointment as
Governor-General of Canada, to the Marquis of Lansdowne : —

" There is no Englishman of your age whom I could congra-

L I.

From i8jy to 1886.

J03

tulate with equal warmth and sincerity upon the assumption
of an arduous anl anxious post. Eveiything is in your favor.
You carry with you more than promise, more even than the
first fruits of performance.

"A singularly blameless youth was crowned with the hij^he-st
honors at the lirst Universit}' of the world. The advantages to
which you were born, and which are not possessed to the same
extent or in the same de,q;i'ee by any but the peers of historic
EriglLsh titles, have been turned by you to admirable account.
You have acquired a valuable insi(:^ht into tlie routine of oifice,
and you have shown, both in the House of Lords and elsewhere,
that you possess that power of speakini>- which is indispensable
to public men of your race.

"The Canadians will recoi^nizo in Lady Lansdowne a guar-
antee that they are about to welcome a Vice-Queen after their
own heart."

The Semi-Centennial Celebration

took place in Dominion week. The Oth March was celebrated
by the opening of the Free Library by the Lieutenant-Governor,
and a receptioji by the Mayor in the City Hall, this being the
proper day for the conmiemoration of the birth of the city in
1834 ; but it was deemed advisable to postpone the celebration
till Dominion week.

The celebration commenced on Monday, 30th June. Flags,
bunting, mottoes, and evergreens were used in the decorations,
and the scene, looking down one of the principal streets, was
simply a vista of fluttering colors. The whole week was given
to pleasure, and thousands of sight-seers, from all parts of the
Province and the United States, crowded the city.

Monday, June SOlh, was the municipal and historical day,
.specially commemorative of the city's municipal organization
and progress. The procession comprised municipal bodies,
police, Are brigade, etc.

Tuesday, July 1st, military daj^ ; grand street parade and
review, comprising visiting and city corps to the extent of over
four thousand men. • ; ,, ....

204

Toronto '' Called Back!'

Wednesday, July 2nd, trades and industrial day, specially
commemorative of the progress and standing of the commercial
interests of the city. The parade comprised members of the
different labor organizations of the city, each with a tableau,
illustrative of the trade followed ; also representatives with
illustrative tableaux from all the mercantile ana manufacturing
establishments of the city. It consisted, in part, of waggons, on
which various mechanics were plying their daily vocations.

Thursday, July .3rd, " U. E. Loyalists " day, commemorative
of the settlement of the U. E. Loyalists in Canada, one hundred
years ago. In the afternoon tliere was a reception at the Gov-
ernment House, and in the evening the Oratorio of Redemption
was given at the Horticultural Gardens, also a grand display of
fireworks in the harbor, and imitation naval combat.

Friday, July 4th, benevoliut societies day; parade compris-
ing uniformed and un-unj formed lodges of Masons, societies
of all kinds, etc.

Saturday, July oth, commemorative of our educational insti-
tutions. The parade comprised over 8,000 children from the
public and separate sciiools of the city.

Captain Joseph Button, R.N.

This popular and favorite Commander, as Commodore of the
Allan Line, always took charge of the newest ship; and having
had the pleasure of his personal acquaintance, I desire to pay
some small tribute to his memory.

On land an accredited local preacher of the Wesleyan Church,
he never failed to fulfil the duty on board his ship, except by
consent to give place to regularly ordained clergymen. Those
who have crossed with him will remember his appropriate
sermons and his leading of the singing, while he accompanied
himself on his melodeon, which he always had in addition to *:he
piano belonging to the ship. Not alone in the saloon did he
study to please and profit the passengers by getting up concerts,
but on certain nights in the week, and also on Sunday after-
noons, he got the sailors to carry hLs melodeon into the steerage,
much to the delight of the passengers. Here, accompanied by

Fro7n iSyy to 1886

205

a number of tlie saloon passengers, he would sing and play and
then call on those around for a song or recitation, the response
to which often shoM'^ed a wonderful amount of talent, scarcely
to be expected from such a motley crowd, many of whom, who,
from necessity or economy, were travelling in this way, would
put to the blush those who would not deign to associate with
them on the saloon deck.

As a total abstainer Capt. Dutton was a pattern of firmness
and consistency. On his ships no sailors were allowed any
intoxicating liquors, and in his place at the head of the table,
while surrounded constantly by the most distinguished pas-
sengers who had the place of honor, neither wine nor other
liquors ever passed his lips. At the same time he never inter-
fered with the chief steward, who attended to the wine list — and
every passenger ordered what he wanted ad lihitwni — but kept
on the even tenor of his way, always ready to "crack a joke "
when chaffed on his temperance principles, giving offence to
none and setting a good example to all. Once a week he
delivered a temperance address in the steerage. His genial
manners, united with the fearlessness and bravery of the true
seaman, inspired every pas.senger with the most perfect confi-
dence in times of danger. When relieved from the severe
duties incident to stormy weather, all his efforts were directed
to make the time pass pleasantly for the passengers, a contrast
in this respect to many who were almost unapproachable be-
neath the weight of their responsibility. His pleasant humor
turned at one time on composing what himself and his intimate
friend. Dr. Punshon, called " logograms," which consisted in
making the name of a town or city out of a sentence given im-
promptu.

The writer, having on one passage lost his perpendicular by
a sudden lurch of the ship, saved himself from an actual fall
by grasping a rope attached to one of the life- boats, but in
doing so was caught by another rope, taking the .skin off his
legs, and causing him to lie on a sofa in the saloon for several
days. Capt. Dutton soon propounded as one of his logograms,
" Mr. T. has a sore leg." The answer was shortly given in the

206

Toronto ''' Called Back!'

name of the town "Sorel." Man v a dull hour was relieved
and enlivened by such innocent amusement.

In these days of fast sailing a passage made in the Foly-
nesian, under command of Capt. Button, in five and a-half
days from sight of land to land, is worthy of mention. Although
faster sailing has been made from Sandy Hook to Queenstown,
this was the shortest sea passage of which there is any record.

Those who have seen the Captain's family come out from
New Brighton on the Company's tender to meet him, and have
seen the joy of all, will sympathise with them in their loss,
which will also be felt by those who waited for his ship to
have the pleasure of crossing with him.

Population of British Cities.

Professor Seeley, speaking of the expansion of England,
saj-s: "As an instance of a lack of a due conception of the
spread of the British race, how many people, on being asked to
enumerate the twenty most populous British cities, would think
of including Melbourne, Sydney and Montreal. And yet, leaving
London with its tive millions out of the list," the following are
the fourteen chief cities and towns in the order of population :

City.

Population.

City.

PojHtlation.

Glasgow ()71,o9,l

Liverpool 573,202

Biriningliam 421,5158

Manchester 3.38,296

Leeds 327,324

Melb iinie 305,000

Sheffiekl 300,563

Sydney 250,000

Dublin 249,602

Edinburgh 236,002

Bristol 215,457

Bradford 209,564

Nottingham 205,298

Montreal 200,000

And in the next fifteen would be found Adelaide and Toronto,
each with over 100,000 inhabitants."

He proceeds to remark of Toronto, that it is "a political centre
of great activity, where originate plans and projects that largely
influence Dominion politics ; the tone of its intellectual life is
higher, and it is generally admitted that there is a more assured
type of culture and urban refinement by the shores of Lake
Ontai'io than even in the Island of Montreal."

^i^

From iSyj to 1886.

ZQJ.

Comparative Population of Seven Canadian Cities.

^**''- INTKNYKARS. ^^^- 1XCRK.A8K,. ^'***-

Toronto 56,092 36,323 86,4ir> M.Oa 102,000

Montreal * 107,22:) 33,r)22 140,747 31.21 200,000

Quebec r)9,6!l9 2,741 60,440 4.60 6->,0(K)

Hamilton 26,716 9,24.") 3:),96l 35.96 42,000

Halifax 29,082 6,")! 8 .36,100 22.03 40,000

Winnipeg 241 7,744 7,118". 3213.21 .30,000

Ottawa 21,545 5.867 27,412 27.23 29,700

* Since 1881 Montreal added Hochelaga with 40,000. > ;,

In reference to Toronto, the Freilerieton (N.B.) Reporter
says, " The growth of Toronto is sometlung astonishing;. The
census of 1881 gave that city a population of 80,415. In 1885
the a.sse.ssors' returns place it at 111,800, ami this may be re-
garded as under the mark, as the census would be taken in a
more liberal manner. That city is now fast approaching
Montreal in the number of its inhabitants, and when the next
census is taken, if it continues to make the same rapid progress
it has in the past fiA.^e years, it may be tlie first city in the
Dominion in numbers. Its growth in wealth and its substan-
tial improvement are very remarkable."

Climate of Toronto, 1885.

FROM THE METKOROLOCJICAL RECORDS.

Av. 45 yrs.
Average temperature for year 41.57 44. 17

Warmest month, July.
Average of warmest month 68..30 67. 58

Coldest month, Fel)ruary»,

Average of coldest month 1 1 08 22.60

Ditterence between the warmest and coldest 57.22 44 91

Warmest day, July 25th.
Average of warmest day 75.45 77.41

Coldest day, February 11th.
Average of coldest day 5.90 2.00

Date of highest temperature, July 17th.
Highest temperature 88.6 90.73

Date of lowest temperature, January 22nd.

Lowest temperature 16. 1 12.00

Mean temperature, winter, 26 4 ; summer, 6.3.6.

N.B. — The year 1885 was the coldest on the records except 1875.

Number of hours of possible sunshine 4,463

Number of hours of actual sunshine 1,931*

Number of fair days 184

♦Over 4."} per cent.

lili

208

Toronto " Called Back.''

Toronto is situated in North Latitude 4.S.49, and West Longi-
tude 70.71 ; 5 hours, 17 minutes and 2G seconds later than
Greenwich time.

While writing the above, on the 19th of January, 1886, at
one o'clock in the afternoon, the thermometer stood at thirty
degrees, just sufficiently below freezing-point to prevent a thaw.
The universal desire was expressed that we would not lose our
snow, the sleigliing being good and everybody wishing it to
continue. The disappointment felt by the absence of snow at
New Year's would seem strange to people in Britain, but is
well known to those who have resided in Canada any length of
time. The thermometer is in this respect a sure indicator of
the state of trade, which rises or falls according to whether we
are favored with a good fall of snow or otherwise, its absence
being regarded as a calamity by all business men ; so any feel-
ing of compassion towards us by those at a distance on the
ground of climate would be entirely thrown away.

As to the fall of rain, it will be sufficient to mention that
nature is very propitious; there always appears to be a supply
of the right degree and at the right seasons for all agricul-
tural purposes.

Li 1885 the number of days on which rain fell was 108 ; the
average in forty -five years, 112 days.

As to whether more rain is desirable or beneficifil there will
be a diffiirence of opinion. The writer never left his home in
Lancashire, summer or winter, without an umbrella, and it was
.said that rain fell in the neighborhood of Manchester altout
250 days in the year. The effect of this was to keep every bit
of grass in a state of constant verdure unknown in America,
but it may have disadvantages as great as the absence of such
a quantity has in Canada.

The quantity of fruit shipped to England will show that the
climate is well adapted to the ripening of all vegetable pro-
ductions, which abound in perfection in the neighborhood of
Toronto.

The pictures i-epresenting Canadian winter costumes are very
misleading, and a plain statement of facts from actual experi-

-if

From iSyy to i8S6.

209

ence will form a more correct staiKlard than that of any ther-
Miometrical character. , .

If I were asked in England why the ladies in Canada wear
furs, I should reply that they also wear them there, and very
nearly to as great an extent, and pai tly because it is tlie I'aslilon
as well as for comfort. If asked why men wear heavj- fur
caps and coats, I should say it was the fashion also, and not so
mucn a necessity. In no city in the United States, where the
<3old is quite as great as in Toronto, can you find men wearing
the headgear referred to, and a Canadian is instantly recog-
nized when appearing in this costume ; .so that it is evidently
not becau.se of the rigor of the climate, and yet it is one of
the.se things that tend to fasten this idea on the minds of
people abroad.

The fir.st winter the writer spent in Toronto he was much
struck with this fact, and not to pos.sess a " .set " of furs — con-
sisting of a great cap, a pair of gauntlets up to the elbows, and
a fur mufiler, made out of a whole mink or fox skin with the
head carefully preserved and worn as an ornament in front —
was to make yourself a marked man and alto<>-ether unfa.sh-
ionable. Neverthele.ss, the writer, who soon commenced ixoinir
back and forward to England and France, persisted in wearing
his usual clothinir, and from that tiuie to the present has never
worn one single article different from what he wore on the
other .side of the Atlantic, and on the ocean in winter.

The heaviest outer garment \:cj3, a heavy beaver coat with a
fur collar, and this did service on land and sea in the most
severe weather, and was found just as necessary on a night
journey from Manchester to Gla.sgovv as in an open sleigh in
Canada. An ordinary felt hat was the warmest head covering,
and no inconvenience was felt from want of fur.

I will state one fact for the information of those who pity
Canadians who have to travel in winter. I have driven from
Toronto to Kingston, in what I will call a one-horse .sleigh
(known here as a cutter), 1 80 miles in three days, and returned in
the same time ; with snow .So deep that I was in danger of over-
turning in the drifts, and with no warmer clothing than I have

2IO

Toronto " Called Back''

:|;ll!!

ill

' i'

described, except to have a buffalo skin for knee covering ; and
felt no more discomfort than I have experiei'ced in one of the
journeys from London to Liverpool. I have told this many
times in Ent^land, but friends who were in the habit of " bait-
ing " their horses every ten miles on their beautiful I'oails were
so incredulous that they would not lie convinced the thing
was possible, and yet it was a simple fact. '

Mr. Burdette, under cover of what is intended as a humorous
strain, unwittingly represents every soul in Toronto as swathed
in furs. The London Times could have done no more and no
worse.

A walk along our principal streets any day, the coldest that
comes, will demonstrate the fact that the great majority of the
people do not find it necessary to wear furs. There are com-
paratively few days during the winter when a man who knows
how headaches and baldness are superinduced finds it prudent
to wear so much as a fur cap. The people of Ontario gener-
ally have less need of furs than their friends of many of the
States of the Union where the plug hat prevails all the year
round.

The custom of wearino- fnrs by ^enllemen must have origin-
ated at the time when the beaver, mink, otter, fox, wolf, raccoon,
and the bear were trapped by the Indians in the neighborhood
of our present cities, and being found useful for articles of
clothing, have continued in use and will do so till these animals
are gradually exterminated from the country.

Not many years ago the same ideas were enter hained in
Toronto of the climate of Manitoba and the North- West as are
now held by many in Great Britain with regard to Ontario,
and yet the Canadian Pacific Railway Co. assert of the climate
of Manitoba, that "it is healthy: there are no epidemic diseases,
no malaria ; spring, clear and bright ; summer, warm with cool
nights ; autumn, balmy and pleasant ; winter, uniform, dry and
bracing."

It would be just as incorrect to put down the whole of
Canada as having the same climate, as to compare the State of
Florida, where flowers bloom all the year round, with northern

From iSyi to i8S6.

211

Minnesota. It must be i'emembere«l that the whole of Kngland
is farther north than Toronto, and that Aberdeen is seven de-
fjrees still farther.

That fur coats are not confined to Canada, it may be stated
that a Boston gentleman, last winter, purchased an overcoat
costing i?4,000, and it is declarcMl that it could not bo duplicated
for a much larger sum. Jt contains sixty-nine Russian sable
skins of the finest quality. The overcoat, which is (juite largo,
is of the finest German castor; the body and sleeves being lined
with sable, while a broad collar and deep cufis of this costly
material fjive a rich finish to the ''arment. Altlioujfh so warm
that the wearer would not fool the most intense cold, the over-
coat is much lijfhter than our ordinary ulster.

Much misapprehension certainly exists in Englan<l with
respect to the climate of Canada, including Toronto. Tho im-
perfect knowledge pos.sessod V)y tho great mass of the British
people as to the inmiense extent of this Dominion has led to
the error of giving to each portion the character of the whole ;
and when travellers who happen to be in Montreal during the
" ice carnival" describe ice palaces, toboggan .slide.s, and skiiLing
rinks, and when snow-shoes, blankets coats, and tuques are
represented in pictures and photographs, the general idea
convoyed to persons at a distance is one of discomfort, whereas
the very contrary is the fact.

At what season is there so thorough enjoyment as when all
this goes on ? Young and old alike enter into the spiiit of
the season; and the very horses in the sleighs seem to keep
time in their prancing with the musical tinkle of the sleigh
bells.

Every resident in Toronto knows that the absence of snow
and frost in the winter is regarded, instead of a boon, as little
short of a calamity. The bracing air, with the thermometer
verging towards zero, instead of having a depressing effect,
is q^nte exhilarating, and everybody is more healthy and
hearty.

The writer, after a residence in Toronto of over thirty years,
can positively assert, that he has suffered more discomfort from

2 12

Toronto " Called Back''

the climate of En<,'lan(l and France in one winter tlian all he
has .spent in Toronto, and this is true, whether applied to
travellinj^ or staying,' at home.

In the former the want of heat in the railway carriaj^es,
(except the hot water tins for the feet, which soon cool, and
are alto<feth('r inadecjuate to impart comfortable warmth on a
night journey,) atibrds a strikinj^ contrast to the comfort in our
Canadian cars, where, if there be any discomfort, it is from
excess of heat ; and leavin*; out the higher class of hotels and
private residences of Europe, which are heated by all modern
systems of steam and waiter, the great bulk of houses are
entirely unprovided with proper heating arrangements, such as
are common all over America. The writer knows well from
experience the feeling in England, in cold, raw weather, of
crouching over a fire in a grate, when the face isbui'ning while
the back is almost freezing ; and to go to bed was .something
t'J be dreaded, unless, indeed, a tire was ordered .specially in the
grate, and the warming pan applied to the betl linen before
you ventured in.

The most intense cold experienced by the writer in his life
was during a night spent at a ipannfacturei-'s house in Stafibrd-
.shire. An extra supply of bed-clothing seemed ineffectual to
keep up the desired wa,rmth during sleep, and in the morning,
on lifting the water jug, instead of water, a solid lump of ice,
having burst the jug, rolled on the floor. The .second jug was
tried, with the same result ; but the gentleman being a nmnu-
facturer of these artie! js, did not .suffer as much as his guest.
Such a thing has ne\'( r happened in all my travels in Canada,
the arrangements for heating bed-rooms being .so much more
complete and convenient. Such a thing could .scarcely ever
happen in Toronto, and it is of Toronto I am writing, and not
of some of the Hudson Bay stations.

In chiu'ches and public halls the .same difference is perceptible.
The custom of wearing overcoats in these places, so prevalent
in Great Britain, not being necessary in Canada, they are all so
comfortably heated.

L I

From iSjj to iSS6.

2IS

Snow.

Snow ! snow I beautiful huow I
V It fiillK upon kiii<^ iuid pauper alike,

KeyiinHoHH of statiou, of wuiiltli, nr of uiij^Iit.

The w'lito clonks of courtierH it contraxts to Hhiinie ;

To the blush of the clu;uk it adds frusliuosH anil tianie.

To the festive in aj^e, or the s|)or;ive in youth,

Earth's winter garlands are atoms of mirth.

Then welcome the snow, though heavy the fall,

God's emblem of purity, power over all.

— Slieunl.

In Englaml it is a common expre.ssion that it i^ cold enoiioh
for snow. We say in Toronto that it is too cold for snow, hy
which is meant that snow is never accompanied by intense
cold ; and what in London is little short of a calamity, by the
ol>struction of tiathe, when a heavy fall of snow takes place, in
Toronto the event is hailed with joy ; no one is inc(nivenienced,
but, on the contrary, traffic is m<n*e easy and travelling more
pleasant. The sleigh-runners imniediately take the place of
wheels, and heavier loads can be drawn with less fatigue to the
hoi'ses, which the animals seem to understand quite as well as
to feel, and everything is delightful and exhilarating.

So carefully is the snow guarded that in Montreal there is a
law to impose a tine for using wheels when runners can be
used ; and in Toronto the Street Railway Co. is prohibited
from i-emoving the .snow off their tracks, and compelled to put
on .sleighs.

The winter enjoyments consist of skating, curling, toboggan-
ing, and ice-boating, and for all of these the facilities are
unlimited. The bay in front of the city, with its thousands of
skaters, with numerous rinks in all parts of the city, which,
under cover of splendid glass roofs, with comfo-tably heated
dressing rooms, and every convenience, might well excite the
envy of skaters who, for want of better, hasten to the " Serpen-
tine " in London when ice has formed, and continue to use it
long after it has lost its native purity, and when it would not

Pfplpip^

214

Toronto " Called Back^

tempt any small boy in Toronto to skim on its dark surface.
Canada is indeed beautiful in her winter aspect.

One cannot imagine how animated and brilliant is Toronto
when she puts on her snow-shoes, and gets herself up on
runners, and tills all the air with the chimes of the sleigh-bells.
There is an endless variety in design, and pattern, and color of
sleigh, and robe, and bell, and plume, and the streets look like
' 'hristmas as long as the snow lasts. Even the street cars feel
the infection, and mount themselves on bobs (short runners),
and iino-jo the loudest bells, and take the best half of the
street.

Robt. J. Burdette, after a visit, asks : " Who are these in
blanket suits ? It is pleasant to tarry among people whose
girls wear satin slippers when they dance, and 'arctics,' when
the}^ wade throu«jfh the snow. Our fair Canadian cousins have
no dread of comfort. The snow has no terrors for them. They
dress for the storm as sensibly as for the reception. They dress
prettily ; and if there is a prettier figure on the North Ameri-
can C(mti )ent than a daughter of Canada, apparelled for the
ice or the toboggan-slide, herself a part of the snow-drifted land-
scape, a picture of health and comfort tliat fairly softens the
piercing wind into a sense of warmth, I have not .seen it.

•'She dresses in perfect harmony with the winter and land-
scape. She has a complexion clear as the ice of Ontario, and
her warm blood shines through it rich as the flashes of the
Aurora, graceful and free in every movement. Everybody
dresses for the winter when it comes, and yet it is a climate no
more severe than that of York state.

"I was the only man in Ontario," says Mr. Burdette, "with
a .stiff felt hat and a cloth overcoat" (ibis is hyperbolical, as stiff
felt hats and cloth overcoats are in the majority), "and felt all
the time I was in the Province as though I was a lost Arctic
explorer and had eaten my fur overcoat, cap, mittens, and
boots, and was waiting for a rescuing party to find me."

It will be evident that the following <lescription is also
written by this most celebrated of American humorists : —

f^!?"

From iSyy to 1886.

215

The Toboggan

is a sled with a sinolo runner which spreads clear across the
l)ottoni. The top of the toboj^gan is just like the bottom. It
is somewhat thicker than a sheet of writing paper, and about
as long as an after-dinner speech. Its seating capacity is only
limited by the number of people who can get on it.

The urbane and gentlemanly conductor sits aft and uses one
of his lithe and willowy logs for a steering apparatus, by which
he guides the toboggan some way or "rudder." It is easy to
.slide down hill on a toboggan ; in fact, after 3'ou start down
you can't do anything else. True, you could fall oft': that is
easily done. The flying-machine is not high, so that you have
not far to fall; still, if you have to fall from a toboggan half
way down the slide, or else fall down stairs with a kitchen
stove, you take the stove and the stairs every time ; it isn't so
exciting, and it isn't so soon.

The prince and I wtdked up the stairway for the purpose of
sliding down the bannister on a toboggan. The president of
the Club took his place aft ; somebody said "Let her go." Tlien
we stopped and the president said, " How did we like it?" I
left my breath at the top of the .slide and we had to go up and
get it. There it was, a great gasp, three and a half inches
long, sticking in the air like an icicle just where I had gasped
it when I started. I took it down, stuck it in my left lung
and be<xan to breathe au'ain with great freedom. The toboiriran
is to any other way of getting down hill what Hying is to going
to sleep. If I was in a hurry and it was down hill all the way,
I would rather have a toboggan than a pair of wings any day.

Departure of Toronto Troops for the Northwest.

When the rebellion, led by Louis Riel, had assumed such
proportions as to demand a call to arms, the Government order
to prepare for immediate departure reached the commanding
officers in Toronto on the 27th of March. During Friday night
and the early hours of Saturday, the 28th, orderly sergeants were
busily engaged in *^couringthe city informingthe nienof the start-

2l6

Toronto " Called Bick^

ling news. At an early hour the drill shed presented an animfvted
appearance, the men having flocked to their answer to the roll
call. Such was the enthusiastn manifested that great disap-
pointment was felt that only two hundred and tifty men of each
regiment could be sent to the front. As the sentiment dis-
played was one of cheerful alacrity in responding to the call
to arms in the country's defence, there was no holding back or
hesitation, and the number required was soon made up.

On the .'iOth March tens of thousands gathered at the Union
Station to see the gallant volunteers depart for the scene of
action, and all through their dreary route their progress was
looked for with the deepest anxiety and most heart-felt sym-
pathy. The march over the ice, and the heroic fortitude dis
played through intense cold and fatigue throughout the f tiui)
journey, as well as the bravery displayed in the different
engagements with the enemy, have all become a matter of
history. Thousands of hearts in Toronto throbbed in sympathy
with her citizen soldieis durinji; those memorable months, and
praj'-ers were constantly offered in all the churches for the
success of our arms and the safe return of our sons, when
victory had crowned their efforts.

Return of the Toronto Contingent.

WKLCOME HOiilE — JULY, 1885.

War-worn, sun-scorched, stiined with the dust of toil,

And biittlo-sciirred, tliey come victorious.

Exultantly we greet them, cleave the sky

With cheers, and fling our banners to the wind ;

We raise triumphant nnigs and strow their path

To do tliem homage. Welcome home !

We laid our country's honor in their hands

And sent them forth : undoubting, said farewell,

With hearts too proud, too jealous of their fame,

To own our j)ain. To-day glad tears may flow ;

To-day they come again and bring the gifts.

Of all earth's gifts most precious — trust redeemed.

We stretch our hands, we lift a joyful cry.

Words of all words the sweetest, " Welcome home ! "

Oh brave, true hearts ! oh steadfast, loyal hearts !

From iS'j'] to 1886.

They come, and lay their trophies at our feet ;

They show us work accomplished, hardships borne.

Courageous deeds, and patience under pain,

The country's name upheld and glorified.

And peace, dear purchased by their blood and toil.

What guerdon have we for such service done ?

Our thanks, our pride, our praises and our prayers.

Our country's smile, and her most just rewards ;

The victor's laurel laid up(m the brows,

And all the love that speaks in " Welcome home ; "

Bays for the heroes, for the martyrs palms ;

To those who come not, and though dead yet speak,

A lesson to be guarded in our sf)ul8

While the land lives for whose dear sake they died

Whose lives, thrice sacred, are the price of peace ;

Whose memory, thrice beloved, thrice revered,

Shall be their country's heritage.

To hold eternal pattern to her living sons.

What dare we bring ? They, dying, have w(m all ;

A drooping flag, thw flowers upon their graves.

Are all tlie tribute left : already theirs

A nation's safety, gratitude and tears,

imperishable honor, endless rest.

— Annie Rothwell.

2 I 7

Should some Rip Van Winkle have fallen a.sleep in ISoO, wait-
ing for the hourly omnibus for Yorkville, at the corner of King
and Yonge Streets, and awaked on the 28rd July, 1885, he would
not have been surprised at the sight of a " Union Hotel, by
Jonathan Doolittle;" nor would he have mistaken any other
face on a signboard in place of Her Majesty, Queen Victoria,
as did that mystic individual mistake the sign of George Wash-
ington for the ruddy face of good King George. The evidences
all around would soon undeceive him, and he would quickly
discover that Queen Victoria still reigned over a happy and
contented people.

The return of the Queen's Own, Royal Grenadiers, and
Governor-General's Body Guard, amidst the spontaneous dis-
play of welcome by the tens of thousands of Toronto's citizens,,
was a sight seldom equalled, and one to be remembered by the
present generation, and to be recorded in Canadian history and
15

2l8

Toronto '' Called Back"

perpetuated by the well-earned tokens of the appreciation of
Her Majesty and the English people, by the medals worn on
the breasts of the heroes, these having been struck in the Royal
mint and with the immediate sanction of Royalty.

On this day, amid a blaze of bunting, under triumphal arches
from north to south and east to west, the return of the citizen
soldiers was greeted with an ovation only equalled by that
given to the Guards in London on their return from the Crimean
War covered with blood stains and martial glory.

ARRIVAL AT NORTH TORONTO.

The L.nvement of the Governor-General's Body Guards
towards the ground indicated the arrival of the train and the
commencement of the cheering.

The troops disembarked amid the strains of " Johnny comes
Marching Home," and " Home, Sweet Home," by the bands of
the regiments. The cheers were taken up by the spectators
along the streets as the column came into view.

On Yonge Street the sight which met the eye was one which
had never before been presented. Looking southward the view
was beautiful. Arches, flags, banners, festoons of flowers and
evergreens, with multitudes of spectators in windows and on
housetops, as well as on the crowded thoroughfares, as street
after street was passed, under arch after arch, formed a scene
which could only again be repeated under like circumstances,
and which will in all probability never occur. It was joyful,
enthusiastic and loyal, and will live in the memory of all who
witnessed it while life shall last.

Under any circumstances the return of volunteers to their
homes and friends would bo a cause of rejoicing; but when they
come having bravery, victory and peace inscribed on their
banners, their march is a triumphal procession.

Our gallant defenders, under the command of Colonels Miller,
Grassett, Otter and Denison, with General Middleton as Com-
mander-in-chief, will have their names and deeds recorded
on the page of history as examples of heroic entiurance and
bravery. The distance travelled, hardships endured, battles

From iSyj to 1886.

219

fought and won, thorough discipline without a single act of
insubordination, cool courage, steadiness under lire, and the
crowning result in the capture of the leaders and the entire
suppression of the rebellion — all distinguished this short cam-
paign of less than four months as one of the most remarkable
of ancient or modern times.

How to see Toronto in 1886.

In order to get a correct idea of the city, let a visitor enter
an open carriage at the Queen's Hotel, and proceed eastward.
He first sees the Union Station, a tine modern building, and the
Walker House, a large hotel at the corner of York Street. In
front is the extensive factory of Ewing & Co. ; in the rear of
which are the large new stables of the Dominion Ti-ansport Co.,
and on the opposite side of Lome Street, those of Shedden & Co.,
carriers to the Grand Trunk Railway. ; ' .

Proceeding to Bay Street, passing a splendid block of ware-
houses, and looking north to Queen, the site of the new Court
House, and perhaps City Hall, comes into view. This, when
completed, will form a new scjuare, and be an ornament to the
city. From Bay to Yonge, passing spacious and elegant ware-
houses, the Custom House and new Bank of Montreal are reached.

At this point, on looking up Yonge Street, the traveller will
be reminded of the view up Broadway, New York, the appear-
ance of the street here being very tine and imposing. Splendid
wholesale warehouses, banks and public offices, with stores of
every description, stretch away far beyond the reach of vision,
giving the impression of a thorough business city, the traffic at
this point being very great.

From Yonge to Church ho will find continuous lines of
handsome warehouses, occupied by the large wholesale grocery
merchants and boot and shoe manufacturers. On passing Scott
Street a view of the Great North- Western Telegraph Co.'s
building, the Ontario Bank, and several large Insurance and
wholesale dry goods warehouses, is obtained ; and, in passing
on to Church, the Front Street entrance of Messrs. John
Macdonald & Co.'s wholesale dry goods warehouse.

220

Toronto " Called Back''

From Church Street to the Market are more wholesale
grocery and provision houses.

Passing the St. Lawrence Market, the City Hall, and Drill
Shed, the largest building is the immense premises of the Street
Railway Co., with a variety of manufacturing establishments,
including a spice factory, canned fruit and pickle warehouse
refrigerators, oil and boiler works, soap and candle factory, and
Taylor's safe works; also the extensive distillery and other
premises of Messrs. Gooderham & Worts.

The large building used as a glucose factory, recently burned
down, has been re-erected, and is now in operation as a syrup
factory. v-C; .-3v<;:.:,^; ^. ■.-■».■ ■■/'' .-■'",:.■:.■:,■■"■ ■"'■.■-■/■--'''■■■■-".■■ z^-.:-

Turning north to King Street, and going east to the Don, the
large brewery of the Thos. Davies Co., with fine private resi-
dence and grounds, are to be seen. Then westward, passing the
St. Lawrence Market and buildings, he will see the St. James
Cathedral, with its celebrated clock, and the highest spire in
America, the height being 316 feet ; thence along ranges of the
finest retail stores, with their plate glass fronts, will be seen the
favorite promenade. '^...-^i^- --'r^^^.-- :r ^^'--^ :j' '...jr v

On passing Church Street a view will be had of the Public
Library, and in the distance the grounds of the Metropolitan
Church.

At Toronto Street the view as far as Adelaide Street is very
tine : in front is the Post Office, and on either side are handsome
and lofty buildings occupied by Building Societies, Land Com-
panies, Insurance Companies, and the former Post Office which
is used as the offices of the Deputy Receiver-General, the
Inland Revenue Department, and the Inspector of Weights
and Measures.

Proceeding to Yonge pStreet, on the north the Globe office as
also that of the World are passed, and on the south the pala-
tial stores of Walker & Sons and W. A. Murray & Co., when
the tine view north and south is again obtained, the Dominion
Bank being especially noticeable ; at this junction the traffic
of the Street Railway Company and of general business can
be best appreciated.

From iSyy to 1886.

221

Skill westward, the splendid buildings of the Evening
Telegram and the Mail strike the eye ; and at the corner of
York, the Rossin House occupies a most commanding position,
having two frontages, affording separate entrances, which are
most convenient.

Next come in view the Government House and grounds, St.
Andrews Church and Upper Canada College.

By extending the drive in this direction, the immense works
of the E. & C. Gurney Co., the Silver Plate Co., Mason k
Risch's piano factory, H. E. Clarke & Co.'s trunk factory, are
nil seen ; and still farther are the engine works of Inglis »Sc
Hunter, the agricultui-al implement works of the Massey
Manufacturing Co., the Abell Engine and Machine Works, and

ROSSIN HOUSE.

the Gutta Percha and Indian Rubber factory. The drive here
would end at the Exhibition tf^rounds, including the Zoological
Gai'dens, which should certainly be visited.

Leaving Parkdale and Brockton, and turning north from
Queen Street at Spadina Avenue, after passing the Asylum
and Trinity College, at the head of this splendid avenue — the
future " Champs Elysees " of Toronto — Knox College appears,
and from this point it is difficult to .select the be.st route in
which take in all the splendid private streets which would well
repay an inspection. :' ■ ._j ,-: _.^.:,___.\_^.,-^-.:..-^ :.;-^,,--

Taking College Street, and passing Beverley, St. George, and
other handsome streets, to reach the University, a visitor can
not fail being impressed with the beauty and magnificence of

ppff

*••«!.*..

From iSjj to 1886.

the surroundingH. The University buildings, Meteorological
Observatory, Divinity School, and splendid mansions, follow in
rapid succession. The Queen Street Avenue, rivalling in beauty
the finest in Europe, and the Queen's Park, are such as
Toronto citizens may feel proud to show to visitors to the
city.

Driving north are seen the monument- to the Queen's Own
and the fine statue of the Hon. George Brown, and a little to
the westward of the Park gate the beaiatiful building of the
Baptist College and McMaster Hall stand.s.

Thence eastward to Sherbourne Sti'eet a view may be had
of the romantic ravine separating the city from Rosedale. Ij.
the latter suburb is visited, the ravine may be crossed by either
of three handsome bridges, and the scenery here cannot fail to
delight the eye in summer.

In Rosedale are some elegant mansions, and here are the new
and spacious grounds of the Athletic Association, with a grand
stand and all suitable appointments.

Sherbourne Street itself has become the residence of many '
leading merchants and manufacturers, and will impress a
stranger most favorably.

The streets intervening between Sherbourne and Yonge are
Jarvis and Church, the former still retaining its character for
beauty and style, and the latter steadily rising in importance,
which will be enhanced by the new block paving. Both of
these latter streets ought to be traversed, especially as sight-
seers invariably visit the Horticultural Gardens, and the Normal
and Model Schools.

On Bond Street, bounded on the south by Queen, and on the
north by Gould, a view of the iinest churches in the city may
be had. The splendid proportions of the Metropolitan, with its
fine tower and beautiful grounds ; the magnificent Roman
Catholic Cathedral of St. Michael, with iis loftv and graceful
spire; the elegant and substantial Congregational Church of
Bond Street, with its tower and dome, are all in full view on
this street. While in the distance may be seen the spire of St-
James' Cathedral, and the tower of St. James' Square Presby-

224

Toronto " Called Back.''

terian Church on Geri'ard Street ; also the new Orange Hall on
(,)ueen Street, and the Normal School grounds, having the
principal entrance on Gould Street, and forming the square
suri'ounded by Gould, Gerrard, Church and Victoria Streets.

A traveller from England taking this route in summer cannot
fail to be struck with the beauty of the shade trees on all the
principal private streets, and the profusion of flowers dis-
played on every hand, which have become a source of rivalry,
and the cultivation of which is now studied as a science.

Toronto the Centre of the Dominion.

A few years ago a book was written to prove that St. Louis
was geographically the central city of the world, and that
eventually it must become the commercial centre, and very
plausible reasons were given to prove the statement.

The immense resources of the country of which it was the
centre, in iron, coal, gold, silver and cotton, and its growing
manufactures, were used to show its probable destinj'.

Toronto puts forward no such claim, and yet, while Winnipeg
may more properly be considered the geographical centre of
the Dominion, a glance at the map will show the splendid
position of Toronto as a commercial centre, and as a resort for
tourists ; and it is safe to say that, in the near future, no city
on the continent will be more celebi'ated for general attractive-
ness, and that the present hotel accommodation will soon be
altogether inadequate for the crowds who will tlock here in the
summer. The contiguity to the Falls, with the prospect of a
Free Park on the Canada side, will attract travellers from Hudson
Bay to the Gulf of Mexico, and from Halifax to Vancouver.

As a central point of arrival and departure, either east, west,
north or south, her advantageous position cannot be exaggerated.

The chain of lakes north and west, the Canadian Pacific
and Grand Trunk Railways, and the navigation through to the
Atlantic Ocean, via the St. Lawrence, all promise a future for
Toronto such as has never been dreamed of before.

Who would have predicted ten years ago that a traveller
could take a car at the Union Station, or at the foot of Yonge

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From i8j7 to 1886.

227

Street, and by going to North Toronto Station purchase a
ticket, and perhaps even check his baggage, for China or
Japan ? And yet all this will be an every day occurrence
within a short time.

The completion of the connection at Callander, making the
route from New York to Winnipeg via Toronto the most direct,
will at once give her all-rail communication with the great
North-West and the Pacific, e(|ually good in winter as in suimner.

Toronto is fast becoming the wholesale centre of the Do-
minion. Once Quebec enjoyed the good luck, but for some
reason or other a blight fell upon the ancient capital, and
the business houses that flourished on St. Peter Street forty
years ago are there no longer. Montreal for years bajk did
the bulk of the business, but for the last fifteen years xoionto
has been gradually takint"^ it away from her. At the present
rate of progress Toronto . dl lead Montreal in ten years, per-
haps in five.

Toronto possesses one advantage which alone is .sufficient to
account for her succe.ss. We liave a choice of seaports, and
the competition in freight and charges which such an advan-
tage confers. We can receive our importations either by the
St. Lawrence or by New York, and have the .same advantage
with regard to our exports. If Toronto becomes the wholesale
centre many other things must follow. Tiie headquarters of
the Grand Trunk Railway must come here before long.

Many Montreal houses are now opening branches, or removing
their whole business to Toronto, and there are certain indica-
tions besides that Toronto is now the wholesale centre of the
Dominion, and is going to march at the head of the procession.

>P*

Population and Assessment Returns.

Toronto commenced business as a city fifty-one years ago,
with a population of 9,254. To-day, according to the just com-
pleted assessment rolls, the population is 111,800. An increase
of 102,000, or the multiplication of the population by twelve in
half a centurj-^, is a pretty good record, and Toronto people may
well be proud of it.

228

Toronto "Called Back.''

Should the rate of increase not diminish, another half-century
will see in the site of the present Toronto a city of almost half
a million. As it is, Toronto takes a place with the cities of the
second class as to population in the empire.

There are only forty-seven larger cities in the British Domin-
ions, and England herself can boast of only eighteen w^hich have
a greater population. We are larger than Aberdeen, Cork,
Derby, Greenock, Halifax, Iluddersfield, Northampton, Norwich,
Plymouth, Preston, Southampton, or Stockport.

There are only seven larger cities in Germany, nineteen in
th^ United States, seven in France, and seven in Russia. We
rank with Detroit, Milwaukee, Bremen, Stuttgart, Blackburn,
Oldham and Sunderland, all of which stand in the neighbor-
hood of 111,000.

The following grand annual total assessments will show the
gradual increase which has been made in the value of taxable
property in the city for the j-ears indicated :

■i ■

ASSK8SMBNT8.

1871 $29,277,235

1872 32,487,772;

1873 41,775,844

1874 43,472,512

1875 46,50(5,280

1876 47,150,362

1877 47,614,.393

1878 49,053,765

ASSESSMBNTS.

1879 $49,753,402

1880 50,16-5,539

1881 53,559,910

1882 55,904,899

1883 59,561,143

1884 65,683,877

1885 69,225,114

1886 72,721,559

TORONTO STREET.

The realty and personalty on this street is assessed in round
numbers at one million dollars, one-seventieth of the total assess-
ment of the city, and is only a block in length.

POPULATION OF TORONTO AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.

1817
1826
1832
18.34
1842
1845

1,200
1,677
4,000
9,000
15,000
19,000

1847 22,500

1850 25,000

1854 40,000

1857 4.1,000

1871 56,000

1881 86,000

1884 100,000

1886 110,000

From i8yy to 1886.

229

VALUE OF BUILDINGS ERECTED DURING THE YEARS

1882 $1,757,630

1883 1,506,740

1884 $2,033,235

1885 3,449,375

NO.

VAbDE.

$168,000

230,000

61,000

17,000

181

488,000

900

2,028,375

465,000

$3,449,375

Of the buildings erected in 1885 the proportion was

For miscellaneous manufacturing and others

Social and charitable institutions

Schools and churches

Hotels

Business buildings

Residences

Various improvements

Commercial Travellers' Association.

There are five Commercial Travellers' Associations in Canada:
Toronto, with a membership of 2,800 ; Montreal, 1,500 ; London,
500; Winnipeg, 150; Halifax, N.S.,150.

We give the following statistics of the Toronto C. T. A. :

Reserve Funds $100,000

Gain for last year 13,930

Membership 2,300

Increase last year 77

As an interesting item, showing the growth of commercial
travelling in the United States, the history of which nearly
corresponds with its date in Canada, one of the leading men
says, "There are now 8 bout 80,000 travelling salesmen in the
United States ; their expenses are $1,500 each, which means an
outlay of $120,000,000 a year, and if you count on an average
salary of $1,000 a year each, it will swell the total to $200,000,-
000 a year. This immense sum is scattere<l all over the country.
It keeps up the hotels and is one of the most important items
of railroad passenger receipts. The character of the travelling
salesman has changed in these ten years ; you will find very few
boys and fewer drunkards on the road. The competition is so
great and expenses so heavy that firms have to send out their
best men, and salaries of from $3,000 to $5,000 a year are by no
means uncommjn."

With some modifications the above figures will apply to
Canada according to its numerical proportions.

230

Toronto " Called Back.''

Toronto Custom House.

In any country or city where the revenue is raised by indirect
taxation, the history of the Custom House is, to a great extent,
the history of its growth in trade and manufactures.

There was a time in the history of the importing trade of
Toronto when the duty was five per cent, ad valorem, and thc^
Government of the day, with great liberality, took the importers'
note at six months in payment.

No doubt this <xave a stimulus to the trade, which has re-
suited in placing 1'oronto at the head of all American and
Canadian cities of its population in the extent of its imports.

About the same time that the importations connnenced in
this way to Toronto, the non-importing merchants got their
supplies in what is now called " Niagara by the Lake," where
merchants went regularly to make their purchases up to the
time when the seat of government was changed to Toronto,
in 1821.

Others got their goods in Montreal, and these were brought
up the St. Lawrence and along the shore of Lake Ontario in
batteaux ; while over the portages they did the best they could
in the way of transport.

The intelligence of some of these gentlemen may be judged
from the following incident, which is given on the best authority,
the writer giving nothing from personal knowledge previous
to 1847.

One of the lirm of JNEcDougal Bros, having miKJc his pur-
chases in Montreal, returned home in advance of the goods,
having his invoices with him ; the brother, who remained in
Toronto, on looking over one invoice discovered a line of cloth,
with number of yards and prices stated, and inunediately
underneath was the word "ditto" also havinjj the length and
price. On enquiring from the buyer what " ditto " meant, he
replied he could not tell, as he was quite sure he had not
bought any such goods as " ditto." Steps wore inunediately
taken to have the artide returned on its arrival, as the goods
appeared to come to a good deal of money.

TUKONTO rlSTOM UOl SE.

From iSyj to 1886.

233

My first entry at the Custom House was made in the fall
of 1848, being a little over twelve months from the time of
arriving in the country, and being the youngest man who
had made direct importations to the city. ' My faith in the
future of Toronto was based on two facts : first, the water com-
munication in front, with a beautiful harbor, and second, the
fine agricultural country stretching away in the back ; and in
addition to this there was confidence in the taste and wealth
of the people sufficient to warrant the importation of a fine
class of goods, as shown by the fact that one case alone was
valued at £800 sterling, the contents of which, with all other
goods, were speedily disposed of.

Mr. Stanton was the collector at this time, and the duty was
12^ per cent. acZ '?;aZo?'em. ^^ ■■■'> ,{i ..:r:r.:' -.-''i' {.{.. ' ;

As the whole importations that year were under a million
dollars in value, the Custom House stafi", inside and outside,
did not exceed four or five, not one of whom remains in the
service.

Mr. Stanton was succeeded by Mr. Meudell, and in 1851 the
staff had slightly increased ; Mr. T. McCarthy, still in the
service, being the only one remaining of the number in the
service at that time ; Mr. Thomas Scott was surveyor, Mr.
John Cameron, chief clerk, and Mr. Robert Emery, landing
waiter.

Shortly after the introduction of the " bonding system " .
through the United States, the private bonded warehouses
were authorized as a convenience to importers, who, com-
mencing to receive goods at all seasons of the year, discontinued
the custom of opening their whole importations at one time ;
country merchants visiting the market more freijuently, and
importers taking their goods out of bond as orders were given
from samples, or, in the case of dry goods, by opening only a
portion of any class of goods at one time.

The appointment of " lockers " followed this arrangement,

and the first who acted in that capacity were Mr. James Stitt,

some time superannuated, Mr. R. G. A. Taton, the present polite

and courteous cashier, and Mr. Alex. Duff, now gauger; all

234

Toro7ito " Called Back.''

'it%

of whom were justly popular for their obliging and attentive
manners, as well as the faithful discharge of their duties. Of
the former and the latter the writer can speak from experience
(Mr. Paton having to do with the grocery trade). On the arrival
of goods, the.se gentlemen were always ready to lend a hand and
use a truck to get a lot of goods off the street sometimes after
ten o'clock at night, when l;y getting the goods in they would
be covered by insurance.

The conscientious discharge of duty, the unvarying readiness
to oblige and willingness to impart information, on the part of
Mr. Scott, are all well known to present as well as past im-
porters. When it was necessary to see Mr. Meudell he was
to be found at his post, and if a question arose on any point
in which he differed with an importer, if he showed any dispo-
sition to act in an arbitrary manner, a gentle reminder that as
the servant of the public he must be accommodating invariably
resulted in the offer of a friendly pinch of .snuff, a box of which
he always kept on his desk, and the matter came to an amicable
conclusion.

The gradual increase in the importations, with the rate of
duty at various periods up to the present time, when they have
reached such a large figure, will be found in another place.

The Custom House staif in 18o4 consisted, in addition to
the gentlemen already named, of Hon. Captain Curzon and
George Henderson, clerks ; J. P. Dunn, landing waiter, and
A. Macphenson, who succeeded Mr. John Boyd, father of the
present Chancellor, who was the first appraiser.

The present surveyor. Mr. John Douglas, entered the service
in 1855, having occupied the position of chief clerk before his
present position, which he assumed on the death of Mr. Scott.
The long and valuable services of Mr. Douglas are, and will be,
associated with the history of the importing trade of Toronto,
long after the present time. His uniform courtesy and gentle-
manly deportment are too well known to the merchants of
Toronto to give the statement even the shadow of flattery.
Having known Mr. Douglas during the whole of his connec-
tion with the service, the writer can say he never heard a

From i8yy to 1886.

235

breath of complaint, but, on tlie contrary, universal respect
always expressed towards him.

Mr. Meudell was succeeded by the Hon. Robert Spence, and
after his death Mr. T. C. Scott acted as collector. An effort
was made to have him appointed to the coUectorship, but the
petition for the object was never presented, a number of mer-
chants and others, including the Hon. George Brown, refusing
to sign, on the ground that the appointment of collector should
continue to be a political one. Mr. J. E. Smith was appointed
to the office, and on his retirement Mr. John Douglass acted as
collector till the appointment of the Hon. Jas. Patton, Q.C,
LL.D., who now occupies the responsible position.

In 188G the Custom House staff consists of collector, sur-
veyor, chief clerk, cashier, assistant cashier, seventeen clerks,
three acting clerks, three appraisers and two assistant ap-
praisers, two gaugers and lockers, three lockers, one engineer
and two assistants, eighteen landing waiters, nine packers and
porters, one housekeeper and messenger, and four messengers.

an»^i

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS.

The time has now happily gone by when, by an act of poli-
tical legerdemain, persons from mechanical, agricultural or other
pursuits, without any training or qualification, mitrht have been
metamorphosed into civil service officers, and placed in positions
for which they were entirely unfitted, contrary to every recog-
nized principle of trade or commerce.

Should a contractor for any large undertaking require
skilled workmen, as carpenters, plumbers or bricklayers, and
the best accountant in the Dominion apply for an engagement,
it is easy to know what his answer would be. Why the rule
should be reversed in the case of public departments is pecu-
liar, and could only be applied on the ground of their having
the power to conduct the business on a principle that would
inevitably lead to the ruin of ordinary commercial undertak-
ings ; experience and competency being indispensable in every
business where private capital is invested.

The Civil Service examinations must ultimately result in

236

Toronto " Called Back''

greater efficiency and econom^ when the infusion of the new
element shall have had time to develop. It is said that alread}-
the effect is apparent in the introduction of a more advanced
system, in accordance with modern ideas of mercantile life, and
resulting in quicker and more correct returns being made to the
Government. Should the reform result in a system of remunera-
tion corresponding with services actually rendered, as is the
rule in every well-ordered mercantile establishment, and pro-
motion given only on the ground of merit, it will prove alike
advantageous to the service and beneticial to the officers, and in a
few years the -whole service will be purified and improved so that
Canada may claim to have established a system of Civil Service
equal to that which is styled " the pride and glory of Britain."

Total Imports to Toronto Since 1849.

The fiscal year ending 31st December, 1863, and ending 30th
June, 1885. The year 1864 showing .six months to 30th June.

1849 .<il, 280,549

1850 2,286,508

1851 2,778,389

1852 2,620,080

1853 4,723,971

1854 5,830,480

1855 5,495,613

1856 6,(i70,DOO

1857 5,303,523

1858 3,530,198

1859 3,976,888

1860 4,138,518

1861 4,763,970

1862 4,253,286

1863 4,436,291

1864 2,387,761

1865 4,.342,737

1866 6,340,679

1868,

1869

1870

1871

1872

1873

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880

1881

1882

1883

1884

1885

1867 7,031,541 I Six monthg ending Dec. 31

COAL IMPORTED TO TORONTO IN 1885.

$6,833,132

6,658,867

6,833,991

9,968,546

13,097,863

14,590,12,-)

14,717,898

14,807,948

11,231,343

13,376,257

12,611,334

12,141,812

12,192,942

15,090,629

19,110,222

18,6.34,451

17,090,369

18,032,110

9,418,022

TONS.

Anthracite 238,320

Bituminous 116,178

Total 354,498

From 1871 ^0 1886,

237

INTO THE DOMINION.

Anthracite .
Bituminous .

'I'otal
Value

909,121
l,080,r)36

1,989,657

$3,888,548

Coal produced at Nanaimo, B.C.

1874

TONS.

81,000

1875 110,000

1876 139,000

1877 154,000

1880 268,000

1881 228,000

1882 182,000

1883 213,000

\^ll 171,000 11884 394,000

1879 241,000 I

Shipped chietly to San Francisco, Pcrtland, Oregon, Washing-
ton Territory, Alaska, Hawaiian Islands and China.

The Imports of Toronto Compared With Cities in the

United States.

FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING 30TH JUNE, 1885.

' . VALUE. DUTY. AVO. I'ER CT.

Milwaukee !$40;,452 $160,973.00 39.50

D«*'^oi* 2,062,398 284,198.00 13.30

*^*- I-'^wi^ 2,601,001 1,036.77 39.88

^"ff'^^o 4,744,610 873,323.00 18.20

Cincinnatti 1,930,000 762,917.00 39 50

Chicago 10,58r,,.S47 4,133,675.00 39.05

Toronto 18,032,110 3,274,950.00 18.17

It will be noticed that the average of duty at Detroit and
Buffalo is much below the other ports, which can be accounted
for because of the large bulk being of the produce of Canada,
and less from foreign countries.

The above figures were received through the kindness of the
Collectors at these ports. It will be noticed that the Toronto
imports are nearly equal to all the others put together.

238

Toronto " Called Back.''

Exports from Toronto in 1885

include the following goods nianui'actured in the city

BOOKH. VALUE.

Australia $7,065

New Zealand 2,044

Bermuda and West Indies 118

Spanish West Indies 46

Newfoundland 88

South Africa 1,168

CAKRIA0B8.

British West Indies.

MACHI.NRRT.

Australia
Argentine liepublic

New Zealand

Chili

VALUB

8727

3,829
450
29H
20O

This trade will receive an impetus through the Indian and
Colonial Exhibition that may develop into large proportions,
especially with the facilities for shipment via the Canadian
Pacific Railway and its ocean connections.

FOR YEAR ENDING 30TH SEPTEMBER, 1885, ,,

Produce of the Fisheries $914

Produce of the Forest 308,463

Animals and their Produce 991,874

Agricultural Products 1,284,657

Manufactures 289,276

Miscellaneous 16,573

Total Exports $2,891,757

Quarter Ending 31st December $1,411,514

VALUB

$727

3,829
450
293
20O

n and
rtions,
ladian

$914
308,46a
991,874
,284,657
289,276
16,573

,891,757
,411,514

'fl^'"»'"

'iji

o
is

TOEONTO IN 1880.

Fair Toronto : Quoer City of the West,
Of all thy sister-cities tliou art best ;
As far lis uyu ciiii reach, from Iju to Hiimber,
Kiao towering spires in yoodlv number ;
Catlietlrals, churches, schools, and mansions rise
In stately grandeur towering to the skies.
A noble harbor fronts thy soutliern bound,
And gentle hills encircle thee around ; '

From north to south, and east to west ex[)atu}
Streets, avenues and roads, so wisely plann'd,
That strangers visit thee with ease, and find
In thee a home at once just to their mind ;
Long live Toronto I loud her praises swell,
Here Commerce, Art, and Nature love to dwell.

— Imrie.

It will be no exaggeration to say that no city on the con-
tinent is making greater progress than the City of Toronto.
Within ten years the population has doubled. Not only has this
increase occurred within the limits, but the city has thrown off
shoots east, west and north, which are now rapidly assuming
the proportions of towns.

Indeed, one suburb, which a decade ago was a series of farms,
with cottages scattered here and there, has been recently incor-
porated, and its large population, its populous streets, its hand-
some stores and private residences well entitle it to the dignity
of a town, — and this is Parkdale.

The population within the limits now reaches 111,000. That
without will no doubt very shortly bring it up to 140,000. Ten
years ago Toronto extended from the Don to Bathurst Street,
and from the Bay to College Avenue. Spadina Avenue north
of St. Patrick Street was a field, where the troops were
reviewed, and Sherbourne Street above Carlton resembled the
" forest primeval." ,r,

It is possible now to walk from half a mile east of the Grand

■!!r~

' i^

iti

''.

'i^^Bx

i
■J

240

Torcfi/o ' ' Called Back.

Trunk crossings on the Kingston Road to within half a mile of
the lake shore, on Queen Street (a distance of about four miles),
through an avenue of shops, and to inspect store windows on
Yonge Street from the Bay to the hill north of the city, which
was formerly regarded as the country.

Nothing illustrates the growing opulence of the city more
than the character of the places of business and the architectural
improvements on the private residences. A shop is not a shop
now unless provided with the metropolitan plate glass front,

OSGOOOE HALL.

and the tendency in every business is in the shape of extension,
— in short, to occupy two or three buildings where formerly
one was sufficient.

Where many cities have one fine street of which they are
justly proud, as Euclid Avenue in Cleveland, and Wabash
Avenue in Chicago, none can boast of so many fine streets or
private residences of finer build or more elegant design.

The old s(juare house which was tlie palace of a merchant
years ago, has given place to a building of Elizabethan or other

T^f

iS;,

From iSyy to iS86.

241

fashionable style, in whioli the taste for ornamentation is fully
ff rati tied.

Formerly Jarvis Street was the home of the wealthy, and
then Sherbourne laid claims to rivalry ; and while these go on
improving constantly, new competitions for style and elegance
are springing up l)oth on the north and west.

To the person whose business confines him to the centre of
the city, a visit to what recently were fields is at once a revela-
tion and surprise. New streets have been opened out, new and
magnificent mansions have been erected, comfortable houses for
the middle classes have been built, and places of business to
meet all local wants have been provided. In addition to this,
there are very few points which are not within five minutes'
walk of the street cars.

The enormous development of Toronto of late years is largely
the result of a liberal policy which has brought the railroads of
the Province, and with them a large portion of the northern
and western sections, to our doors. There are to be added to
this, the public spirit of the people, the business enterprise of
the merchants, the good sanitary condition of the city, and the
presence of all those religious and other metropolitan advan-
tages which persons retiring from active business life elsewhere
naturally seek. Toronto is making great strides toward being
the Chicago of Canada.

The C^tario Assembly in 1886.

Ontario's Legislature was convened with the old time civil
and military display. The cannon of the Toronto Field Battery,
stationed on Wellington Street, thundered a salute as Lieut.-
Governor Robinson, attended by Capt. Geddes, A.D.C., drove
from Government House, under escort of Denison's troopers, to
the legislative head(|uarters of the Province, there, for the sixth
time in his gubernatorial capacity, to present the Government
bill of fare to the people's representatives for digestion dvU'ing
the session.

As His Honor's sleigh made its way through the throng of

TTr

242

Toronto ''Called Back''

spectators in front of the building, the guard of honor from C
Company, Infantry School, presented arms to the strains of the
National Anthem, while the cannon kept on booming. The
Legislative Chamber overflowed with civil and military mag-
nates, legislators, politicians, and the beauty and fashion of the
Provincial Capital as represented by upwards of two hundred
of the fairer sex. All the galleries were jammed. It was
generally remarked that the ceremony was unusually large and
brilliant.

STATE DINNER AT GOVERNMENT HOUSE.

The festivities that followed the opening were on a larger
aiid more brilliant scale than usual. Government House was
the scene of a magnificent state dinner, which eclipsed anything
hitherto attempted in that line at Government House. The
table was a perfect gem in the way of decoration and arrange-
ment. It was laid in the ball room with covers for Hfty-six.
Mrs. Robinson herself designed and superintended the work.
The centi'e piece was a miniature lake, in v/hich fragrant flowers
of rare delicacy and hue floated amidst tender green vines and
lovely leaves, being refreshed by a gentle spray from a rockery,
.surmounted by a device in which the word "Ontario" glittered
in gas. The lake was flanked by a profusion of flowers, and
numerous little ornaments and devices added to the beauty and
effect of the display, the tout ensemble, under a brilliant flood
of light, being really magnificent.

Toronto Board of Trade

was incorporated in February, 1845, the council l)eing composed
of the following gentlen)en :— Thomas Clarkson, President;
E. F. Whittemore, Vice-President ; John Harrington, Treasurer;
Charles Robertson, Secretar}^ ; Messrs. W. P. Howland, James
Brown, jun., William McMaster, William Henderson, John
Shaw, Charles Robertson, J. G. Worts, T. 1). Harris Rice Lewis,
George A. Piper, Henry Fowler, John Henderson. Members in
1886, 822 ; total income last year, $5,553.3o.

■.■n- 'i

,.i'\.

From iSyy. to i8S6.

243

Banks in Toronto.

CAIMTAI,.

Bank of Toronto $2,000,000

Central 1,000,000

Canadian B'k of Ccmmerce 6,000,000

Ontario l.oOO.OOO

Bank of Montreal 12,000,000

Merchants' 5,725,000

Imperial 1,500,000

Quebec

Federal

Standard

Dominion

Traders

British North America.

CAriTAI,.

$2,500,000
1,250,000
2,000,000
l,50O,0IJO
1,000,000
5,000,000

SAVINGS BANKS.

Assistant Receiver-General's Office.

Canada Permanent Loan and Savings Company.

Dominion Savings Bank.

Farmers Loan and Savings Company.

Freehold Loan and Savings Company.

Home Savings and Loan Company.

People's Loan and Deposit Company.

Post Office Savings Bank.

Toronto Savings Bank.

Union Loan and Savings Bank.

Western Canada Loan and Savings Company.

PUBLIC COMPANIES.

Toronto General Trust Company $.500,000

Toronto Land and Loan Company 1 ,000,000

Union Loan and Savings Company 1 ,000,000

York Farmers' Colonization Company 300,000

British Canadian Loan and Investment Company (Limited) 5,000,000

Building and Loan Association . . 750,000

Canada Permanent Loan and Savings Company 2,200,000

Reserve fund $1, 100,000 ; assets 8,5.'<!),47(>

Credit Foncier (Franco-( nadian) 5,000,000

Freehold Loan and Savings Company 2,000,000

Home J" . \ Ings and Loan Company . 2,000,0C0

Imperial I lan and Investment Company 1,000,000

London an Canadian Loan and Agency Company f^, 000, 000

London atii Ontario Investment Company 2,250,000

Ontario and 'ulustrial Loan and Investment Company .500,000

Ontario and i "Appelle Company 1 ,000,000

People's Loan and Deposit ('ompany .500,000

Cor.imercial Building and Investment Society

Loan and Investment Company

Canada C'ompany

Canada Lamled Credit Companj'

Farmers Loan and Savings Company

Land Security Company

Trust and Loan Company

Western Canada Loan and Savings Company

National Investment Company

ASSETS OK BANKS IN CANADA.

In January 188()

S!222,905,.522

!,f).|"""" T

244

Toronto " Called Back!''

Toronto Gas Works.

The Gas Works of Toronto were originated and built by the
late Albert Furniss, in 1842, who was also the builder of the
Water Works. The present Consumers' Gas Company origin-
ated in 1847, and the first meeting of the subscribers for stock
was held on the 29th October, 1847, when Directors were ap-
pointed for the management of the Company. The Act of
Incorporation was passed in 1848. The Directors had not pro-
ceeded far with their arrangements for the construction of
the Works before they ascertained that the Gas Works then
in use could be purchased, and they unanimously decided on
concluding the bargain for their purchase. The late Charles
Berczy, Postmaster, was the first President of the Company.
The Directors in 1852 were Charles Berczy, Hugh Miller, John
T. Smith, David Patterson, J. Arnold, M. Betley, I. 0. Gilmor,
W. Mathers. S. Alcorn, E. C. Hancock, S. Piatt, and James
Strange. When the Company took over the Gas Works the
price of gas was $5 per thousand, net, besides a large meter
rent, and the quality from ten to twelve candles.

On September 30th, 1847, there were one hundred and sixty-
four street lamps and three hundred and seventeen gas con-
sumers, and the total amount of rental for gas for fifteen
months — two quarters at 25s. and three quarters at 20s. —
amounted to only £4,619 7s. lOd. The first manager was
Mr. John Watson, who only occupied the position for a short
time, when he was succeeded by the late Henry Thompson, who
occupied the position until 1874, when he was succeeded by W.
H. Pearson. The gas manufactured up to September 30th,
1854, was 14,000,000 cubic feet.

The quality of gas now supplied is from seventeen to eighteen
candles, and the price charged to small consumers $1.25 per M.,
medium size consumers, $1.15, and very large consumers, .$1.10.
Gas stoves and engines, $1 per M. No charge now is made for
meters. Over one hundred and twenty-six miles of pipe were
laid up to September 30th, 1885. There are two thousand five
hundred and fifty-seven street lamps, and six thousand seven

From iSyy to 1886. . 245

hundred and seventy eight consumers. Gas rentals amounted
to S353,498.26 for the year ending September 30th, 1885, and
the gas made was 273,488,000 cubic feet.

The present officers of the Company are : James Austin,
President ; Larratt W. Smith, Vice-President, and W. H. Pear-
son, Secretary. There are one hundred and fifty-four hands,
now employed by the Company, and its business is rapidly

increasing.

Toronto Water Works.

Toronto is supplied with water from Lake Ontario by means
of pumping engines, mamifactured by Messrs. Inglis & Hunter,
of this city, having a capacity of 12,000,000 gallons per twenty-
four hours ; also two Worthington Duplex Engines of a capacity
of 12,000,000, making a total of 24,000,000 gallons. The build-
ing of the Water Works in which they are placed is a handsome
structure at the edge of the bay.

The reservoir at Rose Hill, from which the water is dis-
tributed, is beautifully situated to the north of the city. The
wonderful growth of the city will be seen by a comparison of
the following statistics with the system in 1847 :

Total mileage of water pipes 144

Number of hydrants 1,414

Number of services 22,000

Number of hydraulic hoists 140

Gallons of water pumped in 1885 3,543,735,410

It is interesting to notice that in 1847 there was no hoist of
any kind in any building in Toronto. All goods and furniture
were carried to the different floors, while passengers had to
walk up stairs. The first two hoists were of the old wheel and
rope pattern, and one wqs placed in the present Bank of Com-
merce building by Messrs. Ross, Mitchell & Co., and the other
in the warehouse at present occupied by Mr. P. Jacobi by
Taylor & Stevenson in 18.53.

- Meat Markets and Horses of Toronto, ._

Contrasting with the inferior meat of former times, the
markets of Toronto, for splendid supplies of first-class meats,,
cannot be surpassed anywhere. The display at Christmas time-

246

Toronto " Called Back."

is another evidence of Toronto's great progress, and would do
credit to any city in the world.

In connection with this, reference may be made to the won-
derful improvement that has taken place in all classes of horses,
which are to be seen in such numbers on our streets. Whether
for saddle, carriage, or heavy draught, no city in America can
show finer specimens of horse-tiesh, and it is only in point of
size that they are excelled in Britain. The finest display of
heavy draught horses in the world is to be seen on the first of
May in Manchester, when, in splendid new brass-mounted,
shining harness, and gaily decorated with ribbons and flowers,
the proud teamsters display their leviathian animals, sleek and
fat, in a procession extending for miles in length. Toronto
horses belonging to the railway companies are quite equal in
symmetry and condition. > ; rrivrv s: ■

Toronto a Manufacturing City.

A Shefl[ield teacher gave a school girl, for a home lesson, a
composition on the question of trade. Next morning she
brought an excuse for not having done her task, and also
handed to the teacher a note which her brother had sent, and
which contained the following : — " ' Trade is the substance of
things hoped for, and the evidence of things not seen.' It will
come ' in the sweet by-and-bye.' Trade ! trade ! where art
thou ? Come forth and show thyself."

This is the problem which the greatest political economists
in the world are trying to solve to-day. An Imperial Commis-
sion has been appointed in England to find out where her trade
has disappeared to, and the cause of its decline ; with this only
result so far, that new markets must be found to supply the
place of those that have been lost.

It is probable the j'outh knew nothing of the theories of
Free Trade and Protection, and did not know that Sheflield
goods were excluded by a hostile tarifi' from what had formerly
been the largest market for these goods ; nor that the manufac-
turers of Connecticut and Rhode Island were sending in similar
goods to England entirely free ; he only knew the sad fact of
poverty and all its attending evils.

From iSyy to i8S6.

247

When — either V)y defective legislation or some unfortunate
circumstance, as the (Cotton Famine during the American War —
tens of thousands of industrious operatives are reduced to the
verge of starvation, it is a dreadful state of things, and it must
be gratifying to the citizens of Toronto, that happily no such
state of things exists here ; trade is a visible and tangible
I'eality, and there appears every prospect of steady progress in
the future as there has been in the past. While no class is
oppressed all are benefitted. •

List i)f ((vfirles maniifdctu.red in Toronto, the iwpoTtation of
which hax fallen of in a ratio eorresponding with the
. home production:

Agricultural Implements

Bagatelle Tables.

Baking Powders.

Bed ('omforters.

Bedsteads.

Billiard Tables.

Bird Cages.

Biscuits.

Blacking.

Blankets.

Blank Books.

Boots and Shoes.

Boot Laces.

l^uilding Brick.

Bildges, iron.

Candles, tallow.

Carpet Bags.

Carriages and Sleighs.

Cloaks, fur.

Cloaks, cloth.

Clothing, Cotton.

C!ollars and Cuffs.

Colors and Paints.

Copper Manufactures.

Corks.

Cottons, grey and white.

Earth Closets.

Electro-plated Ware. !
Envelopes. 1

Fire Works. |

Furniture, all kinds.
FurCa|)s, Hats, Muffs, &c
Gas Fixtures,
(i loves, leatlier.
Gutta Percha Goods.
Hats and Caps.
Hollow Ware.
Horse Shoes.
Horse .Shoe Nails.
India Rubber Manuf'res.
Ink, writing & printing.
Iron Bolts and Nuts.
Jellies and .lams.
Jewellery, manuf'res of

gold and silver.
Linen Clothing.
Meats, smoked and dried.
Mill (& other) Machinery.
Mouldings, gilded.
Mouldings, wood.
Musical Instruments.
Oil, luliricating.
Oil, illuminating.
Organs, parts of, & reeds.

Ornamental Iron Work.

Paper Manufactures.

Paper Bags and Boxes.

Paper Hangings.

Pianos.

Pickles and .Sauces.

Rasps and Files.

Saddlery.

Satchels.

Scales and Balances.

Shirts.

Show Cases.

Skates.

Soaps.

Spices.

.Stoves and Furnaces.

Suspenders and C/orsets.

Telegraph Supplies.

Tin Manufactures.

Trunks and Valises.

Whips.

Wire Work.

Wooden Ware.

Woollen Clothing,

Woollen Hosiery.

Woollen Underclothing.

Woollen Yarns.

The cottons mentioned, although not manufactured in the
city, are largely sold here b}'' manufacturers and their agents,
and are controlled b}'^ Toronto merchants ; this also applies to
denims, drillings, and other lines of goods. The list could be
greatly extended if goods manufactured in the Dominion were
enumerated.

248

Toronto '* Called Back.

When it is remembered that at the commencement of our
sketch there was just one stove foundry, one soap and candle
factory, and one or two other unimportant kinds of goods
manufactured in Toronto, the list speaks for itself. It must be
borne in mind, however, that this does not by any means in-
clude all the branches of manufactures, as new industries are
starting up constantly, for which we have no comparison to
make in imported goods.

It would be impossible to over-estimate the importance of
these manufactures to the city, not only giving employment to
thousands of the population, but forming a large market for the
agricultural productions in the surrounding country, and also
attracting buyers of every class of goods ; all tending to the
circulation of money, and contributing to the general prosperity.

No thoughtful person can walk down any of the leading
thoroughfares in the morning, or at six o'clock in the evening,
without being struck with the crowds of well-dressed men and
women, all tending toward or returning from the centre of these
industries ; and he must, indeed, be void of patriotism, whose
feelings are not thrilled by the sight of so nuich enterprise and
industry, making our streets vie with those of Manchester or
Nottingham. Nor is there any reason to doubt that, before
long, we may see the numbers greatly increased. While the
extension of manufactures may embrace chose not so cleanly,
no one would object to see even the linen overalls and the
wooden clogs which, in other cities, although corresponding
with the work of the operatives during the week, are often
replaced by silk and patent leather on Sundays and holidays.

A spool of cotton may appear trifling, but few people, except
the initiated, are aware of the gigantic business done in this
article. In Paisley, Scotland, there are employed in the trade
thousands of operatives, — one mill alone employing .over 3,000
hands, earning good wages, and employed all the year round.
When factories in other trades are shut down for lack of orders,
the spool cotton mills do not suffer much, if any, from depres-
sion. Torontonians will be pleased to hear that this important
branch of manufacture is to be established in Toronto by Kerr

From jSjy to jS86.

249

and Co., the well-known Paisley manufacturers. Machinery of
the newest and best description will be imported from home,
and workers l)rou<j:ht out from Paisley to teach others here.

TORONTO MAN U FACTU RES.

Account Books , . . T)

Agriciiltunil Implements 2

Artificial Linih.s 3

Awnings, Tents, etc 3

Bilking IV wder 4

Bail) Wire Fencing 1

Baskets 7^

Belting 6

Billiiiril Tables 1

Blacklea.l 1

Blacking '2

Boats 12

Boilers 7

Boots and Shoes K

Boot and Shoe Uppers 3

Boxes, cigar 3

Boxes, fancy 2

Boxes, packing 3

Braces and Belts 1

Breweries 10

Brick 24

Bridges 1

Brushes and Biooms 10

(Carpets 1

Carriages 13

Chemicals (J

Cigars 11

Coffee and Spice Mills 9

Coflius 2

Collars 1

Confectionery 7

Coppersmiths 3

Cordage . 1

Corks ....... 1

Corsets 4

Drugs 2

Electrotypes 5

Elevators 1

Engines 7

Files and Rasps 3

Flour Mills , 3

Furnaces and Ranges 2

Furniture 10

Glue 1

Har dware 1

Harness 28

Hats 9

Heating Apparatus 2

Hosiery 2

Hoop Skirts 2

Hydrants and \'alves 1

Iron Bedsteads 1

Iron Fencing . 2

Iron ( Jates and Guards 2

Iron Working Machinery 1

Japan Ware i

Jewelleiy 24

Jewel Cases 2

Lamp Fixtures 2

Lasts 2

Leather Belting 2

Letter Files 1

Jjitliographs 11

Mantles and (i rates 1

Marking Ink 1

Matches 1

Metallic Roofing 1

Matrasses 11

Mill Machinery 2

Mouldings 6

Mustard

Office Furniture

Oils

Organs

Organ Reeds

Ornamental Iron Work

Overalls ...

i'aints

Papei-

?.... 1

«5

Papei- Bags 2

250

Toi^onto " Called Back.

Pattern Making 3

Pianos 5

Pickles and Sauces 4

Picture Frames 8

Planing Mills 23

Printing Ink 1

Printing Presses 2

Publishers 45

E'umps ...... 3

Rattan (Joods 1

Refrigerators 2

Roller Skates 2

Ropes 2

Rubber Goods 2

Saddlery Hardware 1

Safes 1

Sanitary Appliances 1

Sash, Doors and Blinds 12

Saws 1

Saw and Shingle Mill Machim . . 1

Scales 1

Sculptors 3

Shirts

Show { "ases . . 2

tSilversmiths 1

Silverware 4

Soap 4

Spring Beds 8

Stained Glass 2

Stamps 4

Stencils 5

Stereotypes 3

Stoves 3

Straw Goods . . 3

Tanners Supplies 1

Tassels . . 1

Telegranli Supplies 2

Trunks 1

Trusses 2

Varnish 3

Vinegar 3

\Vaggon8 20

Wall Papers 1

Washing Machines 1

Watch Ca.sea 1

White Lead 3

Wire Matts 1

Wire Works 2

Window Shades 5

Wood Turning 7

Woollen Ware 4

Wood Working Machinery 1

Wool Knit Goods 1

Yeast 1

Great Britain liavingr, throuo-h ho.stile tariffs, lost access to
the markets of many countries which were formerly the best
outlets for her trade, is now turninjjf her attention to new fields
for her enterpri.se, and in the future will look to India, China,
Japan, Burmah and Siam to take her surplus productions. As
these countries comprise about one-third of the population of
the earth, there is abundant scope, and it will indeed be a novel
sight to find the young Dominion competing with the mother
country for this very trade, with all the advantages on the side
of Canada, in being so much nearer the field of operations.

PER CENTAGE OF GROWTH OF MANUFACTURES IN 50 YEARS.

I83() to 1846 5

1846 to 1856 10

IS.'ie to 1866 15

Total

1866 to 1876 25

1876 to 1886 46

100

:«-!

From iSyy to 1886.

251

From the long list of Toronto manufacturers a few old-
established firms are selected as representing the " wonderful
growth and progress " of the city in its manufactures : —

J. ,(■ J. TAYLOR, TORONTO SAFE WORKS.

This is one of Toronto's representative institutions, whether
as it regards the enterprise of the firm or the growth and
progress of the city in substantial wealth.

The demand for safes as security against fire or burglary has
kept pace with the accumulation of gold, silver, bank notes,
bonds, mortgages, and jewellery and watches, all of which are
now protected from all harm and danger.

It was indeed a sight worth seeing, to be permitted to inspect
the nineteen safes at present being exhibited at the Indian and
Colonial Exhibition in London. For beauty of finish, both
internally and externally, these specimens of Toronto work-
manship need fear no competition at such an exhibition ; ami
even if England were admitted to the friendly rivalry, it is a
<juestion whether anything finer could be produced.

It is now over thirty years since the firm of J. k J. Taylor
commenced the manufacture of safes in Toronto. Durins: that
period over forty thousand have been distributed throughout
the Dominion, from British Columbia, Manitoba, and the
North-West Territories, to Newfoundland and the Maritime
Provinces.

It has been their constant aim from the first to keep pace
with the times by adopting every improvement that would
make security, if possible, doubly secure in all the work that
might pass through their hands. That they have succeeded
beyond their most sanguine expectations is evidenced by the
fact that for many years they have done by far the largest
portion of the bank safe work and the Government work of
the Dominion ; and in ottering their safes to the general public,
this is, perhaps, the best guarantee that their safes stand unri-
valled in the Canadian market.

The burglar-proof bank safes shown by J. k J. Taylor in

252

Tor 071 to " Called Hack.''

London are of the quality used by all the best monetary insti-
tutions of Canada, and embody all the best-known materials
and points of construction in general use, as well as several
additional improvciuents tiiat are peculiar to themselves, and
patented by them. In brief, these safes are made without
seam or joint of any kind on the outside corners, the frames
and body being welded continuously around the entire safe.
They are also fitted in all corners with J. & J. Taylor's improved
solid triple corners of five-plj^ welded steel and iron. The safes
are locked with revolvinir bolts on all sides of door, secured
with back shaft combination locks capable of some forty-one
million (41,000,000) changes. The spindles and arbors are of
J. & J. Taylor's patent enlarged centres. Door jambs are stepped
and rabbette-^, also tongued and grooved, and fitted with im-
proved rubber tube packing. Doors operate on J. & J. Taylor's
improved Crane hinges and Cam lever bars. Also, after careful
and expensive actual tests with dynamite, this firm have
adopted the new Holmes' electric time lock with Newbury's
dynamite safety devices.

The fire-proof safes also present .special features. They are
all made with J. & J. Taylor's patent nuii-conducting steel
fiange doors and fronts, solid round corners, and continuous
angle iron frames. They are fitted with combination locks,
and hardened steel plates for protecting the locks. The filling
is of the best fire-proof resisting qualities.

The firm devote their attention exclusively to the making of
burglar-proof and fire-proof securities, combination locks and
bank locks. They employ about two hundred hands, and have
capacity for making about fifty safes per week. The factory
has a working floor of about (58,000 scjuare feet, and faces on
Front and Frederick Streets.

The locks on the vaults of Dominion Finance Department,
Ottawa, St. John, Winnipeg, P. E. I., and Toronto, are all made
by them, also the vault doors, etc. The safes of the firm
are a credit to themselves, to the city of Toronto, and to the
Dominion.

From iSj-j to iSS6.

253

TAYLOn liHitTHERS.

The Don Paper Mills may be considered the ohlest estab-
lished manufactory of importance in Toronto, dating back to
1845. The manufacturing plant is situated on the River Don,
three miles from the city, and comprises three mills, the united
production of which is about four tons of paper every twelve
n urs. The lower mill is devoted to the manufacture of rooting
and carpet felt, grocers', dry goods, and express wrapping paper;
the middle makes all kinds of printing, colored, and book
paper, and at the upper mill is manufactured manilla and
hanging papers. There is also a paper bag factory in connec-
tion with the works.

The location of the mills was selected on account of the
running water whitn is essential to the manufacture of paper,
and the entire establishment is replete with the most improved
machinery and appliances, amongst which is a Harper Im-
proved Fourdrinier Paper Machine. The trade of the Hrm is
co-extensive with the Dominion, and Toronto may justly pride
herself in this representative establishment, as supplying every
want connected with the trade.

In connection with the paper trade, the firm operates an
extensive steam saw-mill, an I altogether gives employment to
a large number of operatives, all contributing to the growth
and prosperity of the city.

BROWN BlioTHEHS ,i GO.

In the maiiufacture of books and the publication of every
form of diaries, this firm is the longest established in the city,
and in the latter trade stands unrivalled in the Dominion. The
house was founded in 1846 by the father of the present firm,
which was formed ten years later. The business includes every
branch of book-binding, from the plainest to the most orna-
mental and highly finished work. The most improved and
labor-saving machinery is employed, and the general facilities
for production are unsurpassed. „-.-.--—_-_ - — 7- - r

''WP^Pi

254

Toronto " Called Back.''

The business is thoroughly systematized in departments, and
the stock comprises every description of paper, stationery, and
a full and complete siock of book-binders' and printers'
materials. The trade extends all over the Dominion, and has
latterly been pushed to the far east, — tlie greater portion of the
books shipped to Australia and Nev/ Zealand, as well as to
foreign countries, are the productions of this establishment,
whicli holds a front rank amongst the numerous manufacturiner
establishments of Toronto.

The exhibits at the London and Colonial Exhibition are
attracting much attention, and reflect much credit on the firm
and on Toronto.

ROLPH SMITH <(• CO.

While the principle laid down in " Toronto Called Back,'' of
giving the history of the importing trade and manufactures, is
strictly carried out, this firm is selected as being exceptional.

The history of lithography and engraving is so inseparable
from both of the above-named interests as almost to be included
in them. The work executed for all other branches of trade,
and for banks and public institutions, stamps it with great
importance, and exhibits in a remarkable manner the progress
of trade and its constantly increasing requirements, and this
applies in a very special manner to Toronto.

For many years the writer or his partner, on their half-
yearly trips to Europe, made a rule of placing their orders for
stationery and oil printed, lithographed, or engraved matter in
the hands of some large house in London or Manchester, imme-
diately on their arrival, so as to have it ready for .shipment
with goods. This necessity no longer exists, as everything in
the way of account-books, invoices, cards, cheque-books, pro-
missory note forms, and circulars, which were then ordered in
England, are now done quite as well in Toronto, and the duty
and freight saved besides.

The business of this firm was originally founded by Mr. John
Ellis, in 1849, in a small engraving shop on King Street, and
from him it passed into the hands of Mr. J. T. Rolph, the senior

From iSyj to iS86.

255

member of the present firm. In 1873 Mr. Rolph admitted his
brother, Mr. Frank Rolph, and Mr. David Smith, as partnersi
under the present stjle cf Rolph, Smith & Co.

The exhibits of the tirm forwarded to London for the Indian
and Colonial Exhibition are a fair representation of the rej^ular
work executed in the business. They consist of twenty-one
large walnut frames, containing specimens of their work, com-
prising colored show cards, labels, lithographed portraits, and
all kinds of commercial work, such as cheques, notes, drafts,
letter, note and invoice hrzidings, lithographed menu ca*ds,
copy book head-lines, embossing, etc. These specimens are
alike creditable to the skill an<l enterprise of the firm and to
the business men of Toronto, and will undoubtedly attract
nmch of the attention of the colonies, as well as of this
Dominion. The extensive new premises in course of erection
on Wellington Street West will aftbrd increased facilities fo-
carrying on the business.

HE AT I Nil OF BUILDINOS IN TORONTO.

This is of so much importance, combining health and comfort
with the beauty and adaptation of house furnishing, as to have
become a matter of scientific skill, as well as one of the orna-
mental arts.

In 1847 the only stove in use was the square, unsightly, box-
shaped article, and these were of all sizes, from the smallest
up to those large enough to admit a whole slick of wood with-
out being sawn or split. The gradual introduction of coal,
which at this time was only used by blacksmiths, led to great
improvements in the .shape and designs of stove.s. Some were
made as open grates, which added much to the cheerfulness of
sitting rooms.

To witness the display at one of the annual exhibitions, or in
one (tf the large manufacturing establishments, is to see in a
most remarkable manner, as nmch as in an}' other branch of
manufacture, the progress of taste and refinement, as well as in
arrangements for coujfort. The rarity and beauty of the

i;:

256

Toronto ''Called Back.''

designs, as well as the arrangements for promoting health, and
the convenience of " self-feeders," in which the tire need never
go out the whole winter, are truly marvellous.

The stoves of the present day are not only useful but highly
ornamental, and other heating arrangements, whether from
furnaces supplying hot air, or by steam, or hot water, all are
made to appear as part of the furnishin'T of hall or drawing
room.

THE E. & C. GUHNEY CO. (LIMITED),

was founded originally in Hamilton, in 1843, for the manu-
facture of stoves and other castings s\iited to the requirements
of that time.

Since then the firm has taken the lead in introducing evevv
improvement and new design, till at the present time the busi-
ness has extended to Toronto, Winnipeg, Montreal, -T,nd has
also extensive scale works at Hamilton, and also carries on the
manufacture of agricultural implements at Dundas.

The Toronto branch was establisherl about sixteen years ago,
by Mr. Edward Gurney, junior, under whose management it
has grown to its present gigantic proportions.

The buildings on King street, erected by the firm, four stories
high and 400 x 60 feet, are occupied as store-rooms and tnounting
shop, and another of the same dimensions utilized as a foundry.
These have been supplemented by a large addition the present
year, making the whole arrangements complete in every de-
partment.

The very best talent and unlimited capital are employed in
pi'oducing every article of the most approved and artistic con-
struction for the heatinjT of Vnxildinffs, from the cottatre to the
palace. Stoves and ranges of every description, combining
beauty with utility, are manui'actured, and shipped all over the
Dominion ; and as a result of their exhibits in London, no doubt
a large trade may be anticipated with Australia, and possibly
with Great Britain, the stoves now in use in ^Canada being
equally suitable for all these countries.

The specialties of the firm are steam and hot water boilers,
with the Bundy radiators, adapted to every building and to

From i8yy to jSS6.

257

every part of any building, and these, when ornamented witli
the new coil screens, whether in hall or drawing-room, may be
made to correspond with the most luxurious furniture, and
become an attractive feature in the general effect.
The firm in Toronto employs from 175 to 200 hands.

THE GRAND "TRUNK" HOUSE OF THE DOMINWN.

If any person would like to have proof of the wonderful
development of commercial travelling within the period of the
present reminiscences, let him read of its first commencement,
and then take a M'alk through the baggage-rooms of the Union
Station and inspect the vast piles of iron-bound, grir dy-deliunt,
smasher-proof contrivances which contain the samples of home
and foreign manufactures, used by the army of 2,.'iOO com-
mercial travellers of the Toronto branch alone, by which the
large manufacturing and wholesale establishn^ nts are repre-
sented from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and the comparison
will be found to be rather surprising. The history of the firm of

H. E. CLARKE & CO.

is intimately connected with this branch of trade.

Mr. Clarke commenced business about thirty years ago, in a
.small store on Yonge Street, his staff" consisting of one boy.
The writer recollects distinctly of his purchase from Mr. Clarke
of the first commercial trunks for the firm, on the opening of
the Northern and Grand Trunk Railways, and since that time
the demand has steadily and rapidly increased, witli a corres-
ponding improvement in the manufacture and convenience of
these articles. No less remarkable has been the progress of the
trade in trunks, satchels and valises for the tourist, and espe-
cially in everything to suit the convenience of ladies.

The old flat-bottomed scow has given place to the noble
three-decked " Sarato-ja," where everything appertaining to
ladies' dress, from tip to toe, parasol and fan included, may be
arranged in compartments from which they will emerge with-
out crease or wrinkle.

258

Toronto " Called Back''

Messrs. H. E. Clarke & Co. occupy large premises as a factory,
employing a large staff of workmen, and have recently enlarged
and beautified their retail store on King Street, making it the
leading establishment of the kind on the continent.

The Queen's Hotels

founded by Captain Thomas Dick in 1862, received its name,
no doubt, from the well-known loyalty of its founder, and
while a "rose by any other name would smell as sweet," there is
an appropriateness in this being applied to the leading hotel
in the Queen City of the West that will always strike a
traveller, especially from Britain. This attachment to every-
thing appertaining to royalty was further evidenced by Capt.
Dick in the name given to the steamer built for him on the
Clyde, which he called Her Majesty.

The writer crossed to England with him v/hen going over to
place the contract, and when all had been completed, and the
steamer was on her way out, she was unfortunately lost. This
was regarded as matter of great regret, not onlj^ by the Captain,
but by all Toronto citizens.

From the commencement the aim of Captain Dick was to
provide a comfortable honie for his guests, as distinguished
from the " caravansary " style of most hotels in America, and in
this he was most successful, even to the minutest detail. The
present proprietors, Messrs. McGaw &; Winnett, have followed
up the original design, making constant improvements in every
department. This popular hotel has recently been renovated
and changed in many respects from the first to the third story.
A year ago its elegant and commodious dining-room was very
hand.somoly frescoed. During the last three months man}- of
the parlors, corridors and halls have been ta.stefully decorated
and painted. New private staircases have been fitted up in
the Queen Anne style. Each landing has a magnificent stained
glass window, and as one ascends these unique windings the
idea mu.st flash upon him that he has mistaken the Queen's
Hotel, and is en.sconced in some baronial hall. The halls and
corridors have all been relaid with costly and luxurious carpets.

From i8yy to 1886.

259

When all these changes are added to the previous commodious
and handsomely furnished drawing-rooms and bedrooms, with
bathrooms, to say nothing of the fine suites of rooms which
were fitted up for the Princess Louise and the Marquis of
Lome on the occasion of their first visit to Toronto, as well as
other suites that were prepared several years ago, in a niagni-
ficent style, for the reception of the Grand Duke Alexis, then
heir apparent to the crown of Russia— the Queen's stands
unrivalled in this respect by any hotel in the Dominion, and as

THE QUEEN S HOTEL.

regards the cuisinerie and the daily menu, nothing is left to
be desired.

Need we wonder, then, that the Queen's is largely patronized,
not only by guests of the fir.st standing from all parts of the
Dominion, but also from the ITnited States, England and the
Continent. In May, 1880, their Royal Highnesses Prince
Leopold and Princess Louise occupied a suite of apartments at
the Queen's. His Excellency the Earl of Dutlerin, Governor-

!j; m

t '

i .

260

Toronto " Called Back.'

Itt'

General, and the Countess of Dufferin, also occupied apartments
at this hotel.

The situation is delightful, commanding a splendid view of
Toronto Bay and Lake Ontario, and from its proxin»ity to that
splendid sheet of water, the cool breezes can be enjoyed all
through the summer, making it a most desirable resort for
visitors from the south.

The beautiful grounds around are both spacious and airy,
and with croquet and chevalier lawns, nothing more pleasant
could be desired by business men, pleasure seekers or tourists.
The Queen's is furnished with ail the latest modern improve-
ments, having a handsome passenger elevator and electric bells,
and in addition will be found the most polite attention to every
wish of its guests.

The building being only three stories high, covering a large
area of ground, and used exclusively as a hotel, having lawns
on either side, with means of exit from the house, in addition
to those in front and rear, renders it almost impossible for an
accident to take place from tire, and consequently the Queen's
is looked upon as the safest hotel in the Dominion of Canada,
and is regarded with pride by the citizens of Toronto es an
establishment worthy of a great city.

Toronto's Natural Advantages.

We get here no earthquakes such as tiiose of which the San
Franciscan sleeps in nightl}' dread. We get no fervid heat,
such as in New York often slays its scores in a dey by sun-
stroke. We get no excessive degree of cold, such as all places
to the east, west and north, and some to the south, including
Chicago and St. Louis, suti'er from. We get no cyclone or wind-
storm, such as all the cities west of us, even as near as Detroit,
are subject to. No western cyclone ever yet reached this
district. We get no floods, such as periodically inflict loss and
.sufl^'ering l»e.yond calculation upon many of our sister cities.
Nature has done everything for our comfort, providing even
for the absence of the mosquito, which is just beginning to ply
its proboscis elsewhere.

Frovi iSyy to iS86.

261

Toronto a City of Churches.

Wherever God erects a house of prayer.
The devil always bu^^yi ehaitel tliere ;
And 'twill be fo^^^^^ii exaininatiun
The latter lias tlWlarger congregation.

- ^kuiiel Defoe.

If this celebrated man. the father or founder of the Englisl)
novel, was living in Toronto to-day he would scarcely venture
to introduce the above lines into a satire on churches and
church-goers. The congregations wor.shipping in Toronto
churches would show a very different result from what is itn-
plied in the above verse. ^Li no city in the world are churches
more numerous, or the c^^^|^tons larger, in proportion to
the population, and it is .saieto sa}' that in this respect the
church accommodation is larger than in any other city. Taking
the average capacity to be one thousand, and the number of
chui'ches in Toronto and suburbs at one hundred and twenty,
the entire population, if present at one time, could nearly be
accommodated ; and this cannot be said of any other city.
Although' this can never happen, it is evident the average
attendance must be very large and the accommodation abundant.

It is safe to say, that nowhere else can such a sight be wit-
nessed on a fine Sunday evening, within the same limits, as in
Toronto, when the churches are emptied of the crowds of wor-
shippers and the sidewalks are blocked with the throngs re-
turning to their homes.

The writer having spent Sundays in every large church -
going city on both sides of the Atlantic, can make this state-
ment without fear of successful contradiction ; nor is there any-
v^diere to be seen better dressed or more respectable looking
congr(>gations than worship in Toronto churches.

What the feelings must be of those who absent themselves
from Toronto churches on Sunday I cannot imagine, never
having such an experience, but it seems as if that very absence
would preach a sermon which, to every freethinker or agnostic,
would be as powerful in favor of Christianity as if a sermon
were listened to inside the walls of a church.

262

Toronto " Called Back.''

The ringing of the bells is at an end, the rumbling of the
carriage has ceased, the pattering of the feet is heard no more,
the flocks are folded in the numerous churches. For a time

'SieesS^i

ST. ANDREWS CHURCH, K .NU STRKET WEST.

everything is hushed, but soon is heard the deep pervading
.sound of the organ, rolling and vibrating through the buildings
and out into the streets, and the sweet chanting of the choirs
makes them resound with melody and praise, while it is poured

From iSyy to i8S6

263

forth like a river of joy through the recesses of the city, elevat-
ing and bearing the soul on a tide of triumphant liarniony to
heaven. The wanderer about the streets at such a time is not
a proper subject for envy.

In writing of Toronto as a city of churches, the men who, by
their faithful discharge of duty and their advocacy and in-
fluence, have been to a great extent nistrumental in educating
the religious element up to the present high standard of church-
going in Toronto, ought not to be forgotten. The following are
amongst those to whom much of the credit is due, and as the
names are given entirely from memory, and none given whom
the writer has not heard preach since 1847, ai y omission will
be overlooked : —

BAPTIST.

Rev. Messrs. Piper, B'yfe, Caldecott. Castle, and Thomas.

CONGREGATION L.

Rev. Messrs. Koaf, Ellerby, Marling, i^illie, Burton, Povvis and
Wild.

PRESBYTERIAN.

Rev. Messrs. Burns, Topp, Barclay, Gregg, Taylor, Parsons,
King, McLeod, MacDonnell, Kirkpatrick, Milligan, Robb and
Kellogg.

EPISCOPAL CHURCH.

Bishops Strachan, Bethune, McLean and Sweatman ; Rev.
Messrs. Grasett, Baldwin, Lett, Givens, Sanson, Williams, Dar-
ling, Pearson, Scadding, Lewis, Jones, Rainsford, ])umoulin,
Langtry, McCollum, McCarrol, Bilkey, Eoddy, A. H. Baldwin
and Morgan Baldwin.

METHODIST.

On account of the itinerant system of the Methodist Church,
the array of names will necessarily be much greater than of
the others.

Rev. Messrs. Hetherington, Cooney, Harvard, Richey, Evans,
Wood, Rice, Stinson, Wilkinson, Squire, Bishop, Douse, Douglas,
Elliott, Ryerson, Rose, Taylor, Green, Spencer, Sanderson,

264

Toronto ' ' Called Back.

Borland, Howard, Williams, Hall, Jjavell, Stevenson, Punshon,
Cochrane, McClure, Savage, Potts, Brigijfs, Dewart, Dorey,
Johnston, Antlifi" S. J. Hunter, W. .1. Hunter, Clarkson, W. W,
Ross, Jeffrey, Jeffers, Hannan, Learoyd, McRitchie, Stafford,
Poole, Bridgeman, Harper, Laird, Starr, Blaekstock, S. P. Rose,
and Shorey.

ROMAN CATHOLIC.

Not having heard any pi'eachers of this Church except Arch-
bishop Lynch and Rev. Mr. Teefy, I can onl}^ say that both of
these gentlemen are distinguished for literary ability and devo-
tion to the interests of their Church.

The improvement in the numbers and respectability of the
worshippers since tliey were confined to the comparatively in-
significant church on Power Street is somethijig marvellous,
and no one visiting any of the handsome Roman Catholic
churches in Toronto can help being struck with the decorum
and reverence observed during the service.

CHURCHES.

The total immber of ciiurches at present in Toronto is one
hundred and ten, divided as follow : — Episcopal, 2(1 ; Presby-
terian, 18; Baptist, 11: Methodist, 2o ; Roman Catholic, 9 ;
Hebrew, 1 ; Congregational, 7 ; Reformed Episcopal, 2 ; Uni-
tarian, 1 ; Lutheran, 1 ; Catholic Apostolic, 1 ; PJA-inoiith
Brethren, 2 ; Mi.scellaneous, 5.

THE SALVATION TEMPLE.

The Salvation Temple just completed is quite an imposing
structure with its castellated bastions, combining in appearance
the castle, the barracks and the temple. The frontage is 106
feet, with a depth of 100. It is built of red brick with stone
facings. A space of 22 feet has been divided ofJ in front to be
used as offices. Through this portion three entrances reach the
Temple ; the central one being broad and lofty. The height of
the ceiling inside is 32 f^et, and the width 96, with no roof
columns. This is the widest span without support of any

Frotn iSyy to iS86.

265

public buildin*,' in Canada. The walls are four t'net thick, and
are capable of standing' an enormous strain.

The auditorium will hold about 2, .')()() people, ajid there is not
a bad seat in the house ; the ventilation is perfect, as are also
the acoustic properties.

The Temple is constructed in amphitheatrical form and has
one gallery at the back. The ground Hoor rises from the centre,
and a passage runs entirely round ne.xt the wall.

The officers conducting the services sit on the north side,
with thesoldieis and audience all about them. The soldiers for
the most ])art occupy the pit, or dress circle. This latter

THE SALVATION ARMV TKMI'I.E.

arrangement is in accordance with the .system followed by
General Booth in England. The ceiling of the Temple is of
varnished wood, while the walls are finished stucco work in
plaster. Texts and mottoes will be u.sed as additional orna-
ments. The entire height of the building, which comprises
four .stories, is 80 feet to the top of the tower, and 50 feet to
the centre and slates. The windows are all stained glass
with Scripture mottoes. A pair of iron gates close in the
front entrance, over which appears in stone letters the single
word " Hallelujah." The entire cost will be about ^40,000. '
18

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1/.

1.0 Ifi- m

I.I

1^ 1^ 12.0

L25 11 1.4

1.6

'c-1

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Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

^<^^

•SJ

^.l*

33 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 873-4503

■^

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' ir

266

Toronto " Called Back.''

THE SALVATION ARMY

reports that the organization is at work in one hundred and
fifty-one cities, towns and villafres throughout the country. It
> has outposts in fifty- three places. In five places land has been
secured for building purposes, while there are barracks in forty
■ places. The number of officers in 1885 was 418, number of
corps 148, and outposts 47. The attendance numbered 209,000,
being an increase over the previous year of 76,012. The
amount of money received and expended weekly on the local
corps was $2,905.

The Temple was formally open'^d on the arrival of Marshall
Ballington Booth, who came this way from Australia (on his
return to England) to dedicate the building. The " Council of
War " continued from the 1st to the 8th of May, and was the
occasion of enthusiastic demonstrations. The daily processions
accompanied by bands of music, were witnes .ed by immense
crowds of people, and at night the vast auditoi-ium of the
Temple was crowded to excess. On Sunday, the 2nd, the formal
dedication took place, i.,nd each succeeding day and evening
through the week there was a change of programme, including
a Hallelujah Wedding and Infant Dedication.

On the night of the latter ceremony a number of officers and
soldiers who had been imprisoned for noisy demonstrations
appeared in nrison costume and related their experience. In
connection with the presentation of the infant the Marshall
stated that twenty-eight years ago he was taken by his parents
sixty miles in England to be baptized by the Rev. Jas. Caughey,
so well known in Toronto, who is still living, and commencing
again to preach as an evangelist.

The Marshall gave a striking account of his opening cam-
paign in Manchester, — the e.Ktraordinary language used in the
posters having brought immense masses of the people to see
and hear, — and then of his arrest and imprisonment; all of
which had a thrilling effect on the vast audience. He left for
England the following week, accompanied by Commissioner
Coomb.'' and William Gooderham, Esq., of this city.

From rSyy to 1886.

267

Toronto an Educational Centre.

This position claimed for Toronto will be admitted by all.
From the lowest step in the ladder to the highest, no city can
boast of equal advantages in the shape of education. The
Common School system, a lasting monument to the ability, wis-
dom, and indefatigable exertions of the late Dr. Ryerson, has
been brought to a state of perfection perhaps unequalled in the
world. Framed on the models of all the best system ^ in every

■isrp^sh,-?^.

i^t

UMVKKSITV OF TOKUM'O.

other country, it combines the best feature of all, and improve-
ments on most.

Rising in the scale, it will be found that no educational want
has been left unsupplied ; whatever the pursuit or profession
the student may intend to follow through life, he will find a
school, academy, college or university in which he will have
full scope for his ambition. From the Public Schools, there is a
step upwards to the Model Schools, then to the Collegiate Insti-
tute, Upper Canada College, and to the [Jnivei'sity of Toronto.
Then there are technical .schools, including the School of Prac-
tical Science and the Ontario School of Art.

If ■ 'M

268

Toronto " Called Back.'

T^f^

A city possessing so many advantages for students must
afibrd increasing attractions from year to year, the high sta.id-
ing of its professors, and the honors to be obtained, whether as
medals, scholarships, fellowships, or other degrees, offer induce-
ments superior to those of any other citj'^ in the Dominion, xnd
must lead ultimately to the federation of other colleges .vith
the University of Toronto.

In addition to ihe colleges named are Knox College, Trinity
College, the Baptist College, and St. Michael's. There are
also the College of Pharmacy, Toronto School of Medicine,
Trinity Medical College, V^eterinary College, Canadian Institute,
and School of Divinit}', or Wycliffe College.

The Normal School, for the training of teachers, was estab-
lished in 1847. 'ne present buildings were erected in 1851,
the corner stone being laid by the Earl of Elgin, and in the
month of November, 1852, the buildings were opened. They
were then described as being elegant in architectural appear-
ance, commodious in their accommodations, and healthy in their
situation. They are at present an ornament to St. James' Square,
the grounds surrounding the building being beautifully laid
out with trees and flower beds, and in addition there is a liand-
some conservatory.

The Educational Museum is a source of attraction to visitors,
as well as valuable to the students, and contains paintings,
statuary, and curiosities of various kinds, plaster casts of
Egyptian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, Grecian and Roman
antiquities. It al.so contains philosophical apparatus, being
representative, on a small scale, of the South Kensington
Museum.

Great North-Western Telegraph Co.

Miles of lines 34,000

Number of otti jes 2,000

Number of messages in 1885 2,440,000

Number of words in press reports 63,500,000

Number of miles for messages at twenty-five cents 1,275

Ni'.mber of miles controlled by connection with Western Union Co, 450,000

Employees of the Company , _ 2,600

Toronto staff' 174

CANADIAN INSTITUTE, RICHMOND STKEET WEST.

I H

hi '3

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From i8yy to 1686.

271

Toronto a Musical City.

High on the sliore sate the great god Pan,

While turbidly flowed tlie river,
And hacked and hewed as a great god can.
With his hard bleak steel, at tlie patient reed,
Till there was not a sign of a leaf, indeed,

To prove it fresh from the river.

He cut it short, did the great god Pan,—

How tall it stood in the river I
Then drew the pith, like the heart of a man.
Steadily from the outside ring,

Then notched the poor dry, enii)ty thing.
In holes, as he sate by the river.

"This is the way," laughed the great god Pan,—

Laughed while he sat? by the river,—
" The only way, since gods began
To make sweet music, they could succeed."
Then dropping his mouth to a hole in the reed.

He blew, in power, by the river.

Sweet, sweet, sweet, O Pan,

Piercing sweet by the river,
Blinding sweet, O great god Pan !
The sun on the hill forgot to die.
And the lilies revived, and the dragon-fly
Came back to dream on the river.

—Elizabeth Barrett Brovming.
Prior to the period when the present reminiscences commence
there was little to note of the musical history of Toronto. The
writer is indebted to the Toronto Mail for some account pre-
vious to 1847.

It appears by the earliest records, that as far back as 1818
the sole instrumental artist of Toronto was a Mr. Maxwell,
distinguished "for his quiet manner, for the* shade over one
eye, and for his homely skill on the violin."

With military music the townspeople were familiarized by
the occasional performances of the regimental bands which
were stationed here from time to time. The ecclesiastical
music was entirely destitute of organs or melodeons.

m^.

272

Toronto " Called Back.

At the Church of St. James' a Mr. Hetherington officiated as
clerk, and his mode of procedure was to announce the psalm or
hymn, give out the tune on the bassoon, and then accompany
the vocalists present with original and often grotesque improvi-
sations on tliat instrument. At one time a choir was formed
at this church with a bass viol, clarionet and bassoon as the
accompanying instruments. The music was almost entirely
confined to the churches that then existed ; the choirs being
accompanied by flutes, violins, violoncellos, and occasionally a
trombone. It is said that Mr. Janies Baxter organized and led
a choir at the old Methodist church on King Street, near the
present site of R. Hay & Co.'s establishment, in 1831.

The first impetus of a permanent character given to music
was through the services of the late Mr. John Ellis and Dr.
McCaul ; the former distinguished by his performance on the
violoncello, with which Toronto audiences were favored gratui-
tously for many years, and the latter on the piano, showing
himself to be an accomplished musician as well as composer.

For many years Dr. McCaul was the patron of every enter-
prise which contributed to t^ pleasure and advantage of the
citizens. No meeting for any object of a literary, benevolent,
or pleasurable character was considered complete without the
presidency of Dr. McCaul, and whenever he took the lead his
felicitous remarks, always mingled with real Irish humor, in-
variably resulted in success.

Through the influence and efforts of Dr. McCaul, selections
from the oratorios were first given in 1845, in the Parliament
Buildings. Monsieur Bley, a talented violinist, v/as brought
over from New York to conduct, and with him were engaged
Miss Andrews, Miss Northrall, and Mr. Miller, as principal
vocalists. Two concerts were given, which were very suc-
cessful and excited great enthusiasm. Dr. McCaul presided at
the piano, and the Toronto Mail says, " was received with a
burst of applause on making his appearance on the platform."
The result of' this new venture led to the inception of the idea
of establishing a Philharmonic Society. Monsieur Bley, having
been induced to remain in Toronto, was appointed conductor of

From i8jy to 1886.

273

the new orf^anization, which started in 1846. Dr. MeCaul was
the President and Mr. Ellis the instrumental manager.

This Society gave a concert in the University Hall, Parlia-
ment Buildincrs, on St. George's Day, April 23rd, 1847, a few
days after the writer's arrival in the city, for the benefit of the
Irish and Scotch relief funds. Among the vocalists were Mr.
J. D. Humphreys, who became Toronto's favorite tenor, Mrs.
Searle, and Messrs. Ambrose and Barron.

After a short stay in Toronto, Monsieur Bley returned to
France, and the Society was started afresh in 1848, with Dr.
Strathy as vocal conductor and pianist, and Mr. Schallehn as
" chef (Tattaque " of the orchestra.

The first concert was given in the City Hall on the 28th of
December, 1849, which created quite an excitement; some of
the most diflTicult morceaux of the great umsters were given
with fair success. The second of these concerts was jjiven in
the Temperance Hall, on the 31st of January, 1850, under the
patronage of the Earl and Countess of Elgin. Mr. Schallehn
was a clever clarionet player, and was bandmaster of the 71st
Regiment.

In 1851 the Toronto Vocal Music Societv was formed in the
room of the old Philharmonic. Dr. McCaul was the President,
the late Chief-Justice Draper, Vice-President, and Di". Clarke,
Conductor. At the first of the reunions of this Society, in May
of that year, the solo vocalists were Miss Davis (afterwards
Mrs. F. Thomas) and Mi.ss Harris ; among the choral numbers
given was Handel's " Hailstone Chorus," from " Israel in
Egypt." These meetings culminated in a public concert in
the following December. The programme embraced selections
from the works of Handel, Weber, Rossini, and Mendelssohn.
The soloists were Miss Davis, Mr. Hecht, baritone, and Mr. T.
Cooper, tenor.

The second concert was given in June, 1852, in the St. Law-
rence Hall, which had just been opened. This concert was
given in commemoration of Moore, the poet. Mi*. Paige, tenor.
and Miss Paige, soprano, made their appearance and became
great favorites with the public.

I'M
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274

Toronto ''Called Back.'

After this a new organization was formed under the old title
of the Philharmonic Society. Dr. McCaul was elected Presi-
dent, Mr. Fred. Widder, vocal manager, Prof. Croft, instru-
mental manager, Dr. Clarke, conductor, and Mr. F. Griebel*
leader of the orchestra.

Mr. Griebel, who came to Toronto with the Jenny Lind
concert troupe, was one of the greatest violinists ever resident
in the city. , ,\^ a^

The first open meeting of this Philharmonic Society was held
on the 25th of April, 1854, in the University Hall, Parliament
Buildings. On the programme was a symphony of Beethoven's,
the " Hallelujah Chorus " from the " Mount of Olives," a cornet
solo from Mr. Harkness (bandmaster),the overture to"L'Italiana',
and a violin solo, " The dying scene, " from " Lucia," by Herr
Griebel.

At the third meeting, Herr Griebel played De Beriot's first
concerto for violin, and one of Paganini's concert solos. The
Chorus sang: Handel's " Fixed in his everlasting seat."

This society next figured at a concert in aid of the patriotic
fund for the Crimean War sufterers, in the St. Law^rence Hall,
February, 1885. The programme included the '• Funeral March,"
by Beethoven, piano solo, Mr. Hay craft ; song, " Oh, God, pre-
serve the mourners," Miss Davis ; solo and chorus, " Qui tollis,'
Mr. Hecht ; fantasia, on the " Cujus animam," Mr. Hayter; song
" Ruth," Mrs. Beverley Robinson ; song, " I would be a soldier,"
Mr. L. W. Smith ; piano and violin duo on " William Tell,"
Messrs. Griebel and Haycraft ; " Heroes of the Crimea," Mr,
Humphreys ; piano solo, " La Violette," Mr. Klophel ; song " The
sea is Merry England's," Mr. Barron, (then late Principal of the
U. C. College). This concert excited unbounded enthusiasm,
and was very successful.

The patronage of music lovers was at this time diverted from
the society by the introduction of subscription concerts given
by Mr. and Miss Paige. This resulted in the fall of the Phil-
harmonic Society, and musical matters were comparatively
neglected tUl the arrival of Mr. John Carter, who accepted the
post of organist at the Cathedral Church of St. James, then

From iSyj to 1886.

275

newly built. Mr. Carter arrived in Toronto in October, 1856,
and the aspect of the musical world of Toronto was soon com-
pletely changed.

Mr. Carter was not long in developing theresident talent, for
in the following year he gave the first oratorio performance
ever given in Upper Canada. The oratorio selected was the
" Messiah," and was given on the 17th December, 1857.

The work was accomplished in twelve weeks, and such was
the enthusiasm created, that the concert room was tilled to the
doors.

Mr. Carter was assisted by Herr Griebel, and Messrs. Noverre,
Maul, Schmidt, and Martin Lazare, amongst the instrumentalists,
and by Miss Davis Miss Kemp (afterwards Mrs. Cobban),
Miss Robinson, Mr.s. Poetter and Mrs. Scott. Among the
vocalists were Messrs. Jacob Wright, Sugden, Barron, C.
Grasett, Briscoe, Lang, Jas. Baxter and F. Roche.

" Judas Maccabeus" was performed in 1858, under the direc-
tion of Rev. Mr. Onions, who started an opposition scheme
which divided musical society into two parties, known as the
Onionites and the Carterites. The feud, however, was of rather
an amicable nature.

The Rev. Mr. Onions had Mr. Noverre as leader of t'.e band,
and Mr. G. F. Graham as organist. His vocalists were Mr. and
Mrs. Hickok, Mr. Lindsay, Mrs. Dunlevi, C. J. Martin, Mr.
Humphreys, Mr. John Baxter, the [Misses Robinson, Madame
Wookey, Mrs. Hastings, Miss Searle, Mrs. Emerson, and Messrs-
Briscoe, Sugdon and Vial. The band and chorus were adver-
tised as numbering two hundred.

At one of these oratorios, the writer and his party sat near a,
gentleman of the legal profession, recently out from London>
who criticised the performance of each vocalist, and during the
performance of one tenor singer, not appreciating his efforts,
he made himself conspicuous by shrugging his shoulders and
screwing up his countenance, at the same time exclaiming
loudly enough to be heard, " Oh, Sims Reeves ! "

Having lately heard that celebrated tenor, in Exeter Hall, we
could partly sympathize with his feelings, but not so far as to

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Toronto " Called Back''

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lose tlie enjoyment of the Toronto performance, which was
hi<;hly creditable to all concerned.

The rivalry resulted in each party giving the " Creation."
In 18G1 Mr. Carter formed the "Toronto MuHical Union," and
Mr. Onion.s ti^e " Metropolitan Choral Society," under the direc-
tion of Mr. MaHin Lazare, a most able musician. Some of the
performances ot this gentleman on the piano were truly mar-
vellous, especially " medleys " and " fantasia " with one hand.

In 18G3-4 Mr. Carter, as director of the Musical Union in
connection with the Mechanics' Institute, in the Music Hall
over the present Free Library, gave occasional concerts ; and
among the works produced were the " Messiah," " Judas Mac-
cabeus," the " Creation," the " Lay of the Bell," the " Stabat
Mater," and the operas " II Trovatore," and " Martha."

In 1872 Mr. Robert Marshall, in connection with Mr. Alex.
Mil's, undertook to reorganize the Philharmonic Society, and
succeeded in ifiducing a sufficient number of instrumentalists
and vocalists to combine for this purpose.

Dr. McCaul was appointed President, the veteran Dr. Clarke,
Conductor, Mr. Robt. Marshall, Vice-President, and Mr. John
Hague, Secretary.

The first concert of this new society was given in October,
1872, when the " Messiah " was given in Shaftesbury Hall_
The chorus consisted of twenty-eight .sopranos, twenty-six
altos, forty-eight tenors, fifty bas.ses, and eight principals — in
all one hundred and fifty.

The orchestra, under the direction of Mr. Marshall, consisted
of twelve violins, three violas, three basses, two double basses,
two flutes, two clarionets, one bassoon, one horn, two trumpets,
and two drums — total thirty.

The solo vocalists were Messr-. J. G. Sheriff. Marriott, Martin
and Pearson, and Mrs. Grassick, Mrs. Cuthbert, Miss Hillary,
Miss Clarke and Miss Thomas.

The pianist was Mr. H.. G. Collins. This was the last occa-
sion on which Dr. Clarke conducted at an oratorio.

Mr. Marshall wielded the baton, until the arrival of Mr.
Torrington in 1873. This event marked a new epoch in the
musical history of Toronto.

From i8yj to iSSt.

2/7

F. H. T()lUiIN(;T()N.

This gentleman received his musical training as Catheilral
orjranist, clioirmaster, pianist, etc., uiulei* James b'itzgerald, of
Kidderminster (pupil of Dr. Corge, Bristol), under •whom he
was articled for four years. As violinist he was a pupil of
Geo. Hay.vard, Birmingham. In 18o4, Mr. Torrington was
elected a member of the London Society of Sciences, Literature

F. H. TORRINt.TON.

and Arts, for which he has a diploma. After a successful career
in England he came to Canada, and was engaged in Montreal
as organist of Great St. James' Street Methodist Church, a post
he held for twelve years. During this period he developed his
musical talent, and worked hard to cultivate public taste for
the best class of music. For a considerable portion of this time
Mr. Torrington was bandmaster of the 2oth Regiment, and as

278

Toronto " Called Back.^''

founder and director of various vocal and instrumental societies,
his services as solo organist and violinist were in constant de-
mand. His reputation brought him to the notice of Mr.
Gilmore, and he was engaged by that gentleman to form a
representative Canadian Orchestra to take part in the first
jireat Peace Jubilee at Boston. During this visit Mr. Torrington
was asked by Mr. Gihuore to take up his residence in Boston,
and a short time afterwards was offered and accepted the posi-
tion of organist and musical director at King's Chapel, which
position he left for the one he now holds at the Metropolitan
Church, Toronto. During Mr. Torrington's residence in Boston
he was engaged as teacher of the piano and organ at the New
England Conservatory of Music, solo organist at the Music Hall
Concerts, one of the first violins in the Harvard Symphony
Orchestra, solo organist at the Saturday afternoon organ con-
certs in Henry Ward Beecher's Church, Brooklyn, N.Y., con-
currently with Messrs S. P. Warren, Geo. W. Morgan and other
eminent organists. His services as conductor of musical societies
were in much demand in and around Boston, and in the last
Great Jubilee, six societies which Mr. Torrington was conducting
took part. In connection with this event he was extensively
engaged as conductor of the Mass-rehearsals preparatory to the
great gathering of the twenty thousand voices which met to-
gether on that occasion. During the period of his residence in
Toronto his work speaks for itself, as, in addition to the palpable
improvement in church and choir music which he has effected,
and the training of pianists, vocalists, organists and choir-
masters now to be found occupying positions in Toronto and
other Canadian cities, he has produced with large chorus and
orchestra, through the medium of the Toronto Philharmonic
Society, the following works of the Great Masters, many of
them heard for the first time in Canada, and some for the first
time on this side of the Atlantic :

Messiah, Elijah, Creation, Lay of the Bell, Fridolin, St. Paul,
Stabat Mater, May Queen, Hynm of Praise, Walpurgis Night,
Naaman, Fair ^Jlen March and Chorus (Tannhauser), March
Cortege (Reine de Saba), March and Chorus (Life of the Czar),

From iSjj to i8S6.

279

Miserere Scene (Trovatore), Mors et Vita, Israel in Egypt,
Spring's Message, Bride of Dunkerron, Rose of Sharon, Judas
Maccabeus, Gypsy Life, The Last Judgment, Acis and Galatea,
Preciosa, Redemption, Rose Maiden, Crusaders.

Mr. Torrington is also Conductorof the Hamilton Philhar-
monic Society, and in that capacity has produced in Hamilton^
Romberg's "Lay of the Bell," " The Messiah," " Elijah," " Hymii
of Praise," " Naaman," " Rose of Sharon " and " Samson." And
with the Toronto University Glee Club Mendelssohn's music of
" Antigone," in the original Greek, and Max Bruch's " Frithjof."

CHAMBER MUSIC.

The extent to which classical music is cultivated in private
in the shape of trios, quartettes, and quintettes for stringed
and other instruments, is generally considered a fair indication
of the degree of musical taste that has been developed in a
community.

The earliest quartette party in Toronto consisted of Herr
Griebel, first violin; Mr. Noverre, second violin; Mr. Childs,
tenor, and Mr. Ellis, bass.

After the death of Mr. Griebel, a piano quartette party was
formed as follows : Mr. Carl Pieler, piano ; Mr. Ernest Pieler,
violoncello ; Mr. Thomas, tenor, and Mr. Noverre, violin.

Although the amateur players on stringed instruments were
few, there were in proportion to their number many fine and
valuable instruments among them. Mr. Thomas had the
Walmsly bass that belonged to Mr. Ellis (who died in 1877, at
the age of 83,) and an Amati tenor ; Mr. Msirshall had a beau-
tiful Testore ; Mr. E. R. Parkhurst had a Johaine Baptiste
Guadagnini, date 1751 ; Mr. H. Parkhurst, a Jacob Stainer, and
Mr. Torrington is the owner of an Amati.

From a host of star artists who have appeared in Toronto
since Jenny Lind's arrival, we name the following :

Piccolomini, Mario, Santley, Carlotta Patti, RudersdorfF,
Parepa Rosa, Catharine Hayes, Gary, Lucca, Canissa, Madame
Anna Bishop, Di Murska, Kellogg, Thai berg, Rubinstein,
Vieuxtemps (the king of violinists), Arabella Goddard, Wieni-

L I

280

Toronto "Called Back!'

in.:- 1

owski, Sauret, H. C. Cooper, Lichtenherg, Theresa Liebe
Alfred Jaell, Camilla Urso, Prinne, Listerman, llemenyi, JoseflB,
Teresa Carreno, Bri^noli, Nillson, Lehmann, Musin, Ruminell,
Wilhelmj, Fabre, Leopold D'Meyer, Paul Julien, Brega.

Among the clubs, the MCTidelssohn and Beethoven Quintette,
the Damrosch and Thomas Orchestras, and Gilmore's Band
have appeared from time to time in Toronto.

The Toronto Quartette Club is composed of Mr. J. Bayley
and Herr Jacobsen, violins ; Mr. Fisher, viola ; and Mr. Correll,
cello.

JENNY LIND.

The arrival of Jenny Lind, the "Swedish Nightingale," in
America, in 1853, created such a sensation as was never known
in the musical world. The sale of tickets for her first concert
in New York was a great event. The first choice of a seat
being set up for competition, was purchased by Genin, the
Broadway hatter, for five hundred dollars.

On her first appearance she carried all hearts by storm, not
for her great beauty, either of face or figure, but the irresistible
charm of her simple and natural manner. Once heard, Jenny
Lind could never be forgotten. Nor was her wonderful gift as
a songstress the only cause of the royal ovations she received
wherever she made her appearance. Everywhere she was
fairly worshipped for her goodness and benevolence.

Although she had hundreds of lettc vs every day asking her
for help from all sorts of applicants, no worthy cause was over-
looked. Her purse was always open to afford relief, and no
request to give her services towards any charitable object was
denied.

The foundation of the Protestant Orphans' Home in this city
is due to her kind-hearted benevolence. In New York espe-
cially, the Jenny Lind mania became so strong that fabulous
prices were paid for anything that might be preserved as a
memento of her visit.

It was said that chambermaids at the hotel sold the combings
and even stray hairs from her hair-brushes, at large prices, and
so of every article of which she had made use at the table.

Fro7n i8yy to 1886.

281

Jenny Lind was the first and greatest star artiste Toronto
has ever seen. Her one concert was given in the St. Lawrence
Hall, in the fall of 1853.

Before the time announced, on the sale of tickets at Nord-
heimer's, the window shutters were put up, and the door
strongly barricailed to keep back the crowd and allow appli-
cants to enter in batches. So great was the scramble that
coats were literally torn on men's backs ; and to the great
amusement of the crowd, one gentleman, determined to secure
his prize, hoisted a small boy over the heads of the people, and
in this way the boy procured a ticket. The price of admission
was ten shillings, or two dollars.

Tho.se who were present at the concei't will remember her
rendering of the simplest and most familiar songs. " Comin'
through the rye," and " John Anderson, my Jo," were given,
although with a slightly foreign accent, with great beauty and
simplicity of expression ; but while the air was so familiar, the
variations, from the lowest to the highest range of the voice,
were such as were never heard in Toronto, and were perfectly
indescribable ; and so of all the other numbers on the pro-
gramme.

THE " SWEDISH NIGHTINGALE " AT WASHINGTON IN 1853.

The immense Na-tional Hall was crowded to its utmost
capacity, notwithstanding big prices and inclement M'eather.
Among the notabilities in the front .seats, were President Fill-
more, Daniel Webster, Henry Clay and John Howard Payne.

Jenny opened with the " Flute song," her voice contesting
rivalry for purity and sweetness with a flute in a duett; then
the once famous " Bird song," and next the " Greetinj; to
America." The volume of plaudits which followed each piece
was emphasized by Mr. Webster, who rose and made the
singer a profound bow, as if responding for the country to her
greeting.

In response to a rapturous encore, Jenny Lind turned in the
direction of John Howard Payne, the author of the song, and
gave " Home, Sweet Home," with all the wonderful tenderness,
19

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282

Toronto " Called Back''

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si ■'

ifii:

purity and siuiplicit}'^ fitting both tlie air and the words of the
familiar song. Before the first verse of the song was completed,
the audience was fairly off" its feet. People ordinarily demon-
strative clapped, stamped and shouted as if they were mad, and
it really .seemed as if the uproar would never end.

Meantime, all eyes were turned upon Payne, a small-sized,
gray-haired man, who blushed violently at Hnding himself the
cynosure of .so many glances. It was the most thrilling episode
in his life.

Jenny Lind (Mdme. Goldschmidt) has been importuned by
her friends and admirers to appear once more in public. Her
voice is said to have lost none of its sweetness, and to retain
much of its power.

She sings a good deal in private, so that .she has preserved
the flexibility of her voice, and the command of it which made
her famous in her younger days. She has finally yielded to
the solicitations which have been forced upon her, and has
consented to re-appear in a concert in London.

This event will take place during the .summer season, and is
looked forward to with very great pleasure by all nmjical
people in the metropolis.

MRS. JOHN BEVERLEY ROBINSON AND MRS. J. G. BEARD.

Any account of the progress of vocal music in Toronto would
be incomplete without the name of Mrs. John Beverley Robin-
son, wife of the present Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario.

This gifted and accomplished lady, possessing a fine appear-
ance and exquisite voice, was ever ready to respond to the call
of the citizens on every occasion, on behalf of any charitalile or
benevolent enterpri.«e, and her singing always elicited the most
hearty applause. The amounts raised by Mrs. Ribinscm's
services for these noble objects were very large, amounting to
many thousands of dollars ; one excellent institution here, '• The
Home for Incurables," having, in IST^, received the sum of
$2,000, the result of one of her charitable concerts. Only a
comparatively small number of citizens know how much they

From i8yy to 1886.

are indebted to this lady for the existence of some of the insti-
tutions of our city.

Mrs. J. G. Beard also contributed largely to the same objects,
especially the Girls' Home. Her services as leading soprano in
the choir of St. James' Cathedral, as well as at all such concerts
as have been alluded to, are well known to many in Toronto.

As amateurs these ladies have never been surpassed, and even
by the great artistes who have visited the city, seldom excelled.

THE MUSICAL FESTIVAL.

To Mr. Torrington is due the conception of establishing a
series of musical festivals in Toronto, after the model of those
given in England and the United States, and the first of these,
wdiich took place on the 15th, IGth and 17th of June, will be
memorable in the musical history of Toronto, 'ihc first concert
consisted of the opening chorus of God Save the Queen, fol-
lowed by Gounod's sacied trilogy. " Mors et Vita ;" tlie second
wa.s a miscellaneous concert ; the third %vas Handel's sublime
oratorio of " Israel in Egypt," and the fourth the Children's
Jubilee and miscellaneous concert, in wdiich 1,200 children took
part.

The solo performers were as follows : Soprano, Fraulein
Lilli Lehmann, Mrs. E. Aline Osgood, Mrs, Gertrude Luther;
contralto, Miss Agnes Huntington; tenor, Mr. Albert L. King;
baritone, Mr. Max Heinrich ; biss, Mr. D. M. Babcock ; organ,
Mr. Fiederic Archer ; piano, Mr. Otto Bendix ; harp, Mme.
Josephine Chatterton ; violin, Herr Henri Jacobsen.

The festival chorus comprised 1,000 voices, ai\d the orchestra
100 performers. Mr. F. M. Torrington was the musical director.

Whatever Mr. Torrington's ambition m ly be in the future,
unlesr- some grander compositions appear than Gounod s " Mors
et Vita," and Handel's " I.si .1 in Egypt," he can expi-ct no
greater success than he has already achieved in the perfor-
mance of these great works.

The interpretation of the conception of these great composers,
and the thorough execution of their great works, is only .second
to the compositions themselves, and in the Toronto festival, the

284

Toron/o " Called Back.

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masterly manner in which, in every part of light and shade,
whether of vocalization or instrumentation, Mr. Torrington ren-
dered every word and note in the programme, has placed him
in the front rank of musicians.

To sum up in one word, the whole festival was perfect in all
its parts, and the delighted audiences who had the opportunity
of listening will look forward to a repetition of the musical
feast with confident anticipation.

The best building the city afforded, having been utilized,
proved to be most adequate to the occasion. While it would be
most desirable that a music hall could be built to accommodate
double the number which attended the festival concerts, yet
as there is a limit to the powers of the human voice and ear,
the whole advantajje was on the side of the buildincj used for
these concerts, and of both performers and listener? who were
present. It is well known that at the Crystal Palace and other
large places, no matter what the number of the performers may
be, the outside rim of the 20,000 people who attend do not
enjoy the music, from the fact that it is impossible to hear at
such a distance.

Toronto could afford to have a hall sufficient to accommodate
six thousand people, and at prices within the reach of all ; and
chorus and orchestra might then be increased in a correspond-
ing degree, without loss of the general effect so delightful on
the late occasion.

The officers of the Musical Festival Association, who so ably
carried out the arrangements, were as follows : Geo. Goodei'ham,
Honorary President ; S. Nordheimer, President ; J. B. Boustead,
J. Herbert Mason, P. Jacobi, Vice-Presidents; James McGee,
Treasurer ; Jas. C. McGee, Assistant Treasurer ; John Earls,
Honorary Secretary ; Edmond L. Roberts, Secretary ; A. L.
Ebbels, Recording Secretary.

The festival was successful financially as well as artistically,
and refiects the highest credit on all concerned.

The musical festival orchestra comprised twenty first violins,
fourteen second violins, ten violas, ten cellos, ten double basses,
two flutes, one piccolo, two clarionets, two oboes, two bassoons*

From iSyy to i8S6.

285

four horns, six cornets, three trombones, two tubas, kettle
drums, big drums, side-drums, cymbals, triangle and gong.

At the Children's Jubilee a most interesting programme was
successfully carried out, several of the celebrated soloists taking
part. The children, however, were the chief attraction. When
their youthful voices, with pleasing freshness and simplicity,
struck the chorus "Hark to the Rolling Drum," the vast assem-
blage listened with marked attention, and many a father and
mother looked with pride upon their children, whose appearance
and behavior reflected much credit on the city.

Mr. Torrington, taking the place of Mr. Schuch, next con-
ducted them in singing the national song of his own composi-
tion, entitled " Canada," the first verse of which runs : —

O Canada, fair Canada !
■ Name ever dear to me ;
A home for all who leave the shores
Beyond tho bright, blue sea.
We love our land, though young it be,
Its sunsliine and its storms,
Its faces fair, and hearts sincere,
Affections strong and warm.

We love our land,

We love our flag,

Beyond all others seen ;
God prosper ouv Dominion fair,
Our country and our Queen.

At a particular part in the closing verse each child suddenly
produced a small Union Jack and waved it in the air. The
beautiful sight of 1,200 flags, together with the patriotic senti-
ment and excellent singing of the song, created the greatest
enthusiasm, and the last verse had to be repeated.

It was a pretty sight to see 2,400 little hands waving in the
air in the action songs, led by Mrs. J. L. Hughes, in illustration
of the words being sung at the same time. At the close of the
concert the entire chorus joined in God Save the Queen,

THE TORONTO VOCAL SOCIETY,

Founded last season by Mr. W. S. Haslam, for the practice of
glees and unaccompanied part songs, is the latest enterprise.

286

Toronto " Called Back.

TOllONTO CHOKAL SOCIETY.

This society was organized in 1879 by Mr. Edward Fisher,
and has during, its existence performed many of the greatest
works of the great composers, including the principal oratorios,
coiiipositims for chorus and orchestra, and solos with orchestral
accompaniment. *

(I'll

i|>t'

THE TORONTO PHILHARMONIC SOCIETY.

The principal soloists are Mrs. Bradley, Mrs. (Corlett) Thomp-
son, Mrs. Jenkins, Mrs. (Torrington) Parkei-, Miss Hillary, Miss
Corlett, Mrs. Caldwell, Mrs. J. B. Baxter, and Messrs. Warring-
ton, Blight, Taylor, Curran, Schuch, and Sims Richards.

The principal instrumentalists of the Philhnrmonic Society
are : Messrs. Bayloy, Jacobsen, R, Cowan, T. Aikenhead, and
Mr. Campbell, violins; Mr. Obemer, viola; Messrs. Correll and
Daniels, cellos ; Mr. Claxton, bass ; Mr. Young, trombone ; Wt.
Williams, tuba, and Mr. C. Reiddy, tynipani.

ST. Michael's and st. basil's.

■ In these churches the very highest cla.ss of sacred music is
performed, under the direction of Vicar-General Laurent, The
grand masses of Mozart and Haydn, the Gregorian Chant, and
other works of the great masters are given with splendid eti'oct.
Mr. Leniaitre is oi'ganist of St. Michael's, and amongst the
soloists in these churches are Mrs. Petley, Miss Bolsier, Mrs.
O'Hara, Miss Meyers, Miss Murphy, and Messrs. Ward, Mc-
Namara, and jNIcCloskey, with forty chorus singers.

In cliurch music the two organs of 1847 have increased to
fully one hundred ; and the choirs are now composed of trained
voices from the various musical societies.

The removal of the regular troops from Toronto by the Eng-
lish Government caused the want of a military band for
several years, the last being that of the 13th Hussars, under
command of Colonel Jennings. That want has been well sup-
plied of late years by the splendid bands of the volunteers :
the Queen's Own, Mr. Bayley bandmaster, and Royal Grena-

From i8yy to 1886.

287

tilers, with Mr. Toulmin, also the Governor-General's Body
Guards, and the Garrison Battery of Artillery. Besides the
fine hand of " C " Company, Infantry School, which completes
the list of military bands, there are the bands of Heintzman
& Co., the Massey Manufacturing Co., and Christian Brothers,
all of which contribute to the pleasure of the citizens, and show
a wonderful development of musical talent in our midst.

The Manufacare of Pianos in Toronto.

In a work professing to give a sk* tch of the wonderful
growth and progress of Toronto, and the development of its
manufacturing industries, and also of its present character as a
" nnisical city," nothing can be more appropriate than to refer
to tho manufacture of musical instrumetits, ami especially of
pianos. No better evidence of the advancement of Toronto in
wealth, culture, and refinement could be found than in the
existence in her midst of extensive establishments for this
branch of manufacture, and in the prospect of constantly
increasing demand. The specimens forwarded to the Indian
and Colonial Exhibition in London must remove every trace of
misconception as to the state of society in the (^ueen City of
the West, and of Canada in general, and show a state of eiluca-
tional refinement that no other class of exhibits could possibly
do.

HEINTZMAN d- CO.

The first piano made in Toronto was mf.nufactured by Mr.
John Thomas, about 1847. In 18G0 Mr. T. A. Heintzman, the
founder of this firm, removed to Toronto from Buffalo, where
he had been engaged in the manufacture of pianos for the pre-
vious ten years. First in connection with Mr. Thomas, and
then on his own account, he entered energetically into the
business, having no competition in the manufacture of pianos
for several years. From that time to the present the growth
of the business has been marked by steady progress, and during
the past few years has .shown an'increase of fifty per cent, every
year, and especially in the last ten years, has shown a total
increase of 800 per cent.

■; ; i i

288

Toronto " Called Back."

The present start" numbers one hundred and forty men, who
turn out an average of from twelve to fifteen pianos a week.
The perfection to which this firm has brought their instruments
is shown in the magnificent specimens now being exhibited at
the Indian and Colonial Exhibition. These consist of one
"concert grand" fpiano, and one "semi-grand," and five diHier-
ent styles of upright pianos. On the grand pianos there are
two very important patents. First, the patent bridge, which
gives a very brilliant, distinct and beautiful singing quality to
the treble notes. Second, the improved action, which makes it
less complicated, and less liable to get out of order. The up-
right pianos are all constructed in different styles, and the
workmanship and designs of the cases are excellent. One is in
American blistered walnut, which looks very neat, and another
upright is finished in mahogany and satin wood, with carved
fretwork. Another smaller upright piano is got up in a very
pretty figured French burl walnut, with beautifully carved
trusses. Two more of the ordinary stock pianos are finished in
rosewood.

All the upright pianos have Mr. Heintzman's patent desk, a
very complete arrangement for supporting music. Many pro-
fessors of music, both in London and elsewhere, have examined
these instruments, and pronounce them first-class in every
respect. No doubt many of them will find their way into
the English and colonial markets.

J. E. Adkins, Royal College of Music, London, says : " I can
bear testimony to the excellence of Messrs. Heintzman & Co.'s
piano, both as regards workmanship and tone."

Herr Max Blume, F.S.S., London, from the Conservatory of
Music, Leipsic, writes : " Having tried the pianos made by
Messrs. Heintzman & Co., at the London and Colonial Exhibi-
tion, I must say, without hesitation, that they are, without
doubt, to my liking, the finest pianos I have ever tested ; their
tone, touch, and mechanicism are perfection, whilst the solidity
of their construction and workmanship is the finest I have evr^
seen in the pianoforte making."

Henry Wienkowski, f rom the Vienna Conservatory, says: "I

From rSjy to 1886.

289

have the most sincere pleasure in sayinj^ that I have never met
with a piano I can so confidently recommend for quality of
tone and delightful touch, and can really say that it more than
surprises me to see that so perfect an instrument is made in
Canada. Having travelled through the United States for three
years, I had the opportunity of trying the very best American
pianos, and gave recitals at Chickering Hall, playing on Stein-
way and Weber pianos, and consider the Heintzman piano
equal to the very best in the world."

The exhibit of pianos has been visited by .several members of
the Royal family, including the Crown Princess of Germany,
and the Princess Louise, also the ex-Empress Eugenie, all of
whom, having tested them personally, have given them unquali-
fied praise. Before the Toronto Industrial Exhibition opened,
these pianos always took first prize at Provincial Exhibitions,
and at the Industrial have carried off first honors, also medals
at Centennial in Philadelphia, and Sydney, N. S. W.

MASON d- HI SO II.

" Triumphant success ! Our pianos are greatly admired for
their true tone quality and beauty of design. The Queen,
Princess Louise, and other members of the Royal party
delighted with them," were the contents of a cable despatch
from London to the above firm, on the opening of the Indian
and Colonial Exhibition.

This exhibit is displayed within a handsome canopy, occupy-
ing six hundred square feet of space, and consists of eight
pianos. Four are out of the ordinary stock, two being up-
rights, one a concert upright, and one a grand. Of the other
four it may be said, they are magnificent and beautiful speci-
mens of workman.ship : one is a finely polished mahogany
grand, supported on elegantly carved leg.s. Around the sides
run eleven carved panels, each of a different design. Two
other pianos are uprights, one finished in silver and green, the
other in gold and olive, both elaborately and delicately carved

^Ml

290

Toronto " Ca//ec^ Bad'."

and fretted in metal and wood carvinj^. The last is a polished
wahmt upri^^ht of fine finish and tone.

The pianos of Mason & Risch are noted For their rich, sympa-
thetic, and flute-lil<(( tone (|uality and (hirability. The busi-
ness was establisheil in 1871, and assumed tlie present style in
187H, during' whieli time it has steadily increased, till at present
one hundred hands are employed in all the branches.

From the commencement of the business, the aim of Mason
& Risch has been to secure a substantial and endurinj? success by
deservin:^ it. The Mason &' Risch " Parlor Grand Pianos," are
instruments of tlie hi<:fhesfc artistic excellence. In their develop-
ment the best scientilic skill of the tirm has been employed, and
in the results attained, it is safe to say that new problems in
tone science have been successfully solved.

Musicians who have examined the.se instruments are unani-
mous in their expressions of praise; the great master, Dr. Franz
Li.szt, pronouncing^ them " excellent, ma;Tfriificent, unequalled."
As a token of his high appreciation, he had his portrait painted
by Baron Joukovsky, son of the renowned Russian author, and
personal instructor of the Eniperor Alexander II., and presented
to the tirm. This portrait is now in Lontlon in connection with
the Piano Exhibit. At the Toronto Exhibition in liS79 the
Mason & Risch pianos obtained two special diplomas and the
gold medal.

From their manifold excellence of tone, touch and workman-
ship, the Mason & Risch pianos have received from the highest
musical authorities in Europe, United States and Canada, the
most unqualified recognition.

The Mason & RLsch factory is one of the most extensive in
the country, and is complete in every department. It is sup-
plied with the best' labor-saving machinery, and with every
facility for superior production. The lumber yard is stocked
with the best material, which is seasoned for three or four
years before being used, and in addition has been subjected to
a patent drying process, for the use of which the firm has had
a large royalty.

^^:;:^ !

From i8yy to 1886

291

OCT A VI us NEWCOMliE A CO.

This firm does nob claim to be one of the pioneers of piano
manufactnrinj^' in Toronto, but to have cominencetl operations
with all the hi'iiefit of the experience fjained by experiments
ma(U' previously in piano buildini^. In LS7I Mr. Newconibe,
with two others, established a first-class pianoforte business in
Toronto. It was continued with success durinjjf a partnership
of seven j'ears, after wluch the Hrni assumed its present style.

Beginning in a careful way, with a staff of skilful and experi-
enced artisans, their aim was to manufacture a superior class of
pinal'ortes, strong, durable, and of true musical quality, that
would in time lake the place of the costly American instru-
ments, and siipersede the inferior ones, whether of Canadian or
foreign nuike. By atloptidg the latest and most approved
system of construction, entleavoring to produce oidy the very
best grade, and sparing no expense in making any possible
improvement, their pianos have gained a position and reputa-
tion that has secured for them an increasinu denuind.

Their factory is conducted on the principle of a division of
labor, the work passing through man} hands before it is com-
pleted, each man being required to make his part perfect before
it is received by the next, and each department being in charge
of an experienced foreman, and all under the supervision of the
firm. As their pianos have become known, their merits have
been recognized and acknowledged by the musical public.

They have been selected by teachers for their own use, and
for the severe work of schools, convents and colleges, which is
the best evidence of their substantial character, thoroughness
aud durabilit}', as well as their superiority in touch and tone.
A tone clear and liquid in the treble, mellow and well sustained
in the centre, and resonant in the bass, and affording in all the
registers a harmony clear and equal, and of that sympathetic
nature which, under the hands of an artist, arouses the enthu-
siasm of the listener, and demonstrates that the Newcombe
pinafortes are unsurpassed in these qualities.

At the World's Exhibition in New Orleans, in 1885, a striking

292

Toronto

" Called Backr

ii'i

vPf

illustration of this effect occurred in a piano recital by Mrs.
Marguerite Samuel, whose great talent as a pianist was recog-
nized by all musicians in that city. The programme selected
was strictly musical. The vast space of the building did not
prevent her Jinesae of execution and delicacy of tenor being
immediately apparent to her critical audience. All the num-
bers were choice and conscientiously rendered. There was the
prayer of Lohengrin, arranged by Liszt, with its orchestral
tones and immense difficulties; Weber's Barcarole of Oberon,
full of poesy ; the Polonaise of Chopin, brilliant and at the
same time thoughtful ; Les deux Alouettes of Lecktizki, a warble
of birds in springtime, with fresh perfumes in it of vernal
breezes ; the Rondo Capricioso of Mendelssohn, ideally repre-
sentative of that composer's dreamy and finished style ; and the
" Suis moi " of Gottschalk, so passionately nimble.

Here was enough to try not only the best piano, but even
the distinguished pianist. Both stood the test victoriously.
The '• Newcombe " piano expressed all that was asked : the
vigorous sonorities of Wagner, the agility and brilliancy of
Liszt, the though tfulness of Chopin, the grace of Weber, the
sparkling melody of Lecktizki, the sweetness and polish of
Mendelssohn, and the passionate lightness of Gottschalk.

The Musical Courier, of New York, says of the Newcombe
pianos exhibited at New Orleans: "Toronto is noted lor its
advancement in education and musical taste, and has, within
the last decade, made remarkable progress in manufactures, and
is now the centre of pianoforte industry of Canada. There are
a number of piano factories in Toronto making the various
styles of these instruments, and doing such a successful business
that the importation of instruments from Europe has almost
ceased.

The enterprise of Messrs. Newcombe & Co., and their confi-
dence in the substantial character of their work, is shown by
the fact of their placing their pianos where they can be com-
pared with the best instruments of United States makers.

The style of these pianos indicates a Northern degree of
solidity and strength that ensures durability, and they possess

From i8yy to 1886.

293

a pleasing symmetry of design at once graceful and appropriate.
The woods used in the cases are American wave walnut, and
French burl, an agreeable change from rosewood. The actions
of these pianos are creditable specimens of material and work-
manship, atid give a full round .satisfying tone which is much
admired."

The Newcombe pianofortes sent to the Exhibition in Lon-
don comprise some half-dozen instruments selected from their
regular styles. From a musical point of view these pianos are
magnificent specimens of skill and industry, and will, no doubt,
create as favorable an impression in London as they did at the
World's Exposition, New Orleans, 1884-5. In external appear-
•snce they are everything that could be desired, evidencing the
practical good taste for which the firm has already earned a
good reputation. The large grand and small parlor grand arc
both in rosewooJ, the latter being an exceedingly pretty model.
One upright is chiefly of French burl walnut, relieved with
plain walnut, so as to set off the rich coloring and figuring of
the natural burl in fine relief. Another upright is in mahogany
— a richly-panelled design, some fine emblematical carving in
the centre panel, but with a fret running straight across the
front of the upper frame ; brass continuous hinges and cande-
labra are attached at each side to a fret work of crystals. The
design is both unique and elegant to a degree. The other
styles are in rosewood and American wave walnut, and are
chaste and beautiful in appearance, and perfect in tone and
finish.

On " awards on musical instruments " at New Orleans, the
Times-Democrat says: "The Newcombe Pianoforte heads the
list with the first silver medal, and jurors' report of commenda-
tion for construction, quality of material, workmanship, even
tone throughout the instrument, and general excellence from a
musical as well as a mechanical point of view. This is a
genuine triumph for the manufacturers, who have not only had
to compete with other foreign makers, but with the wealthy
and enterprising exhibitors from the great centres of pianoforte
manufacture in the United States, New York, Boston and
Baltimore."

294

Toronto '■' Called Back!'

' > 1

LANSDOWNE PIANO GO.

Messrs. A. & S. Nordheimer having acquired sucli liijih reputa-
tion for American pianos of the most celebrated makers, for
whom they have been the exclusive agents.amongst which are the
Chickering, Stodart & Dunham, the Steinvvay, Haines & Gabler,
that, notwithstanding the high rate of duty on these instru-
ments, their customers being willing to pay the higher prices
so as to secure an instrument of first-class quality and excel-
lence (some of these pianos having been in use for forty years),
still continue to supply these instruments.

Nevertheless, to meet the deniand for instruments less
expensive, and yet such as they could recommend, they estab-
lished the present firm for the purpose, appointing Mr. Ger,fild
Heintzman as managing partner, who, from his well-known
practical experience as a manufacturer, will co-operate with
Messrs. Nordheimer in placing the enterprise in the front rank
of the manufactuiinaf industries of Toronto.

Tln'ir capital being practically unlimited, and their facilities
unsurpassed, a biiglit future is in prospect for the company,
and another star in the galaxy of Toronto's manufacturing
establishments now shines at the grand display of Indian and
Colonial exhibits at Kensington, London.

The Lansdowne Piano Co. have sent to the Indian and
Colonial Exhibition six instruments. They are all "cabinet
grands," and form a magnificent collection, both as regards
beauty of finish, and perfection of tune. One of these possesses
a hantlsome case, consisting of inlaid work, carving, and other
ornamentation in lavish profusion, yet with such exquisite
taste and skill that it stands as a perfect gem of workmanship.

The other,^ are from the Coinpan3-'s stock of inlaid and
polished walnut, and are a credit to the manufacturers and to
Toronto. Many musical critics have pronounced these pianos
to be without equal in the country, and their superior excellence
is atteste<l by all competent judges who have tried them.

In addition to other advantages pos.sessed by this firm, with
its great manufacturing facilities, they have secured several

I 'I

From 1877 to 1886. 295

important additions to their staff, including one of New York's
best tune and action regulators.

I^itherto the success of the Lansdowne Piano Co. has far
exceeded tlieir expectations, and, according to the judgment of
competent connoisseurs, they seem destined to play a pro-
minent role in the manufacture of pianos in Toronto.

In connection with the manufactures and exhibits of the
Lansdowne Piano Co. is a novel t,y in the shape of an " upricrht
grand," patented by Mr. A. Gunther. of this city, and manufac-
tured by this Company. The patent consists in producing an
instrument having all the internal construction of a gran<l with
the convenience in shape of an upright. This object is .^ained
by the sounding board being cut obliquely from left to^'n-dit
under the keyboard, and having a peculiar .scale of strings" in
connection, the strings and bass being very lono-.

It was in compliance with Mr. Gunther's solicitation that the
Lan.sdowne Co. undertook the manufacture of these instruments
which has been accomplished with such unqualified success
in the completion of several of these " uprigiit grands."

The style of the " Lansdowne Piano Co."° was adopted with
the approval of His Excellency the Governor-General.

Benevolent Institutions.
General Ho.spital, Home for Incurables. House of Industry
House of Providence. Girls' Home. Boys' Home. Protestant
Orphans' Home, Infants' Home and Infirmary, Andrrw Mercer
Eye and Ear Infirmary. Industrial Refuge. News Boys' Lod-nno-
and Industrial Home. Dental College and Infirmary, Ha"ven
and Prison Gate Mission Home for Aged and infirm, Burnside
Ljing-in Hospital. Magdalen Asylum, Hospital for Sick
Children.

THE LAKESIDE HOME.

The Lakeside Home for Little Children, the convalescent
Home in connection with the Hospital for Sick Children, occu-
pies a site on the West Point of Toronto Island, nearly one

From iSjy to iS86.

297

• »

hundred yards north-west of the liglit-house and the same
distance from the south shore of the island. The building is
twenty minutes' walk from the dock at Hanlan's Point, and the
plot of ground on which it was built was leased by the Cor-
poration of the City of Toronto, as the deed states, so that " a
convalescent Home for Sick Children" should be " ei'ected
thereon, in connection with the Hospital for Sick Children."
The Lakeside Home is very prettily situated, just on the spot
where the little sick ones can have all the advantage of the
invigoratinf"" and health-jrivinef breezes of Lake Ontario. The
building, as will be seen by the engraving, is of very attractive
appearance. It is constructed of wood, and built in that light
and airy style which architects consider best suited to places
designed for summer residences. It has two stories, and each
tioor has a space of twenty-eight hundred square feet. It is
lighted throughout with large windows, and a broad stairway
leads from the entrance hall to the second story. On the
ground floor there is a large dining room, a pantr}-, kitchen,
board room and two large wards for forty children. On the
second floor there is a large hall, on either side of which is a
large ward for the use of the boys and girls respectively.
Opening from these wards is a smaller room, which is occupied
by children in advanced stages of disease. At the east end of
the hall is a commodious bath-room, which is fitted up with
the most improved appliances. The interior of the building
has been fini.shed in Canadian pine, and every provision has
been made for the comfort of the inmates. A broivd and shady
verandah runs round the north-west and south sides of the
building. This is two stories in height, and is reached by wide
doors which open from the boys' ward. Here the little invalids
are placed during portions of each fine day, and on the hottest
day they receive the full benefit of the cool breezes which blow
in from the broad expanse of Lake Ontario. A laundry and
washhouse has been erected at the east end of the building, and
an ample supply of pure water is brought from the lake by
means of a windmill on the lake shore. The entire expense of
building the Home and bringing it to its present state of com-
20

.\\

298

Toronto " Called BackT

ii'iia'

pletion has been borne by Mr. J. Ross Robertson, of the Toronto
Evening Telegram, who attaches to his gift the condition, "The
Lakeside Home as well as the Hospital for Sick Children,
Toronto, shall be open without any charge to the children of
Freemasons. Seven brethren, members of the Grand Lodge of
Canada of Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons, have been
named as those who have the privilege of presentation. Each
applicant must have the endorsement of any one of the follow-
ing : — Messrs. Daniel Spry, Barrie ; Dr. J. A. Henderson, King-
ston ; George Birrell, London ; J. J. Mason, Hamilton ; David
McLellan, Hamilton ; J. G. Burns, Toronto, and Wm. J. Hambly,
Toronto." Mrs. S. F. McMaster is the President of the
Hospital for Sick Children, and to her is due a great deal of
the success that has attended that institution.

Toronto a Literary City.

Were Toronto to be judged by the number of people who
read the party political articles in the daily papers, it would
rank high in the scale of literature, and if the demand for
works of fiction were a proof of literary taste, then our Public
Library and its branches would bear testimony that the
citizens of Toronto were a truly intellectual people ; but while
these tests may be applied to indicate the taste of the majority,
and would certainly show the tendency to be in the line of both
of these habits, it is a pleasing fact that a large number culti-
vate a taste for literature for its own sake, and for the improve-
ment of their minds.

The number of non-political newspapers, and of those repre-
senting the various religious denominations, is as great as in
any other city of its population. The number of book stores
and publishing houses, together with the large amount of books
imported throughout the year, is a good indication of the extent
of the private libraries which exist in the cii/ and of the num-
ber of their readers.

It cannot be spid thft, in proportion to the population, there
is a greater taste for literature than in previous years.
Although there wat no literary institution of a popular char-

From iSyy to iS86.

299

acter, except the Mechanics' Institute, that was always well
patronized, and the averaj^e intelligence of the people of Toronto
was quite equal to what it is at the present time, at least in
book literature. While efibrts were made to encourage a taste
for reading generally, especial attention was given by the man-
agers of the Mechanics' Institute to impart technical knowledge.
Nor was the cultivation of the faculties for appreciating the
beautiful in art, thought and feeling, as well as for enjoying
the truths of physical science, neglected.

That elegant and reflective literature which tends to
moralize, to soften and adorn the life and soul of man, and the
belles leftrcs, which operate for the advancement of the mental
condition of the middle and humbler classes of society, might
now as well as then hold a higher place in public estima-
tion, and with advantage be more generally called into
practical requisition. The Canadian Institute, which now ranks
so high as a literary and scientific institution, did not come into
existence till 1849, since which time it has done much in the
higher sphere of literature, and takes the highest rank amongst
Canadian literary societies.

Amongst the literati of Toronto may be named Drs.
Wilson, Scadding, Loudon, Hodgins, and Withrow, and Prof.
Goldwin Smith, who is contributing largely to the literature of
the city. The Week newspaper, of which he is editor-in-chief,
holds a place between the ordinary new.spaper and the maga-
zine ; the latter being represented by only one, The Canadian
Methodist Magazine, which is alike creditable to the publishers,
the contributors, to Toronto and the Dominion.

It is an intox'esting question, whether the taste for solid read-
ing is more cultivated amongst the young men of 1880 than
those of 1847 and whether their general intelligence is greater.
The number of amusements and attractions of various kinds
which Toronto now affords may have a tendency to reduce the
hours spent in study, and thereby prevent the acquisition of
knowledge which, in the absence of these surroundings, made
the old Mechanics' Institute itself the leading attraction for
young men.

It cannot be denied that the newspaper is the great educator

300

Toronto ''Called Back''

of the nineteenth century, and that no literary power can com-
pare with it.

Rev. Dr. Tahnage says: "The newspaper is the 'flying roll'
of the Apocalypse. It is book, pulpit, and platform, all in one.
And there is not an interest, religiouf^, literary, commercial,
scientifical, agricultural or mechanical, that is not within its
grasp. All our churches, schools, colleges, asylums, and
art galleries feel the quaking of the printing press. The vast
majority of citizens do not read books.

" How many treatises on constitutional law, or political
economy, or works of science are read ? How many elaborate
poems or books of travels ? How much of Boyle, or De
Tocqueville, Xenophon, Herodotus, or Fercevil ? Whence,
then, this intelligence and the capacity to talk about themes
secular and religious — the acquaintance with science and art
— the power to appreciate the beautiful and the grand ?

"Next to the Bible, the newspaper, — swift-winged, and every-
where present, Hying over fences, shoved under the door, tossed
into counting-houses, laid on the work bench, read by all —
white and black, German, Irishman, Spaniard, American, old
and young, good and bad, sick and well, before breakfast and
after tea, Monday morning, Saturday night, Sunday and week-
day. The man who neither reads nor takes a newspaper is a
curiosity."

The literary taste of the people of Toronto may be judged by
the value of the importation of books for the year ending 31st
December, 1885. The value for the first quarter was $47,761 ;
the second, $50,076 ; third, $57,234, and fourth, $63,299, making
a total of $218,370, or an average of two dollars a head of the
population. The addition of the value of books published in
Canada would show a considerable increase in the amount.

The Globe and Mail.

These two great leading political papers — the former repre-
senting the Liberal Reform, and the latter the Liberal Con-
servative party — are published daily, morning and evening,
and also weekly. Both wield an immense influence, and have
extensive circulation throughout the Dominion, and also in

From i8jy to 1886.

301

Great Britain. For literary talent and enterprise, these papers
compare with the tirst-class leadinff press of New York and
London, nothing being wanting to furnish the latest news
th''ough the associated press despatches, and through special
correspondents, several times a day.

The Globe, newspaper contains its own history.

THE flT.OBE BX'TT.DIXOr.

From 1847 to the time of his death, the writer had a good
opportunity of observing the career of the late Hon. George
Brown. While the principle of de mortitis, nil nisi honum was
not adhered to in his paper, it is only just to say of himself,
when he is gone, that, apart from politics, he was a man highly
respected for every generous and noble quality. He was genial
and pleasant in manner, honorable in his dealings, kind and
benevolent in dispv.^ition.

302

Toronto '' Called Back y

\ >

W'}.

In the days when business nion were thrown together in the
Montreal steamers for a couple ov days at a time, the writer has
spent pleasant hours in his company, in conversation and chess
playing, a game in which he excelled.

The glory of his career cul-
minated in his coalescence with
Hon. John A. Macdonald and the
other gentlemen who founded
the Confederacy, and the paint-
ing now opposite the main
entrance to the Parliament
Buildings, in commemoration of
the great event, and in which
the Hon. George Brown is one
of the most prominent figures,
will perpetuate his name even
more than the monument to his
memory in the Queen's Park
THE MAIL miLi.iN.i. i" Toronto.

Wf,'

m
II

The World and News.

The World has well supplied a want previously felt, in the
shape of a one-cent morning paper, and is remarkable for the
full reports of all leading topics, as well as ably written edi-
torials, which display a large amount of literary ability and
sound common sense, on all questions of the day.

The News is the only one-cent paper published both morning
and evening, and is fast rising in importance, and shows a
rapidly increasing circulation both in and around the city.

The Evening Telegram.

The Evening Telegram, has for some years past been com-
monly recognized by the public as the principal paper in
Toronto. It is now in the ninth year of its existence. The
first number was issued on the l7th April, 1876, and from that

J i& > ^ jfl

•h
III

From iSyy to iS86.

l^l

time down to the present six editions of it have appeared
every afternoon, except on Sundays and liolidays. It was
founded by its present proprietor, Air. John Ross Robertson,
who had previously been connected with several newspaper
enterprises in Toronto, and had acquired a reputation as an
energetic and capable man of business. Durin*? the first year
of its existence it was issued at two cents. It tilled an acknow-
ledged want in local journalism, and met with considerable
success from the first. In 1877 the price was reduced to one
cent, and the effect was at once apparent in a largely extended
circulation, which, from that time forward, grew with rapid
strides. Advertising patronage was a necessary accompaniment
of increased circulation, and by the tithe the paper had been
established three years it had begun to yield a large and lucra-
tive revenue from this source. Of late yeans it has been
subjected to very keen rivalry, but as a local advertising
medium it has fully held its own, and is to-day one of the most
profitable newspaper enterprises in Canada. It is read by
people of all classes, and is more extensively sold on the streets
and in the news stores than any other paper in the city. Its
present circulation ranges from 17,000 to 19,000 ; on Saturdays
it runs up to 21,000 and 22,000. The Telegram was the first
daily paper started in this Province on independent or non-
partisan political principles. From the date of its first issue
until now it has kept itself entirely untrammelled by party
ties, and has always been ready to award its approval or its
censure upon considerations of merit alone. Speaking in
general terms, its pervading tone is decidedly liberal, but it is
in no sense the organ of any hard-and-fast school of politicians,
and it criticises both sides vdth the utmost freedom. It has from
the first devoted special attention to municipal matters, a feature
which has had no slight share in contributing to its very
remarkable pecuniary success. It has also been noteworthy
for the freshness and comprehensiveness of its local news, in
which respect it has generally distanced its larger and older
contemporaries. Its editorial notes and articles are light and
readable, the writers carefully avoiding the ponderous, unwieldy

THE TELEORAM HUILDINU.

From i8yy to iSS6.

305

style which mars the effect of so many of the articles in the
morning dailies.

The Hne building in which the Telegravi\\eiH\in heatlquarters,
at the south-west corner of King and Bay Streets, was
erectetl expressly for its accommodation. The structure was
completed in 1881, and was fitted up with all the latest im-
provements, and with little regard to the mere question of
expense. The counting-room and the private oftices are the
handsome.st for their size of any in Canada, and the private
ofhce of Mr. Robertson is considered by connoisseurs the
most artistically furni.shed office in the Dominion. Indeed,
outside of one or two offices in New York and Philadelphia,
there is no office in America that will compare with the j)rivate
office of the Telegram. Within its walls there are thousands
of dollars' worth of statuary, oil paintings, etchings and bric-
a-brac. The etchings of the " Breaking up of the Agamenmon,"
and "A Lanca-shire River," by the celebrated etcher, Seymour
Haden, are gems ; and an oil painting entitled "The old Poli-
tician," by Guzzardi, is regarded as one of the finest specimens
of that kind of work in the Dominion. This office also con-
tains a marble bust entitled " The Coquette," a veiled figure,
by Bazzanti, of Florence, which is so perfect that the lines of
the face may be seen distinctly through the marble veil. The
velvet decorations, and the leaded glass screen which separates
the private office from the main office, are highly commendable
pieces of work. The furniture is in keeping. The front office
is finished in cherry, mahogany,' and Hungarian ash, and the
ceiling and cornices, in plaster, are so finished in detail and
design, that they attract the attention of not only those who
are interested in that kind of work, but the thousands of
visitors who yearly visit the office to inspect its contents. The
Telegram is printed on a Scott Webb Perfecting Press, which
has capacity for printing from 25,000 to 30,000 impressions per
.hour. The appointments of the esti- ^ii-shment are fully com-
mensurate with the spirit of enterprise which characterizes the
general management. The editorial department is, beyond
comparison, the most comfortable to be found in the city. The

?o6

Toronto " Called Back''

library and chief editor's room are artistically furnished, and no
expense has been spared to render them pleasant for the gentle-
men who occupy them. Of the business of the Telegram it is
almost unnecessary to write. It is not an unusual thing of a
Saturday to see sixteen to eighteen columns of the paper occu-
pied by small type advertisements, varying from one to three
lines each. The returns from this source are considerable, and
it has been stated that they average over one hundred dollars
a day which is certainly a large amount for a paper published
in Toronto. Take it all for all, the Evening Telegram is an
honorable monument to the energy and enterprise of its pro-
prietor.

The " Christian Guardian " and Methodist Book
and Publishing House.

The Christian Guardian, the chief paper of the Methodist
Church in Canada for many years, and now the sole organ of
United Methodism in Ontario, Quebec, the Northwest, and
B.itish Columbia, was started in the fall of 1829. Its first
editor was the late Dr Egerton Ryerson. In 1879 the present
editor. Dr. Dewart, issued a jubilee number, for whicli Dr.
Ryerson wrote an article, giving an account of the origin of the
paper. He took the long and toilful journey to New York to
obtain printing material, spending six days and nights between
Lewiston and New York. The first number of the paper was
issued on November 22, 1829.

During these early years the Guardian did valiant battle
for equal religious rights and privileges. Dr. Ryerson was editor
for nearly nine years with some breaks, which were filled by
Revs. James Richardson, Franklin Metcalf , and Ephraim Evans.
In the earlier years of the Guardian, before the establishment
of the political papers that have since become famous, it was a
leading organ of public opinion in a greater degree than since it
has become more strictly a religious paper. During its whole
course it has vigorously contended for all moral and social
reforms, as well as defended the doctrines and usages of

From iSyy to iS86,

307

Methodism. Of the editors which succeeded those already
named the Rev. Jonathan Scott was in office four years ; the
Rev. Geo. F. Playter two years ; tlie B.ev. G. R. Sanderson five
years ; the Rev. James Spencer nine years ; the Rev. Dr. Jett'ers
nine years ; the Rev. Dr. Dewart, at the present date (1886),
has been in office seventeen years.

REV. EUEKTON RYERSON, D.I).

The Wesleyan Book Room was begun at the same time as
the publication of the Guardian. The publication office was
on " March Street, north of the new court-house." It was after-
ward removed to the present stand on King Street East. At
first it was a small bookstore doing a very limited business.
But it has steadily grown, till it has become an extensive pub-

3o8

Toronto " Called Back."

Lk.

lishing house. It probably publishes a larger number of books
and other publications than any other house in Canada. It
gives employment to over one hundred fifty hands ; and does a
great deal to supply both Methodists and others with whole-
some religious literature. The present Book Steward, Eev.
William Briggs, D.D., has done much to extend the business.

Free Library.

The good the Free Library is accomplishing in informing and
brightening the life of large masses of people should make its
operations welcome. The growth of the Toronto Library,
owing to its efficient management, has been steady and onward,
and its future seems bright and assured. The increasing rate
of its book circulation is very marked, and the inter taken
by its promoters, is manifested in a practical wa^ Ly a hand-
some addition to the reference department in the shape of a
donation of some 2,000 volumes, the valuable private collection
of Mr. John Hal lam, of this city. It may be hoped that others
will follow his example, and multiply the resources and attrac-
tions of the Public Library until it becomes the pride of
Toronto.

The largest private library in the city is that of Professor
Goldwin Smith. The Ontario Parliament Library ranks first
in importance amongst those of a public character, and con-
tains 25,000 volumes. Next conges Osgoode Hall with 20,000
volumes, chiefly on Ifgt.I subjects. The University Library i.-
in every way worthy of that splendid institution, and occuj^i
one of its handsomest rooms.

The Canadian Institute has 4,000 volumes ; Normal School,
5,000 ; Free Library, 38,000 ; Trinity College also possesses a
la:'ge library which is steadily increasing. There are seventy-
two newspapers and periodicals published in Toronto. The five
daily papers are the Globe, Mail, Telegram, World and News.
These are all published every morning, except the Telegram,
which contiimes as it commenced, as an evening paper As
.such it is, perhaps, both as to its popularity and circiil ''on,
without an equal in any city of the size of Toronto in the
world.

From i8yy to 1886.

309

King Street in 1886.

In every city there is some street which is the special resort
of ladies for promenading and shopping. HerPi strangers and
visitors first receive their impressions of the wealth and taste
of the citizens, and in reporting their opinions to their friends,
the effect will be favorable or otherwise just as they are struck
with the elegance of the shops and the richness of the goods
displayed.

King Street, Toronto, has long been known to travellers as
the centre of attraction, but the tourist of 1886, in describing
the splendid plate glass fronts of immense establishments
especially in the dry goods trade, would completely cast in the
shade all previous descriptions.

To illustrate the subject of Toronto's growth and progress,
two of the King Street stores are selected, and the first is that of

MESSRS. ROBERT WALKER d- SOXS.

as being the oldest established house in the trade. While
scores, if not hundreds, of dry goods stores on King Street have
either changed their entire form, or failed, as the writer knows
by experience and losses, there is only one which can date its
existence back to 1847, when this sketch commences. The firm
of Walker & ^Sons was originally established in 1836 by the
late Mr. Robert Walker, and in 1847 the firm was Walker &
Hutchinson. In that year two stone-fronted buildings, the first
in the city, were erected by Mr. Peter Paterson and Mr. Walker^
at a cost of S30,000. In 1867 Mr. Walker acquired the whole
site, pulled the two buildings down and erected the present
magnificent building, at a cost of $.50,000, and since that time
it has been enlarged and increased to its present immense pro-
portions. Every visitor to the city is at once struck with the
imposing appearance of this establishment, which is, indeed, an
ornament to the city, and a self-evident proof of its wonderful
progress and advancement. The front of the building is of
ornamented cut stone, surmounted by a large figure of a lion,

3IO

Toronto "Called Back!'

the trade mark of the firm. For the first thirty feet the front
of the structure is entirely composed of plate glass, running
from the sidewalk up to a massive ornamental iron girder*
extending the entire width of the building. The windows and
doorway contain over 1,500 square feet of glass. The interior
is beautifully finished, and in addition to the front, light is
supplied still further from an ornamental dome, which adds
greatly to the general effect.

The premises extend to Colborne Street, where there is
another entrance, and altogether it maybe said to be the finest
retail dry goods and clothing house in the Dominion. The
taff consists of nearly one hundred salesmen, cashiers and
bookkeepers, and the average stock amounts to about a quarter
of a million dollars.

In 1847 this firm and Mr. Peter Paterson were the only
retail importers in Toronto. The business is conducted on the
departmental system, and the European markets are visited
semi-annually by one of the firm, their immense capital giving
unsurpassed advantages in purchasing direct from the manu-
facturers.

While King Street has always had the reputation of possess-
ing the finest shops, as London has Regent Street, New York
its Broadway, Boston its Washington Street, and Chicago its
State Street, there are in each of these certain houses distin-
guished as the leaders of fashion and as caterers to the highest
taste. The house of

W. A. MURRA Y .f- GO.

may, in this respect, be considered as the "Swan & Edgars," or
" Marshall & Snelgrove.s," of Toronto, as in this splendid estab-
lishment may be found the richest classes of goods, to meet the
requirements of the most refined and wealthy or the most
fa.shionable. From the " layettes," to the " trousseaux," for
wedding or christening, ball or opera, every want can be sup-
plied by " modistes," " costumieres," and " coiffeures," not ex-
celled by Mr. Worth himself. So perfect are the arrangements

Front iSy"/ to 1886.

in every department, that a special room is provided, where
may be seen, by artificial light, the effect of shades for evening
dresses, at any hour of the day.

The senior partner, Mr. W. A. Murray, having graduated in
some of the large houses in Britain, two of which are already
described, and having been a buyer in 1854, when the present
business was established, brought to Canada all the experience
and judgment already acquired; and, devoting all his attention
to the buying department since that time, by continuous visits
to the Britisli and foreign markets has not only kept abreast
of the fashions, but has h'ad the advantage of leading them in
Toronto by anticipating the styles and designs in course of pre-
paration for the coming season.

The fact of Mr. Murray having cros.sed the Atlantic this
season for the one hundred and twenty-fifth time, is a sure
guarantee of the experience he brings to bear on this depart-
ment of the business.

The splendid plate glass front of this establishment extends
from 17 to 27 King Street East, and liere are displayed
the finest productions of British and continental manufac-
tures. The interior arrangements are simply perfect in
every detail, the departments being so connected that each
harmonizes with the other, and the light has been studied with
such artistic skill as to be adapted to each class of goods,
advantageous alike to the buyer and seller.

Every article in woollen and linen drapery, silks, ho.siery,
lace good.s, haberdashery, house furnishings, including the
finest curtain materials, millinery and mantles, is to be found in
this well-regulated establishment.

The staff consists of about on« hundred salesmen, besides
cashiers and bookkeepers, and from one hundred to two hundred
workwomen are employed, according to the sea.son, in the dress-
making and millinery departments. Mr. John Drynan, a
member of the firm, has the general management, and Toronto
may well take a pride in this, as a repre.sentative house in its
line, of the wonderful growth and progress that are still going
on.

Toronto " Called Back.''

The Art of Pottery.

While other arts, as painting and sculpture, have been culti-
vated to please the taste and delight the eye, the art of making
vessels oi' earthenware for domestic use, and in particular of
turning them into shape on a wheel, is of very remote antiquity,
and was undoubtedly suggested by the instinct of necessity.

In Egypt, all the processes of mixing the clay, of turning,
baking, and polishing vessels and vases, are represented in the
tombs of Thebes and Beni Hassan, and to-day may be seen in
the potteries of Staffordshire — as witnessed by the writer in his
frequent visits to the pottery district — the same kind of wheel,
and the potter moulding the clay into beautiful shapes of great
variety by his manipulation while the wheel revolves. No art
has a more wonderful record of self-sacriticing and heroic per-
severance and endurance in experiment, nor more wonderful
success in discovery in bringing it to its present perfection, than
the art of pottery.

The Palissy's, Wedgewoods and others, by their chemical re-
search have produced the variety of enamelled and variegated
ware which rival in beauty the finest china, which, accord-
ing to Chinese chronology, has been made in that country for
thousands of years.

In Chelsea, porcelain was made so beautiful that George II.
bestowed the light of his countenance upon it, and it became
all the rage ; one service was purchased by the King for £1,200.

Then comes the Wedgewood ware, manufactured by the
Wedge wood's, of Burslem (a place well remembered by the
writer as having spent the coldest night of his life there), — at
first, tableware, dense, durable, well glazed and cheap ; then the
Queen's ware ; then terra cotta, a kind of pottery in which
Wedgewood was enabled to imitate porphyry, granite, Egyp-
tian pebble, and other beautiful stones ; then basalt, or black
ware ; then white porcelain biscuit, having a smooth wax-like
appearance ; then jasper, or white porcelainic biscuit, of exqui-
site delicacy and beauty.

But although the Chelsea and Wedgewood ware were both

From 1S77 to 1886.

313

beautiful, and are now sought out bj' connoisseurs, — as much as
five guineas a piece for dessert plates, and twenty-five guineas
for a couple of tea cups having been paid, — it was a West-of-
England man who discovered the clay in Cornwall from which
the pure porcelain is made, and the clay is largely shipped to
StaflTordshire to be manufactured.

The discoveiT of felspar, at Belleek, County Donegal, Ire-
land (only celebrated before for the catch of eels), led to the
establishment of the pottery there, and the most beautiful ware
is produced Hand-painted dishes were shown to the writer
when visiting this establishment (just six miles from the
Atlantic coast), the prices of which were from twenty to fifty
guineas each ; the painting being done by first-class artists.

The terra cotta ware at Torquay, in Devon, is very beautiful
and fashionable, as are also the Royal Worcester and Royal
Derby ware, placing the English manufactures high up in the
scale of pottery, as seen at Kensington and other places, where
the largest collection of the productions of all countries are on
permanent exhibition. To add one more to the list of enter-
prises in Ireland, the Vodrian ware, manufactured in Dublin,
deserves special notice, being awarded the first prize medal at
Cork Exhibition, in 1883.

MR. GLOVER HARRISON,

of the China Hall, King Street, has foi the past twenty-five
years made this art his study, and in catering for the citizens
of Toronto has done much to educate the taste of the people
in this branch of trade, combining the useful with the orna-
mental more than in any other department; while on the
other hand his efforts have been appreciated by all classes,
from the highesi, who have expended their wealth in furnishing
and decorating their hou.ses (showing as much as in anything
else the wonderful progress of Toronto), down to the humblest,
who have suited them.selves in ever}- article necessary for com-
fort and convenience. Mr. Harrison visits all these sources of
production periodically, including Limoges and Sevres in France,
and Dresden, in Germany. A visit to his galleries of art
21

r^i

314

Toronto ''Called Back."

treasures will be found exceedinjrly interesting and instructive
and everything in glass, as well as earthenware, to furnish the
mansion, hotel, or cottage, will be found in endless variety and
beauty.

New Buildings Approaching Completion.

Bank of Montreal, College of Pharmacy, Manning's Arcade,
Orange Hall.

Buildings Proposed to be Erected this Year.

Young Men's Christian Association Building, St. Alban's
Cathedral, St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, Sherbourne
Street Methodist Church, Parliament Buildings, Court House,
Quebec Bank.

The Manning Arcade

is of the Italian Renaissance style, ornamented with polished
granite pillars, and sculptured emblematic figures, two being
caryatides supporting entablatures on each side, and one male
figure in the centre representing Laboi', which add much to the
beauty of the design.

To form a perfect arcade, it will be extended to the north,
and is an ornament to King sti*eet.

New Bank of Montreal.

This beautiful building illustrates in a remarkable manner
the progress of architecture in the city.

The material is Ohio stone, and the style of the composite
order of architecture, in which the Corinthian largely predomi-
nates, and is the most ornate of all classical styles. The Cor-
inthian is the most elaborate of all Grecian orders. The merit of
its invention is ascribed to Callimachus, a celebrated sculptor
of Athens, about 540 B.C. He is said to have taken the idea
from observing the leaves of the acanthus, growing round a
basket which had been placed with some favorite trinkets upon
the grave of a young Corinthian lady — the stalks which rose

*jf , .

From i8yy to i8S6.

315

among the leaves having been formed into slender volutes by
a square tile which covered the basket.

The capital is larger and more ornamental than in the other
orders, spreading in the form of a basket, and commingling the
richest and lightest vegetation with the decorations of previous
orders.

The pilasters of the Bank of Montreal are richly sculptured,
the designs, surmounted by mask heads, emblematic of various
subjects. On the south are : (1) Commerce, (2) Music, (8) Archi-
tecture, (4) Agriculture. On the east front are: (1) Industry,
(2) Science, (3) Literature, (4) Arts ; and over the main entrance
are the arms of the Bank of Montreal.

This splendid work has been executed by Messi's. Holbrook
& Mollington, architectural sculptors, who aiso performed the
fine work on the Custom House. Messrs. Darling & Currie are
the architects.

The interior will be superbly finished in stucco, and being
one complete room, with dome light, will present a magnificent
appearance.

Toronto Post Office in 1886.

No greater evidence of the growth and the expansion of
the commerce of Toronto can be given than by a comparison
of the business of the Post Office Department during the period
covered by the present sketch.

When the present office of the Receiver-General, on Toronto
Street was built for a new post office, none but the most san-
guine doubted its capacity for all its requirements for many
years to come, but while it was still a comparatively new build-
ing it was soon found to be quite inadequate to the rapidly-
growing business of the city, and in 1873 the present beautiful
structure was erected.

A more suitable situation could not have been chosen than
that on which it stands, surrounded, as it is, by buildings in
every way worthy of the neighbourhood, and in close proximity
to the business portion of the city.

The building is of three stories, faced with cut stone, elabo-

3i6 Toronto ''Called Back''

rately onminented, and the internal arranj^'ements are admirably
adapted to the never-ceasinf]^ business transacted.

A side door at the western end of the building leads, by a
handsome staircase, to the offices of Mr. M. Sweetnam, the
Post Office Inspector, and his assistant and other officials.

The present staff consists of Mr. Thos. 0. Patteson, post-
master ; Mr. John Carruthers, assistant-postmaster ; 5 tirst-clas8
12 second-class, and 49 third-class clerks.

There are 74 letter carriers, 3 caretakers, and 7 porters ; 95
street letter boxes, and .S branch po.st offices.

Through the politeness of the postmaster the following sta-
tistics are given for the year ended 31st December, 1885 :

Amount of money orders issued $1509,203

Amount of money orders paid 1,35(),1G3

Number of orders paid 80,086 .

Amount of deposits in Post Office Savings Bank 8495, 304

Amount of postage stami^s sold 228,751

Number of letters delivered by letter carriers, exclusive

of box holders and general deliver}' 7,937,401

: ■ Number of letters posted 11,288,(>80

Number of post cards posted 3,328,260

In the month of February no less than nineteen English
mails were despatched from Toronto — fifteen via New York
and four v'm Halifax — and this in twentj'-four working days,
and in March, April, and May about twenty each month ; so
that a daily mail to England from Toronto may be looked for
in the nen,r future.

Toronto as a Place of Residence.

• If the city possesses all the advantages to which reference
has been made, it will be admitted that no element in the con-
stitution of a great city is wanting. The capitalist who would
invest money to advantage can here find a promising field for
enterprise. There is also plenty of room for more manufactur-
ing industries.

The man of leisui^e, with fixed income, may find in Toronto a

TOKONTO VOHT OFFICE.

3i8

Toronto " Called Back^

-T 1

deliglitful lioine, and live just as liis means may allow, even to
the enjoyment of luxury. The mechanic and tradesman can,
by industry and economy, secure a comfortable home on easy
tern)s, and in Toronto every reasonable wish may be gratified,
and the new settler find a welcome to any class of society
which may be congenial to his taste.

Governors-General of Canada since 1847.

Earl of Elgin, Sir Edmund Head, Lord Monck, Sir John
Young (Lord Lisgar), Earl of Uufterin, Marquis of Lome, and
Marquis of Lansdowne.

Lieutenant-Governors of Ontario.

Major-General Stisted, Sir W. P. Howland, Hon. John Craw-
ford, Hon. D. A. Macdonald, and Hon. John Beverley Robinson.

Mayors of Toronto.

William Lyon Mackenzie, R. B. Sulli' George Gurnctt,
John Powell, George Munro, Henry Sher> , William Henry
Boulton, John G. Bowes, Joshua G. Beard, John Beverley Rob-
inson, G. W. Allan, John Hutchinson, David B. Reid, Adam
Wilson, Francis H. Medcalf, James E. Smith, S. B. Harman,
George D'Arcy Boulton, Joseph Sheard, Alexander Manning
Angus Morrison, James Beaty, jun., W. B. McMurrich, Arthur
R. Boswell, Alexander Manning, W. H. Howland.

Extent of City-
Total number of miles of streets, one hundred and sixty-six ;
of which forty miles are cedar blocked, ten miles are cedar and
gravel, fifty-four miles are macadamized, and the remainder
graded or unimproved. Miles of sidewalks, two hundred and
fifty. The work of substituting stone and other material in
place of wood has commenced, and the experiment of grano-
lithic versus stone will soon be tested on King Street. The
stone now used is quarried in Pelee Lsland, and is consequently
cheaper than imported stone. If block's sufficient to extend the
whole width of the sidewalk could be procured in Canada it
would be found the most durable.

From iSyy to iSS6.

3»9

Toronto Street Railway Company.

Those who are awiuainted with I'hihidelphia know that with
its popuhition of nearly three-quarters of a million, there are
no tenement houses of four to eij^ht stories, in which a number
of families are crowded tof^ether, with the terrible lisk from
fire. Covering more fjround than New York, it atlbrds space
on which every family can have a home, and this is almost
entirely due to the street car service afFordinf^ easy access to
the farthest limits of the city, and around Fairmount Park,
with its J},000 acres, and to the manufacturing suburbs of
Germantown.

Applj'ing this to Toronto, it must be admitted that the spread
and expansion of the city has been in proportioi to the exten-
sion of the street car service, and the increase in the value of
property in the suburbs is due to the same c iU.s<-. No city in
America can boii4 of a more efficient street car service than
that furnished ly the Toronto Street Railway Company, and
nothing but very large capital and enterprise could have
brought it to its present state of efficiency.

To interrupt this traffic would be to throw Toronto back
to the "jolting" times of a quarter of a century ago, and
reduce the value of property in all th.e distant portions of the
city. A company which has contributed so much to the health,
comfort and convenience of the citizens, and to the enhance-
ment of the value of property in and around the city, as well
as giving employment to such a large number of men, must be
regarded as public benefactors, and are fully entitled to every
financial benefit that may accrue from their enterprise while
lawfully and justly carried on.

The Conipany owns sixty miles of track, and employs three
hundred and seventy-five men. The number of hor.ses in the
service is seven hundred and fifty, number of cars one hundred
and sixty-five sleighs and oumi buses one hundred and sixty.
The value of the buildings erected by the Company is about
$250,000, with others in course of erection. The entire stock
of the Company is owned by Hon. Frank Smith and Mr. R. M.
Keiley.

120

Toronto " Called Back.

Street Traffic.

There is no city of the size of Toronto, in Great Britain or
America, which shows so extensive street traffic, as the writer
knows from personal observation. Havin<^ said this, the rest
of the world might be included. This arises chiefly from the
position Toronto occupies as the great ilistributing centre of
the Dominion, The receiving and shipping of imported and
n\anufactured goods, which are sent to every point from Hali-
fax to Vancouver — the representatives of Toronto houses now
regularly visiting the whole of this immense field — have created
this wonderful amount of business traffic on our streets, evi-
dencing the solid and substantial progress the city has made
in a comparatively short time.

Had our Rip Van Winkle, instead of coming from Holland,
been accjuainted with the topography of London, and in some
day during the week of the Industrial Exhibition " waked up "
from his long sle<^p, at the Dominion Bank (leaving out the
powdered wigs, plush breeches, silk stockings, and gold-headed
sticks of the footmen, and throwing in continuous lines of street
cars), he might naturally fancy himself at Oxford Circus, with
Oxford Street stretching away at one side, and the Regent
Street Quadrant at the other ; or should a '• block " occur, as in
the case of some procession, might imagine he was standing
.somewhere between the Bank of England, the Royal Exchange
. and the Mansion House ; and as to the wholesale trade, if at
the corner of Scott and Front Streets, might imagine himself
in St. Paul's Churchyard, with " view from Ludgate Hill on the
west, to New Cannon Street on the east, where are to be seen
the finest specimens of warehouse architecture in London

Returning to Yonge and King Streets, he would find car-
riages of every style, private and public, including phsetons,
broughams, waggons, coupes, market carts, dog carts, rocka-
ways, pony carriages and hansoms in endless variety, also drays,
lorries, merchants', manufacturers', express, and tradesmen's
delivery wagons, — all producing a scene of bu.stle and activity
only to be witnessed in a great and prosperous city, and showing
a marvellous contrast with the appearance of the streets in 1847'

From i8yy to 1886.

321

ith

The Model Wholesale Dry Goods Warehouse of the

Dominion.

It is no disparagement of other large wholesale importing
dry goods houses, of which Toronto is so justly proud, and to
which much of the description that may be given will apply,
to select one as par excellence the model house of the Dominion;
and if a knowledge of its history from the commencement fur-
nishes a qualification for the work, the writer can safely under-
take it.

Having had the pleasure of knowing Mr. John Macdonald
before he commenced business, and having been our best
customer for the two years he remained in the retail trade, I
had an opportunity of witnessing the success of his first
venture. His rare judgment as a buyer, and carefulness as a
financier, gave him, from the very first, a sound position,
resulting in a decision to seek a wider field for his enterprise.
The " pent up " confines of a retail store did not afford scope
for his ambition, and while becoming parties to the transfer
of his business, it was with regret we lost a customer
who had, in additioii to meeting every engagement, promptly
and honorably acquired sufficient capital to embark in the
wholesale importing trade.

On his first visit to Britain his arrangements were made on
such a solid basis as to be a guarantee of the success which
followed. Tlu system of buying from large general houses had
prevailed almost entirely in Canada and the Maritime Provinces,
and this Mr. Macdonald, at the very outset, avoided. He saw
no reason why he .should not go to the fountain-head of supply,
and give his customers the benefit of the intermediate profits
previously enjoyed by these large houses in London, Glasgow
and Manchester, and whatever commission he paid for his
introduction to manufacturers was more than made up by cash
discounts.

The saying that "goods well bought are half sold" was in
this instance soon verified. Taking Mr. Lyle asa junior partner
and buyer, with goods purchased on such advantageous terms.

JOHN MACDONALD & CO.'S WAHEHOUSE.

From iSyy to 1886.

323

the firm had no occasion to " push trade," but, as Mr. Macdonald
at the time I'emarked to the writer, he " would wait Tor cus-
tomers to come, and then dictate his own terms," or in other
words, "the goods would sell themselves."

On the retirement of Mr. Lyie from the firm, and his depar-
ture for Africa, where he is now doing a lucrative trade in
ostriches and coffee, the facilities afforded by the bonding
system through the United States led Messrs. Macdonald & Co.
to introduce the system of having a resident buyer in Europe
and by weekly .shipments afford merchants an opportunity
of as,sorting their stocks from time to time, thereby precluding
the necessity of laying in a stock for the whole season, as had
hitherto been the rule, and also .saving a large amount of
interest and the accumulation of bad stock.

This formed another element in the rapid growth and exten-
sion of the business, as buyers were attracted froui all parts to
select from the weekly arrivals. From that time to the present,
the business has been marked with uninterrupted prosperity,
and has attained to a magnitude unequalled in the Dominion,
and a fame co-extensive with the great inter-oceanic highway,
now successfully completed from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

If a visitor to New York wants to see a grand business and
splendid system, he fimls his way to A. T, Stewart & Co., or H-
B. Chafhn & Co.; if in London, he will go to Cook, Sons & Co.,
St. Paul's Churchyard, the Fore St. Warehouse Co., or J. i^ R.
Morley's ; if in Manchester, he will vLsit Rylands & Sons,
Bannerman's, or Philips's ; and so in Toronto he will be directed
to the house of John Macdonald & Co. The situation of the
warehou.se is quite unique having equally fine frontages on
Wellington Street, Nos. 21-27, and on Front Street, Nos. 28-34.

The building, which is six stories in height, is massive and
plainly elegant, and in every respect adapted for the business.
The light is perfect, both from the north and south, with addi-
tional advantages in this respect from the west side, thus atford-
ing buyers the greate.st facility for in.specting the stock, while
the arrangements for the display of goods, affording perfect
access to each section, make it easy and pleasant.

324

Toronto " Called Back.''

To most people visiting an establishment of this kind, their
ideas are influenced either as consumers, who look upon these
goods as supplying one of the great wants of mankind, or as
producers, who are interested in the sale of the goods, and wish
for more orders, while to the buyer the chief consideration is
as to how much profit he could make out of such or such a lot
of goods.

To anj'one who has had connection with the home markets
and manufacturing districts, his associations immediately con-
nect him with the sources of supply, and as every article, from
a pin or needle to the finest productions of the looms of Lyons
or Nottingham, has a history which would in itself form an
interesting paper, he cannot resist the impression made on his
mind of the immense influence which a great distributing centre
such as this, between the producers and the consumers, must
necessarily have on the thousands who are dependent not only
for the comforts but the necessaries of life on the success of
such a business. All through the process of manufacture, from
the inventor to the designer, and then through the manufac-
turer and shipper, till the retail merchant and consumer are
reached, what vast interests are concerned in the manajjement
of such an enterprise on both sides of the Atlantic !

What buyer, who has taken a run through soTne of the large
manufactories of Lancashire or Yorkshire, and conversed with
some of the humble yet intelligent operatives, has not been
asked whether he had brousrht jjood orders from Canada, and
has *iot seen their faces brighten up if he could give an encour-
aging answer ? While they have the world for a market, they
know more of Canada and Australia than of any other country.

The aim of the tirm throughout has been to systematize the
business after the model of flrst-elass British houses, and to
accomplish this successfully the departmental system has been
most efficiently adopted and carried out.

To give to each buyer the entire management of his own
department, and throw on him the responsibility, is the principle
which has been found to work so successfully in all the British
warehouses, and Messrs. Macdonald & Co.'s business has been

From iSy.'/ to i8S6.

325

no exception to the rule. The business is divided into depart-
ments, from the entering room to the warehouse and counting-
house, each having a recognized head, and the discretionarj-
power afforded furnishes a motive to excel which no other
principle could effect.

To attempt a detailed account of the working of the business
would far exceed the limits of these pages, and nothing beyond
a cursory glance can be given. There are six principal depart-
ments, which, with their subdivisions, are as follows : —

Staples. — Prints and general Manchester goods, flannels and
blankets, linens and jute goods.

Dress Goods. — Hosiery and gloves, ribbons and corsets,
gonts' furnishings.

Mantles and Shawls. — Silks, satin.s, crapes, laces, muslins,
and embroideries, British and German knitted goods.

Woollens. — Canadian tweeds, imported woollens, rubber
goods.

Haberdashery. — Wools and wool work, British and foreign
fancy goods, Japanese and papier mache goods.

Carpets and Oil Cloths. — Brussels and tapestries, supers
and three-ply carpets, Dutch and hemp carpets, upholsterers'
goods, raw silk and jute coverings, damasks, rep.s, ferries,
plushes, piano and furniture felts, etc.

These six departments are managed by experienced buyers,
who visit the markets periodically, making the home office in
Manchester their rendezvous, and where orders are sent between
seasons to the resident Imyers.

A reference to the chapter on 'buying in Europe" will show
the ground to be gone over by these gentlemen in making their
purchases, and, in addition to this, large orders are placed for
goods manufactured in other countries, as China and Japan,
which are not visited.

The firm employs thirteen travellers, extending their opei-a-
tions from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and altogether the staff
comprises about 100 in all departments.

Mr. Paul Campbell has the entire management of the finan-
cial and general conduct of the business.

326

Toronto " Called Back!'

Corsets.
Whatever may be tlie opinion as to the use of corsets, from a
hyj^ienic point of view, whether as improvers or supporters of
" the female form divine," it is certain that the trade is one of
vast proportions, and perhaps with the exception of Japan and
some barbarous or semi-civilized nations, the corset is considered
as an indispensable part of female attire in every country.
Germany, France, Great Britain, the United States, and Canada
give employment to thousands of girls in this suitable and
appropriate branch of industry.

THE TELFEH AND HAROLD MANUFACrURINO CO.
of this city is selected for special notice as an evidence of the
progress of the city in this branch of manufactures, in giving
employment to a large number of operatives, and as being
devoted exclusively to the manufacturing for the wholesale
trade of the Dominion, no goods being sold to the retail trade.

The premises occupied by this firm were built especially for
them, having every appointment and arrangement for the car-
rying on of the business in the most convenient manner, and
for the comfort of the employees.

The writer, who for several years represented in America the
leading corset manufacturers of England, had much pleasure in
inspecting the various processes through which these goods
pass, in the establishment of Messrs. Telfer & Harold, and found
the division of labor so perfectly carried out, and the machinery
so complete, as to reduce the cost of production to a minimum.
The insertion of eyelets by a machine is done so rapidly as to
be well worth a visit, and all through the various stages to the
fine embroidery work, which is a marvel of skill and taste,
every arrangement is perfect and the best talent employed.

The firm has agents in Victoria, B.C., Winnipeg, Man., Mon-
treal, and Halifax.

The Lace and Embroidery Trade.

Having been the first exclusive importer of these goods in
Toronto, and having had an intimate acquaintance with the

From iSjj to 1886.

327

trade for twenty-five years, the writer has pleasure in notic-
ing the establishment of the firm of

WHITE, JOSELIN ,t- CO.

who are at present, and have for many years been the only
exclusive importers of these goods in the wholesale trade in the
Dominion.

The enormous capital required to pay designers who are con-
stantly employed to produce novelties to meet the insatiable
demands of fashion and trade, aud the necessity of a large
export trade such as England has to all the markets of the
world, renders it probable that in this branch of trade Canada
must continue to import for many years to come. Even the
United States, with its immense population, cannot in this
particular manufacture compete with Nottingham, only one
factory of lace curtains having so far attempted the production
of lace goods.

Lace is not a describable article. Malines has long been
famous for a lace coarser and stronger than that of Brussels.
Mechlin lace, properly so called, has been surpassed by that of
Nottingham.

Malines lace is made on a cushion with a battalion of pins
stuck into it. Each young worker has two small knobby sticks
in her hand, to which are attached shining white threads, and
with these she manoeuvres among the pins with a rapidity that
is surprising. Thread by thread the delicate fabric progresses
to its completion. All this work is done by the girls in their
own homes, there being no manufactory. In contrast with
this is the Jacquard loom, which is a most wonderful piece of
mechanism. The patterns of Nottingham lace being registered,
each manufacturer jealously guards against any infringement of
his designs ; and yet a single thread of difference may be suffi-
cient to evade the penalty of infringement. A case occurred
some years ago where a suit was entered for infringement, and
before a decision could be given, a lawyer was commissioned
to go from London to Nottingham to see the pattern actually
produced on the loom.

328

Toronto " Called Back.

The extent of the trade may be measured in millions of
yards. France and Be' lum supply hand-made pillow lace, as
do the English counties of Buckingham, Hertford, Nottingham,
and Devon. Limeiick, in Ireland, was long celebrated for her
lace, which was brought to such perfection that a pair of gloves,
enclosed in a silver-mounted and clasped walnut shell, was a
usual and veryacceptable present, but the great trade at this time
is in machine lace from Nottingham, Honiton and Tiverton.

The embroider}^ trade has also changed its seat. Formerly
thousands of females in Ireland and Scotland found employ-
ment in what was called "sprigging" muslin, but at present
the trade is almost exclusively carried on by machinery in
Switzerhind, and from these sources of supply Messrs. White*
Joselin& Co., who visit the markets regularly, import their
goods, which are distributed from Toronto all over the Dominion.

The spacious warehouse occupied by the firm contains four
extensive floors, to which access is had by an elevator, and all
are fully stocked with complete lines of the various manufac-
tures of Great Britain, France, Belgium and Switzerland, com-
prising the greatest novelties in f.he trade.

The senior partner, Mr. White, has brought an experience of
25 years to the successful carrying on of the business, and is
ably supported by the Messrs. Joselin Brothers.

In addition to the lace and embroideiy trade, the handker-
chief department is made very attractive in every class adapted
to the ladies' trade.

Yonge Street in 1886.

If the writer on the Montreal Canadian Illustrated News
in 1871 , who spoke of the " great gulf " between the frequenters
of King and Yonge Streets, the latter, according to his state-
ment, being the resort of the " middle class and the beggar,'
were to make such a statement in 1886, he would deserve to
be tarred and feathered. The rapid progress made on Yonge
Street as a business thoroughfare has already placed it on an
equal footing with the aristocratic King, and the carriages to

From iSjy to 1886.

329

be seen any day lining this street, testify to the high class of
trade it has secured.

By way of contrast with the time of the first dry goods store
in 1849, aTnongst a number of splendid shops which now attract
crowds of customers, one is selected as illustrative of our sub-
ject, and in accordance with the principle laid down in reference
especially to Toronto as an importing centre.

The building known as Page's Block, erected by the late John
Hillyard Cameron, was considered the finest block of retail
stores in the city.

MKSSRS. T. EA TON ,<• GO.

having built up a large business at the corner of Queen Street,
sought to extend it, and for this object secured the stores where
their present building now stands.

When Mr. Eaton commenced pulling down the fine front of
the building, people were amazed at what appeared to be folly
and destruction, but when the present front, with its splendid
plate glass windows and lofty floors, made its appearance,
their wonder was turned to admiration, and a splendid addition
had been made to the palatial stores of Toronto.

The internal arrangements are complete in every respect.
Thirty-five departments, embracing not only everything belong-
ing to the dry goods trade, including carpets, millinery, and
house furnishing goods, but also various classes goods a little
distinct from the regular branches (as is the custom of the mam-
moth establishments in Britain to add boots and shoes, perfum-
ery, toilet and fancy articles to the stock of drapery goods),
are all managed with perfect system and discipline.

Whoever would have predicted in 1847, when there was not
a single dry goods house on Yonge Street, that such an estab
lishnient would be found in 1886, would certainly be the subject
of ridicule, and especially should he have ventured to say that
the sales of one hundred and fifty salesmen and ladies would
be all for cash, he would be put down as a dreamer. It is no
exaggeration to say that the cash sales of this house exceed
those of all the stores in Toronto in 1847. This will be admit-
22

330

Toronto " Called Hack.''

ted as a proof of the " won<le'-ful {growth and progrcj-.s " of the
city during that period.

The facilities fc/ purchasing are on a scale corresponding
with the arrangement of the departments. Passenger elevators
constantly in operation attbrd pleasant access to each Hoor, and
the one-price systeuj, now thoroughly established by all first-
class houses in Toronto, is at once satisfactoiy and honorable to
buyer and seller.

The system of checking sales and giving change is quite up
to the best either in Britain or the United States, and the estab-
lishment reflects the highest credit on the enterprise of the
tiruj and on the city of Toronto.

Mr. Eaton is still further extending by connecting with a new
wing which will have a front on Queen Street, and, when
completed, will compare with the finest stores in Great Britain
or America, forming at once a promenade, arcade, and grand
bazaar. ' •'- '

Great Increase in Imports.

Comparative imports at Montreal and Toronto for year
ending JiOth June, 1882 —Toronto, $19,:U1,210; Montreal.
$45,611,1)27.

Duty on importations for month of January : —

1885. 1880.

Montreal $552,804 $4!»7,736

Toronto 28l,r)83 290,350

Total imports for fiscal year ending 30th June, 1886, $18,-
:U0,145; duty, $.3,419,265; average, 18.67 per cent.

In 1847 Toronto imported one-eighth as much as Montreal;
in 1849 Toronto increased to over one-fourth, and as above, in
1886, to over one-half.

The amount of importations at Toronto for the first te«i
days of February, 1886, was equal to the amount entered during
the whole year of 1848, and the duty collected for one week of
1886, equal to the whole of the same year.

From i8jj to 1886.

331

The Arcade.

The front entrance is on Yonge street, to the lieauty of which
its imposing cut stone facade, with its wide archwa}- and Egyp-
tian pillars in bas-relief, are a valuable a(hlition.

The spacious passage-way is furnished with shops, reseniblin»>-

YONGE STRKKT ARCADE.

the Burlington Arca(Je in London, glittering with much that is
attractive, and a stairway leads to gallery, offices, and studios.
Let us hope that in the future it will increase in attractive-
ness, when every spot will be fully occupied, making it a place
of resort not unlike the Palais Royal in Paris.

332

Toronto " Called Back.

'-b.

Summer Resorts.
queen's park.

Just west of the Osf]foocle Hall on Queen Street West will he
found a hcautifnl avenue of nearly a mile in length. Chestnut
and nmple trees Hank the carriac^e drive and pathway, which
in the vista open out npon the Queen's Park. Going north
the intersection of the Yonge Street Avenue is reached, and we
pass from the grateful shade of the long line of chestnuts into
the verduous sunlight of the open Park, one hundred acres in
all, including the University grounds, which have been fenced
otf from the city property. The Park is a favorite resort dur-
ing the hot weather, and contains the University Buildings,
Ob.servatory (Meteorological Office), Wyclitfe College, Volun-
teers' and Hon. George Brown's monuments, and a score of
beautiful villas ; it is also the site selected for the erection of
the new Provincial Parliament Buildings.

EXHimriON PARK.

These grounds, originall}' used exclusively by tlie Industrial
Exhibition Association, have for some time been thrown open
to the public all the year round, except for two weeks in Sep-
tember, during the Exhibition.

Under the superintendence of Mr. Chambers, the Commis-
sioner of Parks, these grounds have assumed a most beautiful
appearance, being laid out in the most artistic manner as land-
scape gardens, and having a profusion of shrubs and flower-
beds, which increase in beauty from season to season.

Further improvements are in progress this season — new
roads are being made, new sidewalks laid down, a number of
new flower-beds have been formed, and the whole of the
grounds will this year present a more beautiful and attractive
appearance than they have at any previous Exhibition.

LORNE PARK.

This favorite resort is beautifully situated on the north shore
of Lake Ontario, fourteen miles from Toronto, and can be
reached in twenty-five minutes by rail, or forty-five minutes by

P'l

Frotn iSjj to iSS6.

333

watc" It commaiuls a splendid view of the lake. It has
receiitly been laid out in cotta<^e and camp lots, of which there
are two hundred, with main avenue of one hundred feet, and
streets of sixty-six feet, leaving fifty acres for recreation
grounds.

The grounds will be lighted by electricity, a proper water
supply and system of drainage arranged for, and everything
has been done to make this the most pleasant sunuaer resort in
Ontario.

No intoxicating li^juor will be allowed to be sold on the
ground.s, or on the steamer plying to the park.

Canadian Pacific Railway.

On the first of November a message was received by the
Governor-General at Ottawa from Her Majesty, congratulating
the Dominion Government on the accomplishment of the great
work , and on the ninth of the same month. Sir John A. Mac-
donald received a telegram from Mr. Van Home, and the Pre-
mier of British Columbia, congratulating him on the compfetion
of the C.P.R. Mr. Handford Fleming also telegraphed, stating
that the first through train had accomplished the journey from
Montreal to Vancouver in five days, and that the trip would
.shortly be accomplished in four days.

At a banquet given in Montreal to Sir George Stephens and
Hon. D. A. Smith, the former said in his speech : " When Sir
John A. Macdonald stated in London that the termini of the
Canadian Pacific Railway were Liverpool and Hong Kong, he
was not indulging in a flight of eloquence. He was stating in
.simple language a .sober fact.

By the proposed line of steamers from Vancouver to the far
East, the cro.ssing point of the Canadian Pacific Railway will be
reached. In 18(31 it took from ten to twelve days for troops to
be conveyed from Halifax to Quebec. In 1870, during the Red
River rebellion, it took eleven weeks from Quebec to Red River,
and ninety-five days from Toronto to Winnipeg. Now the
whole distance can be traversed in six days. Troops and stores
can reach the Pacific coast from Liverpool in thirteen or four-
teen days.

334

Toronto ' ' Called Back.

In .summer, from Montreal to Vancouver can be done in four
and a half days ; in winter, Halifax to Vancouver in six days.
With steamers making fourteen to fifteen knots, the passage
from Vancouver to Yokohama can be made in twelve days,
from England to Japan in twenty-six days, from England |to
Hong Kong and Shanghai in thirty-four days. From England
to Hong Kong, (ua Brindisi, takes forty to forty-four days, and
vi'i Gibralter, forty-nine to fifty-three days ; from England to
Calcutta, thirty-eight days ; and vw Halifax, adding seven days
for Atlantic passage, the distance can be done in twenty-eight
days.

Lord Lome, in his article on the Canadian Pacific Railway,
says : " Had not the Americans derived new life and hope
from the time that civilization was carried inward from the
coast, and the mere fringe of the New England colonies and the
Carolinas and New York had blossomed into a nation control-
ling the Mississippi, and master of all the regions which pour
their wealth through the great market place on the shore of
Michigan — the city of Chicago." And his lordship asks, " Why
should not Canada have its Chicago ? "

Either his lord.ship had forgotten to mention Toronto, or he
did not wi.sh to show anj' partiality, as he must know that
(Canada has her Chicago, and that can be no other than Toronto,
situated on Lake Ontario, in a position corresponding almost
exactly with Chicago on Lake Michigan. Toronto is quite as
favorably situated as regards her water communication, and
much ncL^rer the seaboard, and as a centre of railways equally
well situated, and commanding a larger extent of country for
trade, which will be secured to Toronto as quickly as the great
Northwest is settled. Even now her trade extends from ocean
to ocean, whereas Chicago has no trade whatever to the east-
ward, and is chiefly confined to the States of Hlinois, Indiana,
Iowa, Wisconsin and Minne.sota, and has to ijompete with St.
Louis, Milwaukee and St. Paul ; and if her trade has developed
to such large proportions in half a century, what may Toronto
not expect, with her immense field for enterprise, during the
same period ? Surely it must become even greater than the
trade of Chicago.

From iSyy to 1886.

335

Dominion Day, 1886.

The nineteenth birthday of Confederation, amidst the usual
celebrations that took place, was especially remarkable at Win-
nipeg by the arrival there of the first through passenger train
for Vancouver, wliich left Montreal on June 28th. Its arrival
was greeted with a grand military display, the firing of a /m
dejoie, thunder of artillery, and the cheers of the a.s.sembled
multitude.

The civic address to tlie President and Directors of the
Canadian Pacific Railway contained the following: "We have
no doubt as to the influence this stupendous work will have
upon the commercial progress of the grand old Empire of which
we are proud to form a part.

" We know that the consummation of this work will unite
and con.solidate an extensive British Colonial Empire in
America, and that by placing our own girdle around the (.con-
tinent territories now lying waste and desolate will be brought
under the beneficent influence of civilization and commerce,
maintaining in Briti.sh hands that supremacy that would appear
to be the heritage of the Anglo-Saxon and Celtic races."

This was the first train run on the twenty-four hour time
system introduced by the C.P.R. Co. The train to connect
left Toronto on the 28th at seventeen (five p.m.) o'clock.

This train arrived at Port Moody on the 5th July, and was
received with great enthusiasm. The Victoria band playing
" See the Conquering Hero Comes."

Toronto Zoological Gardens.

Toronto is the first city of its size to have established zoo-
logical gardens. To Alderman Harry Piper belongs the credit
of having established gardens in this city.

The nucleus, at first consisting of two white mice, soon
became the centre of a collection of a sufficient size to warrant
their exhibition, for which a small fee was charged. This col-
lection soon increased to such an extent as to necessitate the
use of a large space of ground on Front Street, where it still

33(^

Toronto ''Called Back"

III
I

grew and proved a grand success both financially and as a
source of amusement and recreation to citizens and visitors.

In 1884 the Zoological and Acclimatization Society was char-
tered by letters patent, Mr. Harry Piper being appointed man-
aging director. The removal of the animals to the new build-
ings in Exhibition Park entitles the institution to the name of
Zoological Gardens, and the arrangements for future exhibitions
are complete in every respect. Visitors can have access to the
gardens by a choice of conveyance both by land and water, and
during the time of the Industrial Exhibition the electric rail-
way will land passengers on the spot. The Society has built a
station on the Great Western Division of the Grand Trunk
Railway, also landing passengers at the garden.s.

The buildings are arranged for the classification of animals,
carnivorous, herbivorous and omnivorous, with provision for
aquatic and amphibious animals al.so, and will be largely
increa.sed to provide for further accessions to the collection.

i ; - Queen Victoria's Jubilee. "

The year 1886 being the fiftieth year since Her Majesty's
accession to the throne in 1887, it was intended to celebrate
this year as the jubilee, but in consequence of the Indian
and Colonial Exhibition, and to allow more time for the prepar"
ations, which will be on a scale of unparalleled grandeur and
magnificence, the event has been postponed till 1887, when the
full fifty years shall have elapsed. The following lines in honor
of the occasion, from a poem composed by Mr. John Imrie, of
Toronto, are worthy of a place in this connection : — '

1. Our noble Queen, all hail !
On this thy .lubilee ;
True hearts shall never fail
To love and honor thee.

Choku.s. — Victoria, to thee,

From loyal hearts and free.
At this glad time,
From every clime.
Come shouts of Jubilee!

From 1 8 J J to 1886.

:-,ii

The Indian and Colonial Exhibition held in London,

England, 1886.

When Albert " the Good," Prince Consort, first conceived the
idea of inviting all nations to exhibit the productions of their
skill and industry in London, the project was entertained with
some doubt, but when the crystal structure was reared in Hyde
Park, and all countries poured in their treasures, and after the
invocation of a blessing by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the
youthful Queen, surrounded by her great ministers of state,
and ambassadors from all foreign nations, amid the strains of
music and the boom of artillery, proclaimed the Exhibition
open, and when for six months the millions of visitors had
gazed with wonder and awe at the vastness of the building, so
high as to enclose large elm trees, and then had feasted their
eyes on all that was rare and beautiful, the grand result showed
the wisdom of the undertakina;.

This was followed by another in New York in LSo.'i, then
came Paris in LSoo, Lonrhin again in 1862, then Paris in 1867,
after that Vienna, and the Centennial in Philadelphia, next
Paris in 1878, then came Antwerp, and tlie " Fisheries" an<l
" Inventories " in London.

In all of these Great Britain and her colonies were largely
represented, but it remained for the yeai- 1886 to see the
British Empire alone in her dignity and grandeur, represented
by her Indian and Colonial subjects, and the productions, varie<l
and exhaus'Jess, of their mines, fisheries, forests, agriculture,
animals and manufactures, at the great centre of the Empire
ver which Her Majesty reigns in the happy and appropriate
c laracter of Empress of India and Queen of Great Britain and
Ir land and all her Colonies.

This Empire, on which the sun never sets, and the roll of
whose drum beat never ceases round the habitable jrlobe as it
is taken up every hour while the earth revolves on her axis,
with a population numbering one-fifth of that of the whole
world, will undoul)tedly make such a display as will astonish
ail mankind.

'i' I

,1 5

338

Toronto "Called Back.''

From the continent of India, including the newly annexed
Kingdom of Burmah, have poured in countless treasures of gold,
silver, jewels, diamonds, ivory, silk and gold embroideries,
shawls, tapestries, and other fine manufactures of fabulous
value.

From " Ceylon's Isle," where the spicy breezes blow so softly,
have come coffee and spices, and from the land

" Where the feathery palm trees rise,

And the date grows ripe under sunny skies ;
And midst the green islands of glittering seas,
Where fragrant forests perfume the breeze ;
And strange, bright birds, on their starry wings,
Bear the rich hues of all glorious things ;
And from far away, in this region old,
Where rivers wander o'er seas of gf>ld,
Where the burning rays of the ruhy shine.
And the diamond lights up the golden mine.
And the pearl gleams forth from the coral strand."

Will come all that the imagination can conceive of, or the
Arabian Nights have pictured of richness, grandeur, magni-
ficence and luxury.

From Australia, embracing New South Wales, Van Dieman's
Land and New Zealand, have been sent the great natural
productions of these vast countries, — animals and their produce,
in the shape of wool, meats and cheese, and the celebrated
woollen inanuFactures of Nelson, with a variety of other speci-
mens worthy of a great nation.

The gold fields of Australia, already represented in the
Crystal Palace at Sydenham by a pyramid showing the bulk
of gold shipped to England, from its first discovery up to a
comparatively recent period, exhibit much that is still more
magnificent.

From Africa have been sent ostrich feathers, cofiee and ivory,
and men of every shade, from the dark Hottentot to the
European colonist, unite to make their very best <lisplay.

And so, frou) the isles of the sea, Newfoundland, Bermuda
and the West Indian Islands, and some in the Pacific Ocean,

From iSyy to 1886.

339

have vied with the other in this great peaceful and brotherly
rivalry.

The representation of the great Dominion of Canada, the
brightest jewel in the Imperial Crown, is already assured in a
manner worthy of her greatness, and from the Atlantic to the
Pacific the varied productions of her mines, fisheries, forests,
agriculture, animals and manufactures is already displayed, to
show to the world the vast strides made by this young giant
in the march of civilization, arts, sciences, trade, commerce and
manufactures ; and Canada will undoubtedly be able to give a
good account of herself, even when side by side with the rich
productions of her sister colonies, and the great continent of
India itself.

No one city will excel Toronto in the exhibition of what Is
both useful and beautiful.

Who can predict the result of this union of the great British
family, brought together in this way for tho first time ? The
Hindoo of India will shake hands with his brother, the red
man of the Canadian forest ; and the New Zealander, described
by Macaulay as one day sitting on London Bridge sketching
the ruins of St. Paul's, will be there to falsify the prediction on
Viehalf of his future countrymen, and will see in the wonders
exhibited but the beginning of the extension of the brotherly
inter-communication of trade and commerce, when Canada,
with Toronto as its commercial centre, will be the great high-
way between India, Australia and the central heart of the
Empire, and as Sir George Stephen, quoting the words of Sir
John A. Macdonald, has just expressed it the termini of this
great highway will be Hong Kong and Liverpool. Then will
soon arrive the time when those vast regions, traversed by the
iron road, will be peopled by untold millions of happy and
contented settlers, all true in their allegiance to the great
Empire of which Canadians are now amongst the mo.st loyal
subjects.

The Council of the City of Toronto, with his Worship the
Mayor, as Chief Magistrate, may well be congratulated on as-
suming their responsible duties at such an auspicious epoch. So

340

Toronto " Called Back."

many circumstances happily conspiring and harmoniously unit-
ing to launch our fair city on a career of prosperity and pro-
gress hitherto unequalled, and, as the next ten years will
undoubtedly show, compared with which the advancement of
the past will dwindle into insignificance.

The writer who, in 1896, describes Toronto with a population
of 250,000, will assuredly refer to the present year as the most
remarkable period in her history.

The completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the last rail
on Callender Junction spiked down on the 18th of January,
making the distance from Toronto to Winnipeg shorter by two
hundred and thirteen miles ; the commencement of shipments to
Australia, New r'^-Mand, China and Japan ; the coincidence of
the Indian and Colonial Exhibition and the jubilee of Her
Majesty's coronation, all combining as happy omens of the
great future, augur well for the men who have undertaken to
grapple manfully with Toronto's greatest needs, and when the
history of the next decade is written, it will contain a descrip-
tion of the great works accomplished by the grand scheme of
combining the health of the inhabitants with the encourage-
ment and development of new manufacturing industries, and
last, but not least, the enjoyment of the people.

With a grand promenade in front of the city, beautified with
.shade trees and approached in safety by handsome bridges
thrown over the railway tracks, without danger to the thou-
sands of men, women and children who will crowd down towards
the steamboat wharves, and affording a prospect finer than that
from the Thames embankment in London.

With a fleet of vessels along the' wharves of the Don, and
trains of cars in the railway yards adjoining, unloading coal
from the Saskatchewan, and ores of iron, copper and silver, to
be smelted in the furnaces whose chimneys will rise all around,
and the same cars and vessels taking in return cargoes of
Toronto manufactures to be distributed from Halifax to Van-
couver, and to China, Japan, Australia and India ; with our
streets crowded with travellers from all countries, students
from Japan and China at our University, mingling with British

From 1877 to 1S86.

341

soldiers of horse, foot, and artillery regiments, having Toronto
as headquarters, and not a few merchants from the far east, as
wise men making their purchases, will far exceed what may
now be regarded as a fancy picture.

To realize all this as accomplished in the history of Toronto
only requires the carrying out of the plan so happily outlined
on the occasion of the recent inauguration of the Chief Magis-
trate, and the support promised by the chosen representatives
of the people, who will certainly approve of what is so plainly
the interest of the present and future generations, and by
judicious management of the finances and credit of the city
will impose no heavy burden, while it secures inestimable bene-
fits for the city for all time to come.

The completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and what is
sure to follow, a line of ocean steamers from Vancouver to
Hong Kong, and thence through British territory to Calcutta,
together with the formation of the Dominion of Australia, point
to the near approach of what must happen in the closer union of
all British countries.

Every thinking mind must look back with wonder and
admiration on the past years of the now waning century. These
have been years of miraculous progress, of vast revolutions in
surrounding empires, of startling discoveries in science, of bene-
ficial changes in social life.

Time and space have become the servants of sci(mce. The
telegraph enables us to converse with an absent friend instan-
taneously, or by the railway we fiy to see them on the wings
of swiftness, and England, in the midst of the changes of other
nations, rears her proud head, great and glorious, powerful and
peaceful, rejoicing in that precious liberty of mind and body
which constitutes her the Queen of Nations.

As children separated from the parental home anticipate
with joy*a reunion, so are England's sons, the world over, look-
ing forward to the grand family gathering of 1886.

342

Toronto " Called Back!'

Table of Belgian, French and Swiss Francs, Spanish
Pesetas, Grecian Drachma and Italian Livres. Each
19.3 Cents.

ra and •
inials ,
reof.

1-s^

€

III

1|^

t ^ -u

ea n o

e.s|

2.SS

3 7t u

Ill

4.05

C4 U 1>

||s

n u v

1
200

.193

7.91

11.77

15.63

38.60

..sse

4.24

8.10

11.96

16.82

300

57.90

.!)7i>

4.43

8.29

12.16

16.01

400

77.20

.772

4.63

8.49

12.35

16.21

500

96.60

.9e5

4.82

8.68

12.54

16.40

600

115.80

1.16

6.01

8.87

12.73

16.69

700

135 10

1.35

6.21

9.07

12.93

16.79

8P0

154.40

1.64

5.40

9.26

13.12

16.98

903

173.70

1.74

5..59

9.45

13.31

17.17

1000

lOt.OO

1.93

5.79

fiO

9.65

13.51

17.37

2000

;)8fi.co

2.12

5.98

9.84

13.70

17.56

300O

579.00

2.32

6.17

10.03

13.89

17.75

40(0

772. CO

2. SO

0.36

10.22

14.08

17.94

5000

965.00

2.70

6..'j«

10.42

14.28

18.14

6000

1158.00

2.89

6.75

10.01

14.47

18.33

7(00

1361.00

3.08

3(i

6.94

10.80

14.66

18.52

80OO

1514.00

3.28

7.14

ll.uo

14.86

18.72

9000

1737.(0

3.47

7.33

11.19

15.05

18.91

10000

1930.00

8.60

7.62

£9

11.38

15.24

19.10

3.80

7.72

11.58

15.44

luO

19.30

Sterling Table at 9^ 2 or par of Exchange.

I'OUND STKKLINO $4.86ii.

Fenob.

Cbntb.

• c.

$ 0.

1 0.

4.87

170.33

33,5.80

9.73

175.20

340.07

14.00

180.07

345.!)3

19.47

184.93

360.40

24 33

189.80

35.5.27

29.20

194.67

860.13

34.07

199.63

365.00

8 .

38.93

204.40

369.87

43.80

209.27

374.73

48.67

214.13

379.60

53.53

1;19.00

384.47

24J

58.40

223.87

389.33

63.27

298.73

304. -20

iSlllLLINOH.

68.13

233.00

399.07

24i

73.00

238.47

4U3 93

48J

77.87

243.33

408.80

8?.73

248.20

41.3.67

1.2li

87.60

2.i3.07

418.63

92.47

257.93

423.40

1.46

97.3}

262. fcO

4 8.27

1.704

102.20

207.67

4:!3.13

1.048

107.07

27?. 63

438.00

2.19

111 93

277.40

442.87

2.43i

116.80

28?. 27

447.73

2.67J

121.67

287.13

462.60

2.92

126.63

292.00

457.47

3.10J
3.40ii

131.40

296.87

462.33

136.27

301.73

467.20

3.65

141.13

306.60

472.07

8.89J

146.00

311.47

470.93

4. 13 J

150.87

316. H3

481.80

4.38

155.73

321.20

100

486. 6T

4.62

160.60

326.07

4.S6it

166.47

330.93

CANADIAN TARIFF OF CUSTOMS.

REvirtKw> io 1st July, 1886.

Agatex, sapphiies, eiimralds, gaiiiet.s
and opals, polislied, hut not set or
otlioiwise mauufactuitid — 10 p.p.
Ale, beer and porter in bottles — 18 cts.
^'^^^ per gal.

Ale, beer and porter in ea.sks 10 cts.
per gal.
(ringer ale —'20 p.e.
Animals living, viz. :
Horned Cattle— 20 [). c.

" '■ to he slaughtered in

bond for exportation —20 p. c.
H[or.s(!S — 20 p e.
Sheep -20 i>.v,.
iSwine— 20 p.e.

" to be slaughterei
exportation — 20 )).e.
All other not else\vlier(!

p.c.

1 in homl for
speciiii'd— 20

Bagatelle tables o hoards with cues and

balls — 35 p.c.
Bags containijig tine salt from all coun-
tries— 25 p.c.
Baking powder.s — (} ot.s. per ih.

Yeast cakes and compresse<l yeast —

6 cts. pel' lb.
Yeast cakes m packages of less than
1 II). -8 cts. per lb.
Belts and triis.ses of all kinds— 2o pc.
Bolls of any de,scription, except for

churches— SO p.c.
Billiard tables, viz. :

Without pockets, ih hv » ft , or un-
der -each $22.m ami 1") p.c.
Without pockets, over 4^ by 9 ft.,

— each $25 and 15 p c
With pockets, 5^ hv 1 1 ft. . or under,

—each $35.00 and l."> p.c.
With pockets, all over .5A by 11 ft. —
each $40.00 and 15 p ci
Bird cages of all kinds — 30 p c
Blacking (shoe) and s.hoeniaker's ink,
harness and leather ilre.ssing— 25
p.c.
Blacklt ad— 20 p. c.
Bluing Laundry — 25 p.e.

Book.s, printed ; periodicals and pamph-
let.s, N. K. S.-1.5 pc.

BritLsh copyright works, reprints of—
1.5 p.c. and 12^ p c in addition.

Bibles, ]irayer l)ooks, psalm and
hymn books — 5 p.c

Blank book.s, viz. : -Account books,
copy books, or books to be written
or drawn upon — SO p.c.

Printed, lithographed or copper, or
steel plate lull-heads, i lie<iues, en-
velopes and miniature newspapers,
receipts, drafts, &c. , kc —30 p.c.

Posters, advertising bills, tickets and
folders— 10 cts. per 11). and 20 p.c.

Advertising j)amplilets- $1 per IdO

Labels, for fruit, vegetabhj.s, meat,
tish and confer'tionerv — 10 cts. per
lb. and 20 p.c.

Maps and charts — 20 p.c

Advertising pictures or pictorial show
curds, or illustrated advertising
periodicals and tailors' and mantle
makers' fashion plates -«) cts. p»;r
lb. and 20 p.c.

Printed mu.sic, bound or in sheets —
1 cts. per lb.

Valentines.Christmas and New Year'.s
chromo or embossed cards, and all
other not being business or adver-
tising cards — 25 p. c.
Bookbinders' tools and implements, in-
cluding ruling machines, &c. — lo
p.c.
Boot, shoe and stay laces of any mate-
rial- 30 p.c
Braces or suspenders — 30 p.c.
Brass and manufactures of :

Seamless drawn tubing and plain and
fancy tubing — 10 p.e.

Bars and bolts — 10 p.c.

Strips for printers' rules not finished
— 15 p.c.

Wire cloth— 20 p.(^

Manufactures of, not elsewhere
specified — 30 p.c.

344

Toronto " Called Hack.''

-20 p. c. ail val.
tlnui— i ct. por

Breadstiiffs, Ac , viz. :,

Arrowroot ami tapioca — 2i) p.c.

Bread and biscuit — 20 p.c.

Maccaroiii and vcnnicclli, and alt
.similar pntparatioiis— 20 p.c.

Kice — 1 ct. per Ih.

Rice unclcariod, unliulled or paddy,
when imported direct from tlie
country of ^rfiwtb — 17i p.c.

Rice and satjo Hour — 2 cts. pur lb.
(Jrain and jjroductH of, viz. :

Barlev — Ifi cts. per busli.

Beans— 15

Buckwheat — 10

Indian corn— 7i "

Oats- 10 " "

Fea.s -10

Rye— 10

Wheat— 1.^.

Bran, mill feed, itc-

Bmk wheat meal or
lb.

hulian or corn meal — 40 cts. per brl.

Oatmeal — Act. per lb.

Rye Hour— oO cts. per brl.

Wheat Hour — 50 ct Dor brl.

All other breads! , N. E. S.— 20
]).c. ad val.

(irain, flour and meal of all kinds
when damaged liy water in tran-
situ— 20 i).c, ad val.
Biick and tiles:

Kiri! brick atul tiles for lining stoves
and furna'^e.s — 20 p.c.

Bath -brick -20 p.c.

Building brick — 20 p.c.

Drain tile, not j^lazed — 20 p.c.

Drain \\\w» and sewer pipes, gla/od
—25 p.c.

Floor tilths and tiles for fire places,
encaustii' and other tiles. N.E.S. —
30 p.c.

Hi)o(ing tiles — 20 p.c.
Brooms of all kinds — 25 p.c.
Brushes of all kinds — 25 p.c.
Buttons of all kinds — 25 p.c.
Button covers, crosier — 10 p.c.
Candles — tallow — 2 cts. per lb. '

Farafine wax — 5 (;ts. "

All other incluiling s[)erni— 25 p.c.
Cane or rattan, split or otherwise manu-
factured — 25 p.c.
Caplins, unfini.shed Leghorn hats— 20

p.c.
Carriages :

Buggies of all kinds— 35 p.c.

Farm waggons and farm carts— 35 ]).c.

Pleasure carts or gigs and similar vehi-
cles— 35 p.c.

Carriages : ronlinued.

Railway or freight carts — 35 p.c.
Railway jiassenger cars, 1st class —

30 p.'c.
Hailwav pa.sseiiger cars, 2iid class —

3(>p"c.
Railway box and flat cars — 30 p.c.
Sleighs and cutters — 30 p.c.
Whecdbarrows and hand-carts — SOp.c.
Chiltlren's carriages of all kinds — 35

p.c.
All other carriages not otherwise

enunn-ratcd — 35 jt.c
I'arts of cai'riages— Same as on tinish-
cd article.
Carpets, not elsewhere specified — 25 p.c.
Cases -Jewel and watch cases and
other like articles, of wood or any
other material, N.K S. — 30 p.c.
Celluloid, moulded into sizes for lunidles

of knives and forks, &c. — 10 p.c.
Cement, raw, or in stoni!— 1$1 ]ier ton.
Burnt and unground -7A cts. per 100
lbs.
I Hydraulic, or waterlime, ground —40
cts per lirl.
In bulk (U- in bags — cts. per bush.
I'oitland or Roman — 20 p.c.
Chtlk-20 p.c.

Chicory, v;\\\ or given and substitutes

foi- colfce, (N.E.S.)— 3 cts. per 11>.

Kiln dried, roasted or ground and

sub.stitutes for colfee composed of

roots or vegetables — 4 cts. per lb.

Cider — 1(1 cts. jier gallon.

Clocks and jjarts thereof, except springs

— 35 )).c.
Clock springs — 10 [).c.
Coal— anthracite — 50 cts. per ton.
Bituminous — (50 cts. per ton.
All other, N. E.S.— 50 cts. per ton.
Coke— 50 cts. per ton.
Dust — 20 p.c.
Coal-tar and coal-pitch — 10 p.c.
Cocoa matting— 2) ]i.c.
Cocoa nuts, imported from place of
growth by vessel direct to a Cana-
dian port — 50 cts. per 100.
Cocoa nuts, N.E.S. —$1 per 100.

Dessicated cocoa nut, sw'eetened or
not — 6 cts. {)er lb.
Colfee, green, importe<l from U.S. — 10 p.c
Roasted or ground— 3 cts. per lb. and

10 p.c.
Roasted or ground, and imitations
of and subititutes for, N.E.S. — 3
cts. per lb.
Collars, cutfs and shirt fronts of paper,
linen or cotton — 30 p.c.

From iSjy to iSS6,

345

Combs for dress and toilet, of all kinds
—25 p.o

Copper and manufactures of :

Bars, rods, bolts, ingots and shen th-
ing, not planished or coated— 10

D.C.

Old and scrap — lOp.c,

Pigs -lOp.c.

Seandess drawn tubing — 10 p.o.

Wire cloth— '20 p.c.

All other manufactures of, not else-
where specified 30 p.c.
Cordage of all kinds— 14 ct. per 11). and

10 p.c.
Corks and cork -wood, or cork -bark

manufactured — 'JO p.c.
Cotton, manufactures of ;

Bleached and unbleached, sheetings,
drills, ducks, &c., not stained,
painted or printed— 1 cent per scj.
yd. and 15 p.c.

Ginghams and plaids, dyed or col-
ored— 2 cents per sq. yd. and 15
pc.

Denims, drillings, bedtickinga, Can-
ton flannels, ducks and drills,
dyed or colored, checked and
striped shirtings, cottonades,
pantaloon stuffs, Kentucky jeans,
&c. — 2 cents per sq. yd. and 15
p.c.

Printed or dyed cottons, N.E.S.—
27 A p.c.
(iorings--20 p.c

Whit« cotton jeans and coutilles —
20 p.c. adval.

Jeans and coutilles, imported by
cors(jt makers for use in their fac-
tories— 20 p.c.

Cotton, 42 inches wide and over, im-
ported by manufacturers of enam-
ellyd cloth, for use in their fac-
tories — 15 p.c.

Cottons over 36 inches wide, when
imported by manufacturers of
window shades for use in their
factories, exclusively for the
manufacture of oiled window
shades — 15 p.c.

Damask of cotton, bleached, un-
bleached or colored— 25 p.c.

Wadding, batting, batts and warps,
and carpet- warps, not Ueached,
dyed or colored — 2 cts. per lb.
and 15 p.c.

Knitting yarn, hosiery yarn or other
cotton yarn under No. 40, not
bleached, dyed or colored — '2 cts.
per lb. and 15 p.c.

Cotton, manufactures of .—conthuud.
Knitting yarn, hosiery yarn or other

cotton yarn tiner than No. 40 and

N.E.S.— 20p.c.
Widding, batting, warps, Ac, dyed

or colored— 3 cts. per lb. and 15

p.c.
Knitting yarn, hosiery yarn, &c.,

dyed or colored— 3 cts. per lb.

and 15 p.c.
Cotton warp No. 00 and finer— 15 p.c.
Warp on beans — 1 ct. per yd. and

15 p.c.
Seandess bags — 2 ets. per lb. and 15

p.o.
Sliii't.sand drawcr.s, wnvcn or made on

frames, and all cotton hosiery and

kiiitti'd cloth -30 p.c.
Sewing tim-ad on s]iools— 20 [).c.
Sewing cotton tiiicad in hanks, black

and bleached, 3and()conl — 12.^i.c.
Sewing cotton thread, N.E.S. - 2r»p.c.
All other cotton thread " —'20 p.c.
l!od comforters or quilts of cotton, not

inciudinj' woven quilts or counter-
panes — '27 A p.c.
Clothing or other material not other-
wise provided for, including corsets,

lace collars, and similar articles

';;ade up by tli(' seau'stress or tailor,

also tarpaulin, plain or coated with

oil, ](aiiit, tar or other compo.sition

—30 p.c.
Cotton l)ags made U]) by the use of the

needle, n( t otherwise ])rovided for —

30 p.c.
Cotton netting for boots, shoos and

gloves — 10 ji.c.
Lanipwicks — 30 ji.e.
Prunella for boots and .shoes— 10 p.o.
Parasols, umbrellas and sun.sliades -

30 p. c.
Shawls — 1',) p.c.
Towels — 25 p.c.

Velveteens and cotton velvets — 20p.c.
Winceys of all kinds not otherwise

provided for — 22^ \).c.
Winceys, checked, striped or fancy

cotton winceys, over twenty-fiv

inches wide— 2 cts. per sq. yd. an

15 p.c.
All other manufactures of cotton no

elsewhere specihed — 20 p.c.
Crapes of all kinds — 20 p.c.
Crucibles— '20 p.o.

Drugs, dyes, chemicals and medicines
Acids —

Acetic — 25 cts. per gal. and 20 p.o.
Sulphuric— i ct. per lb.

346

Toronto " Called Back.

Drugs, aid,— conlinmd.
SiUpliurin and nitric? comhinoil and all

niixril acids— 25 p.o.
All otlii'i" not flsewliere siieciftod —

•20 |...'.
Anilino dytss, not Dthorwisc providod

for in paoka^(!s of Ioiih than 1 lij.

!).(!.

\v.'ic{ht— 10
Collodion — 20 i),!'.
(iolatine and all similar |)i'u]iarations

—20 p.o.
(flue— 20 p.ii.
(ilyi'orine — 20 [>.(•.
Gums :

Assaf(«tida— 20 j».c.

Camphor — 20 p.c.

Opium— 20 p.c.

OthiT, N.E.S. -20 p.c.
liinic and lemon juice— 20 p.c.
Lime, acetate of — 20 p.c.
Litjuorice root, paste extract of, for

manufacturing^ purposes — 15 p.c.
Liii\iorice, stick extrai't or confection

— 1 et. per 11) ami 20 p.c.
Magnesia — 20 |>. ';.

Milk food and all other similar pre-
parations — 30 p.c.
Morphine — 20 p.c.
Opium, prepared for smoking — $5

per 11).
Patent medicines —

In linuiil form — 50 p.c.

All other not otherwise provided

for — 25 p.c.
Potassa or potash :

Bicarbonate or saleratus — 20 p.c.

Chlorate of— 20 p.c.

Nitrate of — saltpetre— 20 p.c.

Prussiate of, red — 10 p.c.
Soda — bicarbonate of — 20 p.c.
Sumac — 20 p.c.
Vasseliueand all similar preparations

of petroleum, for toilet, medicinal or

other purposes, in bulk — 4 ct. per lb.
Vasseline in bottles or other packages,

not over 1 lb in weight each — 6

cts. per lb.
Zinc, chloride, salts and sulphate of

— 5 p.c.
All other drugs, dyes and chemicals,

not otherwise provided for — 20 p.c.
Earthenware and china :

Brown or colored earthenware and

stoneware, and Rockinghamware —

30 p.c.
Decorated, printed or sponged, and all

earthenware, N.E.S.— 30 p.c.
White granite or ivonstone ware, and

C.C. or cream colored ware — 30 p.c.

Karthen ware, etc. — contintied.

Earthonwaro and stoneware, domi-
jolins or jugs, chuniH ami crocks —
2 cts. per gallon.

China and porcidain ware — 30 p.c.
Electric ami galvanic batteritis— 2.5 p.c.
Electric lights, apparatus for — S."^ p.c,
End)roideries, not otherwise provided

for— 20 p.c.
Emery wheels — 2f) p.c.
Essences, vi/. : of apple, pear, pineapple,

&c.— $1.1»0 per gal. and 20 p.c.
Excelsior for tipiiolsterers' nse — 20 p.c.
Fancy goods, viz. ;

Ornaments of alabaster, spar, terra-
cotta, comi)ositi(m, statuettes, beads
and iu-ad c)rnaments — 30 [i.e.

Kancy nianufactures of bom-, shell,
horn and ivory, N.E.S. — 30 p.c.

Coral cut or nianufactured — 20 p.c.

Kans, not priiited — 25 p.c.

Flowers, artificial, and feat hers, N.E.S.
— 25 p.c.

Feathers, ostrich and vulture, un-
dressed — 20 p.c.

Do., do., dressed — 30 p.c.

(iold and silver cloth, las.sels, thread,
&c.— 2O1..C.

Ivory or bone dice, draughts, chess-
men, &c. — 20 p.c.

Millinery not elsewhere provided for
— To be rated according to material
of chief value.

Gimps, cords, braid«, ribbons and
bindings for nse in factories — l.") p.c.

Laces, braids, fringes, embroideries,
cords, tassels and bracelets, also
braids, chains ami cords of hair —
.30 p.c.

Toys and dolls of all kimls — 30 p.c.
Felt, pressed, of all kinds — 17i p.c.
F" ire works — 25 p.c.
Fish :

Cod, haddock, lingand pollock — fresh,
imported otln^rwise than in barrels
—50 cts. per 100 lbs.

Do., do , dry salted — do., do.

Do., do., wet salted— do., do.

Do., do., smoked — 1 ct. per lb.

Do., do., pickled in barreLs — do., do.

Halibut, fresh— 50 cts. per 100 lbs.
Do., pickled — 1 ct. per lb.

Herrings, fresh— 50 cts. per 100 lbs.
Do., pickled or salted — h ct. per lb.
Do., smoked— 1 ct. per lb.

Mackerel, fresh — " "

Do., pickled—"

Seafish, other,fresh — 50 cts. perlOOlbs

Do., pickled — 1 ct. per lb.

From i8jj to iS86.

347

Fish — continit'd.
Sea fish, pipwiviid — 2r> p.c. ad val.
Oysters, Iresh in slieli— "

Do., sht'llcil ill Idilk — lOcfs perj^al.
Oysters, caiiiKMl, in eans not over one

pint — 3 cts. per can.
Do., do., in fan.s ov^r one pint ami

not over one iiuurt -5 I'.ts. per ran.
Do., do., in cans exceediiij.; one ipiart

— r> ets. additional for t!ai:li (piart or

fraction of a quart.
Do,, jnepared (ir preserved, N. E.S. —

25 p.c.
Lobsters, fresh — 20 p.c. ad val.

Do., canned— 2*") " "
Bait fish, fresli— 20 " "

Do , salted— 1 ct. j)er lb,
Salmon, fresh— 50 ets per 100 lbs.

Do., smoked — 1 ct. per lb.

Do., canned prepared or preserved

25 p c. ad val.
Do,, i>ickled— 1 ct. per lb.
Fish, smoked and boneless fi.sh, N. E. S.

— '' ct. per lb.
Anchovies and .sardines, packed in oil

or otherwise, in tin boxes measuring

not more than 5 inches long 4 inches

wide and 34 inches deep— fi cts. per

box.
Do., in half boxes, measuring not

more than 5 inches long, 4 inches

wide and Ig inches deep — 2 J cts.

each.
Do., in quarter boxes, measuring not

more than 4.^ inches long, 3J inches

wide and and H inches deep— 2 cts.

eacli.
Do., imported in any other form — 30

p.c. ad val.
Fish preserved in oil, cxcei)t anchovies

and sardines — 30 p.c ad val.
Fish, all other, not in barrels or half

barrels, fresh— 50 ct.s. per 100 Ib.s.
Do., do., do., pickled— 1 ct. per lb.
Fish prepared or preserved, and

N. E.S. -25 p.c, ad val.
Fish, fresh, not specially enumerated

or provided for, 20 p.c. ad val.
Fish oil— cod, N. E S. —20 p. c. ad val.

Do. seal, " " "

Whale and spermaceti, N. E. S— 20 p. c.

al val.
Other N. E.S. —20 p.c. ad val.
Packages containing oysters or other

fish not otherwise provided for — 25
p.c. ad val.
Other articles, the produce of the fish-
eries, not specially provided for —
20 p.c. ad val.

manufactures of,
of

Flax, hemp and Juti
vi/. ;
Carpeting oi matting, and mats

hemp and jute — 25 p.c.
Canvas of fi:ix or hemp when to lie
used for boats' iiiKJ ships' .sails, 5 p.c.
Sail twine, do., do., do. — 5 p.c.
Damask of liiK-n oi of cotton and
linen, bh-achcd, unbb-ached, or col-
ored— 2."> V c.
Fibre, .scutched- I , t. p, r lb.
Fibre, hackled— 2 cts. per lb.
Tow of, scutched or green — J ct. per lb.
Towels — 25 J), c.
Laces and insertings, of fiax or hemp

—20 p. c.
Sheetings, Russia and other of tlax or

hemp — 20 p.c.
Linens, brown or bleached — 20 p.c.
Linen duck, canvas, diapers, hucka-
backs, or other manufactures of llax,
not elsewhere specified — 20 j).c.
Linen clothing, or articles worn by

men, women, or children — 30 j).c.
Linen thread— 20 p.c.
Yarns, singles, llax and hemp— 20 j>.c.
Jute— 20 p.c.

Other manufactures of jute, N.E.S. —
20 p.c.
Fruits — including nuts, viz. :
Dried —apples— 2 et.s. per lb.
Raisin.s— 1 ct. per lb. and 10 p.c.
Almonds, shelled—.") cts. per lb.

Do., not shelled — 3 cts. per lb.
Fillierts and walnuts — 20 p.c.
All other nuts not elsewhere specified

20 p.c.
Green — apples — 40 cts. per brl.
Currants, dates, figs, pr\inesaiid other

dried fruit--l ct. per lb.
Blackberries, gooseberries, raspberries

and strawlicrrie.s — 4 cts. per lb.
Peaches— 1 1 1. per lb.
Oranges and lemons— 20 jt.c.
All other not elsewhere specified —

20 p.c.
Fruits in air-tight cans or packages,
weighing not over 1 lb.— 3 cts. per
can or package.
Do., do., over 1 lb, — 3 cts. pci can or
package, an<l 3 cts. add. for each lb.
or fraction of.
Fruits preserved in brandy or other
spirits— .fL 90 per gal.
Furs and manufactures of, viz. :

Fur skins wholly or partially dressed

— 15 p.c.
Cap,s, hats, mufl",s, kc, ai.d other
inanufactures of fur — 25 p.c.

!48

Toronto " Called Back.

%: i

Glass and maiiiifaotmes of :

Carboys, iloiiiijolins, liotiles and de-
canters, Hasks and i)hials, telegraph

and li^litninj^ rod insulators, jars

and glass balls, anc'. (ut, pressed or

inoiilded tableware — 30 p.c.
Lanij) and gas-light shades, lamps and

lamp chimneys, side lights and

head lights, globes for lanterns,

lamps and gas-lights — ^30 p.e.
Ornamental, figured and enamelled

stained glass — 30 p.c.
Stained, tinted, painted and vitrified

glass and stained glass windows;

figured, enamelled and obscured

white glass — 30 p.c.
Common and colorless window glass

—30 p.c.
Colored glass, not figured, painted,

enamelled or engraved — 20 p c.
I'late glass, not colored, in panes not

over 30 sij. ft. — 6 cts. per v.i\. ft.
Do., do., do., over 30 and not over 70

— 8 eta. per sq. ft.
Do., do., do., over 70 84. ft. — 9 cts.
Silvered plate-glass — 30 p.c.

Porcelain shades, imitation — 20 p.c.
All other glass and manufactures of

glass, not otherwise provided for —

20 p.c.
Gloves and mitts of all kinds— 30 p.c.
Gold and silver, manufactures of:
Gold and silver leaf — 25 p.c.
Laces, knots, stars, embroideries, &c.,

of gold and silver — 20 p.c.
Manufactures of gold and silver not

otherwise specified — 2C p.c.
Electro-plate<l ware and gilt ware of

all kinds — 30 p.c.
Silver rolled — 10 p.c.
Silver coin of United States — 20 p.c.
Grease, axle and similar compounds —

1 ct. per lb.
(Junpowiler and other explosives:
Gun, rille and sporting powder, in

kegs, \ kegs, or \ kegs, &c. — 5 cts.

per lb.
Cannon and musket powder in kegs

and brls. — 4 cts. per 11).
Cannister powder in pound and half

pound tins — 1 ;") its. per !b.
Blasting and mining powder — 3 cts.

per lb.
Giant powder, dualin, dynamite and

other explosives in which nitro-
glycerine is ;i constituent part — ii

cts. per 11). and 20 p.c.
Nitro-glyceriiK— 10 cts. per lb. and

20 p.c'.

Gunpowder, etc. — continued.

Gun, rifle and pistol cartridges and
cartridge cases — 30 p.c.
Gutta-percha and ind'arubber, manu-
factures of :

Hoots and shoes — 25 p.c.

Rubberbelting,hose, packing, matsand
matting — 3 cts. per lb. and 15 p.c.

Clothing, or clothing made water-
proof with indianibber — 35 p.c.

Hose and tubing — 25 p.c.

Indiarubber vulcanized handles for
knives and forks — 10 p.c.

All other not oth- rwise provided for
— 25 p.c.
Hair and manufactures of, not otherwise
provided for:

Curled hair — 20 p.c.

Hair cloth of a 1 kinds — 30 p.c.
Hats, caps and bonnets not elsewhere
specified :

Beaver, silk or felt — 25 p.c.

Straw, grass, chip, or other like ma-
terial— 25 i).c.

All other, N.E.S.-25p.c.
i Handkerchiefs of all kinds — 25 p, c.
I Hay— 20 p.c.
Honey — C cts. per lb.
Hops — 6 cts. per lb.
Ink, writing — 25 p.c.

Printing — 20 p.c.
Iron, manufactures of:

Iron and manufactures of, and steel
and manufactures of, or both com-
bined: (Wire and iron to be meas-
ured by Stubbs' standard gauge.)

Agricultural implements not else-
where specified, viz. :

BiiKling attachments — 35 p.c.

Drills, grain seed — .S5 p.c.

Forks, hay straw, manure, spading
and mining— 35 p.c. .

Harrows — 35 ft.c.

Harvesters, self-binding and without
binders — 35 p.c.

Hoes — 35 p.c.

Mowing machines — 35 p.c.

Ploughs, sulky and walking— 35 p.c.

Kak(^s, hay, horse and hand, garden
rakes of any material — 35 p.c.

Reapers — 35 ]).c.

Scytlies — per dozen J2.40.

Spades and shovels — 35 p.c.

All similar articles and parts thereof
35 p.c.

Anvils— 30 p.L

Axles of iron or steel — 25 p.c.

Hand ami hoop-iron. No. 17 gauge or
thinner — 12^ p.c.

From iSyy to 1886.

349

Iron, manufactures oi:— continued.
Baiiil anil h(X)|>-iron/tlii(;ker tliau No.

17fj;augi!— 17i p.c
Bars, rolled or haiuuiered, including

flats, lounds and squares — \1\ p.c.
Boiler-plate— 12^ p.c.
Bolts, nuts, washers and rivets of

iron and steel — I ct. per lb. and

15 p.c.
Bedsteads and other iron furniture —

35i>.c.
Canada plates— 12^ p.c.
Car wheels — 25 p.c.
Castings of every description not

elsewhere specified, and forgings —

25 p.c.
Cast iron, gas, v. aer and soil pipes —

30 p.c.
Chains, iron or steel, over 9-16th3 of

an inch in diani.— 5 p.c.
Chain (.'aides — all other — 20 p.c.
Engines, locomotives — 25 p.c.

Do., tire— 25 p.c.

Do., other and boilers, N. E.S. —

25 p.c.
Fire extinguishers (chemical) — 25 p.c.
^^)rks, cast iron, not handled, ground

or otherwise further numufactured

—10 p.c.
Hardware, viz. : Muilders, cabinet

makers, upliolsterers, carriage mak-
ers, saddlers and undertakers —

30 p.c.
Hardware, house furnishing — 30 ji.c.

Do. not elsewhere specified — 20 p.c.
Carriage Ipodware — 35 p.c.
Hollow-ware, tinned, glazed or enam-
elled — 25 p.c.
Hollow-ware, sheet iron and all manu-
factures of sheet iron, N. E. S. —

25 p.c.
Horse shoes and horse shoe nails —

30 p.c.
Iron, other, in .slabs, blooms, loops,

&c., &c. — 10 p.c.
Iron bridges and structural iron -work

— 25 p.c.
Iron not otherwise provided for —

17?! P-c-
Locks of all kiii(ls--30 p.c.
Machines and machinery, &c. ;
Middlings, purifier — 25 p.c.
Portable machines :
Fanning mills — 35 p.c.
Hor.sc powers— 35 p.c.
Port.ilde sti'am engines — 35 p.c.
Portaldo saw ndlls — 35 p.c.
Threshers and sepaiators — 35 p.c.
Parts of above articles — 35 p.c.

Iron, manufactures of : — continued.
Sewing machines — $2 each and 20 p.c.
All other machinery compo.sed wholly

or in part of iron, N.E.S. — 25 p.c.
Malleable iron castings — 25 p.c.
Nail and spike rods — 17i p.c.
Nails, Hungarian and clout— 30 p.c.
Nails, iron wire. "Pointes de Paris"

—30 p.c.
Nails, .spikes and sheathing nails,

composition— 20 p.c.
Nails and spikes, wrought and pressed,

ini luding R.R. spikes — ;^ ct. peril).

and 10 p.c.
Nails and sjiikes, cut — J ct. per lb.

and 10 ]).c.
Stove bolts and nuts — 35 p.c.
Nail plate, iron or steel — 25 p.c.
Ornamental iron work — 25 p.c.
Pig-iron — charcoal — $2 per ton.

Do., all other— $2 "
Pumps, iron, jiitcher spout, cistern,

well and force pumps — 35 p.c.
Railway bars or iron rails for railways

or tramways — 15 p.c.
Railway fish j)lates, trogs, frog points,

chairs and finger bars — 174 I'-''-
Rolled beams, cliannels and angle and

T iron, steel or iron and steel,

N.E.S.--12ip.c.
Rolled, round wire rods in coils, under

4 inch diam. — 10 p.c.
Safes and doors for safes anil "aults —

25 p.c.
Screws, iron and steel, commonly

called "wood screws" — 35 p.c.
Scales, balances and weighing beams

—30 p.c.
Sheet iron, smoothed or polisheil,

coated or galvanized, and common

or black. No. 17 gauge and thinner

— 12i p.c.
Do., do., thicker than No. 17 gauge

-17i p.c.
Skates, iron or stcid — 30 p.c.
Stoves— 25 p.c.

Tarks. brads and sprigs — 30 p.c.
Tubing, wrought iron, plain, thread-
ed or not — 30 p.c.
Lap-welded boiler iron tubing, not

threaded, coupled or otherwise

manufactured, one and one-half

in. in diameter and over — 15 p.c.
Wire, iron and steel — 30 p.c.
Wire fencing, buckthorn stri]>, &c. —

14 cts. pel' 11).
Wire covered with any material — 25 p.c
Wire rope, strand or chain made of

iron wire — 25 p.c.

350

Toronto " Called Back'''

Iron, manufactures of : — conlmued.
Wire work other — 2") p.c.
Manufactures of iron all other, not

otherwise provided for — 20 p.c.
Steel, manufactures of :

Pen-knives, jack-knives, and pocket

knives of all kinds — 2.') p.c.
All other cutlery N.E.S. — 2'i p.c.
Coil and other springs— 30 p.c.
Files and rasps — 35 p.c.
Locomotive tires of steel or Besse-
mer steel in the rough — 10 p.c
Muskets, rifles, and other fire arms

—20 p.c.
Needles, sewing machine— 20 p.c.
Needles, knitting, and all other, N.

E.S.— 20p.c.
Needles, knitting machine, cylinder,

hand, frame and latch — 30 p.c.
."'lurgical instruments — 20 p.c.
Steel ingots and bars —.$3 per ton

and 10 p.c.
Steel sheets under 3-16 inch thick,

whole or cut to shape — 13 per ton

and 10 p.c.
Steel sheets thicker than 3 16 of an

inch and N.E.S.— 12^ p.c.
Steel coils, rolled round wire rods,

N.E.S.— $3 per ton and 10 p.c.
Steel wire rods, rolled round under

J an inch in diameter, imported

by wire manufacturers for use in

their factories — 5 p.c.
Tools, edge, and mechanics' :

Axes — 30 p.c.

Saws— 30 p.c.

Carpenters, coopers, cabinet mak-
ers, and all other mechanics'
tools— 30 p c.

Edge tools, not elsewhere specified
—30 p. c.
Knife blades or knife l)lank8, in the

rough, unhandled, for use by elec-
tro-platers —10 p.c.
All manufacturers of steel and of

iron and steol, not otherwise speci-
fied— 20 p.c.
Ivory, manufactures of, not otherwise

provided for— 20 p.c.
Jellies and jams—.) cts. per lb.
Jet, manufactures of — 20 p.c.
Jewellery, of gold, silver or other

metal, or imitations of — 20 p.c.
Lead and manufactures of :
Old, scrap and pig— 40 cts. per 100

lbs.
Bars, blocks and sheets — 60 cts. per

100 lbs,
Lead pipe and lead .shot — 1^ cts. perlb.

Lead and manufactures of : — con.

Nitrate, and acetate of — o p.c.

Manufactures of, not otherwise pro-
vided for — 30 p.c.
Leather, and manufactures of :

Sole leather, tanned, but rough or
undressed - 10 p.c. «

Sole leather and belting leather, tan-
ned or dressed, but not waxed or
glazed — lo p.c.

Sole leather and belting leather, tan-
red or dressed, waxed or glazed —
,'0 p.c.

Upper leather, tanned or dressed,
l)ut not wazed or glazed — 15 p c.

Calf, kid, lamb and sheep skins, tan-
ned or dressed, but not waxed or
glazed — 15 p.c.

Calf, kid, Limb and sheep skins,
dressed and waxed or glazed —
20 p.c.

Cordova leather tanned from horse-
hide, and manufactures of — 25 p.c.

Glove leathers, viz. : Buck, deer,
and antelope, canned or dressed,
colored or not colored — 10 p.c.

Upper leather, dressed and waxed
or glazed — 20 p.c.

Japaned, patent, or enamelled
leather— 20 p.c.

Morocco skins, tanned, but rough or
undressed — 10 p.c.

All other leather and skins tanned,
N.E.S.— 20p.c. .

Manufactures of, viz. :

Boots and shoes, all materials, X

ES.-25p.c.
Harness and saddlery — 30 p. c.
Leather belting— 25 p.c.

All other manufactures of leather,
not otherw ise provided for — 2op c.
Lime— 20 p c.
Lithographic stones, not engraved —

20 p. c.
Machine card clothing — 25 p.c.
Magic lanterns — 25 p.c.
Malt — 15 cts. per bush.
Manilla hoods — 20 p.c.
Malt, extract of, for medicinal pur-
poses — 25 p.c.
Marble, and manufactures of :

Blocks from the quarry, in the rough
or sawn on two sides only, and
not specially shapen, contain-
ing less than 15 cub. ft. —10 p.c.

Slabs sawn on not more than two
sides— ^10 p.c.

Blocks and slabs, sawn on more than
two sides — 20 p.c.

li.

From iS'jj to 1886.

i5i

|ur-

bid
Liii-

|).C.

Iwo
lian

Marble, and manufactures of : — con.
Manufactures of, notelsewl\erespeci-
fied—SOp.c. i

Mats and rugs of all kinds, N.E.S, — |

20 p.c.

Metal, not elsewhere specified and I

manufactures of : I

Babbit metal -40 p.c. I

Britannia metal, manufactures of, '

not plated— 25 p.c. ',

Bronze or Dutch metal — 20 p.c. ;

Phosphor bronze, in blocks, bars,

sheets and wire — 10 p.c.
Gas, coal oil, and kerosene fixtures

or part.s thereof — 30 p. c.
German and nickel silver, manufac-
tures of, not plated- — 17^ p.c.
German and nickel silver in sheets

—10 p.c.
Japanned and stamped wares, not

otherwise provided for — 25 p.c.
Nickel anodes — 10 p.c.
Pins— 30 p.c.

Screws of iron, steel, brass or other
metal, not elsewhere specilied —
30 p.c.
Stereotypes and electrotypes of stan-
dard books — 10 p.c.
Stereotypes and electrotypes of type

metal — 5 cts. per lb.
Umbrella and parasol steel, iron o"
brass ribs, runners, rings, caps,
notches, tin caps and ferrules
when imported by and for the use
of manufacturers of umbrellas—
20 p.c. ad val.
Type for printing^20 p.c.
Type metal — 10 p.c.
Pewter, platina and metal composi-
tion, not otherwise provided for —
20 p.c.
J»Iineral substances, not otherwise pro-
vided foi :
Asbestos, in any form other than
crude, and all manufactures of —
25 p.c.
Meerschaum, manufactures of — 20

p.c.
Mineral and bituminom substances,
not otherwise provided for — 20 p.c.
Plumbago — 10 p.c.

" manufactures of — 20 p.c.

Mineral and ;erated waters, N.E.S. —

20 p.c.
Musical instrumi-ats, viz :
Organs, cabinet:

Reed organs having not more than
two sets of reeds — $10 each and
15 p.c.

Musical Instruments— co/iiJHMCt/.

Ueed organs having over two and
not over four sets of reeds — 1815
each and 15 p.c.
Reed organs having over four and
not over six sets of reeds — .'#20
eacii and 15 p.c.
Reed organs having over six sets

of re>3d8—.$;i0 each and 15 p.c.
Sets or parts of ? ,'t s of reeds for
cabinet organs — 25 p.c.
Pipe organs — -25 p.c.
Pianofortes, viz. :

Square, v hether round cornered
or not, not over 7 octaves — 1!25
each and 15 p.c.
Square pianofortes, all other —

$30 each and 15 p.c.
Upright pianofortes — $30 eacli

and 15 p.c.
Concept, semi-concert or parlor
grand pianofortes — §50 t:icli
and 15 p.c.
Pianos, parts of - 25 p c.
Other musical instruments, not else-
wliere specified- -25 p.c.
Must^'d cake — 20 p.c.
Mustard seed, vmground- 15 p c.
Mustard seed, ground or prepared and

French mustard — 25 p c.
Oils:

Mineral —

Coal and kerosene, distilled, puri-
fied or refined, naphtha, benzole
and petroleum — 7 1-5 cts. per gal
Products of petroleum, coal,
shale and lignite, X.K S. — 7 1-5
cts. per gal.
Carbolic or heavy oil — 10 p.c.
Animal —

Cod-liver medicated — 20 p.c.
Lard oil -20 p.c.
Neat's foot — 20 p.c.
Other animal oil, N.E.S. — 20 p.c.
Vegetable —
Castor — 20 p.c.
Plax seed or linseed — 25 p.c
Olive or salad — 20 p.c.
Sesame seed — 20 p.c.
Vegetable oil, not otherwise speci-
fied — 20 p.c.
Lubricating oils composed wholly or
in part of petroleum and costing
30 cts. per Imperial gallon, or
over — 25 p.c.
Lubricating oils composed wholly or
in part of petroleum and costing
less than 30 cts. per imperial gal-
lon — 6-15 cts. per imp. gall.

352

Toronto " Called Back.

Oils : — conltmi'd.

All other lubricating oils — 25 p.c.
Volatile or essential oils — 20 p c.
All other oils, not elsewhere speci-
fie<l — 20 p.c.
Oil cloth for noors, in the piece, cut or
shaped, oiled, enamelled, stamped,
painted or printed, flocked or
coated, including linoleum — 30 p.c.
Oil cloth other, in the piece, cut or
shaped, oiled, enamelled, stamped,
painted or printed. Hocked or
coated — ;") cts per sijuuro yard and
10 p.c.
Optical instruments, including micro-
scopes and telescopes, spectacles,
eye glasses, &c. — 25 p.c.
Packages — 20 p.c.
Paintings, drawings, engravings and

prints — 20 p c.
Paints and colors :

Fireproof paint, dry — J ct. per lb.
Paint, ground in oil or in any other

liquid — 25 p. c.
Lampblack and ivory black — 10 p.c.
White and red lead and orange min-
eral, dry — 5 p.c
White lead In pulp, not mixed with

oil— 5 p.c.
Ochres, dry, grounil or unground,
washed or unwashed, not calcin-
ed— 1') p.c.
Paris green, dry — 10 p c.
Putty — 25 p.c.
Zinc, dry white— 5 p.c.
Other paints and colors, not other-
wise provided for — 20 p.c.
Palm leaf, grass, &c. , manufactures of

—20 p.c
Paper, and manufactures of, not other-
wise specilied :
Bags, printed —30 p c.
Cards for playing — (i cts. per pack.
Calendered, including writing and

note paper — 22i p.c.
Card board, Hriptol board, paste
board, in siieets or cut to size, N.
K.S.— 30p.c.
Hangings or wall paper, and glazed,
plated, marbled, enamelled or em-
bossed paper in rolls— 2 cts. per
n.ll.
Leather board — 3 cts. per lb.

" boot and shoe counters,

made from — J ct. per pair.
Mill board, not straw board — 10 p.c.
Union collar ch-th paper — 5 p.c.
Do. Do. glossed or finished

—20 p.c.

Paper, etc. — continued.

Envelopes, papier machc, manufac-
tures, articles and wares of paper,
not otherwise provided for — 25
p.c.
Printing — 20 p.c.
Ituled— 25 p c

Tissue, white and colored, when im-
ported by manufacturers of artifi-
cial flowers for use in their fac-
tories— 10 p c.
Wrapping — 20 p.c.
Straw hoard in sheets or roll',, plain

or tarred- 40 cts. i)er K'O i(>.s.
All kinds not elsewhere specified —
2(1 p.c.
Paraiiine wax or stearine — 3 cents per

lb.
Pencils, lead, in wood or otherwise —

25 p c.
Perfumery, viz :

Hair oil, tooth and other powders
and washes, pomatums, pastes,
&c.— 30p.c.
Pickles, sauces and capers of all kinds,
not otherwise provided for — 25
p.c.
Plants, viz. : Shade, lawn and orna-
mental trees, shrubs and plants —
20 p.c.
Plaster of Paris, or gypsum, ground,
not calcined — 10 cts per 100 lbs.
Plates, engraved on wood and on steel

or on other metal —20 p c.
Pomades, French or flower odors, &c.,
imported in tins of not less than
10 lbs. each — 15 p.c.
I'omades, ditto, all other — 30 p.c.
Precious stones, imitation, not set —
10 p.c.
i Printing presses of all kinds — 10 p.c.
Provisions, not otherwi.se specified :
Butter— 4 cts. per lb.
Cheese— 3 cts. peril).
Lard, tried or rendered — 2 cts. peril).
" untried or rendered — 1^ cts.
per lb.
Oleoiuiirgarinc, b>ittc'rinL', or other
su'istitutc for butter — 10 cts. per lb.
Meats, viz :
Bacon and hams, shoulders and

sides — 2 cts. per lb.
Beef — 1 ct. jper lb.
Kxtract of fluid beef, not medicat-
ed- -25 p.c.
Mutton — let per lb.
Pork — 1 ct. per lb.
Poultry and game of all kinds —
I 20 p.c.

From iSyj to iS86.

<< e 1
JO J

Provisions : roulinnciU *

ricpaicd iiic-iit'*, s< a'eil or unsenl-

eil, ill CUM-', "ir otlierwisi', N.K.

S. - 2 c 8. per I'l

Ot'icr iiii-iits iMt el.-ewliere speci-

Heil — '2 cts. pur II).
Bucf imported in the carcass, to
ha cured or |)reservcil in h~n\\\
for exportation — -I ct. per lb.
Pork, ditto — 1 ct. pur II).
Pumice st)ne, ^rouiidor powdered— 20

pc.
Rihhoiis not elsewhere siiecified — -.'lO p c
Sails for hoats and ships, also tents

and awninjis —2.") p. c.
Salt, coarse (not importeil from Great
Bi'itain or British possessions or
for sea or yulf fisheries), and all
fine salt :
In bulk— 8 ct"*. per 100 lbs
In baf;8, barrels and other packages
— 12 cts per 100 lbs.
Sand paper, j(lass, flint and emery
paper, sand, ^lass and emery
elotli — 25 p c.
Svasage casings, N. E.S — 20 p.c.
Seed.s, viz. :

Flax-seed — 10 cts. per bush.
Flower, garden, field and other seeds
for agricultural purposes, when in
bulk or iu large parcels — 1 o p.c.
Ditto iu small papers or parcels —

2.-) p. c
Bulbous roots — 2f^ p.c.
Ships, and other vessels, built in any
foreign country, hull, rig^'iiii; and
all app n-ti-nances, except machin-
eiy — 10 )) c
Roiltrs, steam engines and other
michinery — 2o p.^^
Ships ai! I vcsnels, repairs on— Aci. rd-

ing t > 111 iterial
Silk aud minufacturea of :

Vt a' Is, fi-'u.'cs aid u'rillonis — 30 p.c

C r Is ami 1 1 sds -.']0 p c.

])ies9 and piece goods— 30 p c.

L I «M —."?!) p.c.

Ha id'cere'ii< fs— no p.c.

Hniery -:10 p.c.

P.iris Is, umbrellas and sunshades —

SO )) c
H iid ,' ma le i lothing — .3:) p c
R bii iH— ;iO p c

Sil'v iu t'le gum or s iun, n >t nnre

al\Miicel than singlc-s, tram, an 1

tliro'.vn orgauziue, not ^'oljied —

li) p.c.

Dicto, c iloied 25 p c.

Sewing silk and silk twist -2,1 p c.

Silk aud uii'iuf ictures of :—co:itliiu'd.

ShiwN :M) p c.

Silk plush netting used in the manu-
factuii- of uhivcs- 15 p.c.

Silk aud all m.inuf ictures of, not
otherwise ])rovidtMl for, or of
which silk is the component part
of chief value— 30 p.c.

Velvets — .30 p.c.
Slate and minuf ictures of:

Mantels— ."0 p.c.

Roofing slate, black or blue — 80 cts.
per square.

Rooting slate, red, green or any
otlier color— SI per square.

School aud writin<_' slates, porcelain,
driwiug, kc — 25 p.c.

Slal)8, 8(|uare, or in -ipccial shapes,
and ad other manufactures of slate
— 25 p.c.
Soap :

Common brown and yellow, not per-
fumed— 1.\ cts. per lb.

Common, soft and liquid not per-
fumed, saddlers' soaps and silver
soap— 20 p.c.

Castile and white— 2 cts. per lb,

Perfumed or toilet— 10 cts. per lb.
mill 10 p c.

Powders— 3 cts. per lb.
Spices :

Ginger and sjiices of all kinds (pxcept
nutmeg and mace)uirir iuud-10 p.c

(Hnger and ditto, ground— 25 p.c.

Nutmegs anil mace — 25 p.c.
Spirits and wines :

Spirits anil strong waters, not hav-
ing been sweetened or mixed with
any article so tliMt the deuree of
htri n.-th thereof c.innot le ascer-
t lined by ,Sv ke's hydioiii' ter, viz.:
Absinthe — •?2 per gal.
Brandy — 't!I 45 per v'al. to 0th

July, *'2 fnun thut date.
O .1 T ui !.'iii-$l.i»0 imp. gal.

Spiiits and strong waters not having
been swe t. ni!! or ini\id with any
a tic e. viz , Gin va gin. rum. whii-
k"y. a'lN'ihol or spir ts of wine —
$1.75 poi- gal.

Spii t< sWfetenrd aud mixed so that
t'lo .-itiength ,anujt Ije ascertained,
vi/. :

Cor liaN, rum-slirub, bitters, &c.
— >^l 0) ierg-.l.

S;)iritsaud stron,' waters mixed with
any ingredient, and a'flioiij.htheie-
bv coiuina under thedenominatioii
of 1 roprletary niutUuines, tinctures,

354

Toronto ''Called "iackr

Spirits and wines : — continnnl.

essences, extracts, including medi-
cinal elixir and lluid extracts, whe-
ther in bulk or l)ottle — $2 per
inil). gid. and 30 ji.c.

Cologne water anil perfumeil spirits
in bottles or flasks, not weighing
more tlian four ounces each — 50
p.c

Cologne water and perfumed spirits
in bottles, flasks, &c., weighing
more than 4 ounces eacli, including
bay rum. — ^1 per gal. and -lO p.c.
Wines of all kinds, except sparkling
wines, including ginger. oranL'e,
lemon, strawberry, raspberry, elder
and currant wines :

Containing 2(5 p.c. or less of spirits
— '25 cts. per gal. and 80 p c.

Containing over 20 )i. c. and not over

27 p.c. — 28 cts. per gal and 30 p.c.
Containing over 27 j) c. and not over

28 p.c. — 31 cts. per gal. and .SO
p.c.

Containing over 28 p.c. and not

over 29 p.c. — 34 cts i;er gal. and

30 p.c.
Containing over 29 p.c. and not

o»'er 30 p.c ~ 37 cts. per gal. and

30 p.c.
Containing over 30 p.c. and not

over 31 p c. - 40 «l8. per gal. and

3 » p c.
Containing over 31 p.c. and not

over 32 p.c. — 43 cts. per gal. and

30 p.c.
Containing over 32 p c. and not

over 33 p.c — 46 cts. per gal. and

30 p.c.
Containing over 33 p.c and not

over 34 p.c — 49 cts. pur gal. and

30 p.c.
Containing over 34 p.c. and not

over 35 p.c. — 52 cts. per gal. and

30 p.c.
Containing over 35 p.c. and not

over 31) p.c. — 55 cts. per gal. and

30 p.c.
Containing over 30 p c. and not

over 30 p.c. — 58 cts. per gal. and

30 p.c.
Containing over 37 p.c. and not over

38 p.c.~ 01 cts. per gal. ivnd .30 p.c.
Containing over 38 j>.c. inul not over

39,p.c. 04 cts. per gal. and'30 p.c
Containing over 39 p.c. and not over

40 p.c. —67 cts. })er gal. and 30 p.c.
Champagne and all other sparkling

wines ;

Wines, conliniud.

Jn bottles, containing each not
more than a (|Uiirtand more than
a pint, old wine measure — $3
per doz. and .30 p.c.
In bottles, containing not more
than a pint and more than half
a pint, oltl wine measure— j 1. 50
per doz. and 30 p.c.
In bottles containing one half pint
eacii or less — 75 cts. per doz.
and 30 p.c.
In bottles containing more than
one (juait each— §3 per doz.,
} 81 50 per I. G. and 30 p.c.

, Sponges— 20 p.c.
Starch, including farina, corn starch,

&c., &c — 2 cts. 1 cr lb
Stone and manufnctures of :

Building i-tono (except nuirble) from
the (juarry, not hannnered or
chiselled : —
Dressed freestone and all other

building stone 2l) p.c.
Ivoujii frcestfuie, sandstone and
building stone— SI per ton
Flag.stones, dressed— .*!l. 50 per ton.
Grinilstones-S^ |ier ton.
Manufactures of stone (>r granite, N.
E.S — 20p.c.
Straw — 20 p.c.

Manufactures of, not otherwise pro-
vided for— 20 p c.
Sugars, syrups and mr 'asses

On sugar, nielado concentrated mela-
do, concentrated c me juice, con-
centrated nu>lasscL, concentrated
beet-root juice, ami concrete wlicn
imported direct from tiie country
of growth and production for re-
fining purposes only, and not over
No. 13, Dutch standard or c(jlor,
and not testing over 70 degrees
by the polariscope — let. per ib.
70 degrees cest, and 3^ cts. per
100 11)8. for each degree above
70.
On sugar for refining purposes when
imported direct -1 ct. per lb. and
30 p.c.
On all sugars about No. 13. Dutch
standard in color and unrefined,
all grades or standards — \\ cts.
per lb. and 35 p.u.
On all sugars not imported direct -

74 p.c. additional.
Syrups, cane juice, refined syrup,
sugar-house syrup, or molasses —
1 ct. per lb and 30 p.c

From 1 8 J J to iSS6.

355

Sugars, etc. — continued.

Molasses, other, imported ilirect —

—15 p.c.
Provided that molasses when im-
ported from any re(inery or sugar
factory, to be u«ed for other tlian
actual consumption — 5 cts. per
imp. gal
Sugar candy and confectionery — 1|

eta per lb. and ',]'> p.c
Glucose or grape sugar, dutiable ar
sugar— According to grade by D.
S. in color.
Glucose r-rup— 2 cts. per lb.
Tallow — 1 ct. per ll».
Tea, black, imp. from U.S. — 10 p.c.

(ireeii and Japan — 10 p.c.
Telephones — 25 p.c.
Teli.'gra;)hic instruments — 25 p.c.
Tin and manufactures of :

Cans or pack i'.'<s made of tin or
other mati'i'i il, c lutaining lish of
any kind, admitted free of duty
uiulur any exisiing law or treaty,
not exeeediii'.; one (]Uiirt in con-
tents. (i^)uantit\' only to bo .■shown,
value t.) be included with '•fiali.")
— 1 J cti. per can or packige.
Ditto, when exceeding one (juart — H
cts. add. for each qrt. or part of.
Tin crystals — 20 p.c.
Tin-ware and all manufactures of
tin, N.E.S.— 25 pc.
Tobacco and <rianufactures of :

Cigars and cigarettes— §1.20 per lb.

8n.itf-30 cts. pjr lb. and I2.V p.c.

All other manufactures of tubacco —

3 ) cts. per lb. and 12i p c. from

(Uh July.

Leaf, raw, samples of — 20 cts. per lb.

Tobacco pipes not otherwise provided

for— 20 p.c.
Trees — fruit trees, viz. :

Apple, all kinds— 2 cts. each.
Pear, " — 4 cts. each.

Plum, " —5

Cherry, " —4
Quince, " — 2^
All other fruit trees — 20 p.c.
Turpentine, spirits of — 10 p.c.
Trunks, satchels, valises and carpet
bags, purses and pocket books—
—30 p.c.
Twines of all kinds, N E.S. — 25 p.c.
Uneuumerated articles paying 20 p.c.

ad valorem duty— 20 p.c.
Varnish, lacquer.^, ilapan and collo-
dion, not elsewhere specified — 20
cts. per gal. and 20 p.c.

Vegetables, viz. :

I'otatoes — 10 cts. per bush.

Tomatoes— 30 "

Tomatoes and other vegetables, inr
eluding corn in cans or othte
packages, weighing not over on-
pound 2 cts. per can or pickage.

Ditto, in cans or packages weighing
over 1 lb. — 2 cts. add. per can or
package, for each lb. or fraction
of a lb.

Prepared or preserved of all kinds,
N.E.S.-20p.c.

Sweet potatoes and all other not
elsewhere specified— 20 p.c.
Vinegar— 15 CIS. per gal.
Watches -25 p.c.
Watcli cases - 25 p.c.
Watch actions or nujvements — 20 p.c.
Wax, and manufactures of, N. E.S. —

20 p.c.
Whips -25 p.c.
Wood, and manufactures of:

liarrels containing petroleum or its
j)roducts, or any mixture of which
petroleum is a part -40 cts. each.

Fishing rods — 30 p.c.

Furniture, house, cabinet or olfice,
including hair, spring and other
matti esses, bolsters and pillows —
35 p.c.

Caskets and coffins of any material
— 35 p.c.

Hubs, spokes, felloes and parts of
wheels, rough hewn or sawn only
— 15 p.c.

Mouldings, plain— 25 p.c

Mouldings, gilded or otiierwise fur-
ther manufactured than plain — 30
p.c.

Shingles — 20 p.c.

Siiow cases— $2eacii and 35 p.c.

Wooden ware, pails, tulis and
churns —25 p.c.

Manufactures of wood.

p.c
Lumber

N. E.S. -25
N. E.S. —20

and timber,
p.c.
Picture frames — 35 p.c.
Pipes, tobacco, wooilen — 25 p.c.
Willow or osier :

Wares, baskets and ill manufactures
of like material not otherwise pro-
vided for — 25 p.c.
Wool, manufactures of :

Blankets — 72 ctn. per lb. and 20 p.c.
Cassimeres, cloths, co,;tings, doe-
skins, tweeds, meltons, &c — 7i
cts. per lb. and 20 p.c.

Toronto " Called Back.

Wor>l, manufiictnies of :— con fivnciK
Flannels, iiioludiuir plain ami clu-ck-
ed, (if all colors— 7i ets. per IW.
ami 20 p.c.
liobii-ry, shirts and drawers— 74 cts.

per III. and 20 p.c.
Shiwls— 2") p.c.
Yarn, knitting yarn, fingering yarn,

worsted yarn— 7i ets. per lb. and

20 p.c.
All otiier fabrics, composed wholly

or in part of wool, worsted, &c. —

22Jip.c.
Clothing, ready-made, including

socks and stockings, cloth caps

and horse clothing shaped— 10 cts.

per lb. and 25 p.c.
Carpets, Brussels and tapestry -25

p.c.
Carpets, two-ply and three-ply,

treble ingrain, composed wholly

of wool— 10 cts. per sq. yd. and

20 p.c.
Ditto, ingrain, of which the warp is

Wool, manufactnvca of :-ro»lii'Vf(l.
ciinposeil wholly of cuttuii or
other material than wool, worbted,
&c.— 5 cts. per sq. yd. ar>.! -JO I'.c,
Felt for boots, shots and t-kiita,
when inipMrted by the niaiiufac-
tuieis for use in their factoiies

IS P-c. , . . ,

Felt for glove linings when imported
by the manufarturers for use in
their factories— 10 p.c.

Wintc'VM of all kinds not otherwise
provided for— '2'2A p.c.

Woollen netting for boots, shoes and
gloves— 10 p.c.
Wool, class one, viz.:-Leicester, t ots-
wold, Lii>^ olnshire, Down comb-
ing wo< Is, or wools known as
lustre wools, ajid other like comb-
ing wools such as are grown in
Canada— 3 cts. per lb.
Zinc, seandess drawn tubing— 10 ]'.c^

Zinc, manufactures of, N.E.S.— 2j
p.c.

Except a few unenumerated articles which pay 20 per cent, ad valorem, all
other goods are free.