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MiiiHMai 
 
7 
 
 / 
 
 THE KLAMATH LANOUAOE. 
 
 81 
 
 finding only liaman boiios. confusedly mixed, which lie Cf^tiniiited 
 at a thousand skeletons. 
 
 A SEMI-< IKCL'LAH NOTCH 
 
 About onc-tliird ov three-eighths inch in size is sometimes present 
 in the lateral margin of a thin leaf-shaped stone knife, as if too 
 large a chip had i)een accidentally detached iu getting the outline : 
 but the size, regularity, and sharpness of edge, indicate that such a 
 notch was for a purpose — such as scraiiing arrow-shafts, or material 
 for strings; and a notch in the base of broken arrow-heads seems 
 sometimes to have been rounded for this purpose. 
 
 A BASAL NOTCH. 
 
 Occurs in some arrow-heads (Jones, pi. 0, pg. 30; Abbott, figs. 66- 
 68), which I have regarded as intended to l)e fitted upon a suitable 
 elevatiini in the notch of the shaft to prevent lateral motion. 
 Among some modern stone-tipt arrows presented to me l)y Mr. 
 Johnston Moore, of Carlisle, Pa., I find a head adapted in this man- 
 ner and fastened with gum of Larrea Mexicana, a wrapping of sinew 
 being restricted to the end of the shaft. Besides the gum, other 
 examples are tied with sinew passing through the ordinary notch on 
 each side, as figured from a California example, in Nilsson's 1' Age 
 de la pierre, Paris, 18G8, fig. 104. The same quiver contains an 
 arroAv (the shortest of the lot)- with a dagger-shaped iron point five 
 and a half inches long beyond the shaft, from which v/e may infer 
 that certain supposed long and slender stone spear-heads may often 
 have belonged to arrows. 
 
 'ZJ 
 
 "p 
 
 -0 :o- 
 
 I 
 
 ■• '■ 
 
 SKETCH OF THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE OF SOUTHERN" 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 BY ALBERT S. GATSCHET. 
 
 The Pacific slope of the Sierra Nevada and of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains in the British Possessions is inhabited by Indians whose raoe- 
 type differs in many particulars from the one oljserved east of the 
 liocky Mountains. Their idioms, when classed in language-fami- 
 lies, tire found to extend over areas considerably smaller than those 
 of the Mississippi Valley and the Atlantic Coast of North America. 
 These linguistic stocks or families, and their limits, could be estab- 
 lished with some degree of certainty only a few years ago, when 
 material more trustworthy than heretofore came to hand, and even 
 now these classifications must be regarded as proviiio?ial for differ- 
 ent reasons. It will suffice to mention the two princijial reasons 
 
 \'> 
 
 , jat>wtaa(fwair!>^i>» itf>'i>Mii»«i 
 
l..,l44IV-'«Sv' 
 
 
 82 
 
 THE AMEBICAN AmiQUABIAN. 
 
 why a certainty in this respect can be expected only from more ac- 
 tive investigations in the future : 
 
 1. We know of most of tliese idioms only as far as their lexicon 
 is concerned, through scanty vocabularies, Vhile the gramniatic or 
 morjihological part of them Is the only (hrisin' criterion for linguis- 
 tic aftinity. 
 
 2. We "do not know anc^ never will know the historical evolution 
 through which every one of these idioms has passed. This deficien- 
 cy can be su]iplied, bnt in a certain degree only, by a careful study 
 o'f the several dialects of one stock, Avhore dialects exist. In several 
 languages of the Old World we are enabled to trace this historic 
 develo])ment through twenty or thirty centuries, and this has, f. i., 
 made it possible to prove that the Irish and the Sanskrit languages 
 have sjirung from one and the same stock, though they seem, at first 
 sight, to be totally dissimilar in grammatic forms as well as in their 
 dictionary. 
 
 The K'lamath language forms one of these narroAvly circumscrib- 
 ed linguistic families, which to our present knowledge seems to have 
 no congeners, though the idioms spoken on Middle Columbia River 
 have notyetl)een thoroughly compared with it for want of material. 
 This language is spoken by tAVO tribes only, the Klamath Lake 
 people and the Modocs. in two dialects whicli are almost identical 
 and therefore should be called sulHliakcts. The ancient home of 
 these tribes is situated east of the Cascade Range, between 120° and 
 122° west of Greenwich, and from about 41° 3(i' to 43^ 30' northern 
 latitude, thus extending from southwestern Oregon into northeast- 
 ern California. 
 
 TJic Modoc Tribe held the southern part of this area, roaming 
 through Lost River Valley and the volcanic ledges between Lower 
 Kli.math Lake and Goose" Lake. These Indians were called "Moa- 
 tokni," "Dwellers on the Southern Lake."' from one of their prin- 
 cipal camping grounds on Modoc Lake, which is onr Tnle or Rhett 
 Lake. Modoc Lake is called Moatok or Moatak in that Indian 
 language, from mnat, " south." This tribe first came into promi- 
 nent notice through the bloody Modoc war of 1873, and as a conse- 
 ((uence of this struggle one half of the tribe was removed to the 
 northeastern portion of the Indian Territory (about 140 individuals), 
 and the other half remained at Yainex, m ITpper Sprague River 
 Valley. 
 
 The Khmatli Lnlc Trihe occupied the northern part of the an- 
 cient Kh-math-Modoc territory. A portion of them haunted the 
 shores of Klamath Marsh: others, the Plaikni, or "Uplanders," 
 the country along Sprague River, while the main bulk inhabited the 
 shores of Williamson River and Upper Klamath Lake, and were 
 called E-ukshikni, or "Lake Dwellers," from e-ush, lake. The 
 camps on Klamath Marsh are now abandoned, but the other settle- 
 ments still exist, the whole population amounting to about 600 
 
 individuals. i t j- 
 
 The two tribes now Jive exclusively within the Klamath Indian 
 Reservation. They call themselves maklals, which means "those 
 living in camps," and is also their common term for "Indians," 
 and &r " men" generally. 
 
 liiiii 
 
y from more aP- 
 
 as tlu'ir lexicon 
 lie granimatie or 
 erion for liiiguis- 
 
 :orical evolution 
 . This delicien- 
 f a careful study 
 xist. In several 
 ace this historic 
 1(1 this has, f. i., 
 nskrit languages 
 liey seem, at first 
 IS well as in their 
 
 wly circuniscrib- 
 ge seems to have 
 ' Columbia River 
 i^ant of material. 
 
 Klamath Lake 
 almost identical 
 ancient home of 
 letween 120° and 
 43^ 30' northern 
 1 into northeast- 
 is area, roaming 
 s between Lower 
 ere called "Moa- 
 ae of their prin- 
 ir Tule or Rhett 
 
 in that Indian 
 jame into promi- 
 I, and as a conse- 
 
 removed to the 
 140 individuals), 
 r Sprague River 
 
 n part of tlie an- 
 lem haunted the 
 or "Uplanders," 
 ilk inhabited the 
 Lake, and were 
 -ush, lake. The 
 the other settle- 
 ng to about 600 
 
 Klamath Indian 
 2h means " those 
 [ for "Indians," 
 
 ■< ' •• <■ lil W 
 
 THE KLAMATH LASGUAGE. 
 
 83 
 
 In the present phoiivtic state of the Klamath language conso- 
 naiit.« predominate in number over vowels about in the same degree 
 as in Latin, and the language is easily pronounceable to those who 
 have mastered two i>eeuliar sounds, not occurring in English, the 
 A and the;^. The laws governing the phonetic changes produced 
 liy ast^imilation, dissimilation and reduplication show that these 
 Indians possess a fine feeling for phonetic harmony. Every sound 
 can stand at tlie beginning of a word, liut (ptite a number of them 
 cannot Tiecome final sounds, Consonantic clusters produced 
 through elision of voAvels are mainly found at the end of words. 
 Every vowel and every consonant is, just as in other American 
 langiiages, interchangeable witli one or several others pronounced 
 with the same mouth organ. The language lacks f and r, makes 
 very limited use of z, o and u, while the sibilants s, sh, all guttur- 
 als, including k and x, "nt^ the palatals tch, dsh, predominate over 
 dentals and laLials. The grammatical accent usually rests on the 
 radical syllable, but is fre<iuently removed from it by syntactic 
 emphasis or by what is called the "secondary accent." Nasal 
 sounds arc rarely met Avith, and the diphthongs are of adulterine 
 character. 
 
 Morjihdlof/iaiUi/ the Klamath tongue of southwestern Oregon is 
 analytic in its relations of noun and verb to direct or indirect ob- 
 ject, but synthetic in a considerable degree in its inflection, and 
 still more so in its derivative forms. The parts of Klamath speech 
 are more perfectly differentiated than in many other Indian lan- 
 guages, and although no true verb exists, only a noun-verb, it is 
 ma(fe more distinct from the noun than this is done in Kalapuya, 
 f.i. Its active form is identical with the passive, a large number of 
 verbal i)retixes and surKxes are common to the noun and this may 
 be said also of the reduplicated form which indicates distribution 
 and in manv instances corresi)onds pretty closely with our plural. 
 The possessive pronouns are not identical with the personal pro- 
 nouns, though the majority of them are formed by the possessive 
 cases of the latter. Substantive nouns can be formed from verbs 
 by appending nh, though this same suffix also serves to form verbal 
 nouns corresponding more or less to our infinitives and our parti- 
 ciples in im. Verb and noun undergo an inflection for tense, but 
 in a quite diiferent manner and with different suffixes. By prefix- 
 ation and suffixation the Klamath verb forms medial, reciprocal, 
 reflective, iterative, usitative, frequentative, causative, as well as 
 many other forms, which we can only circumscribe by conjunctions 
 or long sentences. Modes are partly expressed by suffixes, partly 
 by separate particles, but no real incorporation of the subject-pro- 
 noun into the verbal basis is observed. This circumstance tends 
 to make the acquisition of this upland idiom considerably easier 
 than of many other Indian languages, in which a full conjugational 
 system exists distinguishing tlie three persons through singular, 
 plural and dual. On the other side a profound and unremitting 
 study is required to comprehend the polysynthesis of the word-com- 
 posing suffixes. 
 
 |i 
 
 1 
 
.s-l 
 
 TlIK AMERICAS AM'iqUARIAX 
 
 Kliiinuth \* ominontiy u suflix liiii<;uasc. for^iiflixos propon<l('rat,o 
 to a largo oxleiit over prelixos, and what amvar to l)t' intixes or 
 partic'los iiitixi'il into tlio liasis. to iiulioato relation, aro in fact not 
 mtixoi into the monosyllabic root, hut Huttixo.s to it. Protixos aro 
 used here to mark shape or external form in noun or verb, and in 
 the latter to show Xho f/ciiiis vi'i'bi, while .siittixos fulfil the jjurposos 
 of inflection and discr'niinate tlie various forms of speech from each 
 other hy t)ecominu: dorivativo or word-formative .syllables or sylla- 
 ble-fragments. With great i)recision this language marks in its 
 pronouns and verbal sntHxes the distance of the real or supposed 
 speaker from the persons or objects alluded to, and although Kla- 
 math cannot contend in power of abstraction with English, French, 
 Italian or Spanish, it largely surpasses these idioms in graphic 
 vivacity of expression, in terseness, concrete precision and laconic 
 brevity. The tendency of being grai)hic and intuitively descrip- 
 tive has produced a number of synonymous terms in all the Indian 
 languages; a alight idea of this can be obtained by i)erusing Rev. 
 Stephen B. Kiggs' Dakota Dictionary. Tiiis collection contains 
 over 15,000 terms, and Dakota is at least e<iualled in the amount of 
 words by the Klamath idiom and probably surpassed by the Sahap- 
 tin dialects. Facts like these should at least dispel entirely the 
 vulgar i)rejudicc of the paucity of words and ideas to l)e found 
 in the beautiful languages of our American aborigines, the won- 
 dei'ful structure of which has aroused tlie admiration .)f every 
 student whose mind was al)ove the common standard of mediocrity. 
 
 Compound words, viz: nouns combined with nouns, (and verbs 
 with auxiliary verbs), are not uncommon, though as a rule hinarii 
 only. The noun is inflected for case l)y case-suttixes and postj)osi- 
 tioiis. and the case-suttixes ai-e often compound ones. The declen- 
 sion of tlie adjective and the numeral differs somewhat from that 
 of tiie substantive and is less complete in its forms, owing to the 
 agglutinative character of the language. The formation of a dis- 
 trioutive form l)y redoubling the first syllable, which is usually 
 the radical, pervades the whole language c\own to the adverb and 
 forms one of its most peculiar characteristics. Still more explicit- 
 ly this feature is developed in the Flathead language of Montana, 
 belonging to tlie Selish family, for it can occur there in three differ- 
 ent shapes of one and the same term. A reduplication to form the 
 plural is found in all the tongues of the Xahuatl and Numa (or 
 Slioshoni) stock, but what we observe in Klamath differs from it in 
 signification, Ijeing not a real plural, but a distributive form intend- 
 ed to mark severalty. 
 
 I conclude this riipid grammatical sketch with the remark that 
 Klamath possesses no article, neither definite nor indefinite. But 
 the expressive and deictic character of the language usually leaves 
 no doubt in the hearers' Inind whether tlie person or a i)erson is 
 mearii, and the great variety of demonstrative pronouns and parti- 
 ciples help to give precision to the speech in this respect. 
 
COS propoiul(>rat,o 
 to 1)0 intixoH or 
 , iiro in fact not 
 it. Profixos aro 
 1 or voil). and in 
 ilfil tlic purposes 
 pooch from oadi 
 ylIal)lo.s or .sylla- 
 go marks in its 
 roal or supposed 
 d altlioufifli Kla- 
 Snglisli, Froncli, 
 ioms in graphic 
 ision and laconic 
 uitively deacrip- 
 in nil the Indian 
 ly i)erusing Rev. 
 llection contains 
 in the amount of 
 ed by the Sahap- 
 spel entirely the 
 leas to 1)0 found 
 igines. the won- 
 jiration .)f every 
 I'd of mediocrity. 
 )uns, (and verbs 
 us a rule l)i)mrii 
 ices and postposi- 
 es. The declen- 
 ewliat from that 
 ns, owing to the 
 niation of a dis- 
 whioh is usually 
 ) the adverb and 
 ill more e\'j)licit- 
 age of Montana, 
 re in three ditfer- 
 [itiou to form the 
 1 and Numa (or 
 differs from it in 
 tiveform intend- 
 
 tlie remark that 
 indefinite. But 
 ige usually leaves 
 on or a i)erson is 
 mouns and parti- 
 espect.