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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmfo en commen^ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — »► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour ^tre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmi A partir de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 i/^^ From the Tramaclions of the Noin Scolian Institute of Xatural Science, Vol. VII. Part 4 (1SS9-90). JOHN ROBERT WILLIS, THE FIRST NOVA SCOTIAN CONCHOLOGIST. A MEMORIAL. His Life; his List of Shells of Nova Scotia, and HIS OTHER Published Works. Edited by W. F. Ganong, A. SI. INTRODUCTION. It has been for some time past a source of much inconvenience and regret to some at least of the students of the MoUusca of Eastern Canada and New England, that the lists made by John Willis have been quite inaccessible. These lists have been frequently quoted by Qould, Stimpjion, Dawson, Dali and others, and must form the basis for any future work of a similar char- actor in this region. Yet they are not found in any of our large libraries, scientific or otherwise ; neither the British Museum, nor those at Washington, at Philadelphia, at Boston, at Cam- bridge, at Ottawa, at St. John, nor at Halifax possess them, and so far as careful and systematic inquiries have been able to dis- cover, there are but four or five copies of the principal list in existence, and all of them are the property of private individuals. There is no question as to its value, and tHb call for its preserva- tion is imperative. Published as it was, privately and on a single large sheet, it was given to the world under conditions the worst possible for its preservation, and it is not surprising that it has been almost totally lost even from the carefully-guarded shelves of our largest libraries. Such lists can be sure of a permanent existence only in the pages of a regularly issued periodical of \ U I d c tl snn V n > ''II. •• ice of ihn en rs, ii- ge m, n- la- in s. a* le St as es t, of JOHN ROBERT WILLIS — GANONG. 405 recognized standing, every number of which is jealously cared for by every good library receiving it. Nowhere could John Willis' list be so appropriately reproduced as in these volumes devoted to the Natural History of Nova Scotia, published in the city which reaped the benefits of all his life work, by the Insti- tution of which he was one of the honored founders and first ofiScers. Moreover, it is not right that there should be lost to future students such records of the life and details of the personality of this man as may throw light upon his work or prove a stimulus to others. He may well be called the Father of Nova Scotian Conchology, and all Canadian students who have delight in this " fascinating science," as he himself calls it, must ever hold him in grateful remembrance. These considerations have induced the Directors of this Insti- tute and the editors of these notes to present the sketch of his life and his work and the reprint of his list, which are found herewith. 406 LIFE Of J. R. WILLIS — PIERS. I JOHN ROBERT WILLIS. By Harry Piers. John Robert Willis was born in the city of Philadelphia, U. S. A., on 14th February, 1825. His parents were John and Dorothy Willis. The former came from GaVan, Ireland, and the latter was a native of Durham, England. From Philadelphia his father proceeded to Kingston, Canada, where he settled his family for a shorb timt, and th«n finally removed to Halifasc, N. S. Here, in the old National School, young Willis* received his e»» liest education under the instruction of Abel S. Gore and his successor, Jauies Maxwell. As a scholar he was diligent and ever ready for instruction. In 1846 a teacher was required to succeed Maxwell, and Willis was chosen to fill the position. He was thus transformed directly from a scholar into the principal of this important school •!• — no mean honour for one of his age. About 1850 he turned his attention to the special study of our molluscB, and at the N. S. Industrial Exhibition, held four years later at Halifax, we find him gaiuing a prize for the best collec- tion of native shells. He also obtained another for the finest case of insects. From this time he seems to have been deeply engaged in collecting. In 1855 he desired to exchange his speci- mens for others, and thereupon opened a correspondence with Professor S. F. Baird, of the Smithsonian Institution — a corres- pondence which was kept up for very many years and established a great friendship between these two naturalists. It was at Baird's request that Willis compiled one of his earliest publica- *John bad a younger brother named Bdward, wbo wan afterwards a member of tbe New Bninewlek Goyernment, and alio well known as a journalUt. tThe National Sobool waa then inanaiied according to the principle! of tbe Madras system of education, now fallen Into disuse. LIFE OF J. R. WILLIS — PIERS. 407 tions, a list of the birds of Nova Scotia,* from notes made in 1852-5 by Lieutenants Blakiston and Bland. By 1857 Willis had ^thered an extensive collection of our shells, which he forwarded to Dr. A. A. Gould for examination and identification. In a similar way Dr. E. Foreman lent him a helping hand. Thus at various times we find boxes laden with precious shells being despatched to and from these naturalists for determination, examination or exchange. He also corresponded ancj exchanged with many other scientists, who seemed to be only too anxious for any information they might obtain regard- ing the natural history of our Province. Among these may be mentioned Dr. Wm. Stimpson, Dr. P. P. Carpenter, Sir J. W. Dawson, Sir Wm. Denison (Governor 'of Madras), Professor John Capellini (of the University of Bologna, Italy), Hon. Rawson Rawson (of the West Indies), Dr. C. J. Cleborne, Prof. E. D. Cope, and many others. It was in 1857 that his first known list of Nova Scotia shells was published. Willis gave to the museum of King's College, Windsor, a large collection of native shells, consisting of about 123 named and 124 unnamed specimens. To this he added in after years. He pre- sented a similar collection to Acadia College, Wolfville. His gifts, however, were not confined to conchology alone, for we find him repeatedly quoted as a donor of various articles to these and other institutions. In 1859 he sent a box of Nova Sootian shells to the Smithsonian Institution where they were to be compared by P. P. Carpenter and W. Stimpson with the types in the museum of that Institu- tion, and labelled accordingly. In reference to these shells Stimpson, in a letter to Willis, says : " I have as yet had time only to look them over in a general way, but I assure you even this cursory examination has convinced me that you have done ft great service to our noble science, by discovering several shells on our coast which had escaped us all, thereby enriching our fauna and extending the geographical range of North European apeciea." He adds a list containing nine species new to this coast and rerrarka : " There ! If that stalls your enthoaifesm m it does *8«e Bibliogi«|>hy on • later pf, "So. 2. 408 LIFE OF J. R. WILLIS — PIERS. mine I have no fears that the concholoji^ical fauna of Nova Scotia will not be soon and well worked up." Mr. W. G. Binney and Dr. E. Foreman undertook the examination of the land and fresh- water species. Other boxes of Rbells were sent at various times to the Institution, a part to be kept, and the rest returned after examination. The British Museum is indebted to him for a large collection of our shells which he presented in 1861, while the Boston Society of Natural History and the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, also received nuuierous specimens from his cabinet. He sent a fine set of Nova Scotian edible molluuca and pearls to, the International Exhibition of 1861. For these he received hon- ourable mention. A similar collection was forwarded to the Dublin Exhibition of 1865. He presented a large collection to the Smithsonian in 1863, the greater part of which, including all the small and critical s^pecies, was loaned to Stimpson for study, and was lost in the gieat Chicago fire of 1871. Meanwhile his educational work was going steadily forward, and he was fast gaining fame as a thorough and painstaking teacher. In 1856 military drill was introduced and practiced in the National School, through the efforts of Willis and his friend, Dr. Charles Cogswell. Other schools adopted the novel and benefi- cial system, and four years later it was introduced into England and became very popular. Halifax, therefore, has the honour of taking the lead in this salutary movement, not only on this con- tinent, but in Great Britain also. Willis was one of those who were present at the formation of the Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science in 1862, and he was elected its first Corresponding Sect etary. During the same year he read a lengthy paper before the Nova Scotian Literary and Scientific Society (Halifax). It treated mainly of the edible mollusca of our Province, but a complete catalogue of Nova Scotian shells was also attached.^ This paper was intended for the Smithsonian Institution, and Baird proposed to insert it in the Report. For some unaccountable reason, however, Willis did *At this time WillU' collection la laldto have eonaisted of over 8,000 dittinct native and foreign vnrieties, embracing examples of moat of the apeciea then known to naturaliats. It is doubtful whether there was a finer collection in this department throughout British America. LIFE OF J. R. WILLIS — PIERS. 409 not take advantage of this ofTer, but published it instead, under the title ' Our Edible Mollusca," in an obscure local periodica) called the Colonial Review. With the exception of the list of species, Mr. T. F. SLnight quotes this article almost entire in one of his pamphlets on the fisheries of Nova Scotia.* Willis' worth was now being acknowledged abroad. In 1862 he was unanimously elected a corresponding member of the Liv- erpool (G. B.) Natural History and Microscopical Society ; and in the following year he received the same honour from the Boston Society of Natural History. In November, 1863,t he issued a privately printed list of Nova Scotian shells, his most important published work, which is reprinted in the present volume. In 1S63 an Industrial School was started in Halifax, and in the following year Willis was appointed to superintend the insti- tution. On April 18th he formally resigned his position in the National School, much to the regret of those in charge. He was unquestionably an efficient and successful teacher. His school was described as being a model of good order and discipline, and his treatment of his pupils such as was intended to secure their confidence and respect. It was his honest boast that not one of his scholars had been known to turn out in a manner that would reflect discredit on his teacher. They ever entertained for him a warm aflfection, which in days of adversity was like a gleam of sunshine to his soul. Sir J. W. Dawson had long exchanged and corresponded with Willis, and was his warm personal friend, and in 1864 he named a new species of Polyzoan in his honour — Geniellaria Willisii- + Willis was mentioned in connection with Dr. D. Honeyman as being well suited to take charge of a Provincial Museum, should one be founded in Halifax. These two gentlemen in 1865 |{ pre- ■ Deacriptlve Catalogue of the Fiaher of Nova Scotia. Halifax, 1800, pp. 43-53. . See Bibliography on • later page. No. 4. tAt tnls time Willis laya there were aeTeral of hU collectiona of Nova Scotian shells— one in the Smithsonian Institute : one in King's College Museum, Windsor ; one in Acadia College, Wolfville ; and one in his own possession ; and also the remains of what was once a good oolleotlon in Dalhousie College, Halifax, presented by him many years before. t See full description in 7V»i»i». William Dawson tells us that Dr. ' is a very marked varietal form. II Four years previously the Rev. Mr. J. Ambrose and Mr. J. M. Jones had suggested to Willis Uie propriety of talcing some steps In the matter, and the flrat-named gentleman bad •eut a communication upon the subject to *' tune '' the newspapers, as he termed it. of N. S. Institute of Natural ikience, vol. I., part S, p, 3 Sir Hinks regards it as a variety of G. lorieatm of Europe, but it 410 LIFE OF J. R. WILLIS — PIERS. aented a memorial to the Government s'rongly advocating the eHtablishnient of such an institution, and Willis appeared person- ally before a committee which was to report upon the matter. Oat of this movement grew the present Provincial Museum oi Nova Scotia. Having done good service in the Industrial School, Willis was appointed, in 1865, secretary of the newly-formed Board of School OommisMioners for the City of Halifax. A year or so after this he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. In 1875 he retired from his position on the school board, which he had occupied for ten years. From this time he was without an appointment and in poor circumstances. Finally, he was forced to part with the collection ♦ which he had made with such care, and which represented the result of many years patient and unremitting labor. This almost broke his heart,^ and when the precious specimens left his house he wept like a child. During the following^ year (1876) he was taken ill, and died on March Slst. He was buried in the Gamp Hill Cemetery. Mr. Willis was twice married. His first wife was Mary Anne, daughter of Wm. H. Artz, by whom he had three sons and three daughters. Of these, one son and two daughters are still living Mrs. Willis died in 1865. He married secondly Eliza Moseley, and they have had two sons and two daughters, of whont one daughter is dead. His second wife is still residing in Halifax. In chaiacter Willis was eccentric. His great enthusiasm,, however, made up to a large extent for this short-coming, and enabled him to persevere in most of his undertakings. It is said that on one occasion Mr. Hutton, formerly gardner to the Horti- cultural Society, possessed a century plant which was about to bloom. Willis, hearing of this, sat up patiently for two nights in order that he might witness the unfolding of the curioua blos- son). To his friends he was good and true. Being of a merry 4isposition. he wan constantly intersparsing hi* quick, animated. te ct d^ ai oi st tt *A gnat part of It rtill roMaiii* in Halifax, and I* now th« prop«rtf of Mr. W. O. ■•rrinc- toa andllr. K J. I-wrdloy. t. LIFE or J. R. WILLIS — PIEH8. 411 talk with many a jolly laugh, which showed that even care coulH not altogether dampen his jovial spirits. He was an ar> dent conchologist, entomologist, floriculturist, and mineralogist, and it has been remarked of him that he added to a great store of knowledge a simple and unassuming nature, which perhaps stood more in the way of his prosperity than an3rthing else — for the busy world crowds out the possessors of such qualities. His conchological operations were carried on chiefly in the vacinity of Halifax. The " Harbour," Bedford Basin, Eastern Pas^age, and many of the outlying bays and inlets were constantly visited by his dredge, while fresh water ponds and streams were also duly ranstcked and made to contribute to his growing cal'inet. Whatever spare time he had, was thus spent in pursuit of hix favorite study. He also made regular visits to the fish- markets, where he examined the contents of fish stomachs — those rich treasuries to the shell-collector. He left no field un- searched which could yield anything in his line of work, and this enthusiastic thoroughness was one of the marked features of his character. All who knew him speak of this, and of his amiability and quiet generosity. 41t BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL NOTICE II BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL NOTICE OF WILLIS' PUBLISHED PAPERS. The Publications of John Willis were not numerous, an«J so far as they are known to the editor they are as follows, arranged chronologically : (1). 1857 (?). [A list of Shells of Nova Scotia, with explana- tory letter.] Church Record (?), Halifax (?), Oct. 17, 1857, (?). The only copy known to us of this interesting list, which as the citation below shows, was the first written by Willis, is owned by Mr. W. H. Dall, of Washington, to whom we are indebted for the opportunity of examining it. It is a clipping from a newspaper and has the date given above (Oct. 17, 1857^ written in ink clearly upon it. It is unfortunately torn irregu- larly across the top so as to partly obliterate the printed name of the paper in which it appeared. But the words " For the Church " can be clearly seen, with some fragments of letters fol- lowing, from which Mr. Piers has surmised that the paper was the " Church Record," a paper published about thattime in Hali- fax. Mr. Piers has found several clippings among Mr. Willis' papers which were taken from the " Church Record " acknowled- ging donations made by him to King's College, etc., so it seems quite certain that Mr. Piers' surmise expresses the truth. We have no reason to believe that the written date is not the correct one, and the shortness of the list compared with later ones proves that it is much earlier that these of 1862 and 1863. The list gives generic and specific names only, arranged alpha- betically, with no localities. It includes ninety-one species, some of which are shelled Crustacea or Echinodermata. It contains many misprints. It is signed " John R. Willis, National School, Halifax," and is preceded by a short letter which is so character- istic of r.he man that we reproduce it entire: ili. OF WILLIS PUBLISHED PAPERS — OANONG. 413 "Mr. Editor, — With you [sic] kinH perrairfsion, I avail my- self of the columns of your useful journal to pultlinh a list of Test- aceous Mollusca of Nova Scotia, collected by me up to the pres- ent time. I did not intend doin^ so until my collection, already pretty extensive, was completed, and I am now only induced to alter my plans, that I may not give offence to many impatient friends and correspondents, to whose opinion due reference should be pai'l — and who are anxious to know how much or how little Nova Scotia can produce in the conchological field. As many of the genera are but thinly represented in this Province, instead of classifying, I have merely arranged them, for the sake of reference, in alphabetical order, premising, of course, that many of your reades have some knowledge of the fascinating science of shells. I will be pleased to give the jcalities, depths of waier, &c., where any specimen can be piocured, to any correspondent who may think proper to a'tdr ;; s me a post ^. dd communication on the subject. The nanif oi any specniien marked * is new to the Province." (2). 1859. List of Birds of Nova Scotia. Compiled from notes by Lieutenant Blakiston, H. A., and Lieutenant Bland, R. E., made in 1852-1855, by Professor J. ti. Willis, of Halifax. Smithsonian Annual Report for 18oS. Washington, 1859, pp. 280-286. An annotated list of species containing occasional comments signed "J. R. W." It is the only publication of his known to us which does not deal with Mollusca. A " List of the Birds of Bermuda," by Lieut. Bland, R. E , in the same volume (pp. 286- 589) is said to be " communicated by John R. Willis." (3). 1862. Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Nova Scotia. By T. R. Willis (aic), of Halifax. Proceedings Boston Society of natural History, VIIL, 1862, pp. 61-62. This list was read before the Society in January, 1861. It is a list of names only, and gives only Marine Mollusca, of which 129 sp cies are enumerated. As far as it goe.s it is very like the list in the Colonial Review described below (No. 4), like it including two species of Cellularia (a Polyzoan), and like it omitting several species to ba found in h'u latest list (No. 5). iFurther comment on this is not called for ; it is easily accessible 414 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL NOTICE f'l lii in the proceeHings of the Society. Its lack of loealltws greatly icssens its value. (4). 1862. Our Edible Mollusca. Colonial Review, Halifax,. Nov. 29th, 1862, and the three following numbers. Only a single copy of this list is known to be extant, and that is in the possession of Mis. John Willis, of Halifax. Its rather curious history has been carefully studied out by Mr. Piers. In March 1852. Profe«sor Baird asked Willis to send him the MSS- of the article on Edible Mollusca for publication, a request which he repeated in June. In April of the same year Willis read it before the N. S. Literary and Scientific Society "previous to its trnnsrnissiori to the Smithsonian." But it apparently was never sent, for it does not appear in the Smithsonian publications, but was published in November in the Colonial Review. This jour- nal, as Mr. Piers has discovered after much careful inquiry, was published in Halifax and suffered sn early demise after the issue of only half a dozen numbeis. It was a four columned (10xll|: inch) paper whose editor was known only by his nom de plume, and the place of publication of which was not generally known. Three nu/nbers contain the interesting paper on Nova Scotian Economic Mollusca, while the fourth contained a complete list of all known Nova ScotiHU shells. The date of the first issue alone is known to us. those of the other three not appearing on Mrs. Willis' copy. The first three articles, with the exception of * single paragraph and one or two sentences, were reprinted word for word in Thomas F. Knight's " Descriptive Catalogue of the Fishes of Nova Scotia " (Halifax, 1866, pp. 43-53), a work whicb is easily accessible. This was an admirable statement oif the value of Nova Scotian Mollusca to man, and has been freely quoted and its substantial assistance acknowledged in a la)te work, on the " Ec nomic Mollusca of Acadia," published by tli« New- Brunswick Natural History Society. The fourth number contained a list of Novi SeotSMi a*ielJ«. Mr. Piers tells us that this was very like hi«< latest lisrt, which is reprinted below. It included only two n&nws whidi im« not in the Intter, which are Cellulavia fastigi«M, Blam., and Cdlu»^ larii tuvvita., Desor, two Polyaaans. Witli these «xiMpii>oiit)^ ft OF WILLIS' PUBLISHED PAPERS— GANONG. 415 ^veryibiog in the Colonial Revieiv list is in the list below, and ih» latter includes ten names not in the former, i. e., Nos. 4, 55, 57. 78, 87, 158, 196, 199, 200, 201, of the following list. It therefore included 193 names, a large advance over the 1857 list, which included 91. Further comment on this list is need- less, since its substance is embodied in the one below. It has pixjibably been seeu by very few naturalists. Another list of Ek;onomic Mollu^ca of Nova Scotia, which was probably written by Willis, appeared in the Catalogue of the I^ova Scotian Department of the International Exhibition of 1862 (Halifax. 1862, p. 13). The list includes 18 species, with notes on their abundance, and it is stated that they are to be furnished by J. R. Willis. (5). 1863. Nova Scotia Shells. Privatelyprinted Hat, issued in November, 1863. This is Willis' latest, longest, and in all ways most important list of Nova Scotian Molluscs, and it is reproduced in full, word for word, below. It was printed on a single sheet, 14x8 inches in size, with the introductory notes printed across the top of the entire sheet and the list itself arranged in three columns. Mr. Piers has found amongst Willis' correspondence, now in possession of Mrs. Willis in Halifax, several newspaper clippings and letters of acknowledgment from various persons to whom the list was sent, the dates of which make it certain that it was issued in November, 1863. It is this list which has been quoted by various writers. As Mr. Piers suggests, he appears to have taken his Colonial Review list (No. 4), and having struck out two names. to have added some others w^ith additional notes on distribution, «tc., and. to have published this as the list we are now considering. As already referred to, the list is now very rare, no large libraries owning copies. The only copies known to us are those belonging to Mrs. Willis of Halifax, to Sir William Dawson, to Mr. Dall of Washington, and to the editor of these notes, into whose hands it came from the library of the late J. Matthew Jones, as the gift of the son of the latter. Each of these copies has pen and ink corrections of misprints, etc., by 'Willis himself, none of whieh are important. ^ f 416 Bibliographical and critical notice I. That all the facts contained in it are reliable we have not the- slightest doubt. Not only was Willis an exceedingly careful man, but he had the advantage of constant correspondence with^ Stimpson and Gould, Foreman and Binney, and these men deter- mined for him his doubtful species. They had themselves confi- dence in him, as shown by their frequent citations of facts on his authority, Stimpson especially, having quoted him frequently in his unpublished work on Northeast American Molluscs. Gould, in his splendid work on the Invertebrates of Mass. (2nd ed.) constantly quotes Willis, and Sir William Dawson does also in his works on the Post-Pleiocene Geology of Canada. We can have no better proof of the reliability of his work than is shown by the confidence reposed in him by his contemporaries. The value of his list must consist chiefly in the fact that it was the first detailed list of Nova Scotian Mollusca which gives exact localities, range, and relative abundance ; and this means more than appears on the surface, for not only has it enabled Ameri- can naturalists to extend the range of impedes on our coast, and therfore has helped to wider and more accurate generalizations, but it preserves a record tolerably complete and accurate, as far as it goes, of distribution of forms at that period. The fauna of this region is not stable, but is constantly changing, and a cen- tury from now some of the forms will have a range very differ- ent from that described by Willis, and the Zoologists of that date will thank him for having preserved a precious record for them. He was the first mau to point out the occurence of Southern forms upon our coast, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and on Sable Island, living surrounded by cold-water forms, far north of their proper home, which is to the south of Cape Cod. Sir William Dawson had discovered these facts, it should be said, as soon as- had Willis, or sooner, but Willis was the first to publish them. This subject has attracted the attention of later students, includ- ing Professor Verrill, Sir William Dawson, and the present writer,, and all of them have found Willis' discoveries, as embodied in his list, of the highest value. (6). 1863. On the Occurrence of Littorina Littorea on the- C v< OF WILLIS' PUBLISHED PAPERS— GAN'ONG. 417 Coast of Nova Scotia. Tranaactiona Nova Scotian Institute, vol. 1, 1863, pp. 88-90. In this paper Willis describes his discovery of the occurrence of this European species on the shores of Nova Scotia, and gives the facts then known to him as to its distribution. He found it pretty widely scattered in Nova Scotia, and inclined to the opinion that it is indigenous. This was not, however, his first announcement of his discovery, for in the proceedinj>*s of the Philadelphia Academy for 1860, p. 148, occurs a note in which it is stated that he announces the discovery of this species, along with a European Brachiopod, in Nova Scotian waters, and he had, moreover, included it in the earlier " Church Record " list described above (No. 1). But the paper under consideration was the first of a number of papers on and references to the subject, the chief of which are those by Professor Verrill in Amei'ican Journal of Science, Vol. IV, 1874, p. 133, and again in the same, Vol. XX. p. 251 ; by A. F. Gray in Science News for 1879 ; by Professor E. S. Morse in Bulletin of the Essex Institute, Vol. XII, 1880, pp. 171—176 ; and by W. F. Ganong in American Naturalist, Vol. XX, 1886, pp. 931—940 and Vol. XXI pp. 287—288. It cannot be said that the question as to whether this species be native or introduced is yet settled, for though the weight of evidence and opinion points to the latter conclusion, some others whose opinion in such mat- ters is of high value, hold the contrary view. But Willis undoubtedly is entitled to the credit of being the first to announce the discovery of this species in America, though its presence in the Gulf of St. Lawrence was observed by Sir William Dawson about the same time that Willis found it near Haiifax. In estimating John Willis' position among naturalists, and his services to science, it must be remembered that the circum- stances of his early life and surroundings were not such as to develop a naturalist of broad training and sympathies. Under different circumstances, the tastes and perseverance which found vent in enthusiastic collecting and careful classifying might have 418 WILLIS' PUBLISHED PAPBBS — QASOSQ. li fibted him for wide knowledge and deep research. It is as a careful, persevering, and discriminating collector in a limited 6eld that be rendered service to conchology. It cannot be said that he added anything of importance to science as a whole, facts of distribution within limited areas hardly deserving such a rank, but, content to work a limited field, he drew from it all it had to offer him and freely shared its fruits with all who cared to share them. Others saw better than he the significance of the facts he collected, and made the proper use of them. Such work as his is needed by science, and the man is a benefactor who does it well, no matter how limited his field may be, and the moral effect of work well done is as wholesome in science as it is in other affairs. Willis was a naturalist of an old, but happily not yet extinct type, one who loved nature for her own beautiful sake and not as those who make her works playthings for their delicate anato- mical tools and an excuse for their own self -glorification. Such men as Willis have a distinct value, and they are too rare in these days of much closet-work. They cannot do much as a rule to add to science, but they do much to utilize its advances and translate its necessary technicalities into pleasant knowledge for them- selves and others. Such was John Willis, a man whose name will not be found among those which mark the line of scientific advance, but one who made the most of what circumstances allowed him and who gave to the world the best that th*^ limited field in which he worked was capable of yielding. W bil WILL18' NOVA SCOTIAN SttELtS— QANONG, 419 as a sited ) said facts rank, Btcl to share ts he bis is well, jffect )ther tinct 1 not lato- Such ;hese add slate lem- und one who 1 he III. WILLIS' LIST OF NOYA SCOTIAN SHELLS, 18G3. The following list, which has been described in the preceding bibliography (No. 5), is re printed as nearly like the original as possible, even mis-prints being retained, and without explana* tion where they are not misleading. No attempt has been made in editing it, to correct the synonymy except where it is very misleading, or to add any information except where such is con- tained in other papers by Willis. Comments on localities are added, not when the range has been extended by later researches, but only where these researches seem to show that the list is in error. It U in a word a re-print of John Willis' list, and we have not attempted to make it a modern list of Nova Scotian Mollusca. The editor is of course responsible for all of the foot- notes. iovA j$(oti» mm: i» iotitt iotitrt ^iUiiiii, %rind- The following Catalogue of a collection of the Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells of Nova Scotia Mollusca, which 1 pre- sented a short time ago to the Smithsonian Institute, Washing- ton, D. C, embraces ail the species which I have been enabled to collect during many years study and labour, up to 1862. I am greatl}' indebted for specimens to Prof. J. W. Dawson, F. R. S., Montreal ; to Dr. J. Bernard Gilpin, Halifax ; Thos. Belt, Esq.; P. S. DoDD, Esq., Sup'tdt Sable Island ; Rev. J. Ambrose, M. A., St. Margaret's Bay ; Mr. Jas. Farquhar, Sable Island, and some other kind friends. I am also under grave obligations to Dr A. A. Gould, Boston, Pi of. Stimpson, Cambridge and Dr. . 420 WILLIS NOVA SCOTIAN SHELLS — GANONO. E. FoRMAN, late of the Smithsonian Institute, for identifying obscure specimens for me. It will afford me much pleasure to supply any information relative to the habitats, and mode of collecting any of the species I have been enabled to secure, so far as my experience and limi- ted acquaintance with the fascinating science of Conchology will warrant. From an examination of the Catalogue it will be seen that the Serpula and Vermetes are missing therefrom — though I have a number of species on hand, I have as yet been unable, from press of other matters, to turn my attention to these beautiful and interesting classes. Palliobranchiata.* Rhynchonella psittacea, f Gm. Banks of St. Margaret's Bay,,&c. Waldheimia cranium, f Mull. Banks of St. Margaret's Bay, &ac. ; very rare. Terebratulina septentrionalis. Couth. Halifax Harbor, &c. ; common. Terebratula Labradorensis. Stimpson Fishery Banks Rare. | Lamelibranchiata. Anomia Ephippium, Lin. From the wreck of the frigate " Tri- bune," lost off Herring Cove, about 70 years ago ; speci- mens procured by a diver ; not rare. Anomia Aculeata, Qm, Parasitic on lobsters, &c.; common. Vars. Squamula et Electrica. Ostrea Virginiana, Lister. Wallace, Tracadie, Mabou, \ &c. ; abundant. /Perhaps Ostrea Borealis, Lam. Tatamagouche, &c. ; abun- ( syn. Lima dant. § Sulculus, very rare. Leach. Sambro Bank, Sable Island Bank * Theac divisions nrc crossed out by Willis in some of liis lists. t SarH, in hisRplendId Mollusca RugionU Arctlcne Xnrveglae ^ivos both of those as occuring on the north-east coaHt of America. Did he take WIIMb' authority for it ? t These wordH arc added to the list in WilliB' haiidwrltins. ^ Shells of this species, or rather, variety, arc said to have been found at Sablo Island. A. L. Adams, " Field and Forest Hambles," p. 36. II Has not been found elsewhere in American waters. Binncy, in his edition of "Gould's Invertrbratu of If ass,," 187U, p. 200, appears to accept the identification of the species as correct. WILLIS NOVA SCOTIAN SHELLS — GANONO. 421 Pecten Magellanicus, Lam. Sable Island, Mahone Bay, Lunen- burg, &;c. ; common. Pecten Islandicus, Ch. Halifax Harbor, St. Margaret's Bay, Sable Island, &;c. ; common. Pecten Concentricus, Say. Sable Island only. * Nucula Tenuis, Mont. Sambro Banks, &c. ; com. Nucula delphinodonta, Migu. Fishery Banks ; rare. Nucula proxima, Say. Do. do. Yoldia pygmaea, f Muncey. Do. do. Yoldia thracieformis, Stokek. Do. do. Yoldia sapotilla, Gould. Do. com. Yoldia limatula, Say. Do. do. Yoldia Myalis, Couth. Do. do. Leda tenuisulcata, Couth. Do. do. Leda Minuta, Mull. Do. rare. Modiolaria substriata, I Gray. Halifax Harbor ; do. Modiolaria nigra, Gray. Do. do. Modiolaria discors, Lin. Sambro Bank ; ndt uncommon. kbic Iilnnd. Modiolaria corrugata, Stm. Sable Island ; rare. Modiola plicatula, Lam, Wallace, Tracadie, Sable Island, Pictou, &e. ; not scarce. Modiola vulgaris, i^ Fleming. Whole coast ; com. Mytilus edulis, Lin. Do. do. Unio complanatus, Lea. Common to most lakes in Nova Scotia- Unio radiata, Lam. Grand Lake, on line of Nova Scotia Rail- road ; not common. Unio , (?) Dartmouth Lakes, perhaps new to Nova Scotia. J. R. W. Anodonta Ferussaciana, 11 (?) Dartmouth Lakes; common. Anodonta Implicata. Lakes on line of Railroad ; rare. Anodonta (?). Two varieties, from Prof. McCulloch, probably new to Nova Scotia ; St. Mary's River, Truro. * Bitlier this gpccieg, or the precodiii;;, probably this, occurH in the Bhallowcr parts of tliu Ouifof St. Lawrence. See Bull, Nat. Hist. Soc, X. B. No. VIII.. pp. 08, 09. t Leilit piinmntn. A European species, not yut reported elsewhere tn American waters except by Jeffreys (Brit. Conch. V., p. 173), who t,'lvus Sciindinaviu and Maine. X Muntitcutu substriata, Mont. It has not been reported from American waters by any other writer. § M. modiolus, II Undoubtedly some other species. Lea (Oba. genus Unio., X., p. 87), gives this species only from the Ohio Valley. 422 WILLIS NOVA SCOTIAN SHELLS — GANONG. Alasmodonta margaritifera. Rivers in Annapolis ; Sackville River also ; pearl producing. Cyelas Partumeia^ Say. Nearly all of the N. S. Lakes ; cotnnion. Cyclas similis, Say. St. Mary's River, Truro, from Prof. McCuL- LOCH, Truro. Pisidium dubium. Dartmouth Lakes, &,c. Thyasira Gouldii, St. (?) Whole coast ; common. Serripes Groenlandicus, * Ch. St. Margaret's Bay, Bedford Basin ; rare. Cryptodon Gouldii, Phil, f Cyprina Islandica, Lin. Whole coast ; common. Astarte Striata, Leach. \ Fishing banks ; rare. Astarte semisulcata. Leach. Do. common. Astarte crebricostata, Forbes. Do. • do. Astarte lactea, Br. & Sow. § Astarte castanea, Say. Halifax Harbor ; common. Astarte elliptica. N. S. (?) ; doubtful. Cardita Borealis, Con. Fishing banks ; common. Cardium Islandicum. Bedford Basin, Halifax ; rare. Cardium pinnulatum, Con. Fishing banks. Cardium edule, CoK Fishing banks ; rare, young only ; doubt- ful species. || Mercenaria violacea, IT Schum. Wallace, Tracadie, Sable Island ; common. Kellia Rubra, Gould. Sable Island, &;c. ; common. Gemma Tottenii, Stm. Fishing banks ; rare. Turtonia Minuta, F. et H. Sable Island ; common. Callista covexa. Say. Sable Island ; r ire. Tapes fluctuosa, Gould. Fishing banks ; rare. Mactra gigantea,* * (?) Gould. Sable Island ; com. • Cnrdium Granlandicum, t Tho Bame gpccies as Thya-tira Gouldii above, though Cryptodon Gouldii ig thu proper name. Its repetition in the list must have been an oversight. I Astarte compresna, according to Jeffreys (Brit. Conch. II., 316 and V. 183), occurs on north-eastern coast of America. $ Now considered a synonym for A. semimUcnta. II The presence of C. edule in American waters has not been confirmed. This was almost certainly the young of another species, probably of C. Islmidtcum. H Venus mercenaria, ** In his account of tho " Edible Tbiollusca of Nova Rcotia" (reprinted in Knight's Descr. Catalogue of the Fishes of N. 8.), Willis shows as clearly by his description of their size and shapes, that by M. giijantea he meant what is now called M. loiidissinui, and by JU, suUdissima he meant our M. ovdiis. WILLIS' NOVA SCOTIAN SHELLS— OANONO. 423 Mactra solidissima* (?) Cuemn. All of Nuva Scotia sand beaches: conamon. Ceronia arctata, Con. Fishing banks, Sable Island ; rare. Ceronia deaurata, Tuut. Do. do. Tellina Fusca.f Phil. Whole coast ; common. Tellina proxima.f Brown. Fishing banks ; scarce. Tellina tenera, Say. Fishing banks ; scarce. Macoma subulosa,:}: Spenol. Do. rare. Macoma fragilis. + O. Fabr. Do. do. Solen Ensis, Lm.^ All of Nova Scotia sand beaches, Sable Island ; common. Machaera Squama, Blamr. Fishing banks ; rare. Solenomya velum, Say. Fishing banks ; very rare, have only fragments to identify by. Solenomya borealis, ToTT. do. do Mya truncata, Lin. Dredged in Bedford Basin, Halifax. Dead specimen. Mya arenaria, Lin, Whole coast; very common. Crytodaria Siligua, Spengl.|| Fishing banks ; very common. Petricola Pholadiformis, Lam. Sable Island ; rare. Saxicava Arctica, Lin. Whole coast ; common. Savicava Distorta,!! Aanatima Papyracea,** Say. Gould, Sable Island. Cochlodesma Leana, Con. Fishing banks ; scarce. Thracia truncata, Migh. Do. do. Thracia Myopsis, Moll. Do. do. Lyonsia arenosa, Moll. Fishing bananks ; rare. Pandora trilineata, Say. Sable Island ; rare. Pholas crispata, Lin. Sable Island ; gigantic specimens. Teredo dilatata, Stm. Do. do. * III hia account of the "Edible Molluaca of Nova Scotia" (roprinlod in Kniglit's Deecr. Oatalogue of the Fishes of N. S.), Wiliis Hhuws us clearly bv his description of their size and shapes, that by M. tjiynntea he meant what is now called Ai. suliUissima, and by AJ. sdliilissitna he meant our JH. mialis. t Macoma futfu and proxima respectively. t Considered by Oould as synonymos of Af(y:oma proximi and fuxra, respectively. ii Meaning, of course, what is now considcrud vnr. Americana, Oould, or by some a distinct species. II Glycymcrin .liliijiia. a Synonom for .S'. rutjosa, which Is probably but a variety of S. arctica, ** Mispriot for Anattna papyracea. i 424 WILLIS* NOVA SCOTIA N SHELLS— OANONG. Teredo , (?) J. R. W. Perhaps T. Naval is. Collected for ine by Mr. FuANCis Bentley, from one of the rough logs in his father's apar yard ; very fine specimen. ! i ■ ! Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. GASTEROPODIA Opisthouranchiata. Philine quadrata, Wood. Fishing Banks ; rare. Philine lineolata, Couth. Scaphander puncto -striata, M. Diaphana debilis, Gould. Utriculus pertenuis, Migh. Cylichna alba, Brown. Prosobranchiata. Chiton marmoreous, 0. Fabr. On stones, Halifax Harbor ; ten fathoms. Chiton laevis, * Penn. Do. do. do. Chiton albus, Lin. Do. do. do. Chiton Eniersonii. Bedford Basin ; common. Tectura Testudinalus ; common ; whole coast. Tectura , (?) new to me ; from Professor McCulloch, Truro. N. S. Lepeta caeca. Mull. Fishing Banks ; very rare species. Pilidium rub«^llum, 0. Fabr. f Do. do. Crepidula unguiformis. Lam. Sable Island, Wallace, Bay of Fundy. Crepidula convexa. Say. Sable Island. Crepidula fornicata, J Lin. Whole coast; common. Crepidula glauca. By T. Belt, Esq., F. G. S. Cemoria Noachina, Lin. Fishing banks and Halifax Harbor, ten fashoms. Margarita Helicina. 0. Barr. Halifax harbor ; common. * Xbia is a Biiroponn apecioa which hne not been reported from American waters by any other writer. t Wu are not sure to what species Willis hero refers. t I'robnbly too broad a statement. It is not found on Bay of Fundy coast of N. B., and probably not on Bay of Fundy coast of N, 6. , except in sheltered situations. 11 II i nj iU 1 Willis' nova scotian shells — OANONd. 425 Margarita argentata, Gould. Fishing banks. Margarita obscura, Couth. Do. Margarita varicosa, Mioh. Do. Margarita cinerea, Couth. Do. Margarita Oroenlandica * MiOH. Do. lanthina fragilis, Gould. Only a fragment found at Sable Island to identify by ; probably a drift shell. Paludina decisa, Pay. Many lakes of Nova-Scotia — not rare. Amnicola porata, Gould. Dartmouth lakes ; common. Amnicola limosa, Gould. Block-house Pond, vicinity of Hali- fax. Skenea Planorbis, Fabr. Rissoa rainuta, Tott. Common at low water. Lacuna vincta, Mont. Fishing banks ; common. Littorina littorea, LiN. Whole coast; very com. Extends to P. E. I., N. F. L., and Labrador.f Littorina paliata, Say. Do. do. Littorina rudis, Mont. Do. do. Lacuna fusca j Fishing banks ; common. Scalaria Groenlandica, Perry. Fishing banks ; scarce. Turritella erosa, Couth. Fishing banks ; scarce. Turritella reticulata, Migh. Do. do. Aporrhais occidentalis. Beck. Bay of Fundy, Sable Island ; rare. Bittium nigrum, Tott. On eel-grass, Pictou. Prof. J. W. Dawson. Menestho albula. Mull. Fishing banks ; very rare. Velutina zonata, Gould. Fishing banks, Halifax Harbor ; very rare. Velutina haliotoides. Mull. Do. do. Marsenina Groenlandica, M.§ Do. do. Natica clausa. Sow. Do. do. * This is probably a variety of M. umlulntn. t Its presence in Newfoudland and Labrador liaB not boon conflrmed by othnr writers. We cannot And that Mr. Willie gives olHcwIic-rc in his writings any authority for the statement as to its occurrence in cither place. t We are not sure to whut species Willis liere refers. S Lamellaria persjdcm. St. ill I i 4^G Willis' nova scotian shells— o a mono. Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. Do. da Do. do. Lunaiia heros, Say. Sable Island, Nova Scotia sand beaches.* Lunaiia triseriata, Say. Sable Isid. Fishing banks. Lunaiia Oroenlandica, Mull. Mamma (?) immaculata, Tott. Bulbus flavuH, Qould. Amauropsis helicoides, Johns. Bela turricula, Mont. Bela harpularia, Couth. Bela violaceii, MiOH. Bela decussata, Couth. Bela pleurotomaria, Couth. Columbella rosacea, Qould. Purpura lapillus, Lin. Whole coast; very com. Nassa obsoleta, Say. N W. Arm, Halifax Harbor, Picton,&c. Nassa trivittata. Say. Whole coast ; common. Buccinum undatum. Do. do. Buccinum ciliatum, O. Fabr. Fi.shing banks ; rare. Fusus pygmaeus, Gould. Whole coast ; common. Fusus Islandicus, Chemn. Annapolis Basin, Sable Island, '^&/C. Fusus dccemcostatus. Annapolis Basin, Sable Island, St. Mar- garet's Bay. Trophon craticulatus, 0. FAim. Fishing Banks. Trophon dathratus, Lin. Fi.shing Banks. Trophon scalariformis, Gould. Do. Trichotropis borealis, B. & S. Do. Trichotropis Atlanticus.*}* Do. very rare. Ad mete viridula, O. Babr. Do. Fasciolaria ligata, Migh. Do. Auricula denticulata, Gould (?) Halifax harbor ; common. PnEUMOBRA NCHI ATA. Ancylus parallelus, Hald. In most lakes and ponds ; common. Limnea culumella. Say. Do. do. Limnea catascopenm, Say. Dartmouth lakes ; rare. Limnea clodes, Say. Pond n«ar King's College, Windsor, N. S. * In hiB account of edible Ifolluica, WHIIr tella ua he han apecimenH of thU speciea from Snble Island four or five Inches in length, and broad in proportion. Thoy are not known to attain this size elsewhere In Acadia, though to the south, on the New England coast, they tiecome as large t Now considered a synonym for T. tm-ealis. Pi PI P| sl si s WILLIS NOVA SCOTIAN SHELLS— OANONO. 427 Liinnea moHicella, Say — Oould. Poml near Fort Needham, Halifax, N. S. J. R. W. PhyHa lieterostropha, Say. Common. Physa ancillaria. Dartmouth. Physa aurea. Dartmouth ; T. Belt, Esq., F. G. 8. Snccinea obliqun. Coininon. Succinca avara. Common. ^Succinea , (?) Sable Lslaiul ; a wonderful fact;* collect- ed for irie by P. S DODD, Esq. PlnnorbJH Vjicarinatus, Say. Dartmouth lakes, Sir. ; common. Planorbi.s fleflectuH, Say. Do. do.. PUnorbl.s Trivolvi.^, Do. do. Planorbis dilatata. Do. do. Pupa ovata. J. M. Jones, Esq., Halifax ; environ.^ of Halifax, T. Bklt, E.sq. ; rare. Helix nemoralis, Lin. Perhaps imported ; conmion. Helix hirsuta, Lay. Do. do. Helix hi^^pida, Gould. Do. scarce. Helix cellaria, MuLL. Do. do. Helix miiiuta, Say. In the woods west of Halifax ; scarce. Do. do. Do. do. In the woods, about 12 miles west of Helix lineata. Say. Helix chersina. Say. Helix electrina, Gould. Halifax ; scarce. Helix striatella, Gould. Helix arborea, Gould. Do. do. Do. do. Helix alternata, Say. Environs of Wind.sor, N, S. ; common. The following specimens were accidentally umilted. Spirula Peronii, Lam. Sable Island. Coronula Diadema, Gould. Sable Island, Whales Back. Balanus miser, Lam. Whole coast. Balanus Geniculatus, Stm. Dredged in Bedford Basin. Fine. Balanus elongatus, Gould. Common. Anatifa vitrea, Lam (?). About Sable Island, Anatifa laevis. Common. Anatifa (?), Perhaps new to Nova Scotia. J. R. W. * Probably carried by aquatic birds. I I m It ■ it I ill 428 WILLIS' NOVA SCt»TIAN SHELLS— OANONO. Valvata (?). J. M. Jones, Esq. Panopoea Norvegica. Dredged by me in Bedford Basin, Halifax, but all dead specimens. Buncinum • (?). Entirely new to me ;