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.-^-.^..^^^wX-^-cX 
 
 IMPORTANCE OP THE CANADIllN COAL INDUSTRY. 
 
 'I'l 
 
 But few people in Canada lecojfnize the enoiinous importance 
 of developing,' tlie coal industry and the value of the home pro- 
 duct to the industrial lifo and prosperit}'^ of the Dominion. Coal 
 is the basis of all manufacturing ind".stry and the great source 
 of national prosperity. Neither Great Britain nor the United 
 States began to attain national [)ro-eminence until they developed 
 their marvellous resources of coal and iron. What wind is to 
 the sailing vessel — what electricity is to the motor — coal is to 
 trade and commerce. 
 
 The consumption of coal in Canada increased from 3,003,000 
 during the first four years of Confederation, to 22,500,000 tons 
 during the four year period of 1892-95. Our consumption in 
 1896 was in round figures (1,000,000 tons, worth say §21,000,000 
 at the point of consumption. Of oui' total consumption of 
 88,000,000 tons since Confederation, about 47,000,000 tons were 
 imported, for which we have sent, at least, $175,000,000 in gold 
 out of the country, of which about $90,000,000 were paid to 
 Pennsylvania, one state of a foi'eign country which scarcely buys 
 a dollar's worth of our products. 
 
 Canadian coal areas on the Atlantic sea-board are of immense 
 extent and of incalculable value ; and to coal, more than to all 
 other natural resources, do the people of the Maritime Provinces 
 look forward with hope and confidence. 
 
 Our shore fislieries may fail — they have already dwindled 
 down to insignificant proportions compared to what they once 
 were ; our great wooden ship-building industry is a thing of 
 the past ; our shipping, which once brought in an annual 
 income of $5,000,000, is no longer a coveted investment, and in a 
 great many instances, is a cause of actual loss ; our forests may 
 disappear, and our lumber exports cease — but our coal fields, 
 are practically inexhaustible. 
 
 " This great hidden wealth of our country instead of being 
 jeopardized by legislation, and crippled by the most unscrupulous 
 
//^/ 
 
 (^Z) 
 
 2 
 
 foreign coinpeHtion, demands fostering governmental care far its 
 development, that it may he cotnmensnrate with the require- 
 ments of all the pursnits of our country, — agricultural, mechani- 
 cal, manufacturing and commercial, — in the coll()s:sal proportions 
 which this people must attain in every branch of human itulustry." 
 "We can indeed insist that no product of domestic industry 
 presents so high a claim to legislative attention as that which is 
 the mainspring, which, under the influence of modern invention, 
 puts in motion all the machinerv of our manufacturing establish- 
 ments worked by steam ; sends rushing along our railroads 
 innumerable trains loaded with the products of agricultuif! and 
 manufactures, and makes our steamships plough through the 
 waters like a thing of life." We quote from a memorial of the 
 coal owners of the United States to the senate of that country, 
 in 1870. 
 
 NOT A THEORY HUT A CONDITIO:^. 
 
 It is not a theory but a condition that confronts the coal 
 industry. Let us see what the condition was at the end of each 
 decade in 1S75, 1885 and 1895. We take these periods for con- 
 venience and greater fairness of comparison, and to avoid what 
 might be regarded as a partizan view, if a comparison was made 
 with 1878, though that would place the case of the coal industry 
 in a still stronger light. 
 
 Our chief want in 1S75 was — 
 
 1. The development of a home market, and 
 
 2. The assurance of the supply of that mai'ket, which would 
 place the industry' on, a sound footing, make it independent 
 of the whims of foreign tariff makers, the fluctuations of 
 foreign markets, and of the competition that we would have to 
 encounter there. 
 
 At that time, 1875, of the 050,000 tons imported, 384,000 
 tons were imported by Ontario. That province always has been, 
 and still is, dependent npon the United States for its coal, and 
 there is no hope of its being supplied by Nova Scotia until the 
 canals are deepened and a special class of colliers built at great 
 expense for that navigation. 
 
 QUEBEC IS OUR NATURAL CANADIAN MARKET. 
 Next to Ontario, Quebec is the greatest consumer of coal of 
 any province of the Dominion. It is our nearest and natural 
 market. But, though its consumption in 1875 was 450,000 tons. 
 
the bituminous portion of which should have been supplied 
 entirel}' by Nova Scotia from ohe first year of C'onfeileration, 
 yet in 1875 the greater portion of it was imported from Scot- 
 land, Wales- and tiie United States. That year, the price in 
 Montreal was S-t.To a ton, nearly half of which was for freight 
 alone. Freights ruled high, and tonnage at Nova Scotia ports 
 was scarce. The vessels engaged in freigliting coal only aver- 
 ajxed carLfoes of 150 tons each. There was little or no return 
 cargo, and shippers were glad to make any arrangements they 
 could with steamers and sailing vessels — princi{)ally the latter. 
 Freights Huctuated from Si. 50 to S3. 50, averaging S2.12. 
 
 Full carfjoes from Canada at hifjh freiijhts attracted larrte 
 fleets of vessels to Saint Lawrence ports ; and as comparatively 
 little carifo was otferinof for Canada, these incoming vessels were 
 glad to carry coal at much less than the current rates, frequently 
 as ballast, but always at a rate below that from the Nova Scotia 
 mines to Saint Lawrence poi ts. 
 
 In his report to the government of Nova Scotia, In.spector of 
 Mines Poole, said : 
 
 " Salt and timber vessels was glad to carry coal at nominal 
 rates as ballast. In the spring of 1876 coal was carried fiom 
 Cardiff to Quebec, over 2,500 miles, at seven shillings, or ."^l.GS, 
 while che contracts from Pic^ou to Montreal, about 800 miles, 
 were S2.12 — or 44 cents a ton more for one quarter the distatice." 
 
 Consequently, in 1875, over half a million dollars' worth of 
 Scotch and Welsh coal was landed at Montreal and Quebec 
 under those unfair conditions. And what was true of Saint 
 Lawrence ports was also true in a large degree of the lower 
 provinces. Over 8,000 tons of Scotch and Wel^sh coal wa.s 
 imported into Nova Scotia (1,131) and New Brunswick (7'141) 
 the same year. 
 
 A HOME MARKKT FOR ONTARIO FLOUR, KTC, IN E.XCHANGE FOR A 
 HOME MARKET FOR NOVA SCOTIA COAL. 
 
 While Nova Scotia was thus suffering for a market for its 
 coal, the great province of Ontario was also in equal need of an 
 enlarged market for its flour. The people of the maritime pro- 
 vinces, composed so largely of fishermen, miners and lumbermen, 
 are the greatest consumers of food stuff's in the world. Because 
 of a local pestilence — the weevil — Nova Scotia ceased to supply 
 
itself with bread stuttls a fjeneration aj^o, ami thereafter obtained 
 the greater bulk of its supply frou) the United States. In a 
 debate in parliament in 187G, N, L. McKay, the Liberal M. P. 
 for (/ape Breton, pointed out that durina; liS75, the maritime 
 provinces had imported bread stiitl's from the United States to 
 the amount of S2, 155,000; aii<l Hon. Peter Mitchell asserted 
 that these provinces at the same time had also purchased 700,000 
 barrels of Hour fiom Ontario. While the Ontario miller was 
 shut out of the U. S. market by a hij^h tariti' on flour, the 
 Nova Scotia miner was shut out by an equally hi<,di tariff on coal. 
 Hence it came about that the condition of affairs both in 
 Ontario and Nova Scotia, subsequently led to an undej-standin<r 
 and an arran<^ement that in return for the market for their 
 flour and manufactured products, Ontario would agree to the 
 imposition of such a duty on coal as would ensure the Quebec 
 and maritime markets to Nova Scotia. See .speech of Hon. 
 Edward Blake at Halifax, in 18S1, hereafter referred to. 
 
 UPON THE GOOD FAITH OF THE BARGAIN THE TRADE REVIVED. 
 
 Upon the good faith of the permanency of this arrangement, 
 new life was infused into the coal industry and business revived. 
 The establishment of new industries created a largely increased 
 demand, and by 18cS5, our sales to Quebec had more than 
 doubled, while the price had beeri reduced from ^4.75 to 33.40 
 and the supply of goods by the upper to the lower provinces 
 increased with still greater strides. 
 
 The coal industry was rescued from the slough of despond 
 into which it had sunk, and was beginning to get on its feet, and 
 capitalists to whom Nova Scotia coal investments were pre- 
 viousl}' a nightmare, were now willing to look favourably upon 
 the further development of the industry and for the establish- 
 ment of special lines of colliers. 
 
 A CHANGE THAT WAS DETRIMENTAL TO NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 But in 1887 there came about a change in the terms of the 
 arrangement. The great province of Ontario, as well as Nova 
 Scotia, has vast deposits of iron which it was felt to be of the 
 greatest importance to develop. Indeed, so strong was the feel- 
 ing in Ontario, that Sir Oliver Mowat's patriotic government 
 adopted the wise course, hitherto unfollowed by other provincial 
 
governments, of ottering special inducements, in the shape of 
 bounties, for the development of iron mines, altogether aside of 
 the efforts of the federal government, and as a consequence of 
 these ettbrts to develop the iron ndiies, anthracite coaj, which in 
 iNSn, contrihiited say .S')00,()0() to the revenue, on an importation 
 of nearly 1, ()()(), 000 tons, was made free of duty, and thoui-h tlie 
 duty on bituminous was increased from oO to GO cents per ton. 
 still lo cents less than was asked by the Nova Scotia miners, 
 the duty on Ontario Hour was increased from oO to 75 cents a 
 barrel, and high duties were also retained on evervtliiiur that the 
 upper provinces manufacture and which thev sell in lar<'0 
 (piantities to the lower provinces. The result was that while 
 the lower provinces were compelled by the taritt' to buy af.l 
 their Hour, and most of the products that Ontario manufactured 
 from that province, not a ton of Nova Scotia coal goes to 
 Ontario west of Brockville. 
 
 THE GROWTH OF THE QUEHKC AND MARITIME MARKET. 
 
 In 1875, the total consumption of coal in Quei^ec was 
 450,000 tons, of which 238,000 tons were imported coals. 
 Under the new conditions the home market began to develop, 
 and when freed from the unfair competition of foreign coal 
 brought in as ballast or at nominal freight rates, the Nova 
 Scotia mines were able to suj^ply the market. With the 
 establishment of great coal consuming manufactories and with 
 the extension of railways, there was a gratifying growth in 
 consumption. The mine owners were equal to the occasion— 
 and millions of new capital were invested in the industry. By 
 1895 great obstacles were overcome. The mines were thoroughly 
 equipped with the best and most improved machinery, immense 
 shipping piers were erected at the Cape Breton ports, a splendid 
 fleet of turret steamers, with a great carrying capacity, 
 was specially built for the trade, and costly apparatus erected in 
 Montreal for the discharging and storing of the coal. This has 
 enabled the Nova Scotia producer to gradually reduce his price, 
 until to-day the Montreal consumer has cheaper coal than any 
 other on the continent — outside of the coal recrions. 
 
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOVA SCOTIA INDUSTRY. 
 The development of the Nova Scotia coal industry in 1875, 
 1885 and 1805, and the distribution of the product is shown in 
 
^ 
 
 the followiiii^ summary .statement, taken from the Nova Scotia 
 bloe book (for the calendar years, ton.s 2240 pounds) : — 
 
 Soi.l) TO 
 
 1875. 
 
 214,96.5 
 162,269 
 
 78,814 
 .55,606 
 41.94S 
 1.38,. 335 
 47,844 
 9,220 
 
 188.5. 
 
 1895- 
 
 Increase of 
 '85 over 75. 
 
 IncreiiKo of 
 '95 over '85. 
 
 Nova .Scotia .... 
 
 Qne1)('i; 
 
 493,050 
 
 .396,782 
 
 1.58,420 
 
 86,216 
 
 .50,300 
 
 64,515 
 
 9 505 
 
 2 673 
 
 6.38 041 
 
 740,008 
 228,. 125 
 81,402 
 63,2.32 
 73.007 
 11,872 
 
 278,085 
 23^,5)3 
 70,579 
 .30 520 
 8,451 
 73.820 dec. 
 38,240 " 
 6,5.56 " 
 
 139,991 
 
 370,316 
 
 70,105 
 
 4,907 dec. 
 
 12,8.33 
 
 8.582 
 
 2,277 
 
 New Brunswick. . 
 Newfoundland . 
 P. K. Island .... 
 United States . . 
 West Indies .... 
 Other Countries.. 
 
 
 706,705 
 
 
 1,831,357 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1,201 6.50 
 
 554,8,55 
 
 .5()0,707 
 
 THE COMPETITIOX AS KEKN AS EVER. 
 
 But, notwitlistandinff all the efforts of the Canadian miners 
 to hold the Saint Lawrence market and to supply it at the 
 lowest possible living price, the competition of Britidi and 
 American coal is as keen and as determined to-day as ever it 
 was, and that market has only been retained by us and can only 
 be continued to us by the existing mutual arrangement. Indeed, 
 the conditions which existed in 1875 exist to-day in a four-fold 
 aggravated form. The tonnage seeking freights at Quebec and 
 Montreal in 189.5 was three times what it was 1875, and the 
 willingness to bring coal at merely nominal rates is greater than 
 ever. If freights were to materially advance we could scarcely 
 hold the Saint Lawrence market with the present duty ; if that 
 duty were taken off, and freights increased, we should be diiven 
 out of our own home n)arket. 
 
 The total receipts at Montreal in 185-5 were as follows: — 
 
 Bituminous O.So.OOO ton,s. 
 
 Anthracite 22.'),()00 " 
 
 Total 800,000 ■' 
 
 Of the bituminous, 80,000 tons, or one-eighth, came from 
 Great Britain in spite of the duty of sixty cents a ton. There 
 are several regular lines of steamers running to Montreal, besides 
 a host of tramps, and the British and Norwegian timber fleets. 
 The freight to the Saint Lawrence is a mere bagatelle. These 
 vessels come to Canada for cargoes of grain, cattle, cheese and 
 other dairy and faini products, timber, deals, etc. ; and they 
 
find it more profitable to brinn; out conl for notbinpj than to buy 
 ballast at the other siih) an<l pay for disposinn; of it on this side. 
 Three years ago, J. VV. Carniichael's .steamer, "Micmac' 
 landed Scotch coal at Montreal for U3 cents frei^'ht— 17 cents 
 less than the rate from Sydney. 
 
 LAST year's EXVKRIENOE. 
 
 The price of British coal was iinprecedentedly low. Owipn; to 
 inci< ised im])ort!itions of manufactured products, and the conse- 
 quent decreased consumption of coal in (jr. B., the producer forced 
 his coal in forei<,'n markets at the lowest living rate. The 
 average profits on English coal is only 2A per cent, and the rate 
 of wa<'es is much below that of the Canadian nuner. Hence 
 low prices of English coal and low freights are fatal to the pros- 
 perity of the Canadian miner Ev>mi now British coals are sent 
 all the way to San Fiancisco— ir),()()0 miles — in keen compeiition 
 with the British (joliimbia pioduct. 
 
 In 1<?9G, coal sold at Clyde and Ayrshire ports for $1.()5 to 
 $1.80. The freight was nominal — GO to 80 cents. It was landed 
 in bond at Montreal at S2.40, and with duty added, sold at .S'lOO. 
 Nova Scotia coal sold at Montreal at S2.G0 to .S2.80 — 
 the lowest price in its history — a rate at which it would be 
 utterly iinpossible to sell but for the unprecedentedly low freights 
 and the reduced cost conse(pient upon the improved appliances 
 for handling. Thus, the Montreal wholesale consumer paid le.ss 
 for his coal in 18!JG than any other city on the continent — less 
 than Boston, New York, or even Philadelphia, and 75 cents less 
 than Toronto. So the Montreal consumer can have no complaint 
 to make of the price and can have notliing to hope for in the 
 shape of cheaper coal from abroad by the reduction of the duty. 
 But an increase of freights would prove disastrous to the Nova 
 Scotia miner, for while it would add to the price of the home 
 product in the Montreal market, it would not increase freights 
 from British ports — on the contrary, higher freights on outward 
 cariroes would attract vessels to the Saint Lawrence in still 
 greater numbers and thu« still further increase the competition. 
 The loss of the Saint Lawrence market would be a calamitous blow 
 to the Nova Scotia mining industry. We should again be driven 
 to the deplorable condition we were in between 1875 and 1880, 
 with the result that while the home industry was crippled, if 
 
 'I 
 
8 
 
 not destroyed, the con.sumer woulil have to pay hii,'hor prices, 
 for the reason that lessened output iiieauH iucrdised cost o( pro- 
 duction, and increased cost means increased sellinj,' price : or the 
 foreiffner would keep his prices low until the home industry was 
 paralyzed: and with the consumer at the mercy of a Htful 
 market, with the fluctuations of forci^m frei^dits, with the imend- 
 in<; contest between capital and lahor, and with the forei<rn pro- 
 ducer in control of the market, > Canadian consumer woidd have 
 to pay whatever price was fixe- upon by them for the control of 
 the market— as is the experience with the American producers 
 in Ontario now. 
 
 ATTACKKD ON HOTH SIDKS. 
 
 But while we slioidd have to yield up a lar<re portion of our 
 St. Lawrence market to Scotch and Wcslsh coal on one side, we 
 .should also be open to attack froiu the American protluct on the 
 other Hank. Speaking of the receipts of Montreal last year 
 (IHOo) Saward's Coal Trade .says :— 
 
 Durinj,^ lH9'-> about ;]<),()00 tons of slack coal were imported 
 at Montreal from Great Britain in excess of the usual receipts. 
 
 "American bituminous and anthracite (which is admitted 
 free) .sold at lower rates and 12,000 tons of the former, even in 
 competition with provincial coals." 
 
 If this could be done in the face of a duty of GO cents, 
 what hope can Nova Scotia have of retaininjx the Montreal 
 market under free coal in competition with the two greatest 
 coal producing countries in the world ? 
 


THE SITUATION OF ONTARIO AS RFXxARDS COAL. 
 
 Owinff to Jie great distances of the Canadian coal fields, 
 under normal conditions there can be no hope of Nova Scotia 
 supplying Ontario with coal until tlie Saint Lawrence canals 
 are deepened to enable sea-going barges to pass through thetn, 
 and until then that province must depend upon a foreign supply 
 of fuel at the highest prices ohtaipa\)le below the cost of tran- 
 shipping Nova Scotia coal at Montreal. 
 
 WHAT THE MANUFACTURKH WOULD SAVE BY FREE COAL. 
 
 And as regards manufactures, the duty on coal is a mere 
 bagatelle, any way. In Massachusetts, according to the U. S. 
 census, the cost of fuel is only 1^, per cent, of the total cost in 
 all manufactures. The percentasje ought not to be any laiger in 
 Canada. And thus, if the manufacturer saved the whole of the 
 sixty cents a ton duty, he would only save one-fourtli of one 
 and half per cent, on the total cost of his fuel. 
 
 The total value of bituminous coal imported into Canada in 
 1895 was less than three-quarters of one per cent of the manu- 
 factui'ed products of the Dominion, according to the last census. 
 
 The total value of the dutiable coal imported into Ontario in 
 1895 was less than 1^ per cent of the value of the manufactured 
 products of that great manufacturing province in 1891. And if 
 we npply the per centage to all Ontario's imports of coal, it is 
 le.ss than three-quarters of one per cent ' 
 
 The amount of duty paid by Ontario on coal in 1895, was 
 was onl}' one-third of one per cent of the value of its manu- 
 factured products in 1891. 
 
 There is scarcely one mat.ufacturer in the wide Dominion 
 that would paralyse a great industry to e<^ect this intinitestinuil 
 saving. 
 
 If we continue to collect revenue on coal, the Canadian con- 
 sumer, who has nothing to complain of, will be no worse off 
 than he is now; while the admission of coal free, will not only 
 NOT benefit the consumer, but while disastrously aHecting the 
 Nova Scotia industry, will make Ontario forever (lepen<lent 
 upon a foreign nation for ALL its fuel — the suicidal effect of 
 which will only be fully realized in case of a period of non- 
 intercourse between Canada and the Uniteu States. 
 
 H 
 
10 
 
 THE ENORMOUS VALUE OF INTER-PROVINXIAL 
 TRADE TO THE UPPER PROVINCES. 
 
 In exchaiiire for the St. Lawrence market for their coal, the 
 lower provinces have become enormous purchasers of everything 
 the upper provinces produce and manufacture. 
 
 Twenty years ago, Robert Stark, of Toronto, testified before 
 a parliamentary committee : — 
 
 " Today, we have over 1400 flour mills in Ontario, and they 
 are all looking to the maritime provinces for theii' trade." 
 
 To-day these provinces furnish a market for over 1,000,000 
 barrels of Ontario flour. Of the entire consumption of the 
 provinces in 1875, $2,150,000 worth were imported from the 
 United States. Last year, less than 7,000 barrels, valued at 
 S'25,000, were of American production. Every nook and corner 
 of these lower provinces is overrun by an army of GOO upper 
 province travelers, and it is estimated that they sell five times 
 more goods to the people of Nova Scotia, outside of Halifax, 
 than does the metropolis of the province itself. Every town and 
 village of the province is literally flooded with the manufactured 
 products of the West. 
 
 In this matter of inter-prcvincial trade, the upper provinces 
 have a tremendous advantage, for they not only entered the 
 union with manufactures thoroughly established by a previous 
 period of tarifl assistance, but now, while our wholesalers are 
 compelled by the tarirt' to buy their manufactured goods, they 
 send their travelers through the province to compete with and 
 generally undersell those of the provincial wholesale houses, 
 which are subject to heavy local taxation, wdiich their rivals 
 entirely escape. 
 
 COAL I'RACTICALIY THE ONLY PRODUCT WE SELL THE 
 UPPER PROVINCES. 
 
 Coal is not on^.y our chief export to the upper provinces, but 
 practically the only thing that we sell them that gives us a 
 distinct advantage. Under this mutual arrangement for inter- 
 provincial trade, in the matter of coal, Montreal and tributory 
 points have purchased some 10,000,000 tons, which, if obtained 
 
' M 
 
 11 
 
 from our Enjrlish and American rivals, would have sent 
 $35,000,000 of clear cash out of the country. But, on the other 
 hand, for every dollar's worth they have bought from us, we 
 have purchased seven dollars worth fr&m them, and in the item 
 of the consumption of Hour alone— Hour which otherwise would 
 have been obtained at Boston ami New York — we have more 
 than balanced the coal account. In 1895, 940,000 barrels of tlour 
 were carried over the Intercolonial railway, while 3cS8,000 barrels 
 were shipped from Montreal by water to the " lower ports," 
 not to speak of the quantity of Canadian Hour imported 
 in bond via the United Stt.tes. But it is not only food stutfs 
 and manufactured products that we buy from the West. Our 
 farmers no longer enjoy a monopoly of their own markets. 
 Owing to cheap freights, they have to meet the competition of 
 the surplus products of Ontario and Quebec. Our markets are 
 flooded with the| hay, oats, pork', beans, butter, lard, cheese, and 
 even fresh beef, of the upper provinces. Large quantities of 
 these things are brought down as retuin cargo by the fleet of 
 St. Lawrence coal carrieis No class of people in the world 
 consume so nuich per capita as the miners. They do not even 
 grow the vegetables they eat. Like sailors and fishermen, the ■ 
 miners are the best customers of the farmer, and the consumption 
 of the mining population per capita is three times as great as 
 that of the rest of the people ; and the great trade of these mining 
 counties is very largely supplied hy the upper provinces. 
 
 SEVEN TO ONE IN FAVOUR OF THE UPPER PROVIN-CES. 
 
 Let US examine for a moment the character, volume and 
 value of this trade — what we sell to our western brethern and 
 what we buy from them— and then we shall more cleaily realize 
 how thoroughly these lower provinces are being " milke<l " by our 
 Western brethern, and why it is that, as the Toronto Mail once 
 said, the maritime trade centres are " drying up." 
 
 But few of our own people realize the grow ch of this inter- 
 provincial trade, of its tteniendous value to the upper provinces, 
 and of the fact that for nearly a generation these maritime 
 provinces have been the greatest and best market for the sur- 
 plus manufactures and products of the upper provinces. At the 
 time of Confederation, as shown by the customs returns then 
 available the lower provinces purchased from their upper 
 
12 
 
 provinces brethren goods to the vahie of $1,200,000 only, and 
 tlie total volume of trade, imports and exports, between the 
 western and maritime provinces was only $1,500,000 in round 
 finjures. No official statistics of the inteiprovincial exchanife of 
 products have been kept since the union, but in 1877, Miciiael 
 Dwyer, Halifax delegate to the Dominion board of traile, from 
 special statistics furnished by Mr. Brydges, general manager of 
 the I. 0. R., of the freight carried over that road the first year it 
 was opened for through traffic, showed that " the approximate 
 value of the produce and manufactures of Ontai'io and Quebec 
 <listril)nted by the I. C. U. in 1877 was $17,000,000— nearly 
 three-fourths of which would be for manufactured goods." 
 In his report, Mr. Dwyer said : — 
 
 " In this connection it is believed that if a proper system was 
 established to furnish statistics of inteiprovincial trach^ it could 
 be sliown that the amount named is a low valuation, but as it is, 
 it afioi'ds ample testimony of the impulse which the road (the 
 I. C. R.) has given to this branch of commeice, and especially so 
 when we reflect that the estimated value of the whole tiade of 
 all (,'anada with the maritime provinces (including Newfound- 
 land) for the vear previous to the opening of the I. C R. was 
 between 810,000.000 and $11,000,000, and for the year previous 
 to Confederation, only $1,517,116. But besides the I. C. R. new 
 through route, there was also interprovincial communication from 
 Halifax and Saint John to the upper provinces via Portland, 
 Me., and the Grand Trunk railway, and many opportunities for 
 the transhipment of goods by steam and sail from Montreal to 
 Halifax, Saint John, P. E. I., and Cape Breton ports, the value 
 of which there are at present no means of ascertaining. How- 
 ever, the comparison of the figures will affbi'd some idea of the 
 great change which has taken place in our trade relations within 
 eleven years." 
 
 If that estimate of the value of the annual exchange of inter- 
 provincial products was correct at the eml of the first decade of 
 Confederation, it is certainly within the mark to say that with 
 the additional means of intercomunuiication — the C P. R. 
 short line, the regular fleet of colliers in the Saint Lawrence, and 
 the facilities for shipment in bond via the U. S. by regular steam- 
 ship lines to Yaiuiouth, Halifax and Saint John, Cl'-arlottetown 
 Hawkesbury and other ports — rapi<l and regular lines of com- 
 munication which have made Montreal and not Halifax and 
 Saint John the commercial etiiporium of the piovinces — the 
 volume and value of this interprovincial traffic 1ms increased 
 
13 
 
 threefold during the twenty years that Imve elapsed since Mr. 
 Dwyer ina<le his report. In 189G nearly one-half of the number 
 of steamers and nearly one-third of the steam tonnage at the 
 port of Montreal, were from the maritime ports. Look at tlie 
 growth of this interprovincial tonnage for a series of years : 
 
 MARITIME PROVINCE TONNAGE AT MONTREAL. 
 
 Year. 
 
 No. steamers. 
 
 1875, 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 187G..., 
 
 87 
 
 1877.... 
 
 72 
 
 1878.... 
 
 42 
 
 1879.... 
 
 02 
 
 1 880 
 
 88 
 
 1881 
 
 104 
 
 1882 
 
 1G8 
 
 1883.... 
 
 191 
 
 1 884 ... . 
 
 IGl 
 
 188.5 
 
 142 
 
 1886.... 
 
 175 
 
 1887.... 
 
 224 
 
 1888.... 
 
 213 
 
 1889 
 
 184 
 
 1 890 .... 
 
 252 
 
 1891.... 
 
 272 
 
 1892.. .. 
 
 289 
 
 1893 .... 
 
 333 
 
 1894 
 
 349 
 
 1895. ... 
 
 25G 
 
 1890 .... 
 
 2G5 
 
 47,199 
 
 39,277 
 
 21,812 
 
 40,686 
 
 62,688 
 
 80,040 
 
 136,000 
 
 165,000 
 
 124,400 
 
 1 J 7,4.36 
 
 1 50,784 
 
 194,028 
 
 195,598 
 
 174,076 
 
 235,722 
 
 261,702 
 
 275,040 
 
 324,188 
 
 362,945 
 
 296256 
 
 305,976 
 
 Total No. 
 vessels. 
 
 214 
 
 IGO 
 165 
 220 
 236 
 212 
 260 
 263 
 210 
 217 
 275 
 276 
 256 
 240 
 295 
 305 
 331 
 368 
 379 
 291 
 
 Total Tonnage. 
 
 75,924 
 
 64,575 
 
 50,526 
 
 88,380 
 
 113,450 
 
 99,378 
 
 160,000 
 
 180,000 
 
 133,700 
 
 133,550 
 
 157,481 
 
 208,882 
 
 203,952 
 
 179,183 
 
 329,606 
 
 266,751 
 
 280,958 
 
 326,934 
 
 368,107 
 
 300,060 
 
 Indeed, seven years ago, George Johnson, the Dominion 
 statistician, in a careful analysis placed the then value of 
 the annual exchange of inter-provincial products at $55,000,000 
 — twenty-.seven times the trade done in the year previous to 
 confederation, and 820,000,000 in excess of the (1889) foreign 
 imports and exports of the three lower provinces. And during 
 the past seven years it has certainly kept pace with the previ- 
 ous ratio of increase. 
 
 But the overwhelming proportion of this enormous trade is 
 in favour of the upper provinces. We buy from them not only 
 
14 
 
 the great bulk of our foo(i .stuffs, but almost all our manufactured 
 products ; and everything we buy from them is protected by 
 duties running from 25 to 255 per cent., while on the one great 
 product of Nova Scotia scarcely a revenue duty is collected. The 
 articles produced and manufactured by the maritime provinces 
 and sold in any (piantity to the upper provinces, can be counted 
 on the fingers of one's hand. They are : — 
 
 PRODUCTS OF THE MA.IUTIME PROVINCES SOLD TO THE 
 
 UPPER PROVINCES. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Bituminous coal, GO cents per ton duty, say 23 
 
 Fish, salt and fresh, half cent per lb., equal 18 
 
 Condensed milk, say 45 
 
 MANUFACTURES OF BOTH UPPER AND LOWER PROVINCES 
 BUT A SURPLUS OF WHICH WE SEND WEST. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Cottons 25 
 
 Sugar, refined (20 per cent, duty on raw) 32 
 
 Iron in pig and steel in blooms, and products of rolling 
 
 mills, duty and bounty, say 50 
 
 Binder twine 12^ 
 
 Rope 30 
 
 PRODUCTS AND MANUFACTURES OF ONTARIO AND QUEBEC, FOR 
 
 WHICH THE MARITIME PROVINCES ARE WHOLLY DEPENDENT 
 
 OR ARE VERY LARGE PURCHASERS THEREOF. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Flour, per bbl., 75 cents, equivalent to 25 
 
 Corn meal, per bbl., 40 cents 25 
 
 Rice, cleaned 80 
 
 Wheat and barley 15 cents per bushel 
 
 Oats, per bushel, 10 cents 50 
 
 Indian Corn, per bushel, 15 cents 
 
 Beef in barrels, per bbl., .^4, equal to 50 to GO 
 
 Pork in barrels, per bbl., S4 50 
 
 Hams and Bacon, per lb., 2 cents 30 
 
 Beef, fresh, per lb., 3 cents, equal to 80tol00 
 
 Pork, fresh, per U)., 3 cents, equal to 100 
 
 Buttei-, per lb., 4 cents 25 
 
 Lard, per lb., 8 cents 50 
 
 Salt, per 100 Ib.s., 5 to 7A cents 
 
 Kerosene Oil 150 
 
 Soa])s 35 
 
 Starch 40 
 
15 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Baking Powders 25 
 
 Tobaccos ^0 
 
 Whiskey 55 
 
 Ale and Beer 4 
 
 Aicoliol (protection to Canadian distiller) 255 
 
 Canned Fruits, 3 cents per lb., equal to 
 
 Grapes 200 
 
 Peaches 100 
 
 Berries, per lb , 2 cents 
 
 Hay, $2 per ton 25 
 
 MANUFAOTUHE.S OF COTTONS, WOOLENS, ETC. 
 
 Clothing, ready-made .35 to 50 
 
 Woolen under-cltjthiiig. 40 to- 50 
 
 Woolen clothes 30 to 40 
 
 Cotton Dross goods 32^ 
 
 Cottons, plain 22Uo30 
 
 Linen goods 30 
 
 Blankets. 40 to 55 
 
 Bed Quilts 35 
 
 Carpets 30 to 40 
 
 Corsets 40 
 
 Braces 35 
 
 Oil Cloth 30 
 
 Tliread 25 
 
 Shirts, Collars and Ties 30 to 50 
 
 Hats and Caps 30 
 
 Felt cloth 35 to 40 
 
 Cloves 35 
 
 Silks 30 
 
 Umbrellas 32A 
 
 Rugs 25 
 
 Horse clothing 30 
 
 MANUFACTURES OF GLA.SS AND WARES. 
 
 Earth enware 30 
 
 Electric plated wares 30 
 
 Enameled iron wares 35 
 
 Flasks 5 cents a dozen and 30 
 
 Granite ware 35 
 
 Glass wares 30 
 
 Japan wares 35 
 
 Lamps 30 
 
 Lamp Chimneys 30 
 
 Lanterns 25 
 
 Window glass 30 
 
 Windows, stained glass 30 
 
 Sanitary pottery and drain pipes 30 
 
16 
 
 MANUFACTURES OF IRON AND STEEL. 
 
 A • li. 1 ■ , Per cent. 
 
 Aj]rnciiltural implements \ „() 
 
 Structural iron work for bridtres .'.'.*.' o- 
 
 Builders hardware ^ . . ] o'L 
 
 Cut nails, 75 cents a keg ^ 
 
 Wire nails, Si per keg '.'.".'.'.'.'.'.*.".*.'.' 
 
 Fire engines „ 
 
 Locomotives (not less tlian $2,000 each) SO 
 
 Enguies, boilers, etc g,-. 
 
 Forks for farm and garden $2 per doV. "and 90 ' 
 
 Horse shoe nails .'; ' 
 
 Rolling stock for railways o- 
 
 Screws, per lb. 6. 8 and 1 1 cents '. *. '. *. *.■.*.*.■.■.". r'o tn SO 
 
 Shelf hardware SoA o- 
 
 Cutlery 22^to3o 
 
 Springs and axles .... ". ^^ *^° ^'' 
 
 Safes .■.■:.:::;;; f 
 
 Saws ;;; |o 
 
 Sewing machines o^^' 
 
 Miner's picks "".'.'.'.'.'. ^Y 
 
 Workmen's tools .'.'.' / ^^ 
 
 Sledges and crowbars *.".'.'' ' ' ' * *. ' ' \ ' " ' ' '/'//* 39 
 
 MANUFACTURES OF WOOD. 
 
 Carriages, Buggies, Wagons, etc 25 to q*^ 
 
 Baby Carriages ^^ to do 
 
 Clothes wringers, 25 cents each' and ..,', 20 
 
 Furniture of all kinds o- 
 
 Desks ... ^2 
 
 Mattresses ..."*.'..'.*!','.!!.! 3,- 
 
 Sashes, doors, window frames, etc. .' .' .' .' .* ' .*.*.*.** 3'-, 
 
 Picture frames and mouldino' ' «"- 
 
 Pianos °_ ,".'.".'.',*. f- 
 
 Oj'gans •••••......'.'.....*...!.'.'.'." 30 
 
 Rattan goods „ - 
 
 Billiard boards $22 to $40 each and " ." .' .* .* .* .' . ." .' .' ' ' .' .' 15 
 
 MANUFACTURES OF WIRE AND TIN. 
 
 «f-''^'i "^i'^ ^°' ^^''""- lets per lb. 
 
 W^':« Nails $1 per keg. 
 
 Spring Beds ok 
 
 Wire rope of iron and steel ....'.....'. 25 
 
 Tinware „- 
 
 • 2o 
 
I ' 
 
MANUFACTUUKS OF PAPER. 
 
 i iipor, white for nowspapors . , , 25 
 
 Stati()M(M y, etc 25 
 
 nooks, printed _ _ ^ 25 
 
 Bank notes, un.si<rne(l 3.5 
 
 Bonds, nn.si<fnod ' jj:^ 
 
 Fancy goods of all kinds ] ;{-) 
 
 Nowspappjs, patent insides 25 
 
 Pnper hatjs and l.ox<'s ] 30 to 45 
 
 Roofinj,', felt and huilditij,' paper 25 
 
 Wall papeis and borders ] . . ] 50 to 70 
 
 MANUFACTURES OF LEATHKU AND RUIMiKR. 
 
 Boots and Shoes 25 
 
 Beltinii; 20 
 
 Hose, leather, rubber and cotton 5 cts. per lb. and 1 5 
 
 Rubber boots, etc, 35 
 
 Saddlery and harness, all kinds .* 30 
 
 ^^'"P-^ 50 cents a doz. and 30 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES. 
 
 Bicycles ^q 
 
 ^^'"^'"t ecpiivalent to 53 
 
 Buttons, per gross r, cents and 20 
 
 Cartridges 3q 
 
 Carbon points, etc., per 1,000 .'.'.' $2.50 
 
 Electric Ijight supplies 25 
 
 Clocks ' ' ' " 2o 
 
 Combs 3- 
 
 \yatch Ca.se.s. Jewelry, etc ] 35 
 
 Engraving and Lithographing 25 
 
 Paints, etc * ' ' £5 
 
 Telephones " 25 
 
 "Type^ ^y^'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.'/.'.'. 20 
 
 Half a dozen articles are the only ones worth mentioning 
 that the lower provinces .sell to the upper provinces, and of only 
 three of them, viz. coal, iron, and fish, being native products, is 
 the total value added to our wealth. Of coal, we sell 800,000 
 .short tons, worth, f. 0. b. at the mines, .say $1,200,000. Of fresh 
 and salt fi.sh, le.ss than 10,000 tons where shipped over the Inter- 
 colonial railway last year. Add the 83G tons shipped from 
 Digby, via the C. P. R., there would be 10,800 tons from all 
 Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, and add another 4 200 
 2 
 
18 
 
 tons HliipjxMl ()V((i' tli(( (' 1'. II, from New Urmiswick, ii high 
 esfcimato, in all I.J.OOO toriK— tot.il viihio Hay S.SOO.OOO. 
 
 In our nianuFactures of pi;^ iroti, steel ami tlu! products of 
 the rolliri;^ mills at Now Glas^^ow, Lontlonilt.'rry, aiwl Saint .I(jlin, 
 tilt' siii,Mr ii'linciicH at llalii'ax, the rope works at Daitniontli, 
 and the cotton mills at Halifax, Windsor, Moncton, St. .1 )hn and 
 Fredericton, we have to nuiot the kee»> competition of similar 
 manufactures ii\ the upper provinces — and in the case of iron, 
 the Ontario product has the advanta<,'e of a provincial liounty. 
 
 In the articles of iron and steel, refined su;:;ai' cottons, ropo 
 and twine, and condensed milk, the census of 1S91 gives the 
 value of the Canadian product at i'.'}.S,40(),000, the work of 
 ir),000 men, Of this, the maritiu'.o product wiis ^S,r)50,0()0 the 
 work of 4,200 men. But on the hasis of population, the 
 maritime consumption was .$;j,(jo(),()00 leaving only l?2,i)0(),00() to 
 sell to tlu! upper provinces. The items of production according 
 to the census are : 
 
 
 Pkoiu-ct. 
 
 Smelting works and 
 
 lletined Sugar 
 
 Cottons 
 
 Rope and Twine. . . 
 Condensed Milk , , . 
 
 roHinij: mills 
 
 Total 
 
 Less Maritime consumption on t 
 lation 
 
 A IX Canaha 
 
 $ 6,240,170 
 
 17,127,000 
 
 8,4;-) 1,700 
 
 l,49:i,50() 
 
 88,000 
 
 .i?.'};},3U5,y70 
 
 le basis of popu 
 
 Surplus to upper provinces, say 
 
 Makitimf. 
 
 PlU)VlN('K.>^. 
 
 .'?2,024,3i)() 
 
 ;j,244,00O 
 
 2,17(i,8-)0 
 
 1,007,;{()4 
 
 8;j,000 
 
 88,085,240 
 5,050,000 
 
 S2,8S.-),240 
 
 But, if it be .said that the census figures are incorrect, and 
 that our .sales to the upper provinces are greater than the census 
 would make it appear, after deducting our per centage of home 
 consumption, let us tor the sake of argument increase the value 
 of our manufactured products sold to the upper provinces from 
 $2,885,000 to S5,000,0()0 and add the .'?2,0()(),()00 worth of coal 
 ajid lish, in all !?7,00(),()00, which af)pears to be the outside 
 figure. But it must not be forgotten that large quantities of 
 
1<J 
 
 thc! {^ooils sold by tho lower to tlic iipjx'r provitiecs (in> resold 
 liack to UH t'ithor in tlioir oriyi.ial form, an cottons, wliicli are 
 han<ll('d by tlu? ('onihiin', or as man ii fact u rod products, such as — 
 ill the caso of iron and stool, — aij;ricultural iniplorncjits, odged 
 tools, carria<^o work, stovtis. farinin;^ and mining tools, nails, 
 HpikoH, satos, structnral and liriili,'i' work, loooniotivos, har iron, 
 etc. — wliieli latter ontiMs int ) kcon coinpiititioii with onr rollin;^ 
 mills. Tliouifh wo now soil proliahly oO por cent of tho pro- 
 ducts of our suf^^ar rotinorios wost, this docs not prevent tho 
 Montreal rotinorios from sellinif a very rospectahlo fpiantity to 
 northern New Brunswick, to P. K. Island an<l Capo 15rotoM ports, 
 carried Ity tho j^ni'.f steamers, ami even in Halifax itself. And 
 in the nuitter of hindertwiru* and rope, the only articles manu- 
 factured in the provinces for which the greatest market is in tho 
 west, wo have to encounter tho prison competition of Dominion 
 convicts, anil it is said that every dollar's worth of hinder twine 
 made in the; provinces last year was stdd at a loss. Whilo the 
 !i?2,')()(),0()() ol)taine(l for the coal, iron ami ti-h sold to tlu? npper 
 provinces was !?2,.")l>0, ()()() net prolit added to the national wealth 
 and sent into general circulation, of out 1SS,')00,000 manu- 
 factured products, we sent a*^ least $.j,0()0,()()() in i,'o,a to foreign 
 countries for " raw materials" in the items of suijar, cotton and 
 hemp alone. 
 
 WE PAY Til EM TWICE AS MUCH FOll Fl.OUlt AS TIIEV PAY US 
 
 KOIl COAL. 
 
 Look for a moment at the tremendous vol'ime and vjilue of 
 the goods WO huy from the upper |)rovincos and compare it with 
 the insignificant amount wo sell them and we shall realize at 
 once hoth how unfair the comlitions aie to us and the over- 
 whelming im[)oi'taiice of this inark(>t to tluMii. In the item of 
 Hour alone, we pay them S3,oO(),()UO to S4,.")00,00() (according to 
 markets), or just twice as nnich as they pay us for both coal and 
 fish. But besides flour, we buy S.iOO ()()() worth (;f mill teed 
 stuff's a year, consisting of mill feed, oats, bai-ley, peas, middlino-s, 
 bran, feed tlour, etc., etc. 
 
 Cornmeal is a great item of consumption of in those pro- 
 vinces. In ISO'), we imported corn and corn mi'al to the 
 value of i?27.5,()()() on which we pai<l 842,400 duty out of 
 $120,000 duty on an import of $800,000 for all Canada. This 
 
 (i 
 
 I 
 
20 
 
 duty was levied for the .sole benefit of three counties where 
 corn is grown in Ontario — viz.: Norfolk, Essex and Elgin. 
 
 Our miners, fishermen, .sailors and lumbermen are enormou.s 
 consumers of cured beef and pork. At the tariff investigation 
 at Montreal, Peter Lang, one of the packers who in.sisted upon a 
 continuation of the present duties of oO to GO per cent, boasted 
 that almost the entire Canadian market was now supplied by 
 Uie home product ; but were it not for the duties, we could buy 
 American pork and beef $4< a barrel cheaper than we pay now, 
 and even under the duty, we imported last year SI54,0t)0 worth 
 of these meats and paid $00,000 duty thereon. 
 
 AND ONE-FOURTH A.S MUCH FOR FRESH MEAT AS THKY PAY 
 
 FOR COAI,. ,, 
 
 And in the itnn of fresh beef and pork, protected by a duty 
 of 3 cents a pound, ecjual to from 80 to 100 per cent, the cities 
 of Halifax and Saint John alone buy .ip:300,000 worth a year from 
 the upper provinces. The capital cities of the greatest grazing 
 countries in the world pay Ontario 25 per cent as much for fi'esh 
 beef and pork as Ontario and Quebec pay us for coal 
 
 For many years, the great bulk of the butter consumed in 
 Halifax and other maritime cities came to us from the upper 
 provinces. Local farmer.s could not compete against toe cheap 
 products of Ontario and Quebec, wdiich flooded these markets. 
 The establishment of maritime creameries, however, has enabled 
 the home farmer to recaptui'e a portion of the maiket. But 
 large quantitie.s of the western and Quebec product are still 
 con.sumed in our principal towns and by our miners. 
 
 Montreal sells as many groceries to the provinces as do the 
 wholesalers of Halifax and Saint John, and in the line of food 
 stuffs alone, our purchases from the upper provinces are believed 
 to equal in value our total sales to them of coal, iron, tish, sugar, 
 cotton and cordage 
 
 Against the SI, 200,000 they pay us for coal, we buy from 
 them over SI, 000,000 worth of whiskey, tobacco and cigars, 
 protected from 90 to 25o per cent., without the payment of excise 
 duties, which would make it over S2,00() 000 ; and this does not 
 include wines, and beer. Their competition has bankrupted our 
 only distillery. 
 
21 
 
 150 PER CENT. PROTECTION TO ONTARIO COAL OIL; AND 
 ONLY 23 rEll CENT. FOR NOVA SCOTIA COAL. 
 
 Our consumption of coal oil — a local industry that the Toronto 
 Globe savs " must receive careful consideration, owinix to the 
 extrarodinary conditions surroun<ling it " — is 70,000 barrels, of 
 which 00,000 are imported American, upon which aduty of over 
 100 per cent, is levied. Last year, we paid $l.*3o,()00 duty on 
 $112,000 worth of oil, not including 88,111 duty levied on 
 packages. But if you add the additional protection given 
 to the Ontario producers by the duty on the banels, the 
 additional compulsory railway freight, — the importation of oil 
 in tank steamers being prohibited, thus compeliing all American 
 oil to be imported by rail, and the extra freight giving the 
 Ontario oil men an additional 50 per cent, protection — and the 
 inspection fee, we have to pay IGO to 170 per cent, for the sole 
 benefit of the Ontario oil men. When the ministers visited 
 Petrolea, the (ilobe stated that " 030 men were employed in 
 extracting the crude cil from the earth, that 8000 wells in active 
 operation were producing 800,000 barrels of crude oil per annum, 
 and that many times the 030 men employed in extracting the 
 crude oil were employed in the five large refineries, and that 
 millions of dollars wei'e invested in the industry." But the census 
 for 1891 gives the value of the refined product at !i52,O04,OOO, 
 the work of 270 men, paid $140,000 wages. If we doulile 
 the number of men in the refineries and add them to the " O.'jO 
 men employed in extracting the crude oil from the earth." then 
 there are only one-sixth as many as are engaged in the Nova 
 Scotia mines. And this industry has a protection of 150 to 170 
 per cent, compared with 28 per cent, for our great industry. 
 Upon the maritime consumption of oil. the duty we pay on 
 American and the consequent increased price on Canadi^an, is 
 $275,000 more than we should upon current American prices 
 — or nearly one-third as much as all Canada pays as duty on 
 coal. 
 
 Our purchases of ready made clothing, boots, shoes and rub- 
 bers (which are protected b}- duties ranging from 25 to 50 per 
 cent.) aggregate$2,000,000,— $800,000 more than they pay us for 
 coal, and $200,000 moie than the total value of our combined 
 sales of coal and iron to them. 
 
 Fi| 
 
22 
 
 I i 
 
 t 1 
 
 WE PAY THEM MORE FOR DllY GOODS THAN THRY PAY US FOU 
 
 COAL, IRON AND I'lSH. 
 
 There are 450,000 females in the lower provinces. Suppose 
 we place their annual consumption of dry goods at the very low 
 figure of $12 per head, or say $."), 000,000. The combined whole- 
 sale dry goods business of Halifax and Saint Jolin is less than 
 §2500,000, and §1,000,000 of that represents upper province 
 manufactures. Thus, while our wholesale houses buy $1,000,000 
 worth of their products (protected from 25 to Go per cent.) the 
 army of Montreal and Toronto drummers overrunning the prov- 
 inces not only compete with maritime wholesale houses in these 
 very lines of goods represented in that $1,000,000, but they also 
 take 50 per cent, of tlie general dry goods trade. In other 
 words, we pay them S'i500,000 a year for dry goods alone, or 
 three-cjuarters of a million dollars more than our combined sales 
 of coal, iron and fish, to fciicm. 
 
 During the past ten yeai-s, there has been an average annual 
 sale of 1,000 piancj and 1200 organs, valued at $450,000, of 
 which 95 per cent, were from the upper province. Five thousand 
 sewing machines are annually sold in the maritime provinces, 
 valued at $275,000; add for unnov province liic3-cles, .$275,000 — a 
 low estimate — or a total t)f $1,000,000 for these three items of 
 luxury, as compared with the $1,200,000 they pay us for the 
 motive power of Canadian industrial life. During the past 
 decade we have paid Ontario and Quebec at least $7,000,000 for 
 pianos and organs and sewing machines, (protected from 35 to 
 45 per cent), and even now, not half the dwellings of these prov- 
 inces are supplied, while in the enormously growing tiude in 
 bicycles, the upper provinces now raonopolizr the maritime trade. 
 
 In the last two decades, we have paid Ontario manufac- 
 turers $2,500,000 for railway rolling stock, — locomotives and 
 cars. 
 
 We buy all our glassware, eartlienware, enamel ware, Japan 
 ware, electro-plated ware, etc., from the upper provinces. 
 
 All our paper for newspapers and other printing, books, 
 stationery, etc., etc. to the extent of $500,000 a year, and most 
 of our manufactures of wire and tin, not to speak of the 1,001 
 manufactures of iron and steel, the value of which, owitii: to its 
 great volume and niultit'idinous character, it is hard to estimate, 
 
23 
 
 and wliich is protected all the way from 22' to 80 per cent 
 But one suggestive item is !ii!200,()0() for agricultural implen-.ents, 
 vehicles and sleighs. 
 
 For furniture, house-furnishings and wooden ware, sashes, 
 doors, etc., with a protection of 35 per cent., we pay the upper 
 provinces as much as they pay us for coal. Upper province 
 competition has crushed out three out of four of all the furniture 
 factories in the lower provinces. 
 
 In his evidence before the tariff' commission, James Hay, 
 Toronto, said : — 
 
 " Years ago the people of the maritime provinces got their 
 goods (furniture) from Boston. To-day they are largely supplied 
 from different parts of Canada." 
 
 And even in drugs and druggists supplies, out of a volume of 
 business of $750,000 in these provinces. $400,000 is done with 
 Montreal. 
 
 hi the item of life insurance, the lower provinces pay not far 
 from $550,000 in premiums to Western Canadian companits, 
 while the amount returned in death claims and endowments is 
 only about $175,000 a year, or a net annual drain of $375,000. 
 
 While the upper provinces have protection on all their pro- 
 ducts which we are compelled to buy from them, ruruiing from 
 22h to 255 per cent., and averaging not less than 40 per cent., 
 the protection on the one great product of Nova Scotia which we 
 sell west in any quantity and the sustaining and development of 
 which is so vital to our prosperity is, 23 per cent ! 
 

26 
 
 FROM THE WORKING MAN'S POINT OF VIFW. 
 
 After eight years of national life, the total consumption of 
 coal in all Canada in 1875 was only 1,350,000 tons, or just what 
 the production of Nova Scotia was two years previously. Driven, 
 out of the New England market by the development of the 
 United States mines following the close of the war, and the 
 establishment of new lines of transportation, and by the com- 
 bination of mines and railways to make a slaughter market of 
 New England, under which coal was sold there at 30 to 75 cents 
 a ton cheaper than in the centre of production : and by the high 
 tariff' consequent upon the abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty 
 in 1866, and the general relapse following the great boom of 
 1873, — we had but a very limited home market and two-thirds 
 of that was supplied by foreign fuel : consequently, our great 
 mining industry became paralyzed and a state of destitution 
 and distress ensued never before or since known in the history 
 of the country. How critical was the condition of our position 
 is best told in the official reports of the Nova Scotia government 
 and the evidence of experts given before the Royal Commission 
 appointed by the parliament of Canada to enquire into the con- 
 dition of the industry. 
 
 OFFICIAL STATEMENT OF ITS POSITIOX IN 1875. 
 
 In 1875, Henry S. Poole, then government inspector of 
 mines, officially reported that — 
 
 " The mines were kept open at a loss, that prices were 
 " ruinously low and that it was impossible to continue operations." 
 Mr. Poole further reported that — 
 
 " Though the number of employees in and about the mines 
 " had decreased by over 500 from the year previous, in only 136 
 " of the 300 working days of the year had the mines been worked^ 
 "and that the number of day's work had decreased 173,893, 
 " involving a loss in wages alone of over '|2OO,00O from the 
 " previous year. 
 
 " The continual decline in the production of Nova Scotia coal 
 " has been a source of much suM'ering to the mining population." 
 is another sentence from Mr. Poole's report to the government 
 in 1875, almost at the beginning of the depression. 
 
 STARVATION OR EMIGRATION. 
 
 Before the parliamentary commission appointed to investigate 
 the condition of the coal trade and report upon the petition for 
 a duty, J. R. J.ithgow testified that — 
 
 " For eleven years previous to 1877 (and including the boom 
 "year oT 1873) the dividends of the Little Glace Bay coal 
 3 
 
26 
 
 in 
 
 " company had not averaged two per cent, on a capital of 
 $600,000." 
 
 As an instance of the fri{rhtful shrinkage of coal securities it 
 may be mentioned that !?8o,000 of the stock of the company 
 which during the American civil war period paid 25 per cent, 
 dividend, was actually sold at one-tifth of its par value. 
 
 Ir. his evidence before the parliamentary committee, F. VV. 
 Henshaw, of Montreal, testified that — 
 
 " The question before the Canadian parliament is one of life 
 or death to the coal mining interests, and starvation or 
 emigration to over 20,000 hardy inhabitants of the soil." 
 
 John Rutherford, manager of the Old Sydney mines, an 
 English company with $1,000,000 capital, testified that — 
 
 " The 600 hands employed in that colliery were only working 
 half time and that no dividend had been paid for five years." 
 
 The condition of afiairs went *rom bad to worse. In Cape 
 Breton where the season of navigation is only seven months, 
 and "full time" only means seven months' work out of twelve, 
 in 1875, '76, '']'] and 1878, the men did not get work three 
 months out ot the twelve, and the condition of the mining 
 counties was deplorable. One-half of the collieries were closed ; 
 the other half were practically bankrupt, and all coal securities 
 had shrunk to one-third their value. The harbors were deserted 
 by stiipping, trade was [aralyzed, the wheels of industry 
 were at a standstill, and Novn Scotia's commerce wiis shaken to 
 its foundation. 
 
 The prices ot the necessaries of life were high. Flour sold 
 in the mming districts as high as i^g and $10 a barrel, and grim 
 want stalked through the coal counties. Distress prevailed in 
 one-fourth of the province, and the rest, of course, was pre- 
 judically affected. The destitution of the miners and their 
 families was appalling. They had shelter and plenty of fuel, of 
 course, but little or no work, and consequently little or no food. 
 They became hopelessly involved in debt to local traders for the 
 necessaries of life; and the local trader, unable to pay for these 
 supplies, mostly obtained from Montreal and the upper provinces, 
 was forced into bankruptcy. 
 
 GOVERNMENT RELIEF SAVED THEM FROM STARVATION. 
 
 Then the destitution became so great that in Cape Breton 
 especially, (government and private relict alone saved the dis- 
 couraged miners, their hopeless wives and helpless little 
 children, who had long suffered the pangs of hunger, from actual 
 starvation. This heart-rending state of affairs was the direct 
 result of the want of a market. It was not because of low prices 
 but because our coal was crowded out of our own market by 
 
27 
 
 foreign competition under unfair conditions. Thus the 
 Caledonia mine, which last year had an outpu. of nearly 200,000 
 tons, only mined 10,000 tons in 1875 or one-tifth its capacity. 
 This mine has shipped nearly as much coal in any ten working 
 days during the past three or four years as it did during the 
 whole years of 1876. 1877, 1878, or 1879. Up to 1875, 
 $12,000,000 to !$i5,oooooo had heen invested in the indus- 
 try, equal to the prf)duction of 2,000,000 tons a year ; yet 
 the mines were only worked to one-third their capacity. And, 
 during this disastrous period, not only were the men unable 
 to obtain work, but when they did work, it was at the 
 lowest wages ever received ; and it is a striking fact that 
 while there was such a decrease in production and consequent 
 depression and suMering among Canadian miners, the English 
 and American production was increasing. Like the production 
 of all great staples, it is a characteristic of the coal industry that 
 the smaller the production the greater the cost ; the greater the 
 production the lower the price. 
 
 le 
 
 se 
 
 ts. 
 
 AN ENLARGED MARKET MEANS CHEAPER COAL. 
 
 In his evidence before the Parliamentary committee before 
 referred to, Mr. Lithgow of the Little Glace Bay mines, testiHed 
 that a production ot 60,000 tons at 81.50 would pay a four per 
 cent dividend on ii?6oo,000, whereas, a production of only 30,000 
 tons would make a ditlerence of 20 cents a ton to the company. 
 Mr. Henshaw testified that looooo tons could be produced at 
 30 to 40 per cent, less than 50,000 tons. 'J'here are certain fixed 
 charges in connection with the collieries that must be main- 
 tained — management, clerical start', mechanical start", timbering, 
 ventilating and keepuig the pits tree from water, operation of 
 rolling stock and keeping the roadways, wharves, etc. in repair, 
 whether the output is 10,000 or 100,000 tons ; so that the cost 
 of the greater production is solely for labor. 
 
 STATEMENT OF NUMBERS AND CLASSES OF EMPLOYEES AT THE 
 NOVA SCOTIA COAL MINES IN 1895. 
 
 lal 
 ct 
 es 
 
 
 Under 
 Ground. 
 
 Above 
 (jround. 
 
 Construction. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Skilled workmen . . 
 Laborers 
 
 2,408 
 
 l,i()8 
 
 530 
 
 1,345 
 
 84 
 103 
 
 1,592 
 430,383 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 1 
 
 89 
 2U.480 
 
 3,057 
 2,030 
 
 Boys 
 
 700 
 
 y ' 
 
 
 Total 
 
 Days Labor 
 
 4,111 
 
 951,599 
 
 5,793 
 1,408,508 
 
28 
 
 EIGHT-TENTHS OF ITS COST IS FOR LABOR. 
 
 The mining and transpo; tation of coal involves the expendi- 
 ture of more money for labor than does any other product of 
 Canada. Kight-tcnths of the cost of coal laid down in any of the 
 great centres of consumption is for labor, therefore the develop- 
 ment of this industry in Canada is of the deepest interest to 
 working men. The mining of a ton of coal and its delivery to the 
 consumer involves among other things : — 
 
 1. Employment in timbering the mine as the levels are 
 advanced and pumping water as the mines deepen — a serious 
 expense — and this timbering furnishes a ready cash market to 
 farmers for an otherwise unmarketable article. 
 
 2. Cutting the coal. 
 
 3. Hauling it to the surface. 
 
 4. Handling it at the pit's mouth. 
 
 5. Railroading it to the shipping pier and loading on vessels 
 and steamers. 
 
 6. Trimming cargo. 
 
 7. The transportation and consequent pilotage and harbor 
 expenditure. 
 
 8. Di.scharging at the terminus and perhaps trans-shipment 
 or storage. 
 
 9. J)elivery to consumers. 
 
 COAL IS " A MANUFACTURED PRODUCT." 
 
 It is not only the labor thus directly employed that furnishes 
 direct means of existence to 6,000 men and boys in Nova 
 Scotia mines — not to count the men engaged in the trans- 
 portation of coal— representing a population of 30,000, but the 
 indirect labor employed attects the property of lOO.ooo of our 
 people. 
 
 To the great population thus depending upon the existence 
 and prosperity of this industry, coal is a " manufactured pro- 
 duct" just as flour is the manufactured product of the farmer 
 and miller. 
 
 Coal is a finished product, ready for use— manufactured by 
 means of pick, powder, shovel, screens, hauled through the mines, 
 hoisted and shipped by means of ropes, powerful engines, 
 locomotives, cars, olive oil, rubber, packing and one hundred and 
 one articles that pay 25 to 50 per cent duty. 
 
 It is a far more expensively " manufactured " article than 
 lumber, or castings, or woodenware, or leather, or coal oil, or 
 cement, or whiskey, or Hour, or cured meats, or preserved fish, 
 or any of the scores of articles that contribute duties ranging 
 from 30 to 255 per cent. 
 
29 
 
 Any other line of manufactures may last for years or genera- 
 tions, but coal, like bread stuH's, goes into immediate antl continual 
 consumption, and is entirely destroyed in using ; but, unlike bread 
 stuH's, it does not grow with the season -it cannot be cultivated 
 like a crop of grain — it cannot be planted in the seed and yield 
 an annual crop, nor is its production subject to climatic changes : 
 therefore, its possession, and possession in abundance is of the 
 greatest possible — of paramount — importance to a nation. 
 
 Suppose the magnificent coal fields of Cape Hreton and 
 Nova Scotia had been planted in the heart of Ontario, who could 
 estimate their value to that great province ? Or if they were 
 located in the centre of the New England states, who could over 
 estimate their importance to our friends across the border ? 
 
 But Providence in His wisdom created these inexhaustible 
 supplies of fuel on the Atlantic seaboard o( Canada, the mining 
 of which is surrounded with disadvantages as compared with 
 the production of fuel elsewhere — great distances away from 
 the chief centres of consumption, but at the same time on the 
 highway of ocean commerce ; and while enabling us to easily 
 supply the Heets that plough the ocean between the old world 
 and the new, should they desire to take advantage of the 
 opportunity, the task of supplying the home market is a difficult 
 one. To dig these black diamonds from the bowels of the earth 
 and dispose of them at a profit, meant the grappling with and 
 the triumph over many difficulties. 
 
 sh, 
 
 LABOR IN THE COAL MINKS COMPARED WITH THAT IN OTHER 
 
 INDUSTRIES. 
 
 The importance of the coal mining industry to labor cannot 
 be over-estimated. Coal is the one great mineral industry of 
 the province. Its development is absolutely vital to our 
 prosperity. Nova Scotia's 6,000 coal miners are 6 000 Canadian 
 wealth creators. There are twice as many men employed in the 
 coal mines of Nova Scotia as there are in the ten leading manu- 
 facturing industries of the province, viz: smelting works and 
 rolling mills, machine and boiler shops, cotton factories, sugar 
 retineries, rope works, soap and spice mills, furniture factories, 
 woollen mills, foundries, and boot and shoe factories ; and one- 
 fourth as many as are employed — according to ttie last census — 
 in all the manufacturing industries of Nova Scotia put together ; 
 and the miners earn twenty-seven per cent as much wages as 
 the 33,000 men and wnmen employed in all the manufacturing 
 industries in this province. 
 
 There is within 8350,000 as much money paid for wages to 
 the colliery employees of Nova Scotia for the production of 
 $3,500,000 worth of coal, as is paid to all the employes of the 
 
30 
 
 2.500 Hour mills in the Dominion for the manufacture of 
 852,000,000 worth of Hour, with its 25 per cent protection. 
 
 Or within S500000 of as much as is paid to the 29700 
 employes of the 5,490 tish curinfj, tish rannin<j and meat curing 
 establishments in Canada, with a product of Si 5.125,000, and a 
 protection of from 18 to 60 per cent. 
 
 Or three-fourths as much as is paid to the 7.500 employees 
 of the 946 coal oil reHneries, sugar refineries, rope works, soaj) 
 works and tanneries of Canada, with a product of !?34,343,ooo 
 and a protection running from 20 to 150 per cent. 
 
 Or within 20 per cent of as much as to all the employees of 
 all the tobacco factories, breweries, distilleries, paper mills and 
 rubber factories with a product of $14800,000 and a protection 
 running from 25 to 225 per cent 
 
 Or two-thirds as much as the 9,000 employees of the 3.378 
 cheese factories, planing and moulding mills and tinsmithing 
 establishments in Canada, with a product of $20,000,000 
 
 WithiU 20 per cent of as much as was paid to the employees 
 of aU the engine building, iron and steel bridge works, rolling 
 mills and smelting works in Canada, with a product of $8,500,000 
 and a protection of 30 to 50 per cent. 
 
 Nearly half as much as to the 14,160 employees of the cot- 
 ton and woollen mills of Canada, with a product ot $17,000,000 
 and a protection of 25 to 50 per cent. 
 
 Wiihin 20 per cent of as much as was paid to the 17,000 
 employees of the 7000 dressmaking and millinery establish- 
 ments of the Dominion, with a product of $1 1, n 1,000. 
 
 Nearly as much as was paid to the employees engaged in 
 the m^nufacture of $10,000,000 worth of railway rolling stock 
 in Canada. 
 
 One-six' h as mu"h as the wages paid to 51.000 employees of 
 5,600 sawmills of Canada with a product of $51,000,000 
 
 45 per cent of the sum paid to the 18,000 employees 
 of the 5 400 boot and shoe factories and shops in the Dominion, 
 with a product of $19000.000. 
 
 Two-rifths as much as was paid to the 23,000 employees of 
 the 4,000 tailoring and clothing manufacturing establishments 
 in Canada with a product of $22,600,000. 
 
 ANY REDUCTION' Ml'ST BE AT THE EXPENSE OF LABOR. 
 
 The fixed charges of the companies — which are very large 
 because of the enormous sums of money invested in the equip- 
 ment of the mines with the most expensive modern machinery, 
 the construction and equipment of railways, immense ship|)ing 
 piers, discharging apparatus, etc. — must be met ; the cost of 
 transportation, with its heavy pilotage taxes, harbour dues, etc., 
 
81 
 
 must be covered; the royalty tax to the provincial government 
 of 10 and 12A cents a ton is a tirst lien on the product ; and the 
 stru});gle to hold even a portion of the home market, should the 
 unscrupulous ballast freijihtcd forei<;n competition involve still 
 lower prices, must be entirely at the expense of labor. There- 
 fore, to the 0, ()()() miners and their 25,000 wives and children 
 and dependents, the question is not so much one of protection 
 as it is one of sKi.F-i'HKSKUVATioy. In \H75 the averaj^e wae;e of 
 the Nova Scotian coal miner was S1.2.T a day, with work only 
 two and three days a week ; in 1M9") his average wage was d\.7^ 
 a day, with work six days a week during the season 
 
 The " manufactured product " of the 0,000 miners has in the 
 past received a lower ' protection " — if we may use such a 
 misnomer — than the product of any of his fellow-laborers. While 
 the coal oil of Ontario, which the Toronto CJlcHe still insists 
 " must receive the most careful consideration, owing to the 
 extraordinary conditions surrounding it," has been given a 
 protection of loO per cent., the coal of Nova Scotia has 
 cnly had a protection of less than one-sixth of that 
 afforded to coal oil. While the average of all dutiable imports 
 in IS!).') was .*{.'> per cent., the duty on bituminous coal was only 
 2.S per cent ; while the average duty on all Canadian imports — 
 dutiable and free— was 17 i)er cent., the average duty on all coal 
 and coke imported was only 1 1 per cent. Thi.-» was not protection. 
 It was not equivalent to the increased cost of production in 
 (Canada over the cheap negro and Italian labour of the United 
 States or of that of Great l^ritain. It was not even a revenue 
 duty, it was per cent below the average duty on all imports, 
 and this notwithstanding the fact that the Nova Scotia miner 
 stands side by side vvith the sailor and the fisherman in being 
 the greatest consumer per capita in the country; that their con- 
 sumption per capita is twice or three times as great as that of 
 any other classes of the po|)ulation ; and that duties ranging 
 from 2o to l)U per cent, are levied on everything these people 
 eat and wear. I!ut while everything entering into the produc- 
 tion of shipping and the tisheries is admitted duty free, or subject 
 to a rebate, on everything necessary for the production of coal 
 duties are levied riinging from 2") to .')() per cent! But notwith- 
 standing this great injustice the Canadian miner is not protesting 
 All he asks is that there shall be no lowering of the already less 
 than revenue duty by which his home market would be taken 
 from him and given to foreigners. To-day he is better fed, 
 better clothed and better housed than any other miner in the 
 world, and he deserves io be, because of his intelligence, his 
 skill and industry ; and what we plead for is that he shall not be 
 driven back to that " unfortunate position " and that " desperate 
 struggle for existence' described by Mr. Blake in his speech at 
 Halifax in 1881, " If," as the Toronto Globe says, with regard 
 
32 
 
 to the duty on coal oil, "there can be no question as to the 
 " wisdom of sustaining; the industry which represents the 
 "development of Canada's natural resources, and it will be a 
 " question for consideration what margin as [)rotection is neces- 
 " sary, and whether the burden now borne by tho consumer (viz, 
 loo per cent, in Ontario and loO to HIO in the maritime 
 provinces, owing to the prohibition of the importation of 
 American oil in tank steamers, thereby adding .')() per cent, to 
 its cost for compulsory railroad transportation) can be materially 
 " lessened without doing injustice to an interest in which men 
 "have invested millions of dollars,'' — if that line of reasoning is 
 "to be applied to the coal oil industry of Ontario, em|)loying l,')()0 
 men at most, with an annual product of "^'i.OOO.OOO, and the ex- 
 traction of which from the bowels af the earth is a natural 
 process, that is, natural (low. whereas coal has to be delved for 
 and dug out and hauled to the surface at great labor — shall it 
 not be applied to the great natural resource of the Kastern 
 provinces in equal measure— our great natural industry in 
 which iii^20,()()0,0(K) has been invested, which for twenty years has 
 not paid 1 per cent, on that investment, which furnishes a 
 livelihood to (!()()() workmen, representing a population of.SO,()0(), 
 and the transportation ot which involves an expenditure for 
 freight alone equal to the entire value of the Ontario coal oil 
 product ! 
 
 Kvery 10,000 tons of Canadian coal displaced in the home 
 market will decrease the provincial revenue Sl,2')0, will take 
 a^way a month's living for 2')0 employees of the home mines 
 and their families — and give it to loreign miners ; will decrease 
 our railway and water tiorne freights to that extent, and give it 
 to foreign carriers ; will send .^2'),0()0 in gold out of the country 
 which would otherwise circulate entirely in the Dominion and 
 would be seriously Icit by the mining companies — but most of 
 all by the working men and their families. 
 
33 
 
 TIIK 
 
 KNORMOrS IMP()KTA\(M': OF 
 CARRYING TRADI-:. 
 
 Till- COAL 
 
 The transportation of the coal involves the expenditure of 
 almost as much money as the original cost of the product, and 
 gives employment to a great number of men on the .shipping 
 piers, the railroads, the vessels, the points of discharging, etc. 
 Of Nova Scotia's total product of 2,8()0,()0() tons, 1,5()0,()()() tons 
 are water borne, giving constant employment to a fleet of 
 SiC'imers and sailing crafts, while 500,0(10 tons are carried over 
 the railways. The expenditure for freights aggregates at least 
 $2,()00,000, not to speak of the hundreds of thousands of dollars 
 paid f<'r storage, and delivery to the consumer. 'I'he trans- 
 portation of coal is one of the largest items of revenue to the 
 Intercolonial railway. Of the (5, 500, 000 tons carried on that road 
 since it opened for through tratlic in 1877. 1,800,000 tons of 
 2240 pounds were carried to the upper provinces. One com- 
 pany alone, the Acadia, pays that road S75,(!ii f ']■ local freight, 
 and the Springhill Mines have paid #8800, •'' to the Inter- 
 colonial for freight since 18!S8. The developmt- it of the coal 
 traffic on the I. C R. is shown by the follow official report 
 of the tonnage carried during the Hscal years : 
 
 Year. 
 
 To the West. 
 
 Local Stations. 
 
 Totals 
 
 1877 
 
 
 108,420 
 97,048 
 112,282 
 185,8(59 
 174.4«8 
 2 1 8,864 
 227,880 
 252.014 
 218,791 
 215,272 
 288.178 
 809,7t:; 
 888,588 
 8(56,9(i7 
 344,829 
 892,441 
 402,658 
 867 890 
 310,253 
 
 108 420 
 
 1878 
 
 
 97 048 
 
 1 879 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 188(5 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1898 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 800 
 
 1,097 
 
 10,124 
 
 29,794 
 
 85,048 
 
 41,548 
 
 185,218 
 
 192,320 
 
 220,407 
 
 219,982 
 
 187,949 
 
 189,579 
 
 158,209 
 
 41,805 
 
 1 40.648 
 
 110,801 
 
 74,947 
 
 112,582 
 186,48(5 
 184,(507 
 248 1 58 
 262,428 
 298,5(52 
 84!»,()04 
 407,592 
 458585 
 529,(!59 
 526,487 
 586,545 
 498,088 
 488,806 
 548,29(5 
 478,(i91 
 385,200 
 
 
 1,788,771 
 
 4,815,389 
 
 6,580,085 
 
34 
 
 Not including the coal railroaded over the Sydney and Louis- 
 burg, and the f-.^pringhill and Parrsboro roads, the transportation 
 over the I. C. R. alone demanded ],G()0 trains and the employ- 
 ment of their crews. 
 
 CHKAP COAL r!EPEND.S LARGELY UPON OHEAP TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 Previous to 1880, our shipments were principally made in sail- 
 ing vessels, or tramp steamers, poorly equipped lor the business ; 
 freights fluctuated from Sl.oO to $'].riO a ton, and the supply ot 
 vessels was governed by the freights. Hence the high and 
 fluctuating prices of coal. Regular lines of colliers were 
 unknown in Canada and there was no steady demand for our 
 coal to justify the building or the regular employment of such 
 vessels. But when the tariff gave the home product a prefer- 
 ence, in order to supply the demand and fill contracts, modern 
 steam colliers were employed, and the fleet was steadily 
 increased until now :]0 to 40 large steamers aie solely employed 
 in the St. Lawrence coal trade. Jn 1882 one Cape Breton com- 
 pany chartered three steamers carrying ],.500 tons each, at 
 Sl.oO a ton freight. These three steamers only made seven 
 trips each between Montreal and Sydney. Now, specially built 
 turret steamers with a carrying capacity of 8,000 to 4,000 tons 
 form a large portion of the fleet. These boats, built at a very 
 large expense, not only carry double the quantity of coal, but 
 make twice as many trips during the season. 
 
 'J'hese two very important factors, together with return 
 freights of upper province flour and other food stuff's, ha)', oats, 
 etc., of which very large quantities are carried, together with 
 upper province manufactures, which have a practical monoply in 
 the mining counties, combined with the duty of 00 cents a ton, 
 enables the (Canadian miner to hold the home market and supply 
 Montreal consumers with coal at as low a price as is enjoyed by 
 the consumer of any other great centre of consumption on either 
 the Atlantic or Pacific seaboards. 
 
 In 1882 to load a vessel at li.c rate of 500 tons a day was 
 considered good work. Now, 1.500 tons is an everyday event 
 and 2000 tons is not unusual. The tonnage of the Cape Breton 
 shipping ports has nearly doubled in the last ten years, while 
 there has been a proportionate increase at other coal shipping 
 ports, and notably at Parrsboro' and the Joggins How great 
 the increase in tonnage in Cape Breton has been will be seen 
 from the following comparative statement. It should be remem- 
 bered that navigation is only open seven months in the year 
 at Cape Breton ports. The tonnage at the outports of CJIace 
 Bay and fort Morien in I8U.5 vvere credited to Sydney in 
 1885: " '■■■. /■-".'' ;..._ 
 
36 
 
 TONNAGE AT CAPE BRETON COAL PORTS. 
 
 1885. 
 
 
 From Sea. 
 
 Coastwise. 
 
 
 No. 
 
 354 
 535 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Men. 
 
 3,008 
 4,284 
 
 No. 
 
 1,037 
 74') 
 
 Tons. 
 
 214,148 
 12G,92(» 
 
 • • • '. • • • 
 
 Men. 
 
 Sydney 
 
 North Sydney .. 
 Glace Bay 
 
 102,722 
 117,394 
 
 8,279 
 6,154 
 
 Port Alorien, . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 389 
 
 
 
 
 341,008 
 
 
 Total, 1885 
 
 220,116 
 
 7,292 
 
 1,783 
 
 14,433 
 
 Total Foreign and Coastwise, 1885. 
 
 Sydney 
 
 North Sydney 
 Glace Bay .... 
 Port Morien . . 
 
 1,391 
 1,281 
 
 2,672 
 
 316,870 
 244,314 
 
 561,184 21.725 
 
 11,287 
 10,438 
 
 1895. 
 
 Sydney 
 
 North Sydney 
 Glace Bay. . . . 
 Port Morien . . 
 
 Total. 1895, 
 " 1885, 
 
 Increase, 1895, 
 
 From Sea. 
 
 No. 
 
 237 
 
 454 
 37 
 57 
 
 785 
 889 
 
 Tons 
 
 117,162 
 
 111,436 
 
 15.799 
 
 lrt,949 
 
 Men. 
 
 3,026 
 
 4,187 
 
 491 
 
 745 
 
 268,346 i 8,899 
 220,116 17,292 
 
 Coastwise 
 
 No. 
 
 1,003 
 
 1,565 
 
 446 
 
 296 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Men. 
 
 229,575 ! 8,!)99 
 256,814 [17,081 
 110,914 I 3,155 
 
 46,978 
 
 1,939 
 
 48,280 I 1,107 
 
 8,810' 644,281 31,174 
 1,783 841,068 14,483 
 
 1,527 1 303,213^16,741 
 
 Total Foreign and Coastwise, 1895. 
 
 Sydney 
 
 North Sydney 
 Glace Bay . . . 
 Port Morien . , 
 
 Total, 1895 
 1885 
 
 Iticrease, 1895 over 1885, 
 
 1 ,240 
 
 2,019 
 
 483 
 
 353 
 
 4,095 
 
 2,072 
 
 846,787 
 
 368,250 
 
 126 713 
 
 65,927 
 
 907,627 
 561,184 
 
 12,205 
 
 21,218 
 
 3,646 
 
 2,684 
 
 89,578 
 21,725 
 
 1,423 '46,443 17,848 
 
36 
 
 COAL SHIPMENTS FEOM SYDNEY HARBOR. 
 
 The following is a statement of the coal shipments from 
 Sydney harbor since 18G7 in tons of 2,240 lbs : 
 
 Year. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 lS(i7 100,042 
 
 1.SG.S 101,847 
 
 1809, 100,(j:?8 
 
 1870 ll().2r)0 
 
 1871 122,940 
 
 1872 172,280 
 
 1878 258,402 
 
 1874 171.818 
 
 187o 179,047 
 
 1870 111,098 
 
 1877 119,802 
 
 1878 188,()08 
 
 1879 147,051 
 
 18>S() 107,288 
 
 1881 278,204 
 
 Vear. Tons. 
 
 1882 310,987 
 
 1883 ? 84,908 
 
 1884 812,140 
 
 1885 310,458 
 
 1880 808,828 
 
 1887 497,505 
 
 1888 480,888 
 
 1889 407,555 
 
 1890 500,088 
 
 1891 572,109 
 
 1 892 584,588 
 
 1898 657.000 
 
 1894 800.788 
 
 1895 987,710 
 
 1890 .... 1 250,000 
 
 THE FLEET OB' STEAMERS BETWEEN MARITIME COAL PORTS 
 AND THE ST. LAWRENCE. 
 
 Formerly, sailing vessels were employed carrying coal from 
 the maritime ports up the St. Lawrence ; and the tramp steamers 
 employed were less than 1500 tons capacity. Now the trade is 
 monopolized by steamers specially designed to carry large car- 
 goes. In 1894 forty-nine steamers, eighteen sailing vessels, 
 and two barges, were employed in the St. Lawrence-Maritim? 
 trade, when, (according to the Canadian Manual). S809,()88 was 
 distributed lor labor in transportation, trimming cargo, handling, 
 etc., and S=55,550 for wharfage, and ^55,888 for pilotage, in all a 
 total for these three items of §480,^07. The following is a state- 
 ment of the number and tonnage of steamers carrying coal from 
 the maritime ports to Montreal (and does not include the number 
 discharging their cargoes at Quebec, Sorel and Three Rivers) 
 and the quantity of maritime coal in tons of 2,240 lbs. delivered 
 at all the St. Lawrence ports : — 
 
Year. 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 
 18SI 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1S98 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 . . 
 
 1896 
 
 1896 over '86 
 
 1896 over 76 
 
 37 
 
 To MONTRKAL OnLY. 
 
 No. Steamers. Registered Tonnage. 
 
 47,199 
 
 89,277 
 
 21,872 
 
 40,686 
 
 62,688 
 
 90,040 
 
 136,036 
 
 164,982 
 
 124,377 
 
 117,436 
 
 1 50,784 
 
 194,028 
 
 195,598 
 
 174,076 
 
 235,722 
 
 260,702 
 
 275,040 
 
 324,188 
 
 362,945 
 
 296,256 
 
 305,976 
 
 155,192 
 
 258,777 
 
 Quantity of Coal car 
 
 ried to all .St. Lnw- 
 
 rence ports. — tons 
 
 '-".'40 lbs. 
 
 117,302 
 95,111 
 83,709 
 153,818 
 237,934 
 258,503 
 3o 3,000 
 420,000 
 355,000 
 860,000 
 377,500 
 482,103 
 517,559 
 467,525 
 543,656 
 602,325 
 626,087 
 737,891 
 796,282 
 637,51!) 
 706.457 
 
 328,957 
 
 589,1 
 
 tiO 
 
 To the shipments of coal by water should be added the 
 1,850,000 tons sent to points west of Levis by the Intercolonial 
 railway. 
 
 Of the 640 steamers of 1,069,386 tons arriving at the port of 
 Montreal in 1895, 256 of 296,256 tons were from the Maritime 
 coal ports. The proportion was larger in 1896. In other words 
 nearly half the whole number of steamers and one-third the 
 steam tonnage arriving at the great port of Montreal during a 
 year are from the Nova Scotia and Cape Breton coal ports. 
 
 .$550,000 A YEAR SPENT IN DLSBITRSEMENTS ON THE ST. 
 LAWRENCE FLKET. 
 
 The continual employment of this fleet of steamers places a 
 very large sum of money in circulation for labor, in trimming 
 cargo, discharging, and handling; in provisioning the crews, for 
 
38 
 
 ships stores ami for pilotage and harbor dues and wharfa,9;e. It 
 is estimated that $1,000 to 81,250 is spent Tor wan;es, provisions, 
 stores, etc., on each trip of a steamer at Montreal and Quebec, 
 and on the 8(30 trips in 1896, carrying 700,000 tons to Saint 
 Lawrence ports, this would aggregate S3o0,000 to $487,000 ; 
 while about $500 is expended each trip at the maritime ports, or 
 say $17'\000 — in all $")oO,000 in round figures per annum and 
 $10,000,000 in the two decades circulated for running expenses 
 among the merchants, sailors, laborers, etc.. on this .Saint Law- 
 rence trade alone. Besides this there are the disbursements on 
 the regular steamers running to Halifax and other points 
 
 THE PILOTAGK TAX. 
 
 The pilotage and other charges in the Saint Lawrence and 
 Cape Breton is a very serious tax to the Canadian miner and adds 
 an average of ten cents a ton to the cost of the coal delivered in 
 Montreal. Since lcS7G this tax has aggregated $J)00,000. This tax 
 would not be paid on coal imported from Great Britain, in as much 
 as all coal corning across the Atlantic is brought out in subsidized 
 lines regularly running to Montreal, tramp steamers seeking 
 freights, or the Norwegian timber fleet — all of which come out 
 for cargo, and pay the pilotage anyway. Thus every 10,000 
 tons of Cape Breton coal displaced in the Saint Lawrence 
 market, is a direct loss of $1,000 revenue to the Quebec and 
 Montreal harbor commissioners and pilots, as well as of 
 $l,2oO to the Provincial revenue of Nova Scotia — a loss of 
 $2, 2^0 to these two interests alone — and a loss that cannot in 
 any way be made up by the importation of foreign coals at 
 whatever figure imported. 
 
 The Diarive expenses of a collier of 3,600 tons capacity on 
 each trip, exclusive of wages, provisions, stores, etc., is as follows : 
 
 Bunker coal $800 
 
 Trimming cargo 144 
 
 Sundry small charges !■') 
 
 Sydney pilotage 58 
 
 St. Lawrence pilotage 225 
 
 Total $742 
 
 The extent of this pilotage tax will be more fully realized 
 from the approximate statement of amounts paid during the past 
 two decades, on the maritime coal shipped up the St. Lawrence. 
 
39 
 
 PROVLNXIAL REVENUE DEPENDENT UPON THE 
 
 COAL INDUSTRY. 
 
 The province of Nova Scotia is dependent upo-.i the prosperity 
 of the coal industry for its revenue. Jn J875, joal paid Sr)l,.ScSO 
 royalty to the government. In IXOG, that tax had increased to 
 S2;J0,0()0. During the three decades coal has contributed 
 $2,882,000 to the provincial taxes, and $2,280,000 of this was 
 contributed since the tariff gave us the home market. To-day 
 one-third the entire provincial revenue comes from the royalty 
 on coal. Therefore, every thousand tons of our coal displaced 
 by tariti" changes means a direct loss ot $100 to $12.') provincial 
 revenue. Destroy the source of this revenue and you drive the 
 province to resort to direct taxation and to clamor at the doors 
 of the federal government for increased subsidy ; but there can 
 be no increase to Nova Scotia without a corresponding increase 
 to the other provinces, and that means a general increase of 
 the debt. 
 
 EXTRACT FROM MR. FIELDING's SPEECH FOR MORE SUBSIDY. 
 
 In submitting the Quebec resolutions to the Legislature on 
 the 22nd March, 1888, (page 1J9 of the Debates) by which it 
 was proposed to increase the federal debt by additional subsidies 
 to the various provinces to the extent of $1,487,186, of vvliich 
 Nova Scotia's share was to be $102,4.30, Hon. Mr. Fieldino- 
 said : — "^ 
 
 " I shall read the unanimous declaration of our own legis- 
 " lature in 1«84 as to the necessity of increased provincial 
 " revenue, for the purpose of showing that we do need it, and to 
 " show also that the very argument we raised in 1884 is the 
 "argument that we are using in these resolutions for the 
 " readjustment now proposed to be made. The address of 1881 
 " says : — 
 
 "That additional revenue has become an absolute necessity 
 "to the province, and the only available means of securing it is 
 " through the federal government, as our people will not submit 
 "to direct taxation for local purposes, while tliey believe that if 
 "justice were done, Nova Scotia would have ample means to 
 " provide for her local wants. 
 
 * ***** 
 
 " I think then that I have shown you not only that we need 
 " this money, but that we have adopied the proper way to get 
 " this money." 
 
40 
 
 For the calendar year previous to the delivery of this speech^ 
 the provincial revenue from coal was $11!),()0(). Last year, l«96, 
 it was i?280,<)0() — an increase of Sll 1,000, or more than two-thirds 
 of the sum demanded from the federal treasury at that time. 
 
 THE SPECIAL TAXES UPON COAL. 
 
 Besides the \2l cents a ton royalty, Cape Breton coals 
 shipped up the Saint Lawrence pay pilotage taxes and harbor 
 expenses equivalent to ten cents per ton, so that the home pro- 
 duct placed in the Montreal market is at an initial disadvantage 
 of say 2'lh cents a ton, compared with its foreign competitors. 
 
 If the present duty of 60 cents makes up for the disadvan- 
 tages from which we labor because of the special taxes, the 
 removal of the duty would place us at an immediate initial 
 disadvantage of 2'2h cents a ton in the open competition. 
 
 The following is a statement of the amounts paid to the Nova 
 Scotia government lor royalty, and in the St. Lawrence and Cape 
 Breton ports for pilotage, etc., for a series of years : — • 
 
 Year. Royalty Tax, St. Lawrence and 
 
 Cape Breton 
 
 1S67 $ 64,486 Pilotage Taxes and Dues. 
 
 1868 44,621 
 
 1869 3H,;J77 
 
 1870 48,674 
 
 1871 14,231 
 
 1872 64,014 
 
 1873 83,507 
 
 1874 77,354 
 
 1875 51,380 
 
 1876 50,407 $11,730 
 
 1877 66,427 9,511 
 
 1878 42,859 8,370 
 
 1879 40,841 15,881 
 
 1880 49,066 23,793 
 
 1881 73,675 25,850 
 
 1882 90,448 35,300 
 
 1883 104,952 42,000 
 
 1884 86,277 35,500 
 
 1885 101,411 36,000 
 
 1886 101,656 37,750 
 
 1887 119,670 48,210 
 
 1888 , 124,776 51,755 
 
 1889 128,396 46,752 
 
 1890 129,647 54,365 
 
 1891 143,572 60,232 
 
 i8i>2 135,963 62,608 ' 
 
 1893 ... 142,058 73,789 
 
 1894 209,330 79,628 
 
 1895 214,648 63,751 
 
 1896 230,000 70,645 
 
41 
 
 THE EFFECT OF TAKING OFF THE DUTY. 
 
 . The equipment of the Nova Scotia mines to-day is 
 
 such as to enable them to double their output. Our greatest 
 
 need is an increased market. There has been no marked 
 
 increase of consumption for three years. There can he no 
 
 hope of an enlarged home market if our great centres of consump- 
 tion are made a slaughter market and dumping ground for 
 foreign products. That, while, as has been shown not bene- 
 httirig the consumer, will paralyze the home industry. How 
 quick y such an industry as that of coal can be paralyzed, can 
 best be realized when we remember the state of prosperity it 
 had attained in lH7li, and the frightful condition to which it had 
 sunk in lS7o and 187(5— within two short years. 
 
 A LOSS OF A MA11KP:T of 400,000 TONS. 
 
 M. R. Morrow, an expert in the coal trade, estimates that 
 under the hrst year of free coal, Nova Scotia would lose a 
 market for 4(K),()00 tons of its product, assuming the demand to 
 continue as at present: and with any lessened consumption, our 
 Joss, ot course, would be greater, while it is extremely doubtful 
 It we could get a proportionate share of any increased con- 
 sumption there might be. Mr. Morrow estimates that under 
 free coal within a year, Nova Scotia wou Id lose a market in 
 Montreal for at least :}:iO,00() tons now sold there, and that this 
 loss- would be made up as follows : 
 
 To the railways , r,o_o()0 tons. 
 
 Jo Manufacturers 100,000 „ 
 
 JJomestic purposes 4(,,o()0 „ 
 
 bunkering Saint Lawrence coal carriers. . 40,000 „ 
 
 Wf[AT THE EFFECT WOULD BE IN NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Next to Quebec, our best market is Nova Scotia. In this 
 province, the consumption of the home product has increased 
 from 214,y(,.:, tons in 187o to (103,041 tons in iSOo-nearly one- 
 third of our trade. Of the Nova Scotia consumption, 225 000 
 tons are used for manufacturing, (50,000 by the railways, 140000 
 by steamers for bunkering, and 220.000 for domestic use Of 
 the total quantity 170,000 tons, or one-fourth, finds a market in 
 Halifax. Liuler free coal, large quantities would be brought by 
 steamers and timber ships as ballast. Even under the duty, coals 
 4 
 
42 
 
 have been brought here and sold in competition with the home 
 product. Amonj; many instances that mi^ht be mentioned, last 
 year (IS!).')), .1. ||. Konald of Montreal, oH'cred a car<j;o of Scotch 
 at #2.'){) a ton— a rate less than our own coals were costing 
 delivered here, except that the duly would have been paid by 
 the purchaser. Had it not been for the duty, thousands of tons 
 of Welsh coal cculd have been placed in Ilalifa.x within the past 
 few years at the same margin of profit as on our own coals. 
 Three or four cargoes were l.uided here the past summer. Some 
 came out as ballast on Canadian and Newfoundland steamship 
 lines and quantities were also brought out on the Furness boats, 
 and l")(> tons were sold to the cable steamer " Seine." 'J'his did 
 not pay duly as it was sold to other steamers and re-e.xported, 
 but it displaced the Nova Scotia product. 'I'ramp steamers and 
 Norwegian vessels coming to Nova Scotia ports for deals would 
 biing coal at nominal rates and as ballast to the extent, at a 
 moderate, estimate of ")U,()U() tons a year. 
 
 AND IN NF.W BUUNSWICK. 
 
 But our loss of trade in New P.runswick would be much 
 greater. Our sales in New iSrunswick have increased from 
 90,2S4 tons in JhYo to •2.')"),!)4.S in 1895. Of this nearly one-half 
 is taken to Saint -lohn and ( 'hatham. It would be impossible to 
 hold our Saint John market, as the low freights at which 
 anthracite is now carried there from Philadelphia— 70 to 90 cents 
 a ton — would undoubtedly be extended '"o Pennsylvania 
 bituminous coal: besides, large quantities of British coals would 
 be brought out in the boats of the subsidized Beaver, Furness 
 and iJonaldson linos, now running ts that port in the winter 
 months. And as to Chatham, Senator Snowball, the largest 
 importer there, says it would suit him much better to import 
 Scotch and English coals, as the vessels coming to that port for 
 deals would be glad to bring cargoes of coal at ballast rates of 
 freight. 
 
 HOW THE UNITED STATES COAL TRADE WAS DEVELOPED. 
 
 But it maj' be ui'ged that as the Americans have reduced 
 their duty to 40 cents a ton, and as the Canadiati industry is 
 now in a healthy and prosperous condition, as a result of the 
 develcjpment herein described, it ought to stand upon its own 
 feet. 
 
 The Ame "lean industry has been developed by over a century 
 of high protection. For more than one hundred years they have 
 imposed an average duty exceeding SI per ton on all foreign 
 coals importetl, with the single exception of a ten year period of 
 the old reciprocity treaty, when Canadian coals were admitted 
 free, and which was allowed to lapse by them ; and even 
 
43 
 
 tlu-n. Kn,irli,sl, ,uu\ all foroin;,, eoals were sul.jecfc to .luty. Hoio 
 IS tlu! lecor.l of tiidr tuiill' ui. coal :— ^ 
 
 Year, ,, 
 
 II-,,, ' "i' t"'i. 
 
 I7.S!) t'(|iinl to . . . ^ T 
 
 17!)()-17!)2r.inHl to .*..'.".■; '" ui 
 
 17!)2-I7!)1. " "* 
 
 i7ii4-i.si2 " I : 
 
 imi'-i.sk; " :*;: 
 
 1«I(M,S24 " 7 ?,, 
 
 1«24-1,S42 " ' ■*' 
 
 1S4-2IS4(; " ,7. 
 
 l.S4(i-l>s.-)7 " i'l 
 
 i.s.>7-l«(;i " ' '1 
 
 lSli2-I.S(i4 " ! V^ 
 
 1S(;4-1,S72 " i" 
 
 Ls72-i«!j;} •' ^ :::' 
 
 ^^•^^•••- " •"'^:::::::;;::;;:: 1;; 
 
 coal.n,]u^t,^ liashn-n .luvolopd. until its annual output now 
 ic-aclu.,s the astoun.hn;. total of 17.S,()00,()0() of tons. Witl. such 
 a record the Amoneans are still unwilling- to n>eet the „u y 
 t::X^OoL:: ^'--'^^ -^^^ ^^^ -.nitiear^t production :i 
 
 But suppose tlio A.nerican duty is tak,>n off, does any sane 
 man nna<,nnc. that the An.erican nnne owners ami railwZs a^e 
 |?mn. to pernut Nova Scotia to even .ain a foothol.l in/'^a'ch 
 ^^vv FmZd'-!' '"'"''''' '''"' "'"" *■"'■ "^'^ •^•^•3,000,000 trade of 
 
 HOW LONG COULD CANADA WITHSTAND TEIK UNEQUAL STRUGGLE? 
 
 min!!i^'\n".^"''"''"">^'"'^"'^''^" "^' 17.S,()00,00() tons hy 400,000 
 mine s on the one s,de, and the u.ifair con.p.tilion of ,al- 
 ]a t fre,.d.ted En.d.sh coal on the oth.r han-l, how lon,^ cou I 
 Canada with ,ts nisii^niricant production of :}.500 000 tons^fnn a 
 score of muies hold its own in the mu^qual str;.nde ^ T, "ow 
 open the Canadmn market, and how lon.\vould iTbe I.efore tZ 
 
44 
 
 Is it fair to Nova Scotia, depondent as she is upon coal, that 
 just wli( 11 tills industry is f'm('r;L,'iii^,' from a h«'alt!iy itifantcy, 
 there slionld even he a (|U('stiori of its hcirii; sucriHced to the 
 un«'(jiial coiiipt'titioii of our powerful American and British rivals ? 
 Is it fair to Canada that just as a lar^'t) section of the Dominion 
 has escapod from d('[iend<iico upon forolon souices for this ii;reat 
 national necessity, and has hej^Min to enjoy the a<lvanta<,'es of a 
 steady liomo supply, at a steailily dcicieasinj,' price, until now the 
 lowest figure in th(! historj- of tlu! trade has heeii reaeluMl, that 
 she should now he in 'r of heirig relej^ated back to the 
 
 position occupied in IHI 
 
 Is it fair to the entei-prisinjf Montreal and American capital- 
 ists who have invested ndllions of dollars in the coal industry 
 on the faith of the pt'inianeney of the home market, that that 
 market shouhl he so soon made a slau«^hter market for foreign 
 fuel, and these millions of investments a^fain je')pardi/ed ? If a 
 century of protection wu-i necessary to develop the United 
 States' coal ijidustry, surely the ('anadian industry is entitled to 
 a quarter of that period to get on its feet ! . 
 
 THE INEXHAUSTIIil-E COAL I)EI'(JSirS OF THE SEA.IOAUD PROVINCES. 
 
 The Cape Breton and Nova Scotia coal fields extend over an 
 area of nearly '{()() miles. Of these measures, '200 square miles 
 are in the county of Ca} Breton, and the icmaiiu'er in Inver- 
 ness, Richmond, Pictou iiberlaTid ami other counties, 
 
 The quantity of coa j.se fields is practically inexhaustible. 
 
 Sir Ceoi'ge Elliot, one of ttie great coal kings of England, and 
 than whom there was no Itetter authority, when visiting Canada 
 a few years ago, said to the writer : — 
 
 "Nova Scotia contains more coal for its area and depth than 
 " any other part of the known world." 
 
 All authorities agree that this supply will be av lable for 
 all likely demands upon it for the next thousand years. 
 
 In Cape Breton, the coal tielu extends several miles out 
 under the Atlantic ocean. Even now, steameis ploughing the 
 waters of that coast sail over the very spots where an army of 
 men, one thousand feet below, are at work digging out the dusty 
 <liamonds. The laiul areas of Cape Breton county are estimated 
 to contain <S70,0()(),000 tons of coal, and the submarine coal 
 fiehls of Cupe F>ret(in, which can be profitably worked, were 
 estimated l)y 11. S. Poole, when inspector of udnes, as capable of 
 yielding l,h(>(i,()()O,00() tons, and as Canada's entire consumption 
 is only 5,'2.")(),()()() tons a year, and though it doubles every decade, 
 no person need worry about the future supply. 
 
 With the exception of the Old Sydney mines, the whole of 
 the working collieries of the province are owned by Montreal 
 
46 
 
 and An.orioan oapitalisN, hut, l.nsi.lps flio aroas now IwMvr 
 woik.Ml, thorc ai." :iiiiii,.nso undevcloi),.,! amis in (.tlior conntitw 
 notably the riiatrriific.uifc dnpoHits at Maliou ovvnc^d hy th.^ Moston' 
 and Nova Seotia coiMpatiy, which art! now heinn opened np with 
 a capital of i?o,()i)(),()0(), and which, when .ievehVpe'l, will hecoti.o 
 a keen competitor with existinjr corporations— therehy ensurinir 
 continued low prices. ** 
 
 FHEE COAL IN TIIK ITNITED .STATKS A VKUY DIFFKHF:NT 
 THINO TO FUKK COAL IN (JANADA. 
 
 tree coal m the States and free coal in Canada, moreover 
 are two very different thin,<rs. The A.n.,iican coal fields are 
 we I scattered over 2f) different States, and are of a total area of 
 20),()()0 square nnles. These, un-Ier free coal, w.xdd he ordy 
 subject to serious coinpelitiou at comparatively few points 
 whereas in Canada, un.ler free coal, every port on the Atlantic 
 coast and every point accessible \>y rail, would he open to f.)rei.rn 
 coa s as freely as to our own. The production of the American 
 ^olm win"' ''^"-^ "^"^ 12.S,()0(),000 tons of bituminous coal and 
 {J-,U UU.UK) tons of anthracite, upwards of I7r),()()(),0()() tons in all 
 TnnnJ!!' P'<"'"ction of the Dominion, kU told, was less than 
 4.,000,0(0 tons, or 2| per cent, of the Anipricar. production. Our 
 entire Nova Scotia production was less than o per cent, of the 
 production of bituminous coal in tl.e Static of Pennsylvania, and 
 le.ss than 2A per cent, of the combine.! producti.m of hard and 
 soft ot the same State. Under free coal in the States, were thev 
 to lose the sale of 2,000,000 tons of their present trade, it would 
 a/nount to less than 1| per cent., whereas in our case, the loss of 
 sale of 400,000 tons would be 10 per cent, of the entire output of 
 the Dominion, and 20 per cent, of the total Nova Scotia pro.luc- 
 tion. So that while in the one case the proportionate loss under 
 tree coal would be almost imperceptible, in the other, the coal 
 in.ius ry ot the Dominion, and more especially of this province 
 wouh be threatened with di.saster, with its consc.pient injury to' 
 all industries that directly benefit and indirectly proHt by 'the 
 extent of the coal trade. ^ 
 
46 
 
 WHY THERE SHOULD BE NO REDUCTION IN THE 
 DUTY ON BITUMINOUS COAL. 
 
 A reduction in the already less than revenue duty on coal — 
 
 Would open to the competition of the world under unfair 
 conditions our already inade(juate inaiket. 
 
 Immediately reduce our most proiital)le market by, it is 
 estimated by experts, at least 400,000 tons, representing say 
 $1,200,000. 
 
 Seriously cripple the home industry. 
 
 Destroy any prospect of the expansif)n of the trade. 
 
 Render the $20,000,000 capital already invested in the 
 industry, and which has not 3^iel(ied an avei-age dividend of one 
 per cent, during the last twenty years, still more unproductive, 
 and put an efi'ectual check to the introduction of new capital, not 
 only in coal, but in other maritiuie industrial enterprises. 
 
 It would decrease the coal cariying tonnage by at least 
 500,000 tons and still further seriously injure the shipping 
 industry. 
 
 It would throw hundreds of men out of the profitable 
 ind constant eu)ploynient they now enjoy. 
 
 It would overstock the ah i-ady abundant lalior market, or 
 drive out of the country a most desirable class of our popula- 
 tion, and, in either event, seriously affect the .SO, 000 people 
 directly interested in the mining industry and the 100,000 more 
 or less dependent upon an active coal trade. 
 
 It would lead to an inevitable reduction of wa^es, and that 
 might mean a disastrous strike. 
 
 It would necessarily decrease the volume of interprovincial 
 trade, and thus the upper provinces would mutually sutier with 
 the lower. 
 
 As the Saint Lawrence market, resulting from the duty on 
 coal, is the greatest benefit Nova Seotia enjoys as a result of 
 confederation, any interference with that dut}-, without a corres- 
 ponding reduction on all the products of the upper provinces 
 consumed by this province, would he the raid<est injustice and 
 would renew the discontent with the union in an acute form. 
 
 It would materially reduce the provincial revenue and bring 
 the k)cal government face to face with bankruptcy, while it 
 would at the same time diminish the federal reveiuie. 
 
 Because the life of some of the largest towns and villages in 
 the province depends wholly on the prosperity of the trade. 
 
47 
 
 The population of these towns are as follows : 
 
 Spcinuhill 4 SOO 
 
 Westville , * 4 qOQ 
 
 Stellarton 2 500 
 
 Sydney Mines 2,500 
 
 Glace Bay s'-^OO 
 
 I^«-'"v« 1,500 
 
 ^''ctona 2,400 
 
 ])oinini()n No. 1 \ 400 
 
 Caledonia j 000 
 
 Port AJoiien 1100 
 
 •H'S'i^ '.'.'.*.'.'.". I'ooo 
 
 Lomsbouif,^ 1 500 
 
 Thorbtun ,vj00 
 
 Bridgepcvt '''_ j 200 
 
 ! 28,400 
 
 To these add the important towns of Sydney, North Sydney 
 New Glasnrow, Pictou and even Truro and Amherst, all lanrely 
 dependent on a brisk coal trade. ^ 
 
 There should be no reduction of duty, not only because of 
 the I'eason." already advanced, but beca-ise labor enteis more 
 largely into the pioduction of coal than in that of any other 
 article. 85 to !)() per cent, of the cost to the consnmer is for 
 labor and this labor is the hio;hest paid skilled lai)()r— not the 
 cheap labor of the Poles. Huns, Italians aiid nej^roes employed in 
 rival United States mines, with tiieir freijuent saturnalia of 
 strikes, riots, bloodshed, reigns of terror and <lemoralization of 
 trade. This class of labor and the results it produces in the 
 United States, are happily unknown in Canada. 
 
 Be_cau.se we already adnut American anthracite free, which 
 IS half our total importation, and which is .seriously competin<>- 
 with our bituminous product. ° 
 
 Because we now admit the cokeof all countries free to theseriou.s 
 detiiment of our own coal and coke industry. Every ton of coke 
 imported is a displacement of 1 ^^ tons of honie-prodiict coal and 
 a loss of 18 to 22 cents to the provincial revenue; while 'it is 
 especially unfair to the Canadian workman, as the manufacture 
 of coke involves so much more labor than the production of coal. 
 Becau.se. as has been shown, coal is already the lowest pro- 
 tected of any of the j,'reat industries— as a matter of fact, it ha.s 
 no "protection" at all in the sense that other industries are 
 "protected" by the tariff. The average duty on bitjiuinous 
 coal IS 2;} per cent., as compared with an average of .S5 per cent, 
 on all othci dutiable imports ; while the average duty on all coal" 
 imported— five anthracite and coke, and bituminous^md dust— 
 
48 
 
 is only 11 per cent., as compared with an average of 17 per cent, 
 levied on all free and dutiable Canadian imports. 
 
 Because in his speeoh in Halifax in 1881, Mr. Blake, the 
 then Liberal leader, admitted that " the duty on coal was a 
 compensation to Nova Scotia for the disadvantaaes under which 
 her industries heavily labor." — through the tariff". In the same 
 speech he used this language : — 
 
 " If I were asked what class of the population I believed are 
 " the worst off, what class was' most closely pressed in the 
 " struggle for existence, what class occupied the most unfortunate 
 " position in this province, I should answer — the miner." 
 
 If that was true, to take away this compensation now and to 
 still more closely press these unfortunate people in their struggle 
 for existence, would be a monstrous injustice. 
 
 Because it is only justice that imported foreign coal should 
 be made to contribute as much to the revenue as the home pro- 
 duct, and if our mines and miners are taxed from 35 to 
 50 per cent, on all the necessa.ies of life, and on all the " raw 
 materials" entering into the production of coal, foreign mines 
 and miners should be equally taxed when their products are 
 imported in competition with our own. 
 
 To do otherwise, would be like an hotel keeper making his 
 own children pay board, while entertaining all strange guests 
 free ! 
 
 Because, in equity, there can be no reduction uf the duty on 
 coal without a decrease to the same level on all the materials 
 entering into colliery consumption, and of the food stuffs, 
 clothing and othei' necessaries of life consumed by the mining 
 population. While less than a revenue duty, arid twelve per 
 cent, less than the average duty, is levied on the miner's "finished 
 product," twice as much duty is levied on o^'erything the 
 miner eats and wears, and his " raw materials " are taxed for 
 the benefit of the upper provinces to the following exteiit : 
 
 I 
 
49 
 
 Article. Per cent. 
 
 Picks 35 
 
 Shovels 88 
 
 Powder 25 
 
 Dynamite 25 
 
 Fuses 30 
 
 Detonators 30 
 
 Riddles 35 
 
 Wire Rope 25 
 
 Castings 27i 
 
 Boilers 27| 
 
 Engines. 27| 
 
 Globe Valves 35 
 
 Iron Pipe 35 
 
 Nails 65 
 
 Canvas 45 
 
 Felt 35 
 
 Tar Paper , 25 
 
 Rubber 25 
 
 Packing 35 
 
 Pit Cloth 30 
 
 Babbit Metal 10 
 
 Article. Per cent. 
 
 Oats 50 
 
 Engine & Boiler Fittings 27i 
 
 Gaujie Glasses 
 
 30 
 
 Miners' Lamps 30 
 
 Olive Oil 20 
 
 Illuminating Oil 150 
 
 Lubricating Oil 25 
 
 Tallow 25 
 
 Railway Grease 25 
 
 Chains 35 
 
 Iron 50 
 
 Steel 50 
 
 White Lead 5 
 
 Rope 30 
 
 Steel Rails 25 
 
 Ventilators 30 
 
 Locomotives $2,000 each. 
 
 Coal Cars 30 
 
 Air Compressors 30 
 
 Cameron and Plunger 
 Pumps 35 
 
 Hay 25 
 
 And everything else entering into the production of coal is 
 similarly taxed. 
 
 Nevertheless, there is no complaint from the miners of these 
 high duties. They are perfectly willing to furnish a home mar- 
 ket foi' Canadian products and manufactures in exchange for the 
 home market for their great product and manufacture. 
 
 Because, if you take off the duties on foodstuffs, for instance, 
 Ontario has still its thoroughly established and highly protected 
 manufactories to ensure its prosperity ; but coal is the only qreat 
 product of Nova Scotia assisted bij the tariff (ov which the sister 
 provinces afford us a profitable market, and if you cripple that 
 industry, you strike a fatal blow at the maritime provinces. 
 
 Because of the greater difiiculty and cost of mining coal in 
 Canada compared with our competitors, owing to the depth of 
 our mines, the prevalence of gas, water, " tender roof," stone 
 banks, etc., and the greater angle of our seams ; and because, also, 
 of the disadvantage we are at with drift ice in the spring and 
 the delay to shipping at the period when prompt delivery is of 
 great importance, and when the delays and dangers from drift 
 ice involves the loss of thousands of dollars to the coal companies. 
 
 And finally, becau^^e there has been no general demand on 
 ohe part of the domestic consumer, or the manufacturer, for any 
 reduction of the duty. 
 
50 
 
 SUMMARY 01' STATISTICS. 
 
 Covipiled from the official Blut BoolxS for the respective ff^^cal 
 years, endivcj Jane 30th, and in net tons of 2,000 pounds, 
 or from Nova Scotia Ojjic'ud Reports for the calendar 
 year, in long tons of 22^0 pounds. The period covers from 
 the first year of Confederation doivn to 1895 inclicsive. 
 
 TOTAL CONSUMPTION OF COAL IN CANADA. 
 
 Period. Tons. 
 
 Ei^hfc years, IfSGS-l S75 8,.5()G,4i)9 
 
 Ten years, 1870 to IHcS.') 2.-5,777,«25 
 
 Ten years, 1886 to 1895 49.801 ,G85 
 
 Twenty-eight years 82,080,009 
 
 CONSUMPTION IN CANADA BV FOUR YEAR PERIODS SINCE 1872, 
 
 Period. 
 
 1868-71. 
 1872-75. 
 1876-79. 
 1880-83. 
 18S4-87. 
 1 888-9 1 . 
 l892-!)5. 
 
 Total Con- 
 buiiiptioii.* 
 
 3,()6:5,444- 
 5,453,055 
 6,625,540 
 10,149,867 
 14,622,965 
 21,057,484 
 22,486 816 
 
 Annual Averagk Consumption. 
 
 Tons 
 Consumed. 
 
 Home 
 Product. 
 
 Imported. 
 
 I'. C. of 
 Imported 
 to Total. 
 
 1,360,7641 
 l,GoC,385i 
 2,537,467 
 3,655,7411 
 5,2r4,321| 
 
 740,488 
 
 761,385 
 
 1,261,713 
 
 1,596,671 
 
 2310,914 
 
 5,621,704 2,617,915 
 
 620,276! 
 
 895,0001 
 1,275,7541 
 2,059,070j 
 2,953,407 
 3,019,688 
 
 45.6 
 54.0 
 50.2 
 56.3 
 56.1 
 53.7 
 
 * Inuliules imported coke. 
 
 IMPORTS INTO CANADA. 
 
 EifTht years, 1868-1875, 
 Ten years, 1876-1885.. 
 Ten years, 18S6-1S95.. , 
 
 4,023,134 
 12,452.536 
 27,625.184 
 
 Twentv-ei'oht years 44.100,854 
 
 Valued at say " $176,403,416 
 
51 
 
 IMPORTS OF BITUMINOUS A\D ANTHRACITE. 
 
 There were no separate statistics of the imports of bituminous 
 and anthracite kept previous to the liscal year 1877, hut for the 
 purpose of comparison in the foIlowin<? tahle the quantitv of 
 anthracite imported in 1870 is estimated at 350,000 out of a 
 total importation of 703,880 tons. 
 
 Ten Years. Bituminous. Anthracite. 
 
 1870-188.5 ; 0,1 Go 943 .5,853,7 1 3 
 
 1880-1895 13,591,403 14,113,421 
 
 Total, twenty years 19,757,400 19,907,134 
 
 Not including coke and dust coal. 
 
 Canada's home product. 
 
 Eiofht years, 1868-1875 0,294,142 
 
 Ten years, 1876-1885 14,453,470 
 
 Ten vears, l88()-leS95 '>7 945 184 
 
 AddN. B. and N. W. T ." . ' "l,';33.5'9i6 
 
 Total, twenty-eight years , 50,028,718 
 
 of which nova SCOTIA PRODUCED 
 
 Eight years, 1808-1875 0,103,142 
 
 Ten years, 187(i- 1 885 i ] Vj9,s,'4()0 
 
 Ten year.s, 1886-1895 ia's87,564 
 
 Total in twenty-eight years 37,989,11 2 
 
 All other Canadian production 12.039,000 
 
 Total production 50,028.7 1 8 
 
 Le.s.s exports uil 90,814 
 
 Net home production consumed 35,837,904 
 
 EXPORTS KROM CANADA. 
 
 Eight years, 1868-1875 2,717,449 
 
 Ten years, 1876-1885 3,745,027 
 
 Ten years 1880-1895 7,728,338 
 
 Total, twenty -eight years 14,190,814 
 
 Of which Nova Scotia exported say 6,400,009 
 
 And British Columbia 7,790,814 
 
62 
 
 
 ANALYSIS OF 
 
 THE SALE OF 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA COAL. 
 
 
 Neighliouring 
 Provinces. 
 
 Other 
 Countiiea. 
 
 Home 
 Consu'iiptioii, 
 
 Total. 
 
 1868-75 . 
 1 876-85 
 1886-95 
 
 . 2,199,673 
 . 5,633,035 
 .11,876,930 
 
 2,215,636 
 
 1,213,572 
 
 519,690 
 
 l,41.'i,4M3 
 3,950,593 
 6,303,960 
 
 5,881,423 
 10,923,775 
 18,761,300 
 
 28 years 
 
 .19,709,638 
 
 3,948,898 
 
 11,674,036 
 
 35,565.498 
 
 
 THE " NEIGIIBOUHING PRO' 
 
 'iNriJs " WERE : 
 
 4 
 
 
 Quebej. 
 
 New Hrunswick 
 
 P. K Ishuul. 
 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 1873-75.. 
 
 1876-85.. 
 1886-95.. 
 
 603,771 
 3,009,279 
 7,981,890 
 
 260,749 
 1,407,200 
 2,335,430 
 
 125,921 
 535,151 
 62S,07l 
 
 204,774 
 732,305 
 
 948.815 
 
 23 years .11,594,940 4,003,379 1,289,143 1,885,894 
 
 Leavinfj 850,474 tons sold to neighbouring provinces between 
 lh68 and 1872. 
 
 COAL SALES FROM THE RESPECTIVE COLLIERIES IN NOVA SCOTIA IN 1875, 
 
 1885, AND 1895, FOR THE vOALANDER YEAR. TONS OF 2240 
 
 POUNDS. FROM THE NOVA SCOTIA REPORTS. 
 
 Colliery. 
 
 1875. 
 
 1885. 
 
 1895. 
 
 Sprinfrhill 
 
 37,388 
 12,527 
 49,824 
 98,297 
 37,494 
 54,790 
 40,146 
 92,014 
 21,904 
 3,732 
 2,621 
 6,113 
 10,995 
 10,478 
 25,085 
 
 311,790 
 
 28,745 
 90,428 
 114,061 
 93,634 
 97,887 
 
 324,259 
 
 97,965 
 
 I 173,962 
 194,822 
 
 1 o 
 
 Joggins and sundry. 
 
 Acadia 
 
 Albion 
 
 Vale 
 
 Intel-colonial 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 
 Old Sydney 
 
 Block- House 
 
 103,917 
 7,316 : 
 
 221,896 
 
 New Caaipbellton ... 
 
 
 Sundry mines 
 
 Einerv 
 
 769 
 
 9,249 
 
 Gardiner 
 
 
 
 Caledonia 
 
 48,551 
 40,989 
 1 2,583 
 77,580 
 87,485 
 18,867 
 7,445 
 72,547 
 39,926 
 
 \ ' 
 
 Glace Bay 
 
 •7 
 
 Bridgeport 
 
 
 Gowrie . . . 
 
 21,391 
 41.961 
 22,536 
 5,380 
 10,273 
 13,821 
 
 
 International 
 
 Lingan 
 
 . 809,218 
 
 Ontario 
 
 Reserve 
 
 
 Victoria 
 
 / 
 
53 
 
 HKCAPITULATION. 
 
 1875. 
 
 Cnmbprland 49,915 
 
 Pictou 28J,551 
 
 Cape Breton 288,404 
 
 Total 021,870 
 
 1885 over 1875, 
 
 Cumberland 290,020 
 
 Pictou 115,459 
 
 Cape Breton 289,771 
 
 DISTRUJCTION OF XuVA SCOTIA COAI, IN 1875, 1885, 1895, IN TONS 
 
 OF 2,240 LDS. 
 
 1885. 
 
 340,535 
 390.010 
 518,175 
 
 1895. 
 
 422,224 
 
 309,770 
 1,040,308 
 
 1,254,510 
 
 895 over 1885, 
 81,089 
 
 20,240 d 
 
 521,188 
 
 1,831,357 
 
 1895 over 1875. 
 
 372,.309 
 
 89,219 
 
 751,959 
 
 
 
 
 
 Increase of 
 
 Increase of 
 
 Sold to. 
 
 1875 
 
 1885. 
 
 1895. 
 
 1885 over 
 1875. 
 
 1895 over 
 1885. 
 
 Nova Scotia . . . 
 
 214,905 
 
 493,050 
 
 033,041 
 
 278,985 
 
 139,991 
 
 Quebec 
 
 102,209 
 
 396,782 
 
 740,098 
 
 234,513 
 
 370,310 
 
 New Brunswick.. 
 
 78,814 
 
 158,420 
 
 228,525 
 
 79,579 
 
 70,005 
 
 Newfoundland... 
 
 55.090 
 
 86,218 
 
 81,492 
 
 30,520 
 
 Doo. 4,907 
 
 P. E. Island . . . 
 
 41,948 
 
 50,399 
 
 03,232 
 
 8,451 
 
 12,833 
 
 United State.s . . 
 
 13«,335 
 
 04,515 
 
 73,097 
 
 73,820Dec.. 
 
 8,582 
 
 We.st Indies .... 
 
 47,844 
 
 9,595 
 
 11,872 
 
 38,249 " 
 
 2,277 
 
 Other Countries. 
 
 9,229 
 
 2,073 
 1,201,650 
 
 1,831,357 
 
 0,550 " 
 554,855 
 
 
 Total 
 
 700,795 
 
 50!),7O7 
 
 DIRECT TAXES PAID TO THE PROVINCIAL AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS. 
 
 Afi lini/alfi/ fn Nova ticotia Guvernmcnf : 
 
 Ten years— 1867-70 5.37,051 
 
 • ' 1877-80 707,012 ' 
 
 1887 96 1,578,060 
 
 Total, thirty years $2,882,723 
 
 Of which !?2, 230,386 was paid since duty was levied on foreign 
 coal. 
 
 As Pilotage and Port Chanics in Cape Breton Ports avd the 
 
 iSt. Laicrcuce : 
 
 Ten years— 1876-85 §243,935 
 
 1886-95 578,840 
 
 1«9G 70,045 
 
 Total— twenty-one years 8893,420 
 
 1886-95 over 1870-85 3S4 905 
 
64 
 
 IMroUi'8 01'^ BITUMINOUS COAL INTO CANADA — 1868-96. 
 
 
 From 
 
 From 
 
 
 
 Ykar. 
 
 (Jreivt Britain. 
 
 United .Status. 
 
 Total Tons. 
 
 Duty Paid. 
 
 1808 
 
 *1G1,802 
 
 * 185,088 
 
 *850,889 
 
 Froe. 
 
 1 8(1!) 
 
 * 180,754 
 
 *204,208 
 
 ♦88!),485 
 
 II 
 
 1870 
 
 * 100,878 
 
 * 178,852 
 
 *279,780 
 
 II 
 
 1870 
 
 *07,809 
 
 *40.408 
 
 * 11 4.272 
 
 S 57,1 8(; 
 
 1 87 1 
 
 *87,472 
 
 * 150,788 
 
 *244,205 
 
 122,184 
 
 1 87 1 
 
 *72,(i7G 
 
 *49,120 
 
 ♦121,808 
 
 Free. 
 
 1872 
 
 * 178,920 
 
 *811,l!)l 
 
 *485,I18 
 
 II 
 
 1878 
 
 *110,I79 
 
 *408,804 
 
 ♦574,808 
 
 II 
 
 1874 
 
 * 188 008 
 
 *07 1,224 
 
 ♦804,827 
 
 II 
 
 1 87.') 
 
 *18!),000 
 
 *5 12,885 
 
 *(i52,485 
 
 II 
 
 1870 
 
 *1 08,042 
 
 ♦025,208 
 
 *798,880 
 
 1. 
 
 1 877 
 
 100,175 
 
 858,795 
 
 r)18,!)70 
 
 II 
 
 1878 
 
 124,(ii4 
 
 881,828 
 
 45(i.()<)0 
 
 II 
 
 187!) 
 
 45,022 
 
 809,725 
 
 855,847 
 
 11 
 
 1871) 
 
 48,044 
 
 (•9,920 
 
 117,970 
 
 $ 58,980 
 
 1880 
 
 128,822 
 
 888,727 
 
 457,049 
 
 248,541 
 
 1881 
 
 129,428 
 
 457,595 
 
 587,024 
 
 274,558 
 
 1882 
 
 95,284 
 
 540,7i»2 
 
 080,874 
 
 881,825 
 
 1888 
 
 125,188 
 
 780,891 
 
 911,029 
 
 540,980 
 
 1884 
 
 181,808 
 
 987,247 
 
 1,118,015 
 
 071,171 
 
 1885 
 
 87,707 
 
 924,180 
 
 1,011,875 
 
 007,120 
 
 1880 
 
 98,010 
 
 882,989 
 
 980,949 
 
 55,S,509 
 
 1887 
 
 71,814 
 
 1,077,078 
 
 1,149,792 
 
 089,874 
 
 1888 
 
 74 578 
 
 1,150,050 
 
 1,281,284 
 
 788,748 
 
 1889 
 
 7!),0()5 
 
 1,1(>8,851 
 
 1,248.540 
 
 749,124 
 
 1890 
 
 02,004 
 
 1,840,078 
 
 1 ,40!),282 
 
 845,571 
 
 1891 
 
 86,087 
 
 1,502,758 
 
 1,598,855 
 
 959,8()9 
 
 1892 
 
 48,280 
 
 1,500,984 
 
 1,615.220 
 
 909,131 
 
 1 898 
 
 58 047 
 
 1,5.50.107 
 
 1,008,154 
 
 901,898 
 
 1804 
 
 58,285 
 
 1,800,280 
 
 1,85!),509 
 
 815,708 
 
 1895 
 
 47,100 
 
 1,8!)7,704 
 
 1,444,928 
 
 8()0,958 
 
 1890 
 
 50,!)81 
 
 1,481,508 
 
 1 ,588,489 
 
 928,0!).5 
 
 * Coal and Colve of all kinds — Trade lieturns do not give them separately 
 from 1868-1876. 
 
 Kindly furnished by George .Tohnson, Poniinion Statistician. 
 
05 
 
 IMPORTS OP COAI, AND COKK INTO CANADA, 18GS-96. 
 
 
 Anthracite 
 
 
 Total Imports 
 
 Total Duty 
 
 
 \ KAR. 
 
 C:oal 
 Iinpoited. 
 
 Duty Paid. 
 
 of ('Kill. 
 
 I'uiil. 
 
 1 
 
 CoKK. 
 
 1808 
 
 
 *350,830 
 
 Fr(3e. 
 
 
 18(iO 
 
 
 
 *380,485 
 *27{i,780 
 *1 14 272 
 
 II 
 
 
 1870.... 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1870.... 
 
 
 
 % 57,130 
 122.134 
 
 
 1871 
 
 
 
 *224.205 
 
 
 1 87 1 
 
 
 
 * 121,808 
 *485,118 
 *574,308 
 ♦804,827 
 *052,435 
 *703,880 
 033,080 
 
 Free. 
 II 
 
 
 1872 
 
 
 
 
 1873 
 
 
 
 
 1874 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 1 875 
 
 
 
 II 
 II 
 II 
 
 
 1870. ... 
 
 
 
 
 1877.. . 
 
 420,010 
 
 Free. 
 
 t45,712 
 
 1878 
 
 400,!)71 
 
 II 
 
 803,001 
 
 II 
 
 1,()48 
 
 1 870 .... 
 
 :i22,.528 
 
 '1 
 
 077,875 
 
 II 
 
 t7,936 
 
 1870 
 
 O.S,80,5 
 
 S 40,048 
 
 2 1 1 ,805 
 
 105,034 
 
 «••• ••«'• 
 
 1880 
 
 510,720 
 
 258,284 
 
 073,778 
 
 501,825 
 
 3,837 
 
 1881 .. 
 
 572,002 
 
 280,047 
 
 1,150 110 
 
 500,005 
 
 5,492 
 
 1 882 
 
 6.S8,27S 
 
 310,140 
 
 1,274,047 
 
 700,074 
 
 8,157 
 
 188.S 
 
 754,801 
 
 377,452 
 
 l,(i00,520 
 
 024,438 
 
 8,943 
 
 1884 
 
 808,000 
 
 434,000 
 
 l,08(i,015 
 
 1.105,171 
 
 11,207 
 
 188.5 
 
 01O,.S24 
 
 455,102 
 
 1,022,100 
 
 1,002,288 
 
 11,504 
 
 188G 
 
 005,425 
 
 407,700 
 
 1,020,374 
 
 1,050,209 
 
 1 1 ,858 
 
 1887 
 
 940.782 
 
 474,895 
 
 2,000,574 
 
 1,104,709 
 
 15,110 
 
 1 887 .... 
 
 150,.S8:J 
 
 Fieo. 
 
 150,383 
 
 Free. 
 
 
 1888 
 
 2,187,304 
 
 II 
 
 3,308,538 
 
 738,743 
 
 25,487 
 
 1880 
 
 1,280,105 
 
 II 
 
 2,534,045 
 
 759,124 
 
 20,557 
 
 1800 
 
 *1, 201 3.35 
 
 II 
 
 2,010,017 
 
 845,571 
 
 36,564 
 
 1801.... 1 
 
 * 1,300,007 
 
 II 
 
 2,007,022 
 
 959,30!) 
 
 38,5.33 
 
 1802.... 1 
 
 * 1,479, 100 
 
 II 
 
 3,094,320 
 
 000,131 
 
 43,409 
 
 180:i 1 
 
 *1,500.550 
 
 II 
 
 3,103,704 
 
 901,893 
 
 41,821 
 
 1804.... 
 
 * 1,5.30,522 
 
 h 
 
 2,800,031 
 
 815.708 
 
 42,804 
 
 180.5....! 
 
 * 1,404.342 
 
 II 
 
 2,840,270 
 
 800,958 
 
 43,235 
 
 1 800 
 
 * 1,574.355 
 
 II 
 
 3,112,844 
 
 923,095 
 
 1 ,0 1 2 
 
 t Includes other coal, 
 
 * Antluacite coal dust included. 
 
56 
 
 IMPUHT8 OF BITUMINOUS COAL DU8T INTO CANADA. 
 
 1880* 
 
 18S]* 
 
 1882* 
 
 1888* 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 188(5 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1.S9.-J 
 
 1894 
 
 189") 
 
 Ykar. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 • • • • • • 
 
 1«90 210,380 
 
 3,505 
 
 337 
 
 471 
 
 8,1. H 
 
 12,524 
 
 20,151 
 
 30,230 
 
 31,303 
 
 28,047 
 
 39,902 
 
 53,104 
 
 59,050 
 
 82,091 
 
 109.585 
 
 117,573 
 
 181,318 
 
 tons. 
 
 Vauik. 
 
 $ 8,877 
 666 
 900 
 10,082 
 13,512 
 20,352 
 30,990 
 33.054 
 34,354 
 47,097 
 29,818 
 31,370 
 39,840 
 44,474 
 49,510 
 52,221 
 53,742 
 
 Duty Paid. 
 
 B 1,783 
 
 169 
 
 235 
 
 2.056 
 
 2,709 
 
 4,073 
 
 7,399 
 
 0,021 
 
 6,.S51 
 
 9,420 
 
 5,904 
 
 6.270 
 
 7,908 
 
 8,898 
 
 9,902 
 
 10,444 
 
 10,752