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 Vic 
 
 7; /J^'i^'^C^^-— f 
 
 REPORT OF THE SUB-COMMm EE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 UPPER PALEOZOIC 
 
 (DEVOXIC). 
 
 Jamks ITall, J. S. Newberry, 
 
 J. P. Lesley, J. J. Stevenson-, H. S. Williams. 
 
 {As^odat) — Sir J. W. Dawson. 
 
 11. S. WILLIAMS, 
 
 Jieporter. 
 
 I'KKSIFOK Frazkk, Kditor. 
 
CONTENTS (C). 
 
 I'AflK 
 
 The name "Dcvoiiiiui System," proponed l)y Sedgwick and Munliixni 
 
 in IS.'JO, iin'l loclvH dc'lined ^ 
 
 Fossils (lesd-il.ed hy Prof. Phillips in 1841 3 
 
 T. A. Conrad, in ISU, recognized in tlio New York rocks equivalents of 
 
 the I )evijnlan system, hut he did not correctly limit them .... 4 
 
 Lardner Vanuxcni, ISA'2, itiohuled under the name "Krie l)ivisi(m" lof 
 the New York system), the rocks that are now recogniz(?d as npiicr 
 and middle Devonian, and recognized the '' Portage, Ithaca an<i 
 Chcmnng groups,'' as tlie equivalents of Phillips' "Devonian 
 System" 4 
 
 James Hall, in 1843, added, for paleontologic reasons, "part of tiie 
 Hamilton;" and in 184(i, all the rocks down to the "Oriskany," as 
 included in the e(iuivalent of the Devonian system of Phillips . • 4 
 
 Sir "William D!iws(m, 1871, proposed the term " Erian" tor the rocks of 
 northeastern A merica, which are regarded as eipiivalent to the P.ritish 
 "Devonian System," not including the"<'atskiil sandstones," hut 
 including tiie "Oriskany sandstones" in his " Krian," o 
 
 Tiie Devonian Areas of Atnerica named " 
 
 The Eastern liorder Area stratigraphically uid pnleontologically defined 6 
 
 The Eastern Ccmtinental Area stratigraphically and paleontologically 
 
 defined ' 
 
 The Central Continental Area stratigrapliic;>.lly and paleontologically 
 
 defined 10 
 
 The Western Devonian Area stratigraphically and paleontologically 
 
 defined H 
 
 Conclusions from -the study of these diflferent areas as to the kind of uni- 
 formity of geological nomenclature practicable, and in what respects 
 uniformity of nomenclature is impracticable lo, 14, 15 
 
 The limitation 01 liie base of the Devonian discussed 15 
 
 The limitation of the top of the Devonian discussed 17,10,20 
 
 The three distinct marine faunas of tiie upper Paleozoic 18 
 
 The sub-division of the Devonian possible to the extent of recognizing 
 a lower, middle and ui)i)er zone, but the zones separated by no inii- 
 form or sharp division lines 21,23 
 
 Problems for settle^it stated, and the proposed solution of some of 
 
 them given iJ-^ 
 
o 
 
 G 
 
 Report of the Sub-Oommittee on Upper 
 Paleozoic (Devonic). 
 
 HENRY S. WILLIAMS, 
 
 KKI'OUTKK. 
 
 § 1. The Namk. 
 
 TnK name "Devonian system" was first proposed by Sedgwick 
 <in(l Mureliison, in 18."i9, in an article in the Transactions of the 
 Geolojiical Society (2cl Series, 5th vol. \^^. (588, etc., see p. 701, 
 j)ul)lishe(l in 1839, and read April 24tii, 18.38), entitled '-On the 
 Physical Structnre of Devonshire and the Snh-divisions and 
 Geoloo;ical Relations of the Older Stratified Deposits, etc." 
 
 This system as originally conceived, included a series of de- 
 posits found in Xorth and South Devonshire and Cornwall, 
 which thoroughly covers the Devonian system as now understood. 
 
 ]n 1841, Professor John Phillips published his "Figures and 
 Descriptions of the Paleozoic Fossils of Cornwall, Devon and 
 West Somerset," in which are represented some of the more 
 characteristic fossils of the Devonian system, from the lower, 
 Lynton /one to the higher transition rocks of the Carboniferous. 
 The rocks and fossils thus described have become the typical 
 representatives of the " Devonian system," and the works above 
 alluded to are the classical authorities for this system as used by 
 geologists throughout the world. 
 
 It was not until about the year 1841, that the literature of 
 American Geology began to show the effects of the masterly 
 classiiication propo.'-ed by Murchison and Sedgwick, for the 
 Paleozoic rocks of Great Britain. 
 
 In the fifth annual report of the New York State Geological 
 
 , > . ■■ • - ' ' 
 
 "' > ' • , 
 
C4 
 
 INTKUNATIONAI. COXOIiESS OF (1F()I/)(;ISTS. 
 
 Survey, 1841, T. A. Conrad ^avc a classification of llic New 
 York nicks, in wliicli the formations ahovc the ()non(la;^a linio- 
 Htoncs and hclow the " Old red sandstone," are considered as 
 equivalent to the u|)|)cr Silurian of Murcliison (see I. c. pp. 'M 
 and 4-1), referring to the "Old red sandstone" or " Devonian" 
 only the " Clu'niun<^ " and "Calskill groups" of our n)odern 
 classification. In the final re|)ort (1«S42, for the .'Jd district, p. 
 l.'i), Lardner Vannxeni proposed the name "Erie Division " (of 
 the i\ew York system), for the series of deposits called upper 
 Silurian by Conrad, hut added to them the Chemung- «froup. 
 His " Krie Division " included the "Marcellus shales, ilamiltou 
 grouj), Tully limestone, (Jenesee slate, Porta<,n' jii'oup, Ithaca 
 grouj), Chemun<; f^roup." (Sec 1. c. j). 13.) Ou pa>;'e 171 of 
 this report, Mr. \'anu.\etu states that the last three j^roups, i.e., 
 tlie Porta<i;e, Ithaca and Chenuniji; }j:roups, "appt-ar to correspond 
 with the Devonian .system of IMiillips." In the finid report for 
 the 4th district, 1843, Professor James TIall adopted the .sajno 
 classidcation, l)ut expressed the opinion that the Devonian system 
 of I*hillips .should include also "a portion of the Hamilton." 
 (See 1. c. p. 20.) To appreciate tiiis point, it must he remembered 
 that at that time, 1843, the Hamilton jjjroup was regarded as the 
 n|)per measure of the Silurian. In 18-16 (Paleontology of Xew 
 York, vol. 1. p. xvii). Professor Hall first announced the opinion 
 that " from a ])aleontological point of view the deposits down to 
 the Oriskany should he included in the Devonian." Thus the 
 term Devonian became established in the nomenclature of 
 American Geoloirv. 
 
 Although the precise boundaries, both above and below, have 
 piifli'ered some modifications with increasing knowledge, tiie 
 Devonian system of Sedgwick and Murchison was shown to be 
 unmistakably present in American rocks by the identity or close 
 relationship of the fossil species found therein. 
 
 The name "Erian," was propo.sed by Sir AVilliam Dawson in 
 1871, as an equivalent for Devonian as ased in America. (Re- 
 port of the Geological Survey of Canada : On the Fo.ssil I'lants 
 of the Devonian and Upper Silurian of Canada, by J. W. 
 Dawson, 1871, part 1. p. 10. The name is proposed " for the 
 great system of formations intervening between the upper Silur- 
 ian and the lower Carboniferous in America." The term 
 "Erian" was an adaptation of "Erie Division" early adopted 
 
 •.:• 
 
 ,• • * • •' 
 
 • « • 
 
 • • • t f • 
 
 v.". 
 
 a * 
 
 
Ur^POUT ON UIM'RU PALKOZOrO (dkvonio). 
 
 Co 
 
 by tlio New York yoolonjists, iiiid the ()iit('r(»|»,s of the sysU'iii 
 al)(>iit Lalvo Kric, mainly in Xt-w ^'ork and Canada, were 
 adopted as t\\v typical expression of tlie system. 
 
 Till' completeness and line representation of sections and of 
 IxUli faunas and floras in this typical American series, make it a 
 nu»re satisfactory rei)resentative of the Devonian system than the 
 ori<iinul area in Devonshire and Cornwall. 
 
 Aillion«;h the two names "Erie Division " and " I'j'ian " are 
 nmeli alike, thev are not nsed alike. In the Xew Yoik system 
 as forn)nlated hy l/ndner N'annxem in the final rej)ort on the 
 Geology of Xew York, ."xl division, 1(S42, pp. L'J and 1(1, the 
 "Erie Division" inchided the Marcellns, Hamilton, Tnlly, (ien- 
 esee, Portage and Chemung stages. All helow the Marcellns 
 down to the Niagara, was called " Ilelderherg series" or "divi- 
 sion." The Catskill was placed in a separate" Catskili division." 
 
 The Erian {Dawson, 1871). 
 
 
 Nkw Vokk 
 
 .\N]i 
 
 (.'anad.v Wk«t. 
 
 SolTIIKI'.N ' 
 
 (iAsi'fc. .\i;u- 
 
 ItULNsWICK. 
 
 Sail. -Inn.'. sandMoiH's, 
 Laut'don, etc. CuuKU>nM>ai's. 
 
 Maini:. 
 
 ■ 
 
 tppiT 
 
 III- 
 Kriiiii. 
 
 Chemung 
 (irijiii). 
 
 Perry 
 Sandistoiie. 
 
 1 
 
 1 Middle 
 
 j iJuvoiiiiin 
 
 Kuan. 
 
 Ilamiltiin 
 
 (il'dll)). 
 
 \\uh\U' Little R.(inaip, 
 """■ " "'^' and 
 
 ••"i'";;;^-»^'' ].ad.,.x.vi.,n 
 
 *■' • 8and.')t(juu. 
 
 
 1 
 
 LowtT 
 
 Devimian 
 
 or 
 
 Kiitiii. 
 
 Corniferous 
 
 Mild 
 
 oi'iskaiiy 
 
 tiriiups. 
 
 L(.,ver 
 .«and~tniu'. lower 
 
 l:;;;\:: .'•;;:;:]; con.i;..neratcs. 
 
 etc. 
 
 
 The "Erian," as proposed by Dawson, 1871, includes also tlie 
 Carboniferous and the Oriskany formations of Vannxem's Hel- 
 derberg division ; but, it agrees with the Erie division of Van- 
 uxem, and differs from the accepted application of the Devonian 
 system in X(!w Y'ork in excluding the " Upper Catskill group" 
 or "Catskill sandstones." ■ Daw.son's Erian is not strictly a 
 synonym for the Erie division of the Xew York Geology, nor 
 for the Devonian system, as it is generally adopted in American 
 Geology ; and as it was proposed as a substitute for the term 
 
 I 
 
CO 
 
 INrKIlXATIONAF, CONUUKSS OK (iKOI.OCUSTM. 
 
 PcvniiiMH some tliirtv Vfiirs af'ttT tlic l.'itfrr was (Icliiicd, it is nut 
 likclv t<» l.'ikt' tin; |»la('(' oi" I )cv<iniaii, iitilos if can he shown to 
 ht'aii advaiitajfc to liavi; a (lillL-ivnt noinciielaturt' for the < n"()h)gy 
 of cai'h continent. 
 
 On the jn'cccdini; patfcisa tahk; of thcchissilicatioii and of tho 
 typical sections of the lOrian as given in the ahove-nicntioned 
 |)a|K'r, |i. 11. 
 
 >; 2. Thr Dkvonian Aijkas of Xoktii Amkuica. 
 
 The --('clions of tlu! Devonian rocks in N'f»rth America present 
 at least fonr distinct types of stratigraphy in their outcrops in 
 dilTereiit parts of tlie continent. The four areas blend somewhat 
 at their Itnrders, bnt in their central sections are very distinct. 
 
 Tlie four areas may ho called the 
 
 (1.) h'lislii'ii Itordcr An'd, including the outcrops of Caspc, 
 New IJrunswick, Maine, and other places in Northern New 
 England ; 
 
 (2.) 'I'lie lutsicvn Cniiflncntdl Air<i, including the New York 
 and A|)paiaehian tracts as far south as N\'est \'irginia, and ex- 
 tending northwestward into Canada West and Michigan; 
 
 {'^.) The Iiifrrlor Co;j^/)if')i^(// vl/<v/, typically seen in Iowa and 
 Missouri, extending into Fllinois and Indiana, and prol)al)Iy 
 northwai'd toward the valley of the Mackenzie River; and 
 
 (4.) The WcKfcrn Co)itinr)if(il Arc(t,\K'Ht known through llaguc 
 and Walcott's studies of the Eureka, Nevada, sections. 
 
 Yjivh of these four areas j)resents sectictiis of the Devonian, 
 Avhicli in all the details of their stratigniphical, lithological and 
 paleontdlogical composition are ditl'erent from each other. 
 
 The Easfrrn Bonier Arra. 
 
 The typical eastern border section, as seen at Gaspe, is a heavy 
 series of arenaceous shales, sandstones and conglomerates, gray, 
 drab and red in color, of some 7000 feet in thickness. It lies upon 
 2000 feet of limestone, which holds, in the upper i)art, fossils of 
 U[)per Silurian age. These are regarded by IJillings as of Ilel- 
 derberg types. The first thousand feet of the sandstone shows a 
 rich flora, and, by some traces of invertebrate fossils, is known 
 to date back as early as the age of the Oriskany sandstone. The 
 first 6000 feet of the sandstone represents the interval from the 
 top of the Silurian to the top of the Chemung series of the New 
 
 
ni'.i'oaT ox vv Kit I'ai.kozok* (dfa'on'ic). 
 
 C7 
 
 York scctinii, aixl the tcrmiiiiil 'JOOO i'wt may rcprcsfnt the Cat- 
 skill st'rit'«i of \('\v York. (Sec liM^an's I{t'|M>rt upon tin' (laMpt!' 
 fipctioii ill "( Icolo^y ()(' Canada," 18<).'{, p. ;{!l(), etc) The creator 
 jtart ol'tlii"* section contains very few fossils, and these arc mainly 
 plant remains. In the continuation of the (ias|)u sandstones on 
 the |{ay de Clialcnr t\w lower and npper Ix'ds, as I nin inCortned 
 by Sir William Dawson, are not only distiiiifiiished hy charac- 
 teristic plants hut also l)y a rich fish fauna i-escmhliiii^ that of 
 Scotland, and divisihie into a lower zone with Cephalaspis, 
 Cocco*tens, etc., and an upper with l*terichthys. On traciiii;' the 
 outerops westward aeroHS Maine and Northern New l'jiy,land, 
 the coral-hearinjij limestones of the lower Devonian appear, in- 
 dicatiii}; a clian;ied condition of the seas on approachiiin' the old 
 Archean axis on the westward, hut the outero|)s, as well as the 
 identity of the fossils, are too indefinite to f:;ivc u clear idea of 
 the relation of this border re^jjion to the hotter kn(»wii sections 
 south of the Adirondack^ and fartlu.'r west in New York State. 
 
 The Eastern Continental Avc<(. 
 
 The second area, the eastern continental, is represented typ- 
 ically in New York State. From there it lias been traced down- 
 ward along the Appalaehians as far as to West N'irginia (the 
 '^rennessee section assuming a eloser relation to the interior area), 
 and nortliwestward in Ohio, Canada West and iMichigan. On 
 the western side of the Cincinnati axis the section is intermediate, 
 but presents closer relations with those of the interior than with 
 the typical New York section. 
 
 In New York, there is a full series of temporary stages of 
 deposition, each having its characteristic lithological composition 
 and each holding its distinctive fauna. The lower llelderherg 
 limestones were followed, in this area, by a deposit of coarse sand 
 which is thicker and more prominent in the eastern and south- 
 eastern part of the region, there attaining several hundred feet 
 in thickness, but thins out toward the northwest, and fails alto- 
 gether, l»(»th in the extreme southwesteri; and in the extreme north- 
 western extension of the area. This is the Oriskany sandstone, 
 marked by a few large and well-defined IJrachiopods. The 
 Oriskany stag(! is generally more or less calcareous, and runs up 
 into calcareous shales antl grits along the northeastern border of 
 the area. These latter are the Cauda-galli and Schoharie grits of 
 
CH 
 
 INTKI'.NATIONAK CONOItKss ol' (IKOI.OOISTH. 
 
 tilt' New York xcftioii. Tlicv iir«' folluwcd hIhac l»y llic ()ii"iii- 
 (lii^a ami CornifcroiiM Iim("*t(iii(s, av('rji;.niij; l('."«s than a liiiinlrt'tl 
 feet in tliickm-^s, hnt rcadiini; tlirct! Iinmlrcd I't't'f in tliicUncHrt (»r 
 niuri', ill '(line parts of N'l^w Y«»rk and in Mi('lii<;an. 
 
 In this ('.i-icrn continental area lln'i'f was cvitli'iitly sonic rc- 
 latioii.-liip ImIwccii tlic sandy dc|((»>its i»c;i;innint; '" •'"' ^ >ri>kany, 
 and the culcarcon- deposits typically rep re-dented in the ( )noiida;;a 
 an*l ( "oniireroiis liiiies((iiie«; for we tinil in tlie norlhwe.(( in p:irt 
 of the area the sand>tones thinning out to almost nothing, while 
 the liniestoiies reach their ;ireatest thickness, and in the ea>^tern 
 and more southern part of the area tlie sandstones reach their 
 l^reati'st tliickiiess, M'hile the limestone dwindhwand in some part.- 
 has not lieeii distin;xi>i''he(| at all. 'VUo. limestone is rich in corals, 
 and in mhiic layers, lias ahiiiidant Uracil io|)ods ; the latter are 
 types of wide i>'en(rraphical distrihiition, and, in the more common 
 forms, siieh as Sfroplionnuni r/ioinfioiilafis and Alrii/ia rcfii'itlarlx, 
 are species of lon^' geoloiiical ranjic. Some of the cmals, too, 
 have a loiin^ ran<j;e in the western continental section, ap|tearing 
 in the np|ier part of the Nevada limestone, according lu Mr. 
 Walcott. 
 
 Jn New York the next litholoirical terrano of the Devonian is 
 a series of shales, often heginnin^' and terminating in black and 
 sctmetinies partly calcareous shales; hut in the central part of the 
 section, gray, soft argillaceous shales, temi)orarily calcarcons in 
 ])Iaces, and holding a rich and ahnndant fauna, coii.-«titnie the 
 Hamilton series. 'J'he Hamilton also shows tendency to be more 
 calcareous westward and more arenaceous in the eastern outcrops, 
 and the sandstones and arenaceous shales are thicker and pre- 
 dominant in the IVnnsylvania, Maryland and Virginia sections, 
 while the argillaceous and calcareous shales arc more conspicuous 
 in New York, Ohio, Canada West and Michigan. A thousand 
 feet may be taken as an average for the thickness, including the 
 two terminal black shales, ilioiigli some of the Appalachian sec- 
 tions double this thickness. In our acct-pted classification the 
 upper (Jeiiesee black shale is grouped with the Hamilton, but, a.s 
 1 have shown elsewhere, there are good reasons for drawing the 
 distinctive line, separating middle and upper Devonian, below 
 rather than above the (nMiesee shale. 
 
 Above the Hamilton .series a period of de[)osition of arenaceous 
 shales and samlstones prevailed all over this eastern area, called 
 
ItKI'OllT (»\ IIM'KU I'AM'.o/.oir (KKVONFr). 
 
 C i) 
 
 tin' "f 'li"'miiii)i I'criiMl " hy Dana, and divided into tln' I'urtaj;!' 
 and ('iKninii;; Hta^c-t. Tli«> d<>|)o.HitM attain a lliickiicsH ol' two or 
 tlii»'«' lliunsmd (('ct in .\(!\v York and Nortlicrn I'ciiiimx Uania, 
 and lartlicr sontli an' icprcscntcd liy ')0()0 fct't of sandy d('|Mtsits, 
 coarser toward the to|>, and with occasional j;ravcl c<Mi^hinieratcs, 
 'I'his series o|' deposits is characteristic of the eastern area, and is 
 not rci'oiini/ed in the central or western areas. It is linked hy 
 its Mora with tlu' eastern liordcr seetioii,-, iind l>y its lanna is re- 
 cogni/ed as intimately associated with the npper Devonian de- 
 posltH of North Devonshire in Knjiland. 
 
 The limnas of the upper Devonian clianffc ra|>idly in coni- 
 ))osition on juissini; wotwani from the A|>|)alachian ridji;es, and 
 th(( pure ( 'hcmnn^' type is si-arcely recoj^ni/ed west of western 
 New York and Pennsylvania, althonifli some of its species are 
 seen iu the Iowa and Xevada sections. Passing into Ohio, 
 Canada \\'est and Michigan, the n|)|)er part of the Devonian 
 assumes a distinct ty|)e, which is more closely allied with that of 
 the Indiana and Illinois sections. It appears to he a prevalence 
 of the conditions expressed in the (ienesee shales and associated 
 Porlajne shales and sandstones of Xew York, with tjio failure of 
 the Chenuing rocks and fauna, running up into shales and sand- 
 stones of the Wavcrly and closing with conglomerates. The 
 more eastern sections, after the Hamilton, run up into sandstones, 
 rod and gi'ay shales, sandstones of considt.'raMe thickness, and 
 conglomerates, and |)re«ont no trace of any marine fauna inter- 
 mediate Ixtween the Chemung and the Carhoniferous. As we 
 approach the Ohio border going westward the Chemung fauna 
 also fails, and the Waverly follows the Hamilton with only the 
 fauna of the black shales intervening. 
 
 l\i the eastern |)art of Xew York, Pi^nasylvania and soutli- 
 ward, the coarse sands and conglomerates with red and green 
 shales, prevail after th(( Hamilton stage, reaching a thickness ot' 
 GOOO or 7()(X) I'eet, and then the (Jhenunig fauna is sparse and 
 contiued to the lower strata. This red shale and sandstone type 
 is called the "Catskill group" in Xew Y''ork, the " Cadent 
 series" of the Pennsylvania nomenclature. In the eastern Ap- 
 palachian area this same lithological type of ro(;ks continues all 
 the way upward to the coal measures; green and red shales, .sand- 
 stones and conglomei'at(,s, and occasionally thin beds of limestone, 
 but with no trace ol' the marine faunas which characterize the 
 
C 10 
 
 INTERNATIOXAI. fOXGURSS OF CEOLOGLSTS. 
 
 interval in Ohio, Indiana, and particularly, in tlic interior conti- 
 nental area. In Pennsylvania these rocks have lu'cn calhid 
 " \'esju>rtine Series," " llnihral Series," and '' Serai (.'onj^lotner- 
 ates" hy the first survey, and " I*()(H)no Sandstone and (^onjiloni- 
 erate," ' " Maueh Chuidv Red shale," and "Pottsville Con- 
 jrloMierate," by the second survey, and in central and cM^lern 
 Pennsylvania they together reach a niaxiniuni thickness of nearly 
 oOdO feet. These peculiarities, however, do not exteiitl westward 
 of Pennsylvania and New York. P>efore reachin<; that line, iu 
 fact, the red shales have nearly disa|)pcared from tlu; total section, 
 and as the C'heinutig fauna disappears upward, the new Waverly 
 fauna conies in, hut only in the border regions between the two 
 areas, are found sections in which both tiie Chcinuni:- and the 
 higher Waverly faunas a|)pear. This Waverly fauna is a transi- 
 tittnal fauna and is, in the east, generally associated with the 
 higher Sub-earboniferous marine faunas, and in sections in whidi 
 th(! next lower fauna is that of the Hamilton series or Middle 
 Devonian. In the Eureka faunas described by Mr. Walcott, 
 reprcM'ntatives of it arc found in the up[)er Devonian shales 
 (" White Pine Shales") associated with traces of the upper De- 
 vonian faunas of the cast. 
 
 The CcnU'id Continental Area. 
 
 The central continental area is typically represented in Iowa, 
 Illinois and Mi.ssouri, an<l reaches into Indiana, Kentucky and 
 Tennessee, and j)ossil)ly far north into Briti-h .Vmcrica. 
 
 Its prevailing characteristics are calcareous shales and lime- 
 stones, with some arenaceous admixture at the eastern and .south- 
 ern extremities, terminating in black shales, and rarely exceeding 
 two or three hundred feet in thickness. On the north, cast and 
 southea*it borders of the area the l)lack siiale termination is a 
 coiis|)icuous feature, but in the more' central portion, in Iowa and 
 Missouri, the black shale is either entirelv wanting or but sliiihtlv 
 rci»resented. 
 
 In Illinois and Indiana tin; black shale reaches a thickness (.)f 
 one 'uindred feet or niore, and is immediately followe(l bv the 
 shales and limestones of the Kinderhook, or ICiiobstone staire 
 holding a fauna closelv allied with that of the Waverlv statre 
 of (.)liio. East of the Cincinnati axis the black shales are first 
 thin ; they thicken on going ea.stward, and distinctly represent 
 
IlEPORT ON UPPER PALEOZOIC (UEVOMC). (J 1 1 
 
 the iipjH'r Devonian of Wi'storn New York. Including all tliat 
 is now I'atcd as above the IlaniiltiMi shales and below (he Jjcd- 
 I'onl shales- this n|i|)( r Devonian of Kastern ( )hio is from -|(>0 
 to 2000 f(!et in thickness, thinning; westward (See Professor Or- 
 ion's Preliminary Re|K)rt on Petroleum and (las, 1887, |). 2()). 
 
 \\'lien we reaeh the central part of the interior area we lind 
 the ]>evonian re|)resented hy limestones running np into fine 
 argillaceous shales, resting on upper Silurian limestones which 
 in numerous places are of Niagara age and, in the southern 
 border of the region are more or less siliceous, and hold fossils 
 of the later Silurian tinu', as in the Dclllijiris sIki/cs of Missouri 
 which are, doubtless, as late; as Lower Ilelderberg time, Tlii^ 
 central area lacks the black shale and runs up immediately into 
 Sub-carboniferous limestones, calcareous shales and sandstones, 
 and the total repre^entatives of the Devonian are scarcely 200 
 feet thick. 
 
 
 
 The WcKfcni Dcroniioi Ana. 
 
 I take the Nevada section of the Eureka district as ty|)ical, 
 since this has been carefully developed by the labors of Hague 
 and Walcott (See Walcott's Monograph, l^ileontology of the 
 Eureka District, U. S. Geol. Survey, 18-S4). 
 The jM'cnliarities of this section are as follows: 
 laying unconforujably u|)on a thick s<'ries of limestone beds, 
 representing the Trenton and, at the top, the Niagara series of 
 eastern sections, comes the Xenida Liiiicxtonc, (JOOO feet thick, 
 indistinctly bedded and siliceous below, and becoming massive 
 toward the top with intercalated beds of shale and (piart/.ite. 
 The same fauna runs from bottom to top, but with some change 
 in part of the species. In tlu' lower 500 feet the fauna is dis- 
 tinctly lower Devonian, and in the terminal 500 feet- it is as dis- 
 tinctly allied with the up|)er Devonian of the east. Throughout, 
 there arc found species which in the typical eastern sections aic 
 restricted to particular /ones. In its species it shows closer rela- 
 tionship with the Iowa Devonian than with the mon; (astern 
 fatmas, c()ntaining two species (see p. 2<i0i (hat have; been foinid 
 far to (he north in the Mackenzie River l)M>in, i.e. Oiihis Mci'm- 
 (((iici and Jilii/n('!t()ii(//(i cdtikiiwd. (X. (iT 15' long. 12(j^' \\ .). 
 Overlying this limestone is the White Pine Shale, a black shale, 
 estimated at 2000 feet in thickness, running into retl and brown- 
 
C 12 
 
 rXTERXATIONAL C0X0RF:.SS OF (JKOLOGISTS. 
 
 isli sandstones and arenacoons shales, with sonio plant remains 
 and a sj)arse fraf;;mentary fanna which closely resembles in general 
 character the fauna of the similar upjun* Devonian blaiik .shales 
 of tlu! eastern continental area. 
 
 In these western sections there is a remarkable dilferenee in 
 the range and habit of species. "Some sj)ecies," as Mr. C D. 
 AValcott has shown, " have reversed their relative position in the 
 gron|) as they iiave been known luiretofore, and others have a 
 greater vertical range" (l*al. of (h(> Knreka District, j). 4). Some 
 cases mentioned by Mr. AValcott are Orihix TnlUcnsl.s at the top, 
 Ortlii.1 iiiiprcsNa at the base, and several Corniferous corals at the 
 upper horizon (see pp. 4 and 5, etc.). 
 
 It is also noticed that the faunas in flic higher shales show 
 combinations of Devonian and Carl)oiiiferous types (Wliite Pine 
 Shales), but a careful study of the species reveals the characteristic 
 changes of the general fanna that are seen in the eastern se(!tIons. 
 
 For instance, the new type of IJrachiopods belonging to the 
 genus Prnihii'tuH ((tailed PnxJiicfclla in the \ew York Reports) 
 begins in this western section with certain small forms ly|Mcal of 
 the lower and middle Devonian of the east, and it is only in the 
 upper horizon that the larger Chemung types of Prndndm appear. 
 TJje same thing is seen in the chang(« in the tyj)es of ^plrlfera. 
 The characteristic uj)per Devonian Nyj. dinjundd apjjcars only in 
 the uj)per part of the section as in the east. The peculiarities of 
 this western section in its Paleontology, are most readily explained 
 by th(> assumption, supported also by other facts, that throughout 
 the whole age the deposits of this area were made in a wide, open 
 ocean, with islands, perhaps, but with no gnuit masses of land to 
 disturb the general uniformity of the conditions of life. 
 
 The central area was, 'ioubtless, at considcM'able distance from 
 land but in no great dej)th of depression. The eastern couti- 
 nental area from Michigan around through Canada, New York 
 and down the Ai)palachians, must have hvcn during the Devo- 
 nian age, near enough to shores for the faunas, as well as the 
 nature of the deposits, to be affected l)y the (Ktean currents, and 
 to feel strongly the edects of relatively small amounts of change 
 of level between land and water. Hen; the faunas are both more 
 local and more limited in ge(»logi(' I'auge, changing more sud- 
 denly and fully in their combiiiatious and species. The condi- 
 tions of the eastern l)order were those of rough au<l tempestuous 
 coasts. 
 
REPORT ON UPPER PALf]OZOIC (DEVONIc). C 13 
 
 Conclusions. 
 
 There are thus, 1st, a northeastern border area, niuinly com- 
 posed of coarse, arenaceous deposits, thick, and with little to 
 distinguish it into subordinate zones. 
 
 2(1. An eastern continental area, with sandstones, limestones, 
 shales and conglomerates alternating with each other, and pre- 
 senting a rich and varied series of faunas, marking a considerable 
 number of distinct zones which follow in a constant order. 
 
 3d. A central continental area, mainly limestone and soft 
 argil lo-calcareous shales, and, compared with the more eastern 
 sections, very thin ; presenting a fauna which represents the 
 whole eastern Devonian and is plaiidy a sequent to an under- 
 lying upper Silurian fauna. It is followed by a Carboniferous 
 fauna to which it is generically closely related, and about its 
 border is terminated by a black shale. 
 
 4th. A western area represented by a thick massive series of 
 limestones followed by black shales, not separated into distinct 
 faunas, but carrying a common fauna showing but slight change 
 from bottom to top. 
 
 With all these great contrasts in lithological, stratigraphical 
 and paleontological characters the evidence is satisfiictory that the 
 several sections are representatives of the same geological age; 
 that, taken as wholes, they do not represent parts, the one taking 
 the place of an interval in the other, but they cover approximately 
 the same interval, and probably represent approximately the depo- 
 itions of the same length of geological time. 
 
 They are bound together, and their relationship certified to 
 by the fo.'^sils they contain. The relationship is recognized in 
 the combination of species to form faunas and in the varietal 
 modification of si)eeies, as well as in the identity of the species 
 themselves. We cannot find stronger contrasts across the Atlan- 
 tic eastward than are found acro.ss the continent westward. The 
 ])rinciples which the American geologist is required to apply in 
 discussing the geology of his own domain are no less broad than 
 those which the International Congress meets with when it 
 attempts to unify nomenclature for all the world. Wherever 
 unifi(;ation is practicable in America it is practicable for all the 
 world, and where America finds unification a cumbrance it is use- 
 less for an International Congress to attempt it. 
 
C14 
 
 INTERNATIONAL CONGKE.SS OF GEOLOGISTS. 
 
 What is tlioro in the Devonian system, as represented in North 
 America, wliieli demands uniformity of nomenclature, and wlierein 
 will attempts at uniformity in nomenclature either strain or mis- 
 represent the facets? 
 
 1st. It is perfectly clear to a paleontoloj^ist studyinj^ the faunas 
 and floras, that the system under consideration, in each of the so 
 dissimilar ty]>eSj is the representative of the Devonian system of 
 Great Britain, Belgium, Germany and Russia, in all the central 
 features of its marine and i)rackish invertebrate, and vertebrate 
 faunas; and in its floras. That the name Devonian, as the first 
 name used, should be api)lied to this system of rocks, we see no 
 reason for dispute. 
 
 2d. Jn all the sections, in so far as they exhibit it, the order 
 of sequence in the modification of faunas is the same, and this 
 sequence as presented in foreig" sections is found to follow the 
 same order, wherever species are identical, or are closely allied 
 varieties of tlie same type; their ])lace of dominance in the series 
 is the same for each secition, l)ut the range may vary; in one area 
 species may be restricted in range; in another, species may range 
 through a long series of deposits. In other words, species which 
 are found to have a world-wide distribution, although in one area 
 they may be restricted to a particular stage of the Devonian, are 
 likely to have a long geological range in other areas, not less 
 than from bottom to top of some coujplete Devonian sections. 
 But a ])articular combination of species, forming a characteristic 
 fauna of a special stage in one area, occurs at the same. relative 
 position in any other area in which it a|)i)ears. Such faunas are, 
 however, actually more or less local, and, as far as the Devonian 
 is concerned, it is not i)racticable to form more than three sub- 
 divisions of the Devonian to which to aj)ply universally uni- 
 form names. These three, in their general typical faunas, can be 
 recognized (so far as they are present) in the different areas of 
 America and f]urope, the lower, typically seen in the Cornifer- 
 ous limestone of New York ; the middle, represented in the 
 Hamillou fauna of New York ; the upper represented in the 
 Chemung fauna of New York. Any attempt to unify in the 
 finer details is useless for America, and, of course, would be use- 
 less if attempted for all countries. 
 
 JM. lu the sections of America alone there is found nothintr in 
 
REPORT OX UPPER PALEOZOIC (dEVONIC). C 15 
 
 lithological composition or sequence wliith is uniform for the 
 several arear*. 
 
 In seeking ui.iJ'ormity of nonienclature tiie studv of the Amer 
 lean Devonian leads to the followinjr eonclusions: 
 
 (1) That uniformity is desirable in the names and prominent 
 distinctive biological characters of the so-called systems. 
 
 (2) That valuable residts may be reached by a discussion, on 
 the part of those acquainted with the same system in the differ- 
 ent i)arts of the world, as to the best biological criteria for mark- 
 ing the boundaries of the systems. 
 
 (3) That while uniformity is possible in subdividing n system 
 into parts, the number of such i)arts, and the characters (listin- 
 guishing them, must be determined after a wide, comprehensive 
 and minute study of their biological characters. 
 
 (4) That i)reliminary work in classifying rocks should not 
 seek uniformity, but should adopt local nomenclature, and tiiat 
 nomenclature based ujxm an exhaustive comparison of represen- 
 tative sections can alone reach a uniformity that will be of per- 
 manent value. 
 
 § 3. The Base of the Devoxian. 
 
 The precise point of division between the Silurian and the De- 
 vonian has not been uniformly determined. After finally adof)ting 
 the equivalency of the New York Corniferous rocks with the Devo- 
 ijian of English authors — not the Silurian, as was at first thought 
 correct, — the New York geologists i)lace(l the base of the De- 
 vonian at the top of the Oriskany sandstone. In 1847, De Ver- 
 neuil, making a com|)arison of the American geological series with 
 tlie Eur()i)ean, in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of France, 
 urged the propriety of regarding the Oriskany as the base of the 
 Devonian, the chief reason being the appearance in the Oriskany 
 of the i\y»t SpiriJ'ers with bifurcating plications, a common char- 
 acter in the Devonian and particularly in the Carboniferous. In 
 1850, 3d vol. of Paleontology of New York, Professor Hall 
 objected, and proposed that the Oriskany should be regarded as 
 the top of the Silurian, because the first vertebrates then known 
 in our series were found above in the Schoharie grit. 
 
 Neither of these arguments are of any value now, as verte- 
 brates have been found below the Oriskany, and as the tyi)e of 
 Spirlfcr referred to by De Yerneuil begins in the Niagara (Dana). 
 
C 16 
 
 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GEOLOGISTS. 
 
 The only other point hronj^ht forth as decisive is the j)rin('i|)le 
 of a cycle of (U'po.slts according to which the sandstone would be 
 regarded as the final stage in the cycle. 
 
 'J'his Inise of the Devonian, either fannally or lithologically, 
 applies only to the eastern area. In the Gasj)e section the Oris- 
 kany fanna has heen reported from the upj)er part of the lime- 
 stone and as high as 1000 feet uj in the sandstone. In the 
 sections of the central area no evidence has appeared either of the 
 faunas or of the peculiar sandstones. Neither in the western 
 continental area has evidence aj)peared of the Oriskany fauna, 
 and while the base of the Nevada limestone is distinctly siliceous, 
 there is no representative of the Oriskany sandstone of the cast. 
 
 That a distinct line of separation between Silurian and Devo- 
 nian is to be found in most sections is clear; this is j)articularly 
 the division betwifen liowcr Ilelderberg and Corniferous or lower 
 Onondaga limestones; and that Oriskany faunas are transitional 
 is equally clear, but on which side of the line they should be 
 placed is not as clear. By the Eatonias and allied types the con- 
 nection is closer with what goes below; — by the Tcrcbnitaloid 
 and SpirijW types the Oriskany is closely linked with what fol- 
 lows in Devonian. The Fishes and 3I(')'osfo)n(ita Cnistacca both 
 begin below the Oriskany, and from a fannal point of view would 
 lead to i)lacing the division line as low as the Lower Ilelderberg 
 series. However, the common usage in America is that which 
 includes the Oriskany in the Silurian, following the precedent set 
 by the New York Survey. 
 
 If we look for precedent in the earlier established European 
 divisions, we find little help, since the precise details of the faunas 
 and rocks are wanting on the eastern side of the Atlantic, as they 
 are outside of the Eastern continental area of America. It is more 
 than probable that in future classifications the intervals between 
 like deposits, as two sandstones or two limestones containing dis- 
 tinct though similar faunas, will be found to be a more satisfac- 
 tory means of subdivision than the sudden passage from sandstone 
 to limestone, from one deposit to another very unlike, although 
 they should bear very dissimilar faunas. 
 
 The American treatises on Geology, Text Books and Manuals, 
 generally follow the j)reeedent set by the New York Survey of 
 including the Oriskany in the Silurian. The United States Geo- 
 logical Survey in some of its publications adopts the rule of Oris- 
 
RKPOUT ON UPPER PALEOZOIC (DEVONIC). C 17 
 
 kany ivt the base of the Devonian. En<rlish anil European authors 
 more generally foHow the latter elaf^s^ilieation. 
 
 nil <^li*'- 
 
 § 4. The Top of the Devonian. 
 
 The determination of the top of the Devonian in Anieri* i is 
 beset with as much difficulty as that of its hase, — hut for ditler- 
 ent reasons. 
 
 In the eastern border area, the Gaspe and New Brunswick 
 sections, the sands and conjfh)merates run upward into coarse con- 
 glomerates and red sandstones, whi(;h by their flora are regarded 
 as the base of the Carboniferous, but there is no sharp distinction 
 in iithoh)gical characters to mark a transition. In the Appala- 
 chian region, north, east and southward, the transition is litho- 
 logically marked by a prominent, coarse conglomerate, above 
 Avhich the flora is Carboniferous. Further west, in western Penn- 
 sylvania, there is a Chemung fauna below, followed by u distinct 
 invertebrate fauna, the Waverly, but when tiie two faunas appear 
 in the same section, as for instance about Moadville, the change is 
 no more marked than the passage from the Hamilton to the Che- 
 mung, both members of the Devonian system. Passing furtl.er 
 west, in Ohio and Michigan the Chemung fauna is wanting, and 
 in matter of sequence the Waverly fauna follows the Hamilton 
 fauna with its distinct black shale sub- fauna. A black shale 
 ai)pears also above the first stages of the Waverly as well as below 
 it, which contains a fauna closely allied to the fauna of the lower 
 Devonian black shale of New York, the Marci^llus. 
 
 In the interior continental area, the passage is directly from tlie 
 Hamilton (a Devonian fauna) to the Kiiulerhook, Waverly, or 
 Burlington faunas which are recognized as marking the early 
 stages of the Carboniferous system. 
 
 In the western Nevada (Eureka) section and Arizona (Kanab), 
 the upi>er Devonian shales and sandstones terminate with uncon- 
 formity below the Carboniferous deposits, hut in the Utah (Wali- 
 satch) section, there is a coutinu«tus limestone (the Wahsatch 
 limestone), the top of which is Carboniferous, while the bottom 
 is regarded as ecpiivalent to the Nevada liuu'stone of the Eureka 
 .section. More detailed study of these western sections will doubt- 
 less give greater clearness ti> the stages marked by the faunas, 
 but the absence of coal measures in this western area will make 
 
 2 
 
C 18 
 
 IXTKKNATIONAL CONGIJKSS OK OKOLOGISTS. 
 
 it nerc'ssary to defiiie the siilxlivisions hy means of invertebrate 
 faunas. 
 
 From a coniparlHon of tlie several series of North Ainericij it 
 is evident tliat there are several eh'arly-<lellne(l distinct marine 
 faunas in the I'aleo/oic. Without eonsiderintji; the htwer Sihiriau, 
 we find three distinct stages of a juirely marine fauna : (a) the 
 Niagara, (1») the Hamilton, (c) the Sid)-C'arhoniferou8, the hitter 
 represented ty])ieally in its hiter nienihers, the St. Louis and 
 Chester stages. In the interior basin, where the limestone 
 formations are almost continuous, including all three, these three 
 faunas ap|)ear in sequence and can be compared, showing both 
 their differences and their likenesses. Where the same genera 
 are concerned the species are distinctive, but at the same time are 
 so similar as to suggest el()se relationship. The most distinctive 
 di(1erence8 in the three faunas are in sj)ecies or genera found at 
 only one of the stages, and, when we compare these sections \vith 
 the sections of the east or of the west, we find on the one hand 
 that the sharply- defined faunas are marked by specialized and 
 modified local stages of one or other of these typical faunas. 
 Tims the Corniferous is a coralline modification of the lower 
 Hamilton fauna of the interior ; the Chenuing is but a specialized 
 stage of the upper Hamilton of Iowa, and the Waverly is but an 
 eastern modification of the lower stage of the Carboniferous 
 fauna of the interior, while in the west there is a blending of the 
 Corniferous, Hamilton and Chemung types throughout a series of 
 several thousand feet of lin)estones and siiales. In the same wav 
 tiie uj)per Helderberg limestone holds a fauna which appears to 
 be a modified or later stage of the Niagara fauna. 
 
 The sharp distinctions are seen in those areas where there was 
 a definite interruption of the conditions of the ocean during the 
 deposition, and the line between the Silurian and the Devonian 
 is sharj)est where the Niagara and the Hamilton were neither of 
 them strojigly calcareous, but are separated by a limestone fol- 
 lowed by a marked sandstone and then a limestone again, as in 
 the Aj)j)alachian area. So also at the top of the Devonian, in the 
 same general area, it is the elevation of the bottom exj)ressed by 
 the great accumulation of arenaceous shales, sandstones and con- 
 glomerates separating the Hamilton marine fauna from the 
 marine fauna of the Carboniferous, that makes the transition so 
 conspicuous. 
 
 1 
 
IlEPOUT ON L'I'I'KU I'A I.KOZOIC (DKVONIc). C 19 
 
 was 
 tlie 
 nian 
 or of 
 lul- 
 ls ill 
 I the 
 I by 
 CO li- 
 the 
 ■on so 
 
 In the hitcrior, where there was evicU^Jtlya mariiK; basin con- 
 tinuously from tlie lower Silurian t(» the Citrboniferous period, the 
 Niajrara, Hamilton and Sub-Carboniferous faunas are scarcely 
 more stronjily contrasted than the three faunas of the nuMnbers 
 of the Cambrian system, and had we not such sections as are 
 found in the east, or the ])reced('nts of European writeis, it is 
 (hiubtful if any fjood fjcojojrist would have distributed the rocks 
 (for inslanee, those of Iowa between the Maipiokela shales and 
 the coal measures) into three distinct geoI(»gical systems of the 
 Paleozoic. 
 
 This great difference in the details of the j>Mssage from Devo- 
 nian to Carboniferous in the several sections does not imply that 
 one section is complete, and that where faunas are wanting there 
 was of necessity a gap in the deposition, but rather that the con- 
 ditions favoring the life of the fauna were wanting in the area 
 where it fails. If our knowledge were complete, it is not likely 
 that any strong separation lines would be recognized between 
 faunas that are alike in widely separated areas. 
 
 Wheii we attempt to define the upper limits of the Devonian 
 in terms of marine invertebrate fossils, it can be said that the 
 line is indistinct and the evidence unsatisfactory in the eastern 
 border region. In New York the highest invertebrate marine 
 fauna is that of the Chemung stage. The Catskill stage in 
 eastern New York follows the Chemmig fauna in general, but 
 the fact that species of fish and ]>lauts which characterize the 
 typical Catskill rocks have been found in strata having Chemung 
 fossils above them, makes it impossible to locate the precise 
 equivalency of rocks marked only by the one or tiie other of 
 these typ(!s of fossils. In Western Pennsylvania the Poeono 
 faeries, including the Oil Lake stage, the Meadville stage and 
 the Shcnantro stage of the 2d Pennsylvania Survcv nomencia- 
 ture, as applied by 1. C. White (see Keport Q. 4), follows the 
 termination of the Chemung fauna, and contains the Waverly 
 fauna of (^hio. In this region there is no true Catskill, but red 
 shales, sandstones and conglomerates follow the zone bearing the 
 Waverly fauna. Hence it is reasonable to conclude that the 
 Poeono and Mauch Chunk of Pennsylvania, as well as the Cats- 
 kill, the three together reaching a maxinmm thickness of no less 
 than 10,000 feet, represent an interval in Western Xew York, 
 between the termination of the Chemung fauna and the base of 
 
C 20 
 
 INTKUNATIONAL CONGUKSS OF (MOOI-OOIHTS. 
 
 tlio Olcun Conjilomonito. This interval is filU'<l by harrtMi sliiilcs 
 !iii(l snndstnucs, soriictimcs red ami ^rvcw slialos, and in placus ia 
 hut a very few linndn.'d feet in tliickncss. 
 
 In I'lastcrn Ohio the I*ni'tai;e staire of the Cheinnnjif s('ri<!H is 
 represented, hnt the Cheinnn^ I'anna fails, and tho hiaek shale 
 contains the last representative of the Devonian, followed V)y a 
 Waverly fanna. This is snhstantially the ease in Michigan. 
 Farther west an<l south, in Indiana, Illinois, MissonrijKentiuiky, 
 and Tennessee, the hlacU shale and its fanna may he regarded as 
 terminating the Devonian, the next fanna above being the re|)re- 
 sentative of the Ohio Waverly. Wherever, as in Iowa, th(> black 
 shale ceases, the Hamilton fanna is the last Devonian fanna, and 
 above it c(»mes the re|>resentative of the Waverly in yellow .sili- 
 ceons limestones or yellow calcareon.s sandstones, of slight thick- 
 ness. In the sections in the extreme west, no distinct separation 
 of the fannas at the top of the Devonian is reported, bnt there 
 a])pears t(» be a gradnal passage into a fanna which resembles onr 
 easti'rn Waverlv. 
 
 § 5. The Subdivision of the I)ev(jniax. 
 
 The snbdivision of any great geological system nnist depend 
 in great measnre upon the ditVen^nces in the fannas or Horas con- 
 tained, and, as 1 believe, this de|)ends in no small degree npon 
 the geological changes which modified and shifted the geograph- 
 ical conditions nnder which the animals lived. A sandstone will 
 not contain the same species as a following limestone, and even 
 in arenaceons shales, a slight change in the fineness or coarseness 
 or in the amount of argillaceous mud mixed with the sand, modi- 
 ties the composition of the fanna (contained in it. 
 
 Airain, we do not need to y-o outside of the United States to 
 find lour entirely distinct sections, each of which represents un- 
 mistakably the Devonian system. These may be represented in 
 the (ias|)c section, the New York, the Iowa, and the Nevada 
 sections, no two of them presenting any features of resen)blanee 
 in their lithologioal con)j)osition or order of sequence, and giving, 
 in the organic remains they carry, evidence of entirely different 
 biological conditions, bnt at the sjime titiie by various links of 
 evidence they are believed to re|)resent the sanie geological age. 
 
 It is thus evident that all the divergent conditions (excej)t those 
 of se[)arate language) which might call for heterogeneity of 
 
HK1'»)UT ON UI'l'KU PAI.KOZOIC (DKVONIu). C 21 
 
 nomcucliitinc, jir«! met with in the Devonian (»(' Xortli AnH'iica. 
 On tlio (ttlicr hand, if tniit'nniiity of iiomciiclatiin' iM dcsirahlo 
 aiiywiici'c, ('crtaiiily it should itc applied here. IJut, as we have 
 Hci'ii, the physical characters of tlu^ stratij>faphy, or the litho- 
 lof^ical constitution of the rocks, are of little or no value in de- 
 tertnininir the true (ipiivaleiicy of strutillt'd (h'|iosits J'oiind in 
 distinct ^co^rraphical areas. 
 
 In seekin}:; to dotennine the place in the colnnin of any newly 
 examined set of rocks, there can Ik- no (pu'stion that, if th<'y are 
 fossil-hearinj;, th(> fossils are the critical tests. 'I'hus we deter- 
 mine that th(( Iowa I)cv(tnian is a representative of middle and 
 upper Devonian of New York, and in the (Ja^pe series the dis- 
 covery of lU'iisHc/an-ia in the sandstone 10(10 feet above the lime- 
 stone, leads us to synchronize that lntrizon with the New York 
 Oriskany. In tliis way, also, the limits of the Devonian strata 
 in New York were fonn<l hy a comparison of their fossils with 
 the Devonian fossils of Phillips, or with the Rhenish or licliiiaii 
 fossils, as was done hy De Verneuil. This reveals o\n\ usajjje 
 that is common to us all ; in determinin<!; e(juivalen('y of geo- 
 lotfical hori/on for areas between which there is no known con- 
 tinuity of strata, the fossil contents are the determinitij^ criteria. 
 And there is a second rule involved in this operation ; in attempt- 
 \u^ to compare and thus nidfy nomenclature in the classitication 
 of j^c(»loy;i<'al deposits, there is a typical section which is taken as 
 the standard, and with it the new sections are compared. 
 
 This leads to the consi<leration that in order to reach uni- 
 formity in usa»!;e of nomenclature we must first adopt uniform 
 standards. For the Paleozoic, as hi^r. as to the top of the Devo- 
 nian, the New Y(»rk section is practically the adopted standard 
 for North America, liut in the j^rand <livisions, as is evitlent 
 from the terms Devonian, Silurian, Camhrian, and in the nnnor 
 subdivisions if we closely study them, there is found a prior 
 standard which has been the basis for chissifieation, if not of 
 nomenclature, in this " New York .system." 
 
 Takin<f our example, the Devonian, the influence of a lower, 
 middle and upper Devonian is felt in the (classifications of all 
 the Devonian areas in the world. While we are aciuistomed to 
 take the .stan(hird of New York, and to place the termination of 
 the lower Devonian at the top of the Corniferous limestone, and 
 of the middle Devonian at the top of the Genesee shale, this sub- 
 
C 22 
 
 INTKIlNATIONAf. ("OVOIlKss nF (JKoI/KJISTM. 
 
 <HvIsioii (»f the hcvoiiiiin <ln<'H not n;ir('o with the Kii!;li.s|i or 
 KnnipcMii iisii^;)' when !iii:ily-»iM of tin' fossils is can'riilly mad*'. 
 'Flic tiKisI iiii|)offaiit iliircrciicc is at tin* divisictii iM'twccii flio 
 initUlf and ii|)|m'I' Devonian. In l)otli Kiirojican and Hritisli 
 nsap', flifTt' \^ ;i transition IVotn(l)a rich lirai'|iio|i(»d marine 
 t'ainia tv|>i<'ally seen in tlic llfra('<»nilM' l«'<ls of IMiillips, the (iive- 
 ticn limestone of lli'lj^inm, the Sfrinixorcphalicn shahs or linje- 
 Htoncs of till' ICifcl and JIart/ n'l^ioiis ; to (2) calcarcons shales 
 or limestones or, farther north, to saniUtones charaeteri/ed l>y a 
 ju'cnliar aixl new lilii/iii'/ioiirf/u, whieli u'ives the name to the 
 zone as the Ciiholilcs shale or linu'slone. Ahove the ('iihohleH 
 zone, in several seeli(»ns, there follows a lilaeU shale with a pecu- 
 liar ('(inHiiyn {Qirdlnla rctrnnfrldtd), and in other places, or in 
 the same sc^etion, a zone rwU in (innldVilcs. Withont attem|)tinf; 
 to |»i(i\c identity of s|)ecies, arjy oiu> ae<|uainted with tin; fossils 
 from the two sides of the Atl.'intic, and without criticising the 
 name«^, would sec; at once that the series of llinnas and their order 
 are foMixi identical in the sections of \cw York and those of the 
 Kuropean continent. Following the Hamilton with its rich, 
 varied fauna, in which r/idcops htifn plays as conspicuous a part 
 as does the I'httcojm hiflfrons of the European section, there ap- 
 jH'ars the Tidly limestone with HhjinclinhvUd vcttushiln, which 
 only an ex|>ert could separate from some s|iecimens of the Kuro- 
 pean li/ii/)irIio)U'l/n vuhoUhs. Then comes the hiack (Jenesee shale 
 with ('((I'lliohi ((ffi/iifoc(ir(liiiiii, Hall) .sjuvlrmt, and ht the hase of 
 the I'ortajrc of New York the (lOiiidli/cs peculiarly abundant in 
 places. Fullowiufij these, in Fnrope and ( Jreat JJritain and Xew 
 York alike, is the typical tipper Devonian, our Cheuuint;, I'ji^lish 
 North Devon, and Jielj^ian Fiimenien and (Jerman Cotidrozic.'n. 
 
 Now in the Ftiro|)ean nomenclattirc, the Frasnien and its 
 equivalents, which eorres|).)ud with the 'I'ully (its typi<'al fjiuiiii), 
 the (ienesee and lower Portage fatinas of Xew York, are all put 
 in the ii|>per Devonian. The <livisi()n is drawn at th(! top of the 
 Struif/occjihdlin), and helow the Ciiboidcs z(»nes, which woidd be 
 at the base of the Tidly for ns. As a matter of mere infer|)reta- 
 tion of miips, this means thiit by our usajre of incltidin^i; the Tidly 
 and (renesee in the middle Devonian oin* mtips woidd be inter- 
 preted wrongly by Etu'oixatis just to that extent. Otir repre- 
 sentative of the Cidjoides zoiie is certainly in the middle or upper 
 part of the Tully limestone, and the special Tidly fauna is dis- 
 
IIKPORT (IN riM'KU I'Ar.KOZOK* (UFA'ONIC). C 23 
 
 tiiict, hiif tlicrc can lie no reason whatever for dividing the 
 (iciifscc from flip l'"r(a^M', lor in the ty|ii(iil s»'ction l•('<■urn•M('c•^^ 
 of the (}<(»«'«<'*> lijlioi/'irical conditions occnr np to the very liii»e 
 ofdl'' l*(irtaj/c s}ni(lst«)ne» which terminate the Portage gmnp of 
 the Nt'W York system. 
 
 If, therefore*, we foUow precedent and speak of a distinction 
 .hotween niiddh- and upper Devonian, the <ienes<'e shah* certainly, 
 and the Tnlly limestone, W) far as its typical fauna is concerned, 
 helonj; strictly to the upper I)evonian and not to the middle ; and 
 in order to adapt our usage to the accepted usajje of Kuro|M'an 
 standards, when sjieakinfij of upper and middle Devonian, we 
 should include in the upper Devonian th«? (i(!nesee shale and so 
 much of the Tnlly as contains the l\}ii/ii('li(mr/hi rcnnstnla fauna. 
 
 It is to he noted in this coniparison with the FOuropean expres- 
 sion of the Devonian, that the same general (lilfercnce ohserved 
 in comparing; the eastern continental with the central area ol 
 America is ol)served in con>parint>; the area of northern Eurojw 
 with that in the southwestern jiart. The northern s<'ction |»ro- 
 scnts much similarity to the Xew \'ork section, though with more 
 limestone, until we reach Devonshire, which is more arenaceous 
 than the New York area, and still farther north in Scotland is 
 represented hy the old red sandstone, which may he likened t(« 
 the sandstone part of the (Jaspe section. Hut in Asturia, the 
 Spanish area, at^cording to Harrois the Devonian is mainly lime- 
 stone, the divisions are less marked, and even the peculiarities 
 ohserved in the; fossils of Iowa as compared with Xew York rep- 
 resentatives are shown, as in the variations of a single type of 
 Splrifem tUyuneta. 
 
 § 6. Phohlems for Settlkment. 
 
 In regard to the Devonian, its nomenclature and classification, 
 we find in the United States that there are three or four problems 
 of general interest concerning which it devolves upon this com- 
 mittee to give an opinion : 
 
 (1) 'The Ndvie. — Shall we follow the general usage and adopt 
 tiie name Devonian system, with the area of Devonshire and 
 Cornwall, England, as the typical area, and the paper of Sedg- 
 wick and Murchison as the classical description of what tlie 
 system is? 
 
 (2) The Limits of the SyHtem. — This involves the determination 
 
// 
 
 C24 
 
 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GEOLOGISTS. 
 
 of (a) tlif biiso, and (h) the smninit, and may, as a collateral prol)- 
 leni, involve the selection of (c) a standard set^tion for the United 
 States, (a) The l)ase : Of the region described, this j)roldem 
 concerns only the eastern continental area. (In the eastern bor- 
 der region the base is above the to|) of the limestone, and the 
 sandstones higher up |)resent no sharp line for division. In the 
 central continental area there is a decided gap between the De- 
 vonian and the next lower Silurian i'aunas. In the west there 
 a])pears to be a gap and unconformity separating the base of the 
 Nevada limestone (Devonian) from the lower Silurian or u|>per 
 Silurian in places above it.) (b) The top of the Devonian: The 
 question involved here concerns the central and eastern conti- 
 nental areas of the Devonian. The jniints to determine are as 
 follows : 
 
 (1) Shall we include tlie Catskill rocks (and when no marine 
 faunas occur, up to the base of the Olean Conglomerate and 
 equivalents) in the Devonian ? 
 
 (2) Shall the Chemung marine fauna be taken as the upi)er- 
 most marine fauna of the Devonian ? Or, shall a ))art or the 
 whole of the niarine faunas Ix^tween the middle Devonian and the 
 Conglomerate which introduces the coal measures be called 
 Devonian ? 
 
 I have elsewhere ])re.sented the facts which support the view, 
 that if an arbitrary line is to be drawn, faunally, it should be 
 between the Chemung and the Waverly ; the only place where 
 they appear to meet in continuous section is in Western Pennsyl- 
 vania. The difhculties are not less .serious in England, and the 
 Pilton and Baggy Point beds of Devonshire hold faunas which 
 it is as difficult to settle on the Devonian or the Carboniferous 
 side as it lias been with the Waverly, Kinderhook or Marshall 
 faunas. The fullest discussion of the problems on this point of 
 the termination of the Devonian will be .'<een in Ale.x. Winchell's 
 paper on the "Geological Age and Ecjuivalcnts of the Marshall 
 Group" (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, vols. 1 1 and 12, 18()t» and 1870). 
 
 But in the New York and Aj)i)alacliian .scfftions the question 
 is, — Shiill the Oriskany be taken as the ba.se of the Devonian or as 
 the top of the Silurian ? If we draw lines they must be drawn 
 somewhere, arbitrarily or not. The Oriskany, like the Foreland 
 grits of Devonshire, may be called passage beds or Devono- 
 Silurian, as was proposed by Professor Hull for the Foreland 
 
REroRT OX UPPER PALEozoi: (devonk ). C 25 
 
 grits, or we nmy settle tlio question, wliieli at present is variously 
 interj)rete(l hy American geoloj^ists. The nse of sndi eonibina- 
 tions lu'lps little; it is merely an expression of ijrnoranee or of 
 im|)erfe('tion of llie elassifieation. Tlie real qnesti(»n is, Shall we 
 draw arbitrary lines, and if so, where in a given standard se(!tion 
 shall the line he drawn ? It matters little on which side of tiie 
 Oriskany the line he drawn, but wherever it is pnt it is better for 
 American geologists to have a uniform usage t', 'i to attem|)t to 
 mediate by saying |)assage beds, for the same difliculty will be 
 found everywhere in the series, nidess there be a gap, or uncon- 
 formity, and any particular formation may be regarded as a passage 
 bed from the one below to the one above. The New York Sur- 
 vey has set the precedent of placing the Oriskany at the top of 
 the Silurian, from which precedent I have alnady given reasons 
 for oitjecting. 
 
 (3) The third problem demanding settlement is as to the divi- 
 sion of the Devonian. Do we wish to have a iniiform system of 
 sid)dIvision for the Devonian system ? Tiiis is |)artly answered 
 by the facts already presented. No stratigraphical or lithological 
 subdivision of the Devonian is j)ossible which shall be appli(!able 
 to all of the several ty|)es of tliat system in America. Almost 
 the same may be said of faunas, but it is discovered by comparison 
 of sections that the eastern A|)palachian sections ju'escnt the same 
 general succession of faunas as is seen in the English and Euro- 
 pean sections. Shall we then ado|)t a trifold sul)divisi<»n of the 
 Devonian, giving names if necessary, or using merely the general 
 terms lower, middle, and upjier, which as they are arbitrary 
 divisions of the Devonian system are to be ))refcrred. In the 
 latter case, ihe toj) of the Corniferous limestoiK! is the best |)oint 
 of division between lower and middle, and fairly corresponds 
 faunally with European usage. The division bi-tween middle 
 and upper, if we seek uniformity with European usage, should 
 be placed below the black shales, the Genesee shale of New York ; 
 and where theTully limestone is present its special fainia should 
 be included in the ui)i)er Devonian, as it undoubtedly corresponds 
 with the CuboiiJes fauna of the Frasnien of Belgium and of the 
 base of the upper Devom'an of England and equivalent beds, the 
 Rhjjnolinnella enhoidcs being there associated with the Spirifcra 
 { ]''enu'ni(i)' (liKJunctd, wh'wh with us, however, does not ap})ear 
 till still higher in the ty})ical Cheminig fauna. 
 
INDEX (C). 
 
 American areas, rocks and faiiiiiw of, contrasted ; fricts, bearing of, upon 
 
 nniticatinn of nomenclature, \3. 
 Appalacllian tract of Devonian, 0, 7, 8, 9, 17, IS, 24. 
 Archean axis, 7. 
 
 AreaSf I)evonian, of Xortii America, G. 
 Arizona section, Kanal), 17. 
 Asturia, the Spanish area, 23. 
 Atrypa reliculnriH, 8. 
 
 Bajfgy Point and Pilton heds of Devonshire, 24. 
 
 BarroiSt Charles, on .Spanish Devoiuan, 23. 
 
 Base of the Devonian, lo, 1(1, 2i. 
 
 Bay de t'halenr, Gasp^ sandstones of, 7. 
 
 Bedford shales, 11. 
 
 Beljfiuni, Devonian svstem of, 14. 
 
 Billinffs, E., 6. 
 
 Bois Brule, sandstones of, 5. 
 
 Bracliiopods, 7, 8. 
 
 Braclliopod, marine fauna, 17. 
 
 British America, central continental area in, 10. 
 
 Burling^ton fauna, 17. 
 
 Cadeilt <erits, 9. 
 
 Cambrian system, 19. 
 
 Canada, Fossil plants of the Devonic and npjier Siliiric, 4; geological stir 
 
 vey of, 4. 
 Canada We^t, (i, 7, 8, 9 ; and New York, 5. 
 Cape Oiseiiii, sandstones of, 5. 
 Carbonic systen) of, 9; fanna, 18; lower, 4. 
 Cardiola i (ihiplomrdiinn, Hall) speciu.sd, 22. 
 
 Cardium ((.''//-(//o^rt) *W/'o,s/c(V/<(, 22. 
 
 *'Catsli.ill and Chemmig groups," 4, .') ; rocks, 24; sandstones, 5; series of 
 New York, 7, 9; stage, invertebrate marine fauna of, 19. 
 
 Cauda-s^alli grit, 7. 
 Ceplialaspis, 7. 
 
 " Chemung: and Catskill gron()s," 4. 
 
 Chemung: group, 4, 5, O; marine fauna, 24; period of Dana, 9, 28; rocks 
 
 and fauna, 9, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 2o; stage, iiivertciirate marine fanna 
 
 of 19. 
 Chester and St. Louis stages, 18. 
 Cincinnati axis, 7, 10. 
 
 Coal measures, 9, 19, 24. 
 
 CoccoHteus, 7. 
 
 Conclusions as to uniformity of nomenclature, 15. 
 
/ 
 
 C28 
 
 iXDf:x. 
 
 Coildrozicil, (u'nnnn. 'J'J. 
 Conglomerate. 21. 
 CoiiKfloiiierateH, lower, o. 
 
 Conrad, 1". A., 4. 
 
 Corals ill wstiM-n continentiil section, 8. 
 
 Cordaite slmlcs, ."). 
 
 CoriliteroUH coniis, 12; funnu, 18; group, 5; limestone,.^, H, Hi, 21. 
 
 2"); rocks of Xew York, 1.5. 
 Corii\a-all, .'!, 23. 
 CuboidCH, slialc or limestone, 22. 
 
 Hadoxyloil sMndstone, ''>. 
 Dawson, Sir William, 4, 7. 
 Deltliyris .-A ilrn of iMissoiiri, 11. 
 de Veriieuil, 15, 21. 
 
 Dcvoiaiail, lower, foral-lionring limestones of, 7; system in New Yiirk, •" ; 
 sysniii of (lieat ISritain, IJelginm, (iei'inany, and Russia, 14; ;i\>tem of 
 riiillips, 1, 1") ; tlii'ee siilxiivisious of, 14; upper, black shales, 12; upper, 
 deposits, ;) : upper, shales, 10. 
 
 Devoiisliire, ;?, y. 2.3. 
 
 DiflcreiieeS in faunas, e.vphuiation of, 12. 
 
 Hasteril i»u(ler area, G, 24; Continental area, G, 7, 24. 
 
 Hatoiiias, IG. 
 
 ♦' Eriail,*' of sir William Dawson. 4, 5. 
 
 " Erie Division " of the " New York system," 4, o. 
 
 Eureka I'muums, lO; Nevada section, G. 
 
 Explanation of diflerences in faunas, 12. 
 
 Fanienien, I'.elgiai,, 22. 
 
 Eaunas and roi'ks of -American areas contrasted, 13; diflerences in. I'xpla- 
 
 naiiou of, 12; modification of, order of sequence in, 14; more or less 
 
 local, 14. 
 Fislies, IG. 
 Eisll fauna, 7. 
 
 Foreland grits of Devonsliire, 24. 
 Fossils of upper Silurian age, G. 
 Frasnien and its eipiivalents, 22, 2"). 
 
 GaSpC^ •">, G, 7: hasin, o; section, IG, 17, 20, 23. 
 
 Oenesee shale, 8, 9, 21, 22, 23, 2'); slate, 4, 5. 
 
 C^eoloj^y of Canada, 7 ; of New York, 5. 
 
 Oerniaiiy, Devonian system of, 14. 
 
 Caivetien liinesione of IJelgiun), 22. 
 
 Ooniatitcs, 22. 
 
 Oreat Britain, Devonian system of, 14; Paleozoic rocks, 3. 
 
 HagfUe, Arnold, G, 11. 
 Hall, .lames, 4, lo. 
 
 Hamilton fauna, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20; "group," 4, 5; series. 8, 9, 10; 
 shales, 11. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 C 20 
 
 Helderbergf limestones, 7, 1(5; serie'', 5; tyi)es, G. 
 Hull, I'nil'essor, Devono-Siliirian of, 24. 
 
 Ilfraconibe beds of riiillips, 22. 
 Illinois, I), !), 10, 20. 
 Indiana, (i, o, 10, 20. 
 Interior Continenlal Area, fi. 
 International Confrress, i.s. 
 
 Iowa, (I, It, 10, 10, 20; Devonian, 21 ; Devonian fauna, 11 ; fossils of, 23; 
 section, 20. 
 
 ♦♦ Ithaca gronp," 4. 
 
 Kanab, .\rizona section, 17. 
 Kentucky, oenti-al continental area in, 10, 20. 
 Kinderhook fauna, 17, 24; >lia!es and limestones of tlie, 10. 
 Knobstone stage, 10. 
 
 Lake Erie, 5. 
 Lanj^don, sandstones of, 5. 
 Liniiti^ of the system, 23. 
 Little (ia<iie, sandstone of, o. 
 *♦ Little River Group," 5. 
 Log'an^S Report on the Gaspe section, 7. 
 
 ^Mackenzie river, valley of, 0, 11. 
 
 9Iaine, o, (>, 7. 
 
 maquoketa sliales, 19. 
 
 Marcellus shales, 4, 5, 17. 
 
 I^Iarine faunas of the Paleozoic, IS. 
 
 Marshall fauna, 24. 
 
 Iflaryland sections, 8. 
 
 9Iaucll Chunk, 19; red slmlc, 10. 
 
 Ifleadville, Ciiemung and Waveily, fauna of, 17; stage, 19, 
 
 IVIeroStoniata Ch-mtacea, U. 
 
 IMichisran, 0, 7, 8, 9, 17, 20. 
 :fliddle Devcmian, 10. 
 »♦ Iflispec Group," 0. 
 IVIissouri, (), 10, 20. 
 Iflurchison and Sedgwick, 2, 23. 
 
 Name " Devonian System," .S, 14, 23. 
 
 Nevada, Kureka section, 6, 9, 11, 17; limestone, i!, 11, K), 17, 24; sec- 
 tion, 20. 
 
 New Brunswick, sontliem, -J, 17, 
 New Kng^land, (5, 7. 
 
 New Vork and Caniida \\\-{, :,; section, 20, 24; State, 7, 8, 9, 11 ; State 
 (icn|o>;ical Siirvey,3, 25; "system," " Erie Division " of, 4 ; tract (if De- 
 vonian, (). 
 
 Nias:ara a^e, 11 ; fauna, 18, 19; series, 5, 11, lo. 
 
 Nomenclature, unification of, bearing of Auierican facts upon, 13; 
 nnifi rniiiy of, conclusions as to, 14, 15. 
 
 North America, Devonian areas of, G. 
 
 North Devon, English, 22. 
 
30 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Ohio, 7, S, 0, 10, 17, 20 ; upper Devoninn of, 11. 
 
 Oil I^ake stii^re, I'.i. 
 
 Old Red snndstone, 4, 23. 
 
 Oleail ('(iiiiflomtTite, 20, 24. 
 
 OUOlld'il}(a liiiu'stone, 4, 8. 
 
 Order of siMincnce in modifii'atidn of faunas, 14. 
 
 Ori»)kan>' stage, 4, .J, 8, 21, 24, 2"); fauna, IG; mindHtoiie, 0. 7, 1"), 16. 
 
 OrtlliH liiiiirrmi. 12. 
 
 OrtlliM MrForlaiifi, 11. 
 
 Ortllii4 7'»//i'/(.s/.i, 12. 
 
 OrtOll, I'l'iifL'ssor Kdwaril, Preliminary Report on petroleum and <^i\'<, 11. 
 
 PaleOJltolOgy of the Eureka district, Walcott, 11 ; of New Yorl<, 4. 
 Paleozoic fos>ils of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset. 3; rocks of 
 
 (irent Britain, .'!. 
 Passage lieds, or Devono-Silnrian of Professor Hull, 24, 2o. 
 Pennsylvania sections, 8, 9, 10. 
 
 Perry sandstone, •'). 
 
 Petroleum and gas, Professor Orion's Preliminary Report on, 11. 
 
 Pliaeops biifo, 22; haifrom, 22. 
 
 Pllillips, Joiin, 3. 
 
 Pilton and Baggy Point beds of Devonshire, 24. 
 
 Plants, fossil, of the Devonian and upper Silurian of Canada. 4. 
 
 Plant remains, 7. 
 
 Poeono sandstone and Conglomerate, 10; series, 19. 
 
 Portage and Clienunig stages, 9. 
 
 ''Portage (iroup," 4, .'3, 22, 23; sandstones, 23; shales .in., sandstones of 
 
 New York, 9; stage of the Ciienumg fauna, 20. 
 PottSville Conglomerate, 10. 
 Problems for settlement, 23. 
 ProduetUS, called Produdclla in New York reports, 12- 
 
 Ptericlitliys, 7. 
 
 Rensselaeria, 21. 
 
 Rlienisll, or Belgian fossils, 21. 
 
 Rliynclionella mslanea, 11 ; cuboih's, 22, 25; venustuln, 22. 23. 
 RoekS and fauiKis of American areas contrasted, 13. 
 Russia, Devonian system of, 14. 
 
 Sclioliarie grits, 7, 15. 
 Scotland, 7, 23. 
 
 Sedgwick and Murchison, 3, 23. 
 Sequence, order of, in modification of faunas, 14. 
 Serai Cungiomcrates, 10. 
 Slienango stage, 19. 
 Siliceous limestones, yellow, 20. 
 
 Silurian system, (5, 15; age, upper, fossils of, 6; faunas, 24; iijjper, lime- 
 stones, 11 ; Mp])er, of Murchison, 4. 
 Species, gcolouieal range of, 14. 
 Spirifcr and 'IVrrhmtnloid types, Ki. 
 Spirifers, wilii bifurcating plications, 1.5. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 C3J 
 
 Splrlfera, 12; (liyunctd, 23; (Venieuli) diyuncta,2o. 
 
 Stait^eH of ilfiponition, 7. 
 
 Standard section of tlie United States, 24. 
 
 St. L,OUi$4 iiiid Chester stti<;cH, 18. 
 
 Slrati^rapliy, four distinct types of, 0. 
 
 StrillgfOCeplialien siiales or limestones of tiie Eifel and riarlz re- 
 
 RJons, 22. 
 Strophoiiiena rhoviboiiiajin, 8. 
 Sub-carbouiferous fniinn, 18, 19, 22; limestones, 11; marine 
 
 flllIMM, 10. 
 
 Subdivision of the Dev(Mii»n, 20. 
 Tennessee section,?, 10, 20. 
 
 Xerebratuloid and Splri/er tyjjes, 10. 
 
 Three siilxiivisions of tiie Devonian, 14. 
 Top of t lie Devonian, 17, 24. 
 Trenton series, 11. 
 Tully limestone, 4, 5, 22, 23, 24. 
 
 Unibral series, 10. 
 
 Unification of nomenclature, bearing of American facts upon, 13; con- 
 clusions as to, 14, lo. 
 Uniform system of siil)division for tlie Devonian, 2"). 
 Upper lIclderi)erK limestone, 18. 
 Ufall (VValisatch) section, 17. 
 
 Vanuxeni, Lardner, on Erie and Ilelderberg divisions, 4, 5. 
 Vespertine series, 10. 
 Virgfinia sections, 8. 
 
 lYahsatch limestone, 17 ; Utah section, 17. 
 
 l^alcott, (Jlias. D., 6, S, 10, 11, 12; Monograph of Paleontology of the 
 
 Eureka district, 11. 
 'Waverly fauna, 10, 17, 18, 20, 24; sliales and sandstones, 9; stage of 
 
 Ohio, 10.24. 
 lYeStern Continental Area, 6, 11 ; New York, upper Devonian of, 11. 
 "West Virg:inia, G, 7. 
 
 "Wllite, I. C, 2d l*enn. .Sin-vey nomenclature, 19. 
 "White I'ine shales, 10, 11,12. 
 Wincliell, Alexander, on the Marshall group, 24.