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I > I y\ 1 1 ^' OK DAVID ZEISBEHGER A MOHAVIAX MLssiO^NAliV AMONG THE INDIANS OF OHIO TIf.AXSLATED FROM THE < UtlGlXAL (.EHMAX MANl'SCRJPT AND EDITl':!) BY ••:'■'; Kx K F. Ill, I \'Oi,i ^tn; 1 CI NCI X NAT] '■'"''t-^ii r <'i-A i;k k a CO KOR THK UrSTOklCAL AN'l) PHIl.OSOl'Hlr.Vl. SOCIETY OK OHIO 1 S S 5 £ Arc 2^ Y, / PREFACE. The oliief object of piihliHliiufr Zcisberiror's Diary is of coiirso tlic furtlicraiice of the study of American history," aii.l cortai.ily tlie rt-ork will he found to contain niucli in regard to the; relations existing between the Englisii and Indians in the fifteen years pre- ceding the cession of the Western Posts to the United 'states in 17!JG. If I am not mistaken, however, the work will be equally interesting from a p-sychologieal point of view. The action of white men upon Indians, Christians upon heathen, the civilized upon savages, can well be stu January 10th of that year he lectured before the Young Men's Mercantile Library Association of Cincinnati, and the records of that Association show that at the same time t here was presented to them by the ' "Ebonezer Lane was born at Nortliampton, Massachusetts, Septem- ber 17th, 17',l3. lie stu.lied at Leicester, a.ul at the ago of fourteen entered Harvard College, gra.luating with high honors in 1811 lie then entered the oHice of .Fudge Matthew (iriswold at "Lyme, Connect- icut, where he studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1814. In September of that year he located at Norwich and practiced there and (in) other small places, until his removal to Ohio in 1S17. In 1818 Mr. Lane married Frances Ann, daughter of Governor Roger Griswold of Connecticut. The same yeftr he located at Eiyria. In 1819 he re- moved to Norwalk, and was almost immediately chosen Prosecuting Attorney for Huron County. In 1S24 Mr. Lane was chosen Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of the Second Judicial Circuit. Six years later he was chosen Judge of the Supreme Court, occupying a seat upon the bench of that Court until his resignation in February, 1845 In 1842 he changed his residence to Sandusky. Judge Lane wa's a re- mrrkable man. He was a diligent student, not only of the law. but of history and science. His opinions have given him a national reputa- tion. He died of cancer in the throat at Sandusky, June 12th, 1866." Alfred T. Goodman in Western Reserve Hist. Soc. Hist, and \rch Tracts, No. 2, p. 5. (vii) VIU INTRODUCTION. Qimdcnhiittoii Momiinont Asaoclation, throuj^h the Hon. Jacob Blickcii.s(l('rf(M', unotlier iiuinii.script of Zoisbcrgcr's, a Delaware traiinlatioii of liliirglcrt and liymiis. The (ollowiiig iiiscrii)tioii Ih written on the lirst page of the manuscript: Tlie Diary of David Zeisborger, A Moravian Missionary, whoso last GO years wore devoted to preaching To the Indians at Giiadenhiittcn, Ohio. His Biography may be found in Loskiol, Ileckewclder, etc. The journal commcmcs while on the journey from Gnadenhiittcn to Upper Sandusky, a few days after he and his companions were forced from tiieir mission station. The last entries are 1797. He died, 1808, and lies interred at the Moravian burial-place, in Tuscarawas County. The members of tbe Moravian Society have placed this volume at my disposal, and in their name I deposit it in the Archives of the Historical Society of Ohio. E. Lane. The trifling error of expression in the sixth line, and the mistake of using 1797 for 1798 will be noted. The manuscript makes a stout volume of eight hundred and sixty-nine pages, each page being nine inches by six and one-half nearly. Generally, the writing is easily road, the chief difficulty arising from interlineations and mar- ginal notes. A few pages give trouble from the fading of the ink, and others from its spreading, evidently from dampness. Only one page has suffered essential loss, < ZEISni^RdEU. ix und, foi-tuimtoly, this oould l)o Huppllod from the IJoth- lehoni \[SS.' From tho lietlilolicm manuscripts f Imvo soon, it Is my impression tlmt a copy of tiiis J)ijiry was not sent to IJutli. lehom, jjut merely extracts from it, and tliat this mi^jxht bo called Zeisberg-er's private joiiriial. There are frecpicntly expressions of hope und fear, and i.ioiis ejaculations, which I do not remember to have scon in tho i.arallcl nethleliom manuscripts. ^ Tho first thirty pages of this I)ia,-y_the lirst twenty- eight in this translation— as far as Oct. 25, 17^1, were puh- •iis'hod in Gorman in tho Deutsche IMoncor of Cincinnati (November, '73-April, 74), but with many inaccuracies and omissions. ir. ZEisnioiior^K. David Ziusimxc.im was born at tho little village of Zauch- tenthal, in tho eastern part of Moravia, on Good Friday, April 11th, 1721. His father and mother, David and Rosina Zelsbergor, when young David was live years old, fled their native country and went to Saxony, urged to tliis flight by the desire for freedom in their worship of God. Here for a few years thoy remained at Ilerrnhut, upon an estate of Count Zinzoiidorf, so well known in the history of the Moravian cliurch, but in tho year 17^56 thoy emi- grated to America and established themselves in Georgia, in Oglothorpe's now colony, with other Moravians," to whom liad been given a tract of five hundred acres upon the Ogeecheo River. Their son, however, was left in school at Ilerrnhut, but soon ho was taken to Holland to a Moravian colony near Utreclit. lie was now fifteen years old, and found tho rigid discipline of tho place too •See Vol. I.,p. 2S5. X INTRODUCTION. severe ; besides, he was falsely accused of theft. With a companion of his own age he ran away, and landed in England, having no wish to leave the church, but simply to escape what were to him the persecutions of the Hol- land colony. In London he made the acquaintance of General Oglethorpe, enlisted his sympathy, and by him was aided to reach Georgia. Before he sailed he con- scientiously wrote to Ilcckewelder, a clergyman among the Utrecht Moravians, the father of John Ilcckewelder, 80 often to be mentioned in this Diary, and set forth to him tlie reasons for his conduct. Zcisberger could have found no better place of appren- ticeship for his future life of Indian missionary than in the infant colony of Georgia. Probably his early years in Europe had not been years of luxury, but his life in the Georgia wilderness strengthened his feeling of self-re- liance, a quality of which he certainly had shown no lack when he fled to England. The life of a pioneer gave vigor to his body, while his mind and heart were kindly influenced by his intimacy with Peter Boehler, the Ger- man clergyman, by whom John Wesley was converted. In the year 1740 Zeisberger was one of the little com- pany of eleven persons who formed a settlement in N^orth- ampton County, Pa., at the "Forks of the Delaware," having been driven from Georgia by a threatened invasion of Spaniards from Florida. 'Nov could the exiles long re- main here, but the next year they found an abiding-place at Bethlehem, which has ever since remained the centre of Moravian influence in this country. Zeisberger was now twenty years old, fond of out-door sports, strong and active. He was attached to his mode of life and to the country, and was filled with sorrow when he was chosen as one of those who were to return to Europe. Bishop ZEISBER(iEI{. XI Nitschmann noticed his despondency and inquired its cause. To him Zeisberger confessed : " I lone, to be truly converted to God, and to serve him iu this country" Both these longings were satisfied, and his visit to Europe was delayed for seven years. In the year 1744 Zeisherger became a member of a class ot young men formed in Betlilehem to study Indian lan- guages, under the instruction of Christopher Pyrlaeus and early the next year he set out for tlie Mohawk coun ' try to perfect himself in the Mohawk language. With him was the celebrated Frederick Post. They were re garded by the English colonial government as spies in the French interest, arrested, and thrown into prison in Al- bany. They were shamefully treated, but released after imprisonment of nearly two months. Not at all discour- aged by this unfortunate beginning, Zeisberger was ready to make another attempt to reacli the Indian country His companion was Schebosh, so often to be mentioned in this Diary, and tlie two were the assistants of Bishop Spangenberg. Late in May they left Bethlehem, passed a week in what is now Berks County, Pa., preaching the Gospel to the Indians, and about the middle of June after a weary journey through the wilderness, reached' Onondaga, the capital of the Iroquois Confederacy > The Moravians accomplished their object in this journey, and obtained permission from the Iroquois to begin an Indian mission at Wyoming. Zeisberger's life thus fur may be regarded as an education for his future vocation. The Btern discipline of his boyhood, his hardy, but self-reliant lite 111 Oglethorpe's colony, his persecution by ilie civil ^uthoi^s^^nd^^^ to the lakes of Western ; Here Zeisberger was a.lopted into the tribe of the Onondagas re- ceiving the name. Ganousseracheri, or, On the Pumpkin Xll INTRODUCTION. New York, taught him to what he must look forward aud how to bear his trials. From 1745 to 1750 Zeisberger was employed in several ways. He kept up his study of Indian languages; with Mack he explored the River Susquehanna in a region where the Indians were perishing from hunger and p'^stilcnce; he served as interpreter to John de Watteville in his visi- tation of the Lehigh Valley, and was ordained by him to the ministry in February, 1749 ; he was sent to Shamokin, near Sunbury, in Northumberland Co., Pa., a post of difficulty and danger, where the Iroquois combined the vices of civilization and of barbarism ; from this place he was summoned to a conference, and as a result of this was sent as interpreter for Cammorhoff upon a mission to Onondaga, again to make arrangements for a mission among the Iroquois. They found the Indians in no con- dition for receiving an embassy, and to pass the time un- til the Onondaga council should become sober, they re- solved to visit the Senecas. Cammerhoff was seized with violent fever, the Senecas were as dissolute and drunken as the Indians they had left behind them in Onondaga, and Zeisberger had occasion to make use of all his pow- ers of body and mind. Upon their return to Onondaga they got permission from the Council for two Moravians to live among the Iroquois. They went back to Bethle- hem, after an absence of over three months, having trav- elled in all upwards of sixteen hundred miles. In the year 1750, Zeisberger and Nathaniel Seidel were commissioned to visit Europe in order to report to the mother-church the condition and hopes of the Indian mission. They sailed Sept. 2d, met with tremendous gales in their voyage, and landed in England after a passage of seventy-eight days. Zeisberger was in Europe six months, ZJilSBEKGER. xm passing much of the time in Ilerrnhut, in the society of Coinit Zin.cndorf, by v.hom he was appoi.ited perpetual missionary among the Indians. In June, 1751, he and Seidel sailed for .Xew York, where they arrived late in September, and four days later he was in Bethlehem Th-e rest of this year and half of the next, Zeisberger was busy in many places preaching the Gospel to the Indians, especially in the Snsquehanna Valley. In July, 17of-, Zeisberger again visited Onondaga, one of the two xMoravians who, in accordance with permission given at his last visit, were to reside with the Iroquois. He had already been adopted among them, and now he took up his abode with them, studied their ways of life and manner of thought, their superstitions, their conduct of war, their methods of speech, and hereby acquired a knowledge of Indian character u-hich in after years were to be invaluable to him. Several times he returned to i3ethlchem, but at last, in June, 1755, the mission among the Iroquois had to be given up, owing to the difficulties between the English and the French. Jsow began all the horrors of Indian border warfare. Villages were plundered and burnt, men were scalped, women and children carried away m captivity. In vain the missionaries tried to pursue an even way. Among the colonists they were ac- cused of having a secret understanding with the French, and^in a time of great excitement the distinction be- tween Indians and Indians was lost. On the other hand the savages often regarded the converted Indians as' whites. The awful massacre upon the Mahony occurred November 24, 1755, where ten persons perished at the hands of French Indians. Zeisberger came near losing his life there. He was on his way to the Mahony settle- ment, just crossing the river, when he heard cries of dis- 1 XIV INTRODUCTION. tress; he turned back barely in time to save his life, rode at once to Bethlehem, where he announced the dread- ful news at three o'clock in the morning of the 25th. So great was the disturbance caused by war that no at- tempt was made for the next six years to preach the Gospel to the Western Indians; the Moravians had to be content with keeping up their missions in the east. In this service Zeisberger was for the greater part of this time employed. Twice as messenger of the Mission Board he visited Xorth Carolina, once he went to New England and for several months labored at Pachgatgoch, near the present town of Kent, in Connecticut. lie was also inter- preter for the government in treaties with^ Indians. The most quiet time in his whole life was the lifteen months he passed at Litiz, Pa., us superintendent of the brethren's house there. In the intervals of this active life he was at work upon an Iroquois grammar and an Iroquois-Ger- man dictionary. Peace was made between France and England, iSfov. 3, 1762, and the latter country became undisputed owner of vast inland territories of the present United States. The Moravians were at once ready to continue thoir efforts for the conversion and civilization of the Indians. Before the conclusion of peace in 1762, Zeisberger made two jour- neys to Wyoming, once as envoy from Sir Wm. Johnson to the chief of the Delaware nation. He came back tlie second time, because of a petition to the Mission Board that a teacher should be sent to Wyoming to live there permanently. The following year he repeated his visit to the valley of the Susquehanna, and was for a short time missionary at the Indian town, Machiwihilusing, on the Susquehanna, opposite Sugar Run, but the massacres in the Poutlac War induced the Mission Board to recall him ZEISBEPGER. XV to Bethlehem. Now for two years, 1763, 1764, was a time of trial for the Moravian Chiircli. The whites could not distinguish between the converted and the savage Indians. Not only were the western missions abandoned, but those in the east were almost blotted out. One hundred and twenty- five Christian Irdians were carried away to Philadelphia, and after shameful treatment from the hands of the mob were finally quartered at Province Islan.d. Zeisbergerand Grube were with them, but from the illness of the latter Zeisberger's burdens were doubled. He must serve not only as minister, but as superintendent. His energy was equal lo the task, and he saw that his ilock was provided for, to use a frequent expression of his own, " outwardly and inwardly."' In the year 17C5, the survivors of this little band jour- neyed to the proposed station at ^lachiwihilusing Led by Zeisberger, early in April, they set out. There were no roads, and the journey was of inconceivable hardship. They could hardly go five miles a day, they suflered from hunger, they encountered the danger of a forest in flames. This journey of perhaps one hundred and thirty miles used up five weeks. The town was laid out and built. Some opposition on the part of the Iroquois was over- come by the eloquence of Zeisberger, who spoke as an Iroquois by adoption. The town doubled its population in less than two years. There was a great religious awakening amon^ the Indians. " Upon wild Indians in particular descended the power of the Holy Ghost. They came from far and near, and represented different na- tions." 1 In the year 1767 Zeisberger visited tin Delaware Indians living at Goschgoschiink on the Alleghany River, by , 1: 1 ' De Schweinitz' Life of Zeisberger, p. 312. XVI INTRODUCTION. whom ho was kindly received, and who sent by him to the Mission Board a request that a resident missionary should be sent thcni. Toward tlie middle of June of the follow- ing year, Zeisberger and Sensemann appeared among them, accompanied by tlvree families of Christian Indians. What especial troubles they met with from lack >f food, from ilhicss, from the hostility of Indian sorcerers, from the hatred of backsliders, need not liere bo recounted. They arc the same which are to bo found in the Diar}' lierewith published. The most distinguished convert was Glikkikan, though he was not baptized till over a j'ear later. In the year 1770 this mission was transferred to the Beaver River, on tlie banks of which Friedensstadt was founded. In July Zeisberger was formally adopted among the Mousey tribe of the Delawares, an event to whicb reference is sev- eral times made in the Diary. In October Jungmann be- came a member of the mission. Zeisberger, accompanied by several Indian brethren, made )us lirst visit to Ohio in Marcb, 1771, going to the capital of the Delawares, Gokelemukpechiiuk, in the present Oxford Township, Tuscarawas Co., where he was the guest of the chief, Netawatwes. The next year we find Zeisberger at Beth- lehem urging npon the church authorities there tlie im- portance of establishing a mission in Ohio. They agreed with him, and gave him John Ileckewelder as assistant. With five families of Indians the two Brothers founded Schonbrunn,^ or Thuppekiink, as Zeisberger is apt to call the place. This mission flourished, and soon Gnadenhutten was founded. Chapels were erected in both places. Comfort- able houses were built, orchards planted, fields cultivated. Nor was the Gospel preached to the Delawares alone. The Shawanese, Nanticokes, Mohicans, and two or three * See note p. '2. Vi zF':rsni:K(!Ku. xvn other Indian tribes were represented ; even tlie Cherokee.^ contrilnited one member, who was a captive among the Dehiwares. Zeisberger continned his literary hibors also, and Easter morning, lt74, his Delaware version of the' Litany for that day was used. There now followed two years of great prosperity, in spite of troubles from " Lord Bunmore's War," and conse- quent hostilities among the Indians. The chiefs of the Delawares furthered the progress of the Gospel, doubtless with a view on the part of some of them of worldly pros- perity. The Christian Indians were held to be a constitu- ent part of the Delaware nation. Schonbrunn grew into a thriving village, with well cultivated iields, the Lidians becoming husbandmen as well as hunters. Gnade.dnitten was hardly less prosperous. Lichtenau was founded uot far from the Delaware town of Goschachgiink [Coshocton] in order that the word of God might be immediately preached to the Indians.' One chief, however, was adverse, ^The reader maybe interested by the Kev. Mr. Jones' account of what he .saw at Schr.nbrunn in Feb., 177.1 Ue was a Baptist minister rom Freehold, N. J„ and at the time of his visit to the Moravian town he was making a n.issionary tour on the " west side of the Ohio River." This extract is taken from Sabin's Reprint of 18Co p Qo . '•The,se Indians moved hereabout Au,.ust, 1772, and have u.sed such frugality that they have built neat log hou.ses to dwell in and a good house for divine worship, about twenty-two feet by eighteen well seated, and a good floor and ohhnney. Their conduct in time of wor ship ,s praiseworthy. Their nn.nster, the h'everend David .Siezberger seems an honest man, a native of Moravia, nor has he been many years in this country. He has been successful among these poor heathens condescending for their sake to endure hardship. While I was pres' ent he used no form of prayer, which was not pleasing to me. therefore asked him if that was their uniform practice. He replied that some- times prayer was used. Their worship began and ended with singing a hymn in the Indian language, which was performed melodiously xvm INTRODUCTION. Cupt. Pipe, wlio, with a number of his foUowtn's, left tlio men of his tribe Jiiul returned to the country about Lake Erie, lie alleged that ho feared the liostility of the Iroquois would be exeited by tbeir new plans, not that he was opposed to tho preaching of the Gospel. After this period of prosperity came the troubles of the "War of the Revolution. The ('hi-istian Indiana were placed between the rival influences of Detroit and of Ft. Pitt, the English and her rebellious colonists. These were times of alternate hope and despair, made worse by dis- cord anionif the missionaries themselves. Zeisbercrer for tlic greater part of the time, 177 tliat ne.'U' eighty families belong to their two towns, and tiiere wore two ministers besides himself. I was infornieil that one of tliem, wiiose name is Younginann, is a person of good abilities, in th(> evening informed Mr. .'-^iezberger that it would gratify me to preaeh to his Indians. He replied with some appearanee of inditl(>rence that an opportunity miglit be had in the morning. ' Tis ]irol)able he was a little afraid to cotnitenance me, lest some disciples might bo nnido, than which noth- ing was more foreign from my intention. Or his reservedness may be ascribed to his natiu'al (lis])osition." 'i'he next morning, iiowever, Mr. Jones' journal shows us iliat his desire to preach to oiu' Indians was gratified. The eiu'ious reader will be entertained by Mr. -lones' re- marks upon following pages about Easter and f'hristmas and his hor- ror that '■ Mr. Siezberger" should teacli the Indians the observance of these days. ' In the note given on p. 2, Vol. 1, by inadvertence the situation of SchiJnbrunn, ami not of New Schonbruini, \\as given. The latter place was on tlie other side of the river, somewhat over a mile from Old Schonbrunn. ZEISBEROEU. xiz of lice kd Suleni tlio next year. Tlie Delinvares were gciieniUy well clisi>osed to the Americans, and for this reason tlio Eiiniish urged the other Indians to a campaign against tlieni. The means of getting accurate information were few, and war often hung upon the chances of a false rumor. How much the Dehiwares were influenced for neutrality by the inter- vention of tlie missionaries cannot he overestimated. At one time the opportune arrival of ireclvewelder with news of Burgoyne's snrren jr turned the scales for peace. Zeisherger had passed a part of the summer of 177o in Bethlehem, and now, 1781, he returned there, nniking his last visit " to the church." He was at this time sixty years old, and had been too busily occupied with the aftaii'S of the missions to think much of promoting his own poivoiuil comfort and luippiness. No thought of marriage seems to have come to him, and now, in taking a wife, he rather yielded to the advice of his friends than to his own im- pulse, lie married, Juno 4tli, 1781, Susan Lecron, at Litiz, Pa. She had been a Lutheran in religion, but in Litiz had joined the Moravian church. She had reached the age of thirty-live, her husband's junior by twenty-live years. She is now and then mentioned in this Diary, and generally called " Sister Susanna." She could not but have known to what a life of privation, self-sacrilice, and danger she was giving herself, and is deserving of the greater praise that she could have been deceived by no in- tensity of passion.' A week after their marriage, Zeis- ' Hiklreth, in his Contributions to the History of" the North-west, p. ll'j, says: " Whom ho (Zeisherger) married does not appear, hut females who couUl venture so far in the wiklerness among liostih; savages must have possessed the spirit of a Deborah, and the courage of a ^iiriam." Alter the death of her husband, 1808, Mrs. Zeisbtirger re- mained nearly a year in Uoshen, Ohio, when she retired to Bethlehem and died there in Sept., 1S"J4, eighty years old. XX INTUODUCrrON. herpov fiiid liis wife sot out upon tlioir westward journey, and reaelied Sehiinbrunn in the middle of 'In!}-. At tliis time tlie Diary which follows begins. We are met at the outset by the (juestion how far the Engli)-li and Hieir Indian allies were right in their asser- tion that the missionaries gave notice to the American settlers of intended inroads. It will ho noticed that at the very beginning of the Diary, Zeisberger expresses his sat- faction that his diaries, letters, and other writings fell into tlie Hiimes and not into strange liands.' Why i;his satisfaction if they contained nothing otlensivo to English eyes? In Vol. II of the Olden Times, p. 896, is published a letter of Daniel Brodhead, then in command of the Western Department, in which he speaks of letters he has received, that have convinced him the enemy is ap- proaching in force. At the end we find '' P. S. the letters received are from the Kev. Mr. Zeisberger, an honest man and faithful correspondent, but his name must remain a secret, lest his usefulness may be destroyed." It is hard to conceive how a humane man could have done less than give notice of these savage incursions, but the fact seems indisputable. There is no need to set forth here the captivity, the tedious journeyings, the troubles of war and of famine, the founding of the various Indian towns, and the petty details of daily life of the next seventeen years — these will all be found in the following pages. The last entry in the Diary, is made Sunday, May 27, 17U8, in the town of Fairfield, on the Thames. Zeisberger remained there until the middle of August, when accom- panied by thirty-three brethren, he departed for the Tus- »pp. 1,2. ZKISUEKUKIl. zxi Ciirawas Viillov, where ho founded GoHheii, witliin the limits of tile present Goslien Townsliip. Here In; passed tlie reniiiinintf ten years of iiis life. Tliougli an old man lio kept up as tar as possihie his former manner of life. He performed the daily duties of a missionary. Besides, he was a teacher of Indian lant^uages to young missionaries, and continued his lahors in translating various religious woi'ks into the Indian language. It is sad to record that liis latter years were made weary by the vices of the In- dians about him. He longed for rest. He died Ncjv. 17, 1808, in his eighty-eighth year. Zeisberger's literary labors have occasionally been men- tioned in this brief sketch of his life. Besides his volu- minous diaries, of which this herewith published is but one, he wrote a history of the Indians, which, untortun- ately, has never been printed ; lexicons and grammars of the Onondaga language; a dictionary in German and Delaware, various glossaries and vocabularies, and many translations into Delaware of hymn-books, liturgies, and sermons. Brinton' calls him, " The principal authority on the Delaware language, whose long and devoted labors may be accepted as fixing the standard of the tongue." De Schweinitz devotes Chap. XLVII of his Life of Zeis- berger to an enumeration of his published and manuscript works. In person his biographer" tells us that Zeisberger was of small stature, but well porportioned ; that his face, though marked by the exposure of liardy life, was cheer- ful and pleasing; that his dress was plain and neat. lie had acquir )d the Indian habit of taciturnity, and when he ^Brinton's The Lenapo and theii* Legends, p. 76. ^ Bishop de Schweinitz in his Life of Zeisberger, p. 680. XX 11 INTRODUCTION. 1,4 ' if, . 8pi)ko his iiddrofls wan often such aa ho niiij^lit have givon at an Indian council. His life seems a sad on". T^^ was his fate to hil)or among a hopeless race. In his last years ho could see no lasting monument of his loni; lahor. Kven the Indian converts immediately ahout him were a cause of sorrow to him. Nor could the prospect have seemed hotter at any of the time covered hy this Diary. The greater i)raiso then to his activity, his cheerfulness, his patience with his erring converts, his contempt of danger, his forethoiigiit for others, and his perfect sacrifice of self. III. Zdisbeuueh's Fellow-La I!ori:rs. At the time this Diary hegins there were in the Mus- kingum Valley six missioiuiries, Zeisherger, Ifeckowelder, Senseniann, Edwards, Jung, and Jungnninn. Jung and Edwards wore unmarried, the others had their wives with them, and two of thom had young children. Jungmann was the oldest, heing sixty-one years old, Zeisherger ono year his junior, and Edwards four, Jleckewelder and Jung were of the same age, each thirty-eight, and Sense- mann two years younger. In spite of the hardships of their missionary life, with the exception of Senseniann, they all lived to extreme old ago, Edwards dying at the age of seventj'-seven, Ilockewelder in his eightieth year, and the others several years older. As regards the cliaracter of his associates, Zeisherger gives us so little color that I find it hard to form any defin- ite idea of these self-sacrificing men, or to distinguish one from another, except in t le case of Ileckewelder, where many other lights are thrown upon the picture than are aflbrded by tliis Diary. For the very reason, however, that \ SENSKMANN — JUN'nMANN. xxtn BO iiiiu;li is siiul ot liiiii, I liiivo lolt loss iiecul of Hiiyiiiu; iiiiy tl^nli,^ CJuiTi.uii tSi:Nsi;.MANN was boiii Oct. 1», 171-'). His tUtlier, tJoucliini SoiisotTiiimi, liiul also Ix'lmi a inissioiuiry iimoiig the Indians, and his motlior, Anna Catharine, was ono of tlio victims of the massacre on the Mahouy, in Novomhcr, ITij'), when iiis father narrowly escaped sharing; the same fate. CJottlol) had been Zelsber^^er's companion in several Journeys among the Indians of tlie Sus(pu'lninna Valley and in Western New York. With Zeisbcr<;er he went also to (Josehgoschiink, 170H, and shared with him tho perils and the success of Iiis sojourn thei'e. In the year ITi^O he came to the Muskingum, and was stationed at Scliiinbrunn. i'^rom this place, with tiie others, he was carried away to the Samlusky, ITHl. While our Fndians were settled on (ylinton River in Michigan, Senseniann returned to liethlehem, but rejoined the mission at Xew Salem, Oliio, having been away from May 17, 17S5, to Nov. lull, 1700. During the rest of tho time included in this Diary, he remained with tho Indian church, though, in the year 1703, he made a journey to iS^iagara upon business ot the mission. lie often preached to the whites in Can- ada, wlu) were settled near Fairfield, and had to decline their prijposition of being elected to the Assembly. At Fairlield also he died, Jan. 4th, 1800, while yet in the prime of life. He was often tho school-master of the sta- tion, and perhaps the progress of tho pupils was as much due to tho excellence of their teacher as to their own appli- cation, though Zeisberger attributes it to the latter. He was eloquent in speech and energetic in action. John Gkorge Jungmann came to America with his father in the year 1731, being then a boy of eleven years. At Oley, Berks Co., Pa., where his parents settled, he be- XXIV INTRODUCTION. came a convert to the Moravians against the opposition of his family. 1745 he married the widow of Gottlob Biittner, who had died in February of the same year. He served the church in many wa^'s and in various places, until in the yoar 1770 he hecame Zeisberger's assistant on the Beaver, and when Zeisbcrger went to Ohio to) found the first Christian-Indian town, Jungmann was left in charge of this mission. The next year we find him at Schiin- brunn, and there he remained for five years, until during the trouble of 1777 it was thought best, especially on his wife's account, that he should return to Bethlehem. In the year 1781 he and his wife were Zeisberger's compan- ionS) when the latter, after his marriage, went back to his Indian mission. He shared all the sorrows and hardships of the Indian church recorded in this Diary up to the time of his final return " to the church." This occurred May 17, 178^, Sensemann going to Bethlehem at the same time. Jungmann was now sixty-five years old, and was retired from active service. He lived in Bethlehem the remaining eleven years of his life, and died July 17, 1808, being over eighty-eight years old, Michael Junq Avas sent to the Muskingum mission just a year before this Diary begins. He v/as born Jan. 5, 1743, came to America, 1751, with his parents, who set- tled in Maine, where he became a Moravian. He went to Bethlehem, 1767, and stayed there till he went to the Muskingum. He was absent from the mission nearly four years, leaving it when it was at i!^ew Gnadenhiitten, Michigan, and rejoining it when it was already on the way to Pettquotting. He then remained with the Christian Indians until the year 1813, when, after the battle of the Thames, Fairfield was overrun by the Americans, and our Indians fled from fear. Jung then retired to Litiz, quite EDWARDS — HECKEWELDER. XXV broken by bis many labors, and in Litiz he died, near the end of the year 1826. William PJdwards was by birth an Eiiglishman, a native of Wiltsliire, where lie was born April 24, 172-4. Bred in the English church, he became a convert of the Moravians when he was twenty -five years old, and soon afterwards emigrated to America. He became Zeisberger's associf^te at Lichtenau, in November, 1776, and he remained with him during all the course of this Diary. With Iloeke- welder he led in 1798 a portion of the Fairfield cona-reo-a- tion back to the valley of the Muskingum, whither Zeis- berger followed in less than three months. Here at the town they founded, Go?hen, he passed the rest of his life. Though worn out by the infirmities of age, he was unwilling to return to the States; he preferred to die among his dear Indians. Like Zeisberger himself, if he had given much to the Indians, he had also received much in return. lie died Oct. 8, 1801. John Gottlieb Ernestus IIeckewelder was born at Bed- ford, England, March 12, 1743. His father was a German exile, and Ave have already had occasion to mention him in speaking of Zeisberger's life in Holland. In the year 1754 the family came to America, father, mother, and four children. In 1758 he was apprenticed to a cedar-cooper, with whom he remained four years, and then became Fred- erick Christian Post's companion in his second visit to the Muskingum in the year 1762. He was Zeisberger's assistant in the Susquehanna Valley in 1765, and to him for a time was given charge of the Machiwihil using mission. During the following nineteen years he was much of the time a fellow-laborer with Zeisberger. IIeckewelder was the founder of Salem, on the Tuscarawas, and in the chapel there, July 4, 1780, he married Sara Ohueberg, the ven- XXVI INTRODUCTION. i^ erablc Adam Grubo officiating, probably the first wedding of a white couple within the limits of the present State of Ohio. lie was with the Indian church during all the early troubles recorded in this Diary, but finally, owing to the illness of his wife when upon the Cuyahoga, he re- turned to the church at Bethlehem, Oct. 9, 178C.^ Hence- forward he was not immediately connected with our mis- sion, though he made it two or three visits, being em- ployed in other duties, especially as agent of the Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen and as one of the Peace Commissioners sent to treat with the In- dians. In the year 1798, however, he came to Fairfield, on the Thames, to assist in conducting a portion of the the church to Goshen, staying there only nine days. In the valley of the Muskingum he labored until 1810, when he went home to the church, being now nearly seventy years old, and having well earned repose. He died Jan. 31, 1823. Ileckewelder is the best known of all the Moravian missionaries who labored among the American Indians. For this he is much indebted to his books, but also to his social qualities, which made him more a man of the world than were his coadjutors.^ He had the strength of char- acter to resist the insidious tendencies of the solitary life among savages, the effects of which can be seen in Edwards and Zeisberger. IV. The Indians.^ At the time of the beginning of this Diary the present 1 See pp. 299, 300. '•"'Ill disposition," say.s Ilildreth, " lie was like the Apostle John ; whilo his companion, Zei.sbergor, partook of the spirit of St. Paul." ^See Lossing's Pictorial De,scription of Ohio, p. 129; Mag. of West- ern Flistory, Vol. 1, p. 41, and Bouquet's Expedition, passim. ^ >'■■ INDIANS. XX VU State of Ohio was divided among the Indians in somewluit this manner : In tlie eastern part in the T alley of the Mns- kingum were the Delawares; along the npper Ohio, the Mingoes, emigrant Iroquois; in the Scioto Valley, the Shawanese; along the two Miamis, the tribes from which the rivers are named, the ^liamis, or Twightwees, as Zeis- berger always calls them; the Wyandots, or Ilurons, were in the north-western part of the State; near thon^ were the Tawas, or Ottawas; a few Chi]ipewas wandered along the shores of Lake Erie. In Michigan were the Chippewas and Potawatomies. In the present Ontario, opposite Detroit, was the principal seat of the Wyandots, or Ilurons, and when the mission was at Fairlield, on the Thames, many Mohawks visited the Christian Indians. A surprising circumstance is the frequent communica- tion and commingling of all these tribes. The presence of the wliite man seems often to have made them forget or postpone ancient hostilities, and for a time to have united men who were hardly more capable of lasting union than the wild beasts of their forests. The greater part of the Indian church were Delawares of the Mousey tribe, a tribe into which Zeisberger luid been adopted. Schimbrunn Avas inhabited at first by Del- aware Indians, Giiadenhlitten by Mohicans, originally from New England, but after the return from Lichtenau and the I'ounding of Salem and :N'ew Schonbrunn (1780), this distinction of tribes seems in great part to have been lost. The Xanticokes, who had been adopted by the Delawares, and were originally from the coast of Maryland, are men- tioned occasionally, but generally as a patronymic. During the St. Clair and Wayne campaigns Southern tribes are spoken of, and there were already orie or two converts from the Cherokees, captured in war by the Delawares, XXVIU INTRODUCTION. ! (' and. tlien adopted. Most singular is the presence of the Carib woman, a brief account of whom is given in Vol. IL, p. 522. V. The Mission. It was the rule in the Indian mission towns that none but Indians should live there, except, of course, the mis- sionaries and their families. There are a few apparent ex- ceptions to this regulation ; Schebosh, for instance, but he was an assistant missionary, and had married an Indian woman ; Richard Conner had for a wife a woman who had been for many years a captive among the Shawanese; John Leeth was taken captive when a boy of seventeen, and his wife, when less than two years old. The inhabitants of an Indian mission-village were divided into choirs or classes, and each choir had its festi- val-day, as will often be observed in the Diary. " The younger girls, the elder girls, the sisters, the married brethren and sisters, the widows, widowers, the younger boys, the elder boys, the single brethren, all constituted distinct choirs, and had their stated and special meet- In the census which Zeisberger gives at the end ings " 1 of nearly every year this division into classes can be noticed. Laborers and Teachers are the modest names by which the missionaries speak of themselves. Assistants, or Helpers, were selected from the converts. Their duties were to visit the brethren from house to house, to comfort and care for the sick, to settle quarrels among the brethren, between husband and wife or among members of the same family, and generally to see that the 'Sketches of Moravian Life and Character, p. 41, ■I 4 INDIAN MISSION. XXIX ordinances for civil and religious life were observed.' These assistants were chosen from either sex, and their fields of lahor correspondingly divided. Frequently hus- band and wife were selected. An Assistants' Conference was occasionally called, when matters of importance in discipline or in regard to Indian tribes were brought before them, or when, as a body, they needed admonition. Chapel-sermnts, or simply servants, were those to whose charge the meeting-house was given. There were also Ser- vants whose duty it was to provide for the entertainment of visitors. New People are those whose attention has been aroused. If they show themselves earnest they become can,lidates for Imptism, and later are l>aptizcd. If their conduct con- tinues satisfactory they are candidates for the communion, and are admitted as lookers-on at the Lord's supper, and finally themselves become communicants. Such expressions as the home-church, the church of the bap- tized, etc.. explain themselves. A Service was held every day, usually early in the morn- ing, but, at times, for convenience, in the evening, when a short discourse was frequently delivered, suggested by the Scripture-verse or text of the day. The Lord's Supper was generally administered once a month, and also upon certain festival-days. Notice of it was given the Sunday preceding; between this time and the day of the celebration the brethren were addressed and admonished, as each one had need, by the mis- sionaries and their wives, and by the assistants, and es- pecially was this done on the two days preceding the 'See Vol. I., pp. 171, 230; Vol. II., pp. 236, 342. — XXX INTRODUCTION. Siiturday wlion it was administered. The next day, Sun- day, the communion liturgy was read. There has been prepared by the'Moravian churcli, since 1731. a selection of short passages from the Old and the Xew Testaments for each day in the year, and each pas- sage is followed by a stanza of a hymn. These selections from the Old Testament are in this translation called Scripturr-rcrses, and those from the Xew Testament, Trxfs ; the stanza which follows is called the Collect. In matters of great difficulty the Saviour's advice was asked by lot. This is somewhat obscurely mentioned by Zoi«berger. By consulting ^he references given under " Lot," in the Index, it will be seen that resort to it was not made infrequently. Love-feasts were held upon many occasions ; birthdays, anniversaries of baptisms, the arrival or departure of brethren, were thus observed. Besides there were love- feasts for all the inhabitants, and contributions were made to defray the expenses of these simple feasts. The missionaries sent to Bctlilehem their Diary, and in return received the Bethlehem Diary, also in manuscript. They had sent them also the proceedings of the synods and the reports of the meetings of the U. A. C, or Unity Elders' Conference — the initial A from tlie German for elder. By this interchange of journals and reports the ■^hole church, home and misson, on both sides of the sea, was knit together into a great whole. VI. The Calendar. Besides the ordinary festivals of the Cliristian church, there were others to which the Moravians gave especial prominence. 4 ii calendah. xxxi by The New Year was entered upon witli a service, Avhich began short!}' before midnight. 'JMie Sunday following Epiphany was the Children's Sunday. On Maundy-Thursday was the ceremony of the Wash- in (j-of-feef. A])ril 8 (1785) is mentioned as a memorial day for those baptized during the year. May 4th. Unmarried Sinters' dav, Aug. l:Jth was carefully observed in remembrance of what happened at Herrnhut on that day, in the year 1727 : "The baptism of the spirit upon tlie infant church by oc- casion of the celebration of the Lord's* supper." This day was regarded as the spiritual birthday of the renewed church, and the community was moved to work for Christ generally and to carry the Gospel to distant heathen lands. Aug. 29th. Unmarried Brothers day. Aug. 31st. Widows' and Widowers day. Sept. 7th. Festival for the Married.. Sept. 29th. The Angels were praised. Nov. 1.3th. Tlie cliurch calls to mind that the Lord Jesus is the Chief Shepherd and Head of the church. VII. SUUSEQUENT IIlSTORY OF THE Mlnn to (Jnadcnhiitten, and Br. Edwards witii them ; Br. Mich. Jung, on the contrary, with J>r. lleckewelder and his wife, to Siilem.'* Br. L'avid, with his wife, visited thereupon in Gnadenhiitten and * Zeisberger returning from liis last visit to Betlilelieni, Pii. Duiiiig his iiiiseiice lie niarriecl Miss Susan Lccron. at Lit!/, I'a. lie was now sixty yeais of age, and Sister Susanna, as slie is called in tliis diary, thirty -seven. '■* John I'rederiek Koichel, Bishop, from Germany, now passing two years in the United States on nn otticial visit. ' Scluinbrunn, settled in 1772, Gnadenhiitten 1772, and Salem 1780, were all in the present Tuscarawas county, Ohio. Schonbrunn was two miles south-east of New Philadelphia, Gnadenhiitten near the town at present so called, and Salem one and a half miles south-west of Port Washington. UN TlIK .ML'SKINtilM, 1781. 8 id Ills )ninn ;n, and triu-y, ^'uvid, und Duiiiig vas now diary, sing two m 1780, 11 n was ear the Lith-west I SaU'in, spnko cvcrywliero to tlio brctlirt'ii, luul adtiiini?*- tei('(l the Lord's Sii|iiicr. Tlic hiftlii'eii tVoin all tlieso lihuc's were tlioii in nndistuihi'il niiii;t, know and lu'ard notliiny al»oiit tin; lioslili' Indians, cxccjit that aovcu'al limes warriors wiMit tiiroiin'li onr towns with prisoners ami scalps, who, however, u'ave ns no trmdile, hiil were glad if \\('^ave thetn any thing to eat. (hie of the [U'lsoiiers, an old hnt vigorons man, (dlered i>r. i)avid .S-**" in cash if he wonld work him his I'reedom, which, iH)Wever, was for ns an im[)ossil)ility. The In(!was, and Tawas. The Ifalf-King, in his usual pro- tended friendly way, sent out messengers aiiuonncing his approach, and let it bo told our Indians they should not be afraid, not the least harm would happen to them, for on this account was ho himself come to protect us, so tiiat no one should do us wrong ; that he had something to say to us, and wc should therefore let him know at which of our three places this should occur. Since Salem was but a new place, and they could not sui)port the warriors from want of corn, Gnadenhiitten was appointed for them, for 'Captain Pipe, whose Indian name was Kogiesch quanohoi'I, a Dela ware rrptain of the Wolf (Monsey) tribe. 4 /KISIUMUiRU S DIAHY. \vi^ coiiM eoino also from .SclK'inbriimi to tlio 1h'I|» of our liictliicu, so that it ini,y;lit not pro too liiu'd witli tlicm. Wi! tlioiiii'lit also lliiit llicy would not ri'mniii Ion,!; with us, for tlio whitifs wlio wero with thcui, infonucd us that they had a i^rcat uudcrtakiiiLT in hand, either against Wiliiuk ( WiiccliMif), Mcintosh (lieavcr, I'a.), or rittsl)uri;, oratfainst all throe plaees, but they said this only to iind ( Inadcnhiiltcn, where wc with the national assist- ants considered about this, and on the Jlst answered the lliilt'-Kinsj:, as follows: " I'nele, and you, (^iiptiiins of the Delawares and Mon- sevs. who are oiir friends mikI one nation with us, wo have t. hoard your words in which y(ni say to us that wi' ai'o placed hctwi'cn two evil, miirhty spirits who open tlicir Jaws tcMvard cacdi otlnu", ami voii admonish us that wo should think ot our youn<; and old pcopl(>, our wives and childriui, seek to keep them alive, and ahout them W(; ai'O m( )st concernod. Your words ami oxhorti'tions are ther^ fore [ilcasant for us to hoar, and we wish to do as you have pointed out to us, Ix^ar the same in mind, and con- sider them, and wo wish, Unolo, even hoforo next sprinij to send you an answer, thereupon can you de[tcu(l." \Vv gave this answer without a striui; of wam[»uiu, since this should follow after a time, ami it appeai'inl to us a.a if the Ilalf-Iviui;' were content therewith: we helicvcd also thai lie would have boon satisfied with it. had not the Kui^^lish cajitain conooaled himself behind Pipe and ()ther I)chi- wares, and urged them on to exeito l*onn)ae!in to carry on the matter farther with us. Then wo soon heard th.it our t satisfactory to them. On the L'otli iTivon answer was not i-y again, Pomoacan made an adtlress to our Indian bi'cllircn in Gnadenhiitten that our answer was not yet enough, we had appointed too remote a time, and he wished to lave som ethinir in his hands to show the nations f rom whom we liad orders about this, that he had really made neg(itiation3 with us. Br. David went therefore again to Gnadenhiitten, ami, A i'ave to tlioin tlirougli a string* oi' w:inipnni tlic foUowin;^ answer, and said to tlicni tliat it was impossible for us to do for them wliat they required. "We could not hy any means hriiin" our wives and children into such need tliat they must sutler huno'cr and jierish, while hitherto they had had i)lenty, and in nothing felt any want. We bade them leave us time enouirh to harvest our tields, so that we, with our wives and children, might have something to live on; for we saw that we put ourselves in extreme need and misei-y. if so blindly, without consideration, we went away from our towns where wc> had enough to live ui)on, into the bush, where there was nothing to be tbund ; they should at least leave us time enough to prepare for our depart- ure. The Half- King seemed to be well content with the answer, for he said he had now in his hands something from u<, naniely a string of wan.pum, which he could show to the nations, and by which they could see that wo were willing to g'.'atify their wishes. Thus the matter |)assed by, and we hoped always that the Saviour Avould bring about our release. Wo prayed earnestly day and night to him that he would help us al; r> out of this need, and not sult'ei' that his Fndian church should come to liarm and be dispei'sed. since once they liad tasted of his blood. Opinions and thoughts over the matter auu)ng our Indian brethren were also various, as likewise among the assistants. Some thougiit we should at oiu-e arise and ffo with the warriors without considoriuijr the results there- from, (^n the contrary, others were against tliis. and said they would rather die on the spot, for in the bush must they all perish. It was impossible to convince all of tlio ])ropriety of what we held it best to do. Herein, also, wo had ourselves tauglit' by the Saviour what we should do, and he let us know that we should do nothing farther than we had done, and that the answer we had given was enough. We wished to do nothing to the harm of our churches in the land. Wo were also unwilling to take 'This oonsultiiig the Haviour by lot will often be mentioned. ON Till': ML'SKIMir.M, 17S1. J Upon our necks the chiirgo of 1iiivi!i|i' brouirlit our Tiidian l)i'etliren into such need iis they ui'terward felt, since t-iiey would hiivc repmaclied us with l)eini>' guilty therein bo- ciuise we had acceded thereto. We wislied rather to let it come to the worst, so tluit we might he without fault. ALeanwhile, the daily services were held, and we ceased not to exhort tlie hrcthren, to eneourago tliem, to comfort tliem, and to point out to them the Saviour. Among other things, especially were they reminded that the Saviour had intrusted to them liis word of atonement, wliich they shouhl look upon as a great treasure, and which should he their daily food. If they became indifferent Ih.ereto, and should be disobedient to (rod's woi-d. he would again take it av/ay from tlien>. In Gnadeuliiitteu there W(M'e many dlsordei's among ourjieoph"; not only of late, but ali'cadv for some time, nninv had beirun to take ni) a^'ain the old heathenish customs and usages, and when they were reminded of this and talked to, not only did tliey not suffer this, but they waxed wicked . nd stul)lM;rii. and especially by these circumstances bad pe()p!e machi tlu' oc- casion useful, since the town was full of warriors and rough, wild men, who l)ecame the worse tlie longer they wore there, who at first indeed were quiet and modest, but afterward began to (hiuce, 'o I'lay, and to carry out their own (U'vices. Yes, it went so fai- that some wicked peoi»le spoke and gave us to understand that while there was now war, they could prescribe us r\des, aiul tluit our re- maining and our getting through, in sliort, our life and nuiinteuanco, de[iende(l n[)on tliem, and that we had rea- son to be silent, and they would let us do only what they wished. In Schiinbrunn and Salem the brt'tbreu were reasonalily (juiet, and if warriors visited theiu now and tlien, yet there was little disturbance. From both places we had to give them provisions, slaughter swine and cat- tle for them, so long as they were there, and this we did still cheerfully, if only they had left us longer in peace. Meanwhile, parties of warriors nuide excursions, and they brought some captives to Gnadeuliiitteu, ami the place became a theatre of war. [Elliott's camp displayed the 8 ZErsnEROEll S DTAKY. Eiiiflisli llaiJC; wliieh at last the "Wyaiidots took possession of, and it was then tlirown into the lire.] In tliis matter they were themselves not without fear of being fallen upon, and upon every side they sent out spies. Aug. 30. Sister Anna Sensemann was delivered of a son, who was baptized into Jesns' death in Schihibrunn, Sejjt. 1st, by the name, Christiaii David. Eight days be- fore she had been brought here from Gnadenhiitten, sinee there, on aeeount of tiie warriors, who eonunitted many excesses, it was very unipiiet, and here it was yet tolerable, for the warriors eame here in no great number, ^fean- while, we well saw thut our hard eireumstaiices were '"t over; we had tokens enough that the worst was still -e- fore us. We could do nothing, however, but give our- selves u[> to the will of the Saviour as he shouhl find it good and permit. We might think, as we v,- .uld, u[)on ways autl means to escape our calamity; on every side we were i'astened in, and there was no outcome to be seen. We had indeed reason to l)elieve that the Half-Ki'ig and the captains had already as good as given up their purpose to use force against us ; it was said even that they would with- draw and give us time first to harvest our fields so that we could prepare for our departu'-e. IJut the English, who were witli them, left nothing undone to excite the captains and warriors, and to spur them on to drive us out l)v force. In addition, the wariiors found out that our Indians were not of one uiind, for had tliey been so, had they held together, and sustained one another, •he warriors would have accomi)lished nothing ; Imt there were faithless, wretched men among us, who gave tlKun ii^iu; • mation, and pi-oposed schemes to them for reaching the! • ends. They gave them plaiidy to understand, that if they would only take us white brethren jtrisoners away with them, then the Indians would all follow them. To our pain and luortification, we had to hear ami see this on the part of our own peo[»le, ami be silent about it, at least, for the time. We had also to see harlotry ofienly carried on, and could not })revent it. Since we afterward found out every thing in detail, I will here introduce what we learned ON THE MUSKIXdUM, 1781, 9 tliat i^Tisli, } the us that n so, , "lie '.-.■'.M'e liio" ■ I from trustworthy sources. The captiiins had a plan to kill lis whites, and when this was not thought enough, to kill the assistants also.^ Sept. 1. AVe had a message that all tlie white hrethren from Schiinhrunn and Salem, with the assistants, should come to Gnadenhiitten. ]>r. David, with some helpers, w;;nt there from the first place, hut left Br. Jungmann with tlie other two hrethren there, and IJr. IIecko\\elder came from Salem, where he left liis wife and V>v. Mich. Jung. We soon heard here all sorts of rumors of what awaited us, for there were among the warriors some people who rather wished us well than ill, and who said to us what they lieard. Thus we awaited our fate in great perplexity and tril)ulation until, Sept. Od, it came to an outhreak. The war- rior folk became steadily more wanton, and gave free play to their wildness. We felt the power of darkness, as if the air were filled with evil spirits. When they first came here tliey were starving, and were glad to get sometliing to eat, and herein we let them suffer no want. After they were sated and become wanton, each one acted after the bent of his own wildness. They shot dead our cattle and swine, although we refused them nothing, and if they demanded swine or cattle for slaughter, gave them. This they did not only from 1 unger, but from caprice, for they left tlie swine lying dead round about in such nund)crs that the place stunk with them ; still the daily services were held as usually. On the above-named day, Sept. 3d, the Half-King and the warrior crptains again beset us, among whom the J)el- awares made themselves the most forward, and urged upon us we should once more plainly declare ourselves, whether we would give in to their wish ami at once go with iheni or not. We answered them briefly that we stood by what ' Hero ends tins nott- aVuuptly, but tlio Bt'tlili'liom manuscript says that tlie wiiniiii's iinpaited tlu'ir plan to a leading chief, who advised them iigaiust it, seeing thereiti no advantage i'or them. They then held another council, with the same residt; but there the chief spoke more plainly, threatening vengeance if the missionaries were harmed, and thus their schemes came to naught. 10 ZEISHKRGKR S "lAlY. I I f ' ' WO liiul iili'Oiuly niisworcMl them, ; imI wo could givo them no otlioi" iUiswiT. TIh'U wo heiii'd a mui'inur aruoiig our In- dians that tlicy had lioai'd wo a\ hito hrotliron shouhl bo taken captive, l)ut in all this wo woro quito conifortod, thougli wo could not say in contranbrunn. To the first place went thirty warriors; they arrived there in the night, took prisoners IJr. Micliael Jung and Br. Ileckeweldor and his wife with her child, led them out of the house and placed them in the street: they plundered the house, took away with them every thing they fancied, likewise also Br. Michael Jung, and came early in the night to Gnadenhiitten crying the Death Hallow. Sister Ileckewelder, however, with her child, got leave to remain till the next day, whom the In- dian brethren then lirought in. In Schihiln'unn, to which place only two AVyandots with a coui'le of women came, they took prisoners Br. Jungmann and Sisters Susanna (Zcisberger) and Sensemann : then they said many war- riors would come afterward and undo them; that they should put themselves in their hands, so that they miglit remain alive, they would bring them to Gnadenhiitten with all their things, which they would pack up, and all of which they would give back to them. The sisters helped them pack until they saw that the beds were cut open and the feathers thrown about the street, and found themselves deceived in their intentions, just as had also hap[iened in Gnadenhiitten and Salem. But some In- dian brethren, as well in Salem as here, who were more kindly disposed, took away secretly from the hands of ON THE MUSKIN(iUM, 1781. 18 the warriors some of our things and gave them to us aft- erward, so tliat wo again got sonio little. The Indian brethi'on stood ([uito ama/.od, wept aloud, and know not wlu\t to do ; some wished to make defense, otliors deemed this inadvisable and prevented them. They plundered not only our things, but also wliat be- lonii-od to the church, as for instance, the love-feast and the communion utensils wore all taken away, and they brought the l)rothren together with their plunder in a canoe to Gnadonhiitten. Sister Anna Sensemanu, who had been delivered of a child onlv three days before, had to go by night and in the mist, so that it would have been no wonder had mother and oliild perished, but the Sav" )ur, to whom all is possible, lot not the least harm hapi)en cither to her or to her child. They were l)rought into Gnadonhiitten early before day- light, likewise with the Death Hallow. From our camp we saw their reception, and how we felt thereby can not be described. JJut when it became day we got leave to see them, and then we bade one another welcome in our captiviLy, and comforted one another, and each party had hearty compassion upon the other. What in these sad circumstances was comforting to us aiul cheered us up, was the fact that the sisters were so resigned and cheer- ful and bore all with patience. Br. Jungmann and tlie sisters were sot free when it was day, but remained awhile by Br. Schebosh and his wife, for in the brethren's house every thing was wasted and scattered, and there wo visited them also often and they us. We saw the warriors going about in our clothes and making a display, while we had nothing upon our bodies, except perhaps some old rags, and though we were again and again promised we should have some of our clothes again, yet this did not hap[)en, for those who had them were unwilling to give them up. Our Indian brethren who came to visit us in camp bought some triiles from the warriors, and gave them to us again. Out of oui' own linen, of which they had been robbed, the sisters had to make shirts for them. Also we had nothing to eat except what our Indian brethren and n T ! i 14 ZEISnERriEi^'s DIAllY. the wiirriors gavo iis. Anionic; tlicso tliero wore many iidt at all (content with oui- treatiueiit, in jjartieiilar aiiioiiij the Delawares and Monseys, and they said that certainly they never wonld liavt; j^^one npon this expedition, had the}' known it was aimed at ns. Many of them canu' ininii'(li- ately al'ter we were taken prisoners and .arture, and promised us also that upon the journey wo should always he with our Indian hrethi'en, and that they, the warriors, wiuild always eneami) hehiud us, in order that, if we were attaeked, they might fight for us. The tirst was agreeahle to us for this reason, that the warriors might not overpower our sisters and separate us from them, which we had reason enough to fear. It is also to ho ohsorved that the Jialf-King, as soon as he eame, made ([uite another speech than he had nuide to us at Liehtenau,' in August, 1T77, when he estahlished with us, as it were, a hond of tViendshi[), aid had de- clared us, white l)rothron, his fathers, of whii he now ma(U^ no mention, hut named us cousins, and our Indian hrethren likewise. We made ready for departure, order- ing our Indian hrethren from SclKinhrunn to come hither. Thus, on the 8th we made a heginning, and we white brethren went hv water, and in the oveninfj j^ot to Salem, whore we waited two days for our brethren until tliey all followed, and since we could he alone there and in (piiet, we white hrethren strengthened ourselves with the htxly and blood of our Saviour in the holy sacrament, and realized our Scripture-verse of to-day (Is. Ixv. 18,14), of which, in our present circumstances, we stood in jiressing need. The Saviour comforted us also in our trouble, and let his friendly face shine over us. On the 0th, the sermon was upon the Scripture-verse of 'A Clu'istiaii Iiuliiin town below Coshocton, O., al)andoiK'il by the converts in 1780. 1 -T^^=: 10 ZKISnKnCKK S J)I.\KY. ! II il h tlic (liiy, iiiid tlio little soil of UrotluM' Ahcl iiiid SiHter .roliiiiiotte, Itoni oil the >\d Tiist.. in the iiiii:lu wlu-ii we woro captured, was baptized into tlu' death of.lesiis l>y tlio name ot'.roiiaH. We were tlianUt'iil to tlie Saviour, and it did lis iniudi i;-o()d tliut we eoiild l)e amoiiif our people, for it is a liellisli litV; to lie ainoiii^ tmirderers and roliliers, and in their power. On the lOtli, early service was from the Scri[»tiiro-vorso: Behold, the I^ord's hand is not shortened, ete. Especially ut this tiino we had heaiititnl, eoint'ortiiii^, and hopet'iil Seriptnre-verses, only we wished tlu^m to be at once fiil- iilled ; tluis we should liave been iieliied at once, yet wo must still content ourselves in ]ioi)e and faith. Xow came also 100 warriors here from Giiadenhiitten, and the wild life wt'iit (;ii with them as before. Our brethren from Schiuibrunn and Salem came toirother, and encamped by the river. One can easily imasj^ine that all the brethren wore bewildered, and, as it were, in u dream, so that they could hardly trust their senses. We knew now that the warriors would not be got rid of until we should be fortli witli them, and tliey had left our towns to go to war; there was thus notliin.!:; better than to <,^o. On the lltli, wo broke u[), and thus turned our backs ujion our homesteads and places where we liad enjoyed so much that was good and blessed from the hands of the Saviour, and where he had really been among us and with us. Before us we saw indeed nothing wherein to rejoice, yes, we could inuigine nothing but need, misery, and dan- ger, and otherwise had we nothing to look forward to. We must possess our souls in patience, and go where cer- tainly we were unwilling to go, for we saw no other re- sult from our actions, but wo went towards more misery and hardship; thus also were our Indian brethren minded, but they must go against their will. Could they have acted according to their inclination, or secretly brought it about, many of them would have got away, and we should have l)een scattered, but it could not be, for the warriors not only did not let us whites out of their sight, but also not the Indian brethren either, and had such careful over- P ^1 iLM , IN Tim wnj>i:HN'i;ss, 17S1. 1 s'lLrlit of iH tliat Moiu' could c'si'iiiu' ; tlu\v (lareil not ro- iiiaiii ht'liiiid, tlioy must ^o forth with us. IiKU'od, many of our liidiau liri'thriui, who always had an in< linatiou toi- tho savages, and wi-rc! of tin.' opiuiou wc> should all ljo off to thorn, foil tunv th(\y had nothiuLT u^ood to (>x[)i'ct, and lu'ijau to ]»cM'ci'iv(; that they had wished aiid soui^ht what was liatl for tln'msclv(.'s,aiid l)oiiau now to rcgri't it, hut too lato. We came ou So|itc'mh(M' 14th, to (loscduichiifiiuk (Coshocton), cucamiiiui^ on the Walhoudiug, from which placi' w(> hrokc u[i on the Idth, and followed up this creek northwards. Many hrotlircn went l)y hunl, others ay-ain l)y water, just as they could i^^et on. It was a ijood thing for our sistei's with the children that tliev could i^o hv water, for hy land it would have heen hard indeed for them to ti'avel sUv-li a long, had, unhroken way. for ju-re one must expect no'such travelled and good roail as to I'ittshui'g. Wc continued our services, and had them nearly every evening, even if tiie hrethren could not always come together for night-(|uarters, and the war- riors, who went with us, commonly lay a little distance from us. The ISth. Since it rained verv hard lasit niiijlit, and the creek was swollen, we had to go, huts ami all, away from the creek to hiy-hor i^rouud, since we were in (hmsror of overtlow. Two caiH)es with their wiiole lading wore swept away hy the stream, and the hretliren lost all they liad, for they sank to tlie bottom. This concerned us too, for in one of the canoes were many of our things, all of winch we lost, and hefore this not much was left us. A child, two years old, that dit'd yesterday, was here I>uried, On the l!»th, came to us the Half- Jving with the Wyan- dots from Salem, where they had passed the time, and not only completed the plundering of our towns, hut had also sei>ced upon the things which our brethren had buried or hidden in the woods, as many as they could find. The same day a war-party came back from the settle- ments with two prisoners, from whom we heard that when the news of our being taken captives reached Pittsburg, they wished at first to follow after us and rescue us from !'I !: IS 7,KrsuKii(ii;u s dfahv. tlic liinids (tf tlic warriors, l)iif that llicy afterwards travo till-; ii|t. Tliis liiid liithi-rto Ix'l'Ii our i^rcatust coiiceni, thai it' tliis shoiilil happoii, we shoiihi he i>lai'cil in iho greatest (hinu'cr, and with our Indian brethren conio he- tween two tin-*, tor the first t hinif woiihl liave heen to Icill ns whili's. Tliis also tiie Savioni- tinned away tVoni ns. On tiie "Jittli, a sister was hroui^ht to hed with a (hini,'htor, and on the "Jlst was anotlier horn. Tlien a (■on|)K! ot' our yonnn' |iiM»|tU) took away lioni the Wyandots one of our horses, wliiidi they Inid in tlieir liands, tou'etlier with tiio saro].riated and wliieli he- lonned to ns, and .ifa\:' it to us a_Lrain. After we Inid hiin (|,iiet four (hiys, on account ol" lii_i,^h water, on the -1st we moved on, and eneaniiied on tlie liiid at the second fork of tliis creek wh^re is an old Indian town, and a |>leasant heantifnl country, as indeed all alon^ the creek so far as we have come. The -;ld we lay still. I'onioacan eanic to us witli his council, and told us to hasten on to Sant' v JUid to leave hehiiid those who could not go foi .. Sotno women sVi'i'e hrouyOit in prisoners. The Monseys, who had tiius far journeyeil with us, left us and went lioine another way. Tlu'ir captain sjioke with us, and showed liis displeasure at the eunduet of the AVyandots to- wards US. On the 24tli wf wt'Ut on both by land and by water. The creek forked here, and our Indians wislied to go uj) the greatest and strong(!st fork, which would liave been easier and belter to follow, but the AVyandots would not j)erniit it, and we must go up the other creek, which was hard to follow it was so small. We passed iMemekasink, an old Indian town, and sev- eral such places, and they who went by land always took their course as nearly as possible towards those who went by water, so that we might luive night-quarters together. Brs. Michael Jung and Edwards, who went by water with the Indians, found wild honey. On the 2Gth we came to Gokhosing, the last old town on this creek, and here our .i$. k IN TiiK \vii,i>i;uNi:ss, IVsl, 19 jonrticvliiif l>y water oiidrd, uinl tVoni tlicro on \v<' liad to i^o 1)V hind. \Vi' liiul liiird work to rouw so tar witli caiioos, for vt-ry ot'ti'ii tlu'v liad to he draiX,Lr<'d ov^m* shallow [ihu-os. Ilt'Po we stiiyiMl till the "J^^tli, iiiilil all tliosu <'aiin' (i|i who wore hchiiid. Thi; Wyaiuhits, who always iirncd iis on, hail to hoiTow solium hoi'sos for lis, since! we hail not ciioii^'h and oni' Indian hn-thrcn found all theirs nredful for their own n.se. The hi'lawares left ns here also, and went home, as the Shawanese had already (h»ne tiio day heforu yesterday, ami the Wyandots, whose nund)or was m)\v small, remained witli ns. With these then wo Hot out, and wiiilo our Fmlian hretln'eii wei'c still paekiiig n[i when we wont away, wt^ white hretliren were ipiito alone with the warriors, who di'ove us on like cattle, without havinu" the least coinitassion for the children and sisters, for they lett them no time to y'ive the children drink onco. IJesides the way was Vi'vy liad, t'or it went thri)n,i;h a swamp and many nnirshes, where at tiiues the hoi'ses stuck fast. Sii ,inna (Zeishei'^ijer's wife) fell twico in (inick siu'cession t'rt)m her horse, and it was a wonder she tfot off with little harm. Some Indian hretliren hur- ried after us with all their min'ht, as they could easily coii- Jectnre that tlie \\'"yan(h)ts would hurry us on, heels over head: tlu'y overtook ih as we were ahout to i,^et our iiiii'ht- ([uarters ready, which we should have done near the war- riors, had not our hretliren come, hut now wo encamped somewhat away from them. The 20th. Karly hefore wo hroko up, several l)rctlireu came to us, which gave us joy, and took us again out of the hands of the warriors, and told tliem, if they were in sueh haste, they could go their way and would not iiml it necessary to wait for us. We came at noon of the 3i)th through the swamp at the head of the Scioto, and into a country altogether dift'erent from what we h-id tuns far passed through. W^e went through a iierfect plain, where there is nothing but grass, which is so higli and long that on horseback a man can hardly see over it, only here aud there a little clump of bushes. No hill, much less a niouii- rT= rT I t ! \ i I ■ t l\ I i' '^ Ivif" 20 ZEISIiEUOER S DIARY. tain, in f^iglit, but all tlie land is flat, consoquGntly it is a moist soil, since the rain-water can not rni: olV. Oct. 1. At noon wc came to the iSandusky, where we encamped. Here the "Wyandots left us and went on ten miles towards their homo, after they had abandoned ns in the wilderness, where there was no food to be fonn.l and no game to hunt, and many among onr brethren had notiiing left to oat, but lived only npon wiiat those, who yet had something, divided with them. In the evening we considered our beautiful Scripture- verse of to-day: ^[y people shall dwell in a [loacciible hal)itation, etc., wliich we applied to ourselves, and comforted ns with its l)eautiful promise. On the 2d wc went a couple of miles down the ci oek and encamped on a height in the plain, in a little thicket, near an oUl Wvandot town, on the creek. ]>utthe neijjfh- borhood did r.ot please us, for upon the i)lain there is no timber, and where there is wood and timber-land, it is a perfect swamp and morass. But for the tim^ being wo built our huts, until we could find a better place. The 8d. Vesterday and to-day the brethren arrived, who had remained behind. I'omoaean with his counsellors visited us and made a speech to our Indians. Ho said he was much rejoiced that we were now v\'ith them, and that all who had tho same color, were together, a thing they liad already long wished ; wo should now only look to him, guide ourselves b}' him, and if the Virginians should come, do_ as he would do. But about our holding our reiigiou services as wo had boon wont, which ho liad always promised us in Gnadeidiiitten, he made not the least mention, but now began to go on v, ith his speech, and Summoned our Indians to fight. Further, he said wo should see the neighborhood and settle where it best pleased us, as far as where the Sandusky falls into the lake, but if it pleased us here in the old town, since there was good pasturage, it was all the same to him. There yet stood in the old town many houses which he oflered for our use, if we wished. But, in tho first place, on account of wood, it was hard for us, for none could be had far or near. Sec- 4 UPl'Ell SANDUSKY, 1781. 21 oiidlv, it wa8 a pit of murdorod men, whore only a rear before many prisoners liad boon tortured to death and burnt alive, evidences of which wore plainly to be soon, AV'lion we wore still on the Muskingum, they had proposed to us a place on Lake Erie, which they liad destined for us, and the Monseys would have boon pleased if we had grone thcro, but no one of our brethren was acquainted with it. We considered together what to do, and resolved rather to bo (juiot and not to give ourselves useless trouble, for wo and the brethren liad nothin<>: to live on. Mnco we knew not what was best for us, and had tl 10 our s mmd, wo DOSt choice, yet would be glad to know the Savi took advice of him, and he lot us know that tlu thing for us was to winter at Upiior Sandusky, and that was also our lioart's desire. 4. After we had better examined the country around ns, and had passed a jilaco' a mile up the creek, wlioro tho'o was good timlior for building, altliougli it was not beautiful to the sii^ht, but tl lore was none better to be found, we began at once to build bouses, and on the 7th we moved to the place, only wo had lack of sustonai U'O, and it would have boon a much wisliod-for thins: had manna rained from heaven. Br. Schebosli, with 1 lis wife and sister Rachel, arrived with thoir famil ios, who had re- mained behind. Conner,- who stayed with his familv in the old town, and was abou' to go to Lowoi' Sandusky, came here and said to us liiiit ho had 1 among the Indians that wo white bretl iear( a rumor iren would 1 >o brought to Detroit, which indeed we had already heard, In ro^'iivd to the situ of tliis .placo, scp P.uULTtii.ld's CniwCoid's Campaign against Sanduslvy, pp. ]()•_', Cincinnati, is?.!. ■^ Ricliaid Conner, from ^[arvland, l.'^O. Robert Clarl irUe l\ Si C of tlio Shawanese. At tlie cl( Pittsburg, but later came to .Scbrmbriinn in s(!ar('li of the was still among tlie savages married a white girl, a captive f I'linmore's war they settled at ir son, who Here, contrary to Jloravia they were permuted to dwell and were 'consistent and wortl bers" of thechurcli. When our Indians lr. Adam and Sister Sabina,born on the journey, Sejit. liOth, by the nanu> of^Iury; tlie other, the daughter of Br. Adolph and Sis- ter Susanna, born Sciit. 21st, by tlie name of Martha, in the afternoon Wenginund came with Pipe's brother, who to us a message from Mr. McKee (English ma de k nown Indian agent) to tlie Di-lawares and Wvandots, which was as follows : " My children, your father over the lake has been much pleased at the news that you have brought in the believing Indians with their teachers, so that now all nations may be one and that the hinderances are out of the wav; that the itirds will V' > no longer sing in the woods and tell yim many lies. And now the Virginians will be in darkness and liffht will shine for them no more. 24 ZEIS«ER(}ER S DIARY, I ;i 1 t I 'I ]l t '. hi -V %»J( It is left to you wliere yon shall be pleased to establish them and where they can dwell. In a tew days a boat is ex[»ected for you from Detroit at the Miami (Maumee) river with sfoods. You ruust all )lislie(l. On the 10th Israel sjxike a_ij:iiiii with ns. After lie had airaiM jxoiie home aiul said that he was vosoh'ed to make hiinself ((uite free, to s;ivo up his rank as chief and to come back to us, for he was wearv with his restless heart, so to go about, and he believed it would be well with him if he should again be with us. He wished onlv to go home, to put liis titfairs in order, and yet during the winter to come again, and tins afterwards so happened. There came also back to us two families, who over a year before, had left the church, and through all sorts of circumstances, relapsed into error. We now learned the real connection of events and reason for our captivity from trustworthy liaiuls and who were the peculiar causes of our whole fate. AVe had already heard something thereof in Gnadeuhiit- teii, but wo reflected little upon it. because we were not certain about it. AVhat the occasion must have been and \v|iat sort of reason was brought forward for such a plan, all this is unknown to us. The Six Xations who have woven the whole plot and have sought to bring about the destruction of tlie Indian church, although they would not themselves undertake to do it, in their usual crafty way and manner, sent a messenger to the Chi[)pewas and Otta- was, and made them a gift of the whole Indian church to cook a broth of, which is an Indian war-term, ami means, "We give them to v -,\\ to slay." The Chii»itewas and Otta- was declined this offer, saying they would not undertake this, that they had no motives thereto. Hereupon the Six I^ations made tije offer to the Wyandots in the same words, and thev undertook it. Now the Half-Kino; said he did it to rescue the l)elieving Indians from ruin and to save their lives. Probably he did it from political motives, thinking that his nation, which was very weak, would thereby be- come strong, for lie is hardly in coiulition to raise over a luindred men, so very much has his people melted away in the last war, and yet more in the present orie, for as regards the Wyandots over the lake, they are nothing to him, l)ut only those who live in Sandusky. This was the occasion of his undertaking the expeditions against our towns, only he wanted the consent and orders of the governor in Detroit, • I 26 ZRISnEKGKR S DIAIIY, . ' .i|; ■I If and so soon as iio liad tlioin, lie set to work. lie did not imai^ine tliat lie was able to do this alone, and there- fore took to himself reinforcements, lie took with him all the Delawares and Monseys who live 'n' Sandusky, and first the}' wont to the Shawanese, where they held a seei-et council, but got only a few of them. Th.e warriors did not know, when they were marchin<^ from the Shawanese to our towns, what the scheme was, except some of the captains: and the two Kn<^lishm''n, M(cKee) and K(Hiot),' who kei)t with the Shawanese, left nothing undone to en- couri ge the Ilalf-Kinjjr and the ciiptains. Capt. M. made a ureat feast for the warriors, for which an ox was roasted whole, and he bade them bring us away, and should it cost us our lives, it was of no consequence; that they ex- pected good success from this expedition, was to bo tioxni from this, that they sent men, namely, whites, who should either buy our cattle from ns, which they thought to do very chea]>ly, or else otherwise get possession of them, and steal them, but in this last plan they had no success. The Wyandots, who hitherto had pretended to be friends ^ " ^^cKee was fin Iiulian agoiit of the liiitisli (.'oveniincnt, a prisoner released on parole, hurrying', in tliij.'i'ant violation tlicrent', to hetniit, in orilcr to give all tlie int'oiination he had iratln'red \vhil(> among tlie AtniM'icans. Elliut, a trader, but seeietly holding the ooinniission of a Bi'itish captain, had heen at I'ittsbm'g as a spy" — Do .Sclnveinitz, Life of Zeisbe-rger, p. 4i')'2, in recounting events of 177S. Matthew Elliot was by birth an Irishman. At tiie breaking out of the Revolutionary war, he liveil in Pennsylvania, and was a tury. He was ever afterwartls with the I'ritish, and hehl, as will be seen later in this diary, large estates in Canada, and with him was asso- ciated Alexander McKee. — Crawford's Campaign, Ihitterfiold, pp. 176- 178. So many and so just reproa.'hes have been east upon these two men that 1 can not forbear giving a few words I have found in eomuKMida- tion of McKee. They occu.- in an extract tVom a letter written .Ian. 17, 17'.I9, (pioted in ".Sketches of the City of Detroit," p. Ii2, and are: ' The old, virtuous Col. McKee died at his seat on the riven' 'i'hames, the day before yesterday. Ills remains have been interred this alter- noon with great pomp at the .seat of his son, Tom, at Petitte Cute. . . . Cireat Britain has lost a gn^at sup[)ort, the Indians a tender parent, and the United States the most inveterate antl unnatural enemy." Uf ^'\h i UPPER SANDUSKY, 17SI. 27 ■: [Itiit tliis lasted only until they had a good chance to show us tl)oii- treachery], would never have undertaken to do this, had they not hcen sup[)orted l)y the Delawares, and these two have carried out the tliin!2j, tor the Mouseys and the few Sliawanesc, who were indeed in the cauip, after a fa«s, for manvof them were much discontented after the atfair was )ver. The Delawares — I mean, i n jtarticular ther namis- ahout whom the brethren had already concerned them- selves, and taken much trouble to brinij^ them to recogni- tion of their salvation and of their Redeemer, to whom the gospel liad already many years been ju'eached — the Delawares, I say, had not received it, but always op|)Osed it, and shown themselves enemies of the gospel. These let themselves ])e used as lools to break u\) the Indian church, for the}- had i)ut themselves foremost in the mat- ter, and taken upon them to accomjilish it. This was from the verv beifinning, when the brethren came to the Ohio, their common saying: "This must have an end, that in the land of the Indians the gosjjcl is preached, it So long as Ave lived on the Muskingum, they used all sorts of device.-, to involve r.s with themselves, especially in their chief tilings and councils, for they tliought hereby best to have access to our Indians, if they made sometliing of them, and looked upon them as wise and intelligent men, and this the}- did under good pretense and excuse, in so subtle a way that tbc}' could not always be shaken off and with- stood; hereby they sought to confound us little by little must cease, and it would yet come to tin? M 28 ZEI.SUKUr.KU S KIAUY. witli iiicmselvos, uiul whoii tlicv could not brini; this about, they tried in another way to do us ill, to pervert our people in all sorts of ways, and to turn them away from the ehurch, and this succeeded with some, thoug'h tliey Avere hut few. Many of tiieir head-men and chiefs tried year after year to force tiiemselvcs into the church under the finest [)re- tenscs and the best representations, which they nnide to us, what great advantages would accrue to us, how it would introduce the Indian church into the Indian country, and what strong increase it would get hereby, and all the time they were pretending to do so much good, they were plotting the ruin of the Indian church, which, besides, they could not altogetiier conceal, for when they could get at one of our weak {)Cople, they left nothing uu- dono to lead him astray. Had their chiefs who worked so hard to get into the church succcede i in so doing, in a shorter or a longer time they woidd h.ivo become masters of it. They would have acted as chiefs of it, and have wished to lay down I'ules for us, and to assert their own authority. When at the outset wo tried to be rid of then by good means, and this was of no use, we made several statements whv it was not for them to dwell in the church, and when they saw that they could not attain their end, they became angry with us, and sought to harm us wIhmi they could. ]iy all this I do not wish to deny that many of them were our good friends, and convinced we taught the Indians nothing but good. 20. W^e moved again into houses, which we had built us for the winter, after jiassing fully two months in liuts and tents in the bush, where we had all sorts of night-(iuar- ters and lodges. Thanks be to the good Saviour who gave us health and generally good and dry weather, for both were necessary and precious to us. 21. In the Assistants' Conference wc resolved to take no share in the presents given to the warriors, which they were to receive on the Miami (Maumee), from the governor in Detr(/it, if indeed they should be ofiered us, so that uone of our Indians might find it needful to go there. It UPPER SAKDUSKY, 1781. 29 w.mld 1)0 said, in case wo took i»ro-«ontrt, tliut tlio oaptaiiis "•ot tliofoby tlio rii:;lit to make ns <,^o out to war with tlieiii, and wo should take niton ouisolvos a load of tronhlo. Thoy conld I'cproaoh ns and say: " ^'ou have taken gilts, now yon ninst (h) servioo thoi-et'or as wo (h>."' '22. To-day, and tlio following days, many brothron went to onr towns on tl)o Muskiui^uni to ii^ot oorn, for thoy had iiothin<;'to oat and horooould ux't nothing. ^Va^l•io^s cjiinc in with two pi'isonors, who had boon six days in ScIkmi- V)runn, and said it was jtorfootly (jniot there, and no danger to bo foarod from white {ioo[ile. This gave onr brethren greater courage to go thither. 17. Tl lus wc iourncvi'd with oui- liidi:iu hri'tlircn ou r way jdonc aud lu^ot some corn on the way. altliouijh wvy littlo. All tlu' Indians we saw in this ncighhorhood wui'o Holii- wai'os, who had h(d|KMl takt,- us [irisoucrs in (Inadi'nhiit- tt'ii, and wi'i'c therci'oro not stranirt'ivs to us. From Iutu we soon eanie to a eunip, wiiero hy a cn-ek we found a lint, in which we passed tlu' niy'lit, for it rained veyy hanl. 2(i. We went throiin'h deep swamps and t rouhlesonio marshes, in the al'ternnon came upon Indians out huntiiii;, from whom we i;ot some meat, and with whom we passed the nij;-lit. On tin; afternoon of the liTtli we came out of the eamj) and met on a creek Indians ayain out hnntin<;, and luM'e we stayed. Here mil' Isaac, who went out hunt- ing a little, shot a r jilains where there was nothiuii; but water, so that nowhere a dry s]»ot was to he found, whei-e wc could dismount from our horses, ami afterward throuu'h a lony swamp of sev- eral miles, where also no hit of dry land was to Ite seen, and the Inu'ses at every step must wade in the mai'sh up to their knees, we cann; in the atternoon to the Miami river, where we met Pipe, who advised us to remain there over nii'e. We were (tffered the oi»[»ortunity of goini^ in her hy water, but we resolved rather to continue KKTKolT, 17Sl. 81 cat fortliwltli on tlic; spot, raw ami bloody too, and did not taUo tiiiif to cook' it. Towards t(V('nin<; tlicri' aiTivi'tl an oxpri'ss I'or I'ipo with tin' news that sotno of our Indian hrcthrcn who had n'onc to SciiiMil'runn and oui- towns to jft't C(n'n iVonitlu' [ilanlations. had lircn taken prisoiMM's by wliitc [toopk', and also sotne of them \>\\\ to di'ath, which Was for us disa niorninLj he went down the river to where the slooi» lay; so we followed after, but missed him, he havin«^ i,^one back anothei- way before wo ai'rived. Meanwhile, we s])oko with the nnistiu- of tlio sloop, who advised us t(^ ijo back to the eamp before wo went fai'ther, so that on our journey we miii'ht not moot w 1 th incon veuit'Uces, and this we then diil, althouii'h wo had not intended it, and we came late in the evening af,''ain to the catnp and stayed over ni_Lrht. Here was our Isaac, who had reuuiined behind in our last ni,i;ht- (pnu'ters and intended to overtake us, but never came in, and i)rought us news of the capture of some of our breth- ren, and also that three or four had been killed ; likewise, that tli(! white people in large numbers were under full lieadway for Sandusky, and by this time according to their reckoning had already aceomiilished their [lurpose. If now we wished to believe this news true, we could believe nothing else than that we should never again sec our brethren, and this placed us in great perplexity, and wo eh about this, what was best for us to do, but H)U still this, that if the news was true, a sec- ond and thir iK'WH mill tlu' duiiLjcr in which W(! miw and coii- HifUii'cd (tiir lircihi'i'ii at, hoiiic. lli'i'n W(! lot't the Tawrt (Ottawa) I'ivcf, so calUMl hccaiHo tho Tawivs dwell hci'i', Hoiiio of whoso towns we passed thronijh. This n('i<;lihoi'- liood was niiii'h coninuMuU'd to us and |iraised, that it was a line jtiaco t'oi- us and our Indians to st'ttio in, Ix'causc it had also the advanta^i^o that the vessels tVotn Di'troit canio there, to whieh one eould sell every thiiiir, l>^' it what it would, and so uet subsistence, at the same time, since our Indians had numy cattle and husied themselves with aif- rieuUure. But wo saw very plainly it was no pleasant jdace for us, altlnuiijh the forest is a line (»peu forest, yet it has no other <'nltivid)h! lainl aloni; its borders than jilains on Avhicli nothing but hii;h, long grass grows, so that a man (Ui hlante(l much, hut titry supiiort themselves hy liiintinifand lishinu;, l)esides thry couirixe to get soiiu't llinn' out of t lie white |>eo|)le (tt the neii:'ldn n'liood. Saturday, :!. N\'e iiad iiidi'e(i ii.>U'ed sonu; Indians oii the other side of the river to go to tlie commissioner in the eity i.nd tell him to semi us a boat and take us over, hut this morniuiT we nKiuai;"ed to hori'ow iVom Indians, who livi" ui'ross the strait, a eanoc', in which w*; crossed, and came at cnu.-i' lo Detroit, alter we had lirst pa-sed throni,di the settlement this side of the city, which is thicklv settled, ami is built like a viihie-c alou'j' the river. AVhen we came to the first yuai'd and asked for the com- nnindant,' th(fy let us pass and showed us the way there. Thus we went throus^'h the city strai_i;ht belore his house, and had ourselves announced by the sentinel: in a little while he admitted us: wtMuade him our cmuplinuMits, and he asked us if we were the Moravian Ministers fr(uu tla^ Muskiniyum. We answered, " ^'es." Whether we had all come, tor he had heard there wtu'o six of us. Where then were the otluu's'.'' Answer: " We had left two of our num- ber behind us in San, and this hook ari' gi .'en several letters relating to his service in America, and a short vocabidary of (Jttawa and Chifipewa words. This rare hook is in the Society's Library. m I ^' 84 /KISnEUOEK S DIARY. i II I 11 . 'Hi re:i.-on wliy he liiul IkhI us romovcd from our pettleniouts on tiie Muskiiiiruiu was tliis, that ho heard we corresjioiidod with til.' roh(_'ls to the harm of tlie i^ovornmcnt here, for many eomphiints against us came in. Answer: '' We did not (hmht at all tluit much must have come to his car.s ahont us, for this we could in^'er from tl)0 treatment wo liad to endure, hut that Ije must have bei'U wrouirly and ill informed ahout us. and we accused of things of wiiich, Were they investigated, we should I)e found innocent." llo asked farther, who had come with us, where our fndians w I'le, and how many of them there were, likewise, how mary men. and wiietlicr we thought of again returning to t'.i'i... \V(i ujiswcrcd him that four of our fndians had come with us, that our Indians now in Sanduskv were altogether betwcc'i tliree and four hundred, that we imleed gladly would go hack there so soon as we v/ei'e set i'i'Ci\ for \vv. could not look upon it as a trilling matter to be apart and separated from our mission, which had been intrusted to ns. and if this should hai>pen, would of itself go to de- shMictic'U, ami all our labor of forty years would have been in vain, lie said. "Think you so?" and replied, " IJiit if your Indians were harmful to the government':'" Answer, '• 'Phey would not be harmftd, hut useful, that would he learn, if he were better ac([uainted with us, for they were ai! industrious, laborious people." lie asked whether our Indians had ever gone to the war. Answer, " Xo." He was very attentive, and took notice of what we said to him, btit broke otl'the conference because he had no time, ami cave the commissioner, whom he had summoned, or- ders about our lodging and entertainnient, and about our horses, Avhereof we were relieved. He told us that to- morrow or the day after he would call us again and then speak farther with us. We were then quartered with a Frenchman (Mr. Tybout), together with our Indians, and some provisions were sent to us for our entertainment, v'hich also was so done as long as we wore there, not merely something, as is usual with prisoners, but when that was gone, we could get more tor ourselves tiud our Indians. '% IN DETROIT, 17H1. 35 Our verso of Scripture, witli wliicli wo caino, was very consoliiii;- til iis. Tt rcail : lie said, surely tlioy are my [leo- jilc childroM tliat will not lie; so he was their Saviour. •Icsus my shepherd is — 'Twas ho that loved my ^oul. to him in his merey wo committed onrseh'es and our atlairs to conduct in this place, where it sooms dark indeed, and where as yet no l)rother lias heen. Sunday, 4. ^Vo remained (jtiiot in our lo(Uv'"ir^- I'eoplo went in tlu; street to mass, hut since we had come ill vi'vy wretched clothes, torn and raixiced, we held it host nitl to ffo out much, tor we had heen rol)l)ed hv the war- riors of all our clothes, and [>!•. "^ensemann t^ot here aurain a waistcoat, which a wliite man had l)ou<;ht of the Indians, and cheerlV.'ly h. Several ofHoers, after speaking with us, said they had become of quite another mind about us, ami if the commandant Juid thus licard us, as thev had, he would i)e so too. Mondav. 5. We sought to get an audience wit'i tl le commandant, but ho did not admit i IS. AV len now we saw we could not come before him, we wished to [(rejtare u memoriiil to send him, and went tlicrefrisoners, on j/-on I'ipe, that Indians ami warriors were lo ju-o- nounce our sentence, we pre|iart'd tliis evening a speech to him with entreaty that he would s[>eak for us hef(U'e tlic cinnman:'ood reception. So we had to stand among lieatlieii, whi were our enemies and were opposed to the preaching of the gospel, wlio must lie our witnesses ;ind pronouui'e judgment upon us. although we wi're among men \\ ho wished to be called ("hristians. Wv. David had already on th-- way and also here arranged with the Indian l)rethren uli.,i was to l)e done in case we could not go back again, in this way we must rely ujion no man, but upon (iod aloue, who will also conduct our affairs and bring them ai'out, according to our Sci-iplure-verses of day befoiue yesterutiLV, yesterday, and to-day.' Nothing else is in onr power than to observe what the Saviour will do and bring to pass, to whom we commend ourselves. \\'o learned now exactly how it is with our l)rethren at lnune, that Schel)osli with others has been captured, l}ut that none has perisheii. and that all is (]uiet at home. Wednesday, 7. We heard here and there that we 'should be brouglit to Montreal. The last two shi[)s of this autumn had departed ten days ago for Niagara; so we could not think that the governor had an}' such plan in view, but it was rejtorted tiiat they were awaiting orders still in the river below . Therefore we were anxious to hear the conclusion about us. Tliursday, 8. Pipe came into Detroit with the war- riors, as is usual, with the Death-Jlallow, which tiiey ' l3. xl, lUj XXV, 8; xxviii, 5. 7 '■"%, IN DKTKOIT, 1781. 37 do Wo )1UC, 1(1110 wo this oiild i('\v, 1 ill ilie repeat as oftoii as tlu-y have scalps and captives; tlio fornior tlioy lioro aloft on stakos, tlio latter they drove anions^ themselves tlirough the city, jnst as is the cnstoin in tlio Indian towns. Fi'ida\-, !•. Wo were at last called to tlic conncil. AV icn we came m we saw tl 10 warriors a? Midtled, and Captain I'i])e, with several other caiitains with him. The commandant. Major do royster, with several otlic(>rs, sat in front of them, and a jilaco a[iart was pointi'd ont to ns. After they were all assembled I'ipo l)eii|;an his discourse, f^ivinu" to tlic commandant his scalps, which he had hronglit wit li him, and said to him aniono- other things : lie did not thv, raiscwm ki. ^ wiiether the deeds he had done were p and whether h" had done riglit ; perhaps it was wrong that ne had mined these men, for tl lev W(M'e Ills tViends not the Ind lans tlieii's. nation, ami Ins rohnv tl Tl re hi> tlesli and li d. hi.- ley wi le commandant himself took the scalits fr(mi him, and had tluMii put aside, in the same wa y the ot'iei- fiiptains acted and delivered tli eir scalits for wliicli they at the same time demanded their jiay, all )f which he 1o(d< from them. Tl lereupoii the pri-oncrs al-o were givi'ii over to him. We hail onr own thomrhts ahoiit this, that we should he heard jnd iciallv 111 a war \\ council, and our sentence spoken. Alter the ceremonies ere over, l'i[)c arose and addressed th>' comiii:indaiit, as tollows: ■• 'I'hou ha-t ordered us to hring the hclleving Indians with their t'acht'rs fri'iu the Mnskinirnm. We have done so, an d it I la '11 doth' as thou hasr ordered n.> W ion we had brought them to Siindusky, thon didst si-nd word to US to bring to thee here the ministers and some of the head-men of their Indian-^, thon didst w ish to st-c 1 1 to siieak to them. for tboii ditlst know bt'ttiM- tl uMii an( h lan we how to >peak with them, an.: tlmii couldst also Wetter entertain them since thou h ul-t no 'aek of any thing. Thev arf now here before tliiiie eyos. TJirm canst now thyself speak with them as t! It lesireil. but thou wilt speak i»ood W(M'ds to rheni, and 1 -.i_ to thee, speak kindly to theni, for thev uro our trieuds, and I hold thorn dear and should Ml •|! ^1 i: i^ 3P Zi:iSI!KP(iEl{ S DIARY. *;- not liUo to see liann Ix-fall tlioin/' This last lie repeated a^iiiii, and then sat down. The coniniandaiit addi-essed him and the Indians, savinir to them he had had us brou^aht on this aecuMnt, beeansc he had heard eomiilaints aijainst us, especially that we had corresponded with the rehels and from time to time given tlu-m news when the warriors wislied to make attacks on their settlements, wherehy many warriors came to liarm, that many lost their lives, and since the warriors had always said they could have done more had we not heen there. If this were so, we were harmful to this govei'nment, as the w :ir- riors had always repeated to him ; that he had also strictly given orders in writing that we should not renniin there, but come hither, whicii, howevei', had not been done: that that was the reason why he had us brought in, and he said to Pii>e, sir.ce they were now altogether to tell him the exact truth, whether this were so, whether the com- plaints against us had i'oundation and whether we had corresponded with the rebels. Pipe answered, there nilghr li.- ^omc trutti about the thing, for he could not say that it w;i-. all lieri, but it would now not again liappen since we were away from there and now hei-e, where it could no Im' '^a-r haitpen. But this answer was not yet satistiutt'iry to him, on which account he asked him again : '♦ So thK-y have then corresponded with the rebels and sent leters to Fort I'itt- for from thine answer I must Ctjuclude that it is true." Pipe became somewhat angry, arotse. and said. "'1 have told thee that there is some- thing in the mattt-r, and now I tell thee straight out, they who are ministers, arc innocent, they liave not done it of themselves, they iiad to do it." He struck liimself on the brwtst. and said: "I jim guilty of it and the chiefs who were witli me in Uoschachgiink ; we comiielied them to it and torced them ; thou must hold us rcsjionsiblc fortius, iMit since we are now here it will not hai»iien again, as I have already tokl thee." The comnuiudaut said further to I'ipe : "• Vuu have probaitly at home not only thouglit about the ministers, but iilso coni'erred with one another wliat was best to be done with them ; lie should now tell 53 IN DETROIT, 17S1. 39 liiin wlicthcr the Indians would lilcu to see them go back to their riidinns or whether they wouUl ratliei- see that tliey did not go back." The interi»retei' did not riirhtly understand this (luostion, and transhited it wrongly to Piito. We soon observed this, but kept [lert'eet silenee, sinee tinis far we had been (jUestioned al)out notliing. Siiu-e we had beforehand eonjcctnred that in regard to our abode some- thing would occur, we liad considered with one anoilier whether we should do any thing in the ail'air, as we wci-e liere, and should make representations. The Stiviour, how- ever, did not approve of it, and so we kept silent. We saw also that the governor lett it to us and the Indians where we should settle, and this was satisfactory to us, for in this wliole country, so far as we had cojue, we have found no place which in any way is suitable for us, ann the min- isters as their friends, their ilesh and blood. All was written down. Thereupon, the commandant turned to us, and asked whether all of us tliere were onh.iined ministers? Answer : '• Yes," Whether one of us was superior over the others'.'' Answer: "Yes, mimely, lir. David." Whereuiton, he turned to him and asked: "■How long already we had ])een with the Indians?" Wv. David replied: "Already more than thirteen years ago he had come to the Ohio ; the others first after him. one earlier, another later." " Whether we had gone among the Indians of our own accord, to teach them, or whether we had been sent?" Answer: " We were seat to the Indians to preach them the gospel." •il y oiii' cluircli, wliicli is an old Episcopal Clmrch." (iiiestioii : " Whore are your Msli- ojis?" Aiiswei': "Here in lliis country and in Knropo." (Question: " Wliero have the l>isliops come tVoni, who arc in tliis conntiy ?" Answer: " Kroni F-nro[>e." (Question: "Are you ordained t)y tliose bishops, and sent to preadi to the Indians?" Answer: "Yes."" (Question: '"Have you not i^ot your instruction from Congress wlien you went to tlie Indians?"" Answer: "No; Init from our l)islio[)S." (Question: '•J)id Congress know about this, or did you have pt-rmission from the same totC'>'^" Answer: "We liave not been with our Indians, without the km)wledgo and permission of Congress; it luis put nothing in the way of oui' laltor among the Indians. l)ut also it has pre- scribed ns no rules and ijiven us no instructions in what way we should concbict ourselves." lie then said he not only was not o[)posed to the Indians being civilizeil and instructed in Christianity, but it was i)leasing to him ; in this matter he would not himler us. nor interfere iu relig- ious matters, but we should be on our guard, and not in- terfere in war-matters; for, if we did so, he would bo forced to interfere in our affairs and nnike us halt, for he was a soldier; but so long as we did not interfere in his uifairs, he was nnwilling to interfere in ours; and since lie now saw that W(i had been wi'ongly accused, and things were not as they had been re[iresented to him, we conkl in (;!t)d"s name go back to our families and to our Indians, as soon as we pleased; he would in our behalf write to the general in (Quebec, and learn his disposition in I'cgard to ns until spring. (Question : " Whether we would take the oath." An- swer : "Xo; it had never been required of ns." "So," said he, "I will not burden you with it."' This was also interpi'eted to the captains and warriors who were present. We repeated also what he had liefore said to us, that lie had sent out in writing an order in our behalf that Ave should come nearer to him and answer him; that we luid never seen the same, nor had it come to our hands; it was then needless to treat us with such harshness, to plun- m i >\ i\ Din'uoiT, 1781. 41 I (li'i- n.-!. and to boliave so ill towards ns. lie spoke also to our rndiaiis: that lie was jjU-ascd to st-e tlieiii, for he liked to sec liidia)is who loved i;'oodiiess and s(>iiiiiiill iinnnt'iit liiivc? F fursiikoii tlifc; liiit witli i;i'i'!it Micreles will [ i^iirlicr tlicc. hoes it sociri for a liiiic as it' ( J(.(l fuiNfiok llis.iwii':' Surely I know iiiid holicvo tiii.-*: IIo lu'l|is at last, yon, eoi'tiiiiily. W'c caino llic IStli to tlio Tawa riviT, wIkto wo mot many liiiliaii ai'(|iiaiiitan('(.'s, who wori' vci'V Joyt'iil at our rt'furii. \Vv met lieri' al-o Alexainler Mclvee, aireiil of linliaii affairs in tliis dejia 1 1 nient, who showed himself friendly to u-. r>ut we Unew fr(.m I nist woi-l hy sonrees that he had itocn iho lioad-instrnment of oui' I'alamity. and after our eaptivity had lahored for this that we sh()uld l»e sepjiraled from our Indiaiisand di-iven altoirether from the Indian country, We showed to him the pass we had vo- ei'ived in heti'oit. \\ C leai'ned here how it fared with our ]teo|ile ami iu'ethren at home. ;ind were u'lad to hear that they, after I'r. S«'heliosli, with li\e of our hrethren. had i)ei'n ea|itured in Sehi'mhrunn, had renmined in ]ierfect j)eaee, and that no one of them had li>st his life. We roiu- jdained to him of the ^\ .its of ourselves and of oui In- dians, ihat we had nothing ill all to live on. nor eould wo see wlu'U we eould earn or huy any t hiui;', since auiont; the Indians, who themselves had nothinu', not hi mr eould l)e hail. Ill' saw our uoihI very plainly, hut eould give us no advl(;e. The I'.Uh we Journeyed on and came ujion Israel, with a large hody r)f Indians on their way to Tawa river, where MelCee distrihuted ]tiH'sonts to them. Many came and greeted us in a friendly way. We saw that many had reiil joy that wi' had freedom to go back to our pooide, for most of tluun had helioved we would remain in Detroit in prison ; thus we found it everywhere among the Indians where wo camo ; all were glad to see us again, and welcomed us. If we had been held prisoners, things would tiot have gone on well among the Indians; on our account thev would have come to blows among themselves, and tlu' I'iuglead- ers of the whole attuir would not have come off well ; of this we had proof enough before wo went to Detroit. Pipe also was w^ell aware of this, ami therefore did his best to be helpful for our release from Dt>troit. Now must I say something about this whole stretch of laud we have DKTllMlT To SAM>U.SKY, 1781, 45 «'iiiiic tliroiii;!). Tlu' wliolc ('(1111111 \ is >o Ihit aiul li'\ d tliat )i(i liill at all i^ ill sii4:lit, tor it lias ^roat ii'iiins, niaiiy iiiili'j* ill IfiiytliaiKl hicadtli, I'll wliich HdtliiiijLf ifi'ows uxt ipt loni; ^rasM. Tliosi' lor iho most \K\vf ari-, so to s|K'ak, I1oi,(1«m1 with water, whidi circiimstaiicr i-oiiu's from this, ^incc it is so Ihit and level that the water can not run ofl". and even when it Iocs not rain lor a lono- time, it i.> still lull nf water, ami scidoiii heeoiiH's i\\y land ; ti utile rain can |iiii >iieh a plain iiiidcr water, and ot'ten cir lioiaddle. jnid al times even >\\;m : in short, it is like land near the sea shore, wliieli is tlooded and never heeomes dry. These |'lains are lull orerawlish. which have their lioles in the li'ronnd : therefore tlie li'aiiie, lac- COOlh toxe s, ete., wliieh ure here in laiu'i' nmiihers, i^-et their lood in altnndaiUH', livi' on the erawli.-h and wax fat. No [iraeticihle road can he ke|it there, t'or it \\( uld xion heeome a deep marsh, so that tlii^re Would he 110 u'eiting tlirouii'h, hilt nearly every one makis a new track thioiii.'-h the loiii,'' n'rass, so t hat at last it heeomes a hroad road. The woody land, on the eoiit rary, i> not so miuli llooded. yet it is wel and swampy and likewi-i' fiiM of water, so t li;ii here, too. little dry land is to he found. The land is e.'pei.'ially elayey, which is one reason whv the water remains staml- iiii^ am I (h )es not sin k awav The hii>li is either herdi- swani[i or asli, linden, elm, and otlicr trees, siieh as yi-ow in wet [)laces, yet it has many oak groves, and all aronnd Detroit it has wliite-eee at once very hit^li, •• *'en from a little rain, so that it is hard to u'et throiiirli. The Indians use the whole district for nothiiiijj el-e than huntiiiij, and the game is not very i»lentifiil on acidiint of the wet. We came then on the '2'2d Xovcniher, haiipy and in good eomlition, to cur hrethren in Sandusky, wlio, as well as we, liesirtily rejoiced together, and could not thank the Saviour enough that ho had heen with us, had stood l)y iis. and hrought us hack again, es})ccially also that he had given us good weather on tlie journey, which had much eased i\\ 1 , 1 1 i H^l* 40 ZErsiiKiioRu s Drvnv. lor iM IITh sii tliiririili way, for in rainy wi'atlit'r in this country it is impossililc to giit tliroiiijli. Manv tiar-*ot' i;ratitn(lt' and of iov c-onld hi scon rnn- ninii' down the clu'ck.s of onr hrcthrt'ii. for fliry hail jn.st lu'anl iiuWrt of us from an Indian who came I'roni I)i-(roit that we, either all of ns, or at least the icrcater part, would renjain cai»tiv(> : nnd thi« Ht*>\ 47 At linmc sc'I'v'km'h wore lichl liy llrntlnTs triinLruiiiiiii mill M. .Iiin^ an usually. Two cliildi'tii. ono SalcMnc's iiiiil tim otjior .lolnuitui's, were Korii in tlic tinu'. Kisi' t'liildri'ii ami Sister .Idliaiii'tlc ilicd iiioanwliilo, and wore buried. •_'l. Mc('()niii(d< and Dawson nrrivcd. Ilie former from the Wvandots, tlio other I'roin Lowei- Sandusky: they ^\ ices if we in anv wav wi're in need. We asked them, in- eri' ixlml we woro iii""ain here, aniii lur us, sinei- we had notiiinu' to cat. and this they ]iromi-eil to do. Several brethren eame back from the Mnskiiiijiim with corn. It is a harart they were at home, what occurred upon our journey and in Detroit, how the Saviour had directed and conducted our ait'aiis. that un- impeded we could proaoli the gospel, since immy of our l)rethren liaHiii<(s. To this jill c^iivo their (•(•iisciit :it (iiice, and went hriskly to woi'k. aUhoui^h they Inul little time left, Idit must devote all tln'irtinic to cai'iii'j; for themst'lvi's and their families and to u'ettinii- tli" means of lifi'. and thus have they therefore, as liki'wi-e we also, lived only fi'om (hiy to day, and vi-i'v often the day \><'i have nut known what we slmuld vat tl ore le next, hut have yet cniiic ihrouLi'h with the Saviour's hclii. Wt'dnesday, 'IX. Vi'W a i^'ood deal ol" snow, on which account the hrethren went out to u'et meat for use while huildini;-. For "!s the hretiiren eoUedcd coi'n, I'or wc hail no neire, and eacli u'avc aceordiiii;; to his means, a Inindful poor willows are the worst ()!• e\cn soiiu'W hat more. 1 he (tir. who have ncitlu'r hors"s nor otln'r t^et an V thiui''. w ISC opport unlly to Tl lursi !•, The meetinir-house was blocked out. Several hrelhren w cut fo the neii>'hhoriiii>- towns to iret coiai. but little can ln' had. The want of net'essai'ies of lif(; is all the time alreadv u'real What will it vet 1 le- eome Vi)V the lonii'er we are here the irrealer wil tiie }pressinij neeil. Saturdav, l>ee. 1. -lolin Williams came baidv fr oni 1 OWer earn com audusky, w here he has been since we are here, to 1, which lie •'•ot too. I>r. Conner and liis wife are also t iiere, .tnl will prohahly I'ennim tiiere the whole winter, for here there is for them no outcome. Sunday.-. I»ecausewe have yet no clia[>el, we co uld have no service, the snow rt'maining. Amon<; onr hretii- ren a rumor began that there are some iieoplc anionic ns who are guilty, and have thereby contributed that we were eurriiMl away captive and placed in such misery. Tuesday, 4. ( )ur chapel was roofed. Since we learned that sevei-al wished to go to the Fort (i'itl) to look after their friends, we Ibrbaile tliein, lost we might have ti'ouble. Friday, 7. We laborers, the brethren a])art and the sis- ters by themselves, held an open-hearted and intinuite conversation with one anotiier )tli Tl le .^aviour u'ave us gl- ace and his blessing thereto, that we stood too-other i 11 love and unitv, one with the other, and all was ace oni- UPPER SANDUSKY, 1781. 49 to us in 11- '14 pUslicd. for in tliis time much that was unpleasant had oo- currecl among ns, and we liad thereupon — Saturchiy, H, the blessed supjier of our Lord. ^,V^i held to-day the lirst service in oiu- newly-huilt ehajiel, whieh, with prayer and entreaty to the Savionr, was (ledieated, that he would he with us, dwell among us, anoripture-verse of td-day (Is. xlix. 2). Sunday, !•. J»r. Kdw.M'ds |»reaehe(L In the afteriiooti servi(te upon the text : The Lord shall comfort Zioii. and he will make Ik! wilderness like Eden, was l)ai)tized with the name Anton the little son of lir. Christian and Sister Cathrine, horn the '20th of last month. Tlu'reiipon was a sei'vice for ail the inhabitants of our place, with whom in a very direct and oiten-hearted manner he dis- bursed and held before them the sliortcomiii<>'s which many of them had been guilty ()f towards the? Saviour and their teachers, and also pointed out to thcni that they had put themselves in such misery thro\igli their disobedience and sins before the Saviour. Monday, 10. Ileekewelder held the morning service. The assistant brethren sjioke with .rosliua on account of his 'lid conduct and with some others here. Then tlic brethren resolved to send a petition for corn to the Shaw- anese. Wednesda,), 12. Sensemnnn held the early service. In the afternoon was the burial of the widow, Friscilla, who yesterday departed in blessedness. She wasbai)tized in Old Schfinbrunn, Aug. 20. 1775, by 15r. Jnngmann, and tlnue also came to the enjoyment of the Lord's supper, Feb. 15, 1777, and led a godly life, so that there was hearty re- joicing over the grace the Saviour showed in lier. In the autumn of 1778. however, she was led bv her friends throusrh fear to leave the church, and she remained away a whole vv^inter But it was too hard for her. She had no peace and a discontented life, on which account she again asked rr 60 ZEISBEROER S DI VKY. Si for foi-jriveuesa and 1k'r. Michael Jung held the caily serv- ice. Afterwards he and \\v. lleckeweliler went to tlie Wyan(h)t town to the trader, Mr. McCormick, to get the corn he had bought for us; they came l)ack the 14th. Saturday, 15. The brothers, Sanuiel Nanticoko, Isaac and .lohn Martin, went away to the Shawanese with a [»c- tition to ask them I'oi" aid and to help us with some corn, as we har. David preached upon the Fi|)istle : Re- joice in the Lord alway. about the J(»y of the children ot' (iod in the Saviour's incarnation, sufferings, and death. Seuscmanu bold the children's i^erviee and Edwards the congregation meeting over the Scripture-verse. The i)rotb- ors Samuel, John Martin, and Isaac, came back from the Shawanese, whore they had good success, antl their jieti- tion was very well receivoib Tiiey bad tlien forthwith, for Mie liundred string, brought together corn for our town, and [U'omised them, so soon as their pt^ople should be at home, for onlv a few men were tiiere, since thev were all ott'hunting or otherwise scattered, that they wotdd collect it all and then send us word to corjie and get it. The chief, who was at home, received theni in a very friendly way, and said to thorn tliev had Ions: waited for us to ask them for help, and if we had not done it they would yet have I h\ :U ' < ; 1 i , 52 ZKISIlP^RfJEH S DIARY. thoui^lit of IIS iiiid liel[>(Ml lis, hut tluit it \v:is so much tli(! more u^rooahlo to tlicm that \vc had come to thvin. They well knew that neithei- we iior our laziness was the cause of oui" coniiuff to siu'h want; they also were not the cause of it, hut wo were torn away from our towns hy foi'ce where wi' had the jneans of life in ovcrahujidanco, therefore were they willinii^to Jielit us. [Tiie Min<;oes who live there said the same.] They pitied us miicli for our losses and foi' what we had endured, and now, especially, that we lived near the Wyandots in such a wretched dis- trict of land, which was (juite nnsu itahlc! tor us, that wo could not plant enouii^h for ourselves, as wo had heon useil to do; they said wc could seek out a hotter place whieh no one could prevent; they looked only to our ,i;ood, and if they should see that wo supported (Mirsolves and wished to move to a hotter place, they wished to coujo to our aid at on(;e with as many horses as they i-ould <;<'t together. It trouhlid them, as it did also the Delawaros in the sanio noiirhhorliood, that Pipe; herewith ijrew and hoastod that he had taken prisoners the helioviuij Indians and their toaehors, and they wore therefore his prisoners and slaves, and they say, "Are not the helieviuij Indians his friends? It w IS a shame to reirard h's own frieni (h aves. Tl 10 chii'l'and some others who wore at homo vod almost all night with the hrethreii, and asked them, among other things, this also, where their teachers and ministers camo from and got here, for all white people, Knglish, French, Sitanish,and so many as they had seen, had their ministers and their worshii* of God, hvit tlioy all wont to war, hut wc not. The hrethren answered: They wore originally from over the sea, and finally camo to us and brought us the word of (lod, and wo have received it, siiico we found and felt in our hearts that it is truth, eternal life, and glory ; among all white peojile there are indeed ministers, all have their worship of God, have the IScriptures, and can read them, but since thoy are unbelievers, they become no better tlierefVom ; they are thus unbelievors, as arc the Indians, and so no better. The chief bade them greet us, their \^ UI'PKll SANDIRKY, U^l. 6f tv^achors, and said liu would like to seo Urf, pei'lunts lio would come soiuv'tiuii' lo visit us. This afUTMixMi tilt' llaH'-Kinir (iinic with Ids lulci'iirctcr, ])artly on husiuoss, partly tor a visit. 'JMio lu'cthri'M look occ-asioii to s|K'!ik with hiiu ahout the two who had u'ono to till! Foi't, ot whom w<' havi> alrca^ly hoard so murh from other phuH'S, and told him asmiuli as we knew ahout tliein. r>ut We sdon hoard that ho had more news ol' them Mian wi', tor they sent word to him hy Indians, and h't him know what they intended, so that it ean cause us no prej- ndiee or harni. Monday, 24. We hoijin Christmas weidc with praise and thanks that (Jod, our ('reator, himselt" heeamo num. and that we, fliroiiijh him. have jieaee with (iod, since he has hjctti'd out (Mir sins throuij;]! his lilooil. We asked him also lori^iveness of all our trans<;ressions, not to he miiid- t'ul of them, and to he mereiful to us, aijain to bless us, to he with us in this plaee, and to reo<>_<;nize us as his peoiiliar people, ami to send us his peace, which he also did, and we had comfort and assurance therefrom. I.ove-foasts we could n(»t have, f(tr we were too [loor and could lutt afford so much. The history was read, and over the Scrip- ture-text was a disctnirse. The cha[K! \\ ..s (piite lilled. Tiu'sday, 2">. The morninn' sermon hy \>y. Hecke- welder, the children's service hy David. These njoiced, and san^j^: The Infant desus in his nuiii<;er lies, ri^lit pret- tily, and all who were present let tears of joy run down their cheeks. l>r. dim^'manu held the coiiijfrei^ation meet- inijf over tin; Scripture-verse. The hrethren eneou raided one another, and rejoiced too;ethorin ( lod. our Saviour, who in all circiimstances had shown himself ','racious to them, and iilled their hearts with comfort and Joy. Wednosdav, 20. Ur. I'M vai^ls held earlv service; there- upon we had a c<»nference with the assistants. A W(»mau, a widow, ohtained, upon her ret^uest and prayer, je; inis- sion to dwell with the church. Xicodemus, who in the s[(riiir. Kdwards conducted the congregation nu'eting. Mon(hiy, HI. Jungmann lield the morning service, and exliortcil the brethron for Jesus" sake to burv everv thing in his deatli, and to take nothing over into the new year. In the afternoon was Jie l)uriai of lir. Xathaniel, who died yesterday in blessedness, lie was btiptizcd in Bethlehem, Aug. :?0, 174i>, by Br. Nathaniel Seidel,' and July 8, 177'), in (Inadenhiitten, on the Muskingum, was admitted to tlie enjoyment of the Lord's supper. He re- mained steadfast by the Saviour whom he loved and by the church, and had a lovely and blessed intercourse witli ' He was born in Sii.xoiiy, in ITI!^, in Lauliau, a short clistiince from licMinhut. lie onnu' to America in \~4'2, whfre lio lal)uroit in vuiious stations imtil 17")0, when, in company with Zeisherger, lie retnrned to Europe lor a visit. He came back the next year. As " Klder of the Pilgrims" bis visits oUeniied as far as Surinam. He was made bishop in i7'»8, and died in 17"sJ, overwhelmed with sorrow at the news of the massacre of the bclicvin;^ Indians at (inadenliiitten. De Schwei- nitz'. Some of tlie Fathers of the Am. Mor. Church. ,!.^ I UPPER SANDUSKY, 17^*1. 55 tlio Saviour. By nature lio was .soiuowliat simiile, l>ut it' he spoko with his hihoriM-s from liis heart, it could h(^ soon tliat lit' wrll knew what ho wantrd, and what ho liad from the Saviour, for this he had undorstandintr enough, and ho WU8 not wanting to him, hut for other matters, es|»ocially had things, hi; was indiscreet, yet it was never ohsorved that lie froijuontcd and gave himseh" u|t to had company. That his niotiier, wlio died in peace in Lichtonau, told him, shortly heforo iior death, he should ahide hy the Saviour ami the church his life long, that forgot he not, and he repeated it often. The occasion of liis death was a hr(»kon h'g. and thor<'U|)on gangrene, so that in a few (hiys he dojiartcd with the hlessing of the church. lie was forty-two years old. To-day was the conference of assist- ants : they investigated the old matters ahout the children of Jacoh and IMiilippa. At the usual time we assond)led at the end of the year, thanked the Saviour for all the mercy and kinthiess he Jiad sliown us, hut confessed to him also our faults and shortcomings, and hogged thi; forgiveness of all our trans- gressions and the consolation of his grace, to he merciful to us, and to acknowledge himself to us as our Helper and Sav lour r n|P : 1 1' i ' • 1 1 1 i' I ii 56 ZElSUKHdKH a DIAIIY. C'lIAPTKll n. 1782. Up. 'Kit Sandi'sky— Mis-^KivAuiKs <'.u,i,i:ii to Oktuoit — Sktti.kmknt on- I'l.iNKis |{ivi;it, MiciiKjw. Tuesday, .rni). 1. I>i-. Kthvanls |>i-('airali()il meetin<; from tlu; Scripture-verse: I will not contend for- ever, neitber will 1 be always wroth. Meekness, humility, and love — 'I'brouicb all thy conduct shine. We took tlie texts from last year for use, since wc have row indeed no hope left of ijettiug any. In reuard to oilier matters, we bad to bear fi'om without numy bad and tmplesant stories over tbe bict that two of our Indians bad secretly gon(! to the Fort, without our knowK'dije, on which ac- count many lies were spread around that we bad sent let- ^■or.s by thetn. and they said we should a^^ain be made pris- oners and alt(>^2. 67 wicked people can not he east out, hut tli(>y wish to he thoro ami to cause harm in tiie ehureh, for they in the wihl towns have oceasioii enonixh therefoi* and no one would say any thiui; to them aliout tlioir sinful lite. \i' wo discipline them, therefoie, or only say it won; hetter if they remained away fi'om us, they <;o into the towns and accuse us of sendiui; people away, ur^'e on the savan the other hand, the hrethrjn had their houses full of Avatcr, as is the case hereahouts in thawiuji' weather usually. Thursdav, 8. John lu'ld eai-lv service. The hrothers. Mi iric. W liam, and Christian, went in the name of the conference to l'ii)e, some tun miles from here, to spoak with him and his chiefs about the evil repoi-ts cir- culated concerning us, and to get info"nnition about them. They came back on the 4th and had good success; they were well received by ('apt. Pipe, who told them he had indeed heard many chance runu)rs, but had not troubled himself about them. That ten of our people had gone lo the Fort, oven that thev had sloleii aw uv, he could not take ill, for he well knew how it was aniong Indians — if one of them had his father and sister carried away cai*- tivo, he ventured his life merely to find out whethei- they were a live or dead, and how it was with them ; there were ill-disposed persons among the Indians, who had pleasure in spreading abroad lies about us; but we shoidd not be troubled about iv, they did no better with iiim and told Mcs about him ; it should renniin fast, ho would ivniain fast, we should remain fast by what haerished at < Joschach- f!;iink ;' tiny have always made our friends tlu're I'eel secure by sayinij^ to them tlury liad iiothini,' to fenr from the \'ir- i,'inians. until they were suddenly attacked. The ministers liave always written hitters to them and i,''iven them infor- nnition when oni- warriors luive ^one to their settlements, hy which means nniny are come to ovi-rthrow and harm, and have lost their lives throuifh their hetraval." 'I'he iXovernoi' answered them that only a few days before, in the presence of the chiefs and wairiors. he had invesliijated the matter and the charii^es brou^'ht aijainst the ministers, but he had found them innocent, and that all the charsjes against them were i;roundless; what he had tlius arranged and concluded with Capt. Pipe should remain until he had well-foumled reasons for calliuLT us away, lie said further, why then did they now first bring these charges against us; already a long time had gone by, why had they not done it at once? Aftei this he should receive no further complaints, but would abide l)y what he had agreed with IMpe in the council. After this, the captains could say nothing further. Thus it goes nmong ihe heathen when they get a little power over ns. We have nnmy foes, but still also many always who are our friends, yet often meet those who are not vveli-disposcd to ns, and who are opposed 'Wliorp f'ol. RroiiHhead, the April preceding, had killed fifteen war- riors and taken twenty captives. i^ -' "r ti I I'F'KR .<.\NIH "fKY, \~X'2. 69 to (In- iii'fiicliin!; (tf (lio ( i()s|)cl. fi^lit lt)i' 1.^ ainl ilo us ijood fttTvico, iis now ri|n', iilllioiitjli they liavi' nlway-* \\\v'w own ohjcct ill view, niid lliis will not ci-ase, Mi'('(>niii<;k visitiMl ns to-day ami wt-nt hafk a<;aiM. Wn lu-ard tliat oui tliiuijs aro roint' to iIm' laki". 'riiiirsday, .'!. N'udiolas and -loh. Sal»ina's cliilil norii. Sat Ill-day, f). Tlio assistants liad a lalior-day with yonntj man'iiMl |m'o|i|(> to rcconcilf tliciii. Wf lal> "•fi's liad ii confVniK'c abont oiii- stayin<; lion-, and found it l>t'.>t not to wa>tc' our tiiuc in moving ii'>ont. Init to remain licri'. Sunday, - ti/,''il with the naiii(> I'lnehe, and a child, the liitl. son ol Niehohis and .loh. Sahina, horn on the ;Jd In-l , with tlie li;iine Tiiiiothy. and two sistei's, I{(>l)ei"ea and .1 uliana. wei'c »;ts(dvi'd and iue|iared for return to (tiiadenhnt li'ii, where they reiiniin. .\h)ndav. 7. Aft. r the earlv service, which Hr. I'Mwarda held, we s)i()ko with the assi-tnnt hrethren about i^ettinsf eorn from our towns from the plantations, and exhorted theni to noi^lect ncUhinjj;. since now was the best time and the least danv'er to fear from white ]ieo|)le. Likewise wo told them our opinion in reii'ai-il to our dwelliu!:; here ; tliat we held it best to stay here, not to waste onrtime in mov- ing about, whereby we mi_u;ht still ineui* the extremest need aiil jioveity, since we well saw we should not better our circumstances, but make them worse, if we went far away from here, for thus we sliould ac^ain have the war- riors constantly in our town, which here, however, we had not so much to fear. Moreover and besides, we could draw nj>on ourselves the discontent nnd dissatisfa(;ti(M» of the chiefs if we went away, who would then leave us in the lurch if we had any thin<; to corni»lain of, since now in- deed thev were our friends. Thus liere we should have to bear one thin^ patiently, and to seek out the nearest, best place for planting', and our greatest care and labor would be to get the nccessitioa of life. This wa,s ulao in tiecord- trvmsrr^r—^ <>o^^>'^\.0. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) II 1.0 I LI ■-IIM .'! m M iiii? IM 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 -^ 6" — ► 7J . ^^ # o 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 .;; ) the Muskingum, to get corn. To the Shawanese it is a i^ood day's journey, to the Muskingum five or six. Two >iir brethren would cheerfully have gone with tliem there, to get corn for ourselves, Ijut we dared not venture it, for wo had no permission. Sunday, 20. During the sermon tlie little son of Br. Samuel Nanticoke and his wife Sara, born on the 10th Inst., w^as baptized with the name Jeremy. Our brethren are almost all scattered, partly to the Muskingum, partly to the Shawanese, to get the means of life. Our need grows greater daily. Our brethren become disheartened and listless, and have no liope of rescue, for always it gets worse and worse, this we can see before our eyes. Our i ' •i .1:? ;r«' „:! m I M i 'i 62 ZEISBERGER S DIARY. Saviour and our dear heavenly Father must know better than we how to bring us throui;li, and how to 'devise. It is a great conxt'ort to us that we iiave no reproaeh, and have given no occasion tor the famine in which we are found, for althougli nuiny l)rethren said to us, wlien we were still on the Muskinguni, that we should at once promise the warriora to break up and go with them, and were dis- contented with us that we did not at once give our con- sent, yet we could not do that, for we foresaw all that which now meets us, but we preferred to be taken ca[»- tivo. We said to them even then that we were not so very much troubled about ourselves where we should get the means cf life, as about them; for w.e should first be helped but not they, and therefore wo were much more troubled for them than for oui*selves. Those, now, Avho so much wished themselves here, and entertained so sweet antici- pation of what great advantages they would have here, that they would have cattle and could sell milk and butter at a high price, these find themselves deceived, their cattle, one after the other, die off, so that there is no hope of their bringing any through the winter. They begin now to see that they have desired and worked for their misery and ruin. In this we pity the upright and good hearts who mean well, and are sorry that the innocent must sufi'er with the guilty. Monday, 21. lleckewelder held the early service from the text : Fear not, for thou shalt not be ashamed, about the consolation and foresight of a child of God who recoa*- nizos the Saviour as his Iledeemer. Again nnvny of the brethren went to the Shawanese town for corn, Tuesday, 22. Br. Edwards held early service. It snowed hard, and we vere troubled about the brethren getting through,, who had gone to Lower Sandusky, for we know it is a bad road, for in this country there is no good road to be found, mere marsh and water; therefore when it is frozen it is easiest to get over. Wednesday, 23. David held early service. We heard that the Delawares in this neighborhood held their war- dance in the Delaware towns, and again go to war in good UPPER SANDUSKY, 1782. 68 mimbors. A wicked Indian, who was onr enemy, and did us much harm, has filled liis measure, has g'one from time, and is slathered to his fathers. McCormick, who is much concerned about our welfare and seeks to help us. came liere to visit us, and remained over night. Our cattle gen- erally suffer the greatest want, many die, and it appears that few will live through the winter, so our need increases everywhere. Thursday, 24. Brotliors Jungmann and Michael returned from Lower Sandusky with gome provisions, wliich we had ordered br(night there from Detroit by water wlien we were there, and which the commandant had given. To Lower San- dusky sloops atid vessels came up the river eighteen miles from the lake. With them came also a white man, Mr. Ilol)inson, who visited us, and the next day went back again, Saturday, 26. AVe made tlie beginning and preparations for sugar-making a good riHe-shot from town, ovei' the creek. Sybilla bore a daughter. Sumhiy, 27. ^[ichael preaclied from the gospel about the cure which the Saviour tlirough liis blood makes on poor, lost sinners, and that he blesses them. Tuesday, 29. Early before day tlie Saviour took to himself Cornelia, the four-year old child of Leonard and Euhel, and he was Wednesday, 30, buried. For three days we have very hard, cold weather, so that at night we can. hardly keep warm. Our cattle fare worse every day, for we have our- selves hardly any thing to eat, and they really nothing. We have no sheds for them, and could make none, it was so hvte ; thus every day some die, and it is as if the Saviour were angry with us. Ah ! may he yet have mercy upon us, and help us out of our need. Friday, Feb. 1. John and Michael went to McCormick to get corn for us, and came home at night. The sisters, Sensemann and Jungmann, have taken something to sew for him, that they nu-y earn somethiug in their great need. Now for some days it has been extraordinarily cold, so that some people in this neighborhood say that for ten years no 1 I I ij t: G4 ZEISBERGER S DIARY. winter luis Leon so cold. The lumii^er nmong^ our people here at homo is so great that for some time already they have liad to live upon dead cattle, cows, and horses; iievor ill their lives have they felt such want ; we i)ity these people, hut we can not, we know not, how to lielp them. AVhy then does the Saviour let all this come upon us? We have thus far in our want got some corn from a trader, wherofor we give him cattle in payment. Saturday, 2. We had the pleasure of again seeing young Jos. Schebosh, who, in the autumn, went to the Fort to search for his father and sister, carried away pris- oners. Witli him came his sister and tlie son and daugh- ter of Rachel ; but two others have remained behind in Gnadenliiitten, whom we formerly expected, so that all the prisoners are now again with us, except Br. Schebosh, and he, we now liear, has gone to the church (i. e. Bethle- hem). We are pleased at this, that the brethren should have a chance to hear something circumstantially about us, and we look upon it as a providence from our Saviour that it should so have happened, and that these brethren must liave been taken prisoners so as to give news of us. By them, to our great joy, we received letters from Litiz (Lancaster Co., Pa.) of tlie end of August and beginning of Septem.ber. The last was written when we were already prisoners. "We got also some weekly journals, hut we had to keep all this secret, and dared not once give a greeting to the brethren. We learned also that a brother, Daniel- son, from Bethlehem, had been in Pittsburg. likewise, also, we could hope that we should now be set loose from our captivity. Sunday, 3. David preached in the forenoon and Jung- mann held the congregation meeting in the evening. Monday, 4. Pomoacan came with a following of In- dians and some whites, to hear the news from us, whom we referred to Jos. Schehosh, who politely disposed of them. Isaac, however, who had been sent around the town to find something for them to eat, came back and said to them, and especially to Pomoacan, that he could find nothing for them to eat, for our own people had them- UPPER SANDUSKY, 1782. 65 selves iiotliing but dead cattle to live upon, and he said to liim : "When thou wast in (Inadenliiitten, thou didst ask of us tea, broad and butter, milk, pork and beef, and what- ever pleased thee, and we gave thee all thou desiredst. Then thou didst say to us we should not regard our plan- tations, but arise and go w*ith thee; we should find every- thing again and yet more than we had left beliind. Who- ever takes a bird or duck, he strives at once to got it something to eat. Thou hast brougbt us here, but hast not given us a grain of corn. Tbus hast thou cooled thy wrath on us." lie and those witb liim were quite still at this and could say nothing. Tuesday, 5. David held the early service over the Scrip- ture-verse: Israel, thou shalt fiot be foi-gotten of me.. Adam, who came home from the towns, had likewise heard that we white brethren in tlie spring would all be brought to Detroit, and said thereupon : "There are so few brotlu-eu at home, they are all scattered in the bush and in the towns, among the Shawanese and on the Muskingum, so> can it happen if we again come home, that we shall not again meet and you will be carried away. If this shall happen we shall all be in pitiable circumstances. I wish- then no longer to be alive, for I could not look upon the misery. You would have no want and would be better off than you are now, but with us things would be bad in- deed." Br. David comforted liim, saying, the Saviour would ever help us and not permit us to be separated from them, and should he permit it, he would give them^ advice what they were to do. Wednesday, G. Joshua and Jacob, who went to the trader, must there hear much about this, that the former had cone to the Fort to get back his sister and the others who were made prisoners, and they accused him of taking letters there and bringing letters back, which is yet quite false. He had brought a newspaper which Br. David sent with a letter to the governor in Detroit. It is true, we could have written by him, and he begged us to send letters by him, but we dared not on account of our unfaithful people. 6 i 1 1 ^ * ; ' 1 I i r^ 60 ZKISI5EU0KR S DIAUY. Wo saw from tliis that they who protcii'led to be our friends are still secretly our enemies, that in '^ur presence they appear friendly for their own gain, to make profit from us still, and behind our backs they are our foes and would like to hasten our ruin and utter desti'uction. Thuri'.day, 7. Several brethren returned from the Shaw- anese towns, where they had bought corn, and for about a bushel they must pay five dollars, thus still (hearer than among the Wyandots, though they had exi)ected to get it cheaper. Again some have gone to the Muskingum, and wc are left at last here alone. Sugar began to run. Saturday, 0. Came again seven brethren with corn from the Shawau.'se towns, and several from here went to the Muskingum, for they luive now heard from those who have come from the Fort, that they have iu)thing to fear there. Thus all wish to go there, and this is also their oidy hope of getting the means of life, and although the corn still stands in tlie iields unharvested, yet it is still good and unhurt. Sunday, 10. lleckewelder preached and David held the congregation meeting. There were, however, very few brethren at home. Tuesday, 12, Susanna, Sophia's daughter, wife of Mark, bore a sou. Wednesday, 13. To-day and several days preceding, yet more brethren have gone to the Muskingum. Indeed they would prefer to move there than here to suffer want and hunger, if tliey had permission, for of this place they have had ([uite enough, even they who came here willingly. Friday, 15. The little daughter of Sybilla, born Jan. 20, was baptized with the-name Sara. Sunday, 17. lleckewelder preached. At a love-feast we congratulated Sister Susanna upon lier thirty-ninth birt'ulay, and wished her many blessings from the Saviour. We white brethren are quite alone at home, since most of those still remaining here are sugar-making. VV^ednesday, 20. Warriors came in who went to the war, and they staid over night. They went about, and when they saw so many cattle lying (Lad, they laughed M UPI'EIl SANDUSKY, 1782. 67 and scoffed about it. The savages are pleased now that things go hard with ns, that wo suffer famine and anxiety, and our cattlo all perisii, and tiiey-say we have now l)e- ooMie like them, we should be no better off' than they, and so it was. They envied us our quiet and that we should have no want in tlie means of lite. Sunday, 24. Many brethren came from the sugar-camp home for the sermon, which I3r. David preached from the text: (jod .so loved the world, but there was no translator there. A party of Wyandots in the last few days has gone to the war. AEonday, 25. It was again winter-like, and it snowed after we had had for some time tine spring-weather. LTp to this time during this winter we have remained so far quiet and undisturbed, although we have always heard aa well from the Hhawanese towns as also from those near us, the Wyandot, Mousey, and Delaware towns, that we, the missionaries, would be taken this spring by lake to Detroit and separated from our Indians, this was es- pecially incredible to us, because the commandant in De- troit had given us such good assurances and a pass, wherein it was expressly announced, and all our namea were named, that we should bo unmolested, remain with the Indians, and teach them. Yet when we saw the hos- tility of the wild Indians to the preaching of the Gospel, and that they thought only to ruin and destroy the Indian church, foi" that was their end and object from the begin- ning of our captivity, we were often not without trouble and anxiety. When they saw that we again wore building a meeting- house, they said, "What is that? We thought preaching would stop, and now again shall it first make a good be- ginning?" Thus we thought this would finally be the end of our pain, and so resigned ourselves to God's will as he would let it happen, since now in this matter we could neither do nor alter any thing, if it should happen. We had already some time ago arranged with the national assistants, when we were still together, to remain here, since wo have not yet seen a place where we could better ni i I \i III! (38 ZKISnEHOEB 8 DIARY. It, ii jind quieter ho tliaii lierc, though wo kuow aud saw that H8 \o\\}i; as wo are horo we should have uothins; hut hardship and trouhle from the Iivdiaus,c'siieeialiy from the Wyanth)ts, who were resolved to (h) us all the injury they eould, wl;ieh we always heard froni a trustworthy sour<'e. Our Indiau hrethreii were now partly in the Sluiwanose towns, partly on the Muskintfum, and in the bush, seattered about to got the necessaries of life, and only some few old brothers and sisters at homo ; so it came about that wo, Friday, Mareh 1, through a messenger, were summoned to I'onioaean, who sent word he had something to tell us. Br. David, who was especially summoned, went there Sat- urday, the 2d, with lir. lleckewelder and two Indian brethren, where also a council of Wyandots and Delawares was assembled ; there it was told us by the Half- King that a letter had eonie from the commandant in Detroit, which a white man, Simon dirty' by name, luid given him to read, and indeed it was not written to us, but to him, and to our great anuT/.ement it contained the following sentence re- garding us missionaries : "Yoii" will please present the strings I send you to the Half-King and tell him I have listened to his demand. I therefore hope he will give you such assistance as you may think necessary to enable you to bring the teachers and their families to this jdace. I will by no means allow you to suiter them to be plundered or any way ill-treated." So far his order. It is easy to conjecture what heart- rending news this was to us, and here nothing was to be done but to resign ourselves willingly to our fate, for the most common objections we could have made would have been utterly useless, and only have given the Wyandots op- portunity to take us in hand, and misuse their power by ill- 'The historians of the Border Wars of the Kjvolutionary period can find no words strong enough to express their detestation of Simon Girty, the worst of the trio, Eiliot, and McKee being the others. His life maybe found in detail in Butterfield's Crawford's Campaign, p. 182. He is said to have perislied in battle at Proctor's defeat, on the River Thames, Oct., 1813. Howe's Hist. Collections, p. 246. 'Tbis quoted passage is in English in the original. rPPKU f'ANDUSKY, 1782. 60 treating us; tliis wo could conjecture iVom the ordisr, tliouu'li it may not have boon so intended, Wa gave then to the Kn<>lishrnan a written aeUnowdedgnient that we had re- ceived the eonimandant's order, would eonduet ourselves aectordiiigly, and obey hi«^ eoinniand, that in fifteen ■' 'The collect is the stanza of a hymn, placed after the Scripture-verse. |r s li I 70 ZEISIIKIUIEU S DFARV. toffotlicr ill lovcnnd unity, iiiul not to ijivc Sutiin the siitis- fuction of Hooins; tlio cliiircli dostroycMl. Tlicy could now porct'ivo olcai'ly find jdiiinly cnoiii;)! tliat from tlio outHot it Iiiid hi'oii tlioir obji'ct iiiid iiini to liindor tlio Saviour's work aiul to destroy it iitt(>rly. Tlioro was sm-li W('('|>iiiq; in llio room tliat our lioarts hroko. A stoiH> miiilit feci pity to HOC and licar tlic distress of tlio bretliren; should not (»od foci pity for his elect, who wept and cried aloud to him? All tli(^ hrethren who came home wept their fill with us, aii(l we comforted them the host wo could, thoiiixh Ave ourselves needed comfort. Advice wo could not and dared not irive them, save a little, for y-ood reasons, hut only say to them to look to their old, scnsihlo brethren, to obey them and do as they did. AVo could now see, from all tho information we had heard for some time back, that already in tho autumn, soon after our departure from Detroit, or while we were still there, it had been then resolved to have us all c(mio there in the spring. Capt. Pipe had indeed said, in tho council there about ns brethren, that wo should get ))er- mission to return to our Indian brethren ; but wo heard after wo were come home, that other Delaware captains had come in after our departure who were not pleased that tho commandant had lot us go, and since Pomoacan had n<;ain sent him a messajje about the matter, this order iol- lowed. We have also afterwards lieard what he had had written the commandant about us, namely, ho required that he should remove tho ministers, for hrs heart did not fool right so long as lie saw us there, and feared a uiishap would come over him, and if he did not take us away, ho would take counsel with himself, for go we must. Thus it seems probable to us that tho commandant would have given orders in tho autumn, had we all been to- gether. Capt. Pipe also said to us himself, ho had had u great contest with the other captains about this, who had not boon content with him, and had said he had done every thing by himself, without their consent, lie had therefore nothiuff more to sav, and should be of no further account, whereupon, from vexation, ho went away a ITPPKR RANDUSKY, 1782. 71 lonir distunoo into tlio bush hiiiitiii^. And it is ti iic tiuit IM[K' li!i(l Mctcd in oiir laviH' ;h t'lir as ho c^ould, hnt tho ciiptiiins opposod him, iiinl have now l>i'oiii;ht the iiiatfcr HO tar that the Indian ciinrch is rolibcd of its toachcrs. Our intcl!iu:oiit Indian hr(>thi'i'n wouhl ot'ton havr liicod to open thfir nioutiis ai^ainst tho savaiji's in iH':;ai'd to ms, but have ri'tVainod, since wo white brethren were in the powor of thi! warriors, froiu fear we shonhl snfl'er for it, oi'ovon h)so our lives; thus they preferred to be sih>nt and lot all manner of banlships eonio upon them. Thev now SCO very well what sort of friends they have, who made thoni nniny fine promises, ln)w i^ood they would have tliintfs bore if they would come bore. Instead of this they havo Hutt'erod hunger and anxiety, their fi'iends have not i)ro- vided for them, nor in any way helped them, their eattlo biivo, for tho most part, perisluMl, and they are utterly poor, for they who had somethiiiii: I'iid to i^^ive it up for corn. A brother came and said : " I am guilty of your misfortunes, for I huvo betrayed you as.Iudas betrayed tho Saviour, and must now bo lost unless you forgive nto." Monday, 4. Few as are the bretbron now at home, wo spent th(! whole day in listening to tbom, comforting them, encouraging them, and exhorting them to stay fast by tho Saviour and his death on the (U'oss. Wo hoard and saw now the condition of our brethren's hearts and n.inds, how disinclined they arc to the heathen's life, iind how dead to those friends who havo brought tbom to such want and wretchedness. They arc prepared and hardened for these circumstiinces, and their eyes have been opened. These events have conduced more to bring them to a proper state than wo have been able to accomplish tho whole time we havo boon with tbom; for they always in- clined towards their friends, who did them barm. Many now said to us: "I care nothing for outward loss ; that I am stripped of every thing I had, and am become [;(/or ; that I bas'o to suffer hunger juid want; that all my (;attlo have perished: all this will I cheerfully endure and not be concerned, but that they at last rob u.s of our teachora and wish to destroy our souls' weal and food, that cuts 1 ' I Ill r I n " liii il !■'• m 72 ZEISBERQEn S DIARY. mc (loop to the heart, and is above every thing. They shall not see, however, that I associate with them, and take up again their heathenish life ; rather will I go into the bush, sci)arate myself from all human society, and pass the rest of my life piteously. They shall not get me into their power nor force me to any thing for which I liave no pleasure or inclination." [Others again had other plans, m.iuy of them, however, to go to Pittsburg.] Some said this from whom we had not expected it, and it was to us a great comfort to see them in such disposition of soul, but as often as they thought that in a short time they would see us no more, the tears immediately ran down tlieir chocks. Tuesday, 5. Br. Ileckewelder held the early service over the Scripture-verse of the day: Thus saith the Lord God, Behold I will lift up mine hand to the Gentiles, and set up my standard to the people, and they shall bring thy sons ill their arms and thy daughters shall be carried upon tlieir shoulders. Outstretched see his arms of love — Haste his tender heart to prove — Haste, ye sinners, ye will lind — Jesus casteth none behind. Wednesday, 'J. We had a laborers' conference, and con- sulted with the Saviour, among other things, what we could advise our brethren in these circumstances, now that we must leave them. We asked then, after we had de- clared our opinions one to another, whether, in these cir- cumstances, v^'o should advise our assistants what to do after we were goiie? Answer, "No." Thursday, 7. We received some news of our brethren on the Muskingum that all was well, and that they were just about to come back again, that they were not without alarm for us white brethren, that something was happening to us and that we must be taken far away from them. The brethren at home came and wept over us, that in a short time they would be forsaken and would be like sheep without a shei)herd, and many said: "O, could we only keep our teacliers with us, I would certainly obey them better than I have hitherto done." Others again would take up arms and fight the matter out by force. UPPER SANDUSKY, 1782. 78 Fri(]ay, 8. The son of Br. Mjirk and his wife, Susamui, born in the hush Feb. 12, was baptized with the name Jonatlian. For several days we have rainy weather and at last severe thunder-storms; the Sandusky has risen very much, so that the high water will delay our journey, Saturday, 9. Michael held the early service over the Scripture-verse: The chastisement of our peace was upo.i him. Joachim, came back from the Shawanese, and brought news that the others still there Mould follow in a day or two. The high water keeps them back very much. From our brethren on the Muskingum we hear strange things, especially from the young people, in regard to us, since as yet they knew nothing about our forced departure. It begins to be clear to us why we neither should nor could advise our brethren. Sunday, 10. At last came some from the Shawanese towns, namely, Abraham, after we have some time awaited them. We long very much for our brethren on the Muskingum, for we can not get away until we have horses, and we must be prepared for the AVyandots taking us and carrying us on, into wliose hands we have no wisb to come, for we have already learned what it is to be in their power. "Wednesday, 13. AVe sent out a messenger to meet those brethren who are on their way from the Muskingum, to bring them on, for we already feared some accident had befallen them, they were gone so long. Thursday, 14. Very early the Indian, George, came with the frightful news that all our brethren who went to Scliiin- brunn, Gnadenhiitten, and Salem had been captured by the Americans and taken to Pittsburg; the messenger related many unpleasant th'w.gs that occurred, for example, that they were bound and some killed, but all of this we could not believe. But that our Indian brethren are taken to Pittsburg is the more pleasing to us, were it only all of them there, and had they again a brother with them. We shall be glad to bear our captivity if only our brethren are rescued. Friday, 15. We went away from Sandusky in company with some Indian brethren. 74 ZETSHRFOER S DIARY. i{ 14 I !: Departure from Sandnsky, 1782. Friday, March 15, was the day appointed for our separa- tion from onr Indian brethren and our departure, on which account a Frcncliman' came yesterday, who was to lead us safely and go Avith us to Detroit. The Half-Tving also came to-da}' to look on and be presei't at our depart- ure. Early in the morning we assembled for the last time in our room here with oar brethren, who in accordance with our Scripture-verse of to day: Therefore with joy shall ye draw Avatcr out of the wells of salvation, were exhorted, now that we must leave them, to liold fast to the Saviour, who is the fount of all weal and blessed- ness, and to his wounds from wliich flow to us all that is good and l)lessed. They should always earnestly bear in mind tluit they have been cleansed of their sins by his blood and baptized into his death. In prayer upon our knees we thanked tlie Saviour for all the goodness and comfort we had enjoyed from him in all our uidiappincsses and burdens, in all our need and danger from without, recommended as well ourselves, who were going away, as especially our Indian church to his mercy, to the care and oversight of the Holy Ghost, and to the guard and protec- tion of our dear heavenly Father, to hold them together until we sliould see cacli other aijain. We thoufrht also of our brethren on the Muskingum in our prayer. Many hot tears were shed, which lie will not leave unnumbered and disregarded. At the end was baptized int(» Jesus' death a well-grown child, the youngest daughter of Rachel, Avith the name Maria. The brethren then took leave of us one after the other, which to us on both sides was very griev- ous. Thereupon Ave Avent aAvay, accompanied by some In- dian brethren and two sisters, to Lower Sandusky, in order to go on further to Detroit by some chance ship or by boats. Several brethren besides Avent some distance Avith us, and then turned back again. Since Ave did not all have liorses, for Ave had lost all our oavu horses, and our ^Mr. Lavallie, Heck. Nar., p. 329. m JOURNEY TO DETROIT, 1782. 76 Indians could not got cnongli for us, most of thorn being on tlio Mnskingnni, some of us had to go afoot through water and s\vamin% yet we were ghid that the sisters all had horses; but our things we had to leave behind. How woeful and grievous it was to leave our Indian church, can easily be imagined; could we have taken this with us we might go where we would, but now that Ave must be sepa- rated from them, wo have neither joy nor comfort. We came to-day iibout ten miles, to McCormick, near a Wyan- I 8ane^ hytnns tojTfotlior. Christiiiii,' the Mohican, who well understood Gennati and Kiiglish, fell upon her knees be- fore the captain, hogging for life, hut got for answer that * he couUl not help iier. Two well-grown hoys, who saw the whole thing and escaped, gave this information. One of these lay under the heajts of slain aiul was scalped, hut finally came to himself and found opportunity to escape* TJie same did Jacob, Rachel's son, who was wonderfully rescued. For they came close upon him suddenly outside the town, so that be thought they must have seen him, but ho crept into a thicket and escaped their hands. They knew his horses, which in the autumn they had seen at liis home, and inquired for him, for he was one of those taken prisoners, probably therefore, by the very men who were now there. He went a long way about, and observed what went on. John Martin went at once to Salem when the militia came, and thus knew nothing about how the brethren in Giiadeuhiitten fared, lie told them there, the militia were in Gnadenhiitten, whereupon they all resolved not to flee, but John Martin took with himself two brethren and turned back to Gnadenhiitten, and told them, there were still more Indians in Salem, but he did not know how it had gone with them in Gnadenhiitten. A part of the militia went there on the 8th with a couple of Indians, who had come there to Salem and brought the brethren away, after they had first taken away their arms, and when they came to Gnadenhutten, before they led them over the stream, they bound them, took,' even their knives from them. The brethren and the sisters alike were bound, led into town, and slain. They made our Indians bring all their hidden goods out of the bush, and then they took them away ; they had to tell them where in the bush the ri i ^ " Cluistina, another widow, who had been an inmate of the Bethle- hem ' Sisters' House ' in her youth, spoke English and German fluently, and was a woman of education and refinement, fell on her knees be- fore Col. Williamson, and addressing him in English, besought him to spare her life. ' I can not help you,' was his cold reply. " De Schweinitz' Life of Zeisber^er, p. 549. M .1 MASSACllK AT OXADKNIIIITTKN, 1782. 81 bees were, lielp <^et the lioiiey out; other thint«;s also they had to (h) t'oi" them before thev were killed. I'risoiiers said that tlie militia tliemselves ackiiowledijed and eonf'esscd tliey had been good Indians. They prayed and sang until the tomahawks struck into tlieir lieads. The boy who was scalped and got away, said tlie iilood flowed in streams in the house. They burned the dead bodies, together with the liouses, which tliev set on fire. In regard to the brethren in Schiinbrunn, wlien we learned we w^'-e to be taken to Detroit, we sent at once a messenger to the Muskingum, for a very short time was ffivou us for cett.ng awav, that thev should come with the horses and help get us to Lowi.'r Sandusky. This Tuesscn- ger came to Schiinbrunn on the very 7tli of March when the militia reached Gnadeidiiittcn and delivered his mes- sage. Tliey sent at once the same day a messenger to Gnadenhiittcn to let them there and in Salem know what was happening here. Before the messenger got quite to Gnadcnhiitten, he found young Schobosh lying dead by the wayside and scali»ed, and when he looked about ho saw that many white people had gone to Gnadenhiitten. lie at once turned back to Schfuibrunn and brought them this news, whereupon they at once retired. The militia sepa- rated the next day, one part going to Sjilem, the other to Schr)nbrunn,]where, however, they found no one, although our Indians saw them in the town ; and of these, six perished who were in Gnadenhiitten and Salem, but no one of the others perished, and they all came back to Sandusky after Ave had already set out. This news sank deep in our hearts, so that these our brethren, who, as martyrs, had all at once gone to the Saviour, were always, day and night, before our eyes, and in our thoughts, and we could not forget them, but this in some measure comforted us. that they had passed to the Saviour's arms and bosom in such resigned disposition of heart, where they will forever rest, protected from the sins and all the wants of the world. The Wyandot and Delaw^are warriors, not only while we still lived on the Muskingum, but also now, when press- 6 m . t ■ j IJ M'i 1 ^ -.> 'i ff r •[! . 1 " i. i :.! 82 ZKrsnKROEU S DIARY. inj^ linnsjcr drove our Indians there, liavc alwavs labored to brinif iiiion us tlie wliitea, and whenever they caino back from murdering they camo throuifh our towns, in order tiiat, it' they were pursued, the white people might fail iMton us, and so they now also did, for as soon as our Indians wciiL there, the warriors went too and did harm to the settlements beyond the river. It hai)pLMied then that a war party 'jame to (Jnadenliiitten with a prisoner, whose wife and child they killed near Gnadenhiitten, and had impaled. The prisoner talked with our Indians and wivrned them to be ott', for the whites wore already assem- bleil, would follow up the warriors, and fall upon them if they did not go away. When the warrioi's moved away lio perceived that two of them remained behind. li\ the first night-camp afterwards, however, the prisoner escaped, and had the good hudc to get ott", and soon iifter this the militia came and made very sharp inrpiiries \that they ha;aiust thoir wickedness and sinful ways; wo had great compassion with those who remained true and ui)rihould have esca[)ed all this want we have encountered. We have often thought about this and considered it in one way and another, l)ut ^'llll 86 ZKISBERGER S DIARY. I. \ I : n could never make up our minds to it, tiuding too mucli op- position iuid ditHculty in the way, so that we had to g:ive up the i)lan. But now we phiinly see tliat if we had gone there with our Indians, we sliouhl, unwittingly, luive gone into the greatest danger. Xowiiere is a jtlaee to be found to wliich wo can retire with our Indians and be se- cure. The world is already too narrow. From the white people, or so-called Christians, we can hoi)e for no protec- tion, and among lieatheu nations also we have no friends left, such outlaws are we! but praise be to God, the Lord, our God yet lives, who Avill not forsake us. lie will [juii- ish us if Ave deserve punishment, tluxt afterwards he may be the more mercifnl to us. A])ril 11. A war- party arrived with these prisoners and two sca]i)s. The ])risoncrs contirni the news that none of our Indians remain alivo, but of those in JMttsburg most have escaped. An Englishman who lives among the Wyan- dots, who received the order to conduct \s to Detroit, but, because, together with the Indians, lie went to the war, had got another to take his ]»lace to go with us, came back from the war and showed himself a Satan towards us, swore at us, and threatened to bury the tomahawk in our heads. Through the whole night he drank his till in the house where we were, and we were in danger of our life, not alone from him: a Wyandot squaw who robbed us in Sch'Mibrnnn, we lieard say again and again, she would come and kill us all. We could not sleep the whole night, for he was like one mad, and worse than the drunken In- dians, yet the Saviour shiehkMl us fro)n harm, and let thv: angels sing': They shall be uninjured. 18. Through the Indian brethren, Samuel x^anticoke and Thonuis, who came last evening once more to see us, we learn that Mark, with half our Indians, has gone to the Shawanese. Abraham, William, Samuel and Corne- lius, however, with the other half, have gone into the neighborhood of Pi[)e's town, near the Delawares, bu» not to remain, but to settle further on near the Miami. That our Indians shoidd take refuge among the Shawanese, of whom we have always warned them, was not a pleasant JOURNEY TO DETROIT, 1782. 87 thing for us to hear, for there is the very tlieatre of war in the Indian Uuid. To-day two l)oats came from Detroit, sent by tlic commandant to carry us, for which we liad long and eaa:crlv waited, and with them came also a ser- geant and fourteen rangers to take ns thitlier. The com- mandant wrote to the n\ercliant in whose house we are, very favorahly about us. He hoped that the English traders would have received us, and entertained us well, and if any one had done us harm or ill-treated us, he should let him know it. The sergeant with his men had strict orders to treat us well, and to place us in no un- necessary danger while upon the lake, should it be storni}'. 14. After we had taken leave of our brethren wlio are here, and had reconmiended them to the mercy and pro- tection of God, we departed, and towards evening, passed through the little lake with a good wind; it was some- what rough, and Sister Susanna became somewhat sea- sick. At night we encamped on an island in the lake, ■where, for a year or more, two Frenchmen have lived, havina: come to-dav somewhere about 30 miles. 15. In the morning we came at once into Lake Erie and coasted along the west shore of the lake, but could go on daily only a while in the forenoon and a couple of hours before evening, for the wind blew so hard that we had to run to land, and every night draw the boats ashore, if we did not tind a suitable harbor or creek to run into, for otherwise the liigh waves would liave straightway struck the boats to pieces, and therefore they liad to be drawn ashore. On tlie 18th we came to Cedar Point, where there is no wood but cedar to be found. Not only here, but everywhere, so far as we came, were many Indians, Chippewas, Potawatomies, Wyandots, Tuwas, etc. 19. We had to go over a bay, the wind was ahead and pretty strong, so that the wa\'es struck well into the lioat. This is the bay where the Miami falls into the hike. Wo got over by good luck, and then with a good wind 40 miles and more into the straits, and in the afternoon of f '■ t! 88 ZEISBRROER 3 DIARY. 11 I r t I „ I : 1 the 20th to Detroit. Our boatmen, the rangers, who in other respects are like the Indians in manners and cus- toms, have borne themselves towards ns in a very friendly and modest way. The sergeant took every care of us upon the lake and exposed us to no danger, and thereby, lost With sh 00, lost no tune. With siiii)s ana large vessels you can t go directly over the lake, with a good wind, in four and twenty hours from sliore to shore. But with boats they dare not venture it, but must keep close in shore, so that if the weather be stormy they can land, and tiiere it is often dangerous, if the wind sets from the lake towards the shore. We ' wore quartered here in the old fort in the barracks, where we were surrounded by soldiers alone, who daily liad their drill in the fort at the parade place, and where all day long we hoard nothing but drumining, tiling, and music. But we wore glad and thankful to have a large, roQmy chamber to ourselves, and no one disturbed ns or put any obstacles in our way. Tlie commandant, Major de Pe^'ster, soon summoned Br. David. A sentinel, however, was i»laced before our quarters until he had spoken to us. He said to Br. David he had not expected to see us so soon again when lie sent us away in the au- tunm, but so many complaints had come in against us, to whicih, however, he gave no credence and which he be- lieved false, that he was compelled to call us away from Sandusky and to have us come here; he had done it against his will, but must needs do it for the sake of our own safety, to make us come here, for he could assure us tliat our lives were in the greatest danger if we re- mained longer in Sandusky, [lie had received J')r. David's letter.] Now that we were liere, he wished to leave it to us to remain here or to go home, and if we chose the latter, to leave it ei'tirely to us if we wished to go away, for in two days a ship would depart for Xiagara in which we could tjo if we wished, hut if we wanted to stav a week longer, that a ship went then, too, and we could do as we ' /ov a de.sciMptiou of Doti'cit in 177S, see Sketches of Detroit, p. 5. if. I IN DETROIT, 1782. 89 pleased ; Br. David could come again to him after a while and speak to him. lie answered him that we had also so regarded our removal from Sandusky as done for our safety's sake; the charges brought against us were all cpiite false and unfounded; as for our going home, we asked time for consideration until the second shi[) went, since this occasion was too soon for us. lie was well content with this, and added also that if we wished to go now, we should gain nothing, it were just as well 'o wait till August, lie said he would give orders that care should be taken for our maintenance, that we should suf- fer no want, and if we needed any thing we should say so. Br. David gave him our thanks. Then the command- ant came himself to our quarters, saw us all, and greeted us most cordially. 22. Still another prisoner was added to our number, whom the Indians brought in day before yesterday. Ho was from Xorth Carolina, acquainted in the Wachau :' he was captured by the Indians with another man in Ken- tucky and would be sent to Caiuida in the next ship that went. 25. Br. David went earl 3' to the commandant, who in- vited him to breakfast, and Br. David improved the occa- sion to speak to him about our mission, and asked him whether there were no possibility tliat we and our In- dians could settle somewhere in this neighborhood under his protection ; that he had heard a (iov. Sinclair lived at Miciiilimackinac, who, if ho were the same pei'son, had oli'ered to our brethren in London several years before, a place for a settlement on his land with the object of their having an opportunity to convert theuiatives, who are nu- merous and strong there, to the Christian belief, lie took notice of what Br. David said, and answered : Gov. Sin- clair was in Miciiilimackinac, liis land lay not far off on Lake Sinclair, but it was inhabited, and he did not think it suitable and pleasant for our Indians; but seven or eight miles down the river towards Lake Erie was an isl- 1' 'A iiiinu' given to the Moraviiiu purchase in Stokes and Forsyth counties, ]S'. C. • ¥: r I : I '■\ i ': I ■' t .1, ; 1 1 ::; ' f : 1 f! ;.| I'f li n 90 ZEISBERGER S DIAPiY. and, where perhaps they could live, only it was very much overgrown with wood, and would he hard for Indians to clear, lie had himself a stretch of land situated near Lake Erie, and should its position he agreeahleto us, wn were wel- come to settle on it. He said further: the Catholic jtriests had taken great pains since this land was inhahited hy white people to hring the nations over to the Christian re- ligion ; they had found also among the Wyandots some admission, but with the Chippewas could do nothing, though they had taken pains with them. They did not live steadily in towns, hut moved from one i)laceto another on Lakes Huron and Superior, hunting and lishing, hut planted notliing, and thus their mode of life made it hard to do any thing among them ; tliere was said to be such a number of them that where they began and how far they extifuded, was not yet known, and some estimated them at oO,000 strong, which also the royal interpreters main- tained, who were best acquainted witli them. In con- clusion, the commandant said to Br. David he would re- flect upon his propositions, have him called again, and give him further information. We were glad that yet one chance showed itself of rescuing the remnant of our In- dian church. On the 27th he summoned J3r. David again, who went together with I3r. Edwards, when he said to us bo bad thought over what Br. David had pro[)oscd, and if we made up our minds to remain here and get our Indians here, there should be no lack of help on liis part; we should reiiect upon it, and Ic* him know our conclusion, which we promised soon to do, and expressed to him our thanks and gratitude for his help and good disposition to- wards us. The brethren consulted together in the matter, and it was especially called to our mind that here the Saviour had given us occasion to assemble and rescue our mission, or what was left of it, so that there could well be no ques- tion whether we should accept the commandant's offer, for it was our duty and necessity to venture every thing for our Indian church, and to receive such an offer with IN DETROIT, 1782. 91 a thousandfold joy. But to do away with every doubt and to ho able to act in che mutter with greater assurance and joy, we wished to know exactly our Saviour's will and have his aitprobation. We asked him accordinrjly, and bcgii'ed him to advise us accordinti^ to his heart, and he gave us to understand his good ])leasure that we should call our Indians here and accept tlie commandant's ])ro])o- sition ; should take this with joy and regard our mission as not altogether a thing of the past, but should regard it as a token that he wished to get together again here in this neighhorliood his Indian church. And so wo told the commandant that since he had given us hoj)e that our mission could be saved from perfect ruin, we accei)tod his proposition with joy, for we felt ourselves bound to ad- venture body, life and all for it. We quite gave up tlie idea of going home, but would remain hero; we asked, however, from him that he wouhl send word to our In- dians, call them here, and at the same time let them know that we awaited them here, and, if they came, had permis- sion to '"ve with them; that this should be done as soon as possible, that no time might be lost, and that the In- dians might yet do some planting. He promised to do for us all we thought necessary, lie wished, however, first to speak with the Chippewa chiefs, who were in town, whether they would not let our Indians settle on their land some twenty miles from here on Huron river (now Clinton), and lie did not doubt they would give their con- sent; he would put this going this very day and make preparations, and if this succeeded he would call us and give us further information. What moved him to favor this plan was this: he saw very well that if we lived be- low Detroit we should be much disturbed, not only by the Wyandots, who live the other side of the river, but also by warriors, since the road goes that way, but above the city we should not have this to fear, for the Chippewas do not go to war, and both he and many people in the city said to us they were much more tractable and approach- able than the Wyandots and many others. May 2. We had a chance to speak to an Indian, who, rll VH i 1 f 1: ' '■] ! • ^ ) \i 92 ZEISBERGER S DIARY. ten (la3-s before, had come from the Shawancsc, from whom we got some news of our Indians, who have moved there, and because in the morning ho was going back tliore again, we spoke with the commandant al)out send- ing by tliis oi)portunity a mossage to our Indians. lie; was at once willing, and asked whether one or two of us would not like to go too. We consider'^d this, and replied that it did not seem advisable for us to go there; in the Hrst l^lace, since certain white people among the Wyandots, who are our avowed enemies, would set the Indums against us with force, and would make every effort to get us al- together out of the way, and would say to the Indians : " You see you are not rid of these people; you must bring uuout their destruction." And secondly, if we came to our Indians, and the Shawanese, Delawares, and Wyandots liear we have come with such intentions, to take our In- dians away, we should not only find great opposition, but we should not be sure of our lives. He readily saw this, and therefore sent u Frenchman with the Indians, with a written message and a string of wampum, and summoned them to come here to their teachers, and ho let them know that here we had freedom to renniin ; they should all come, and if all would not or could not come, yet some, at least, and if his could not be, that the three brethren who were expressly yarned, Samuel, William, and Mark, should cer- tainly come. He said also that if our Indians there were well provided for, he had no objection to our going back and living with them, but this wo at once declined, saying that this could not be in the Indian land while the war lasted, lie said farther, that he was sorry we had so much trouble about our mission ; we must not think him the cause of it. He was not guilty of our misfortunes, but during this war had to let many a thing happen which he did not approve, but yet could not prevent, lie would not, for all the world, have the reputation of having ruined our missi(m, such a praiseworthy work among the In- dians ; he wished to be helpful to us in every possible way, that our Indians should again be got together and estab- lished in a secure place, and if they came there, he would \ If. S if IN DETROIT, 1782. 98 I furnif^li sonic head of cattle for our use at the outset, since we luul lost every tiling; he would also give our Indians tools and whatever they needed to cultivate ^the ground again. He Inid spoken witli the C' ippcwas and arranged with tluMU tliat we and our Indians should settle on the Huron river, some twenty miles from liere, which was said to he a fine place and good land, W(! ex])ressed to him our gratitude and recognition of his kindness and good- will. The messengers departed the next day, the od, and we spoke ])oth with the Indian and also with the French- man about the message to our Indians. 0. By a ship, bound for Niagara, Br. David sent a letter to Bethlehem by way of Montreal and New York, the first letter since our captivity. The commandant in his own hand wrote the address, that it might go unhindered. In this siiip we should have gone, when we first came, but this is now changed since we await our Indians liere. Tlie ship was filled full of prisoners, sent to Caiuula, and with Indians, with them also our fellow prisoner went away, Moore by name. 7. Sii;ce a boat went to Lower Sandusky, Br. David, with the consent of the commandant, sent a message to a trader there, to send an express to our Indians in Upper Sandusky, and tell them they should all come here to- gether, the sooner the better, in case the message sent to our Indians among the Shawanese should be late in reach- ing them. 10. We heard from the interpreter of the Chippewas the description of the land on the Huron river, that it is a fine country, good land, and lies some ten miles up the river, and thus somewhat out of tiie way. This nuin, who was the intrepreter in the affair, and knew all about it, told us that the chiefs were asked whether they had any objection to the Christian Indians settling with their teachers on their land ; they made only one objection, that perhaps the Delaware nation would not be pleased, and would look upon them as having drawn their friends away from them and alienated them. This notion was soon taken from tiiem, for the commandant and Bawbee (the Indian * I, H ZEISHERORR S DIARY, agent) said, since tlie Dolawares had driven tlie ministers, their teaelier.s, out oftiieir land, and would no longer have them there, thereby they had also driven away the ( iiris- tian Indians and hunted tiiem oiY, and tims they must go where they would bo reeeived, and tiie J)elawares had no right to say any thing against it. We learned now also that the land belonged to Mr. Bawbet, to whom the chiefs had given it. 12. The notorious McKee smd Elliot came from the Shuwanese; we hoped to hear sometliing about our In- dians there, but from such people no good news is to be expected. 18. But to-day we had tlie pleasure of seeing here our Gabriel, with an unbaptized Indian besides, who had Just cimie here from there, and we heard that they were all well. They met the messengers to our Indians on the way, but knew nothing about the matter. 14. Br. David was summoned to the commandant, who wished to know the contents of the letter he had written to Bethlehem, since he wrote about this to the general in Canada, and recommended him to send on the letter, say- ing that he knew its contents. Br. David translated it into English to his satisfaction. 17. Since the commandant had a house vacant for us outside the town, where prisoners had lived who were now sent to Canada, we moved out of the barracks to-day into our lodgings near Yankee Ilall, close by our house, which has its name from the fact that only prisoners who were brought in l)y the Indians live there. 19. We recommended ourselves in stillness to the care of God on this clay of the Holy Ghost, and begged of him to make us mindful of all that our dear Lord will have done by us to fulfil with us his aim and end. ~\Ve read the printed discourse of the sainted disciple (Count Zin- zendorf) upon this festival, with a blessing for our hearts. 20. We saw that the Indian who had been sent as mes- senger to our Indians was come back. Br. David went to the commandant to learn how things looked, and found out that the Indian liad turned about at the Miami, IX DETROIT, 17S2. 05 since tlio Iiuliiiiia lie mot told liiin that our Indiana were all scattered, tliat none would come, and it was in vain to call them, hut that the Frei;olinian had continued his jour- ney to them, and in accordance with his order would de- liver his niessfiije ; thus we have still some hope that some one of our Indians will come ; 24, hut we heard from an Indian acquaintance that the greater part of our Indians was still together near San- dusky, that as soon as Wv. David's letter came to Lower Sandusky, one of our Indians who was there went away at once to them with the message. AV'e wish they would soon come, so as yet to do some planting. Sunday, 26. We read together the church litany. Thursday, oO. To-day, as also through the whole .s'eek, a multitude of Chippewas has come in, who were snm- nioned to go to the war. They are praised by all tlie other nations for being the best and most kindly Indians, Imt even such Indians are much corrupted by white peojjle, and led to every offense. Sunday, June 2. Br. David ba[)tized in the city, upon request, a merchant's child, Eli/.abeth, and at the ceremony delivered a short discourse to those present, who were very attentive, and Monday, 3, at the commandant's request, through a sergeant, he attended the burial of one dead, whereby like- wise he spoke a word of exhortation to those present. Tuesday, 4, was a great festival and holiday, the king's birthday, which was very solemnly celebrated. Friday, 7. vVe learn from Wyandots who have come in fronx Sandusky that our Indians liave received the com- mandant's message, aau make ready to come, tliat they were already busy planting. This was uncommonly pleas- ant for us to liear, and gives us new hope of seeing again soon our people, as we have long heartily' desired. Saturday, 8. From Delaware Indians who came from Sandusky we heard the same about our Indians, with the addition that tmcQ there is great famine among them, as among all Indians, the like of which has never been, our Indians had gone to the Muskingum to get corn, on which ^ii' ,. ' :,i ^?r-,! t «l lit i ' 11 \:\ ii i 96 ZEISHERGEHS DIAllY. accomit they will not yet conio. We dosirc iintliiuc;' so much as to hoc agiuu our Indiiius, for we four tlioir porl'oct ruin and dcritruction. Monday, 10. Xews'catneiu of afiglitbotweon tllO^"irilJiu- iana and Euglisli and Indians in Tpper Sandusky, in \vlii(di the iirst had the worst (in Crawford's Canipaign). In tiiis affair we couhl tliink of nothing but our Indian Itretlirc^n, and rooonnncnd them to the Saviour's protection. Had we still been there, where wo wore last winter, it would have been hard with us and dangerous, for we were just under lieadway when we iieard that they had gone buck to our town where we had lieen, but where no one was left. Tlio messenger told Br. David they had sought to make such an expedition as in (Juadenhiitton, but came off worsted. Friday, 14. To-day and for several days all sorts of ru- mors have been tlying about and many preparations made for war. In a ship from Sandusky the Connors came hero with their eliildron ; they had to come on account of the unrest caused by war. Of our Indians we hoard that they wore all with the Shawanese and had received the message, both IJr. David's letter, and the commandant's, and are yet awaited here. Sunday, IG. We read together a discourse of the sainted disciple from the extracts about ^Matthew's Gospel. Tuesday, IH. We again had some news of our Indians from two prisoners, that they all lived by themselves to- gether in one town, had built houses and [)lanted, that as soon as they could be ready they would come here. Saturday, 22. During the week we have heard on every hand rumors that do not much concern us. We daily saw many Chippewas and Tawas, some of whom at times vis- ited us. Their speech lias much likeness with the Dela- wares, and we wished our Indians might soon come. Who knows whether the Saviour may not gain some of these, for among them the priests heru have found no reception. Sunday, 23. Br.David preached to a number of prison- ers, men and women, in English, and baptized a child, Elias Schmidt. Many were right glad to hear a sermon > < ^ IN DKTROIT, 1782. 97 . attain, and wisIicmI to do so oftenor il' only we had a place or lioiiHu 8uital)Io. WcMliicsday, -0. Br. David spoke with the coinmaiid- aiit, IVoni wiiom ho 8()iiju;ht iiitoniiation, but ho had not yet hoard from oiir Tiidians that they wore coming; he had learned nothing about thoin, and wondered at it. Br. David told liim his concern about tbe matter, namely, that white people in the busli among tiu; Indians lield tiiem back and would make tiiem cautious about coming here. Wlioreui»on he answered, lie did not expect that, for he had expressly written to them to send our Indians here. Thus he believed they would come wlun lii-st tliey had planted. lie said iiirther, we should not think that he in any way put us ofi" with tine promises and wished to make things ap]iear other tlian they were ; he was honorable and upright towards us, and he had promised us in the first place to do for us what was in his power, that we might continue our work among the Indians, lir. David an- swered we had not the least doubt about him, but that there were people who found pleasure in utterly ruining our mission, and were not fully content with what they had already done, lie said he saw very well we had many enemies among the Indians, and it Avas good luck for us that we canie here betimes, for he had good grounds for believing that at this time we should not have been safe among the Indian pet)ple, certainly we should all have per- ished had we remained in Sandusky; that he had also heard that our Indians were reported to have said [but to this he paid little regard] that if they knew their teachers were sent home they would go to the war too, but since we were yet here in Detroit, could not do so. Br. David answered him: there could be some bad young men who wished to go to the war; against that he would not con- tend, but from this no conclusion was to be drawn about the Avhole, for among such a number of people there might well be some bad people, and this could hardly be avoided. Sunday, 30. We read together a discourse of the sainted disciple, from tbe text: Immanuel, God with us. A Oer- 7 j4^' Pii f^ '\ ir! kt jf i 08 ZRISBFIUIER .S DIARY. miiM soldier iiskod t<> l)(»riv)\v u hook from us, to wlioiii wo giivo Olio oftlio Hivititi'd diHciple's priiitiMl discoiirsort, iis wo hiivo sc'vcnd times alroudv lent to others. It is somethitii; wonderfid here; uiul ph'iisimt, it' iiny one is found who shows ii desire for (lod's word, for the pluee l)ere is like Sodom, where all sins are eonimitted. The Freiu;h luivo indeed a church hero and a priest, who, however, is ((uito old, and never i»roaciies, hut merely reads mass. On the south side of the river are also a church and a priest, where hoth l''roneh and liulians ijo, there to ho seen in their heathenish ijarh, with painted heads in full war-array. Hut the Kn;uflish and I'rotestatits have neither cliureh nor preacher, and wish for neither, althouf^h they could have tiiem if tiicy would. The Indians wonder at this, as is natural, for they see among the so-called (christians no good e.\ami)les, hut had alono. The Wyandots, though already hai)ti/,i'd, are not only heathen, hut much worse than many lieathen, much more savage and hlood-thirsty, for the Ciiippewas, none of whom is haptized, are much more hiinuine and kindly disposed towards their fellow-men, and are much easier to get along with. Sunday, 7. Br. David itreached in English in a French- nian's house, who ottered it to us from seeing that the l)lace where preaching usually was, was too snnili, and a line numher came together, mostly prisoners. Monday, 8. At last, after long waiting, we had the pleasure of welcoming liero with us two families of our In- dian hrethren, namely, Samuel Nanticoke and Adam, with their v'ives and children. They left hehind two or three families, namely, Ahraliam, Zachary, Thomas, who also are already on the way here. They came from the Shaw- anese towns, where most of the hrethren live together, and have planted. Our Indians had received hoth Br. David's letter and the major's message, and were joyful over them, had likewise resolved to make ready at once and to come here. But since from the want of supplies for the journey [for they suffer great hanger], they could not at once put this in execution, they were made to hesitate by Indians who went there from here, who told them as a fact we [\ ■ I IX nr/ruorr, 17H2. 09 wcro no loti^or in Dotroit, Imt were sent down tlio connfry; (liis tlu'V liii forty days on tlic journey, hat wait for lliem and delay until more came. In order then to cause oui'selves no unnecessary trouble and dithculty, not to build upon uncertainty, and not to do any thing in doubt, we asked the Saviour's advice therein, and he let us know that his good pleasure is that we. with the two families of Indian bi'cthren, should he- take ourselves to the appointed place as soon as possible. This, his gracious advice, was not only quite according to our own wish, but we were heartily thankful therefor, IN PKTHOTT, 17H"J. 101 and now wo oonld sot to work with oonifort and oonfi- donoo, ill caso diiruMiltios sliould ariso. os[)ooially from the Chippewas, wo aro so low: thus wo know the Saviour's will. [FiVoning sorvioo.] 8un(lay, 14. Tlioro oanio, al)ont lialt'-past ono. a linn- drod Clii|)itowas tVoni Miolii'.'inackinao, who woi-o siini- monod lioro to ijo to tlio war. 'I'liov woro wolooniod hy tlio disoharii-o of tliroo oannoii from tlio Fort, This i.s no tokou of an armistioo witli tlio Indians. At tho niootinij with onv Indians tVoni to-d:iy"s Boripturo- verse ; The pooplo that walkod in ;^l^kno^•s havo scon a i;ro;it light; this niooting wi> hold daily in tho o))on air from want of other place. Many white people came, and all were atteiuivo. N[ond;iy, If), lir. David made an early visit to tho oom- inandant, to whom ho annoiuu't'd our intention tn move with our Indians ii\to the bush, ai.d to this end lu>irged his aid. Since, however, ho was o-ottini!; otf ships and als() In- dians, and had other [^rossiuL" husiness to attend to. ho bade u.s have patience until he had aeeomplisheii what was most Jieeossary; he lio[ied in a couple ot' days to lie able to see to us, and then he would uudei'take and de- spatch our affairs. Wo again sent a n\cssagr to our In- dians by Di'lawares, tiiat we were going with those now here ii\to the bush, and that we awaited tlicm witii long- ing hope. Wo learned \)y experience that cither they ilid not give our message at all, or indeed gav(> ([uitc the o[)- jtosite of it, that our Iiidiai\s might not come hero. This evening une\|>ec(odly, to tn(> hearty joy ot" us all. came our old Indian brother, .Mu'aham. to us with one moro family. We had always wished this; if only he wouhl come boi'ore our di>parture we sliixild be comforteil. and now, praise be to (iod, we begin oui' missiou anew, with four families o\' Indian bi-ethren, a plain and simple beginning, but we have no doubts, for the SaviiMir. whose own alfair it is, the honor and ;lie shame, he will bles^^ and ])rosper us in accordanci> with the promise in our Scri[iture- verse of to-day : Yet will I gather others to him besides those that aro gathered unto him. On this (hiy, and w ilh JK i 1 ' ' 1 1 m [ m ' m ■ M 102 ZEISBERGER S DIARY. this Scripture-verse, a year ago Brs. Davitl Zeisberger, and Jun<;-niatin, with their wives, arrived from Bethlehem at Scliiinhrunn on the Miiskiiignun, Tlnirsday, 18. Br. David went again to the major to speak witli liim about our departure. lie was exceedingly inclined to be heljiful to us in every way with what was needful. He gave us at once a written order to draw from the king's store tools, provisions, and whatever we needed, and our Indians were not forgotten either; on their ac- count he gave a separate written order for all that Br. David told him to be necessary for them, all which they took and provisions besides. When Br. David tolo :iim at the same time that two more families were come, and tliat we expected others soon, this was pleasant both for him and for his lady to hear. She provided us also with seeds of all sorts for planting, and the major v ; so good as to lend us his own boat, with sails, to go away in, and gave us besides a large canoe to keep for our own use. Br. David spoke particularly with him about the French priests, asking whether we were likely to have from them any care or trouble, and whether they could not put some difficulty in our way ; it was not the business of the brethren to interfere in otlj^^r people's work, and to labor for Indians who were already under the care of others, but we by far preferred to have ^o do with those who had not yet heard of the gospel, as, for instance, the Chippe- was; since now they would be our neighbors, it might happen that some of them would receive the g-suol, and the French priests would conceive sus})icion and. jc;»lousy of the bretheru, therefore Br. David wanted to Kil 'lim this beforehand to avoid all misunderstandings. The major answered that we should be easy about this ; the priests should not be hard and troublesome to us, and should they put obstacles in our way. the tiling wouhl touch him and they must arrange it with him. At our evening meeting many French and English were present. Friday, 19. We prepared for our journey. Our Scrip- ture-verse read : Thy children shall make haste. We had CLINTON RIVER, 1782. 103 from the first resolved that Brs. IleekewoUlcr and Sense- man should stay hero with the children, and at the same time help forward suoh of our Indians as might arrive from time to time. Saturdav, 20. We set'out with four families of Indian brethren, namely: Brs. Zeisberger and dungmann, with their wives, two unmarried brethren, Wm. Edwards and Michael Young, with the Indian ])rethren, Abraham and Anna, Samuel and Sara Xanticoke, Adam and Sabina, Zachary, and Anna Elizabeth, and eleven children, among them two great girls, in all 10 Indian souls. Our neigh- bors, prisoners from Kentucky, who during our stay hero had been with us daily, were sorry to lose our companion- ship, even were so mi. oh affected as to weep for us. Three miles tVom the city we came to an island where we took aboard our two pilots, who were to conduct us to tiie ap- pointed place. Towards noon, with a good wind, we came into Lake St. Clair. At the upper end of this lake Gov. St. Clair, at present Governor in Michilimackinac, holds lands and estates. Since we sailed out in the lake far from land, we fastened the two canoes in which most of the Indians were, to our boat, in order to be able to jjrotect them in case a strong wind should arise, and so we reached the laud in Jie evening, when it was already dark. But we were in no condition to land, notwithstanding we tried our host, on account of the marsh which stretches along the shore far into the lake. Besides, on account of the mosquitoes, we could not stay in the marsh, and must con- s..quently sail out into the lake and pass the night in the l)oat. Our pilots could not recognize the [jlace because it was night and were uncertain \\i their reckoning. The wind blew somewhat hard till midnight, and we were in fear a gale would spring up, but afterwards it became more calm, and we rested until morning. Monday, 21. When it was day the pilots recognized the land, that we yet had the mouth of the Huron river before us, and not behind us, as they had thought. We ran up there this forenoon, and after landing, cooking something, and refreshing ourselves, \\q went all day up the river. I:. '■ i m 104 ZEISBEK' ER S DIARY. From Detroit our course >,'ns north-cast as far as the Ilnroii river, tlien north-west. The river is very deep, witli hardly any current, so Hint oars have to be used. In the evening we came to the }ihice appointed for us to set- tle in, and encamped, hut wore welcomed hy mosquitoes and so badly treated that we had little rest, although we made a fire round about us, so that the air was tilled with smoke and steam. Thus far we have found no nlace sat- A. isfactory to us, for ail the land we have seen is too low, swampy, and exposed to overflow, though we landed sev- eral times and examined several places. Besides wo did not dare to settle within a distance of eight miles from the lake, for the land both sides of the river belongs to some Detroit merchants. AVe did not wish so to do either, for it was no place for us. Since now the place of our encamp- ment, which the pilots had assigned us, did not quite please lis, though indeed it lies higher than all the land we have seen hero, and is also good, rich soil, avo examined, the 22d, further up tlie crook, and found on tlie south side of the river a fine place to lay out a town on a height, not inferior to that at Scliiinbrunn, and it has the same slope, according to the compass, and the course of the river, which Schiinbrunn had. On the north-east side of the town, between the river and the height, there are many springs along the height, which in separate little brooks flow into the river, and have exceedingly good water, which in tliis country is a rare and unusual thing. The land on the site of the town is sandy, which is a token [and thorofore the more pleasant to us] that it is not wot and marshy, as is nearly all the land in this country. The bottoms or lowlands are very rich, but very thickly overgrown with heavy timber. The common kinds of trees are (tak, jioplar, linden, walnut, ash, hick- ory, elm, beech, and a great number of sugar-ti-oos and wild-cherry trees, whi(;h have a flue red wood, of which in Detroit the most beautitul ca1)inet-work is made, and which is much finer than walnut. There are asps and sassiifras, tlieso last of such thickness as wo had nowhere seen before, so that boards two feet wide could be cut from tliem. The 4 9 ^ CLINTON niVER, 1782. 105 k uncommon heiifht of tlie trees shows us that this is no cold climate. Hills there are none, but everywhere the land is flat. There are stones in the creek, hut only a few, else- where none. The huntinc: is good, and our Indians shot their lirst deer to-day. Thns we chose this place before all others for our town-site, as the only one in this neigh- borhood, and we went there to-day, pitched our tents, for heavily-ladeu boats, too, can go even to the fork, a half mile higher up than we are, and canoes much farther. We were glad and thankful to have found so good and, accord- ing to all appearances, so healthy a spot, where for a town- site nothing was lacking, and we could lay out plantations both sides of the river, as we i)lcased. In the evening services held near our fire, to-day's Scrip" ture-vcrse was the subject of consideration : For ye ahall go out with joy and be led forth with peace. AVith a mother's hand leads he his own. It is still another advantage that we live here so apsirt, where we hear nothing of what go.:'^ on in the world, and that we quite alone can be in com- munion with our unseen Friend, whom wo love so much. Tuesday, 23. Last night there was a heavy, severe thun- der-storm, and a tree was struck hardl}' a stone's throw from our huts. Br. Heckewelder returned to Detroit in the boat with the two pilots who had shown us the way to this place. We at once made preparations to plant some vegetal)les, the plants we liad brought with us. Thus we did the following days, and sowed turnii»s and lettuce, planted beans and some garden stuff, though it was some- what late in the summer. We found many traces that a lono- time asjo an Indian town must have stood on this place, for we sav,' many holes in the ground, which were now indeed tilled up, but quite recognizable, in which the Indians have even ncnv the cus- tom of keeping their corn and other pr()i)erty. We co'iid also ([uite plainly see the little hills where corn had been planted, but where now is v. dense wood of trees two to six feet in diameter. Another deer was shot. 20. Wq built a hut of bark to store our supplies in. We live in tents until we shall have built a house. Br. .?r I \ » M ii ■' .1 i I- III; rli I II if J I '■! ■ ' • 'If i Sf : •J 1 1' I ,!'!.' 106 ZErSflERGER S DIARY. Micluiel Jung caught a mess of fish, the first caught here. In the ovcuing was the service and consideration of our Scri[)turo-vcrse The glory of the Lord sliull he revealed. May tills soon hapi)en here, where all is yet in darkness, and where the name of the Lord is not known — this was our hearty wish. Saturday, 27. We marked out our town, in the first place only where two rows of houses shall be built, and the street four full rods wide, but each lot has three rods front. Indian brethren who went hunting several miles up the creek came upon a cedar-swamp and found many traces of bears in the same neighborhood, but the bush in the summer is so wild, overgrown with weeds and thick- ets, that it is very hard to get through, and consequently is not then good for hunting, for the game gets off before a man has sight of it, and the mosquitoes are so bad as to be almost intolerable. We are very much incommoded by them here day and night, though we live on a height where the wind can blow somewhat, and though the bush is not so thick as elsewhere ; and we have to sit in a thick smoke if we wish relief from them. On this account we have not so fully examined the country as we have wished. In Detroit no one is acquainted with this region, and the h rchants who own the land along the river have never seen it. Moiulav, 29. We befjan to fell the woods on our town site, so as to build our houses, and thereby also get a little more air — a protection from insects. In regard to snakes here, there are very few, though on our other plantations usually we have had very many ; we have nowhere seen fewer of them than here, so that as fur as regards them one can wander about the bush unconcerned. Tuesday, 30. With the help of our Indian brethren wo got together the timber for our first house, which to be sure was quite near us, and yet we had to carry it. Thursday, Aug. 1. Br. David wrote to our brethren in Detroit by some Indian brethren, wlio went there to get provisions in exchange for baskets they had made here. • Friday, 2. We began to block, out the first house, but CLINTON BIVER, 1782. 107 as there were only four of iis, this was ratlier hard. When now all our hunters were away, so that we could exiicct no fresh meat, a deer came by our camp to tho creek, which old Br. Abraham shot, but which our heavenly Father sent. Br. Abraham expressed his thontfhts, and remarked about the troubles which have befallen us, say- in*^ , "The Delaware?, Shawanese, Miiigoes, and Wyan- dots, who live over the lake, have heard the word of God ; the brethren have lived with them and announced it to them, but they have despised it, thrust it from them, and driven away the brethren who 'lavo announced it; there- fore the Saviour has taken it from them, and will give it to others who will receive it." Tuesday, 5. Brs. Samuel and Adam came from the Fort and brought us letters from our brethren there, from which we learned they were well. At the same time we heard that an armv was nuirching to the Shawanese towns: this caused us to think much about our brethren there and to be anxious about them, and to wish they were with us out of danger. Saturday, 10. This week both we and the Indian brethren have been busy cultivating ; they have now also made the beginning, but they run short of provisions, for the allowance they get is not enough for them, though we manage to get along with ours; therefore they have to exert themselves to get the means of life. This evening we had our services around our fire, and considered our Scripture-verse, praising and glorifying the name of the Lord here in this wilderness, where probably it has never been heard. Thus far we liavo seen no strange Indians here, for we are ])laced ([uite out of the way. By one of our Indians, who came from Detroit, we heard that another attack had been made on the Shawanese towns, and inasmuch as our Indians are in that quarter, having planted there, we were very uneasy about them, that they might have come to harm. Afterwards, however, wo heard they had fled and were scattered in the bush, and thus none of them had been injured. Though we live here so remote from all rumors of the UH' p It ■ i; I ■{ 1 II 1 J: ^ If 1 ; ■ 'i ■ i f' 108 ZEThUKROKR S DIARY. world, yet Satan can not rest and be content with ns, bnt must set on tlie ill-minded Indian people to say to our people, since they have |»ut themselves under the protec- tion of the Euii^lish people, they will all i)erish ; had they put themselves under their protection, they would have been safe and free from every dan;Lfer. What a satanic and barefaced lie and what wickedness is this! Have they not themselves driven us away? They have not rested until they had us licrc. Have they not ruined us and our Indians, house and barn, property and land, and placed us in the ijreatest misery, so that we must have starved and miserably perished uidoss also the dear heavenly Father had again mercifully upheld us and helped us through ? One would think thev would be content to have wreaked their vengeance so far on us, but no, for since they now see that they can not accomplish their aim of putting us out of the way and of killing the name of the Saviour in the India.! land, but that we shall yet again settle down and assemble and moreover outside their bounds too, and since they foresee already that our Indians will follow us, they bring them wicked rumors, threats, and lies, to make our fndians fearful and to frighten them from coming here, tlu)U<>"li thev are the causes of our being here, and believed that here there would be an end of us ; therefore thev are now scornful and aiiifrv that their schemes have not only not succeeded, but since their eyes begin to open and they see that they will indeed have done themselves the greatest harm, and they know that their nation will therefore yet come to nothing. 0, what great scorn has Satan ! Perhaps, however, he knows he has but little time. Sunday, 11. Br. Jungmauu preached, and in the evening Br. David had an hour of song with the Indians. Wednesday, 14. Several of our Indians went again to the settlements to get food, by which opportunity we wrote to our brethren in Detroit. When they came here, they were so starved that their rations, already given to them, did not half suffice, though they got the sanu) quantity as we. Br. Abraham and our family besides yet remained CLINTON RIVER, 1782. 109 at home, whom wo for the most part have to maintain from our own allowance, and we do it willingly, if only we have enough. Friday, 1(5. Wo roofed our first house, and we liavo the timber for a second building already on hand. Tuesday, 20. The Indian brethren returned from De- troit. From Br. JleekewehU'r and Senseniann's letters we learn that they are well in Yankee Hall. Wednesday, 21. Brs. David, Edwards, and Michael Jung, with some Indians, went to Detroit to get sup- plies, and also to bring here our brethren yet there, for now we have some food. AVitli a good wind we got there in the evening, and had the joy of welcoming and speak- ing with the Indian brethren, Mark, William, Isaac Eschi- canahund, and Stephen, who got there day before yester- day from the Shawanose towns to see and hoar how it was with us. Mark told us he had been negotiating with the Twightwees, and they liad given him a district to live on. lie would like to have one or two brothers go there with him, and he believed all our scattered Indian brethren would then move there. A\"e had to refuse him this ut- terly, since for the time no broti er could be in the Indian land, for the Indijins would not permit it, and no one could he sure of his life. Mark's wife died. On the 22d, Br. David spoke with the commandant in their behalf. He had them come to him, and invited them to come here to us with all our Indians and to remain here until there was peace, for here they would have liberty to renuiin, or to move elsewhere if they knew a better place. He promised to provide them with supplies until they had planted and could supply themselves. Mark promised him that they would all come in the autumn, but we had our doubts about his promise, for we saw his position and intentions, which indeed he liid as far as possible, and sought merely to please the commandant and us in his words so as to get gifts. He had a speech from the Dela- wares, Shawanese, and Wyaudots, who had dictated what he should say to him, but since we saw that the only aim of this was to create difficulties between our Indians and ! .) 1 '■ 110 ZUISUEUOKR S DIARY. P M ;m I liiii), for thoy saw the comtnandiiiit U: bo our fVioiid, jind to Mot tliein oiicli iigiiinat tlio other, wo t'o"l)ii(lo liim to de- liver this speech, and this so reiiuiiiied, l>r. David spoke with the ooimiiaiii)robation. Since it was said that another gov- ernor woidd come hero, Br. David nuide the necessary arrangementsin this regard, and he itromised, should it he jiecessary, to summon Br. David, in case bo bad to go away. In the evening, we bad witb our Indians, of wliom a fair number was present, a meeting in the open air, outside the town, whither also many white people came, and the singing of the Indians pleased them much. Saturday, ^4. We took leave of our Indians, who are going back to the Sluiwanese towns to their friends, and we bade them greet all our brethren tbero, and tell them we invited here all sucb as were troubled and in peri)lexity about their salvation, and we sbould mucb rejoice to see them here, the sooner the better; to tell tbem also what good offers the nuijor bad made to them here, who had besides given written orders that those of our Indians wbo come here sbould bave supplies given them on the Miami for tbe journey, so tbat they could come hero, and this luippened too, oidy many other Indians also made use of it, and gave out they wore our Indians tbat they might get supplies. We set out tben to-(biy, with Brs. Ilocke- welder and Senseraann witb us — had at first a good wind, but iu the afternoon thunder-storms, witb rain, and were compelled to pass tbe night ii\ a windmill we came to, where tbe people received us very kindly. Sunday, 25. In the evening, wo came througli Lake St. V_^ CLINTON niVKR, 1782. Ill Clair into the Huron river, and remained over night, Itiit our two little I'hildrou were so stung hy mosquitoes that in the morning they were hwoIIimi all ovi-r. \t'(' arrived — Monday, liO, home at Hr. .lungniann's aii i sistiM- Susan- na's, who, in our ahscnce, had tlu' iirst visit from the Chi[»- ]tewas siiiee we have heeii here. Thurs(hiy,'jn. Brs. Ileekewelder and >Sonsemann felled tiniher to V)uild them houses. Two Delaware women, who eame here visiting, and were now i.gain going home, gave ]Jr. Ahraham to understand tluit they should like to live with us Jitter they had harvested their corn on the Miand. To them we said, not every one could live here, hut oidy they wlio helieved and wished to live for the Saviour. Our In- dians were husy cultivating the land at this time. The unmarried hrethren we hlessed witli our hearts at their feast-day, and we wished them the near presence of the Saviour. Monday, Sept. 2. iJrs. ireekcwelder, Sensemann, J'aI- wards and Michael Jung, went to Detroit to get a cargo of boards, which the major gave for our huilding. Tuesday, i5. From the Scripture-verse, wliich we had just a year ago this day, we recalled our caiitivity, and this text (Is. Ixiv, 5) has the Saviour fuUilled, for he has again i»laccd our leet in u wide space after we have certainly been in very narrow and dangerous circumstances. Tiius we could not do otherwise than tiliallv thank the Saviour for his wondrous conduct of us, and not sutHciently wonder at his wise loader- ship. Although our bristhren's calamity on the Mus- kingum, where so nniny perished, is always, alas, a stumbling block to us, so that we must think if only tiiat had not hai)pened, then in the end all had gone well and as we wished, but he knows best why he has allowed that also. Frida}', 6. By the brethren wlio eame back from De- troit we had news that a new governor was about to come, who had already got as far as Niagara. We were sorry to lose our good friend and benefactor, Major de Peyster, for we could not know how^ his successor would be dis- ' ;i i 1^ i'il 1 )fl 112 ZKrsilKHOKK S DIAllV. i!J poRod towiirdH iirt. Al)<)ut |ioiu!o, howovoi', iiotliinij nioro wart heard, l)iit the contrary. In the States tho runifcM'rt' and Indhinrt do groat (hiina^o, and a short time since have taken prisonerH or kiHed over two hundred in Ivcntnelcy. Saturday, 7. At tlie we(hlin l^Uh we congratulated Sist(!r dunginann n[»on her sixtieth birthday. We have had niuoh ruiiiy weather, and yesterday tho tirst frost, whicli, however, hud not ini'eh to say. Sundav, !•'). Inasnnich as we white 1)rothrcn were alone except old Abraham, we read a discourse of the sainted dis- ciple U[>on tiie text: One is your master and all yo are brotliren. Friday, 20. The joyfid announcement was made to the brethren that, since now we are so far along witli our house, we would have the blessed holy ' ^minunion, which we could not luive since wo vnmo av Vom Sandusky, nor with tho Indian brethren since \. ..lUio away from t^e ^luskingum. In Detroit we had no service, for we jould not bo alone, for ns soon as they heard us singing all caine running to us. Saturday, '11. \Vq had a love-feast, and afterwards tho hcly communion with tlie Saviour's near ]U'esciice, the first time in thus place. To the Indian bvcthrou too, live of whom weie ])rcseiit, was it an unspcakal)Ie l)lessing, wliicli tlioy had bad to do without for more than a year. To-day also anotlier family of our Indians, six in number, came from Sandusky, whore they have been meantime. But tho Indians, as wo hoar, took all conceivable pains to keep our Indians from coming hero, and lied to thorn on every hand that they wore no longer safer with the English than with the Americans. Sunday, 22. Tho holy' communion liturgy was road, afterwards a sermon, and in the evening an hour of song. I ' Led by Simon Girty at Bluo Licks. I ("MNTOy IllVER, 17x2. 118 Tuortdiiy, 24. ('hi]i|>o\viiH cuuiu! in who went tliroiii;h licrc liiiiiliiiij. All who have thus far cniiic aro lr'n'iiht U8 news that he, with yet another family of eleven persons, had come to Detroit, and was waiting? for us to fetch them in a eaiioe. A(him, whose mother is still thei'e, came there with him. As far as we learn, however, few of our In- dians are eonuutf here, for Mark, who has made himself head and (diief, liolds hack all who would come iiere. Ills falseness and treachery come to lifjht now. AVhen he waa lately in Detroit he spoke so beautifully with us and tlie major, and made fair ]»romises that he would come hero tiiis autumn witli all our Indians, but when our liacks were turned he has ehanii^ed his coat, for the laud promised him by the Twi,ir;htwees, as he said, bliiuls him, for I showed him i»hiinly tind clearly tliat the Indians luid been false to them often euougli, not only about ]U'operty and o^oods, but about their salvation, had been tueir ruin, and now they were not content, but wished to betray them fartlier, so as to have them in their power, and, if possible, to ruin tbeir salvation. To-day and yesterday Sensemanu's house was blocked out. 8 t ., :!i I! ;', II irH if ii 114 ZEISBEHOEK S DIAUY. Tluusdjiy, 3. The Saviour took lionie to hinisolf Eliza- betli, the ;iiatias and Christina, two years, ten months and one day okl ; slie was buried on the 4th and was phiced the first seed in our God's aero, wliieh was thus dedieated, a l)eantirul even phiec on a hei;::lit, the finest we ha\e anywhere had. To-day Chijipjwas eamo again on their way hunting, from whom our Iiuliaiis houu'ht some eorn. Thev wont about, h)oked at everv thing, and measured as well the height of tiie houses as their si/,e. tSuudav, <). During the summer tlie little daui'hter of Ignatius and Christina, born tiie od or 4th of June of this year, in Sandusky, since we left there, was bajitized with the name Naomi ; she was the first to be l^aptizod here, and this baptism was espeeiallj aeeomi»anie(l by the near- ness and presonee of the Saviour. In the atternoon Chii)- powas again went through, from whom our people bought some supplies. "Wednesday, S). Three families more eane to us from tlie Shawanese town by way of Detroit, luimely, Stephen, Joshua, with their families, Magdalona with her daughter and the widow, Zii)i)orah, with hor grandchild,!' hoebo, in all eleven [lersons. We learned from them with sorrow that Mark, who has made himself head-man among them, and to whom, as he himself said, the Twightwees gave a tract of land, holds back the brethren v.dio wish to come to us, and says ti) them : that he looks ujton this invitation as a perfect trap for them ; if they eome here they will live north of Detioit, and permission ever to come back would be (piite cut oft' from them ; for the nuijor had expressly said to them that this would last only so long as the war lasted ; if then they alterwirds knew a situation or place which pleased them better they could then go again where they pleased, and the proposition was only to help them for the present that they might live (piietly and out of the way of the war. These brethren luive eome away from them in spite "f all opposition and threats and are conic here, though they were often told that in a short time they would all perish, for all who came here CLINTON RIVEU, 178'2. 115 had nothing else and better to ox[>oct. Mark informed the bretliren that, if they would dwell in their land he wished to invite their teacliers there. Those, however, who have made themselves chiefs among the ndawaros said to him, he sliould not let himself fanev he eould bring us there again, for as sure a.' we came again, an end would be made with us, and it should never again hapiton that the (iospel should be preached in the Indian land; tiiat should now cease. They accused us white bretliren of writing to i'ittsburg, and of making tii'> Virginians the proposition to bring them ujxju (Jnadenhiitten, and they slandered us witii many more accusations, not at all that they really believed them, but from wickedness and hatred towards us. In spite of this, however, we heard of several njore who wish to come here, if not also this autumn, and who will be bad, so let him be. In Detroit the com- numdaut gave them provisions and tt)ok care of tiiem fourteen days till we canui down there. Wy them he sent word to Br. David that he wished to sj)eak with him as soon as might be and that he had received letters from London tor us wliich he did not like to i>ut into the hands of any body else, and tliat he luul also more to say to hinu Two Tutelee Indians, one IVom frien(lshi[) for Shikellimy,' came ivitli them here from Niagara. They said the believ- insr Indians would all be summoned to Niaijara. Thursdav, 10. Br. Ileckewelder's liouse was blocked out so that we wb.ite brethren hav.-> now four houses stand- ing, l)Ut the unmarried brethren have as yet no dwelling except that Michael -lung lives in a bark hut. kSunday, 13. The sermon treated of the wedding ^ar- meut, Christ's blood, and righteousness. Those who have j)ut on Christianity will stand before God and enter the kingdom of heaven with joy. Monday, 14. We set out in our boat for Detroit, and came with a moderately good v.'ind over Lake St. Clair, and the day after, the lOtn, in the forenoon, we arrived. ^•- 'i » ' Tl t> Iroquois suclicMii converted at Sliauiokin (Suiibury, Pa) 174S See Do Sehweiuitz' l.ile of Zeisborger, Chap. VII. ''' IIG ZEI?nER(iER S DIARY. Br. Djivid went iit once to tlio major, who was ^lad to see him, and said to liim lie liad letters for ns from London, ■wliicli he at once "'ave him, savini; he had wished himself to deliver them to h.im and put them into the hands of no one else, fV)r there were letters of credit from Mr. La Trobe, about whom he asked, and Br. David told him he was the brethren's bishop of London ard of all England. Sir Jolm Johnson,' who some days Ix^fove, by way of Mich- irunaekinac, had eomc here and had also gone to Niagara, brought them here. Tlie nuijor said to J>r. David that our circumstances and the calamity caused by the Amer- icans had been judged in London in the severest way. Although this was truly and not. unjnstl}' judged, Br. David answered that much might have contributed thereto, since tliey had yet no news by letter from ns. In the spring, to be sure, as he was aware, lie had written to Bethlehem, but ho wondered at getting no answer from them. The major replied that he had jirovided for Br. David's letter in the best way, had sent it to Gen. Ilaldi- mand, and also written to liim that he had himself seen it, and had no scruples about forwarding it. There was also with him an otHcei", Capt. I'otts, who lias been in Bethlehem, and is not altogether unac(iuainted with the institutions of the brethren, and talked much witii Br. David. At last the major asked Br. David what we tlunight of doing now we were come. lie replied that we thought with our Indians of taking provisions with us for the winter, while the weather was yet passable, not too stormy upon the lakes, and l)efore the cold came on to freeze. He said that was (luite right ; in the morning we should tell bin: the number, and, as regarded the In- dians, what sort of sujiplies were most snital)le, and he would give orders about it. Br. David took leave, went to our quarters, where we refreshed ourselves by reading the letters . e had received with unbroken seals. We thanked the Saviour for the sympathy and remembrance of our dear brethren, that he renewed for us correspond- ' General Superintendent of Indian affiv'rs in Canada. ill S!j!> VISIT TO DKTROIT, 1782. 117 enco witli them, for already it was more than a year since we had heard from them or they from us. Wednesday, 10. Br. David went to a merchant, Mr. Askin, in the city, who is connected in business witli Mr., Dol)ie, in Montreal, and whom the major had recom- mended to us; with him we spoke about the letter of credit we had received and showed it to him, and asked whether ho had not already had advices from Mr. Dobie, in Montreal. Yes, he was willing to advance us at present what was necessary until he liad written to the merchant and received from liim an answer. When we came into the city we were welcomed everywhere, people were g;lad to see us, gave us good wishes, ai\d showed themselves serviceable to us. There were some people who offered us on credit or ujion payment to provide our Indians for fishing, with flour, corn, and all materials in the winter, when the lakes were frozen, an important matter for us, and one that had always interested us. Thus our heav- enly Father cares for us and our people in all circum- stances. Thursday, 17. Br. David received an order from the major upon the commissar}' for six months' provisons for us, that is, until April of next spring, when the lakes will again be open, lie had the commissary called, and gave liim the order in Hr. David's i>resence to give not only us, but our Indians, full rations of the best provisions. The boat which we have thus far had a^ our disposal he let us keep for further use. The major promised to visit us this H'inte'.' when the lake is frozen. Br. David wrote to Br. WoUin,' in London, and the major undertook to for- ward the letter. By a white num, who is an Indian inter- preter, just back from the Shawanese towns, where he had seen and si»oken with our Indian brethren, we learned that most of them would come to us this autumn. Will- iam had charged the nuin to tell us this, and that they, could no longer abide there on account of the wild In- dians who steal all they have, and even take things away, ' I'' 'Mission Agfiit ill Loixlun. 1 i ' J i - ■1 ' 1 ' i ' 1 'J - :■' ;;; i' i 1 i ■ ; 1 1 ]! 1 ii ;f :! iii 118 ZEisnKPnEu s diary. by force, and, as it seems, eirenmstanccs must make tlicm glad and quite Avilling to conic here, tliongli most of tiicrn tliere would not liave come, for wliicli there may be many reasons, since they have grossly sinned, and this friglitened them. Friday, 18. When we were about to load our boat and examined our cargo, we found we were hardly al)le to take it in ihme trips, and tbe commissary so told the major. He thought of sending with us a second large sliip as far as the mouth of the Huron river, but because the shipnicn were too timid, and had never jjone to this neiirbborhood, tliey did not like to venture to put the ship in danger; therefore tlie major ordered a small transport to curry our things there. We set out then with our boat, and left Br. Edwards in tbe transport that came after; we came, however, since we bad wind}' weather only, on Monday, 21, liome to our brethren, who were glad onougli to see us again, and sympathized in the J03' we had in ajettini' letters from our brethren in London. But hardly were we arrived, when came a little canoe, which had been with us, but could not kee[) up, and informed us that the transport already yesterday evening had got to the month of the river and was waiting for our boat. We sent then Br. Micliael Jung, with the boat, some Indians, and all the canoes down there, to unload the transport and bring the things here, and with them they also, Tuesday, 22, came, and we were glad that now the jour- ney was successfully ended. One of our Indians, Joseph by name, who, since spring, had lapsed into error, came to us in Detroit and begged permission to live with us again. His wife had a short time before came here from the ^diaw- anese towns. Ho was allowed to go to her agjiin. So, as we hear, are others among our people situated that man and wife are separated and that disorder is among them. The Indians, of whom, togetlier with children, there were 30 {lersons, got as supplies for six months 130 bushels of corn, 19 barrels of pork, and some little flour, eo that they are as well provided for as wo could ex{»ect. Wednesday, 23. We again went to work upon our CLINTON RIVEH, 1782. 119 houses to finish thotn, aiireached. We must still hold our daily services in the open air until wo can build a shod for them, and this can now soon he made. The concrroiration meetinj^was held hy Br. David, and lie bade the brethren think about a meeting-house as soon a3 possible. Alonday, 28. We went again to work. The late cold weather compelled us to bring all our houses soon under roof; especially for the sisters and children is this quite necessary. Wednesday, 30. The holy communion was announced to the brethren in a separate service. The Indian breth- ren worked during the week ou a mecting-liouse for us, which they, Saturday, Nov. 2, finished, a pretty, and for the time being, a si)acious house, for which we were joyful and thankful. The communion brethren received the holy sacrament of the body and blood of our Lord. In a con- ference we had coiicidered about the Indian brethren who had lately come to us, and since we found all of us had anxiety about admitting them to the holy communion, V, e asked the Saviour about each one of them, but one only liad i)ermission to go to it, namely, Stephen, who enjoyed it with us after receiving absolution by the layiuif on of hands. One among them, Ignatius, confessed to Br. David his sins against the brethren, his teachers; that he was among the guilty and had aided our being taken caiitive, for he had complained about us to the chiefs of the war- riors in Guadeuhiitten, that we had always written let- tera to Pittsburg; since that time the matter had always troubled him; his heart had accused him that he had be- haved towards his teachers in a cruel and treacherous way; he had had no rest until ho again came to us, and [■"•f 111 I t=| ;li T" ■ IMii 1 m i fi 1 1 i If ' P ■ l|: •1 ji ^s, 120 zeisberokr's diary, now that he was here, yet lie liad an uneasy heart, and could not he content until ho got forgiveness. Br. David answered him that ii deed he told him noth- ing new, for he had known it well when we were still in Thuitpckiink' and ( Jnadenhiitten, what he did and planned. *' But what good has all that now done thee, noi' hast thou been able to do much harm to me and us white brethren, but thou hast thyself the greatest harm from it. Thou hast put thyself in misfortune and misery outwardly and iJiwardly. Thou and others like thyself gave up your teachers into the lumds of murderers as th(>ngli ye would say to them: do with them now what ye will, and had they struck us dead, it would have been quite right in your eyes, but the Saviour, whom alone we have to thank for our rescue, and not you at all, he has not wished a hair of our heads to be injured. Since now thou coniest and speakest thy heart to me, I speak uprightly with thee, and say to thee — thou hast great guilt lying upon thee, and therefore reason to seek forgiveness from the Saviour. Thou seest now thyself, with the savages thou canst not remain, and to be with the brethren, hast thou no right- eous and perfect heart; thus art thou a poor num whom I must pity, therefore give thyself entirely to the Saviour, and not by halves, thus art thou a blessed man." S'.uiday, 8. Br. Jungmann [ireached after the commun- ion liturgy, and David held the congregation meeting from the Scripture- verse: lie said, surely they are my people, children that will not lie: so he was their Sav- iour. Tuesday, 5. AVe had to-day the first service in our new chapel, now co.npleted, from the Scripture-verse: The Lord God will come with strong hand, and hia arms shall rule for him : behold, \ns reward is with him, and his work before him. ' 'riiuppekiink, tlif> Indian name of Schonbrunn on tlio Muskingum, often used by Zeisbei'frer. In his Delaware spelling-book Thuppeek= a well or spring By adding the locative termination, (ink, we get Thuppekiink. I am indebted to the Hon. \Vm. M. Darlington, of Pitts- burg, for the substance of this note. CLIXTON lUVER, 1782. 121 Wcdnosdav, G. Wo considered in our conference about Joseph, who cunie for the second time and asked per- mission to live here. Since lie has )»een liere, we have heard he was present at tl»e horrible murder of Col. Crawford,' with which, in Detroit, all are much displeased. AVlien reminded of this, he confessed, but bcL'ifed us ex- coedin^'ly much to let liim live with us. Since we had great reluctance, at the very beginning of a new settle- ment, to admit such a man, and yet bad compassion with bim, for he said he knew no jilace wiiero be could find rest exi'citt witb the brethren, and if be went away would certainly rush to eternal damnation. Then we asked the Saviour, and be told us to let him go, and to advise bim for the time bein and to kill us, in orch'r that oneo for all thev luiifht ho done with us. They said to our Inl:iiit : tlioy (H<1 not sco li('iH> wlicpii wc could plant, for :ill was biisli ; if in tlio RpriMi^ \vc wislicd to inovo down tlioro, wo should i)i' wel- come. Our Indians ijave tlieni no nnswci' until tliov had sjtoken with us. 15ut tlio reason we came so far up is that the major had pointed out to us the distance from tlu^ mouth of tlio river to this place, for the Chippewas had given that land to whit(> peoide, who certainly would not have oltjected to our settling: and cultivatint; it, hut we must have heen ready in a year or two to vacate it, and thus all our labor would soon have heen in vain, lor we must always have heen pili>i:nis, and liavo had no abiding hoTue. Thus we wished to be sure of our affair, and not build upon another's ground and land, since the countrv is not yet surveved. A second reason why this place pleased us more than others is that it is high and dry, for all the land further down the river is very low, wet, and unhealth}-, and often H(»oded. That there is no ojten land iiere, but that all is bush, is indeed irue; it is thickly grown with trees, but good land, and not hard to clear; we shall find a place where we can plant, and for this during the winter we can prepare much. Saturday, 7. The weather has hitherto been tine, but lately it has been (piito cold. The river ran thick with ground ice and froze. It has snowed twice already, ])ut the snow remained not long, and we have thus far per- ceived no noteworthy difference in tlie climate between this place and the Muskingum. Sunday, 8. Br. David preached about the promises made to the heathen, and Jungmann held the congrega- tion meeting from the Scripture-verse: lie hath nuide my mouth like a sharp sword; in the shadow of his hand hath he hid me. Tuesday, 10. We heard from Chi[)pewas, who came from the Fort, that they had seen Delaware Indians there, who seemed like our Indians, for they were not painted nor hung about with wampum and silver. We thought it possible thut some of them were come there, and we con- lit r! t it . ! I :' 126 /,i:isiM:ii(ii;u s diauv. fiidcred about ju^ettiiijf tlicm Ikto, nr loiiniiiiij nioro cer- tainly altoiit tlu! matter. Tliiu'.sday, 12. Tilt' lirollircii wiMit liiiiiliii<; in a Ixtdy togclliL-r, for tlicy hunt in this way; llu-y I'oi-ni a half moon or ciix-lf, and go thionifh a distrii.-t where the deer come within wiiot ot'one or another. Onr Iiidiann, however, had to learn here hnntinij;' over auain, tor thus hir they have not been very Ineky in it. In the first i»laee, they are not lamiliar witii the hush, and, secondly, tiiere is nothing but levol land, no hill, iniieh less a mountain, to bo seen, ami the bush very thick and wild, so that, if the weather i.s not clear and the; sun not siiining, they very easily got lost, and this has ha|i|iened to ihcni several times, that in rainy wi'athcr, instead of going home as they llK)Ught, they went sti'aight asviiy IVt)m home, but by good luck came to the lake, where they again got their bearings. Saturday, 14. We had the Lord's sui»[)er, and tasted bis body and blood with hungry and thirsty souls. There weri' this time six Indian bretbron present, namely, four brothers and two sisters. One sister, Zip|iorah, was ad- mitted after reeeiviny; absolution. Sunday, 15. First was the communion liturgy and then the sermon bv IJr. Ileckewelder. l>r. David held the evening ser-'ice from the 8cri[)ture-verse. Monday, i(>. Samuel went with some brothers and sis- ters to the Fort to get some necessities. They went this time, on account of the river being frozen, straight through the bush, which way two Chippewas bad come over two days before. Some snow was on the ground, and they fol- lowed their tracks, for as yet tbey are not familiar with the bush. They came, Thursday, 17, back again, and brought us news that William had come with iiis family from the Shawanesc towns to Detroit, and was again on the way to us. "W'hen now we heard that he had chosen to come straight through the bush, and was already three days on the way, we were troubled about them that they might have gone astray; we theieforc resolved that our Indian brethren should CLINTON KlVlllt, 1782. 127 Bcnrdi for liiiii tlio tu'Xt dny, but ho caino tlic next fore- noon aloiic, and liad left liis latnily in liiw (aiii)), srvon miles ri'(»ni lii'Tc. ll<' was Jiill of Joy wlicn lio caiiit' in hiylil of our town, lie rctuaint'd llirou<:h tlic day with us, tcHiiiif us much, and he gave us nows of other Indian brethren, and over some we must rejoiee, but over others bo sad. Wo heard that the; host amonu" them had yono apart and passed the winter some distance this si(h' ot the otiurs, wishing to hunt, that in tho s[U'ing l)i'tinies th»'y might he (Ui tho way here. Mark, however, witii the Mo- hi(!ans, is (h'terniiiieil not to come here, l>ut to settle in that neighborhood alone with the wild .\b)iiiean'^, who dwell se|(arately thorea))out. Jlo, Mark, is already fired with a chii't's aifairs and will ho a great nnin, seeks honor anionif men, and will harm maiiv, tor if anv t)f the Mo- hicaiis wish to come hero he dot's not lot them come. This bo alroady had secretly in mind when he was in Detroit, and spoke with us, though ho then p.omisod us ho wished to como cortainlv; and when ho oamo homo he saiil to tiio brethion : " Oui* teachers wish no longer to ho in the In- dian land, and 1 say, I go not to tin; Knglish land, for that is a perlect trap for us, that we nuiy all bo ruined and killed." In their towns it is said to bo more wicked witli their danoes and worse than with tlie savages, and thoso who wei'c assistants said to us, they dared not express their mind ; thus they arc again become heathen. It nuiy be, however, that the calamity and tlu; attack u]ion the Shawanese make a change in their reckoning, in wliich attack three of their towns were .said to be dostroved and 348 killed or taken captive, and that they will be made cautiou.s. [A family of our poojilo has remained there; whether others, we know not yet.] Tho most painful and saddest of all is that we must bear that some say, we wore the cause and reason of so many Indian brethren, their friends, losing their lives in Gnadonhiitten ; wo had called tho white peo[de there, ami had sent letters to them. Sunday, 22. lir. David preached about the joy of be- lievers in the incarnation and birth of our Saviour, and Br. Sonsemann held the congregation mooting from the liil i!^ ,f Riirt V I 128 ZErsnEiinEu s diary. Scripture-vcrso : IIo hatli sent mc to ])r()(3hiini the aeocpt- al)le year of tlio Lord. Tuesday, 24. Wo \)0'j^i\u C'hristinas with a love-feast, the first for two ^-ears, and wo r('joi('e(l in (Jod onr Saviour for liis hirtli, passion and deatli. l)roii_<;iit liini onr filial praise and thanks, ami adored him in th(> manger, lie blessed us anew, and hrono'lit new life amonij the hreth- rcn, so that many tears were paid him. There were toirether fifty-three of us, while ami brown. Wednesday, 2.'). Br. Ifeekewelder |treaelied from the G()S[»el about tlie annoiuu.-enient of the an_o soon ad- vanced with the intent, as they themselves declared, to exterminate the whole Wiandott tribe, not by words only, but even by exposing elKgies, left hanging by the heels in every encampment. " I had sent messengers throughout the Inilian country ))revious to the receipt of your <>xcellency's letter threatening to recall the troojiB if they, the Indians, did not desist from cruelty. " I have fre<|uentlv signifbd to the Indians how much you abhor cruelty, and 1 shall ti -morrow dispatch a jjerson 1 have great confidence in Ui carry your injunctions to the southern nations " 1 have the honor to be with grep.t respect, sir, your excellency's most humble and most obedient servant, "A. S. DE TEYSTEK. " His Excellency (leneral Haldimand, Commander-in-Chief, etc." i ;l CLINTON RIVER, 1783. 131 CHAPTER III. 1783. Us ("l.lXTON lilVKK, Micnic.w. "Wediiestliiy, Jan. 1. In the forenoon we canie with oar brethren before tlie dear Lord, and were blessed by him, made a now covenant with him that we wished to be his, ])()dy and soul, liis obedient eliiidren more than before, ann»l.icted morning j>rayer. and asked the Saviour for his presence this day, particularlv to bless us and our 1 ,. 1 ' ■' i \ ^ V 1 k : p ) 132 ZKISnERGER .S DIARY. l)rown brethren ; thereupon Br. David delivered the fes- tival-discourse tVoTU the Scriptui'e-vorsc : Truly my soul waiteth ui)Ou God ; from him cometh my salvation. When doubts and fears, sv gloomy band — Beset my soul on every hand. In the ai'ternooti was a love-feast, for whieh the Indians had bought flour at the Fort; thereby wc called to mind former times, and Avere thankful to tlie Saviour from our hearts that he had again brought us to peace and had again given us a place to rest our feet, and indeed u place so beautiful, so quiet, so remote from all the tur- moil of the \v(»rld, and especially from heathenish ways; and this is its charm, so that on the Muskingum it was not so quiet and still, for which we can not thank the Sa- viour enougii. Only one thing is wanting — correspond- ence v.'ith our ehurch, particularly with Bethlehem ; this we have lost, and we must do without and deny ourselves n.uch. l?r. Ileckewelder ended the day with ])raycr, kneel- ing: he thanked the Saviour for the blessing he had so Bichly let flow to ns to-day and during the holidays; yes, durina: these davs he has not let himself he unknown amontr the brethren. We thouifht also in our services and prayer of our scattered Indian brethren, and recommended Utem to the good Shepherd, that he nuiy soon bring them !■■ us. Tuesday, 7. Br. Ileckewelder went with William and Adam ti> the Fort; he, William, to get his rations of pro- visions, lor as yet he had draw.; \u»ue, for when he came throu«!:h DeUfoit he eould bring nothing with him, and Br. David wrote on this account to the commandant. Wednewday, H. Since we learned that a family of our Indiiins Uiy a day's journey this side of the Fort, whieh wished to come to us, but could not, and that they suffered hunger, three brothers went off to bring them here if [)03- sible. S(/phia, Joshua's wife, brought forth a son, the first in thin* place. Sunday, 12. In the sermon about the Gospel of to-day : When Jesus was twelve years old, but especially over the words : Wist ye not that I must be about my father's busi- Bess, he spoke about the Saviour's great work for our \y >. I'l CLINTON ]iivf:r, 1783. 133 redemption, wliich lie always had in sight so lon^ as he was on earth. At this time was mentioned the festival for the children, of whom hut two are now here, and the little son of Joshna and Sophia, horn on the 8th of this month, w as haptized with the name (-hristiai II eel iceweutei Idc ,"ome States, who have heen with the Indians, came hack to-da}- from the Fort, and brought the two widows, Susanna and Maria Elizabeth, who had already heen for a time in the Fort, waiting for an op[»ortunity to come here. About the rest of our In- dians wo heard that majiy were wishing to come in the si)riMg, but it is hardly to be written, the [)ains the sav- ages take and the lies thoy invent to koe|> them from coming here, and our Indians have to steal away secretly if they wish to come here. Many white people from the taken prisoners, have heen tortured and burnt alive in Sandusky and among the Shawanese, for killing our Indians in Gnadenhiitten. As soon as it is known that any prisoner had part in that affair, he is forthwith bound, tortured, and burnt. Tuesday, 14. Early in the morning an earnest and ap- plicable discourse of exhortatiiMi was delivered to all the brethren living here, owing to the fact that many of our peo[»le have comjiorted themselves badly, and they were told this would not bo permitted. This discourse was much talked about among our i>eo[>le, and it is to be hoped it will not have been in vain. Most of the Indian brethren wont hunting for a week. A Delaware Mousey Indian has come here, and is encam[)ed up this creek hunting; he begged permission in tlio spring to have leave to move here. lie said he had loiiif felt the call to this in his heart, lie knew not well how to ex[U'oss himself or how he should speak when he asked to live with us; like many others, he could merely say that he liked to hear of the Saviour, and what he heard he believed to be the truth. Last summer in Do- lce with us about this before we came here, and troit he spo we could not refuse his recpiest. Thursday, 10. A Delaware family came visiting. Su- sanna Mingo wont back to Sandusky to get her children, whom she had left behind. I J! . M ' I I 1 ; 134 ZEISBEROER S DIARY. Saturday, 18. Two more Delaware Indians canio liere visitini;^. They, namely, the Delawaros, follow after us everywhere and seek us out, though we would rather see them remain awaj- from us, for they are all people who have heard the Gospol, but liave been unwilling to receive it, and thev have troubled our church, and vet thev can not keep away from us. Yes, we have to fear tliey will seek to do us further harm, and we can not trust them. At our captivity the Monseys !>ave behaved the best. Sunday, 19. Instead of the sermon there was read to the brethren from the History of the IXays of the Son of Man, and Br. Jungmann held the congregation meeting from the Scripture-verse. Tuesday, 21. The Indian brethren came Ijack, who have been awav hutiting a ffood dav's iournev off. In that neiixh- borhood they found hilly land, met with i)lains and clear, open bush, which country jdeased them very well for hunt- ing. In the same place, too, they came upon white cedar and white pine. They were lucky, too, in hunting, and brought in about twenty deer, for the bush there is not so thick and wild as here in this neighborhood. From De- troit came wandering Delawares, who hunt us out wherever we go. A woman wanted to live with us, but we advised her to remain away from here, for it is something very ven- tursome with women without husbands. Saturday, "25. We had the holy communion, in which this time onlv four Indian brethren had iiart. Things will not go right with them. It is as if they could not find their way to the sinners' Friend, and we see very well that they have suffered great harm in their hearts and have lost all. From this can be plainly seen what a poor people they are; when they no longer have a brother with them they again become heathen and dead in their hearts. We must have patience with them until the Saviour again touches their hearts with the image of his sufferings and melts them. Sunday, 26. The c(immunion liturgy was read early, and then Br. Edwards preached. Sensemann held the con- CLINTON UlVEIl, 17H3. 135 pregation meeting from the Script lire- verso : Peace bo with yon all that arc in Chi'ist Jcsns. Monday, '27. Samnol, the assistant, wont to the Fort, likewise Sensemann and Michael Jnng, oil husinoss, re- turninsj' Wedneschiy, 2'J. We hoard here to-(hiy lond tiring of ciinnons, hnt knew not what it meant, hnt now wo hoar it was the birthday of her Majesty, the (iuoen, whicli Wit eelobratod. Thnrsday, *50. Most of our people went t(t Lake St. Clair with meat, whore a trader from the Fort will take it and pay them for it what they wish in exchange for it, es- pecially corn. Some came back Friday, 31, and others aft- erwards. This week we bogi'i to nniko onr preiiarations for boiling sugar, for which purpose there is liere no lack of trees. In this country for the most [)art this kind of sugar is used, only a little West India sugar. 'J'he traders take it from the Indians and sell it again for three shillings the pound. Sunday, Feb. 2. Brs. Samuel and Abraham came from the settlements with other brethren, whence they brought liome corn, and in the afternoon we had a mooting. AVhile they wore away the cold was so intense that they could not endure it, and had to go into every house to warm themselves. Samuel came near freezing, and if ho had had to go a couple of liundrod steps more he would have fallen; the people liad trouble in bringing him to again. U])on the lake and ice, however, there is much keener cold to encounter on account of the wind than in the bush, and since we here are surrounded by the bush, we are not so conscious of the cold. Wednesday, 5. Chi]»powas came, as they are often wont to do, but generally they come into our houses, and since we white brethren wore not at homo, save the sisters, Abraham was forced to toll them to avoid our houses, and rather to go visiting in the huts of the Indians — that we considered it improper for men to visit women wlien their husbands were not at home. Friday, 7. Most of the brethren are several days out hunting. The skins arc worth little liere, l)ut, on the i:.^\ i!!H 4 Im ISRi I .' 136 ZEISHEROFR\S DIARY. otlier hand, the meat mnch more, four and five dollars for a Avholc deer, and for this they can get every thing. Saturday, 8. There came two white people, one a trader, named Isaac AVillianis, from the Fort, to visit ns aiid see this coniitry. This whole week it has heen very cold, an.d it siii,>\*ed everv other da \ Sunday, ;>. 'i\ the forenoon the sermon was ahont good seed in the field, where the enemy sows tares. I5r Ileckc- Avelder held the congregation meeting from tlie Scri}ttu re- verse. Monday, 10. The two white men, Isaac Williams and Cassedy, started for home; the last has already heen here once hefore, and in Detroit has talked much ahont our towns and Indians, ahont tlieir devotion and sinyinsr in tho meetings, over which he wondered much and was edi- fied. He said he would not have helieved the Indians could have learned to sing so ilnely ; he (tould not himself boast of heiiig an earnest and devout church-goer. Then, too, there was no opportunity except in the Freiicli Cath- olic church, but this time he had come for no other reason than to be present at our meetings, for it charmed him to see the Indians so assend)led, and he liked to listen to them. Tuesday, 11. The strong cold came to an •. .d after lasting nearly two weeks, and it was somewhat milder, so that the following days of the week we had fine, spririg- like weather; thus the snow went quite away, partly from rain, partly from warm winds. Friday, 14. Two white men arrived. One, a German prisoner, brought in by the Indians, asked for a New Tes- tament as a loan, for here such books are not to be had, and it is a blessing for us that we have still ke})t our books, about which the warriors have not much troubled themselves. This week we made tlie first sugar. Sunday, Ki. A sermon in the forenoon, after which most of the brothers went back to their sugar-huts, the weather was so fine. Sunday, 23. This whole week the brethren were in tlie bush at their sugar-huts, so also we, white brethren, ex- CLFNTON RIVKR, M^t], 187 cept tlmt Br. Jiiii^inaini and tlic fii^ters stayed at lionio aloiio by day. In tlio I'voiiiiisr we all faino Iidiuo except tlic two iinniarried brntjiers. Tlic aonnoii was alxmt tiio Ei)i.«tle, that our fathers were ba[tti7/<'(l in the sea and with the elonds, hnt we with the preeioUH l)lood of Christ tiiat washeth and clcanseth us of our sins. Tuesday, iT). IJr. Juuirmann, durin<; a strong"- ^Mist of wind, e-xperieneed the evident protection of tlie Saviour and of the dear anii;els, for, as lie was ^etlin^ water at tho sprinir, a tree I'ell directly in front of him and aiiother he- hind him, so that the branches whirled about iiis head, and it he had fjone one step only, forwai'ds or backwards, he would have been struck to the ground, lie remained 8tandin<^ in the very spot whore first aware of the danger, and said within himself: "Dear Saviour, thy will bo done," and no ill was done him. Likewise our brethren, durinf]^ the same storm, had wonderful ]>rotection, for, iti so thick a bush of unusually high trees, it is very danger- ous during such winds. AVe(lnes(biy, 20. All the Indian brethren who went oft' hunting two days ago, a day's journey from here, came homo wiHi nothing, for the snow is gone, and all the land is full of water, so flat ami even is it. At times they had to go a long W'a}' through water and marsh knee-high, and thus weie in no condition to accomplish any thing. Sunday, March '2. Tho brethren came together for the sermon, which Br. David preached from the Gospel about the sower, saying that Satan, although he can not pre- vent the i)reaching of the word of God, is not indifferent and lazy about it, but much more s^eks either to deprive p'}ople of what they have beard, or to fill their hearts with other and wordlv thii!u:s, that they mav think nothing about it, and that be may turn their hearts therefrom. For some days such extremely cold w^eather has set in again, that nothing is to be done in sugar-making. Meanwhile, tho breLhren make ju'cparation UJitil the trees run again, 60 as t(» be ready. Some wont to the Fort to buy corn, for many have nothing left to eat. They drnw in the autumn the same ,! I ' ■. M I'' i R lft;!i ilii IM 188 zftshkuoeu .s diary. qmmtity ol' provisions lor six niontlia tliiit we drew, but tli(\y liavo no idea ln>w to innniitje with it. It tliey Inivo any tliin;;. they oat. much and spare not till it is gone. They care not for the nioi'row what they hIuiII tlii'ii eat, it" to-day tlii-y can eat their till, Monday. '■). The Indian hretliren, several days atjo, went off hnntini,o tor the most part to i^et meat, which tlu\v take to the settlements and huy corn with. This is now enormously dear, and costs even now more than three pounds a bushel, for last summer there was a failure of the crop, and this winter the grain is spoilt by frost. Tuesday, 4. Sensi'mann also went 1o the Fort to get tieces.sities, namely, corn, for tiow corn can still be had, but in the spring none at all. He came back — Thursday, 5, and with him two white men to see thia place and neighborhood. As we hear, many people pur- pose coming tliis spring to the mouth of the river to settle, now that We .ive made a beginning. Satunhiy, 8. For two days we have fine, mild weather, the trees run, and sugar is again made, but tlii-; running varies »,nd lasts not long. AVe must watch for our cham'c, and now the bretliren are ail scattered in the bush in their augar-camjis, so that some of us white brethren only are alone at home. Sunday, 0. There was u sermon, for whicli the brethren came homo, and in the afternoon betimes went back again. Tuestkiy, 11. William went to the Fort with some others to got their nu)ntiily su[)|)lies. Thursday, lo. lie came back, and at the same time two widows, Martha and Henrietta, from the Shawaneso towns. They remain here, but the latter will first get her cattle and things. From them we learn thus n)uch about our Indian brethren, that they are much scattered in the bush, here and there, but that Mark, with the Mohicans, had gone away farther, and hatl settled with the wild In- dians of the nation alone, and will not come here. They are entertained there imlustriously with lies and fed with them, that they may not come here. This place and neisrhborhood are described to them as bad and danger- CLINTON RIVER, 17S.'{, 139 Oil!*: their friendH ainoiii; tlio i>'uvii,. when last si>rin£; tliey ^^ot tiieir siinituons to come, they would liav.' Ixtii free and have escaped further punishment, hut now, on account of tlu'ir disohedieiico and perverseuess, thov uiii.st suHbr, and what thev vet hold of their cattle and etl'ects will yet all he stolen, hut yet tliey are still hlind, and can not rcs(»lve to ','et away from the race of the wi(dved. \Vr heai. howe\ cr, that in tlio sprinnd, tiatters himself that he will <;et a hrother for their teacher. The times have cdianired, and we have learned how it is when we with our mission are among lieathen chiefs, who wi-^h to lay down rules for us; to whom unclean people complain when we i-ejjrove them for their wick(!d life, for the chiefs, the devil'a irenerals, ahet them, and so persecute us. IIow does that do for us? Thev are hlind heatluMi. Our affairs and theirs go not together. Praise he to (iod that we arc out of their hands, for we have nothing more to do with then), nor they with us. Saturday, 15. We had the pacrament of his hody and bloofl in the holy communion with hungry and thirsty souls. Sunday, 10. The sei'uion was from the (Jospcl al>out the Cauaanite woman : the brethren were present, hut soon went hack to their sugar-huts after our to-f|ay's Scripture- verse had been treated of: \Vhom having not seen ye love, in whom, though now ye see him not, etc. Towards evening three young people of our Iiulians came from the Sliawanesc towns, Matthew, Cornel! " " son, and Jacob, the son of the Rachael who died last autu i in Lower Sanchisky, and had agreed with him that he, with his two sisters, should come here to the brethren. With them came ' 'i IS: ' 'ii ! I Mi m\ ■ ' '! ■ 140 ZKISHKIKIKU S ItlAHY. - ■ m ! f AimIi'cvv, II HJiiiflo niim ; tlioHf tliroo stole nwiiy, mid cntni' JioK' sitniily to fnnded by watctr and marsh, so that wo eonid |)liint nothini;, and mnst starve, yes, wo vvoidd yet all iterisli, for we were not snre of our lives, and yet many more lies, which wero always told them to frighten them from here. They also said, a;- we had already heard, that they were all scat- tered, and couid. therefftre, say with no certainty who of tliem had it in mind to eonie lu-re, and they who indeed wished to ho here, must keej) their wish secret from fear of th<' savages, who sei'k to hold them hacdc, and watch over them that they may not escape them. The poor widows, who, alone as they are, ean not help themselves, and havt! no confnlenee to come away, even if they wished to lu'giii the journey, they are the worst off. Others again live without care for the day, and can not Itethiidv thein- Bolves nor come to any resolution, and meanwhile let the heathenish life please them, and ixw: again liceome heathen. Thus are they now eireumstanced, they have got into great misery, and have no longer anmug them the word of God, for the old among them, as it seems, uro the worst. It is thus wortliy of note to observe that the Si^viour ui'geH on our young people, makes them anxious and distressed for their teachers, and they long again for (Jod and for his word. AVe rejoiced much to see them, and it gave us new courage aiul ho[>e that our Indian c:hurch shall again as- Bomble and be editied. Tueschiy, 18. Most of the Indian brethren went off hunting for a few days, and the three who have lately come to examine the country, but the rest of the hrethreu were all in the bush, busy making sugar. They came Thursday, 20, back home, and the assistant, Samuel, went with them visiting about the su<' ir-huts and to see the brethren, who also rejoice as much as we do, to hear something about our scattered brethren, and inasmuch as the three brethren wished to have a meeting, the breth- n.INTON IlIVKU, !?><•'{. HI ron wlin nro nosir l>y ranio limno ninrniiitfs, niul wo Imtl daily iiicctinifrt so loii^ as llicy ui'iv licrc. Siniilay, :i-'{. In the lorciiooii a Hcnuoii, in the afffninnn ti ;,'onifr('niiti(iii njt'i'tini; t'roiii tin- Scripture- vcisc : Kor tliu gifts and callinir ot' (Jnd are witlioiit rt'|K'ntan((>. Mundav, 24. Two ol' tin- lately ^irrivcil l»retliren went ftway to their friends to hriiiij tln-ni here as scon as possi- hle. With them went also Ahi'ahani, Saninel, and others to the I'^oi'l to i^et corn. Mvery thiiiir here has jileased them. They have seen that all they heaid of ns was a lie, hut uhove all it did tiiom jfood ai^ain to have an opportniiity to hear (!()d"s word, which for so lony- a time they have had to do witliDMt. The others in the Shawaiiesc towns await meanwhilo with lon^ins; for their retnrn. to hear what sort of news they hrinii' with them ahont u-. We sent word to them that we invited hither all hrethren who were distressed, in tronhle ahont their salvation and lonu'ini; for coml'orf, for here we wi-re riylit (jniet and nndistnrhed, seeing and hear- inij nothini!^ of war. And since some of those there still continno t(» ehei'ish a vain hope that some one of ns will a<;ain come to them, we let them know that as long as tho war lasts, this can not he, and we eoidd not pi'omise it, oven shonUl there be i»eaee again in the land. They were a wt'ck on their way hither, and exjject to nndr. David wrote. Our Indian brethren nuido tho major a present of a couple of deer, which ho very graciously received. Friday, 28. There was a great thunder-storm, the sec- ond one since winter, with hard rain, and we had tho tiuest spring weather, lasting several days. ! i i i \ in III : !i : 142 /.ErsiJRUOEU S DIAIIY. Suiidiiy, 30. Tlio hrctliroii ciuiic togotlicr for tlio sermon, and tiftoi'WiU'ds in the jit'toniooii tliore was a coiigro^atioii iiu!Otiii<;, lu'ld l)y JJr. Jiiiii^tnaiui, from tlu^ Scri[ilnr('-vt'rsc>. Monday, -31. A white man came from tlio Fort and bonu'lit from onr Indians sni^ar for eorn and llour, a good tliiny for onr i»ooi)le, wlio are very short of food for a h)n;Li: tinu'. Ail which they get iiere they can sell for a good price, he it what it nniy. Tlni'Mhiy, AjM-il -). The wi(hiw, Henrietta, wont l»ack to the Shawanese town to get her cattle and things sjie iiad left there. It makes us sad to sec how they have ijuite fallen away from the Saviour, and again hecome lieathen as soon as their teachers were taken from them; they see now what a jioor people they are, if they have not a hrother with them. None is subject to another, nor does one give heed to another, hut each one is for himself, and there is no fellow-feeling among them. Each one considers him- self shrewd, and accents no advice from others. Those, however, who yet stantl fast must he silent, and dare not speak; thus each one must see for himself where he will ahide. Therefore it is hard with many a one to come away, for he has no suitable help, and can not hel[) him- self, for hitherto we have always had to seek to hel[» them get here. Saturday, 5. Early service, most of the brethren being at home. Sunday, H. In the forenoon, there was a sermon about our High I'riest, who offered himself for our sins, iind is entered into the holy place not made with hands, into lieaven itself, to appear for us before the face of (iod. The congregation mooting was held by Hr. Heckowolder, fi-om the Scripture-verse: Hitn that cometh to me I will in no wise cast out. Since the warm weather already lasts for some time and sugar-making is ended, we stopi)ed it to-day, for the sap is no longer sweet, and indeed there is little of it. Monday, 7. Some Indian brethren wont to the n\outli of the rivor to help block out his house for a wliite man, CLINTON UIVFH, 17^3. 143 ■\vlio wislioH to settle tliere, mid invited tlicni. Tn this way tliey earn corn, wliieli tliey niucli need. Wednesdny, ".•. Ahriiliiini, with several others, went l)y water to the settlement lor corn, and eanic. Saturday, 12, hack again ; so also tiie hrethren t'roin the mouth, wliere thev have Mocked out a liouse and lirouu'ht i( nndei' I'not". Tliis whole week tliere were heavy rains, with thunder, so that tiic creek rose hiyher than it has heeii since the snow went off. Sundav, lo. Tlie sermon was aliout tlu' Saviour's en- trance into .lcru.:dem for his passion. The hrethren were exhorted to follow him, to ii'o with him, step hy step, and to observe him in all the scenes of liis passion, in the afternoon tliere was a service tor all communion hrethren, who hefore had part tluiciii, hnt not tor two years. They were told to search theif hearts, to he straiyhtlbrward and upi'ight, and with all tiieir trouhles to go to the Saviour and seek forgiveness, for that he was gracious and merci- ful to all those of humble and contrite heart. Thursday, 17. After the hretiiren had all heen ad- dressed, the communion brethren, after the reading of the historv of to-dav, had the washing of feet, j.nd thei'euiion the sui>i)er of our Lord in the night, when he was l)e- trayed. Two sisters, Sojihia and Salome, and one hrother, Adam, were readmitted after i-ecei^'ing absolution with the laying on of hands. Fi'iday, 1'^. Throughout the day there were readings of the history of the suti'eriugs of our J^ord and Saviour, and this wa.s listened to with moved and melted hearts. At the words, ".lesus howed his head ai;d gave up the ghost," we fell ujion our knees and recited the liturgy. Saturday, 19. We ke[pt the (iuiet Sahl)atli. We could have no lovci-feast ou account of our [»overty, hut in the evening Jir. Jungmaun held u service ahout tiie hlessing, which through his rest in the grave has come to us and become our portion. Sunday, 20. After we had early greeted the hiothren with the words, "Tiie J^ord is arisen," we prayed the Easter litany in the chapel, since we yet had no regular 4 t r I ; , I 144 ZKISBEIUJKU S DIARY. God's aero. AftxTWiinlrt the history of the rosiirroction WHS road, iiiid tlu'ii a siMinoii IVoni Jir. Jlcokowcldor. In the evening was a congregation meeting from the Hcrip- ture-versc. Momhiy, 21. V>v. I)a\id wrote to London. We ro{)aired onr hoat, and set out, Tiieschiy, 22, for Detroit, for the time was favoral)Ic for getting provisions and ours were at an end. We came, Wednesihiy, 2o, there, as also our Indian hrelhren the 25th, and after Ur. David Inid spoken with Major cU; I'ey- ster, and got an order from him for us and our Indians, and had received the provisions, we went away again on the 2Uth. Tlie nuijor gave us two eows and three liorses, whicli he liad ah-eady pronused us the year before, hut whieli we had left behind, because we hail not believed wo could bring them throngli ; these we now took. Mr. As- kin informed us at once that he had ix'ceivcd an answer from Montreal, and lu' jiaid us the tlUD steiling. Wo bought two eows from this, but these are very deaV hero, namely, tiiirty to forty i)Ounds Xew ^'ork currency. Br. J)avid gave to the major the letters to be forwai'ded to London, as soon as the ne.xt shi}) sailed for Niagara, and this he promised to see to. At tiie ui>per end of (Jerman- town, Hr. David, by re([uest, baptized four children. Monday, 28. We got back home again, having been much hindered on the lake by head-winds, and having had much trouble to row against them. J5ut the Indians liad to lie still. Jiotl) their canoes were tilled by the waves. We brougiit with us in our boat Hr. Connor and his wife, with the provisions which now they get as we do, but which before they did not draw so long as they were in Detroit. Thursdav, Mavl. Our Indians y-ot home. They bronu'lit the following news: The ("hippewa chief, wiiom they met on their way, spoke with them, and said that they lived on his land ; it had not been his intention that we should settle here; he thougiit wo would live the other side of tiie river I'urtlier tlown. This land, however, they had al- ready UKide over to white people, just as this on which we CLINTON UIVKR, 17H3. 145 live l)c]()iit!;s to Mr. Uawhoo, as tlio major liiinsi'lf tollant at the right time. The rest, who are still among the Shawanese, ha\c in part no wish to eome here, aiul a pai't can not eome on aeeonnt of the savages, though they would like to eome, for as soon as the savages ohserve that any one of our Indians Avould eome here, they jirevent him and will not let him go. ])Ut Mark, who, as we hear, has made himself chief of the Mohicans in that neighhorhood, got them together and moved away with them farther, and has founded a separate town, hut only two of our Indians are with him, Gahriel and Isaac. Sensemann held, on the 8tli, the early service. The Indian hrethren, who went in the hoat to Detroit several days ago to get provisions, came hack from there to-day. Friday, 11. I>r. David lit ' Mie early service from the Scripture-verse. The brctlHcii were encouraged to plant industriously and not to he lazy. Saturday, 10- lir. Ileckewelderheld early service. This whole week we and our Indian brethren have been busy clearing the lields, but it is hard work, on account of un- con.nionly large timber. Sunday, 11. Br. David preached in the morning, and in the afternoon Br. Ileekeweldcr conducted the funeral of little Augustina, daughter of Samuel and Saru Xanti- eoke, three years nine months old, who died yesterday of consumption. Br. Edwards returned to-day, and not on the 12th. Monday, 12. Br. Edwards returned from Detroit, where he received supplies for our Indians now on their way here, and sent them to them. At the same time he brought word that peace would certainly be made. m tl'^f L'UNtON niVEU, \1S-\. yft AVe(lnes(\ivy, 14. The first of I lie brothron i;ot here by land, iminely, Liiko, with his I'iiinily, and, Thurs(hiy, 15, t-aiiio also some by water. They were all very jujlud to see us jia^aiii and to be with us. Many soon came and told us their need, that their hearts had not ht'eu well since we were taken t'runi tliein, and that on tliis ac- count they wanted to come here. We could not but have hearty compassion with them, addressed them tu the Sa- viour, to apiiroach him again, and with him they would find comfort and forgiveness. Alter the chiefs in the In- dian landoliserved that they wished to come to us here, they took all possil)le jtains to hinder this, saying to them they sh )uld yet iiave patience for a little wiiilo, and not be in such haste; that they had much to consider and their af- fairs to put in ord3r; they were jiot opposed to their going aijain to their teacliors, and knew well enouifh thev eoidd not he without them, but as yet they knew nothing about the Chip[iewas, among whom the}' wished to go, and to whom they were perfect stranger.-, but they should scud an eml)assy to them, and if the matter were first arranged, they had nothing against their going again to their teach- ers ; they would be glad to have their children and young people show desire and inclination for this, and hear the word of (lod ; they said to them theretbre to wait until autun\n, ndien all would be made clear. They did not, however, permit themselves to be longer retained, for they saw very well that thev onlv wished to hinder their coming iiere this spring, and if they should first do their planting there, they would be quiet for a while, and this indeed the chiefs wished. Otliers who wanted to come here let them- selves be held back till jn.itumn, but wisheti to come then if they should see their time. The heathen will yet see and rue wluit they have done, to their own great harm, how- ever; they begin already to see this, and are at discord with one another about it, and they aci'use one another of having driven awavthe believing Indians with their teach- ers. The chiefs sent co prominent Indians whoso friends wished to come here, aiid said to them they should stdp their friends and hold them fast, but they got for an answer iii ! I ill m 148 ZEISliRROK >< DIARY. fVoni Lonniicligo: " I will noiiluT prevent nor forbid :iny one to u^o to liirt teiichors. Why have yoii driven their teachers uvvay ':' Did I not tell you beforehand that if you drove away their teaehers, their Indians also would not renuiin, yet yon have done so, and thus you have driven away the helievim; Indians with their teaehers. Von Wn )uld so have it, thcreh)re I will i irevent no one from U'oinii; to them aijain, hut I am glad of it. Who brought to destruetion the believing Indians on the Muskingum? Have th white ]ieo|ile done it, whom we eall X'irginians V Answer, Xo. They have not done it, but you are they who have killed them. Why have you not left them in They were quiet, and have done pcaeo vvliero tliey were wrong to no nniu. Had you let them alone, they would all now be alive, and we eonld yet 8ee our friends, but you would have 't so, you wished to ruin them, and have so done." Thus s[)oke many of the ehiefs. Half of the Del- aware Indian-; are against the brothers and half for them. There are two parties of them, and lioth wrangle all the time about the Itrothers a.nd their Indians. F.speeiully the Gosehaehgiinkers, whose neighbors we were at Liehteuau (near Coshocton, 0.), in a manner (lousider themselves ours, since they, too, have suffered much and have not taken up the hatchet against the Americans, and they (pnirrel witli the otiier party about this. They will on that a<;('ount talk about this, in order to show what sort of effect and intluence our circumstances, captivity, and fate have u[)(ui the Indians, and that it is not so lightly looked ni)on. Friday, 1(J. Now that our little congregation was once again nearly as full as it was, wo had to enlarge our chapel, at which the brethren went at once to work and built on a piece. Saturday, 17. Br. lleckewelder went with some Indian brethren in a boat to Detroit, to get supplies for the breth- ren latelv arrived, about whom I5r. David wrote to the major asking for them. Meanwhile the brethren took a view of tiie \)lace, to clear land where they could plant, tor it is the iH'oper time. Sunday, 18. Dr. lleckewelder preaciied. Dr. David CLINTON UIVEH, 17H.']. 149 coniliictLMl the service tor the eliildroii, to wlioiii lie suid he was iiK'iiseil to see them totifether airaiii and to have an opportunity to talk with them ivhout the Savionr; the-y had now hecn a year among the savaffew, and wonld doulit- less see a great ditierenco between ns and thi'tn, and since thev could now ajjrain hear ahout the Saviour, (hey nhould he thankful to liiin therefor, should lovi> him. seek to live for hin*. give over their hearts to him, jmt away all their heathenish, thoughtless ways, forg(!t what they must have heard, give heed to the word of (Jod, and i)e obedient to him ; thus would they be ha[i[iy and contented children. We spoke with some of the ijrethren lately come, and ad- vised and encouraged them to start afresh and to make a covenant with the Saviour, to live for him. Many said: " AVe regard ourselves as nothing but heathen, for we liave lost the Saviour, and our hearts havi' no life and feeling from him.'" Ur. .lungnnmn iu'ld the congregation meeting. We see among them the Saviour's lai)or still, who has indeed not forsaken them, for il' the old among them were dead and inditterent in heart, he arouscMl the cliildrt'ii aiul vouini" people so that thev lonr. David's message this spring, that we invited to us all brethren who were an.xions about theii* salvation, and un- easy in regard to the Saviour, a little child answered, five vi'ars (»ld, at once, when they wtire asseml)led. and said to his motlu>r: " I will be the very tirst, and goto the teachers." The mother, who before was somewhat indifferent, and yet was always uneasy, made up liei' mind also and came here. Wednesday, ill. I>r. I'Mwards returned from the Fort, where he received supplies for the brethren lately come, given to him without hesitation. He brought baidc news that on the Joth of ne.xt month, .1 une. the Americiins would take possession of Detroit,' in accordance witii the ai-ticles. And the nnijor hiid told him it would be well and neces- sarv if meantime some one of us came to the citv to see I I H 'But this (lid liol hin»inu till .July, 17'.>ti. 'I if 1 , ': j Hi ill 150 zi:isiii;u(»KK s dfauy, how thiiiijj.s went, tliiit lie niiijlit 'Avo us news betinios jitul care for us before lie went iiw siy. w Friday, '2-\. A lost sheep cjime hack to us here, namely, Kenatuw, the Mohican, who for nwmy years lias been in error and at last is eonie to this place. He begged very earnestly to b(> received again, to live with us, and since We saw it lo he a thing which concerned the salvation of his soul, we had no hesitation in receiving him, for which he was glad, and went hack at oneo to the lake, where; he had left his wife and children, and next day brought them hither. Saturday, 24. We began to plant corn, after ha^''.ng hitherto always been busy eK.'aring land, and vherein shall e continue so long as time permits. Sunday, 2.'). IJr. David preached from the (Jospel: Whatever ye shall ask the Fatlier — he will give it you. I came forth from the Father, and iiu come into the world: again I leave the world and go to the Father. In the communion (pnirter-hour the Lord's supper was announced for next Saturday. Br. Edwards held the con- grt!gation meeting. Wednesday, 28. The brethren helped us plant corn. Thui'sday, 2J>. We prayed to our unseen, dear Lord, who is gone for us to heaven, and now sits at the right hand of (}od, and intercedes for us. We begge alone can lical tliein. Saturday, -'l. After tlic hrctlii'en had Itecn addressed, we had tlie holy coninmnion. The Saviour was so nierci- fnl us to send us five brethren, whom he allowed fo he re- admitted, tour of whom were of those lately arrived, who received this mercy with humhh^ and (•(•ntritc heai'ts, for thev had had no comnmnioii lor nearlv two vc^irs, and they were all absolved with the layiiii^ on of lands. The Saviour was nianifi'st in a wondeit'ul wav to us, blessed us with Ids near presence, and a^ave us his peace. Sunday June 1. After the communion lituri^v, l>r. ireckeweKler preached. The lIolyS|»irit was busy anjong the brethren, and brout^ht it home to nniny a one's heart to see and understand his di'structivi' and satanic posi- tion ; this brought theni to the Saviour, and they sought to iind forufiveness and rest for their hearts. Tuesday, o. David held early service from the Scrip- turo-verso: Talco the helmet of salvation and the .--word of the S[iirit, which is the word of (Jod. Thus would neither sin, nor the world, nor Satan with all temptations have any hold upon us. 'Thursday, 5. Michael held early service. He spoke with several of the brethren lately arrived, who opened their hearts, confessed their guilt, that they had lost their Saviour, were dead in heart, and had polluted them^■elves with sin, for which they now sought forgivcnc^ss. Sunday, H, I'pon (Uir Unees we prayed to (Jod, thi' blessed Holy (Jhost, thaidvcd him for his pains, care, and oversight, which until now he has bestowed u[)on i:'^, to adorn us for the Bridegroom of our souls. \V(> acknow I- edged to him our shortcomings, and askeil forgiveness ot all our transgressious, that often we had gi\eii no heed to his voice, thereby making our hearts uid>lessed and dis- contented. The senuou treated of the oHce and service of the Holy Spirit, ill the first phi'''' among the children of the world, and o*[wi']n\\y with the children of (Jod. in wliom he dwelleth since they have receivtjd sonship. In the scrvico Ifnv the baptized, Cornelius wu« absolved with )!■ .'■ i; I , ii' 15; no ZKISIlKHdKllS MAHY. Ill Hi ' ■t ■ * I '. i lltiiij IHI 1 '■ ^^^^^■1 .„ I [■ M^mi \ 'J "■iii'"^*f^' '', fiiv'w il m ',•4 ,i llic liiviiii; on of huiids, f'oi" wliioli we luul niiicli longcMl ami lic<.''n('(l. Momliiy, !». Most of our Tiidiaiis wont olf limiting for a W'W (lays, for tlioir provi.-ions Ijavi; como to an end. and tlicy want to i^ct meat. Mr oiwliiU', tlio l»r(\tlireii at lionio were Inisy plantini;. Tlicy oanu', \\'('(lni'sday,!i, homo witli moal, and tlins must tlu'V try from timo to time to liolp tlionisolvos tlirouifli, 'J'imrsday. 1:.'. McCornruik caino with another white man. lli- was present when we were nnnh' prisonoi-s, :ind simio lie saw that it went hard with ns, ho laid tho ifroat- t'st Mamo for our captivity upon the Indians, hut wo W(>11 knew liy whom they were instii.'-atofl ; ho pitied us, and showed eonipassion at our heini; put in suoh wretched eir- eumstam-es, and that now wo must seek to yi't ah»n<; so painl'nlly and with siu'h hard lahor. IIi^ took his hoy, who had hi'on with ('onner, ((/ put him in school. Sat Ill-day, 14. Wo wcw, busy |)hiiitiiii;. Sunday, lo. |>r. David proachod from tho (Jospol about Niecxlomus, who came by niyht to Josiis, and spcdvo with tho Saviour aliout the now birth, which lu' has yained for us, and to which all the Holy Trinity has contributed, that we now again should become (iod's children through be- lief i!i .losus Christ. \\\ the cliildreirs hour IJr. Ilecke- weldei- ])ai)ti/.ed the little daughter of Adoljihus and Su- sanna, two months old, born ainoui;^ the Shawanese, into tho death of desns, with the name Susanna. Michael bold the conijregation nieetinj;- from the Scripture-verse. To- day a pai'ty of Chippcwas went by, the lirt^t since s[u'ing-, on their way back from bunting. Wednesday, IS. There came another family here from their wandering, namely, Thonnis, with his wife and five children, verv meek and humble, askini; to be received. Tl lev lid itl AVo consider ourselves unworthy to live have lost our Saviour and are no bet- again witn yon; we nave tor than other heathen and have befouled ourselves with sin, but since our well-being and .salvati(ui lie u[)on our hearts and wo can have no peace, we resolved to go again to our teachers, thinkiny that although we did not jet leave to dwell au:ain with them, it would in some measure I {•LINTON UlVUn, 17Mi]. 15'3 1)0 a conifort to \\a niorcly to «co your town tVom iifar." ^V^ liiid III) ln'sitiitioii i:i i*e('i'i\in^ tliuiii, and let tlu'in Icol our lu'urty coiMiiassion. Tlu'v, loo. Iiail soiiu'thini; to an;in!,''c' iKjt'ore they i'<'uld v.nnn' ti> IIS, for Ik^ sprintfs Ii'diu on«' of tln! foremost fjini- ilics, jiMtl if* ijranflNoii of tlH> foinuM- diii'f, Ni'tawntut-s : ' tims the heads of the |)ela\vare- watchecl sharply ovtM' him and wished to keep him from •oniini!; to ns, and niatiy who had not tlioni-elves coiira^'e to speak hrihed Indians to ailvise him t<. M.-t only my i'ushand hut my chil- dren, yi't you shall know that \ will swogo, and other IVontier posts were not givon up to the United States till 17'.)t3. 15 -,'h^ ^: d IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V // / A f/, 1.0 I.I 1.25 144 i^ IM l,5£ i;£ IIM III 2.2 111^ i^ V- 1 1^ |I20 — 6" 18 U IIIIII.6 V] <^ /a m m. ^m ^A ■^ # ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 iP- W.^ <^ ,i '■ ! \ 154 ZKISBRRGER S DIARY. riiflitcouRress and to seek to ol)taiii peace with Gocl, tlien had we nothiiii; to fear from iudr. David whether he knew Br. Schebosh, and whether he was an iionctrable man. Answer. lie need have uo donbt of it. lie told us why he asked. He had heard he had instructions from Congress for the Indians. Br. David answered him, that he did not believe it, and had heard nothing nor learned any thing of it, for the brethren received no such commissions. He said : '• That is quite enough for me. The two brothers can go with thee and dwell with y(ni. I will also give them su[)- plies as long as you have them [and he gave at once to Br. David a written order], only tliey shall communicate to the Indians no information or news about the l>ounds of the land, but be silent." Two officers from Congress came here to treat witli the Indians, but he permitted them to do uo more than announce the peace to them, for as yet he had no orders therefor from iiigher quarters. Br. David thanked him very politely for his benelicence and ' Kpliiaim Douglass, an Indian tia{)rcciation ant. thankfulness; there was, however. One above us all, our Father in hea\en, who would not le.'ive liim unrewarded. He answered that the tiling in itself was reward enough for him, for he saw that what he had done had not been done in vain, and that therefore lie did it with all pleasure. Since now he had become acf|iuiinted with us and he was not likely to remain here, he would nuike the request that after he was replaced and called away, Br. David would write to him from time to time and give him news about our health and how we got on, for as long as lie was in the ami}' an.d IJr. l)avid addressed him a letter, it would certainly reach him, be he where he might be; he did not know certainly that be Avould be called awa\', but thus much he conjectured, that it would not hapj)en betbre June of next year, and before that time he would speak further with Br. David and make arrangements with hini. After Vtv. David iinished liis businci3s he took leave of him in a friendlv wav, and we departed, Monday, 7, witli the two brothers from Detroit, and came, Tuesday, 8, to the joy of ourselves and of all our breth- ren, back home. Tears of joy and thankfulness were shed at seeing again, atter two years, brethren from our church and receiving news ot it. AVe soon refreshed our- selves with our letters and news from the church', w hicli we read with melted hearts, especially about the death of our venerable, dear Br. Xathaniel (Bishop Seidel), in whom we lost a true father, and of numy other n)an-servant3 and maid-servants of our Saviour. Wednesday, 1). At the early service f"'om the Scripture- verse of the day, which, to our joy, we have now again received : The Lord hear thee in the day of trouble, the brethren were saluted by the church and were told on this W\ ti! 1 i'ii i i.t ■ P-ii 111 ? m> ! < ■^ 1 |: ■ i it 1 1 t\ '" i i 1 ' i i' ] i ': 'i I li III] i w ' i 1 ! 11 n J '1 % \ I t 1 158 zeisberoer's diary. occasion tluit the Saviour had heard the prayer of so many coiifjregatioiis for us, in liis mercy had thought of lis, and had opened the way for our again hearing from eaeli other. The iM'etliren were admonished to think hack a little, to search and converse with tlieir hearts, perlia[)S much would there he found, and their licarts would tell them that our all falling into such need and misery was in great degree hrouglit ahout [for this was reason enougli to he found] by our being sinners, and they were urged to seek comfort and forgiveness with the Saviour. AVe white brethren afterwards read some letters and journals, where- from we saw the hearty sympathy of our dear brethren in our sufferings, for wo jjerceived with modest and affected hearts their distress and perplexity about us, whom may our dear Lord and Savionr comfort in regard to us. The rest of the day the two brothers told ns by word of mouth how it stood with the church and what had liap- pened meanwhile, so that we forgot all else. Thursday, 10. After early service by 13r. Ileckewelder, in the communion quarter-hour, announcement was made to the brethren for the following Saturday that the Saviour would give us food and drink of his body and blood in the holy sacrament. Saturda}', VI. After the brethren had been addressed, we enjoyed his body and blood in the holy conmuinion with hungry and thirsty souls. At the love-feast the let- ter of Br. Ettwein was read to the brethren aivl the greet- ing from the church made known. The Saviour gave us back tAVo brothers, Cornelius and Peter, and two sisters, Magdalena and Agnes, who were readmitted, to whom it was an unspeakable blessing. Again to others who yet remained behind, it was a blessing that they entered their hearts, where the II0I3' Ghost disclosed to them their faults and deteriorations. Sunda}', 13. Er. Edwards preached after the communion liturgy and Sensemann held the congregation meeting from the Scripture-verse of the day. Those who were re- admitted yesterday came and showed their joy and thank- fulness for the mercy which the Saviour had let them feel. '^.^'■'I ^^ CLINTON RIVER, 1783. 159 ^foiulay, 14. Br. Michael Jung held the early service. Tlie changoaljlo weather for more than a week now, for it has l)een very hot, but its now so cold that we had to seek out our thicker clothes, causes anionu' us white brethren indispositions and fevers, lor if north vinds blow here, it is not only cool, but at times coM even in summer. Tuesday, 15. Many of the brethren went to the lake to get rushes for nudr(>s))ect foi' a good liarvest Sunday, 3. JJr. Edwards preached, David held tlie children s service, and Sensenniun the congregation meet- ing. We road together the ^vcekly journal ot the synod. Monday, 4. Bi's, Senseuiann and Conner went to the Fort, the latter for [irovisions. Wednesday, (5. JJr. David spoke with A. Charity, bade her turn altogether to the Saviour, and not to use her time in the church without blessing, but to give herself entirely to him, to ask forgiveness from him; but for that a childlike heart was needful, upi-ightness towards her laborers and the Saviour. Friday, 8. Drs. Sensemanu and Scliebosh from the Fort, we had a letter from Dr. Shewkirk,' from Xew York, dated Aug. 2ith of last year. Saturday 9. Tucker came with his wife for a visit. They asked for an Indian sister to be at the lying-in of their negro woman. Sunday, 10. Br. David jireached, thereupon the com- munion quarter-hour. We laborers continued our reading aloud of the weekly journal of the synod, and Br. Ed- wards held the congregation meeting. Monday, 11. We refused an Indian woman who wanted 'See undev June 18, 1783, p. 153. '■'Ewald Gustiivus Shewkirk' born at Stettin, Prussia, F6b. 28, 1725. He eiune to America in 1774, and served the church in various capaci- ties, and at one time was pastor of the Moravian chuvch in New ^ >irk City. He was made bishop in 1785, and died at llerrnhut, in 1S05. CLINTON RIVEK, 1783. 161 ■i r ■'* to pliico hor child witli us, for by such chihlrou we liuve al- ways hitherto hoen choiited and docoived. Woduesday, 13. AVo had the holy eomuuiuion, at which our dear Lord came very graciously to us and blessed us with his near presence. Thui-rtday, 14. .Joseph and his wife, also Magdaloua, went to the Fort to sell canoes. Sun(hiy, 17. TIeckewelder preached, tliereu[ion we road the weekly journal of the synod, the end of whicli we reached to-day, and we thanked the Saviour for having been with the inoiubors of tlie svnod,, foi' bavin"' imparted to them his advice and intelligence for the blessing and advantjigc of his cliurches. ivlio now enioved them to- gether, and we also. \\r. David held the congregation meeting from tiie Scripture-verso; Dlessed is tlie inau whom thou choosest and causest to ap[)ro,ich unto thee that he ma}' dwell in thy courts. AVe shall be satisth^d with the goodness of thv house. Also the cialdren of the church shall fidly enjoy it, Lord, let them be thiue own through the shedding of thy blooiL Monday, 18. Br, Jungmann held the early service, and Tuesday, the 10th, Br. Edwards. Some brethren, went to the settlements, with baskets and brooms to sell. Wednesday, 20. Michael held early service. In our conference we considered whicii one of us sliould go with Br. AVeigand to Bethlehem; inasmuch as none of tlie mar- ried brethren wished to go this time, except Br. Jung- mann, who declared himself ready, but this did not liave our approval, our choice had to be made from the two unmarried brothers. They let it rest upon tlie clioice and approbation of the Saviour, and it fell to the lot of Br. Michael Jung to go with Br, John Weigand to Bethlehem. Friday, 22. Some brethren wlio had gone to the settle- ment came back. Sensemann held the early service. Both we and the Indians were busy farming, Saturday, 23. Br. David held early service, Sunday, 24, Br, Edwards preached. In the service for the baptized, in the afternoon, Thomas was absolved 11 I . ! ' ' ! \ "T I Ml j ''> i : . f s j 1 t it !' 1G2 zkishkroeivs diary. Bv. Jmia:inaiiii held and a^Min admitted to the church, the coui'POi'atioii meetiiiff. Moii(h»y, 'li^i. Br. J3avid held early service. Tuesday, 26. The eiiild of Thomas and Sahinn, some nine months old. wjih hapti/.ed with the name Jiosina. lleckewc^lder and Schehosh went to the Fort, amoiiii; other things, to find out ahout the sailing of ships for Niagara. On, Thursday, 28, they eanie hack, hringing news that in a few »1ays a ship would sail for Niagara. [8o far the diai'y to Bethlehem.] Saturday, -jO. The hrothers, David, Edwards, and Sensemann went with Brs. John Weigand and Michael Jung to Detroit, the last two to sail for Niagara on their journey to Bethlehem. In the early service we committed these hrethren to the rememhrance of the hrethren during their journey, that the Saviour should hring them, with good fortune and health to their destiiuition, tliat our brethren might have perfect information aljout us. On account of stormy weather, however, by which they were kei)t bade on the lake, the}' got there, Tuesday, Sept. 2, and since the ship liad already sailed two days before, they must wait for another. Thus, after a tender separation, we came back to Gnadenhiitten,^ Thursday, 4, on the same day Jeremy, son of Samuel and Sarah, was buried. A frost that fell on the night of Sept. 1, did much damage in the fields and gardens, but yet not to the corn. Saturday, 0. Sent an express to Detroit, with a letter to Brs. .Fohn Weigand and Michael Jung, for Bethlehem. The messenger returned the following forenoon, when we learned from their letters they were still waiting for a ship, and did not know when they should sail. Vie had to-day a visit from Mr. Isaac Williams, of Detroit, his wife, and some others, who made a journey here for their health by •This is the first time in this diary that the settlement on Clinton river is spoken of by name. Usually it is called New Gnadenhutten for the cake of distinction. iiii'! ! ki^ r CLINTON mVKH, 178,1. 103 the lako, liiit wore very sea-sick. In the eveninij was the hiii'iiil ot the (lopiirtod Anna, Abraham's wife, who died yes- terday evening, .laii. (!, 1771 , a widow, she had f'oHowed lis from CJosch^'osciiiink.' in the year '7<>, to I.ain,^nntontonuiik (on tlie IJcavcr). where she was baptized by JJr. .Imiij^mann, and on tlie 11th of April, 1772, eanu* to the enjoyniiMit of the Lord's sii[>per. Jan. IG, 1774, siie was iinit(!(l in lioly matrimony to the assistant, Abraham, tiien a wi(U>wer. aho always went a blessed way, so that we eouhl alway8 rcjoiee in her. l>iit when her ehihh-en, a son and a dangh- ter, were i,n'own up, and had married in the chwrc-h, siie gave ail lier eare to their ehihlren, forgot herscdf and suf- fered liarm in her heart, and tlioiigh she was often remin(k'(l of this, she eouhl not forbear, whereby she grew eold and dry in heart, and at times iuid to i-emain away from the supper of our Lord. Thus was she always variable, for in the dis[»osition of heart she was pleasant and good. She had a lovely gift of speaking with sisters, of giving them good advice, and of directing them to the Saviour. She was wonderfullv loved among the brethren, uiul this was espeeially evident during her sickness, for the sisters visited her veiy assiduously. From her wliolc conduct it could be seen she was chosen of the Lord, who led her, and did not let her go from his liand. In all our calamities of the last two years she stood firm and steadfast; nothing had might or power to turn her from the church. She was also amon.^ the rirst to come to us in Detroit and help make the beginning here. Two months ago she fell sick and has so ccmtinued since. All relief she tried was of no avail. In her thickness she invited different sisters to come to her to whom she thought she had spoken too directly, when she had only spoken the truth to them, and begged them all for forgiveness. One sister, Martha, a widov/, an- swered her it was not so, whereupon she said : " Now I am ready, and notliing else keeps me from going to the Saviour." She admonished her children to remain with Hi 'This town was on the AUegiiany, noar the nnouth of Tionesta creek, not to be confounded with Goschuchgiink, Coshocton, 0. n ; I h • ■: -t I, i' 1(54 zi:isriF:nnKn s ni.\nv. tlic ('liiii'cli Jitid llic Siivioiir iill tln''r livoH, and lior (liuiu'li- tor hIio coinmitttMl to Ik r luisband to act towartls hor as u fatliiT. Tlio brotlu'P.s and siHtors often went to 'nr and san^ hymns, whit-li she lil<<'d to hear. Uiit for licr tlio {^avioiir was too lony in conjiiii; and takin<^ Ikm* to liinisclt' and in brini^in^ licr to lier hlcssod liopc. At jon o'clock last ovcnini,^ she had I5r. David called, l)ut she could say little njore, hut said wilii dillicultv, onlv that sho wished to i;(> to the iSavionr. lie san^ to hor some hymns, and durini^ the words: E shall as my Master ho — Clothed with Imniility — Simple, teachahle, and mild — Changed into a little child — he hlessed her, and she fell asleej) in a moment under his hand, softly and Idessedly. Sunday, 7. The married brethroji eelel)ratcr. Edwards held the congregation mooting. Monday, 8. Most of the brethren went to make canoes, by which they can earn something, for they get a good price for them. Wednesday, 10. A Mohican, a friend of Christina, came here visiting; his brother has remained in Gnadeidiiitten. Saturday, 18. This week many were busy building. It was again beautiful, warm, pleasant weather, but the frost has already done much harm to many crops, and many brethren will get no corn, for the frosts came this year much earlier than is usual at other times. Besides, our Indian brethren did not plant the right sort of corn, but a sort which does not ripen here, which they brought as seed from the Shawanese towns. Now we find the difference between here and the Muskingum very noticeable, and here corn must be :ii .MM 'I ("MNTON lUVKK, 17S.1. 166 pltintiMl wliicli ripciis rai-rn'r. lU'iins, iMU'iiinlK'rs, and [MimiiUiiis liHVu liiU'illy Itc^iiii to Uoiir, uiid yet aru lVo^lt• bitten. Sunday, 11. \'>\'. Daviil jtreactluMl alioiil tlic forotnost coniinandincnt : 'IMion shall love the liord thy (lod. Senso- nniMii held the <-hildi'eirs sei'vii-e, and lleckcwehh'r the eoii- giH'i>ati(tn nu'etinic. Monthly, 1'). Most of tho hretlireii wentto jnuko eiinourt. J>r. David liehl early soi'vico. Wednesday, 17. C'hippewas came to trade some corn they hroniylit. Satni'day, 20. Sehehosh reliii'ned from hdroit and broiiii'lit word that Urs. .lohn Weiuand anil Michael Jnni; had already sailed on theGtli Inst., wliieh was [tleasant for U8 to hour. Sunday 2^. V>v. Edwards |U'eached, IJr. David In Id the communion (juarterdionr from the text, ami IJr. dnnijrmann' th(! (.ons^regation meeting from the Seri[)tni'e-vei'S(' of the day. Wednesday, l24. Several Inuises have been bhxdvcd out tlii.s week; the weather has been tine and warm, so that we have good hoi»e that our corn, whieh \vas planted (jiiite too late, will yet get ripe and dry. Friday, 20. Br. dungnmnn and bis wife talki'd with the brethren ye.sterday and to-day about the J.iOrd's sup- per, and to our joy found them hungry and thirsty for this great good. We lal)orers had a conference, and at the same time a thorough and earnest talk together, so that ^ve were somewhat hard ni)on one another, which was yet not without a blessing. Two white peo[do came. Saturday, 27. W^ had the su[tper of our Lord, and en- joyed his body and blood with hungry and thirsty hearts. A brother, E[diraim, and a sister, Sabina, were again read- mitted, to whom it was an unspeakable blessirg. No'i'K. — .f-'ui Ileckewekler iidiniiiistorcd ' it. A si^t^>l■, Agiios, re- ceived it on licr sicl<-l>ed. Sunday, 28. Br. David read the communion liturgy and 'This word is conjectured. 1 i; 1 ; 1 W t 1 ; 1 i.!l "TT \m i /..: h I'- i wmmm III HI ;i IGO ZKISnEROER S DIARY. hold tlio children's service. Br. Senseinaiin preacliecl and Br. Juiicfrnanii liold the cong'regation meeting. The as- sistants, Satnnel and Ahrai)ain, encouraged, edified, and exhorted the l)retliren hero and tiiere in their houses to a holy life and to walking with Christ. Wednesday, Oct. 1. Most of the brethren and sisters vent to Detroit with can.es they had made to sell them, for they get a good price, and with this can hny something there, most of them being as badly off for elotlies as they have ever been, for during the war and famine they had to make every effort to support their families. Br. Ed- wards also went to Detroit on business. Saturday, 4. Two Frenchmen came herewith apples to sell. We white brethren were busy building, and partly, too, in the fields, otherwise few brethren were at home. Sundav, 5. Instead of a sermon Br. David read from the History of the Days of the Son of Man something from the sayings of the Saviour. Br. Edwards retvirned from Detroit, by whom we had a letter from Br. Ettwein from Bethlehem of May 20th, from which to our hearty joy we had the pleasure of learning that Br. John,' from Europe, was expected in Bothlehem for a visitation of the Ameri- can church. David held the congregation meeting in the [ndian tongue. We read the proceedings of the synod. Monday, 0. Most of the brethren came back from De- troit, where they sold a dozen cunoes, some of them quite large ones, aiM^ with the nmney from these they provided themselves with clotiies for the wintei ; thus by tlie guid- ance of our hoavenlv Eather the brethren find the meau.s ' Baron John ur years. Soon after his r(>turn to Europe he died (17S8). — De Schwinietz' Some of the Fathers of the Am. Mor. Church. :%t CLINTON RIVER, 1783. 107 of supporting themselves and their families. The widows make haskets, hrooms, and mats, all of which they can sell at a good price, and since there are now this year many acorns in the hnsh, they gather them and sell them at a good price, and thus, if tliey are industrious, they can earn something in one way or another, and sock to help themselves. Wednesday, 8. John (Ileckewelder) held the early sorv- i"0 from the Scripture-verse: The Lord is round about liis peo]ilc from lienceforth even forever. Eejoice little flock. J3r. Edwards went with a boat load of potatoes, cabbages, and turnips to Detroit, for which we thought to pay some debts wo had to incur in our need. tSaturdav, 11. David held earlv service. This week the brethren began to harvest in the fields, and to parch and dry the green corn, not yet ready, from being planted too late. Sunday, 12. David preached, Sensemann held the chil- dren's service. We read from the journal of tlie synod about the churches and choirs. Ileckewelder held the congregation meeting. Monday, 13. Br. Edwards came back from Detroit. Tuesday, 14. The Chippewa chief came here; as he was from the bush, and liad nothing to eat, Br. Abraham collected some corn and pum[)kins for him among the brethren and gave them to him, for which he was very thankful. His wife is the cousin of the late Xetawat- wes, and the near friend of our Thomas here. Thomas told them for the first time something about the Saviour, for he knows Shawano; they listened but kept quite silent. Thursday, 16. Some brethren went to the plains for the autumn hunt; the sisters at home were industriously at work in the fields harvestiii£:. Sunday, 19. Br. Edward preached and Sensemann held the congregation meeting. Wednesday, 22. Chi[)pewas went through here, up the creek, on their \\i\y hunting. They observed how our town had grown. Our Indian brethren hunting. I , u I I I ' ':| 11 ti I. a ': 1, I:' L ^i 168 ZEISBEHGERS DIARY. Sunday, 20. Ileckewclder preached. In the afternoon was a reading of tlie synodal proceedings. Edwards held the congregation meeting. After tliis to the communion brethren was announced the supper of our Lord in the holy sacrament. ^Monday, 27. The Indians went to their hunting camp. They came in to the Sunday services, for the autumn hunt is on. A white man came from Detroit, from whom we learned that Xiagara is garrisoned by Americans. Sense- maun and Schehosh came back from Detroit. Wednesday, 29. Br, Zeisberger and his wife spoke with the brethren to-day, and the following days, about the Lord's supper, and the others likewise, and found to their comfort and joy the Holy Ghost busy with their hearts. Friday, 81. In our conference we had the jov of having the Saviour again send us four brethren, whom he per- mitted in the holy communion to enjoy his body and blood, which we the day after, Saturday, Xovember 1, enjoyed with hungry and thirsty hearts. Sunday, 2. David read the communion liturgy. Ed- wards preached about the marriage feast, Avhereto men were invited to appear in the garments of righteousness. David held the congregation meeting. Monday, 3. Agnes died in peace. Tuesday, 4. Her remains Avere buried. She was bap- tized by Br. ^[artin Mack,^ in Old Gnadenhiitten (Carbon Co., I'a.), on the Mahony, Sept. 5, 1751, and came after- wards to the enjoyment of the Lord's supper. She went through all the fatalities, dilHculties, and changes through which the Indian church passed. In the year 1755, in 'John MiU'tin Mack was by birth a WiU'temborfier. In 1T3+, at the age of nineteen, he went to llerrnhut, and was disposed to remain there, bul two years hiter he eanie to America. Here he had part in all the nndertak'ufis of the brothers, laboring in the Indian missions for nearly twen , years. In 17(')"2, he sailed to St. Thomas to serve in the mission am ng negro slaves. To this vvoik he gave the rest of his life, coming to Bethlehem in 1770 to be consecrated bishop, and visit- ing Germany ten years later. He died in 1784. ' { CLINTON RIVER, 1783. 169 Nov., when Gnadenhiitten was destroyed and burnt by the Indhms, she went to Nain, near Bethlehem, and in the year 17G3 into the harracks in Phihidelpliia. In 1705, when peace and quiet were again established, she moved with the Indian church to Friedenshiitten on the Susque- hanna. In the spring of 1772 she came with others to the Ohio, first to Languntonteniink (Friedensstadt on tiie Beaver), and the year after to Gnadenhiitten on the !Mns- kingum, from which she had to ^.ce and return to Lichtenau in the year '78, on account of the war troubles ; liere she re- mained a year, and in '79 again went to Gnadenhiitten. In tlie year 1781, wlicn the Indian church on the Mus- kingum, wit!) its teachers, was carried away captive, and brought to Sandusky, she had part in all the liardshi[)s we encountered, and since slio wiis a widow, for licr husband had died not long before in Gnadenhiitten, she had a hard time, suffered hunger, as did all of us, but in all our need she hung upon the Saviour and the church, and nothing separated her from him and the church. In 1782, when the Indian church was altogether robbed of its teachers, for they were all taken to Detroit, she clung to tlie greater number, and lived a year in the Shawanese towns. When she heard tliat the brethren, her teachers, with some In- dian brethren, were again settling, with others also, in the spring of 1783, slie got read\% and in the beginning of M^ay? this year, came to us here, sickly as she was, witli the in- tention rather to die in the church than among the sav- ages, and this the Saviour also advised. She came again to the enjoyment of the Lord's supper, and was right blessed, but in her body she was no longer well, but wasted away until on the day before mentioned, easily and bless- edly she died in his arms and bosom. She is a clear ex- ample and proof that whoever has a true heart, him he helps through all tribulations, and upholds him also to the end of all need throuifh himself and his wounds. To-day went Brs. Ileckewelder and Sensemann with many Indian brethren in the boat to Detroit to buy some necessities for the winter, before the strong cold comes on and the lake is frozen. They came back on the 8th. . r !! ■11' li M I ! im l'!i f ; I II ti ' li . ii '1 1 ■ 5 t I i 170 ZEISBKRGER S DIARY. Friday, 7. By one of our youno: Indians, Daniel hy name, who came herefrom tlie neighborhood of tlie Shaw- anese towns, we had news that Mark had suddenly there gone from time. Sunday, 0, Br. David preached from the E[)istle, Eph., vi, 10 : Finally, my brethren, be strong in the Lord and in the power of his might. Br. Edwards conducted the children's service and Ilecke- welder the congregation meeting. Monday, 10. The above mentioned Daniel, an unmar- ried man, son of Philip, the Mohican, who ])orished at Gnadenhiitten, asked to be taken back to live in the cliurch. lie told to Br. David quite sincerely his course of life since our departure from Sandusky; Avhereupou Br. David asked him how it was now and what his thouglits were. lie answered: "I am sick and tired of the heathen life and conduct, and will now live for the Saviour: formerly when I lived in the church I could not sny this, for I always thought to find pleasure in the world. I knew not how to value what it is to be in the church, but it is now my intention to make better use of it." We had no hesitation about receiving him and to use l>ity, confidence, and diligence with our young peo- ple, for we have found from repeated experience that the pains we have taken with them, even if we must have troi'ble and vexation with them, are not in vain, and iliat the Saviour lets them thrive and come to a blessing. We must especially wonder that our young people, even when they had their freedom and nobod}^ hindered them from running straight into heathenism, more than the older people, have 3'et stood fast, have not forgotten their teachers, nor thrown them aside, but have longed for them again and have pleasure and inclination for God's word ; from this can be seen that the Saviour holds his hand over these, our youth, and that his eye Avatches over them. To-day were the remains of the little Rebecca buried, six years, nine months old, who died yesterday, a dear child, that loved the Saviour and willingly went to hira, CLINTON RIVER, 1783. 171 as bIig said to Br. David, whom twice she had called to her, and only an hour before her death said that she was go- ing to tlie Saviour. Thursday, 13. At njorning prayer the feast of the Elder of his church was announced and we asked for his near presence this day and for his bloody blessing in our hearts. Br. Ileckewelder delivered the public sermon, and then the baptized brethren had a festival-discourse, and last we prayed to our Lord and Elder, thanked him for his guidance and recognition of us, begged pur- don for all our sins, and that we had given him trouble, vowed fealty and obedience to him, and he let his friendly face shine over us, blessed us and sent us his peace. To-day we again made a beginning with our Assist- ants' Conference, wliich has hitherto been omitted, for we have had only the two assistants, Abraham and Sam- uel. Now these two and Cornelius, Schebosh, and Bath- sheba, with us white laborers, form the Assistants' Con- ference. They were exhorted to love and unity among themselves, as something in which they had failed before this time, to treat the brethren with love and compassion, not to be stern and harsh towards them [which is a pecu- liarity of the Indians] if with one another things went not well, but to let them feel their loving and sympathetic heart. Friday, 14. Since a fine, fresh snow fell last night and the hunters went out, there was brought in to-day a fine number of deer, wliich are now quite fat. Abraham took a rare animal and quite unknown to our Indians. It was larger and heavier than a raccoon; its head and mouth are just the same, but its feet and legs are short and shaped like those of a mole or a beaver's feet. The Chippewas say they run under ground like moles, al- though they are so big, and they are very fat. This was the English badger. Sunday, 16, Sensemann preached. We had .". reading service,* and Jungmanu held the congregation meeting. ' ISy this is nipant a public reading of reports from missions or of lessons from the Scriptures, U i i|:' I i Mi 1 !' ijii : * I !• ; f 172 ZEIS13ERQER S DIARY. Monday, 17. Many sisters went to seek for hemp with Sanniel and other brothers, into the hilly land where they f'onnd enough of it, wherewith and also with meat they came home heavily laden on the 22d. Since they are not used to a flat country, they have always much pleasure in seeing hills again, which begin a good day's journey from here. Chi[)powas encamped not far from iiere, near a dead horse, and they stayed until they had eaten it up, for it is their custom to eat dead cattle. Thursday, 20. Conner came back from tlie Fort, and also an Englishman, named Homes, came from the settle- ments, who remained until the 2;3d. They are all, however, cither somewhat honest, simple folk or men of this world. In none of them are found desire and inclination for any tiling good or for God's word, but it is a place quite dead and diii'k, where men live for the day only, undisturbed about their souls, and seek only for money and goods. Saturday, 22. Absolution was given to Kenatus, the Mohican, at his request, upon his sick-bed. He said: "Three things distress me; the first is the forgiveness of ni}^ sins, the second to know that my wife and children will remain with the church when I am gone, and the third that linon fails me for my shroud." After he was absolved, he said : " Xow is it well with me, and I rejoice to go to the Saviour. I wish not to be again restored to liealtli, but my wish is that he may take mo to himself." Sunday, 23. Br. David preached from Phil, iii, 17: Mark them which walk so as ye have us for an ensample. Heckewelder held the congregation meeting. For two davs it has been verv cold. The river and lake begin to freeze. We read to-day from the synodal journal about church conferences. Monday, 24. We recalled the calamity on the Mahony' twenty-eight years ago. Thursday, 27. Our people went to the hills for their autumn hunt; for the most part, only sisters are at home. 'Wlicrc, ill IT')'), perished ten persons at the haiuls of the Indians. For full account see De Schwineitz' Life of Zeisberger, Chap. xii. I ■■ r: l(|! h CLINTON KIVER, 1783. 173 Fridiiy, 28. By the Indian, Adam, from tlie Fort, I had a lotter dated July 4, from 13r. Sfiowkirk, in New York, by way of Quebec and Niagara, uliicli t!ie com- mandant, Col. de I'eyster, sent to mo. Sunday, 30. [1st day of Advent.] Br. David preached in the Indian language, for no intei'iireter was present, about the Joy of the children of God at the incarnation of the Saviour, that he had taken our flesh and blood tliat ho luight offer liiniself for us upon the cross to reconcile us with God. Ileckeweldor held the congregation meeting. To-day and yesterday it snowed, as it has already done several times tliis autumn, but no snow has yet remained. Monday, Doc. 1. Some brethren went off to the hunt- ers to get meat. They came, Wednesday, 3, home, and also many of the Indian brethren from the hunt, but they got little, since nuiny Cliippewas are also off liunting in that neighborhood. Thus our Indians earn little hunting, and yet they find it necessary, in order to get corn for their families, and they must try to get something by their labor. Thursday, 4. There wore among our people unpleasant tilings to arrange. A sister wished to go from the church, but she thought better of it, and found her heart. Suiuhiy, 7. In the sermon by Br. Ileckeweldor, about the wicked, last times which would come over the whole circle of the world, two white people from the mouth of the river were present. In the communion quarter-hour about the text : Uome for all things are now ready, the brethren became as it were reconciled, their hearts were washed with the blood of Christ, and they were clad with the cloak of righteousness ; they were invited to receive his body and to drink his blood next Saturday. Sensemann held the con- gregation meeting from the Scripture- verse: Let thy priests be clothed v^^ith righteousness: and let thy saints shout for joy. Tuesday, 9. For a time we have had quite cold weather and a good deal of snow has fallen, but now a thaw sets in and tiie weather is so warm that the snow has all gone of?. ill •l I • J > it = I T^ 11 174 ZEISBEKOKU S DIARY. Friday, 12. To-day and yesterday we spoke with tlie bretliren about tlie Lord's sii[)iier. We tbnnd tbeni wa'.k- inpened to us this year is Itrietly the follow- ing. At the heginiiiui!: of the year we were still hut u handful, Ijut in the spring, al.out the first of May, we were increased hy a tine nuiuher of hretiireu who canio to us from th .! Shawanese towns. Of the rest, howi'ver, who have remained hehind, we have heard nothing since, liow they are, save that Mark has suddenly gone from time. At the hcginning of July, to our hearty joy, cunic Brs. AVeigand a id Scheh(vo liad letters and news from the church. The tirst with Ur. Michael Jung went away August 3()th. "\Vc hope the Saviour has hrought them fortunately to their destination. The Saviour lias not left himself without a witness in our hrethren's hearts. With longing eyes we have seen that the Lord is with us and walks in our midst. The Holy Spirit was husy in our hearts and has hrought many a one to the Physician of his soul, that through his wounds he should he cured and made well. Twenty-six hrethren have this yoar been absolved and sixteen readmitted to the holy communion. The Saviour has also shown us that in regard to his supper we ought to manage with the brethren more prudently, for they have generally suffered countless injuries in their hearts; which also happened, and he has made it become an especially true blessing. In regard to tlie maintenance both of ourselves and of our Indian brethren for the present year we have a bad outlook. We got provisions until the end of October and had hoped also that we should harvest enough from our plantations for our needs, but this hope has failed, since in the first place we were ignorant of the climate, and sec- ondly, we planted corn which in this land does not ripen, and besides we planted it somewhat too late, so that some indeed harvested something, but many nothing at all, and must try to get through by hunting and hy the labor of their hands, and it is also a good thing that our Indian 'm^. \ CMNTON HlVKll, 1783. 177 brctliroii liiivc occasion to cnrn soniotliini; l)y tlu'ir liaiida. "Wo trust ill our dear lieuvcMiIv Fatlicr that lio will irivo and bless our daily bread. Fivo children havo been born and bai>tized. Throe children have died, namely, Au,i,'n3- tina, Jeremy, and Ivobocca, and two sisters, Anna, Abel's wife, and the widow, Agnes. * 12 !■:! it I m *.;! t li: h ; ill; ■■■/ ! J- \ t < :i . '• \ ;i ■; " - i ;!■■ .1.' 'k il ;■'!■ ■! 178 ZKISHKIIOEU S DIARY. CHAPTER IV. 1784. Ni:W (I.NADKNIIU'ITKN, ON TIM; ('l.lNrilX, >ri(lll(lAN. Tliiirsdiiy, .liui. 1. J{r. Kdwiii'dH iirojicliod from (Jal. iii : ^'e arc all llio children of CJod, for as many of you as liavo l)C'on hapti/.od liavo \\wi on .iosiis. Tlie haiitizcd breth- ren renewed their covenant with the ISaviour, who in l)a[i- tism had made them with him, services were blessed and ac- conipMiiied by his prest-nce, for which, at the entl of tho day. Ibv duntjfmann, in a heartfelt prayer, ijave him praiso and thanks, and in this the 'vliole com|iany united. A\'^ednesday, 7. Some of our Indians went out bear- huntiiiff ; it bi'i>an to snow hard, and kept on tlu^ follow- ing (biys, and then very severe cold weather came on, 80 that, Saturday, 10, some gentle jieople came in sleighs from Detroit, on the ice over the lake, to visif- us, simply to seo our town, who say that by the thermometer it has not been so cold for twenty-eight years as it is now, it being Hoven degrees lower than in the whole time. Sunday, 11. The four gentlemen were present at the ser\ice, who have looked at our town and visited in our lH)Uses. They said that if thev should sav in |)etroit there Was such a settlement here on the Huron river, as there reallv is, no one would believe them; thev must tbom- selves eomo and see whether they had spoken the trutb. In the afternoon they went away (piite content, and said that they thought their trouble andjoui-ney well rewartled in that they luul seen our town. The boys and children had a blessed service for their festival, to them was pictured tho boy, eJesus, as a model and exami)lofor them, in whoso footstei»s they should follow. Tuesday, !;>. Most of our Indian brethren went to tho Milk Uiver, on the way to Detroit, to make a bridge, for it is now frozen, and it is easier to make a bridge now than in tho summer, likewise over other creeks to do tho same. They eamo back on the IGth, and likewise Br. Sensemanu back from the Fort, bringing news that we might expect a T, * 1 ' 'I ■ I ' mtmtt^ •:? '.': If M 'i ■ m ^\^^' k: l\ 180 ZEISBEUGEIl S DIARY. visit from Col. do Peystor witli several other gentlemen next week. Saturday, 17. A Chippewa came hero and remained over night, and with him the next morning went Thomas, both of them after a hear, which the former had lost trace of when night came on, bnt it went over the lake. Snnday, 18. lleckowolder preached. To the commnni- cants the Lord's snpper was announced for next Saturday, and open-heartcdness was recommended them. Br. Ed- wards hold the co'iifresration nieetino;. Tuesday, 20. Sensomann held early service. French- men came with two sledges up the river oii the ice; they broui>"ht corn and victuals which thev exchan2:ed for voni- son, and went, AVodnesday, 21, hack again. To-day it snowed again, and the snow gets always deeper. For a week now very cold weather. Saturday, 24. At the Lord's su[)per, Joshua, Ameliu, and Susanna wore readmitted, and one sister enjoyed it on. her sickbed. This w^ook it snowed several davs in sue- cession, and the snow was now throe feet deep, so that it was hard to get fire-wood. Sunday, 25. Ileckcwoldcr road the communion liturgy, Sensomann preached. In the nuirriage service, Andrew, an unmarried man, and Sister Anna, an unmarried woman,' daughter of Samuel and Sara, were married. Br. Edwards hold the congregation mooting. Tuesday, 27. Sabina, Adam's wifo, came to bod v;ith a daughter. Wednesday, 28. The assistants, Abraham and Samuel, spoke to Ann Charity about her conduct. Two white people came here from the settlement over the lake, from whom we hoard that the snow there is deeper than here, and that outside the track one cannot get through, for it is deep, and has a liard crust above. Saturday, 31. We ended th.e first month of this year witli thankful hearts to our dear Lord that to the present time he has graciously aided us and our Indian brethren in this hard winter and deep snow, which through the ' ,^ CLINTON RIVKR, 1784. 181 whole country lies full three feet deep, so that our Indian brethren, though they have really no food, j'et can not go hunting, for there is no getting out, and many have now nothing at all left to eat, but they live from what is given them by those who liave still something left. We are also overrun and cannot but give t'o them when we sec their need, but in a single day we could give away all we liave, and then luiiigor and perish with them. All were there- fore busy making snow-shoes, with which they can over- take the deer upon the snow, and in tliis way was the first brought to town lately. But most of them arc not accus- tomed to use these and must learn how. We have, how- ever, thought of breaking a road to the settlement, also by the use of snow-shoes, of getting the means of life. Sunday, Feb. 1. During the sermon Br. lleckcwelder baptized the little daughter of Adam and Sabina, born on the 27th, with the name CathrineJnto the death of Jesus. In the service for the baptized, two single brethren, Zach- ary and Joseph, were absolved in the name of the Holy Trinitv, whereto the Saviour showed himself gracious and miglity, so that nuiny tears were shed. At every absolu- tion of this kind there is universal joy and sympathy among the brethren, as if such were now first baptized, and all those who again come back to us are, through absolu- tion, again admitted to the church. Wednesday, 4. The severe winter still continues, and it has snowed nearly every day, and the snow gets ever deeper. Our Indian brethren, about whom we arc most anxious and distressed, have many of them notliing more to eat. Their need grows, for which they are also them- selves much to blame, since it is their custom never to have care beforehand, but to eat as long as they have any thing, and when it is all gone, and need presses upon them, they seek to get something. N'o one had thought there would be such a winter. Old settlers in Detroit say that as long have lived there the snow has never been i icy leep. Saturday, 7. Within three days, by the use of snow- shoes, more than one hundred deer have been shot, for which, in our hunger, we were very thankful to our It' 'I I tn ru 1 ■■ H iij i! ! 1. I t^ 'I I I I 182 ZEIST3ERGKR S DIARY. heavenly Father. The cold, liowcver, was so scnrcliiiig, tliat many froze their feet, which liappens sooner and easier on snow-shoes than in the snow. Sunday, (S. ]}r. David preached from the Gospel ahont the good sower in the fields, wherehy it was remarked that each heart had to Avatch over itself, so tliat their enemy miii'ht not acrain cast into their heart wicked seed, fron. which the Saviour has redeemed it, forgiving its sins and purifying it from them, and again pollute it, wherel)y such a poor heart becomes a weed in the church, and if it does not soon hasten 'to the Saviour and let itself be cured, it is in danger of being rooted out and cast into the fire. iVlonday, 9. One of our Indians went with the sledge to Detroit, over the lake, for upon the ice there is liardly any snow and good travelling. We p-^nt a message to a couple of Frenchmen about bringing here corn and pro- visions to exchange i'o)^ venison, for our Indians cannot well go into the settlements on account of the snow. Ig- natius came on the 11th in a sledge, laden witli corn, back from Detroit. Thursday, 12. Frenchmen came with corn and pro- visions on two sledges, and exclianged their supplies for venison. Friday, 13. Mr. AIcKee and Elliot came with two sleighs to see our town and settlement, of which the}' had lieard much, and had to wonder at the labor already done. They pitied us and our Indians that on account of the early frosts our corn had failed, which is hard indeed for us in tliis severe and long-lasting winter. In the evening thov went on to our neighbor. With them was also Mc-. Ivee's brother from the Susquehanna, by wliom we sent letters to Litiz and Bethlehem. Br. Schebosh wentiu the sledge to Detroit to get corn. Sunday, 15. Br. Edwards preached. In the quarter- hour for the married, Br. Jungmann married the assistant and widower, Abniham and the widow Martha, with whom we afterwards had a love-feast. Br. David held the Con- gregation meeting from tlie text: The Father hath not PUi CLINTON niVER, 1784. 183 left me alone : for I do always those things that please hiiu. Wednesday, 18. To-day and the three preceding days many white people came here, English and French, in part for a visit, and in jiart they hronght food to ex- change fur m.eat. All who came carefully examined our town and had luuch to say ahout it. Sunday, 'I'l. \\\\ Jungniann [ireachcd from the Gospel : 33ehold, we go up to Jerusalem, ahout the Saviour's ap- proach to his passion. In the marriage service JJr. David married the widower Rcnatus and the single woman, Anna Kegina. A merchant from Detroit, who with his family has come here visiting, was present and asked for the hajjtism of his two children. Thereupon in a common service they were haptized, the one with the name John, the other Mary. Doth parents sat hefore the tahle and held the children for haptism, which conduct was very re- spectahle and impressive. As there is no ordained preacher of the Protestant church in Detroit, the Justice haptizes the chihlren also, or the commandant, if it he asked of him, but to many this is not satisfactory and they are scrupulous ahout it. Tuesday, 24. They went hack again to Detroit well pleased with their visit. Christiana hronght fortli a son. Thursday, Feh. liC). To-day and yesterday came here more French and English, all in sledges upon the ice. They make the winter useful, for with a sledge they can come in one day, which in summer can not he done in a single day, unless the wind he very good. Saturday, 28. Many Indian hrethren came l)ack from the settlement where they have been to get corn, but have found little. Tlie winter, since the new year, has l)een very severe, the snow three feet deep, and the cold weather last- ing. Old settlers say they have never had so hard a win- ter here. Many cattle perish in tlie settlements for want of fodder, and they who have corn must use it for their cattle, and therefore none "is to be had. We are in great distress about our Indians, who have nothing to eat, and i-i; i I r i ? i|!(. ii i I' \\ V til (lit 184 ZEISnEIlGER S DIARY. it goes hard with them, their need always getting greater. May our Father in heaven give us our daily broad. Sunday, 29. Br. David preached. In the afternoon service Br. Edwards baptized into Jesus' death with the name of Henry, the little son of Ignatius and Christiana, horn on the 24th Inst. The Lord's supper was announced to coninumicants for next Saturday. Again came French- men here in sleighs. Wednesa- viour in the body of the Virgin Mary, and thanked him with melted hearts tliat lie had so ec'idescendell u])on our knees, and sang: Lamb of God, tliy precious blood, healing wounds and bitter death. The lirethrcn, alter the history was ended, were 188 zeishkuoer s diary. Friday, 23, buried. Slic wua baptized by Br. .Tiinc:- mauii, April 12, 1772, in Langinitonteniiiik, and already in (Joscligoscliiink bad become acquainted witli tlie breth- ren, whore she visited the meetings, and after tlic bretliren left tlic place and moved to Lancrnntonteniink, slic fol- lowed them with her husband and children. Afterwaids she went also to tiio Muskintrum, to iSyiiiinbrunn, wl en', on the 11th of Novomher, 1770, she came to the siippc" of our Lord. Her husband, Jephtlui, died there in 1770. She was from the time of her baptism blessed and content, so that we could rejoice in her. A dream, however, which she had about her sou, who had been baptized and died, caused her mnch doubt, so that she was not sound in the faith, aii(l always had a certain doubt left in her mind whether the bretl)orn had ])reached the true learninfj and the way to blessedness. This could be seen also in her conduct, esi)ecially during the disturbances of the war, so that we could have no satisfaction in her. Yet the Sa- viour did not leave her, b»it went after her and brought her near to us. All this in her very wearisome illness gave her much to do, and she had no peace unti' she was again ab- solved, whereupon she was quite comforted, and with much longing awaited her call. This came on the day men- tioriod, with the blessing of the church. This same day, in the morning service the child of the Mohican, Renatus, was baptized Jacob, and the child of Jacobina, Agnes. Saturday, 24. Brs. David, Jungmann, Heekeweldcr, and Sensomann went to Detroit, Br. Edwards remaining at home with tiic sisters. Most of the Indian brethren went to the lake to dig wild potatoes, for they have nothing to eat, and the men make canoes to sell for food. The iirst party, Sunday, 25, arrived there, and they went at just the right time to have no trouble from ice, for had they gone a day sooner they would have had to lie over on account of ice. Br. David's business there was chiefly to speak with the commandant, and to set forth our need and our Indians' ^'|i i-: f\ \ CLINTON llIVKIl, 1784. 181) it need, iiiul to beg hini to lielp us with supplies. Tiiis timo he was well dis[i()se with them, hut we were very sorry we were so poor as to he unable to li'ive tlien\ any thiu<; to eat wiien they eame hero, hut should we ho in hetter cireiimstanees, We would also do them ijfood. He answered that he knew this very well, aud that he was aware that when wo lived on the Muskinliiiitins?. Suuchiy, ir.. Diivid pi-oaclicd from tlic text: Whatso- over ye shall ask of tlie Father, etc., that the Saviour has revealed and luade known to us the Father, that he so h)ved us that he iravc his beloved Son, his only joy, to death for us. Then the holy eoniniunion was annouiieed to the eoinnuinieants for next Saturday. Sonseniann held the congrei^ation meeting from the Scripture-verse. Wodnes(hiy, !!•■ 'I'wo rangers came hero from Detroit to get MeKee and KlliottV- eattle, for whieh they asked the helji and aid oi" the Indians. Thursday, 'H). (h\ Ascension Day of our dear Lord wo prayed to him, looked to him, had ourselves blessed by him, and inasmuch as he is no longer visible in the world, wo beffo'ed for his unseen nearness for all days and houra according to his promise : I am with you alway. r>r. David preached. Satur(hiy, "21. After the brethren had been addressed wo enjoyed his body and blood iu the holy communion in the most Idessed way. One brother was there present for the first time. To-(hiy we had the great joy of getting by way of Detroit letters from Brs. Simon Teter, Matthew, and Grube,' froip. which wo learn that our dear J>r. dohn (de Watteville), win* was at sea in need and in danger, had not yet arrived ; we thought much about him and Ins company and prayed to the Saviour to bring them safe to hind. We likewise learned that they, as well as we liere, had had a very severe winter. For u week we have had severe rains, and consequently most of our fields are un- der water, so that in this hungry planting-time we have a bad outlook tiiat any tiling will grow, since what ia planted rots iu the ground and does not come up. 'Simon Petor of Friodl>erg, Forsytli Co., North Carolina, 1781-1701. A MoiMvian clorgyniaii. Perhaps Bishop Matthew Hohl, an eloquent preacher, at tliis time in Litiz, Pa., where lie died 1787, having retired from liis otlioe in 1784. Reverend .\('' -n Gruhe, at this time in his seventieth year, jirobably at Liliz, where he had offi';iiit«d at Zeisberger's* marriage, 1781. > 1 I ! Ir!t ?^ 1 102 ZKISIIKIinKIl 8 DIAIIV. Wi'dticsday, lid. Siiico the suitplioH our TudliiDs got are iiInioHt oxliiuiHtod [and yet these Inive hi'lpod tliein to ho aide to |ihiiit without delay], many of tliein went to the hike to dii; wild potatoeH, and the men also to n)ake ca- noes, from the sale of whieh they will have itrovisions. Tliui'sday, -7. Brs, Sensen\ann and iSchehosh 'eaino haek iVom Hetroit, hrinj^ing news that Col. do Peystor, commandant there, is upon the point of leaviiij? the place. Wo wish him every good thing, for lu; has done well hy lis, and our Indians would not have heen alive hert; if ho liad not interested himself in ns and hel|>ed ns. Who will eonie in his place and how fnfther it stands in regard to government we can hear nothing certain until we see, for the people are kept in uncertainty. From the Illinois, where usually the winter is nrdil, we learn that from tho severe winter very many cattle, and also the wild huf- fuloes, luive died in the hush from want of food and from the deep snow ; thus the hard winter extended through- out the latul. Saturday, "JO. "VVe were quite done with i)lanting, and hoped this year to have a hotter harvest than last year, for at this scas(»n then wo had planted nothing, liut it ia a long time hefoi-e we can get any thing for food from our plantations, and till then wo and our Indians have to sup- port ourselves, and we get along with dilHculty. Sunday, ijO. The sermon treated of the ofhco and work of the Holy Ghost, not only generally, hut also especially with helievers. AV^ith our baptized brethren we prayed to God the Holy Ghost upon our knees, thanked him for his unwearied, true care, pat'-'uce, and long-sutlbring for us, begged liim to foi-givo us all our sins, when we had not re- garded nor listened to his voice, and had grieved him, vowed to him o])edience and faithfulness, whereto ho sent us his blessing and peace. Br. Jungmann held the con- gregation meeting. In all our services he lot himself be Bonsibly felt among us. Monday, 31. AVe heard that the commandant, Col. de Peyster sailed away yesterday from Detroit for Niagara, but who comes in his place we know not. CLINTON UIVHK, MX\. in.. (Sdttlol) (Sciist'iiiimu) went li> hctroit. Since wo had lieai'd of an opitortiitiity to send lo I'itts- biii'i,', Hr. David wi'oto to Litiz u letter, wliieli he took with him. Friday, 4. ITo camo l»aek from there with the news that lliey were repairiui,^ tlie Fort there, that tlie Indians in Michiliinaekinae were said to iiave killed i'i_u,lit soldiers and ti'aders, that they were said to he very I'rond and ill- disposed towards the FinnTish for eomnelling thoni to go to war with the Aniorieans. t^aturthiy, 5. Several of our Indians return(Ml tVoni J~)o- troit, whoro thoy had taken and sold eanoes to get again some lew neeessities of lite, 'i'hey were, however, very much deceived in their expectations, and had to pay enor- movisly dear tor every thing. We finished hoeing corn to-day. Sunday, (5. Ilcckewelder ]»r(>aelied iVoni the (}os[>el al)out Xicodeuius, and J3avid held the coiigregatioii meet- ing from the text of the day. Monday, 7. Br. .lungmann held tlie early service. Thursday, 10. Joshua and Adam, who have come back from Detroit, met tlierc Totawatomy Indians ; one of them, an interpreter, who knew many Indian tongues, said to our Indians that we should come to them and live on their land, that the Chi[)powas did not like to have us on their laiul on account of the hunting and ti.^hing — they did not like to see others hunting and fishing on their ter- ritory. Thoy live a good day's journey westward from Detroit, and said there was much game there, nuire than where we lived. In numy places there has boon a frost, but here little was to be soon of it. Saturda}^ 12. Abraham, Zachary, and others came back from canoe-making. Sunday, 13. Br. David preached, Sensemanu held the children's service, and Fjdwards tlie congregation meeting. Monday, 14. Abraham, Avith otlicrs, took the canoea they have made to Detroit, to got food in return for them. Others went to the settlemeut to earn something by their 13 IW"!' ■ \ it -. i ( i 194 ZKisnKiuani s in \uv. lii laliDi' nmoni; tlu' white [u-oplt* and Fi-i'iu'li. Tlio sisters luako baskets aiul l)ri>oii>s [o take tlien-, aiul tliiis our brethren haw io strive to i^et aloni;-. I'hiM'e is uo huntiui:^ this year antl no uu'at to lie had, for deer ai'e few. W'eihiesihi y, lt>. ({ottK>h heM early serviee. The sis- ti'rs Went tor wiM eherries, of whiih there are many tliis year, on whieh in part tliey live. Satnrihiy, 11'. TluM-e was a had siorin, uhieh threw down MKiny trees, and did mueh ihiuiaii'e to t>ni' fields. Thei-i' are nsnally sneh stoiMus i'\ery sprinn-, hut this y<>ar it was u'reater tlian last. 'I'lu' insects, uiosiiuitiu's, jionkjis,' and lu>rse-tlies are very many more ami more tronhle>omo than they wei'e last Vi'ar, so that when the wind is still it is about impossible for man and lu'ast to livi'. Sunday, -('. Mdwards pri-aelu'd tVom the (Jos[)el about the ii'ri'at least, and l>avid held the (■oni;'rei;ation meeting from the Si'ript ure-verse. Monday, "Jl. Abraham and iiumy otiiers went to the settlement, ill part to get [U'ovisions and in pari to earn something by their labor in the tields, I'or here they have nothing to eat ; nothing eau hi' had this yi-ar by huutiui;', tor there are hardlv an\' deer and ii'ame; ,;iese porislied last winter. Those who remained at luune were ver\' busy about their eorn in the tii'lds. Thursilay, '2\. There eaiue some white peo|ile liere, one a l''reni'h tradi'i', who, however, eixdd tlispt)se (>f noliiing here. Al'tiU" tpiite dry weather, lasting some time, we got iv fine warm rain ; here usually after rain very et>ol weather follows. Saturday,-*!. Si)iiu' of our liulians came bai'k from lin^ Kottli'ineiit, whei'i' tor soiiu' days thi-y ha\e worked in the tiohls aud earned some piovision-i. They eould not th'seribe how Itatlly the inhahitants live and whr.t dreadliil famine is among the peo[>le, so that tlii'y live only by tishing and tVom weeds, while they work. This wi'ek we hilled our oorn, and tor tlu> most [lart wtM\> done with it. ' 111 ZcisluM'jitM'.s Dohwvare Siielliiig Uook, poiigiis nK'nii>! sniu' tlv, aiul ill liriuloii n " I'lio lAMiajti'," eti.'., j). -iO, piingii^iuk is roiiiiorinl gurtt.s. : i pr It ill OMNTOX lUVRU, 17S1. 105 'VUk' Chil>[u'\va^^, Tawas, rotawatoiuics, ami (owv otlior nations also, as \vi' hrai', \\i.->li to u'o to tlic .Vuu'i'ii'aiis, hold a t'oiiiuil with thciii, anil make tlu'ir rxc'iusos, sayitii;' that tlu'y havi' ln'oii rouipfllt'd to tako up tlu- hati'hot as^'aiiist thciii, hill I'Vi'ii thi'ii had not (K>ni> it iwct'itt that soiuo I'linniTs-ahout had i;'our into tin' war; siiu'i- thi'i;' fatlu-iM hail niadi' pt'ai'c with llu'Ui and had i;'ivi'n thtMu all the land lii'loni^iiii;' to tlu' nations, tlu'v wishrd now to seok tVii'ndshi[> with tlu' Anu-rirans. Sunday, "-'T. IU\ .luni,Mnann pi'i'ai'hfd front tlu> (Jospoi idiout till' lost slii'op, that tlu' Saviour came to hU'ss si;?- nors. Havid hrld the ronnuuniou ([uarti-i'diour, and an- rittuniH'd to the hri'thrm the Lord's ^^pp^'l• loi- noxt Satur- tlay. Monday, 2S. StMisomann lu'ld early scrvico. Tuesday, •_'!'. John ludd tho early stu'viee. 'iliursday, duly Land Tuesday, "J. IJi-s. Zei>heri;\'.- and .lun^inann ami their wi\ es spoke with the hrethren, whom we lound eontent, in spiti' ol all their outward -oed and want. Many eanie from t he si'ttU'imiit, where the\lia\'e l)oen workniij: tor I'ood with tlte I'reneh, who ha\'e them- selves vwy liitle. Saturday, '■>. 'I'wo l''renelimen eame from the settK'ment visitint!,', and with them a (Jermau, to see our town and neit^'hliorhoo(l ; they Went haek on the Ith. The\' could not wonder enou^'h at tin' fair pi'ospcct of our tields tor a j;-ood harvi'st, lor in the st'tthuuent there is a wvy had ont- look. They said that most people there had no hi'ead, anil lived from the weeds they cooked and eat. \\'t> heai-d from them that hetroit will he i;arrisoned hy l''rench tVoni Ki'ance. The communion hrethren had the holv com- munion of the hoily ami lilood of our Lord. A si.^tcl■, A. C'harity, partook ot it toi' the ti'.st time since she i^ here, after receiviiii;- ahsolulion. Siimlay, 4. Aftei- the conouunion liturii'v there wa^ a aenin)n hy Ileckewcldcr. havid conducted the v hildri'u'ii service, ami Junsi-nuinn the conn'reti^ation nu'ctin^-. -NLmday, f). All the Indian hrethriMi went away, some to the settlement, the others fi>r whoi-tlcl)t>rries, a da\'r< i'i:1 » u HI 1 H H IB 1 1 |i' 1'. Alii I Ml- I ! .; "'^"11 i-;^ 19G ZEISREUGEU S DIARY. l! jonnioy fmin hero, for iit lionio tlioy liave Tiothing to oat, ivnd oacli one must look about to find soiuething, Luke, who remained at liomo, expressed liiniself about the fam- ine in this way: "We have lu'ouglit tliis need upon our- selves, we are the cause of it; on the Muskingum we had enough to live on, and no want in any way, and yet we wore not content, but we sought and thought to find things yet hotter, but as c,oon as we came away from our towns, on the Muskingum, hunger began among us, an. I since then lias never ceased. AVhon I look at our teachers, they have nothing better than we; I sec how thin they are, and that tiiey go about here in such clothes as wo wore not wont to see thorn in. \Ve are to blame for tliis also; they fiulfor on our account. If I reflect farther I see what harm and that nothing good comes from our suffering hunger. In the first place comes thieving, to which hunger drives them ; in the second place, nuiny suffer harm in tlioir hearts if hunger forces thoni to the settlement or to the Fort, for they fall into all sorts of bad wavs and bring back home a defiled heart; thirdly, hunger is the cause of our town being deserted; this was not our way formerly, but we wore glad to be together as much as possil)le, and wc refreshed ourselves together in the meetings from God's word and the sweet Gospel. We wore formerly ac- customed to be summoned to the meetings by the church bell, instead of which, however, now the servant must either call the brethren together or ring a cow-bell. If one looks at our brethren, famine can be read in their faces, they look so thin iuid lean as hardly to be able to work or to do any thing. " When, however, I think that we have suffered hunger so lonix, and vet that none of us is dead from hun2;er, it seems wonderful to me, for I see that, in spite of all, the Saviour has always helped us to find something to relieve our ])ressing needs. Last summer the comnuindant gave us provisions until autumn, and last winter, when we had to look out for ourselves, God sent a deep snow, which lasted the whole winter, so that we struck the deer dead with the hatchet and lived upon them. As time went ou t S -ri CLINTON RIVER, 1784. 197 Ml; ' and we could no longer iind support in the l)U.sh, since the snow was gone, we got along very well with wild po- tatoes and hy selling the canoes we made, and now that we can no longer earn any thing in this way, the dear Sa- viour has already cared for us hoforehand hy letting tlie whortloherries grow ii^ such (quantities that we shall have enough to oat until our corn is ripe. Thus we have, al- though not too ahundanfly, yet always something to eat, 80 thiit we remain alive. I believe, too, that this want will not always last, hut that our dear Saviour will again give us cnou<>-h to eat: whoever then is steadfast and lets not himsi'lf he led awav fron\ the church in the hope of Itetter- ing his condition, he will in the end he glad, can thank and praise the Saviour." Sundav, 11. The white brethren road something from the Idea Fidei * togetlior, for none of the brethren wore at homo. Thursdav, 15. Samuel came back from the settlement. Ilis wife was brought to bed there with a daughter, but this child died after living one day, and was burioil there on the Frenchman's land. lie had been working there to earn his food. Sunday, 18. In the forenoon we again read together, and in the afternoon, since the lirethren came here, there was a meeting and discourse from the Scripture-verso. Br. Schebosli, who came from Detroit, brought news that twenty boats from Albany were on their way here and had already got to Oswego, so that we hoite to get letters from the chui .h by the occasion ; further that there is great scarcity in Detroit, and nothing to be had for cash. AVith his own eyes he saw a S[ianisli dollar oH:brod a baker for a pound of bread and refused. A hundred weight of iiour costs £7, Vos., and is not to be had. We were so fortunate as to have a Detroit merchant in the spring lend ns money to buy tlour with, when we could still get it cheap, namely, tt). {X^i, perhaps.) Monday, 19. Our Indians again separated, some going 1 ' I * " Idea Fitlei Fratrum, or Sliort Exposition of Cliristian Doeiriiie." ii' ; II i . ) i I 108 ZEISBKROER S I»rARY. to the settlement, others for wliortlebcrvics, Jiiiu thus our town was ag'ain oiiipt}', and we white brethren were left ulniost alone at home. Saturday, 24. Some were ae^ain here, and we had, Sunday, i2o, serviees. Day before yesterday and to-day wo hud rains ag-ain, after quite dry weather, so that all our crops look promising- and give us u good prospeet for aline harvest. . Monday, 26. More than a week ago Abraham's (hiugh- ter eamc here, who left her husband several years since, went away from the church and afterward, on the Mus- kingum, was sometimes with us and sometimes away; she now gives out that she would like to live in the church. Since now we had diiierent opinions about this, some having compassion with her and maintaining that mercy should be shown her, others opposing lier coining into the church, since she can cause harm, and we should oidy take trouble \\[Hm ourselves if we again admitted her, we took the Saviour's advice as to what should bo done, and he was not in favor of her con>ing into tlio church at present. She was therefore advised to go else- where, ami this she did. Tuesday, 27. Abraham, Schehosh n'ith his whole fam- ily, and others, went to the settlement to support them- selves by reaping in the harvest and gathering ears; thus our town was left cxcejit Ijy Luke and his niother who remained at home. This makes the wolves, which have already destroyed many cattle, as bold as if they knew that no Indian.s are at home, so tiiat at night they come into town for our cattle, on which account we have to shut them uj^. Saturday, •>!. Some ^^onsey Indians arrived, who had come from Niagara to Detroit, and did not themselves know where to go. They went through here on their way to the whortleberries for they had nothing to eat. Sunday, Aug. 1. As vo Indian brethren were at home we ha.d service for ourselves, and read togetlier out of In- structions in Spiritual Doctrine, Idea Fidei. Monday, 2. Gabriel came here visiting from the Shaw- mm ' CLINTON RIVER, 1784. 199 anese towns wliere most of our IiuVumrt live togotlicr. IIo siiid that many wanted to be here and talked at times about it, but could not make up their minds; they always hoi)od that perhaps brothers would come to them. Some Delaware chiefs, Twii^htwees and others, had counselled about this where the believing Indians with their teach- ers should live [for they are not pleased that we live here], had also made propositions, but as yet had come to no .determiiuition. AVe stay here and await until a door be opened, for till now all is closed. We liave been driven away by them, thus they must call us back again, lie related that last autumn all the corn in that country was frozen in the milk, that, on this account, everywhere among the Indians there is ffreat hunger, and that the snow there last winter was as deep as here. Fridav, 0. Edwards and Sensemann went to Detroit, returning, Sunday, 8. Br. David preached, and likewise held the communion (piarter-hour, ai\d announced to the brethren the Lord's supper for the 13th of this month, dunginann held the congregation meeting. The brethren all got back home yesterday from the settlement, where they have been at work harvesting, and had earned something to eat. Friday, 13. Early this morning Sister llcckewelder gave birth to a daughter, which, in the afternoon, was baptized into the death of Jesus, witli the name Anna Salome. After addressing the communion brethren the day before, we enjoyed his body and blood in the holy sairamont. To them was related Hrst the history of this day, what the Saviour had done in his church lirty-seven years before,' had grounded it upon his tlesli and blood, which grace had since come upon the heathen ami upon us, so that we now also, by this grace, belonged to hi.s cdiurch, which the gates of hell could not overcome. Sunday, 15. Br. Edwards preached. In the evening ' Parlicular visitjition of grace, in the con.L'regation of Ilennliut, at the holy cominuiiion in the church at Berlhelsdorf, 1727. i\\ ■i , 3. tlie Fort, we lieard that ten Delaware Indians had been killed over the Ohio in Kentucky, probably because they had done damage or^ wished to do it; that therefore all traders had taken flight from the Shawanese towns to Detroit, and had to leave every thing l)ehind to save their lives, for the Indians wanted to kill all the traders. Thus there is yet no peace among the Indians. Sunday, '22. David preached from the Gospel : Jesus beheld the city, and wc]>t over it. On account of hard thunder and rainy weather there was no congregation meeting. Thursday, 2G. Matthew, Cornelius' son, came with a couple of Indians, one Gottlieb, on a visit from Gige- yunk (now Ft. AVayne). We heard from them thus much about our Indians, that the greater part of them lived by themselves in a place which Mark liad chosen for them; that an Indian, M!"-ktschilitis by name, from those of Goschachgiink, was with them, who was like a chief, whom they gave heed to, who had promised to tnake it right with the Twightwees about their dwelling there, and to get permission for them to have a brother with them. It' this was arranged, he wished to call the brothers there as their teachers, that is, at least two hundred, if not three hun- dred, miles westward from here. Friday, 27. To Abraham, who came back from the whortleberry place, Chippewas came where he was en- camped, who said that their chiefs, the commandant, and Mr. Bawbee had agreed in Detroit, and arranged that the believing Indians, with their teachers, should live here. Mr. Bawbee, to whom the land belongs, said to them we should live on his land as long as we wished, and if peace should come again, and we wished to move elsewhere, ^^wp CLINTON RIVER, 17S4. 201 wc could do as wc pleased. These Indiana said tlioy were not so ignorant about us. that they knew that tlioir grandfather [thus thoy called the Delawarcs], the Reliev- ing Indians, were good people who had done much good to the Indians. Sunday, 29. llcckeweldor preached from the Gospel al)out the Pharisees and tax-gatherers. Senseniann con- ducted the chiklrcn's service. Chippewas came in, asking for something to eat on their way; this we gladly gave tliem, for now we have our own bread, but until now wc have been in no condition to do this. Friday, Sept. 8. AVe recalled to-day our captivity of two years ago, with thankful hearts to our dear Lord who has rescued us from so much danger and need, and has sent us deliverance, so that now we live again in peace and quiet, and can edify ourselves. We remeuiborod also our flock, scattered in the Indian land, and wished the Sa- viour uiight again assemble and bring here his elect, of which we are still always of good hope, Saturday, 4. A party of Frenchmen came here from De- troit, by way of the river, for a visit, who have never been here. Tliev examined vorv carefullv our town, and every- thing, and took notice of all. They said they had not, thought of seeing liere such a town and settlement; wo had done so uiuch work in so short a time, and such good work, such work as the French never do. Tiicy soon in- quired whether there would be preaching to-morrow, which they, Sunday, 5, attended, and then turned homewards, Br, David preached, and Jungnumu held the congregation iiieeting. Tuesday, 7. The married brethren celebrated their fes- tival with grace and blessing. At morning jirayer F>r. Jungnuinn prayed for us the close nearness and presence of our dear Lord and his blessing out of his bloody ful- ness for this day. Thereupon was the discourse from the Scripture-verse: I will guide thee with mine eye. In the afternoon was a love-feast for all the inhabitants. Br. Heckewelder ended the day with a sliort discourse and the \\ I ! ■ mtjjuJiuLiin.ij iUrn^ 202 ZEISIiKROER S DIARY. New Tostiiinent l)Ics.siii;e tor this ^overnniont two island.: in the West Indies. Snnday, '2C>. Br. Djuid preached, after the eonnnunion litnriiy had been read hy Ileckeuelder. Jnn!j;inann lield the eon<'re<;ation nieetiiiff. iMondav, 27. JJotli we and tlie Indian brethren Inivo Leon bnsy harvesting our iields, kejit it iqi the snccessivo days of the week, and were done with it. What a dill'cr- enec we fonnd between last year and this, not only in re- gard to onr fields, bnt also in the weather, i'or we luive thns iar had tine, warm, dry weatlier. V\o have a very rich harvest, and every tliinif has ripened and thriven to the best advanta^ii^e, as well as on the Mnskingiini, more and more. How glad and thankfnl we arc that onr Indian brethren liave once more enongli to eat, and that the fam- ine is ended, through wliich they often became listless, and thought it would alway.s be so licre, and not otiierwise. Friday, Oct. 1. Our neighbor. Tucker, came from the mouth of tlie river, visiting. W^e wei'c done with our corn harvest. A deer was brought to town t()-(hiv, a thing rare this year, for they became very few from severe weather last winter, so that tlielinnters seldom see them. Raccion- taking is now their best Ininting, of wliich there are m. ny. Sunday, 3. Edwards preached. It rained all day. Two Frenchmen came here, Mitchel's son for a visit. Satui'day, {•• Since ve had news from Detroit that a certain gentleman, ^fajor Smallmann, was going to J'itts- burg by way of Sandusky, we wrote to Bethlehem. The Indian brethren were verv busv buildinsj, and are almost done with it. The Chippewa chief went through here. Adam, who examined his musket, had bad luck with it, for it went oft' in his hand, and he was hurt a little. Sunday, 10. Ileckewelder preached, after this Br. David, with Jungmann and Sensemann, set out for De- troit over land, arrivii.g tliere the 11th. First on the 12th he visited the Lord (ieo. Hay,' sjioke with him, and told him the agreement he had made with Col. de i'eyster, and * De Veyster's successor at Detroit. > .1 ij I • fi i 204 zeisukkoer •< diary. [I asked liim about our liviuii^ hvn\ and eonnduiiuMl to liiivi of our situation, tluil it looked as if wo should not bo Iwjro long^, since wo lived on land helougini]^ to Mr. Bawlioo; in tlie two years we had been livinif there, we had dono mueh work, elearinir land ami hnildini; many houses ; if now wo should he driven away fi'oni there, as he haselves. Satnrday, 2-'5. Ignatius' motlier, in wboso beart tbc work of tbe Holy Spirit bas ah-eady been, seen, expressed ber longing for the batli of lioly baptism. Sunday, 24. Br..)ungmann preaclied about tbe marriage garment, Clirist's blood, and rigbtcousness, wbicb we get by grace, and without wbicb no man can stand before Go(i. Monday, 25. The Indian bretbren went again to tbeir work in tbe busli ; different sisters into tbe settlement to sell baskets and brooms. Saturday, 20. Tbe abovc-m(Mitioned Sbawano intends to pass tbe winter bere witb bis family, on wliicb account be wanted to make a but near by, but after consulting witb tbe conference bretbren we did not lind it well to give tbem permission, since tbe Chippewas migbt on tbis account be discontented witb us if we let strange Indians, witb whom tbey do not stand well in friendship, settle on tbeir land. Sunday, 81. Edwards preacbcd. David conducted tbe cbildren's service. We bad a conference witb the assist- ants. Ileckcwelder held tbe congregation meeting. Monday, Nov. 1. Tbe Indians brougbt to-day and to- morrow (sic) tbe canoes tbey liave made, nine in number, into tbe water, and took tbem to tbe fort to sell. Wednesday, 3. Br. Heckewelder went to Detroit on business. Sunday, 7. Br. David preacbed and held tbe congre- 11 .n ! I !■: ■ ill \b I) ' ii li ' v\\ T 200 ZKrsillOIUlKIl rt DIARY. ^':itii)ii intH'tiiii;' in riidiaii, t'oi- no iiitcrprt'tcr WiH [H'l'sciit, ami indeed (»iily flii'i'c iH'etlircii niid ii tew sisteiN were at lioiiU'. Ill reiTiir*! to cliiiiate, we luive tliiH fai' iis tiiio, wai'iu woatlier as a man coiiM ('X|)ec;t, and lately tliinider willi rain. Monday, 8. Mr. Ilocdcewelder canu' liaek tVoin l)eti'oit. IIo liapti/ed there Hasle'.s child, on thu Otli. Tuesday, !•. Since it had several times come to our ears, and now Wv. lleckewcdder had heard iiiiich ahont it from the morcliants about the streets in Detroit, that the (Miipinnvas had o.\[>r('sse(l their discontent at our Indians dwcilini'- here, saviiiii* that thev -'id them threat harm and dama,n'o in their hunting, and this w;«nt so far that they said wc would not i(o away until they had killeil a coiiplo of us, which would bo tliu occasion for their ifettiuir us out of their land. Since now Ur. Ifeckowelder who called U[>on the Govi'rnor, and, among other things, had told him at a proper time that wo thought of building a regular meeting-house this autumn, li;id this answer from him that we should lot this alone, and es[)ecially build iiotl ing further, since ii) conclusion wa.s yet roaclu'd either about the land or .he government. The (Jovernor sent liim this message by a colonel. 'J'his gave us occasion for considering together what we should do and whether wo should undertake any thing in this matter on our side, so that, by waiting longer, we might not come to straits nor waste our time. Thus we begged the Saviour to advise iis, and we asked bim. He gave us for answer that he wished to bo asked something al)out our conduct and outcome with onrTndians. Alter further consideration we made two lots. The first the Saviour approved, that we should consider and resolve to go back over the lake with our Indians. The second the Saviour did not api)rove. Wc added yet a blank thereto, and drew tlie first. We considered further, in case we wont back over the lake, where we should turn, and we asked him about tliis too. IIo pointed out to us the country on the Wallionding to settle in. We thanked bim from our hearts for his gracious advice and direction ; they were also after our own hearts, although any thing i f'MNTON' nivnn, 17^4. 207 liko tliifl lind not boforo occnn-od to ih. l)Ut wc WiM't- alto- p'tlior liero. Wo hoc how. liowovor, tliiit that is Itost for ns, for if wo inovo on tliin s'ulo tlio lake to aiiotlier plaoo, the ('liipiKwaH would not ho satistiod, ami our Indians wonid still l)o in tlioir way, and sinoo tlioy wont luivo ns horo, it is host tinit wo jifo olsowlioro. Iinistnnoli as wo luwo tlio winter l)ol'ort> ns, wo have tinio to arran,<;o mat- ters for dcitartinij in tlio spring, us soon ns tlio woatlior and tlio ioo in tlio lake itorinit. Friday, 1-'. Wo sjioko with tho hrctliron. Wo sent lotti'ra to I'.otlilohoni hy Mr. Wilson, who is ,i,'oin_i; l)ack to l*ittsl)nri:^. Saturday, li). We did homage to onr Kldor, ami doomed onrsolves happy in being under his rnlo, and tlnding our- selves so blessed. Wo prayed to him and thanked him lor his being among us, for his earo and troul)le with us, askoethlehem must he on tho way here this side of Alhany, which could not get through this slimmer, becanso the passage to the States was not then open ; it will l>o a vronder if these things and letters he not lost. - 24; or thereabout we wrote to Bethleliem. Saturdav, -1. Bv Br. Edwards, who, with Al)raham and others besides, went to Detroit, Br. ])avid wrote to the honorable Liovernor, telling him that since we and our In- dians heard time and again that the Chippewas were dis- contented at our living licre, and indeed had threatened to kill some of our Indians, we intended to leave their h'nd as soon as possible; he would be so good as to make known to them that next spring we intended to move back again over the lake. Our hunters all came home, their whole lu'.nt being two deer, a bear, and several raccoons; most of them, however, had no sight of a deer all the days they were gone. Sunday, 28. Br. lleckeweldcr preached and told the brethren we were now entering Advent time, when we es- pecially brought to our minds that the Saviour of all men was born into tho world. Tuesday, 80. We ended the month with praise and thanks to the Lord that he had so graciously hel}»ed ns through the summer and aut'Mnn during the great famin:;, and that he had now so richly blessed us in this, that although our Indians could gain little ijy hunting, they had not only enough to live on, but aiso something to sell, so as to pro- vide themselves with clothing for the winter. Friday, Dec. 3. Br. Edwards returned with the Indians from Huron Point on the lake, where they met so hard a storm that their canoes were tilled, and for the moment I 1 'Probably an sigeiit of tho Moravian mission at Hope; peihaps sou of the Rev. .lolm Brucker, a missionary in New Jersey, wlio died 1765. 1 \ r CLINTON RIVER, 1784. £09 sunk, uud much of tlicir hiding' was lost. Thoy liad to remain quiet twenty-four liours, durini,^ the cohl in ono phice wliero they hastily landed till the storm sliould be over, where no wood was to be had, for they were sur- rounded with water. Saturday, 4. The Indians drove cattle to Detroit for the merchants. Sunday, 5. Br. David preached. Edwards went to De- troit. In the afternoon the married sister, Anna Sophia, daughter of Samuel Xanticoke, sick with consnmi>tion from which she suffered two months, suddenly died from bursting a blood-vessel. Her remains were buried on the 8th. She was baptized in Lichtenau by David, Jan. 1, '78, already a well-grown girl; from that time she was al- ways a quiet, orderly maiden, who loved the Saviour and had a tender heart, and often bewailed with tears her wickedness and sinf'ilnoss, and then she was directed to the Saviour. January i'uth, of this year, she was married to the single man, Andrew, but for two months it could be seen that she had consumption, which nuide rapid progress, so that we could perceive she was nearing her end. In her sickness, when she could no longer get up, she was quite resigned and gave herself to the will of the Saviour, and showed her wiHingness to go to him. Yesterday, as also on the 5th, she burst a blood-vessel and departed very quietly and suddenly with the blc>. ,iig of the church. Tuesday, 7. Br. Edwards came back from Detroit, where he had gone by land. Br. David had written by him to the Governor, telling him that for many reasons we intended in the spring to leave this place and to move back again over the lake ; that he would be so good as to tell this to the Chippewa chiefs, that they might have no uneasiness on our account, lie had nothing against this, but said that before that time we should hear more from him. Sunday, 12. Bi. Jungmann preached ; in the afternoon all our brethren were informed that in the spring we in- tended to move back again over the lake, wherefor tiiey 14 ^ . n\ 1 ', ; I w I 'i H i » lir'^ Ik j~ t h ■ ! ''■ i::. mi ill i 210 ZEISBEROER S DIARY. should prepare tlivougli the winter, that we might go away as soon as the l:i vC was open, which most found to their liking, and there was real joy. Tuesday, 14. After the Indian bretliren had yesterday taken advice togetlier, and divided themselves for the work, they went to-day in live parties to make canoes for the journey, of wliich they aim to make fifteen, and to have them all done before they take up any other work. They came, Saturday, 18, hack home, and had already several done. Sunday, 19. Br. lleckewelder preached about the joy of believers in the Lord and Saviour, who for our sake put on our poor llesh and blood. To the communicants in their service the Lord's supper was announced for Christmas. Br. David held the congregation meeting, and made to the children an address of exhortation. Monday, 20. The brethren went again to their canoe work, and came, Wednesday, 22, home again for the address given the next day, and the Saviour gave grace that many a one among the brethren was aroused and brought into the right path. Friday, 24. We began Christmas with a love-feast, re- joiced in God, our Saviour, who is also the heathen's Sa- viour, and thanked him for his incarnation, birth, })assion, and dcuth, and adored him in his manger. At the end candles were given" the children, wherewith they joyfully went homo. [We thanked him that he had made this known and revealed it for our salvation, for else we were blind as are other heathen.] Saturday, 25. Br. David preached. In the afternoon, during service, Br. Sensemann baptized the little daughter of Br. Thonuis and his wife Sabina, born on the 23d Inst., with the name Judith, into the death of Jesus. In the evening the communion brethrv,M enjoyed his body and blood in the holy sacr.iment in a blessed way. Sunday, 2G. Br. David preached from the Epistle : For the grace of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men, and in the afternoon exhorted the children to CLINTON RIVER, 1784. 211 praise and gratitiulo for tlie little Jesus in liis manger, that he bad clud himself witli our poor flesh and l)lood, and was born man ; this they did, and sang to liim praise and thanks in bis little manger. Br. Heckcwelder lield the congregation meeting. Monday, 27. To-day and the following days the breth- ren kept up their work, coming home at night, and en- couraging one another, when they came together, to praise and thank the Lord. Jungmann, who wished to go to Detroit by land, had to turn back again on account of ice, marsh, and water, for there was no getting through until it was frozen harder. Tuesday, 31. Our second horse died, so that thus, in a few days, one after the other, our two best horses are gone. Tlie reason of this is the rush-grass, of which tlicrc is much hero, on which cattle live in winter and grow fat, but it is no uncommon thing that they die from it, if they cannot be kept away from it. Towards midnight we as- sembled for the end of the year, and brought him our filial thanks for all the kindnesses shown us this year, and for all the good he had done us body and soul. It stands especially fresh in our rememl)rance that our dear heavenly Father has so graciously and wonderfully brought us through the famine which hist summer fell upon us and all this land ; that our Indian brethren, in the spring, sup- ported themselves, partly by labor, partly by wild potatoes for a while, and when time went on, and they could earn nothing more, our heavenly Father sent them whortle- berries, wliich grew in sucli abundance, a (hiy's journey from here, tliat they had their fill of them, and could live on them till their corn was rii)e ; this was, indeed, no nour- ishing food, hut yet they could live on tliem. Now it is usual for sickness to follow famine, as we have often ob- served among the Indians, and so we consider this the greatest kindness, that the Saviour has lent us health, and of sickness we imve seen no sign. As regards us white brethren, we had to feel it too, but the Saviour aroused a merchant in Detroit, who in the sfiring lent us money so that we could buy much floor against the want in the Hi" ^'(1! iil t --l' m ■'!: 212 ZEISBERGER .S DIAUY. Slimmer, so that wc just got along until our corn was ripe ; if wc had not got tlic loan thou, we should have been witiiout resource, for soon after nothing was to he had for cash. The dear heavenly Father afterwards, in autumn, gave us a blessed harvest, so that we and our Indians have again enough to eat, which Ave thankfully acknowledge and praise him for with joyful hearts and mouths. That our hearts could daily feed and he refreshed on God'8 word, we recoijnize as a great kindness and mercv from him, for still so many, belonging to us, are robbed of this, and must perish. We therelore beseech our dear Lord to give us yet more in the future, and lend to those who are absent the grace to come again to the flock, and that to them again his divine word may shine a clear light. We thanked him al.so for the quiet and peace which for more than two years we luive enjoyed ; with all our hearts we were altogether here, it had also never occurred to us that we should again so soon take into our hands the pil- grim-statf, but since the Saviour had given us advice to go back over the lake with our little band of Indians, it is also after our own liearts, for when we consider the journey lying before us, we see many difficulties which are coupled with danger in getting over the lake. We do not doubt, however, that he will move with us, go before us, and prepare the way, that his advice and wish will l)e carried out for the praise and glory of his name. In conclusion, we asked his forgiveness of our faults and transgressions, which we confessed to him ; he comforted us, and let his peace rest ui)ou us, with which we entered upon the new year. We have had the holy communion nine times this year, whereto one came for the tirst time. One woman has been baptized who came to us this year. Eight children have been born, four boys and four girls. Three couples have been married. Two adults have died. ■ CLINTON RIVER, 17H5. 213 CHAPTER V. 1785. Nkw Gnadenhuttkn, on thk Clinton, ^Michigan. Saturday, January 1. Ileckewclder preached; after- wards all ba[)tized brethren had a service. We gave our- selves up to him anew to be entirely his own, renewed our covenant which we had made with him in holy baptism, aud begged his mercy, that through nothing, be it life or death, might we be separated from him and his peoi)le, and vowed to him fidelity and obedience. Since we had received ao Scripture-verses and texts for this year, we took for use those of 1782, and lir. Jungmann lield the congregation meeting from the first Scripture-verse of this year : And it shall come to pass that before they call I will answer, and whilst they are yet speaking I will hear. Com- plete thy work and crown thy grace — That I may faithful prove. And the text read: Jesus Christ, the same yester- day, to-day, and forever. In this we ever rejoice. Xame and deed are one. lie is called and is also Jesus, which we had already considered in the service for the baptized. Sunday, 2. l>r. Pa-id preached; Br. Edwards held the congregation meeting. Wednesday, 5. For some days now wo have had severe winter weather and cold. The snow is over a foot deep ; the creek has been frozen for two weeks, so that sledges can be used on it with safety. Thursday, G. On this day, Epiphany, the Saviour of the •heathen made himself especially known to his little fiock, which he has got together from the heathen, held last by the doctrine of his sufferings and his death, which lie has also guarded and protected from all temptations, and held for his glory through all the trials that have befallen it ; for i: n! !f' '■I - -i . '1 .Ll m ■ I ; i If '* - ! 214 ZEISDERQER S DIARY, this WO adore him and cannot thank him cnongli. ['Why then shonld we not cheerfully have patience with their weaknesses, since the Saviour has had so much psiticnce with them and shown them grace, and since we are eye- witnesses that they are an object of his mercy, and above all they are his, dearly bought with blood, the price of his woes, with whom he will sometime be adorned ?] In the morning prayer Br. Jungmann asked his bloody blessing for this day, and committed us and all heathen churches to his mercy. Then was the service for the bap- tized, in which still another discourse from the Scripture- verse: The Lord is exalted, for he dwclleth on high. He hath filled Zion with righteousness, and the text : Rejoice, ye Gentiles, with hi? people. Two, namely, Ignatius and Joseph, were absolved, kneeling before the church amid manv tears, wherebv a blessed feeling and the Saviour's nearness were noticed. In the afternoon at the love-feast the brethren were reminded that on this day all our churches thought of them before the Saviour, and sympa- thized in the grace he had shown them, that as he had es- pecially intrusted to his church to announce the Gos[»el to the heathen, they rejoiced and thanked him, >vhen they saw that the Saviour blessed their pains and work ; that they must look upon our church in Bethlehem and beyond the great waters as their mother, for from thera the word of God was come to themselves, therefore also we were glad to have fellowship one with another and liked to hear from one another, that the Saviour might have praise and thanks for what he had done to us and among us. In the concluding service, which Sensemann held in the evening^ we thanked him for the blessing ho had. let fall upon us this day from his bloody fulness, and ended with the bless- ing of the church. Saturday 8. They brought into town the canoe the brethren have made for our journey. Our third horse died, so now we have none. Sunda}^ 9. Br. Ileckewelder preached, and then the ■ This paragraph in brackets is struck out of the original. CLINTON HIVER, 1785. 215 boys had a service ; they were exhorted to take the boy Jesus for tlieir example, to beg from him above all, obedi- ent hearts, as lie was obedient and subject to his parents. At the end we recommended them and our youth to him in prayer, to his grace and protection. Br. Jungmann held the congregation meeting. Monday, 10. David held the early service. The breth- ren came together to consider and set about the work they have to do for our journey. Tuesdav, 11. Most went a2:ain about tlieir work of making canoes, which is indeed a hard task, but seems not 80 to them, for they want to gt) back over the lake. Wednesday, 12. Sensemann returned from the Fort, bringing news that the brethren had got 10,000 acres of land' from Congress, which was brought by a go'itleman from I'ittsburg. We heard that the wolves become very bold, go in packs, and destroy many. In this neigh- borhood, on Wolf creek, they eat up a Chippewa Ii:dian and his wife, and followed several others, who could barely save themselves; this happens because there is almost no game for their support; thus it is unsafe for a man to go alone into the bush. Saturday, 15. The brethren came home from canoe- making ; they have ten ready, ; nd five yet to make. Sunday, 16. David preached, Edwards held the congre- gation meeting. A Cliippewa family came here, and re- mained over night; they were well roceived and enter- tained, and presented also with some corn. The Indian brethren spoke much with the man, saying to him, among other things, that next spring we were going away from here ; we had often heard they were discontented at our 'May 20, 1785, Congress ordered that "the said towns (on the Mus- kingum) and so much of tlie adjoining towns as in the judgment of the geographer of the United States might be suflScient for them, be reserved for the sole use of the Christian Indians formerly settled there." Two years later Congress added 10,000 acres to this grant. The Moravians had petitioned Congress on this subject as early as 1783, and hence Zeisberger's statement of the rumor. See Taylor's Hist, of Ohio, p. 396. i I i [ ; (pi 216 zEisnEuor.R s diary. P (. : til liviiii!^ oil tlicir laiul, tliorefore Ave now wished to let tliem know we were cooing iiwtiy. He answered : Yes, it was indeed true tliat one of tli-ir chiefs, avIio lived on tlie east side of Lake St. Clair, where ho hud land and his town, liad been dissatisfied, and liad made the young people ill- disposed towards us, hut tliat they luid killed him. Thus it goes among the Indians — some are for and others against a thing. Monday, 17. A Frenelmian came here in a sledge, with all sorts of things to trade. The wolves followed Kenatus, who had gone down to the lake, u[K)n the ice. Inasmuch as ho had on skates, he waited a little to see whether they were really aiming at him, and when they got reasonably near, he hurried away. Saturday, 22. Mr. Dolson came with his wife and four others, among whom was a captain from the nav", from Detroit. They left tlieir sleighs at the mouth of the river, because the ice was not trustworthy, and came ncrc by land. On the 23d, they were very attentive during the sermon, and afterwards, anu)ng themselves, spoke much of what they had heard, for the discourse was in English. A ship's captain felt himself touched, and went about afterwards thoughtfully, and said the minister in his ser- mon liad to do with him alone; that the whole sermon was aimed at him; that iie had shown him clearly and plainly how things stood with him, and had spoken the truth. To-day they visited us in our houses, ;ind the first liad the desire, since-we were going away, to hold a farm here and give us something for our improvements, if it could be done. They went away on the 24th. On that same day came Mr. Wilson, with a German named Charles Turner, and a Frenchman. The German is a schoolmaster in Detroit,''was a prisoner in Bethlehem, from Burgoyne's army, a private soldier. The first earnestly asked us and persisted that we should marry him, and since both he and those with him gave sufficient grounds and moving reasons, against which we had nothing to urge, the mar- riage took jilace on the 25th, to the content and satisfac- tion of all present. They returned home on the 20th. CLINTON Ki\i;i:, MHli. 217 Thursday, '27tli. Freiu'linioii camo with three sledges, VM'iiiii^lng ajtplos to excliange for corn, and in tliiswayis the corn got aAvay from our Indians, so tlnit in the end they will have to sutler for tlicir inipriulence, and then when they have no k>nger any thing to eat, they will over- run us, and we must give them hread. Saturday, 2U. The brethren finished the canoeH for the journey, seventeen in number. Sunday, 30. Br. lEeckcwelder preached, David held the communion ((uarter-hour, Sensemann the congregation meeting. From all we learn from Detroit we see that both the Justice and several of the most prominent men, English and French, stand in tlie background, but are the real instigators of the Chippewas, and use them as tools to get II.-', awav from here in order to make themselves masters of our settlement, and they have tiiemselvcs fallen into strife about the land we live on, and each one wishes to bo the owner of it. Monday, 81. From Detroit, a sister visited us from Xew York, Cornwall by name, who left New York in October and got to Detroit in X(n'oml)er, where her husl)and is in the king's service in the navy here. From her we lirst learned that our dear brother, .John (de Watteville), and his compar.y, came prosperously to l'hiladel[»hia last summer. She went back the 2d, taking lea\'e of us with tears, and wished she could stay with us. Tuesday, Feb. 1. Mr. Dolson, bis brother, and some others came here from Detroit, ami carried away corn, since we were in debt to them. Tliey, aiul also Mrs. Corn- wall, went back on the 2d. Saturday, o. We had the holy communion, accom- panied by the blessed Saviour's neu.' presence. Sunday, G. Edwards })reached after the communion liturgy, read !)}■ David, wherein the im[)ortanceof tlie Lord's supper was dwelt u[)on, and the brethren were admonished not to regard it superficially, nor as a common thing, nor through unworthy matters to deprive themselves of the communion, whereby they would become dry and dead iu heart. In the afternoon in the service Br. David bap- ' , i •I 218 zEisni;u(iKu s dfauy. ti/otl tlio littlo (lau<;htor of liciiatus iiiid A. Rcijina, born yerttc'i'diiy, witli tho iiiiinc Anna .Iiirttina. Br. .rungmanii lic'ld the conifro^^atioii mcotini,'. Monday, 7. Ilcikoweldi'r and iScliebosh went to De- troit, the Indian brothrcn partly hnnting, partly making canoos. Wednosdav, P. Mr. Tncdccr came hero with liis fani- ily, lio asked for the baptism of his chihl, whom Br. David ba]»ti/ed. Ileckcwclder came from the fort. Snnday,i;i. David iireaehed. dnngmann held tho con- gregation meetin<;. Monday, 14. Justice Natlian AVilliams ' and othcra came from Detroit to see our place. The first spoke with us apart about our moving away, and said that it was a i)ity that we who had done so mucli work hero should now go away and turn our backs upon all our la- bor, and ho offered, if we would remain, to take upon liimself to arrange matters with the Chippewas, and to satisfy tlicm so that tiiey should not molest as. We an- swered him it was too late, we were nov,' ready and de- termined to go. Tuesday, 15. Mr. C^ajit. Nfelvee came with a large suite, wlio bought cattle, hogs, hay, corn, and all sorts of tilings from us. Capt. McKee was particularl}' friendly to us ; he approved our departure over the lake, saying that he saw very well that our Indians could do nothing here, they had no hunting, and though they were quite able to sup- l)ort themselves by working, yet they were cheated out of their own by Detroit merchants, this he had himself often observed : he wished also, he said, by a good oppor- tunity, to send a message to the Indians over the lake, to announce our return, and at the same time to advise them to give us a good reception — not in tho least to molest us [for he may well have been conscious that he formerly has blackened us among the Indians]. lie wished at the same time to clear himself of having had any hand in our being taken captive, as he plainly gave 'A justice of the peace, by trade a carpenter. ■ CIJ.NTON RIVER, 1785. 219 us to inir. .riinirmann and his wife undertook at the same time to take with them to Bethlehem little Polly Jleekewelder.' Friday, 4. Mr. Dolsoii viwno from Detroit, from whom wc heard that C'apt. I'ii)e, who iiad much to do with our captivity in (Jnadenhiitten, on the Mnskini,nim, and haecially [(rominent, had been killed in IMttsbnrg.- If this shoidd prove true, it would cause un- easiness among the Indians, particularly among the Wolf tribe of the Delawures, whose head man he was, although the other tri'.'es were not i)leased with his conduct in this war, and esj)ecially with regard to otir captivity, and not at all satisfied with him. Suiulay, 0. David preached and .lungmann held the con- gregation meeting. Most of the brethren had come homo from imdcing sugar or caiu)es, but the weather is yet too cold for making sugar, and this night a tine snow fell. Monday, 7. \h\ l*]dwards held early service, llecke- weldor returned from ])etroit, where he spoke both with the Governor and with Melvee. Both expressed them- selves in I'egai'd to our movin/. over the lake as follows: thev held it best, and therefore onlv wished to advise us to wait a little until autumn for the two following reasons : first, since the Americans and mitions were vet engaged togetlxu" in negotiations on the one part al)OUt their land and bad not yet come to terms, that also disputes and disagreements about lands had arisen among the nations themselves, and therefore it would not be the best thing for us to be mixed ui)_in them. lie, the Governor, and the colonels had strict orders from England to ])rotect our ' Joaniiii Miiria IlockeweUler, born April (), 17SI. She diod in I80S, over 87 yoavn old. I''or a time she was thought to be tlio first white child born within the limit of the present .State of Ohio. '' ifis death wiis not until 17'J4. CMNTON IlIVIMl, 17X5. 221 mlssinii in (>vcry possible way; tlioroforo tlicy wished to expose us to no (liiiii,^'!*, but to lulviso us to wait until au- tuinn, lor then every thins; wouhl l»e ai'i'anifed and in or- der. Secondly, it was not advisable tor us to iro this sprin,<:f, tor we should have to <'ritss the lake already in Api'il, and tlicn it was ha/ardnus and very doubtful whether W(! shoidd reach our destination at the ri^bt time and be abK> to plant. The luoiitli ol' A[iril was a very stormy month, and it would be daiiu'eroiis at that time to cross tlu( lake. 'I'hey advised us tor these reasons to plant ati^ain here, uiul to r. Jungmann preached, and lleckewelder, in the evening, lield the con- gregation meeting from the Scrii)ture-ver3e. Tuesday, 29. Tlie hrethren again got ready and went to their sugar-huts, but this year the s[iring is very had, nothing but snow-s(puills and rain, and as it seems, a hite spring. Our creek l)roke up and gave us higlier water than we have ever had. Saturday, April 2. Tlie creek was always rising, and the weather was very stoi'u; , but the lake is yet frozen, so that there is no j^etting to Detroit. Sunday, 8. Sens(;n(ann preached, IU\ David held the quarter-hour service lor the baptized from the te.\t of the day, and bi'ought t// mem^>ry this memorial day of those who have been baptized thiK year. Hero only one has thia year been baptized. At the end the brethren were told we should not move away fro-m here this spring, but wait 'Spangeuberg and de Watteville are here referred to. 22-4 ZEISBERGEU S DIARY M until autumn. Besides, we see no possibility of this, for now would l)e our tiiu" for doi)arturc, and tlio lake is j^et frozen, tlioiif^h other years it has already been open at this time. Tiu'ee years ago we came on the 20th of April to Detroit, and no lousier was ice to be seen. Monday, 4. Most of the brethren went to their sugar- iuits, but this year is bad for sugar, so that there will be little of it made, for we have always either rrvm or snow- s(|ualls, and very s(>ldom a line (hiy. Wednesday, 6. The Indian brethren brought tlie canoes they have nuule out <>f the busli into the water, and got them here. Jungmann held early service. Thursday, 7. lleckowelder held early service. It rained and snowed all day, 8i nda\', 10. David preached. In the afternoon the Induin brethren went to the lake to bring their canoes into the water, and the sisters to the sugar-huts, for the trees ran to-day. Monday, 11. At a Invo-feast we lal)orers had together, we eouijcratulated Br. David on his sixtv-lifth birthdav, and our hearts blessed him. Sunday, 17. lleckeu elder ])reached. ^londay, IH. Since the kike is now open, Hrs. .Jungmann, Sensemann, and lleckowelder went to Detroit — the first two to set their affairs there in order before their de[tart- ure for Bethlehem, and likewise to learn of some ship sailing. At the same time went most of the Indian breth- ren, and also many sisters, to sell the canoes which they have made this winter, and to pay their debts. We heard the next day, however, it was so stormy on the lake that no canoe could go, and they had to encamp at the mouth of the river. Thursday, 20. Last night and all day yesterday it snowed, and was tn^o very windy, and so it kept on to- day. It is a very late spring, still always cold, and every day stormy, so that we very well see that we should have been in no condition to get over the lake before planting- time. Sunday, 24. Br. David preached in Indian. In the mi H CLINTON RIVER, 1785. 225 afternoon Brs. Jungmann, Ileckewekler, pnd Sonsemann came back from Detroit, likewise also the Indian breth- ren. In a tew weeks there will be an opportunity to sail for Xiagara. Thursday, 26. After early service was the communion quarter-hour. This was announced to the brethren for next Saturday. Thursday, 28. We planted our bread-corn. Friday, 29. Both yesterday and to-day we spoke with the brethren, and the Saviour gave us the ijrace of findinsr more in them to rejoice in than to be sad over. Sat J.iy. 30. At the Lord's supper Zachary was for the first time a partaker, and Christina, Jacob's wife, was a candidate. Sunday, May 1, Br. TIeckewelder preached. In the afternoon all the baptized brethren were told that we found ourselves compelled to send away Joseph on ac- count of his bad conduct, for he is a blemish in the church, so that we feel ashamed of him before the world, since he brings us into ill repute and makes us a bad name. Monday, 2. Br. Edwards and several Indian brethren went otf to Detroit. Tuesdav, 3. lijnatius' brother (;ame visitinor. Thursday, 5. After reading the history of the Ascen- sion, we prayed to our dear Lord, asking for his unseen presence and daily and hourh^ walking with him. The sermon thereujion was preached by Br. David from the text of to-day : L©, T am with you alway even unto the end of the world. Friday, G. Br. Edward? came back from the Fort; uo ship had yet conu' from Fort Erie ((►pposite Buffalo), and every one conjectured that the ships that sailed had been prevented by ice from coming to land, for the ice there always breaks up later shaii in Detroit. From the In- dian land we learn thnt the >liawanese and Cherokees have not yet come ro pfMice. nor did the}' go to the treaty to which thoy were asktwi. SaturduT, 7. Yesteniay and to-day we planted our fields and s:ot done with them. ji 226 ZKISHKRUKK S DIAKY. Sniiday, 8. Sensemann preuclied, David held tho chil- dren's service, iiiid Edwards tlie couijregation meeting. After a long time, for during the winter we hardly saw a strange Indian, CMiippewas came here again, down the creek, on their way to Detroit, renniining liere over night. The brethren entertained them, gave them food, and spoke to them also words of the eternal life. Friday, 13. From Detroit we have news that a council with the Chippewas has been held, and that they have been told the Americans wonhl take possession of the place, at which tliey were very much alarmed, and, after the end of the council, prepared for war. What will fol- low upon this we have to wait for. Further we licard that the Sliawanese ujton the Miami had moved away and left their former towns, when they took council whether they would bt'gin war or receive peace, that therefore the De- troit merchants called in all their traders in tho Indian land. On the other liaud; our Imlians have been busy planting, they are all striving to make a good crop of corn that they may sell it in the autumn, therewith to provide theiucelveb with the means of lile across the lake, and in this we have encouraged them. Sunday, 15. In the lir-t service was to-day's festi- val announced, nf Ci®d, the Holy Ghost, and I3r. Ilecke- welder preached. In the second service two grown women were baptized, one liy Br. David, with the name Mary Magdalene, and one by Br. Jiungmann, with the name Helena, into the death ot Jesus. In the service for the baptized we adored God, the worthy Holy Ghost, and asked absolution for our maaifold faults and trajisgres- aions, thanked him for his care and tlie trouble he had taken for us, begged from him obedient liearts and fidelity, and that he would remain with us and would further show hinifH-'lf strong and mighty among us. [Thus tar to Bethleheiiuj Tuesday, 17, in the forenoon, tlie whole church had a lov( ;isr at the de[»arture of the brethren, Sensenumn and Jungiiiann, with their wives, who, with the two childi'en, Polly Ueckewelder and Christian David Sensemaun, set lu\V- CLINTON RIVER, 1785. 227 out for the church in Bethlehem. We hlcssod thorn with our liearts and committcfd them to tlie eye and c^uard of Israel to accomnanv them suceessfnllv to their destination. We lahorers hound ourselves hy the cup to love and iicarty rememhranee, since the Saviour had lu'lj)ed us through so much need, danger, and hardship, which makes our thinking one of another pleasant, and excites and en- courages us to praise and gratitude towards the Lord, '^riioreujmn these hrethren started for Detroit, accoiupa- nied by llv. Heckewelder and some Indian brethren, and the whole town stood on the shore, taking leave »)f them and seeing them depart. Saturday, 21. Heckewelder came hack from Detroit, whither he had aci'onipanicd the l)rethron. Xo ship had vet come from Fort Krie, although two, and the first one certainly a month before, had sailed hithei', and no one can conceive wiuit is tiie reason of their remaining out so long, yet it begins to he thought they have come to mis- fortune in a storm, but the Goveriior intended to send another in a few davs, if none comes \u, bv which the •hrethren will go. They got free ])assage in the cabin, and a merchant, our friend, will provide them with what is necessary, not only as long as they are in Detroit, but also on the ship. We heard at the same time from the Indian land, that among the natives all appears W(>11, and nothing is to he feared of a new Indian war; but that the land from Pittsburg to the Shawanese towns was all in the 'ands of the Americans. The Wyandots, before they went to the treaty in Pittsburg, had taken counsel to- gether, as they usually do if they go to a treaty, to delib- erate and prepare what they wish to say and to answer. Among other things, also, they had deliberated about the believing Indians, since they expected to be asked about them, why they had treated them so badly, and they had resolved that before they wore put to tpiestiou about this, they would come forward and openly testify that the Six Nations were upon the point of blotting out the Indian church of believers, and since they, the Wyandots, per- ceived this, they had themselves taken them away from Ml; ! i! p II ; II 228 ZEISBEllOER S DIAUY. their towns to save them from destrnction, but since now again there was peace, they wanted to put the l)elieving Indiana back again in their towns. The Americans, liow- ever, had given them no time to make this speech, but deckired they would take possession of all the land, and hereupon the Wyandots were cut short, and could say nothing about tlie matter. Saturday, 21. We were (piite done with planting. Our Indians have planted much more than they did last year, and have cleared much more land. Sunday, 22. In the forenoon the sermon was from the Epistle to tlie Romans, xl. 33: O tlie depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God, and about the Holy Trinity, that Father, Son, and Spirit have stood by and worked together to bring about the redemi)tion of tlie human race, wherewith God, the Holy Ghost, is yet ever busy, bringing it to the belief in Jesus Christ, and to convince it of its unbelief, lleckewelder lield the con- gregation meeting. Wednesday, 25. There came here a Chipi>ewa Indian, whose father is chief in this neighborhood, and both bad come back from the treaty in Pittsburg. He was here several days ago, and had promised the Indian brethren to return and tell them what was done at the treaty, but inasmuch as Tucker told him we did not concern ourselves with such matters, he said he had brought nothing with him. However, he told us a good deal, saying, among other tilings, that his father was away among the Chip- pewas, to take them the news, but had told him he should come to us and tell us something; when the Americans should be in Hetroit, they would consider where they could show us land to I've on, but this he spoke not plainly about; that a few days before he had had a letter from Pittsburg, in which he was told that in two months the Americans would be here. He was a very intelligent, fine-looking man, the like of whom we have not yet seen among the Chippewas. He said it was well we remained yet a day here, no peace was yet made with all nations; we should not listen to what some of their foolish people CLINTON RIVER, 1785. 229 said, but quietly pl.int hero. ITo wcut away on the 28th, and wo giivo him some corn for pljinting, of which he stooil in need. 27. The Indians hoed our corn. Sunday, 20. Edwards preached, David hold the chil- dren's service, and llockoweldcr the congregation mooting. Tuesday, 81. From the Fort we learn that Brs. Jung- mann and Sensomann, with their wives, sailed several days ago fi'(tm Detroit for Niagara. Sunday, Juno .5. I'r. David preached from the Gospel, about the groat feast. The Lord's supper was announced to the brethren for next Saturday. Ilockewolder hold the congregation meeting. With the assistant broMiors we hold a conforonco, and considered about sending two broth- ers over the lake to examine the noighl)orhood wlioro wo wished to go, but since we hoiird that the Americans wore taking possession of all the land between Pittsburg and tlie Shawanose towns, wo shall have to give up our plan of going to the Walhonding, and must perhaps remain on a creek flowing into the lake. We are somewhat perplexed about this ; the whole matter of our moving is yet dark, for wo do not rightly know whore and how wo shall be, and therefore we wish further news and information. Above all, may the Saviour make us a road thereto, open the way, and send us certainty in the matter, for lie gave us the direction thereto. Capt. ^[cKee, who in our behalf sent a mossasre to the nations and informed them of our return over the lake, said to us that they received it well, but that as yet he had no answer from them, and that this was no bad token. We, however, think otherwise. The natives will not indeed suffer the word of God to be preached in their land ; that shall cease, as they have already said ; therefore it will indeed be hard to get an answer. Monday, 6. Br. Edwards held early service. Tuesday, 7. David hold early service. He said, by oc- casion of the Scripture-verse, that we, with all our con- cerns, let them have what name they would, should go to the Saviour and talk them out with him, not alone what troubled our own hearts, but if things went not well in our ; : i 230 Zl<:iSDEUGEK S DIARY. t B> families, we should lay our liouse and family affairs before him, and commit them to him. Wednesday, 8. Heckeweldcr hold the early service. Tiie assistants spoke with Luke and his wife, between whom there was a difference. They were so fortunate as to make peace between them, for which they used more than three or four hours. Thjs h-.;rt of work we are ijlad to make over to the assistants, who take time for it to hear the brethren through, and this requires time, for if we labor- ers wished to do it, it would use up. all our time, and wo should not be in condition to contend with all. The as- sistants can also 8(»oner toll them the pure truth and bring them to acknowledgment, for if we toll them of their bad conduct and faults, they take it very loftily, and often can- not boar it. Thursday, 9, and Friday, 10. There Avas speaking with regard to the Lord's supper. We found the brethren in a blessed way, and saw with pleasure the work of the Holy Ghost in their hearts, and when something had occurred to disturb their love one to another, the Saviour had given grace that all in love was arranged and done away w;th There came a couple of women, A. Johanna and a single woman, Lea, from the head of the Miami, from whom we got news of our Indians there, that they had heard of our moving over the lake, and said we should come to them. We heard too that Helena and Benigna were gone from time. The first of these (Johaniui) is a bad person, and took away with her one of her children* John, and Lea remained here. We had, thereupon, Saturday, 11, the Lord's supper accompanied by his near presence ; of which one sister, the young Christina, par- took for the first time, and Anna Elizabeth, who was not indeed born in the church, but for the most part had grown up tlierein, saw it for the first time, though from weeping she could see little. After the Lord's supper many brethren came to our house, as is always usual at such times, greeted and kissed the two sisters, rejoiced and showed their thankfulness for the Saviour's grace. fl!" CLINTON UIVKR, 17H5. 231 Siiiidjiy, 12, The communion liturgfy was roud early. Br. Ilcckeweldor proached. P]dward8 held the congregation meeting. In the spring we had already held it needful to send some Indian brethren across the lake this summer to inform themselves iibont the water-ways and rivers, that we might know what river or creek wo should have to take when we had got over the lake, since none of our Indians was acquainted thereabout. This matter we had therefore repeatedly considered, for it was now time to ex- ecute it, and wc had also spoken with our assistants about it, but it always remained to us somewhat undetermined, and we were in uncertainty and still in the dark in regard to our moving over tiie lake. We have direction by lot to the Walhonding, but we hear that the States have either already taken possession, or are about to do so, of all the land upon that side except a small stretch along the lake. Now our thoughts were ever turning to the head of the Walhonding, but should what we hear be true, we must be in doubt whether it is advisable for us to think of settling there and whether then wo should not do better to remain on a creek that falls into the lake if wo found a suitable place, and thus regard the lot, that our Saviour only wished to ])oint out the course we had to steer. In order to come from our uncertainty to clear- ness, wo resolved to-day through the lot, with the appro- bation of the kSaviour, that IJr, Edwards, with throe In- dian brethren in our behalf, should go not only over the lake, but also to Pittsburg, to inform themselves there at the proper place of all circumstances, uikI in regard to our moving there to got information and advice. This direction of the Saviour was to us in our circumstancoi-j whereover for many days we had so much thought, prayed, and wept, a great consolation, and aroused our hearts to praise and thank the Saviour, our only friend and coun- sellor. The lot read : The Saviour favors that Br. Ed- wards with some Indiai^ brethren shall in our behalf make a journey to Pittsburg. Wednesday, 15. A Potawatoray Indian came here, who after the manner of the Indian chiefs, by a string of ! .1!' I'll' ' 'Mii ■ ^T I; 232 ZKISHKROER H DIARY. wampum, asked for tobacco and Homo powder, whicli wc giivo. liim. Wc lioard that the Dclawaros and other In- dians are fjoinpf in hir^-e nnmbcrrt u[i the Miami (Manmee), and wish to live there. The Dohiwaros and Shawaneso, who no lonifer have any hind, are now takiiiff counsel wliithcr thev shall <;o. Fri(hiy, 17. Hr. Kdwards and the Indian itretliren, Samuel, I'eter, and Jacob, stai'ted tor Pittsburg, for whioh purpose they Inid ma(K; a bark (.'an(>e to ijo over tlie lake in, and these are the best to go thron<;h the waves. Wo ln'ard on the 18th })y William, who came back from De- troit, tliat on that day they had u'one away from there and have now probably come as far as the mouth oftiie Miami. We received to-(hiy, before Hr. Kdwai'ds left, letters from Brs. JungMnann and Sensciinann that they on the :i!)lh, but in twice twenty-four hours, had eonie to Fort Erie and the same day to Fort Slosser.' Tliey met there Col. do I'ey- ster, who promised to help tlu' on further, and wished to send them on to ()sweliip that lay ready. Sunday, 19. Br. David i)i-eached and held the children's service in Indian, lleckewelder held the consrrei^ation meeting. Wednesday, 22. Several Indian brother.s went to the settlement to get provisions, for already they have again nothing more to eat. So has it been with them cvrvy year here. FiVon if they have planted corn enough, they would sell it during the winter for a trifle, already in tlie spring would have nothing, and in the summer must buy it again dearer, and sufi'er, as we have an e.xamph tliis year. Friday, 24. From Detroit, whence our Indians came back with some provisions, we learned that a man in De- troit had met Br. pAlwards, with the three Indians, in Miami bay, where they iiad fortumitcly arrived. Saturdav, 25. The Indians hilled our corn. '"Tho transport of poods by laiul to Fort Slaussor, two miles above the east side of the falls" (of Niagara). Heriot's Travels through the Canadas, (.'hap. VIII. liiiii ■if f ™ 11 CLINTON H(vi:i{, 17S.'». 2.*13 Sunday, lid. I Iti-ki wilder lucin-litil. I'nvid licld tlio coiiiji'i'ifiitioii iiifctiiiii'. J Hi'. Sclichosli, wlio caiiif back from Diitj'oit, Ifiii-nod tlu-ro that in ri'i^ard to poaco ainoncf tlic nations till' |iih to settle. Mow this jian<;s toycth^r, and what will follow hereupon, we must await. Fri(hty, .luly 1. This werk all the brethren wi're busy in till! lields, and are now for the most part done with liilling corn, wliich this your apfain furnishes u tine pi'os- pect for a good and ricli harvest. For a time wo liad very hot weather. The insects, moscpiitoes, ponkjis, and horse- flies are worse and more ti-oublrsome than they werowa, who often comes liere.that something bad was going on :imong the natii'iis; that a black belt had come to the C'hippewas from the Shawanese, Twightwees, Delawares, etc.. with a hattdiet concealed within ; that these same and the Chero- kecs had already murdered many white peojilc. One hears such stories hero without knowing their foun(hition ; thero- fore it is well and needful that Br. Edwards is on his way to I'ittsburg with the Indians, from whom, upon tlieir re- turn, we shall got trustworthy news. I .IT 'f i I \' i :l 284 ZKISIIKHOKII S DIARY. Wodnosday, ^5. Camo KnHclia/n'tii, and with liirn TliomnH, a l)oy, wlioHo fiitlior, IMiilip, wan killed in OnadiMiliiitton, fr»)iii ( Jitjoifiiiik, but tlioy had little to Hay about our In- diaiiH in that (juarter. Sonio of tho news wo liad tVom that (juartcp is true, that the Choi'ukcoH and Twi^htwoos uro ,tr<»int? to war, l»ut not so bad an wo anticipatod. Fri(hiy, >*. The kSclu-boHJius and many l)cHidos wont to Detroit to scok corn, for tnany had sold too much and must now buy it at a hii^hor jirico. Sunday, 10. David proacliod and Ilocdcowoldor held tho con^rci^ation niuctin^. Fow i.rcthron were at homo, but they came, Moiuhiy, 11, for tho njost part. Wo had n(!WB that l>r. Edwards, with tho Indian hrothren, soviMitcjon days bi;- foro, had arrived in IMttsburg, from I'ettquottijig (Huron River, O.). Tuosday, 12. David held the early service, and there- upon tho ('on)inunion (luartot-honr. lie annonnoed to the brethren tho Lord's supper for next Saturday. Saturday, 10. After the; brethren had boon spoken to tho (biy before, we had to-day tho holy communion, in which a sister, A. Elizal)oth, had part for the tirst time. Sun(hiy, 17. David read tho communion liturgy and bold tho coiiuroijjation mooting, neckowelder preached. Monday, IH, und Tuosday, 1!». AVe heard from Detroit, which swarms with Indians, that they are very restless, and have hold a war-dance. We heard, at the same time, that an army is expected in Detroit, which is already on the march.' We were, therefore, concerned about our brothers, aiul wished the Saviour might soon bring them back home to us. Moreover, we know not how to account for tho prei»aratlons for war. "Wednesday, 20. We learned something more exact about the above-mentioned circumstances, namely, that an army is marching from'Pittsburg to the Shawanose towns, from there to the Wyandots, to make peace with the nn- tions, first to quiet them, and then to come to Detroit, ' This was false. CMNTdN IIIVKH, I7K5. 285 which was to lis the most ])rol»,'ihle. Mcariwliilo our Chippt.'wa, tlu! chief's hom, said to lis that tlic \var-l»elt hud uii'cady gone to all tlie nations, and that they wished to meet the Americans. Wo lioped, liowever, that all wcnihl yet be [teaeet'uUy arranged witliout hh»odslied. The above news a Wyandot had hroiiiriit from rittsljiirg, in a h'tter .to them. 'rimrs(hiy, 'Jl. Jir. I)avid iiehl early service, and, Friday, --, Hr. Heckewelder. To-(hiy, and tor a few days, most of the brethren went to the settlement to earn the means of life in the harvest among tiie French. Sunday, 24. David preached, few l)rethren were at home. Monday, 2'). .lohii, Luke's son, canm from Sandusky. William and sevtu'al besides, with their families, went to the settlement to work. Saturday, IJO. We had tlie great joy to see Br. Edwards with tiie three Indian brethren again among us, in good health and with success. It was a very special Joy also that lie brought with him a packet of lettt'rs ibr us from IJethlc- hem, Litiz, etc., which Mr. Wilson had in charge to for- ward to us, with whom tiie brethren liad lodged, and who, in Pittsburg, took them into his own home. When they went away from us, and liad gone across the lake, they hmded at l'ett(piottitig, tiie otlier side (i. e., east) of tiie mouth of the Sandusky, from which place tliey went by land, by way of Tuscarawas, to Pittsburg, and they came back again by way of Cuyahoga. On their way back, on the Tuscarawas creek, they nuide a bark canoe, and went up the creek as far as they could. Then they left their bark canoe, and went l)y land to the Cuyahoga, where they made another bark canoe and went as far as tlie mouth of that river, left their canoe and went by land along the lake to Pettquotti ug, where they had left their first cnuoe, in the hope of being able to use it on their way home, but since it was warped by the heat of the sun, and quite useless, they were forced to make a new one, which they did at once, and for which a Chippewa Indian who was there pointed out a tree, so that they were not I I h! 286 ZKLSHKROKR S DIARY. 111 , 1^ %H i (!oinpollo(l to seek u UiUf^ time for one; from there then ia two (lavK iiiul two iiiij^lits, tlioy ctimc over the hike to the mouth (if tlie rivor, or to the stniits helow Detroit, hut thoy travelled day and niglit, and were quite worn out- Br. P]dwards, who had hurt his hip, canio home (piite hvmo from weariness, and couUl hardly go from the canoe to his house when thoy got here, l)ut lie was (piite well again after resting a couple of days. As to the husiness for the sake of which he made the joui-ney, in the lirst place iliis is the main ihing; we now know certainly that there is no more Indian land a-jross the lake, and that the States own all the land, and take possession of it; that they will not altogether drive away the Indians, hut yet will not permit them to live in their neighhorhood, that is, on the Muskingum and in thai (piarter, hut they must re- main at a distance. In I'ittshurg, also, ho read in i„ news- paper that the' Chrisiian Indians have their towns on the Muskingum, namely, (Jnadonhiitten, i^ehi'uihrunn, and Salem, conlirmed to them hy Congress, with so much land as the geographer, the surveyor general, shall hold tit; this also we know, in part, by letters from I5r. John and Ettwoin, of May last, although it had not then been con- lirnieih Through this news cur minds are now clear, and we see plainly enough that we shall not have to look about for another place to settle in than in the country on the Mus- kingum. It would not be well received from us, and we might soon be di'iven away again if wo settled elsewhere; on the other hand, no one can drive us from our towns on the Muskingum, since now we know our way and have it before us. Br. Edwards and the brethren have no need to find out about another way than by Cuyahoga, though they found no crook or river which goes from the lake far into the country except the Cuyahoga. lie spoke also with some peop'e in Pittsburg, who are very willing to fur- nish provisions at a cheap rate if we go over there this autumn, whether wo are forced to winter on the Cuyahoga, the Muskingum, or the Tuscarawas. They see with pleas- CLINTON UIVER, 1785. 237 lire there tliat wo shall soon live in our towns there agiini. Sunday, 31. Br. David preached, lleckeweldcr held the congre<;ation meeting. Most of the Indians were in the settletnent. Wednesday. Ancf. ;>. Ur. Ileekewelder went to Dc^troit oil hiisiiiess. Sister Sara lleekewelder lias for a week had intermittent iever [every other day], which weakens her very niucli. lie eaine, Friday, 5, hack tVoin there, hriiii^int!^ a letter from .hiiiij^- manii and Senseinann. written dune ii,in Xiau'ara: in tliia they told us they had niiule arrangements to go in hoats, which had come from Schenectady, and were soon going hack there. AW- ho[)ed that l)y this time already tiiey were come to Bethlehem. As regards i)eace among the Indians it is still uncertain, and there is nothing trustworthy to he judge- 1 about it. We hope for the hest. The Indians in Micliiliniackinae are said to he much excited, and the dwellers there fear a hostile inroad from them. lleeke- welder hroutjht news of the (Jovernoi-'s (I lav) death. He was buried on the second of this month. Sunday, 7. l)r. Edwards preached and David held the congregation meeting. Most of the brethren who have been worLing at the harvest in the settlement and earning food, came iionie yesterday and to-day. Monday, 8. lleekewelder held early service, thereupon to communicants \as announced the Lord's snp|)er for Sat- urday, the loth. Some brethren went wliorth'bcrrying. Tuesday,!*. David held eaily service. Since the Indian hrothren were now all at home, we niadi' known to them what lir. Edwards and those with him in Pittsburg had told us, and how they had i'ound circtumstances ; also we read to them from the letters fri)m Bethlehem they had brought, all of wliif'h was pleasant Iny them to hear, es- pecially that Congress had given them their three towns. Friday, 12. Both to-day and yesterday there was speak- ing; we found the brethren, in spite of their halting and failing, attached to the Saviour, and longing always to bo- come better. i'l 238 ZEISBERGER S DIARY. I 'S m\ Saturday, 13. To the brethren in the early service and also to the ('ommnnicants in the evunint!: the occasion and peculiarity of this day were told, and we related to thera what the Saviour had done for his church fifty-eight years ago; the hearts of all the brethren were purified, and they hound themselves to aV)ide by the word of Jesus' death and passion, and to announce this both to Christians and lieatlien, w iiich he so blessed that already many thousands had i-eceived it, and through belief in his merits had found forgivenc-s of their sins and everlasting salvation and blessedness, whereof we also bear witness, and through grace havo become members of his cliutch and partakers of the ])lessing and happiness which he has gained. We asked for his gracious absolution, and then had the holy communion. Sunday, 14. Communion liturgy. Ileckewelder preached Edwards held the congregation meeting. Monday, 15. Hretbren whortlebcrrying. Tuesday, ItJ. Schebosh went with several brethren to J)etr<)it, coming back Thursday, the 18th. Friday, 19. Sara Nanticoke bore a diiughter, that was, Sunday, 21, baptized with the name Anna Maria. Ed- wards preached, David held the children's service, ami Heck'nveldcr the congregation meeting. Wednesday, 24. .loshua took a Nanticoke boy, who is not quite right in mind and had run away here to the brethren, back to the settlement, where his friends are, but the next day back he came again. Thursday, 25. From the Miami came Christian Gott- lieb with his wife and child visiting, as also, Saturday, 27, the cripple, Thoma.-i, to see and hear what we have in mind and how we are disposed. There the past year llie stout Helena, the old gray-haired Paulas, and Benignus, and this summer Anna Justina, have passed from time. In regard to peace among the nations, nothing is yet settled. This month they hold a great council, to which a thousand In- dians will go, it is said, and now we await what shall then be determined. Our Indians are yet considering what they shall do. They have heard that we again move buck over ■V CLINTON lUVEK, 1785. 239 the lake ; they keep themselves together, and if any one of them will come to us, thev dissnndc him. Neither the Wyandots nor Delawares knew where to settle ns when they got MeKee's message ahont onr moving over the lake. Sunday, 28. David preaehed. Edwards held the con- gregation meeting. Tuesday, 30. By Thomas, who went back to the Miami, we sent word to all our Indians in the Indian land, greeted them, and said to them that this autumn we should make our journey by way of Cuyahoga to the Muskingum ; that we invited them all to unite themselves with us, either in Cuyahoga, Tuscarawas, or at ►Schiinbrunn on the Mus- kingum. If this autumn or winter they should go liunt- ing there, they would meet us. He said he believed this news would be pleasant for all to hear, and that they would all like to come. "We laborers had already con- ferred together, for we wished to tell our Indians some- thing certain and trustworthy, and as we again had a lot that we should go, which is a certain thing, we asked whether we had yet any thing to ask the Saviour in re- gard to our going away this autumn. We got for answer that wo had to ask the Saviour about nothing further. We saw from this that we should have no hesitation to go this autumn. What induced us to make this inquiry was this, that through the summer we bad heard all sorts of weighty news about the nations, on which account we were advised by tlie Governor in the spring to wait until the times should be better cleared up, and if we took every thing together, it was not favorable, and the nations were secr-jtl}' going about something, but now, as it seems, this is removed, and soon there will be perfect peace. Wednesday, 31. The widows, six in number, had, on their day and festival, a eervice, blessed and. accompanied by his nearness. The brethren were reminded to provide themselves with canoes, not to be negligent by waiting until the lust hour, and most of them thereupon went out to make some. Saturday, Sept. 3. By occasion of the Scripture-verse : He shall give his angels charge over thee to keep thee in 1 I I t ,1 ! 240 ZKLSDEKOEU S DIAIIY. all tiiy ways, the brethren were remiiuled o^ our cjiptivity four yuiirs ago to-day, and wore exhorted to praise and thank the Lord, svlio, throui^h the service of the dear angels, had turned away from us much evil, danger, and hardship; that tlic brethren, above all, had to be on their guard not to nuinnur against their Saviour, if any thing did not go to their liking, but to think and l^elieve that what he does and lots happen, that is well done, and takes a blessed end. Many brethren thought about this, and said to us how sad in nu'nd thev then had been, how their hearts had been oppressed — had thought all was over with them, and that the church was utterly ruined and rooted out. Sunday, 4. Heckewelder preached ; Edwards held the congregation meeting. In the evening came Matthew, Cornelius' son, from the Miami, from whom we learn that Abel there, about two weeks ago, passed from time. Monday, 5. A party of Nanticokes came here visiting; they had come to Detroit lately from Niagara out of the Mingoes' land, and were on their way to the head of the Miami, where now assemble Indians from all sorts of mv- tions. These were, Tuesday, (5, at the early service, very attentive. During the (lav others came also, among whom were some Mohi- cans, so that some forty Indians were here visiting, the first visit of tiie kind here on the Huron. We soon saw that among them were some wdio had cars to hear, and were not indisposed for the kingdom of God, but we thought at the same time, if only they were not Nanti- cokes. One of them, Samuel's own brother, told the others who had come first, what he had heard in the meet- ing, and what he had retained, namely: that we had to seek our help, eternal life, and blessedness from the Saviour alone, who had gained and earned all that through his bitter passion, and through his blood and death; that he was the only true God, and except him there was none besides. "A good deal more was told," he said, " but this much I was able to bring away." Wednesday, 7. For tlie sake of friends who A'hLo'i t:» CLINTON RIVER, 17S6, 241 hoar, there was a oommon service early in the iiHUiiiiig. At'tiTwards the tiiarried luethn'M had tlieir festival and service from their text, ami in the afteciioim was a lovc- feust for all the iiihaliitaut-., and in eoiiclusioM we hrout«:ht to our dear Lord our filial thanks for the grace and hlessing ho had given us to onjoy, through his recognition of us and his invaluahle nearness, Thursdav, 8. After the early service most of our friends sot out for Detroit. Samuel's hrother had spoken alone in contidence with him, and told him his thoughts, namely: for a year and a half he had the desire to come to the church, ami now he believed he hud the opjior- tunity to carry out his inclination, for his nation was now about to move ; as yet ho had told no man, not even his nearest friend, what he though ♦^, ami wherewith he was busy ; he was j)eri)loxod about hi?, happiness, to ol)- tain this ho saw no desire or way among the savages, but he believed he could attain it amoni^; the Ijoiievinir In- dians; one thing, however, caused him ])er[)lexity and doubt, he was a great sinner, and in this war had shed the blood of many men ; when ho thought about this, it was ever as if sf»me one said to him, "It is vain for thee to be concerned about this, thou canst not turn, thou hast too numy sins lying upon thee, givt; up the thought;'' ho had therefore determined, since he was come to Detroit, to visit the believing Indians and to lind out whether it were possible for him to find mercy from the Saviour, and whether among the believing Indians there was one who had been so great a sinner as he, and if this were so, ho could think there was yet hope for him. Samuel showed him then the way to salvation, and told him no one was so great a sinner, nor so corrupted, as not to iind mercy and forgiveness from the Saviour, who had shed his blood for the sins of the whole world. He spoke yet farther, telling Samuel how he had thought of arrangi.ig matters to get av, ay from his chiefs, who if they suspected tliis of him, would watch and guard him carefully lost he should got out of their hands; ten of them were his IG 1^1 242 ZEISUEUGEU S DIAUY. frii'iuls of wliom ho believed tlioy would he ul his mind should he toll them his purpose. Thus must most lu- diiins steal iiway, if they wish to come to us. Saturday, 10. Wischnasoh came from Sandusky to vi.sit U8, from whom we learned thiit it is still doulitful whether peace will he made amon<>' tiie nations. Sunday, 11. David preaciuMl. At break of day llocke- weider sot out for J)etr(»it takin<^ letti-rs with him for Bethlehem. Two Frenclimen were present at the sermon, and also several straut^e Indians. Monday, 12. From Detroit Ileckewelder did not l)ring us very favorable news about nu)ving away for the pres- ent, for the Indian laiul seems very restless and coid'uscd, and the Indians in all (|inirters are ai'min. l ^ h ')'< I 244 ZKISBEROERS DIARY. as is their custom, but tli(j Lord can soou briiicks, secretly to stir up the Indians against us, as he has l)een the head-leader of all the Indian hostilities against us. If this is so, how is it advisable and possible for us to go away? We are given over to the Indians, that they may again plunder us and treat us according to their will, for this would not remain undone since the power is given them so to do. We cannot believe that the Indians could so have thought out all these lies, and that every thing is unfounded. AVe must, therefore, yet delay and wait for better times. It is as if Satan sought to hem in our way over the lake, and as if it pleased htm not thuit we should again go there. Wo have further heard that he is re- ported to have said that if the Wyandots had known that Br. Edwards v/as going to J'ittsburg they would have killed him. This also he denied. As soon as lb'. J*]d- wards started, however, he let the Wyandots know, and gave them a hint they could do something if they wished, and Samuel heard this on this journey. Saturday, Oct. 1. The brethren came home from the salt-lick, having boiled a good lot of excellent salt, wrhich is just the thing for them, salt beirjg fiero ft scarce thing. Sunday, 2. David preached. Edwards held the con- gregation meeting. i-' < : i ' m hi 'J ,J:.t. iJiil^l,. !: 240 ZKISm:il(lKH S DIARY. Saturday, >^. This week all tlio lu'othri'ii were busy harvesting their fields. In spite of a very dry sunmier wo have a moderate and yet (piite good harvest, tliough not BO good as it would have Ixtn it' it had raim •! more, hut we are thankful for it. This week Ignatius, licnntus, and John wont over liako Krio hunting. Some went out salt- boiling. l»y land it is only six or seven miles. Sunchiy, !•. Ileckewe'der preaclied, and David lield ilio congri'gatii n meeting. The (ehapel) servant's oHlee was again given to l.uke and A. '"liarity. Tliey had alrendy served in Scln'mhrunn. Moiuhiy, 10, Several lH>gan nniking canoes, therewith to earn clothing for the winter, instead of hunting. The sisters were at liome, industriously li.irvesting, with wliioh tliis week they will for the most part he (h)ne, and have laid on the whole a ver\ good harvi'st, so that they liavc nil wherewith to live. Fri(hiy, 14, was tin- hui-ial of tlu' little child who died vesterdav, A, Maria, dauirhter of Samuel and Sara Xan- tiooke, two months old, less six days. J^ast night, as also two days ago at night, we Inid hard thunder-storms, one after the other, till moi'uing, and in our grave-yard a tree was struck and torn to splinters. The autumn tliis year is unusually warm, like summer, and thus far we have ha^'». 247 ^inxliiy, '2'-\. Early in thc! luoniiiiij Samtiol and Adum came t'roiii tlio Vov . ami t'oiitlniiod tluj aliovo news. Kdwards preacliod itltout tin' kin^'.H reck<'niiig with liis servants, and David hold tho conLrrc^atioii mootini;. Wednesday, 2(j. Some hrethron came hack t'roin De- troit. McKeo asked doslina, who came from there, whether we should go over the lake this autumn, lie answered no, that we had heard from the Sluiwane . Mo- hicans, Dcjawares, not to go, hut to stay here, as there was yet no peace. All, however, ;; . , in this, that he, Mclvee, would not have us go to oui towijH, nud had said to the Indians that if wo wont, they should lay iiands on us and hring us another way. 'I'he Chipiiewas had also told us this, and since all nations spoke in the same t< le, it must indr. il ho ti'ue. None ol' us white brethren could well tell hiiu this without incurring danger, but ho must liavc li ard it from an Indian, for they can toil hitu what tliey w ish and think, but he (U'uiod every thing, saying the Indians told horrible lies. W e .see that wo luive a se- cret foe in him. Tlu! Govern(»r, who was our friend, is dead. 11(1 there is then almost no authority that regarr we console ourselves. Thursday, 21. Hv. Edwards went to Detroit on bu.si- ness, from which place came, Saturday. 29, Peter, by whom we hoard it had liecn very stormy on tho lake, and that Br. Edwards did not get out of the river ui\til this morning. Sunday, 'jO. David preached aiul Ileckowelder held the couirregation mcotinir. Monday, -U. Abraham, Samuel, and several others went to Detroit to sell canoes; others went out hunting, so that few remain here. Wednesday, Nov. 2. Edwards returned from Detroit. He had a good ai\d successful Journey, considering the stormy weather of this time of year. 1 I ii, 1 ^I %;^> ^o^. .Q^, "t^>^^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ^ ^ iiiii^ |_«s Ilia u il4_ 1111.6 6" /.^ ■%. 5^ . %^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^^ . 'm^ i 6^ 1 V .i- iljltrt, "■■ Ifn 1| 24S ZEISBEROER S DIARY. Sunday, 6. Edwards preached. Through Samuel, who came from Detroit, by way of Pittsl)urg, by the kindness of Air. Wilson, we had letters from Br. Kttwein, one from Br. Keichel from Europe, ar.d others, to our heartfelt joy. In the afternoon was the communion quarter-hour, and the congregation meeting from the Scripture-verse : O Lord, how great are thy works, and thy thoughts are very deej). Monda}', 7. A trader's wife, Sally Hans, came here to sell goods, and stayed until the 10th. She took in from the brethren seventy bushels ot corn for goods. She spoke with Samuel about her land on the east side of St. Clair, whereof she would be glad to give ns a striy*. Thursday, 10 and Friday, 11. We spoke in regard to the Lord's supper. We found the brethren, to our joy and thankfulness to the Saviour, in a blessed way, walking with him. The bretliren rojiaired our meeting-house. Saturday, 12. We had a gracious communion, blessed by his dear presence. Jacol) was present, partaking for the first time. The Saviour gives us especial joy in our young people, so that five arc now communion brotliers, one after the other, and a joy to us. Sunday, 13. We asked from our dear Lord, the Elder of his churches, gracious absolution for our faults, trans- gressions, and shortcomings, adored him anew with our whole heart, and begged him farther, as a true shepherd and head, to make himself known to us, to show himself to us, to interest himself in us, inwardly and outwardly, and to help us, that his will ma}" be done on earth as in heaven ; during this tears spoke more than the mouth. He made himself known to us, and was evidently among us. In the evening Br. Edwards held the congregation meeting. Monday, 14. By Br. Heckewelder, who went to Detroit, we wrote, by way of Pittsburg to Bethlehem. [These let- ters did not go through] We had reason for doubting about these letters getting through, since we had very bad news from over the lake, namel}^ that between Pittsburg and Cuyahoga six traders had been killed and robbed, so CLINTON RIVER, 1785. 249 '^•i, that the passac^c is inevitably stopiJod. All, may tlio Sa- viour soon send ii.? liis noble peace I TnosHduj', 1"). Most of the brethren went huntinc:. Jir. Sehobosh and some others went to Detroit; u few remain at home. Wednesday, IG. Ileekcwelder returned from Detroit. The above news that traders have l)oen Icilied is false, and, as we hear, things are not so bad in the Indian land as we have heard, but the troulde is, the Mingoes and Cherukees are making a plot. It is said the Indians ave not hostilely disposed towards whites, but only towards Kentuokians. There is somethincr in this whole matter which we cannot well make out. Traders go into the Indian land from De- troit as many as will, and nothing liinders them, but we dare not, we are not permitted to go away, and we must still have patience. Saturday, 19. Three days ago the first cold weather came ; up to that time we had a very fine, warm, dry, pleasant autumn; but the Detroit people prophesy a hard winter and deep snow. Sunday, 20. Br. Edwards preached, and David held the congregation meeting from the Scripture-verse: Wednesday, 23. Schebosh and A. Johanna, who went to Detroit a week ago, came back, having been much de- layed by stormy weather. In Detroit there is much talk about a new war, and many would like to see it. Be this as it may, we see that it is better to be here than to be again in danger of falling into the hands of the savages ; for this they have long been encouraged, and wo are given over to them if we cross the lake. Upon what grounds we are lield here lilce prisoners we know not. Thursday, 24. We got the first lasting snow, which was just the thing for our hunters ; thus far we have had a very dry autumn. Sunday, 27. Heckewelder preached the advent sermon about the coming of our Lord into the flesh, and Edwards held the congregation meeting. Monday, 28. Most of the brethren went hunting, and the sisters at home provided themselves with wood. ; 1 ;■ 'ri \ i i i ; 1 i 1 I 1 i • 1 : ( ill. ; 1 i ^ , ! : ' ' \ 250 ZEISBEHOEIl S DIARY. , II K .1 Wednesday, 30. By the Scripture-verse : Lord, thou hast been favorable unto thy land ; thou hast brought back the captivity of Jacob, the brethren were reminded that we have experienced similar circumstances, whicli are not yet quite j)assed, and have reason to recommend ourselves anew to him, to remind him that in former times he has done much for us, and has shown us compassion, and to entreat him to do yet more and more, that we may not lose hope and confidence in him. Saturday, Dec. 3. Many of the brethren came home, and for the most part had all shot something, so that they have meat and shoes, which last is a prime article, for un- til now they liave had to buy skins for shoes in Detroit. Sunday, 4. David preached about the Saviour of the heathen, Avho is come to fulfil the ])rophecies given to the heathen by the prophets. Edwards held the congregation meeting Yesterday and the day before the snow fell a foot deep, and last night came on a thaw with rain, so that the snow almost all went off. Monday, 5. The brethren got in wood for as, for we have no horses. Tuesday, 6. Most of the brethren went oft' bear-hunt- ing, and Brs. David and Edwards to build a sugar-hut, the weather was so good. Wednesday, 7. Samuel and Adam to the Fort, whence the latter came back on the 0th, bringing news that in the settlement and in Detroit bad sicknesses and the small-pox prevailed from which many died. People in Detroit, who w^ish us well, wrote to us Ave should let as few of our Indians as possible go there, that the p3st might not be brought to our town. The English people in Detroit at last begin to become pious, and believe the sickness is -i punishment from God. They came together ill the Council House, and had something read to them and are thinking about a church and a preacher. Sunday, 11. Instead of the sermon Br. David read to the brethren something from the Gospel. This week there was rain and a thaw. The snow went off and the ground hkMv: CLINTON HIVEU, 17H5. 251 I ! was quite bare. Edwards held the congretration meeting, and Joshua translated for the first time. Monday, 12. David held early service. Samuel came hack from Detroit, bringing news that a couple of strange Indians, who had bought something in the town and of whom no one knew whence or of what nation they were, for they spoke not a word, killed two merchants below the town when they went away. What will come from this, or what it means, time will show, but this circum- stance caused much alarm and fright among the people. Thursday, 15. Most of the brethren came back from hunting. This year they have made something by it, at least that they have meat to eat and skins for shoes, for last year they never once got so much. Saturday, 17. Since the weather was very fine, and for this time of year warm, the sisters were away generally this week, and made some sugar. The ground was clear of snow, and the weather extraordinarily fine. Sunday, 18. Br. David preached about the joy of be- lievers in the Lord, who was clad in our poor flesh and blood, and has reconciled us to God tlirough his sufficient sacrifice, and has brought us the peace of being iii God's mercy. To the communion brethren the Lord's supper was announced for next Saturday, and they were invited thereto as thirsty souls, lleckewcldcr held the congrega- tion meeting from the Scripture-verse. Monday, 19. Some brethren went to lay out and make a new and straight road to Detroit. Tuesday,. 20. It rained all day. Friday, 23. From Detroit we got the cheerful news that the last treaty with the Indian nations on the Ka- nawha^ had been well and good for the benefit of the country, so that there is good hope of a lasting peace with the nations. This news was of importance to us, 'Zeisberger probably refers to the treaty made with the Indians early in 17S5 at Fort Mcintosh (Beaver), Pa. This treaty, and the act of Congress in pursuance thereof, wherein provision is made for the Moravian Indians, can be found in Albaeh's Western Annals, pp. 433- 438. f. i I ! I ( ik iri^'ii^'V , :i ■ ■. ; 1 ill ! 1 *i ; I :': i; 252 Zi:iSBEUGER S DIARY. for we now could hope tliat this circniustance would huild us a way over the lake, which till now has been closed to us. Saturday, 24. Christmas we began with a love-feast, rejoiced in the birth of our Saviour, who for love of us, poor and wretched beings, clad himself in our poor flesli and blood, thanked him for his blessed incarnation, suf- ferings, and death, whereby he hath brought us eternal redemption, and adored him upon our knees. Thereupon the communicants enjoyed his body and blood in his holy supper with comforted and joyous hearts. Sunday, 25. After the communion liturgy, the sermon wliich Br. Edwards preached, was about the announcement of the angels to the shepherds : Behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy. Then the children in their service showed their joy over the little Child in the manger, sang to him with joyful hearts, and brought to liim their child- ish thanks for his birth and incarnation. To a poor Shaw- anese familv in our neis^hborhood our brethren gave some- what for their necessi*"y, each one contributing, for which thev were thankful and Had. Tuesday, 27. Learning that Mr. Duncan, of Pittsburg, was in Detroit, we sent to liim Br. Schebosh with a let- ter, and also to converse with him ; he came back Thurs- day the 29tli, bringing us a letter from him also, and a letter from Br. John Jungmann from Pittsburgh, from both which we perceived that things for us were come there, but that we could not get them this winter. What made us feel worst was that he had forgotten in Pittsburg a packet of letters he intended bringing us, and now we know not after how long a time we shall get them. We hr^ard at the same time that two days ago two whites had been murdered, and that the Chippewas had done both these and the former murders. 31. Towards midnight we assembled for the end of the year, thanked our dear Lord for all the kindness, good- ness, and mercy we had enjoyed from liim, that he had cared for us, soul and body, and had given us the grace that our hearts could daily feed on the word of his atone- CLINTON RIVER, 1785. 253 meiit and passion, and we begged him to grant us tliis again, and to send us such hearts that we should ever hunger and thirst raore and more tor this ; that lie in out- ward nuitters had blessed the wo-k of our hands, and had lent us a good harvest, so that we might not starve nor complain of want; that he had let us, who are only stran- gers among strange people, enjoy peace and quiet, has been with us, and has shown himself amouif us a ffracious. loving Saviour ; that the Indians among whom we live and to whom we are strangers, have put nothing in our way, much less molested us. We asked his forgiveness of all our faults, failings, and shortcomings when we have lagged behind and could have done better, whereupon we held comfort and assurance from him through his Holy Spirit, and entered then joyfully upon the new year. There were baptized tliis year two adult women and two girls; to the communion were admitted two brothers and two sisters; one has died here, a child, A. ]\[aria, daugh- ter of Samuel and Sara Xantieoke; the inhabitants here on the Huron River are 117 Indian souls. i;i i . ; ( is 4 id II! 254 ZEISDERGEU S DIARY. M ■ V in 1 1, CHAPTER VI. 178G. CMNTctx ThvKit, MiniuiAN' — VoTAOK ovEii L.vKK Ekik--0.v tiik Cuvahoga. Sunday, .Tan. 1. Ileekewoldor preached about the name of Jesus as our Saviour, in the service for all the bap- tized brethren, we gave ourselves anew to be entirely his own, in all our faults and failings to hold fast by him, and not to leave him. AVe i)roniised him with hand and mouth that nothing should separate us from him, nor tribulation, nor danger, nor fear, nor fright till we saw him face to face. For our daily Scripture-verses we took in use last year's, and in the evening Br. Edwards held the congregation meeting from the first Scripture- verse : Cause me to know the way wherein I should walk : for I lift u]) my soul unto thee. Lead us in accordance with thv grace and the Gos- pel. Monday, 2. By Samuel, avc sent letters for Bethlehem to Mr, Duncan, in Detroit, to forward. This occasion was one much wished for, and we were glad of it, for here people are few to whom letters can be intrusted. We heard from Tucker that the Chippewa chief sent us word that he would come here soon after Xew Year's day, and had something to say to us. Of this we were glad, for we had long wished an opportunity to speak to him or them. Friday, G. Early at morning prayer was sung for the first time in Indian : Peace l)e to this congrega- tion — Peace to every soul therein. We asked for the near presence of the Saviour, his blesfing, and his bloody fulness for to-day, and recommended ourselves and all churches among the heathen to his mercv. There- upon was a service for the baptized from to-day's text: That which had not been told them shall thoy see, and that which they had not heard shall they consider. ' mm CLINTON RIVEH, ITSt). 255 AVelcomc, dear brothers, welcome — To the lil'e from .Icsiirt' wounds. Since ho has announced to us salvation in his wounds, and has also sent us hearts to receive and to believe, and since through belief wo are come to enjoy- ment of the same and rest therein, we can, and will also, wheresoever we have opportunity, confidently jirench to those heathen who are yet in darkness and blindness, that grace is to be found in Jesus only, that they sliall be wel- come to salvation in Jesus' wounds, which he has won for them also, and we will invite them thereto. At the love- feast, at which also a white man was present, our brethren were reminde spi'iii,-i- and Lit!/,. They oncainpcd not fur fi'om ih, and had stolon tVoni thoni hist nii^ht hy tho Indians nine hoi'sus. Monchiy, 24. Dono with hillini^ tho corn, wliicli stands very lino. Tncschiy, 25. Indian hrothcrs canio from tlio hnnt, hav- ing nhot fonr elk and five door. Snsanna, who went away yesterday, caino hack to-diiy. All sowed tnrni[)s and many. Wo havu service every evening, when it doc3 not rain. Friday, 2S. William camo from tho Fort. Wo liad hoped for letters, hnt he brought none, and our things are still there, too. Satnrtlay, 29. Several hrothron wont hy water to Pet- qnotting, others to Sandusky to get corn ; others again otF luniling, and fo must strive to get their iamllics through. Iletkowelder held service. Cathrino wont to her hus- band. Sunday, 30. David [)rcachod, and as it rained in tho afternoon there was no other meeting. Wo road mean- time the Uetlilehem Diary. Monday, 81. Several went away Innitfng. Tho Chip- pewa chief here in our neighliorhood, with some women and children, visits us daily to get something to eat, for all their men have gone to l*ittsl>nrg, and they who arc here have nothing to eat and wo have little ourselves, but when they come wo always give thom something to oat. Wo ended tho month with consideration of our Scripturo- vcrsc Tuesday, Aug. '■ There was a thunder-storm. Wednesdav, ~. Samuel and several others went out hunting and to boil salt, their families with them. Very few remained at home. A Gorman from Redstone (Fay- ette Co., Pa.) eamo here, who has been for some time in Detroit and last in Sandusky. lie had fever and noth- ing to eat. lie will wait here for a chance to go to Pitts- burg. David held service in the evening. Thursday, 3. Mr. Neal, from the mouth of the river, came here. He complained that tho Indians who come here are very insolent and he feared they might kill him. ON THE CUYAHOOA, 1780. 287 On this account ho will not Btny thcro longiM', but go back to I*ittsl)urg with tiio puck-horHcs the next trip. Friilay, 4. The C!lii[iiK>\varf came, who liavo been to rittfburi,% Icavini,^ their wives ami cliildrcn heie. 'I'licy had nothini^ but irootl news to i^^ivc. 'I'lio most notcwoithy was that till' C.liippcwas, Ottawas, I'otawatomics, W'yau. dots, and Delaware nation have coneiudfd a stahh' [leaeu with the AnioricanH,()idy two who did not wish it being ex- cluded, the Shawanese and Cherokees. The Six Nations, liowever, wanted to put them in and force them to agree. Satui'day, 5. Several CMiippewas were present at our evening service, (piite devout, Iml it i.s a pity we cannot speak directly to them. Thcro are many among them wlu) understand Shawano, and one can speak with them ifi case of need, but this is not enough. 'I'hey ai'c much hi'tter Indians to get along with than the Delawares, Wyandots, uuil Tawas, also not so thievish, nor are tl ey jphiiulci-t'r.s. Sunday, 0. lleckeweldcr i>rcachcd and l)i;vid held the congregation meeting from the Scripture-verse. The Chip- powas, who have been encamped here as long as we, went uway to-day down to the lake. Wo read together the Bethlehem Diary. Monday, 7. Wittigo, with two white [)eople and some Wyandots from Sandusky Bay, went through here on their way to Fort Pitt. Tuesday, 8. The sick German, who came here sick six days ago, and now is better, started for Fort Pitt. Wednesday, 1). Joshua came from the Fort. The I'itts- burgers, as we hear, have great pity IVu' us, and cousiiler together liow tlicy can help us and ourlniliaus in our fam- ine until orders come from Congress, which would delay too loug if they should now first make the announcement there. They spoke with Joshua about this, and must gladly help us. Our brethren suffer great hunger; this can be seen in their faces, and this depresses their spirits much. We canuot but pity them, but we cannot help them, for we liave nothing ourselves. An Indian said to him we should be called aw^ay from here, and then all the white brethren be sent away home, except David, who f :tl I III 288 zeisberqer's diary. would remain ; he belonged to the Monsey nation, who adopted him. Thr.ivsday, 10, and Friday, 11. There was speaking in reference to the Lord's supper. To our comfort and heartfelt thankfulness to the Saviour, we found the brethren cheerful and content, with a hearty longing for Jesus' body and blood in the holy sacrament, which now we have not had for nearly live months, since Easter on the Huron Iliver, and since we have been here, from the want of a chapel, for the Indian brethren have enough to do to support and maintain their families by hunting, and they cannot be ex[)ected to work until we have something to eat from our plantations. Saturday, 12. Contrary to our expectations, many brethren wore at home Avho had been to Pettquotting for corn, whence indeed they brought some, though not much. Wo had thereupon, upon the 13th, a very blessed communion. This gave the brethren new courage. The body and blood of our dear Lord revived their hearts anew, so that we gave ourselves up again to be entirely his own, to live for his joy. Owing to rain we could have to-day no general meeting. Monday, 14. Some went again by lake to Sandusky to get corn where there is said to be much. Since we heard that letters, which had gone to Detroit in the spring, on ac- count of which we wrote there, were come to the mouth of the river, wo sent there to get them and received them. There was a letter from Br. Schweinitz, of May 4th, this year, together with a little book of Scripture-verses and texts for this year. The packet had been opened, but not the letters, and a calendar and two papers were missing, according to the letters. Tuesday', 15. Brs. Ileckewelder, Edwards, and two In- dian brothers, went to Old Cuyahoga, where they waited for Mr. Wilson, with cattle, to buy some of them and drive them here. Service in the evening. Wednesday, 16. A party of sisters went again to the Lick to boil salt, where Messrs. Duncan and Wilson sent many kettles, which they offered to our Indians to use. iij 11 ON THE CUYAHOGA, 1786. 289 Thursday, 17. Ilockewekler and Edwards came back with cattle tliey had got from Mr. Wilson, who caiuo himself afterwards, on the Ibth, remained over night with us, and on the 10th went down to the lake on busi- ness. He said we had done well in staying here and not going to the Muskingum; tliinks also that it would not be advisable to move there in the spring or jiext year, for well-grounded reasons. Mr. Ilutcliins, with his surveyors and people, is out to measure and declare the boundary between the land of the States and of tlie Indians. It is generally believed that tlie undertaking will cau?o un- easiness among the Indians and indeed mucli mur- dering and killing sooner or later. Tlius it is truly best we are far away. He says we luive hit the best phice on this creek, where the most exceUant land lies, for he is well acquainted liere. Irf. Mr. Neal came here, from whom we learn this: a royal boat, with an olKcer and eight so'diers, had come there (tlie mouth of the river). He, wIk* 'cnows us and iuis been with us on the Huron River, wanted to visit us, but wlien ho heard he could not get here in his boat, lie gave up the plan. By a Ictt^'r from Mr. Askin, of an old date, when we had hardly left^ the island, we learned that the commandant had sent another shi[) with provis- ions to the islands, which was to bring us and our bclong- inr. Adam and his wife, Sabina, born yesterday, Augustus. We brethren, the laborers, read tlie journals, Br. Iveichel's discoiirse at the end of the year '82 and beginning of '8;3, also about the captivity of Brs. Jorde and Pfeiffer upon the English king's ship, and finally the release of the first, of all which we had never heard a word. Br. Edwards held the con- gregation meeting from the Scripture-verse: I have de- clared and luvve saved. Jesus, how shall I thank thee. I acknowledge tl.at my salvation rests with thee. Wednesday, 23. We got at last, by the pack-horses, the 19 ■: I [ :- P^ \Va' ; 1 II I) '::)■ m is il Si u r^ ^ 290 zkisbekgkr's diary. things sent by tlic church for us luul the Indian church; all their things have come, and nothing is destroyed, but our things were in part destroyed, and in part much was wanting, and doubtless much was lost on the way here from Pittsburg. These, on Thursday, the 24th, were dis- tributed among the brethren, and awakened genorally much joy and thankfulness, after they had first been told thatthebrcthren in J3ethle1iem already three years ago, upon hearing of the loss they had suffered, and of the want in wliich tiiey were, had thought of them and sent them these things for their bodies" needs, while we were over the lake, but since they could not come to Detroit, the brethren had found another wav, getting them back and sending them to Pittsburg, and now at last we had them. Many brothers came forward and expressed their thankfulness. Some said : " We arc not worthy that the brethren in Pethlclicra should have so much love for us, and think about us ef- ficaciously. We arc not worthy of having teachers given us, to whom we have so often caused much trouble." Otliers again said : " Xoue of the white peoi)le would have given tliemselves so much tr()ul)le to send things such a long way and forward them to us, except the brothers; they would have given them up and let them be. We ooe that it has been to them a matter of coiiccrn, and has cost them much trouble to do us good.'' Friday, 25. Brs. Schebosh and Edwards went down to the lake on business, some Indian brethren to Pettquotting and Sandusky. Saturday, 26. Brs. Schebosh and Edwards returned from the lake. Sunday, 27. David preached about the saving Gospel Paul had preached to the he ithen, that the word of our Saviour's death upon the cross is the strength of God to all those who receive it in faith. We laborers con- tinued our reading of the Bethlehem diary of '83, which we ended to-day. Bi\ Edwards held tlie congregation meeting. Monday, 28. The salt-boilers all came back from the Lick, and some came from the Fort. Samuel had, in i m W ON THE CUYAHOGA, 1786. 291 both places, mot some of our Indiuns, from whom he hoard that not only they, but many others, wished to come to us. who for a lons^ time already had only been waiting till wo should again have come to this side of the lake. Amoni;^ them ho met one named Anton. Ho said to Samuel : " Thou hast boon with our teach- ers these four years they have been away from us, or near them, therefore I think thou knowest them u'ell, and canst tell me the truth about tliem." Samuel an- swered him: "Yes, indeed; I know them riii:ht well, and if now first I mi I know certainly, for I know them." Then Anton farther said: "I have ever now, all the time, a wicked heart, and so I think badly and wickedly; as thou seest from looking at me, so is my heart also." lie was painted red all over, and said farther: " What does it help or profit mo if I deceive myself by outward show, and make myself like a believer, when yet my heart is bad? In s[)ito of this I will yet soon visit you, and then also greet our teachers. Thou canst meanwhile greet them from me and tell them what I iiave said to thee, and liow thou hast seen mo." He had in Gnadenhiitten, by the I i Sir i ^'n^ IMS . T 292 ZEISTiEllOER's DIA] Y. V I , ! II , i niiissucrc, lost all his ohildrcn, and almost all his friends, bnt ho had himself gone away from them secretly to Pitts- biirfl:, saying nothing about it to any one, -wheroby lie es- caped the massacre, where he, bnt withont shoes and almost naked and destitnte, had fled, when the militia liad fallen upon the Indians there and mnrdered some of them. oU. At tlie service from tlie Scri|)ture-verse, Br. David made an earnest exhortation to the brethren on account of the bad course they lead when away. 81. Sisters went to Sandusky to get corn and harvest the fields i'iven them bv their friends. Friday, Sept. 1. Edwards held the evening service from the Scrii)ture-verse : Upon his kingdom to establish it with justice. Sunday, 3. David preaclied from the K[»istle 2, Cor. iii., 4, about this, that of ourselves we can neither tiiiiik nor do what is good bnt that God gives us jtower therefor, and through his Holy Spirit must work in us good works, and make us fit therefor. We read the Bethlehem diary for the month of May, '84. Alonday, 4. Ignatius returned from Sandusky, where he got corn ; on tlie lake he was sunk with his canoe aiul cargo, but yet he saved every thing. Tuesday, 5. In a conference with the assistants we con- sidered about sending a couple of Indians as messengers of peace to our Indians [in error] scattered here and there in the bush, to visit them, to encourage them, and to learn their mind and disposition. We found it best to invite some of them here, if it could be done, for then we could talk out the matter with them, learn their plans, and con- sider what we had best resolve for their good. W' e had tlionght indeed whether it would not be well for one of us white brethren to go with them, but the assistants op- posed, saying it would attract too much notice among the Indians, and, at the same time, they would draw this in- ference: "lie comes to persuade the Indians to move again to the white people, bringing them, again into mis- fortunes and danger." Theretore, we had to give up this plan. We resolved, then, that the assistants, Samuel and ON THE CDYAIIOOA, 178G. 293 Thomas, shoiild make this journey, who were also willing and ready for it. Wednesday, G. Adolplius, Avith a canoe-load of sisters, started for Pettqnotting to earn some corn among the In- dians in the corn-harvest. Jacob and William went off linntini!: to the Tuscarawas. By Kenatus we had letters from Bethlehem, one from Br. Ettwein, of Aug. 10, by which we learn of Br. John's (de Watteville) presence in Bethlehem, of whom we had already heard lu' had de- parted for Europe; at the same time, we perceive that letters of the month of June are still on their wa}'. Both Renati, who were hnntino; in Thuppckiink, had again to flee on account of white people, who always swarm about there. Tliursda}", 7. Samuel and Thomas began their journey to our Indians scattered here and there, aft(!r we had blessed them the evening befoie in the service for this, and had recommended them to the brethren. We uave them instructions of somewluit the following import: that we had not forgotten them over the lake nor here, but con- stantly thought of them, and had always wished wo could visit them; we looked upon them as belonging to us and merely separated from us, wishing they could again be in communion with us; since now we l»elieved that most of them would not have forgotten that they had received God's word, as we also, and were troubled about the salvation of their souls, we should like to learn their thoughts about this, how to make it possible for them again to hear it and come to the enjoyment of it; wo would not just now bid them come to us, but they who wished to come would all be welcome here, but we should, like to see some of tiieir intelligent i)eo[)le, and to consider with these what could best be done on our part for them, that this should not fail, and for this they sliould make us proposals which we could understand and consider; they should not give up courage, thinking, "All is in vain; nothing will come of the plan of our all togetlier mak- ing one church again; we have become savage, have deeply sinned, the Saviour and the brethren have cast us !■!: in I f = i ?l i ill ( 11 L-JC-r- 294 ZEISBUUGKIl S DIAUy. away, and \vc are incurable." No, they sliould take now 8})irit, and turn to the Saviour, who is nicrcit'ul and gra- cious, and so willingly forgives sins; we did not invite them that wo might speak with them about their bad condition and their sins, and learn exiietly about then> ; besides we knew how this was when they lived among utter lieathen, but we wished to speak with them about this, how they could be put into a blessed life, away from their unblessed state, which could happen as soon as they would turn again to the Saviour, who had poured out his blood in satisfaction for their sins. Saturday, U. AVilliam's Martha bore a son. Sunday, 10. L'r. David preached in Indian, there being no interpreter. We read the journal. Memorabilia from Bethlehem of "84. Tuesday, 12. Christina bore a daughter, who, liowever, died as soon as born. Saturday, 16. AV^illiam returned from the head of the Tuscarawas, where he had been hunting. lie found there eleven swarms of bees, from one of wiiich he brouite people have at last attained their purpose, murdering so many of our friends; there- fore will I kee[) far enough from them; no one shall take me to them; and I say to thee, nevermore will I come to you and live with you ; I will hear nothing about the Sa- viour, i'erhaps if you lived near by 1 would sometimes come to see yon and visit you, but that will all be as it will. My forefathers have all gone to the devil ; there will I go also ; where they are there will I also be." Samuel heard him quite through, and answered him : I have heard thy mind and was horrified at it, but I will tell thee my mind. Nothing shall take me from the Saviour and the churcli so long as I live; neither trouble nor fear, neither hunger nor persecution nor danger to my life; all this I reckon as nothing, if only I have the Saviour and from him also the salvation of my soul, as I surely sluill, if I sta}' by liim, and that can no man take from me, even if they take away my life." At this he was quite still and had nothing to say. They were everywhere received in a friendly way by the savages. No man gave them a harsh word. I will, how- ever, by a few examples, show liow, by many sorts of craft and by fine words, they sought to induce our Indians to iti'ih' Mn 17G3, i)i'obably, when the Christian Indians from Nazareth and Nain were taken by a sheriff to Piiiiadelpliia, where they were received with the yells and shouts of an excited mob. Mm ST '., ON THE CUYAIIOOA, 1786. 297 fly to them. Thomas is well known amoni,' the Ind'ans to have hecn a w'uked ii!;in among' tlie savagts, whom hia grandrather, Netawatwcs, had to drive away, which wastiio occasion of his coming to ns. He came to his acquaint- ances jind fi'ionds in tlio Sliawancse towns, who had pre- jnired a least and sacrifice ; they also invited him thereto, but he declined. They persisted, liowever, that lie should merely come and eat with them, but tliis he did not do. When they were together in jierl'oi'mance of their ceremo- nies they eaniG aiyain and asked of him to e»)me, i-attle with the tortoise sliell and sine", as is their custom, llo answered that he had forgotten that iind could no longer do it, ho had not done it for so many years. They an- swered ho would soon hear how tlie others did it. He said : " Tiiat is your way, hut I have found another way to live, which is better. I cannot go two ways. I remain in tluit where I now am."" Then they let him alone. In Sandusky he met one of his former comrades, who was a counsellor. He took him to his house, many young people following him, so that the house was full. The counsellor said to him that since ho had not seen him for a lonir time and rejoiced in his coming, ho wished to make him right welcome, and taking a cask of rum he put it before him and told him ho shou'd di'ink. Thomas, after thev had discussed the matter a while together, took tiio cask of rum, thanked liiui for it, and placed it l)efore the young peo[ile, saying they might drink it if they would, but ho might not, and lie went away. Another also wislied to treat him in the same way, and welcome him, to whom ho straightway said: "You Indians are thus. You are very willing to ask the believing Indians to drink, and if you can make them drunk, you have joy therein, laugh at them, and always jokingly say : 'The believing Indians are no better than we.' " Another, the counsellor, took him to his house, and gave him a fine scarlet-red coat. Thomas thanked him for it, and begged liim to be so good as to hang it up on the nail again. Wlien the other asked him wliy, saying he gave him the coat, and he should put it on. Thomas answered : " I see very '4 * I \u 1 !' 1 '■ i ■ ' I ^' ! i ; ( i . , Li> ! I M :. -I .-J- ■: 1, , i _ i I II A n 298 ZKISBKKGKH H DfARY. well it is a cnptnin's coiit, and 1 am noitlier a captain nor wisli to 1)0 ono." Anotlinr time this Hiime man camo to him with somo fathoms of wampum, which they dr to put a man uiulcr ol)li!j;ations to thom, who does not easily dare refuse if any thinij is asked of him — a thinjj they understand amonsjj thefiiselves without words. Thomas took the wampum, held it awhile in his hands, and be- fore ho went away t,'ave it hack to him, sayinij to him: "Thou art a counsellor and always ncedest wam[ium, but I can make no use of it, hut I thank you for tho present." On their leturn tliey met Capt. Pipe, who was friendly towards them, and with a belt gave them a message which was as follows : '• My friends, ye believing Indians in Cuy- ahoga, I have lately had news from the (ioschachiriinkers in the Shawanese towns, that a great council will be held there, whereto all nations assemble, which shall decide whether we shall have wai" or peace. Thereto also are ye invited to hear what the conclusion shall be." II(! turned the bolt around and said to the other assistant: '■ Ki'iends, vo bclieviuij Indians in Cuvalioija, ve have been moving al)out for several years, from Sandusky over the lake to the Chip|)ewas, and now you have come back again to Cuyahoga, of all which ye have let us know nothing. While now the times are portentous and it seems as if a new war would break out. ye are in danger where ye are, of being again fallen upon by the white pcjople. Therefore I take vou bv the hand, and set vou in tho neiijborhood of the Pettquottiiig, which is intended for you ; there seek ye cut a place that pleases you and is suitable for you ; there can ye keep your cattle. No one shall disturb you or put aught in your way, there shall ye dwell in quiet and hold your worship of God since ye go not to war. Accept this proposal for wq mean well by you. I know well that your towns on the Muskingum are given to you, it may sometime happen that yc go there, Imt for the time being it is not advisable, not good for you." Sunday, 8. Br. Hecke welder preached, and as he in- m &■'■■■'• \ 'A ON TIIK (TVAIIOUA, 17H(i. toiulod to go away to-morrow with IiIh family to tiio clmreli,' lio bade us J'arewoll, and many tears were shed, a proof tliat they love their teachers. Fii tlu* cveniuir white peo- [ile eame liere, who aeeompany Br. Meckewelder and his wife to l'ittsl)ur<;. Aiiiotiij them was also .)olm Leetli," who diiriiii; IJr. (Iruhc's visit was Itaptized hy us, and also his wife J]li7-aheth, who had been a jirisoner since she was half a year old, and had tfi'own uji amonii: the Indians. He asked very earnestly to ho received airain, sayini; ho could not remain away from ns, and had waited with great lonijinji^ till we came (jver to this side of the lake ; that he was resolved to live with us and nothint; should retain him. We [titied him, hut told him it was a well fixed rule with us in all our missions to receive no whito people, and so we could not jtromise him before we had in- quired of the brethren in JU'thlehem about it and had their opinion; we had examples that we had fared badly with such peoi)le, and had lUterwards much repented of having received them. All remonstrances and repre- sentations, for we made it right hard for him, telling him that even if lie should get permission to live with us he must submit to our rules, and could have no pi-eferenco above the Indians, yes, lie must very often be their serv- ant, if lie wished to get along with us — all was of no avail, but he said he would willingly endure any thing if oidy he could be with us, ibr the sake of his soul's sal- vation. We laborers, with Br. lleckeweldcr and his wife, strengthened ourselves in the evening once more with the body and blocd of our Lord in the holy sacrament, bound ' i. e., to Bethlehem. 'John Loith's Biogtupliy, with nnnotatinus by C. W. Buttcrfiehl, was publislu'd by tJobcrt <'huke A: Co., in Iss.'i. Lcitii was born in Soiitli Caioliiia, in 1755. When seventeen years old, he was taken ])iisf)ner by the Delaware Indians, and adopted by them. Even al'ter his mar- riage to Sally Lowrey (in regard to liis wile's name, see under Dec. 14 and IS, 1788) he lived two years in (inadenhiitten, O. By his own statement he was converted in 1793. lie married his second wife in 1802, and died 1832. i (I Ml: n ill m 1.^ !;! !■ II Vi: ?' 800 ZKISDKRflEU S DIA1Y. oursolvos to nl)i»li) by .fosiis' cross, to hear his snftbri !)_<;«,' tluM'ohy to lovo one luiother I'roin our lioarts, tlioiigli ul)- sent Olio from niiotlior. Mondiiy, i). At noon tlioy went nwny after n tender leave-til kini;, wherehy toar.^ were slied on both sides. Many Indian hrolheivs and one HJster, too, accompanied them to I'ittshnrif, and nearly the whole town a part of the wiiy. Urs. David and Edwards were Htiil very weak and in no condition to jj^o out. Tueschiy, 10. Petty, Job (Jhilloway's fortner wife, came hero from Detroit to see her sister, and also a white man from the same place, v'lptain of a boat, which takes Hour from hero, by whom we had .i iViendly letterfrom Mr. Askin, to whom I>r. David wrote back. An Indian brother who wont with our friends as far as their ni.s«:l:t-qnarters and came back ai^ain. brou<^ht us word they had so iar i,n)no well and fortunately. Wcdnesdav, 11. All the brethren who are at home and well, went out huntiiii; to _<;et meat to eat whil' iildinlan, no one daring lo make much pretension from fear of the others. Somewhat liivc this is also the occasion I'or Pipe's messnge to us, about which we now have somewhat exact informa<:ion. At the treaty he said to the commissioners: "Ye desire your flesh and blood of us, that is, all prisoners, but I li:ive heard notluDg of your wisliing to give or make satisf.iction for tlie loss of our friends, which we sutt'ered at Guadenliiitten, wliere ye murdered nnolfending men, women, and children, who yet never went to war nor troubled themselves about the war." Now we hear that Pi[)c wishes in their place to own us, wherefore he will have us nciirer Jiim, and has called us to the Pettt^notting. This pleases our Indian brethren not at all, they would rather go over the lake, whci'e they were free. Sunday, 15. Br. David l;eld again the Sunday services for the tirsi- time, having so far recovcs-ed. After the ser- njon came some white people here on their way to Pitts- burg. They ai^ked for an Indian to go out with them as far as Salt Lick,^ for the way was uncertain ; this we could 'See before p. 10. ^"('(il. .huiu's llihnan (Mitered into tlie service of Duncan it Wilson, of I'ittshurg. Tliey were engaged in forwiutiing goods iiiid provisiona ui)on piu'k-horsos across the country to the nuvHi oi' the <'uyidiog,i, now <'leveland, thonee to be shipped on the schooner Mackinaw to Deti'oit. During the summer of IT^^t) he made six ti'ips, the caravan consisting of ten men aiui ninety horses. They usually crossed the i •,! 's '■'■ V ", v ■ ■ fii. ii 1 "K ON THE CUYAIIOOA, 178G. 303 not well refuse theni,tliougli only a few were at home, and of these some were f^ick, and the well had necessary' work to do. So we gave them one to go with them, for which they were glad and thanklnl. One of them was (juite an old man with a white head, the hrother in-law of Capt, MeKee, of Detroit. He told us that Brant,' who is a Mo- hawk and colonel, and has this summer come hack from England, and is now at the great council in the Shawanese towns, was earnest for peace, that the nations wanted to have a line fixed and estahlished as iar as the land of the free States should extend, and if Congress were contented with this, there would he stable peace among the mttions. Monday, IG. The hrethien worked earnestly ai tlio meeting-house, making a good beginning, Tuesday, 17, but late in the ev ening came a messenger from Pipe, in Sandusky,» telling us the i\mericans-' had nnide an iiif'U!T,ion u[)on the Sluiwanese towns, killed ten men, among thorn a chief, and wasted and burnt every thing. They conjectured the women and childrc n were all taken prisoners, as they knew nothing abouv them; tliat they stayed there one night and then wentback agiiin ; that they came to within four miles of the ])ela\vare towns, when they iurned about [which sliows they have no intentions towards us]. Farther, that a coujile of Wyandots had brought in word they bad seen many white pepple in Tuscarawas, and l. .it more were always getting together, from which they conjectured an army was coming here this way. lie had us t(dd therefore; that he had Biji Beiivcr, lour milt's hdow llic mnutli of tin- Slieiiangi>. the ip tlic lei't l)rtiik of the Miiliouing, (Mo-.>iii;j: it iiliDUl tlirs>ii)ir tlic Cuy- ahoga at the mouth of Ijieakurck, and again at tin' mouth ot Tiiikfi's (-'reck, ill JJedfoid, and tlicncc (lown tlic river to its mouth, where tluy ted a logliut foi the sahkeeping of their goods, which was thi' fir.-t creo house 1 built in (Jlevehiiuf" — Howe's lli'^t. ''olicotioiis of Ohio, p. .ioS. 'i'iie famous Joseph Brant, a warm friend of the Engli,-h, wh U 1: r T / !1 ': i^ il 1 ■ ^ ■ 1 iij i». 304 zeisberger'h diary. already ^efore sent us a messai^^c, and now again said to us we should be upon our guard, and flee before we were over- taken. This news caused much fright among our Indian brethren. We could not, indeed, believe that an army Avas advancing tliis way withoat our having heard any thing about it, at the same time that Br. Ileckewelder and the Indian brethren would now already be at the Fort, who certainly would liave given us news of this by a mes- senger. We conjectured rather it must be the surveyors who have come to the Tuscarawas. All the objections, however, by which v.'o sought to set the brethren right, helped not at all; fright and dread were too great, they got ready and the sisters all tied to the bush till morning, when they came again. IS. We considered with the brethren and found it best, for we saw them filled with fear, to bring the sisters and children into the bush some distance from town, wh.ere by day they could go to iind from. It was also not well to say much to them about the matter, having before us the cxanii)le in Gnadenhiitten. The brethren could partly re- main at home or go to and fro until, through our brethren, wo had more e.xact news. This they did, and most of the sisters, with the children, went camping in the bush, but we renmined at home, giving o'.'.i'selves over to the [»rovi- dence of the Saviour. Abraham, wi.'le he wisiied to flee, thought of his teachers, and fled not, but resolved with them to leave body and life. Thursday, 1!>. We sent a coujjle of Indian brethren to the Tuscarawas to And out whether the above news was true or false, or if they met Indians to inquire about this, in order that we might bring the brethren to themselves again out of their dream. Some went also to examine the way to the I'ort, l)Ut the}' found no trace of any thing like what we had heard. A family of white people, a woman and children, who came from Detroit, on their way to Pittsburg, came and begged us much to help them with a cou[ilc of horses, and to give them two Indians for escort for pay. Glad as we should inive been to help them, for wc saw that if they stayed long here they would become a ON THE CUYAHOGA, 1786. 305 burden to us, and we must support tliem, yet we were in no condition to persuade any one to go with them, and could not well do so, for it' any misfortune should liappen, we should have to hear the blame. White people came up here from the lake,amono; whom one had come only a few (hiys before from Sandusky, who told us and our Indians that it was certainly all lies. Meanwhile, some impure s[)irits, who were glad to seek friendshii) in the world and among the savages, and whose hearts hang thereupon, as we had for some time observed, found occasion during these troubles to tear themselves from us atid to take refuge among the savages, and these were Luke's whole family. It could not be seen that it was fear of danger which drove thoni away, for when our sisters fled to the bush with their chil- dren, they remained at home, and were untroubled, as if they well knew that what we had heard was all lies. I>r. David s[toke longer than two hours with Luke, but he saw he was fully determined to go, and at the same time that he tried to cause nothing but trouble among the other breth- ren, running from house to house, trying to persuade them to go with him; so Br. David let him go in peace, bidding him hold us in love, and not to forget the Saviour and put liim wholly aside, and thus lie went, Saturday, the 21st. Many Indians believed lie was the author of the lies, and through his wife had contrived this in Sandusky, and one of them told him this to his face when he went away. Meantime most of the brethren came every morn- ing from the busa home, remaining during the day and taking care of their plantations. Br. David spoke with Samuel and Abraham, who visited him, about the meeting- house, whicli was at last ready, even to tiie ro^f, pointing out to them Satan's labor and hinderances the whole sum- mer that we might get no meeting-house. Br. David had, during the summer, got together timber for his own iiouse, which he now gave for this. Sunday, 22. In the sermon, to which most of the brethren came, Br. David exhorted the brethren, and begged them not to let themselves be too much overcome 20 iij ; 1 1 : 1 I ii li I I I U ^ H 'I I, -i: l! if:; ■ >! -! ?Hi 1-..14 ii:i 30G ZEISUERGER S DIARY. by fright, nor seek to help themselves and find safety, hut to take refuge with the Saviour, to pUice in him their hope and trust, who would not bring them to shame, by whom they would find comfort and advice. VVe were not as the heathen, witliout ho[»e. We luid a Saviour, the All- powerful, to whom there was no want of wisdom, means, and ways to take his children through trouble, fear, and danger, but whoever sought hel[> of himself, he would fall short, and must afterwards be ashamed. We saw that this had effect upon our brethren's hearts; they were en- couraged and found comfort in the Saviour. Some Chip- pewas came from the lake and asked us for corn, to whom each one gave from his fields, for which tliey were thankful. In the evening, when it was already dark, we heard from afar a great uproar from white people and horses' hells. We supposed it was the pack-horses with flour, but to the Indians, with all our persuasions, this was not trust- worthy, but they believed it to be the army of which we had heard, which would surround us, and no one would venture out to see, hat every soul of them fled to the bush, and left us quite alone until, at dawn, Or. Sohebosh went out and found it was the pack-horses, who by good luck had an Indian with them, a near friend of Pipe's, who told them that all they had heard was a lie. Then they were convinced, and recovered from tlieir fear and tim- idity. If the Indian had not been with them, they would never have believed the white people, so incredulous were they. Monday, "2I}. The brethren came to their senses, and began to assemble again, although those who were in the bush had fled still farther away at the news. Tuesday, 24. Thomas and Zachary came from the Tuscarawas, where they had found no trace of white peo- ple, nor of Indians, although they examined the road from there to the Fort. Their journey gave them recompense in that they found things. Wednesday, 25. The pack-horses went away again, storing here their flour, seventy horse-loads, for no white to. 'IL ON THE CUYAIIOOA, 1786. 307 people were ut the lake. The family of white people from Detroit had now a good opportunity, and went away with them, of which we were very irlad. Thursday, 26. Most of the Indian brethren went out hunting, since for some time they had not courage to go out, nor to shoot in the neighborhood, even if they could shoot a deer, so as not to be disclosed. Friday, 27. Sara Nanticoke bore a daughter, which was baptized Sunday, the 29th, at the sermon, with the name Amelia. The Indian who came with the pack- horses from Pittsburg, then went to Sandusky, and yester- day came back again, met Luke with liis family on the lake, not far from here, and told him that all he had heard was false and lies, and when he asked him if he had not better turn about, he answered, no, that he was travelling, and turned back no more. Monday, 30. The brethren again set to work at the meeting-house to get it ready. Tuesday, 31. Chippewas came in, wlio go u[t the creek hunting, and encamped here a couple of days. Friday, Nov, 3. Our Indian brethren, wlio have been expected for several days, came back from Pittsburg, whither they had accompanied Br. Ileckewelder and his wife. They brout.'-ht us the pleasant news that the Tlecke- welders had gone so far with good health and fortune, and had gone away from there into the country before their own departiav. By them we had, at the same time, let- ters from Bethlehem and Litiz, to our great joy, of Jan. 18th and Aug., likewise Sept. 10 and 11 of this year. Be- sides they brought none but good news with them, and nothing in the least alarming. They could bear witness that no army was coming out this way, and that nothing dangerous was to be feared. The letters of Sept. held im- portant news and account of the conference in Bethle- hem, but thereto must the Saviour help us make path and road. Sunday, 5. We had our services, accompanied with the nearness of our dear Lord, whereby it was well with us and our brethren. The brethren were greeted from ,n ; I'i r I I Nr .-•': !, 308 ZKrsnrROER s diaky, Bethlehem, ospecially from John.' In the evening a mes- senger came to us from Luke's cam[> on the hike, to whom u messenger from Sandusky luid conie, w'lo l)rought us again the message ; we sliould now go thither, and when we shouhl l)e tiiere tlicy would consider where wo should dwell. Tiius they would drive us about, and as soon as we should he in their hands and in their jtower, we should have no end of moving about. When we asked the messen- ger how it happened that they wanted to have us there again, he answered : " Some one of our own number was the cause, who had sent them word that Pettquotting was still too far away from them ; we should rather live with them in Saiuhisky. " This can be no one but Luke, who is going thither, for there is no one among us who wants to go thither, even if we must, but since he wants to do so, he bids them bring us all there, and he has contrived the whole thing which gives us so much per[ilexity. Tuesda}', 7. As the messenger was going back we sent the string of wampum back, thereby announcing: "We could not dwell near unbelievers, much less among them." They knew very well that we had over lived apart from them. Wednesday, 8. One, Wilson by name, came here from Detroit on his way to the States, lie wanted to borrow a horse, and have with him one or two Indians for escort, but we could not so immediately help him. Friday, 10. We had the first services in our new chapel from the Scripture-verse: Look down from heaven and behold from the habitation of thy holiness. Thereupon was the communion quarter-hour, in wliich the holy com- munion was announced to the brethren for day after to- morrow. Saturday, 11. Chippewas came bore and stayed over nig't. Our Indians tried to find out where they were going, but they did not want to say exactly. The next morning, however, one came after them to get them back Either John de Watteville or .Jolm Ettwein. mp' m,i\ ON THE CUYAHOGA, 17HG. 309 again, when we fomul out tlicy wore going to war, and the chief's wished to stop them. Sunday, 12. Br. Edwards preacliod, and in the after- noon was a love-i'cast for all. After the brethren liad been spoken to yesterday and the day before, we had in the even- ing tlie holy communion, accompanied by the near pres- ence of the Saviour with his poor, sinful flock, wliich con- fessed itself sinful before him, and ackiu)wledged its guilt. Monday, 13. After consideration of our Scripture- verse: And to our God for ho will al)undantly par- don, and of the text: For thus saith the Lord God: Be- liold I, even I, will both search my sheop and seek them out, we prayed to our dear Lord, the Elder of his church, thanked liini for his blessed rule, under which, by his mercy, we find ourselves so blessed, for he feeds his little sheep ui)on his holy wounds, which be felt for us; we asked forgiveness where wo had not done righ<", nor always followed and fulfilled his good and gracious advice and will ; that he would be further interested in us, and espec- ially take ujjon his true heart our outward circumstances, opening and showing the way for us, putting aside all the hinderauces made by Satan, that through us he might ac- complish his holy will. We got the assurance in our hearts that he would do i »r us all this and yet more. Wednesday, 15. Many got ready for the autumn hunt after they wore done with work in the fields and witl) the building of tlieir liousos and huts. There are but few houses built, most getting through this winter in huts, since we know not liow soon we must go hence. Thurs '.ay, 1(5, and Friday, 17. The sisters helped us get in our crops, turnips, and potatoes, of wliich each one has planted freely. Sunday, 19. Br. David preached from the words of Paul : I count all things but loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus. Monday, 20. There was in the evening another slight alarm. Sisters, who were gathering chestnuts, brought homo a piece of board they had found in an old house a few miles from hero, on which were painted six warriors, 'it 1 ;.' I; i n lii;: i^i :i^ Ji ' Mi Si ■ 'J \MUr :1 k;' M 310 ZEISBEHQER S DIARY. with two prisoners and five scalps. Many lielieved that the six Potawatomios and Chiiipewas, who went thi'ough here a week ago, liad fallen npon the pack-horse people, soon expected here, killed and taken prisoners some of them, and had then painted this hoard to let our Indiana know al)ont it. We conld not, however, believe this, for the pack-horses conld not yet have gone so far out, and we hoped for the hest. Tuesday, 21. Ahraham went with some sisters to Pett- quotting to hring into safety some corn they had got there, and to l)nry it, for all the Indians have moved thence. Saturday, 25. Many brethren came home from hunting, content, with horse-loads of venison and hcar-rneat, and casks tilled with honey thoy had collected hi the bush, for there aie many bees here; thus our Indians, after the hun- ger the}' have endured, will again for a tii.ie have enough to eat, and more, and can live well; they cheerfully gave to us, too. Sunday, 26. Br. Edwards preached, and Br. David held the congregation meeting in the evening. Monday, 27. Wrote to Bethlehem and Litiz. Br. Ed- wards held early service. Tuesday, 28. David held early service : But because ye are not of the world, therefore the world hateth you. By Samuel and Thomas, who went with horses to the Fort, we sent a package of letters to Litiz and Bethlehem. Thursday, 80. Two Tawa Indians came in from hunt- ing in the bush, staying here two days. The sisters cut wood for us. Friday, Dec. 1. As the weatlier was fine and mild, the sisters went out to trv to make some sugar for all at the love-feast, Sunday, 3. 1st of Advent. Br. David preached about our Saviour's coming into the flesh, who, by liis incarna- tion, passion, and death for our sins, brought back to us eternal life and happiness, wherefore we should be glad and thankful, rejoicing in our Saviour. Tuesday, 5. Last night a fine snow fell, which was just the thing for our hunters. im ON tup: CUYAHOGA, 1786. 311 Friday, 8. To-day, and several procediiio^ days, it Biiowed so that the snow ia knee-deep, and sliovva yet no sign of stopping. Satnrday, 9. Two white people came here from Pitts- burg on their way to Detroit, by whoni we had letters from Brs. Ettwein and Sensemann, from Bethlehem iU'.d Ileidelherg (Berks C^)., L*a.) From a IMttshtirg newspapcM, sent by Mr. Dnnean, we learned the resolve of Congress about our Indians, just as wo had already had news of it by letters from Bethlehem. Sunday, 10. Br. Edwards preached ; David held the congregation meeting. Monday, 11. The white people set out on their way to Detroit. Br. David wrote by them to Mr. Askin abvmt the letter of credit which Br. Wollin had sent for us to Mr. Dobic in Montreal, which Br. Ettwein had mentioned in liis letter. Tuesday, 12. .It has snowed now for several days, and again to-day steadily. The snow always gets deeper, so that we are in a good deal of trouble about our cattle, while at this time of yeai' on the Huron lliver (Michigan) we saw little snow, or almost noi:e. The sisters brought our turnips from the field to the house for our cattle. Some of the hunters came home, for the snow is too deep for hunting, and our Indians are preparing to get snow- shoes ready, a thing they had not expected, for on the Muskingum they never needed any, no deep snow ever falling. Thursday, 14. Rain fell, and a thaw set in, which con- tinued several days, so that the snow, which had been two and a half feet deep, almost all went off. There came seven Tawas and Chippewas trom the lake here, remained over night, and inquired about the flour which had been stored here and not taken away. Tho}'^ were answered that the flour belonged to their father in Detroit. The morning after, as they went away, they observed the house where it was, for they passed through here not long ago, and therefore knew it. They took out three casks, two of which they took with them, the other they gave to our In- i i , 1 I Hi ^r ti 1 ■Hk 1 Im%I. ^^ i 812 zeisberokk's diauy. diaiis, siiico it was too niiieli for thcni, and tlioy went nwny. Wo, liovvever, \n\t tlie cask with tho rest, and did not take it. Tlic ovonin<; hd'orc tlicy had called npon Br. David ; one, a Tawa, knew Kn^li.art for Borrow. We had the number of thirty at the Lord's sup- per, which was accompanied by tbc Saviour's near pres- ence. Three sisters and two brothers renuiined away this time. Samuel and Thomas were not yet hack fron\ Pitts- burg, and w'e cannot couceive why they remain away so long. We conjectured that one of them must be ill, for Samuel was not right well when he went away. Sunday, 24. After the communion liturgy J>r. a'Jdwards preached, and then David held the children's service, ex- liorting them to praise the infant Jesus with joyful hearts and to glorifv him with their months. We began Christ- mas with a love-feast. The history of our Saviour's birth was read, and after consideration of the Scripture-verse and text we prayed to the little Child in the manger. At the end burning wax-tapers were given to the children ; whereupon all went joyfully home, and they sang after- wards in their huts Christmas erses. ON 'illK C'l^YAIIdOA, XlXi], 818 Mondiiy, 25. David preached from John, i : The word waa Jiiadi' lU'sli. I5r. l^'dwarda held the ('oiiifrt'<;atioii meet- iiig. The lircthroii came to ^rcct us and showed their heaits joyful at the Saviour's hirth. Tufsihiy, :2(I. At hist came Brs. Samuel and 'I'lionnia Irom l*ittsl)ur_<;, wiiom wo liad very loni; and t'a<^erly awaited, helievintr they must liave met some misfortune or that they had heen somewhat sick, hut tiie (le('|t snow had detained them, which in I'ittshnri? was much di'eper than lierc, for they said it wa- over their hips, and it was not so deep here. \V(! inid hy them a letter from Hr. Ileckewolder, in Carlisle, of Xov. J, from whidi we learned they were in jijood liealth. I<'rom r than all, iianioly, famine, as wc had also expected from the Very he^i^iniiin^" of our jouriu'y. Wesi'tlK-d hero in the hush, where far and near was no Indian wettknncnt, and I'or u louijf time saw no ways or means of getting that by whieh we and our Indian hrdlircn could live, hut tiio Saviour helj)e(l, so that, in some nu'asure, for a time, wo wore aided for pay, and also ]ilant(>d somewhat, whieh ho so blessed, that, with what the Indian brethren have got bore from other places, wo shall have enoUii;h to eat until spring. We trust our heavenly Father further to eare for u.s and to give us advico. The Indian l)rcthren, Samiu^l and Thomas, in Septem- ber, made a visit to our Indians wan«? made irj the spring, in the neighbor- hood of the place where th-e Hhawanesc prisoners had been taken. They are now over tlie lake at a treaty, and wlicn they come back they will s^rid us a message once more, w^ • ^ % % V 1 . J; ,'. .1 .' pi ; ■ V i ; 4 ijl UM. \ m I ::i\ ' ' r. ^A -.^ i 318 ZEISBKHOER S DIARY. and if wc do not regard it and yet go to the Muskingum, they will use I'orce, killing us niiasionaries and carrying oft" our Indians, thus once tor all the matter would be ended, and they would have no further trouble about us. Such is said to be the talk. Saturday, (5. We celebrated Epiphany, accompanied by the near and perceptil)le jiresence of the Saviour. He showed himself great and mighty to his Indian Hock that still remains and has been rescued from overthrow. At morning prayer we committed ourselves, as also all our cliurches among the heathen, to him for his blessing, and asked his near presence with us this day. In the second service of tht^ baptized, after a discourse upon the Script- ure-verse of tiie day, was absolved Michael, who came to us this summer, with a powerful outpouring of grace ; and a grown maiden, A. Salome, was taken into the church. At the love-feast we thought of the churches among the heathen in Grreenland, South America, and in the Isles.' The brethren were reminded and made to think that the Saviour had liitherto brought them through many trials, dangers, and temptations, and they were also told the\' should not think all was over now, they should n 't be so sure, 1)ut stand on their guard; we wore not yet done with all difliculties and danger; a hard storm might still fall u[)on us; they should stand fast, and not indeed trust themselves, but believe that they are poor and weak, and so should cling the closer to the Saviour, and put their trust in him alone, who would never bring them to shame. In the service that fol- lowed upon this, a grown maiden, Ignatius' daughter, was baptized into Jesus' death, with the U'lme Anna Maria; also 10 'luy was baptized Cathrine's sick child, by name, Samuel, and A. Salome. Sunday. 7. Edwards preached, and thereupon the chil- dren, especially the boys, had a blessed service. His his- tory was brougiit to their minds : When Jesus was twelve '.\t this time tlic MoiMvians hiul nine missions in the West Indies, three in Greeuhmd. and one in Surinam. ^m ox THK CUYAHOGA, 1787. 319 years old, etc., and there was a discorrse about their text: And Jesus increased in wisdom and stature and in favor with God and nan. In the conirreijation nieetiu'^ from the Scripture-verse, Cathrine upon her h)n<;iiiir recjuest and entreaty was al)solved. Her husband brouylit her to us on the Huron River in 'So, but he went away liiniself, and, :i- we h'arn, is paralytic and cannot walk, but as soon as ho is somewhat better will come to us. !She made clear that she wishe. ^ we were caught unpri'pared. We thoiight the news might be true, there was no impossibility about it, for ever since we have been here we have heard that the Indians are eager for war, and only wait for things to go well for it. On the other iiand, it Uiay also be deceit on the {lart of tiie chiefs, who secretly s[»read abroad such news, a,nd even forbid any one to tell us of it on tiiis very accouuc, tauit we may the more readily be- lieve it, they well kBov\-ing it would come to our ears, and wishmg to uruui9« fear and dread among our Indians, so tkkt they may take refuge with them and accept their memmgea. Since now we were in uncertainty, and knew T I'i-M 320 zeisberqer's diary i \:: not what to believe, and since we did not wish to waste our time, tor we liad little now, and almost none to turn ourselves in and to tbrni a plan, we turned to the Saviour and heiiged his advice. W'^e asked hira whether, consid- ing our circumstances, we had now any thing to ask liim, and tlie answer was, yes. In the consultation hereupon we made tlic following lots : 1st. The Saviour is for our soon going away from here ; hereto we put a blank and the first was drawn. 2d. The Saviour tells us to go to the place on the Mus- kingum pointed out by the conference in Bethlehem, and hereto a blank, and the lirst was drawn. We had still one matter of concern, namely, to know whether we should soon set out upon our journey to the Mus- kingum, having for some time sucli line weather, tlie ground free from snow, and the Cuyahoga i)erfectly clear from ice. The Saviour let us know that we had no need of haste, but could await tiie spring. We were trom our hearts thankful to the Saviour for advising us and helping us out of (Uir trouble and j)erj)lex- ity. His word is truth, therein we trust, thereon de- pend. We should now no longer be disturbed by evil re- ports, nor |a.y heed to them, but go straight on and regard them n*»L Mondiay. H. Josepli had us asked wntther lie would be received again if he -liould come back to us with liis wife. We did not refuse him. but sent word to him lie must first know wherher hi** wife was of his mind, and if thus he came we would consider it. Wednesday, 10 kHalome, Stephen's wife, became sud- deul}' ill with convukaons. so tiiat it was feared she would not come to herself again, but slie got better the next day. Many brethren went oti:" to search for sugar-places and to build huts. Thursday, 11. A party of Chippewas came here from their hunting-place, encam()ing near by for several days. They were going to their sugar-place, were very friendly, and said that those who took the tlour here were Tawas, and no Chippewas, for they did no such things. ON TUE CUYAHOGA, 1787. 321 Sunday, 14. Br. Echvivrds preuchod and David hold the congregation meeting. The Chippcwas near us gave our Indians a feast of bear's meat, having shot several bears. Tuesday, 10. Br. Edwards hold early service. In the marriage quarter-hour afterward the single brother, Lewis, Salome's son, and the single sister, Esther, tlic late Rachel's daughter, were married. Most of the brethren went into the bush to build sugar-huts. Saturday, 20. Five messengers came from Pittsburg, scut to the nations with a message from Mr. Butler. Amouff them were two Sonecas, one of them a chief, a Cayuga, an Onondaga, and a Wyandot. They made a speech to our Indians with a string of wampum, washed the tears from their oyes, comforted them for all the suffering they had passed through, and thereupon made known to them the directions given to them, whereto thoy had the order of tlio well known Cayashoto, the Mingo chief, who stayed much in Pittsburg. Their directions are to try whether thoy can bring the nations, especially the Shawanoso, to in- cline their ears to peace, andif they perceive any inclination thereto among them, to invite them to a treaty; to promise the Shawanoso also, if they wish to make peace, they shall recover the thirty odd prisoners whom they have in the States. Our Indians thanked them, through a string, as well for their comforting address and good wishes as for the information about their directions, encouraged them to do their best, that a stable treaty of peace nu\y be made among the nations, for we were children of peace and wished them good succm'ss. This pleiised thom so much that they said that now they went twice as cheerfully and willingly about their work ; they would do their best, and on their return would come hero ngain to toll us how they found things and what they had accomplished. Sunday, 21. Early in the morning they set forth again on their way after -^e had given tliem some provisions for the journey. Br. David delivered a sermon about : Lord if thou wilt thou canst, etc. I will. Br. Edwards held the congregation meeting. £1 11 nr^ H ] H. I 1 >; 322 zeisbehqer's diary. Tuesday, 23. From the niiiiiy rains and tlunider-storms the Ciiyalioga rose so liii;-li yesterday and to-day as to cover the lowhmd. Onr Indian hretlii'en contributed corn t'ortho Chippewas and <(ave it them. The eldest of them is bi-otlier of the chief who was our friend over the hdrobation, and they made known to him our ordinances, wjierel)y he prom- ised to conduct Ins life. Mon(hiy, 5. In the early service, where the discourse was about the Scripture-verse: The sons also of tliem that afHictod thee shall come liending unto thee, the breth- ren were informed that Mannisu had permission to live with us, that we should all rejoice if he throve before the Lord. [Thus far to Bethlehem.] VVednesday, 7. The l)rethren all went to their sugar* huts. There remained at home, of the Indian brethren, »! I r i HI .1 324 ZBISBKHQEU S DIAllY, CoiTiolius, almost blind, and Kpiiraim, who is quite blind, and two old widows, besides ns white brethren. Saturday, 10. Mary Magdalene was brought to bed in the rtugar-huts — with a son. Sunday, 11. Br. Edwards prenihed about the good seed in the field, and Duvld held the congregation meet- ing. Quite a large numiior of the brethren came liome, but, Monday, 12, nearly all went back again. A. Cliarity remained for sugar-miiking. with our permission. Wed'U'sday, 14. By i'eter, who went to Pettquott'ng, Maniasu sent back to I'ipe iiis message and the wam- pum. Sunday, 18. A good many brethren came home. Br. David preached about the Saviour, and Br. Edwards held the congregation meeting. In a book that came by chance into our hands last summer, we found instruction and di- rection how to reckon when Easter would I'all this year, and we found it would be April Hth, according to our cal- culation, for we had neither calendar nor Sciripture-verses for this year. Monday, 19. The brethren went back early, eacii one to his place in the sugar-camp. For several days we have pleasant spring weather. Wednesda}^ 21. Chippewas came in from their sugar- huts very fine-looking, friendly Indians. Friday, 23. An Indian came through here as messen- ger to the Indians in Gokliosing (Vernon Hiver, O.), to summon all those there to the Miami, whither now all the Indians are going, usually no good token of peace. Wo learn that the nations seem to incline to peace, but that all depends upon a treaty the nations will have held in Pittsburg. Sunday, 25. Two Chippewas were present at the ser- mon, which Br. David delivered, one of whom understood Delaware somewhat. At the end of this tiie little son of Renatus, the Mohican, and Mary Magdalene, born in the sugar-camp on the 10th Inst., was baptized with the name ON TlIK CUYAHOOA, 1787. 826 Timothy. Br. David held tlio congregation meeting from the Scripture-verse. Tuesday, 27. By Steithon and Adam, who wont to the Fort, we sent letters to Hetlili'hom. Friday, March 2. I'cter, with his people, came hack from I'ettquotting, wliere he saw Luke and Anna .lo- hanna, wiio wish themselves hack with us and are not at all pleased there. With them came hero also Petty, who manifested her desire to l)e with us again, and she re- mained hei'o. Sunday, 4. The hrcthren who are not far off came homo from their sugar-camp for the services. 15r. Edwards preached and J5r. David held the congregation meeting in the afternoon, and then most of the hrethren went hack again. Tuesdav, 6. Our Samuel hecamo suddenlv sick, had Br. David calhul in the night, committed to him his wife and children, and hade him not to permit them to he se- duced into heathenism hy their friends who live on the Tawa lliver, if he should die, and this Br. David prom- ised him. lie was let hlood, whereupon the next day he was hotter. Saturday, 10. Stephen and Adam returned from Pitts- burg, gladdening us with letters from Uethlehem, dated last year, and from Br. Fttweiu, of dan. 0th, this year; also the Scripture-verses and texts for this year. At the same time we had a message from Lieut.-Col.IIarmar from Fort TIarmar, at the mouth of th'.' Muskingum [who re- ceived the order from Congress and was to execute it], wherein he made known to us the resolve of Coni-ress in our favor ami told us we should send for the five hundred busliols of corn mentioned, twenty axes and twenty hoes and owe hundred blankets in the aforesaid Fort Ilarmar. Also Gen. Richard Butler, Agent (for Indian Afi'airs), sent us word in a letter to Br. David that ho had good hop(! that during the summer all differences with the In- dians would bo put aside and every thing brought into good order. Trustworthy news from the assembly of tha nations, he wrote, made this very credible to him. Messrs, I t > a.;i :ii.:t 326 zi;rsni:iMiKK s diakv. Duncan and Wilson, however, advised us at the same time in their letter to remain here a yeai- loiitfcr and to plant. They did net, indeed, allcife their llonr business, which they tli()n<;lit sate undt>r our oversi;;ht, hut l)ecause they believed that during this summer a stahlo peace would bo nuide again with the Indians. 8unday, 1 1. Hr. David |ireaelied and thereiijion liold tho communion ([uarter-honr, and he told the brethren now that w<- had the news IVom the proper hand, tor which wo had always waited, what Congress luid resolved in their favor and tor whiih they had given orders for execution. This was communicated by the speech of Lieut -Col. Har- mar, which lu; sent to tlu'm in writing. At the sanie tini<' they wer(; told to prepare fordeparture fortlie Muskingum, and to be ready to do what was needful. We observed that most of them were glad and joytul to move to tho Muskingum, but >omc 'cw were doubtful about it. Tuesday, 18. An 1 .ian on his way from Sandusky to Pittsburg came here and stayed, on account of the high water, through the whole week, it raining much, son of the departed Jacob. We had always heard that the In- dians were all moving from Sandusky to tho Mi:im'., as- sembling there, and this is usiuilly no good token, and now we heard the contrary. Friday. It!. Doth yesterday and to-day the brethren wore sjioken to, for they had all come together from the bush. To our shame (i.-t our lack of faith) wo found that the Saviour, in regard to our wandering and moving to the Muskingum, had turned the hearts ot the brethren, giving them courage and inclination thereto. None of them Inid any desire to move to I'cttquotting or Sandusky ; even the few who did not wisii to go to tho Muskingum, on account of their children and friends who were mur- dered thoro, had indeed no longing for this, but they wished rather to go with the greater jiart and remain with tho churcli than again to put themselves under the sav- ages. Saturday, 17. At the Lord's supper were present as ON li'K CUYAIIOOA. 1787. 827 cainlidatos two siators and two nmidcus, namely, Ci\thritu% E>tIior, Siilniiu'. and Anna iSaloiiic. Sunday, IS. At'tci' the coininnnion litnriry, Br. Kdward.s preaclit'd and David lidd tliu foiigri'jjjatioM mooting. Tuesday, 2". A wliito tuim of rittsliurg, an acquaint- ance, ciiHio lii'i'c tVoHJ till' Ihud of (iirat HeavtM' Creek, where lie Iiad {lassed tlie winteraiuong tlie Indians, l)ring- ing some wares and tilings, all of w liicli our Indiana bought of him. We heard among our [leoitle all >orts of unjileasant things ahout our moving. Tlu-rc appeared trai'es of (jhstimu'V [and this made us sad] among those from whom wc had not expected it, hut we were not there- fore cast down, luit went ' uufoi-tcd to work. I'ettv w <'nt to Samlusky, promising to come hack to us again. .Most of the hrrthren w»'iit, Wednesday, 21, to work making canoes. They have one ready now and need yei still seven or eight. Thursday, 22. The white man went hack again. Saturday, -4. Messrs. Duncan and Wilson came hero and remained until the'JOth. 'I'hey spoke with us ahout our moving to the .Muskingum, advising us to remain liiu'e, for, as they said, there was yet no peace with the Indian nations, and the times were still very uncertain ; for this matter they had in>truetioiis from .Mr. Butler to s[.oak with us. Although we did not heed this much, and there- fore had not much concern ahout it, yet through Luke's K MS, on the evening of the iJoth, we got very di>agreeahle nvs and threats iV"m the Indians, that if we nujved iSi\ David would he killed, and this caused us much con- sideration. Suixlay, 25. (Annunciation.) David preached and thereafter held the service for to-day's festival Irom the day's text: Forasmuch then as the children are partakers of flesh and blood, he also himself took part of the same, about the great blessing and the great grace which has become the portion of us all, small and great, through th'^ Saviour's incarnation, passion, and death, that we now b Christ's will are in God's grace and through belief in hiiu are become the children of God. ) ■ : I' J Mil ! 828 ZKISHEROKU .S DlAllY. Muiidny, 2o ai>ain out bv the lake, wlienco wo came a year ago. and linally as we had but this one plan in reserve wherewith all our schemes, thoughts, and considerations came to an end, the Saviour ajiproved tiiat we should seek a place of refuge l)etween the Cuy- ahoga and l'ettf[Uotting, and there remain. For this also we brought him our thanks and adored him, astonisliod and full of awe at his government, which he carried out among us, and for the ways which he went with us. Wo must place our hands upon our mouths, and say : " AVliat ho does and ordains is riglit and well done, for in his gov- ernment has he never failed." This was inde( 1 unex- pected by us, and a perfectly new scene was sjtread open to us, sometliing which now indeed we could not under- ON TlIK (1 VAIIU(JA, 1787. Htaiid, hut ill tho futiiro sliould bettor iiiul(M'Htaii '• I ' ; 1 &i 1 , 880 ZKISBEUGEH S DIARY. brethren were told we liad hitherto thoughts of going to the Miiskingniii, wlien we broke up liere, but tliiit we tbuiul our cireumstaiices sueh that it was not yet time ; to remain here we also found not well ; we should then scleet a plaec for a teni|)oi-ary abode between here and Pettquotting, but meanwhile always consider our appointed place on the Muskingum the object of our endeavors. I will iiei'c introduce an example to show how the Holy Ghost preaolics among the brethren. Many bretliren and sisters came together in a house, talking about to-day's Gospel, whicli they had heard. One brotlier said : "[have often already lieard that which I lieard to-day, but it has never l)een so clear to me as to-day, especially the words tlie Savioui- spoke : My house shall be called of all nations the house of [»rayer, but ye have made it a den of tliieves." lie said: "Our body is a temple, a lioi.se of the Holy Ghost. The Saviour has washed us froir our sins by liis blood, and jji'epared our iiearts and bodies, that he may dwell therein. Ilenci '■)rth wo should not defile God's temple, nor again let in the old sinful things from which our Saviour lias washed and cleansed us; we must always bear in mind that we are not our own, but that we belong to the Saviour, l)ody and soul, and therefore keep our- selvi's undefiled." Tuesday, '■]. Ycstenlay and to-day the Indian brothers got some canoes ready and brought them into the water, whereby Samuel dislocated his arm for the fourth time, which, with mucli troidilc, was at last l)rought back again. From Pettquotting came Zaehary, bringing a message from a Mousey chief to Br. David alone : '• (irandfather, I hear thou willst go to Thuppekiiidc, but I advise thee not to gi) there this spring. I cann(.)t plainly tell thee why, but tliis much, it is not yet time. I can also say nothing as to wlietiier there v/ill be war or peace ; that depends upon circumstances. Think not that I oppose thy teach- ing the Indians God's word ; tliiit is dear to me, l)Ut I ad- vise thee well. Go not to Tliupitekiink, ye might all sutler harm." Wednesday, 4. Both yesterday and to-day the broth- ON THE CUYAUOGA, 1787. 381 ren were spoken to, for there is miicli wliicli is nnploasaiit, and tliis nuikort us grieve, yet tlie Siivi(Mir again sent ti.s nuu'li peace in them. Thursday, 5. Towards evening was read tlie lieart- moving story of our Saviour on the .Nfouiit of Olives. Then tlie conimun.ion hrethren had t\\v washing of feet, and thereupon enjoyed his Ijody and Llood in the holy communion with hungry and thirsty souls. Michael was readmitted. Two young sisters and two grown girls were jiartakers for the lirst ♦ime. This was I'ndecd something new, for liitherto we have always been on our guard about admitting such young people to tlie holy conmiunioii, hut it seems tlie Saviour will show iis that we should give more thought to our young people than hitherto. We have found numy times from ex[)erienee that tliey surpass tlie old in attachment to the Saviour and the church. They have no longer taste for the world and lieatlienism, nor pleasure therein. They will not remain among the sav- ages, even those who are not baptized, Init have grown up in the clmrch. Friday, (J. The story of our Saviour's sufferings, cruci- fixion, death, and burial was heard with moved and melted hearts. For liis hard and bitter suffering, for his buffet- ings and scourgings, for all the wounds he received for us, for his outpouring of blood, he received many tears of sinners, and the brethren could not hear enough ; it was as if they 'leard for the first time. Saturday, 0. We liad a love-feast, whorel)y was a dis- course about the Saviour's rest in tlie grave after his hard sufferings, and then about the Scripture-verse and text. Sunday, 8. We read early in the chajiel. having here no grave-yard, the Easter litany. Thereupon was a part of the story of the resurrection read. Br. Edwards preached, a';d, in the afternoon service, Esther, Cornelius' daugliter, a single woman, was taken into the church, and her brother baptized into Jesus' death with the nrine Tobias, wiiose father Tobias had been a martyr at Gnaden- hiitten, on the Muskingum. Monday, 9. By John Leeth and two Indians witli him li *; 1^' ' I ' K ;■ 882 ZEISBEROER S DIARY. we had a lottor from Br. Ilockowclder from Pittsburg', of the 2ii(I of this mouth, telling n-^ of his arrival there with two brothers, Micliael Jung and Weigand. Wo at ouce nuide [jrcparatious, and sent, Tuesday, 10, several brethren there with liorses to help tliem. The letters from Bethlehem, however, did not coui Samuel went also Avith a couple of brethren a goo.l day's journey from bore, to seek a place for our set- tlement, where we thought of staying as soon as they c:r;ne biick. Wednesday, 11. Anna Johaniui came from Pettciuot- ting. They were almost shipwrecked on the rocks in a storm. These, especially Anna Paulina, when, the next morning, they were at early service, could do nothing but weep, at again hearing the word of God, of which they had heard nothing the whole winter, but they accused themselves and called themselves guilty, that they had let themselves be so blind. Friday, l^). Samuel came back with the two brothers, Stephen and Adam, from their exploration. When they went away from here, they went straight through the bush to the head of the very creek where we wished to go, 'I'here they met a party of Tawa Indians out hunt- ing, who told them that farther down the creek they would fiiul excellent laud. They made then a hark canoe, Avent down the creek, and found it as they had been told, naiuely, a great tract of good land, even bettor than here, or than we have anywhere had ; it was partly clear and the rest easy to clear, some live or six miles from the lake, but (jniet and dee[i water so far, but straightway at the upper end a strong current ami rapids begin. Oidy they said they could iind no town-site, for on the creek there is nothing but rich bottom land, but A'ct this lies so high that water can never overflow it. This creek is half way between Cuyahoga and Pettqnotting,' the only place we can make use of, and there is no other to be found, there- fore wo had uo choice. ' Frohahlv, then. Rlnck Uivpr. i!:^;|l!Hi JOURNEY TO HURON RIVER, 1787. ii'SS Sunday, 15. David preached, and tliereupon hold a serv- ice for the haptized. AVe had six brethren Inipti/ed tliis year, and three taken into the cluirch, wlioni we com- mitted to the f^aviour for farther oversight, and to God, the worthy Holy Spirit, for his care, to let them grow in the knowledge and lovo of .lesus Christ, and 1o tlnivc in the church wholly for him. From rettcjuotting came a French trader, on his own business, in (juest of a strange Indian, and stayed over night. Br. Edwards helil the congregation meeting. One of our Indians, Mamasu, who went to the Tuscarawas and lay alone in the biish. was fallen upon' at night by two wolves. One of them at- tacked his dog, which gave the alarm. The Indian seized his musket at once, and while the othi'r wolf was spring- ing upon him, he jumped over the iire, and shot him dead in his camp; he then ran at once to help his dog. where- upon the other wolf took llight, but his dog was so very much hurt that he had to ca.ry him the next (hiy. Moiuhiy, 10. David held the early service. He told the brethren to hold themselves in readiness to start from here within two or three days, as nuiny as eoiiM, for we could not all wait until those from the Fort had come back. Thursday, 19. After the early service, in which, at the end, we thanked the Saviour in i>rayer tor all the good- ness, kindness, and blessing we had here enjoyed from him, and had further recommended us to his grace and guidance, and after we liad thereui)on loaded our eanoi^s, we went, some by water down to the lake, while, at the same time, they who went by land began their journey witli Br. Zeisl)erger and his wife, but Br. Edwards with those by water. We came, Friday, 20, to Stone Creek (Rocky River, perhaps), where we found some canoes, most luiving [lasscd the most dangerous place, namely, the steep rocks, and some had already got a good distance beyond, but, on acount of high wind, had to come to land. A year ago tt)-day we left Huron River. Saturday, 21. There was a hard wind from the north •II HI; ! !■ f 1 1 i\ i'^ \U f ^ ( . ! ■ ! I' 334 ZEIS1J[:IU1EII S DIARY. and iiortli-wcst, on wliich account the canoes had to lie still. The wavc« struck so hard ..jton tiic rocks that the ground trembled at tinier, for the wind came straight from the lake. Those on land also kept still on the 22nd, for the night heforo they fished by torchlight, and speared some hundred large fish, weighing from three to ten pounds each, which they had to cook and dry on the way. Mcjuday, 2;j. We left the canoes and set forth upon our way. It was yet too windy upon the lake to start. In the evening we encamped. Tuesday. 24. We turned from tlie way along the lake, going some miles througli the bush straight to our [dace, and when we came to our creek where we wished to go, we found ourselves on a high hill, from which down into the plain we could overlook the whole country, us it were a beautiful, pleasant garden. We went from there across the land, pleased with every thing wo saw. We found it just as the brethren who had been here described it, and even better, for there is almost as mucli clear land as we shall all need. It is true, as thoy said, we have nowhere had such good land. We encamped near the creek, which is deep, and thus far no strong stream, ''"•• the lake checks it thus far ; a little furtluu' up, just a!)ov , the stream be- g'ns. in the evening Samuel, the only Indian brother with us, went tishiug, and had in a short time more tish than were necessary. They are a sort of ])ike, which now at this t'nie go in great numbers from the lake into the creek. Wednesday, 25. Those who set out h}' water at the same time with us got here. They started this morning with still water from Stone Creek at daybreak, and came by good luck this afternoon into this creek, when a sti'ong wind arose, and the lake was already (piite rough. We found now tluit we were some live miles from the lake, and if the wind comes tlience we can plainly hear it roar. In the evening we unloaded our canoes and brought our tilings where it was dry; pleasantest and best way it to have had fair weather during the whole journey. Thursday, 20. We got rainy weather, and each one built himself a but. The sisters dug wild fi-^^i'-rc:'?, of which im mi JOIRNEY TO lll'lK N UIVICU, 1787. 89§ there arn many l»ovp» a very wholcHonu! imnl Tor IiKliiins. Mattlu'W, Cornelius' son. who ciiiim' hore ycstcfday tVoin tlio Miami, said thai Titawaciikain svaiitcd to , that soon somothintf wonld ho told ns hy the cdiiofs to somi'thin^ this eft'ectt : We shonld not plant hero, Imt come to Sandusky, whore thov had nnidc a idaoo for ns. Manv had throats W(!rc also «(ldod if wo refused, and this -iijain canst'd ns much anxiety. Ho said at the same timi' that the Indians always hold themselves ready tor war. Friilay, J7. A canoe went to Cnyahoija to hel]t forward those wdio went to tiio Fort. David hehl ovoniiiii' service from tho Sc'rijitni-o-vorse. Tho Indian hrethi'en hroiiijht in clear alum, which they ,ii:ot rr.>m the I'ocks on the crook, and they said thoro was filonty to he had. Another canoe went to ['ettqiiottini;' to ifef eoi'u. a ijood day" journey from lu'ro, imt before thoy ' ame out of the eivek into the lake thoy wero stopiiod by Titawsichkam, who came here with I^nke, brin_u,-ing ns a message from tho chiefs, IMpo, \W'landaweokon, and I'omoaean, and as ho was in haste to turn back again he ordm-ed tho brethren to assendjlo at onee, suj'ing iio had something imiioiMant to tell us. As Br. David was not [)>.esent when this occurred, ho had him called, for to him, ho said, ho lunl something to say per- sonally. When he came he mr.do first an introductory s[)00ch, saying that ho was sent by tho aforesaid three chiefs to nKdthinir we eould not do willin^'ly, and \\'{ must do, we wore eoml'oited by to-day's Seripture-verse to thank the Ijord therefor. It read: (jiive thaid dorth great wonders, and this \vv did, but for the present still in faith. Br. Edwards held the serviee in the eveuiig. Saturday, 28. We sent a messenger to Cuyahoga, to give the brethren still remaining there news of our situa- tion, and to bid them follow us as soon as possible. Lukc> who remained over night, went away, with whom l>r. David spoke in a straight Ibrwai'd and eai'uest way, laying buforc him every thing, whieh he denied. Sunday, 21). Br. David held serviee in the forenoon and Edwards in the evening. Monday, oM. At noon eame Br. Micdmel Jung, with the messenger fi-om Cuyahoga, wiiere, with Jir. W^eigand, he had eome from Pittsburg three days before, by whom, to our lieiirlielt joy, we got letters IVom the ehureh, where- with we were busy all the afternoon and refreshed our- BelvuH. lie (lime to us even here in the bush on oui- pil- grimage, lie had left Br. .John Weigand in Cuyahoga with our brethren, w ho were behind and for whom we were waiting. In the (!vening serviee the brethren were greeted by the ehureiies and brotliers, find were told that Br. John, who much loved the Indian brethren, had sent them a message in writing, whieh they should iieur so soon as they should all be together. Tuesday, May 1. Miehael Jung held evening service from the Seripture-verse. Wednesday, 2. Last night and to-day was a higlj wind. •«^«i .lOUUNKY TO Tin; IIUKON HIVKlt, 17' W'oi'o Honicu hat out of tilt! wind. Sunday, <>. I'r. Zcisherffcu' and his wife wont on ahead with thos(> wiio wore goinlanted last year, although not quite enough for ns all, yet we found it uiKinimously best to renuiin here and to plant, though we could expect nothing else than to be harassed here, but we resolved to put the matter througl) with earnestness, for it is as if every efiort were made to bring us again to misery and linngcr. God liclp us out of this need! In the evening was a service from the Scripture- verse. We went up the river witli a number of brethren to see the place, and found along the river many fine IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. (./ ^<^ v.. 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■- IIIM |50 If 1^ L 1^ |l?5 M 1.8 14 llllli.6 V] remain. He came so hund)lo and so like a sinner, saying he was unworthy to be taken into the church again. What pleased us most was that the assistants, who always had trouble with him when ho was here l)efore, had now right hearty compassion with him, wept with him, and held him as dear as ever before. This will be to him an abiding blessing his life-long, and we cannot enough thank the 8a .iour, who has changed our sorrow over him into joy. Wednesday, '20. Yesterday and to-day Br. David held tlio early service in Indian. The brethren hoed our corn to-day. Saturday, -■>. Through the whole week the brethren have been busy hoeing corn, for which there w^as fine, dry weather. Sunday, 24. Br. David preached from Isaiah, 40 : Com- fort ye, comfort ye my people, saitb your God, in Indian, no interpreter being present. There were also strangers visiting here. Monday, 25. The brethren who were still at home went also out for a few days' iiunting. Tuesday, 2(). Some sisters went to the lake along the shore to seek some necessities for their labor, as also tur- il's' eggs, of which they have often brought home many hnndicds and thousands, which for them is good food.' '"We tlierol'ore huggetl tlie shore of Lake Eiie and landed whenever we required refreshment. To this we were in great degree induced by ^b!' I t" a.. IIUKON RIVKU, 1787. 868 Wodiit'sduy, 27. Thu Fi'onch triulor ciiiiiu lioro, wlio yuHtonliiy got buck from Detroit, br'niging \\n a lottor from Mr. Askiii to Mr. Duvid. From Uioro wu lieur tliut ull ia ([nict luul nothing of consiMpicniH; to l)(( expootcul ; tlmt tln' wickt'd rumors among tlif ii'diuns jihoiit war arc i)ure lies, hut that the nations aro constantly exhorted and en- couraged to pence with the States hy the Knglish ; that to the Indians in Gigeyunk, on the Miami, whither many aro fled and wlioro they waste uwiiy with hunger, corn and Hour had heen sent from Detroit for their maintenance ; that business is sf) had there that nearly all the merchants become bankrupt. Saturday, .'50. Some brethren, for instance, Thomas, Adam, and Adolphus, who were up the creek hunting, came home. They had seen the country along the creek, but had found no place better than wo have here. They brought honey and meat home. Sunday, July 1. At the sermon, which Br. David preached in Indian, several strangers were present from the neighborhood. Both yesterday and to-day we had many thunder-storms. Wednesday, -i. A sick Indian, Abraham's son, who several days ;igo came hero with his family from Sandusky, and encamped near by where he became ill, allowed him- self to liear something about the Saviour, to whom Abra- ham preached the Saviour. Not much dependence, how- ever, is to be placed upon the conversion of such people, for we have often seen by experience that as soon as they are well again they go their way and forget all they have promised. He and his whole family, early on the 5th, were present at the morning service, for he was somewhat better. Lea, a great girl, who a short time ?.go wept away from us and married a Chippewa Indian, came here again, the multitiulo of turtles' eggs with which the beach abounded, and whicli we easily procured in plenty. . . . We fried them in bear'.s oil, and found them very delicious food." — .Johnston's Narra- tive in 17'.)(r Harpers, 1827. 23 354 zeisherger's diary. n 'V, i i ;,i, :i; i'':? r:)' '•\ but we sent her away to-day, for she is wanton and causes niisohlef anions our ijirls. From the neighborliood here a canoe-load of Indians came visiting, likewise sonn^ Wyandots, who ottered to sell our Indians horses they had stolen in the settlements, and they had taken one white man prisoner, but no one would trade with them. Thus they do, each one as he pleases ; they give no heed to orders of their chiefs, who are yet busy about maki'ig peace. Friday, 6. David held early service. The Indian breth- ren hilled our corn. Since we live here upon the creek so near the lake, we see very plainly that there is a sort of ebb and tlosv in the lake, as we observed last year also upon the islands, so that at times a strong current sets to the west, and the sailors told us that always a strong cur- rent starts up before the wind conies from any quarter. We often notice here that a strong current comes up the creek and that the water rises two feet and then falls again. It is not prt)bable, however, that this has any con- nection with the moon, but the air and wind cause the movement and the rise and fall of the water. Saturday, 7. Abi-aham preached the Saviour to his son in his hut, and this two Ottawa Indians heard, who had come here visiting, and with curiosity they went in to hear what was said. When Abraham had tinished his discourse, they asked his son what he had said, for he un- derstands the Ottawa, Chiitpewa, and Wyandot tongues. He interpreted it to them, preached to them, and was not afraid, a rare thing for a savage to do, who usually would not translate nor speak any such thing. Abraham then preached a long time to the Tawas, his son interpreting. They came, Sunday, 8, to the sermon, which Br. David gave in In- dian, about the stor}' of Peter's draught of iishes, es- pecially the words : Depart from me for I am a sinful man, O Lord, and at this several strangers from the neighbor- hood were present. Abraham's soii came to-day to Br. David, talked with him about his heart, and said to him, among other things, that he was now disposed to become Ml _'evunk thov are still waitiuic for war. Sunday, 19. Edwards preached. David held the quar- ter-hour of the baptized. Jeremy wont into others' towns for bad coni[)any, v.'hom we told two days afterwards to leave our place, since he gave not up his disorderly life, after having been admonished at difierent times, both by Br. David and by the assistants. Tuesday, 21. Yesterday an.d to-day the brethren made Br. David's house ready. From Sandusky we heard that already twenty men had died of the small-pox, without counting women and children. Praise be to God, thus far we luive been spared this; we let no one go thither, also aKMium HURON RIVKK, 1787. 865 wo Huftbr no oiio to come liero without exiiiiiiniug where he conies tVoni. Tlmrsday, 28. From (li'^eyunk we heurd tliiit they await there an American army, which lias annouMced it will make them a visit; that on tliig account the Indians are again fleeing from there. Fri(hiy, 24. Many strange Indians came here out of the l)ush from their liunting in the Tuscarawas and tlie ;^^uskingum, wliere every tiling is safe and (|uiet; that Indians liave been killed there, is entirely false. Also there came with tliem here some wlio have been l)a[»tiz;ed, Susanna and Louisa, who, however, are shy of us, and come not near, being worse tlian tiie savages, wlio yet come to the meetings, but tliese never. Samuel inter- preted again as before. Sunday, 2t». Br. Edwards preached, and David hehl the congregation meeting. In the evening came Ilelemi, Sam Moor's wife, with lier two children, visiting from Sandusky, where she had planted, in the hope we should go there. With her came also two baptized women, Paulina and Elizabeth, who have been many years out of the church. Monday, 27. Mr. liobbins came back from Pittsburg, who went through here on liis way thither, by whom we sent letters to Bethlehem, whicli also he had properly for- warded, though ho himself, on account of the small-pox, did not go there. We heard, to our comfort, that every thing there seems peaceful and good, that the Indians in- deed, in Wiliink (Wheeling), and thereabout^ are always stealing horses, and from Duncan have stolen many, but that no plans arc forming against the Indians. We moved to-day into the house the brothers and sis- ters have made for us; hitherto we have been living in a bark'-hut. This evening were buriod the remains of the little Augustus, who went home yesterday, and our grave- yard was consecrated. He was a yeiir and seven days old. Susanna, who has .ilso been attacked by the sickness pre- vailing among ou. brethren, and lay sick over a week, ^Conjectured. ■• il !lH 866 ZKISnilUORR'S DIARY, ( :l Wii grow bettor npiin, but otliors uro sovoroly ill tliorowlth, an Cliristiaim iiiid RcMutiiH. AVcnliiosday, 29. Yosterdiiy and to-diiy nearly nil our brotliroii wont out gutlicrin^ fjinscni^-roots, tor which there is great deiniind ; Honio went oven to onr isliind in the hike, where we were ho long in camp last your, and where there is as nnieli as if it had been cultivated. For, by hunting, they can earn little or nothing, the skins being worthless. Thurs(hiy, .'JO, UcOena spoke with Br. David, asking permission to live again in the church, wliich we gave her. From I'ittsburg came the former wife of White Fiyes, with some others. Not far from the Fort they had been taken prisoners by the militia, n ho took away from them their horses, pelts, and whatever they had, but had let them go again. From Pittsburg came a couple of white peoide, jnesseu- gors to the chiefs, to invite them to a council. Near Wiliiuk above si.xteen white people have been killed this summer, where .also six Indians died, besides the damage done in other [daces. Sunday, Sept. 2. Br. David preached about the greatest commuudment and held the children's service. Mr. Hob- bins, who returned from Sandusky day before yesterday, set forth on his way to Pittsburg. For two weeks now we have in town a large number sick Avith burning fevers. Among the Wyandots eighteen have already died of small-pox, and twenty are sick with it, very few recover. Thus far we have been spared this. Br. iMichael held the congregation meeting. Wednesday, 5. From Sandusky came back again the white man and messenger from Pittsburg, bringing us a letter from Pomoacan, who asked us to send with him a part of the way one or two Indians, as escort, until he is out of danger, for on account of the pestilence they are able to send no one with him, and this wo did. Thursday, 6. Br. David held morning service from the text: There is, therefore, now no condemnation to them which are in Christ Jesus. From Sandusky came a mes- ION RIVEB, 1787. ;U)7 Bciiger 1(1 invito some one of our IndianH to ii couiu-il, to hear what would bo treated of. Wo heard tliat the In- dians wore niueh afraid that tlie white [leople would ad- vanee, for whieii fear a letter from Pittsliuru: ijave tlieni cause, wliicli tlu; inesseni^er brcMu^'ht out, and they speak already of lliii'lit. May (Jod i(ive jieace in this land I ^'(•s- terday and to-day tlu! Indian hri'thrcn hloeked out the house for the two unmarried brothers, Edwardw and .lung. Friday, 7. The nnirried brethren celebrated their festi- val with grace and blessing, in tho near presenco of our dear Lord. At morning prayer we begged for his bloody blessing and nearness ibr the day; then was the festival service of the married brethren, from the text of the day : But if wo walk in the light as he is in the light, we have fellowship one with another, and the blood of Jesus Christ, his Sqn, cleanses us from all sin, about this, that in our mar- riage we can and should lead a life blessed and well-pleas- ing to God, but for this it is recpiircid that connection with sin shall be broken, and that we, through Jesus' wounds, shall be cured and healed ; then we can walk in light, and without fear live for his glory. Whilst the Idxc-feast was celebrating, Christiana iSchebosh, after a sickness of nine days, departed and ended lier course at this time r[uite blessedly. In the afternoon was a love-feast for all the in- habitants, and in conclusion the 8crii)ture-verse for the day was pondered : And take not tho word of truth utterly out of my mouth. Saturday, 8. Her remains were brought to rest. She came to the church in Shekomeko, in New York, and when the Indians there were driven away, to Bethlehem, with others, where she was baptized, in the year 174H, by Br. Martin Mack; in the same year she was joined in wedlock with our Schebosh, with whom she lived in Gna- denhiittcn, on the Mahony, and when that was laid waste by the savages, she went to Nain, near Bethlehem and Wechquetank,' and thereafter went with the Indian church to Philadelphia into the barracks; then, in the * Polk Township, Monroe Co., Pa. *ll 308 ZErsnEuoEu's diauy. ■ 1:1 Ip -r/i. ii^ 1 I year '05, to Friotlens'iiiitton, on the Suaquohatinii [slio wns a iiatiiMial-assistant], and in the year 177:^, witli tho same to the Ohio, \\ lu re she was on the Muskinii^nni, iirst in Schonhriinii and tlion in Gnadonhiitton, niitil, in tlie year '81. all was di'stroyi'd hy savaiio warriors, and the Indian ehurch carried oii' to Sandnsky. Wiien, in the sprinij of '82, the brothers, their teachers, were taken from them and carried to Detroit, she went with her dantHiter, and the hitter's hnsliand, with the rest of onr Indians, to tlie ISliawanese towns. Her son died at the massacre in ('ievi' the lies and tViijhtful stories, whereby slie nnnle life bard, not for herself alone, but she was of no use to others, but rather a harm; this often grieved us, that she wasted her time therewitli so uselessly. Even then, however, slu' knew how to find comfort and advi(^o nowhere else than with the Saviour, for she always came to herself again, and clang to him, who always gave her aid, ami it Uv'ver occurred to her that slie would anywhere be better and safer than in the ehurcli. The Saviour has never nuide her ashamed, has ni)held her, ami in good time let her depart in his arms and bosom. She is now in safety there, where evil is no more to he met, tlio Lord be praised; she left behiml a daughter and two grand- children in the eluirch. She was over sixty years old. In ■ ^ . i ml MW ifl— wi ll HURON HIVKR, 17S7, 369 the ovoiiiiii? wo lahorors, t(\<;otl)cM' with Hr. Scliobosh, luid a blossod Lord's supper, in rolorcin'o to tlio late choir festivals. SniKhiy, !:M*i>t. 0. Brotlier Micliael proaolnMl. Many 8traiii!;iM's, Delawaros and (-liippowas, wore hero. Ed- wards iu>ld tlio conifroffiition nioetin<;. Monday, 10. David hehl (>arly service. ITelena set out home ayain, and will return (o us as soon as may be. Tuesday, 11. David held early service. Yesterday and to-(hiy nu)st of thi' brotliren went to the lake in ditt'erout places and some to tlie islands, to diij irinseng, that they may i>et clothing from its sale, tor by huntinij they can ,earn little, the pelts beiiiii' worth little. They y-et for a. busliol three ov tour dollars; if, then, they come to a ]ilaco whore there is a good deal of it. it repays their trouble. Sicknesses lessen now ainoui>: us. wherewith many have been aillicted, for instance, yellow fever, which attacks the head, and they who liave it lie for many (hiys speechless. Wednesday, 1-, A Shawano came here from (tiiifeyunk, who tracked an Indian, and here overtotdc liim, who had stolen his hoi'se and twi(*e run away. The Slniwano came only to get the Indian, and said if he came liome he would be killed, for he was the greatest thief among the IiuUans, and had already stolen much. Friday, 14. We learned from the Shawaiu) that things tire said not to ho so bad in the Indian land as wo have always heard, that the chiefs are for peace, and that the Shawanese let their prisoners go, and have already surren- dered many ; that, to be sure, there are wretched creatures who go to war and say there would be war, but he knew there would bo no war, for ho was present in the council and know what the chiefs had resolved. This was coju- forting news for us. Sunday, U). David preached from the (lospel : No man can serve two masters, and Kdwards held t'.ie congri>gation mooting. Few of the brethren were at homo. There came two Mingoes hero from Sandusky, where some dwell. From them we heard that the chiefs have not been invited 24 11 t '! w 370 ZEISUEUGEllS DIAKY. to a council at Pittsburg, but that a message witli a piece of tobacco had been sent them, and it was said they should smoke this in their [(ipes, and earnestly look at the road to Pittsburg, they would soon see some one coming ; they should hold themselves ready to receive the messenger. Also they got an admonition because they let horse-thieves go in and out among them. Wednesday, 19. Joseph, who, a short time ago, had sent us word by a savage, and begged us to have com- passion with him, and permit him again to come to us, for he had been sick and was hardly yet recovered, came, upon gettiiig leave, with his v\ itb, an unbaptized woman, to re- main. Thursday, 20. To-day and the following days the breth- ren got home from the lake. Some t;anoes which had gone to the islands were much hindered by windy weather and kept there a long time, so that they could not get away, and as they were not provisioned for such a length of time they suiFered generally great hunger, until by good weather they got away. While they were there ships came from Detroit and Niagara and anchored, from which they wished to buy some provisions, but got little. On one ship was Joseph Brant, with seventy Indians, on his way to De- troit. They all came home, however, with good ladings. Saturday, 22. At noon ten white people arrived with a herd of cattle from Pittsburg for Detroit. We are not pleased that they now begin to make their journey through the place where we live, but we have no help for it, for wherever we are, white people and Indians at once find their way to us, even if it be a hundred miles out of their road. They did not stay in town, but went a little further on beyond the river and encamped, but we were yet anxious they might here come to harm from the Chip- pewas and Tawas, who live on the lake. Our fear also was not vain, for, Sunday, 23, while we were in our chapel at the sermon, a party of Chippewas and Tawas came, who had already heard about them, opened the doors of the chapel and peered about, seeing us assembled. Some Indian brethren tmm iiuuox iiiviiH, 1787. 371 •vveiit out to them, and they made no further disturbance. When we separated, we learned that they had come with no good intention, but wanted to fall upon the catcle-drivers. "We gave them food, talked with them, and admonished them to do no such thing, telling them there was no war, and if they used hostilities it would be nothing else than declaring war. They promised to do no harm, but only to speak with tliem and hear how they were. Some of our Indians ran to the camp of the white people, and when they no longer found them there, for they had already broken up, they followed after them and gave them warn- ing thereof, and brought them back again. When now the Chippewas came, they talked with the white people, saying they should not go farther, but turn about, giving as a reason that the}' could not get through, but would h)se every thing, and even be themselves killed. In the evening they came into the town together, and the Chip- pewa head-man asked for one of the cattle from them, which they promised and gave, also one for us, which, however, we did not take. It did not stop here, but they had to exchange muskets and horses, for which they gave wretched and good-for-nothing wares, and so at last tliey got rid of them after promising to turn about. They still remained here the 24th, and some of our Indians bought a few cows, Tuesday, 25, but the French trader came, who told the white people to set out on their way to Detroit, and not to regard that liar, the Chippewa, there was no such dan- ger as he told them. This they did, and crossed over the creek again to-day into their camp, and, Wednesday, 20, continued their way. Michael held early service. We had heard that another party of drov- ers had lost their way near the lake, and were near San- dusky Bay. Quite early we sent an Indian to them, who lead theni here, for we feared they might fall into the hands of the Chippewas. Thursday, 27. Now and for some time afterwards there was daily much visiting from strangers. A big boy with his friends came here, and did not at all wish to go away, i . .' . I.- ill ' t I ii Lt fin Hi 1 ^i■ '■!i|;ili r; ' ■5: 1 ^'1 372 ZEISBERGER S DIAUY. but remained here, saying he wished to live like the be- lieving Indians, that he was old enough to think for him- self how he wanted to live, and told his friends they should let him go. Another, the friend of Adolphus, from the Mousey town, came here visiting, expressly to hear something good; with him Adolphus spoke almost the whole night, answering all his questions. AVhen he went away he said he should soon come again. Saturday, 29. We had the Lord's supper, the brethren having been spoken with the preceding days. Sunday, 30. Communion liturgy. Michael preached and David held the quarter-hour for the baptized and the congregation meeting from the day's Scripture-verse. There was a conference with the assistants about matters. Monday, Oct. 1. Edwards held early service. Br. David wrote to Bethlehem by Joshua, who escorted the two white people to the fort. A woman from the Mousey town on the Sandusky came here out of the bush from hunting and begged the brethren to tell her something about the Saviour. She remained here over night and it happened. Our Jeremy, who has been for a time apart from us, although nearly every day he has been here for a visit, came to-day with his wife to remain, upon liis earnest wish and prayer, after getting permission from the assist- ants' conference. He has lately taken this wife, and she will also gladly be the Saviour's. Tuesday, 2. On the other hand, we saw ourselves com- pelled to send A. Ilegina from the church [David held early service], which had the good and blessed effect that it was for her a blessing, and we took her again anew. Thursda\ , 4. To-day and lately different houses have been built. Our town groAVS, and we increase in numbers. All the Indians who come here cannot enough wonder that in so short a time so many houses have been built, and so much work done. Edwards held morning service. Saturday, 6. Michael held morning service. Two wo- men, who several days ago came to visit us here from the Mousey town to hear something good, and have omitted no service, went home again, but left their things here, HURON RIVER, 1787. 373 saying they should come back after gathering their har- vest, Sunday, 7. David preached. Edwards addressed the chiklren, and David held the congregation meeting. Wedner.day, 10. Many went for some weeks' hunting to Cuyahoga. We got a message from Pomoacan to send some one to the treaty at Tawa (Ottawa) lliver, but no one of our Indians went. Pomoacan does not yet know that our Indians have notliing to do witli treaties. Br. David's additional building was blocked out and made ready. Friday, li. Helen's daughter [Scapp] came here with her husband, and rejoiced to see us again. Her parents were in the church and now are both dead. The small- pox makes great havoc among the Wyandots both sides of the lake. It is noteworthy that it afflicts just these and no other nations; even those who have tied far away into the bush have yet had it. Many houses in Sandusky have lost all their dwellers, stand empty, and there are said to be hardly so many alive and well as have died. In San- dusky about sixty, and over the lake also above thirty have died. Saturday, 13. This week the brethren began to get in their corn. E\en that which was planted late and which we thought would not mature, has ripened, and thus far, the middle of the month, we have had no harmful frost. Lewis and others came back from harvesting. Sunday, 12. Br. Edwards preached. David held the congregation meeting. Tuesday, 16. The brethren harvested the fields of Br. Zeisberger and his wife> Thursday, 18. The brethren went together hunting. Michael held early service. From Gigeyunk a couple of Indians came to Thomas, to give him news of the circumstances in which they are, for one of them is a great friend of his. They complained that the Delaware nation was in grievous condition, they knew not whither to go nor where to settle ; where they now are they cannot remain, since the nations will not suf- .ill r. I t ')i ■\: '; ;: '■,'. :l ]t-^iM ■ ■ ma 374 ZEISBERGER S DIARY. fer them there ; they have made entreaty the whole sum- mer, sending message nifter message to the Spaniards to make arrangements with them, and to move thither; some indeed have already gone there, Avho now send them back word to let no one follow, for they are there in very nar- row straits, and would gladly come hack were it in thei" power; they were not sure of their lives, the nations there having resolved to root them out ; they were hemmed in and could not come free ; they would have to he helped ; since now the Delawares saw thac they had no stead*''i«t place, they first turned to the Six Nations and asked them for land; they answered them they could not help them, for they had themselves not a foot of land they could call their own ; +hey addressed the "Wyandots, who told them they had given them leave to dwell on their land, had also told them how far the bounds of their land extended, but that they, the Dela.vares, had disregarded their request, and had gone over their boundaries to other nations, there- fore they would make them no more offers. The Twight- wees, whom they then addressed, had pointed out to them a place where they could settle, but where they were sur- rounded by swamps, and also, as it were, closed in. They suffered hunger, too, all the time, for their corn did not thrive, and was frosted. So it is with the Delaware nation, which a few years a^o greatly flourished, but since the old chiefs, Netawatwes and White Eyes, are dead, it goes with hasty steps to ruin. Saturday, 20. The brethren harvested the fields of the single brothers. The Lord has blessed all our fields, and the brethren have all a rich harvest to gather, a great kind- ness for us. Sunday, 21. Michael preached about the wedding-gar- ment, Chriiit's blood and righteousness, which we have given us for nothing, wherein to appear before God. Da- vid held the congregation meeting, Tuesday, 23. We learn that the Delawares in Gigeyunk have again murdered six white people over the river. From Pittsburg Indians came with rum, who, without our knowledge, before we were aware of it, for they came not HURON RIVER, 1787. 375 into town, encamped here in our neighborhood, and caused us two disorderly days and nights by the drunke mess they brought about among strange Indians, who came into town ; they also shot our swine, so that, from their drunkenness, we had for once to omit our service. The Indian, Amochol, came here with kis wife and stayed several days, who al- ways, as long as we were upon the Ohio, showed himself a friend of the brothers. He said that he and his wife were of one mind about coming here into the church, but be would like to bring his sons also, and will seek therefore to bring them around to be of his mind. Friday, 20. Inasmuch as wo have several times since we have been here, heard a wicked report that the Chippewas cherish hostility against us, and indeed for this reason, since they say we sold their land over the lake to wdiite people, although we ourselves have not yet heard it from them, and yet they often come, and we have also asked them about it, our Indian brethren were uneasy about the matter,, having lately even heard it from Delawares, and wished something to be done. So for their satisfaction we sent Br. Edwards with some Indian brethren to Detroit, and Br. David wrote about the matter to Capt. McKee and Mr. Askin, to learn how much there v aS in the thing, and also that it might be put out of the way. These brethren started on the "^Hth with a good wind over the lake for Detroit. Matthew, who came to us in the spring, went to Gigeyunk to get his things there, to be back again in two weeks. By him we sent word to our Indians that we longed very much to see some one of them. Sunday, 28, Br. David preached about the strength we have in the Lord, our Saviour, and find in his merits, if only we always live thereon, to overcome, uninjured, Sa- tan's temptations. Michael held the congregation meeting. Monday, 29. By Luke's son, who came from Sandusky, we heard that the treaty on the Miami had been concluded, the young people released, and told each one could go to his hunting, and that nothing had happened. At the same time we heard that most of our Indians were also pres- ent at the treaty, and this made us wonder so much the 376 ZEISHERflKRS DIARi". I h ■ t ' I '1; '< n I •♦4 -:' more, because they were already so near us, and yet none of them had come to visit us. Wednesday, 31. After most of the brethren were done with harvesting, they went out for chestnuts and some, hunting. Moreover we liave had several cold days and very windy weather, witii snow and rain, in turn. Sunday, Nov. 4. Br. Michael preaclied about this, that we should forgive one another's faults as the L>avivHir also daily freely forgives our faults. Br. David held t'le com- munion quarter-hour about the commandment we liave from God to love one another, and not to cherish any ill- will, much less hate, one towards another, which does away with all the benefit of the holy communion, so that we have no advantage therefrom, which we should and can have. By the Scripture-verse: Lord, thou hast been favorable unto thy land : Thou hast brought back the cap- tivity of Jacob, the brethren were reminded not to forget the kindness the Saviour had hitherto shown us, to recall the Saviour to mind therefor, which would lead us to thank- fulness towards him, that we should put our confidence in him alone, and pray that he go farther with us, and send peace to the land. From Detroit came the drovers on their way back to Pittsburg. They had been on the Miami, where three thousand Indians were said to be assembled; when they came there they lost by the Indians over eighty head of cattle [and thus over £200], which they shot down, and there was no defence nor check. They had letters from McKee and Brant for Congress, and brought a letter from the chiefs in Sandusky to Br. David, wherein they recommended to us, in the name of all nations, to convoy their people safely to Pittsburg, that no harm might befall them, for they were express messengers. They did not speak very favorably in regard to the intentions of the Indian nations, and believed a war was intended, and preparation therefor was made. They yet gave four months' time. They were accompanied to the Fort by four Indian brethren. From Pittsburg came the In- dian brethren, Joshua and Michael, with a white man. They left Mr. Robbins, who wished to be gone, on the m fMim ifeii. IIUUON RIVEH, 1787. 877 Malioiiing, and believe he is buck again ; since they were attacked by warriors at Salt Lick, whom, however, they drove oft", so by this way it is no longer safe to travel. We had hoped for letters from tlie church, but they brought nothing. Tucsdiiy, 0. Strange Indians were here visiting who at- tended our meetings. Friday, 9. There came from Detroit a boat-load of peo- ple, among them two families, wiio, ten years before, had moved there from the States, and now went back again, among them was a family from Hebron (near Lebanon, Pa.), who were acquainted with the Brothers Langgard and Zalmi, for the man had gone to school there. Saturday, 10. After tlie brethren had been spoken to, we had the holy communion, with the near presence of our dear Lord. To-day Br. Edwards came back from Detroit with the three brethren, Stephen, Peter, and Tobias, after twelve days from home. He had spoken with the com- mandant there, Maj. Matthews, who was upon the point of going down to Canada, as aho with McKee and Mr. Askin, about the reports we had heard of the discontent of the Chippewas. The commandant took with him Br. David's letter to McKee, to ask further about it from Johnson and others. Otherwise McKee could not much advise him in the matter, but yet be had learned that tlie Chippewas inhabit our houses in our tov.n, and have planted there. On the other hand, Mr. Askin had nothing further to say in the matter, so that is to be hoped that we have nothing to fear from the Chippewas, since they have our towns and fields in their own possession Moreover, in Detroit, he had found things quite otherwise, and met with fewer strangers than when we were there. Sunday, 11. In the afternoon the people from Detroit set forth again towards Pittsburg. We had to let them hire in Indian brother, Thomas, as pilot. They had with them two women and manj children, Br. Edwards preached and David held the congregation meeting. Monday, 12. From Pittsburg came Mr. Robbins, with m¥ 1 5 U\ *Ji li. 11 ■1.1(1 ■'< 378 ZEISnilHGKU S DIARY. some goods. Ono of his people was wouiuled by wicked Indians and mortally. Tuesday, 13. Wc had a day of blessing in the near presence of our great Elder of his churches, who made liimsclf known to us in a wonderful way and overwhelmed us with blessing from his Ijloody fulness, so that our hearts were melted to tears before, him. Early in the morning there was a common service for the sake of strangers. Aftewards all the baptized (had a service), in wbich, after a discourse from the text^^of the day, Luke, amid many tears, received absolution from the church, and was again taken into it. The congregation then fell upon their knees, asked gracious absolution for all their failings and shortcomings, gave ourselves anew to him, and asked him further to continue his blessed rule among us, to be gra- ciously pleased to walk among us and after his heart to do with us, and we vowed to him anew obedience and fealty. Wednesday, 14. Mr. Robbins turned back to Pittsburg. Michael held early service. Thursday, 15. Yesterday, to-day, and the following days our Indian brethren went off to their autunm hunt, some to Cuyahoga, others elsewbither, and were scattered in tho bush. From Gigeyunk there came a boy, Michael's son, who has not been baptized. Gideon, as we hear, who was in Sandusky this summer, but came not here, is dead. Friday, 16. Delawares came from Gigeyunk here visit- ing. Of Helena, Samuel's former wife, we heard she was in Sandusky and would come here as soon as she could. Sunday, 18. David preached, Michael conducted the children's service, and Edwards held the congregation meeting. Tuesday, 20. A white man, a Quaker, who lives in Chester, below Philadelphia, his father being named Isaac Pile, and who this summer was taken prisoner on the Wabash ])y the Biankeshaw ^ Indians, who brought him ' " Piankashaws on the Wabash: In 1780 but 950; since driven west." Drake's Book of the Indians, p. x. They are mentioned in many Indian treaties. UUUON IlIVEK, 17S7. 879 to the Miami towns, where he got away, eiimo here with- out having hcen seen hy IndiauH on liis way, and l)eg- ged us with tears to help him to IMttshurg, hut this was hard, for our Indians were all oft" hunting, or a part in Pittshurg. At last our Samuel had pity for him, and though he was lame, took him away on Tiiursday, the 22d, forwiiich he was glad and thankful, for we eould not have kept him liere long, through tear of strange Indians. Thursday, 22. Helena, Sam. Moor's former wife, eamo here from Sandusky, with her two children, daugliter and grandchild, to remain, for whom we vacated a hut to live in. Also Cornelius' son, Matthew, came hack again from Sandusky, but did not come to the Miami town, as ho had intended and thought, since the Indians there were not yet come back from the^ treaty. Friday, 23. Aaron also came here with his wife from the Miami. We heard the comforting news that the na- tions at the treaty were yet more inclined for peace than for war, and that the Indians who in the spring had fled in crowds to the Miami towns, in order to be able to pre- pare for war there, less disturbed, have now nearly all come back again, which is a good token of their disposi- tion for peace. There were also different s "range Indiana visiting here. By Aaron, Welandawecken sent us word that he had not yet forgotten what his uncle, Israel, had said to him and impressed upon him, when he made over to him his office of chief, when we were in Sandusky, namely : He should love the believing Indians ; be help- ful to them and aid them, and, so far as lay in his power, ; rotect them from the wicked Indians and love goodness, which Israel himself had also told us when we made objections to him and reproached him that he had put him in his place, for we knew him well. Now, says this Welandawecken, he has not forgotten that, but has yet done nothing, since we are under the sway of Pipe and Pomoacan ; the time would yet come, however, when he would tell us something, and we should hear something from him, if again he once had a firm place, for now he was disturbed and a fugitive. We will not throw mi H t i 1 1 III SI i H' H ' [ !•- 880 zi:isiii;u(jKu s diauy. aside thin word, hut rotiiin it till the right hour ; who knows, ii door may yot thcrchy bo oitoiiod to uh to go fur- ther witli tho (»os|K>l. If now wo consider his words, it cannot he that he moans only tho holioving Indians, for lie has many of our Indians around him, who, so to spoak, stand under him. Why then slu)uld hi' Hsii for tlu! hand- ful with us so earnestly, and if he had them all, what good would that he to him'.'' He means then not so much tho believing Indians as tho missionaries, and thinks: If I have them, who ai'o tho (|Uoen-beos, the believing Indians will como togethor about them. WhotluM'his aft'air comes from rtti ui)right heart, bi^ that as it may, wo will leave it unexamined, if only something can therid)y be won for the kSaviour and his affair. May the Saviour give us peace in the land I Sunday, "J"), l^avid preached in Itidian, no interpreter being present; strangers wore present, as, also, Monday, 26. Strangers freciuent tho services much more eagerly than the baptized who wander in error. They come but seldom, if they are hero. They are ashamed, for their conscienee pricks them. Thursday, 2!>. Christina bore a son, and, Friday, 30, the wife of Abraham's son, Gegaschamind> also bore a son. Saturday, Dee. 1. Two Frenchmen came here and re- mained over night. Sunday, 2. 1st Advent. David held all tlie Sunday services in Indian. Monday, 3. All the sisters went for nuts, others got meat. Thursday, 6. Al .o winter weather and snow carae on, the tirst this autumn. Sunda}', 9. David preached, baptizing the little son of Ignatius and Christina, born on the 29th of last month, with the name Philip, into the death of Jesus. He came back yesterday home from hunting. Late in the evening young Joachim came from tho Miami towns here for a visit, with his wife and three children. His father, old Joachim, is in Detroit, where he passes the winter. HUUON UIVKIl, 1787. 881 Wodiiesdny, 1*2. TIioiuuh ciirno buck from Pittsl)^ll•^^ Tluii-rtdiiy, 1:5, Samuel, luid Saturday, 15, Adam, with tlu'ir i-()iu[)aiiy (arrived), wlio are tin- last, all liaviii to the Fort. A letter from Ettwoin, dated at IMiiladelj.liia, Sept. H, 'H7. Thomas and his com- pany used nineteen days in gettin^^ to tlm Fort, for tlu-ro wore nine children with them. Had not Thomas heon with them, they would have starved in tlii' hush, for, when they got from here to Cuyahoga, their provisions were all gone, and Thonnis kept tiie whole party of sev- enteen in meat all the way. He was so lucky as to shoot twelve deer along the way, for he dared not go away from the comj)any. On Satunlay, the l.")th, all our hunters came home. Gen'l St. Clair, now the agent, asked Samuel what we would do if there should he war, and where wo thought of going, hut this he would not answer him. We saw from the circumstances that we had something to expect. Should there ho war, we are in a bad way. Wliore should wo turn? Among tl.'O savages wo arc less secure, and to the white people w'>M*MiHlik*« HURON RIVER, 1787. 385 us We had our chief cause of anxiety, where we should get the means of life. Wc were in no condition, on account of the great distance, to get the live hundred bushels of corn, granted us by Congress, which lay at Alclntosh, but herein also the tSaviour has wonderfully cared for us, for after we came here and were already busy planting, there came a party of Indians from the east, who wished to go to the Miami, but ftnding us hero they remained in our neighborhood and planted. Tliey had much corn, from whom our Indians were able to buy much at a cheap rate. Another Indian, a woman, who had planted here the year before, and buried her corn [over iifty bushels], came here and did likewise; thus were we helped, and our Indians fared better than the Indians in Sandusky, and we had always comforted ourselves with the chought that there we should iind relief. Brs. Michael Jung, and John Weigand came, the first April 30th, and the other May 2d, to us on our march, whom Ileckeweldcr had accompanied as far as Pittsburg, and they also had their share in our pilgrimage, especially upon the stormy lake; they rejoiced us with letters from the church, wherewith we were refreshed. The last went back to the church June 16th, after having first done us good service, so that we came somewhat into order. The small- pox. We ack'HMvledge it as an especial kindness and thank our dear Lord tor the quiet and peace he has let us en- joy Also in regard to the savages it is as if Satan's wrath and scorn against us were allayed, for formerly we had to bear so many wicked threats, which did not cease while we were in Cuyahoga and in other places. There is now indeed in the Indian land no peace, nor do we know what we have to expect, we leave that to our dear Lord, we have our best trust in him. If we wished to have much care and to vex ourselves hereover, it would help us not, and we should only make ourselves trouble, therefore the more pray we : God give peace in this land.. i:5 u- i -■ X i i Rf ' f: \' ■ •«1 386 zeisberger's diary. The nations are indeed before him a? a drop of a bucket, (is., xl, 15.) The Scripture-verses and texts, which we received in March by way of Pittsburg, were our daily food and nourishment for our hearts. The preaching of the Gospel was a blessing to many strangers, and has found reception with many. Tliere have come to us eighteen persons without reck- oning Luke's family, which also has come back to the church. One baptized girl. Lea, has loft us, who married a Chippewa. l!^ine adults have been baptized this year, five children, and three have been taken into the church. We have had the holy communion nine times, to which five brethren have been admitted. One couple married, Lewis and Esther. Christina Schebosh and the little boy, Augustus, have died. At present with us — 20 married couples , 40 6 single men 6 7 single women 7 3 widowers 3 8 widows 8 10 big boys 10 10 big girls 10 19 boys 19 20 girls 20 Total 123 [Of whom 40 are communicants.] 28 more than at the close of last year. ;M 1 <>'ni»s AT NEW SALEM, 1788. 887 Ml CHAPTER VIII. 1788. Mis New Salem, on the Huron, Ohio (Pettquottikg). Tuesday, Jan. 1. Br. Michael preached about Jesus, who redeems his people from their sins, as the angel, Gabriel, foretold. The baptized brethren renewed their covenant with the Saviour, to give him obedience and faithfulness; we gave ourselves anew to him, asking for his blessing and help thereto. A sister, Elizabeth, received absolution, and Louisa, a grown girl, was taken into the church. From the neighborhood we had strangers visit- ing, who were present at the services and heard the Gospel. Thursday, 3. David held early service from the Scrip- ture-verse : I am tliine, save me. From the bush Indians came here from hunting, and remained several days, among them one, Amochol, with his family, who before, in the au- tumn, was here for a w^iile visiting, and his daughter's husband ; both these are not dead in their hearts, but are uneasy about themselves, and seek what is good. Another was from the the family of the departed White Eyes, his '"brother's son, with his family ; these heard the Gospel net without blessing for their hearts. Moreover, during the holidays the brethren have worked industriously to get the school-house ready, but now for over a week it has snowed nearly every day, and yet the snow is not deep, always melting from below as more falls. Sunday, 6. In the morning service, which Br. Edwards held, we asked in particular for the Saviour's presence and blessing for the day, and commended ourselves to him, and with us all heathen churches to his grace. In the second serv- ice Jeremy's brother was baptized into the death of Jesus by Michael Jung, with the name Mark, at which service many strangers were present. There was a love-feast, and in 'I ^' Stli 4 1 i! 388 ZEISBERQEU'S DIARY. • i; ■, the congregation rtiocting the grown girl, Piinline, wjis taken into the church. It was a day of grace as well for strangers as for brethren ; the first were moved and there was great feeling amor."' them. Samuel proaclied to Amochol and his daughter's husband, Amelia's brother, half the night, and both were so convinced of the truth, especially when he described to them the Saviour upon the cross, how his hands and feet were pierced with nails and his side transfixed, that they broke into floods of tears. The Saviour be praised that the Gospel of his incarnation, passion, and death is not preached and heard in vain. Monday, 7. Edwards held early service. Among the strangers went on the work of the IIolv Ghost. The brethren told them they should take with them what they had heard here as provision for the way, and industriously think it over while liunting. To-day they went away. On the other hand, AVeskochk during the holidays was ready to leave the church, and could not be held back, for she loved the world, and went to-da^' back whence she had come. Tuesday, 8. Michael held early service. Our school- house was roofed and the floor laid, but since for several days it has been intensely cold, they had to let it rest with- out flnishing it. Mr. AVilson came from Sandusky on his way to Pitt-'nirg, and stayed here several days. Thursday, 10. David held early service from the text: And grieve not the Holy Spirit of God. A Chippewa sent us a lying message with a piece of tobacco, which we sent back again whence it came. Saturday, 12. Edwards held early service. For two weeks now it has been very cold, snowing nearly every day, and tlie snow is now two feet deep, and as our town is very high on a hill, it is a cold place. Sunday, 13. Br. Edwards preached. The large boys had for their day a service from last year's text: Yet I would have you wise unto that which is good but simple concerning evil. There were. snow-squalls all day. We wrote to Bethlehem. Monday, 14. David held morning service. We left to !S1S«9 1 AT NEW PALEM, 1788. 889 the assistuuts to lu-range some matters concernina: the brethren. What coiiccrna outward cu-cumstanccs among tlic brethren, for instance, a business or aifair where the right is to be seen to and matters arranged, where it con- cerns common work and so forth, we let the assistants at- tend to and bring things into order, only we look to it that right and justice are maintained, and nothing is de- cided by regard to persons. Weskochk returned to her husband. ' Tuesday, 15. Michael held early service. Mr. Wilson, who came here from Sandusky, went away to Pittsburg, Joshua, the Indian, accompanying him as far as Cuyahoga. By him we sent letters to Bethlehem. lie gave us hope that peace would soon be nuide with the nations, since this, he said, was now treated of with them on ([uite another footing. The Indian brethren went away, partly bear-hunting, partly to seek places for sugar-nuiking, but these are not to be fonnd less than ten or twelve miles from here, but from deep snow they could not go far, on which account they are thinking about snow-shoes. Saturday, 10. Edwards held early service. Since Christmas we have cold, winter weather, and ([uite deep snow. When now two days ago we had a little warm, rainy weather, we hoped the snow would go off, but it chan.gcd soon, and to-day and to-night so deep a snow fell from the north-east as we have not yet had the whole winter. We had to break out the roads in town, also the ap- proaches to them. Sunday, 20. David preached about the laborers in the vineyard, which parable he applied to the brethren, that in the church it often happens that the first become last, the last first, if brethren use their time badly in the church. In the evening, conference with the assistants, about increabing their number, especially of female as- sistants. Heard their thoughts. Tuesday, 22. All the brethren came home. They could do nothing on account of deep snow. The brethren met in the evening, the men and women separately, and sang. J It :ri: 880 zeisberqbr's oiauy. 1^ i :i \i !: !r1iy I i)y'- :-^h- "Wednesday, 23. Michael held early service about this, that we, of ourselves, were unable to think any thing good, much less to do, that we have need of the Saviour for every thing, and Avithout him can do nothing. Ame- lia's brother came here from the bush, and straightway expressed his disposition to live here, and said that Amo- chol was on his way hither. Tie told Samuel his life for many years. Joshua, who went with Wilson to Cuyahoga, came back. The snow there does not go over the shoe, while here it is knee-deep. Thursday, 24. Amoehol with his family came here from hunting, of whom mention was made under the 6th of this month. They could not stay aAvay long. Friday, 25. It snowed again and the shoav was now three feet deep, so that it was hard to get wood. Amelia's brotlier got leave to live here, after he made himself ac- quainted with our rules. Saturday, 20. Br. Edwards hold early service about a holy Avalk, and one well pleasing to God, for which we should strive through the Saviour's grace, who gives us the power thereto. The brethren got wood ready for us. The snow was now three and a half feet deep, so that there was no hunting. Sunday, 27. Michael preached about the sower. Preach- ing was farther made to the stranc-ers, for which thev longed. AVe see that they have ears to hear; some find themselves moved, and say : " I have heard how it Icoks in my heart." David held the communion quarter-hour and the congregation meeting. Monday, 28. Amoehol with his family of five persons was received to live with us. He had given us to under- stand his longing therefor already before, when he was here in the autunm, and now he stands steadfast thereby. He said that he had already once resolved to come to us, when we were still living on the Muskingum, but had not then arranged his matters properly, for he had taken his friends and the chiefs into counsel, since he had al- ways been a fellow-counsellor ; tliey had held him back, AT Ni:W SAI.KM, 1788. 891 tclHtig liiin lie slioukl wait awhile and not be the first, they wonhl yet all beeonic believers, and thu:' nothing came of his resoliition. F;>r this reason he had sei)ai'ated himself from the Indians for ten years, had not gone into their towns, but had supported himself in tiie bush alone hunting, so that he might eome to us without temptatioa as soon as we were again established; he had let neither his friends nor the chiefs know any thing about it, that he wished to come to us, for if he had done so, tlu'V would have known how to answer him much; they would still k'arn it, but have no opportunity to say any thing to liim about it. Already lie is ([uite advanced in years, an honorable man, only it is a [)ity he is baptized, of which he knows very little, only thus much, that his mother, the well-known French Cathrine,' brought him to a French priest in Canada, when he was a little boy, and he bap- tized him. While the assistants were together and talked with them all, his sou, a large, fine looking man, snid to him ill Mingo [for he thought there was no one there who understood this language] : " But thou hast already elsewhere been baptized, what will now farther be done with thee'r'" When the old man told the brotliers he was baptized, his son asked, and said: "Must b'^ then be baptized again, now that lie is with you?" The hreth- ren answered him: " No, he will not again be bai)tized, but taken into the church." They showed them a like instance in our old Cornelius. This, his son, asked the brothers about nu'.ny things, telling them also he did not do it to dispute with them, but wishing to know how it was wnth us in this thing or in that. Among other things, he said also that he had again forgotten how it was with the seed, of which he heard yesterday, which fell upon the field. Samuel answered him : " The seed, which is the word of God, comes many times to a heart as hard as a stone, but it falls thereon, often starts up, but such a one makes his heart b.ard, so that it cannot take root, and thus must perish. Thou canst then observe in thyself !f i ^ See note under Jan. 4, 1791. f|.fl II J' \i if ^ ti ; li [if i 5 392 ZEismnmEU s diauy. that tliy liciirt is liiird. All thy frioiids, tliy fatlu'r, mother, hrothcrs, havo spoken IVoni their hearts and l)r.'-'.in'lit to li^ijht theii' ioii-;iiigs, hut thou, (Ui the contrary, hast been silent the whole time, and this is a token that thy heart is yet too hard. The seed of God's word cannot enter nor take root." He replied : " Yes, certainly, so it is with me."- Friday, February 1. Yesterday and to-day was speak- ing with the brethren in rel'erence to the J^ord's sui)per. Saturday, 2. We had u very blessed communion, of which Kenatus now first partook, tlie Mohictan, who, on account of his trial in Easton,' is known in the church. Ho wandered about also many years in the wilderness, and came to us at Gnadeidiiitten, on Huron Kiver (Michigan). Luke and I'eter were readmitted. A grown girl, Johan- nctte, was candidate. A mighty grace prevailed thereby; the brethren were all together covered with blessing from above. Many bretliren usually came from the chapel after communion to our house to kiss us, and this they did of their own accord, not bidden, but to-day the whole body of communicants came, kissed and greeted ; even went farther and exchanged among themselves the kiss of love and peace. The Lord's supper is to our brethren a blessed thing and sacrament, whicli they value high and dear; it is more than all to them and is always a great blessing for them. If they had it not they coidd not stand. Sunda}', o. Early in the morning was read the commun- ion liturgy; afterwards the sermon by Br. Edwards, and David held the congregation meeting. Monday, 4, was a windy da}', with snow, so that from this we had to give up early service. Tuesday, 5. The cold was the severest we have had the whole winter, and lasted also two or three days. Friday, 8. In tlio morning service from the text: Jesus is able to save them to the uttermost, that come unto God * Me had been .iccu.s«!cl of taking part with savage Indians in the murder of a setUer, Stinton, in October, 17(i3. He was arrested, put in prison in Pliiladelphia, tried in Easton, Pa., and acquitted. AT NEW SALKM, 1788. 803 iicr, it to l)l!OIl ;c';irt liter it is by liini, seeing ho ever livetli to iiiiikc iiitcrceasioii for tlii'iii, etc. All, Lord Jesiis if I had not thoo, ete. The discourse was alioiit the houiidU'ss iiicrcy of the Saviour to- wards the greatest sinners, if only they wished to he blessed and heliied ; l)nt liirther it was shown tiiut ho wlio not only does not wish to receive grace, hut treads it under foot, ciiuses vexation and harm in the church. TIiIh conies to pass h(>cause he has again opened his heart to 8utan. In the Scriptures we were advised and conunanded to east out from among us such wicked opponents. 'I'hua it was told the brethren that Mamnsu, on account ot' his wicked conduct, which he had been guilty of, should be shut out of the church till lie acknowledged his sin and repented from his heart, Saturday, 9. Edwards held early service. IJy a Ciiii<- pewa, wlio came liere from C'uyahoga, wo heard tliat the snow thoro is above a man's hii)s ; that tlie Cliii)pewas suf- fered greatly from hunger, having no snow-shoes, and had already eaten their dogs, until they could make snow- shoes. Sunday, 10. David preached on this subject, that the Saviour had been tempted, even as we are, but yet without sin ; that therefore he now has compassion with our weak- ness and is mighty with the weak to hell) them; that Satan cannot harm them. Michael held tlie congregation meeting. We have a right prophetic word. Monday, 11. Edwards held early service. Matthew, Cornelius' son, also Joachim, with his family, went back to the Miami, the latter promising to come again if there should be peace. The former has now been with us nearly a year. We and the Indian brethren luive spoken much and often with him, exhorting liim to thiidc of bis soul's salvation and to reih.'Ct farther. All, however, seems to be in vain. He cannot resolve to be wholly the Saviour's. Achguachter, who has been here so man}^ days, when she saw Boaz, said there came utter scoundrels to us, seeking protection, since they were not safe among the Indians, on account of their misdeeds. If we were to regard this we should receive none. H i| 394 ZEISniOlUlKR S DIAUY. f; -■.• •■ ii ■■ -n w:m Wcdiu'sdiiy, 1:5. Yc!stoi'(liiy luid to-diiy many wont out to Hcok .sui;;ir-|iliu;os, Hiuiuiol, Williiun, and otliorrf, for there is a tliaw and tlie hmow in becomo less by liulf. Ed- wards luild morning sorvico. Friday, 15. Cbippewas camo bogging for corn, fop they hav(( sol(h)ni any thing to oat except meat, while hunting. Michael hehl oarly sorviee. Samiicl and others wlio sought sngar-iihices oame home. SuM(Uiy, 17. Michael [ireaehed about the Caimanito wonnin. Two white people from Detroit came hero on their way to Pittsburg, who remained hero seveial days, the snow was so deep. Ur. David conducted the ({uarterdiour for the bapti/ced. The 'M-cthren wore directed to knowl- edge of theii" misery, to Icai:' to know theii- hearts, since then they would always lind rea.ion from need and from love to look to him. In the evening, iti the congregation meeting, Jeremy was fi-eod from his great trouble, who had been openly put out of the church, for which reason more than a week ho enduri'd great need niul anxiety, so that he could Uf 'ler sleep nor eat, and could find no rest (hiy or nigl d seemed more like a cor[>se and an object worthy ol picy. Upon his repc' ted woeful request, he was again compas- sionately rcc. s'od, to his great comfort and confusion. Late in the evt'iiing the especial watchfulness of tho Saviour for us was shown, for while the single brothers, with some Indians also, were with 15r. Zeisberger and his wife, their house took fire, and this had gone so far that if it had been unobserved a few minutes longer, it could not have been put out, for the house inside was altogetlier in flames. But the Indian bretliren ran at once into the burninj? house and extiuijuished the fire before tlie roof caught, so that the damage was but slight and to be dis- regarded, and this fell mostly upon Br. Edwards. Monday, 18. Br. Edwards held morning service. He asked the brethren with himself to thank the Saviour for his gracious protection in the calamity of fire. Jeremy came quite early to express his thankfulness for the mercy shown him.. It was as if he were come from death to life, m ij;|j' ;;;!.;, ;;'i AT NEW SALEM, 17H8. n95 «)llt for and wo cim liclicvc that tliis will lirinij: about liis perfcot euro ami ovorlastiiii; Halvatioii. W^* liuvi' itulccd many timo.M more trouhlf, yea, itoi'[)loxity, with an iiitolli^i-nt Honl than with twenty others, bnt it' it then he won tor tho 8avioi!r our trouble is riehly rewardccl. We arc for this pur[)OHo hero, to save souls for tho Saviour, and we eannot prido ourselves n\H)n this, that we have done what wo could. Thcu we must stand back, and the Saviour has oidy to Muike ^i;oo(l our faults. Tuesday, 1!*. Miidiael held earl_\ service upon the sac- rifieo of Jesus upiui the cross for our sins. Many brethren wont to their suijar-plaees. Friday, :J:2. Michael held early service. Old Jieata came and told hor heart, that she could not see wherein she had fallen short; this was shown her, and ther»'l'ore she pi'r- coived it. She said : " I am already so old [slie is perhaps a hundred, or not far from it] that I t^an retain little of God's word. 1 forifet straiifhtway what I hear, l)iit 1 yet believe it is all the truth." She was told it was iu)t neces- sary for her salvation to k:n)W much and to retain much, only this little, that the Saviour had died and slu'd his blood for her, that hor sins were forgiven her for Ins blood's sake, and for his blood's sake she would be saved. A white man from Detroit came, who on the lake, where his horse broke through the ice, lost it and every thing. Hi' went to Pittsburg. Sunday, 24. David preached from the Ei»istle : i>e ye therefore followers of (Jod. Michael held the children's service and Edwards held tho eon<;roi;ation meotins;. Tho rest of the time was used in speaking to the brethren, hearing and advising them, who came home from tho bush, and will again go to their sugar-huts. Monday, 25. David held early service about praising and thanking the Lord, for which we always find cause; if wo come to the Saviour with our poverty and misery, wo are -comforted and made content therewith; this aUvays gives matter for bringing praise and thanks to the Saviour. Tho brethren went away, nearly all the brothers to their sugar-places. Abraham remained as watchman. ^'1li hi *' I M "I ': I ■ i; ;!U i.t :i {,■!-• ■•■■■■ 396 ZKISBEUORR S DIARY. Tuesday, 20. The throe wliite people set out for I'itts- br.ri,'', .lereiny ,i!:oiiid to bo with us, but it is the same with him now as it was tlien, namely, he cannot get free, lie is a counsellor, much looked up to and depended on. Samuel ^poke his mind to theju that ho should live and die in the church ; he wished to sco thom and speak with tluTu once more, since they wcro so near, but now that they were moving farther away ho would perhaps not sec them lor a long time, pos- sibly never again, and if any one of them wanted to seo him he must come to him; ho remained by the words of everlasting life and blessedness until ho should depai't from this world ; ho would be glad, indeed, if they would share therein to be eternallv blessed, but if tliev wished it not lie mu'^t let them go their own way, but he had wished to tell them this. His brother answered that he had nothing to say in reply; he believed that to bo the right thing and the way to bo saved, but for the time being ho could not; ho should hold him dear, and let him know if any thing dan- gerous were afoot which concerned us ; wo could plant quietly this spring ; before the year was over mattei'-^ would be clear and circumstances would have come to some de- termination. We learned now the true state of the nations, how they are disposed. All nations at the last conference upon the Miami agreed upon peace with the States, excei)t a part of the Wyandots in Lower Sandusky, of whom fifteen men survive the small-pox sickness. They are ill- disposod, and wish to have revenge upon the white people for having lost so many people by tho small-pox. Then a 408 ZErsnKunmi's diary. I ; |turt of tliu SlmwiKioso do not wish to acquioHce, of whom there iiro said to be twenty odd. They made the proviso, however, that if ail did not wish for pence, those who did wish for peace shouhl all ijo over th(^ lake, hut those who wished to iiav(* war shouhl remain there and fijjht out the nnitter alone, and not come amon^if the others, for they wished to tell the States to consider all Indians this side the lake as foes, with whom they should now settle their aihiirs They wished to come together again this spi-ing and speak further of this. 'I'liursday, May 1. Br. Edwards preached. Fn a sep- arate service it was impressed u|iom the hearts of the bap- tized brethren that tli(> daily and constant walk with the Saviour, wiiom we cannot indeed see, but in whom we be- lieve and whom we love, disposed us in taitli to believe in liim, to (ding lo him, the Vine, even to beholding wlmt we have believed. We adored him, and asked from him our steady abiding with him from need and from love. Saturday, 8. There came two Mingo families here, and remained over night, v/ith wives and children, and when they heard that to-morrow would be Sunday, they resolved to stay here over Sunday, and wished to hear a sermon ; from tlieir talk we gathered they had been baptized by a French priest. By occasion of their saying that a certain time every year they had to scourge themselves to atone for their sins, our Indians said that was a hai'd service to liavc to torture themselv in vain. Among them was one, Joscjih Brant's Longus, from whom we learned also that the Six Nations were much inclined to peace, and were labor- ing to bring it about. Sunday, 4. David preached and then held the commun- ion quarter-hour. From the Miami towns came Lea, Su- sanna's sister, and Lydia, Gabriel's wife, both sick, the latter with two children, by way of tlie Sandusky, also Jacobina, with her present husband, a savage, all to re- main. Several of our baptized and some savage Indians will also come here, but are waiting to see if there will be peace. It is well, however, that something always occurs to AT NKW SALKM, 17HH. 400 lidld tliciii l)iu'lv, tliiit flu! concourse may not he too n'rcut, unther, Ackcrlenumn, who came hero yeaterday from Sandunky, and asked reception, received permission therefor. Sho came here a year ago witli her son and wished for his eon- version, lie was such a had man. Ilt> remained liere, hut she did not yet deem it needful, aii he- lievera, for they would all he killed l)y the Virginians, whicli is the common saying everywhere among the In- dians, and yet thoy all come hero to us and have no fear. Thereupon he sent word to her that if he had heard she was in trouble and wanted to come to the brothers and knew not how to i)r()ceed, lie should have arisen at once and have brought her with horses, but since ho hoard this other from her, he could not go, he would go sometime to get his things when it should be convenient. Gertrude 'Pacltanke was head-chief of tlie Monsoy tribe of Delawarcs, at first very frieiully to tho missionaries. lie was j)robahly never converted, "^ but recommended iiis chilih'on to receive the (iospol. Drake's Book of Indians, V. '2J. \i ■ ■' ?. "1 ( ■ '' B': il '<,(■« ' \ ■ t ' -. \ . |1, ' 1^' \f.. ■ \i r ?■■ 1 410 ZEHiBERnKR S DIARY. and several Indians in SandnsLy wonld also like to come to ns. to whom the Monscy ca[>tain, Titawaclikam, says they shiill not, and prevents them, saying ho wishes soon to invite ono of f)nr teachers thither, to preach to them, when they will all become believers. This is the old story, whicli we know and have long nnderstood. When the chicts and head people see that the ]»reaching of the (jlospcl finds (do great acceptjince, and that tliey cannot hinder it and liold back the Indians with the lies they invent, then they wish themselves to invite a teacher, saying they also desire to become believers, that the Indians may not run awuy from them. Yesterday and to-day there was sjieaking with ijij brethren. We had then, ^^atnrday, 10, tlie holy communion, to whicli were ri'ad- mittod old JJcata, A. Panlina, the white nden, and liena- tns. Tscholens, Lnkc's daughter's husband, and Lea, Susanmi's sister, got leave to live here. Sunday, 11. The communion liturgy was early read, and tlion Br. Michael preached al)out the office and labor of God, the IToIy Ghost, among mankind, especially in briuiiiuii: them to Jesus Christ, their Kedeemer and Saviour. About this subject in the sorvi 3 for the bai»tized yet more was said to them, and plainly-. They were told it had es- pecially to tliem been given to understand the work and care of tlie Holy Spirit in the hearts of believers, for they had received him and lie dwelt in tliem ; to them it had also beeii given to hear his voice ; now it was required of them to show obedience and fealty, thus would he main- tain them in Jesus Christ in the right and only faith to the end. always giving them the assurance that they were the children of God and tlio possession of .Jesus, that he and his Father loved them, for they had cost him his blood. We thanked him with humble hearts for all Ci\Q grace and truth he had shown us, begged him turther to stand by us ; we asked also absolution for our negligence and omissions, and that often we had not regarded his voice and admoni- tions, and vowed to him anew fealty and obedience. We got from him the comfort and the assuruiee in our hearts that he will do this in us. I AT NEW SALEM, 1788. 411 omo says soon lom, tlio :ili(I toy siro \iiy iiig- In the c;oiicln''iii2r service youiiLT Al)iiih:nn was taken into the church, and one was baptized witii the name, Moses. Tuesday, 18. Dift'erent brothers wont out huntin,i? a id the sisters phmting. Tlinrsday, 15. Mr. Wilson came here from Sandusky, briuirins: us letteis of Decendjcr, Februarv, and Marcli from I5ethl('lieni and Litiz. We learned at the same time that in a few days the nations would hold a convention near Stonv I'oint (Monroe Co., Mich.), to wliich also Mr. Wilson was goinif, from which place they would at once break u[) and go to the treaty on th Muskingum. Saturday, 17. Michael held early service. From Detroit two white [»eopie came, whom William, Sunday, 18, accompanied to Cuyahoga, for as yet there is no regular road, but our Indians steer from here through the busli. IJr. David jircached fijm the Gospol about Nicodemus and the Holy Trinity-, that all three I'ersons have c()ntril)uted to the redem[)tion of tlie human race, and through our lleli»er and Saviour, Jesus Christ, have brought it about and accomplished it. A savage, proud Indian, more than a week ago, came here from his hunting lodge, more than two days' journey away, and bad remained several days, in which tin)e he came also to Br. I);ivid, who asked him whence he WuS and came. This lie tohl, and said he would like to hear some- thing aliout the Saviour, for ho iiad once already heard something. Br. David talked with him, and told him it was well and needful that he thought about being luqjpy here in time and there eicially ; if this was his mind and wish, the Saviour would help him thereto and give him power, who had \v;)n it for us by his blood, which he had poured out for our sir*-, dying for us, and so on. lie listened th^uifhtfuliv, and went back aijain to ins hunting* lodge quite still. Two dayi< ago ho came again with all he had gained hunting, ^miitted no service, and it could be seen that ho was not without reliection, but he said nothing, and was on his guard, and wished to drive away his unrest. To-day he came to Br. David in full heathenish .state, hung 412 ZKISHKKOKK S DIARY. ' !.<• 1^ '■'I with silver and wivmpum, sat by him, phacing his storm- cup, which was lecked Avith all sorts of feathers and rib- bons, straightway at liis fe(!t, which is not usual with a sav- age, and sat awhile quite still. He then said he came not only for thus much, but wisliing to tell him he should also like to live with us, if he should be allowed, giving at the same time the reasons why, namely, lie found no place where he could be well, let him think of any part of the world he would, but here witii us ho believed he had found it; he wished to conceal nothing, but to say outright that he was a bad man, had led a sinful, wicked life, had been nine times in war, bad killed also five white people, and so farther; since he had been here before, however, in his hunting-lodge he had thought over what he had heard here, and had felt a .-rroiig imfiulse to come hither. Br. David asked him whether be had already conversed with any one of our assistant:- about this; he said, no. Tben he said they would call him, and he could tell them his desire and longing. " Indt^d," said he, " I do not know how or svhat I shall speak." for many tbink it must ho done in a formal speecth, upon which the answer follows. Br. David said to him we did not require many words from him, but this alone, wbether he wanted to live bore for tbis reason, that he wished to be saved and live for the Saviour, renouncing his heathenish lit*- and being. He went away, but was full of restlessnesH, came again, and had no peace until it hap- |>ened. and thus, tbe evening after, he was received, to his great comfort. Tbe iie.xt morning at the early service he appeared like; another man, for he had cast aside all his heatbenish state. Tuesday, 20. Edwards held early service. The breth- ren planted our field to-day. Wednesday. 21. Four white people came here from Pittsburg, on their way to Detroit, and' stayed here a couple of days, and towards evening one, Hamilton, from the same place, with Hour and salt. Thursday, 22. An Indian came from tlie Fort with strong drink, and encamped near by. We tried in vain to get him into town and to take care of his strong drink, a, AT NEW SALKM, 1788. 413 yet he promised to give no one any of it; meantime we kept good wutcli, tor it made us uneasy and joncerned, and one had to be bound. Friday, 23. White pcojile came through here from Pittsl)urg Avith cattle for Detroit, from whom our In- dians bought a few liead. On the -4tii they went on fur- ther, for Sandusky. Sunday, 25. David preached. Some white people, among them two oiHcers, came in and went to Detroit. Wednosdav, 28. Hamilton wont back to the Fort. David liold early service. In the evening Wittiger came from " . ndusky with a [)risoner who had been condemned by the r^hawanese to bo burnt, but whom the traders bad ransomed, and now he was on his way to the Fort. Thursday, 2!>. Edwards held early service. An In- dian with his wife, .John Martin and Mark Longus, who a few days before had come out ot the bush, at their re(iuest got leave to live here. Now there are four from this fum- ilv with us. .K-remv bavinij made the bciciuiiinii-. Our peoi)le were very busy planting, since for several days the weather has been dry. This year the spring is late on ac- count of much rain, and therefon' they have been nuicli hindered in planting. We luurn 1 hat the Indians begin to ussendde over the lake for the convention. Saturday, 31. .lacob and bis company came home iVom hunting, after l»«ing gone more than two months, but they had little or no success. Sunday, .lui 1. Br. David preached al^out the great feast. Ayouni: ..m, (Ti>chikelema. who lately came here to live, and wiin proini-ed to behave itccording to our rules, and kept not his nromise, was informed by the as- sistants he must leave our place. Monday, 2. Michael held early service. Then the as- sistants had to speak with Jeremy ami Weskochk. We had for some time been thinlcTig if increasing the number of assistants, and bad ('(eisiuerid togeiiier about it, but our plans iieu .m. Iiing, Some days ago we apokx' witli our assiatuuts also about it, and found them of the same mind with ourselves, proposing the same per- I ! laajiiBaMiAaftMiM^'— 1 i ■ 414 ZEISBERGER S DIARY. sons. Two clays since, the Saviour approved tlie two brotli- rcn, Luke and Stephen, to be cliosen as assistants. The former had before, in Selifinbrunn, been among the num- ber. Among the sisters, however, we found none, and yet we need them much, having only two, namely, Bathsheba and Sara Nanticoke. Wo held this evening a pleasant love-feast with tliem, seven brothers and two sisters, at which they were told what their office and business were in the cliurch, namely, to be watchers, to prevent trouble where they could, thereby to follow a good course, and to go before the brethren with a good example, to love one another, and to agree in mind and lieart, which would be their force that they would accomplish great things. Tuesday, 3. David held early service from the Script- ure-verse : For I, saith the Lord, will be unto her a wall of fire round about. Since we heard that our cattle had done much damage in the fields of the Chippewas in our neighborhood, and we saw that tlirough the whole summer we should have trouble in this way, for among Indians the rule 's that if cattle do harm in their fields, the damage must be made good or they shoot the cattle dead — quite without reason, for there is no fence about their fields — we wanted to have peace, so we liad to give them seed-corn to plant again ana make them a good fence, which was done to-day and the following days. An Indian with liis wife, who are nieiiTioned under May 29th, were advised to go away from us, for since they have been here they have quar- relled together, ami the wuiman left him. Wednesday, 4. Edwards held early service. We pro- posed to the assistants a formal speech at the treaty on the Muskingum, to be 4elivered to the chiefs, which we gave into tlieir hands and explained the matter; this had their approval and was better received than we ex- pected. «ince our Indians for several years have been so disfK-ised towards the Indian chiefs as not to wish to have any thing to do with them. They have done, however, according to our wish, and perhaps we shall again come to friendly intercourse with them, if we remind them of the 0: Vi.-^ AT NEW SALEM, 1788. 415 old frietulship and renew it, for many of the former chiefs are still alive. Thursday, 5. David held early service. Thereupon A. Salome, on account of her extraordinarily wicked conduct and adultery con)mitted, the like of which was never he- fore in the churcli, was put out of the church, who went away also to-day, for she should stay here not a night Ioniser. Saturday, 7. Two French traders came here hy water with corn and flour, all of which our Indians hought, and went awi;y again. Su.-^anna (Zeisherger) weni to hed again sick. Sunday. -S. Br. Michael preached from the Gospel ahout the lost sheep, and then was the service for the haptized brethren. The congregation meeting had to he omitted on account of heavy rain and thunder. Then came through here again drovers with a great herd. Two Min- goes came froni Pittsburg with rum. We lodged them and took their rum for safe-keeping until they went away, and we accompanied them beyond our hounds with a guard. Notwithstanding all our care, it did not get oft" untouched, for Chippewas watched for it, followed alter them when they were gone, and also two from here, who afterwards came to town drunk. Monday, 9. Edwards held early service. Some went to Sandusky to get corn, and, Tuesday, 10, Adolphus went with his family to San- dusky to get corn, and he took A. Salome there to her mother, for she could not be here. By Sabina's brother we learn that six Delawares who went to war died in it. Br. Michael Jung, with three ludian brethren, Adam, Tobias, and John Martin, went to the Fort to get some necessities for us. We have had for some days now trouble and vexation with Gischikelema, who is here ouly to cor- rupt our young people. We had him sent away, but he went not, and we were obliged to keep a watch in the nio-ht to oppose the evil. If we receive new people we ha°ve trouble and labor to expect. They come and force themselves upon the church, and as we do not know the It • i! i J !■ ..h Wi ■n iir: iifif 416 ZIvISBEllOER S DIARY. people, we do not like to reject them, but make trial of them. TIu'V promise also to behave aceordiiig to all our rules, l)ut when they have become established, then some begin to live their heathenish lite in the church, make us anxiety and vexation, and we cannot get rid of them, so that we have enough to do to oppose the wicked spirit that is in them. Wednesday, 11. There came again white people, mostly (.-Jennans, with cattle, on their way to Detroit. Our people again bought sonm from them, so tl'at our Indians have this summer easily and clieaply ac([uii'ed cattle, of which there is now a great herd. Frida}', ^^^. Tbe assistants' conference reconciled Jere- my and Wcskochk. Saturday, 14. IJoaz' Andrew went to Sandusky. Ed- wards held early service. John Tlionnis, who went with i>r. Michael to the Fort, turned about not far from Cuya- hoga with a cow the drovers had left behind, and given to whoever of our Indians should find ber, and bivnigbt lier here. Helena came from Sandusky. \\\> learn that a young Mingo, Jonathan, l)apti/.cd l)y us, died there. About a week ai>;o bis mother sent us word we should «>"et liim here. He said to a sister that he was not to blame for having to die among the savages ; a year ago he wished to come to us, but his mother had not jjermitted him. Sunday, 15. David preached and held the quarter-hour for the baptized. McKee's brother came back from De- troit. No Indians had gone to the treaty upon the Miami. Monday, 1(3. John Cook came from the Fort with a white lUMii and Chippewa Indians. He came not as he had gone, and luis indeed lost his belief, for he brought liquor with him, but this he left behind. Also, Helena's son, Francis, came, with his family, from the winter and spring bunting. David heUl early service. Wednesday, 18. Many strangers came here, who attend the meetings, but both among them and also among those who are already come to us, little earnestness is to be seen for conversion, and it is as if they were not the right people; meanwhile wo have patience with them and wait. AT XKW SAIiKM, 1788. 417 Tliursdiiy, !!•. KdwiirfU liold early rtorvice. A confor- enco witli the iissistaiits ahoiit NTosos and Paulina, Luko's daii,diti'i' [tlit'Sf wore united i!i inarriago by tlie assistants], and 'jspocially aljout oui- y(»uni«; svonien, who are quite gen- erally in a very had way. I>y Indians from Sandusky we learn that the council on the Miami is broken uj*, tor the Six Xations and others are not conic. It is now said tlioy will come tou'ctlier in thirtv davs. It now comes to liiflit that the Six Xations have instiijated the (Mii|)[)t'was to de- clare war against the Delaware nation, of whicdi last year we already secretly had heard. No other reason can be found for this than a severe sjicech which tlie de])artod White I'lycs made in I'ittshurg to tlie Mingoes, which is said to have i>iven rise to this. For several yars thoy have l)cen woi'king that all nations sliould unite and liold together, but it ap})ears they will at last l>e discordant among tliemsolves. Eight Dehiwaros and Mingoes lately went to Wiliink (Wheeling) on the Ohio to mui-ch'r and steal, of whom only three came back, the others iierishe(l. The leaf begins to turn, and the Indians almost always pay the [icnalty. We learned that this spring three of our Indians who went to war died, Thomas, George, and one who was not baptized. Friday, 20. White people came from Detroit, young Farsitlie, Capt. Thorne, and others, with the prisoners, on their way to Pittsburg, one of whom was Col. Mitchel, who in the year '77 was stationed in Bethlehem with the baggage, and knew the brothers. This spring, on the Ohio, he was cai)ture(l by the Shawanese, and ransomed by the merchants in Detroit for two hundred dollara. They were conducted on the 21st by the Indian, Tlumias, to I'ittsburg. We heard that in Detroit they were still planting, on account of the late high water. From Pitts- burg came one Wittiger, who six days before had spoken with Br. Michael Jung and Iiis company on the Mahoning; all well, but from high water had been much hindered on their journey. Sunday, 22. Edwards preached. David had an earnest 27 I * . I ,»; * i.-^ • l\ ^ ...U 'f ' 1 •' V), r F 5 t- ' 1 J \- ; \ ill: I ' 4-J<» ZHISIlKUdKll S DIAItV. to nu't't tlic'iii I'lid escort tlicni liitlKM'. Since tlut Cliipiu;- wii.'i and hidiiiiiH in oiir iu'iirlilK)rl»oo(l could not porsuatU' thom to tnni iihonf, they at last hroui^lit tliu matter to tiiis j)oiiit, that tlioy wont anotiuT way down to I lie Oliio, for tlu'y did Mot wis!) to liavc this way closed, where many Chijipewas, Tawas, and othci- Indians eiicaniit hniitin'i', so that in some nieasni.' we were (|iiit'led. They niarehed l)y, Wednesday, li, in -lylii <»t our town. At the ont- Bot, wlien they eame here, they said that thousands ot their nation would lollow them, hut when at their (h'jiart- uro tliey were carelully (|ni'stioned, they said tln'v did not know wiiethcr more would come, so that we thus saw they iiatl told oidy lies. We heard, liy way of Sandusky, that Brant and the .Min^ces hohl a eouiu'il in l)etroit,ol whieh in a slnut time we should hear somethiii',''. Thui'sday, '•]. Br. I'Mwards lu-ld early service. l).ivid then spoke with ( Jelelemeiid, who expressed to him hi.s de- sire and lon^'ing to he with the eliuich again, t'or he had twice heen expelled on '' " Muskingum, when wv were there, lor he was then vi , much involved in tlu' alhiirs of ehii't", and at last heeanle chief in ( Josciuiehgiink. Now, however, that he is free an Hcliool-lionso. Tlio an- sistantrt have rcasoiuihly nuicli to do. Friday. -1. All tlio lirctliriii liclpod plant ono |)ieco moi'o of colli. Ahlioiiii'li it sliuiiid not ripen, yet it will be jLjood to oat, so that tlioy luivo yot rtoniothiiiif to ho[io for. Satiii'diiy. •'(. j?y way of Sandusky, from whii-h jdaoo daily this wook Iniliaiis have conio hci"', wi* loarm-d that ronioacun, tlio llalf-Kinif, diod in Detroit, wliithor ho was gone to a eoiineil. AeeoiMlin;,'' to ap]ioaranees. he was airain oiir friend Hiiioe wc have heeii hero, lor he called us hither, tliouijh it may not have been without a purpose, for such people do notliinu' without a purpose. From De- troit eaiiie two white peopl(!, I^oveless, with a wonniii, on theirwayto I'lttshnru,'. who were hroiight there in the war as prisoners and had known us there. They were ueeom- panieil to the Fort by Frank. Sunday, •». Fdwards preached al)out the great miraelo, above all the Saviour did, that the Creator of all tbiiiii's became man, suifered bitter death for his fallen human creation, and thereby hrouglit about eternal redemption. Diivid held the cbildron".s .serviee ami (he c(Mi, with reference to the words of the Saviour: Ye art' the salt oi" the earth and ye are (he light of the world, that the Saviour's pco- pl" iull be a blessing for the world and boar fruit. A oil g unmarried man, Levi by name, who, n grown b(»y, had been ba[>ti/ed on the Muskingum, and came iu-re last evening, came to-day (piite early to Br. David, made him- self known, and begged leave again to come to the church. lie said he could no longer be among the savages, for since ho hoard we were here he had no rest, liis heart told him he belong(>d to us ; he had come for no other reason than to ask permission to be allowed to come to the cliureh. Here is seen the wide difference between a savage and one who has been baptized. Here was- found a field that, I, If ^' Ft !! ■ r i!-l r 1r JO.) ZKISUKUOKIl S DIAKY. I>laiiily to lie Hi'c'ii, had bt'oii workcil Ix'foiv, for wlioii Hi*. David told liiin lie did well in atraiii siH'kinuf the Saviour and tlit> cliiii'cli, and reminded liiin of liis Itaptisni, the tearrt ran down liis elu'eks. IN- was told tiiaf tlie assistants Would eall him and speak with him, to whom he shoiiid diHc'losc liis heart and wish, who would then Hpeak farther with him; this thus ha|»|tene iiack lo Sandusky to-nu)rrow niorniii!^ and hrinii' her here with him. An unl)apti/,e(l mai(h'n, or woman, whoso mother- die(l in the church, canu' hei-e some days ago to remain, and wished not again to go away. She was also received al'ti'r she had Itecn lu'cight into a family and cared tor. Monday, 7. Edwards held early service? We heard that fivi> of the tiiirteeii warriors who went hy five (hiys ago, came hack last evening without accomplishing any thing, very liungry. Tuesdav, S. David held earlv st-rvieo. A sickly, unhap- tized woman came here a few (hiys ago and wanted mui'h to stay here. As a child she had heen in the chiir(;h, and aftei" tlie (h'ath of luT niothei', who was hapti/.ed and blessed, she was taken hy her father among the savages. Last winter she came hero visiting with her hushand and omitted no meeting, as also now. To her ini Indian (h)c- tor had said she was not sick in body, 'lothing was the nuittor with her, hut she was sick in h^-art and in mind ; she might well have been at the meetings of the believing Indians and thought much about what she heard there ; no doctor could help her, she must go to the believers, there she would soon bo well. Iler husbuiul went through hero not long ago on his Avay hunting, and had said that when he came back he wanted to come straight here and stay. As wo could not support the wife, since at times we are badly supplied with food, we advised bor to go back again home and wait. for her husband, until ho came and •<■' AT Ni:\V SAI,i;.M, 1 7 MM. 428 III* IIS Its (1 • T U' 1.1 (» !• II if or lit! lie Iv exprosaiMl liLs wiwh to live hori', iind this she did, tliontjh not very \viHii;^H_v. Ill tlu' cvfiiiiiy' i|nifi' late Mr. Miciiiicl .liiiiij ciiiiKi back t'i'oiii tliL" Kort, liiiviiiy; liccii niiu-li dclavcd by heavy rains uiid lii^trii water, after hi-iiiju'' i-oiu' Just four weeks. Wo thanked the Savioiir that they had made the journey with- out opposition iVoiii warriors, havini; liecii troiilded ahoiit them, lor if iiotliiiii; had liappeiied to eiidaiiucr his life, ho miirht hav(( heeii rohhed. IIi- liroiiijht iisah-tti-r from l>r. Ettweiii. dated .liino lOtii and illh.lrom wirHdi we >aw •that othi-r letters, written in May, were still delayed. A letter frotri Ur. Ahrahani Reiiike.' from ^'orktown. ( I'a.), of Aug. "JHth, last year, only f;ot here at the same time. Wednesday, !•. Hr. Michael .Imi, IS.'IS; pastor of vuiioiis churches in Pennsylvania and at Hope, N. J. 'i- A I ii; ■I :, ';: \ 1 ' 1 I i I i! I li 424 ZKISBKRGKU S DIARY. Fritl.'iy, 11. David held early service. In tlio afternoon the war-party eanie back nicain, in a (luiet an ! * ^'<' w w w 15 :i I % it ^ Hi ^': i: . ' ii'; 426 ZKISHKKOEU s DFAHY. 1:1.-; 4 cilod lieiirt and to have peace with (lod, that our trans- gressions may here be done away witii and blotted out by Jesus' blood, so that wo. clad in the righteousness of bis blood, may appear befort; (lod. lir. Edwards held the congregation meeting from the text : As every man has received the gift, even so minister the same one to another, etc., that we have t>. 'ook one upon another as members of one i -ody, whose bead is Christ, and that each member should bo useful, lielpful, and a blessing to the others, so that none can think it ne(Mls no other. Monday. 21. Michael held early st'rvice frctm the Script- nrc-verse: I will gi't them praise and fame in every land whei'c tliey have been put to shame, that the Saviour will be gloriiied tlirougli believers in him ; therefore he will plac(; them for a blessing, and let lluin shine as a light which shall not be hid; what he does in thcui shall be seen t\)r the glory of bis name. By our Indians who came from Sandusky, we lieard again unpleasant stories that the Chippewas in great num- ber were coming over from Detroit, wishing to plunder us for having sold tlieir land, which news ujade much stir among our brethi-en, and was thoroughly talked ovim'. Tuesday, 'I'l. We considered again about the thing, after having already consider-.'d it two days ago, but then ',e had not to ask the Saviour. To make our Indian brethren content, however, we asked the Saviour again, wliether we had to (b) any thing in the matter, and he let ns know that we should send some Indian brethren over the lakt' to get infoi-mation and speak with the Chippewas. We proiiosed this to the assistants, and it was not to their mind, but the_\ declined, and we must so let it be for the present, but we found afterwards that all was notbing but lies, there being nothing in the thing. Wednesday, 2.'{. 13r. Edwards held early service from the Scripture-verse : A.id I will give you pastors accord- ing to mine heart, etc., and said that the brethren should carefully obey their teachers according to the words of the Apostle Paul, for they watched over their souls, but it ha[)- pened at times that they wislied to be wiser and sbrewder, AT NKW SAI.KM, 17H8. 4-J: thiiikiiig thuy uiKlorstood better, and th.'ri'l)y thry riiiiio to neecrand confusion, so tliat in tlie end tlioy knew not wliat to do, and made things liard tor themselves and also for their teachers. From Sandusky a Wyan(h)t counselh)r came, who umh'r- stood Dehiwarcund brought ns news that a messenger from Detroit was como, wliere tlie mitioiis were assembled for a conference, with a message to the Indians of this |.ur- jxrt: Tliey should not go away from home a short mile, nor go to the Fort; it would not last long, and we should hear iiow circumstances turned out. Some of our Indians were just rciidy to go to Pittsburg; they were also de- layed. We saw from this that they were upon the j^oint of going to the treaty. He was charged to speak farther with our Indians, and t(» iind out what our mind was in regard to renntining here, and he said, since they liad heard lies on every hand, this had given him occasion to ask, which now he did. The assistants rei.lied to him and hrul our condition before him, how it th.Mi was with us; that in Cuyahoga we got a message from ripe with a belt, who called us to I'ettquotting to live, saying that his uncles, the Wyandots, had given it him; that he had vacated it so that wo should occupy it. We dei)arted last year from Cuyahoga ami had wished to settle on the deep creek (perhaps Vermillion River), where a messenger came, who told ns we could not live there, we should come to San- dusky, there a plaee was set apart for us, but he mentioned nothing about the former message we had received ; fimdly wo had como hero to Pettquotting, and as it was already time to ])lant, we remained here, but had let our uncles know that wo were forced to renniin here and plant, that we might iiave something for our wives and children to live on. The nudes were well content with this, and said to us that no one would or should molest us, and if the times continued good and peaceful, perhaps we could re- main here longer, but should any danger come they would let us know. Since then they had said nothing to us, and we remained and had again jtlanted here; thus our affairs Btood, and so we held to what the Wyandots had said. It ;; !i 428 zkisbkhorr's diary. appears, liowrvei-, tliiit tlu;y will not leave iis here, and tliiiik indeed of inakiiiii; us conic ♦.) Sandusky, tor it nrous(!s luiieli attention arnon*; tliem that all arc ruuniiii; to us. and lliey arc not capable of liind(>rinr. David i-onducted the cliiidren s hour ami M icliael hi Id t! le couirreiyatioii mi'et- iiiii^. In the afternoon came Xathanie' Davis, with his wife and children, six persons, to remain here. He said at once t hat he came here for li'ood ami had left nothini:^ behind excei»t his plantation, 'riiey were still all lull of tiie death of their son JiConard, who made a loiii;' visit here this si)ring, ami they said that after h nne home he was (piite another man, had then no lon>;^er pleasure nor rest, and was alwiiys uri?in cause hesitation, lor hist winter in a drunken hiawl he had killed a C'herokee Indian. Momhiy, 25. We have y-ood. conifortinir news from tlu! council over the lake, fron. which we see there is a hetter prospect for peace than ever hefore. and tliat tluyare now upon a good path. The news was related and made known in full to our Indian brethren, to their sympathy and pleas- ure, for hardly anyw'nere will there he greater Joy. if peace bo concluded, than with us, since v,e see with our own eyes the misery ami want if a new Indian war should break out, and we should feel them most. From tlie Delawares in Gigeyunk wi; liivewise hear good tiews, that their chief has very strictly forbidden tlu-ir young men stealing or (h)ing further danuige. The Twightwces, Tawas, and others have tiiis spring given the Delaw-ires laml from the Miami to the Wabash, so that now again they have their own land to live on. Now we hear that the Delaware chief, who became chief in Isi'aelV place, luis always an eyt' upon the believing Indians, for once ali'cady he has sent us word that since we are here this sich- of the lake he still thinks upon what liis uncle, Israel, told him, when ho gave over to hin> his cliieftainship, .lamely, to love the believing Indians and their teachers, to do them good and protect them from wild, hostile Indians, so far as he could ; but lie had been so far distant from us, having himself no certain and abiding place, that hitherto he could not be very serviceable to us in any thing, but the timo would come when he would be in condition to carry out his sug- gestions, when first again he had a iure abode. We had shortly before heard that cue of his counsellors, whom we well knew, will come express to us and speak with us. The • , s 4;]o ZKISIlMIUlKll S DIAIIY. :i . I! : cliici' WclandawockcMi is now reported > have said that il' tluTc sliniild hv war, and this still lianas in the haianco, ho would take t'lorn here tar eiioui::h out of the way tlie ho- lieviui.' I ndians, witli the missionaries, over wlioni he elainis ai'it;lit ill virtue of liis orders ; hut if there sliould he|ii'a(!C, he would lei us stay lieri-. Thus, should there he; war, wo are alri'ady provided for, and our eare is in vain. Things will go again as we have alrea!. 'To-day, ami for many days, we have had many visits from strangers, yes, not u day is the town free from them. As our Indians have little to eat, they go in- dustriously to the whortleberries, which are a great help I'or them; some take ilieir < '".Idren there for food, wluu'e tlu;y ean eat their till and have much iileasure too. Friday, Aug. 1. David held "ai'ly service from the te.xt: Therelort', my beloved brethren, bo ye steadfast, unmove- abK', always abounding in the works of the Lord, tor as much as vi- know that your labor 's not in vain in the Lord, to this ettect, that our labor here should bi' to be- eome so minded as was Jesus Christ, also to learn from liim wlio was meek and of humble heart. Thereto belongs that we should stand fast by him; then will tlu' ll(dy Ghost nndve ns reeognize our corrupt hearts, wherewith we go to the Siiviour and let them be imrified by hi.s blood. The eml of this our labor would be to be established with him, and to live eternally with him. At nc^on Joseph was AT m;w sam:m, 1788. 431 roIcMsiid i'roiii this valo of t(!!irs, dviiitr ix^iut'l'iilly. David liiid Ik'oii witli liitn sliorfly hi'lui-c, and had cm niiiancij iiitii to jirav to tl ic Saviour, soon to taki' him to himsclt', and this he did. Satni'(hiv. -. At'tci' the carlv service iVoni tln' text : l''x- 'h -hell anune yourselves wlietlierye he in the lailh; ju'oveyour own selves, of whic'li apiiiication was nnoh', the remains ot' the Indian .lo>e|ih were i)uried. lie was ha]itized Jan. I . '74. in ( Jnach'iihiittiii, oh tlie .\l nslelt' t iiat he was a l>ad. ut terly corrupt nniii, ))ut t lerehv It was ever t lie same tl iin< for he loved sin, ami tlu-retore could not hi- Ire*; theretroin, and yet Im could not remain away from the churi'h. lie came to us a^ain on tho Huron Kivt-r ( .Michithleh(!m. Sunday, :]. Michael preached from tlu; l*]pistle about this, what it b.'d cost the Saviour to redeem us by bis great sutfei'ings and bittei' death. Many striingers wen; present, to whom Samuel {(reached the Saviour meanwhile Avith great earnestness; in particular he described to Siutk- aehsun bis dt'ad and unrei;optive heart, and told him he bad n(» more rclleetion and consideratiou than a cow. David held the congregation meeting from the Scripture- verse and te.xt, that the Saviour had left his throne and magniticenee with the Father, had come into the world, putting on our poor Hesh and blood t(» seek the lost and to save sinners. Monday, 4. Edwards held early service. Tuesday, 5. Michael Schebosh came with A. Johanna and Joseph from the island in Sandusky Bay. In Detroit little produce, no wares, not a shirt to be had. 'I . AT NKW SAI.K.M, 17HS. 4:53 NV'cdiicsdiiy, ti. All )li"' hrcflircMi who wcru at Ikxiic wcMit liuiitiiii; ill coiiiiiioii, mill iIm! sisters I'or wliortlo- bi'iries, with which thfy now ifct iiiiich li(i|) until the coiMi is to he caton, antl that is very soon. Levi, mention ot whom is made under Inly titli. who had leave; to live here, came now, hut iiad left Jiis •••rand- mother heliind, who did not want to come vot. Also still more strangers eame lu-re, among them riiili|i[tina. In our neighborhood the savages who dwell there made this evening a sacrifici; and dance, to which strange Indians went also, who had eome here. Th'-v have never done the like siiKH! they have been here;, bir we will be thoiight- tul about this at a good and suitable time, to get them away, tor this gives a hoM tor Satan. We tlK)ught at first that, iierha[)s, many of Ilujiii would wish to bi con verted, hut usually it is worse with neighbors who are so near us; they live just l)y. and yet never c^ome to the ineetings; on the other hand, tliose who are tar distant come. Thursdav, 7. Kdwards held earlv service from the Scri[)ture-versc : Tiiat whoover trusts in him will not eome to harm. Many came here t'rom the elk bunt with meat; thus also our heavenly Father gives something, that they can live. Sunday, 111. B;-. David iireached and then held the com- munion (nuirter-honr, foi- to the commnni.iants the impor- tant, great day and the Fiord's su[)|n'r were announced. The assistants came together ami spoke with our brclhreii, .loshua. -lolin Cook's son, and his wife'. David spoke with Cjieh.'lemend, who visited him, Monday, 11, and showed his longing for l lie bat li o|' holy baptism. It was first pointed (uit to him and told what it particularly de[)endod u[)on, i.f)t upon our own running ami racing and our own woi'ks, but upon (Jod"« mercy and the entire surrender of the heart. Wednesday, 18. At the text: For as the body is one and hath many members, and all the members of that one body, etc., something was said to the communicants about 28 :'^' t' 1: l\ 484 ZEISBRRdKU S DFAUY. the importiiiico of tlio tluy,' niid tlu'V wt'i-c thcrchy I'l;- Tuiiidcil tliiit tlii'oiiijli tlicirnu'c of .It"o])U' liad siirroMiKli'd and caiitui'od a Cliip- jif'wa [larty out limitiiiLT. Tlioy liad not tondiod tlio woiuon, l)iif only tlio mi'ii. liiit as tlioso dnl not wisli to loavo tlioir liiishaiids, thov liad irono witli tlieni ; no liai-ni lia*l Ix'l'allon tlu-ni ; thoy woi .■ vvoll koi»t and giiard.-tl till tlio treaty. With this thoy woro oontont. Sunday, 17. Br. I'Mwai'ils |n'oar. l>avid hold the (|iiar- tor-hoiii' lor the hapti/.od from tin- text: For a< many of you a- iiavo Itroii hapti/od into Christ havo i»Mt n Christ. Miihail hold tlio coiiifroi^ation ' Tuosdav,l!i. I'.r. K t'rom tho toxt : For wliatsoovor is horn of (lod ovoroom< i ii tho world ; and this is tli(> viotory that overcoinoth tho \V(M-ld. ovon our faith. The' >iiirit ot tho liainh, which rules wn, liis Mood, whioli binds us tothor in one heart and mind about the wiu'd of the blood and d<:itli of .lesus, and stood fast by him in fniili, llie_\ would bavt; perfect victory to boast of. oven in the worst and nio-^t (buigorous oireumstaiiees, for in them thoy had nothing farther to do than to be still and look to the Saviour, bow lie oonducts his own with a mother's hands, aeeording to the eoiloet in to-day \s Serip- ture-verse, ami to praise him therefor. Jlere wo cannot go on, since Scripture-verso and ti'xt are so appropriate, without liescribing in detail a oireumstautM^ which has oc- curred to us, since now we see things togotlu-r in tlieir con- nection, and liave to-day awaited their fortunate conclu- sion, ^\'llerefor the Saviour must receive abundant praise apd thanksgiving, for be aloni' has done it witbf)iit our help. It is known that wbeii two years ago we came away from Huron l\iver and l)etroit, the commandant, Maj. William Ancrum, and Mr. Askin prciiared two sbips to take us to Cuyahoga, and likewise gave us for our houses ^ % om. 7 J Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 VVEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 V ^ :\ \ ^9) V '^ ., ^. ^^^'^> ^D m 436 ZEISBEUGER S DIARY. and the labor wc liad tlicro done, u bill of credit for two hundred doUitrs, for which in Cnyiihoo;a wc got flour, which was a real and substantial help in our extreniest need, when we were in the wilderness, remote from Indiai; and white settlements, so that thereby, tlioug'h it Avas udt quite suf- cient, we were put in j)Osition to be able to plant somewhat and outwardly to c^et aloni?. When we came here a year ago from Cuyahoga, we were always hearing from San- dusky that the Chippewas were discontented with us and blamed us for having sold their land to white people. To quiet our Indians, for they cannot well bear such talk, we sent Br. Edwards with some Indian brethren to Detroit, to find out about the affair, and Br. David wrote about this both to Mr. Askin and to the agent, Capt. Mclvee, whose advice we begged, but nothing farther was done in the matter; we saw that in Detroit little account was made of this. Moreover, Chii)pewas lived in our towns, which we had left, so we let tlie whole matter alone, for we saw not what we could farther do in the filing, thinking that if we stirred therein, we might make the evil worse, perhaps, and arouse the Chippewas, and thereby get ourselves into trouble. Our comfort was that we had acted openly before the eyes of all men, and uprightly; we had done nothing secretly, nor in the dark, but we have learned thereby not to do the like again, and in the future to save ourst-lves such trouble; it shall be to us a Xota Bene hereafter. This si)ring and summer the atiair was warmed up again, and served up to our Indii'.ns, as often as they went to Sandusky, for from that place in itarticular it came here through wicked, ill- disposed Indians; they had sold the Chippewas' land [they said] ; they would come over therefore and plunder us, and thus get their pay. And to make it quite probable, lies upon lies were invented and piled together, yes, the news once came that two thousand Chippewas were already near the lake here. AV^e asked the Saviour once whether in the affair we were to ask him, and nothing was to be done. We were then at rest in the thing, believing what we had heard to be lies, but yet could not reassure and quiet our India lis. Therefore upon a new alarm we again turned to ll > jr ill: AT NEAV SALEM, 1788. 437 the Saviour and inquired if we had any thing to ask, and he said, yes. We made then the following questions: Whether Br. David with some Indian brothers should go to Detroit to see what was to he done? Answer : Whether Br. David should go ? no. AVhether Indian brothers should go, was approved." They, however, did not want to go un- less some one of us went too, and so the rnaiter remained, and though nothing was done, yet we laborers were really helped, that we were not so overrun by our Indians, for on our part we considered it all a lie, but yet could not nuike our Indians so believe. Xow the French trader, whom Samuel had verbally charged to get information, two raon.ths ago, from the Tawa chief in Detroit, to whose hands every thing must go, brought us the following speech, accompanied by a string of wampum : "Grand- father, ye believing Indians on Huron Kiver, it has been brought to my ears that ye are accused of all sorts of evil, and burdened with the charge that ye have sold the Chlp- pewas' land on Huron River (Michigan), that the Chip- pewas were angry about this, and would therefore come and take away^all ye have, of which I had never heard. After I received the news, I assembled the Chippewa chiefs and head-men, and in open council asked them whence this accusation came, and whether any one had let such talk go out of his mouth, and expressed it, but we have found no such person among us, and know nothing thereof. This we can say of you on the Muskingum and on the Huron River here, where ye lived, that ye neither troubled yourselves about land nor war, nor any thing else, except to attend to your worship of God ; that is your chief busi- ness, this we know. I will hereby let you know that all ye have heard are lies. Whether they have come from wretched busy-bodies, Delawares, Wyandots, or Chip- pewas, or from white people and Indians together, we cannot determine, and must so let it be. I will say to you, however, believe not the lies ; the like has never come into our thoughts, as ye have heard, and comes not from us. Take this string of wampum for a token, and if any one farther comes to unload his lies to you, show him this, and 1 i wm 1 14 • i- 438 zeisbi:rger s diary. if he, or tlioy, do not wiint to credit it, let me know, I will myself come iiiid punish them for this. Grandfather, here on Huron River thou hast lived on our land ; it is pleas- ant to me that thou now livest on my land, the other side of the lake, also on Huron liiver. Thou art still in my arms and in my hosom." This Tavva chief is also the head-chief of the Chippewas, and can call them together as often as he finds it needful, for all lirst comes to him, and then he communicates it to the others. lie lives op- posite Detroit, on tlie east side of the river. 'Althony'h the Delawares and Wyandots always de- scrihed to us the Chi[)pewas and Tawas as the wildest people, and strove to })aiiit them frightful to us, we have always found the opposite. They did not do us the least harm over the lake, neither in our cattle nor our fields, and phiced nothing in our way. Here, likewise, we find tliem the same ; we have no reproacli to make them, and we see now that their chiefs arc our friends, and better friends than the Delawares and their chiefs, and whence con)es this? Perhaps we can find out, if we seelc a little. It cannot come from this that the Chippewas are better and more virtuous than other Indians, or that they love goodness more than the Delawares ; yes, if we went to another strange mition, with whom we yet have no acquaintance, we should find the same, that they would be more kindly towards us than they who have ivuown ns for so many years and have had intercourse with us. The Chippewas and Tawas are quite wild, raw heathen, have yet heard no word of God, no Gospel, none of them have yet been con- verted, have yet no knowledge. Th.ey love the believing Indians, not because they believe in Christ, for of this they know nothing and think nothing of it, but because they are an upright, orderly, and peaceful folk, liking friend- ship wHth every one. They have and know no reason why they should hate us. On the other hand, the Delawares and Monseys have for many years heard the Gospel, are not so ignorant and blind as not to know better, many of 'AH tills to the 20th is ci'ossed out in the ofi''iiial. It ^ AT NEW sali:m, 17H8. 439 them having ah-etidy hceome holievers. Those now who do not wis-h to bo converted are o]iponents, tliongh they are convinced that the Gospel of Clirist is the truth, tor they wish to remain in sin, they become the foes of it and of the believers also, if not openly, yet secretly, since hatred lies in their hearts. If they come to us, they are our best friends, but behind our hacks, in their own towns, they speak nothing but ill of us. Wednesday, 20. Chippewas again came here and re- mained over night, among them two who had been pris- oners at the mouth of the Muskingum, in Fort ITarmar, and in irons wherewith they were bound, but they got free. They gave as a reason that they had heard they would all be hanged. All the prisoners, of wliom there are yet four there, with their wives, lived on Sandusky Bay, and arc well known to us. Thursday, 21. There came here together Chippewas and Tawas from Sandusky Bay. An old man nuide a formal speech to our Indians, of tlie following import, in short: "Grandfather, I come to thee t.-oubled and dis- tressed, in hope of getting from thee s(mie comfort and advice, for a short time ago, when we were undisturbed and quiet, and were only tlioughtful for our wives and children, to get them something to eat, it happened one morning unexpectedly that a war-party from over the lake came to us on its way to the settlements of the v.diite people. This pleased us not, and disturbed us in our pleasant repose. We asked them who had sent them at a time when the leading men of all nations were assembled in Detroit, and were working hard to bring about a stable peace. They answered that their father over the lake [the English] knew about the thing, but we did not believe this, and though we did every thing to persuade them to turn back again, representing to them also that they would bring into dan- ger many of our young people who were out hunting and knew nothing of this, yet they set out on their way. Some of our people out hunting, having heard that the States were peacefully disposed towards all Indians and received them as friends, went near the Fort hunting. Just as they ii;vi u:'.l\ IK \ ! H %'\' 440 ZRISBKRGER S DIARY. came there it happened that the war-party mentioned made an attack npon the place where preparation was made for the treaty, and killed several white people. This was the cause that our people, who were out huntinii; and feared noth- ing, were cii[)tnrod and taken into the Fort, whore four of them Htill are, hut two liave escaped. AVe take refuge in thee, grandfather, and believe thou wilt not refuse to for- ward tliis, our speech, to our elder brother in Pittsburg, for I have tlie greatest conlidence in tliee, and thou art known there also, mnncly, the following words: Brothers, I beg thee have compassion with me, and let my young people* who are prisoners, again go free. They have done thee no harm, have not even thought it, but were out hunting. If thou will grant me tliis, my prayer, I and all my people will hold fast to the chain of friendship which our old, wise men, now assembled in the greai" council in Detroit, are making, and with this string of wampum will bind fast our hands thereto.'" Friday, 22. The Chipi)ev/as went back home again, and two of our Indians, Stephen and Boaz, went with their speech to the fort. Meanwhile many Delawares from Sandusky came here. Our Wyandot also came for a visit, mention of whom is made in last year's diary. When he then went away from here to Sandusky, the small-pox broke out there, by which nearly the whole town died out and only two families survived. This year they have built on anotlier site and have burnt the old town. He took care of his brother in his sickness, who died of the small-pox, and then he took the disease himself, but recov- ered. He said he came here once more to see us and to tell us he had not forgotten what he told us last year, that he remained thereby; he wished to and must yet live with us, ana in this purpose had not changed ; he waited for his mother from Detroit ; v.'hen she came he could tell his mind to her, but not persuade her to come to the church unless she were so disposed. Sunda}'', 24. Br. Michael preached, and David held the congregation meeting. Two white people came from Pitts- 4 . I SI t ' j'ti AT NEW SALEM, 1788. 441 burg with a woiiiun. Tlioy went on again to Detroit by water on tiie 2Gth. Monday, 25. Helen returned from Sandusky, by whom we lioard tliat tlie nations in a few days would come to- gether on the Mianii, so as to go from the'x to the Mus- kingum ioi- the treaty, but no one yet knew precisely what they had determined. The Indians are every where in anxiety, that wliere the march of so many men ia made, their fields will be eaten up, as if locusts came there and devoured every thing. Wednesday, 27. David held early service. From De- troit a boat came with thirteen white people, who went on to Pittsburg, Thursday, tiie 28th, for whom we must get seven horses ready, for some of them were sick. Thus all come to us, Indians and whites, seeking help. Joseph Brant, with two hundred Mingoes, is on the Miami, and now they will soon go on to the treaty, for they cannot stay there long, there being but little food. Our Chip- pewa also arrived, who passed the winter with us in Cuy- ahoga, with his wife from hunting. He stayed several days with us, for they were pleased here, and our Abra- ham spoke to them the words of life. Friday, 29. AVe had a pleasant love-feast with the two single brothers on their birth-day, wishing them the Sa- viour's blessing from his bloody fulness for their day. Sunday, 31. Br. David preached from Gal., vi., 7: Whatsoever a man soweth, that also shall he reap. Then the widows, seven in number, all communion sisters, had a blessed service from their text : Nevertheless I live ; yet not I, but Christ livetli in me, and then we had with them a love-feast. The Saviour showed himself very gra- cious to them, and one could observe a blessed feeling. Edwards held the congregation meeting. Monday, Sept. 1. Michael held early service. Gelele- mend expressed again his longing wish for baptism. He said: "I am one of the greatest sinners, and must be eternally lost, if the Saviour does not pity me and with his blood cleanse me from my sins. In him alone I put my trust, for I believe he has died for sinners and has [ !; St : V \ 1 r 442 ZKISHKUaiCR S DIAKY. shed l.is blood for me ulso, tlieret'ore I iiwait with long- ins^ to ho ii sharer in grace." Ah, liow hj-.-^ this man, the great cliief of Goscliachgiiiik, cliunged ! How now is he become so meek, that he comes like aii}' other sinner, weaps and begs for grace nt the Saviour's feet ! If wo are glad and have compassion, how must his loving heart be disposed towards such a poor sinner! Wo learned by way of Sandusky the comforting and joyful tidings that nineteen nations have united in a grand council for peace, and have sent oi^ an express to Pittsl)urg to make known there tliat they will soon set out for the treaty, where they could be expected; that the nations have given a sharp rebuke to those warriors who, contrary to all orders, have been disobedient and have murdered, and they have tiiken their prisoners from them, whom they will bring to the treaty. We heard also that there is again sraall-pox in Sandusky, and now also in the Mousey town. Thursday, 4. A sick child of a widow was baptized by David before its death with the name Ephraim. His motiier came here some time ago. Likewise, some time ago, a woman came here with her husband, with the view of lying-in here, for she feared she would die, being already somewhat old and this her first child. She had a lij^rd but fortunate delivery. This is already become evident that Indians in dangerous, doubtful circumstances take refuge with the believers, thinking that if they are with us there will be no danger, or at least that they will find it more tolerable than if they were with the savages. Generally they come not to grief in this belief. We see from this how the brethren are aroused, like hawks for birds, to win a soul for the Saviour, and incorporate it in the church. This evening also our dear brother, Schebosli, died in peace, after a nervous sickness of two weeks. Friday, 5. In the early service the little son of Adam and Sabina, born yesterday, was baptized into Jesus' death with the name of John Renatus. Towards evening the remains of our brother, Schebosh, who yesterday departed ^n peace, wore buried, and at the same time with him the a,, i 1 , I'j! ,1 , ■- ii! y_:.' AT NEW SALflM- 1788. 44:3 little boy, Ephraini, two months old, wlio was baittizecl yesterday. Since we find nothinji: written about the former, we will tell of him as mnch as we know and can remem- ber. He was born May "27, 17"21, in Skippac (Montijom- ery Co., Pa.), in this country, came alxMit the year '42 to the church in Bethlehem, where he was baptized by Br. Jos. Spaii^(enberg),' and soon came to the Lord's supper. He was shortly afterward brou^Mit among the Indians in Meniolagomekak (Monroe Co., Pa.), where a small num- ber of Indians was served by the brothers, and in (jlmulen- hiitten, on the Mahony, where he remained until it was destroyed by tbe savages. In the year 174(i he was joined in wedlock with Christiana, with whom he lived in mar- riage forty-one years, and she died just a year ago less three days. Of liis children one daughter is still here in the church, and two granddaugliters. liis son was among the number of martyrs in Gmidenhiitten. He was besides with tbe Indian church in Xain, near Bethlehem, after- wards with a part in Wech(iuetank,'- until they also, owing to the troubles of war, had to flee to the barracks in Phil- adelphia. From there he went in "05 to Friedenshiitten, on the Sus(iuehanna, in the year '72 to the Ohio, where he lived first in Schfhibrunn, and last in Gnadenhiitten on the Muskingum, until Sept. 3, '81, he went with the Indian cburcb in captivity to Sandusky, fr^m which place, how- ever, the same autumn he went back to Scbonbrunn to get corn, but was there taken by the militia, with his daugh- . ter, her husband, and others, and brought to Pittsburg, where, however, they were soon set free, so that they could go to their friends, but he went from there to Bethlehem, bringing to the brothers the first trustworthy news of tlie whole occurrence, and he refreshed himself in the church from the fatalities he had endured. In the year 1783 he ^Augustus Gottlieb Spaiigenburg, 1 701-1 7'.)2. He was a professor in the University at Halle, a position which he lost when he beoame a Moravian in 1733. lie was in America I'igliteen yearn, presiding over the churcli. He was known as Br, -Joseph. — De Schweinitz' Life of Zeisberger, p. 15. 'Polk Township, Monroe Co., Pa. r •. y the savages, for they bring nothing more willingly here, and are thus a [)lague to us, and this al- ready begins, which cannot be. Sunday, 21. Instead of the sermon Br. David delivered an earn:^st discourse and exhortation to all inhabitants, re- minding thuif'. who love the Saviour and wish to live for him in one spirit and mind, to oppose the disorder and sintul things that wish to come among us. Then was the conmiunion quarter-hour, when this matter was again touched upon, and the brethren were told that it was sad and distressing if from this company brethren let them- AT NEW SALEM, ITS''. 447 Holvcs 1)0 80(liu!cd to (IninkciiiicsM, tlieri'l)y giviiiy a l)ii(l exiuni.lc. Thoy wore told at tlio saiiio tinu' that ii()m> of tlioso (!onlooplo, to make himself kiiown to us, to op- pose Satan and all temptations, to interest himself faith- fully for his ilock and to food us daily on his merits and sufterings, and to make us pco[)le of liis own heart, so that his name might be glorified among the heathen. We thought also of our absent brethren. We begged forgive- ness of all our faults and shortcomings, gave ourselves anew to his blessed rule, vowed and swore to him fealty and obedience. In the following service for the married brethren, the single brother, John Thomas, and the widow, (yathrine, were married. Meanwhile we made use of the assistants, since during the week they are not at home, but off" hunting, to speak with some people, and those baptized, in particular with strangers, who are already a long time here to no purpose. They were recjuested to go farther, so as to make no trouble. Monday, 17. Edw^n'ds held early service. Late in the evening young Joachir.i came here with his wife and chil- dren, to remain. The next day quarters were found for them, as likewise for Nicholas Smaan's family; with him the assistants spoke yesterday, and having heard he was an Indian cajitain, and so he must go to the treaty as part of his duty, the brothers told him he should go, and if he remained of this mind and persisted in living with the church, he should give up his office, so that he might not be burdened in the church with Indian affairs, and have au unblessed, unsatisfactory life, and this he promised to do. He then went away with Gelelemend to the treaty, but both left their wives and children here. This Smaan was a captain under the chief, Welandaweckeu, so that we can- not wonder that he sent us an invitation to settle at the Fork of the Miami, for he sees that the Indians will come to us. This very message the counsellor, called the Big Cat, was to bring here, but as they got news that we had • When " The Brethren's (/hurcli calls to mind the important truth that the Lord .Tesus 's th« Chief Shepherd and Head of the Church." )"" AT NKW SALEM, 17S8. 457 a message from the Tuwii chief, who has e.stalilished ua here, he refused to he the mes9eiit,'er, saying it WfHild he in vain and to no juirposo, that wo would not accept it, wliereupon the chief got anotlier messenger, who knew nothing aljout the tiling; lie hrouglit us tlie message and got the proper answer. Wednesday, 19. A Frenchman, accustomed to go ahout among the Indians, came here, hag and haggage, and wanted to quarter liimsel-f upon us unasked and unan- nounced, for he saw a large town ''orD, and gave out lie wished to work for pay for the Indians, and as he was un- willing to be persuaded to go away, we were forced to put him with all his effects into a canoe and take him away. Thursday, 20. From Sandusky came old Maria Eliza- beth and Sophia, Jacob Gendaskund's' only surviving daughter, for the first time, who is married, and they con- stantly attended the services. Several strangers have lately been here visiting, among whom is found at times bad ma- terial, who give us trouble and have to be well watched, that they may do no harm, for freedom in the Indian land has often bad results and makes it hard. An unbaptized, large boy, Cook's step-son, came to Br. David weeping, and upon being asked what ailed him, he replied that his step-brother, a savage, had burnt his a b c board, and said that if he gave himself up to this he would be a good- for-nothing man, a worthless fellow, and had scolded him; he had complained about this among the brethren, and yes- terday cried the whole evening about it. He said that if his step-father went from the church he would not stay with him, he ^vould not leave the church. Br. David con- soled him and promised to give him a book in lieu of the a b c board, for he had perfectly learned his alphabet in three or four days, and was already beginning to spell, for if Indian children desire any thing they apply themselves to it day and night, and become not weary. Sunday, 23. Br. David preached about the wise and the ' He had been baptized in 1770. 458 ZEfSnEROKU S DIARY. n: :i U:l foollsli virgins, and Edwards held tho coiigrcficatioii meet- ing. Several lirethren came from their Inuiting-camp. Tuesday, 25. Edwards held early service. Yesterday tho hrethreii were all awav for the autumn hunt. Wednesday, •2{). The ilist touch of snow fell. Sunday, 30. Edwurds preached about the coming of tho Saviour into the Hesli, and David held tho children's ser- vice upon the same -subject, exliorting the children to joy over the Saviour's birth, who thereby brought both them and us much good. Mondiiy, Dec. 1. Strangers came here for a visit, iimoiig them A. Salome. Old Maria Elizabeth came, and in tears spjke out her heart and longing for comfort from tho Saviour, Thursday, 4. Tlio people, especially the sisters, for hardly any brothers wore at homo, got wood for us. In the afternoon, toward evening, the brothers, Samuel, Ste- phen, Thomas, and To!)ias, came back from the Mus- kingum, Init could not await tho treaty, for the nations, encamped sixty miles from the Fort, will not come, and the affair may yet be long protracted. They came back thus witliout accomplishing any thing, but meanwhile had met there Br. llecke. voider and Matthias ]31ickensdcrfer, (a surveyor), and spoken with them. We now got by them the letters and journals from Bethlehem. Tuesday, 5. In the morning service the greetings from tho church were given to tho brethren. Sunday, 7. David preached about the promise made to tho brethren in olden times by tho prophets. Some breth- ren had come from their hunting-camp. Br. Edwards held tho congregation meeting. Tuesday, 9. Indians came from Sandusky here. A large boy, who has lost his parents, came to Br. David and begged to live here. Upon being asked why, he re- plied that lie Avas pleased hero, and did not like to be among tho savages. When he w:'.s told how ho would have to conduct himself here, and that we must first know wliero ho could live, which had already been said to him. f,t AT NEW ^SALKM, 1788. 4.')'.) ho iinswercd ho would like to cjo to .school, whicli mciin- whilc Br. David iicnnittcd, till ho .should bo rocoivod. Tliursdiiy, 11. Tguatius cnnio with two whito people, on their way from Pittsburs; to Detroit. Thoy came to him, where ho was encamped, hunting, and wore four weeks on their journey. A family was still behind from want of horses, for tliey had lost theirs, and they went the day after to bring them in. We hoard, at the same time, that the Chippewa, who is mentioned under Sept. 28th, and had consulted the hrothren ahout his salvation, had been burnt while hunting hy an explosion of powder, so that ho will hardly recover. Saturday, 1-3. In the assistants' conference we consid- ered about old Afaria Elizabeth and tlio boy who had an- nounced his wish to live here.. The former was received and provided with shelter, but about the latter, we found trouble, for wc did not know whore ho would bo under oversiglit. On this occasion the assistants were plaiidy told what our ])lan is in regard to the reception of strange Indians. In the first place, but chiotly, if any of our baptized return to us, who belong to us, but for various reasons have been separated from us, we were bound to take tlieiii, to establish them again, and help them to the right way; secondly, if savages or children canio, asking for reception, we wore bound in duty to hel[) all, and to seek to bring them to the Saviour, for his blood bought souls. Thereby now we are always getting moio labor, many times want, also, care and trouble, but to nuiko it more easy and comfortable for ourselves, we must not re- fuse people without sufHciont grounds and send them away, even though they were seducoi-s, who did harm in the church. This admonition was needful, for it has hap- pened that people have been received whom wc either had to send away, as they did not behave according to our rules, or they have then solves gone away, and now some had come to the disposition to receive none, or only such of whom we had proof tliat they would thrive. Over this matter the assistants afterwards talked with one 4t50 zeisiikroer's diary. Oi > [(" 1 I ' ■ 'Ml another by tlicnisolves, uiid (liHcusscd it, and it was well approved. Simday, 14. My. Michael preached. Tn tlu; oonnninnioii qiiiirter-liour |{r. David announced th(! L')r''.'s supper lor ne.\t Siiturdiiy, and held the con