IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■^illlM 112,5 116 tu IIIM 112.2 ■i/.' ill 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 < 6" ► % (^ /} ' /A # o / Photographic Sciences Corporation #^ k" ^<:^ \ \ ^N^ 6^ % v« '% ^^^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 L signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est i\\m6 A partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diegrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 /-- Ji- Gold D »dW TOMiniE IT. ■isimii n . /^l*«^'fg^ oy/luymsit^ Stationery Co "StiM^^if^^f^SL MORI IV it CO. - BOOKSELLERS V. STATIONERS . NELSON, B.C. r n* iL£i±±i!».Aa^fei\ -a^^. . jst'j .ft**, fir M ^^i ^^fO^ H"eST''- ''""<-' Boot f "*""-«r- Spons' P« • s""onietfic and «?.>;•' I 35 ^-''.-SLr «"Vveyo;^'p-V-'-.'.:.- . ^ fable . and Co-.Sines. «„j ■'i''«™(s, f ngneering aij V • • : ' ""<' Traverse ^.Tr»«e7l^"^'«.' BtraSHrlP •!'»'••• ..■.■■■ ,* ^»W fta«,°»,^'» • • : ". .^^''x-a, B„.jg^ f oo ^»i"v ..^^^S^ms—i „. • Fony Le/,,^^' 'oads^Vjr! ""^ " ' * ' " • • 3 oo Engineer's P^,' *'"" • • -■ -■ : : ll Seamanship E.ami„er'.".Vw'^«;,"«'^---f-- '''"""^ . 65 «eed s Seamanship .. . " 40 80 Wa,Tlg:atloii. Reed's Seamanship.. Norie-s NaviRalion--Ro.;,e; Prac.u:al Navigation me " Saiior',- ' W " -^^ " " ' ^ S^ Ines^r'^a-l^J^^'^r^r'^Z-Vconiainin, ^ <» Traverse Table! ' ^^'""' «'»'■% Co-Sinesf British Nautical A Imo '9oo J °o North Pacififl::';,'^^^^^^^^ p^oo ; ; ' ' ; ; ; 00 Tide Tables. 1898. . . '' ^' ^-^^^^ay ' ^5 i^acific Coast TiV]« t 1 1 "^ ' ^ «898._.'.™'.T';'"«. our own pubiieaiion; '^ pdu^fySerLtngou^If ~"^'?r''y '» '"°ck and are gush, and will be pleased ,„ J. "^"-American or En ^ok you wan,. 'S-Cm^i"^/""/, "'"'^'^ f"' any THOMSON'S O., Ltd. • • • 6 40 50 ons 2 75 of •• 3 00 •• 2 25 •• 2 80 gs 2 00 ig s. 60 65 I 00 I 00 5 75 75 15 ^H are cilitfes >r En- >r any Co., ■PRIOE LIST- THOMSON STATIONERY CO.. Ld. Vancouver, B. C. BOOKS ON MINING. Thomson Stationery Co., ld. New Books constantly added. BRANCH STORE: NEL30N, B. O. Prospecting for Gold and Silver — Lakes $ i 25 Prospectors' Hand Book — Anderson, cloth i 25 •♦ " " leather flap i 75 Hidden Mines and How to Find Them — Newman i 50 Placer Mining, a Hand Book for Klondike arid other Miners and Prospectors i 25 i^'Everyone interested in Mining should have these four popular treatises on mining and minerals. Assaying: and Oeolog^y* Manual of Practical Assaying — Furman 42^ Manual of Assaying Gold, Silver, Lead, Copper, — W. L. Brown 3 75 Text Book of Assaying — Beranger 4 00 Assay Notes — Chapman 75 The Assayer's Manual — Bruno Kerl 4 c» Ore Deposits — ^J. A. Phillips 8 00 Hand Book of Rocks — Kemp 2 50 Genesis of Ore Deposits — Posepney 4 50 Geology — Ihlseng 60 Geology — Geikie 60 •♦ *' (unabridged) 2 00 Manual of Geology — ^Jas. A. Dana The Self Assayer and Miner describes in plam concise form simple and accurate processes for determining the values of various ores, written for the every day miner 25 raining: and IVIineralogy. Manual of Mineralogy and F^etrography — Dana. . 3 00 THOMSON'S ~ PRIOe UST- THOMSON OTATIONBRY CO., Ld. ' .Vancouver, B. O. Minerals and How to Study Them — Dana $ 2 25. System of Mineralogy — Dana .,. 1 5 00 Practical Treatise 011 Hydraulic Mining — Bowie 6 00 Manual of Mining — Ihlseng , ; 5 25 Metallurgy of Gold — Eissler 5 50 '* of Silver — '* 325. Metallurgy of Argentiferoivs Lead — Elssler 4 00 Cyanier's Pocket Book of Principles P.ules, Formulse and Tables, largely illustrated, .an exceptionally useful Ipook, in leather cover with tlap. .^,- 3 75 Rudiments of Mineralogy — Ramsay i 50 Pocket Manual of Mining — Chewett (cloth)..,, i 25, •♦ •' " (leather>./ i 50 Prospector's Field Book and Guide — Osborne.. 2 2^ Determinative Minerrilogy and Blowpipe -Brusch 4 50 .Vietalliferous Minerals and Mining — Davies 4 25. Miner's Hand Book — Milne, . • . . . , 2 50 Pocket Book for Miners & Metalli»rgists— Powers 3 25. Elements of Mineralogy — T, Rutley. 80 Mineral Surveyor and Valuer's Guide- W. Lintern i 75, Getting Gold— J. C. F. Johnson 2 00 The Hydraulic Gold Miner's Manual--Kirkpatrick !• 50 Mineral Wealth of Canada — Wilmott . . . , i 25^ Gold and Silver Ores— W. H. Merritt (leather) i 00 Manual of Hydraulic Mining — VanWagenen.. i 50- S THOMSON'S C'O., Ld. PRICE usr- THOMSON STATIONERY CO., Ld Vancouver, B. C. Placer Mining, a Hanrllxjok for Klondike and other Miners and IVosi)ector9 $ i 25 Yukon Mining Laws 25 Teleg^rapliic Casern, Moering and Neal Mining Telegraph Code..,. 7 25 Bedford McNeill Mining felegraph Code 7 50 A. B. C. Telegraph Code 6 00 Slater's Telegraph Code 2 50 dough's Mining Code 2 25 A I Telegraphic Cwle 10 00 Ship Owners' Telegraphic Code 8 00 Adamij Cable Codex, (paper) , . . . . 40 •♦ •' (clolh) 65 niAPlSShoM^ing^ Hitting' l.rOcationfs>. 52 Big Bend and Trout Lake Mining Districts i 00 63 Trail Creek Mining Canvp — J. H. Mc(jregor i (X> 35 Gal Hill Mining Camp, Kamloop^; 50 57 Slocan Mining Camp showing the country im- mediately around Sandon I OQ 36 Harrison Lake Mining Camp i 00 5-8 Slocan Lake District, slfwwing mining locations — Thomlinson I 00 67 East Kootenay, showing locations — McViitje i 00 41 Cariboo, showing locations— Garjden, Hermon & Burwell i 00 39 Lillooet, showing locations —Garden, H. & B. 25 40 Lillooet, *' — Burnctte . . . . «. 50 20 Texada Island I 00 19 Mining Camp on Jervis Inlet 50 21 Map showing locations of mineral claims in vicinity of Shoal Bay and Phillips Arm . . , . 5a 37 Mineral Claims situated on Fire Mountain — Vaughan 50 38 llridge River Mineral Claims, Lillooet— ^J. P. Forde 50 THOMSON'S ________J^anoouver, B. o. . * 52 Big Bend and Tri„,f r tii ;,.' ' : ir '" ?:u^lrnr/.*^"°'^-^■■^■'"e;aV■c,Vi„3u.• '<» 55 I" lelcher's Man «f i? \' *. 59 MnpoftheSIocan Mine;:; i oo 5' 'Salmon and WJIH u .' i «^ 4° ^C^::^na?r "^^?^^^^^^ ? 62 Mining Map of Trail Cr«t ^T '^'"'"^ Dis . jj m vicinity of Rossland ' ^""""^ '='''™s ' 'I^kin.^r' ^■■"*"« Ca-ps-i,,^— . 5o 69 Nelson and Salmon R?ver''gistS-^"g'- ' ^ __ I OO MArg OF THE VUKOIV 26 Map of ih= V„kon-Th„ " ''"'•^ 27 .. .^''on-Thomson Sia. Co., Ld « — - - — — ___ 5° THOMSOI>rs CO.. Ld. ^ 50 owman cq clraulic I 00 • p • • • 75 i erry • • • • . I 00 I CX) ims — . . . . . ;2S >lenay i 2 c ict of • • • . I 00 evvry ict— • • • • I 00 • • • • I 00 bbes 25 I 50 • • • • Dis I 50 ims • • • I 50 gor • • • I 00 • • • I 00 ttie I 00 I" I 00 •• I 00 n) RRICE LIST- THOMSON STATION Bay CO., Ld. Vancouver, B. O. " " 29 M^n of the Yukon River from mouth up, being Anr. .' can Govt, chart |*'T" . .• $ 75 30 Map )i Alaska, in case 75 31 Gosnell's Map of the Yukon 30 34 > '.illroy s Map of Alaska, paper 50 35 *' ** mounted on cloth. . i 50 I 32 VrcAuce Map of the Canadian Yukon, i mounted 75 ! 33 Yukon River, Alaska 50 * 36 Map of the Copper River Route, just pub- j lished— J. H. Tyrrell 75 ^ 37 Map of Alaska, from latest geoloqical surveys, -J. H.Tyrrell 75 Oeneral I9Iapii of IBrltlsh Columbia. 1 British Columbia, 4 maps in one 25 2 Brownlee's Map of British Columbia, mounted on linen i 75 3 ditto ditto with rollers 2 cx) 4 British Columbia, by Government, in two parts I 00 5 Southwestern part of British Columbia, showing Vancouver Is., Coast, Lillooet, Yale, Westminster, (Government) $0 6 Central portion of British Columbia, ((iovernment) $0 7 Northern Coast of British Cohimbia, (Govern- ment) showing Cassiar, Coast Dist., Q leen Charlotte Is and Graham Is 25 46 Map of Findlay and Omineca Rivers COAS'T MAPS. 5 Southwestern part of British Columbia, showing the Coast, Lillooet, Yale, Westminster ^q 7 Northern Coast of B. C, showing Coast, Lilloet, Yale, Westminster 25 22 Squamish District — De Wolf & Munroe.... 25 THOMSON'S ■PRICE UST- THOMSON STATIONERY CO., Ld. Vancouver, B. C. 23 Birds Eye View of Puget Sound $ 50 24 Annette Island— J. li. Tyrrell 50 Govt^rnieieiit Reports and Sooks. Report of the Minister of Mines for British Colum- bia, being an account of the mining operations in the Province for 1897, with maps 60 ditto for 1896 60 Report of Vancouver Island, with maps — Dawson 40 ** West Koolenay District, with maps — Dawson 35 Report of Kamloops Mining District, with maps — Dawson 75 Report of Yukon District, with maps — Dawson Revised Edition 1898 60 ** Mining District of Cariboo — Bowman 40 '* Northern Alberta — McConnell 40 Official Guide to the Klondike, paper^^Ogilvie 50 •* *' cloth ♦' I 00 Mineral Wealth of British Columbia — Dawson 40 Mineral Statistics and Mines Annual Report, 1892 50 Yukon Gold Fields -Bruce 75 Mining in the Pacific Northwest, with maps — Hodges 60 Mining Laws of B. C • 2$ Summary Report of the Geological Survey De- partment for the year 1891 25 Report of the Yukon and Mackenzie Rivers — McConnell 40 Mining Resources of Canada 25 General Info»mation of the Province of British Columbia 25 Glimpses of Alaska, Klondike and the Gold Fields, a portfolio of vie vs 50 Alaska Cook liook, a tlhoroughly reliable cook book for the camp 60 Handy Reliable Cook Book, 100 pages . 25 THOMSON'S CO.. Ld. PRICE LIST THOMSON STATIONERY CO., Ld. Vancouver, B. C. >ictionary, vest pocket size, leather, indexed. . . 50 " " cloth, " 35 [Rules of Order " leather 50 I Edison's Handy Cyclopoedia 35 (Conklin's " 35 Ropp's Calculator, the best all round Ready Reckoner published (pocket form) 60 Chinook Dictionary . . . .' 25 Alaska Indian Dictionary 30 Chinese- English Phrase Book 2 00 Tlloii>soi> Stationery Gon^pany, bd. -— ^ Printers, Lithographers, Rubber Stamp Manufacturers Prospectors' and Miners' Supplies, etc. I )lc ( tol 1 ^ J. !,0 M }m the ] ] 1 I fire ( era am ch£ 1 pn J ] spc ] ( ] for Fl£ Cia Re ] r aiK Placer Gold.—Charaoter; Value; How to proj- ect; Tools; How to pan; To make a horn. Where to Prospect. — River; Low bars a.nd pids; Creeks; Gulches; Best claims; Hill claims; Id channels; Vein cropping^. Geologic Formation. — Likely or not to contain old. Blaok Sand aa an indication. Methods of Mining. — Panning; Dry waging; locker; How to build and use it; Self dumper; luiio boxes; Riffles; Bedrock drain; Sluice fork; .■hina pump; Shovelling in; Setting the boxes; iiicksilver Riffle; Ground sluicing; Gleaning up he bedrock and boxes, Hydraulic Mining. Booming. — Automatic flood gate, or self-shooter. Drift Mining. — Where fche pay streak is; Plan of working; Tools used in cement and fro®t;Use of fire and steam ; Twist drill ; Wooden car. Cleaning the gold. — Blexjk sand and other min- erals; Amalgamating; Cleaning and retorting amalgam; Cleaning quicksilver; Sodium amalgam, character and use of. Testing gold. Testing Ore for Silver with Nitric Acid. Minerals Ofton Mistaken for ixold. Table of specific gravity. Fire Tests of Minerals and Metals. — Cupelling. Quartz Mining. Free Gold Mining Assay. Arrastra. — Construction and operation of. Base Ores. — Gold, silver, lead, copper, with tests for each; Arsenic, etc. Groups of rock and Ores Usually Associated. Philosophy of Glaciers as applied to Forming Placers. Points of Mining Law of United States and Canada. Alaska and the Yukon Region as Reported and Reasoned out. — Klondike and Stewart rivers. Furnace and China Bellovi^s. Tempering Steel. Prospector's Outfit. — Hints on cooking, camping and eureg. Introduction. S'>'" i^^tleSi! oSrll^ '•ope t. give reli. portunity to gather an^*''%."«*''«'- «me^n^r OD "Wees from which I h '" '* ^""^ *he variZ ,;erify it by hart work ^ °'"*'.'">d it; ™o done, and thus to J^r^ ''''Perience, as I have from faJse theorL ^ hh T**^"^ «* ^<">ml Zl them tecJc withCt con^^'i f"'"<^'°<">. pa«T„g composing these pae«T? '*"■ «»n-'«tion. ij ."""gs else, to beS' L'i'"'* ««1, above M an common lanl^e ttf J"""""^' «nd *» state ject matter, but it I S^l" ""^ ««ed to the suh Si:^'''.""^^ P^n XZt t^ make a^'t^i:?,'^ tem^ which ag^n wo^w ?"' JJ« »'« «* technical gie of definition. Those A" 7* *" *"dleas tan- -Sw^S^-^-T^Sy^err^-i: GoJd Dust. (^i,Z^^^^^^^I> VALUE ■ P"re. and may conteS^"" ""'"^' '« ^«^ely ever II \>e to give reli- desired, by n any part ot "me nor op- » the various ^ it; nor to «e, as I have ^ actual faet ^©n, passing ►rrection. iS i, above all and /to state d principles ^'en yeaf^ of ^ing in the to the sub- 6 a strictly 0^ technical mdleas tan- ^o desire referred to eft out, in of fair in- E. cely ever ™ lead or * makes d value, of gold tes mint as $5.00 1 being 1 1 It is all shades of color, from silver white [through yellow and red, to black as iron. GroLd is always heavy, being from 12 to 19 1-2 times the weight of the same bulk of water; yet Ithin flakes of it will float after being dried, or I coated with gi*ease of any kind. It is nearly always tough and malleable, bait is sometimes spongy and brittle when it comes ^rom decomposed telluride ores; such, however, is mal- leable after melting, and is usually high grade. How to Prospect In hunting for gold, some things are indispen- sable, though experience will suggest a substitute for many very useful tools. The dirt and gravel must be taken up and separated with care from the gold, if you are to know in what quantity the gold is present; and for this work the pick, shovel and gold pan are the tools commonly used, though some experienced prospectors take a shovel, and hatchet, or knife only, when making a long cruise with a light pack; others go still lighter, with a knife and a horn spoon or a tin uup, but one cannot learn to use such an outfit successfully in a week, and they are slow at best. The most important tool for a beginner is a gold pan, which should be mode of one piece, of Russia iron or .*iheet steel, pressed into shape and stiffened with a steel wire in the rim. A pressed frying pan with the handle cut off is a good substitute, if there is no grease in it. Having found dirt likely to contain gold, and water with which to test it, itake about ten pounds of dirt in the pan and put it under the water; then stir it and Shake it until the mud is softened, and the gravel and sand is loose and clean, wash- ing away the thin mud as fast as you make it. Next hold the pan half out of the water at a low angle, aad shake, roll and dip it in siieii a manner that the heavy parts will sink and the ligtht parts will be washed over the side. When you have washed it all out but the last handful, or when you begin to see a streak of black sand along the edge of t)he gravel, you should take care not to >vB,sh the gold over ithe side, which can be prevented by holding the pan fiat and sihaking it occasionally. When you have washed out all of the white sand and taken out the pebbles, ex- amine the black sand carefully by rolling it around in the pan with water; and if any portion is muoh heavier than the rest, examine that by crushing it in your teeth, or otherwise; if it is malleable it is metal, and unless it is a piece of a bullet, may be gold. The horn, sometimes called the great horn spoon, ia useful to test a small quantity of dirt or crushed ore with, where water is scarce. It is used in about the same manner as a pan, and for the same purpose. It is made by cutting the outer arc from a cow's horn and scraping it dow^n thin and smooth, making a boat-shaped tool holding about half a pint and weig*hing but a trifle. Where to Prospect. HOW TO FOLLOW THE TRACE. In exploring a new country not previously pros- pected, the all-importajit question to be deter- mined first ia: Is the object you are seeking in the region you are in? The first route of exploration, and often the main line of travel, is along the river; either on the water or along the bank. If game is your object, look for tracks at the places of easiest access. If you are seeking gold, the easiest plaxje to find the trace is among the boulders at the water's edge at low water, and at the head of the rapids. Find a place on the low bars, where the current is strong enough to carry away all the lightest gravel when the water is up, but not strong enough to tear out the boulders as large as your he ligfht parts r but the last trea Ic of black I should take le, which can and shakino- shed out all pebbles, ex- ng it around tion is much by crushing malleable it ^let, may be horn spoon, ■or crushed is used in ►r the same outer are ".thin and ling about E. ^sJy pros- be deter- ng in the >loration, ^ong the •ank. If 'e places f>M, the t>oulder8 he head current lightest strong s your I head. If you find a few points of rough bedrock sticking up, it is the best in sight. Now, with a pick or bar, turn out a few boulders and take the sand and fine gravel from among them and pan it carefully. If you get a large handful of black sand, and not a color of gold, try two more siuch bars, and if they yield the same, go down the I stream, for there is but a very slim ch ice of any I pay on any branch above. If you get some gold, but not rich to satisfy you, then hunt for some place where you can dig to bedrock, and find a layer of coai'se gravel on what is or has been at some time the head of a rapid. Dig there and test the gravel, and also clean out the crevices in the bedrock and wash the dirt. If the pay dirt is not there it is probably up the stream; perhaps up some crcf.^k or gulch, each of which you should try as you pass. When you 'have found a creek that prospects better, or yields coarser gold than the river does above the mouth of it, follow it up. Take notice as to what kind of rock the gravel is made up of, and the nature of the bedrock (see chapter on for- mation), and when you pass a rapid or find the channel widening out, so as to form a bar on either side of the stream, try for bedrock, the same as on a river, at both ends of the bar, and don't for- get the small gulches. The best claims ou a riv^er or large creek are most likely to be w'hero tiie channel is of moderate width, and the bedrock h^is a natural grade of seven to eigjiteen inches to the rod. Deep holes in a chan- nel very rarely pay for cleaning out, theorists and professors to tlie contrary notwithstanding. The best claims on a small gulch are at, and just below, tlie ledges and veins that furnished the gold, due allowance being made for water. Diggings are often found on the sides and tops of hills, and if water can be obtained for working, they sometimes pay wonderfully. They are of two sorts. That is, old channels and vein out-crops. .(• The old channels are where streams have run in an earlier age of tiie earth, and while usually fol- lowing the same general course as the streams of the present age, they often cross nearly at right angles, and in rare cases even run the other way. They may be good, poor or indifferent, but usually have the advantage over the modem channels of liaving plenty of dump. Their most common form, that of high bars near present streams, ore often the best paying mines in their districte. In some parts of tihe world they are covered with lava or other volcanic flow, in such a way as to puzzle tftie oddest inhabitant; and it takes a fine flow of speech indeed to describe them so that sensible people will think the speaker under- stands them. Vein outcrops are uauaJly richer and more profit- able than the veins that they lead up to, but not ftlways. Very much depends upon the character of the rock, and the gold is often hard to save, being in all shapes and sizes, and often coated with other mineral, or enclosed in rock, which makes crushing necessary. Geologic Formation. LIKELY OR NOT TO CONTAIN GOLD. Nearly every miner is more or less tied to his Qfwn theory as to where gold is likely to be found, which is the result of his own observation and study, and, when he finds out, and is compelled to acknowledge to himself that his own pet theory is wrong, he usually contents himself with that proverb of the ancients that **GoId is wh«re you find it," yet it remains a fact, that yooi are more likely to find it among some kinds of rock than among others, and it may be set down as a rule that, when all the rocks you can find in a certain region lie in horizonta;! layers, w'hether they are of slate, limestone, sandstone or lava, and the boulders in the streams consists of the same mater- HI d| it^ ,f Mns have run in hile usually fol- » the streams of nearly at rig-ht fhe other way, ?nt, but usually ?rn channels of b common form, Ba-ms, are often ict«. *y are covered in such a way and it takes icri'be them so speaker under- dmore profit- 1, it is not worth while to look for gold in that egion. If the hills are rounded at the top like haycocks, ij^nd boulders of porpliyry and pieces of quartz ire common in the streams, the stratified rocks |lip under the hills, and dykes of poi"phyry and father eruptive rock are common, tlien gold is likely |to be found not far away. '^ And the largest and best mines are usually round iiear where the longest and strongest traeesi of i^mptive rock cross that part of the country rock Iwhich carries the gold. And, sametianes it is the feruptive itself which furnishes all the gold, |thcmgh its step-mother, the quartz, gets the honor. I Among oM-time miners it is said that "quartz fis the mother of gold," and, as a matter of fact, ip to, but not i^^ hen both are found in the same kind of country the character ;|*<^k> on one hill, they are nearly always both in hard to save #the saine fissure, or vein; though either one may a coated with i^*^ found with scarcely a trace of the other. Veins which makes ^containing gold, however, nearly always contain I either quartz, iron or talc also, and often all of itliem, and many other metals, making a rock that I almost anyone would recognize as ore, and with |fa little practice could readily trace it home, if not Hoo much scattered. (See base ores.) 'I Among placer miners black sand is said to be I an indication of gold. As a matter of fact, when % both gold and black sand are in the bed of the same stream, where the current throw one they will throw the other also, as both are much heavier than common sand. So, in prospecting a stream, if you get one in large quantities and none of t(he other, you can take it for granted the other is not there. n. iiy GOLD. tied to his to be found. nation and impelled to pet theory with that wirere you 1 are more I'wk than as a rule a certain 'hey are of and th-e me mater- Methods and Appliances. Panning, heretofore described, is used in pros- pecting, in cleaning up and in mining, where only 12 8 a small amount of dirt is to be handled, ami the facilities are not at hand for doing it any other way. Dry washing, practical only in very dry climates, is accomplished with machines of various sorts, which it would take a book larger than this to describe. Most of them utilize the principles of a bellows blower, or fanning mill, and screen the dirt to different sizes, and blow it away, keeping the gold. THE ROCKER. The rocker comes next to the pan in size and capacity, and is veiy useful in mining on a small scale. To build one of the ordinary size takes about feet of Imber, though they may be made of any size desired, according to circumstances and material at hand. For the ordinary take a clear board 12 inches wide and about 30 inches long for the bottom. For the sides take two boards, 12 inches \Aide at 12 inches from one end and tapered to 11 inches at the short end, and three inches at the other, and the same length at the bottom. For the higher end a board 12 inches wide, 1 inch thick, 16 inches long at the top 14 at the bottom, will make it the right shape. At the lower end put on a cleat not over 11-2 inches high. By nailing these together in the right manner you make a scoop-sihaped box, 11 inches deep at one point and two inches at the farther end, 12 inches wide at the bottom and 14 at the top. Now take four boards eadli 4 inches wide and scant 12 inches long, nail box fashion 12 by 14 inches, and cover the bottom with a perforated screen, made by punching one- quarter inch holes in a piece of sheet iron. Now put cleats in the high end of your box, about 2 inches fixwn the top, for tihe screen to rest on, and put another across the top to brace it. Next make the apron by tacking a piece of canvas on a frame that is made to fit inside the box on an angle, so ^E 5| 31ed, and the j it any other S dry climates, ^ arious sorts, than this to rinciples of a reen fhe dirt keeping the in size and f on a small takes about be made of stances and ry take a ■ 30 inches take two )m one end I, and three gth at the 12 inches at the top t shape, orer 11-2 Jr in the d box, II les at the >ttom and 5 eacHi 4 nail box le bottom !hing one- on. Now , about 2 on, and rext make 1 a frame angle, so that it will catch the sand and mud that comes through the screen and carry it 'to the back end of the box. The side bars of the frame should pro- ject about 2 inches beyond the canvas at the lower end, so that it will not choke up with aand. Now put cleats in the high end of your box, about 2 inches from the top, for the screen to rest on, and put another across the top to brace it. Next make the apron by tacking a piece of canvas on a friime that is made to fit inside the box on an augle, so that it will catdh the sand and mud that comes through the screen and carry it to the back end of the box. The side bars of the frame should pro- ject about two incihes beyond the canvas at the lower end, so that it will not choke up with sand. Now put rockers under 'tflie box, about six inches from each end and about three inc?hes higli, and put a pin in the centre of each to keep it from sliding about on the foundation when tilted from side to side. Put a handle on the top of the box to shake it with, and if you are going to mine fine gold, spread a piece of cloth on the bottom and fasten it down ivith i^^eats. Set it on a smooth foundation so that the open end ia about three inches lower than the other, and you are ready for work. Now put a shm'^elful of dirt in the gicreen and pour water on it with a dipper, shaking it mean- while. When the mud is all washed through throw out the gravel, but save the big nuggeits; also take out your apron once in a while and save the con- tents for panning. Rocking is the most practical me'thod where the necessary amount of swift running water cannot be had. JS self-dumping rocker will handle the dirt much frrster than when two men are working together. To build the simplest of the self-dumping rockers tiiko two boxes 3 or 4 feet long and a screen long enough to cover the bottom of one of them. The boxes should be 12 inches wide and 6 incehs deep, with the end closed, and mounted in a frame on rockers, so that the sand and mud from the upper l>ox will drop into the head of the lower, while the gravel will be carried on and dumped on the ground. The boxes, being given a grade or slant of about 11-2 inches to the foot, brings them a foot or so apart at the front end, where the dirt and water is put on, and the mud runs out. The screen should be mounted in the upper box, an inch from the bottom, and extending 2 inches beyond, so as to waste the gravel, water being poured on with a big dipper, as needed, to wasih the mud and gold through the holes. Sliallow rillle« may be put in if needed, and a blanket should be plated in the lower box to oatoh the fine gold, being fastened down with cleats, or other means, as your ingenuity suggests. Such a rocker may, under favomble conditions, be made to handle four or five yards per day of dirt. SLUIOE BOXES AND RIFFLES. These are necessary where any large amount of dirt and gravel is to be washed and the gold taken from it. They consist of boxes commonly 12 feet long, thooigh any length may be used, and of what- evei size the mine they ore made for requires. They should never be less than 10 inches deep and the same wide, and for each 3 inches added to the width, add 2 to the depth. A movable rough bottom, called ilfiles, is always used in them, to give the gold a place to lodge. Tliffles may be made of any old thing, round poles, lumber, blocks and cobble atones being in common use, the best the writer ever used being 1 by 3 battens, set on edge lengthwise of the box, one inch apart, wedged fast with small block Heavy rocks rolling over them soon wear them t at, how- ever, and other styles are used for economy, and sometimes they are thoug'ht to be better for other reesons. For long strings of boxes, where a large amount of dirt and rock is run throug'h, the cheapest style of good riffles, if timbei- p*ows near, is. the block riffle, made by iawing six-inch blocks 1 t )m the upper ver, while the ped on the ude or slant 'in^s them a lere the dirt 3 out. e upper box, ing 2 inches water being led, to waeih ieded, and a box to oatoh th cleats, or 9ts. Such a fis, be made f dirt. ES. 3 amount of J gold taken 3nly 12 feet nd of what- [uires. They ?ep and the Ided to the 8, is always ie to lodge, ound poles, in common ng 1 by 3 e box, one k. Heavy I ' at, how- ndTOy, and r for other ere a large [^ugh, the TOWS near, nch blocks II ' jfrom a log and hewing two sides until they are [he width of the sluice box, say 18 inciies, leaving honi round the other way, and setting theui oil and, forcing gravel around them to wedge them iown. One or more boxes, at tlie head of tlie bring, sliould have rithes more open, though, to ju/tch the coarse gold. The main oajcet to be kept In view in making a set of ritlies is to furnisii a >le where the gold can drop in and tlie running rater will wash away the sand, without having ►wer to raise the gold. In all styles of washing, a string of boxes at least 20 to 30 feet long should be used, and strings [of them a mile long are used at some large mine?, [where they are cleaned up but once a year. POLE SLUICE. When no lumber is obtainable for making sluice [boxes, an inferior substitute, which will serve for jround sluicing purposes, may be constructed as follows: Make a trench, as for boxes, three and a half feet wide, making the bottom smooth and even. ^ay a floor of sacks or canvas, beginning at the Power end, and lapping a little. Cover this with '^mall poles of even size, laying them crosswise. Lay a straight log about 15 inches in diameter on each end of these tight against the side of the trench, and stake them do^vn so that the 'water cannot move them. Hew the inner side so that Jiothing can catch against it or under them, and fill the holes behind with toug'h clay. BED ROCK DRAIN. In working very flat ground it is often desirable to drain the water from the mine, or pit, at the same time u&ing the lower part of the pit for dump ground. To uo this, start a ditch at the lower end, bring- ing it up on a grade of one inch or ore to the rod, until bedrock is found, the dirt being shoveled in and sluiced away, and the boulders laid in the bot- tom of the ditch in such a way that the water will run under and between them. A sluice fork fiAiould MmMimi 12 be used, and all the small rock thrown on top of ilie boulders, thus putting a filter over the drain. A sluice fork, which is merely a pitch fork, witlh hine to twelve tines an inch apart, should be in every placer miner's outfit, it being useful in get- ting rid of the small gravel when there is not grade or dump room to wash it away. CHINA PUMP. In working neai large streams', it is often defjira- ble to draw off the water from a hole several feet lower than the level of the stream. In such a case the China pump often serves to do the work. To make one, make a straight box long enoug'h to reach from bhe bottom of the hole to a point from which the water will flow away, with a grade of about one foot in three. Get a canvas belt, made of strong clotJh the width of the box and long enough to pEiss over a pulley at each end of the box. Make buckets by riveting pieces of wood that will just fill the box, on the belt a foot apart. Opei*p.t9 it by connecting the upper pulley with a current wheel in the stream, making the current whore wanted by wing dams if needed. Shoveling In. t\SE OF QUICKSILVER RIFFLE. The common, and sometimes the only practical way of working low bars and river and creek diggings, is by shovelling in. For this style take two or more sluice boxes 10 inchej wide, fitted with riffles of slats, or small poles. If the bottoms of your boxes are made two inches wider at one end than the otlier, they will be easier to set up and make tight at the joints, for this style requires frequent moving. You can then set the small end of one box in the big end of the '^ne below, making it tight by shoving them together. Bring enough wiiter through a ditch across the ground to be M'orked to fill the boxes half or two-thirds full. ffi on top of he drain. fork, with ould be in Bful in get- s not grade ■ten defiira- jeveral feet siuch a case work. To enougass over a buckets by 11 tftie box, connecting eel in the xi by wing '^ practical Eind creek style take itted with 'ottonis of t one end at up and i requires small end f, making g enough nd to be irda full ow set the boxes near the lower end of the ditch, as to tak« up all the water, and stop the aks \\i\\ rags, mose or sod, giving the boxes a grade ff not less than one-third of an indh to the foot, full inch tc' the foot is the best, if it leaves dump (^ough to carry away the tailings. Shovel in 'the iii-t to be washed, not lower than the head of the \ver box, and let nature do the rest. Great care sihould be taken at all times, and ,|spccially when shovelling in, that the sand does iot become packed on top of the riffles when gold going into the boxes, as the water is likely to riy it out through into the tailings. The taiiinga at the end of the last box should le tested occasionally, and if much fine gold is •resent, a quicksilver riffle should be put in near :^/ne bead of the last box. To make this, take a traight box or piece of plank an inch narrower ;han the box, by two feet long, cut or saw notches Across it, a half inch deep and wide, an inch apart, j|)eginning four inches from the upper end. Put A thin sorip on each side to close the ends of the ^iotches and set in the box with the service in line f^ith the other riffles, put some water in to see phat it is not tilted to one side, and then put five pDV ten pounds of mercury in the upper notches, 5^nd take care not to splash it out by dropping ^^ravel on it. If coarse gold is going througli, set ^he box you axe sttioveling into nearly level, and ;give those below more grade to keep the riffles jj^lear, and so that the dirt will be softened before Mt is carried through. Ground Sluice. Ground sluicing is the favorite way of work- Jing small bars and gulch diggings, where a hose Mis not at hand or the water supply is too low mdown to use one. More grade and dump room y is needed for this than for shovelling in ; also '^more water, and the dirt can be worked very #much fcister. Bring the water across the ground u a3 for shovelling in, and at the lower end dig a Irenc'h on a grade of one or one and a half inches to the foot, until the head of it is two or three feet deep ; set a twelve inch or larger sluice box in and stop up the leaks, filling the trench with sod and rook around the head of the box. Now turn on the water, and with a pick 'help it to tear up the earth, throwing fhe large rock out of the way when you come to them, sending the mud, sand and gravel througli the box. If the bed rock pitches to either side, it is well to work oflF the higher part first, as that is hard to reach, after the lo\\'er part is stripped. Cleaning Up. When for any reason it is desirable to clean up, strip all gravel and loose dirt off the bed-rock, washing it down towards the boxes. When that is finisHied turn off the water, sending it around some other way. When the bedrock is dry take a pick and di^ out all the seams and crevices and scrape them clean; shovelling the dirt always down toward the box, starting from the highest part. W^hen the pile of dirt gets too big to handle, turn on the Y/ater and wash it throug*h, putting in tlie last pile at the head of the box very slowly, to keep fi'om clogging the riffles. When all the gold from the race above has been viashed down and is in the box, turn off all but a very little water, leaving enough to cover the bottom of the box about one fourth of an inch deep, and take up the riffle at the head of the box, washing the mud and sand down very slo^vly and thro-vving out the gravel, taking up the last of it with a simall scoop and panning it. But do not take up the last riffle while there is running water in the box, unless yooi hnve a cleat over an inch high in the tail of the box to catch the gold. end dig a [half inches ]o or three lice box in with sod Now turn |to tear up the way |niud, sand it is well at is hard clean up, bed-rock, \Tien that it around dry take B'viees and ays down hest part, ndle, turn ng in the dowly, to has been T all but ?over the an inch the box, >wly and aist of it t do not ig w ater an inch [d. 15 Hydraulic Mining. Is done in a manner similar to ground sluicing, )ut the earth is torn up with water, applied from nozzle under high pressure, the ditcli supplying \,he water being from 30 to 500 feet above the dirt bo be washed, the water beir^ conveyed in a pipe tnade of cotton or i.'on, according to the pressure, iix inches or more in diameter. The cleaning up U nearly the same asa in ground sluicing. But to l^ive a full description of hydraulic mining would juire a large book, and this is a small one to put into your pocket. Booming Out. Booming is a very old Englisih style of mining, ■^nd is used to advantage in cleaning out steep, ;|!narrow gulches, where labor is expensive and the :|surface dirt deep. It is accomplished by setting &p. string of large, strong sluice boxes in the lower ^part of the gulch, anchoring them firmly i;o the «frock, and building a reservoir in the upper part, |sometimes as much as half a mile distant. A large fgate is put in, that will let out as much water as |the boxes will carry off, usually being made auto- |matic, so that it will open When the reservoir is Kfull, letting out a flood of water that takes every- ithing with it while it lasts, and gives the operator |a chance to build walls and shape its course be- liween floods, thus doing away with picking and ipiping except in cleaning up. They are also called f seif-sliooters. As the gate might puzzle you to I build, here are the directions: ~l Build a dam of sticks, stones and dirt, placing in the bottom of it a covered box one-half the size I of your sluice boxes- place a gate in the head of ' it, to be opened by lifting. Place an overflow box J on top of the dam, extonding ovor the outside; ^ place a lever there also, hanging the gate on one end of it, and a leaky box on the other, in such a "Id 'J way that the overflow will fill the box and pull the gate up; and when the reservoir is empty, the water having leaked out of the box, the gate will slip down and close the hole, raising the box up to catch the next overflow. Drift Mining. PLAN AND APPLIANCES. Drifting is an old and useful method of obtain- ing the pay streak, or best portion of a bed of gravel (whicih is usually, but not always, near bed rock), and though very expensive, is often dheaper than washing the whole bank. The pay streak in all placer mines will be found on what w^as the bottom of the c^hannel at the time when the greatest amount of gold was carried in; usually in the part where big boulders are thickest and black sand most plentiful, and is often covered deep with a deposit containing little or no gold, though sometimes the pay is all on the sur- face. Having found pay dirt which is to be taken out by drifting, a tunnel should be run eig'ht or ten feet in width and as high as the pay is thick, care being taken to get all the pay off the bottom. All of the boulders should be useu in building a solid wall on one side of the tunnel or drift, both to save hauling out and to hold up the top. After building the wall in such a way as to leave a pas- sy.ge about four feet wide on one side, a track should be laid therein on which to run a ca.r or wooden truck, and the top cut to a convenient height, say five to seven feet. These drifts should be run parallel and as far apart as they are wide, and when they are ex- tended as far as desired the pillars may be taken out by starting at the back end and taking great ca re not to be in the way when the top gets ready to fall. A few posits may be used at intervals to give the workmen warning, as the top starts slowly X and pull is empty, X, the gate ng the box of obtain- a bed of near bed en cheaper 1 be found lel at the k^as carried ulders are nd is often ittle or no •n the sur- taken out fht or ten 'hick, care e bottom, milding a Irift, both >p. After i-ve a pas- a track a Cur or >nvenient id as far are ex- be taken ng great its ready JFvals to >s slowly 1 .1$' I 1 '»7 •'■■ ^^ lind the posts will snap when danger begins, and Ifeometimes a week before. By keeping a sharp lookout for loose boulders in the top and running jwhen the posts begin to break, fatal accidents ipan nearly always be avoided. I In breaking ground in the drifts various tools lare used, acc&rding to conditions. If the gravel is cemented together with lime or other mineral, pCAAder may be uja&d to great adj^antage, being inserted by making a hole with a gopher bar, drills being used when the cement is hard enough to .allow it. ' ■" ' '■'""" ' •' >'■"' "" ■' A gopher bar is simply a carpenter's steel pinch bar Wii.« the ends bent an inch or more to one side, and is used to make an irregular hole be-* ,t\veen the boulders. If no cement or frost is present, a pick and a [bar are all that is needed, but the top is likely to be very treacherous. • ; ^ .; - * FROST. I If the pay gravel is frozen hard and not cemented [it becomes simply a matter of warming it up past the melting point, as powder is very difficult to use successfully. A mixture of clay and gravel, when frozen hard, is about the meanest stuff on earth to eit..er drill or blast, and very salty brine must be used to keep the mud from freezing. Tlie clay cuts about the same as hard beeswax, and when you strike the end of a I'ound stone it wil not cut straight with any but a diamond drill. It is also very tough, and a big charge of black powder serves to tear off but a small amount, and giant powder will not explode below 40 degrees Fahrenheit. In drifting frozen ground the method in com- mon use in all parts of the northern hemisphere for melting the ice is that of building fires against it, which is a partial success, but not altogether satisfactory, as the fire will smother itself with its own smoke, besides causing the top to fall if the drift is long. Steam heat should give satisfaction i8 if properly applied, as the writer used it with s^hin ing success for a similar purpose at the Gold Ilill mill at Quartzburg, Idaho, in January, 1894. A large amount of frozen concentrates were to be prepared for treatment by the MacArthur-For rest cyanide process, and an old rubber garden hose was attached to the boilers and the other end buried in the frozen material, contained in a tank about 30 inches deep by 10 feet square. It was found that by moving the hose frequently the 12- ton charge could be thawed out in one to two hours. The amount of heat taken up by ono pound of water in being converted into steam is nearly equal to that required to melt ten pounds of ice, and it will warm a much greater amount of dirt. An excellent tool for drilling frozen clay or earth, either to insert powder or admit a steam pipe, is a steel twist drill made by the Prospecting Tool Company, of Stamford, Conn., for whom J. W. Bradley, of Seattle, is the Pacific coast agent. It will also give good service in prospecting in slate or limestone formation, or anywhere (that there is not too much quartz or hard rock present, being especially suited to coal mine work. Steel bar drills musit be used for getting throug-h rock that is very much harder than marble, unless a diamond drill is available. Wooden Car. A car is often wanted in drifting, and in quartz mining places wk ;re iron trucks and trimmings are not to be had. A wooden truck built as fol- lows is better than none: Cut two round sticks ten inches in diameter and three feet long. Find the centre of the ends and saw around them, leaving bearings two inches long and two inches in diameter, dressing them true and smooth. Cut the flange two inches farther back, making ih< wheel oa tpie as po£|sible eight Inch in nid( fetrei lagg cut m 1 t with s-hin le Gold Hill 1894. tes were to Arthur-For )ber garden »e other end itt a tank a frequently in one to up by one to steam is ten pounds ■ amount of »y or earth, ain pipe, is acting Tool lom J. W. agent. It ng in slate at there is sent, being Steel bar rock that a diamond 19 Inches in diameter, two inches tread, with flanges in inch high. Cut away the surplus wood in tlie iiiddle of the sticks, leaving only enough for itrength. Make a box frame of plank or split lagging three feet square, eight inches high, and cut notches in two sides, two inches deep, lor bear- ings, two feet apart, and babbitt them with bacon rind. Lay a platform on top and set a tub or box on that, tipping it off to empty it. Lay a track of split poles, -with the bark and knots trimmed oft, 22 inches inside gauge, and it is ready for straight ahead work. I By using only one roller and putting handles on ;thf-. frame, a very handy truck is made, to carry I twice the load of a wheelbarrow. -^■.' •! in quartz trimminga ilt as fol- neter and ends and ches long lem true 3 farther ble eight / > i'i Cleaning the Gold. PREPARING IT FOR MARKET TAKING OUT THE DIRT. Cleaning up is the part of mining requiring tfhe gieatest care and attention, as many heavy and worthless minerals are found with gold which are often difficult to separate. The most oommon of these is the black sand, consisting of iron oxide, with many impurities. Others are lead ores, usually white or bluish in color. Ores of various other metals are also found in some places. Garnets, rubies, sapphires and diamonds are also found sometimes. A portion of the gold is usualy coated with some one of the many compounds that in- terfere with or prevent amalgamation; and, taken altogether, it requires a good deal of common sense and some scientific knowledge to save the gold and clean it well. By careful panning the greater part of the dirt may be washed away, and the iron ore may ali be taken out by stirring with a magnet under water; and by sorting and blowing carefully the other dirt may be taken out when it is dry. Or, if the gold is all bright and clean, it can be quickly separated by amalgamation with mercury. 20 To amalgamate, pour in with the heavy sand in a pan about three times as much quicksilver as there is gold and rub it hard with your hand, taking cure first tliat there is no grease present, and sliaking under water fi^uently. Then, by rolling it about in the pan, you can collect it all in one lunjip and slip it out into a piece of cloth, washing the sand cut or leaving it in the pan as you like. •I'v Retorting. t ' To clean amalgam, grind it in a mortaj- and wash it until it contains no aand, then put it in a piece of clean, firm cloth or buckskin and twiat and squeeze it imtil all the free silver is strained out. Til en place it an iron retort, w*hich has been coated with chalk inside, wedge ithe cover down tight and set it in the fire, placing the end of the pipe in a vessel of water. When the retort has been red-hot for five minutes, tap the pipe gently and take it away. The quicksilver will be in the water. A small retort, suitable for reducing an ounce or less of amalgam, may be. made of a Scotch clay pipe and a piece of soft brick. Out a hole in tJhe brick so that the bowl of the pipe can be inserted over half an inch deep, and then glaze the brick by burning with salt if you like. Wrap the amalgam in one thioknese of paper, put it in the pipe and cover it with the brick. Close the joint with a little soft clay and tie a cloth around the stem or mouthpiece, forming a bag. juhen bum the brick, keeping the bag wet. If the cover of the retort do6s not fit tight, close the opening by putting in a thin layer of clean, stiff clay before doing the cooking. If you have no retort, put the amalgam in an old shovel, a frying pan or a hollow rock, with a piece of paper under it, and heat it red-hot, taking care not to inhale any of the fuines, as they axe very poison- ous. You cantos save nearly all the gcrfd, but )U ikei ma If 'I y sand in a er as there is taking Care tnd shaking:,' ing it about e lunfip and tig the sand e. •N IT and wash t in a piece twiat and rained out. )een coated tight and pipe in a n red-hot tnd take it vater. ' an ounce Jeoteh clay lole in tflie )e inserted the briok ^ paper, the brick, ajid tie a orming a ag wet. fit tight, layer of If you d shovel, pieoe of care not T poison- old, but 21 )U will loee the quicksilver. Care should be iken to heat it slo\\'ly until tlie water is out, or may explode. > Cleaning and Purifying Mercury. If lead is plentiful, either las ore or ipetal, the mcacury ^oon becomes foul from dissolving it, and givQSfill, sorts <>f trouble, looking mouldy and fbringy and turning tllie gold black, 'i'o clean it, Jl' rften and lerals. lered into in mixed land salt, ^anide of pure, and nge if not ner it cmt or several * silver in &II0W and n'll srtand ti'ple way, r in nitric 1 amount glass or n or oop- Me metal ?r vessel, ^n equal salt. A t, which *f iron. ?o.ld by opyrite, r at as Dinmomd is not affected by a oominon fire, but » '^i'lf maxle hot enough, bums like coke. f. Antimoiny papeoA off in thick white araoke, at a' |ow red heat. Lead may be taken out of gold; and oilvor by Continued fuoion at a white heat on a cupel, or ; cup made of pulverized bone ash; plenty of air being jflupplied, t^e lead is oxidized' to yellow lith- ai^e ftnd abisorbed by the bone a»h. - - Quartz Mining. ■>¥■ '.iy. TAN ASSAY OR MILL RUN FOR FREE GOLD. To tayt quartz or other ixxjk for free mil'ling gold cini&h it in a mortar, or, if that ie» not at J hand, pOoind it in a tin can or on a rock, until it is all fine enough to go through a screen, the holes [of which rite one-foiirieth m an inch wide, called 40 meah. Now pan it carefully an.fl grind the hieavy oonoentrates v/iih a little mercuiy, washing away the mud, until the mercuiy has gathered all the gold plresent. Next, clean, strain and retort the amalgam and 'refine the gold by boiling it in nitric acid. TJife gold will then be M'orth about $20 per ouno0, if th^re i» no sand in it. Ohemically pure gold, being worth $20.67 pe troy ounce, and by treating a twenty- pound sam- ple of average ore, a very close estimate of the value can be made, the cents in twenty pounds ecjuailing the dollars in a ton. Smelting ore must be tested by assaying, whioh re^iuires more apparatus than a prospector can af- ford to carry. Yert taste on a srnmll scale can be made with a blow pipe and a spirit lamp or candle, &iid a piece of c'harooal. But that i? ^ science of itself. . The Arrastra. For milling ore pn a lamall scale on the frontier the arrastra is the prospector's friend. It requires more power for the woi-k done than alifciost any ■^:\ 26 other mill but if properly hajidled does good work, and can be built almost any plax;e that wood, fttone, pt^wer and water can be had. To build one, set a. good, solid centre post in tlie ground and build a tight wall of wood or stone around it, at a distance of two to six feet, accord- ing to size desired. Lay in the ring thus made a solid pavement of large cobble stones, with a small gate in the wall near the top of the pave- ment. V '--} -^r-" •:"'■[■ ' ' ■ ■■-■ . Mount an upright shaft on the centre post, with a beam overhead to steady the upper end. Put arms in the shaft, to reach out almost to the .vail, about two feet high. Tie large stones to the ends of the ai-ms, so that they will drag on Ui^. pave- ment. Now connect whatever sort of power is most suitable to the circumstances in such a way that it will pull the drags around the ring about four feet per second. ; ; .« A great deal of ingenuity and judgment is often requirea to get the best results from the situation and material at hand. Having got it in shape to run, put in enoug'h clay and small gravel to cover the bottom two or three inches deep. Pour in enougii water to make it sloppy and run it far a couple of hours or more to m'ld up all the cracks and holes. When ready to grind ore, open the gate and let the mud run out, adding more water if needed. When empty close the gate, and without stopping the mill, put in enough ore and water to cover the bottom four or five inches deep with a mixture about as thick as mush. Grind this until the rocks are worn out, say four or five hours, and then scatter it over about twice as much mer- cury as there is gold in it, and after grinding an- other hour, add enough water to make the mud about as thick as good paste; then run slowly for an hour to let the amalgam settle. After that is done, open the gate and let the mud run out, washing it over riffles with plenty of clean v/u*^er, so that no gold may get away. Put in an^iyther charge and repeat until the bottom gets worn lootl IS cle^ in U iven |etw< led U I ■A m \'^ good lace that »»st, with d. Put he -..alJ, the ends pave- ovver is 1 a way 8 about .is often j^uation ^hape to to cover our in it for a cracks he gate ater if ^'ithout * and s deep id this hours, I mer- ig an- mud 'y for lat is out, "^t>-er, >ther tvorn 27 jttnooth. To clean up, work off the sand and mud Its clean as you can, and take out what amalgam ton be found in the crevices; then take up the pavement and wash the rocks and all the material between in pan or sluice box, laying another rough feed for nexl time. ,^ , , ._ , Base Ores. ^ ) ^ WHl^H REQUIRE ROASTING OR SMELTING. The base ores of most importance to prospectors lire those which contain gold, silver, copper or lead, %n addition to their other elements. They are near- ly aluays accompanied by more or less quartz, and ijfrom one to a dozen different ores are usually found lin the same vein, being in separate crystals readily treeognised by experienced mineralogists; color, Ifihape, hardness and weight being the points on i which' they differ when found, other differences I being shown when they are heated or melted. As S it would make this a big book to give all the de- I talk, only a few important points are given: f Gold, though usually in the state of malleable I metal, also occurs as a telluride, and it is thought , by many intelligent miners that it occurs in several other chemical compounds also, chloride, bromide and arsenide being most in evidence. These are doubted by professors, ho^'ever. The most important telluride, called ciilaverite, is of nearly the color and weight of brass, is soft and brittle, and when scratched with a knife yields a greenish yellow powder; when heated white witli borax it yields 44 per cent, of its weight pure gold- It is very rare. There are about seventeen other varieties of tel- lurides, containing gold in combination with other metals, in different quantities. They are from tin white to black in color, are each very rare, and £^1I require smelting for best results. Silver occurs metallic or native, and also in a gieat variety of ores, being combined witn sulphur, antimony, chlorine, bromine, tellurium, arsenic and it1^ 28- ■ ■ "•■•^ '•'' "■■•' other elements, and mix^d with lead, copper, iron, zme and other metals. The ores of silver are of all colors, those containing much sulphur being dark. i MILLlKq ORES— ^ILYER Chloride and bromide are of a light color, varying from blue to white, yellow and brown, and resem- ble hard wax. * Huby silver is a red ore of silver and antimony, \^r liy always accompanied by a dtiik ore of simi- h.i ia,ture, which shows a bright red streak When scratched, and is soir.etime^ called JT^by silver. Black sulphureh of silver, sometimes found in small i3a,vit.iBa in quartz, resemible3 soot v^ry much, aiid is nearly pure silver, pqnibined Nvith sulphur. To test any of the above, heat the rock white hot in a forge, with borax, and plunge in water; beads of silver will tl\en be visible. Galena, the most important ore of lead, is lead blue in color, about as heavy as iron, soft, brittle, usually sihowing cubic crysitals when broken, but when very v^ch in silver shows no crystals, and is called »i' ' giilena. It is a vX^mpound of 86 per ce^t. n? J, with sulphur, and when roasted in a c-omrP' li K.\- ,»;,ves off a blue blaze, metals to a gray- isJi bU:!« •.h',, and makes a hole in a frying pa,n very quicki; i^r that ia used ^ melt it in. . Smelting Ores, Grey copper is an ore or lead, antimony and sul- phur, with a large amount of silver and copper in it. It is gray to black in oolor. Very soft, brittle, and 'Its like gaiena, giving off a thick white smo; ^ nf antimony when roasted. Garb . :«13 of lead is often found on the surface, where galena will be found deeper down. It is gray to white in color, and snaps and flies away when roasted. ' ^> To test an ore for lead, if it is dark colored, roast it to bum out the sulphur, and mix it after crushing with twice its weight of baking soda and of -r, iron, le of all \g dark. varying resem- imony, f simi- w'hen er. und in " much, phur. white water; is lead brittle, en, but and is 86 per !d in a a- feray- Id sul- per in rittle, white rface. It is away roast after and irbon, which may be either su^ar, flour or char- )al; melt it in a crucible or anything e ie you have Lt hand, and if it is a valuable lead ore a button l ^i Other ores are carbonate, sulphate, phosphate, silicate and several less common which are known to miners as copper stain being green or blue. Arsenical iron closely resembles pyrite or iron sulphide, but is of a lighter yellow, and is some- times called white iron. It is of little or no value, and is a groat nuisance in milling or smelting, but it often accompanies good silver and gold rock, detracting several dollars per ton from their value by adding to the cost of reduction. It is most frequently found in the neighborhood of eruptive rock of dark ct>lor. Zinc blende, also called black jack, is like arseni- cal iron in value and associations, but is often mis- taken for something else. It is yellow to red and black in oodor, resinous lustre, brittle and y'elds brown po\\ der when scratched. "" Common Groups of Rock and Ore The following groups of rock and ore are sr common that some take it fov granted that those 3P mentioned in each group are alwaya found asso- ciated, but there are many exceptions: Talcose slate — Free gold in quartz, vrith traces of tellurium. IVrphyiy containing many large crystals — Coarse free gold, much iron pyrite, some silver, some copper, lead, zinc. Porphyry, fine grained or dark colored— Free gold and good concentrating oi^e, with some arsenic. Porphyritic granite— Gold and silver in quartz, with some trflurium and other metals. Syenite — Same as above. Gneiss — Gold, silver, copper, arsenic and other metals, usually smelting ore. Limestone — Lead, silver, sometimes gold. Slate and ®oap»tone — Coal, serpentine, platinum. Porphyry, the most important rock formation to a prospector, is of eruptive origin, having been forced into its present position by volcanic forces, bein^^ usually found in dykes between walls of other rocks, which show more or less plainly the efi'ect of upheaval. It never contains mica, but alw ays contains crystals of feldspar, or other min- eral, and may be of any color, from white, through yellow, red and green, to nearly black, more or less speckled or spotted. lalcose slate is distinguished from common slate by a lustrous or glossy appearance. Granite is a crystaline rock, consisting of quartz, mica and feldspar, in fine or coarse grains. For other rocks consult any standard work on geology, or ask some old miner. The covers of this book are too small for a dictionary. Philosophy of Glaciers. AND THE FORMING OF PLACER MINF^. In all that region lying north of 37 degrees north latitude en the American Continent some evidence of glacial action in forming placer mines, where such exist, is to be seen, and the Tarther north the plainer the evidence and the more recent the action. A gatl slo\> whe the >und assQ- ith traces crystals — me silver, Free gold jenic. in quartz, | md other platinum, nation to ng been lie forces, walls of ainly the nica, but ther min- , through re or less aon slate f quartz, ^vork on s of this :nes. « north vidence where rth the action. 3* A g'lacier is simply the ice and snow which gathers around the mountain tops, sliding do.vn slowly of its own weight into the lo.ver regions, where it melts or breaks off and floats away in the sea as fast as it comes. Its action serves to crush and grind down its bed and carry away the dirt. • y In nearly every case a moving glacier has a stream of water under it, which serves to lubricate it and to carry away the mud and sand produced by its grinding the bedrock on which it moves. A portion of the crushed material, hc.vever. is not reached by the stream, and this is pushed and rolled along until a convenient pla3e is found for it to stop, where it remains, unless cariied on by other forces. Deposits of this sort are often seen on the side of ridges opposite the mountain from which a glacier has come in rome orevious age, causing many to wonder how it got there. The stream which runs under a glacier serves quite as well for washing and concentrating as though there was no glacier over it: hence; it is evident t!b%t, when a glacier is erinding down a gold bearing vein, the str^im und*»'. ne^th will be fcnning a pay streak in its channel, which may or may not remain there for all time, pcoording to subsequent conditions. The modem stream which follows a glaci* i bed may, but often does not, follow the channel of the sub-glacial stream, and hen-^e there are surprises in store for miners who have not studied the mat- ter closely. The crushed and washed or unwashed detritus produced by a glacier is usually to be seen in ridges more or less re^-^ular, one on each side of the bed called lateral moraines, and others between called medial moraines; and also heaped up where the lower end has rested, called terminal moraines, above which lakes are often seen. This detritu"^ nearly always contains a little gold, if any is in the country it came from, but until waeftied and ponceutrated by running streams, very 31 • tarely pays for mining. It very often covers the rich sub-glacial pay streak, however, in such a way that no indici.tion can be seen on the surface, and then, whon foiind, old minfers say: "Gold is where you find it." f" /> ,1' :v The Yukon Country as Reported. Just at the present time lihe most interesting subject connected with mining matters, and the one on which it is the immt dilticult to get reliable data, is Alaska and the Yukori basin. Many re- ports, much mingled with "moonshine," are at hand, but it is very difficult to pan it down and save only the truth. Here are some concentrates, however, which appear to be good, and they are submitted to time for refining, the authorities for most of it being rumor and reason : There are three known belts of gold -bearing formation crossing the northwest country, in a direction north by west and south by east. The best known runs from the southea»t coast, near Juneau, through and do^n the Yukon Valley to Porcupine River, and no man knows how much farther. •> .• Another, but little known, appears to lie be- tween the upper part of the Ck>pper River and the Tanana River basin. The third, and least known, from Kotzebue Sound southeasterly across the western part of Alaska. Of these last two not enough even of rumor is at hand to warrant saying anything more than that there is gold there, which is not yet claimed or owned by men or corporati6ns. On the eastern, or beat known belt, mining has been carried on for rtiany years, the Trfeadwell mine on Douglas Island, near Juneau, having the largest stamp mill in the world. It is also known that there are many other large mines in that region, which only await capital and proper management to yield much gold, A great deal of arsenic is present ii^ overs the ch a way "faoe, and is where orted. teresting and the t reliable lany re- ' are at own and ;entrate8, they are rities for Lv: -bearing ry, in a bt. The Eist, near ^"al'ley to ^w much ► lie be- and the w^otzebue part of iimor is re than imed or ing has 3ll mine largest it there , which 'O yield sent ii^ 33 . - : - the ore, which, with other base minerals, prevents the college-bred miners, usually sent out by large coi'porations, from working it successfully, at least until they have had the conceit taken out of them, and by that time the company is usually broke. The placer regions on the upper tributaries of the Yukon River have also been worked in a super- ficial way for several years, but owing to the short summer and the enormous cost of supplies, very little has been accomplished in the way of deep mining or prospecting, except during the last year cr two. The class of work that has been done there in past years is little more than skivrming, the bed- rock having seldom been reached oxcept where it is v ?ry close to the surface. In the Autumn of 1896 very rich gravel was dis- covered on the small creeks tributary to the lower part of Klondike River, and, as the surface detritus covering the bedrock ia only from twelve to twenty feet deep, and frozen solid, the effect will be the opening of a new era in the development of Alaska and the far north in general. The region known to be rich at present, according to best reports obtainable, is ten or tifteen miles square, and there are all sorts of good reports as to a much greater area, and other regions will most likely develop well when tested. v .v The country rock throughout the region from Juneau north, where gold has been found, is metomorphic or sedimentary,, much cut up with dykes and larger upheavals of eruptive rock, slate, limestone, ddcrite, andesite, porpihyry, lava and others being reported. On the rich gulches near the Klondike the bed- rock is reported to be slate, with plenty of evidence of volcanic upheaval to be found, especially near the summit of the divide between the Klondike River and Indian River, where the rich gulches head. It is also reported that there is but little gold in the Klondike River itself. It is also reported that +he same character of rock 34 formation crosses the Stewart River near the fork called McQuestin Creek, and that good wages have been made skimming the low bars on the river in that region, only the best being worked. No report of work on the bedrock or hig-h bars is at hand, nor is there any report as to the hill country between there and Klondike, a distance of about 150 miles, havirg been prospected. The whole region, where not timbered, is covered with a coat of moss averaging six inches thick, and the rocks are literally "out of sight." Hints on Camp Life. When your picks are dull and there is no forge near, this may be worth doing: Build a round furnace a foot in diameter and about three feet high, leaving a small hole at the bottom and another four inches above, using small rock and mud for the ^\all. Make a fire inside and fill up the furnace to the top with dry chips and blocks. Stick your axe in the top of a stump in such a way that you can use it for an anvil, and get your hatchet or hammer. When the lower part of the furnace is full of hot coals shove the paint of your pick or drill in the upper hole and do the rest as a blacksmith would. The Chinese have a style of bellows, or air pump, for use in blacksmithing which can be made almost anywhere or of any material, and is better than none. To make it, make a sitraight box eight or ten inches square, about three feet long, with the inside planed smooth. Put a piston in it and an intake valve at the closed end. A truyere and pipe and a handle and guide for the piston rod makes it complete. To temper good steel, heat it to cherry red and plunge the part you wish to harden in water, ice or tallow, which will make it white and brittle, while the part above should be a dull red. Let the heat pass into the hard part, and as it toughei^s thi teJ teJ bei tlie color will change, first to straw color or razor temper, second to lig'ht blue, or knife and spring temper, third to drab or pigeon blue, which bends before it breaks, and fourth, black, slightly mal- leable. When you have the temper desired, plunge i'c again, taking care not to harden it where it should be left tough. •-',, > ' - ^ ■ • •,•• ' " , .«'■ ■ ■-■-' Outfit for Exploring'. ' leter and )le at the ing small ce to the ' in such and get r part of he point d do the or air be made is better ox eight ig, with n in it fcruyere 3ton rod Pe^ and , ice or B, while ^et the fugheqs A prospector's outfit for taking a first look at a new district consists of clothing and bedding ac- cording to the season, provisions for the tri[), allow- ing two or three pounds per day, a frying pan, with which to fry meat and bake bread, a couple of cans or very light pots for boiling, tin plate, knife, fork and cup, a gold pan, a light ^ ick and a shovel. It is well to remember that the ligliter your pack the more country you can examine in a given length of time, prov ided your supplies are sufficient to maintain health ; a few fi^h hooks, and, if game is plentiful, a light rifle or shotgun are worth carrying. By building a wickiup in a dry place, just big enough to roll under, leaving one side open and making a log fire alongside, a very light bed is made sufficient in ordinary weaither. To build the wickiup, set up two forked sticks about two feet high and seven feet apart and lay a pole therein; gather bark or sticks and moss to roof it over, about three feet wide, using a six-inch log for the back. Put in a few inches of dry grass or leaves and spread your bedding on that. By using a lit- tle care a baik roof can be made to keep out rain, and it reflects the heat from the fire quite well. Make a fire opposite the middle, and the lodging is reaay. A very useful piece of camp furniture is a piece of heavy canvas, seven feet by eight. Some of its many uses are, shelter tent, pack cover, cot, sail w I i 36 and blanket. It should have loops sewn to it at the comers and on the border. To make a cot of it, lace two sides together with a light rope and put in two poles for side bars. Stretch it by bracing the poles apart and rest the corners on anything handy. A waterprof>f match box may be made by putting two brass shells together of nearly the same size ; 44 and 45 calibre cartridges make the small ones, 8 and 10 gauge shotgun shells the larger ones. Recipes for Camp Cooking. To bake prospector's b^ead, put a pint of flour in the gold pan, add a pinch of salt, a teaspoonful of baking powder, a spoonful of sugar, and mix it well together, then add a cup of cold water, mix and knead into stiff dou^. Grease the frying pan and get it hot, then press half of the dough into the bottom of the pan, making it a little thin- ner in the centre than around the sides; set tlie pan on some hot coals until a thin crust forms on the bottom, so that it will slip in the pan; now set it at an angle, facing the fire, putting any old thing under the handle to hold it up, having a fire that will turn it brown in ten or fifteen minutes, tossing it as needed. For hunter's bread have your flour, salt and bak- ing powder mixed together in a sack in these pro- portions: Flour, 5 pounds; good baking powder, 2 ounces; salt, 1 ounce. Roll d^wn the top of the sack even with the flour, press the flour down wuth the hand, making a hole in the middle; pour into the hole half a pint of cold w^ater, mix and knead into a stiff dough, and bake by placing in thin loaves on clean, hot rocks, or by holding it before the fire in small lumps on a ramrod. BOILED BEANS, PACKER'S STYLE. Place a vessel of water on the fire, and when it boils put in enough clean beans for one mess. Then set it ofT and let it stand about five minutes. Pour in cold water until you can bear your hand 1! 37 in them, and then rub the beana between ymir hands until the hulls come off. Pour off the liulls and water and put the beans in fresh water and boil for twenty minutes, while you are getting the other things ready. Serve with fried bacon. • Mountain baked beans — Take a kettle or tin pail, with a close-fitting cover, and fill it one-third full of clean beans. Fill it up with water and set near the fire to boil. Now dig a hole in a diy place twice the size of the pot and build a hot fire in it. When the beans have swelled and risen in the pot, pour off the water and fill it up with fresh water, adding sugar and salt to taste. Take fat bacon or salt pork, cut it into strips, while the kettle is getting hot again, and parboil it in the frying pan, and when the pot is boiling and the fire in the hole is burned down, put it in. Set the pot in the hole and fill up around it with red-hot coals; you will think the pot is going to melt, but tliat s all right. Now be sure to put a bunch of green twigs and leaves on top, two or three inches deep; green fir onish is the best, and cover up well with hot ashes and dirt, and lay a stone on top. Now go away and don't touch it for four hours, and as much longer as you like, fourteen *hours being the proper time. When you come in you will find it still warm and juicy, if the hole was hot, the cover green and tl ^ 1 d tight. Treat your pot roast of venison or bear ine same way. ROAST BIRD, R:JFUGE STYLE. ;■ First get your bird, either chicken, duck, goose or grouse. Draw the entrails and insert salt to taste; also a handful of commeal or bread crumbs. Fold the legs, wings and neck close, and tie them with bark, vine or string, roll it up in sticky mud an inch thick, and bury it deep in red-hot ashes, leaving it there for an hour, or until the mud gets dry and cracks open. You will then find it nicely baked, and the feathers will come off with the mud. I' ^ f I: M ; W \m ' ill! 11 38 PHILOSOPHY OF FERMENTED BREAD. The making of leavened bread is an art almost as old as, and perhaps older than history. It may be adapted to almost any circumstances, li the chemistry of it is understood. To make it good, a tliiek paste is made of flour and water, with suc^h other stuff as the cook sees fit to add, salted to taste. Thia paste must be induced to ferment, which may be done in a variety of ways, and a part of tlie stardi in the flour rlianged to alcohol and carbonic gas, vyihich makes it foam. The cause of fennenitation is a micros- copic vegetable growth, the germ or seed of which j' mnd in a great variety of things, and is cul- ^d for use and called yeast; or may easily be caught fi^om the atmosphere in low, warm climates; but not so easily in high mountains or very cold regions, as it thrives and works best at 80 degrees to 90 degrees P., and is killed at 180 degrees. When making the paste add a little yeast, either fresh or from the last mess; or, if you have none, a portion of ripe raw fruit, grape or apple preferred ; or spit on it, or put in fresh blood or urine, as the Chinese do, and set it where it will keep moderately warm until it foams up to nearly twice its bulk, but do not let is stand too long, or the alcohol will become vinegar, which must be neutralised by add- ing soda or other alkali. Next take a suitable pan or trougth and put in as much flour as you have of the yeast or paste, making room in the centre to pour' it in and mix them. When you have them mixed, stiff enough to handle, take it on a board, and roll and knead it, working in all the flour you can, until it is stift'. Then put it back in the pan and let it rise until it cracks open. Then take it out and knead it again until it is stiff, and make it up into loaves of a size to fit your pan or oven, and about two inches thick. Make biscuit if you like, and set It to rise as before. When it is as light as desired, say four to six inches thick, put it in a suitable oven and regulate the heat to bake it bfown in about an hour. If at any stage of the rising the f ltuk ntation goes too far, acid will he fonned and the bread will be sour and heavy; but a liltlo soda will neutralise it, if well kneaded in. A piece of the dough 'or a little of the paste serves for yeast for the next time. A handful of sugar put in at the last kneading will make it sweet loaf or rolls. If the pas > or yeast becomes sour from neglect, or if it is n<.t desired for bread when it is ready to mix, it ^'. ill make good hot cakes^ Enough soda must be added to neutralise the acid, wliich is largely a matter of guess work based on ex- perience and taste. If the first cake is sour, stir in more soda. If it is yellow, add a little vinegar. For more extended Cooking Recipes see the "Alaska Cook Book" specially arrranged for Camp Cooking, to be had from Thomson Stationery Co., Vancouver, B. C. Price 60c I Cures for Illness. When attacked with cramps in the bowels, which is likely to happen as the result of exposure or drinking ice water, or eating snow when hungry, a very good remedy for immediate use is Jamaica ginger, a small vial of which is carried by many mail carriers on snow-shoe routes. If the cramps are not relieved with a couple of small doses no more should be taken, as it may cause other trouble and make a bad matter worse. The best remedy is to get to camp as soon as pos- sible and wrap up in a blanket and sit on a very hot board until the pain is relieved, taking a warm drink or two, and then go to bed. For diarrhoea, whieh often results fiom improper diet and other causes, a most effective and per- manent cure is jack oak acorns, eaten alone in large doses. Another, which is veiy effective, and always at hand, but should not be repeated often, is this: 40 Mix a teaspoonful of black pepper and two tea- spoonfuls of flour with water into a paste and eat it. When your blood la too thick to circulate and your anna or feet "go to sleep," or you feel chilled by a fog, eat half a teaspoonful of cayenne pepper in a paste, or as you like it. This will thin your blood and warm you up, but should not be taken more than one? a week. When troubled with cold feet, damp socks or toe jam, from too much sweating of the soles, give your feet a warm bath and finish by rubbing them well witli snow or cold water and wiping them dry. This wi'l induce a healthy circulation in the skin and close the pores. The feet should never be warmed by a ire, except in cases of invalids, who are not expose d to the weather and do not take emmgh exercise to sweat. When the ordinary mosquito is troublesome, gum camphor is useful, as it is offensive and poisonous to them. Moisten the skin where it is exposed with tine- tun of camphor, which is camphor dissolved in aleouol, and the stronger it is the better. Bacon grease will also do some good, if the other is not at hand, and will k-^ep off ticks, gnats and flies also. Eucalyptus oil is also very effective and harmless. Hints on Packing. '-■'•* ■ In many parts ot the world domestic animals are not available for transportation at certain sea- sons, and in some parts they are not at any season. . Under such circumstances it often becomes neces- sary to carry the load yourself, which is a tire- some jo6, the best that can be done with it. Nearly all men can carry a load with greatest ease if it is placed on their back, high up between their should- ers, and lield tberf by straps or loops passing over the shoulder and under the arm in such a way that the pul! comes on the breast and collar bone. 41 Many ..ifferent styles and shapes of pack straps and man saddles have been invented, and used vnth more or less satisfaction. The simplest of these is a grain sax?k with a soft rope about four feet long. Tie the ends of the rope at the lower corners of the sack, put in your load and take a double hitch around the upper part of the sack, close to the load as possible with the middle of the rope, and put your arms through the loops. A pack saddle, to be satisfactory, must bo flexible, and rest as evenly as possible on the back and shoulders, with no extra weight over the kidneys, nor below the short ribs. ^h , Canadian Mining Laws. In \he British dominions ail mineral-bearing land is held to belong to the Crown. The exclusive right to work and to use it is granted for limited periods of ^ime, under prescribed rules and regula- tions, with such fees and charges as best suits the Government. The ditlerent provinces are under, different regu- lations, as seem best suited to varying conditions, which are changed from time to time. There is no appeals from the decisions of the Grold Commissioner, but there are heavy penalties in the way of forfeitures for any disregard of his com- mands. A quartz claim in British Colu.nbia or the North West Territory is 1,500 feet square, the corners be- ing all right angles, and overlapping claims are strictly forbidden. The regulations governing placer mining pre- scribe claims of various sizes, according to situation and richness of district, and are changed from time to time to suit changing conditions. Development work must be carried on con- tinuously on mining claims. Absence or suspen- sion of work for more than 72 hours, except in cases ot sickness, forfeits the claim, unless leave of absence has been granted by the Gold Commissioner. I p. ft 42 All persons employed in or around mines on Crown lands are i-equired to pay a license fee an- nually, and to keep the receipt therefor, called a miner's certificate, in their possession. Failure to pay the license on part of owner or employee forfeits the owner's rights in the mine. Free miners, meaning persons over 18 years of age, and corporations, who have paid the licenf»e, are peiTnitted to kill game, cut timber for mining and boat building purposes and to find, claim and work mines* on Crown lands. At the preseiit time the free miner's license in the North West Territory, or Yukon district, is $10 per, year. Notices of location must be reaorded and a fee of $15 paid. Gulch claims may cover 250 feet of the gulch, and other claims are in proportion. Each alternate group of ten claims are reserved for use and sale by the Government. A royalty tax of 10 per cent, must be paid on the output in excess of $2,500 per year from each claim, the sum of $2,500 from each claim being exemT)t. be U. S. Mining Laws. li The foil-wing points of United States mining law are worth taking along : A placer claim may cover twenty acres or less, and may be based on discovery of gold dust, stream tin, cinnabar or other valuable mineral not in place. All angles in the lines of placer claims shall be plainly marked on the ground with posts or monu- ments of stone. A notice shall be placed on the claims stating: Name of claim, name of locator, date of location, and describing boundaries aiid landmarks, so that they may be readily found by other persons. One hundred dollars worth of lal>or and improve- ments shall be expended on each claim of twenty 43 acres or less, each year. Expenditure of $500 must be made on eaeh claim before a patent shall be issued. None but citizens of the United States, or those who have declared their intention of be' oming such, may locate or hold a claim on any United States Government land. Aliens may lease mines, or other sources of wealth, on the public domain; but by purchase do not obtain valid title or claim thereto, unless patent has firsl been issued to a citizen or corpora- tion. Quartz claims shall not be more than 1,500 feet long on the course of a vein, or ledge, nor mo-e than 3(50 feet wide on either side thereof; nor bnall more than one claim be made on one discovery of mineral-bo'aring rock in place. A quartz claim is nr>t valid unless mineral bear- ing ro^1c in found in piace. Oa ind iron ore are not subject to the laws applying to quart/; mines. A notice «>f 1 r*ation shall bf' pLiced at point of discovery, ami wball state name of locator, name of claim, date of location, and describe boundaries and course of centre line. Water rig'bts may be obtained by posting a notice of intention to "^e at the point where the water to be diverted from its natural bed of course, elating amoun^; of water claimed, purpose for which it is to be used, place of ust method of diversion and name and residence *" aimant; and by divert- ing said water within a leaaonable time, according to the amount thereof. • . Non-use of a ditch or other method of diversion for three consecutive years forfeits the water right connected therewith; but all improvements on the public doma'n are personal property of the owner. n^bomaon Stationery Co-, Xb. Vancouver, B. C. prodpectora' and Abinere' ^upplfea, etc« i THOMSON STATIONERY CO., lo. VANCOUVER. B.C. 8TA-riCN£R8, PRINTERS, Lithographers, etc. REGULATIONS Governing Placer Mining in the Provisional District of Yukon, Northwest Territories. • v (Approved by Order in Council of i8th Jan , 1898,) INTERPRETATION. *'Free miner" shall mean a male or female over the age of eighteen but not under that age, or joint stock coanpany, named in, and lawfully pos- sesued of, a valid existing free miner's certificate, and no other. "Legal post" shall mean a stake standing not less than four feet above the ground and flatted on two sides for at least one foot from the top. Both sides »o flatted shall measure at least four inches across the face. It shall also mean any stump or tree cut otF and flatted, or faced to the above height and size. "Close season" shall mean the period of the year during which placer mining is generally suspended. The period to be fixed by the Mining Recoixler in who've viistrict the claim is situated. "Mineral" shall include all minerals whatsoever other than coal. "Joint Stock Company" shall mean any com- pany incorporated for mining purposes under a Canadian charter or licensed by the Government of Canada. "Mining Recorder" shall mean the official ap- pointed by the Gold Commissioner to record appli- cations and grant entries for claims in the Mining Divisions into which the Commissioner may divide the Yukon District. FREE MINERS AND THEIR PRIVILEGES. 1. Every person over, but not under eighteen years of age, and every joint stock company, shall I be entitled to all the rights and privileges of a free miner, under these regulations and under the regu- lations governing quartz mining, and shall be con- sidered a free miner upon taking out a free miner's certificate. A free miner's certificate issued to a joint stock company shall be issued in its corporate name. A free miner's certificate shall not be trans- ferable. 2. A free miner's certificate may be granted for one year to run from the date thereof or from the expiration of tne applicant's then existing certifi- cate, upon the payment therefor of the sum of $10.00, unless the certificate is to be issued in favor of a joint stock company, in which case the fee shall be fifty dollars for a company having a nominal capital of $100,000 or less, and for a com- pany having a nominal capital exceeding $100,000, the fee shall be one hundred dollars. Only one person or joint stock company shall be named ' R certifica te. 3. A free miner's certificate shall be on the fol- lowing fonn:- — DOMINION OF CANADA. Free Miner's Certificate. Date. (Non- transferable) . No. Valid for one year only. This is to certify that of has paid me this day the sum of land is entitled to all the rights and privileges of a free miner, under any mining regulations of the Gov- ernment of Canada, for one year from the day of .18 This certificate shall also grant to the holder thereof the privilege of fishing and shooting, sub- ject to the provisions of any Act which has been passed, or which may hereafter be passed for the protection of game and fish; also the privjip-c of chitting timber for actual necessities, for bu'Taing houses, boats, and for general mining opera ^'ons; such tim,ber, however, to be for the exclusive uae 3 of the mincfr himself, but such permission shall not extend to timber which may have been hereto- fore or which may hereafter be granted to other persons or corporations. • .. , 4. Fre' miner's certificates may be obtained by applicants, ill person at the Department of the Interior, Ottawa, or from the agents of Dominion Lands at Winnipeg, Manitoba ; Calgary, Edmonton, Prince Albert, in the North West Territories; Kam- loops and New Westminster, in the Province of British Columbia; at Dawson City in the Yukon District; also from agents of the Government at Vancouver and Victoria, B. C, and at other places which may from time to time be named by the Minister of the Interior. 5. If any person or joint stock company shall apply for a free miner's certificate at the agent's office during his absence, and Shall leave the fee re- quired by these regulations, with the officer or other person in charge of said office, he or it shall be entitled to have such certificate from the date of such application; and any free miner shall at any time be entitled to obtain a free miner's cer- tificate' ' immencing to irun from the expiration of hiri then existing freo miner's certificate, provided that when he apj^lies for such certificate he shall produce to the agent, or in case of his absence shall leave with the officer or other person in charge of the agents office, such existing certificate. 6. If any free miner's certificate be accidentally destroyed or lost, the owner thereof may, on pay- ment of a fee of two dollars, have a true copy of it, signed by the agent, or other person by whom or out of whose office the original was issued. Every such copy shall be marked "Substituted Cer- tificate"; and unless some material irregularity be shown in respect thereof, every original or sub- stituted free miner's certificate shall be evidence of all matters theiiein contained.* 7. No person or joint stock company will be recognised as having any right or interest in or to anj' placer claim, quartz daim, mining lease, bed- I 3 I ' rock flume grant, or any minerals in any ground comprised therein, or in or to any water riglit, min- ing ditch, drain tunnel, or iiume, unless he or it and every person in his or its employment shall have a free miner's certificate unexpired. And on the expiration of a free miners certificate the owner thereof shall absolutely forfeit all his rights and interest in or to any placer claim, mining lease, bed-rock flume grant, and any minerals in any ground comprised therein, and in or to any and every water right, mining ditch, drain, tunnel, or flume, which may be held or claimed by such own- er of such expired ixcf) miner's certificate, unless such owner shall, on or before the day following the expiration of such certificate, obtain a new free miner's certificate. Provided, neveitheless, that should any co-owner fail to keep up his free miner's certificate, such failure shall not cause a forfeiture or act as an abandonment of the claim, but the interest of the co-owner who shall fail to keep up his free miner's certificate shall, ipso facto, be and become vested in his co-owners, pro rata according to their fonner interests; provided, nevertheless, that a shareholder in a joint stock company need not be a free miner, and, though not a free miner, shall be entitled to buy, sell, hold, or dispose of any shares therein. 8. Every free miner shall, during the con- tinuance of his certificate, but not longer, have the right to enter, locate, prospect, and mine for gold and other minerals upon any lands in the Yukon District, whether vested in the Crown or other- wise, except upon Government reservations for town sites, land which is occupied by any building, and any land falling within the curtilage of any dwelling house, and any land lawfully occupied for placer mining purposes, and also Indian reser- vations. 9. Previous to any entry being made upon lands lawfully occupied, such free miner shall give ade- quate security, to the satisfaction of the Mining Recorder, for any loss or damage wihich may be H caused by such entry; and after such entry he shall make full compensation to the occupant or owner of such lands for any loss or damage which may be caused by reason of such entry ; such compensation, in case of dispute, to be determined by a court hav- ing jurisdiction in mining disputes, with or without a jury. NATURE AND SIZE OF CLAIMS. ' ' 10. A creek or gulch claim shall bo 250 feet long measured in the general direction of the creek or gulch. The boundaries of the claim which run in the general direction of the ci'eek or gulch shall be lines along bed or rim rock three feet higher than the rim or edge of the creek, or thQ lo\ve.-t general level of the gulch within the claim, so drawn or marked as to be at every point three feet above the rim or edge of the creek or the lowest general level of the gulch, cpposite to it at r"ght angles to the general direction of the claim for its length, but such boundaries shall not in any case exceed 1.000 feet on each side of the centre of the stream or gulch. (See Diagram No. 1.) 11. If the bnundaries be less than one hundred fef^t apart horizontally, they slall be lines traced aloTur bed or rim rock one hundred feet apart horizontally, foUowing as nearlv as practicable the direction of the valley for the length of the claim. (Rre Diagram No. 2.) 12. A river claim shall be pituated only on one side of the river and shall not exceed 250 feet in lenp-th, measured in the general direction of the river. The other boimdary of the claim which runs in the general direction of the jiver shaU be lines along bed or rim rock thre-^ feet higher than the rim or ledge of the river within the claim so drawn or marked as to be at every point three feet above the rim or edge of the river opposite to it at right anrl**s to the general direction of the claim for its length, but such boundaries shall not in any case h'1 14 be less than 250 feet, or exceed a distance of 1,000 feet from low water mark of the river. (See Dia- gram No. 3.) 13. A "hill claim" shall not exceed 250 feet in length, drawn parallel to the main direction cf the stream or ravine on vv^hich it fronts. Parallel lines drawn from each end of the base at right angles thereto, and running to the summit of the hill (provided the distance does not exceed 1,000 feet), shall constitute the end boundaries of the claim. 14. All other placer claims shall be 250 feet square. 15. Every placer claim ahal be as nearly as possible rectangular in form, and marked by two legal posts firmly fixed in the ground in the manner shown in diagium No. 4. The line between the two posts shall be well cut out so that one post may, if the nature of the surface will permit, be seen from the other. The flatted side of each post shall face the claim, and on each post shall be written on the side facing the claim, a legible notice stating the name or number of the claim, or both if pos- sible, its length in feet, the date when staked, and the full christian and surname of the locator. 16. Every alternate ten claims shall be rfeS3rved for the Government of Canada. That is to say when a claim is located, the discover's claim and nine additional claims adjoining each other and numbered consecutively will bs open for registra- tion. Then the next ten claims of 250 feet eadh v/ill be reserved for the Government, and so on. The alternate group of claims reserved for the Crown shall be disposed of in such manner as may be decided by the Minister of the Interior. 17. The penalty for trespassing upon a claim resented for the Crown, shall be immediate can- cellation by the Mining Recorder of any entiy or entries which the person trespassing may have ob- tained, whether by original entry or purchase, for a mining claim, and the refusal by the Mining Recorder of the acceptance of any application which the person treep^assing may at any time make for a claim. In addition to such penalty, the Mounted Police, upon a requistion from the Mining Recorder to that effect, sh.ill take the necessary steps to oject the trespasser. 18. In defining the size of the claims, they shall be measured horizontally iiTespeciive of inequali- ties on the surface of the ground. 19. If any free miner or party of free miners discover a new mine, and such discovery shall be established to the satisfaction of the Mining Re- corder, creek, river, or hill, claims of the following size shall be allowed, namely: — To one discoverer, one claim, 500 feet in length. To a party of two discoverers, two claims, amounting together to 1,000 feet in length. To each member of a party beyond two in num- ber, a claim of the ordinary size only. 20. A new stratum of auriferous earth or gravel siluaited in a locality where the claims have been abandoned shall for this purpose be deemed a new mine, although the same locality shall have been previously worked at a different level. 21. The forms of application for a grant for placer mining, and the grant of the same, shall be those contained in Forms "H" and "I" in the schedule hereto. .. . 22. A claim isihall be recorded with the Mining Recorder in whose district it is situated, within ten days after the location thereof, if it is located with- in ten miles of the Mining Recorder's office. One extra day shnll be allowed for every additional ten mi'es or fraction thereof. 23. In the event of the claim being more than ono hundred miles from a Recorder's office, and situated where other claims are being located, the free miners, not less than five in number, are authorised to meet and appoint one of their num- ber a "Free Miners' Recorder," who shall act in that capacity until a Mining Recorder is appointed by the Gold Commissioner. 24. The "Free Miners' Recorder" shall at the earliest possible date after his appointment, notify the nearest Govermnent Mining Recorder thereof, and upon the arrival of tlie (iovernment Mining Recorder, he shall deliver to him his records and th^ fee:< received for recording the claims. The Gov- ernment Mining Recorder shnll then grant to each free miner whose name appears in the records, an entry for his claim on form * i ' of these regulations, provided an application has been made by him in accordance with form "H" thereof. The entry to date from the time the "Free Miners' Recorder" recorded the application 25. If the "Free Miners' Recorder" fails within three months to notify the nearest Government Mining Recorder of his appointment, the claims which he may have recorded vill be cancelled. 26. During the absence vl t.ie Mining Recorder from his office, the entry for a claim may be granted by any person whom he may appoint to perform his duties in his absence. 27. Entry shall not bo granted for a claim which nas not been staked by the applicant in person in the manner specified in these regulations. An affidavit that the claim was staked out bv the applicant shall be embodied in form "H" in the schedule hereto. 28. An entry fee of fifteen dollars shall be charged the first year, and an annual fee of fifteen dollars for each of the following years. This pro- vision shall apply to claims for Which entries have already been granted. 20. A statement of the entries granted and fees collected shall be rendered by the Mining Recorder to the Gold Commissioner ait lea^t every three months, which shall be accompanied by the amount collected. 30. A royalty of ten per cent, on the gold mined shall be levied and collected on the gro=« output of each claim. The royalty may be paid at banking offices to be established under the auspices of the Government of Canada, or to the Gold Commissioner, or to any Mining Recordpr authorised by him. The sum of $2,500.00 shall be Cro) deducted from the gross annual output of a claim when estimating the amount upon which royalty is to be calculated, but this exemption shall not be allowed unless the royalty is paid at a banking oflice or to the dlold Commissioner or Mining Re- corder. When tlie royalty it paid monthly or at longer periods, the deduction shall be made rateable on the basis of $2,500 per annum for the claim. If not paid to the bank, Gold Commissioner or Mining Recorder, it shall be collected by the cus- toms officials or police officers when the miner passes the posts established at the boundary of a district. Such royalty to form part of the con- solidated revenue, and to be accounted for by the officers who collect the same in due course. The time and manner in which such royalty shall be collected shall be provided fcr by regulations to be made oy tbe Gold Commissioner. 31. Default in payment of such royalty, if con- tinued for ten days after notice has been posted Oil the claim in respect of which it is demanded, or in the vicinity of such claim, by the Gold Com- misfrioner or his agent, shall be followed by can- cellation of the claim. Any attempt to defraud the Crown by withholding any part of the revenue thus provided for, by making false statements of the amount taken out, shall be punished by cancella- tion of the claim in respect of which fraud or false statements have been committed or made. In respect to the facts as to such fmud or false statements or non-payment of royalty, the decision of the Gold Commissioner shall be final. 32. After the recording of a r^aim the removal of any post by the holder thereof or by any person acting in his behalf for the purpose of changing the boundaries of his claim, shall act as a forfeiture of the claim. 33. Tlie entry of every holder of a grant for plarer mining must be renewed and his receipt relinquisTied and replaced every year, the entry fee being paid each time. 34. ihe holder of «, creek, gulch or river claim 10 n.iiy, within sixty days after staking out the claim, obtain an entry for a hill claim adjoining it, by paying to the Mining Recorder the sum of one nundred dollars. Tliis permission shall also be given to the holder of a creek, gulch or river claim obtained under former regulations, provided that the hill claim is available at the time an applica- tion is made therefor. 35. No miner shall receive ". grant of more than "^ne mining claim in a mining district, the boun- daries of which shall be defined by the Mining Re- cc^'der, but the same miner may also hold a hill claim, acquired by him under those regulations in connection with a creek ,gulch, or river claim, and any miraber of claims by purchase; and any num- bei* of miners mav unite to work their claims in eoinmon, upo»~ svch terms as they may arrange, provided sudh agreement is registered with til© Mining Recordt'r and a fee of five dollars paid for each registration. 36. Any free miner or miners may sell, mort- gage, or diiapost. of his or their claims, provided such disposal be registered with, i^nd a fee of two dolliirs p:»id to the Mining Ret'order, who shall thereup II give the assignee a certificate in the form *'o in the schedule hereto. 37. — Every free miner shall du ing the con- tinuance of his grant have the pxolusive right of t»ntry upon his own claim for the miner-like work- ing thereof, and the construction of a residence tliereon, and shall ha entitled exclusively to all the proceeds realised therefrom, upon which, however, the royalty prescribed by these r^ulations shall b«> pnyable: provided that the Mining Recorder may e-rant to the hoiders of ath^r claims such right of entry thereon a« may be absolutely necessary for the working of their claims, upon such terms as may to him seem reasonable. He mav also prant pennission to miners to cut timber thereon for their own use. 38. Every free miner shall be entitled to the use of so much of the water naturally flowing go II. ;■'„■.:', through or past his claim, and not already lawfully appropriated, as shall, in the opinion of the Mining Recorder be necessary for the due working thereof, and snail be entitled to drain his f wn claim free of charge. 39. A claim may be deemed to be abandoned and open to occupation and entry by any person when the SEime shall have remained un worked on working days, excepting during the close season, by the grantee thereof or by »ome person on his behalf for the space of * seventy-two hours, unless sickness or other reasonable cause be shov\n to the satisfaction of the Mining Recorder, or unless the gi'antee is absent on leave given by the Mining Recorder, and the Mining Recorder, upon obtaining evidence satisfactory to himself, that this provision is not being complied with, may cancel the entry given for a claim. 40. If any cases arise for which no provision is made in these reflations, the provisions of the regulations governing the disposal of mineral lands otlier than coal lands, approved by His Excellency the Governor in Council on the 9th of November, 1889, or such other regulations as may be substitut- ed therefor, shall apply. FORM H.— i^PPLTOATION FOR GRANT FOR PLACER MINING, AND AFFIDAVIT OF APPLICATION. I (or we) of hereby apply, under the Yukon Placer Mining Regula- tions, for a grant of a claim for placer mining as defined in the sjid regulations, in (here describe locality) and I (or we) solemnly swear: — 1. That from indications I (or we) have ob- served on the claim applied for, I (or we) have renson to believe that there is therein a deposit of gold. 2. That I (or we) am (or are) to the best of my (or our) knowledge and belief the first to ob- serve such indications, or: — 3. That the said claim was previously granted 157206 12 to (here name the last grantee) but haa remained unvvorked by the said grantee for not less than 4. That I (or we) am (or are) unaware that the land is other than vacant Dominion Lands. 5. That I (or we) did on the day of mark out on the ground ,in accor- dance in every particular with the provisions of the mining reflations for the Yukon District, the claim lor which I (or we) make this application, and in so doing I (or we) did not encroach on any other claim or mining location previously laid out by an}' other person. * 72 hours means thi*ee consecutive days of 24 hours each. 6. That the length of the said claim, as nearly as I (or we) could measure is feet, and that the description of this date heretto attacihed, signed by me (or us) «ets (or set) forth in detail, to the best of my (or our) knowledge and ability, its pns tion. 7. That I (or we) make this application in good faith, to acquire the claim for the sole pur- [>ose of mining to be pro<*ecuted by myself (or us) or by myself and associates, or by my (oi* our) assigns. Sworn before me r.t this day of 18.... (Signature) (J^This form is printed and for sale by the Thomson Stationery Co., Ld , Law Form Publishers, Vancouver, B. C .publishers of all kinds of Miniug Forms. FORM I.— GRANT FOR PLACER MINING. No Department of the Interior, Agency 18. . . . In con=ideration of the payment of the fee of fif- teen dollars prescribed by ciaiise 28 of the mining rrgulntiona for the Yukon District, by (A. B.) ...... . .of. accompanying his 13 (or their) applieation No dated 18. . . ., for a mining claim in (here insert description of locality.) The Minister of the Interior hereby grants to the said (A. B.) tor the term of one year from the date hereof, he exclusive right of entry upon the claim (here describe in detail the claim granted) for the miner-like work- ing thereof, an^i the construction of a residence thereon, and the exclusive right to all the proceeds realised therefrom, upon which, however, the royalty prescribed by the regulations shall be paid. The said (A. B.) shall be entitled to the uae of so much of the water natural- ly flowing thix)ugh or past his (or their) claim, and not already lawfully appropriated, as shall be ncf-essary for the due working thereof, and to drain his (or- their) claim, free of charge. This grant does not convey to the said (A. B.) any right of ownership in the soil covered by the aaid claim, and the said grant shall lapse and be forfeited unless the claim is continuously and in good faith worked by the said (A. B.) or his (or their) associates. The rights hereby granted are those laid down in the aforesaid mining regulations, and no more, and are subject to all the provisions of the said regu- lations, whether the same are expressed herein or not. Mining Recorder. FORM J.— CERrrFICATE OF THE ASSIGN- MENT OF A PLAOEr. MINING CLAIM. No Department of the Interior, Agency 18 This is to certify that (B. C.) of has (or iiave) filed an afisignment in due fonn dated 18. ... . and accompanied by a registration fee of two dollars, of the grant to ...(A. B.) of.. of the '» i B' \hs\ 14 right to mine in (here insert description of claim) .... for one year from the 18 ... . This certificate entitles the said (B. C.) to all the rights and privileges of the said (A. B.) in respect to the claim as- signed, that is to say, to the exclusive right of entry upon the said claim for the miner-like work* ing thereof and the construction of a residence thereon, and the exclusive right to all the pro- ceeds realised therefrom (upon which, however, the royalty prescribed by the regulations shall be paid), for the remaining portion of the year for which the ^md claim was granted to the gaid (A. B.) that is to say, until the day of 18 The said (B. C.) shall be en- titled to the use of so much of the water naturally flowing through or past his (or their) claim and not already lawfully appropriated, asi shall be necessary for the due ^vorking thereof and to drain his claim, free of charge. This grant does not convey to the said (B. C.) any right of ownership in the soil covered by the «aid claim, and the said grant shall lapse and be forfeited unless the claim is con- tinuously and in good faith worked by the said (L. C.) or his (or their) associates, The rights hereby granted are those laid down in the Yukon Placer Mining Regulations, and no more, and are subject to all the provisions of the said regulations, whether the same are expressed herein or not. Mining Recorder. Tl7on)sor> StatioT^ery Go., I^d BOOKsmLLena, fKIMTERa. UTHOOffafHgHS, RUBBSK STAMfS SEAUS, mrc, ere. VANCOUVER, B, O. Distrit 1. to sub with brokei sinuos of, am ner as thougl other miles moie an in( extenti or coi menti( thirty of the! veycr surve,^ ono ye 2. REGULATIONS Governing the issue of Leases to dredge for Minerals in the beds of rivers in the Provisional District of Yukon ; Northwest Territories. ' • :' (Approved of by Order in Council No. 125, of the i8th January, 1898) l! i t The following regulations are adopted for the issue of leases to persons or companies who have obtained a free miner's certificate in accordance v^ith the provisions of the reguhitions governing plater mining ^.i the Provincial District of Yukon, to dredge for minerals other than coal in the sub- niergeu beds or bars of rivers in the Provision a.1 District of Yukcn, in the North West Territories; — 1. The iessee shall be given the exclusive right to subaqueous mining and dredging for all minerals with the exception of coal in and along an un- broken extent of five miles of a river following its sinuosities, to be measured down the middle there- of, and to be described by the lessee in such man- ner as to be easily traced on the ground; and al- though the lessee may also obtain as many as five other leases, each for an unbroken extent of five miles of a river, so measured and described, no moie than six such leaped will be issued in favor of an individual or company, so that the maximum extent of river in and along which any individual or company shall be given the exclusive right above mentioned, shall under no circumstances exceed thirty miles. The lea?e shall provide for the survey of the leasehold under instniotions from the Sur- veyor General, and for the filing of the returns of survey in the Department of the Interior within on<< year from the date of the lease. 2. The lease shall be for a terra of twenty years, 1; I: i6 at the end of which time all rights vested in, or which may be claimed by the lessee under his lease, are to cease and determine. The lease may be renewable, hov\ever, from time to time thereafter in the discretion of the Minister of the Interior. 3. The lessee's rig-ht of mining and dredging shall be confined to the submerged beds or bars in the river below low v ater mark, that boundary to be fixed by its position on the first day of August in the year of the date of the lease. 4. The lease shall be subject to the rights of all persons who have received or who may receive en- tries for claims under the Placer Mining Regula- tions. 5. The lessee shall have at least one dredge in operation upon the five miles of river leased to him, within two seasons from the date of his lease, and if, during one season when operations can be carried on, he fails to efficiently work the same to the satisfaction of the Minister of the Interior, the lease shall become null and void unless the Minis- ter of the Interior shall otherwise decide. Pro- vided that when any company or individual has obtained more than one leise, one dredge for each fifteen miles or portion thereof shall be held to be compliance with this regulation. 6. The lessee shall pay a rental cf $100.00 per annum for each mile of river so leased to him. The lessee shall also pay to the Crown a royalty of ten per centum on the output in excess of $15,000 00, as shown by sworn returns to be furnished monthly by the lessee to the Gold Commissioner during the period that dredging operations are being carried on; auch royalty, if any, to be paid with each return. C. The lessee who is the holder of more than one lease shall be entitled to the exemption as to royolty provided for by the next proceeding r^ula- t'on to the extpnt of $15,000.00 for each five miles of river for which he is the holder of a le:ise: but the lessee under one lea/pe shall not be entitled to the exemption as to royalty provided by the next br im aft riv sai dai bri to riv- ati( '7 two proceeding regulations, where the dredge or dredges used by hini have been used in dredging by another lessee, or in any case in reopeet ol more than thirty miles. 7. The lessee shall be permitted to cut free of all dues, on any land belonging to the down, such timber as may be necessary for the purposes of his lease, but such permission shall not extend to tim- ber whicsh may have been heretofore or may here- after be granted to other persons or corporations. 8. The lessee shall not interfere in any way with the general right of the public to use the river in which he may be permitted to dredge, for navigation and other purposes; the free navigation of the river shall not be impeded by the deposit of tailings in such manner as to form bi.rs or banks in the channel thereof, and the current or stream shall not be obstrvicted in any material degree by the accumulation of such deposit. 9. The lea«e shall provide that any person who has received or who may receive entry under the Placer Mining Eegulations shall be entitled to run tailings into the river at any point thereon, and to construct all works which may be necessary for properly operating and working his claim. Pro- vided that it shall not be la\^ ful for such person to construct a wing-dam one thousand feet from the place where any dredge is being operated, nor to obstniot or interfere in any way with the operation of any dredge. 10. The lease shall reserve all roads, ways, brids'es, drains, and other public works, and all improvements now existing, or which may here- after be made in, upon or under any part of the river, and the power to enter and construct the same, and shall provide that the lessee shall not damage nor obstruct any public ways, drams, bridges, works and improvements now or hereafter to be made upon, in, over, throusrh, or under the river; and that he will substant'allv bridge or cover and protect all the cuts, flumes, ditches and sluices, and all pits and dangerous places at all points u i8 where they may be croesed by a public hij?hway or irequented path or trail, to the satisfaction of the Minister of the Interior. 11. That the lessee, his executors, administra- tors, or assigns, shall not nor will assign, transfer or sublet the demised premises, or any part thereof, without the consent in writing of the Minister first had and obtained. isrThe Thomson Stationery Co., Ld., Vancouver, B. C, publish all the Mining and Conveyancing Forms for use in the Northwest Territories of Canada, among others the following are largely used by Miners: LAW FORMS FOR THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES PUBLISHED BY THOMSON STATIONERY CO., LD. VANCOUVER, B. C. :0: IflEIVINO FORMS. hundred doz 621 ^ Clap Apph'cation for Grant for Pl.icer Mining $ i 00 25 Location Notice, Post No i 25 ♦' •' Post No 2 25 Bill of Sale Mineral Claim I 00 25 Option on Mining Claim. . 50 Bond for Mineral Claim. ... SO 127 >^ Cap Mineral Claims Listed for Sale I oc 2$ 132 Demy Pay Koll Sheets for Mining. Companies 4 00 7^ 134 X Cap Prox> Form for Joint Stock Companies... 75 15 626 A 626 B 620 }4 Cap 123 Gap 124 531 532 533 534 536 S37 539 545 550 552 555 560 19 -RRICE UST- THOMSON STATIONERY CO., Ltd. Vancouver. B. O. Conveynncins Forms. No. Size hundred dozl 502 }4 Cap Transfer of Land $ 56 504 *' Mortgage, long form 50 505 *' " short form 56 506 '* Chattel Mortgage (to secure Promissory Note) 5^ 507 Cap Chattel >Iortgage (to secure the sum of) $0 508 '* Lease, short form 50 511 ^ Cap Quit Claim Deed 5^ 513 " Bill of Sale 56 514 " Deed of Co- Partnership, loc I ob 517 Crown Assignment for benefit of Creditors 5*^ 518 " Assignment in Trust $0 521 Cap Assignment Chattel M'tgage 35 527 *' Agreement for Sale of Land 35 528 ^2 Cap Agreement for Sale of Land short form 25 531 Cap Bond to Convey 35 532 *' Powerof Attorney (gen form) 35 533 H Cap Power of Attorney (short form, ceneral) 25 534 ** Power of Attorney (short , form, special 25 536 ** Discharge of Chatfil M'rtge 25 .S37 " " Mc-itgage 25 539 Cap Building Contract, loc ea. i 00 545 /^ Cap Notice of Sale under M'rtge i 00 25 550 X Cap Affidavit for Witness 75 15 552 •' " Attorney 75 15 555 ** *' Secretary of a • Corporation 75 15 560 }4 Cap Notice to Incumbrancers ... i 00 25 THOMSON'S 90 PRIOE UST- 148 i6i THOMSON STATIONERY CO., Ld. Vancouver, B. O. Customs Korms* hundred do| For Duty, B i $ i oo 25 ** Goods imported from Great Britain i 00 25 Free, H 2 I 00 25 Settler's Effects, Free, B 4 i 00 25 For Warehouse, B 5 i 00 25 To Perfect Warehouse Entry B 6 I 00 25 For Duty Ex -Warehouse B 7 1 00 25 Free Ex- Warehouse B 8.. I 00 25 For Export Ex- Warehouse B9 i 00 25 For Removal Ex-W., B 10 i 00 25 Entry Outwards, grr^ds tne produce or manufacture of Canada, 613 I 00 25 Export Entry I 00 25 Entry Outward.*, goods not the produce cr manufacture of Canada, B 14 i c» 25 Bill of Sale in Bond, (cus- toms transfer invoice) B 15 i op 25 Report Inwards, A 6 i 00 25 " Outwards, A 7 1 00 2^ For Duty, spirits, D 4, excise i 00 2j Collector's Warrant for De- ^ livery of Goods ex ship. C I 75 l| Collector's Landing Warrant for Bonded Warehouse, C 2 75 l| Locker's Receiving Order, C3 75 ii] '* Delivery Order, C 4 75 l] Permission Required, C6.. 75 1] Report Inwards, Coastwise, ^ A9 75 .H Report Outwards, Coastwise, A 10. 75 15 THOMSON'S 13s '^ Cap I3SA - 136 'A 1^7 Cap 139 140 141 142 143 146A C( <( <( (( (< 146 147 (( 149 i( 150 (( iSi (t 15s ^Cap 156 (( 157 »t ,58 (( 159 (( 160 << <( I' I i 21 PRICE LIST- THOMSON STATIONERY CO., Ltd. Vancouver, B. C. hundred do/ 162 % Cap Appointment of Attorney or Agent for making Customs Enty, E4 $ 75 15 165 }i Cap Entry Outwards for Shipping to the Yukon Dist, N.W.T. i co 25 164 % Cap Bill of Health 75 15 i^In ad< ition to these we publish all the Su]>reme Court, Small Debt Court, and many special Mining P'orms. These forms have all been care- fully prepared and may be rolied on as correct and in accord nre with the Statute. See that each form has our imprint in the corner. ^bomeon Stationery Co., Xb-, VANCOUVER, B.C. AND Calgary, alta. • .V ^^":^. PROSPECTORS' — AND- MINERS' SUPPLIES FOR SALE BY Thomson Stationery Co., LIMITED. VANCOUVER, B. C. millers* Olasses — Coddington Magnifying Glasses, six Kizei«, from $1.20 to $2.50. This is one of the strongest and best makes of glasses made. We have also a large line at from 35 rents upwards. CompaMses— Pocket size, from thf> cheapest to the finest jeweled glasses, from 25c. to $3.00. Ilteel 'Fapea—From the small vest pocket size at 75c. to the 100 ft., 200 ft., 300 ft. and 500 ft. aluminum plated, Engrinoo*** T'apes— We always have a full stock of these and having tne agency for Justus Roe's cele- brated Steel Tapes. Oold llnst n'ag:s— At 25c., 35c. and 50c. Gold Dust and Money Belts, to be worn next the body, a large range. Pumes— Pocket Books, Wallets, all kinds, styles and sizes, from the cheapest to the finest. xileinorandum Books— Diaries in all sizes, from the vest pocket midget to the largest, and in all grades of bindings. ^^ The Alaska Therinomeueir— Is a small but reliable self regestering thermometer to 85° below zero, in a flat tin case. ,y. fff \w> I'. file Klondlilce Thermonieter -- Also self registering, to 85° below zero, is packedin a hard rubber case, and in its case is about the size of a fountain pen or i«id pencih dye Protectorii—In : e celluloid, or goggles in wire frame and glass, while or colored, use'^ol in pro- tecting the eyes from dust and from snow bl.ndness. Postagre Stamp Cases—In Tin and Leather with parchment sheets for keeping stamps from sticking. V*oitiltaiit IPeati— The Parker, Waterman and other standard makes, a very large range, also t^ie ciicaper kinds a*: 40c. and upwards. . Imlc ff^ofrders—We put up a very fine Ink Powder in Black or Red, to make >^'pint good ink, 15c. Inlc 8 tancls— Pocket size, in wood and rubber. dold Scales— Finely finished Brass Scales, weighs from : gr. to 2 oz., $2.00; i gr. to 4 oz., $2.50. IPeclCet WiAtcU Safes— Pocket Combs, Minors^ Pocket Knives, Books, etc. . i; ^bomaon Stationcn? Co., %&., VANCOUVER, B. C. ikaiafcaaJA»«*--..<».Akai^ii;.,jAAi^i. a». >«.a. -£b4 '£fm-}< . 1 l-'Rirs I'iSl 1 l.!v V. >lui\viiij; a 'vhilo man's uiL'tlicid oi diryinx risii. 41 ^ l! )K rN'-.\lll,lv I'OS'r. So calk'il I'ruiu beiiiK' t. o yx^ IMAGE EVAMJATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 hi»2^ 112.5 •» 1^ 12.2 1^ III 2.0 1.8 U ill 1.6 III ^'^¥^^ on Photographic Sciences Corporation m \ ^^ <^ Cv o ^./^ ^i; ^ ^ 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SB0 (716) 872-4S03 ■^ T 6^ STEAMUR ARCTIC IjriiiKinK the tirst mail and provisions in the early spring. 47 m i THKATRK AT FORTY-MILK. Actors on the porch. $i,ooo was the cost of building this theatre, but it sold for $5,.xx). Hert' they played a piece called "The Man from Dou.irlass Island." JH J ! )■ IXTKKIOK OF SALOON AND I'OKKR (iAMK AT KORTV-MILK. In this Kame $10,000 often changes hands in one jack-pi)l. Drinks are tifty cents and one dollar. lit I 15AR15KR SHOP AT FORTY-MILK. Very Itw men wear beards or imistaehes in winter. Wlien tlie leiniJeruture is forty below zero the breath freezes, and the hair on one's face becomes a mass of ice. 60 w »««ri*»W*-A*»>>^ I ■■.if.lWii' m -<:.» 181* . d Y iKaitv;tc&;^»->)». GROL'I' OF MK\ I\ NATIVE WINTKR DRKSS AM) I'AKKAS. Tlit- upper jfurmenl, calloil a parka, is usually inudu of inarinot skins ami triininotl witli wnlveriiu' around tlu- liood and lowt-r t-dwe. n > If t!> YOUNCi MOOSK AT FORTV-.MILK. These mouse were trained by Mr. Mcyuesten to become comnieiulable ami well behaved draft animals. .•■)3 1I.« I GROUP OF FORTY-MILK MINKRvS. One Inindred thousand men could prospect the Yukon basin and be lost to ont another. The >jreulest drawback is the liniit of supplies. M 'H s w Iji, ii MK. WILSON AXl) HIS I'UIKNM) IXWIXTKR DRKSS. Si. nu' of these parkas cciiK' all the way fnim Siberia ami ale wurks nf art, eostini; as liijili as $100. 8B 'i; ii i FORT CL'DAHY WARKHOl'SKS. Just below where Forty-Mile Creek unites with the Yukon, on a beautiful wooded shelf, liiKh above the river, protected from north and west winds by hiijh hills, rests Fort Cndahy. $ i MRS. HICAIA"S I)()(l TKA.M, sliDwiiiK feinak- winter dress and parkas. The woman's parkas differs sli^jluly frmn that worn by tlio men, being cut up at the side some ten inches and rounded at the bottom like a skirl. 57 I MRS. HKALVS DIXIXG ROOM AT FORTV-MILK, showing that homes can be made and luxuries enjoyed even in this far and frozen North. FIRST SUPPLIES LANDING AT CIRCLE CITY, SEPTEMBER 5, 1894. 5» 1 'Si If f-.f i I'()l'XI)lX(i OF CIRCLE CITV. This is on American soil and bids fail to become the metropolis of the Yukon. It is one hundred and seventv miles from Forty-Mile Creek, on the west of the river. BO r i>* n CAXY()\ ON FORTV-MII-K CREFIK, uiKlit miles up the creek; it is a crooked contraction of the river. 01 : i fi I ! 1 I i!!' 4 TOWIXd A HOAT 'PHKOfdH FORTV-MILK CA\Vt)X. At the lower end of the canyon there is a short turn and swift water and some larv;e rocks. These can not Kenerallv be seen, and there is much danger. (I',' I — g—^* ) W. Mi.y [1 i I i'l fe=- - I I SAM PATCH'S POTATO RANCH. The only man to raise potatoes on the Yukon. They sell for $i.cd per pound. 63 ii ' > \ i ! Jl Ui Si SCKNE OX FORTY MILK CREEK. Forty-Mile Creek is two hundred and fifty yards lonjj. It lias many tributaries, all of which carry Rold in i)ayin,ir iiuantities. This country is nearly covered with a irlacial drift. U4 I: ':! I' U SCKXH TAKK\ FROM SA.M PATCH'S SHOWIXCr THE BALI) HILLS. The glacial drift from these hills feeds hundreds of tributaries to tlie larger creeks. ti.) I il GROUP OF YUKON MIXKKS Ri;ai>\' To KKIUKN HOME. Waiting for tlie river Ktcamer. Tliey nearly all have a stake, some a fabiilims furtune. 67 «■■ ill l! If If » i IiO(i VACK TKAM UN' SUMMIT OK HALD HILLS. The dogs here are closely related to the wolves .iiul are nothin^j if not Ijorn thieves. They usually celebrate the arrival of all new.'omer."-- i-'v a general tight. Oh I' CLAIM THKKK ON MILLER CRKKK. $35,000 taken out ; worked only thirty by one hundred feet, one clean-up Ijein^ made of one thousand one hundred ounces. m ' Jl. ■'■mm MILLKR CREEK FROM SUMMIT. Six miles loiiK ami has iifiy-four rich claims. It was prospected and piven up three times before it was found protitable. This shows the difficulty of prospecting, owinuf to the glacial drift everywhere. 13 \ Alii ' ' YOl'XCi AND BLANCHAKD'S CLAIM AT MILLKR CRKKK. This shows the sluice boxes, This is a placer mine. Placer is a Spanish word and means, literi'.Uy. pleasure, that is. plenty of me'.al easily njiiied. n m i 8 r YOL'XG AXl) BLAXCHARD'S CLAIM AT WORK. I'laeer xoKl is tree k<>1J, in dust, luigKets, scales, filaments, lumps; the ,u:ravel in which it lies is called pay dirt. 78 !l J 31 I -^mLf ' SWR'^ -4i,^-'^i. ^\•■- 1> W » I S O Ki - . -x^v-^ - '•■ :,-.-*-i.^- HARKI':R'S claim. TIu- sluice boxes are Kiveii a Rraile reKuUited by the quality of the Rold, that is. if the Rold is very rttie the Rrade will be .slight, but if of u coarser character a greater pitch will be given. 70 Hi f i 'ii J I • Hk^'^--^ ^ra^^^^' ■ . litl.w^y H^K fe.Cai >*' .' ^ ,*i,^M ^^ W^Wf" ■ 'V ' ■ i'- 1. ■■.■.'Vi. . ,X^ , giii t:,^d£^m IP'S T&^^ .1 ,. n- "-^ •..^ J- .. ■■) ''^..-'*^ .^i";'':-. "■■ ''^. • IS^'''^-^ -rii^-'- ■^ aA?* = ^ . . iffl ^^^' *- s'- ■ ■ -T- ■■■> ' . "Hi^i^ >• iHf 1. ^^^ • , ■ ■ - ri -1 * r: r ^ ^ ^^B^ > i ^ > '"' J-I ■. y--' " ■•- t ^"^W # t., ■ ** ' '* T f • 9 3 . r. ti ^ ,v R 1 G •-< T 1 # 5 S . 8T VCASie Wl l-SB K) -^ OI'KXINd UP A CLAIM. The mclhotl of prospculiux is usually carrkHl on by sinkitiK^ a number of holes to bed- rock across the bed of a creek, or cross cuttinj^ it by a tunnel ami testing the dirt every few minutes. ,77- \i 3 I I' I 'Ur- w. iui^ -'J^^. 5^'' ♦ V /, -«^^ i' >.>; YwieHTieij, «>' 'i»k^. ■' * FIRST WHITE WO.MAX ON THK YUK.(^X. Lives at Miller Creek. She is standing beside her home She boasts of bein>< able to prospeet and mine as v?ood as any man. rs i -i 80 I KI'SSIAX MISSION'. I.ciwtT Yukon. Tlio (Ireck ('hurcli has the !iir>,a'st miinIxT 'it: cliurcliL'S and aillu'ft'ius ill Alaska, the Russian ( Icivornnient suppnrtinjj tho wurk. 81 hi 1: 88 1 ^A;6i ♦ •■.' J • ' -:'■■' •' " 1 i 1^ 1 . • , - . ^^^ 1 / id^m^-f. ;■■' ■.- i^- 1 \ m^^4^m^ 1 , ; 1 "".".' V'^.-^ * '■--V.-." ''~'y" ' t' **11ter-r-H .. '-:;=?- ■£:-,"*^'-'"~ ■ ■ ~^":i~- "•--^ , i ji ^^ — rr>-^.-*' '-.^Z-.. "" fe***'^^"*'*''*"^ V«^V,yH- ■■'• : .- '."■-■■ -=" -'^■i _ , - 1 - ' w Ptk^Mi ^ ^^^ ^^"^ i -■ ? ^ •"■ ^^BtfSfc 't^SHK^^TTL' ■ . ijWK. ftTjt^iC'JBJkii^JIB!*"*''*''* ""*" ' -•.>'' I 1 •• -'4?':^J'V« --l t^.J^-"'^"' '£•- '!;'■''■ '^ ^■^ V 100, COPYRIGHT 1895 BY vEAZ|E V/ltSO'- f^S.-, ■ — . - . -^ V INDIAN' I'lSlllN'd \'llLA..i;. Lower Rivur. TIk' Luwcr River natives. uxcoptiiiK those oi tile missions, are tilthv, degraded, ami loatlisome. s:i INDIAN' CAMP, LOWER RIVER. 84 t i i f Ji 1 ! DKYINd SALMON'. Lower River. Showing caches. A cache iV; made by erecting? a strong house upon pi )Sts twelve or fifteen feet above groiini-l. 86 in :r 5 1$ / II .t^iiSm tikOUl' Ol" IXDIAX CH.'LDREX. Lower Yuknii. Kl'SSlAX CHURCH AT KUTLIK. Lower River. The interior of tliis church is very beautiful. s: ii I ^gjMj iiiMriiiiiiiii-TW iiiii^i^JU I^IIL^^^ li l^dg^k^lll ^^^ww Mft*:-' , .. -^ '-.. .!. /.^ , V '^ . -'; , -^__t \!' . K '-^'r-r . HU, ^^^Kfe^JK^ •. 1 ' 3;- -^ /'i^' %^' ■■••#' "'^^-^-^ i% r? ^i?^^^ "^\ ?! 1 L- ^.:^. '^V,:•■ P 1| ■■iiX.Jt'J-;;'!'!' .■-^. ..■■:'■;«. • 1 '' ' ■■-%■ ' , y i*-'-' ' '^ 1 ^^^>- •- V..- '■',, ■ ' ' ' ■ .}■ / V^u- 1' . • .m' ' Hk. ■'■-v'--'.-- • *. / .;. ...^ A s'-' ' ' ' "-''■■^•>^''v'!^^' f . rr^^^ K. Hh^ y ^ .:r;3/. -^N -■'.•'» * WoolXM, MATIOX. LiiwiT Ki\i'i. \\ iMid ;> aOoiil llie unly moaiis ot l)ani.T thai liic !-i'»m-.t Kivur liulu it i< vorv abuiuiant aliriic Hie banks of tli..- rivL-r. Kui-b(.-ar'ns- animals lieri' are very scarce. fW 4 c.Koi 1' oi- i:s(jriMAt"X. ST. i,.\\vKi;\(i'; isi.axi). y. 'A y. o u; p-r — f ^...^_. " 1 ■ r ■ ■' » . li ! ■i '11 ■ >i ttiyii'i. fe?-." . _ ■ , ^ .,.''-..4..^>:,. ''Miik:^- /*i i- v.-^ ^W^-:^:gm -mff ha.c©»»v STEAMKR SKAOLIX AT \AV\V\\ HAV. 98 h^m I 4'^ % t GLACIER HKAI) OF LITAUVA IIAV. Ri^'ht-hand side. Alaska has t)ie only f()fost-t(i\ LTcd ^lin^'i'-''" "i I'lt-' wnrld. 'M IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■^ 12.8 ,50 "*^ ■aw mI^K 'v i*° 2.5 I Q :/. • > 'I ULACIKR HF:AD of LITAUYA hay. Left side. Kxteiuls to the sea a distance of titty miles, in a perpendicular wall of ice three hundred feel hiffh and ei«ht miles broad. then breaks li 1 i i- soi-n alonijsidf nt' a i^iant iirhn'ii'i-. tlnwiTs ui alnios. fiulloss \arioty in lilimni. ITkA. I UK CAPITAL OF ALASKA. This ancient capital of the Romanoffs is still the seat of rerritoriaUldvernmenl. The principal object of interest is tlu' (.ireek Ciuirch, presided over by a native Indian priest. 9«i T *"9fe ^•.^.- •''# ..""' -ji^ i it,, 'r .-(?*« • *'- J ."y ■^ •t' * . fc. tf"Ji* r > ' .^-' J ^ ' C<• i: F^W .i"^.