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Tous ies autres exemplaires originaux sont fiim4s en commen^ant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'Impression ou d'iliustraticn et en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols -♦► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fiimAs d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seui ciichA, 11 est film« d partir de I'angie supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les dingrammes suivants iilustrent la mdthode. irrata to pelure, 1 i J 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 * THE ADYAKTACIS OF CANADA FOR EMIGRANTS. PAPERS BY Rev. JOHN LIGHTFOOT, D.Sc, M.A., Vicar of Cross Stone, Todmorden, Yorks ; The Rev. J. CAVIS-BROWN, M.A., Minor Canor^ Of Chicliester Cathedral; and The Rev. F. W; WEBBER, a Canadian Clergyman ; AND Appendices containing General Information about Canada, and a Description of the Canadian Exhibits, and the Awards they obtained, ^t Chicago. ''1 ^ * Published by Authority of the Government of Canada (Department of the, Interior). MARCH, 1894. i MCOorqaodale ft Oo., Limited, Euaton, London, N.Wt ( 1"! '5 n o 1 ^f (i ' ) » M H ^ QO- 1^ >• f^ ■ ' < . m , . •\ i THE ADVANTAGES OF CANADA FOR EMIGRANTS, n o i i n PAPERS BY Rev. JOHN LIGIITFOOT, D.Sc, M.A., Vioab op Cboss Stone. TODMORDEN, YoUKS ; The Rev. J. CAVIS-BliOWN, M.A., Minor Canon op Ciiicueste Catuedbal ; AND Tub IIlv. F. W. WEBBER, a Canadian Cleboyman ; AND Appendices containing General Information about Canada, AND A DeSCBIPIION OP THE CANADIAN EXHIBITS, AND THE AavARDS they OHTAINED, AT CHICAGO, PuhlMed Jn, AvthorUy of the Government of Canada (Deparfment of the Interior), \ MAliCII, 181)4. /^^v C??) t / . i CONTENTS. K) Introduction 8 A Papeb on Emigration to Canada, bv the Rev. John Liohtfoot, D.So., M.A 4 • Canada— A Sditablb Field fob Emioration," bx tub Rev. J. Cavis-Bbown, M.A 10 Western Canada, bt the Rev. F. W. Wbbbeb 10 General Infobmation about Canada (Appendix A) 29 The Canadian Exiiiuits at Chicago ("Appeudix B) 87 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. A FabmHodsb, Southkbn Manitoba An Ontabio Farm A Crofteb Stable and Fabm-Yabd Canadian Pacific Railway Dining Car Improved Farm Wheat Stacks, Manitoba * Calgarv A KlLLARNEY CltOFTER PLOUGHING Grain Elevator, Bbandon Galloway Cattle on a Manitoba Farm St. Johns CoLLiiOE, Qu'Appellr ... .,. Cattle in the Qu'Appelle Valley Crofters Tiirkshino KXPKKIMKNTAL FaRJ', OtTAWA ... • •» »•■ 6 7 9 U 12 13 14 17 19 20 23 24 25 28 INTRODUCTION. 10 10 29 87 6 7 9 11 12 13 14 17 19 20 23 24 25 28 This pamphlet has bejQ prepared for the information and guidance of clergymen. Sir Charles Tapper, the High Commissioner for Canada, is frequently consulted by clel-gy of various denominations concerning the emigration of persons in whom they are interested. In response to a request from him, the Kov. John Lightfoot, D.Sc, M.A., Vicar of Cross Stone, Todmorden; and the Hev. J. Cavis-Brown, M.A., Minor Canon of Chichester Cathedral, &c., have been good enough to prepare papers on the subject, based on their visits to Canada; and a third paper has been written by the Eev. F. W. Webber, a Canadian clergy- man, who is at present in this country engaged in deputation work for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Some general informa- tion about Canada is also appended, as well as a short paper on the Canadian exhibits at Chicago. The High Commissioner desires to say that he will at all tinies be pleased to hear from clergymen who feel an interest in emigration, or who may be consulted by their parishioners on the subject. In any case in which he is able to recommend emigration, he will not only- supply all the necessary information, but will furnish int6iidirtg[ emigrants with letters of introduction to the agents of the Qovetri- ment in Canada, which they will find useful when they reach ihe Dominion. Few countries possess such advantages as Canada in the inattei* of churches and schools. Law and order prevail, justice is faiHy and impartially administered, and all the comforts of civilisatiort are obtainable. Farmers generally own their acres; good markeis exist for their produce; and taxation is light. Farm labourers have the chance of becoming farmers themselves, if they show the necessary steadiness, energy, and thrift. All these classes, and, in fact, Ull industrious and capable men, may make homes for themselves in the Dominion, and provide for the future of their families, in a way tkat "Would not be possible in this country. Sir Charles Tupper has been led to issue this pamphlet in oi'dfet to supplement the valuable work connected with the moral welfare c'! intending emigrants that is being performed by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, through its Emigration Committee, and its organising secretary, the Eev. John Bridger, Vicar of Kairiford Lanes, M-ho may always be addressed at the St. Nicholas's T'e^ti'^', Liverpool. ' .• '' ObFICK OF TIIK HlQlI CoMMISSIOXEU FOll CaNADAj 17, VicroiiiA Sntuirr, London, S.W. A PAPER ON EIVIIQRATION TO CANADA, BY The REV. JOHN LiGHTFOOT, D.Sc, M.A., Vicar of Gross Stone, Todmorden, Yorks. I HAVE been asked to write a few lines on the subject of " Emigration to Canada." My competency to say anything on this subject is entirely derived from the several visits I have made during the past few years to British North America. Of course, the advice of people who have lived in Canada many years woald have a value quite different from that I am able to give. But still my testimony can have certain special advantages claimed for it, and which will give it some distinct value. My several visits to the country have been entirely connected with the splendid work amongst emigrants conducted and maintained by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. In this way 1 have been brought into contact during the past few years with hundreds of emigrants of all sorts, and I have kept up an occasional correspon- dence with many of them, so that I have personal knowledge of the fortunes and misfortunes of not a few in the new country of their choice. Then, too, my work has brought me into contact with large numbers who have been out in the various Canadian provinces for many years, whose testimony as to the condition of life there has always been a matter of special interest to me. My connection with emigrants has not been confined to intercourse with them on their voyage out, but through the courtesy of the Canadian Pacific and Grand Trunk Eailway officials, I have had the opportunity of seeing well-nigh every phase of the settler's life in different parts of the Great Dominion. It is not easy to cay in a few lines all that should be said on the matter of emigration ; no mere general statements are of much practical value ; but I should like to indicate the right sort of people who, in my opinion, should be encouraged to emigrate, and also those who should be dissuaded from it. In England, especially amongst the better middle What to Do with class, the problem, " "What to do with our sons," our Sons. is becoming increasingly urgent. The professions are overstocked; our elementary schools are yearly turning out hosts of children well equipped for every kind of clerical work. In every line of business, competition is getting increasingly keen, and openings offering any definite prospect are exceedingly difficult to find. Then, too, money is so cheap in England, and the rate of interest in sound securities so small, that many who in times past wuc comtorfcable in the possession of an adequate and Paper by liev. Jofm Lighifoot. » H osBured income, now find themselves pinched and crippled in no HmuU degree. Now, 1 think a very large number of people amonght what in known as the better middle class, and to whom the conditions of English commeruial life are a source of perplexity, would do well to study the question of emigration in respect to their children's future. There u an opening in Canada, and an excellent one too ; but, of course, there is a right and a wrong way of seeking it. A FARM-HOUSE, SOiJTHEBN MANITOBA. A widow lady, whom I knew well, told me a few years ago that her son had decided to emigrate. He was just the right person, a strong, active youth of some 22 years of age. The mother, at no small self- sacrifice, scraped together some two hundred pounds, so that her boy might have a fair start in the new country. At the time he started he had no definite plan as to his future, nor, indeed, had he any practical knowledge of agriculture, or any other work. His idea was to go out into the country, look round a little, and take the most promising thing that " turned up." I regret that at the time I had no knowledge of the subject, and could suggest nothing better, although my common sense ought to have told me that things don't turn up in this casual fashion either in Canada or anywhere else. The young man went, but in less than two years he was home again, penniless, and with nothing but evil to say of the country and its people. He had left England in the autumn (the worst possible time), and had passed the winter in several of the larger cities, spending his little stock of money in seeking what is not to be found in Canada — viz., " a light, well-paid post for a young gentleman with no previous experience." « When his money was well-nigh gone he began to seek work further in the country on some of the farms. Now, from spring to harvest, work is always easily obtainable, and wages are good. Labourers joining a farm for the busy season are invariably provided with some kind of employment during the winter. But there is no demand for casual labourers in the winter, and our young friend appears to have had many hardships to put up with, and when he did find work it appears to have been too 6 *The Advantages of Canada for Ernir/ranls. Hcvero for his likinp^. TI>o wtory he told touchod tho henrt of his disappointi'd mothor, who niiinugcd to .sctid him sulhcii'nt inorn^ to ivt uni home, Jlo came, and, alas ! sinco hiH rtiturn ho has coiitimied i\u' HULinv, aimless, unprofitable life that he appears to have lived before. Now, I ne(!d not .say, this Ih exactly the way not to do it, and yet I can Huy from personal knowh'dg(i that the ojjinion of many in England as to the chancoH of a cohmist in Canada i.s based upon what they hear of eases such as this. I could give abundance of testimony of an entirely opposite character, and, indeed, shall ever bo glad to do so privately to anyone writing to me ; but may 1 add, that all interested to know the real facts, can obtain voIuhkvs of absolutely trustworthy evidence by applying to the various Canadian Government Emigration Agents. What I wish now to do is to offer a few suggestions to any M ho seriously contemplate emigration for themselves or their children, and in particular to those who have a small amount of capital at \\u-h' disposal. First, I would repeat. *hat it is tho most unwise thing to do to go out to Canada on the chance of something "turning up." You must have some definite aim; indeed, unless there is some definite position offered, it would be doubtful wisdom to go to Canada at all. This applies, of course, to what may be termed the " lighter callings." To this general statement there is one great exception, viz., Agriculture. Anyone, rich or poor, may go out, and in their measure, with certain prospect of doing well in this department, if they are prepared to work. Hero there is always an excellent prospect, providing, of course, you go the right way about it. You must remember that farming is not learnt in a few days. Even those who have had a good deal of experience in English country life will find much to learn and unlearn when they get out to the North-West. Let us take a typical case : A parent wishes to settle his boy. He is able to find a few hundred pounds which he wishes to spend to the best advantage to start his boy in life. Now parents sometimes see advertisements in English newspapers that Mr. A , or Mr. B , ostensibly a prosperous farmer in some part of Canada, is willing to take a few youths to train as farmers. A considerable premium is expected, and large inducement is offered in the way of promises as to what will be done for the young men at the conclusion of their engagements. Let me say at once that 1 believe the bulk of such advertisements are simply unreliable. My experience is limited, but I have never known one satisfactory case, and I have known of many that have turned out downright swindles; my advice is, to eschew all such offers. Now, there are many ways of gaining experience, but undoubtedly the best, where a little money is available, is to send the youth to one of th ' Canadian Provincial Agricultural Colleges, where practical farming is taught on the very best methods adapted to the country. Two years spent at one of these admirable institutions will enable a young man to settle in the country under most advantageous circum- stances. The cost of such training for two years need not exceed £100, and since the students receive wages for ail the work they do on the PtifU'i' hij Jtei'. ,fofin Lujhtjoot. ^ Collogo Fiinn, this amount may bo materially lessoned by those who are willing]; to work. OF ooiuNc, a young man f^oing out, who is willing to rough it, may iti a your or two gain adtquato oxpcrionco by iiiriiig liiiii,s«>lt' as a labourer on some farm. It' a youth goes out at the right soa-son {i.e., in the spring) he will obtain kucH a position with comparative ease. In this way the money may bo reserved until experience has been gained, and the youth is ready to talco a t'arui on his own hands. The t'ollowing is a quotation from the Government OlHcial Hand- book, on this point : — " When the necessary knowledge has been obtained, there are abundant openings before the young Tuan, and tho final choice must depend upon personal taste. It must be roinemberod that away in the North- West, pioneer lift; on free grants of land involves Home hardships, and the absonco of many of those social surroundings that a man has been accustomed to in tho Old Country ; but where the iueonvoniencos are bravoly faced there are many advantages to compensate. A man gets a free grant of agrieidtin-al land - half a mile square (160 acres). If he wishes for more he can innrhaso it from the Government, or from tho liailway Companies, for an almost nominal sum. Of course this is rich but unbroken 'oil." AN ONTARIO FARM Now, let us see what capital the young settler will require. Capital I am assuming that either as a student in one of the Required. Colleges, or by actual work as a farm labourer, he has acquired the requisite experience — that he knows what to 8 The Advantages of Canada for Emigrants. do and how to go about it. He has got a free grant of 1 60 acres ; for the entry to this he has paid about .€2. Any further amo 'iit of land ho can purchase for about 12s. per acre. Next he will want a house, plain furniture, farming implements, and the like. Actual experience teaches that a man will find himself able to purchase all that is required, jind get over the first year, for something less than £200. Many prosperous men have commenced with .£100, or even less. Again, a vast amount of preliminary hardship may be dispensed with by taking over a farm with a house already erected, where the land has been worked ioT some time. These improved farms are always easily obtainable, but, of course, someM'hat more capital is needed. But, now, think for one moment what this means. Far more than this amount is required to enter as tenant upon any small English farm. In Canada you are from the very first your own landlord ; taxes are extremely light ; there is a good and immediate market for all you can produce : and whether you go in for wheat-growing or stock-raising (but mixed farming is much preferable), your livelihood is certain, and yo^ir path to independence assured — with ordinary good fortune, associated with hard work, and the exercise of energy, perseverance, and judgment. Whilst this pioneer life is the cheapest method of settlement, it should be remembered that in the older parts of the various provinces it is always easy to purchase an improved farm. This is perhaps better for people of middle age. In this case harc'ship is avoided, and the advantages of social life are always present. I need not add that here, as elsewhere, farms can always be rented on most advantageous terms. To put the case briefly, Canada offers a most Openings for exneilent opening for young men with moderate Fai^mers and Others. capital, who desire to become prosperous agri- culturists. The country has a fine healthy climate ; its government and institutions promote the formation of a manly, self-reliant character ; its educational advantages for children are singularly efficient ; and the pathway to independence is clear to all industrious and persevering men. I have not spoken of the mineral M^ealth of the various provinces. Its exten!: is undoubted. Time and cjxpital av3 alone required for its development. For able-bodied young men who cannot at present take Farm a farir, but v/ho are willing to work, there are abundant Labourers. openings as farm labourerj, where good wages and cheap living are obtainable. Money can be saved in this way until a sufficient amount is stored up to enable a man to set up for himself. There is always, too, a large demand for female servants, vho pre well paid, and who live in Canada und^r conditions infinitely raoi. pleasant than their fisters in England. In these days, when one hears so much about agricultural distress and starvation wages, no kinder advice can be given to those M'ho feel the pressure of life most keenly., than to turn their thoughts to this vast country of Canada, with its bright young life and promising future. I know somewhat of its possibilities, and my testimony is clear and distinct in its favcur. This is a much better policy thin the frequent Paper hy llcv. John Lightfoot. 9 migration from the rural districts to large cities and towns, which not only tends to lower the moral tone of the people, but adds to the congestion of population, and increases the ranks of the unemployed. A CROFTBS STABLE AND FABM-TAUD. Lastly, may I advise any people going out to To ivhom Emifjrants send particulars of the tine of sailing, &c., to sJiould Apply. Eev. J. Bridger, St. Nicholas's Vestry, Liverpool, the representative of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Care will be taken that all who do so will be under constant supervision until they reach their destination, and they will be safe from many dangers which beset the stranger in a new country. By the kindness of the great steamship companies, Mr. Bridger has abundant facilities for assisting emigrants, and, owing to bis being in correspondence with many of the clergy and other people in Canada, can often give advice, &c., as to employment there. Besides which, both in England and at every point of arrival in Canada, there are to be found willing and reliable Government Emigration Agents, who will give the best possible advice and direction to all who may apply for it. Any letter addressed to me on the subject of this paper I v ill gladly answer. John Lightfoot, D.Sc, M.A., Vicar of Todmorcfen, Yorks. 10 "CANADA-A SUITABLE FIELD FOR EMIGRATION." A PAPER BY TUB The REV. J. CAVIS-BROWN, M.A., Minor Canon of Chichester Cathedral, &o. 1 TAKE pleasure in complying with the request of the High Com- jiiissioner, that I should express the opinions I formed, during my travels in Canada in 1892 and 1893, about that country as a field for emigration. I may state briefly, in advance, that the conclusions I came to, as the result of my observations from Quebec to Victoria, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, were nearly all favourable. I did not come across a single person settled To whom Intending in the country who expressed dissatisfaction Emigrants should. Apply, with his experience, or who wished to return for good to his former condition at home. The Church of England, through the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, is doing much for the care of emigrants. This work was initiated some years ago, and is still superintended by the Eev. J. Bridger (Vicar of Eainford, near St. Helens), to whom, at St. Nicholas' Vestry, Liverpool, all intending emigrants should apply for information and advice. Pemale emigrants going out alone should do this in ali cases. It is im.possible to estimate the valuable help this Society gives, at such a crisis in the lives of emigrants, on both sides of the Atlantic and during the voyage. I went out at the end of May in each year as S. P. C. K. Chaplain in charge of emigrants on the voyage. The steamship lines take all possible care to secure the comfort of steerage passengers, who are carried and fed for a very low fare. The food provided is excellent and abundant. Every day specimens of it are brought to the captain to be tasted, and on these occasions I have " sampled " it myself, and found the soup, for example, quite as good as that supplied to the saloon passengers on the voyage. In addition to holding frequent services, I made it my business to give information and advice, and to offer introductions in the new country. The arrangements at Quebec for receiving the emigrants Port of are as nearly perfect as possible. The resident S. P. C. K. Landing, Chaplain meets every steamer, and can frequently at once give valuable advice to those who want situations. For emigrants who are going out to the West are provided suitable waiting and dining rooms, and they can buy good food and bedding, at most moderate rates, for their long journey. The railway cars are F(iper hti Rev. J. Cavis-Bfown. 11 so constructed that at night they can be readily converted into comfortable sleeping room •. « CANADIAN PACIFIC KAILWAY DINING CAR. None of the hardships and inconveniences so graphically described by Mr. E. L. Stevenson in "Crossing the Plains" (i.e., the United States to San Francisco), are endured by emigrants crossing Canada by the Canadian Pacific Railway. All over the country, the Government arrangements for receiving, helping, and advising new-comers are excellent. I saw nothing like them in the United States. Last year I visited Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton, Extent of and Sarnia ; thence crossed the States as far as Denver, my Travels, back to St. Paul (Minnesota), entering Canada again at Gretna, and thence to AVinnipeg. From tlie last place eastward to Port Arthur, by Bteamer through the Lakes to Owen Sound, and back via Toronto, Montreal, and Quebec. This year, after leaving Montreal, I wenr, through the States right across to Puget Sound, and thence by steam r to Victoria, B.C. After a trip to Alaska, I returned 12 The Advantages of Canada for -Emigrants. to Victoria, thenco to Vancoiivor, where I took tlie Canadian Pacific J^aihvay, aiul travelled right through the mountains to Calgary, Medi- cine Hat, ifcc. AL Dunnioro I digressed southward to explore the coal district around Lethbridge, in Alberta. After traversing part of the States again, I went through New Umnswick and Nova Scotia. I have thus seen, though somewliat hastily, all the more accessible parts of Canada, except the level prairie region between Dunmore and Winnipeg. But this part is said to be almost exactly the same as the country about AVinnipeg, which I did see. In addition, I have travelled over the greater part of the United States, and so can compare the advantages of ])oth countries. Everywhere I conversed with everybody I could, and tried to elicit reliable information. First of all, I would say that the Canadians are a most law-abiding people. Nowhere is seen any of the V()\\dyism and lawlessness of many Western towns in the States, and Sundays are well observed. This, in my opinion, is no small blessing, for obedience to the hiws makes a prosperous nation. 17 ;'|t - ■I'^fc* IMPROVED FABM. There does not seem to be much opening for settlers in Openings for the province of Quebec. In Ontario, New Brunswick, fSettlers. and Nova Scotia, many of the earlier settlers have moved on westward, so that it is possible to obtain improved farms at moderates rates. This movement does not arise from anv dis- advantages of soil and climate, but for family reasons. Wliile a farmer in the older provinces may not have the means to start his sons in his own neighbourhood, the sale of the farm often provides a sufficient Paper hy Rev. J. Cavift-Broxm. 13 capital to establish the whole family comfortably iii tiio West. Here there would ajipear to be excellent opportunities for young, (educated fanners with moderate means. Even professional men succeed as furmers in these parts. Near Lake Simcoe. nortii of Toronto, there is quite a little colony of retired naval officers. The pi(jnoer life in Manitoba and the North-West is thus avoided : there is ample society and comfort : schools and markets are within easy reacli. Here also domestic servants and labourers are in great request. Canada is the Paradise of domestic servants ; they command good wages and are made very comfortable ; no respectable emigrant going out for service need ever want a place. Small farmers and labouring men would have the best opening in Manitoba, and the provinces further west. The best time to go out is in the early spring, and during the first year at least, it is advisable to work on some farm. A good look round can then be taken, the conditions of life ascertained, and a suitable piece of ground for settling upon selected. 1,' i'l ' i ■ s 1 1 ' r f',J'' - -= . |it;/ Rev. J. Cai'is-Brown. 15 )i* myself, it' a man — such as comi'oi'ts dren may B remarks character. V sons of be met — es — some, y training , son of a the same tie money, Manitoba, come him, A feet him bime had a this at all. Travelling westward from Calgary, tho Kocky Mountains Dntish are soon entered. The scenery traversed by the Canadian Columbia. Pacific Railway between Banff and Vancouver is superb. T have seen nothing like it even in Alaska or the Canons of Colorado. I had not the opportunity of exploring the district of tho Kootenay and Columbia Valley, and, further west, the Okanaf'an district. But all agree that it is a splendid country for ranchino-t as well as corn-growing, and that there is plenty of room for good agricultural settlers. The district, too, is rich in minerals, and the climate is not so severe as that of the prairie region, but, on the other hand, land is dearer. From all I saw of British Columbia, both mainland and the Island ot Vancouver, the district appeared to me to be very favourable. Near the coast-line the climate is quite mild, and it is a grand country for fruit and trees. Market gardeners would do well out here. At present Chinamen seem to do most of this cultivation. On Vancouver Island is found in very large quantity the only good coal on the American Pacific Coast, so there is undoubtedly a groat manufacturing future before this part of the Dominion. The fisheries are also of world-wide fame. Although it seems a Ion** way from England, it is in reality only a journey of a fortnight. "l was delighted with all I saw of British Columbia, and should like to see more of it some day. A man is valued for what he is in himself, in Canada, General and his trade is no barrier to his social progress. Com- Comlusions. paring England and Canada, there is certainly a better and quicker return for the amount of capital* or labour in the latter, than is possible, in the majority of cases, in the former. If a man goes out determined to make his way, a feeling that hero he has ample scope will soon get possession of his mind. Willingness to work, and to take the work which presents itself, ought to be dominant. Unmarried young men, who will bear this in view, will find plenty of room and opportunity : only let them first be cautious— over-cautious— of whatever capital they emigrate with, and look well before they leap. There is a grand future before the country, and I heartily recommend it as a field for British emigrants. There are Government Agents both in this country and in Canada, who are always ready to help intendins: emigrants with their counsel and advice. imi 4th November, 1893. J. Ca vis-Brown, M.A., Minor Canon of Chichester Cathedral, 6,'c. ranch-life -was mos jentleinau. ife in the I plenty of 16 WESTERN CANADA. Talking of Canada iu the dining-room of a Derby- Ueports about shire vicarage the other day, a lady remarked to me, Canada. " We hear such contradictory reports of that country, that it is hard to know what to believe." Another lady, who has two sons farming in Manitoba, a day or two later, remarked in my hearing, " There must be some fascination about the place, for my younger son, who was ordered away from England on account of ill-health, and joined his brother on his farm with the intention of staying only a year, at the end of that period, did not wish to return, but made up his mind to remain permanently." The latter lady was in possession of definite information on which she felt she could confidently rely ; and, although evidently from the conversation, her sons had by no means painted only the roseate side of their ex- perience, she had formed a decidedly favourable opinion of Canada. The majority of English people who give the subject any thought at all, are in the position, it would seem, of the former — they do not know what to believe. It is a pity, for the sake of a more general knowledge of the facts in regard to this great colony, that Englishmen do not more often pay it a visit. I do not know of any disinterested person who has travelled through Canada who has had any doubt whatever left that it offers an exceptional opportunity to the settler. If he be a man interested for the nation, I have noticed that by the time he reaches Winnipeg the question he puts most eagerly is, "How do the Canadians regard the idea of annexation to the United States ? " He has evidently at last, if not before, become acutely conscious of the value of the country, and his chief anxiety now is in regard to its retention. Whether, therefore, Canada is a good country for A Good Country the British emigrant, is no longer problematic. The for the Emigrant, proofs of the fact are there on the ground for every observer, with his eyes open, to see for himself, in teeming farms and orchards, great railways and busy water-courses, half a score of rich and handsomely built cities, and hundreds of prosperous towns and villages. The people to whom all these for the most part belong, were themselves, or their recent ancestors, emigrants. Many an English farmer with a moderate amount of capital would, under present conditions of agriculture in England, greatly better his condition by emigrating to one of the older provinces of the Dominion, of which I have now been mainly thinking. By so doing he would becoino one of a class who, on the whole, enjoy greater independence and more substantial comfort — even luxury — than any other; from wlinse sons, too, have been drawn most of the leaders in the professional walks of life in Canada. But I would confine what I have to say now, in the main, to that uewer Canada, which offers even greater advantages to the new-comer Paper hj Rev. F. W. Wehher, 17 a Derby- id to me, , country, Another wo later, about the 1 gland on with the 1 not wish Dhe latter e felt she versation, their ex- Liiada. Y thought 3y do not •e general tiglishmen interested my doubt le settler, d that by eagerly is, lie United e acutely now is in luntry for atic. The . for every r himself, 3r-courses, hundreds these for ancestors, of capital d, greatly ces oT the Y so doing )y greater than any leaders in in, to that new-comer than the old ever did, -which previously to 1870, when it became part of the Douiinion, was im)nopoli8ed by the Hudson Bay Company for its fur trade, and has been made easily accessible for settlement only during the last 10 or 12 years by the Canadian Pacific liail\\ay. Here, in Manitoba and the North- West Territories, st retelling away from the boundary line of the United States in a north-westerly direction for a distance of from 1,200 to 1,300 miles, lies the great corn belt of the American contincuit, where that wheat was grown which in 1892, at the International Millers and Bakers' Exhibition in London, took the Ciiampion Gold Medal as the best in tiie world. Canada has the name among somcj people in England of being a very slow colony. I do not think that even old Canada really deserves this name. But certainly slowness is not characteristic of the North- West. Its g:-owth has been phenomenal. With the collapse of the "boom" a few years ago, it received a severe set-back; and because impossible expectations were not realised, many went to the opposite extreme of thinking rational expectations groundless. The ])roof of the real vitality and worth of the country is that its progress has gone on steadily, spite of set-backs through greedy over-specuhition — gone on with increasingly rapid strides. The city of Winnipeg itself is a standing monument to the natural productiveness of tlie country. This is almost wholly a distributing centre — its advancement is not due to the existence of extensive mauul'actures— and yet in 20 years it has grown from a group of huts and teepees, with a population of a few hundreds, into a well-built and busy town of 30,000 people. How could such a city spring up in the midst of the prairies with nothing to support its trade? But Winnipeg is not alone— there are Portage- A KILLABNET CROFTEE PLOUGHING. la-Prairie, Brandon, Eegina, Calgary, and Edmonton, and a dozen other thriving towns wit'- 'lopulations varying from 500 to 5,000 inhabitants ; 18 The Advantages of Canada for Emigrants. and now centres are springing into life all orer the North-West at the rate ol from 15 to 20 a year. Had the country not proved an assured success as a home for the settlor, the rapid progress, even the existence, of these towns would be inexpli(!iible. But nothing strikes the traveller more than the railway which now spans the whole of this vast area, and by which ho has travelled 1,423 miles froin Montreal to Winnipeg, and may go on if he chooses over the gigantic Kockies and Sel kirks to Vancouver and Victoria, on the Pacilic Coast. The Canadian Pacific Kailway is undoubtedly one of the great achievements of our a<'e, arul the country which carried it out, and now for the most part feeds its trailic, so that last year its earnings amounted to 20 millions of dollars, its profits being eight and a half millions, may be liable to misrepresentation, but has certainly passed the stage where misrepre- sentation can weigh, save in the minds of the unthinking or ignorant. Such a railwjiy could not have been put on the sound financial basis it enjoys without vast resources in the country through which it is built, and this for a thousand miles is Manitoba and the North- West Territories. lor the first few miles after leaving Winnipeg by this Fertility. railway for the AVest, if he has not already learned the cause, one is surprised at seeing so much unoccupied land. There are many hundreds of acres in the neighbourhood of the city vvliich in the early days of settlement were sold by the half-breeds to speculators, who held it for a high price, and, as formerly happened vvitii the environs of Chicago, year after year settlers have passed these by and gone on farther west. Now, it seems, land can be bought in this section at extremely reasonable rates ; and as it includes some of the richest soil on the continent, those who have the enterprise to break ground here are almost sure of ample present returns for their labour and capital, and, with the spread of the city, of ultimate wealth. Soon, however, as we are carried westward, all that we have already inferred from the commercial prosperity of the country finds fullest confirmation. As we speed along, the prairies become dotted all over with farm-houses and granaries, surrounded by seemingly intermin- able reaches of wheat and oats and barley. The farmers of the North- West have evidently not as yet gone as extensively into raising cattle, pigs, and sheep as they might have been expected to do ; but what one sees of these are of the best. Indeed, one farmer told me he thought Manitoba a better country for cattle than for wheat. Tliis gentleman — a most reliable man, who has had 16 years' experience in the North- West, during which he has always kept from 10 to 125 head of cattle— has never lost a horse or cow, and but one calf, which broke its back by a fall. ^ . I was much interested last September, while visiting at various places along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, in the accounts given by different farmers of the country and of the methods of farming!! There was but oi>e story told of the country itself, both soil and climate. One man, quoting the expression of an old Scotch- woman, said he thought it " a God's blessing to have such a country to come to." And this, put in different phraseology, was practically the : mo Wt reg me '. plo to wa thi 11 Paper by Ittv. F. W. Webber, 19 verdict of all. The failures which had occurred, they said, were not so much the fault of the country as of the individual fanutirs them- selves. Of course, at tlie outset there was much to learn ahout the methods of cultivation suitahle to the soil and the climate, and excel- lent tanners made mistakes. But the great majority of those who GRAIN ELKVATOB, HBANUON have not succeeded failed either because they knew nothing of agri- culture at all and would not learn, or from indolent methods°of farming, or total neglect. Even the consequences of possible early frost, I learned, can be largely avoided by taking care. One who is carrying on very extensive farming operations, told me he had never lost a field of wheat which had been sown at the proper seeding time in the spring. And on my asking Mr. Stephen of Virden, if he kept pigs— as some do, fattening them on frozen grain so profitably as to get more for the wheat so invested than the price of the best "IS'o. 1 hard" — he replied, with diy Scotch humour, "JS'O; but if I lived in a country where there ivas frozen grain, I would keep pigs." And yet the th(;r- mometer, I suppose, falls as low at Virden as at any place in the JVorth- West. Even the loss from occasional drought, which every agricultural region is liable to, can be largely averted by proper tillage. There are men in Miinitoba who have sown their wheat on stubble without ploughing for several years in succession, trusting for a wet season to give them a harvest ; and when the crop has been partly or wholly wanting, they have blamed the country. In any other country but this such men would starve. During the last 10 years, taking one 80 The Advattlufjea of Canada for Em'ujrautH. yi'ar with anotluu*, tlic harvewts in Wcstuni Canada havo, I bi'lievo, been tn\\u\\ to thoso of any other country in the world. But last Buinmer some localities buffered a good deal from dry weather ; and yet in thoser hj Rev. F. W. Webber. 23 e North- living in. th-West, itoba can a climate ever falls •rallies — y gentle- iirfco and Vlan itoba ,de tbeir I low in % at the there is lied M ith the year, xtreniely the seed itleman'a lin with And yet happier i, if you mand in ihe taste, ily bored )methnes 1 I uiU do so." a friend iial visit is farm, e \\orld. uccessful shooting le looked it ^^•hose England. seasons I buffalo Id ducks he grain ban less, II of the •West is present e? No doubt the farmer there feels the low prices, like the rest of the M-oi-^d; but not as the English farmer does. His expenses in produeing are not half as great. A very large item of outlay in hnglish agriculture is the cost of manuring: this is entirely un- necessary m the North-AVest; there are whole centuries of richness stored "P in the soil, and fertilising it simply means a large crop of straw, with little or no gram. Then, practically, all a farmer makes in the JNorth-West goes into Ins own pocket. There are no workhouses to mamtain, no tithes, hardly any taxes oF any kind. And so almost all the tanners 1 met last autumn were in excellent spirits, l^hose who had worked their land with intelligence and energy had, as a rule, crops from w-liich they expected to clear comfortable sums, notwith- standing the low quotations for wheat. And at the worst conciivable prices, how very much b(>tter off are the farmers of Western Canada to-day than those who 50 years ago, in Ontario, carried their wheao in waggons 100 miles to York, now Toronto, and sold it at Is. 6d. (o/4 cents) a bushel ! Clmrches and ScJiools. ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, QU'ArPELLE. But there are other considerations than those of gain. Is Canada a good place to bring up children in ? There can hardly, I think, be any better. Schools < . ^^^' to be found almost everywhere in llie Xorth- We^t, and in Manitoba alone thei'e are already OOd. And if the farmer wants his son to study for one of the professions, ho can send him to 8t. John's College, Winnii)eg, or to one of tlie other colleges working in connection with the University of JNEanitoba, where he will receive an excellent collegiate education for a sum which is merely nominal. If he wishes to bring his boys up to mer'^antile life, the 24 The Advantages of Canada for Emigrants. towns constantly springin"; up in Western Canada, as well as those already established, ofFer abundant opportunities for getting them ])ositions which w ill l)e more or less lucrative from the start. And, then, more and more the Church is being brought to the door of the settler. I need not enlarge on this aspect of life in Canada ; but surely, as long as children are born into the world, and marriage con- tinues, and suifering and death are inevitable facts of human life, this will be felt to be one of the richest blessings a country can offer to the emigrant. And in Manitoba and the North-A\^est Ttn-ritories much has been already done, and strenuous efforts are still being put forth to secure that the means of Divine grace which are provided in such abundance to the In-iton at home shall not be lacking to hiju in the land of liis adoption. ; CATTLE la lilt; (iUAl'l'tLl.K VALLLV, hiknig ^^ it all in all, 1 know of no country which Canada and offtn-s so many advantages to the emigrant as Western other Places. Ciuiada. If you com])are it with the United States, you fimi \\, fi-(>e from the desolating cvcloncs which so frequ(Mitly sprc^ad i-uin through many localities of the Union. Our educational system, as I know fnjm personal observation, is more thorough: and thei-c is a soundness about Canadian institutions generally that simmus to be lacking in the Unit(Hl States. The lawless- ness which one finds in localities tiiere is simply unknown in Canada, Pinter hy Rev. F. W. Webber. 25 as those ing them ) the door lada ; but I'iage con- i lite, this fer to the much has i forth to 1 in such ijii ill the and our judicial system, and consequently the administration of justice, much more healthy. In the Dominion, too, we have a sounder monetary and banking system ; and during the recent financial disturbances in the United btates, Canadian commerce has kept on the even tenor of its way without even a tremor. As against 500 bank failures on the other side ot the line, the only one ^^hich occurred in Canada was due to wholly local and peculiar causes which had bt^en suspected some time before. And lately, at the World's Fair in Chicago, it was learned by numbers ^^■ho before were ignorant of the fact, that Canada can compete wrth the more populous country in the products of her industry. These indeed embrace a very wide range, and on the Fair grounds to the question put to the guards, "Where are the Canadian exhibits? one received the reply: "The Canadian exhibits! They are everywhere. Every building has them. Just look for the British flaj, and there you will find them." But in all the results of farming industry Canada was pre-eminent. It was amusing to watch the people c nnb up the stairs to get a look at the top of the 11 -ton Canadian cheese. The immensity of it staggered them. But that cheese, both by Its si/e and its quality— for Canada took the highest awards of the Exhibition for this product of the dairy— only syuibolised the vast natural resources of the country. The live stock of the Dominion Mas, 1 believe, equally successful with cheese in the results of the comju'ti- tion. And by her magnificent display of minerals, uiauy became a^ are tor the hrst lime that Canada has a \\ealth in all the products of the mine which perhai)s surpasses that of anv other countrv in the world. * '' y which Western i States, which so m. Our is more titutions lawless- Canada, ' CIlOrXERS lURESIUNU. Comparing Canada with the other colonies oF Ihc Eui])ir(" as a field for the emigrant, it has one obvious advantage— it is so verv much 26 The Advantages of Canada for Emigrantg. nearer than any of these. But it is evident, also, that the climatic con- ditions of the Dominion are much more favourable to the English type of character. In Australia and New Zealand, in India and Africa, the Briton, it would seem^ tends to lose characteristics which have always been regarded as distinctive of Lim, and gradually to assimilate to the Southern type. It is a question whether, in those climates, he does not lose something of that depth and seriousness of character, along with part of the heroic energy and endurance which have made him the leader in the enterprise of the world. Certainly a climate which is intensely hot in summer, and is unbalanced by a strenuous »vinter, cannot be expected to nourish as vigorous a type as that of the British Isles. With hardly any of the disadvantages, Canada possesses all the climatic advantages of the motherland ; and there, it would seem, the imperial English are destined to remain as energetic and daring, as full of enterprise and power to achieve, as of yore. "We may expect, too, to see a type developed in Canada superior to any now found belo\y the Canadian frontier, retaining more completely the characteristics of the mother country, holding on to the traditions of the past with a firmer grasp, loyal to British history, and sympathetic with British hopes and fears and interests. As to the class of emigrants suitable to Manitoba and Who the North-West Territories, there is no doubt that should Go. anyone of any class, socially, with a fair amount of intelligence, industry, and physical strength, can succeed on the land there. I have met men of various classes who are engaged in farming, and all alike are evidently succeeding. It is sometimes said that large farming is a failure. If so, it is not the fault of the country, but of the management. Of course it is possible in any industry to so conduct operations as either to consume all the profits or make none. And so it has happened with some large farms in the North- West. On the other hand, I know men who, by properly supervising their estates, are, t; king one year with another, adding largely to their original capital. There are two farms in the North- West, each over 1,500 acres, not far from each other. The one is over-manned and badly managed. In a district where spring plougliing is the rule, the manager insisted last year on the traditional fall ploughing. Moreover, nt harvest there was a lack of promptness in gathering the crop, so that much of the grain was allowed to shell out on the ground. His yield was computed at 7 or 8 bushels per acre. His neighbour avoided these mistakes, used the result of experi- ence in the country as to method, engaged just men enough to do the work, was punctual to the season both in sowing and reaping, and, in consequence, had a yield, on an average, of 35 bushels to the acre, with proportionately larger profits on his increased crop. The question as to brge and small farming in Western Canada, as elsewhere, it seems to me, resolves itself into a question of ability, h There are far more men who can work a small concern than there are who can work a large one, in whatever occupation. It is not different in farming in the North-West. If a man expects success merely because he is able to ride a horse and give orders, it is rather pre- J_Jl Paper hy Rev. F. W, Wehher. 27 posterous for him to blame the country if he happen to find out his mistake. It is even more necessary that the large farmer should know his business than the small. But, given the proportionate organising and executive ability called for by the larger enterprise, much more will be made out of 2,000 than out of 200 acres. Then there is the farmer with from 500 to 1,000 acres. Men of this class, like those just mentioned, hire all the manual labour, and, like them, may come under the head of "horseback farmers." And there are many of these vho have been eminently successful in Western Canada, not only in a few favoured spots, but all over the country. I know some of these who last year had a yield from which they ex- pected to clear between £500 and £600. Others, indeed, make less, but still enough to deserve the name of genuine success, who, while many English farmers have year by year found their original capital gradually slipping from them, have during the same period betn constantly accumulating. And so I believe the tenant farmer of Great Britain could do nothing better for himself and his family than pull up and go to Manitoba or the North-West Territories. Or, if he feel himself too old to make a new start and get accustomed to new ways, then let him, at least, for their sake, send his sons and daughters. But by far the largest class of emigrants to the North-West will be those who, with little capital, are content to do much of the manual labour of farming for themselves. And men of this class, knowing something of agriculture, have met with splendid success, when those going in on self-confident ignorance and money alone have egregiously failed. There are scores of these worth to-day from £600 to £3,000, who 10 years ago could not show an aggregate sum of £50.- Such succeed by being satisfied with small beginnings, and gradually increas- ing their operations as their growing capital permits. Many of them have worked out for a year or two with one of the farmers already estab- lished in the country, and so have added both to their experience and their capital, before taking up land for themselves. As there is not the same distance socially between the employer and the employed in Canada as in Great Britain, this can be done with real pleasure as well as profit. And many young Englishmen whose traditional instincts would make the condition of a clerk in England well-nigh unendurable to them, are working on farms in the North-West with perfect content and independence. In the North-West, artisans have turned farmer with marked success, now plying their trade, now driving the plough or the mowing machine, until the time comes when they feel the farm calls for all their care, and more abundantly rewards their toil than anything else. ' And for the domestic servant there could hardly be a better field than Canada. Both in town and country much higher vages can be obtained than anywhere in England; and a good servant, especially in the countrv, will be made to feel entirely at home. Good English domestics, 'going to AVinnipeg, are almost sure of immediate employment. All alike, however, who contemplate emigration to Manitoba and 28 The Advantages of Canada for Emigrants. the North-West Territories, or to any other part of the Dominion, Khould communicate vith the Canadian High Commissioner, 17, Victoria Street, London. Through this office they can obtain just the kind of information they most need in going to a new country, and letters of introduction to persoiis Mho can be of the greatest assistance to them on reaching their destination. F. W. WEBBEB, Deputation in England for the Society for the Projmyution of the Gospel in Foreiyn Parts. TUORNIIILL EeOTORY, YoBKS, January^ 1894. iiXrtUlMliKTAL f AUM, onAWA, 29 Dominion, 17, Victoria Lho kind of [ letters of ice to them ! PrujMyulion APPENDIX A. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT CANADA. General . rnforination. The Dominion of Canada includes the whole of British North Amenea to the north of the United States, and lias an area of nearly ;5,5UU,()()0 squaio miles. It is , ,, , , divided into eight separate provinces, and the poinilation at tl.e last census vvas 4,829,411 - viz.: Prince J^Mvvard Island ]09,0«8; Nova .^c«tia 4o0,o23; xNevv Brunswick, 321,294 ; Quebec, 1,488,586 Ontario, 2,112 989; Manitoba, 154,472; the North-West Territories 6|,5o4; British Columbia, 92,767; and unorganised Territories, 32 168 The extent of the country will be better understood by statin^' thit it is larger than the United States without Alaska, and nearly as large as the whole of Europe. b •*' n .u .■ 1 The government of the country has at its head Gmstiiution and the Governor-General, the representative of Her Government. Majesty. The Dominion Parliament consists of the Senate and of the House of Commons, and the government of the day is m the hands of the majority, from whom the 1 rivy Council, or the Cabinet, who act as the advisers of the Governor- (reneral^ are taken. The members of the Senate are nominated for lif(> by the Governor-General, and the duration of the House of Commons IS tixed by the Act as five years. Each province has also its local Parliament, in some cases of two Houses, as in Prince Ed\\ ard Island Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Quebec, and in others of only one' as in Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia. The head of thj Provincial Government is known as the Lieutenant-Governor, and is appointed by the Governor-General. The constitution of Canada is contained in the British North America Act, 1867, which defines the powers both of the federal and of the local Legislatures. It may be said, generally, that the former deals with matteivs concernin«T the community as a whole, and the latter with subjects of local int'^erest Twenty-seven years' experience has demonstrated that the country has made great progress under the existing institutions, and the prin- ciple of union IS recognised by all political parties as the sure foundation on which the future of the Dominion depends. There is a free and liberal franchise in operation, both for the Provincial and Dominion Parliaments, which gives most men the benefit of a vote. In the provinces there are county and township councils for regulating local affairs, such as roads, schools, and other municipal purposes, so that the government of the Dominion is decentralised as far as practicable in the spirit of the Imperial legislation before mentioned. * Nothing connected with Canada is so much misrepresented Chmaie. and misunderstood as its climate, but it has only to be experienced to be thoroughly appreciated. It is warmer in summer and much colder in winter than in Great Britain; but «»(•< m General Information about Canada. he croi>s, und the heat is favourable to the growtli of fruit and th. cion.s, una m every way pleasant and beneficial, and the cold is not prejudicial to health or life In fact, Canada is one of the healthie,^ countries in the world The winter lasts from the end of November or the begnuiing ot Ueceiuber to the end of March or middle of April- spring from April to May; summer from June to September ; and autumn from October to the end of November. The' seasons vary sometimes but the above is the average duration of the different periods. The nature of' the climate of a country may b., measured by Its product.'^ In winter most of the trades and manufactures are carried on as usual, and, as regards farming, much the same work iH done on a Canadian farm in autumn and in winter as on hnghsh, Scotch, or Irish homesteads. Ploughing is not possible of course, in the depth of winter, but it is done in the autumn and early spring, and in the winter months cattle have to be fed, the dairy attended to, cereals threshed, machinery put in order, buildings repaired, carting done, and wood-cutting, and preparations made for the spring work, so that it is by no means an idle season. One thin^ is perfectly certain-that the country would not have developed so rapidly as it has done, and the population would not have grovvn to its present proportions, had the climate been unfavourable to the health, pros- perity, arul progress of the community. Of course there are good and bad s^easons in Canaua, as everywhere else, but, taken altogether, the climate will compare very favourably with other countries in similar latitudes. As the temperature in Manitoba and the North-AVest Temperature. lerritories is frequently referred to, it is desirables ™ , ^^ q^ote official statistics bearing on the question. The mean temperature at Winnipeg in the summer is 6*0-3°, and durin- the winter r; Brandon, 58-1° and -1-8°; Eapid City, 62-2° and 2-7°" Portage-la-Prairie, 61-8° and 12-6°. In the North-West Territories, the summer and winter mean temperatures at the specified places are as tnn '^?W T?^fo^%T^ -^•^°' ^^^S^'y^ 55-6° and 12-2"; Edmon- ton, £)5 J and 11-3 . It is very evident the temperature only very occasional y reaches the various extreme limits that are sometirvi mentioned, or the mean winter temperatures could not be anything like the ngures above quoted. ° Reference has been made elsewhere to the agricultural products of Canada. The country also possesses great wealth in the timber contained in the immense forests, and in the minerals of all kinds, including coal, gold, silver iron, copper, &c. Then again, the fisheries along the extensive coasts! both on the At antic side and on the Pacific, and in the inland waters are most valuable and varied, and are valued annually at several millions sterling. -L he principal fishes are salmon, trout, cod, herring, mackerel, halibut and haddock.^ Oysters and lobsters are also most nume- rous The manufacturing industry already occupies a most important position, and is growing more extensive every year. Almost every kind of manufacture is carried on. This activity is not confined to any one part of Canada, but is apparent in all the older provinces Products of Canada. General Information about Canada. 81 ^roi)s, und prejudicial countries )er or the of April : iber ; and ,sons vary different measured ctures are anie worJc 3r as on ossible, of and early the dairy i repaired, he spring perfectly idly as it s present 1th, pros- good and ither, the n similar rth-AVest desirables question, id during md 2-7°; ories, the 368 are as ; Edmon- jnly very Dmetimes hing like 'icultural 5es great •ests, and d, silver, e coasts, 1 waters, millions Qackerel, b nume- iportant st every lined to rovinces, and will no doubt in time extend to the western parts of the Dominion also. Eeference is sometimes made to some Canadian farms Mortgages. benig mortgaged. It should be borne in mind, howev<.r, t"a<^ a proportion of the Canadian farmers start with little or no capital. In order to provide capital in such cases, the farm 13 mortgaged, but the loan companies, as a rule, do not advance more than half the value of the properties. The interest paid bears no com- parison to the rent of similar-sized farms in the United Kingdom, and the fact of the existence of a mortgage, in these circumstances, is not detrimental to the position of the farmer. Not only is the interest invariably paid, but the experience is that the loans are paid off as they mature. The losses of the Canadian companies are comparatively small and the investment, therefore, is a good one to the lender, and an advantage to the farmer. Canada'strado— import and export— amounts to nearly Irade Imports ^^50,000,000 per annum, and is largely with Great and Exports. Britain and the United States, the balance being exchanged with European countries, the West Indies, South America, Australasia, China, and Japan. The figures f^iven above only include the outside trade, and do not embrace that "done between the various provinces. Free trade, in its entirety, exists withm the boundaries of the Dominion, and the local business is very large, as the tonnage carried on the railways and canals and on the coasting vessels will show. It may be stated that the revenue now amounts to about ai36,000,000 per annum, of which ab(mt «20,000,000— equal to 17s. per head of the population— is obtained from customs duties on goods imported into Canada. Markets, either within or without the Dominion, exist MarJcets. for all the products of the country, and no difficulty is found in this respect. New markets have been pro- viaed by the establishment of lines of steamers to the West Indies, Australasia, China, and Japan, which are now in operation. Canada is well served with railway and water communication, and the shipping owned in Canada is so large that it occupies a high place in the list of ship-owning countries of the world. A railway extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and each province possesses excellent railway accommodation; in fact, there are over 15,000 miles of line in operation at the present time. The rivers and canals have been so much improved of late years, that the largest ocean-going steamers can moor alongside the wharves at Quebec and Montreal, and it is possible for a vessel of 500 tons burden to pass from the Atlantic into the great lakes. The enlargement of the canals now in progress, which is to be completed in 1895, will permit ocean vessels oi 2,000 tons gross burden to pass to the head of Lake Navigation without breaking bulk. The distinctions of class do not exist in Canada to the Social same extent as in the mother country. There is no law Distinctions, of primogeniture, and there are no paupers ; a feeling of healthy independence pervades all classes, which no doubt 32 General Information ahout Canada, arises from the fact that «5Vory farinor is tho owner of his acrcn, is his own maHt«T, and is free to do us he wills- a state of thiogH conducivo to a condition of freedom unknown in older countries. Then, ascription, had better be left beiiind, as the freight charged for extra baggage makes it an expensive luxury ; all household rcciuiienients can be purchased in the country. Agricultural iniplenu^nts and tools should not be taken out, as the most improved articles of this (k^cription adapted to the country can be purchased in any village in Canada. Skilled mechanics and artisans, when reconnnended to go out, may take their tools, but they must remember what is stated above, and also that in the Dominion all these things can be bought at reasonable prices. Emigrants may be safely advised to take a good supply ot underclothing, heavy and light, for winter and suininer wear, house and table linen, blankets, bed-ticks, and any othei articles of special value which do not take up much room. Settlers' effects are admitted free of customs duty if Settlers' Efccts they come within the terms of the followinc^ clause of free of Cuntums Datif. the customs tariff : — Settlers Lftcts, j-/^. .—Wearing nppnrel, hoiisehol.l fur- niture, professionni liooks, imolements uiid tools of tm.Ie „ , , , , occtipiuion, or employment, which the settler has had iu act.inl use for at least six months before removal to Cana.la, musical instru- monts, domestic sewing machines, live stock, carts, and other vehicle/ atui agncultunil implements in iise by the settler for at lenst one year before 1 is removal to Canada not to include machinery or articles imported for use in at^v munufacttiring establishment or for sale : provided that any dutiable article entered ■i Wafjes. made bnhe Minister c. c;.;;m:iWe=, X^ .np^SJd S'StZ^r 'v^lLeSeVfio^jrcL'n^ciT'"''"^ '""^'''^ '''^'^'''' -'--•- -^--' Wages— which, of course, vary from time to time— are as a general rule, from a quarter to one-half hi<^her than in Great Britain, but in some trades they ''are even more. The cost of living is lower, upon the whole, and an average family m ill with proper care, be much better off in Canada than at iiome. There are very good openings in Canada for the clas,ses of persons recommended to go out, but it must be borne in mind tliat hard work, energy, enterprise, and steadiness of character are as essential there as in any other country. Indeed, perhaps thev are more necessary ; but, on the other hand, there is a much better chance of success for any persons possessing these qualities, and who are able and willing to adapt themselves to the conditions of life obtaining in Canada. n ■ ,. Persons with capital to invest will find many openings tapitahsls. in Canada. They can engage in agricultural pursuits 1 f taking up the free-grant lands or purchasing thJ inproved farms to be found m every province, or in minino- or in tae nianuhictunng industries. Again, a settled income will be found General Infonnation about Canada, 86 Dinpanies II i'ucitic toba und deeitling nd bulky ' frt'if,'ht oiisohold [)K'im'ut3 tides of in any imended what ia « can be I to take iter and ly othoi duty if laiiso of fioM fur- )t tniile, had iu I instru- 3loi and cfore his e iu Huy I entered sr on his I; of duty filiations a or the ordered e — are, higher ey are md an Canada or the >rne in inicter s they better id who of life enintjs rsuits, ig the or in found to go much furtiuT in Canada, and while the tliuiati? is healthy and the scenery magnificent, there are abundiint opnortunities for wport ; and the facilities for education are not to be exoelled anywhere. Young men should go to Manitoba, tlie North- West, Where to go. or British Columbia. Older men, with capital and young families, should go to on.' of the older provinces, and either buy or rent an improved farm. This, how(^ver, is only a g«'neral sliitement, and individual cases must be de<;ided by the special circumstances of each. In Manitoba and the North-West, and in some ])arts of Britisii Columbia, [)ioneer life on free grant8,or away from railways, is attended with a certain amount of iticocvenieuce, and an absence of those social surroundings \\ hich miiy be obtained in the older settled parts of these and other provinces, and this fact should be borne in mind by those who are considering the subject. J3ut even in these districts improved farms may be purcliased at reasonable rates. It is dillicult to lay down a hard-and-fast rule as to the Capi al amount of capital necessary for farm work. The answer nccessdrij. depends on '^he energy, experience, judgment, and enter- prise of the person who is to spend the money, the province selected, whether free-grant land is to be taken up or an improved farm rented or purchased, and many oth<;r details. It may f^afely be said, however, that if a man has froni .£100 to i'UOO clear on landing, and some knowledge of farming, he is in a position to mak(> a lair start on the free-grant land in Manitoba and the North-\Vest ; but it is generally advisable to obtain some experience of the country before commencing on one's own account. There is a large and growing demand for male and Farm female farm servants in every part oE the Dominion. Servants. Machinery of various kinds is in dailv use, but labour is rearce notwithstanding, and good hands can in the proper seasons find constant employment. Many persons of this claos who started as labourers now have farms of their own in some of the finest parts of the Dominion. Market gardeners, gardeners, and persons understanding the care of horses, cattle, and sheep, may also be advised to go out. 80 far as numbers are concerned, perhaps the largest demand Domestic of all is for female domestic servants. The wages are good, Strvanis. the conditions of service are not irksome, and comfortable homes are assured. Domestic servants should go at once on their arrival to the nearest Government Agent. These gentlemen often have in their offices a list of vacant situations, and will refer applicants to the local ladies' committees, so that they may have the benefit of supervision and guidance, until tliey are satisfactorily placinl Servants should, however, take their characters with them, and must bear in mind that good records are just as indispensable in Canada as elsewhere. They may safely go out at any time of the year. There is little or no demand for females other than GtJur Classes domestic servants. Governesses, shop assistants, nurses, of Lahour. &c., should not go out unless proceeding to join friends able and williiig to aid them in getting 36 General Information about Canada. cniplovment Mechanics, general labourers, and navvies are arlvi..^ , men, especialJy with larL familfp. V T ^"^ ^?'' ^""' ^"^ ^^^^ chance ii findyremXi Lfv ^^ 'T'^'^'pf ^° '^^ «^<^ «'^ '^'^ when going to Jo^S^vt ad i i tti t tt 11?!:° T ^ the inclination and the knowledcre to Pn.hll f i ^°' °^ ^ ^^^ '^"^''^ callings and become agriculturTsts ^ ^^' ^'^'^^ ^^ ^^^"°^ *»'^'i^ so-called "htercafn^s in r^T^ 'P'^^^"- ^^'^ professional and astheyaret^'h^fed iSr^^ «.^-^ l^^^i- if not greater than, the demand ''^ '"^^^^ ^"°S' ^^"^^ ^«' 1'---^%^^ CANOEING, 37 APPENDIX B. THE CANADIAN EXHIBITS AT CHICAGO. The Canadian exhibits at the Chicago Exhibition havinc^ been referred to in several of the delegate's Eeports, it has been considered desimble to publish such facts as are available as to the success which m,^ -^o^^inion obtained on that occasion in competition with the world Ihe American Press are unanimous in conceding that Canada will reap a greater benefit from the World's Fair than any other country The variety of the vegetable products of Canada served to illustrate in a manner, hardly to be shown in any other way, the climate and the tertility of its soil; while the exhibits of mineral wealth, of its tisheries, and of its manufacturing industries demonstrated the possibili- ties ot future development. _ It may be said that Canada was unrepresented on many of the juries connected with several of the groups of exhibits, and on ot\ers the Canadian members were of course in a minority. It is eminently satisfactory to find, tliereforc, that the awards in all classes of exhibits have been so numerous, and frequently coupled with remarks of a nattering nature. 4. riF-^^ following is an extract from the report of the British Consul at Chicago to the Earl of Kosebery, Secretary of State for Forei'^n Aftairs, on the Chicago Exhibition :— ° Cauada has been brought prominently forward in a manner which can scarcely fail to assure permanent benefit. Its chief exhibits were natural i.ro- rlucts though the colony wa. represented in every department except electricity Its cheese and butter exhi -,:tL were remarkable, and gained a disproportionately laige number of awards, beating all competitors ; Japan is understood to have sent a special commission to examine and report on the methods adopted by the colonv in these matter... I he show of animals, especially sheep, met with great approval. Ihe quality of Canadiar fruit was generally recognised. The exhibit of grain and other products of the north-western provinces has shown what can be grown and as a result many inquiries have been made with a view to settlement in those parts I he same applies to British Columbia, regarding which province overtures have been made by quite a colony of Austrian subjects for settlement, with a view to truit-growjng and general farming. 'J-'he Canadian exhibits in this important department Ar/ncidture. were excelled by none in quality and appearance. The excellence of the wheat was the subject of general com- ment, and a considerable demand has already arisen on the part of United States farmers for seed grain from Manitoba and tlie North- West Territories. Canada obtained 1,016 awards in this group, including 776 awards for cheese and butter. This does not comprise the awards obtained by Manitoba, which have not vet been received. It IS understv^od that in Jhe tests for quality, made under cheinicai analysis on behalf of the iixhibition authorities, Manitoba No. 1 Hard Red Fyfe wheat gave the very best results. ■"'*^P 88 The Canadian ExJiibits at Chicago. The exhibitions of cheese and butter were the hii-gest of Cheese and their kind ever made on the North American continent. Butter. Two competitions were arranged for Cheddar or factory cheese, in the months of June and October. In the first named, the United States entries numbered 505, and the Canadian 162. There were 138 prizes awarded, of which Canada took 129, and the United States 9. Thirty-one exhibits of Canadian cheese also scored higher points than the best United States cheese. In the October competition for the same class of cheese, made previous to 1893, there were 82 entries from the United States, and 524 from Canada. There were 110 prizes offered, and Canada secured them all. There were also 414 awards for cheese made in 1893. Of these, Canada obtained 369, and the United States 45. In these two com- petitions, therefore, the United States entered 587 exhibits and took 54 prizes, as against Canada's 686 entries and 608 prizes. There were three judges for cheese, two for the United States, and one for Canada, The significance of this result is enhanced when considered in conjunction with the difference in the population of the two countries — 65 millions against 5 millions. Canada now exports several millions of pounds of cheese ])er annum more than the United States to the English market, her exports to the mother country having risen from 30,889,353 lbs. in 1875 to 127,843,632 lbs. in 1892. In the butter competition, Canada took 27 awards. The great development of the cheese industry in recent years has interfered, no doubt, with the expansion of the butter trade. The steps, however, that have been taken of late years to encourage this industry are having effect : and the Dairy Commis- sioner of the Dominion has expressed an opinion that within five years' time the manufacture of butter in Canada will be equal to that of cheese, both in quality and quantity. In 1893 Canada exported 43,19:3 cwts. of butter to Great Britain. The ab ace of awards for Canadian agricultural machinery is explained by the withdrawal of the exhibits from competition, it having been decided that machines adapted to field work should be judged As this would have necessitated bringing duplicate Af/rleultural Muchinery. by field tests. machines to Chicago at great expense, or the spoiling of the actual exhibits for show purposes during the remainder of the Fair, the greater number of Canadian and United States exhibitors withdrew from competition. Professor Thurston, the chairman of the jurors on agricultural implements, and consulting mechanical engineer to the Exposition, stated that in design, finish, and smoothness of operation the Canadian machinery was equal to anything in the Exhibition. Canada obtained 65 awards. The list included seven Horticulture, different awards for Canadian grapes — a valuable tribute to the climate of the country. The small number of awards is due to the fact that awards were only given to collective exhibits, and not to individual exhibitors, or for each variety of fruit .shown. AV ith regard to the vegetable display, it was admitted that the Canadiiin oxbiblt was greatly superior to any other. Both fruit and ing The Canadian Kvhihits at Chicarjo. 39 verretablos won the highest praise from the jurors for variety, excel- lence, and luality; and in this connection the report of the British Consul is .specially interesting. i jm Canada more than sustained at Chicago her splendid Uve Stod'. record at Philadelphia in 1876 in this department, the live stock and poultry exhibited having secured more than one-half of the total prizes offered. In cattle, with 184 entries, Canada took 104 prizes, 17 medals, and 3 diplomas; against 532 entries of the United States, and 306 prizes and 13 medals In horses, Canada had 96 entries, and 44 prizes, 2 gold medals, 10 medals, and 3 diplomas ; the United States, 446 entries, 257 prizes, 6 gold medals, 12 medals, and 4 diplomas. In sheep, Canada, with 352 entries, secured 2o0 prizes, 5 silver cups, and 8 diplomas; against the United States 4.8 entries and 193 prizes. In swine, Canada s 68 entries obtained 64 prizes, and the United States' 96 entries 67 prizes In poultry and pet stock, Canada was awarded 501 prizes with 1,147 entries, and. the United States 671 prizes with 2,453 entries. The grand totals werej Canada, 1,847 entries and 1,175 prizes; the United States, 4,()0o entries and 1,494 prizes. This must be regarded as a very great success especially when the populations of the United States and Canada are taken into account. All the Canadian sheep and swine were bought bv the Commissioner for Costa Bica. , ,, ^ j. cu - The committee of jurors considered the Canadian tish Fish and exhibit the best and most complete in the Ex- Fisheries. position. Twenty-four individual exhibitors^ also obtained medals. No single exhibit in the mining building attracted Mines and more attention, and came in for more favourable Mining. comment, than the Canadian display ; and the fact that there were 67 collective exl ibits which took go d medals and diplomas in competition with other countries speaks highly for the variety and richness of the mineral resources of the Dominion. The collections of ornamental and precious stones were much admired, and orders were subsequently received from two of tl e leading manu- facturing jeWtellers of New York. The nickel ore exhibits were mentioned as being higher in grade than any other shown at the Fair Canadian copper also obtained a flattering award ; and the fine exhibit of anthracite and bituminous coal from all the mines in the ^orth- Wesb Territories, now being worked, attracted a great deal ot The machinery exhibit was a small one, but almost MacUnerv. every exhibit took a prize, 43 gold medals and diplomas fallincr to the Dominion. Professor Thurston, chairman of the jurors, and consulting mechanical engineer to the Exposition, stated, in an address, that in design, finish and smootnness of work- in- the general machinery shown by Canada vyas equal to anything shown- and that, as compared with the exhibit made in lb, 6 at Philadelphia, Canada had made greater relative progress in manufac- turing, since that time, than any other nation taking part in the Exhibition. pa gJiW.^^"' 40 T7ie Canadian E.vklhits at Chicago, In this department Canada obtained ^0 medals and Transporlation. diplomas. The Canadian Pacific Hallway train was I't^t^'i'i'fd to as the finest and most complete on exhi- bition, \\hich reflects great credit on the position manufacturinfr enterprise has reached in Canada. " The g-reat development in the industries of the Manufactures. Dominion is illustrated very aptly by the follovvin«' return, taken from the census of 1891 :— ° 1S81. Number of pstablishmcnts Ciipital invested Number of e/zi/^/o^es ... Wages paid Cost of raw material ... Value of products . 49,923 $165,302,628 254,935 $59,429,002 $179,918,593 1801. 75,768 $353,836,817 337,865 $99,762,441 $255,983,219 $309,676,068 $475,445,705 Increase. Per Cent. 51-8 25,845 $188,534,194 114-0 112,930 44-43 $40,333,43!) 67-86 $76,064,626 42-3 $165,769 637 53-5 Canada had a most interesting exhibit of manufactures, which secured 124 awards, and drew an appreciative statement from the president of the jurors on textiles— a member of the Austrian Commission, and him- self a manufacturer of high-grade cloths in Austria— to the effect that the progress made by textile manufacturers in Canada had been more iT.pid during the last five years than that of -any other country show- ing industrial products. It will be remembered by many readers of these pamphlets that Canada's display of manufactured articles at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886 attracted much attention. The educational system of the Dominion has a world-wide reputa- tion, and the exhibits in that department were naturally, therefore, an object of sustained interest throughout the course of the Exhibition 191 awards were obtained by Canada. No better evidence of the excellence of the display can be had than that in a section supposed to be the smallest among the Canadian exhibits, such a large number ot awards should have been secured. PKAIRIB CHICKENS. I ) • } i:f i- fQ 1 o O Copies of the Eeports of the British Tenant-Farmers who' visited Canada in 1893 to report freely and impartially upon the agricultural resources of the country, and other Illustrated Pamphlets on Canada, and cards of introduction to the Agents of the Govern- ment in Canada, may be obtained, post free, on application to The High Commissioner for Canada (Sie CHAELES TTJPPEE, Baet., G-.C.M.G., O.B.), 17, Victoria Street, London, S.W. ; Or to the following Canadian Government Agents : Mr. John Dyke, 15, Water Street, Liverpool ; Mr. Thomas Geahame, 40, St. Enoch Square, Glasgow j Mr. W. Sttjaet, Nethy Bridge, Inverness; Mr. P. Fleming, 44, High Street, Dundee ; Mr. Eenest Wood, 79, Hagley Eoad, Birmingham.; Mr. J. W. Down, Bath Bridge, Bristol; Mr. Geoegb Lbaet, Garden House, William Street, Ejikenny. Several of the Provinces of Canada havo agencies in Great Britain, as follows : — Ontaeio .... Mr. P. Byrne, Nottingham Buildings, 19, Brunswick Street, Liverpool. Beitish Columbia Mr. H. C. Beeton, 33, Finsbury Circus, London E.C. * Mr. James I. Fellows, 56, Holbom Viaduct, London, E.C. Mr. A. J. McMillan, 33, James Street, Liverpool. Mr. John Howard, 143, Cannon Street, London, E.C. New Befnswiok Manitoba . . Nova Scotia . . Samples of Canadian produce, of all kinds, from the different Provinces of the Dominion, may be seen at the Imperial Institute, South Kensington, London. Visitors should inquire for the Cana- dian Curator (Mr. Harrison Watson), or the Assistant Curator (Mr. F. Plumb), from whom information and pamphlets can be obtained. A'