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/-.A/ 
 
 CENTRAL EXPJ'RIMENTAL lv\RM. 
 
 l)lii'ART.\Ili.\T OF AGKIC(!LTl-Ki;, 
 
 OTTAAV^, - - - CANA3>A 
 
 -:o: 
 
 BULLETIN No. 14. 
 
 ■:o:- 
 
 THE HORN-PLY. 
 
 :o: 
 
 SEPTEMBER, 1893. 
 
To the ITononrablo 
 
 Till' Minister of Atinciilturc. 
 
 S.K -1 l.av.. tlu. lu.uour to sul.mit lu you lu-vwitl, r.ulletiu 14 
 or t' Central Kx,..rinu..>tul Fav.n whirls has Ik.,, ...yarM at ,„y 
 t W Mr JmosFU-tcho,-, the Knto.nolo.ist a,.a Botan.sl of 
 Z;:l^'K^rUn.n.^ Far.,.s. It f.ats of tl.o ^^'attl. Ho,-,, 
 t ' a new iusec-t pest whi.h has lately fo.„.l ,.s way u„o ( ana. a 
 f on. tl" United itates. Many letters of c.„,,.,ry have o, la e 
 r,. eived at the Cent, -al E.,e,-i,ne„tal Fann ,n rete,-e,.e o 
 ^insect, and the injnry ,-es„ltin, fron. Us attaeks - -.^ 
 a .eneral interest in the subject among the farn..,-s of )nta • • a 
 Q^ b c The coneise an.l eo-npleto aeeount .Mven ,n th.s l.uUetn. 
 t 1 fe histo,-v an.l habits of this inseet an.l o the ,-c.„,oa.es 
 1 h avcbeenfo,.n.l most etlieac.ious, will, it .s hopo.l, g,ve to 
 tt!:Z o) Canada the inforn.ation needed in reference to th.s 
 important subject. 
 
 I have the honour to be, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 WM. SAUNDERS, 
 Director E.q^cri mental Farvis. 
 
 Iiosi 
 
 r 
 
 \\ 
 
 anc 
 will 
 so c 
 mill 
 
CmKAi I'Xi>i;Ri,\ii;,\rAL F.\k 
 
 M. 
 
 -:o: 
 
 OTTAWA, - _ _ 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 THE CATTLE HORN-FLY. 
 
 (y/'nnuM,s,,n,t., Kul.i,u.a„.I)..v,.i.|y.) 
 
 ''^ •'•^^"•^■^ l'V..:n„KK, K.,,.s., ,.,,,s.... 
 
 - -Mstau,lv that tl,.v7!n or"',;"? ''^ "^" ""' '•-^'"•'-^fH.;. 
 milk. • • '-'" «ff '••^l'"lly I>oth in tiosh an.l viol.l of 
 
Tliis is tl... s...c;i11(m1 -Ilorn-Fly" which has aftracto.l miic-h 
 attciitiuii in tlic I'liito.l States for tht- hist tlircc years. It is a 
 European post which was first l.i..iitr||t t,, the imtic,". (.!' the l'. S. 
 Division of Kiitoinoloiry in Septeiiil)er, IssT, an.l was prohal.ly ini- 
 ix.rte.l wit!) cattle rr..i,i Jlun.pe, wliere it has hen known "since 
 18:!(). 
 
 In iss'.t, its coniph'te life-history was workeil out hy I'rof. Kih'y 
 ami his assistants Messrs. I.. ( ). Ilowanl and ('. L. .Marhitt. This 
 waH puhlishe.l in "Insect Life" vol. II., p. IKi-lo;] and in tlie 
 Annual Reports of the T. S. Kntoniologist for issit and isiio. 
 
 These investigations were ,so tlioj'ongli that there was little left 
 for later ohsorvers to discover. 
 
 Prof. ,1. H. Smith, of New Jersey, also workeil up the life-history 
 independently, at the same time, and puhlishe.l an a.vouiit .d' his 
 work in IJulletin r,j ,>( the New .lersey Agricultural K.vperiinent 
 Station. 
 
 Kig. 1, al)ove, shows this new pest much eidarged in all its 
 different stages of egg, maggot, pupa-case and perfect insect. (The 
 hair-lines hy the side of the Hgures show the real size.) Fiy. -j 
 illustrates the jxridiar hahit this insect has, of resting in lar<;-e 
 iiumhers, on the i)ase of the horns, which has given rise to i"ts 
 popular name. Both of these figures have heen kindly lent hy the 
 U. S. Entomologist and are the same as were used in tlu- artiele in 
 Insect Life above referred to. 
 
 The advent of this insect into Canada was first hrought to my 
 notice l)y Mr. Elmer Lick, of Oshawa, Out., on July aoth last, 
 when lie stated that it had^apjieared in large numhers in that see- 
 tion of country and was causing considerahle alarm. Since that 
 date I have received specimens and eiKjuiries from localities ranging 
 from the e.vtreme west of Ontario to IJouchervilh , I'.Q., some few 
 nnles east of Montreal. In all cases farmers seem to he thoroughly 
 aroused and to appreciate the losses they may suffer hy neglecting 
 this pest. Exaggerated statements of losses, and injuries to the 
 animals which are quite impossible, liave received free and exten- 
 sive circiilat-ion by word of mouth, and through tlie newsi)apers. 
 Cows are inaccurately said to have been killed by the flics, which. 
 It is alleged, lay their eggs either on the horns into which the 
 maggots bore and then i)enetrate the brain, or "in holes wliidi 
 they eat through tlie hide, lay eggs therein, which hatch out in 
 
larjTo lunnl.crs ami proceed wit Ii their hoiin-' ..|.er:iti..iis until the 
 
 vital iiorlimis of the c.iw aic ti)iieh.'(| aiel ileath ensues." 
 
 X.-iie <>\' these statements are I'oiinde.l (.n fa.t. As stated alinve. 
 
 th,M-..m|.lete life-liist.,ry has been work.'d .,iit. I had the vT'xxl 
 I rnrtnne to he in Washiiii^ton. staying with Mr. Howard, in Aiii^nst, 
 
 I iss'.t, and was conrteoiisly |.erniitted to join in his investigation (d" 
 
 ,1 this matter. T(.<rether we visiteil s(.nie of th.' int'otcd stock-farms 
 
 Ml Virginia and secured livin_i,' tlies and eui;s I'rom which, later on, 
 
 tlie j)t'rfect insects were reare(|. 
 
 The lifediistory is l)riefly as follows : - 
 
 Tin- euus (Fiir. i. ,,.,;„■(■ laid singly on the rresidy-dro|,|„.d 
 *\nwj: (d' cattle, ciiietly diirini,^ the warmer hours of tlie day. They 
 are j'„ ot an inch in leiiirth, hrown in colour from tlie very first 
 and from tliis fact are not easily seen where laid. 'J'he voiin.4 
 magt^ots hatch from the ejrgs in less than twentyd'onr h-mrs, and 
 at once l.nrrow a short distance beneath the surface of the dimu. 
 Here they remain until fnll-i^'rown, feediii.t; on the li-inid i^.rtions 
 of the manure. This is their only food and all stories ahont their 
 t»i)rin,- into the horns, I. rains or flesh of living animals are nntrne. 
 When the maggots are fnll-grown, which takes ahout a week, they 
 .'nv • of an inch in length, shaped as shown at Fi^. 1. h, and are 
 '•f a dirty white colonr. Tlioy descend a short distance into tlu' 
 ground to impate, and the dark-1>rown iMipa-.'ases (Fiu. 1. r) are i 
 of an inch in length. During the hot weather ..f'snmmer the 
 IMipal state lasts only four or five days, hut the last l.rood passes 
 the winter in this condition a short distance heneath the surface of 
 the groun.l, and the flies emerge the following spring. The per- 
 fect insect (Fig. 1. ,/. male) is shaped much like 'the common 
 cattle-tly* or the house-fly ; |,ut it is snniller, l)eimr „„lv ! of an 
 inch m length, that is, about one-third the size of those nisects. 
 
 'riH' colour of tlie Horn-Hy is ,lark gray with a yellowish sheen, 
 and the body is covered with black bristles. Tlie head consists 
 almost entirely of the .lark-iv.l silvery-edged eves, but bears on its 
 lower surface the black .lagger-shapo.i ton-ue wliicli is the cause of 
 so much torture to cattle. When not in use this is carried projci- 
 ing forward in front of the head. 
 
 3a^HsEeH{^""="-''»-;^ff^^ 
 
 bii 
 
Tliis pest will 1m. m n„n. .listintrnisl,,.,! fn.n, tli.- onli„;irv .•;ittl..- 
 "y In- Its sn.HlI.-r six,., ;„vat,.r arlivity a.nl tl,.. rl,ara..t,.nsii,. l.al.i, 
 
 ;;' .'^'•■^"""•'".^7" <-l-'^t..rs „,,oM tin. -MS ,.r,.a,il... partia.larly ,mo,. 
 
 <•'<■ "l'l"T S..1.-. \V1„.M v..ry al.mnlant ,1... Mi.. f.,n„ a M.ur.. .„• ],.. 
 <'""M'I"t'' ri.-i,' an.mMl tl.. I.on. ,.xt..n,li,.^. somHinH.s IVom, uvn 
 <<• <"'"• i,M.lu-s In,,,, tl„. has,, tuwanls ti... ti,., as sI,.,vvm j,, |i.„,,. - 
 
 J-'iK- -'. <'"W-linrM sliouliiKliand .,fi-,.stiMt,'fli..s rv,Iuci.l. 
 
 Tl„. rh.stciMIl- „,„„, thr hn|.„s s,.,.,„s to 1,,. ,.,..•,. lia,' t., tl,i. .,K...i,.. 
 
 •"•■uh,.,.,. the ro„„„„nC'atil,.-tly....nn.s uiti, it i„ la.-.' nm.,!,,.,.; 
 
 "•I'o'i tl.. sanu. ani„.als, I l.av. ....v... ro,,,.,! si,c.ri,...„s i,. th. ti.irk 
 
 c-l.ist..,.s „,,.,„ ,lu. h„,,.s. X.i.lu... dn.s tl.o irn,.„-Mv. lik. tl... 
 
 Cattlo-Hy, l„tu hu.-s.s ai..l ..tl..,. ai.i.i.als ; l,„t s,...,hs" t„ ......ti,,.. 
 
 •tflatta.kst.. .attl.. It „.ay >..,t 1... a,..iss „, ,„,>.ti.M. I...... tl.at 
 
 no inji„-y wl.at.v.,- ..osiilts lV..,.i this l.ahit ..f Matl..,.i,..r ,,„ tl... 
 Ix.n.s, (1,. Hic-s „u.,..|y ,..s.„.ti,.,ir to tl.,. h.-i'Ms as a ...stin..- ,,la,... 
 
 I '••'III wl.i.l, th.y rai.n..t l.o .asily .lisl,„la.,l by n^, .,„i,„.ii ' 'p,,,,^. 
 als., congiViTtiW ..„ tlu. ,.(..-k ami at tl.o has. \,r th.-taii. 1],,. tii.s 
 assum. lu-.. ..harartnisti.. |M,siti.ms, ...... whil. iV...li,„.- uh... tl.. 
 
 Mui-s aiv slii^htly ,.I.vat...i aii.l h.M out fn„„ tl... l.,..lv, as sl.„u,. 
 iH ho;. 1. J. tl... „tl..,- whil. ivstin-. WI...11 th. uin-s w'v „.arlv thit 
 .low,, the ha.k, with tl... tips .,„|y slii^htlv sc.parate.l. It is i,', this 
 rcstmg p.isitu.,. that tlK.y aiv always f.„„>,l on th. h..,.„s. 
 
 Cattl. .)!' all l.,....,ls a,x. si,hj..t to th. alta.-ks ..f this p.st, hut 
 
 thoiv ,s v,.,-y ir,vat .littV,-..,.... i,. th. s.isc.ptihility t.> i„j,n-y ..f 
 
 va,-,..,.s h,-,..,ls a„<l in.livi.h.al a„i„.als a.....,nlii.ir u, 'their teinp....a- 
 
 mentaiul th. t.xtu,-. ..f th.irski.is. Whil. fo..li„i(, th. Hies wo.-k 
 tlieir way .l.,wi. tl..-...it.h th. hai.-s s.. as to f.a..h th. ski., of th.ir 
 viclun, h„t th.y a,v ..xt.vr.u.ly a-il. an.l .juickly tak.. flight at the 
 
 
iry (•■■ittlc- 
 istic li.'ihii 
 arly ii|>m|i 
 >rt' HI' Ic^.s 
 "roiii twi) 
 Wiiuvv J. 
 
 S|ll'Cl('S, 
 
 iiiiiiilii'rs 
 hi' tliick 
 like flic 
 (•(inline 
 ci'c that 
 : <in tlic 
 lU' \>\;u-o. 
 . 'I'licy 
 I lit' Hies 
 lion tlic 
 > shown 
 irly flat 
 < ill this 
 
 :'st, Imt. 
 ijiiry of 
 einpfra- 
 's work 
 )f their 
 ; at the 
 
 
 sli<,'litest (lisfiirliaucc. The liitcs >ertn to pnnluee u'nal irritation 
 and sores are t're«|iieiitly fornietl on the hodies of aiiiniaU liv their 
 rnld.iiii,' tlieiiiM'lves atjaiii^it trees ;ini| other ol.ject-^ or l.y liekiin^' 
 liitleii places where the irritation cannot i.e allaved l»v riii»l»in<' as 
 mside the thiLjhs and aioiind the iiddcr. 
 
 It is in the perfect state only that this insect is troiililesonie to 
 stock; hilt it appears early in spriiiu ami lasts tiie whole season, 
 successive hroods followin-,' each other raj. idly throiii,dioui the 
 siiinnier. Mr. Howard found that from ten to seventeen days, say 
 two weeks, was ahoiit the time re(|uired from the layini,' of the (-1;^ 
 to the appearance of the tly, and as there are about four active 
 iMvediim nioinhs— from .May I .-.tli to Septemix-r l.-,lh- the; 'istinie 
 foreijiht lieiieratioiis or hroods. This rapidity of development will 
 aceount for the Hies appearinj; in such larire niimliers as to have 
 attrai'teilgcueral attention siiiiiiltaneoiisly in many wi<h'ly separated 
 localities. There is no doubt that the just has b( cu present on our 
 Canadian stock farms throii^dioiit the past summer, but has only 
 now increased in siiHicieiit numbers to alarm the owners. I'rof. 
 Robertson, the Dairy Commissioner for the Dominion, tells me that 
 he has received an unusual number (d" complaints this vear of Hies 
 wiMTying stock, and these are in all proltability attributal)le to this 
 new im]iortation, which broiiolit into the United States onlv six 
 years ai^o, has spread in all directions over many States of the 
 Union and is now iiifestiiiLT our herds in Canada. 
 
 The appearance of this insect in Canada is a serious matt'-r, for 
 it lias been found that stock in infested regions have been so mindi 
 tormented that animals fall off in eondition very much, and the 
 yield of milk is reti.need in some instances fnnu ■ ae-third to one- 
 lialf. There are, however, several simple reiiuviies which will, 
 if attended to, greatly reduce this loss, and if all fanners would 
 eombine and use them, not on'y would their animals beiietit in 
 comfort but the owners Mould reap rich returns for their outlay. 
 
 Rk.MK1)IKS. 
 
 Notwitlistanding the great loss which may result to stock-owners 
 from neglecting to attend to this new enemy, there is no reason 
 wdiy it should not be kejit within control by simple and well tested 
 remedies. This, of course, will l)e much more easily done if by some 
 united effort steps are taken promptly at its first appearance in a 
 
''<'^^ l-'il-ly. FroM, tlu- fa.t that it l,as app.-an.! ..oM,,,arativ..|v 
 late inth,. sras.,,,, ai,.| |,n,l.al.ly will not this var -riv,. tnM.l.k. 
 MmH. lontf..,-, as it ahvays .lisa|.|K.ais with tlu- 11 rst' frost ruf a.it.nni, 
 lan.a.rs w,l| hav ai, o,,,,ort..i.ity of lM.,o,„iMtr a..,Mai,il,..l with the' 
 halMtsol fh,. ,,..st aiMlof U-aniiuythc. hrst n.m,..ii,.s to l„. ,,^..1 
 ajriiuist It. iM.foiv a iM.w scasot, opens, ami all sho„l,! l^. nivparcl 
 w.th tho rvturn of spn,,. to wa.u.- a syst.M.ali.-. vitronuts, a,..l p,.,- 
 Mst..Mt waflaiv, an.l .stfivv to in.ln.-,. thrir nri-hhours to .lo tho 
 sat.us M. as to pivvtit its i,HT,.a>i„u. in mumiIhts ai.-l spr,.a.lii..r all 
 over the Doiiiinion. 
 
 All accounts ugi-ee that the tly iiurcascs uuu-h .nor., rapi.liv early 
 111 ihv s,.ason than later on in the y.-ar. This shows the a.lv-.nta.re 
 <.l hem,, prepare.1 l.efore the pest app.-ars with the necessary 
 materials an.l lH.L,nnnin,ir work promptly so as to .Irstroy as n.any 
 as p(»ssil)le before l.reedinif eoinniences. 
 
 The re,ne,li..s are cheap, simple, ami easily ai-plicl ; luU constant 
 attention is r,Mpiire,l to make then. eir....tive. They may he -ro.,,,,.,! 
 iimler two heads : ^ . o x 
 
 _ 1. Preventive, or such as prevent injury to the animals hy keep- 
 ing,' the insects fi-om hit in-,' them ; 
 
 _ 2. Activ.., the ohject of xyhi.^h is the destruction of tlu, insects 
 either in the perfect or larval condition. 
 
 I. /Wn^,>c'.-rmlerthishea.lin.rl,.ann..t do better than m.ote 
 from the article by Messrs. Kiley an.l Howard in " Insect Life," 
 Vol. II., No. 4, which rea.ls as follows :— 
 
 " Almost any greasy substance will keep the flies away for sev- 
 eral days. A number of ("xperiments were trie<l in the tiehl, with 
 the result that traiu-oil alone .and train-oil with a little sulphur or 
 carbolic acid added, will k,.ep the tlies away for from five to six 
 days, while with a small proportion of carbolic' acid it will have a 
 healing dfect upon sores which may Imve forme.l. Common axle- 
 grease will answer nearly as well, and this substance has been s,k 
 cosshilly and extensively used by a large stock-dealer in Vir-rinia 
 I allow has also been used to good advantage. The practice o 
 smearing the horns with pine or coal-tar simply repels them from 
 these parts. Train-oil or fish-oil seems to be more lasting in its 
 effects than any other of the substances used." 
 
 Crude Carbolic Acid or Oil of Tar, mix sufficiently with fish oils 
 If the two substances be placed togethel- in a bottle and well shaken. 
 
 iic- 
 i. 
 
 f 
 
 /^ 
 
/^ 
 
 Tlu'V nmy l.c inivf.l in tl„. pn.|M.rli..ii ,,f i ,,/. ,,[ , iilur in half a 
 Kiilluii ..foil. Tl,,. Oil „r|-,.„. |,,„ ,, Mrw.i-..r...|,„ir il.ai, (',v\„Ki 
 Aciil ami is clirainT. 
 
 til.' Lost is til,' K rnM'iH. Kii,u\i,„i. aiPJ wli-n \nnuvy< liasr Irainl 
 how v.isUy this very valiial.l.' ivin.'c|\ a-aiiiM thr iriMct ..iMrnir, ..f 
 crops ami .JoiiM'stir animals can !..• pn-paiv-l. many nf tin' prMn 
 whicli nnw -ivt ti'-nililc will Im' KroMLrht intn snl.i.'c'tiMn. 
 
 Tills ,.nmUi. Ml r..nsists simply ..r a mixliir.' of >,,aps-su,|s witli 
 I twice th.' (|iianlily ,,( nnlJnary .'oal cil, ma^l.' as r,.ll,,ws : 
 
 / K.Tos.'n.' (cnal nil) .J ,|||;,,.,^^ 
 
 •^■'i'" ^^■■>'"''' I .piart,' 
 
 '^"•■'1' - UA. 
 
 I iSoil tl... s..ap in H,.. ualcr till all is Jissnh.'.l : tlim. wliilc l.oil- 
 
 "'-_''"'•""•" '' '"'" the k.i'..s,.n,.. and rlmrn it runstantly an-l 
 I'orcil.ly witli a syrini;.' or forci' pump for tiv.. miniifs, wli.n'it will 
 
 '•'• "•" ^ "" "'- '■'•'■amy .,atiir.'. If the rninlsiun 1,,' prefect it will 
 
 adiiere to the surface ,,f ^rhiss without oilin.ss. As it cools it 
 thirkons into a jelly-like mass. This ^nves the stork emulsion, 
 which must l.e.liliitcl hefore nsin- with nine tiim's its tneaMire, that 
 is 27 .piarts, of wat.'r. It will he foun.l to mix min-h more ..a-ily if 
 (lone at once, ix'forc it cools. 
 
 The ahove proportions ^ivc three <piarts of the stock emulsion 
 jvhi.-h with -Jl .piarts ,'•• water a.McI, make up .'Ju quarts of the 
 mixture I'ealy lor use. 
 
 This nniy he appli...| to the animals eitlnr l.y means of a spon^ro 
 or what will certainly he toumi most convenient, where there aTv 
 many animals to tn at. l,y means of a force pump an.l spray nozzle 
 
 Prof. W. IJ. Alwoo.l has found that th.' stock emu'sion .liliit.'.j 
 t''n times an.l n;ix<',l with one part of a water extract of tob.'ico 
 
 waste (made hy steepiuLC I | nl of t..l.acc.) stems in I -allon ,,f 
 
 hot water for an hour or m..n'), gaw almost perfe.t inimm.itv f..r 
 a peruMl of three .hiys ami that two treatments per week ahnost 
 entirely relieve.l his cattle fn.m annoyance. lie makes the .'ippli- 
 cation with a knapsack pump fitted with a cyclone n.)/zle, ami the 
 work is .lone just after niilkinjr lime. His melh.„I is as follows ._ 
 The animals are .Iriven int.) an euclosurc through a gate win. h will 
 oidy admit one at a time. A man with a knapsack piimp on his hade 
 stands at the gate and sprays one side of each animal as it , .asses 
 
10 
 
 tlicy arc tlicii ilrivi'ii out aoain. and tlic ntlicr si.lc i> treated in ilu' 
 same iiiaiiiicr, The (jiiatitity ol'lifjuid tints apiilicd is very small, Inil 
 lias lieon roimd siitlicieiit. Proviously, I>i-ot'. Alwood eniploved two 
 men at niilkinLT lime, and used one or two ]iints for eacli animal. 
 
 '1 lie knaji^-aek s|)i-ayer mentioned ahove. consists ot' a tank of 4 
 or :> uailons eapatuty, titted witli straps for carryinn- it on tiicliaek, 
 and sn|.|iliod witli a small force inim]!, a \'v\v feet of nihhcr liosc 
 and a sprayinii,- no/.zli'. Tliesc can l»i' procured from sevi'ral of the 
 pump makers for aliout -slii, or .sl4, complete. 
 
 Smaller and less expensive pumps would answer eipiallv well, 
 and may he ol)tained at prices i'ant;inn- from -^l' to -^T) from most of 
 oui' Canadian see(lsmen. The following' are the adilresses of somo 
 of the hest puni]) makei's in the Knited States : — 
 
 Thos. Woodason, t.M Kast ("ami>ria St., I'hiladelphi.a. 
 
 i\ll>inson it Co., -jolM; l'\)urteentli St., Washington, 1). C. 
 
 (iould's .Manufacturing (.'()., Seneca F.alls, X.V. 
 
 'IMu' Nixon Nozzle and .Machine (Jo., Dayton, Ohio. 
 
 Adam Wealier, Vineland, N. .1. 
 
 I am not aware that any pumps of the ahove classes are made in 
 Canada ; hut doiditless they can Ix'ohtained from Can.idian agents. 
 
 Should there he any Cana<lian manufacturers who make spraying 
 pumps, I shall lie glad to hear from tliom. 
 
 II. Aiiln . Of applications to destroy the lly, a proprietary 
 sulistance c(Misisting mainly of tohacco dust and creosote, and 
 known as ■•X. (). Dust," manufactured hy a Ualtimore firm, is 
 very highly spoken of, particularly hy Prof. ,1. 15. Smith, of the 
 New .lersey Kxperiment Station, 'i'his costs aliout l'.'i cents a 
 pound. When placed upon the I'attle liy <lusting it th.rough the 
 hair, the tlies will ;ioi remain long enough on the animals to bite 
 them. Its etfects last only ahout two davs. 
 
 Kerosene emulsion made as directed aliove, spr.aved over the 
 oattle, killed all the tlii's reached and prevented others coming, as 
 long as the odour laste<l, which was from three to seven days. 
 
 Keniedies for the destruction of the perfect insects, are mainly 
 useful upon the first a[tpearance of the pest in a new locality, or 
 early in the season for the destruction of the first hrood. The best 
 way to tight this enemy is hy the treatment of the cattle drojipings 
 so as to destroy the eggs and larvte. The maggots can oidy liv<' in 
 the dung while it is in a moist condition. Any nieaiis, therefore, 
 
 \ 
 
11 
 
 111 IIU' 
 
 ill, hut 
 
 L'll two 
 
 iiiiiial. 
 k of -l 
 ? hack, 
 r liose 
 ni tlie 
 
 V well, 
 
 lost (tf 
 
 SOIllO 
 
 laiU' ill 
 
 m't'iits. 
 
 raying 
 
 rictary 
 I', and 
 Inn, is 
 of tliu 
 I'lits a 
 U'h the 
 Lu hite 
 
 t:r the 
 ing, as 
 s. 
 
 nainly 
 ity, or 
 le best 
 l.pings 
 liv in 
 rufure, 
 
 which will ensure its di'vini;' up hd'orc tlic maggots ai'c full grown, 
 will di'stroy ihcni. For this juirjioso lime, land jilastt'r, ;iiid wnod 
 aslu's have been rcconimi'iidcd, and tlic lasl-iiamcd of these will 
 jtrohahly he found tlu' best, not only from its strong alkaline 
 |irojierties, which are destructive to insect, life, hut also from its 
 great value as a fertilizer, and iVom the further fact that it is easily 
 olftainahle on every farm. If farmers could be mily induced to 
 keep this valuable material for application to their own land, 
 instead of, as is too ofien the case, selliie^ it to speculators at much 
 less tliaii its value to themselves, the i)enetil derivetl therefrom 
 wouM much more than repay them I'or the trouble ami expense, 
 even without considering:; the use i'or which it is now ri'commeiided. 
 Messrs. liiley and Howard state that •• 'riir()w ing a spadefid of 
 liine upon a cow dun-j,' will destroy the larva' that are living in it. 
 If till' evil should itn'rcasc, it will well pay a stock-raise'- io start a 
 load of lime through his lields occasionally, particula, in May 
 or Ju.ie, as every larva killed then rejiresents the deaili of very 
 many tlies during July and August. We feel eei'taiu tlii. L this course 
 will l>e found in many cases prai'tical and of great avail, ami will 
 often be an a<lvantage to the pasture besides." 
 
 I am of the opiniiui that (.'anadian wood ashe- would lie far 
 superior to lime for the above [lUi'posc, and il' neither of these 
 materials v/i-re easily obtained, a good shovi'lfiil of ilry cart h or road- 
 dust, would soon absorb the moisture neeessary for the development 
 of the larva'. 
 
 ^Vhat a])pears to nu' to be the most practical recommendat i<ui, is. 
 that of Prof. I. 15. Smith. He says: — " By seiuling a boy over 
 tlio pasture every other day with a shovel to thoroughly spreail out 
 the cow droppings, all egus and larva' would be destroye«l." I 
 believe if this wei'i' done twice a week it would lie sutlicieiit, and 
 would be ecpially c^l^^ectiv" in wet weather, when the substance 
 would be washed away, as in liot weather, when it is dried up.