\; \> # ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^O /^/.f^ SI.0 1.1 lii|2£ 125 :? i£° 12.0 11.25 ■ 1.4 I 1.6 '/ Photographic Sdaices Corporalion 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WlftSTM.N.Y. MSSO (716)S72-4S03 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/iCiy/IH Collection de microfiches. Canadian institute for Historical IMicroraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas t JS Technical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notaa tachniquat at bibliographiquaa Til to Tha Instituta hat attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy avaiiabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographicaily uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction. or which may aignificantiy changa tha uauai mathod of filming, ara ehackad balow. □ Colourad covara/ Couvartura da coulaur pn Covara damagad/ Couvartura andommag^a □ Covara raatorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura raataurAa at/ou pallicuMa □ Covar titia miaaing/ La titra da couvartura manqua r~l Colourad mapa/ D D Cartaa giographiquaa mn coulaur Colourad ink (i.a. othar than blua or black)/ Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) I — I Colourad plataa and/or illuatratlona/ Planchaa at/ou illuatratlona an coulaur Bound with othar matarial/ Rati* avac d'autraa documanta Tight binding may cauaa ahadowa or diatortion along intarior margin/ Lareliura aarrte paut cauaar da I'ombra ou da la diatoraion la kmg da la marga intiriaura Blank laavas addad during raatoration may appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar poaaibla. thaaa hava baan omittad from filming/ II aa paut qua cartainaa pagaa blanchaa ajoutiaa lora d'una raatauration apparaiaaant dana la taxta, mala, loraqua cala Atait poaaibla, caa pagaa n'ont paa «t4 filmtea. r^ Additional commanta:/ Ull Commontairaa tuppi^mantairaa: Irregular pagination L'Inatltut a microfilmi la maillaur axamplaira qu'il lui a it* poaaibla da aa procurai . La* OAtcils da cat axamplaira qui aont paut-Atra uniquaa du point da vua bibliographiqua. qui pauvant modifiar una imaga raproduita. ou qui pauvant axigar una modification dana la mithoda normala da fiimaga aont indiquto d-daaaoua. r*n Colourad pagaa/ □ D D D D Pagaa da eou!sMr Pagaa damagad/ Pagaa andommagiaa Pagaa raatorad and/or laminatad/ Pagaa raatauriaa at/ou pallicuiiaa Pagaa diacolourad. stainad or foxad/ Pagaa dtcoioriaa, tachatiaa ou piquAaa Pagaa datachad/ Pagaa d*tach*es Showthrough/ Tranaparanca Til po of fil Or ba th ak ot fir aic or pn Quality of print variaa/ Qualit* inigaia da I'impraaaion Includaa aupplomantary matarial/ Comprand du material aupplAmantaira Only adition avaiiabia/ Saula Mition diaponibia Th ah< Til wl Ml dif an^ b«i rigl raq ma Pagaa wholly or partially obacurad by ar rata alipa. tiaauaa, ate. hava baan rafilmad to anaura tha baat poaaibla imaga/ Laa pagaa totalamant ou partialiamant obacurciaa par un fauillat d'arrata. una palura, ate. ont it* fiimiaa * nouvaau da fa^on * obtanir la maillaura imaga poaaibla. li] - iv, [3J [1] • 208. 229-236, 217-228, 229-392, [386] - [3881 . 393-464. 466-464, 466-470, 481-1064 p. Part of pagM 619 & 620 art miuing. Soma pagM may film slightly out of focui. Thia itam is filmad at tha reduction ratio ehackad balow/ Ca document aat film* au taux da r*duction indiqu* ci-daaaous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X SOX / 12X 16X 20X 24X 2IX 32X cils du )difi«r une nage Th« copy ftlmad hM hM b««n raproducMl thanks to th* g«n«ro«ity off: DouglM Library Quaan's Univarsity Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha baat quality poasibia conaidaring tha condition and iagibllity of tha original copy and in itaaping with tha ffiiming contract spacif ications. L'axamplaira fiiniA ffut raproduH grica i ia ginAroalt* da: Douglas Library Quoan's Univarsity Laa imagaa suivantas ont At* raproduHas avac ia plus grand soln, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattatA da raxamplaira filmA, at an oonformitA avac las conditions du contrat da ffilmaga. Original copias in printad papar covars ara ffilmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illuatratad Impras- sion, or tha back covar whan appropriata. All othar original copiaa ara filntad baginning on tlia first paga with a printad or illustretisd impraa* sion, and anding on tha last paga wHh a printad or liiustratad imprassion. Laa axamplairaa originaux dont la couvartura an paplar aat imprlm4a sont fiimAs an commandant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par ia darnMra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraasion ou dlllustration, soit par la sacond plat, aalon la caa. Tous las autras axamplairas originaux sont filmfe an commanpant par la pramMra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraasion ou d'iiiustration at an tarminant par la damlAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Tha last racordad frama on aach microficha shall contain tha symbol — ^> (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol ▼ (moaning "END"), whichavar applias. Un das symbdas suivants apparattra sur la darnlAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la cas: la symbols — ► signifia "A SUIVRE", la symboia ▼ signifia "FIN". Maps, platas, charts, ate, may ba ffilmad at diffffarant raduction retioa. Thoaa too larga to ba antiraiy included in ona axpaaura ara ffilmad baginning in tha upper lafft hand cornar. lafft to right and top to bottom, as many fframas aa required. The following diagrama illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre ffilmte A das taux da reduction difff Arents. Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un aaui clichi, 11 est ffilm* A partir da i'angle supMeur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en has, an prenant la nombre d'imagas nicessaira. Les diagrammas suivants illustrant la mAthode. rata Blure. 2X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 G CC* tbcli II. A CT fiderc ufeful and! IILTh into ] and I IV. Th '' Empi vince V. Thei table ral»,( VI. Th each I. A C arran in El Even Thelat. A NEW GiooRAPHicAL, Historical, and Commiecial G R AM MAR: and PRESENT ST SEVERAL KINGDOMS OF im WORLD. CONTAINIHO' L The FigufCt, Mot^it, tnd Diftan- cet of the PtaoetSf According to the latcft Obrenrationt. II. A general View of the Earth con> fidered M a Planet \ with ievcral ufeful Geographical Dcfiaitiona and ProUemt. in. The grand Diftfionsof the Gbbe into Land and Water, Contineota and Iflands. IV. The Situation and Extent of '' Eoiptret, Kinsdoait, Slates, Pro- vince«» and Coionie«. V. Their Climate, Air, Soil, ve^*- table ProduAiont, MctaU, Mine- rala, Curij^fitiet, Scat, Rivert, dec. VI. The Bird* and ficafts peculiar to each Country. VII. Obfenrations oo the CHangi^ that have been any where obfervcd upon the Face of Nature, iiM|tkt rooft early Period* of Hift. ^tfi VI n. Th« Hiftury and Orighi of Nation* ) their Form* of Guvero* ment, Religion, Law*, Reveauea* and Taxe*. IX. The Genius, Manner*, Cuftomf* and Habit* uf the People. X. Their Languaf^e, Learning, Arta« Sciences, Maoufadure*, and Com* merce. XI. I1ie chief Cities, Stniaurra» Ruins, and artificial Curiofitic**' XII. The Longitude, Lltitudc Bcaringi and Dinners of prw> cipal Places from London. TO WHICH Aaa ADDKD, * I. A GiocaArHiCAL iROtx, with the names of Pbces alphabeticallf arranged. II. A Tablk of the Coins of all Nation*, and their Vaw« in English Momsy. III. A CHaonotooiCAL Tabli of remaAitit Events from the Creation to the preicnt Time. Bv WILLIAM GUTHRIE, Efq. * TO WHICH HAVS »aiM ADBIO The Ute Difcoreriesof Dr. HaascHiiL, and other eminent AsTaoMOi|ii^ ILLVSraATKD WITH A CORRECT SET OF MAPS. rut FIFTEENTH ELITION, CORRECTED, AiD Oi.«' rtT IMIAROKD. ?f MONT ROSE: Printed fur Da. Buchanan, & Jas. Mokison, foldlty th«»| J. Faiaiairn, a. Constanls, Edinburgh } W. Coki» Lrith ; j. GiLLiis, k J..I)o»can, GU^w | the fiooUeUar* of Dundee* Ab.>-* ■-■?; .>v. ■\ i^ ^ WA saP ' * \/ ■'^.-^ I )ft m 1 Jl M.1N — l ssni r4 >JfiF! V » V .** « < t ^A ^ at^~*- - *w»[A^" i .^ Gu^ G^' '7^3 f '' 3^ }C i 1 •« » ,•: ( T % ^tV '*'•■> A*^ i). 'ft' »»!*. *,!(" r ■» .» ' V 1 \«T •- '3mi hi '♦V ..4n ' »>.'•* 0' xSP? ^ ^t i y- %.,i%!h u «» <4 S^l, 4*»^ ^ . •fc , -^ -"V' >' ' i s •;?n' '»/. V • * '^4. •« a ?e4 - 1, r» 1'- .^- ^/•^ « 1"- r.l '■■ •■ ** ,i<^mi if i': .i,-om '■t * ' . ■ J..4 t . ^l « 1 ;#■ »« 1 ifc.' *%;- •^ .-i^ :>i^::t/J. ^ *i .-,* JP. R E F A C E. 1 ' ^i'- ■.:f v« ♦•iftitr: THE gmfral approbation which tlx public have for fo long » period fhcwit to (jittHRu'i GkuCRArHKAL Grammar, fupcrfciiC* tWe necrflity of expatiating upon it* excellence auti utility. It will uniy be necefTarv tu give fuioc account uf the adJitiuni aMl im(,roveineutj» which tbic edition hu received. No paint have been fparcd to render the Gecgraphieal part both amufiog and'inHrattiogt to jrivr a lively delineation uf the luanuert u( ditUnt na* tious, and to exhibit tluifc variatiund which diilcrcnt climate*, different education, and different purfuit* niuil ilamp upo'i tlic human mind ; in executing thi< dKltcuIt talk, we have cunfulted the accounts of the Litcll tr^^vellcr* frona wliuin either ufefnl or entertaining infurmatiun could be. drawn. The many valuable publications which have been given to the world relative to Iiiflia have been carrfully invelligatcd, aiid every thing either ufeful or amufing lui been extracted. The Gcogiaphy uf tSiat cx« , tenfive country hat been much improved by Major Reiuirl, of whufe It* bouit we have not failed to prufa ; Major Diruin's niirrative uf the cam* paign '.'\ the Pcninfula, which terminated the war with Tippoo Sultan ta 1792 ; Maurice't Indian Antit^uitirt, tlic work of a nun of the drft gcuiuty and of the firfl abilitict, hat furniihed ii« with valuable information, Del'idcs other books which have been occafionally confullcd in the geographical ao count of Afia. Very cuDlidcrable impruvements and additiont have beta made in the hiAory uf the iflandt which lie fcattercd in the Indiaa Ocvon | many «)f which had hitherto remained cither totally unexplored, or \%.rf tittle known ; partly defendetl by the tcmpcU^HiUs ocean which fur/uii;.ded tbem, ai-d partly by the inhofpiublf and ferucioMt nia:meis of ihe luiivet. Concerning thcfc we have bceu J)lc to c«»lleft much v.iluabic int'ormaiiuny rrUi(i*fe to their urttdutllons, tu llic wuqdcrfiil p!ic'iumcn.i wliich nature ha« (hfpJaycd in thefe fi'Iit;iry n:cc(rc«, ard to the nui>n.'r» of their fav;;jre mhito bitjiita. r«»r moft of thofc j'articiilan wc act i:' 'tbtcd to the Atutic . ' fcarchei. What little itiR^rmation cou'd be collected conccrniii^ Afnca. hai been carefully attcndctl to. llie tiavd* uf the entcrprifing VoiUaui and the jaurncy uf Cul. Patetfun have bccti cxaininc'l with attention, au J muiy patticuUn huvc been cxtrac'i^cd, wiiich tend to exhibit a true portrait of the maiinert uf its iith»Litaitt8. In our journey tl.roU};h the barren dcfetti of Ai'-bla we have been much afliftrd by the ingciiiu»i« Mr. JDntce, from whofe.' valuable wurk we liavc extia^cd many particular* uot tu be iuufvd io any other edition. Oiir account of F.j»ypt it nnich iir.provid, ar.il a mure en- larged account i« ;j:vc:i of the n.ignilicent ruins i>f the templi-', domes, and tiiumphal pillars, which remind the clallic tiavcllcr ot the grar.Ueur of thi« once reurtvtrcd country. In the get graphical accouut of /in.ciici, v/e hvHf iolu.wed Mr. Morfc, who viiiicd the ftvcral Statet in ike Uniou, and Iql^ >;rcatl} itnpiDved the l',eo>;nipliy uf that country. The mciil allonilhink( and awful eveitit. which have tak^rn pl'cc in the world for lumc years back, l.avc retulcicd it ablohitily nccflFary ti> make veiy great addaionb to the htrtoricai part uf this edilrot\. I'he U.iBculty •i this talk hai been ijiui cover greatly ind^r^alcd by the diveriity ol' jOfptr ik .X <-> ^*^ It PREFACE. m- ninn* to which thcfc cvcnti have given rifr, •n«l tlie violfnrc tn^ iniinoGtr with whirh r*ch paMy have defended the caufe ihry l fcapa have (omrwhat abated, vet we are fennble we tread upgn dan^eroua ground ; ijfnn futp«fliu cintri dcUfo. But« however much we may wi(h to be unbiafTrd by faciiou* virwt, we cannot imitate the example of thofe, who« •(Turning an appearance of grrat candour, pretcikd, that they arc of wm party, and view the ftruggica uf both with frigid indifTcrcnce. TliC \uAmrf ci the pcrind wr' allcde tu hat excited in uur bread a more livclv inUrcfit and we chcarfullv avow that we have warmly efpuufcd the fentimeuta of the iUuflriuut author of Rrjifftioiis on iht Frtrtch RtvcUt'tom^ around whofe grave honour* will continue to thicken, and laureli to hloom, while genHit. wifdom* erudition, and inteority, command the admiration of manKuMl % whofe name wiH he infcribed in the lading roll of immortality, while hi* feeble opponent* will be at red in the " family vault of all the Canuleti." It hai been our particular fludy to eivc fuch a vom^icbciiiivc oifturv of that period, a* our narrow limit* ^iould permit ; and it i* hoped* thai fuch •• have ni-ilher leifure nor opportriiiry to read the n.«irc nunute hlQurlct uf thcfc tranCa^iiMU, will here Ik enabled to obtain fiuh a fatisfaifUiry view of a very eahimitoui portion of the hiflory of their own timc*» a* will prevent them from being the dupe* of artful fairchixul or infuiiou» a.ifre«. prrfentatSon. The hiftoiy cf Er;jl?:id i* continued to the battle of the Nile, and cou- dudo with a (.ircumAaniial account of that roemorablr viitery and it* pro* babic inflnence on the powert of Euiope } the hiftury of France ba» alfo been grratly enlarged ; it contains aa account «f all the awful event* Mhicb have reeently taken place in that country : the narrative ia compiled from the writing* uf thofe \«hc> have had the bed opportunitic* of intormatian* and whofe refpcAnhle chara^en rctidcr their veracity unim|>eachable. Par* tictdar atte^ition h^s bii^n paid to that part uf the hiilory which relate* to the fate of the unfortunate Lewi* and hit family — hi'k cruel impiiConmentf hit protraded fuflcringt, and ignominious death. The account of hi» lad affe^tng interview with his family i» taken from the journal of Clery, Itia valet de chambre, who wa« a witnefs of (he melancholy fccac, which he fo affcdiugly defcribet. The Itiilurie* uf Irelau.l, Spain, Gcrmauy, Pruflb, Ruflia, Itidy, Ac. arc all greatly enlarged and unproved. — In the hidory of Epypt, forrc account it givw of the invafiou of that eoimtry bv the French, and paflaget are cxtra^Ud from the letters of buouaparle, defcribing iho fittnition of the French airay. — The rraps aie executed io the bcft manner, and it i* hoped, will do no difcicdit to the woik. To conehide, the piihliihct* flait r thcmrclvct tliat tint new edition of Gt)TMai*'s GrocKArNic-AL Grammar coniiderahly enlarged beyoitd anj former one, will be found to be the bed hliliertu i>ublilhcd. ^i • , a 1 J • - * ■ ' ? F CONTENTS. ^! '■■»-''»■ ".V ^ \ ■' INTRODUCTI P A F T I. Of^ponomitaJ Geograf>fy: O N. SOLARSynrm ,^ .. •,, i, - • P*ge i Tabic uf the Diamcten, ?erio4s» &c. of the Soreni PUmU ia the Solar Syftcra Cotnrta • ' • Fixed Star* ^ i/j?^^ Conftellationi - -^ ^ ^ ^ ^ . f.. , Copcrnican and other Syftemaof the Uiuverfii ' , „ sv»»,>} ^i % .) » Dwrine of the Sphere , ^ *.' ..ii ? . >-*'•,' ^f^:*/ fii*^ * j*^ • ■ Globe * • •»,*,,' - * it ProWetp* prrformcd by the Globe Geographic:i1 Obt'crvations Natural DivirHM ' of the Earth Windt at>d Tide* M>p* sn--../.»-..;lJ» .^^ .r.. ^. Wales . » . lile of Man, Ifle of Wight, Jerfcy, Gucrufcy, &c, Ireland France • • I'uitcd Nctherlandt, or Holland Auftrian and French Netherlands • Cjcrroany • ' • I'ruiBji • • Bohemia • a, Ilungary - -^ n Tmnlylvania, Sclavoniii and Croatia I'ukcd and IJthuani* •• %- 77 95 loi ii» 391 n 399 . 5,, « • 5»J 53f ' - 57.,» ;"S* CONTENTS. . 8witierlautl • ... •■ • • /-^ Spain I •/_ • . • . Portiigil • • • • Italy - - ' • * • • Turkey In Europe, ilic ancient Grrc cc Turkim lll.Mul* in the Lfv.mt, IhIi1|{ part «>f ancient Greece f^-t ^J^'""' V»'"i'<"an IflaiiiU arc dcUnbcd wiih iKc Conutriea Xhcy nfjxttivcly belong. ^ 631 650 6ys t9wuSL J\i ASIA. Its Situation, Hountlaries, grand DivifioiUi and HiAory Of Turkey, in A fia - • "• • Tartary in Alu - . ■ ", • ^* China • • • • ' • India in general * • -• ^. * • fntlia beyond the Gangeii Im'.ia within tlie Gan^ct, or the Empire of the Great Mogul '^ l^ic PcnitifoU witluii the Gangci P^rfia • * • • • •.,.«. , 1 • < ' fl'x.f ?5f.tC 701 '734 " '760 Arabia • ' - - Indian and Oriental IHrs belonging to Afia , • ■^ ,■•■ ^ ... -- . AFRICA. T7« 78s f , 799 , »,. 805 HkhV ■»•( )t« Situation, Boundaries, grand Diviftuns, and Iliftory Of Egypt ^ „ , • . - '4 Tlie ^Ul.:i of Barbary • • AbyfGnia - v:^*\ , . . > • reazan, Domott,an(i Camrta • • Sierra Leone And Htiiam ■;?(*)<1 • - " vs. Uf Afrioi from the Tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Guud Hope " Countr)-uftUcHoUciitv?> - ► C«flV«rta '■;*:'■*"? i. : , : .. .» ^ )..» I ■i*v^'^ ^s ••)/ ' Alncaa Illand* • • . ' M T- Tfr A- 4 /a- *• R,4 8t» »37 K44 J<49 f jv'« 4 ■»• A >r E R I C A. . Ita Difcovefy and Iliftory •• •■ • '. • Orj^inal IiihahiMni* - • ' ' • '* Sitnatiuitt Ikii>ii«J4i NCI, anJ grand Diviftoo* > ■ • <«Nrw Biiiaiof and other Countries towaids the North ■ - -z l*o\e ! • !P * • • • • ^ g Catitida • , . • • -' •^ Nova hcotia » . ♦ lloiled StaUs of America » . - • K«w Knj^land - - . - |Iew Yo»k - - - . New Jctfcy ... . • PennfyKania and Delaware • • • Mar%Ui.d - . - ■ . • . Virj^inia . - , - Nortii and .Soii'.h Carn!ir.», with GiDr^'fa - '• ^cw Stale* formed iaNuuh Anicii'.a 9rt9 89? 898 9c6 908 V«i 931 t 91J i 9' 7 93» 93+ 94'* 94« General General ] Jamaica 1 Eaft < 'S New Old, ITerr I c cru Chih" Parai .Cubi Portlijfuef French Ai Guad«lou| Dutch Ar .St. Enflat St. Thorn New Difc Niirtlicm The Difco of man The Ptlc« The Marq Otaheite, ( The Sociel Oheteroa The Frier New Zeab The New New HoIIj New Guii Sandwich Terra Inco A New A TabI, Money Cltruaolug '^Mm^^^jtl^S^*-^ a^': . CONTENTS. ^1 681 650 ^X %* ^et 70J 716 74» 754 760 n* 78$ 799 805 »37 H44 K49 h5i »57 «;-6 9cB 911 9*5 9i7 93» 9+« GcnciAl GrntTil Defer ipt Ion of the Weft Iiidici Jamaica ai'duthrr inatMiinthc Weft litdies. EaA and Wift Florida New Nfesico, including Califurnia, Old, Mciico, or new Spain, i I ! Terra Firma 1 Kortli America e m c Suutli America Peru — — Chili — — ParafTua, or I^ Plata .Cuba and HiCpanioU, and oUirr IHands in America Portu^uefe Amcri^.*, Brafd « • French America, 'Cayenne CfUadaloupc, and other French I (lands in the Weft Indiet T)utch America, Surinam • • . 8t. Euilatia, and other Dutch Idandt in the Weil Indica St. Thomaa'a, and other Danifli lllattd*, in DittOi New Difcovcriei - ^ • » Niirthrm Archipelago • • - - llic Difcovery of an Inland Sea, coDtatning a great number - of Iflanda in North America ^« The Pticw Iflandi The Marque^* Iflanda • . • Otaheite, or King Gcurgc** Iflaod - « • The Society lOanda . . . • Ohcterua - . - • The Friendly inand* . . . 4 New Zealand • • . « The New Hebrides - . • V- • • New Holland - • '.?•' • •. ► ' New Guinea • ' r» ' - • Sandwich Iflandf, . ' ** * '. Terra Incognita . . > - ' A New Geographical Table, alphabetically arranged A Tabic of the Coins of all Nations, and tlicir *alue in Englidi Money • • • CuruQolugical Tabic of Reaarkablc EvcoUi Ice. 953 V57 97© 97 « 197« 976 V79 98 s l9«4 986 98t 99* .994 ibid. 996 9^i ibid. ibid* looa lOOI IOO< ibid, loos 1006 1007 ibid. 1008 1009 loia 1013 lot; 1017 103J »Cf7 J V ' - ■'I 'f ^ '- w r .f f 4^1 fc*^.» I . 3' ■■'"'1 ' 'M \.m. m:. ^, W^' •*.,*» i}"*^''* ^- *i , -A ' " -*'( "^ :;''**S -;( * \'*' ,';."-■-' "'c' -^ ^ '-'< , ... * ' ■w . f - ■ ,,,'.> I- fe t f 1 < • ', [■ ■m .MS^ >fe» I pi m' "i "*^' 11 £' ^ ■■^■a r^ *^ *■#* •jr T 'M i N T R < D U C T I O N. ti. ' 'trr n ..iat.'fii :> ■.*.;./ 'r. I . '. » .* -t ! .'ilL. ■ ; f^jm Joa sT' .'.;.. ■ ■; ';i''T» I '.■•■' •"if J3l;.ji*i . 1 ,~':3 PART I,Vt. e Or A^mouoiiiCAL CioCiiArHr. '•1 S E C T. t .^.•'. /■ '-> *■ di ll Or the pLAKtTi, the Comets, the Fixto StAnt, and the - - ,/i ,\. Syitsiis of the Uxivtist. THE fwicncc of GtooRAf HY c«nnot be completely nndcrftood wi'th*^ y" outconnArring the rarth a* a planet, or a:i « body moving round atiutiicr at a cuutidcrable dilUncc from it. But the fcicnce which (re*tt of the pUnrt«, and uthcf heavenly b«Kiic»» it c«Hcd Astkonohv. Hence the nccclTity of bcginuinif this work with an account of the heavenly bo» diet. Of thefe the molt confpicuous U that j^uriou* luminary the Su% the ibunuin of light and heal to the fevcral planets which move round it ; and which« toj^ctlicr with tJte fun* coropofe what ailronomcn iiave called the Solar Syitcm. The way, or path, in which the planets move round the fuo, is callcti their Orbit ; and it ia now fully proved by ailro* oomen, that there arc fcvcn planctd which move round the fun* each ia it» own orbit. The narae« of thcfc, according to their neanMrf) to the centre, or middU- point of the fun# are Mercury, Vemis, the Earth, Mors^ Jupiter, Saturn, and the Ceorgium Sidu*. The I o iirft, bccaufe tUc]r move wilhia the orbit of the earth (being ncurcr ihc .' ^ are called it^ ' ri(tr plaueU, or, perhaui more properly, intrrier or i/Mtr ^^lanetu ; Uic four laft, moving without the orbit of the earth, arc called A/irrior, i pcrhsM moic proj^rly, exUriar or ouUr plaiieta. If we can )unn a notion of tac m4nncr in which any otic of thele planets, fupp<]fc our eartii, moves round the lun, wccan caiUy conceive the manner in which all the reildo it. We lh<«n oniv ilKTtJurt partieularly coufidcr tlie motion of the earth, ur filaGkdt , on wh'ch j*T.l ed to be the habitatiun« of fpurit^t. The heavens, in which the fun, mooo^ and (lars appeared to move daily from call to weft, were conceived to be at no gicat diilaucc from it, and to be only dviigut-d for the uic or omari ment of our carh : fevcral rcafon;, however, •ccurreJ* which rsi^lcrc<| thii upimoii Imptobable ; it i*^ necdIcfH to luentjon them, bccaufe ^Jiafc now a FuAcieot proof of the ii;rurc of tlie earth, from the voyages of m«n|f navigatont, who have actuully Tailed round it : as from that ofMagdlipi'^ i}up, which wiithc ^U that (luruuuded the glob«^ (ailing saA from • j>%t ■■M P.4 "iwi ' 'ir ^^ 4 . f .! * i'fe- •4 % . •* m rimitf &&f- .--^5lf»-' $ INTRODUCTrdir. * ia Ejpropcui ijig* andreturningtothc fiuneiiftcrft voyage of 1114 ity^ wUtottt ap^pwcatl^ altcriiut hit diitAim, any fomt dna a ly woald ip* pear to dowed with a motion or velocity lb tmmcnlc at to exceed al c o p c e p ti oa t whereat an the appearincet in nature nay be at wett explained by iaagia- kg fihe eaith to move round die fiia ia the Qpooe of a year* nAv^ tdm oa jet own axil once ta 34 houia. 1V> fenn a oonceptKm <^thc£e two tnotibot of the earth, we may ima* 1^ a baB moving on a biniirdpofinfr a fpiadle put through a ImS» with one end of it touching the ground; tf we move the baU ditvair Ibrwards,' «4ifle one end of the ipnidk conUmias to touch the ground, and ||m odier poinu towards (banc ^piarter of the heavmfl, we may fiom a notion of the Jnctinatton of the earth's axis to iu orbit, 6om the fedhMtins of the Qiindfe to the ground. The (anc ohferration ap(Jics to Cmbc of the other pbacto, as tmf be Cent from the tabltw The onlr thmg that now remans, is to cmmdtr what is meant by the mttm 4fi/kmm of the phmcta fiom the fun. In order to uaderftand which, wc mnft team that the orbit, or path iHiich a pfawet dcferibea, were it to be oMBkcd mittwwdd not be quite round or drcttbr, but in the Ou^ of a ignre catt* td an ^flSf6$, which, tho«^ refanbling a circle, is h>ngcr than brood. Hcnoe the func planet it not atwayo at the &me diftanoe from the fcn, ondtte meaadtftanceof it is, that whiah iecsa^Uy betwixt its gtcateft, and kdkdiftinoev HeieifbBowithetabla. Periods, ftc. of the lirreral Fbnets In the .MarSTftcBif A TABLE of the ofdM Mwfwy fM«h Mam hUn |f»«ai iha fb* m ^ssirminH •rum af ▼• J^OOO Stile lOtSt^Mi M iy4l. i«»a4lhe Am. Oiarosl )koeo S4.»i7f saint ottw 494^»fO«7< ■ U l I' ', d. o ly W%4 1 % II JI4 1 mitt mil 4 «4 • I O *44 O 14 40 O f j4 - ta.S9l MUS m.floo S9,oli aMoi 41 II 0^0'' .4^ tftf J££ iff^S.'_ ^ INT R O BirCTIQ'N; t Am^ GtonpM plMrt (or Gconrwm 6>4|») Hm co ofi «l— bk u um S t aii dkMMMMM ol itroqiMMM»it wtU be PtccBuy 4b • wockof Uug aatuM*. ID gin tkc io4v • hiui »ecouol of iu k wal diCcovotd by Dr. Ho^ fitM^ «ilk 1h« tflMoopc of gseat (Ue »xA povfcr, ia the jnr 17^1. for thi ti if o Hr y beotaMoN &wf tbc K a* corra* ^MMid wlUi WBiilar aopcaraaces ia other planafi— Whca the moon ia ab> ma it anay be tten by tbc oakad eye f asd tbc dafcovery oi two (aulUup •tteodtag it« fecma to coo£er ii|ien it a digaity, and to rai£i it iato a man aanoQf the great bodica of our foiar fyftcia*^Aa the diftatBGaa of the pfaHMCa» wheai marked if milct, ve a borkn to the m^ oftca cxpnA their mean diiUocc* in a frotttr vu^p tbt diftaocr from the caith to the fou t9 be divided iato tea mm. Mercury mj tkm be cAiaMted at (our qf.^cb parU fnm. ^ nuw Vnwa at fevca, the Earth at ten, Mara tt fificca, Jupiter at finynw* fiKk paita» aat.«ni at aMcty<4««, aadthe Qcorgiii^ Siidua om hundirsd and aiactypait^ Coatara.l The reader havtag ^Maiacd a» idfa of the pU^eta iir«« thf taUc* aad the prewHM ofaforaUoaa motibn for uoderttaodiag itf il^aH next tura bis relledioa to the coman^ whicW « they revolve ronad our fun, are a part of the M*r fyftem. Thcfc drfcending firom the (mx diftant parta'of the (yicm rrith great npi^y» ftirpriic ua vith their fia|^hr ap- pearance of a tram or tau. which accMapa^iea them { become thmle to u« in the lower potts of their orbits, and, after a (hurt fiay, go off again to 'Vaft aHfancci, and di&ppnr/ Thoi>gh feme of the anarnta had morr fan, aotiona of them, yet the upiniun haviqg prvrailed, tMt th«y were only mctoora generated is the air, lika to thole we fee in it every night, and i* ft "few moments vaoifhiog, no care-was take« tq obfenne or record their bhmomeill accurately, tulof late. Hence this part &f aiiroouanr ia ««ry uup ei fefL The groerd doArinc is that they ^n iubd, compact bodieiy Vkf; other planets, and r c gu h te d bf the (sme laws of gnmtr, h as-t# deicaibe oopal areas in proportional timet h)' i^'dii drawn to tlw commoi ft 3* no D VCTIOK, g MKMit apd^lM^ilMtikartbftpUacUvwiiluwt fuffering tlw.k«it CuifiUtat. (UUiicc m tlMtf BMCbq^f whidi Cuffidcatljr pnivn UuU the plsMU 4|f aoi. nKM«tyiiilid«rlM. Of aUtW coa«tvUi«p«iMlii«f tiiDiC«Mil]r«gdba«u wtth iiiy di^fitil' orrtaintf » king ioittd to itetimi ct iatcrvakof u, i»^ md 175 y«w» J Md«iCtUf<« UuR trfiich appcand in i6to u lis ani IMMriuUb. TIm ««|I)•^ ^ itt givaUft diftutcc, «• about n rtwiitiw^ ioo MiIU«o« «C«jkrfitPo«) lU £11% wiulc lu 1«»A diftancc &on tlic cartM «f the ftii it abciA #9> tkaaOnHl omIm ( vricfam Ufii thas one Uurd .pan of Um (•»'• fesM^iiMrr finm kia (ut&cc la tbak part of ha oAk whkk ^ MvaA Umc fun* k Aim ««itb tbc aniaci^g ndoatj of gite,ooo wflaa is an kpur 1 ami tV Sm^ m taan fram i^ sppcan 190 degrcca b breadth* roticqiaantll 40»ooo twiaa aa latge aa he appaan la uw Th« a<>oaiiftiiiif (MUaoe that ihii otmtt rvm out into 9atf»y ^wce* aattiol^ 6u[gdU t« our htayiMtioOf the Taft dilUnoe beiwcca our (m and the apmE crhai% FcnuCaa* aadWhiAoik '^^.. . Tiisriiao tTAai.] Having thni h^dtf furreycd tha Cblar fyAeai* whiehi tbovfh gHat ia iilaU^ laiimU fa «oii^MHif«a df the aanaataty «f iW uatwic^ w0 aast piaotcd aa the onateniMlitiofi ol thofii oiW «i^ hoim called thtj^djmi t «liitiag that a^pearaact vbadh «t caH the rwiwIiliBig of the ftaia. I'ki* ariiU koai their bciag fo aptwanif buSif that the iirttrpo&tioa of the Icail bodv, of iwhich thcra art laaaf coaftaady floadiog ia the airt dq>riv«« ua of tM i2i|^ of thoa 1 «haa tkt i na tipo fcd body chaagvt its phkce. we a^'n (cc the ftar* aad thla fuo> ceftaa ^liag perDctaalf oceafioiu the t«iakliag. But a owcc i wmh> abl« property of tW fcced ftan, and that froas which they hap fbtiiaad their aaake^ ia their never changing their Utuation, wttk regard to cack other t aa the planct»i fro what we have alraadr laid* nun cfideatlf bt alwaya ohaagiBig thcffi. 1^ Aatt which arc wHure ft to ui kcm laige^ and arc therefore called Qlthe tirft inag«i|u4c. Thofii of tha leooad aagnitade appear U&, bciag at • greater diftanoe t and fo pro^oeding im^ to the fixth magnitude* wbi^ iocludct all ^c iocd Ibrs that w viSiblt wtthoat a tckfoope* Aa to their nuiabcrf tkough ia a dUar wioter'a night, vidioot jMoaihsoe. they ffcm to be iHnuroerabWf whidi ia owii^ to their llrong fparkliag* wad ov» jooking at than iaa tht mingtt iacre afe d uader kia eye 1 44*000 tara, fcen in the ^acc of * a ftw d hgi a iH Cecmad to tadioate that tliefe were knaif-dif aiiKoaa « ia tha hoiveaa." But what art aO thcfie wheo conpared 'to thofir that the whole es|«afe, the boaadkCi field* of iCthcr i Indeed the im. ' of the aaivcrfie uaift cootain fuch auaiberH as would eseccd the tiwldi of the huanaa iau^iaatioa ) for who can by how far the » cataadH or point out thole limits, where the Creator ftaycd •* hii ttfid udweb^ or where he ** fised tha ftddea coiapaflcs ?*' Theiaaaeafe diftaaoe of the fised ftan from our earth, and one another, ii of aB eoaidcraticBi the aaoft proper forraiftavour ideuof theworlu of Ood. For aotwithiaadiag the gnat extent of the caith^t orbit or path fiHMi is al leaft 190 auDnat of milea in diameter) round the fun, the tSaaee •aat part of ka orbit* or lt>o adliona of miles &ithcr raawiad from tha Aar. The Aar aear^ us, and coaiequenUy tha larvaA hi appear- is the do|4hur, or Siiius. Modem "d ifconr i m ataKa it paoh^k Kb of thde fixed ftan ia a fun, having pbnets aad comeu rcndvtng it, aa oar (ua has the earth and other uancts favoKing round him; Moar the dof ftar appean 17,000 timet left than the fuq { aiui, « tha diA er m proportion as they (cemlefi^ mathe> diftance of Siriut froui us to be twa ibnd millioat of mile*. The motion of Mil, t bcitfe r e, whidi, though (o quick m to be commonly thought (waataaeous, tiJies up awre time in travelling from the ftan to as than «« do in making a Weft India voyam. A found would not arrive to us from thence in 50*000 yean t which, nest to light, is c o iAderrd as tha ^nickeft body we are aoqosintcd nrith. And a oanoea ball lying at tha talc of 480 miles an hour, would not reach n* in yoo/too yean. The ftan being st fuch immenfc diftance* from the fun, cannot po£« ftlf neoft from him (b ftroog a light as they £eem to have ; nor aay b ri tht n ds fnflkieat to make them viublc to u». For the fun's mys muft befofcaltenrd and diflmated before they reach fuch remote ohjeds, that they can aevcr be traaunitted back to our eyes, (b as to render thcCe ob> joAs nfible by reflexion. Tile ftan therefore ihine with their own n»> the aad unborrowed hiftit, aa the fun does { and fince each particular ftar as wcD as the fun, is oinfined to a particular portmo of fpace, it is ptatn that the ftan are of the Uxoe nature with the fun. It is ao way prohaUe that the Afanighty, who alway* adU with hdbhe vifdom, and does nothing in vsin, fliould create fo manv g l o ri oua funs, fit Cor io many important purpofct, sod place them st fuch diftancaa from aaothrr, anthoat fr^>er objcds near enough to be benefited hy their it. t NT ltOI>UCT ION,- ' t fefclBlrt WlMcvcr!iMigiiM«t]MrilM]rwef««mu4oal7t*gtirft&^ gliaairit Vglit to Um ioliabiUBU of tliu glebe, mnft biv« • tvy tmn^ {dilkiiowUM of diraoomy % • HMM op^ ioM, by M ioMlliljr kit Mfrtioo of owtiaff power, Um Ddtj coiiU bwo one fiatw 1 givtaourtaitli much note Ufht by one fiagi MbmA tbca of ooc iin mm ob« world ooljr, ia tbe uamrfi, m thc*ay iulful is fiMMMBV imgiact ulitf feicncc difaovcn to m fiidk aa JDnai- odvibk pwbcr ot foot, fftant, and worUU, diipcricd tkro^gb beuod^ y* ffifle^ that if our (ua, with all tbe ohncta, bkmnm, aad cooacu b*' iMtgiag to it« wot a nmhihtff d, tbey would be ao noi« aiifled by aa «y* ibat could take ia the «^Mk crcatioa, tlon a graia of frad fion tbc iea- AoR I dM fpacc tbcy pofliefih bcng conparativdy fo fnaDt that it would kamly be a ttnEbk VLak in the uaivcrfc, ahhougfa the Gcotgium Sidua the OMtenMtft of our (lanett, nevolvM about the fun to an orbit of lo^Sjo ■jBioaa of auki ia dsenaifacnce* and fiomc of our cooKtt aukc ea- c«r6ooe upwards of tea tboufaad nuDioot of aulce beyond the orbit of the Gcorgiun Sidui i aad yet at that aattxing diftaccc, thqr arc JDoeoipaiab^ •cMMr to the (an thaa to any of the ftan { atieevidcat from their kcepkg cicarof thcaCtnOtngpowcrof allth«ftm,aadretaiBiag pcnodicaUy 1^ nrtue of the liia't amaJSHon, fnm arbat we kaow of our own fyfton, it may be rcafimably co»i dudcd, thfl all the reft arc with equal wifdoa contrived, fituatcd, ud provided widi accoounodatiooe for rational iahabitanti. For akhoi^ then ia ahaoft aa iafiaitc variety in the parts of the creatioa which w€ ba«< mMNMftunitici of cxamimag, yet there il' a geaeral aaalogy nunii^ throani and cooatffting aB the paita iato one w^ttHf, one oefigiu oas whalcl Siacc Che find ian are prodigiooa fpherca of fire, like our fua, and at iMoaceivablr diiaacee from one another, aa arell aa fitaa ua, it it rrafnnahk to ooochide they are made for the (ame purpofet that the lim it t each t» bcftow light, hot and vegetation, on a ccitam number dfinhatMUd pfatnc^ kept by gravitation withis the fplMre of itt aAivity. What aa aaguft I what aa amaaiag conception, if hmnan imaginatioa caa cooectvc it, doea thit give of the work* of the Creator i Thoufimda and Thoofimda of foaa, mukiplied without end, and ranged aQ arouad«t* at imaacnic diftaaeet tnm each other, attcadcd by tea thnnfand timet tea thoabnd waildt, aB ia rapid anotioB, yet calm, regular aad hfTr^ritniw^ iavariably keepia|( the patha ^refcribcd tlkm t and thcfe woridt peo^e^ inth myriadt of nrtcOigcnt Jjemgt formed for endldt progrcffioo in per&e* lion and fdidty. If (o much power, vrildoai, goodoela, and magaificcacc it difplayed^ia the material orcatioii, which it the Icaft coniidcrabk: part of the univ pluW oyhtii mtt t\e ifrfa Ml)on by tiM •Mnt'ol ill* fnmihtiaarj. But thrcoftArlafefotu ia rcneril hi«e|»rt(mca tlM «AnM» wWcn 'WVt'Citva thctn hr tiw^aiicicni* 4 sna tlwT w fCclMKa*^ I iilrtlMi^ihr m4 rtykM&mi tiiittlH>tiir>'!<^rfNK«re{acfrt(eith« iranbcf «# dM MtMll- cnito t6.m4<^thcfoi4hcnit^ )«. BHM««tlieCt, tK«t« ««tkt ifeifrM «r to w l fc l rti i w w in tk«^ Zot^ac, a« it if etitrd ffom t MKiM «lliil Mr a^cwm ^w \9K Tncf pvTi|^mvt mo m vutunonv m ■iiiuiiuiiffT* Dtmstfrr tTtrtart or n«i inrtr««>t.] MatikM wwrft tii H ^*Kil < ^•EfT mnwMfVMa nii|MyvciiKtit in oMvTtiiiff the mMteiM of th^'MwMNy botto, bdbrr they couM fo far dilcnngt tbcniAlm 4vom the p iff a ifen of finle and |wpiihr omnien, ttto btnetr ttmt the ««tlr, Ujmi 'whMb We* Gvc-f WM fidt iMd MM uiiiiHJicalilii. We fioS sccMiiiitjIy^ Hhtt Thilnf the MRcKm. who, Aom e96 rrm before CHrift, gr^tttjh fftiu—iy i« Earopet'lud font fo ftrra tkw iib|ciftu to orictirtteeliffeib er hMftaA* tjoovof tke noonlktwani the cwifi aad llR fnn» Qrof^ieeflmi b tt*f a the fnond tike moon (tfwrotiiiretifwiiich tmf bo c«fllyittdeHlDOd#M what we have already ob(hcr» Alu* imKd aboot 50 Tesn after Tnwv vml Mm , oo doobt eoufljr wefl aO|iMMit« «4tvMi«iiemDtionortheheavealybo^: i. TJa led PytbtMeai to coo* ecive n idea* wkicb thrrc it ao rrafon to Mirve bad erar been thoa^ ofbtfereiiMawly, that the earth itfetfwM in raotioo. ami that tb« fun wal at rdL^ He fbuad that it wci impolBile, in anyotbrr way, to gi«e t cooMant Bccomit of the beav<«irf mntiona. The fjrfbMi, however, WM fe extmnely oppodte to ifl the piejadieci of fenfe and ophwm, that k ««*er tiade groat progrefi, nor was erer widely ^fiffaled in the aiidrot world. 7V phflofophcts of anti(|iiity, dcfpiririiif of Umg Me to oter* cone ignorance hj ntafnn, fet themfdm to adapt the one to thr other, and to form a rKtrndliatton betvreen them. Thii was the '* cr^^/'*rrJet called cxceiitria tad qptcyck^ ercffing and m^.nktU[i, with one mother. Tim fyftan was wmmUl^ maiatained by the pcnpatrtic pltilofophaa, who were the aioft coofiderable {e& in Europe from the lime uf Ptolemy W ihe icrivil «f }jamaf ia tbc ftstecatb century* I NTEOD vi TI OR d ohgidtl gcMWi t ■MTpttbb'hMd It lone is oMcaii> At k*fftlH CopcnMOW, • Mftm of PoUimI, boU iJpoud tfte Pythafortw, pr trw Mmm of Uir uiiTcrCt to UM woild itt tlMc ytar iffOb ThM doAriac halkb a acw tfUm of bit owa* which wm ftitt oMrv p**l ' < I'd cmbarraAed than tbal of Ptohmy. It aBowt a mootblf r til ; iju *ic < imo ra«nd the earth, ae the ceatrt of itaoite { and it ndk^^s ' . ft nable bercfy. The bappy refocnataon in rdigioo, boweecr, -placed Uie on« balfof Europe beyond the roMEb of the paMltbtinder. It tnugbt uMnbind that the Icripturea were not given fior eipfening fytcaM of aannl fNWb- purpo(e, to naakc ua juft, virtpoue^ and Immmnwi phy, but for a OMtcb nobler , , ^ , _ tluHU intend of oppofing the word of Ood* which in fpeaking of natural things fuita itCdf to the pre|udiGca of weak nMMftals, we employed our fcad- ticf ui a maancr highly agreeable to God hmfelf, in tracing the oalwe of bia worki, which, the more they are 09n(idcr«d, aftml ua the greater realon to adnure hi* glorioua attribiitca of power, wi^oo^ and goodneia. Ffoaa tUa tiftie tkerefiNC, ooble diCcofcriea were nnde in all the brancbeeof < 'Die motion* of the henvenly hodica were not only dearly espfauncd, but ffeneial law of natttrr, iocordiag to which they nwtcd, waa difioovcred and ulutkn.ed by he immortal Newton. Thia law ia caUed Gnmtj or Attrmt- i' aI ia the iamc by which any body fall* to the ground, what dtfengag- CO nroni what fupportnl it. It baa bc«n (lcnu>nArBicd, that thit Mha law nliich kcepa the uea in its channd, and the varioua brace ertuch d^nv tba (urfKc of thit earth fffom tying oflf ioto the air, operates througlMMt the <«{- vcrfc, keeps the plaoeti M their orbits, and iroin couniiiun and difordcr* prcfervci the whole nbric of naCiiire %ZCT> INTRODUCTION. 'i SECT. II. or the Doaftn« of the SrNiRi. m HAVING, in the foregoing Seaion, fretted of the UNivitti ia ge- neral, ir. which khe earth Hm been coofidered at » plaoct, we now proceed to the doArine of the SrHiti, whkK ought alwmyt to be {Mrcnufed before th'A of the Globe or ewlh, m we flkall Cee in the nest Sedion. Ill haodliag this uil^jeAt we (haU coofidcr the eaith a* at reft, and the heavenlf bodie«t aa perfmning their rrrolotiofM around it. Thia method cannot lead the reader into any miftake* (ince we have previoufly explained the true fjrf- tem <^ the univerfr, from which it agbeara, that it i» the rfW motion of the evth» which occafion* the apfturtnt nwtion of the heavenly bodiea. It i« bc- fidet attended with thia advantage, that it perfeAly agrees with the inlMitia* tion of oiir fcnfes which always leauis us to conceive the matter in this way. The- imagination therefeff« is not put on the ftretch ( the idea is eafy and familiar) and^ in delivering the elements of fcience, this objeA cannot DC too much attended to. N. B. In order m<4llltteaHy to comprrhrtid what follows, the reader aasf oceaTionally torn hia eye to the figure uf the artiikial fphere on the oppofite The indents obferved, that all the ftars turned (in appearance) round the earth, firom eaft to sreA, in twenty-four hours ; thnr, the circles which they deCnibed in thofe revobtions, were parallel to each other, but not of the (iune magnitude ; thofe paffii^ over the middle of the earth being the brgcft of lOl, while the rrft diniinifervcd that from the till uf June to the 2jd of l)cccml>cr, the Sun advanced every day to- wards ji certain point, and havini; arrived there, returned toward* that from ■w^enee it fct out, from the 2 id of December to the aitl tif June : they (bed ibe/e poitdit which they caHe h the inlbnnf T in thi* way. » it eafy ^ ctnnot be too hiJttdcrmaf n the oppoTite mace) round circlet which jther, but not e earth being t their dtiUnce n the heaves** they urmed cm. In order rlijfieial Sfhtrtt »Ucd an ^ttUr POa, They cpt ember* »he h of the polcf. part»» and on iMo raUeil th<> I the noxett and pole* of the aodiac. The ancientt alfo obicrvcd, that when the fun was in any point of ht» cuurfc, all the people inhabiting dircdly north and fuuth, a« far as the poka, have noun at the fame time. This !fVKt oc- caTioo to imagmc a cirvlc paiifing throngh the pole* of the wurU, which they call a MeriSamt and which i* imnpovewle in the artiikal fphcre, at well ai tlK horizon { which is another circle rcprc(e|itiu^ the bounds betwixt the two hemifpheret, or half fphcrcs, vis. that which is above it, and that which i« Mow it. SECT. III. The Dodrinc of the GboaE naturally fdUows that of the SrHcas. BY the do6lnne of the CLOat m meant the rq>refenution <^ the different places and countries, on the face of the earth, upon an artiBcial globe or balL Now the imuiner in which geographcn have rcprcfcnted the utuation of one pbce upon this earth with regard to another, or with regard to the earth in general, has been by transferring the circles of the fphere to the arti« licial globe { and this is the only method they could employ. This wiQ be •bundantlv obvious from an example. After that circle in the heavens, which is called the equator, was known to afbronomers, ther^Was nothing more cafy than to traiiifc. it to the earth, by which the fituation of {daces was detcmiin- ed according as they lay on one fide of the equates or another. The fame may be obferved of the other circle* of tlic fphere abovc-asentioned. The reader having obtained an idea uf the prinuple upon which the Dodtrine of the Globe is founded, may proceed to coulkxr this do6Urine itfelf, or in other words, the description of our earth, as rcprcfcnted by the trtificial globf. Fiouaa or thk earth.] Though in fpeaking of the earth, along with other pbnets, it was fufficient to coniidcr it as a fpberical or globular body | yet it has been difcovered, that this is not its true figure ; and that the earth, tttough nearly a fphere or ball, is not perfectly fu. This matter occafioned great difputc between tlic philofuphers t»f the lall age, atnong whom Sir Ifaac Newton, and Caflitii, a French ailrunomer, were the headii of two different parttci. Sir Ifaac d^montf rated, from mathematical principles, that the eaith was an oiJaU fpktrt^ or that it was flatted at the poks, or north and (buth points, and jutted out towards the equator } fu that a line, drawn through the centre of the earth, and patUng ihrough the poles, which is called a diameter, would not Im: fu long as the line drrfWn through the fame ccnure, and paflliig through the call and wcil puiitts. The French philofopher afferted quite the contrary. But the matter was put to a trial- by the French king in 1736, who fent ovit a cumpajiy of philofophers towards the north pole, and hkcwifc towanls the equator, in imlcr 10 int-at'urr a degrree, or the tliicc hundred and iixtielh part uf a great circle, in thcf'e diiTcreut pwt4| aiid from tlicir report, the opinion of Sr Ifaac Newtun wil conhrmedbeMMd dif. pute. Since that time, therefore, the earth lias always been cfMNnMl M more Aat towards the poles titan towards the equator. The rcafiw (AltUi £gwc may be cafdy undcrftood. if the reader fuUy comprehends wk■^fllf^fe^> D la I N T R O » U C T 1 O K, mcHy obfcrrvd, with rsgui to the cvth's motMa. For if i«e fts • ball «f thf on a fpimUc, asd whirl it ivumI, w« (hall litMj that it vriO jot out or p»o- jc£i towanh the middk» and ftattcn towards the pohrt. Now this ia esafMy the caiie with negard to our earth i only that it* axit, reprcfented by the fpiiidlr» it imagiaary. But though the earth be not properfy fphcrical, the dtlTcmice from that figure m fb'fiull, that it may be repmcntcd by a globe or ball withoM any fenfible error. ■ CitcoMriaiKct ano DiAMtTia or tni lAarn.] In thr general table which we have ethihited, page $, the diameter of the globe i» given aecording \o the btA obfiervatioos { fo that iu circumference w 25,034 Engh'fh milet. This ctrcomlertace w conceived, for the conveniency of m«B(unng, to be divUcd into three hundred and fixty parts or degree*, cad) degree containing fixty geogiaphical milc«« or fixty nine EngUfli milet and a hidf. Thefe de« greet are u> tne lame manner oonccitred to be divided each into fixtr minutes. AxitAM* roLtt or thk a*aTH.] Theaxi* of the earth it that imagi* nary line paAng through itt ccn*re, on which it it fuppofed to torn round once in twAtty>lbttr hour*. The extreme poinu of this line tie called the Pdet of the earth ; one in the north and the pt^ in the fmith, which air exacUy trader the two poinU of the hcnvent called the North and South PoWt. The knowledge of thefe polet it of |n«at nde to the geographer! in detenpiAing the diftwncet and fituatiun of jJacct ; for the aotet mark at it were the ewn of the cartht which is divided in the roiddk by ate equator ; fo that the ncnrrv one approaches to the .•dct, the Csttker he remove* IrMn the equator } and tontrariwife, in removing from the P^es, you approach the equator. Ciackst or tms oloss.I Thc4e are commonly divided into the frmtfrr and Itfir. A great ciroe it that whole pkac paBca through the cen- tre of the earth, and divtdrt it into two equal parts or nemifphcres. A lefler drde » that which, being paiaM to a greater, camot jMft through the cen- tre of the eaith, nor divide it into two equal parts. The greater circles igre ^M, in number the krffer ooly/wr. ' E^tyaroa.] The firft gma eirtk we ihall fpeak of is the EfHfltr^ which we have had occafion to hint at already. It is called fometimcs the iTotrlMaffM/, the rcafon of which we have explained ( and hv iftivigttori it it iuio called the JLinr, beeattfe, according to their rude notions, thry bdieved it to be a great Line drawn upon the fea from ^ to weft, dividing the earth into the noethem and (outhern hem^heret, and wlii<:h they were aAually to palt in fisiUng it««• of the twelve (|gna fif the Zodiac (of which hereafter), via. th«^li»«iAfiga. Nest tothia, joa iiavethenaaicaofthefefigna. tlcxt to thk^im%j* ittw: motah aooorduif totheoldftvle, andthenaeoQrdingtotli|pMrf|t]rlr. BcfidcatheCr, there ian circle repreicnting the thirty-two niiimha, or potnta of the mariner'a cooifalk The «^ of dl thde will be cxpfauacd aftcrwwda. MaaiDiAN.] Tiit tirdt ia rrprcfeatcd by tlie in^ rwyf^ urn which tha globe bangs and tturns. It ia divided into three hundred aad fixty degraw, and cut* the equator at right anglca % fo that, countng fraan the equator each way to the polea of the world, it containa four thm-s ninety degreea, and divides the earth into the cnfkem and weftcm hemtfphcrei. This ctrck is called the mtriSmtt becaofe when the fun comes to the (buth port of it, ii is then menJtu or mid-day, and then the fon has its grcaicft akitaHk for ^tt day, which is therefore called iu meridian akitude. Now aathe fun ia aaonr in its meridian idtitudc at two places eatt or weft of oncanoCher at thefimie time, each of thefc places muft nave its own meridian. There are c o mawjy marked on the globe tvrenty-four meridians, one through every fifteen degr^ of the equator. Zodiac] The zodiac ia a iron/ rtrr/r, which cuts the equator obliqudy | in which the twelve figoa above mentioned are repreiirated. lo the asidme of this circle is fopppicd another calltd the EeBphc, from wfaidi the fun. never deviates in his annual courfe, and in sdbidi he advances thirty degreea every month. ThetwdvcfigBsare* i.Arfes «r — a.Taimis 8 — 3. Gemini n — 4. Cancer 5. Leo 6. Viigo a March Apra May June July Aii^pift 7. Libra a O. SlOOIUlO fl^ 9. Sagittarius/ 10. Q^MWora vf ii.'A«mrius ss It. Pifoca X ScntenI Oaober No Dcoemher January February CoLUai s.] If you imagine tW9frt0t eireiu jmffing both through the polea of the world, and one irtthcm through the cqwnodial pointt, Aries and IJbra, and the other through the folftitml points. Cancer and Capricorn, thefc arc called the Colores i tne one the Equinodial, the other the Sdftkial Culurr. The(e divide the ediotic into four equal parta or qmntcrs, which arc denominated according to the points which theie pafs throiu|h, vis. the four cardinal points, and are the 6r1l points of Atmm, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn ; and thcfe aft all the great eirefrt. Taorics.3 If you fupi^ two circles drawn varaUd to the equinoAial, St twetity-three d«^rees thirty minutes dillance nom it, medlbred on the brazen meridian, and one towards the north, the other towards the fouth, thcfe are caUed Tropics, bccaufe the fun appears, when in them, to torn backwards from his former courfe. Ihe one ts called the Tiopic of Cancer, the other of Capricorn, becaufe they paf» thwugh thcfe points. PoLAS ctacLBs.] If two Other cirdes are fuppufed tohe drawn at the like diftance of twenty 4hree degrees, thirty minutes, reckoned on the meridisB frsn; the pawr points, thete aiv called the Polnr Cirdm. The ■artthms ia called the /IriiUt bccaufe the north pole is near the conftellation of thr jBtar 1 theyMr4«r», the jtHtmSitt becaufe oj^wtitc to the former. And thdRt arc the .^i*. »♦ TMTrODtlCTIOK. ilM^far ^ «irdkr. Igfidcs thcic tc» drcki mm atfcobtd, mbUk aMj|. wMt dmni OS the glob*, there we (eitni oUen, whick vt oatjr fwpifri to be drtWB on it. Thcfewtttfacoi^aiiMilMthcybecoaMMOcftrf, kftthe fCH|B' HmniU be difgttftcd with too ■Minr ddnutiont at t^ bmt tJRMb with- oM feciaf the mirj^ fw which they tanre. The nain dcfig» then of til Adt didci behig to ohibit the rrfpidtvc fituttion of pbcet oo the pith, «• fliafl praoMd to ooofider iwo|^lii whilf how that it cffeacdbjr tlm. U wm fpiHid aaficr todiftingttiflnjNBoeabjr the^oaMcn of the earth, b which they 1», than by their diibwcc Irom any om point. Thiu, after it waa ^ oovjerid that ^ cmiouir divided the cvrth into two parta, called the Noeth- «M aod Sootham heiaiUI]^M9m, it. waa eafy to fee dwt all phnet on the f^obe Migbt be dilliagwlMi, acoofdiog as they lay on the north or footh fide ot ZoHia.3 After the four kftrr drdea we have meotioncdt canw to b* i a aow^ t It waa ibwid that the earth, by meaoa of them, might be divided into im p o rti aoa t mmI confcqueiitly that the placet on itc ftdface anight be dt£> "^ — ilMd a ccord in g as they faiy in one or other of the^ pmrtiooa, which art Zooei, ftom the GwcIe word , which fignifieta ginUe } being broad I l&e fwatha, girding the earth about. Tht lirrnl «Mr it that portion of the earth between the tropict, and called hf the aadenta hrrUt bccaufe they tiunccivcd, that, being continually ex- BMied to the pcfpeadiadar or dired'raya of the fun, it was wndered uoAahab- mbU, and contained nothing bat |Mrched and ftndy dcfarU. Thit notion, howtvtr, has lemat fincc be«ni refuted. It ia fbuod that the JkM^ nighta, great 4pnt eagldar mam and breeaet, whidi prevail almoA throughout the torrid ftMK, icMer the earth not only habitable, but (o ftwtM, that in many placet ^cy have twp harvefts in a year % aB forta of fpicca and drugt are almoft Hwy podhiccd there i and it fumtihca more peried metak, precioaa ftooct, •idjpada, than all the reftof the earth together. In fliort, Uie countriot of )fiAtm, Aih^ aad America, adu'ch lie under thi« zocr, are in all rcfpeda the noft fcitile and luxuriant i^n earth. The two in f it an ntmi are comprifed between the tropict and pobr cirdet. They wn caBea temperate, becauic, macting thk raya of the fun obliquely, they enjoy a moderate decree of beat. * T^tmofripduMm &betweca the pi^ circlet and the polct, or rather are indoficd irithin the pohnr cirdet. They arc called the Fngid or Froxen, beeatde meft pai% of tne year it ia extmndy cold there, and ewrrjr thing it froxca fo long aa the fun it under the hiNizon, or but a little above it However^ thdEe aonet are not quite uniniiabitable, tbough much Ida fit fm iiviM to thmi the torrid. • hronc of all thefc zonet are thomughly difcorered by the European*. Our knowledge of the ibuthcrn temperate zone it very fcaoty ; we know Kttle of the northern frigid aone ; and dill lef« of the fouthem frigid aonc. The oofdMiii, tempeiMe, attd torrid zonet, are thofe we are beft acqoaintcd with. Climatk.] But the divtfioot uf the earth into hemifpherca aiiti sooea, thoagh it may be of advantage in letting ut koow in what quarter «t tht earth any place Iwt, it not fuffUricntly minute for giving ut a notion of tk diftancea between one pia» and another. Thi* however it ftill more itecti- ftry I becaofe it it of more importance to mankind tu know the fituationt ut placet, with recard to one a other, *han with regard tu the earth itfelf. 'YV< irft ftep takcn^ determinong thit atatter, wat to divide the earth into what are called CUmatci. It wma obferved, that the day waa alnayt twdve hoiui long tMTRODUCTIOit ti IflM OB tlM M«ilor»Mid tlMi tkc loMftft dif kendtA k |»opoitKNi m w adtMccd wNth or foudi oo atkcr Mt vtit. The mkmbU tkcnlbre ditar* niweiWamfu ny pbce wm aMth or » beanda thcY aedined from the equator toi rawb tht pole» lb the drclct thcmfidvet may ba caBed CBmttk^l F^nikli, Thk, thcnefere waa a new dmfion of the* raitb* mow numite than that of aonea* and lUS continuct in tdct thoogl^ ** w« fluiD twi Bt^wi !• «3 J0<4 J7 tetf J» •9 •o 7 57 44 43 3* «« «9 'I 3 J4»5 ni jft i6 16 17 M CmA ia Afirks ( M^cM !• ilM lai Ia4tati Caf- WM m4 litrinuu ia Tun Tinm, • II. Ilcrt Ih AVySnto ia Afrlct ; Siui. M«*dh, m4 Poadklicrry la dM Baft la*n ( Stfatai W ~ kirwMa R tad I. AaMriM ; Ta6aga, (ka Oca* aad«% !(. Viacwc, aad BMrk«4am iailw W. ladiM. liL Com»ia« Mecca ia AttkU { BaaiU/t Mit u} Btagal, ia tli« Bui Ia4in ; Caaiaa « CMat iCaaanr tkc ftloial Bauir« la Aik t Oalf «f Mladi«a. V. Othfakar.iaSyaiat part of cIm Maditanaaaaa fn { tbc BMtarv cml, ia Afriu ; JarafaiMB, It nlua, cayicai J Pari* 1 Naakio ia CMaa t CaB> laraia, Nav Mexico, Waft Flirida, OaaffM, a|4 Um Cawliaai, ia Ntirtil Aawrica. VI. Liikw/ia Panagai ; Madtid ia toaia t Mia«. ca, daniiai^ tad fait af Oraaca, ia UM iMttcrm* aaaat Afia Miaar ( MR al iJm Caffiaa laa \ Sa* awrniad, b Uiaat Taftaf^ ; Pckia« ia CIlMaa ; Caaaa, aad Uaaa i WUliaaiaNiMl^ ia Viniaia ; Maryiaadawl Pyitdcl^. in N. AaMTiu.^ ^VIL Nonbara pravincca, af Spaia i faatkara dlMaaf fnaca ; Tana, O aa aa, aad ~ Taria, Oaaaa. aad Roaie, ia Italy t Ca» la. aad liw Black Saa, ia Tarkay ( tka CaMaa' iaa, aad pan «f Tkrarf t Near Yaik, Bafttwkilltir Ia|laa4, Monk AaMrica. VIU. Pari*. Viaaaa, caakil «r Oarana* ; Hava Sc» tia. HualaaailhiiJ. aad Caaada^ ia M iX Loadaa, Plaa dara Paifaa, Dtaidaa t Cracaw ia Paiaadt ftaiknn p aatia ltaa ti Rafia ; |U(t af Tartar* I nartkaarcol NaarfaaadUad. X. DmUm, Tofk, Hollaad, Haaaaar, aad Tartary -, Wa((a«,ia Pcffe^Jji UfccMtor. aad NawSaadi W«kt, ia Martk Aaiarifi XL Ifiii'afcai'ib, Coaaahijtaa, Maftwarc^. af Rafta XIL Saatk part ol Saradaa i Tokoidki cap. of Stbaria. Xllt. Orkacy Iflaa ; Scockkala. capiiil of ilar< XIV. Btrgaa ia N«ir«ray t Pctarfbargk ia XV. Hadte't Scrc^ku. Nortk Africa. XVI Siberia, aad ika iaaik part al Wai Orwalaid XVIL Dr«ad>*ia. la Norvay. X VIIL P^ «f Fialaad ia Ralia. jojXIX. Aftkautclaataa Waiu iaa Raifia. XX. Hacia, ia IcJand. tolXXI Nartkara pantaf Rafia aad ^kcria. XXII. N<* Nortk Wtla* to Noctk AMarka. 30 JO XXItl tUn»'» traitt, ia ditto. XX(V. iaaMiada. I MeaOi XXV South part of Lapluid. a MmiK* XXVI. Weil dreanluML J kCoatM XXV iL Zcmbia A«afal». 4 Monrk*XXVIli ZTiubL. B^raali*. 5 Maock XXIX. SfNiibarfOAarEaft Oracalaad. 6 kfoath. XXX. Uokoooro. IKTRODUCTIOK. i» LATITV9I.1 TU Shaoe of plaea fraa tk cfntor, or wluft ii cdM ihctt LmkmUt m «■% mcafored on the globe, by ommi of tbe winiiMn above defaibed. For we hate only to bring tbe jimu, wboCe IttHodc ii(k «PD«U know, to tbe mrndtn, wbcre tbe degrer of btttude it marked, mt^ it will be exaAly over tbe phca. Am latitude U ivckoocd fironi tbe equatof towanit the pole** it it eitner aortbcrn or fowtkem, and the nearer the polet the greaur the latitude \ and oo place can have mon than 96 degrcca of Utitttde, becaufr tbe polca, where they teradaate, aic at that diftanoi 6019 the equator. PAkALLikt OP t.ATiT0«ir.l Tbroagb every desree of laittiide» or men {iroperly throngh every particular place 00 the earth, geogriwben fuppofie • cirde to be drawn, whicn the^ caD a paraOel of latitude. The intetie ft io w of thit circle, witlt the meridian (rf* any place, fhewt tbe tny fituation of that place. . LoMOiTubt.l The longitude of a place it itt ittuation with regard to iti firft meridian, and confequently reckoned towards tbe eaft or weftf m reckon* ing tile kMgitude there it no particular fpot from whicb we oiq^t to fcC out pteferalHy to another, but tor tbe advantage of a general rule, the taoif' diaa of Ferro, the moft weileriv of tlie Canary Iflandt, wat confidcccd at tka firft mendian m moft of Uie gibbet and mapt, and the loogjitadc of pl»c«9 was reckpacd to be fo many argrcct caA. or weft of the mmdtaa of Faro* The modem globea fix tlie firft meridian from which the degrcet of loogitudo are reckoned on the capital city of the different kingdomt where they art made, viz. the Englifh globes date the firft meridian from London or Green- wich, the French gliXct from K^nrit &c. Theic dcgreft jui^, maHuid 00 the equator. No place can^bave more than i8olMh&jil loagir tude, bcoufie the circumference of tbe globe beifl|imb^^ dace can he moved (nun another above half that d^it^ W npany foreign geographert very improperiy reckon the longttu4« fuite ronml tbe globe. The degrees* of longitude are npt eqiual like thofo of kti* tude, but diminifli in proportion arth^ meridiaa* incline, or thor diftaace con- tract in approaching the pole. Hence in 60 di^reet uf latitude, a doprce of longitude it but half the quantity of a degive on tbe eqintor, and wof the reft. The number of milet contained in a degrre of IungitadA|||ij|db,i parallel of btitude, are fet down in tbe table, in the fallowing jm||^W^^ LoNOiruoi «M0 LATiTuoa rouNO.3 To find the LonMjS$ am) Lav titudc of any place, therefiire, we need only bring that (Jaoit 11.111(6 bnutett meridian, and we ftiaU find the degree of longitu^ marked o» Otc equator, and the degree of latitude on the meridian. 3u that to find VHt dperesoe between tbe latitude or longitude of two placet, we have ohly t^nam|Mr< the degreet of cither, tbut found, with one another, and the rcmiftkm of thefc ckgTcet into miiet, according to the tabic above given, and nenicm* bering tEat every de);ree of longitude at the equator, and every doprce of latitude all over the giubc, is equal to 60 geographic mik:*, or 6o§ £n|^flt, we AwU be abk exadiy to determine tbe £ftancc between any placM odylui globe. DitTAWce o piaeit MtAsuato.] The diftance of placet which lie in an oblique dIreAicn, i. c. nrithrrtfirr^tly fuuth, north, ctft, nor weft, from •»ne another, may be mcafured in a readier way, by extending the compaiTca trom the on< to the other, and then applying them to the equator. Fgr (nftance, extend the cumpalfls from Goijenin Africa, to Braxil in A|nerid| and th " apply them to the equator^ and yon wiB find tbe diftance to Se iS ^i, '<»> which at ds mflct to a degree, roakct tbe diftance 1500 mdet. , P ATABL^ It 'iNJItODUCTIOM. A TABLE • M ■ ««« N a Hb llMter of MilM contained « • (kgrdr of Loogttu^ w c«cli Pwdlel of jMtknde frooi tlM Eqvatflr. 57 'S« 6| f« }5»! 79^- J9 30; 90 60 |o 00 «r 'S 45 M tt 4S ai 01 oo( 00 ^AJHiAMT OF AtTiTVDt.] J" <*'"^ *<* (upply tlw pbce.of tlw COOI- IB Um oDcrstioo* there w cummooly a {mut mtaw j^ate of braf** ....edontbe waaea incryiaii« irhicH contain* 90 BE. Ptoi. I. nt 4Mm0tr^m mti/UmI flik tek^ ghta, ttjml Ut /iufKe k Multiply tf^diuMUrhy iIk ditiMBlcicMf^ wMek b ■ girat drde divid. ing thcpobc into tiro cooal part*, avid the priiduA viU give the firft : tkm multiflljr the (pd produA by mm fiKtk «f tW diancKr, and the prodaft »f that «i)l give (the Ceeoad, After the (uae aaMMr we asaj lad the AiAce aM Widity cf the natwal globe, as aUb Uic whide bodr etf' the acnofpherc fwirottading tbi lane, jprovidcd it be wraya and jt«cry where of the 'amel \)K^ \ &>r having found the pegtendimlar lieight thereof, by the coaMion cxpefimeat of the adccat of Mefcurr at die loot and top of a BOMMataia, then doable the Cud hciglit, and add oe finnc tothe diameter of the earth { then multiply tW whole, a* a new diaaaettv by iu proper circumfirrencc, and firom the ftodnd fobtiaA the Wi£ty of thf catui, It will leave that of the ataaofpbcfe. Paoa. a. 7> ntfify AtgUlU, The globe being fet upon a true phute, raifc the pole aotoiding to the C' ren latitade \ thea fix the quadrant of akitodc ia the ccittth, and if thne any marincr'fcampafii upon the pcdeftal, let the globe be fo fitoated, aa that toe braacA l■^srtdla• auy dand dw ibuth and northt ^fecoediBg to ^ two cxtrcmitiec of the nacdk, allowing thaur variation. Paoa. 3< Ta/W 1^ hi^fkmk milaiku^ tftmy ^f€$. For thia, fee page ly. Paoa. 4. Tin ImfjiimJi ami briht^ •/ ayfltee hni^j^nn !• Jmd ihtt ^tttt m Bring the degree of longitude to the braxco meridnn ) reckon vfim d^ fame mcridiao the degree oi latitude, whether (outh or north, and ankt a aiark with ahalk where the reckoning ends ; Ae point exadly uadcr the chalk it the place deiired. ' Paoa. 5. The iMndt rfatyfUct khig ^vtu, tofiJ aSittfifhm (katktnte thtpm lalkudt* The globe being rcAi&:d (d) according to the btitude ^ , i p.^ the given place, and that phKC being brought to the br«Kn * t^o** >• meridian, make a mark exadty above the (ame, and lut-ning the gbbf; round, aU thc^ pbc«« paffiog under the &ud mark have the ^1^ hti^de with the given place. Paoa. (S. Tojmdtkt Sum's fiaee m lie EcBftie at tmj time. The month and day beii^j^ given, look for the (ame upon the woodia j^|i^ wa ; and o^mwigainft the day yon will find the parthralar %n and defMH li| whichtbe Sunts atthattiaac, which fignaad dMpree bcmg nn^ in the ecfiflic, thaCame UthcSoa'a plac«,ov nearly, at the taae dcfired. Paoa. y, Tht moaih -imJdn La tb 'Mu m u atJbAt tartienlmr timtt^ikft* • -/»d tkt^plmn rftk^h wikhlttt ^m it m tk'mrUSm m i*ar > i g < »a fi r £ 1 '^■ Tk« !«) Pro*, s. I) Prob. 6. M . tKT nobucttok. The p«lr being rW^tcd Mcordtiig w u»c b»k»de oftbe pbcf. wlitre ro« arf, bring the faid phcc to the brasen meridian, and letting the index of i he horary circle at the hour of the day, io the given place, or where jmt are, mm th« dbbe till the index point at the upper ligttre of XH. which done, fix the globe to that fituatiuo, and obfem what placet are cudly imler the upper hcfflirphere of the bwaen meridian, for thole are the placet defirtd. PaoB. 8. TV i.vt upper figure of It, for that it the lentrth of the ^ny, the complement whereof to S4 ho«re it the length of the ni|^t. • PtOB. 9. Ta Itm^w fohai a ehcH k it hj ihfgloit in amj ttirt •ftht mf»rU, md §t mtj imts frv^'uUJ /«« Aaew the hmr 9/ tht Jty ^uitrt yttt arnu the MKunutt* Bring the place in which you are to the brasen meridian, (^)Peob. 3. the pole bring rnicd (e) accordinff to the btifude thereol^ ted fet the mdex of thr horary rinl^ to the \m» of the day at that tiflM. Then bring the defiled place to the brasen meridian, and the indcs wffl point out the prcfcot hour at Uut place wherrvecit it. Paot I O. jItJan hint givem m the Tmrti Zan«, tt^d thof* lave daji ^ih yttr im trntorA lb* Sumjb^ It vtrtUtd Io tftj* Bring the given place to the bcazen meridian, and mark what decree nf htitiide it exaAly abuvc it. Mov« the glulK mund, and obfcrvc tnc tyro poiitta of the ediptic that palk through the faid degree of latitude. Search rthe wooden horixon (or by proper tablet of the Sun'tanoual motion) on day* he pafled thmufh the ahmriaid pointt of the cclipric, for tbofe are the dayt required in which ihe fun x* vertical to the };ivcn place. PaoB. 1 1. Tht mtHtlfMddttj lemggivfn, Ittfikdhythtgftk* tboff pUttt oflht North Frigid Ztntf v/htretht Sun ihin It^imuto ' fhne iMj^atafy tpithvutftthag '; at alfo tbytpluti of tht Soilh Fngid Zoetf whtrt ht lun Ugiat Ig te MtUj ukfnU. The day given, f which muft alwrsjrt be one of thofr ettlier between the vernal equinox and the fummer fultticc, or between the {d) PtOB. 6. autumnal equinox and winter fulAice) fiitd {d) the Sun'* place in xhe eclintic, and marking the fame, hnn^ it to the braxen meridian, and reckon the like number ol tkgrcct fruin the north pule towards the e<)uator, ai there it between the equator ai.d the Sun'ik place in the ccfiptic, fetting a mark with chalk where the reckoning eiidt. Thit dune, turn the globe round, and all the placet pafHtig under the faid chalk arc thofe in whkh the Sun be|;int to ihine conftantly without fetting upon the given day. For folntion of the brtter part of the problem, fet olf the fame diibnce from the fouth pole tipon the braxen meridian tuwardt the equator, at wm formerly fet off fnum the north j then nsariiii g with chaUc, and tumbg the. globe round, alt iilacet pnlfinc undrr the mark are thofe where the Son be- giiM bM total diuppcarance from the given day. PaoB. i N 7 R d t> U C T t O H. It Prob. It. jI pUn kin gi^ ^ f^' ^1^'' ^M 2«M. ttjUlf iL gkk mAti H:tmkr •/ dtjt tht fm d^h . flaiitly Jkmt mfm thtfiuJfUt*, tmj mint J^ bt u al/eai,St a^thipji amd yijljtiy ^iit affnwamu. ' Brinl the gitm phcc u» Ui* braacn meridian, •ml oWcrv- * » p.*. - ing itt UitUtftk, (•) clmte Um rbbe » i^iwly i tonal the *•' '^***^ *• ffime nurnkKT of degrees itpoo thr mcndian Irmn c«ch fide of the equator u the place it difUnt (rom the pole : n .d making marka where the reckoninga eiA, tiifn the glebe* and carrfUly jfer»c what two ^k|fim of the e^p> tic pafi exaAly under the two points narked ta the ncndiaa | firil for the northern aivh- of tht cirde, annriy, thai coomirehendcd bitwcen the two vlrgreet marked, being reduced to time, wffl giv«> the mmber of day* that the fun duth conmuitly Oiiae above the hori«o» of the given place \ and the oppofite arch of the laid circle will in h'ke manner gm tnc mmtbef nf dayt in which he it totally abfcnt, and alio will point oat which days thofe are. And in the interval he will rife and (et. Puna. 13. fht mnah amJJiff liimg riven to^nJ ih^ flaiit m lltgloit, t§ wbitb ikt/un when in tht mtruia»tj£aQ U xxrluiJ m tttit t/ty. The fun'i place in the ecliptic being (h) found, ^'ng the /i\ p ^ fame to the brazen meri^an, in which make a fmall mark ^ ' aoa. • «vith chalk, cxadly above the Suo't pbce. Which done, turn the globe, and >hofe pbcet wmch have the Sun veitkal in the meridian, will fucceffively paft uodar the laid mark. « PaoB. 14. Ttx month andJi^ trntj giveiit ta/mi npm wlat ftmt rftit tompaft thtfum then rijrth m anj fktf. Elevate the pole according to the latitude of the dcfired place, and finding the Suit's fdace in the ediptic at the given time, bring the iame to the eaftem fide of the horison, and you may there clearly ^ee the point of the compaf* upun vrhich he then rifrth. By taming the glsbe about tiQ hit phce ooin« cide with the weAern ikle of the horizon, you nay alfo fee upon the laid tit* clc the eaad point uf hia fetting. PaoB. 15.' Tt howiythegloielig Inilk of tht ItmpJI tmJfimri^ Jayt mi night i im amy pari of tht worlJ. Elevate the pole according to the btitude of the given place, and bring the firft dcf (ce of Cancer, if in the northern, or Caprieom if in the Couthnn he* mifphm, to the eaft fide of tlie horiitun { and letting the index of tic hora- ry cinlf at noon, turn the globe about till the fign of Cuicer touch the wef* tern iidc of the huriron, and then ubierve upon the horary circle the number uf houre between the index and the upper hgure of XII. reckoning them ac- curding to the motion c^ the indes, ror that ia the length of the loi^^ day, tht comphrmcnt wherof ia the extent of the thorteft night. At for the fliorteft day and longctt night, they arc only the rrverfe of the former. Ptoa. 16. Tht homr of tht Jay htiKj givem in any piate, to fad thafi plattt of tht tarih mhtrt it it tiihtr nomt or midnight, or amy tlhtr partienlar hwr at tit % famttimt. Bring the given cbce to the brazen meridian, «nd fet the index of the horary circle at the hour of the dav in that place. Thee turn about the globe in* the iiiuvS ySSmi, St tbm SppCT ^SSt sf Xl!. Ssd <^&r9S Whst ^S£SS Si« exaAIy under the upper femidrck of the brascn meridian, for to than iri^ 4, INTRODUCTION. midiby It the xim p^tn. Which done, t«ii> the globe •bout till the iadcf point at the lower foiiw of XII. wi what piacei are then in the lower fc- B^ifcle of the meridMn, in them it i» midnight at the tgnm time. After the fiunc manner we may find thofc pbccf that have any other puticubr hour at the time given, by moviag the globe till the index point at the hour dcfired, •ad obferving the pbcca that are^thca under the bnscn mendiaa. Paoa. 17. ThtibntiuHomrUmgpvm, |# W *r 'W*** «** /**«^ flautf tlm0^ht» which tbtSwmuvirtiflM UMivtry time, • The Sua'* place in the ecliptic (a) being found and (m) Paoa. <. brought to the bnucn maridian, make "* mark above the Umc with ifbalk ) thai (h) find thofc placet of the cwtb (h) Paoa. i 6. ia whole meridian the Sua i« at that inlbuit, Md bring them *to the brascn meridian { whidi done, obferre narrowly that indivtdoal |Mrt of f he earth which falls cxaAly under the fortlbid mark la the braten meridian ; Ibr that i* the partkuUr place to which the Sua i« vertical at thu very time. Paoa. 18. ThtJay mJ hour at any piam hmt pven, tofnAaUthefrplaa, rphtre the Sim u thm n/mf^ «r frling, vr mt iht mtntiait ; comfi^mtmily^ Jt ihofi fl«cr» ^Mch art mUghtrnm^ thm timtt and thof^mhieh anmtht dark, Thia problem cannot be fotved any globe fittted up in the eoaair ^n wkj, with the hour circle fiied upon the braf« meridian ; uold* the Son oe on nr near fome of the tropic* 00 the given day. But by a (^obc fitted up accord- ing to Mr. Jofeph IFurrta'a invcotioa. where the hour-circle lie* on the furfacr f(naicirde of the horizon, the momi;.g twilight is juA beginning { in all thok places that arc 1 8 degrees below the eaAem (emicirde of the horiaoo, Uk evening tvnlight is ending ; and all thufe placet that are lower than 18 d« greet, navf dark night. if any [^lacc be brought to the upper frmicirck of the brazen meridian, and the hour mdex to be fct to the upper XII ot noon, and then the globe be tmned rouud eaftward on its axis t when the place comes to the wrAefii k- micirde of the honznn, ihe index wiS inew the titnr ttt lutt^rinng ai that pbcr ; and when th« Came pbc«; comes to the caAcra iiemidrck of the bonjMM^ tlv index will (hew the time of iiun-iet. • Tt iNTRODUCtlOK. To thofe pbcct which do not go mder the horixoo, the fim fett not 9k' that day : tod to thofie which do net coomt »bo«c k, tfar Son does not rife. ?iiOB. 10. Tht mmith and day btiagnytnt mriti tie plan tfibt Mvm in th Zodiac aadiir trat ktitadtt tojmd ihtrtfy' tbttmallhaar whiajbtjkall ri/t aad JH^ it^htr «iMA htrfimkimgt artaaimgftkt meridiaa rftttflm. The Moon's phce in Che xo^ac nny fct fbmd itadOy enough nl any time by an ordinary ahmuiac ; and her Uthude, which it her dilbMce from the ccKptic» by npptying the femictrclc of pofhton to her {dace in the xooinc. For the fehition of the problem fajt elevate the fa) Pfto*. 1. pole ucording to the btitwde o9 the given pfaicc, and the Sun'i l^acc in the cdiptic at that time bong (ij fpanA ghd marked with dialk, as idfu the Moon's phce at the fi) Ftot. d. fame time, bring the Sun*t {dace to the hnzci mcridiatt. and fet the index of the horary circle at noon, then torn the globe till the Moon's obce fucceffively meet with the eaftcm ancl wefteni fide of the horizon, as alfo the brazen meridan, and the index wil point at tbofe 'various times, the partieuLur hours oif ha fifing, (ettiDg uA fouthing. INioa. 30. iTwt plats iefiqjpva on titjMtt to /itJ At trm S^aaa Lar the graduated edge of the <{iadAnt of altitude ot«r tMkh tie plMcn, end the number of di^;reef intercepted between them wtB be their trae dift> •ncc from each other, rrduming every degree to be 69I Eagl^k nules. •nd place, t0jadntf4y aUomtflactt l^oa. ai. j1 J place, tojadt /rem ihegtwm plaa. ^tht tarth that an fdtfamt dB^kma Bring the given place to the brazen meridian, and elevate the pole ac« •ording to the latitude of the (aid place \ then fix the quadrant of altkude b the acnith, and reckon, upon the faid quadrant, the given diftance between the %^ and (econd phce, provided the fame be uuder 90 degrees, otherwtfe yo« muft ufe the femidrcle of pofition, and making a nurk where the reckoning ends 4nd moving the faid quadivnt or femldnrle quhe roand upon the for* hce of the globe, all places palGng under tlwt mark, are thc^e defiled. GEOGRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS. 3 . The latitude of any phce is equal to the elevation of the pole above the horizon of that phce, ai^the elevation t^ the equator is equal to the complement of the htitude, that is, to what the htitude wants of 9c degrees. %. Thofe phces whit-h lie on the equator, have no htittide, it being there that the htitude beg^ins \ JoA tbuu idaces which He on the (irfl: men* dian have no longitude, it being there that the longitude begin«. Coo- Icquently, that particular phce uf the earth where the firft meridiai* in* tafeAs the equator has nettlier longitude nor latitude. t. AT phces vi the earth do equaOy enjoy the benefit frutn the rqiiatur luwarda the north and towards the fouth» yet, as the horixon of the equator cuts all the parallelt o( latitude and (leclioatioo in halves, tlie fun muft always continue above the hnriaon for oitc ImIF a ditiraal revolution about the earth, and for tlie other half below it. > 5. In all placet of the earth between the equator and polc< t^ day* and Btghti are equally long, viz. 1 2 hours euch, when the fun is in the equinoc- ti3: for, in all do-atinns of the pole, fhort of 90 degrees (which it the gneateft) one half of the equator or equinodial will be above the htvizon, mm! the other half below it 6. The days and uighu are nwer of an eqiud length at any place between the Cfmator and pobr drales, but jrhen the fun entcis the fij^ns y* Arret and i<^ Libra. For in every other part of ihc ecliptic, the circle of the fun*» datly motion is dlvidetl into tw -> unequal parts by the horicon. 7. The near^ that any place is to the equator, the left it the difference between the length of the dap and nij^hts in that pbcc : and the more re- mote, the contrary. The circWt which the fun dcfcribcs in the heaven every 24 hours, iKing cut more nearly equal in the fonner cafe, and more uu. equally in the Utter. t 8. In aH places lying upon any given parallel of latitude, however long or /hort the day and night be at any of thcfe pbccs, at any time of the year, ii it then of tlie fame krngth at all the reft ; for in turning the globe round iu axis (when rc^&xl according to the fun's declination) all thefe placet will keep equity long above or below the hnriton. 9. 'rhe luo it vertical twice a year to every pUce between the tropics t to thiMe under the tropics, once a ycai^ but never any where elfc* For, there can be no phce between the tropics, but that there will be two points in the ecliptic, whofe decUnatwn firom the equator is equal to the latitude of that pbce I and but one point of the ecliptic viltich 1^ a declination c'^^ufl to thr latitude of placet on the tn)pic which that point of ihe ecliptic touciict { and as the fun never goes without the nx»pics, he can never be vertical to any ^ace that lies without them. 10. Id all places lying exadly under the polar cinlet, the fun when he i« io the neajpcft tmpic, continues 24 hours above the iiurizon without fetting ; becaufc 00 part of that tropic is beluv/ their hori^ton. And when the fun u is the fiutheft -trup'x, he i* for the Ginie length of time witlwut rifing ; becaufc no part of that tropic is above tiuir horixon. But, at afl otlier tuues of the year, he rifcs and fets Uiere, aa in other placet ; becaufc all the ctrcks that can be drawn parallel to the equator, iMrtvreen the tropics, an Bjore or kfs cut by the horiz*.!), a« they ate farther from, or nearer to, that tropic which is all above the horizon : and when the fun it not in either of the tropics, his diurnal courfe muft be in one or «>ther of ihcfc circles. M. To aD pbccs in tlie nortlicni herotfpherc, from the equator to the polar circle, the longed day and flwntll uight it whet) tite fun is in the nortlt. cm tn^Hc ; and the Hiortcll day am! loogeft ni|^t is when the fun is in iltc fouthern trnpic j becaufc no cirdc of tlic fun's daily motion is fo routh abovf the honaon, and fo little below it, as the northern tropic \ and none fo litth above it, and fo much below it, as the fouthcrn. In ll>c fuuthcrn ncmifphere, the coatrarr. 11. In all places between the polar circles and p«>les, the fun appears fii fomc number of dayt(or ra'Jtcr diurnal rcvolutu>ns)witltout letting ; and at i'w en IS a called » cout plain*. and dt Th. «.reeki idttl INTRODUCT.ON. »5 «l)porite tiim of the year wkiiout riting : becaufe fome fiait of the ecliptic iirver fctt In the fonner cafe» and m much of the oppofite part rtcrer rtiin hi the latter. And the nearer unto« or the more remote from the pole tiicfie places are, the longer or (hortcr » the fun's continuing prcfence or abfenoe. 13. If a (hip fct* out from any port* and bib round the earth eaftward to the fame port i^in, let her take what time (he wiU to do it in, the people in that (hip, in reckoning their time, will, gain one complete day at their return or count one day more than tkoic who rdide at the umc poet ; becaule* by going contrary to the fun's tories, capes, coalls, mountains, &c. This land it divided into two great continents (befidcs tlte iflands), vik. the ta^Urm and cu^a continent. The eaftem i» fubdivided into three parts, vie. Europe, on the north*wcft j Affa* on the northnnft ; and Africa (which is joined to Afa by the iftlumta of Suex, 60 miles over) on tlie fouth. The weftem continent confifts of North ihd South America, joined by the ifthmus of Darien, 60 or 70 milea broad. A continent is a large portion of land, containing feveial countries or hingttoma, wiilHiut any enture frparation of itc parts b? water^ as Europe, An ijamd is a (Jmallcr part of land, quite furrounded hj water, as Great Briuin. A femmfttU it a track of land every where furrounded by water* except at one narrow neck, by which it joins the neighbouring continent 1 4* the Morca in Greece { and that neck of Uuid which fo joins it, is caBed an i/Umiu /^ as the ifthmus of Suet, which joins Africa to Alia, and the iilhmus of Dariex^ which joins North and South America. A f i vm mt tr ^ is a hill, or point of hind, tirctching itfclf into the fea, the end of « hich is viUcd utafii M the Cape of Good Hope. A tot^ wAtrr is that part of » country which borders ofi the fca-fide. Mountains, vaUiet, woods, deiiuts, plains $cc. aetd no dcfcriptivn. 1 w moil remarkabie are takca noike of, and defcribed in the body of this work. The j^arts of the watar are oceans, feat, lakes, ftaaitSf gulft, baya> or creeks, nven, &c. The wat viGons of water, id(e thtife of land, are to be met with in anoR oountriet, «■) cverjF one hn a dear idea of what k mcoat by then. But in order to ftrengthen the remembrance of the great parti of the land and water we Innre d efer i bed, it may be proper to obCenre, that tk»re is a Rfong antdogy or Rieubunce bctwoba thean. The deioiption of a oontsaent nrfieaaltlea thsx of aa ocean 1 an iAand cn> vflOBpaial wi^ watav rdenMes & bka eaooaspaied with haid. A pcniidWbi of land is like a gulf or inland femUbt a ftrait, which unitrt one (ca to another. • To this defcHptiea of the divifions of the eai^, rather than odd an enu- meration of the ran'oas partt of land and water, which correfpond to them, •id which the reader wOl fiwl in the budy of the work, w* (bafl &d>joia x ^kv cxhftnting the (uperAdal content ci the whole globe in fqvave mflts, ^■ty to a dqpree, and alto of the fcas and nnknown pant, the habitable eaith, «ke fow qmnrters or continents ; Kkewific of the gnrat empirvt and principal llhadt, which (hatt be pbced at they wv fidxmliaate to one another in Tl* or I Ml INTRO D-U C T I O N. •f The U ate — Seattud nokiktwo Patt niic H«biubi< world • Ahia Amttin Psrfiiii Empire onder THnn* Rm*.M«. w it* titmoft k«i|hi RdEaa Chiocfc OrntMigBl Torkift Briiifli, cnlttfiw of 8ctil«> ■MOii in Africa Mid OtbrUiar Preheat P.*rfiAO » Mt,0T3 CaihUod -* j«,Me MMiawa |i40eik.Mubacl— ! Ifluida Mill* jj jooi Lewis 17 7jo|FaiMn •7.4J7 V*iea UfioOifMootn ii90oRt.olc« -^ 10,400 Caphaionia — 94«o|Aa«bo|na »• 7ik)OtOrlin(7 PnoMnt 6«oo0 400 3«4 tao 100 3*«o!Wt«ltt — . l«o>! Malta •— • ajaolBariMidoei 19J11 Zaat I4OO AntixM — — 1400 St. (^uiftopher** I30aiu H.*|«M — »- Ujtpacrnfcj — — looo'Iirfejr — — y5o'R«r««dM •— — 9aol»Uiod« — i* 150 lio 140 i«o 100 80 80 *J 40 IwUtcft ifliMtasTba addad tha (oilowisf , «hicblta«c Ucalf bw« AftonM't or mora fully cxplof cd. -Th« tuA din)cafi««t of tbca are sot tfccrtsiiwd ; Nn tkef msj be arranged in the foUawiof order, accordifg u their magtiinidc, bcftaalBg at the Urgct, iMich ia ianxifcd M Iw aearlf c^iiw) ua f te to tbc wlkok tmtia/mt of Aarafo. Now HoUaa^ Ouhaice »r King Coorg «** VUtdt New Ooioea. F i^ndli lOaitdi, New Z jafaiM, Marfoefra. New Okladoftia, l«ftcr. or Davit'* iflaod. New Hekridea, • Tttc MiailMr of laiuAitui* c«n-'l r lofope eoniaioa — > ftaled at pcteat lo be in Uu known f I Afia — — worid at * Bibliunt ukcs frua the W Aitira >*. — kett c«lcuUii«itH ate akoat 9J1 nil- I I Ai 1*01.1. J\, irua — — 1|0 T«Al«H WiNOt AMD TIDE!.] Wc Cannot finifle the dodrmc of the earth, with* out contidcring Winds attd Tides, finom which the changes that happen on its furface principally arile. WiNua.} Ihc earth on which we live ia everf where furrounded by a ftnc inviftble fluid, which eatends iu (everal infles above its fur&ce, and k caUc4 Air, It is fouitd by cxpcrimenta, that a (intall quantitv of air is ca. pshlc of being expanded, (u as to fill a very hurgc (jpace, or to be comptvficd into a much unal^er compafs than it o'xupied hKbrc. The general caule of the cxpanfion uf the air is heat ( the general cnufe of its compreffioo ia cokL Hcsce if ssy *»ut of the air or atnuiiihere rccdve a gn»ter di^ree of coU or heat than it l.ad beliucv, its parts will be put m motion, aad expainea qr comprefled. But when air is put in motion, we catt it tmJ in geocnl ( «nd • bfcese, gile, w ftorm, according to the <{uicltAcfs «r relodtjr ol. id«t s8 INTRODUCTION motion. Winds, therefore, which arc commonU confidCTtJ «• thingt extreme ly tiriihk «n| unceruin depend on a general caufc, and ad with nwre or lef» uniformity in proportion a* the aAion of this caufe it mone or lef» con- ftant. It 1$ found by obfervationt made at fra, that finom thirty degree* north hutude, to thirty degree* fouth, there if. a conftant eaH wind through- out the yetr, blowing on the Atlantic and Pacific ocean»» and called the TrtiJe iVmJ, This is occafioncd by the aaion of the fun, which in mor- ing from raft to Weft, heat*, and confcqucnily expands the air immediately under him » by which means a dream or tide of air, always accompanies him in his courfe, and occaTiout a perpetual eaft wind within thefe limits. Thia general caufe howcter is modined by a number of particulars ; the explication of which would be too tedious and complicated for our prcfcnt plan ; which is to mention fads rather than theories. The winds called the Tribal UTmdiy which blow from fonte particular point of the compaft without much variation, arc of three kinds : i . The General Trade fVinJsy which extend to near thirty dcgrvcs of htitude on each ikie of th« equator in the Atlantic, Ethiopic, and Pacific feas. a The Mon/potUf or (hifting trade-winds, which blow ftx months in one dirrfkion, and the other fix month* in the oppofite diredion. Thefe are nsoftly in the Indian, or Eaftern Ocean, and do m>t extend above two hundred league* from the hnd. Their change is at the vernal and autumnal equinox, and it is accompanied with terrible "ftornu of thunder, lightning, and rain. ). The Sta and Laiui Brtexut which are another kind of periodical winds that blow from the land hnm midnight to mid^day, and from the fea from about noon till midnight : thefie, however, do not extend above two or thire leagues from fliort. Near the coaft of Guinea in Africa, the wind blows ncany always from the weft, fottth>weft, or fuuth. On the coaft of Peru in South Ame- rica, the winds blow conftantly from the ibutli weft. Beyond the latitude of thirty north and fouth, the winds, as we daily perceive in Great Britain, •re more viriable, though they bbw oftener from the weft thiin any other poiBt. Between the fouth and tenth degree of nortli latitude, and between the bngitude of Cape Verd waA the eaftemmoft uf the Cape Verd lOand*, there is a'trad of fea condemned to perpetual calms, attended with terrible thunder dnd b'ghtning, and fuch rains, that thi* fea has acquired the name of th« Ramt. It may be alfo uOeful to fttidenta in navigation and geography to ohfer%'e finthcr, that the courfe or btitude our fttips grncrally keep in their paftage from EngUiM to America and the Weft Indies, is To Bofton in New England, and Halifax in Nova Scotia, firom 41 to 43 degree*. ' , To wew Yotk by the Azores or Wcftem Idandi, 39 degree*. To Carolina and Virginia by Madeira, which ii called the upper cruHV» ^a degrees : but the ufual courfe, to tak.e advantage uf tlur trade-windt. IS from ifito a 3 degrees: and in thi* courfe they frequently touch at An- tigua : it is this couiie our Weft India lhip« fail in. The Spaiuftt gaUeont and the 6ou frwrn Spain keep from 1$ to 18 de- grees ■, sod in their return to Spain about 37 degrees. Tiots.^ By the tUiee are meant that regular motion of the fea, accord- ing to which it ebbs nnd flows twice in twenty four hours. Tlie doclrin# of the tides remained in ohtcurity, iiii ihc iromurtai Sir l»*ic Newtoa fs= plained it by his great principle of j^vity or attraction. Fu« having de- monftrated that there is ■ pruiciple m all budics, within the iolar fyllem, by which they mutually draw, or attrad one another, in proportnm to tbetrdiibnce ) it foUowa» that thole parts of the fea which are immediately below INTRODUCTIOK. hehw the moon, muft be drawn towards It ; and ronfcquentljr, wlicmrer the moon it nrarlv vertical, the Tea will he niifcd, which occaAona the flow« ing of the tide there. A ftmflar n.afon occafiona the flowing of the tide likewife in thofe placet where the moon it in the nadir, and wNtch muft he diametrically oppufite to the former: for in the hemifphcre l^heil from the moon, the parti in the nadir being lefs attracted by her thao the other partt which are nearer to her, gravi(ate lei* toward* the earth'* cen- tre, and confequently mutt he higher than the rtA. Thofc partt of the earth,. on the contrary, where the moon appears on the horiiton, or ninctj degree* diftant from the zenith and nadir, wiH have low water; fur as the vraten in the zenith and nadir rife at the fame time, the water* ia their neighbourhood will pref* toward* uth. A current runs confiintly from the Atlantic, through the ftraitt of pibrakar, into the Mediterranean. A current fets out ofthe Baltic fea, liruugh the foun^ or flrait between Sweden and Denmark, into the Britifh (hanncl, fo that there arc no tide* in the Baltic. About fmall ifland* and rad-tands in the middle of the ocean, the tides nfe very little { but io folic lys, and about the mouths of rivers, they rife from 1 2 to 50 feet. Maps.1 a nuip is the rrprcfmtatiun of the earth, or a part thereof, on • Mane furface. Map* differ from the globe in the fame manner as a ptdure from a ftatue. The globe truly reprefents the earth ( but a map, hq ire than a plane furface, can reprefent one that it fpherical. But although lie earth can never be exhibited exa^y by one map, yet, by meant 1^ ^vcral of them, each containing about ten or twenty degree* of hti* iide, the reprefentation will not (all very much fhort of the |pohe far ex- n ;1f ^. !• I N T R O D U C T I O K. •anefs ; hpciufe fuch map*, if j<»in«d together, would form • fphcrical CD» Tcx naaij u round a« th« globr itfclf. CAaoiMAt roiiiTS.] The north is coofideml ■• the upper dm! of the map J the f«mth i*» at the b«»tu»m, oppoTite to the m-nh » the eaft i* on the right hand, the face being turned to the north » aiwl the weft on tht Uu hand oppofite to the eatt. Fn>m the top to the JKittom anc drawn meridians, or Slut «/ lomituJe : and fit»m fide to fide, f^ntiUU •/ Itiitmit. The outermoft of the meridian* and paraIkU are markcl with degree* of lati- tude or longitude, by meani of which, and the fcaJe of miles commonly pbced in the comer of the map, the fituation, diftance, Ac. of plac^v may be found as en the artificial globe. Thua, to find iik ditlance ot two ptacea, fuppofe I eount of the moft intrrefting and impurtaiit event* which have happened itmung maokiv { with the cau(in »hit:h have produced, and the ttfc6k» %fhicii hare foUuwcd fron then. Thia we judge to be a matter of high importance it) itidfi And indifpcn^y requifitc to the undcrftaadin^ . ihc prirCcnt ilatc vi cosameMX, g o r e n u ncot, arta, and manncn, in any panicular country ; wiu'ch may be caUeu commercial and political geography, and which* unouubtedly, cooftitutea the moft uieful brmoch of that (dcnce. The gtvat event of the cicatioo of the worid, bcfuir «diich there w«» neither matter oor form of any thing, is {Jaoed, aoconhiig to the bed chro> nologert in the yean b^.fare Ctiriil 4004; and in the 710th year of whaft i» c^cd the Julias penod, which hath been adopted by fame chronologcfa and htftoriaaa, but is ai little real ienict. The ucred rccoadt have fufly de- termined the queftioa, thac the world w«» not eternal, ami alfo afcertained the tame of iU crcatiun with greM prcc^on *. It appears in general, from the firft chapt«n in Gcsefia, that the vorU, bcfure the flood, was extremely populous ; that mr.nkind had made cqn able imptT>venKSt in the arts, and were become cxlicmcly Ticiout* both ia tiicir fratimeo»!S and mminen. Their wickc^Jtcfs gave oocafioa to a memor- able ratailrophe, hy which the whole hamaa race, except Koaii ^ , ^ cufti and hi* fanuiy, were fwept from off the tace of the eatth. The ^ nj^ti^^— dehige took place ia the t656th year uf the world, and praduc- • cd a very coaiiderable change on the iioil and atrao%4Mrrc of this globes. a»4 ' cave them a form kfs firicn^ to the frame and texture of the hitman body. Hence the abridgment of the life at wma, and that (Drmidable train of d% cafes which had ever fiacc nude faA havock in the world. A cmious pait of hiftory fallowa that of the dduaw, the re«Deopliog of the world, hnd the rifing of a new geuentton from the ruins of the fiorincr. Tlie memory of ibe tlu-ee f«H of iCoal), the hrft foondcts of nations, was loag prefervcd among iheir fevcnd dcfcendanta. japhct continued famous aflM»np the weP tern nations, uadcr the celcbnited name uf japetus ; the Hchrc«s paid aa equal vrocration to Shcni, wlio was the i^i under of titeir riMre } and among the Egyptians, Ham was luag revered as a divinity, midcr the name tif Jupiter HaminuB. It appears that hunting was the principal occupatiMi fome centuries aftn* the doluge. The world tcvmed with wud beafts ; and the grcsn. herciini of thofc times confiAed in deftroying them. Hence Nintrud acquiRtl immortal ivnowa ; and by the admiration \r^Ich bis courage and dexterity univerfaBy exdted, was enabled tu acquire an autho^ _ „ ty over hi»'f<4hMr>crcntures, aiultu found at Babylon the Mi mon- j^^.' aa-hy. nliole origin ia iparticuktrly ineiitiunijd m iuilury. Nut lung after the foundation of Nineveh was bid by Aflur { in Egypt the four gotrrmmeiits of Thebes. Thtri, Mcmpiiis, ai«d Tsuin, began tu aSunw (vme «tppciuancr of fonn and rrgiUarity. That thefe t vents (hould have happened lo tuon after tlic deluge, vhatcver furpiae it may have occafioncd to the iramed fuMK centuries ago, need not in the fmalUA dtpee excite the won- der ot the prcfcnt age. Wc have fcen from many initaiices, tlic powerfnl effc^U of the principles of population, and htm fptcJily mankind increafc, ulien the generative facuitv Kcs under no rcllraint. I'be kindums df Mexico and Peru were incompsrafaiy more catcnlivc than thofc of Bahylo:>, f^Kncirdlt *Tk« its marksn crpT » ; tbe BH>ls m»k>i ihe antedihiviin fcriciHwhr" 359 then cftltc Hebrew Bible cvwpuuiMO, ftMi tl)« Setiiutgtot ct-fy ftrt . «i6»ye»r», which li 6c6 ycsr* csc(C Chrooelofitsl Tsbl*. tks birth of Abrahaai laiacJu ixiiia am jto tift 4. IKTAODUCTION. name ot \tt d>aa ktatii* it wM impoflible that fom* w»nd«m (hould not pafi orer into Europe.- Thf kingdom of Sicyon n«ir Corinth, founded by the Pclafgi, ii gencnilv fuppofcd to hare cummrncrd in the year brforc Chrift 2090. To thcM llrft inhabitant! fucccrd a colony from Egypt, who about 2000 year* before the Chriitian arra, penetrated into Greece, and, under the name of Titani, endeavotired to eftablifh monarchy in this country, and to introduce into it the Uwt and civil pobcy of the Kgyptiam. But the empire uf the Titans wraa focn diflulved 1 and the ancient Greeka, who fecm at thia time to b« a* rude and barbaroui at any penj>tc in the world, again fell back into their bwlclt and favage manner of life. Several culoniea, however, foon after paffed over from ABa into Greece, and by remaining in that country, pro* duced a more conndenible alteration in the manner of ita inltabitanta. The moft ancient of thefe were the colonies of Inachaa and Ogygea ) of whom the former fettled in Argon and the btter to Attica. We h C. know very little of Ogyget «>r his fuccclTora. Thofc of Inachut **^o. endeavoured to tinite the difperfrd and wandering Greeks } and thdr endeavours for thii purpofc wrrc not altogether unruccefRful. But the hiftory of God'a chofen people, the Ifraelitet, is the only one with which we are much acquainted during thofe age*. The train of turious event* which occaiioned the fettling of Jacob and his family ta that part f>f Egypt, of which Tanis was the ctpital, are univerfally known -> That patriarch died, according to the Septtugint veriion, 1794 KC years before Chrift, but according to the Hebrew Chronology, »•■•• only 16B9 ^ears, and in the year of the world 23 15* This is a remark- able era with refpeA to the nations of heathen antiquity, and conclqdet that period of time which he Greeks confidered as alt(^;cther unkoown* and which they have greatly disfigured by their £U>ulotta narrations. Let ■s rtg»x6 this period then in another point of view, and confider what we ran feam from the facred writings, with rdpcA to the arts, manacny aad Uws of ancient nations. It is a common error among writcTS on this fubjeA, to confider aB the nations of antiquity as being on the fame footing with regard to thofe matters. Thry find fomc nations extremely rude and barbarous, and hence they conchide, that all were in that fituation. They difcover others ac- «|uaintcd with many arts, and hence they infer the wifdom of the firft ages. There appears, however, to have been as much difference b ctswen the inhabitants of the ancient world, in point of art and refinement, as between the civilixed kingdoms of nuHlei-n Europe and the Indians in America, or the Nefpnoes on the coaft of Africa. Noah was un4oub*Hl7 a(rm(d tbemfehrcs imn regular fodeties, and made oonfiderable improve* ments in the arts which are moft fubfervicnt to human life* Agriculture appears to hare been knorn in the firft ages of the wtf H* Noah cul- tivated the vine } in the time of Jacob, the fig^rce and Ipi thnoad were well known in the land of Canaan ; and the inftniments of btiApiidry, long before the dt£oovcry of them in Greece, are often nwnttoncd In the fa- |crrd writinjr^ It ia hardlr to be foppofed, that the ancient ctties, both in I Aiu iodin Stgrp* whofe louadaiiun, ii wv mrii wTcsdy ai£SU'csdl, sfegrfs [to tkft remoteft antiquity, cookl have been buih, ui^a the ctidtut* dr|li|. ' had b'<<« •nd UUpm it ihmt rtfitiMct it mica, Comancc natundly f'Jlo'* ^H.^kurc : aiid thougfa wc caomic tmoc Um ftcpa br which it wat au^ «iix icacc of til the people. But at comiacrce improved, and braiiiM of thii ftirt became more common, thia pradice was laid alidc. and the (juantity ef fiKer waa afcertained by a particular mark, which laved the trouble tt weighing it. But this doe* not appear to Imvt taken place tiU the time of Jacob, ttie (ttond (turn Abraham. The r/^lsA, of which we read in hit time, wa« a piece of money, ftamped with tlie AguK of the lamb, and of a pi«ciie and ftatcd rulue. It appear* fn>m the hitUiey of Jofeph, that the comnwrcc between diferct.t nation* waa by. thia tiaac regularly carried on. llie Ilhreactitet and MiiUaiiitc*. who boaght him of hit brtthren, were travdling merchaata, reronbltng the noodero ainvaaa, who earned ifttce*, pciiume*, and other rich commoditic*, from their own coun- try into Egypt- 1'he Cune ubiervatiuu way be made firoaii tJie book of Jiibt who, accuiding to the beft writer*, wa* a native of Arabia Fek'x* and a). (a a eootempoFary with Jacob. lie fpeak* of the roade of Thcma aii4 Sabk, i. e. of the cararaa* which fci out from thofe citica of Arabia* U wereAcd, that the commoditieaof tha country wvre father tkciuxurica thaa the conveniencic* of lile, we (hall have rcafoq to conclude, that the cuun- trie* into which they were fcnt fur fale, and particuladiy Egypt, were eonfiderabiy improved in aru and refinement : ior people d» not thiak of kirane*, until the ufeful aru have made high advancement among them* In fpeaking of commerce, «e ought carefully to dlAinguiik between the (pCcies of it, which i* carried on hy land or tnJniid commerce, and ah. been ktt to their own m^enoity, and received no tladure of the afttrdiiuvian knowledge from ihtf wife anceftort, it i* improbable ti.tt iWy ndJ have ventured o«. navigatini; ♦be open fea* fo loon a* we find Uicjr did. That branch ^^ hia poArriiy, mU fettled on tl»e coath of Faleaira:. were the tWil people of the wodd anHic^ whom natigaiion waa made fubiovient to oonwnerce : they woe diAinguiihi ftich remote antiquilf , the Phocnii-iao* had by tht* time Mwigaied lk« eo*K» «f Greece* and cairiad aff the daughter oS Inachiw. The aits «rf agnntkure, commerce, aqd nangacioa, fanoir Iot kiWwidr m tereru others ; tbooomy, for inftaoce, or a kowwMwr ol tk« fit ail '^ M rcvalutioDi af uk laaavcaly bodica, iMcdbry b«»tk to »j agriculture »i a pnii Kgyp year Hhb^ babnj C4lcu| But ther4 Havel jadj tint Cdloil kUai INTRODUCTION. r MvigvtiMi t iImc of woHitPg mcfali, to com iiK n c ; aad fo of othn- arts, la faAf wc find thit before the drath of Jacob, fnmal natioM trenr (o wefl ac- «|UBintird with thr revohitiom of the mnoii* aa to mcafurr h^ them the diu ration of thrir yiar. It had bcvn an ontT, «nd they disappear entirely for aMMy agea. Af^nrthcrrign ofNmiat, wk rtrdrd Semtramia and Ntnaa B. c. in the Aftyrian throne, we And ^n aitunifhing blank ta tbchiftmy of tfitf- thia empire, for no lrf« than ri|L nt hundred yean. The filctiec of aaeaeat hiftory^o thia fuhjrA, ia commonly attributed to the fohntft and rffnaiinaci of the fnccefTun of Ninua, vAnAt livea aibrdcd no evcnta worthy of narratiofa. Wara and commotiona are th« grett themea of thi^ hi#tiri«o, while the ^eadie and happy reigaa of wife prtacct pafa miobferved and ame a aded. ScmMa, a prince of wonderful abilitiA, ia luppofed to have rocmnted the thytMic of Egypt, after Amenophia, who waa (wallowed up in the r.t-d Sea *iHmi the year before Cbrift 1 49a 1 by hia affiduity and attention, the civil and military Hlublifhrnenta of thr '"gypttana received very confiderable imprc yeaaaata. E^ypt, in the time uf Selollri*, and hia imme^te focceflbra, vraa, in all pro-. bahilfty, the moft powerful kingdom upon earth, and, accordiaa to the baft C4lcuUttoB. i< fuppi^fcd to have coatainnl twentj^even mUlionaof iidiabitinta. But endetu hiftcry often excitea, without mtinring owcunofity | fcr^ £mn the reign of Seftdria to that of Bocchori>^ m the' year befute Chfift 178 1, we have little knowledge of even the name of th? intermediate urincea. if ^e jodge, however, from collateral drcomftancca, the coimtry muft fbQ htn eaB« tinned in a very floonniing ooodttion 1 Ibr E^pt costmusd tc past isUkhtt ciAomn into diftant nationa. Athena, that feit of laamiag aad po- & a fctenefa, tha^ fchool far afi who afpire after wi£(kiD| awea iu fautidih ^SS^ s^ INTRODUCTION. tion to CccTOM, who Undfd in Greece with m Egyptian colony, and enu« aa to b Utogether unacouainted • mSLy were not known in Greece, Mankind* like the beaJl* of the held, were propogated by accidental rencounter*, and with little knowledge of thole to whom they owed their generation. Cranau*, who fuccccded Cccrop* in B the kingdom of Attica, purfucd the fame benehcial plan, and ende*. ■i6 Toured by wife inftitution*, to bndle the keen paiTiuiw of a rude people. Whilft thcfe prince* ufed tl»ar cndearoun for civUixing this corner uf Greece, the other kingdom*, into which this country, by the natural boun- daries of rocks, mountain*, and river*, i« divided, and which had been ahxady peopled by colonies from Egypt and the Eart, began to affume fome appear. B «>■. ance of form and regularity. Thi* eiigaKed AmohiAyon, one of 14 6- thofe uncommon geniute* who appear in the world, for the benefit of the age in which they live, and the adiniratioB of jpoilcrity, to think of fome expedknt by which he migh' unite in one plan of politics the fcvcral Jadependent king» vera, which compote to gteat a part of otir prcfent work. There appears on* giiwlly to have been a very remarkable rcfcmblance between the political lituation of the different kingdoms of Greece. I'hey were governed each hj a king, or rather by a chieftain, who was their leader in time of war, thear judge m time of peace, and who preiided in the adminiftration of their rcllgioitt ceremonies. Tliis prince, however, was far from being abfolute. In eadl fbdety there were a number of other leaders, whofe influence over their par* ticular cbus, or tribes, was not lefs confiderable than that of the king over his immediate followers. Thefc captains v^ ere 6ften at war with one another^ andfumctimes with their fovcreign. 8uch a fituation was, in allrefped^s, ex^ trcnicly unfavourable : each particubr (late was, in miniature, what the whole country had been before the tit' of Ainphi^yon. They required the hanA of axukther delicate painter to ihjUe the oppofitc colours, and to enable thcA to produce one powerful effect, llie hiftory of Atlu-na affords us an example of the manner in which thefc ftates, that, for want of union, were weak and iniignilicant, becantr, by being trmcnted together, important and powerful. Thctcus, king of Attica, about the year before Chrift 1 234, had acquired grett reputation by his exploits of valour and ability. He faw the inconvenienciet to ^^hich his countr)', from being divided into twelve diffritls, was expoCed} and Ike conceived, that by means of the influence which his pcrfonal charac< tcr, united to the ruyal authority with which he was invcfted, had univcrfally • ^ pri»turcd him, be m'^ht be able to remove them. For this purpofe he cndea- jvourcd tu maintain, and even to ritcrcafc, his popularity among the peaiaiits [and artifans } he detached, as much ns poffible, the diflicrcnt tnbcs from the I leaders who comn.anded them ; he aboltthcd the courts « hich had heen cff a- tbliilied iudiflerent parts of Atiica, and appointed one council-hol! common t* [all tlie Atheniaui. Theteus, however, did nut truit folcly to the ftMXc cf po« |litieal regulations. lie called to hit aid aU the power of religious {mr^udiccs < ytj cltauiiiiijiig CuinniOn nte* Oi ftiigiuii iu uc periOfiiieu lii /\(acna| lipd |PT Y^iii'ii, thither ttran^ers fiom all quarters, by the profpcd of proteiikm tip , [irivikgcs, he railed tins city from an inconfiderable village to a pt)wcrful iiiB« fopohf. XUl fpleodor of Atkcos aud wf TUcicui buw totally cclipfe4 tbft INTRODUCTION. ■.•Ik '.niaf pUnt ; and it cannot but he plcafi ;• •! chiervc sts |!K»»)jrff«, Tine Athenians, by sholifhin^' l!ic name of kiiij;, d«i not eittirely fobverl the regal authojity : thry eft4hU(hed a perjxr^ | magiftrate, who, under the name of Archon, was iiivefted with air^' the fame rights «hich their ktRg« h^d enjoyed. The Atheniaif*, » | t»n», bcoame ferfffble, thtt the archonic ofttc was too lively an inu^'c .' rorslty for a free ftjeic After it had contintttd therefore, three hondrtJ ji tliirty-otie year* in tlit fsmiJy of Codras, jhey endcsvcmed to klTcn iti lij ajty, not hy^abndgjQg its power, but by (hortening its duration. The te^j per^afTigned for the continuance of the Ar^honfhip in the faroe Hand?, ^a three yrat*. But thf drfsre of the Ath(rnia.ni for a more perfee^ fyftnn * freedom than had hrtbertu been eftabli/lwi, iiicreaCed in proponiwi '^\ the liberty they enjoyed. Thcy again called wrt for a frtth reduc^:^ of thf p^'i-jrcT of their Archon* ; snd it was at length determ»e{Knate4 lor Tlie£e ntagif^"* §970 It c «!4 IKTRODUCTION. iMi Mily cko&o by the people^ bat accountable to them for their co«- 4iiA at the cKpirotioD of their officv. Thefe altentioii* were t«o violent aoC to be attended with ibme danscrooe coofe<{uencee. The Atlkeniant^ intoxicated with their fttedoM* broRc out iota the moA anmly and lioen« tiou* behaviour. No written hMr» had been a» yet caaAed is Atiiefis, mA it was hardly [:^ble that the andeat cufhuna of the realm, vdncb wwv MturaUy fuppolc i to be in part aboliflicd by the fuoceShr* ditngea- ia< the government, ftKmld (ij^'ciitly reftrain the ttunultuary fptiita «if the Athenian* ia the Mk flutter of their independence. Thit eng a ged tiw wiier patt of the ftate, who begaa ta ptefior any fyftem of gorennnciit tat their prefent anarchy and coniufion, to caft their eye* on Draco, a-' maa of an auilcre but viituoot difpofition, ae the fitteft peribn for conqwfuig » Cyftem of btw, to bridle the fnriotts and unruly maimcm of their ootuitiy* men. Draco undertook the ofice about the year 6t8( hut executed it with fo much rigour, that in the words of an ancient hifl ' < ** Hia Xinm ** were written with Uood, and not with ink." Death j*m the indifofW minate puniflunent of every offence, and the kwa ol \Draco were found t*' be a remedy worfe than the difcafe. Atfatrt again retnmod into con- fuiion and diforder, and renuuned io till the time terroined him to enter an ocean pregaant with a thoufand dangcr«k The Mt ftep of hi* legiilation was to abulilh all the hws of Draco, evoeirting^ thofe relative to murder. The puniihment of thia crime could not be too great ; but to confider other offence* a* e<|ually criminal, waa t» confound afl notioos of right and wrong, and to render the law inefe ftuat > by mean* of its feverity. Solon next ptvceeded to newnmodel the political Uw I his eftiibUOitncnts on this head remained among the Athenians, while th«.-y prcfervcd their liberties. He feems to have fet out with thi* priod* plr, that a perfect republic, in which each dtizeu (hould have an ;qual political imjxjrtance, was a fyftem of government, beautiful indeed in theory, but not n;diiuble to practice. He divided the dtizena therefore into four cUdes, according to the wealth which they pofldled, and the poc»dk cb£l he rendered altogether incapable of any public office. They had a voice, however, in the gtiieral council of the nation, in which all matters of principal concern were dctrrmined in the hik ntfort. But Idl thia alicmblr, which wa* compoCed of tdl the citizens, thould, in the worda c£ Plutarch, like a (hip wiih too many fails, be cxpolcd to the j^rt of folly, tu- mult, ai;d diforder, W provided for it* faCety by tlte two anchor* uf the Senate and Areopagus. The firft of thefe courts cooiMcd of four hundred perfons,a httiulred out of each tribe of the Athenians who prepared all importaut billa that came before the sflcmbiy uf the people ; the lecoiKi, though but a court of juftice, gained a prodigioui ai'c«idancy io the rcpubhc, by the wifdcm I ntof\ of the other andent republic* were eftabliflwd; l/oinfift oB «U af them, i^ercffirci would aekhcr be cutertaims^ nor introduction/. 1 c. tnftnidire. But ihc government of Sparta, or Lacedcmon, had Comt* thing in it (o peculiar, that ilic grrat liiira of it at leatl, ought not to be onuttcd even in a delineation ofthit fort. Sparta, like the other ilatci •f Givecc, waa originallf divided into a number of petty principalities, of irbkh each waa under the juritdidion of its own immediate chicftaiiu Leiea is (aid to be the tirft king, about the year B. C. 15 i6. At length, B C. «h« two brothers, Eurillheaea and Proclca, getting ponelTion of thia uui country, became conjunct in the royalty ; and, »lui u cximncly fingu< Utf their potlchty, i the dirci^ line, coaUiiued to rule conjundly for nine hundred years, endir,j with CieomciKS, anno 220 before thb Ctmilian ara. The «Spartan government, lumcvcr, did not take that fingular form which Fenders it io remarkabtc, until the time of Lycurgu^ the celebrated Icf^flator. The plan of policy deviied by Lycurgus, agreed witk that idready defcribcd in compirhcnding a fenate am this, that, in aU laws, Lycurgus had at leaft aa much Jtfpetl to war a« to pohtical Ubcrty. With this view, all forU of luxur)-, •11 arU o( elegance or entertainineiit, every thing, in Ihort, which had thf &uUle& tendency to foften the minds of the Sparuns, vraa abfolutely pro- (crmed. Thev were furbiddcn the ufc of money, they lived at public tablet •n the coarfctl Butt the younger were taught to jny the utmoft reverence to the more advanced in yean, and all ranks capable to bear arms, wcr« dally accuftomcd to the muft painful exrrcifes. To the Spartans aSmc, war was a relaxation rather thaia a hardJhtp, and'they behavctl in it with a spirit of which hardly any but a SpMtaa couid even nrom a tforiception. In order to fee the cSeil uf thefe principles, and to coane(\ uitdrr oiu? .jpoint of view the hiilory of the diffcreju quarters of the globe, we muft n"^' caA our eyes on Afu, and obfrrvc the events which happetted in thofe grei- Q^ ciapirct, of wliich we have fo long loft fight. We have alreaci) yg,/ itMrtitioued in what obfcurity the hiftury of Egypt is invc^wd, until the reign of Bocchuru. From this period to the dilfolution (4 tlieir goverotnent by Cambyfet of Perfu, in the rear B. C. p4, the Epp- ttans are more celebrated for the wifdora of their law«, and political inflito- tioR*, than for the power of their arms. Several of thcfe feem to have \kch 4i<£bucd by the true fpin't uf civil wifdom, and were admirably calctilated for pirferring order and^niod government in an extenftve kingdom. ITie grts* empire of AfTyria likcwifc, which had fo long difappcarcd, becomes *gi:n an obje£t of at'.cution, and affords the fiHl iuiUncc we meet with in hiflorv, •fa kingdom which fcU afundcr by its own weight, and the effeminate wcak- ncfs of Its fovereigns. Sjirdanapaius, the bit emperor of Affyria, negle^lin?, the adminiilration of afiairs, and (hutting himfelf up in his palace -rhh ht women and eunuchs, fell into cautempt with his fubjeAs. IIjc govemort of his proviiHcs, to whom, like a weak and indolent prince, he had entire- ly committed the coma^nd of liis armies, did not fail to by hold of thi» op- portunity of railing their own fortune on the ruins of their mailer's pow(r< Arbaccs, governor of Media, and Bclefis governor of Babylon, '-onrpiT? •gainft then" fovcrcign, fct fire to his capital, in which Sardanap* i* prn'-J^* ed, B. C. 82f and divide between them hi* exlenfive dominions. Thcte t«ro kingdoffif, tamtiixtna umtc4 twdcr tae priace, aad fometimes govems.l HJTHODUCTION. U B a each by i particular rovCT«i||;n, ii-.2 :^4rt, put an erid to the kinrdom of Ifrael, and carried the ten Tribes capti«« into Auym and Media, B. C. 731. Nebuchadnezzar king uf B^y!<^ti aMb, in the ye»*> B. C. 587, overturned the kingdom of Judah, whid) had continued in the family of David frum the year 1055, and ti altered all the cauntnrs around him. But in the year 53B, Cyrua the Great took Babylon, m\i reduced this quarter of the world under the Pvcrnmcnt 01 Cyrus, in dl its various de- p and they principally difplayed it in their work* of architc^tre. There mt no veftiges, however now remaining, which coniirrtL the teftimony of ancient writers, with regard to the great wmrks which adorn* |«d Babylon and Ninrveh : neither is it clearly determmed in tvhat year tker I were beg^in or finished. There are three pyramids, Hupendous fiibrics, ftiu I remaining in Egrpt, at fome leagues diftance from Cairo, and about nine j miles from the Nile, which are fuppofed to have been the burying places f»f the ancient Egyptian kings. The largell is five ht'ndred feet in height, and I each fidv of the bafc fix hundred and ntnety-three feet in length. The apex i i» I ■^ feet fquare. The fecoiid fland* on ats much ground a« the firll, but is 40 feet lower. It was a fui>erllition among this people, derived from the earKeft times, that even after oeath th'.' fo'il continued in the bodv as long zn jit remained unrorrupted. Hence proceeded the cuftom of embalming, or of throwing into the dead body fuch vege»al>les as ejtperience had difcovcred to llxr the greateft prefervirtivv. ag«in(l putrefaAion. The pyramids were crcoJ jttfd with the fame view. In them the bodies of the Ej^ptjan kings were |rcnue.i)ed. This ctped'ient, tojjether with embalminjj, as tntfr fnperilitiotit , nc.onarehs concelvrti, wc'uld inevitably fecun: a fafe and comfortable retreat? Iftir their foiili after devM'.h. From what we read of the wnlli of Babylon, Itlie temple of Belus aii*^ other works of the Eafl, and fnim what travcUeri [have rrcmjed of the pvnmids, it appc«« that they were really fuperb and IniHirniik-ent (Irut^iire^, but totaKv void of ele^nce. The orders of archi- jt.diirc were not ytt known, uor even the conttrufting of vaults. Th* tannin which thrfe nations, next to architefture pvincipaily exccUcd, were |fm!pturr »p.il embroidrry. A* to the fciences, thm had all along contfnuwl^^ tobcftow their priiujpel nnentiou on atlronomy. it docs nci appear, how* fver, that they ma^ie grrat pTo^.'fs in expUininj* the caufei oi thj pile' mmena of tlie untvcrl'e, or indeed in anr fpecies of ratiooal and found phSlo* fi'phy. To demonftrvtr ihl* to an inteihgent reader., it is iufSoient towfewe that according to the telhmouT of facred and profane writers, tl^ aSfeiit rv«Htt of m*gic and allrology, which alwavs decreafc In oropottfotl to tht cement of true fcience, were in high citctn «t.aiii{ thtrett dittrbg th# INTRODUCTiaN^ lat«/l period of their f^ov^mnirnl. The count tie* whicK th«]r«ccQpicd wc'r extremely frtiitfut, and aifordcd without much labour all the iuN;e(uine«, and even luxurici of life They had lunj; h<>en accuftutr o a civilized and polifli- ed life in great citic*. Tliefc circunift.incc» had tain, .d their mannert with ef- feininacv and corruption, and rendered them .in eafy prey to the Perfuma, a nation jull emerging from harharifm, of c«>nfcqticncc brave and warlikr. Thii was ftill more ealy in t' - infancy of the military art ; when, ftrcngth and courage vtn tb' only circumllancfi which gtvc the advantage to one nation orer another; when, properly (peaking, there were no fortiaed placet which in modem timet have hern difcotcred ta be Co ufcful fn (lopping the progre(« of a vi^oriou* enemy ; and when tlie event uf a battle commonly decided the fate of an empire. Hut wc mtitl now tuni our attention to other objeikt. The hiftory of Perfia, after the rcigo of Cyrus, who died in the year B. C 529, oiTcn little, contidereu in ilfelf, that meritt our regard ; but when combined with that of Greece, it bccomct particidaHy interefUng. Tkf rrHHiarrht who fiicceedcd Cynis gave an opptirtunity to the Greekt to exa- cile thofe virtue* which the Jrcctlom of their government had creatctl and con- firmed. Sparta remained uiuler the influence of Lycurgut't inllitutiont : Athens had jull recovered fi<.»m tlie tyranny of the Pitillrntidje, a family who had tmmplcd on the h'^v* of Solon and iilurped the lupreme power. Such viradolt". , amounted to two milliorj ar coofederscy that c^cr cxitlcd t pon canh. Tlic Grceki became haughti iMTRODirCTtON. ' B C 334. ; ifter their viAoriet 1 delivered from the common enemy, they bep^n to quar- fcl with one another ; their quarrel) were fomented by PcrTian gold, of which rhry hnu aequired enough to make them defiruut of more. Hence proccrded the fiunou* Peloponnefian war, in which the Athenians and ^^' Iut io hit poffeinon what Chcron^ra had denied hun. llie Cireeks had loft that virtue which was the bafis of their confederacy. Their popular govemmcnti fcrved only to give a fan^ion to their Hcentioufners and corruption. The ])rincipal •ratort, in moft of their llates, wrrr bribed in the lervice of Philip ; and all the clrMjuence of a Demofthcnei, ^ffiiietl by truth and virtue, was unequal to the mean, but more fedu£^ive artj of his opponents, who, by tlaturing the people, uled the furcft method of winning their afl'e^\iun». Phih'p lud prupofod to extend the boundaries of liis empire beyond the nar« mw limits of Greece. But he did nut long furvive the battle of Cheronca* Upon hii> deceafe, hf>i fun Alexander wm cho4en general againft the Periiansf by all the Grecian llates, excrpt the Atlieniaiu anti Thcbans. Thefe made a fwble effort for expiring liberty : but they were obliged to yiela to fuperior force. Secure on the fide of Greece, Alexander fet out on hit PeHian expedition, at the head of thirty thoufand foot, anil five thoufand horfe. The fuccefn of tlii-. army in con over>running and fubduing not only the countries then known to the Greeks, but many parts of India, the very nanu', of which had never nached an European ear, jias been itie. Uut whatever (omt vain en^irica ia learning may pretetid, the n^i kaiiw:d ar.4 ingenious mtxi, both in France and Lngland, hav* ackaowledgod tiw fu- pfiionly of titc Greek phikiduphcri, aud have rerk<»«H'd (htTnfdv<-9 hsppy tu catching their turn of thinkii^, and manner of expeeflioa. But tite Greek> uert Mil !-f« diflinguifhed (or their a<^ivv than for their fpoculativc tajcntiu It would be endlefs to recount the names of their famous Itaiclnten and war- dors, asd it is impoifible to mention a few vki-itltout doing iit}uUicc to a greater number. War was M reduced to a fcicnce by tlie Greeks. Their V^ldieia fought &om an affection to their country, and aii ardour for gluryi and not from a dread of (heir fuperiora. We have feen the effetts of this military virtue in their wars agatnft the PerfiaiM{ the caufc of it was the wife taws which Aaphiciyan, Soltm, and Lycurguabad eiUbltAied in Greece. B«M we muil now leave this nation, whi>fe hiHory, both civil and philu^iii- ca}, is as important as their trrrHory waa iiMMnlidrraKtf, and tttru our altca- lion to the Koman ai'^ts which arc t\iU n* re ratereiVing, both on their nvu account* and from t \e relation in which tluy lUnd tu thole of Mudctu Europe. rmM. The chara^W cf Romnlua, the founder of the Roman (late, wicen *". view him a* the leader of a few IkrIcU and watuleriMg Itttsdilti, is *n ^' objed of extrene iofigoiticancc. Bui when we conlwier lum a» i)m: ^ founder of an cntpire as exteoiive m the w*>rhl, ai»d wliofc urogrrli •od decline have occafioned tl« two grrateil re^'okitMrns that ever happru. Cd ilk £urr>pe, we canaot help being inter«i^<* .'.. his conduct. His dii- po6tion was eatremciy cvartial ; and t)x {>r the difpky of nulitary talents. Roimulus \*as (onlinually cmbruiicd with nut pr other of his neighbours ( and w ar was the only employii:ent by which He Md his oompaniooa eapefted not only tn aggrandife the«nfclve», but c-vtn tr 6d»r>(). Ia the cottdu^t of his wars with the neighbouring pruple, *c tf obferve the Came maaima b/ which the Romans 3lecrwart«« became nui- -■ '»f .lis wtjrM. Inilcad of deHroyiag the ii«tit>H» he Ikm! fuhjeciui i>. ^<4 them to ihr Roman Rale, whcrtby Rome acquired a new . • cciioa of ihvngth fmm every war fhc under»f)ok, at«d brcnme powrrlJ and popuh^us trom that ver^ cvtuniHsncr whiih ruitm and depoptiijto other kisgdon'j* If tbr enemies with ^^luch Ke cutt( trrvH^ of hu cDuntry. was, accardng to th? nioti procahle conjcftnrr, privatt 1^ aflyTinated by CBme af the oivinbeia of thwt Senate, which he hitnfelf had inHitvtffd. The fnccrdbrs of Kcoiclua were aH wcnr cxtraovdiaarjr pcrfoMWO. Kuma who came neat to him, ettahhihed the rchgioaa eerenwnkv of the Romaiia, a»d inlpi. ithcm with that vanetatitia £or aa oath, which waa«veralkct tlic foul »f ih«ir miHtaiy dii'ciphne. "Tunot Hoftiliaa, Anew Mariisa, Tarqauuuf i^rikus, and Srnrtiu Toiiitn, hboarcd each, dorhw hi* re^a, for tlic gnsdcur vf Rome. Bat TarqtnBiiM Supcrhw, the feventn and kil kii^, having ob- tained the crown hy the eaecrahU nnwder ^hi» faiherwia4Kiv ikrvioB, a>o« tinned to fupport it hy the moft cruel and inGwaoua tyranny-. Thitf toflethcv with the infoteoce cf hit (on SeituM Tan{uitiiu», «ho, by dHhonouring Luaro4 ti», a Unman lady, affronted the «ho!c nation, occatumed the espuW - linn of the Tarquin't fiunily, and with it ihc diiUthitaon of the rc|;al ^ j^vitnnicac. At the Romann, however^ were c^mtiQaally ei^afled iu war, they foond it ncceii'ary to hnc fom« o^^^ er invefled with ftiprenie ati« thoritv, who might ooada^ them to the hcW, and rrgtdate their nulitary c&> trrpriKi. In the reon of the kings, thevchirr, they a^ninced t«t> aiumnl magiftrsMSy called confula, who, withont cntatmg the fame jealbufy» fucceeded to aH the poweta of thdr fovcrngns. Thia rcfohitteo waa eitremdy finuor- abUr to the Roman grandrnr. The coaMi whc enjoyed htd i> tenpomry prmer, were dH'nrous of (ignaliaiag their reign by fiome great adioa : each vied with thofe who had gone bciure him, and tljc Ronaam were daily led ott a^aintt fome new enemy. When wc add to this, that the people, onfurallyL warlike, were infpind to deeds of taIour» by every confidtxation which couht eMcite thent i that the citizens of Rome were all fuldicT% and fought Ut their bnds, ihdr chidren, and their liberties, we need not b< iunuHed that th'fv fhould, in thecotnie at fome centuries, extend their power all ove^ Italy. 'fhe Romans, now fccwe at home, ww! finding no enenrv to contend with, turn their eyea abroad, and meet with a powerful rival in the Cartha> ginians. This iiate had been founded or enhurved on the ooaft of the Mto ditrrranean in Aiiricaf ibme time before Home, oy a colony of Phoenicians* nmt B. C. B69, and, according to the pra^^ice of their tnother.countryf hry had cultivated comtnerce and naval greatnels. Cartlmgr, to thi» dv%^, had proved wondrrftdly focccfsfol. She now omraandcdUith tides of the Medtterranean. JBdidcs that ol' Africa, which e almo4t rinirely pofiefTed, (he had extended kcrfelf on the Spanifh fidcii hruugh the Strait*. Thus ntHlrrf* of the fea, and of cominciiea^ Ihe ttad ti/cd on the illanda of Corbet and Sardinia, t^dv had ddkuHy to dci^s4 tlclf ; and the Romans were too ncarlv threatened not to take np « |»^ Hence a fucceihon of hoHJhtiu L ^_ .u-r^ «•«. tnown in hiftory hy the naanc of Yvmv wars, in which the Ctttha* pniani, with all their wcahh acd power, were an unctjual match for the Autnauatr ■: X INTRODUCTION B. c «6o. EC Ronurm. Cirthsgc ww • powerful rrpuhlic whf n Rome wu an inconfidtr. able iUU{ but me wm now bcomc corrupt and rfleminatc, whOc Rome WW in ihe rigour ci her political conlUtution. Carthage employed merccn* artet to cany on her wart ; RonsCt u wc hare already mentioned, was com- pofed of foldien. The firft war witii Catthage iaftcd twenty4hree yean, and taught the Romant the art ci fighting on the Tea, with which they had hitherto been unacquainted. A Carthaginian vcflel wa» wrecked on thr'r ooaft ; they ufrd it dor a model ; in three nnontht Btted out a fleet, and the confu! DuiUua, who fought ihrir firil naval battle, waa rk- torioua. It it not tn our purpofc to mention all the traniaAiont of thefc wara. Tht behavh>ur of Kcgulut, the Roman general, may give ut an idea of the fptrit which thert animated this people. Betnff tjuien prifoner in Africa, he it fcnt back on hit paroie to negociate a change ut pritbnert. Me maintaint in the Tenate, the propriety of that b>- •d an extreme hatred againll the Romant, and having fettled the inteAin<- troublet of hit country, he took an early opportunity to infpire hit ton, though but nine ycara old, with hit own fentimeott. Fpr thin purpofe lir •rdcred a folemn facrifice to be offered to Jupiter, and leading hit (on toth- altar, alked him whether he waa willing to attend him in nit expeditiou •gainft the Romant t the c^jrageout boy not onlv confented to go, but conjured hit £ither, by the glU prHeot, to fonn hmi to TtAonr, »od teach Itim the art of cnnqucring. That I will joyfully do, replied Hamflcar, and with all the care of a father, who bvn you, if you will Iwear upon the altar to be an eternal enemy lo the Romant. Hannibal readily complied t aixl the (blcnuiity of the ceremonr, and the facrednrft of the oath, made fmb an impreffioe upon hit miud, at nothitig afterwarda could ever efface, ht- ing appointed general at twenty-iive yean of age, he croflrt the £bro, the Fyrencet, and the Alpt, and in a moment fall* down upon Italy. Thr!uu of ^ur battlet threat cnt^the fall of Rome. Sicily fuic^ with the co-.. jil ' queior. Hieronytnut, king of Syncufc^ declaret againft tlie R.^- mani, and almuQ all Italy ahindnnai ihrm. In thi» extremity, Kom; owed ita prei'ervation to three graii men. Fabiut Maximu*, defpili..g po- pular clamour, and the military ardour of hit countrymen, decline* continr to an en;^?i;;cment. The ftrcngth of Rome hat time to rcf over. Marvellui raiiiea the (icge of Nola, taket Syracufe, and revivet the drooping fpiriti ( : hia troops. The Romant adnured the character of thefc great men, bi.i iaw fomething more divine in the young Scipb. The fuccrit of t hit youn^ hero confirmed the popular opinion, that he wat of divine extradion, at i held cooverfie with the G<^. At the age of four and twentv« be fliCk una Spain, v-here both hit faihfr and uncic had loft their IJvet, attukt New Ca/thnge, and carriet it at Ahc full affault. I'pon hit anriiil in Africa, kingt futuntt to him, Carthage tremblet in her turn, aro feet her armiet defeats. Hannibal, fixtcen ycart vidoriout, it in vain til- led home to defend hit country. Carthage it rendered thbutirv, givei hoftaget, and engage* never to emrr «:pon a war, but with t^^f coafent of the Roman people. After the con^^ucil of Carthjge, Rome hid uiconfiderable wart, but r^"". v^orici } before thii time its wars were great, and ita vittonea inconS) nical Mept ; the Ftoliant were moil irritated ; Hiid hcaxiitg the fanre of the Human arms, called them intu Greece, and overcame Philip oy their afliRancc*. The vidory, however, chiefly redounded to the advantage of the Rumans. The Macedonian garrifons were obliged tu evacuate Greece ; the cities were all declared free { but Phib'p became a tributary to the Roman!*, and the Mates of Greece became thdr„ dcj>endenlt. The Etolians diCcovcring thtir firft error, endeavoured to remedy it by another Hill more dangerous tu them* felves, and more advantageous to the Romans. As tltcy had callrd the Romans into Greece to defend them again!! king Philip, they now colled in Antiochus, king of Syria, to defend them againtt the Romans. The fii* muus Hannibal tuo had recourfe tu the fame prinoe, who was at this time the moil powerful monanJi in the Bail, and tlie fuccefTor to the dominions of Alexander in Alia. But Antiochus did not foUuw his advice fu much as thai of the Etolians i for inilead of renewing the war in Italy, where Hannibal, from experience, judged the Romans to be the rooft vulnermblet he landed in Greece with a fmall body uf truups and being uvcrcome with-* uiit difficulty, fled over into Afu. In thin war the Romanpcrted at tinding a prince who dared tu Ihew himfelf an enemy to the Rcroaus, and cheeifiiUy fubmitted to his protection. Mithridate«, however, at laft, waa eompctled to yield to the fupcrioi fortune oF the Romans. \anquilhcJ fuc* ceffively bv Sylla and Lucuilus, he was at length fubdued by Pompcy, and liripoed of his dominioni and of his life, in the year B. C. 63. Id _ _ Africa, the Roman arms wet witli equal iucceis. Mariua, in conquer- ^'y* iag jugunha, nude aU fcctu-e ia that quarter. £vca the barbvout oationi IMTRODUCTION. B. c fiattoM bqrottd thr AlfH bq{«a of ber kiaga, eai(oTed but a partial liixny. The dcfcvn- vUntf of Ui<* ienaton, w'no werr (iit^mKuiOvd bf tbe aaawt of Patriciam, «-rrc invrft w^ith fo nnaay oii<'*ua t»rt^ ^M., that the people felt their de|>«-n. dencct Md became drtcmuned to make A off. A tbouiand difputct on thr fi^je^ arolr betwiat tbeta and the Patricians whidi altraja taminatcd in fcrour of Ubrrty. Theft dilutee, wfaQs thr Romaaa preifrTti their virtue, were not attend- ed with any danretous ooniir^uencei. The Patriciana, «vho bred their couatry, rhrrrfiifly parted with (nme of their privilege* tu tiamfy the people ( and the pi . pie, oa the other haad, thouf^ they obtMied bwa, by wiiich they miiht be admitted to enjoy the firili nAcea of the ftate, and thwugb thrr had the power of nominatioa, alwav* nained Hatnciaoa. But iphcn tht RonaiUi by the cooqiiefl of fcretK^n bmioas, became aor^uaiatcd with an their luzwiea and rehaementt t whca they became tainted with the eSieiniiiaey and oomiptioQ of the eaAem couitt, and fpi>rt«d with cterr thing iuft aod hoooorable in order to obtain thein, the ftate, torn hi the ^i^ioaa be t w e en ita inaaben, aad without eirtur on cither 6de to kerp k together, hecaaK a prey to ita own children. Hence the bk>adya(iidftioni of the Gracchi, which pared the «ray ibran incxtinf^diabk hatrrid bctwern the noblea and oommona, aod made it tafy for any turbuicm dem a gogue to pat them in a^ion againtt each other. Tite lore of their country %raa nuw no note than a ^pcdouB nanie \ the better fort were too wtalthy and effemi- nate to ftUxnit to the ngoun of military difciptiae, aad the (bldiera* com- pofrd of tbe divga of the republic, were no longer citiaen*. Tbey had littlr rcfpecl for any but their coramander ; under hia baniu-r they fought, ami coiM}uered, and plundered ( and for him they wtre ready to die. He mtj^ht command them tu etnbrue their hatxU in the blood of their country. 'IVv who knew ao country but the camp, aod no authoritT bat that oi their gr- nrral, were ever ready to obey him. The rouhiplictty of the Roman con. queAa, however, which required their keeping oa loot fcNcral armies at &t iamt time, rrlarded the fub^criiuu of the repoblir. 'I^iir armiea wttr \« many checks upon earh other. Hud it not beea tor the foldxr* of SyLj« Rome would have forrrodered iu liberty lu the anny of Marina. Juliue Ccfar at tenf^h appears. By fabduiii)r tUe Gauls he gained b i CiMiiitry the inofl ulrful cf>n<|urd it ever made. ]:*oro]iey, his o^iog him in titc Icna'.t- /" huof But though thry titereby dehvcr the Romans firoin iht tyranny of Julius, die republic does not obtain it* freedom. It taiH into the haadfe of Mark Antony; yotng Cafar Ckhsviaiiua, nephew to JuUtM . p Csfar, Wft&i it froui hist by the (is^^g^ at A^ss"linicd aU the remain* of the Carthag nian, the PeHlan, the Greek, the Alfyrian, and Macedonian gloryi they were now only a name. N«> fooner, therefore, waa OAaviu* eftahlifhcd on. the throne, than amhuffadon from all quarter* of the known world crowdrd to make their fuhmiflWin*. Althiopia ftiet for peace ; the l^ilhiiins, who had hem a moil A>rmidablc enemy, court hi* hiemlfhip i India fecks his alH« ance t Pnnnonia ackmiwledge* him ; Germany drrad* him ; and the Wclcr receive* hi* law*. Victorious by fca and bnd, he (hut* the temple of Janu*. The whole earth live* in peace ifhder his power, and Jefua . Chrift come* into the world four year* l>efore the common xra. '" Having thus traced the pnigref* t>f the Roman government^ whtk it re>' maiiied a republic, our plan oblige* u* to fay a few word* with rigard to the arts (vience*, and manner* of that people. During the firft ages of the re- public, the Romans lived in a total neglett, or rather contempt, of all the elegant impn>vrm(-)it* of life. War, poUtic*, and agriculture, were the only art* tliey lludied, becaufed they were tlie only arts they rtteemed. But upon the downfal of Carthage, the Rorrtant having no enemy to dread from abroad, began to taile the fwerts of fecurity, and to cultivate the arts. Their progrcit, however, was not gradual, as in the other countries we have deferibed. The coniiuell of Greece at "^nce put them in pofleflion of every thing moll rare, curious, or elegant. Alta, which wn» the next victim, offered all its llorrs ; and the Romans, from the mod limple people, fpeedily S>ecame aciiiiainted with the arts, the luxurtes, and refinement* of the whole earth. Kloquence they had always cultivated a* ttie high road to eminence and preferment. The orations of Cicero ar« inferior only to thofe of Demotlhene*. In jK)ctry, Virgil yields only to 1 lomer, whofe verfe, like the profe of IVmofthem-i, may be confulered aa inimitable. laHorace, however, in \m .Satires and Epiiucs, had no model among the Greeks, and Hands to this day unrivalled in that fpecie* of wnt> ing. In hillory, the Roman* can Iniall of Livy, who poflctTcs all the natural eale of Herodotu*, and i» more defcri|)tive, mure eloquent, and fentimental. Tacitu* indeed did not Hourith in the AuguHan age, but his works do him- felf the grvateft hoiHuir, while they difgrmcc his country and human rature* whofe corruption and vice* he paints in the moll tltiking c».'our». . < M- lufophy, if we except the work* of C'iccn>, and the fyllcm of the ^..tctk philofopher Kpicuru*, defcnlnrd in the nervous jMHJtry of Lucretius, the Roman*, during the time of the rriniblic, made not the Icall attempt. In traj^cdy they never proiiiiced any tiling excellent ; and Tereuct , though re- nwrkable f«>r purity of llyle, wants that tomici vh, or li'vrly vein of lium- unr, that dillinguiihcL the Greek comet! tn>, and wliich ditlingutfhes our Shjkefpeare. We m»w return to our hillory, and are arrived at an Tra which prefents ua with a fet of monAers, under the name of emperors, whofe hirtories, a few excepted, difgrace human nature. They did not indeed abolifh the fonna «f the Roinau republic, though ihty ixtiuguiihtd itj liberties ; jind while they were prattifing the m«)ll unwarrantable cnieltits upu;) tluir fubjcda, they themfelve* were the Ihive* of their A»ldier«. They made the \rorld trem- ble, while they in their tuni trembled at the army. Rome, from the time of Auguftus, became tht moft defjwfic empire ilwt ever fubliftcd in Europe. To form an idia of their government, we need only recall to o«ir mtnd the .lituation of Turkey at prefcut. U it ol uo imporiaow tb«rv|^ to cod- !• INTRODUCTION. fider tlie chanArr of the cmperofi, fmce they had no power but «rh«t aroft from a mercenary ftanding armv ; nor to enter into a detail with regard to the tranfiiAion* of the court, which were direded t^'ith that caprice, crueky, and comiptimi, which univerfally prevail under a defpotic government. When it it faid that the Roman repubUc conquered the wurld, it is only meant of the civilieed part of it, chieflr in Greece, Carthage, and A(u. A more difficult ta'ic ftill remained for the empcront, to ful^^ue the barharoiu aatioM of Europe ; the Go mant, the Gauls, the Britons, and even the re- mote comer of Scotland ; for though hefe countries had been difcovercd, they were iiot cITe^ually fubdued by the Roman generals. Thefe nations, though nide and ignorant, vrcre brave and indepeniKut. It was rather from the uipcncrity of their difcipline than of their courage that the Romans j:ained any advantage over them. The Roman war* wiih the Germans are (iefcnbed ^y Tacitus, and from his accounts though a Roman, it is eafy to difcov< i»ith what bravery they fought, and with what reludance they fubmitted >.<> i foreign yoke. Frum the obllinate refiilancc of the Germanj, \»e may j»K}ge of the difficulties the Romans met with in fuWuing the other rations ot Lun.pe. The c«inlc(\s were on bi)th fide* bKxxly ; the countrie» of Europe were i'ucceflively bid waile, the inhabitants periihed i'l the Mi!, njiny were carried into (lavrry, and but a feeble remnant fubmitted to the Roman power. This fituation of aifairs was extremely unfavourable to the happineu of mankind. The barbarous , nations, indeed, from their inter- rourfe with the Romans, acquired Tome tade fur the arts, fciences, Unguage, and mannen of their new mailers. Thcfc, however, were but miferaUe con- folations for the lofs of liberty, fur being deprived uf the ufe of their armi, for bdog overawed by mercenary foldier* kept in pay to rcftrain them, aiul for beiog delivered over to rapacious gorentors, v ho plundered them with* out mere)'. The only circumllance which could Cuppurt them under thefe comph'cated calamities, was the hope of feeing better days. '1 he Romaa empire, now Hrctchcd out to fuch an extent, had lull its fpring and force. It contained within ittclf the feeds of dilTolution ; and the violent imiptioos of the Croths, Vandals, Huns, and other batbarians, hal- tened its deilru^'tiun. 1*hcfc fierce tnl>cs, who ctme to take *cngeantf «ii ttte empire, eitlirr inhabited the variuu% parts of iacrmany, whici) hampaj>!oi;s acquaint them with tlte unknown vonve(iimci<*s aiul luxuries that abounJoi in countries brtter cultivated, or blciTed with a miUU'r dinute than thru •wn { they acquaint them with the battled ihry had fought, or the frir-.n!* they had loil, and win«t them with refcutincut agaiatl their opponniia' I Great bodies of armed men (Cays an clc^nt hittonan, in defcnbint; this kox <»f defolation) with their wivc» luii! cUildren, a.id Haves ttnS florks, iffii^c forth, like rtrgular colonies, in qucjt of new fettkinciitB. New sdventurt'' foQowed them. The lands which the) dtA-rtcd were ot'cupi^d by nvMt remote tribes of barbariaos. Thefe in tlieir turn pulhed forward into mur; ficrttle countries, and, like a torrent continually increafing, rolled on, an! fcre^t ttery thing before ihcau Whcfcva ihc baihariaa* nwichcd, tJ« f INTRODUCTION. f» A. a Mute WM marked with blood. Thejr ravaged or dcftroyed all around them. They made no dilUnfticn between what wai facred and what waa profane. They refpefted no age, or fcx, or rank. If a man was called lo hx upon the period in the hiftory of the workl. durinff which the condition of the hu« man race was moft caLimitou* and ai)li^\cd, he would, without hditation, name that which elapfed from the death of TheodoHu* the Great, A. D. 395, to the eftabUftiment of the Lombard* in Italy, A D. J71. Theco« temporary author*, who beheld that fccne of dcfulation, labour and are at a lafs for exprefliuna to dcfcribe the hom>r of it. Tire frourfe t/GoJ, tit dtf- tntjtr ofnatioiut are the dreadful cpilhcU by which llicy diUioguiih the moft noted of tlie barbaroua leader*. Conftantine, who wa« emperor at the beginning of the fourth century, and who had embraced Chrillianity, cJiangcd the feat of empire .from Rome to Conftantiiiople. Thii occafioned a prodigiout alteration. The wef- tern and eailcm protrincca were fepaialcd from each other, and go- ""^ vemed by djflfcrent (overetgns. The wilhdrawinz tlic Roman Icgioua from the Rhine and the Danube to the Eaft, threw down the weftern bary rier« of Uk empire, and bid it open to the invader*. Rome (now known by the najiT\e of the WtfitrH Empirt^ in contradiftinc- tion of Conftantinople, which, from it* fituation, was called the Eafieru Em- pirt)t weakened by thi* divition, becomes a prey to the barbarou* nation*. Its ancient glory, vainly deemed immortal, is effaced, and Odoaco-, a bar- barian chieftain, is fcated on the throne of the Cxlars. ITiefe irruptions into the empire were gradual and fucccfllvc. The tnunenfe fabric of the Ronuui empire wa* the work of many age*, and fcveral centuries were employed iu dcmolifliing it. The ancient difcipline of the Romans, in military affairs, wa* lo ciBcacious, that the remains of it def- cended to their fucceflor*, and mull have proved an overmatch for all their enemies, had it not been for the vices of their emperors, and the univerfal corruption of manners among the people. Satiated with the luxuriea of the known world, the emperors wen: at a lof* to Hnd new provocative*. The moQ dillant regions were explored, the ingenuity of mankind waa cxercif- ed, and the tribute of provinces expended upon one favourite dilh. The tyranny and the univerUl depravation of manners that prevailed under the empcrori, or, as they arc called, Ctefars, could only be equalled by, the bar* barity of thofe nations who overcame them. Towards the clofe of the fixth century, the Saxons, a German natioOa were mailers of the fuuthem and more fertile pmvinces of Britain ; the Franks, another tribe of Germans, of Gaul ; the Gotha of Spain ; the Goths and Lombards of Italy, and the adjacent provinces. Scarcely any veftigc of the Roman puUcy, jurifprudence, arts, ur literature, remained. New forms of government, new liws, new manners, new drcdes, new languages, and new names of men and countries, were every where introduced. From this period, till the 16th century, Kuro|K: exhibited a piAureof mod mcbnchuly Gothic barbarity. Literature, fcicnce, talle, were words fcarce- h in ufc during tliefe agei. Pcrfuns of the higheft rank, and in tlie moft 'eminent ilations, could not rcaJ or write. Many of the clergy did not un- deritand the Breviary which they were obliged daily to recite ; fome of them could fcarccly read it. The human mint!, neglet^ed, uncultivated, and depreOed, funk into the moft piofound ignorance. The fupcrior genius of Charlemagne, who, in the beginninir «>f the gtb century, governed France and Germany, with part of Italy ) and Alfred the Great in England, dur* ing the huter part of the fame century, endeavoured to difpel this dai^nefs, and give their fubjc^i » ftioit glimpk of light. But the ignorance of th^^^ 1 1 •<;« I* INTRODUCTION. age w«> too powerful for their eflforti and inilitutions. The darkneft re* turned, and even incrtafed t fo that a AHl gnratrr degree of ignorance aud barbarifm prevailed throughout Eim»pr. A new divifion of property gmdiutily intmduced a new {jpet-ieii of go»em. meatv fcwtnerly unknown j which tingtilar inJl'tution i« now dtflinguifhed by the name of the FrmJaJ Sj^rm. The king or general who let! the barbariain to conqurlV, parcelled out thr lands of the vanqoifhrd among hi* chief offi- cer*, binding th«>fe on whom they were bellowed to follow hit ilandsrd with a number of men, and to bear amia in hi* defence. The chirf officer* imitated the k of the fovereipn, ami in dil^ributing portion* cf their lands among ihcir dependent* annexed the fame condition to the grant. But tliough thii frftcm feemed to be admirably cakulaird for defence agaiud a foreign enemy, it ik-gcneraled into a fyftem of opiireffion. The ufurpation of the noblest became unbounded and intolerable. They re- duced the great lx»dy of the people into a ftate of a^ual fervitude. They M-cre deprived of the natural and mod unalienable rights of humanity. They were flavc* fined to the f<»i| >»hitli they cnltivaird, and together with it were transferred from one proprietor to another, by faJe or by conveyance. Every offended baron or chiefi.«in buckled on hit armour, and fought rttlrcfs at the head of hi« ii'afljJs. FliH «dvcrfarir« met him in like hoUile arrav. The kindred and dependents f»f the aggrcfHir, as well as of the <}«^ftt'dcr, were involved in the quarrel. They had rot even the liberty of teinaining neuter •. The mooarcha of Ei»roj)e perceived the encn»achment of their nobles wiili hnpatience. In order to create fome p>wer that might counterbalance ^ufe potent vmflid*, who while they cntlaved tht |«e«iplc, controllcti or gave lawi to \be crown, a ulan «a« adopted of conferring new privilege* on tow v.t. Thcfe privilege* atmlilhed aU niark» of fervitude i and the inhabitant* of town) were formed into corp«»rationi or bodie* politic, to be governed bv a council tod roagiflratetof tltrii ovrn nomination. The acquit'ition of liberty made fuvh a happy change in the . snditiun of maokind, a* roufcd them from the flupidity and inaction into which they luid been funk by the wrctchtdnel* of their former flate. A fpirit of induftry revived ; cumfnercc bciame an ob^ed of attention, and ttegaii t* flouri'hu Varioo* caufe* contributed to revive thia fpirit of c<»mmcrre, and to rmrw the inlrrcourfe between diflcrent natiunft. Coni!<',ntino{>k, the capital of iht £aflcm or Grerk empiit, had eicaped the ravage* of the Cktth* and VandaU, who overthrew that of the Weil. In ihi* city lome remain* of liiemtureii.. i fcicoce were preferved : ttu* t«'s for many age*, was the gi.'at emporium d tr>de« and where Cumc relifh fui the precious iomiooditie* vml curious manu- la^iurea of India wa* related. They t omniumcatrd fome knowledge of thric to their neighbour* in llaJy ; and the cruiade», which weiv iMrguu bv the Chritlian power* of Europe with a view to drive the Saracei.) from Jenifakin, ojwned ^ communication lielween Europe and tfif £«£. ConiUntinopic w«* the general place of render vmis fur the i lit:t- tiao anuM* in their way to Falcftine, or on their return from theme Though the objcit of thefc evpcdirion* wa* conquert, and iK>t comnjiur, and though the ilTue of them proved uiifortunate, their coinroercial ctlccii were both liencticia} and pemuuicnt. * l'hi» 0«4iit« (fdtm ftill fwcvaii* ia P A. D INTRODUCTION. n A. a Soon aftcrthe clofc of the holy war, the marincr'd compaf* was inrented, wUdi facilitated the communication between fcjnotc nations, and bnHig'>:t them nearer to each other. Thf Italian ftalet, particuUriy thofe of Venice and Genoa, began to cftablilh a rcgukr commerce with th« Eaft, and the ports of Egypt, and drew from thence all the rich produe* lions of India. iTiefc commodities they difpofcd of to great adTantupl amojij; the other nations of E»m>|)e, who began to acquire fome tafte of TO* gance unknown to their prcdecefTors, or dtfpiicd by them. During the i xtk and 1 3th centuries, the commerce of Eurojie was almoft entirely in the handt of the Itah'an*. more comi^only known in thofe ages by the name of Lom- bards. Companies, or focietiea of Lombard merchants, fettled In every dif- ferent kingdom ; they became the carriers, the manufaduren, and the ban- kcrs of Europe. One of thefe companies fettled in London, and from thcncc the name of Lombard ftreet was derived. Whilft the Italians in the fouth of Europe cuhivatcd trade with fach ia* duftr)- and fuccefs, the commercial fpirit awakened in the north towards the middle of the thirteenth century. As the Danes, Swedes, and Other na- tions round the Baltic, were at that time extremely barbarous, and infellcd that fca with their piracies, this obliged the cities of Lubec and Hamburgh^ fuon after t'lcy had begun to apen fomc trade with the Italians, to enter >nt« a league of mutual detencc. They derived fuch advantage from this tmion that other towns acceded to their confederacy \ and, in a fhort time, eighty of the moft confidcnhle cities, (Vnttercd thr nigh thofe brgc countries of Ger- many and Hand.m, which tlrctch from the bottom of the Baltic to Cologne on the Rhine, joined in an*alliance, called the Hanfeatk I^agut } which became fo formidable that its alliance w^s courted, and its enmity was dreaded by the grcatrft monarclis. The mtmbcrs of this powerful aflociatfon formed the firft fyftematic pbn of commerce known in the middle ages, and conducted it bjr conimon bws enaiU-d in their gnieral affnnblies. They fuppUed the reft of Eumpe with naval Aores, and pitched on different towns, the moft emincitt of whith was Bruges, in Flanders, where they eftabliihed fttples, ia whit h their commerce was regularly carri«l on. Thither the Lombardi brouj^ht the productions of India, together with the manufacture* of Italy* and exchanged them for the more biuky, but not Icfs ufeful commoditiet of the North. A* Bruges becnme the centre of communication between the Lombardi rnd I lanfeatic mcnhants, the Ekmiiigs traded with both in that city to fuch extent, as well as advantage, as diffufed among them a general habit of indttCo Xr\, which Ipng rendered Handers and the adjacent provinces the moft optt* lent, tlir rnoft '• lous, and bell cultivated countries in Europe. Sttuck with ..ic flounfhing Hate of thefe provinces of which he difiovcnd the true caufc, Edwanl HI. of England endeavoured to (Xi-tte a fpirit of induilry among his own fMbJcCts, who, blind to the ftdvantagff of iheir fttuation, and ignorant c»f the fource from which opu- lence was dtttinrd to flow into their ctMjntry, totally ncgletted commerve, and did not even attempt thofe manufaclure<), the matriialsof which they fumilh' ed to foreigners. By alluring Fktnifh artiatans to fettle in his doininioas, m vrll as by many wife laws for the cncounigen>ent and regulation of trade, he gave a beginning to the woollen manufactures of England } and rirll turnc4 the a<5live and enterprifing genius of his people towards thofe arts which haVf rnifrd the Fncrliih tp tK^ Arft rank atrMtnir >;n!TifnM-cta! ItatloU*^ The Chriflian princes, after their great lone* in the crufadcs, endeavoured to cahivate the fnendlhip of the great khans of Tartary, whofc fame in armt had reached the moft remote corner* of Europe and Afia, tl^t they might A.D. IJJO. X4 INTRODUCTION. b« fome check upon the Turku, who hid been fuch mrmiet to the Chrff. tian name ; »n«l who, from a contemptible handful of wanderers, fenring oc. cafionally in the armies of contending prioces, had begun to exteud thtu ravages over the ftneft countries of Atia. lite ChriAian embafljes were managed cbieflf by monks a wandenng^pru- fefBon of men, who, impelled by teal, and undaunted by difficulties and dan. ger, found their way to the remote comts of thefe inbdels. The Eogliih philofopher Roger Bacon, was fo indutbriom as to coUec\ from their reU. tions or tradition* •nar.y particulars of the Tartars, which are to be found is Purchas's Pilgrim, and other books of traTf Is. The firft regular traveller of the monkiih kind, who committed his difcoverici to writing, was John du PUnt Carptn, who with fome of his brethren, about the year 1 146, cm .nli^d « letter ^m pope Innocent to the great khan of Tartary, in favour of the Chriftian fubje^s in that prince's extenfive dominions. Soon after thist, a fpin't of travelling into T»nary and India became general ( and it would be na difficult nutter to prove that many Europeans, about the end of the four. teenth centurj', fervcd in the annics of Tamerbac, one of the tj^reateft pritun of Tartary, whofc ccmquefts reached to the remotell comers of India, an4 that they introduced into Europe the ufe of gunpowder and artillery ; the difcover/ made by a German chemiil being oni)' partial and accidental. After the deaih of Tamerlane, who, jealoui of tb . riling power of thr TurkS) had checked their progreft. the Chritlian adventurers, upon thtir return, iT>ajjnifying the vaft riches of the Eiitt ladie*, infpircd thcrt countr)*meu ^vith a fpirit of adventure and difcovery, and were i!.{ firft that rendered a palTage thither by fea* probable and prattftablc. "Die Portuguefe had been always famous for their npplicalion to maritiine tJhin ; and to their difcovery of the Cape of Good Hope, Great Britain u at this day indebted for her Indian commerce. At firft they contented themfehes with \tt£ ^ ibiJiili'y J.*' fisiccef! i& e«ecutint' the tLxn which he p'*- |K)fcd i Perez, tlwrefore, fo ftrongly recommended it to queen Ifabella, tLi; (he entirely entered into ihe (clu inc. and even gcnerouJly offered, to the b* pur ^of her (^x, to pledge her own jcwcb in urdcr to raife as much mof> anno 1492, r/ith a fleet of three (hipt, upon one •f the moft adventurous attemj >• wio* undertaken by man, an wnple« tre (o wcU know* that It it •Imoit unnrc-ccflari^ \r> mention tht'in. Wnu dor< not know that the houfr •f Auftriaf cr. < »^ «ar terror of ail Ei.rope, bcfoir it escited the pity of Great Britain ! ^J- 1; »hu family mvcr been the olijc^ of fear, the citiprr(, queen would neva. uitv-'.- become the object uf compalRon. France afibrda ^^ example not lefa ftnkinff. The ncr ea of thk.. kiiiffdum were Araincd ('■ l- bevond their ftrtn^th, by n ambit.our monarch, that it fccmed hardly p- .- fihle thry flmrild acquire iheif natuni) tc <f their ifTnrti in the war of i ' c6 proved the ({r»-atncfa of tl «' c^ ., •ndthe irscfficacy oi any remcd) '>hichi« ^lot flow and gradual. Of all ihe kinffduma of Eun>p<:, Great Britain f«>r a U.-iig tii .> enjoy -.In KMtctt (iegree tvf profpcrity and ^lory- She ouwht, tbcni'MCt to is.nc to the more attruu"»e to prefervc lo brui»'ir,t an eaf^nivt. A ,^ eat «iii|, ■: rannoic W ci3n(iir.Kt to extend h«.r domim >nt r Mft be attet»J»'U ^vilh two infali ' .( c«nfe(j'tt»t«:«a : thr firft to ahrm her tiei,;;'flbnurt j the ftc«'«f 1, i = ^ugwmi hi; vnuW 'l"1)«' aiigovi;nlHnio5i ..f arrr.vea mi»y, i> uine, cut' • ' jer our couliivu. tion ; a»S(d ti\c fiuthet* mir con^u? » j .ux nmoycd from honu:* tkia rfiiu^Tr b,* comes th jptaUs. ^ 'fht*!- wrmie^ -vill fcpon, hv living tn a d' saia aimau-, loff all afle<^ii..it for *.'.»' .if>TU»c \.».uatry. Without entiling rsjto the U- byrinth uf uoIrticoE difpivUo ;t*. t W 'cknct. Irdgrd, that the unhappy conui of 'Jrcat ErtUsn "i*i\h the 'V^.y^i ,;« -uktnt^i ha* plunged her into difBcui. tiaif her asaitx*':?*' Orbt hm K4 t »«git;^?;!i;)lt«i to a prodigiou* height and her tuura greatdy ciMiJ^tJ'rd. D ,^^x,^ ^■;r,p A R T. in. ,,;';,,.^,,-^^ CF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF RELIGION. i\ ; T Y if a;» awful ohj«-t>, *a4 !»a« r»er roufed the attention of tmt- kui'i I but thry being incapable of l.U-^'atil1g their idea* to »11 tlur i'ut^ tiroi'.y of h%t perff^«)«», have two oftezj btu^jgli*. down hl» pcrfe^iuni tu th< V»cl ul thtfirown ifims. This i« more [«rt!ct,latly true wiili rc^^ard to iholt fSk^i'ona whofe religion had mi vther fuundAtion but the natural feeliag*, it xnote aiun the irrrjjular paflioos, of tlte human heart, and who had rrceiuii ptt light from heaven rcfpccling lliii« iiuportaut objeih In dcduiir.g i-t liftary 'i0tetl ta<>4ct*tt kueKcnt icIim|i»cm* ; *■•>■•'. •^Kuk «j»t»iRt » ridi (aitd of palto; |, dni v* {ratify thr aaibttien of that uol • . ii»4 hit whole mKn wa* a fcee . f °^ ■v:>>^',f %^%iti ^t Mighbaora, (Xt« of hla (vutttn*, •(»« iaut rcdMo't f » low tl lobe io the WiOt of p«iell«r>f* ; and c >«'r»K\; v'» "•.•?. «iKa|cU in icf Ok'^i ■, \^*\^ •/«*un:V and amsiig thofe tribe* which feparated at the greatcft diilance, ju-d « tKe fmallctl number*, from the more itnprovcd focieties of men, it waa i»!lo<,:« thcT obliterated. fn "hr i* wtirtrt a partte\i!ar people were felefted br God himfelf, to be •|k d«»M i. uriea oi'hh law and woHhtp ; btit tht rdl of mankind were left to form li/pyJMrfe* upon thefc fubjcdi, which were monr or lcf» perfeft, accor- ding to an infinity of circumftanccs, which catinot properly Ik- reduced un- der any general head*. T^x iTti;^, common rrlijfion of antiquity, that wlitcli prevailed the longed, ami extended the wideft, wa* Polytmeism, or the dottrine of a plurality of jf )>irt. The tagc of fyl^cm, the ambition of reducing all the phenomena of *sc !ft«nid wt>rld to a lew general principles, has occailoncd many imperfcfl actvutt'^a, both of the origin and nature of this iWcie* of worihip. For without entering into a mmutc detail, it is impolTtbtc to give an adrquntc idea of the fubjeA ; and nhat is faid npoh it in general, muft always be lia- ble to many eaception^f- . ^^^,_ One thing, however, miflje owerm!, that the polytheifm of the ancwnts fermn neither to have been the fmit of philofophical fjKCulations, nor of dif- fj«rurW tradition*, concertiing the nature «>f tiie dinnily. It fecnu to have anfen during the rudtft ages of focicty, while the rational j)owers were fee- ble, and while mankind were under t)i« tyranny of imagination and paflton. It uras built, therefoi^*, fulely upon feAtlmcnt ; as each tribe of men luwl their hcnHTS, fo likewifr they had their rod*. Thoft hcfocs who led them forth to the combat, who prcfided in tneir councils, whofe image vras engraved on the fancy, whofe exploits were imprinted on their memory, even after death enjoyed an exiftence in the imagination of their followers. The force of blood, of friendihip, of affection, among rude riations, h what we cannot eafily concci'?r : but the power of imagination over the fenfes it what all men have in fome degree experienced. Combine thcfe tu'o OMife*, and it wHl not appear ftrange that the image of departed heroes (liould luivc been feen by thctir companions, anirriting t!.. bat !c, taking vengeance on their enemies, and performing, in a word, ,he fame fundtiims which they performed when alive. An appearance fo unnatural wouUl not excite tem>r amouji^ men un- acqv,!rted w!»h evil fpirits, and who had not learned to fear any lihing but tlinr enemies. On the contrary, it confirmed their courage, flatti-reJ their vanity, and the tetlimony of thofe who had feen it, fupported by the extreme credulity and romantic call of th«jfe wLu had not, gained an univcrfal affent among all the membfraof «^«r dtfutf, A fmall degree of rcfledion, how- e\Tr, would be fufBcient V' ii.h-.CL- tKfia, that, afc t'leir own heroes exifted after deatlu "' might li ../ifc be the cafw f thoie of their enciniv*. Two orders of jjods, there re, would hr eflabttrtiia, the prop'tioir and the hofUle ; the god» who wen- J , lie loved, ard ihofe who were to '. / feared. But time, nhich wears off the imprefTuins of tradition, the frequent iitvatiotis Ly wiiieli the nation* -f antiquity were ravaged, defolated, or Iranfplanted, made thera iofc the n^fle* and « nfountl the charetlers of tliofe two order* of divinities, jsnd form vgnm"!?. fyftem^ uf rciigitm, which, thojgh warpeii by a thouland particular eireumftanccs, gave no fmall indications of their firll texture and original materials, /or, -^ trenrral, the gods of the ancients gave abundant prooii" INTR0DUCTI0K.\ proof of human inBrmity. They were fubjc^l to all the paflioni of men f they partiMik even of their partial affet^iont, and in many inilaucet difcorer' etl their preference of one race or nation to all other*. They did not cat anj drink the fame fuhilances with men ; but they lived on ne^lar and amhroiu ; they had a particubr plcafure in fmelling the lleam of the facriAcetv and they made lo»e wiih a ferocity unknown in northern climate*. Thcfitei It which they were woHhippcJ, naturally refultcd from their charadcr. ^Tlit moft citligntciicd among the Greek* enlettained nearly the fame notion of Sd* and religion, with thofe that are to he met with in tlic pcMhn* ui cIhhI and Homer ; and Anaxagttra*, who flouril '■• the Roman emperor*, then refiding in Conflantinoplc } hy borrowing, «i'b little variation, the rrligiou* cerrmonir* and rites dlablintcd anu»ng ti-c heathen world, and othenvife working on the credulou* minds ofbatba.- an*, by whom that empire began to hs difmcnd>crcd ; and by availing tiur • I'cUc* of every circumllance which fortune threw in their way, fluwly eicvud fhe fabric of the autivhritlian power, at fitil an object of vrr-nition, a;"i 'afterward* of terror to all temporal prince*. The cauiM of it* happy diift '»:• titm arc more palpable, and operated with greater activity, 'ihe n.o;l cHtcacious wtTe the invention of printing, the rapid improvement t>f aiK government, aiid commerce, which, after mauy age»» of barbarity, mart; !- C^y into Europe. 'I*he fcandakju* Uvc* of thofe who called ihemfclvc* < - tnt v« r^, •a- I N T R O D U C T I O K. }§ to fotcreigni of delivering themfc1ve« from a forei^Ti ycke, the opportunity of >PP'>''"S ^^ national objc^h the immcnfc we Jth which had been divertca to l*»c fcrvice of the church in every kingd«nn of Lucoim-, confpircd with ♦ the aiujur of the firiX reformm, ami hailrned the proj^rcf* of the Reforma- tion. The unreafonabkncfi of the cUimi of the churcti of Rome was de- monllrated ; many of their do£^rinc» were proved to be equally unfcnptural and irmtional ; and fome of their abfurd mummrrie* and fupcrlb'tionA were cxpofed IxJth by argument and ridicule. The fcrvice* of the reformer* in thi* refpeft give them a juft claim to our veneration ; but, involved as they had themfelves been in the darknef* of fupcrftilion, it wa« not to be eiped- ed tlwt they (hould be able wholly to free thcmfflvcs from error* ; they flitt retained an attachment to foftie abfurd doArinet, and prefervcd too much of the intolerant fpirit of the church from which they had fcparated thun- felvct. With all their defeat they arc entitled to our aditnintion and ellecm | and the reformation begun by Luther in Germany, in the year 1517, and which took >phicc in Englyid A. I). 1534* waa an event highly favourable to the civil at well as to the religioua right* of mankind. We (hall now proceed to the main part of our work, bcgianing wiih Europe. :.»y^): ■>■■ ;f^;,V' EURO E. i*v:« ,*- T^ U R O P E, though the Icaft extenfivc quarter of the globe, containing, a according to Zimmerman, 3,627,574 * fquare milcii, A-hercas the habitable parti of the world, in the other quarter*, are cilimafltd at 36,666,806 fouarc miles, it, in many rcfpedt, that which moil dcfervct our attention. Ther: the human mind hat made the gnratell progrrft towards improvement ; and there the artt, whether of utiUty or ornament, the icii-ncet both military and civil, have been carried to tilt greateft perfection. If we except the earlieit ages of the world, it it in Europe that we find the greateft variety of charaaer, government, and manner*, and from whence^ we draw the grtatcil number of fadt «nd mentonals, either for our totertain- ment or inftrudion. Geography difcover* to u« two circumftances with regard to Europe* which pcrftapf luive Iwd a confiderable tendency in giving it the fupcriority over the rell of the world. Firll, the happy temperature of its climate, no part of it Ijiiig within the torrid zone ; and fecondly, the great variety of itb furfacc. The effect of a modi ) itc climate, both on pLuits and animaU* is well known from experience, 'i'he immcnfe number of mountains, rivcr»» iieas, &c. which divide the different countries of Europe from one another, it likewife extremely commodious for it* inhab tants. Thefc natural boun- dariei check the progrrf* of conquell or dcfpotifm, which ha* always been fo rapid in the extenfivc plains of Africa and the Eatt : the feat aiul river* facilitate the intertouifc and commerce bctwcfn diffcrcnf nations ; and ever the barrai rocks and mou are more favourable for exciting hunuiQ '4- duilry and invention, than natural unfo'.icitcd luxuriancy of more fertile foil*. Thr*^- is no p.*irt of Eun.pe fo diveriitted in itt furf-ce, fo interrupted by natuiAJ L ji'.udariis or divilions, aa Greccr : and wc have fccii that it waa aitons, * Sec '/.mmuv mi'i Polttua' kafuic, wctc invested or m loft tr<*tU iinpru\e«l. What Qreett ihcrrfitrc i* with rrgard to Europe, Europe itfeif ii with rejpni to tbe ntl of the ^lube. The aoalo|pr mar ev* d be carried farther, and it it vurth « Kile to atnod to k, A« aoficnt Grecve (for wc do not fpeak of Grcc(;c u .t ia at prc(cnt, nndei the d«»miiiation ut Turk* aud unnatural tymnny of P > . =n>r ' wu* diiUnguUbed t^huve all the ttk of Europe for the equity nf 'u ^t • <"> ^ wbc fceedom of iti poiltidl con< ftitution : fo ha* Eun>pe in ^v Kin' ' <^i icmarkabU for fnuUer deviation*, at teaft fnim the hnrt uf <.uii;.c and equality, ttuui have been aprr placet. The ChriAun religion i* cfbiblilh«d throughout every part of Europe, ri- c«t Turkey t but from the variuui capacities uf the human mind, aiul th- dimnvot lighta in which fpct-uUtivr u|pmict(i« arc apt to app^r, when view- ed b^erfon* of diffcTkUt education* and pafik>r)^, that religion ia divided iu to • number vf different fca>, hui which may Itc curegrehended under three general den&minationt I itl, The Greek church \ ad, ropory : and jd, Pn>- ^antifm : which kft i« again divided into Lutheraoi'^ ami Calviiufm, L ca^fd from Luther and Calvin, the iwu diuinguiflied rcfumiffri of the t6th century. \ The language* of Europe are divided into iht f < following ; the Greek, l«; tin, Teutonic or old Cerma , the Ceiti:^ Sdavu , abJ GothMU ORAia; CDtrdor M « Eurupc, f nwjr cv< n ent Gcceve niiiatton ut uv« «J1 \\,t devictioni, KfaniUcd in nuBcnU w« tonarchy in lumber •mj uM Fmncr, M» ta which ^vcrDmcBti l&UiLt tt in twitMrbod, tcnti, which takct of all intctl with. two of thf (hall be rv 4 v^- '■I ji ' lu. I* t ty n o p E. it GRAND DIVISIONS OF EUROPE. THIS graod duiTion of the earth !• fitunteU between tbc loth degree wrft, Rnd the 6^h degree c*i\ longitude frum Lond«n, and between the ?6th and 7ad degree of north btitiide. It i* bounded utt the north by the ■nriS ocean { on the caft, by Afia i on tlic fouth, by the Mediterranean (ca* which divide! it from A&ka ; and un the wcA by the Atlantic Ocean, whkk ,fi-paratrs it from America, bring 3000 mile» lung ; from Cape St. Vincant in the well, to the inuuth of the river Oby in the north call \ and 3500 broad fmin north to fouth* from the North Cape in Norway, to Cape Cayb« ur Mctapsr in tbc Morea, the moU fouthrrn promontory in £un>pc. It contains ike following kingdom* and ftatet : KiagidMifc Lea Bogland ScotJaad I re'md Norway Dcnnark S«cd«a Rufii Polaad KotHtDMk ft*h«»«a~ HolUad Flaadcrt Fraoct Spaia Herti^l S«i(8crUBd 3«o ■OCX) a«o • 500 TOO ~6o9 '^ 300 »00 700 300 ate Bh joo ChitI City. Lmdoa Fdiaburgh 300 j8o enkttrfi MiHkltoim Dd ABMriflR (ry Londoa. • • • 400 N. ^o N. W. 340S JOO N. E. Peter ibnrrh 6ao| W«tfw ]l50jl Kcriw 500IV ••*f|.***"* l |Awtter>^aai ,^00 ||ri»i<4» Pirl* IS? too Liibon 100 Bv9, Coiro, U4 N E MO t aoaE. AcOl itcK. 1II08. R. 100 R E. 8008. 4to tt K. Uff. of Time fin«t Lnmla* H M. • • • o la lilt e .si tft o 04 bd. p 30 S'f. I 10 bci. 4 bcf. *4bal * lM#. t_ 4 be*. • 18 b«f d be< 9 txf. I? I't. iK all. iTbZ" ittygiMH CahriaMIt, Lath. Ac. Catvimllt, Ac. Calvii.itt. A PapliU Luiher*— I Luihffti"*. L|i(lMr»ii«. Or— li Chmtth. Iff. Li>*». m OtH. Ltt'h * C4». CftUitiiAib p4pni F.».ia*. I*at>itt». Calf, ana Several imall IUte»,t*icdat.Maaifcr»t>l)ltn,WraM>l«ka».Muit.YeaiM Oeaaa. laic. Ae. Chief Ciika-. Taria.Cafal. Milaa.1>araM,Mo4«Mai«at Vaiiicc,(3aDwjniiraK«. Uaoubiae 7 Pirovincaa | lit. Tartar;* Greece UO 180 J22 3«o 400 ItO.RiMMr ItO iroa 410 •40 140 Naplc* Buda "iaSXir 870 s, t itoH t. K Ctwttauu- rfttof AcHw>i 1310 S. E 1300 B. 1360 8. K. to fcJT O hrt ircr I 38 b«i « a4 M. • 37 W. Pap. * PretdUnnbi .1 « - Mahometan! and Greek Ckarcki IP*' rkii ifidadn the Crist Twtaii. bow cctM to RuflU ; for the paitkuIaM «( which, fee Rt iitv •./ #t» I* - ^ ^ 1 Itrnf Wml li (nm Lrm^m. m In^. Au* ttrm 3 Itmlim. ^ ■*' n I I ■! ■ J O ihafid, Alaad, Rojprn, / Ofd, D«jr»>", — — *-Ufcdlii. {'•iro bnbi-ct («io ■ Majorca l*«n Mahoo B a>a Citlari I'alcrntia OffnuMtti / I4«^en Aiiffit « Veaicc. ruikcf. DENMARK. 1 Shall, according to my plan, iKgtn thia account of his Daniih MajcftT^ dominiona with thr moil northerly fittiations, and divide them into L : paita : ift, Eaft and Weft Grecnbad, Iceland, and the ifiands in the Atb. s . Ocean ; 2d, Norway ; 3d, Denmark Proper ', and 4th, hia German tcr • torir*. tfions of thefe ountnet n\ay be feo^ in the following table. Detwaark. fHjwarr Ml let. 1 Chief Citie*. m r ^ 9, (too \ ».»«J «.9« 70 9S Wjfbufg 6j S'tlwUk. w r Z:al«ad. 60 . CofaN 1 N.l4it.5t 4l' M V Fanes, r6S ^t jj OitQiee. FtlSe'land I^nflind. 1 too 1 »7 JNopiPR. l-pwereo, JO »J SBofue. ^f AHer, i* It 6 -Sontierborgc. St Mora, .19 14 5 Sf'se. ■•;^ ft R rteomby. T « . Bun'.olni, 1 6a to la tke NortA Srat. Ireland iOmi 46,000 4«J i«5 **k«>»»"I'. Narw y. 71.400 710 1 70 Brrf en. • J[>actik l.ipUnd, f8.4O0 »8» 171 W..rd)ia)r*. Wcfiphalia, <):Ue«bitri|lt, tiCo 61 jl Oticnburxh. l.owsr Sasooj, Scorwar, IO» 5» J) Gitxkftadt. Daiiifli Hi'fleia T«.l l6t.04l : - • Mivorra waa takes from Smib bf G.-ner»l \iaok«fc, 1708. aitd conSmted «» '•!!!• Bntatn kf the treaty ol Uircht, lyij. but ««&• bc>K|cc>l »nd ukco by the Sp»iii«;« Ft^nary 1^.1781, ant cutifinncd ic ibcm by the dcfijuitva trvaty ol F«ace, fijne^l •; Ftria, Scptcober j. 1 7lij, WEST CREENLANO. tfj >• UkToILw. irn tfubpft ■n \ 'Pi ton / ! H EAST AMD WEST GREENLAND, ICELAND. ^JM^rk H ^ THi ISLANDS IN TMK Atlantic OccAH. ptoauk Aiiflit Dit(6 I U tw • t Frtntc I K.of S»H ' K Oi 1 Si. Veoict. fairkty. nifti MaicftT^ hem into four n the Atbnt ; Gcrmui tct- • Citic*. Loa.isjo. y ih« 8p«ouf*< The retulcr may perceive, that in the preceding table no calculation i» made of the dimenfionii of E;ill and Weft Greenland ; bccaufc, io fa£t, tb«y arc not yet known, or known very ifi.pcrftftly : wc Ihall proceed to give the lateft ac>;ounts of them, and from the beil authorities tlut hav« come ta our hands. AN» EAST GREENLAND. T"!"' HE mod northerly part of hi* Danilli mnjeily'* dnminiona, or, a* 1 others call it. New Grcenbnd, ami the country of Spitsbergen, lic« l;t\vecn 1 1 and 35 deg. 1*1. k>ng. and 76 and 80 deg. N. Lat,. according t«> capt. PhippN obfcrvattons in his voyage, 1773. Though it vs now clainiied by Denmark, it certainly was difcovercd by lir Hugh Willoughby in 1551 ) Slid is fuppofed to be a continuation of Old Greenland. It obtained the name of Spiizbcrgcn f.*om the height and raggcdncfsof its rocks. Few iMii> mals or vegetables are to be found here, and the iiih and foul are faid to for* fake the coall in winter. The Ruflians of Archangel have formed, vvithin the hll 30 years fettlcmcnts for hunting in fevcnd places of the iiland of Spit;u btrgen. The Aurora IVirealis, or northern lights rcflc^cd from the (now, rnabled them to purfue the chace dnrin}' the lung winter's night tJ.at rcigus in tlicfe gltHtmy regions, and titey take a great nuutbrr of iea~liuns, vvhtcb fcrve them for food. There is a whale filhcry, chiefly profvcuted by the Dutch and fonic Briti(h vciTeis, on its coalls. It likewife contains two bar« hours ; one called South Havco, and tlic other Maurice Bay j but the in* land parts arc uninhabited. .:^ 1. >. ies^rnp] aitil WEST GREENLAND. LIES between the meridian of London, and f^i deg. W. between 60 and 7^'deg. N. bt ^ Inhabitants.] By the lattft accounts from the miflionaries'^Tnployetl A-r the converfion of the Grecnbnders, their whole number ijcs not amount to above i)^"] dated inliabitants : Mr. Crants, ho%vrv;;r, thinks the ruupg fouthlanderjs of Greenland may amount to about 700c There is sPj^irat Trf^Tiblancc between the afpeCi, nvannen, and drcf^i of thofe nativi-s, and the Eftjuimaux Amciicans, from whom they naturally differ hui little, even after all the pains wlxich tiic Danifh and Germii.i miriunaJc) ivave taken to con* vcit and civititc them. They are low of Uature, few exceeding live feet iu height, and the gei>erality arc not fo tall. The hair of their heads is ionff* Uraight, and of a bl»ck •'>iou!' ; but they have feldom any beards, becaufe it i* thiir contlant praciicc to root th':m out. They h.-? c high bnrall;. and bruad fhouldcn, efpcci).41y the women, who pre obliged tv carry great bur- thrill JTfjm their younger years. They ire very light and itimbic of foot, anil tan all'i* ufc thiir hand* with much (kill and dexterity. They v< m>t vuy lively in ihcir tcmjKrs, but they aic ijood huinourvd, friendly, and lut- coiKenicd ab«jut futurity. Their moil aj;reeable foo*.' is the flctb of m'n- dtct ; but that is ntAv fcarcc among thtni, and their beii proTifioiii «fe iiO*, ftils, and fca-fowl. Their drink is char wafer, uliich Hands in the hoiifc ia a large topper veffcl, or in a wo«xl<'ii tub, whicli is very nr4tly made bv them, ornamented with fifh boiits and li^*, and provided with u pewter ladle or tli})ping diih. The men make their luuitingand JiJfung in.pirmcnt», and pn^. pare the wood work vf thcii boats . and liic women cour them twiUi (kia«. WEST CttENLAMD. :«'?Y:.. The iwn frant «nd Wh, but when thry h«vt towtd their boot]r to Itnd, thw trrnibk themtJm no fmfarr about it i»y it WDokl be sccomited bennrth their fhoemaker* and taylur*. The women alfo build and repair the hmifrs anri tents, fo (nr a* trl&trs tn the maiuiiryt the men duing otAf the carpentcr'i work. They live in hut* during; their winter, which t« incredibly fevcre ; but Mr. Cnnt/., who ha« given ut the late A and beil .accounts of this coun- try, lay* that, in their kmgeft lummer days it t< Ai hot, from the kng coIlt^ auaooe df the fun's rays tltat the intiabitantt are obliged to throw oflf thor fumrocr gaRTncnt». They have no trade, chough they have a moft im- pruvea)>W fishery upon their coafta j but they employ all the year either in 6ut 1 8 feet iong, inclofvd in long piecK cf what w« call whalebone, which arc cohered with a kind of hair, like hortc- hair; and on each fide of hi* tongtie arc 150 pieces of thi« whalehunf, The bones of Sis body arc as hard as an ox's bones,-and of no ufe Thert are no teet' in hii mouth and he n ufiwHv between 60 and 80 (er. Vwf ; ^r^' tttick about the head : but grows Ufs from thence to the tii. WlaBhr feunrn fee a whale fpout, the word is immediately given, j'-t^, /aii, wKHT ocry one haAen* from the fhip to his l)oat : fix <»r eight mr-^ Wing app>iiUcd to a boat, aj^d four or five boats uiually belong to one ilup. When they come near the whale, the harpooner Hrikc* ntm with hii Itanpikn (a barbed dart), and tlx monller, fjuling hinifclf uckundcd, r. » fwiftly down into the deep, and i*(>uld carry the lH>at dong with him it thcv did not give him line fal^ enougit ; aiul lu prevent the wtMMi of the '(}<«.' taking Arc by the violent rubbiug of the rope on the CJr of it, one wen r. couAantly with a mop. Aiter the whaic nas run Umdc hundred fatluxvi deep, he ia forced !o c ome up f«ir air, when he makes inch a terrible i. ■ r witn hu f{>uBUng, lliat lome Iuitc compared it to the fir»aj| of t'««)non. At iooii as he appears on the furface of the water, (i>RU' of tlic harpoonen 'i mother bar)>oon in him, whcrrupun he pUinj^ again into the dcei) ■, .t i wlien Ue cufnes up a fccond fme, tiiey pierce liim with f]>can in the \iu! I>4tti, till he fji'vjts out ftrcam^ of blood in^ead of water, beating tK' vave« with hi* tail aiid tint till the fea is all nt a fojur, the txiats eonliiv.- fatg to foUiiw Uim (odK IragiMTk, tilt he Kan loit his llrcngth ; and when ^t ii dyiog he turns himfeh jpon his back, and it> dntwn on fltore or to iht th^, if ibcy DC at a diilancc from ilie land. There thry «.ut hinn iu pievea, aiJ I • boiling tlui IJobbcr. eUriUrt the a-U if they have cuiivrtucacci 00 ihrn , otherwife tbty barrel up the piece* ani bring them home : but nothinj; >.'^ fmeii iirongrr iiuut thcte ihijia uo. Uvk v impuicu Ut yun* bctv.c: : 60 and 100 batTcU of i»il, of the value of jl. cr 4J. a barrrL Tlwugh f' • Danct tUim the wuntry of EaA and Well GrccnLind, where ihcfc wl.'l » i.j.c bt some* rut ire Jure ; fjcrfons Thr duUiJwi ICELAND. vre takfli, the Dutch !inve to r manner nKMiopolifed chis fiflieiy. Of late the Euglifti bave become fonnidable rivilt in this trade. ICELAND. THIS ifland lic« lictw'een fy^ and 68 Arg. N. Latitude, and betwwt lo and 26 deg. W. Longitude ; its grcatcft length about 700 mt]«* and its breadth 500. C5.imaV».] This country lying partly within the frigid tone, and being liable to be furr >undcd with vaft quantities of ice that come from the Polar fca«, is un account of the aildnrfs of its cUmate very inhofpitabic, but much more fo fur other reafons. It is exceedingly fubjeA to earthquakes ; and f» full of vulcanneti, th»t the little pait of it wh'ch appears fir, for the habitation ci man, fccms almoft totally ^d watte by them. The climate of Iceland, h6«r« ever, is not unwholefome, or naturally fubjctk to exceflive colds, notwithftand* ing its northerly fit nation. rorULATION, IMKAHITANTS, MANNKRS, AND CUSTOMS.] At what time the idand of Iceland wm iirtl peopled is uncertain. An Engliih colunr indeed is faid to have been fettled there in the beginning of the fiftli century ; but of this there are not fufficient proofs. There is, however, reafoa to fuppofe that the EngliHi and IriOi w^re acquainted with thii coun> try under another name, l»)ng before the arrival of the Norwegians ; for th« cclcl>rated Bede gives a pretty accurate defcription of the ifland. But of thefe onj^inal inhabitants we cannot pretend to fay any thing, as the Iceland chronicles go no farther back than the arrival of the Norwegians. Ccfidet the Norwegians, new colonies amvtrd from diffcrerit nations, between whom wars foon commenced ; and the Iccbiidic hitlorics are full of the accounts of their battles. NotwithiUnding ihefe troubles, however, the Icelandcro rt- Rtaincd free from a foreign yoke till 1261 j when the gs^alt'll part of them pwi thenifclves under the protoJUon of Hakans king of Norway, iMomihng to pay him tribute upon certain cundilioiks agreed on between theNp and the rril fuUowed their example in 1264. AfttT\vard«, Icrlaiul, together with Norway, became fubjeCl to Denmark. 'I'hey were at firll governed by an achniral, who was fcju there e^'cry year to make the neccflary regulaup>ns : but for tliefe mtusy y'ar», a governor haa been appiointed who is llylcd SiiJU /axetmanm, and wlio conftantly rcfides in the co\t!ttry. The raunlMr (^f the inluibitattts of Iceland is cvimputed at about 60,000 wliich in by no means ndeqiiate to the extent of the country. It has been ■lucb more populous in fonner tiine^, but great numbers have been dcUroycd hy contagious difcarcs. The pbguc carried off mwiy thcufands from 1 40 J to 1404. Many parti of Iceland have alfo been depopulated by famine; fof though the Icclandeni carnot in generrd he faid to be in want of nccclTarr foixl, yet the country has feveral tunfs been vinted by great famines. Thek l>aiic been chiefty occalluned by the Greenland fli>atiug ice ; which, when it some* In grrat qnantit'ei, pre^tnts the grrtfs from growing, and puts an entire ttop to flair hthing. The fm»ll-pcx has likewife been very fatal here; for in the ycjrs 1 707 .•».nd 1708 that ditcale deftroyed 16,000 {lerfons. The ic«;landrrs in gcrieral are middlcfizfd, and well made, though not very ftrong. Tl»ey are an honell, weU-inteutioi:ed people, OK>deiatcly lUc duUrious, and ;r'' •I'ery faithful and obliging Theft i^ fctdom heaiil of fy are much inchned to ttt)fpit3ltty, and cxerdfe it a far [*hrir chief cm|)loyuvsnt i» attesding u ^1 vorry wtU peinHt. 66 ICELAND ftitd tht etre of their ««tlc. On th«? coaft* the men emplor their time '% filhing bM and fiKcr. They likewife manufartiirc a coaHc kind of duth, which they cjJl Wadinal. 'Hu-t hive an uncommiinly llronaj attarli. mem to their native country, and think thcmfelvrt no where elfc fo happv. An l^cclandcr, therefore, feldom fcttlci in.Copcnhaprn, though the moft a.i. Tan*as;eoui conditiont Aiould he offered him. Their diffxititiont arc feriotr, and they are much inch'ned to relifro'i* They nrver pafs a river, or any of lirr dangerou* place, without prtvioufly taking of! their hats, and imphirtng t*^ divine protedion ; and ihcy arc always thankful for theii prefervatinn, whr ll ,ry have pafTed the «' jjtT. When they meet together, their chief p.ilti;nt confifls in rea»Ung their hiftory. The ma(\cr of the houfc begins, and t!ir reft continue in their tamt when he is tired. They are famous for plavinj; ;'lchef«t ""d one of their padime* confiil* in reciting verfes. Hometiino a man and wc-man take one another by the ham', and by turns fmg lbp.;as which arc a kind of dialogue, and in wliich the companv ■H-calioiially inin n ch;:>, oiled Wadmal, and alwavs wear black ; thofc who arc in better t icuniiis • i'-dt wear broad cloth, with lilver ornaments, gilt. The honfcs of the let- jartden are generally bad : in fome places they are bu'f; of drift wckaJ, 3 I in other* they arc raifed of lata, with mu^s, (lufTcd between the lata. Tiict roofs arc corercd with fcnls U d ovrr rafters, or fumetimcsovcr ribsof v»ii.i!i . The walls are about three yards high and the entrance fonuwhat lo»vrr. T- ftex! of glafi windows they make ufe of the manbranes which furroumJ ta: icomb of the ewe. 'I'hefe arc llrete!i«l on a hoop, and laitl over a \udc ■■ the roof. 'Fney have mrt even a chimney in their kitchens, but only lav :!,. fuel on the earth, bet»veen three lloncs, and the ftnoke ifhie'i from a r>> 1 • hole innc top of the hutifr. "Their fotnl princip.i!ly cotilitU of dried !!.'. four butter, which they cosUidcr a* a great dainty, milk mixed with walii .v ; whey, and a little meal. lirrad i« fofcaice amr.iig them, that there is hariit any {MraGuit who eats it above three or four months in the year. RtLiOioN.} Tlic oojy religion tolenicd in Iceland is the Lutlicm-i. The churches on tlie cad, fouf h, and wed quarters of the ifla'ul, arc und.' '.' • jurifdit^ion of the bifhop of SkallhoU (:he capital of the ifland) and O..,,.- •fthe north qoartcr arc fubjcet to the bi?h€»p ufliiMdum. Tiic ii1p;ui t divided into iS.y pri*-luag to tiie fee of Skallhuli, i : 62 to that of Ho«»!urn. All the mintJtcr* arc nativmof Icelniui, and (o. • a yearly fahry of four or lire hundred rixnU^Utfs frum tlic kiog, exclal. what they have fnim their congrcgaiiotts. I.4NOvaRC.] The br!;^ige in Iceland is the f.vme as thai foraw;lT j fpokcn in .Sweden, D^-jmar-i, and Noruay, and luu btvu pretervv. &on after they found«i fonr other fchc few couiitrict in Europe, and the only one in the North, wherein the fcicnces were euUivated and held in crtcem. lUit this periocl of time ferms to have produced more learned men iti Ice* land than any other period fincc. It appears from their ancient chronicles, that they had confidcrahlc knowlcdj^c in morality, philofophy, natui^U hif- tor)', and allmnomy. Moll «>f their works were written in the i ith, t Jth, 13th, and 14th centuries ; and Tome of tlutn Imvc hern printed. Mr. UtiiUy now fir Jofeph Hanks, prcfentcd one hundred and fixty-two Icelandifh mamt* fcripts' to the Britiih Mufeum. That gentlemau vilited Iceland in f/ya, accompanied by Dr. Solandcr, Dr. Van Troil, and Dr. Line. Dr. Van Tn>il, who publifhed an account of their voyage, obfervcs, that he found more knowltdjje among the lower clafs in Iceland, than Ib to he met with in mod other plarc!i ;/that many of them could repeat the workn of fome of their poets by heart ; and that a pcafant w as feldom to be found, who be- lidcsbeing well inftructcd in the principles of religion, was not alfo acquaint- ed with the hiflory of hi« own country ; which proceeds from the frequent reading of their traditional hitloric;., that being one of their principal amui'e- im-nts. John Arefon, hilhop of Hwjlum, employed John MatthiclTon, a native of Swc«len, in etlablinied a printing prcU in Icclund, about thtf year 1530 ; and the fiHl biMik printed by him tJiere was the Breviaynm Nidarolicnie. He s.\(o printed an ecciel'iaitic-al manual, i^uthcr's catcchifm, and other book* : •f'.hat kind. The Icelandic cude of Ism t; appearctl in 1578, un4 the Ice- landic bible in 15H4. A new privileged printing olHcc has Ittcly been ribbliH'.ed at Hrappfey in this itland, and at which leveral valuable books hav« been printed. Moi'KTAINS, ^OLCAKOES, AND NATVaAL CVatOtlTIES.J . IcehiOd lliough fituated fo far to the North is remarkable for the earthquakes and Ti'kaitoes wit't \j['hich it alMnmd^ To enumctute the ruvagei of lo many divadful volcanoes, which from time immemorial have contributed to ren- der this dreary ci untry IcfR habitable than it is from the cUmate, would ^n-eatly exceed oiv limits. One of tlu mult ('rcmiiul eruptions happened m 1783 ; its violence feems to be unpardUcled in hiilory ; the dreadful iceneof dcvallatiun lafled in Iceland for leviraldays ; thV: whole country was laid watlc, audthe i'.halMia;i?s fled every where to the rtmotell parts of their mifend)le country', lo fc«k for fafcty fmm the fury of this unpandlded temped. One •f theiv burning mountain, Mrckla, i» the b.U known, ctpecially to forcig** ntrs. Tin's mountain, i* Ctuatcd in the fouthcnj part of thcWfland, about four miles fr;>m the fea^oail, and ii divided into three {Kiintsat the top, the high- r\[ of which is that in the middle ; and which is computed to be above^ ^oco feet higher than the fca. Tl'is mooutain has frcqiienily fent A)rth tHimes, and a torrent of hu«*ning matter. Its eruptions were particularly drradtul, in 169^, when they tKxafioncd terrible devallations, tlst aihes he- .. in;; thrown ail ruuiid tl»e illand to the dilUncc of 180 Knglilh miles. ^^lObt lalt rrnptiun of Mount lieckla happened in J766. It began on the 5^«<^' April, and continual to the 7th of Septcmlur following. Flames pro<:cede4 rfiiu truni it in DecemWr 1771, and 1772 ; but no eruptions of lavau But ss^ontlt aU the cur .■*. -'lilies i» Ii'flaml. nothinu' is more worthy of at- trntion fnan tnc lu»t fpoutmg water fprings with which this illand aboundi. 'Viit h*H fprings at Aix-U-Chipnng« in Iceland. AU thofe watcr-worlu that have been contrived with fo much art, and at fo enormouii an expencct cannot by any meant he coropatrd with thcfe. The walrr-wurUA 4t St. Cloud, which are thotii;ht the createA among all the Fremh watcr»work«, otii up a thin column eighty feet la tW air 1 while fomc fprin){« in Iceland (pout columoa of water, of fcveral feet in thitkneft, to the height of many falhuma | and. m many affim, of feveral hundred feet. Thefe fprtnga are uf an uneoual de- gree of heat. From (otae, the water flow* «ently ut from other (pringt, and it i« then called a bath : frum ntherc, U fpouts boihng water vi'nk gr;at aoiie, and it ia then called a kittle. Though the degree of heat i« unequal, yet Dr. Van Trail iiavt, that he doc« not remember ever to havr obierred it tuider t88 of Fahrenheit'! thermometer. At Cetfcr, Ra-yliui-.i, tad I^ugarvatn, he found it at 3 1 2 ) and in the latt place, in the ground, ix a little bat current of water, 215 dcgreet. It ia very common for fomc of the fpouting«fpnng« :o ccafe, and others to riile op in their ftead. Frcquec: earthquake*, and lubtcrrancan iMiifc*, heard at tlvc time, caufed great trmir to the people who live in tiie neighbourhood. In feveralof thclc T:ot-fpriugs, the iiiltabitanta who live near thrm hoil their vitiuaU, only by hanging a pot, into which the ticfh in put in cold water, in the u-atcr oi tlie fpring. Tiur •Mb batjhe ic the rivulets that nin from them, which, by dcj;rcc«, Iwt-omc lukj %ann, or are cocked by their being mixed with rivulet* of cold water. The eow» that drink of thcte t'pnngt arc (aid to yield an extraordinary quantity vi milk, and it ia Ukcwife cticciacd very whulcibmc when draid^ by the huinua fpec«e«. The brgrft of all the fpoutin^'ipringt in Iceland i» called Gtryfcr. It it aboul two days jountey fixim llcckia, ami not far from Skulhuh. In a|>' Caching towards it, a loud roaring noifc it heard, like the rtithing of a iit- l, prcci|MUtiug itfelf from ftupendoua rocks. Tite water here fpout* u- ycnl time* a day, but alwaya by llartt, and after certain intervait. Some travellcis have affirmed th.U it ipoui* re the height o( Gity falhumt. Ttx water ia thrown up much higher at fume iimei> iban at others ; when D'. Van Troil v^aa there, the utreoft height to which it mounted was coraputcu !^ be 92 feet. Haialtiae pillars are likcwiCic very commcn in Icelaivd, which art fupp-f. : to have been prixiuccd by fubtcnmcuus hrtm. The lower ftirt of ptoj > imMim: tlicfc pdlars to have been pilrt^upon one another by givlt^ vtw aaae ufe of fupematiua) force to crfcft il. They hare j;eiicraiJy froaa tli'^e to feven iidct, and arc from four to feven feri in ihiekncft, and from tuii: f.e fixtetn yard* in length, wiih(ae to U>»» country, and which affeit tiic climate of it ; they arrive cor..- aakuimh a N. VV. or N. N. W. wind from Greenland. The JWM i<' • uiii^ or three fathoms tincknefs, is fepar»tcd by tin- winds, a. d uii d.u t^v : tiaa the rodi cr mounuin>icr, which it often l.en Idty and morr feet sIh^v^^ mtAtr, alalia at leaft nine times the fume drpth below water. Tbc^ pnxli^^ AMm WMtft it rtf irr arj fr.^naii;f|ljw }r;ft i|| ftu_iai M-Alrr. hxed- aS it WeiC* tU UiC H^ututAf a-id b that ftatcrtmam oiany montlu, nay, rt la (aid| evcnyiaf»iUi- diilelvo: ^#' ICELAND. ^ tliflolvfd, chniing aU the ambient ptrt oflHcatmofp^icre for manv milet roqnd. When many fuch lofty and bulky maflctof ice are fluatiiig togethet, the wood that it often drifted alung between tliem, is io much chafed and prefTcd with viulence together .that it uke« fire : which cirromilance hat occahuncd fabulou* accounts of the ice being in flames. The kc caufcd fo violent n cold in 1 753, aiid I7;4t that h<>rict and (heep dropped down dead on acci>uiii of it, as well as fur want of food : horfes were obf-nred to feed upon dead cattle, and the flteep to eutof each othei'swool. ^ number of bears arrive yearly w'lih j!»e ice„ which commit great ravagrcs particularly amikng tiic (heep. The Icelanders attempt to dettroy thefe intruders as fiHin as they get fight o£ them : and fometimc* they aflembie together, and drive them back to the ice, with wnich they often float oS again. For want of fire arms, they are obliged to make ufc of fpears on thefe occatious. The 'government en> courages the natives to dettroy thefe animals, by paying a premium of tea dollars for every bear tliat is killed. Their flrdinar) that no wood grows fucjcefsfully in Iceland { nay* there are very few trees to be found 00 the whole iiland, though there are certain proofs that wood tormcrly grew their in great ahandance. Nor caa corn lie cultivated h( r to any advantage ; though cab^ ages, parller, turnips, and peas, may be t. .t with in five or fix gardens, which art. faid to be aS that arc in the whole ifiand. Tradj. j The commerce of this ifland is monopolifcd by a Danifh com- pany. The foil upon the fea-coall is tolerably good for |>ailurc : and though there is nut any confidcrabie town in the whole ifland, the Icclanden have ; feveral frequented ports. Their exports coi.lill of dried fijh, falted mutton laiid lunb, beef, butter, tallow, trasn-oil, coarfe woollen-cloths, ilockingv I gloves, raw ivool, Oirep-lkins, lamb-tkins, fox fun of various colours, cider* down, and feathers. Their imptrta coiiiHl of timber, filhing4ioeft and hook% tobacco, bread, horfe-fliocs, brandy, wine, fait, linen, andalittk lilk { ex-* I Julive of foroc neceiraries and fuperfluitics for the more wealthy. Strcngth and tEviNuc] As Iccbnd affords no br.it for avarice ber, and lie between 1 61 ai;d 6 J deg. N. L. and 6* 1.:' W. long, from London. The fpacc of It ills duller, extends about 60 m»les in Ici.gth and 40 m '-readth, 300 miles \lo Lbc weiiward of Norway ; having SticlUMdand the Otkneys on the fouth> lenii, anc Greenland and Iccl.'Uid iipOn the north and north-wcfl. The tra<',e ln-d iiiitmic uf the iniubitants uhu ntdv be ubout JCCC or 4.000, add iitlic authxng tu the r<;venui:s oi DeooMurk* i *.. i^--. KORWAV. ■>■■■ Jt; N O R W A T. mi NORWAY, Ccntaiaing 151)^00 fnu. »«mct ; a» FiUetkld, DufrdirU!, Runftcld, and i>ourticld. The reader m^y etinfidt the tabic uf dimrnriOiM in Drmnark ibr if* mtent \ but it it • country fo tittle known to tlic reft of Europe* thju it it dilTicult tu fix tu dkncut.ou with pntcifion. CtiMATk.} The rUmate «»f N<»fway varie* according to itt extent, »i>d ks pofition to«-ardj the frway arc cumnumly covered wit* fnovr ; and t!ir (»1d genencHy fi-ts in about tlie middle of O^obcr, wi;!i JRtcnfc icvcnty to the mtdctir of April { tlu: waters being all tliat while fr> in» to a confulerahU* thicknrfi. In 17 19, 7000 tnrcdes, who were uu ihi r march to attack Di-otithciin, pcri(hed in the fnow, on the mountain whck frparatei Swcilcn from Norway \ and their bodies were found in diffrrrt poflunrt. But even froft and fiH>w have their convenienries aa thc>' fa^-ihu;; the conveyance of good* by laj.d. As to the nujre nonliem parti oMln. country, called i'inmark. the tmld i» fo inteiifr, tliat tUy are but littW kmiwii. At Ikrgco the k>ngitl day con(ift.A uf about M) hourSf and ih: fltortcll of altotit fiv*-- In Aimmcr, the in}ul>itai>t* cnn read and write at miti- night liy the ligb': of ;i;9flcy ; and in the tnoll nortlierly pant, ^bout Md- iiiminer, the w&f t* rX"^-. ■; wonly a faint gUmmcrinj; of light at noon for at».'. nn honriiuitd a |»£^ ; 'wing to titc rcHcCtton of the fan'* rays on the now.. Cains. KaturCf notuwhtlaiHling bar. been fo kind to the Norwegiaiu, tl.u m the midft of their darknefs, the tky i« fo fcrcuet and ttie moon and i: ; Mmra Uitealifc fo l«righi, tikat they cau carry on tiu:ir tiiU-ry, and woik «i tLrir fevenal trades in the opeo air. The ftir is fo pure in fome of the inlan(f parts that it has been faiJ 1*^ tnliabilant.ii Uve io long as to br tired of life, *i\d c;mrc thcmirlvcs to be :r :,;• ported to a Icfs falubrtous air. Suddett thaws, aul^ fnow-fmlls, have, h<;^«- «\cr, ron;<.;imes dicMlfu! cllccu, aaiii dcl\my witokr vilbji^Cik. MouiirjiM».j Kor*ay ia rccfcc'.«}:-d t>ne «f the mort mointtainofin cinri- tncfc i^ the world t for it eiHitaio* a chain of uncqu^il nxiuntaina nia:.. ; from I'outh to not^h : to pat t!»at of Ardan^er, a man mull ti-ovtl ..l- fcveiity Knj^iiH mile^ ; to pais olher* upward* of fifty. D<»fref»eld is tm :• •d ttu: higitcU mountain, perhaps in Europe. Ttte rivers and rat.tr.-. which iRterfeCt titoic drcuiud pectpiccs, and that art paflable only !>« ^i^)»t tuVteiing wi>odca i>rK'.gec, lend'^ ttuxclhuf^ in thiscimntry very ten. Lie tJM dar.gerou* ; tht'Ogh the j^ovemment is at the exj»encc of prtividinj; '. '^incrcnt ilage* Uuufin accomodatect v. ith fuf, light and kitchen fiaroiiiiir. Detached fr*-m this vul\ chain, ether immenfe mountains prcferu thcn.fJ.. . cU over Norway t fcmic of ihcw ntlb ixfcrvoira bf iikiitcr on the )•';> »n<] the whole forming a moft fuipr-fing laudfcape. The aftivtty of i.'u - t!»v* in rvTJivrri.'jj* t!u?tr flierp and g^'a'S w'»'''i penned on. thrcMigh a r. iit ^eth in one oi thoiV rucks, is \vor.dciful. The owner dlreds huntc'f !u -'^ lowered doirn frym ^te l&p lU facfi ^ b iW '«e Soin'i r t «i) tli( ridcd frun, ^ liiffrrii.'. radcr iTiy • Cottnlr* xtmt, mi ind the fu ubcr, wi'.!) while fru- ■re on thv r lain whck in diffrrr-t y faciliut: irti ut tlt!» > but lltlt r«f and \h: rite at niiti- ^bout M d- vcr, ill ilf I for al»-t the ITJtiri- gian»t tLi m and tie id woik «; rti fniJ t*i« tobctra^.i- luvc, how- illOU» OJlJIN. ivvel ul>"'. ■- Ul it loiu:- d ealar.v"*.. Ic only 1)» (cry ten. lie ntvidiii^; ' II fumiiuir. I the tt>i' ; f of tnc ua- jugh a r.:lit :vk, vkJ »-» vU -^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i.O I.I ^1^ K£ ■^ Uii 12.2 w U^ !■■■ |L25 |,U ,L6 ^ 6" ► ^^^ <^> ^> <^ W/ ^ J^ J^ !>> ^. 7] > > /A ''W 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ) *■ ^ »\<^ ■m •^ -::^'' '% -i. '-— r ■ i^^T^'^'-' ■'■ »**?'"'^''lfT*r»T>*." .tv'%^*^' XJ^ :/ "I ^^m: ii- juniper, Ui9 N O U W A Y. f* yht tnA of a lonR «>pe ; nnd when he amvca at the place whet* the creature {lands l»f fartens It ti> the Urmrconl, aiKl it t« drawn up witli himfclf. The ravcriis that are to be met w ilh in thcfc mountatn** tre more wonderful than {'ii)ff, perhaps, in any other jMirt of.thc world, thouj^h lefs h'aUc toobfcrva- t,(,n. One of them called Dolrteen wai, Iii 1 750, vilitwl by two clcr^jymen ; who reported that lliey proceeded iii it till they heard the fc« dalhing over flioir hcad^ f tliat the paifag^ was a9 wiile and as high as an ordinary church, till- iidp perpendicular, aiidthe rortf vauhcd ; that thc7 dcfcendtil « flijjht „t natural ilairs ; but when they arrived at another, they durft not venture (0 proceed, but returned ; and that they confumcd two candle* going ai.d returning. FoRkSTS. J The chief wealth of Norway lie* in its forefts, which furnifli fo- reigncni with inaAa, beams, pbukt, and boards, and fcrve bcrtdc* £>r alldomefj (ic ufes ; particidarly the coatlru^lion of ho'iifes, tmdgcs, flupt, and fiA chaicual to the foundries. The timbcn growing here are fir, and pine eliB» afh, yew, benrccd (a very curiuua wood), birch, beech, oak, elm or alder, iiini]>rr, the afpin-tree, the comd or floe-tree, hu%cl, eMer, and even ebony (niuUr the mountains of Kolen), lime or linden-tree, and willows. The fums w liich Norway receives for timber are vevy cunfideniblc ; but the induilry of the inhabitants is greatly aflillcdby the cuurfe of their riven, and the fitua- (ion uf their lakes ; which afford them not only the conveniency ahread^ mentioned, of floating down their timber, but that of erecting faw-mills, fi.r dividing thcii large beams into planks and deals. A tenth of all fswed timber belongs to his Daoilh majcily, and forms no inconUdcrable ].;iit gf hi« revenue. SroHts, MKTALs, AMD MINERAL*!.] Norway Contains quarries of ex- «clleiit marble, as well as many other kinds of Hoiks ; and the nuignct it ttuiiul in the iron mines. The amianthus, or afbdlos, which being of an i«- riimhutlibJe nature, when its dflicate fibre .. are woven into cloth, is cleaned l>y liuming, i>> iikewife found here ) aitarccryilalt, granates, amcthyllit, agat^, tKuiiilcr-iluiies, and eaglc-iluius. Gold found in Norway has been coined into ducats. His Danish mujefly is now working, to great advantage, a lilvrr mine at Coningfbiti^h ; other lilver mines have been found in different }arts uf the cuuntiy ; and one of the many lilver niaifcs tliat have liecn dit- am ; tlte dilu.rent minufaClures of whitJi bring in a l.n ;;e revenue to the crown. KivgRs AMD t Alts s.] 'Hie rivers and frtfh water lakes in tliis country are vicll llovked with lifli, and navigable ior Oup* of conrukrahle burden. The iiioif extraordinary circumilante attending the bkiu i*, tiiat fu.ne trf" them < liitjjn floating illands, formed by the cohefioa of root* of trvei aud fhrtibs ; i .1, though torn from the main land, bear hertugc nnd trees. So btc a* tilt year 1702, tlie noble family feat of Biirgc, near Frederic lUdt, fuddtfidy 1 ink, with all its towers aud battleincnti, into ;ui abyl* a huiKired fathom in dijith ; and it* fcilc was ijiftantly filled with a pitwrof waler, which formed a Like 300 cUh in length, and alwut half as broad. This n.t laiu I «^Jy accident^ which 14 ocoplc aud 200 head of cuttle jarilhcd, wa* ucciUioofrd by Hkc fwuiidaiioH being undermined by the waters of a rrvcr. UhconMuN ANiMAi.!!, I All the a.iiinal;i thtit are natives of IX^nmark fowl J, 4.NB ruHti. j arc to bcfuW iji ^'grway, wiih to additioa of I 7« NORWAY. m«ny nwrr. The wild lira fti peculiar to Norway, are the elk, the retn^rrr, the hare, tlie rabbit, the bear, the wolf, the lynx, the fox, the gluttun, tlvr Kmingr, the ermine, the martin, and the beater. The elk is a tall, afh-ctxltmr. ed animal, its ihapc partakinjj at once of the borfe and the (lag ; it i» harm- left, and in the winter fiKial ; and the fleih of it tafte* like venifon. Tlif roin^lecr is a fpeciei of ftag ; but we (lull have occaiibn to mention him mor? particularly afterwards. The ham are fmall { and arc faid U> live upon mice in the wintet time, and to change their colour from brown to white. The Norwegian beat's arc tlrong and fagacious : they arc remarkable fur pot hurtinjT children \ but their other qualities are common with the reil of their fpecics in northern countries ; nor can wc much credit the very extra- ordinary fpecimens of their fagacity, recorded by the nativea : they arc hunt. ed by little dogs ; and fome prefer bear bams to thofie of WcAphalia. Thf Korwcgtan wolves, though tierce, are fliy even of a cow or goat, nr.lcfi impelled by hunger : the \i\vn are dexterous in digging traps fiir thetn,i« which they arc taken or luxicd. The lynx, by fome called the goupcs, i» fmaUer than a wolf, but at dangerous { they are of tlic cat kind, and have claws like tygers, they dig under ground, and often undermine (heep^ild^, where they make dreadful havock. The (kin of the lynx is beautiful an! valnahlf, as U that of the black fox. White and red foxes are Kk^'vit; found in Norway, and partake of the nature of that wily animal in oilier rountrirs ; they have a particular way of drawing crabs alnon:, by dippiujj their tails in the water, which the crab lays l»old m. The glutton, othcrwifc called the ervan, or vieUnu, refembles a tumfpit d«>g i with a long body, thick legs, (harp claws and teeth ; his fur, which i% variegated, is fo precious that he is (hot with blunt arrow;;, to prcfervc the (1:in unhurt : he is fo bold, and fo ravenous, that it is faid he will devour i earcafc larger than himfelf, and unburthcns hi« ftomach by fquerzinjv' him- fcif Inrt ween two dofe (landing trees : when taken, he has been even known to eat lloiic and mortar. The ermine is a little creature, remarkable for iti niynel''- and clcunlincfs ; and their fur forms a principal part even of ruvil nwgiiidcence. There is little difference between the martin and a larjjr brown forcft cat, only its hra»l and fnout are (harper ; it is very (icrce, and h> bite dangerous. Wc (liall have occadontu mention the beaver in treatir.g cf North America. ''■..<.- ' ' j '' uiih fuch force, tlial, l»eing unable to free his talons from their bodiet, he h dragged into the water and drowned. ^ » Nature feems to have adapted thefc aerial inhabitant* for theoHMift of Nor. way ; and indullry has produced a fpecies of mankind peculiarly fitted fi'i making them fcrviceable to the human race ; ihefe are the birdmen, or chm- ten, who arc amaaingly dexterous ia mounting the Uecpeft ruckt, and briuf( awav *-• I K ^ A* V. n awnv the 1)ird(i and tlicir ej»;;s j the Isttcr arc ntitrttivc food, and arc par* boilcH in vincrtr ; the fltfh is fometimtn eaten hy the pt-afants, who general- ly n"lJ(h it ; wiiile the fi-nthcrs and do^vn form a protitabic commodity. Even the doi,M of the farmer*, in thc^nortUern dlllrids, arc trained iip to be affift- aiits to thefc birdmen in feiieing their prey. Tlic Scandinavian lakes and fcas arc aUonifhiiigly fnntftil in all fifh that arc found on the fei coafts of Europe, which nred not be here cnumc- ratal. Stock-filh innumerable, which arc dried upon the rocks without fall- ing. St)me liftu'tin thoi'c fca", however, have their ()eciiiiarities. The hoac- moren, is a fpeeicH of thark, ten fathoms in length, and its lirer yields three (.^(kijof train oil. The tuella Jlynder is an exccirivdy larj»c' turbot, which has liit-n known to cover a man who has fallen oYoboanl, to keep him from rifinpf. The fcafon f<)r herring; fiJhinrj is announced to the filhcrmen by the fpoiiting of water from the whales (of which fcven different fpecics are mentioned J in f'.)IK>u'ini( the herring flioals. The large whale refembles a cod, with fmaU eyes, a dark marbled (kin, and white belly ; they fpout out the water, which tlity take in by inlpimtion, through two holes or openings in the head* They; copulate like laud animals, Handing upright in the fca. A young wlialc when firll pnHluced i« about nine or ten feet long ; and the female fotnctimeB brings forth two at a birth. The whale devoiili fuch an incredi- ble number of fmall fifh, that his belly is often ready to burll ; in which cafe he make* a moll trrmenduus noile fiom pain. The fmallcr fifh have their revenge ; fome of them fatten on his back, and inccflantly beat him | i.lhcrs, with (harp horns, or rather bones, on their beak, fwim under his billy, and fomctimcs rip it up ; fome are provided with long (harp ttcth, and tear his flefh. Even the aquatic birds of prey declare war againft him when he comes near the furfaee of the water ; and he has been known to be fo tortured, that he has beat himfelf to death on the rocks. The coaA of Norway may Ik- faid to Ix- the native country of herrings. Innumerablc,arc the (hoals that come from under the ice at the north pole ; and about the latitude of Iceland di'ide themfclves into three bodies : one of thefe lupply the wellem illes and coatls of Stotbiid, another direct its cojirfe round the vatlern part of Great Ikitnin down the Channel, and the third enters the Bal- tic thi;)iigh the found. They fonn great part of the food of the common l)eoj)le ; and the cod, ling, kiibeliau, and torfk-filhes follow them, and feed upon their fpawn ; and are taken in prodigious numbers in 50 or rto fathoms water: thele, efpecially their roes, and their oil extracted from their livers, aie exi)orted and fold t«) great advantage : and above 150,000 people arc niaiiilanicd by the herring and other fifhing on the coall of Norway. The fca-«ievil is alnjut fix feet in length, and in fo called from its monllrous ap- purancc and vor.K'ity. The fca frorpion is likewife of a hide«)Us form, it« licad Wing brgcr than Its whole btuly, which is about four feet in length, aiid it.% bite is laid to be poifonous. The moft feemingly fabulous aicount'* of the anrirnts, concerning fca- moiillers, aie rendered credible by the produi^tions of titc Norwegian fcas ; siul the lea-fnake, or the feq>ent of ihe ocean, is no longer counted a chi- I'leni. In 1756, one of them \\4h (hot by a mailer of a ihip ; its head ix-* tonbli'ig that of a horfc ; ihe mouth was large and black, us were the eyes j a wliite main hanging from its neck ; it floated on the furtace of t|ie water, and helil its hc;ttl at le:dl two feet out of the fes : between the head a«d iHck were fcvcn or eight folds, which were veiy thick ; and the length of tliis fnakc was more than a hundred yards, fome fay fathomti. They have a rcirarlRble avcri'ion to the fmell of catlor ; for which rcafjn, llu'p, iM>at« M ft»4 / H N O R W A Y. ana bark maftcrs provide themfclves with quantities of that drur, to prevent being ov^rfct \ the ferpent'* olfadory nervei being remarkably eKquifitr. The particularities related of thii animal would be incredible, were tliey not attefted upon oath. Egede (a very reputabie author) fays, that on the 6tk day of July, 1734^ a large and frightful fea-mnnller raifed itfelf fo high out of the water, that its head reached above the main-tup-mad of the (hip ; that tt had a long fharp fnout, broad paws, and fpouted water like a whaw ; that the body feemed to be covered with fcalcs ; the (kin was uneven and wrink- led, and the lower part was formed like a fnake. The body of this moniler is faid to be as thick a« a itoglhcad ; his (kin is variegated like a tortoife* (hell ; and his excremciU, which flcnts on the furface of the water, ia co^ rofive, and bliiVers the hands of the feamen if they handle it. The exigence of the kraken, or korken, is ilrongly afferted ; and, as it ii faid to exifl in thcfe feas, we think it proper to mention it in this place, leaving it to the judpfment of the readers to give what credit to it he pleafci. Its biuk is faid to be a mile and a half in circumference ; and when part of it appears above the water, it r.*femhles a number uf fmall iOands and faiid- tianks, on which (idies difpurt themfelves, and fea-wecds grow : upon a fai^ thcr cmerg^g, a number of pellucid antennx, each about the height, form, and fizc of a moderate maft, appour ; and by their adlion and re-aAion l.e gathers his food, confifting of fmall filhcs. When he finki, which he doc» gradually, a dangerous fwell of the fea fucceeds, and a kind of whirlpoi>l is naturally formed in the water. In 16R0, a young craken periihcd ainonj; the rocks and clifii of the parilh of Allbhong ; and his death was attended with fuch a ftench, that the channel where it died was impaffable. With- out entering into any romantic theoties, we may fafely fay, that the exit'- fence of this fifh accounts for many of the phenomena of floating iflands, and tranfitory appearances in the fea, that have hitlicrto been held as fabulous by the learned, who could have no idea of fuch an animal. The mcr-meu and mer-wonif n hold their relidence in the Norwegian feii ; but I cannot give credit to all that is rcbtcd concerning them by the native*. The mer-man is about eight fpans longs, and, undoubtedly, has as much rcfcmblaiice as an ai)e has, to the human fpeciea ; a high forehead, little cyrs, a flat nofc, and large mouth, without chin or ears, charatfterize its hciid; Its arms arc fhort, but without joints or elbows, and they terminate in mem. bers refembling a human hand, but of the paw kind, and the fingers con- iiec\edby a membrane j the parts of generation indicate their fexes ; though their under paru, which remain in the water, terminate like thofe of fillscj. The females have breads, at which they fuckle their young ones. It would far exceed the bounds allotted tc this article, to follow the Norwegian ad- venturers through all the different defcriptions which they have given ui of thetr fifhes ; but they are fo well authenticated, that 1 make no doubt a new ai.-d very furpriling theory of aquatic animals may in time be formed. CvmosiTits.] Thofe of Nor^^-ay are only natural. On tlie coaft, lati- tude 67, IS that drcadfiJ vortex or «hirlp..o!, caUcd by navigators the navrl of the fea, and by fome Malcftrom, or Mi.lkoenrom. The illand Moflvof, from whence this llream derives its name, lie. between the mountain Htflc-. • gen m Lofoden, a;id the ifland Ver, wl.ich art about one league dilla.t ; and between the idand and coaft on each fide, the llream makes its «-ay. be- twccn Mofkoe and Lofoden it is near 400 fathoms deep , but betwccu Mofkoe and Ver, ,t is fo (l.allow as not to afford pafTage for a (mall ihip. JVhen It IS flood, the ftream runs up the country between Lofoden and Mof- Jtoc vnth a boiftcrous rap.dity j and when ii ucbb, return* to \hc fea with ■Am*- NORWAY. fr I violence and noife unequalled hy the loudcft cataracts. It is lie«rd at the iiiUnce of many leaguci, and formt a vortex ur whirlpool of great depth or extent ( fo violent that if a fhip comes near it, it it immediately drawn irrdilt* ibiy into the whirl, and there difappears, being abforbt-d and carried down to the bottom in a moment, where it is daihca to piece* againfl the rockt ) amljufl at the tuni of c^h and flood, when the wattr bec^nea* Uill for about i (juarter of an hour, it rifea again in fcattered fragments, fcarcely to be known for the parts of a (hip. When it ii agitated by a dorm, it h?« reached vcfTcIs at the diitancc of more than a Nonvay mile, where thccrewa have thought thcmfelvct in pcrfr^ fccuritv. Perhap* it it hardly in the pon^ of fancy to conceive a fituatiun of more horror than that of being thus driven forward by the fuddcti violence of an impetuous torrent to the , vortex of the whirlpool, of which the noife and turbulence itill incrcafing aa it is approached, are an earned of quick and inevitable dcttniCtion ; while the wretched viftim», in an agony of defpair and terror, cry out for that help which they know to be impoflible ; and fee before them the dreadful abyfs into which they are to be plunged, and dafhcd amopg the rocki at the bottom. Even animal*, which have come too near the vortex, have expprffed the ut- moft terror when tht7 find the ftrtam irrclitlible. Whalct arc frequently carried away j and the moment they feel the force of the water, they tirug- glf againft it with all their might, howling and bellowing in a frightful mao- oir. The like hap]>eni frequently to bears, wty attempt to Iwtm to the ifland to prey upon the (beep. "^ ' ' v\ ''* h was the opinion of Kirchcr, that the Maleflrom i* a fea vortex, which attrads the flood under the ihorc of Norway, and difcharget it agaiu in th« giilph of Uothnia ; but this opinion is now known to be erroneous, by the rtlurn of the fhattercd fragments of whatever happens to be lucked down hy it. The large Itcmrof firs and pines rife again lo Ihivered and fpUniercd that the pieces look as if covered with brilUc*. The whole phenomena are the cffcth of the violence of the daily ebb and flow, ucxalioned by ihc con- traction of the Rream in its courfe between the rocks. People, LANGUAGE, aCLiGiow, I The Norwegians are a middling AND ctjsTOMs or Norway. J kind of people, between the Simplicity ♦f the Greenlanden and Icelanders, and the more poiiihed manners of the Danes. Their rehgion is Lutheran j and they have bilhops as thofe of Den- mark, without temporal jufifdietioiu Their viceroy, hke hit matter, it ab- folute : but the farmers and conunon people iu Norway arc much Icls op- prcflcd than thofc in Dcumark. The Nonsregians in grncial are ftrong, robtift, and brave j but quick ia rcfenting real or fuppoltd injuries, 'i'hc women are handfome and cour* tcous, and the Norwegian forms, both of h'vrng, and enjoying property, are mild, and greatly rcfembliiig the Saxon anceltor* of the prelent Lngulh. Every inhabitant is aa artizan, and fupplici his family in ail its ncccliariea with his own nwnufaCture* ; fo that iu Norway there are few by profcfliona who arehatien, (hoe-makera, taylors, tanners, weavers, carpenters, imiths, or joiners, Tlic loweil Norwegian pcafant is an artill and a gentleman, and even a poet. They often mix with oat-meal the bark of the fir, made into a kind of floiir ; and they are reduced to very extraordinary (hifts for fup- plymg the place of bread, or farinacioui food. The manners of the middling Norweigans fotjn a proper fubjed for coutempbtion even to a philofopher, as they lead that kind of life which we may fay is fumifhed with plenty j put ihcy are nciihw fond wf luxur)-, nor d« they dread penury : and thl& M4 ini44If ,1* 7* K O R W A r. middle ftate prolong;! their a^cs furppl'ingly. Though thnr drcf« !• in many ivfpcd* •ccomiwx'.atrd lo thcii vlimalc, yii, by ciiiloin, inllcad o{ guarding agaitdl the inclcmeiuv of the wcatlicr, ihey oulbravc it } for tliry cxpufc thcinftlvcB Ui cold, wilhuvit any cover upon ihcir breath »»r necks. A Norwegian of an hundred ycirtt of ago i» not accounted pall bin Ubuur ; •ltd in I7n» f'*"*" couples were married and dancc-d b< fore lis Daniih majclly at FicderidiuJl, u^ofe ages, nlan j-iined, tx«Kcdtd 800 year*. • The funeral cerrtnoDies of the Norwegians contain vcliijie* of tbdr former paganilin ; they play on the violin ut the licad of the coma, and while tltr cun)fc iay he died t whether hj« wif#ainl neighbuupi were kind to irim, sad other fuch queilion'* frequently knecliii({ down and afking forgivenefs, if ever they had offended the dcccal'ed. - CoMMCHCk.3 Wc have little to add to this head, diirerenl from wliat will be obferved in our account of Denmark. The duties on their cxpifllt, moil of which have b«(.n already recounted, amount to about ioo,ocx} rix> dollars a year. Strungth and revenue.] By the heft calculations Norway can fm. >u(^ utit i^x>o excellent feaiuen, and above j^OfOOO iirave foldicrs for tlir life of their K'ng. , The royal annual revenue fiom Noiivay amount* to mar 400t00ol* an^ till his prefent majeily's accelfion, the anny, inlUad of being cxpenfive, added confiderably to tiiti income, by the fubitdie» it brought hiin in from foreign priaces. History.] Wc mu* refer to Denmark likcwife fm this head. Tlic ancient Norwegians certainly were a very bntve and powcrAd |)cople, .iiul the banlicil fcamcn in the world. If wc arc to believe their hidorics, tlu-y were no flrangers to America long before it was dilcovercd by Columbus. Many cuiloms of their ancclloi-s ate yet difceniibic in Ireland and the nortli €if Scotland, where they made frequent defccnts, and f«»itie fettlementj, which are generally confounded with thole of the Dnttes. From their bein,; the moil turbulent, they arc become now the moil loyal fiibjcAs in Kii- rope ; which we can eafily account for, from the barbarr.y and tyranny of their kings, when a feparate people. Since the union of Calntar, wlii" united Norv*ay to Denmark, thchr hillery, as well as intcrcti», are the fa v: with that of Denmark.. .«. '■■^ j-t» - 1... . 1... ;. : ^ .-i^iP-. '.\' I'J' \f ,1 - 'I . J'- DENMARK P B N M A R K. DtNMARK • Proper, or JUTLAND, cjcclufiyc of the ,, V-' "• .» ■' ' isLANm in the Baltic. EktihI" and S»ti'*tiok. ■• . Mil Dfgrcc*. *.cnKtl>. 240 t 1 u,..^.„„ I 54 »''J 58 North iMituJ^. Urcadth 114 5 «>^»««" I 8 and M Eaft lonjptuac. ConUiiiiiig 15,744, fquarc milc« with ijy inlinhitants to each. (1 IT is divided on the North from N«irw«T br the J A Sc*j(gerac frs, aiid fntm Sweden tin the tail by 0Ol*NltARItS A>D Divisions tli^Sotiiid ; on ihr South by Germany ai.d the Bahic t and the German fern di\idcs it from Great tiritain on the Wrrt. Drtiniark proper ia dividetl into two parti ; the pcninfab of Jutland, an- licntly lallcd Cimbrica iJ}er/on.j'iij, and the Illaiuli at the cntmncc of the ISahic, mentioned in the table. It ii nmarkahle, that thuiighpll thHc to- pcther conftitute the kingdoms of Denmark, yet not any one of them is fe- ptratcir called by that name. Copenhagen, the metropolis, it in the iiland of ZfaLnd. Air, climate, soit, state of agriculture, ic.j One of the largcll and moll fertile of all the pro»inees of this kingdom Im Jutland, uhicU {iriKhicrs abtmdance of all furti of grain and palliirage, and iu a kind of ma- gazine for Norway on all occaftons. A great number of fmail cattle are bred in this province, and afteiwards tranCportcd into Holllein, to be fed for the ufc of Hamburffh, l.tibec and Amilcrdam. Jutland ii every where inter- fpcrfed with hills and on the call lide has line woods of oak, fir, beech, birch, and other trees ; but the well tide being lefs wocxiy, the inhabitanta ;irc oiili)(cd to ufc turf atul heath for futl. Zealand i* for the mull part a I'andy [oil, but rather fertile in grain and paflurage, and agreeably varie^tcd with wotxls and lake^ of water. The climate is mconBrk, f. i.io 18 vol. v. i MraniiK ^hcTi lo^Kcll and bro.d'lt, s mrchod whirh the awhor hat every whef* cb:crvtd, and it feenti to be ihc pct^lice < f other writct oo the lubjeS. Great aliaw- acccimuR therefore be mtdc in nioft countiirt, »»thcre.«dcr will p^rtsive by iotkioft on ihe mspi. Jutluid foriaftaact, U 114 ntiits where hroadift, thott|h in (mitj ether vmu it II not JO. ^ 1^ DENMARK. Iiai, indeed, hem made fi)incwh.it more «grceahlc hy fome modern edidt, bof, they art ftill, if fmh an cxjjrillum may he allowtd, chained to their famu, •jid are difj>«)>illuinc talk, and cxpctU to rap the jiroJil of what he has fown, hi» lord, uiiorted by the pri)diicc ef agriculture. Ahimai^.] Denmark produce! an excellent breed of horfes, both for the faddle and carriaj;e ; al)out 50CK) are fold annually out of the country, and of their homed cattle, 30,000. belidrn numbers of black cattle, they have (hecp, hogs, and game ; and the fea cuails are gencridly well fupplicd with tiHi. , PopuLATinx, MANNKRS, AMD cvsToMs.] By an sAual numemtion made in 1759, of his Danilh majcily's fubjeds, in his dominions of Ucn- mark, Norway, Molilein, the iifands in the Ualtic, and the counties ot Oldenburgh anil Delmcnhortl in Wcttphalia, they were faid to amount to 3,444,000 folds, exclulivc of the Icelanders and Greenlandcrs. The moli accurate' account of the population is that made under the dircdioo of the ^mous Struenfee ; by which j! ■ " ' -' Jutland numbered Denmark, Iceland Funcn Norway Iflands of Ferro Sum Total 2,017,0*7 Several of the fmaller idands included in the diftricl of Fioi|ta are oipittc4 in this computation, whicli may contain a few thoufands. However difproportiottcd thi* nuniber may Lcm to the extent of his Da- ni(h majcily's dominions, yet, every thing conlidered, it is far greater thu;i could have been expected, from the uncultivated Hate of his pijlTclIions. Dm the trade of Dciunark has been fo (hackled by the corruption and arbitrur.- pmceedings of her miniilerb, and her mercha.its are fo Icrritied by the dcfpo- tifm of her governnitnt, llut this kingdom, which might he rendered ricli and ilounfbing, is at prcfent one of the mull indigent and dillrcdcd Hates in Lu- rope ; and ihclc circumftar.ccs prevent D-mnark from being fo populous ui It othervnTc would be, if the adminiftration of the government were mor: mild and equitable, and if prujicr encouragement were given to foreigners, ajid to thofe who cngagt in agriculture and other arts. The ancient inhabitants of Dcnu.aik polfdicd a degree of coimigc whic^i 3?^«3fi Iceland 46,aoi 2^3,466 . Duchy of Slefwick. 183,60? 143,V88 Duchy of HoUUia » 34.665 723.14' Oldenburgh 61,854 4.754 DclmcidiorflL i6,ai7 DENMARK. f9 •Aproachfd e»tt> plf, thry are bcci»n»c indulriit, timid, and dull of apprclienfion. Tliey value thtmi'cKe* ixtrvmeiy upon thofe titles and privi- Kirt* which they derive from lh< troww, and are caccrdingly fond of p<»mp and (hew. They endeavour to imitate the I'rcnch in their manners, drtts and even in their gallantry ; though they arc naturally the very contrail of that nation. They fall much into tlir indolence and timidity which form 4 cur>iiderable part of the characters of the mudirn Danes ; but in other re- fpe^i arc well-meaning people, nnd ur^juit tlicmfelves properly in their re- ipcctive employment*. The l)ane», like other northern natiomt, are given to iii(cm|>erancc In drinking, and convivial entertainments ; but their nobili- ty, who now begin to vifit the other courts of Kurope, arc rerniin;^ from tiifir provincial habits and vices. R^^LioiON.J Tlie religion is Lutheran ; and the kingdom is divided int* fix Jioccfcs ; one in Zealand, one in Funrn, and four in Jutland ; befide-'t four in Norway and two in luclaud. Thrli.' diocefct are governed by bithops* uLole proftflion ia entirely to lupcrintcnd the olhrr cUrg)- ; nor have they any other mark of pre-eminency than adillinoiionof their ixcleiiailical drefs ( lor they have neither taihedr.d-* nor cccldialh'cal rourts, nor "the fmallell concern with civd aifairs : their motali, however, are fo g«Knl, that they are revered by the people. Tluy arc paid by the (late, as ull the church-Iandt acre wifely appropriated to the government at the rrfnrmation. l.ANC>UAOk AND LfARNiNcJ Tl.t' language tjf Dt-nmark 11 a dialcA •f the Teutonic ; but high Dutch ai .1 French arc fpoken at court ; and the nobility have lately made great aiUances in the Fnglidi, which is now pubb'c- Iv taught at Copenhagen as a necvliary part of education. A company of Lngli(h comedians occalionally \ilit that (.a^i'tal, where they fuid tulenible Micouragement. The univerilty of Copenhagen has fmidu for the gratuitoua fupport of 32K lludcnts ; tliefe funds are laid to auu>unt to 300,000 rix dul!.iri • but the Danes in general make no great ftguie in literature ; though ailronomy and m..'dicine arc highly indibtcd to their Tychi* Hrnche, Dorichiui* and the Bartholincs ; and the round tower and CloitU'an's haven dif- play the mechanical genius of a l^juj^omontanus ; not to mention that the Danes begu now to make fome pn miluig attempts in hillor)', poetry, and the drama. It appean>, however, that in general, literature leceivcs very litllr eountenaace or encouragement in Dcfin.ark ; which may be conlli...c.r bi.'il|}|si;\.j Copenhagen, which is fituatrd on the fine ifland of Zealand, was originally a fcttlemei.t i>f failm-^, and (irU founded by fome wandering fidiennen in the twelfth century, but is now tlie metro- polis, and makes a magnificent appearance at a dilLtnce. It is \er>- ih'ung» and defended by four royal cailUh or furts. It contains ten pnrilh churches heddes nine other.'., belonging to tlie Calvinifts and other perfinfions, and fome hofpitals. Copcnhnj^cn is adorned by lome puldic and private palaces, as they aic called. !'.» ttncii are 186 in number ; and its inhabitanta amount to 100,000. The boufet in the priiicip;d (Irtcts are built of brick, and thofe in their lanes chiefly of tiinlar. It. univeility has been already B.cntioncd. But the ciiiei gloiy of Ct)pcnha'^cn ia it» harbour, formed by a large canal flowing tliiough the city, which admits indeed but only one Oiip to enter at a lime, but il capable of cviiUuning 5V0, iJcvcral of the llreeU have ft' '•: h«w cinilt, and qunys fur (hips to Hi: ckifi- lo the liuufo* } and it« naval ailV. nal is faid to exceed that of Vonuc. 'I'lu- nwd f<»r (liinpin*^ lirgini about two miles £ii»m the town, and is defended by lyu piacs «»f o.innon, as well ai the difficulty of the navigation. But noiHitiilLi'idinj; all thefe advamafri , ^ there is little appearance of iuluilry or tradi* in thi,c for tlii« little kingilom. The police i>f Copenliatjcn in cotiomvly rci^uhr, and people may wn't throu di the whole city at :nidni;jlil with j^ro.it fafety. Indeed, it ia ufiul- K almotl as quiet here at eleven o'clock at night as in a co'jntry village, ■ and, at that time tliere is fcarcely a coach heard to rattle throiijjh the llrcit. The apartments of the palace at C;)penha|(en arc j^rand, r.:'.J th» t=pc!lr/ in many of them Ix MUliful» particularly the rtory of £rther, and an alTort. mcnt of kvild bcalls, after the man.ier of Quida. A coUinade at each extic- r.iity forms the Ibblcs, which, for their extent and beauty of fumiture ;i>-f equal to any in Europe. But the liucll r^ilace belonj^injj to his Daniih majcilv lies »bt)Ut 2C Eiij^lilh miles fiorn Copcnhaj^en, and is called Fredc- ricibnr^h. It is a very large building, r.oalcd round with a triple ditcli, ami calculated, like moll of the ancient r.iidences of princes, for defence ajjaintl an enemy. It was built by Chri»'iaii IVth, and, accordinjj to the arcliitci-- ture of the time*, partake* of ' ae Greek a;id Gothic (lylcs. In the from of the grand quadrangle appear I'ulcan and Doric pillars, and on the fnni- mil of the building are fpirr.. and turrets. Some of the rooms arc very fpl.ri- did, though furnilhed in the anti(]iie tade. The Knights' hull '» of great length. The tapcftry reprcfents the wars of Denmark, and the cielit'.g i» 3 mult minute and lalvAued jK-rformance in fctdpture. The chimney-piece «:.> once entirely oend with pl.ilcs ot Ulver, richly ornamcntea.u;irk u I'le catiwdral oi Rofi hihl, where the kin;^^ and queens of Denmark were formerly buried, and their monuments ibll remain. Joining to thi.. cathedud, l.y a tovcre«»reme1y well fitniled for romnjerce ; hrr harbours are well calculated for the reception of Ihipi of all burdens, ami her marincn* arc very expert in the navigation of the diflercnt parts of the •ocan. The doiniiiions of hi* Danilh nujclly alio fupply a vxxvX variety •t -tf f D r. N M A R K. Bi * naval ai'V. yrgint about n, as w«rll .li advaiunjjt , cowipei-cc. fca fcrvlcc ; le kingilo'Ti. may wn'.k , it i« uAul. >try villa,:c, I the llrti!.. id an a (Tort. cachcxtio- unuture .\r{ his Dannh ;illwl rrcdc- c* ilitcli, aiul nice ajjnfiitl h«r arcliitco In the faiiit DO the fiini. ; very I'jil.a- \ !• of ^cat citrlif.jj i» a •y-piecc wn* ; hut tlis I, tore tlu-m 1 fDrmidnh'a' time at thii cs frcim EI- W8 in front, Hamltt'i cording tj raUtd thf tniciitH a;itl iiivcys tiu" iff ccclcli- I tic kiiij^i incnts ih:! \ ul pala' <•, oti^ly 'f"'- [•Kt, HJ'l- >!i, and, v-\ jcrcc ; lifr deiu, and '-« of the al vaiicty •i i,f timber and iitlicr mntrrinh for (hiphuildin^ ; and fomc of his province* affoid imiiy nnliiral productions for exportation. Amon^ thiTi-, htfidvs fir and other limber, an.- hlaik caltW, horfes, butter, Uock-tifh, tallow, hidcf, ti,iiii-.iil, tar, pitcb, and iron, which hcin;; the natural pftxhidt of the Djriili don.inions, arc conUrtuj:;al, and ItaU . Of Kite tlie DaneH b.ive had great intercoutlc with Kny^lanJ, avid from ihtMU'c thiv imp«irt bnwd cloths, clocks, cabinet, hx'kwork, and all other nranufaco {i\\v> earned tin in the ^;reat tradini; towns of T.ngland, but nutl»i.ig tliews iIk commercial I'pirit of tlie Danes in a more favourable light than their eilah* liihinents in the Kail and Well Indies. ill if)l2, C'liritlian IV'. ot iJei-.r.r.'-k. ertablifticd an Eaft India Company nt Copenh.i^en : and foon after, four iliip« laiJ»d fn'in thence to the Eatt In- dies. The hint of this trade was pven to his Danilh majeily by James I. of r,nj,dand, win* murried n princefs of Denmark ; and in 1^17, they built and (uililied a eartle and town at Tranciucbar, on thw" C4)a(l of Coromandel. The Kiiirity which many of the Indiann found under the cannon of this fort invit- ul ninnlnTS ()f them to fettle here ; fo that the Da •th F.aU India Company w, r..- Uhjh rich enou^;h to pay their kintj a yearly w- ' nte of 10,000 rix doI« l.irs The company, hnwewr, willing to become rich all of a hidden, in ifiio endeavoured to polTefs ihemfelvcs of the fpice -trade at Ceylon, but *^i;re defeated by the Portuguefe. Thr truth i'^, they foon cndjroikd them- fches with the native Indians on all hands ; and had it not b» en for the geii- tmiis aifiilance given them by Mr. Pitt, an Knglilh Eatl India governor, the Itttletnent at Tranfe of the wars in Europe, after the death of Charles XII. of iSwiden, the Dani(h eall India company found themfcKes fo much in debt, that they pnblilhed propofala for a new fiibferiptiin for enlaiging their an- lient capital lUwrk, and for fitting out (hips to Tvaaquebar, Bengal, and Cliiiia. Two years .ifter, his Daniih nwjeily granted a new ciiarter to hfs r..ill India Company, with \all privileges: and for foir.e time its commerce ARTiKKiAL.] DciiiT-ark proptT affr.rd* tiuir of ihefe tlian tl:e other paits of his Danilh mnjelty's dominions, if we i.Mtj;t the contnit.i of the Ro\al Muhuniat Copenhagen, which conftils of a iiumeroue collection of Inith. It contains feveml good paintings and a fini: u)l!tCt!on ofeoini, particularly t?iofe of the couluh in the tinic- of the Roman r. public, and of the emperors after the feat of empire was divided into the 1 all and Wdl. Uelides artiiicial Ikcletuns, ivory cftrvings, nimlels, clock> ^^ >rk, and a iK.iii.itnl cabinet of ivt ancient and modem. Many curioui aftronom'cal inllnmients are likewife placed in the round tower at Copcnha. ren ; \vh!i-h is fo ct)ntnvid that a coach may drive to its top. The village of .'Vni^U-n, Iving bet\v.-cn l-'K-nihur^h and Slefwick, is alfo cileemed a curio- fitv, as giving its name to the Angles, or Anglo-Saxon inhabitants of Great Britain, and the anccltors of the bulk of the modern Engliih. The greatcrt rarities in his D.iiiilh majeily's dominions arc omitted, how. ever, bv geographers ; I mean thofc ancient infcriptions upon rtx'ks, that arc mcntio'ied bv antiquaries and hillorians ; ami are generally thought to be the old and onginal m;'.nner of writing, before the ufe of paper of any kind, and waxen tables was known. Thefe characters are Runic, and fo impcrfcdly undevilaod by the Icaruid tluinfclves, that their meaning is very uncertain; but thcv are imagined to be h- 'orical. Stcph.mu"*, in his notci upon Saxrw Grammaticus, has cxliibitid fpecimens of Icvcral of thofe infcriptions. Civil constiti'tios, covers-I The ancient conftitution of Den. MENT, AMI LAWS. J mark was onglnally much u|X)n the fame plan with other Gothic governmcnis. The king came to the thior^ bv eU.Hion ; and, in conjunflion with the fenate where he prcfided, was vm veOed with the executive power. Ho likewile commanded the army, and decided tinally all the difpufc* which aroft; between his fubjcds. The Icjjii- lative power, together \\ith the light of election of the king, was vetted i:i the tlates ; who arc compofcd, firit, of the order of nobility ; and fecondly, the order of the citizens and farmers; and after the Chriitian religion hiil gaiiieil ground in the North, the clergy were alfo admitted, not only to hr an order of the ftates, but to have fonts likewife in the feiuite. Thefe orJa» had their refpective rights and privileges, and were independent of eac'i other; the crown had alfo iti prerogatives, and a certain fixed revenue arii- ing out of lands, which were appri)j)riated to its fupport. Tliis conllitutio:i had miiny evident advantages ; but, untortunatcly, the balance of thi} govcm- ment was never properly adjuiled ; fo that the nobles very foon adumn! 1 dictatorial power, ar.d greatly opprelTtd the people, as the national ailcmblivi were not rigularly held to rcdrcls their grievances. And when the RoniJi Catholic clergy came to have a (liare in tlie civil giivcmment, thev far fiirju:- fed the nubility in pridr anJ ambition. Tlie reprefcntativci of the people had ncillier power, credit, iiur talents, to coiuitcract the efforts of the i/thtr two order?, who forced the crown to give up its prerogatives, and to oy- pt;fs ail 1 tyrannize over the people. Cliriiiian the Second, by endeavour- ing in an imprudent inauncr to Item the torrent »)f their opprcflion, loll !> ' crown and his liberty ; bm Cliriiiian t!ie Tiiird, by uniting himfelf with tSe aoblcs a'ul the feii^ite, dci'lruyed the power of the clergy, though the oppr*.!- fion of the common people by the nobility \lill lemaii.ed. At length, in the reign of Frederick the Thixl, thr peopli , inlUad of exerting theinfelvej !'> remedy the defcds of the CO iilitutioii, and to maintain their common libertiii were fo infatuattd as to make the king tletptitic, in hopes thereby \>f renderin ; vhemfelvc'* lefs fubjeft to the tvranu) of the nobihty. A fen'cs of unfuccel- fnl vvars had brought the nation in general into fo miferable a condition, tluit the public had not raoncy for paying off the orjny. The difpuic came i" ' Ihort '. .Lipi4.t^';".i.i"k!i^ . \ --jft V. DENMARK. 85 fiiort qiicllion, which was, that J: obh s fliouKl fubmit to taxes, from whicjt they pleaded an exemption. Tin: ..i^rrior pet'pU- upon this threw their eyes towards the king, for relief and protection from the opprclTion-s of the inter- mediate order ot nobility: in this they were eneouiaged by the clergy-. In a meeting of the Hates, it was propoled that the nobles thould bear their (hare in the common burden. Upon this, Otta Cme^ put tJjc people in mind that the commons were no more thany/i/tvi totht lords. This was the watch-word which had been conceited between the leaders of the commons, the clergy, and even the court itft If. Nanftjn, the f[)eaker of the commons, catchcd hold of the term //utvrv ; the affembly broke up in :i ferment ; and the commoiiM, wkh the clergy, withdrew to a houfc of their own, where they refolved to m.ike the king a folemn tender ot their hlH.rtic« and fenices, and formally to eUabhlh in hi* family the hereditary- fucceffion to their crown. This refolution was executed the next day. The bilhop uf Copciihagen ofilciated as fpeaker for the clergy and commons. The king accepted of tlicir tender, promilinjj them relief and protection. The gates of Copenhagen were ihut ; and l\y: nubility, finding the n«.rvc8 of their power thus cut, fubmjtted with the beil grace they could to contrrm what had been d«)ne. On the loth of January, i6<»l, the three orders of nobility, clergy, and people, ligncd each a fcparate aCt ; by which they confented that thi- crown ihould be hereditary in the roval family, a* well in the female a* in the male line, and by which ihey invcftc*! the king with abfohtte jM>wer, and ga>e hinfi the right to regulate the fucceffion and the regency, in cafe of a minority. This renunciation uf their rights, fubfciibedbr the tirll nubility, is ilill pre- fcrvcd as a precious relic among the archive * of the roy*! family. A relicf which perpetuates the memory of the humbled iidolcnce of the nobles, and the hypt)crify of the prince, wlu>, to gratify his revenge againll them, perfuad- cd the people that his only withes were to repair a decayed edifice, and then excited them to pull it to the ground, cndhing themfelves under its ruins. After this entraordinarj- »tv»>lution •■•. the go\enmient, the king of Den- mark diverted the nobility of many of the privileges which they had before ftijoyed ; but lie tod to relieve tlu)re jK>or people who had iKtn theinllntments ofinvelling him with the fovereign power, but left them ::i the fame llatc of flaver)' in which ihey were behne, and in which they have remained to the prefenl age. When the reM)lution m the reign of Frederick the Third had hcew ctFcCttxl, the king re-tiniled in hij perfon ail the rights of the (oveteign power; but as he could not ever».ife all bv hinUelf, he wa» obliged to intrult fome part of the executive power to hL fubjeCt* ; the fii- prcme court of judicature for the kingdoms i«f Dennurk and Norway is hol- to mattcru of importance, the king fur the motl pa-l deciiles in hia coimcil, the mcnd)ers of which are named and difplaced at his will. It is 111 this coniicil that the laws are pnipufed, difcufled, and receive the royal ^itlu)rity, and that any gri;it changes or cll.iblilhmcnts aie propofed, and ipprovcj or rrjeCted by the king. It is here llkewifc, or in the cabinet, tliat he grants privileges, and decider viKin the exohciiiiuii 01 laws, iheir ex- U-nlujii, th eir re a net ion id, in fact, it is hcri that the king exprcfl'e^ II upun tile mull impurtant aflalnj of his king<.kiin. 1*1 thii kingdom, Oi in many othcu, the king i- fuppofcd to be prefent to il> wi N ; adminillcr ->^&^ , fu^. ft^ DENMARK. adminiller jufticc in the fiiprcmc court of his kingdom; and, thcrcforr, th? kings of Denmark not only pn-fidc nominally in tlu- fovcrciun conrt ofjuilicc, but th-jy bnvc a throne ercdal in it, to\v;in!H which the buyers Rlwnys ;»!• tlrcfs their difcourfes in picadinp, and the jiid^'cs tl>c (..me 'm gi^njj thcii cpinion. Evtry year the king is prcfent at the opening of this CiJiiTt, ami i>tten jTJvcs the jndjjc^ fueh inllui'ilons as lie thinks jirtiptT. '1 he deeifion of thele judges is linal in :dl civil acions ; hut no criminal lenience of a capital iialiive can be carried into c\ecntion till it is i'lgned l>y the kin^f. Ttxic aie many excellent reguliliun:^ Uv the ;ulniiiiil!iaii(tn of jnllici in Denmark ; but notwilhllaiuling l!n«, it is fo fir from heisig dllributcd i;; ;ri equal and impartial manner, that a iH>or man can fcarcely ever liave julliee in this country apainll one of the no'.iility or again!! (>nc who is Javoured by the eturt or by the chief miniller. If the lawn arc To elearly in favmn- . f the former, lli;if the judires are afhanud to decide againll them, the latter, lhron};h llie (i»vt)ur(if the miiiitler, obtains an order from the kin>^ to tlop all the law-prucccdii gs, or a difpenfp.tit)n from ohferxing pattieid.iilaws, aiid ihcre the matter emi^. Tlu' code of laws at prtfent eilabllflied in Denmark was publiihed by CIm:!- tian V^. founded upon the code of Valdemar, and all the other codes whirit have finct bLcn pnblifhed, and is nearly the fame with that j>i:bhihtd in Ni i- wav. Tliele laws are very jull and clear ; aiid, if they were impsoti.ilu carried into execution, would be productive of many beneficial conlequcnecs to the pc a great degree m tyranny and oppr'.llion, and have abundant nalon to regrt.1 the tamenels_^a!i«i fcnility with which their liln-rtiib have been lurrcndered into the handi> ot their monarchs. The peafants, till 1787, had bc< n in a fituation little better than the hn;' • creation ; they fearee could be laid to polkis any lueo-motivc power, inir much that they had no liberty to leave one ellate, und to ftltU- on anotlir, without the purehakd pcrmilhon from thtir mailers ; and if thev chanced to movi without their pirmiHlon, tluy were claimed a^ ilraytd ealtl..-. .Sueli was tlie llate of thole wretched beings, who, at b».H, only migh; be faid t . vegetate. Thefe chains of feudal llavery were now brv>ken, ihrongli the i i- terell of his royal highncfs the pnncc, and heir apjarent to the tiown ; iiid the prifoners, for Inch 1 think tluy might In- tailed, were dtclared fu\. Notvviihilanding the rcnumlhanees wliieh wvre made M^nu'nU this by lhe*lai* an aggravation of the puriihiiu t, the hand is chopped t.ll before tlic other pait ofthe fenience is eiwevutni. For the moll atrocious Climes, fueh. ab the murder «>f a father or nH'tlKr, hufband or wife, and robber)' upon tl-.e h:gl!«ay, the maletactor is broken upon the wheel. Ihit capital punilh.iicnti are not C(minion in Denmark ; and the other principal modei of j.unilhn.ent are biandujg in the face, wh:p- ping, c\>r.demi;ation to the mfji.l oufe, to htJX-fts cf correction, and to pub- lic labour and impiiii)njiieii! ; all wltieh ;ae varied in duration aj.J rigouij aec-ordin^' tv the iivaurc of the criir.c, PoLITICtL DENMARK. »f I ate : atlilvii roi.iTiCAt AKD NATiRAt. 7 After llic acccTTioii of Iii» pfifcot majcfty, isriRfsis OK DiKMARK.j Ilin c«)urt fft incil fuf fomc till. ; to lia\c al- ii;* father, it Is taic, wlifervt,*! a moft rrf|KCtal>lc nvutni- tiici. itit maxiins. Illy iliiriiiL' thclatc war ; Init mvcrCuiild jjit rul of Kicntli inllatiKtr, nut- - ...-.,,... rp,^^ fu!>fK!as he rrcciv- \vithllniuliii>( \vii coiinrctiiip.s with (Jivat Britain. Thr ful>fK!i n\ iMiiiutaiiicd his army ; but Ir'n family -difpuU-i ^^J«l» KuHlu coiiccrmug llohltin, nml tltr nfniulancy which the Vrtnch had ohtaintil over the iSu-dcs, nut ti) mintitJii nuny othir inatttrs, i!id iu>t fiiffcr him to act that lUilivc part in the alfairs of Kurupt-, to wliiih he waa invited by hii Jitua. lii):i ; tfpceially about the time when the treaty of ClolUT-Seven w.-i8 con- cluded. Hi-( preftnt Daiiilh niajelh's phn feemed, foon after hi* acceflion, loltelhat of ftirmiiig his dominions into a ititc «if indepcndiiuy, by avaihng h-miVlf of their natural advantages. IJnt ftmdry e^eirts which have liitce lnpiKiu'd, and the per.ftral firblem-fs of hti »dmiuirtratioT>, have prevented .ijiv f.iither e\pei't..tion-4 bein^' fornud, that the real vveltare of Denmark w'M bv pnnnoted, at leail in .my great de,, fee, during the preftnt feij^. With rej^ard to the external iuteielts of Denmark, thry arc crriainly hell fiviircd by eultivalini; a frientlfhip with the maritime powem. The exjKjrtt iif Dnimark enable her to tarty on a very profttaMe trade with Fmiiee, Spain, >'i)d the Mediteiranean ; .tnd (he ban been irartietilarly courted by the Ma- lidrnttan ilates, on aceount of her lliip-btiildin>; iloren. 'i !k prel'ent imperial frtmily of Rulfia has many ebimsupon Denmark, on aetounl of I lolilein ; but there is at prcfcnt fmall :ipi>eanincc of her b; in^ ii:^'n^'cd ill a war on that acc«)unt. Were the Sv.tdei to regain their mi- litary <.'.iai-acter, at d to be eotijnniided by fo enteq'rifmj; a prince as Charles KH. thfy probably would endeavour to rejHdlefs thenitclvcs, by arms, of •iit' fine provinces torn from them by Denmark. l^nt the greatcfl danger tliat can arife to Denmark from a foreijjn power is, when the Baltic fen (as !ia. happened more than once^ is fo frozen over as to bear not only men but luavy artillery ; in whieli caie the Swedes have Ucn known to march over rrrat annies, and tot)irt.aten the conqiiell of the kingdom. RrvfNUEs.] His Dunilh majetly's revenues have thri-e fourccs : the imjiolkions he Inyn upon his own fubjeets ; the duticB paid by foreijjners j :'v.d l;is own deinefnc lands, including confifcations. Wine, fait, tobacco, .\m\ provition% of all kind>*, arc taxed. Maniages, pajx-r, coqHjrations, land, liouii;^, and polbn-.ouey, alio railc a contiderablc ium. The expences of t''>rtitieatiiins arc bnntc by the people : nrd when the king's daughter i« liuinied, thcv pay about ico,coo rix.«loiI.us towards her portion. I'he rca- ikr is to oba*r\'c, that the internal taxes of Denmark atv very unccttain, be- v,'.;ire they mny K* abated or nt'Ted at the kiiM»'s will. CiHrtoms, and toll* i.jMJU txports and imports, are more certain. The tolls paid by ftranger*, arife chicfiy from foreign (hips that pnis through the Sotmd into the Baltic, tlmmgh the n.trrow ftrall of half a inih: between Schonen and ti»c ifland of /.t;i!ai;d. Thefe tolls are in piopottion to the fi/c of the Ihip and value of the e?.rgo exhibited in the bills of l.uling. This t?.», which futirj a capital I>H!i of his l">an!fli mnjefly'sirtvemie, has more than onte thrown the northeni i'arts of lM!n>pe irro a flame. h v\;is often difputtd by the Knglith and Dutch, Wing nothing min-e oti.rinally tbnn a voluntary contribution of ihc nicrehants towards the expenccs of tlie hght-lioufcs on the co:itt ; and the .'■.w^iUa, wb.o c lier the gliatantec of his Britannic majelly Ci»\>rge 1. the Swedes agreed to P'ty the fame rates ai are paid by the fubjccts of Great Britain and the' Ncthcr- t 16 DENMARK. hndR. The firft treaty relative to it, was by the emperor Charlei V. otj be. half of hi* fubjcds in the Low Countries. The toll is paid at Elfineur, a town fttuated mi the Sound, at the entrance of the Baltic Sea, and about 1 8 miles diftant from Copenhagen. The whole revenue of Denmark, including what is received at Elfineur, amounts at prefent to above 5,000,000 of rjx dollars, or i,ooa,oool. fterUng yearly. The following is a lift of the king's revenues, eidufivc of his pnv«e eftates : Tribute of hard com or land-tax, - » Small taxes, including poll-tax, pound rents, e]A:ife, "1 marriages, &c. - - ^ .,^» j Cuftom-houfe duties, • • " Duties of the Sound, - - ' • Duties of Jutland, from falt-pits, . ; ' " t ^' Tythca and poll tax of Norway, - - Tolls of Bergen, Dronthcim, ChrilUanfand and Chriftana, Other tolls, - ■ •, Revenue from mines, . . - Revenue from Slcfwick, Holftcin, Oldenburgh, and Del-l menhorft, . . ■ J Taxes on acorns, and mafts from beech, Mr * Tolls on the Wefer, - , • ; Poftiofhce, Jf '-' < -.li,- >, ;*, -;.,; ^\ ";• - • Farms of Icebnd and Fcrro, Farms of Bomholmi Oyfter Fifhery, Stamp Paper, * ■'': .-St'- Rii Jolltn tt 4t. each 1,000,000 950,000 154,000 200,000 27,000 770,000 • 160,000 552,000 300,000 690,000 ' • ao,ooo • 7.J00 70,000 14,800 22,000 40,000 .Sum total, 5,ou,300 In £ngU(h money, ^. 1,002,460 By a lift of the revenue taken in 1730, it then only amounted to Englllh ■wney £. 454,700. Army and kavv.] The three laft king* of Denmark, notwithftanUing the degeneracy of the people in martial affairs, were very refpettablc princes, by the number and difcipline of their trcMip'*, which they kept up with vail care. The prefent military force of Denmark confifts of 70,000 men, cavalry and infantry, the grcatcft part of which confifts of A militia who receive ii» pay, but are regiftcrcd on the army lift, and every Suiulay cxercifed. Hie regular troops are about 20,000, and muftly foreigners, or moft of whom are officered by foreigners ; for Frederick 111. was too refined a jiolitician to truft his fecurlty in the handi of thofe he had tricked out of their liberty. Though this anrty is extremely burdenfomr to the nation, yet it cofts little to the crown ; great part of the infantry lie in Norway, where they Uvc upt>n the boors at free quarter : and in Denmark the peafantry arc obliged ht maintain the caxTdry in victuals and lodgin}^, and even to funiiih them with money. The prefent fleei of Denmark \* eoiniKtfed of 36 ftiips of the line, and iS frigates j but many uf the (hips being old, and wanting great re- pair), riet V. on b«. It Elfineur, « and about i8 rk, including >o,ooo of rix f hU private Rii Jollin It 4*. each 1,000,000 950,00c 154,000 200,000 17,000 770,00c • i6o,ccc 552,000 300IOOO 690,000 ao,ooo • 7.J00 70,000 14,800 22,000 40,000 , 5,ou,30Q 1,002,460 to Englilh kvlthftandiiig hlc princes, p with vail nen, cavalry receive i5» fed. Ilif f whom are Mtlitician to leir hberty. t cuilt little y live up«)n obliged to them with of the line, great re- pair^ DCNMARK. #7 '• » Min if they c»" f«o<* °"* '5 '^^'P' 'iP*'" **•* greatcft emergency, thia ii fup- Lfetl to be the moft they can do. Thia fleet is gene.nlly llationed at Copen- hajren, vrhcre arc the dock-yarda, ttorc-houfc*, and all the materials necef- fai7 for the ufc of the marine. They have 2fi,ooo regilUred feamen, wh» cannot quit the kingdom without leave, nor fcrve on board a merchantman without permiflion from the admiralty ; 4000 of thefc arc kept in conftant pay and employed in the dock.yard» j their pay, however, fcarccly amounta to nine (hilbng* a month, but then they have a fort of uniform, witli fome provifions and lodging* allowed f«>r themfelves and families. Oaocas or knighthood is Dr.NMAaa.] Thefe are two ; that of the Elephant, and that of Damrhur^h \ the former wa« inftitutcd by Chriftian L in the year 1478, and is deemed the moft honourable ; its badge is an elephant furmountcd with a caille, fct iu diamond*, and fufpendcd to a iky-hlue wm- tercd ribbon ; worn like the George in EngUnd over the right Ihoulder i the number of its members, bcfidct the fovereign, are thirty, and the knights of it arc addrcffcd by the title of excellency. The badges of the Dane- burgh order, which is faid to be of the higheft antiquity, inftituted in the year 121U, but it became obfclcte, and wai revived in 1671 by Chrittian V. confift of a white riblK)n with red edges wont fcirf-ways over the right ihoulder ; fron» which depends a fmall crofs of diamonds, and an embroidered ftar on tKe breaft of the coat furroundcd with the motto, P'utatt llf ^ujitis^ The badge is a crofs pattce enamelK-d white, on the centre the leeter C and y crowned with a regal crown, and this motto, Rfjiuutor. The numbci of knights is numerous, and not limited. HiSTOaY.3 Wc owe the chief hiftory of Denmark to a very extraordi- nary phacnomenon ; the revival of the purity of the Latin langfiiage in Scan- dinavia, in the perfon of Saxo-Grammaticus, at a time (the 12th ccn- tuiy) when it was loft in all other parts of the European continent, Saxo, like the other hiilorians of his age, had adopted, and at the (ame time enno> bled by his ftyle, the moft ridiculous nbfurdttic» of remote antiquity. We can however colled^ enough from him to conclude, that the ancient Dane<*« like the Gauls, the Scuts, the Irith, and other nurthcni nations, had their bard:), who recounted the military atchievcments of their heroes ; and that their firft hiftorics were written in vtrfc. There can be no doubt that the Scandinavians or Cimbri, and the Tcutoncs (the inhabitants of Denmark, N'orway, and Sweden | were Scythian « by their original ; but how far the trads of land, called either Scythia * or Gaul, formerly reached, is ancertain. Even the name of the firft Chriftian Daiufti king is uncertain ; and thofc of the people whom they commanded were fo blended together, that it is iinpudiblc for the reader U> conceive a precife idea of the old Scandinavian hitiory. This, undoubtedly was owing to the remiiins of their Scythian cuftoms, particularly that of removing from one country to another ; and of Icvend nations or fcpts joining together in ex{teditions by fea or land ; and the adventurers being denominated after their chief leaders. Thus the terms Danes, Saxons, Jutes or Goths, Germans, and Norman-i, were promifcuoufly ufcd long after the time of Charlemagne. Even the Jhort revival of literature, * By Sc)tbia may be uudcrOood alt ihofenorl)i«rn countrie* cf EuroM and Alia (now tobabitcdiby the Dane*, NorweKiain, Sw»« IntrpduAion), wbbfe inkabiuntt ovcriumcd and peopled the Kumin tmptre, and ccntinucd fo late ai the ijih cenltirf to iffue forth «u Earite bodict. anJ naval fi^^sdiiiss:, rsvanijif th: ssr.rc foiiihcrn and fertile kingdom* of Europe ; Leece by Sir William Tcsnp'r, ana Mber hi&orisBS, tkey are termed the y»r:ltr» Hh*, Ht M^itr »/ K*mtftit Stin*m/a t) E N M A R 1t. imdcr that prince, thmwn vny little ligl\t ujH)n the l)«ni hlrtor^'. All ^^( know is, tViat the inhobitants of Scar.iliiiana, nt their man'timc expctliti m,. went penemHy iirMor tW name of .S«m»ii« wifch forfij»iiiT» j tlml they wm told atlvcnturcn, nidc, fit?rcf, and martini : That f(i tar hacK as the year of Chrjft, 50c, they infuUrd all th.- fru^ootU «»f l^m»|x- ; t'»at they felthrl i- Ireland, where they hnilt lloiic-hoiit''^ ; and ti»at they hecamc inalleiH (,f England, and fmne p;«rt i»f JicolUn.l ; b<»th whieh kingdom* r,. ceded the year 13H7, wheii Marp^nrct mounted the throne ; and partly by h»: addrefs, and partly by jureilitary rii»ht, Ihe f(»rmed the union of Cahnor, anno 1397, by which ihe was ackiiowlcdged fovcn'ijrn of Sweden, Denmark, and Non\'T'v. She held her di«^nily with f^ieh hrmnefn and couraj»c, tlut flic was i«lVlr lUled tlie Sciniramis of the HiHlh. Her fuccclTors being doll,- tutc of her preat qiialificationi, the union of Calmar, by which the thrcf kjagdoms were in future to Ix- under one fo.creifjn, tell to nothing ; bii; Norway ftiU continued annexed to Denmark. About the year 144S, tl.c cn>wn of Denmark fell to Chrillian, count of Oldenburgli, from whom the prefent royal' family of Denmark !:. defcendtd. In I ; J 3, Clnidian II. king of Denmark, o-ic of the mo(l complete tyrant; that modern tjmca have jK.Hluced, moiinttd the throne of Denmark ; and having married the fHlcr of the emjK-ror Charles V. he gave a fidl loofc to Iva innate cruelty. Being driven out of Svveden, for the bloody maflacrcs he committed there, the Danes rebelled ;ya!nll him likewife ; and he fli.tl, with his wife and children, into tlie Netherlund*. IVetUriek, duke i>i Holftein,. was unai n'moii I] y called to the throui-, on the dej>oliti(iii of his iru ! nephew, who openly eMilcaced the opini'mt of I^tither, and B}M>ut the y, ;r 1536, the protedant religi>»n was dlablilhed in Deoinark, by that wife aiiJ politic prince Chrirtian HI. Chrillian IV. of Denmark, in 1^59, wai chofen for the head of the j>n)- tcfl.int league, fonned againii the houfe of Autlria ; but though bravi- ■ i his own perf.)n, he was in danger of luung his dtmiinions ; when he v.;» fuccccded in that command by (iuilavus Adnlphus kiii.j of Sweden. Tl.c Dutch having obliged Chrillian, who died in l64><, to lower the duliei "i the Sound, his fmi Frederick III. cotifented to accejrt of an annuity ti 150,000 floiinsfor the wlioL-. The Dutch, after thi:', perluadcd him todechiri- war agair.ft Charles Guilavus, kiug of .Sweden ; which had ahnoll coil him hts crown in 1657. Cliarks ilom>tJ thc'fortrefs of Frcdcriekiladl ; and in the ft:eceeding winter he mrirelud hi'< anny over the ice to the iflau!: vi Funen, where he furpnfed the Daniih troops took Odcnfee ami Nybiir;;ii and marched over the great Iklt io belicgc Copcnhag.-n itfcU". Cronr.vtii, who then governed England under the title of Piutecicwr, interpijfed ; aiul Fr'.derlek defended his capital with great niaguauimity till the peace ot Rofehild ; by which Fred ric ceded the jmnincts of ILvIlatul, Blcking, and Sconia, the ifland of Bornludni, and iiahus and Drouthciin in Norway, li' the Swedes. Fredeiiek fought to elude theic fcvere tcmu : but Charles took Cronenburgh, and once m»>re bflicgcd Copenbagc:*. by fca gnu i.un'. 'i'hc ilcady intrepid coudutil of Frederick under ihcfc mi«furtuuv», cudcarnl him iJt t ^ k A It K. h h)in to 1ii« fui^]«»^k ; and \tie cfttieht ot 6>beiifM^ fiuide iTn •dmniibU de- fence itll ii iJutdti ^t arriTed in ihe ^tic and txat the Swcdiih fleet. Tfie Turtuht blF wir wll noi^ chtFrety changed in ftvour of t^rederlck, who Ihrwcd on ryery occ^Roh f^rrkt ahiHtie*, Both civil and military ( and having forced Ch iftd to nae itie fiCftc of Copenhagen, might have carried the war into Sweden, had npt Uie £n2^i(h ileet under Montague appeared in the Batttc. Ttkilk enabled Charlet to beficge Copenhagen • ihird time ; but France aiid Engbtnd offering their mediation, a peace was concluded in that capital. { by which the iflaiid of Doniholm returned to the Danes ; but the idahd of Rugen, Blcklitg, Holland, and Schonen, renuined with the Swedes. • Though this peace clid hot rcftore to Denmark idl (he had loft, yet the magnanimous behaviour olF Frederic, under the moft eminent dangers, and his attenliuh to the fafety of his fubjc^i, even preferable to his own, great- ly endearrd him in thctr eyes ; and he at length became abfulutc, in the manner already rebtcd. Frcdirick was fucceei^d in 1670, by his fun Chrif- tian V. who obliged thf duke of ltolftci:» Gottorp to renounce all the ad- vantages he had gained by the treaty of Rorchu4 He then recovered • number of places in Schonen ; Di't his army was defeated in the bloody baJU tie of Lundch, by Charles Xt. of Sweden. Thli defeat did not put aq end to the war,; which Chridian obilinately coiHinued, tUl he was defeated entirely at the battle of Lcndfcrobn : and havmg almoft cxhaulled his doQUil- ions in military opiera'tions, and bcin^ in a manner abandoned by w his allicst he was forced to fign a treaty, on tne terms prefcribcd by France, in i 679. Chriiltan» however, did not defift itrom his military attempts ; and at laft he became the ally and fubfidiary of Lewis XIV. who was then threatening^ Europe with diaias. Chriftian after a vail variety of treating and fighting witn the Holfteiner% Hamburgers, and other northern powers, died in 1699. He was fitcceeded by Frederick IV. who, like his prcdecefibrs, malntainea his preteniions tipon Hotftein ; and probably muft have become mailer of that dachv, had nut the ^hglAi and Dutcn fleets raifed the Hege of Tou- ningen, while the young king of Sweden, Charles Xlt. who was then no more than ftxtccn years of age, landed within eight miles of Copenhagen, io ailiil his liruther in law th^ duke uf Holilein. Charles probably would have made himfclf roaftcr of Copenhagen, had not his Dar\iln majelty agreed io the peace of Travendakl, which was entirely in the dukc'i* favour. By ano- ther treaty concluded with the Statc^^cneral,' Charles obliged himfclf to fumiih a body of troops, who were to be paid by the confederates ; ana afterwards did gtcai execution againll the Frcneh in the u-ars of queea Anuc. Kotwithflanding this peace, Frederic was perpttually engaged in wars wiiU the Swedc^, and wiu'Ic Charles XII. wasiin exile at Bender, he made 1 dc- Icent upon tHe Swcdiih )*omen^ra ; and anpthcr in the year I7ii, upon Bremen, and took the dty of Stade. His troops, however, were totally de- feated by th^ Swedes at Giiddbuch, who Uid lus favourite city of Altcna iit sihcs. Frederic revenged himfetf by fei/ing ereat part of the Ducal H^lftein, and furciug the Swcdim general co^mt Stciubock, to fiurender himl^f pri- foncr, with all Ms troops. In th« year 17 16, the fucceflet^of Frederic were fo great, by taking Toningen and Stralfuiid, by driving the Swedes out ot NoHivay, and reducing Wifmar in Pomerania, that his alKcs began tufufpcft he wai aiitaing at the fovercignty of aH Scanditsvia. Upon the mum of of Sweden from his exile, he renewed tlie w«r againtl Denmjirk with 1 " int ; but on the death of that prioce, who was kSikd hf^dte cnarleS /moil imbiiteredfp 9* DENMARK. {\e^c of FrfdeiiclhiJ, IVcJcric durft not refufc the offer"of hJ« Briunnic m*. jcfty's mediation between him «nd the crown of Sweden { in confeoiiencc of *thii-h a peace wa« concluded at Stockholm, which left him in DoUeflion of the dudw of Slefwick. Frederic died in the year 17^0, after harinff two years before fecn hi» capital reduced to afhei bv an accidental fire, nu fon and fucceflbr, Chriftian-Frederic, or Chriftian VI. made 00 other ufe of hi* power, and the advanuget, with which he mounted the throne, than to cul- tivate peace with all hi« neighbours, and 'o promote the bappioe(ii of his fub. jeA», whom he eafcd of many opprcdivc taxci. In 1 7^,4, after jfuaranteeing the Pragrnatic SanAion •, Chriflian (ent 6oo« men to the alTiftaiK-e of tho emperor, during the difpute of the fucccflion ta the crown of Poland. "Yhough he wa» pacific, yet he i'^aa jealous of hit rights, efpeciaOy over Hamburgh. He obliged the Hamburgrnen to call in the mediation of PruflTia, to abolifh tlieir bank, to admit the com of Denmark as current, and to pay him a million of filver marks. He had, two vears after, via. in 1738, a difpute with his Dritannic majefty about the little lordihtp of Steiuhorll, which had been mortgaged to the latter by a duke of Holllcin Lawcnburgh, and which Chriftian laid belonged to hiro. Some Wood was fpilt during the conteft j in which Chridian, it is thought, never was ill eanicll. It brought on, however a treaty, in which he availed himfelf of his Britannic majeily's prcdeliAion for his German dominions ; for h: agreed to pay Chriflian a fubfidy of 70,000!. llerling a year, on condition of keeping in readinefs 7000 troops for the proteAion of Hanover : this was i ;rair.ful bargain for Denmark. And two years after, he feized fome Dutch (hips, for trading without his leave to Iceland ; but the difference wu made up by the mediation of Sweden. Chriftian had fo great a party in that king- dbm, that it was generally thought he would re>'ive the union of Calmar, by procuring his fon to be declared fucceflbr to his then Swcdifh majefty. Some fteps for that purpofc were certainly taken ; but whaterer Chriilian's •• iews might have been, the defign was fniftratcd by the jealoufy of other povr- en, who could not bear the thoughts of feeing all Scandinavia fubjca tn one family. Chriftian died in 1 746, with the charaAer of being the fath.r of his people. Hii fon and fuccefTor, Frederic V. had, in 1743, "larried the princcf* Louifa, daughter to his Britannic majefty Georgia 11. He improved upon his' father's plan, for the happiiicfs o( his people ; but took no concern, ex- cept that of a mediator, in the Gcnnan war. For it was by hit interven- tion that the treaty of Clofter-Seven was concluded between his royal high- nefs the late duke of Cumberland, and the French general Richlicu. Upon thf! death of his firtl queen, who was mother to his prcfent Danifh majefty, he married a daughter of the duke of Brunfwic-Wolfenbultlc ; and died in 1766. H's foil, Chriftian VII. was bom the 29th of January, 1749 | and mar- ried his prefent Britannic majeily's youtjgcft fifter, the princefs Carolina-.Ma- tilda, ThiK alliance, though it wore at fi'rlt a very promifing appearance, had u very unfortunate termination. This ii partly attributed to the intrigues of the queen dowager, mother-in-law to the pnfent king, who has a fon named Frederic, and whom rtie is repnrfentcd as delirous of railing to the throne. .Slic poflcfles & great degree of difilmulation, and when the pnncefi Caro- lina.Matilda came to Copenhagen, (he received her with all the appcararce ' 4M ttruwtnt b» < hith the r>i at n f Europe eotiRCd to fvMiert the H«»ole of Anftru ia j«*«ut of the ^ucen of Huogary, a^ufhur o<" ihe ttauexct Auln VL »h» iud of aa>«MU« utac. »-1 ■»t*t ' -^ »«r».' - >4Ki mnncft «iiplpr I .fife' ** • »♦ DENMARK. tT fricmlfttlp and afTe^Uon* acquainting her with all tlie Ving*< faulti, and at the fiunc time tcUing her, that ihc would take every opportunity aa a mother to aflift her in reclaiming him. By thit condu^, (he bevamc the (Jcpofitory of all the young aueen'i Cecrettf whtlft at the fame time it ta fiud Die placed people about the king, to keep him conftantly ennged in all kindi uf riot or debauchery, to which (he knew he w«« naturally too much inclined t and at length it was fo ordered, that a miftrefa was thrown in the king'* way, wtiom he waa perfuadcd to keen in hit* palace. When the king wan upon hit travcU, the queen dowaf^er uled frequently to vifit the young ^ucen Matilda ; and under the maflc of friendfl^ip and ailTettioa, tdid her of- ten of the debaucheries and exceHrs which the king had fallen into in Hol- bnd, England, and Fr«nce, and often perfuadcd her not to live with him. But a» foon ai the king rrtumcd, the queen reproaching him with hit condud* though in a gentle manner, hit mothcr-inlaw immediately took his part, and endeavoured to perfuade the king to give no ear tu her cuunfeU, aa it ivas prcfumption in a queen of Denmark to direA the king. Queen Matilda now began to difcoTcr the defigna of the queen dowager, and aftertrards lived upon very good terms with the king, who for a time was much reclaimed. The young queen alfo now aiTumed to hcr(elf the part which the queen dowager had been complimented with, the management of public affairs. This ftung the old queen to the quick ; and her tnoughts were now entirely occupied with fchemesof revenge. She at length fuund means to gratify it in a very ample manner. About the end of the year 1770, it was obfenred that Brandt and Stnicnfee were particularly regarded by the king } the former as a favourite, and the latter a^ a minifter, and that they paid gftrat court to <)ueen Matilda^ and were fupportcd by her. This opened a new fccne of intrigue at Copenhagen ; all the difcardcd pt.icemen paid their court to the quccn-dowtger, and (he bc'*ame the head and patronefs of the party. Old count Molke, an artful difpl&ced (latefman, and others, who were well verfed in intrigues of this nattnr, perceiving that they had unexperienced young pcr- funs to contend with, who though they miglit mean well, had nut funcient knowledge and capacity to condud the public affairs, very foon predided their ruin. Struenfee and Drandt wanted to make a reform in the admini* Aration of pubHc affairs at once, which (hould have been the work of time : and therrby made a ffrcat number of enemies, among thofe whofc intereil it was that things (hAuM continue upon the fame footing that they had been (or fome time oefore. After this queen Matilda was dtfivered of a daughter, but as foon as the qneen-dowager law her, (lie immediately turned back, and with a malicious fmtte, declarea, that tlic child had all the features of Struen- f.-c : on which her friends publi(hed it among the people, that the qwen mud have had an intrigue with Struenfee ; which veas curroborated by the (queen's often fpeaking wttli th!k minifter in public. A great variety of evil reports were now propagated againll the reigning queen ; and another report w-ii alfo induihiouily fpread, that the governing p' ^1. . . _ir troops, at the head of which were fome of the creatures of the queen dowa- ger, who took every opportunity to make their inferior officers bch'cre, that 2 i; U w«« t' c »e b feparate gnfotx», to auruie them of hitrh lu/on in general, wd in part'cnW of a clcfign to poifjn, or dethrone the king ; and that if that could nut br properly TuDpurtcd by tor. ture or othcrwile, to procure witneffe* to coiitirm the rep()Vt of a crimi- nal commerce between the queen and Stnienfc. Thia w^ an midcft*. king of fo haianlou* a nature, that th*- warv count M-llke, and rooft o( Ujc quccii^owager's fricuda, wl»o bad any thing to loXe, dixyn back, en- deavouring to animate othcn, but excufing ilmn^feUea from taJ^uig any open and aftivc part in thi« affair. However the queeoKlow^t^cr at lall pn>curcd a fufficicnt number of aelivc iiiAniiTU'nl* for the exrcution of her ddjgas. On the i6th of January, I77'i * niafked baQ wa« given at the court of Denmark. The king had danced at thi» ba^, and afterwards pUy. rolhc.- to the count. The queen, after dancing an ulual one country-ilance Wfith the king, gave her hand to count Sti-uenfcc during the remaiujcr of the evening. She retired about two in the nwrning, and was followed by hwn and count Brandt. About four the func morning, prince Frederic, wl^o had alfo been at the ball, got up and dreflcd himficTf, and went with the %i|ecu dowa* get to the king's bed cliambcr, actompanled by geneml Vlichiled^ aiid count Raut/.au. TUcy ordered his majclly'»vulci~»l. Jmnbrc toawakc biiHiand in the raidll of the fnrpriic and alarm, that .:u» i^n^xpc^Wd intrufivui OM;i«*d, they informed him, that quecu Matilda ndtlu two Slruc:»fw;s were at that inftant bul'y in djrawing up an ad of rcnunviatiou of the crown, which they would immediately after compi! him ta iign : «ind tlwt the only means he (ould ufc to prevent fo imminent a danger, was to (ign thofe wders wilhc.m bCs of time, which they had brxmdit with them, fv>r anxilin^ th^ que(n a!>4 her accomplices. It is faid, th.-it the king i^aa not cafily prcvatkd upon tg ligu theC^ orders ; but at length complied, ti>ough with rclutUuce and heliUKtiun. Couat Rantzau, and three of^cen, wc{c diipatchc^ at that ui^timely hour tu the queen's apartments, and immediate^ ancftcd her, ii^c wcat> pyit in- to one of the king's coaches, in which (he wa« convoyed to {k ••afll-* <>f Cxonenburgb, together with the infant priiit^cf^, att(;nded by Uw^ '''»' •'< and cfcortal by a party of dragcMus. In .iie mean tim^, Sv ^W > Brandt were alfv kized in their bed», aud impi'i(oucd iu ''fv; ^'^^Mlkk, Strutufcc's brother, foinc of his adherents, and uioft of tKc mcm bm of the btc adminillratiou, ^cre ieizcd \}k (tune uight, to t^i; immber of •bout eisfhtc'Ji, and thrown into contincmcnt. Tht govcrnnnv't>t afttr this fccmiid he entirely lodged in the hands «>f the qucen^dywa^^r and bcr fon, fuj^i :• J mC, uflifltd by ihofc who had l^e principal U»«re iu the rev ofiut^v ; y ult th*r 'iing apjHrared to he UtUc more thatt a pageant, whoft; ptrli) > a.s4 •^..ri i, it was i«cce(Iiiry occaAoually to m%i(c uC? of. All the offict "^ V h-c ihari a hand b ;' i ittfulutiwu were iiiutie^Ualcly urintiotid, and a^ abnoit total cubage took pbce in %ll tlic departments of :^dnmitilrati<>t>- A new council was appointed, in which prince I'rrtWjc «»r»fj'Jcd| an4 a com- VVMlpn of eight mcis^rsi tq vxi)ifpiji|. ^ jyfyro. gf the priibua^ atid to com T> ■■• ■ mence p ^ ^ ^ ^ t %: Bi mcncp » proc*^ 9fniaJk ilicoi. The f.m pf qucc NtatiUt. lU« oriooc royil w}io wai entered into the fifth year of ht(» «£«, n§$ put uttu the c«rc of f l»4> of qu»lity, nhu w:w ?pi>uiplc(l ^uxcrncU i f^cr (bt: hi,i« ilnlciMlcnty of ;k ouc(;ivJ*>w*i*^* Siruv'uiec «i.d UratKlt w. i. ^. ,1 (n iry«t. wiJ vcrjf ri- Mvoufly treated in prifoii : they both undc went long aiid fre guiU in thi» rrfped were cite' > 'A .uturiuus, and hit cuiifcHjnni full ^w^ cxpkcit. Be* ialcH no we? . • a 'doptcd by ^he «»jrt qf i^ffa* |lr«l»M^ Iw vlear up t^fqiivei 'hjr. t^j , ^hl» relpett. Bm in KUy, lii> t*r;l4yiuc nt^elly fcul iipi^ lull >irr'* ^tf ihip* tv cotivey th^t ptincels to (acnxuiAy« aud aupointe^ t(ir .< V ot Zk, . *i^ hia ('U^utal doinim^n^ for the {i^^t qf her future re> fkl ^ She d^cxl there, of « pialigowt ^tcr, ua the 19th of May» 1775, »^*- ' ^.< y'*™ ■''•^ '0 months. In i7«o. III Danifh maiefty acceded to the armed ncutrah'ty propofed by the rmpreta, of Ru£fia. Ht* appcan at prefent to have ftwk a debility of liiulci Handing, •« t|> d,if4Mi4ify \ivn for the proper managctneitt of pubUc affairs; hut oo the l6th of April, 17H4, another court revolution took [I'ace. The; queen dowager'n fricfida were rimovcd, a new coiuicil formed Diuier the aufpices of the prince royal, (bme of the former old memben n* rtorrd to the cabinet, and no ref]pird is to be paid for the future to anr 'm» finiment, unlefs ligned by the k'n\^, and count erfnjncd by the prince royaL The condud^ ^thia prince i» iUmped with that confifteocy of behiairtoiir, which cnabiet ht|n to piirfue, with unremitting xeal, the prudent and bene* Tolent fchemcs, which he has planned for the benefit of his grateftd country. The reRoration of the peafantry to their long-loi) hbeTly« and the abolition of itauy grievancea nndrr which they labour^, have uhrady been diftinAly mcntionea. I'o thtl may be added the exrrtiqns he mukes fpr the general (lifTutiun of knowledge • the patronage he ailordt to ibcictiea of learning, arts, and fdence ; the excrttent mcafures he has adopted for the fupprelBon if beggart, with whqm the country was over-run, and the encouragemeitt cf induiiry, by the raqft cxtcnAve enquiries into the ftate of the poor through- out the kinffdoif) ; the wife regulations he hat introduced into the cofti- tnvdc, equally beneficial to the landed intcrcA and to the poor ; and the iuJiciouft laws, which under ki-< influence have been made to encourage torricnrrs to ^ci^.Ie in Iceland. If ai>y thing is wanting tucompteat hia hap> pii , .lis kite matrimonial choiVe cmwni it. The princcfii of Heffe CaiTel, w hum he has chofcn, ii( (aid to poflcis the moll amiable difpofhion and good- 1 1 fs of heart. ' ' Count Schintniehn»n, miiuftrf of ftate, finances, and commerce, has the merit of accompliihing the abolitiua of the flavc-trade among the fubjc^s uf Denmark. His phn w^ approved by the king on the 22d of February, 1792, and is tp be eradual t un<1 in 1803, all trade in negroeK is to ceafe on the part of IVniih fubjc^ Tnc dirintcnriicdnefi of this miniftcr, who pof- ftiTis large ellates in the Danifti Weft India iOands, rrcon nenda his excrtipna. to greater praiic. The above ordinance does not fcem to have cgiufed any l':r ill Deqmaik among the Weft India merchants, and it it notthouffht it sj!! csiifK iiiy in the iUMid<. J4 -■' "DENMARK. A fchcme for defraying the naltonal debt hjis been fnggeftcd and followd^ One million has already been difchargcd. ». ^< *, Denmark, has as yet rcfufed to join any confedei-acy againft France. Whether the Danifh monarcli, will acquicfcc in htr uiurpaUQH and robberia IS imcerta'ii. ^ , . • Chriitian VII. reigning king of Denmark and Norway, LL. D. and F. R. S. was bom in 1749 : in 1756 he was married to the princcfs Caro- lina Matilda of England ; a id has ifTuc, i. Frcdcnc, princc-roy-al of Den- mark, born January 28, 1768, and married in 1 790. to the princcfs Man-. Anac Fredcrica, of Hefle. 2. Louifa Angufta, princcfs-royal, bom July 7, 1771, and married May 27, 1786, to Frederic, prince of Slcfwick-Holftcin, by whom Ihe has ifTue. Brotlien and lifters to the king. I. Sophia Magdalene, bom July 3, 1 746, tnarricd to the late king of Sweden, Guftaviis III. — 2. Wilhelmina, born July 10, 1747 ; married Sept. i, 1764, William, the prefent prince ot Hefte-Caficl. 3. Louifa, hfim Jan. 3P, 1750 ; married Aug. 30, 1766, Charles, brother to the prince of HciTc-Caffdi -}.. Frtdqic, bom Oct af, icS His Danish Majesty's GERMAN DOMINIONS. HOLSTEIN, a duchy of Lower Saxony, about lOO miles long ajiJ ja broad, and a fmitful countrv, was formerly divided between the cm- prefs of Ruflu (termed Ducal Holilcin), the king of Denmark, and tae imperial cities of Hamburg and Lubeck ; but on the 16th of Novcmbtr, 1773, the Ducal Hulilein, with all the rights, prerogatives, aud tcrritor"4 fovercignty, \va» formally transferred to the kinvjof Denmark, by virtue of» treaty between both courts. The duke of liiiillcin Gottorp is joint fovf Bcign of great part of it now, with the Daui(h monarch. Kid is the capital of Ducal l^iolltein, and is well built, lu.', a harbour, and neat public edifices. The capital of the Daniih HoHUin is Gluckll.-ult, a well-built town and for- trefs, but in a marfliy iituutiou on the right of ihc Elbe, and has fomc for- eign commerce. Altena, a large populous and hanilfomc town, of great trafHc^ is com- modjuully fituated on the Elbe, in iht iicighbourhooil uf I Limburgli. h waj built piofefittUy in that fuuation by ihr kings of Denmark, that it might Iharc in the cummtrcc t has two .p3C:cu: •sarboui'S, fonncu by the nvcr Elbe, which ru^ii through the town, and R4 bridjjes are thrown over its canals. Han- luirg has the good fortune of havmg been peculiarly favoured in its co'n- mcrcc by Great Britain, with whom it Hill carries on a great trade. Tlif t:: % Has-".' LAPLAND. 9^ Hamburgers maintain twelve companict of foot, and one troop of dragoons, bcfidcs an artillery company. Lubec, an imperial city, ,with a good harbour, and once the capital of the Hanfc towns, ai<-ndifc ;,i-vf:i n)fci and other flo^vcn trbw wild on their borders in th- i-i nrn.r ; thoii>rh thi? i:>bma fhort gleam oftcmpiiii. ture, for the climate in Piwral ts cxcefflvcij- fcverC. Dulky fortft*, ami rioifomc, unhtalthv nwnh , ;ind bnncn pliilns, cover great part of the flat countrv, fothat nothing on be marc uticoitifoilablc titan the ftate of the inhabitants. Metals andmivfraus.] Siher and gold mines, as well as thofe of iron copper and lead, Iiive been difcovercd and wobkcd in Lapland to great ad- vantage ; beautiful cr)'ttals are found here, as arc fome ainetliylls ind toparci; ilfo various forts of mineral llonc^, rnrprifingly pollfhed by the hand of na- ture ; valuable pearls have likewife been fomctimc* found in thcfc rivers, but never in the fcas. QiiADRUPfcos, BIRDS, FISHES,! We muft refer to our accoUr*' of AND INSECTS. J IJeiimark and Korvcay for gfcit part of this article, as its content* »re in common with all the three countries, '["he zibflin, a creature refembling the marten, is a native *)f Lapland ; and its Ikin, whether black or white, is fo much ellecmcd, that it is frequently given a; prefenir. to royal and diftinguifhcd pciTonages. The Lapland hares grow whitt m the winter ; and the country pnKluccs a large blatk cat, which attindi the natives in hunting. IJy far the inoH remark ubic, however of the Lav- land aiiimals, is the rtin-ti^er \ which nature fccms ti» have provided to foUi-e the Laplanders fur the privations of the other comfort* of life. This an;. mal, the moll ufcfi:! pcrhap'i of any in the creation, refcmhics the ftag, oulv it fomewhat droops the heaii, and the horns project forwai^. All d«u;nlKi. of this animal have takin notice of the cracking noifc that they make wlii i U»c\' move their lc2^, which is attributed to their feparating and aftenv.iivl. '%Wging together tlic divifions of the hot)f. The under part is entirely le- vered with hair, in the fame mannei* that the claw of the Plarmi^ttn i» with fc-athtery briilles, which is almoft the only bird that can endure the rigour of the hmc*llit;Ut£. Thi- hoof howcscr i* iiot only thus protected ; the lain^ jiccelTity which obliges the Lapbndent to ufc fnow (hoes, makes the extraordi- nary widtU of the reiii'.- h>K)f to be tijually convenient iii pafUng over ftiuv, as it presents their fuiking too deep, whicli they continually would, did the weight of llu ir lH)dy reft only on a Jinall point. This quidrupcd hath there- fore an i;i!\ir.rt to ufe a hof)f of l\uh a fonn ia a ftill more advantageous m.:nftlvcs with leaves and graik, and In the wjiitpr they ll>c u|>oii ii.uf>: they have a wonderful fagacity it (u>di«}r It out, and when found, they (cnyt akway the fnow that covers it with their Kct. TKe rcMtlnefs of their .'arc u hicoiiceivabic, as is the length of their jouriiics which fhey caii perform with- out anj othct Aipjjort. They fd ihc rcui-d'cer to a kiad of flcd^'c, fhapd I. A P L A N D." 9> •like a fnialH>o»t, in which the traveller well fccured from cold, Is laced down «\vit)i the reins in one hind, and a kind of bludgeon in the other, to keep ll>c carriage clear of ice and fnow. The deer, whofe hameffinjf is very fimple, fcts out, and continues the journey with prodigious fpeed ; and is fo fiife and trac\ahle, that.tlic driver is at little or no trouble in direding him. At nl^ht they look out for their own provender ; and their milk often hclpt to fiipport their malUr. Their inllmtt in choohn^ their road, and dircfting their courfe, can oidy be accounted for by their being well iicquainted with the countrv durinjj the fummer months, when they live in woods. Their flefli is a well tailed food, wliethcr frcrti or dried ; their fkin forms excellent cloath* iiigboth for the bed and body ; their milk and clicefe are nutritive and plea- fant ; and their intellines and tcndtmx fupply their mallcrn with thread and eoidagc. When they run about wild in the fieldf, they may be fiiot at an other game. Uut it is faid that if oi^c is killed in a flock, the furvivors will gt)rc and trample him to pieces ; therefore Tingle llragglen are generally pitched upon. Were I to recount every circumftance, related by the cre- dulous, of this animal, the whole would appear fabulous. With all their cx« tellcnt qunlities, however, the rein-i iiito clafles j f«) that tiifr inftantly perceive whetiier any one is llraycd, thouj^h they cannot count m fo great a inunher as that to which their Hock often amounts. Thofc who pofiefsbut a fmall llock, give to every individual a proper name. The Lap- land hihei-s, who arc alio called Laplanders of the Woods, becaufc in fumrnfr they dwell upon the borders of the lakes, and in winter in the ftirells, live in- fiihing and hunting, and choufc their litualioa by its convenience fur eithc. The greatcft part of them, hoKJcvcr, have fc":, which arc fmall, light, and com{)att. Tluy a!i ■ make flcdircs, to wuich llicy give the form of a canoe, hamefs for the rer • deer, cups, bowls, and vario'.ti otiur utcnIiU, which arc foinctimcH net!' carved, a.id fomctimct. oniiinicnted with huties, brafsi, or horn The em^'. v- ment of the wtimcr. cc;nlill!> i:i making nets for the hlhcry, ih drying liiii i'.': meat, in milkin;; the rcin-dccr, in making cheefe, ami tanning hides : but it » underilood to be the builnef* of the men to look after the kitchen ; in wUc:, h ibfaid, tliC womtn r.c\er interfere. The Laplanders live in huts in the form of tents. A hut is about l\vont»- five to thirty feet in diameter, aid not niticli al»ovc lix in height. They o - thcin according to the feafcn, and the means of (he jHiifenor ; fi.nn sm.i briars, bark of birch, and liiicn ; oih.trs witli turf, ct>aiie cloih, »>r felt, .r the old (kins of reindeer. The door is of felt, nwdc like two curtains v*'!. ■ open afundcr. A little place furrov-nded v.ith itnies is made in the niiil! r oj' the hut i'^r the iirc, over wliiili a chain is fufpended to hang the kct!t upon. They are fcarccly able to iland upright in their huts, but conllnnl^ lit upon their hceh. touiid the fire. At nii^ht they lie down quite nukv!; •lid, to feparate the apartments, they place upright ilicks at fmall dittai,.... They cover ihemfelves with their clothes, or lie i.!«>u!>. them. Its wiistcrj t!'^* put their nai:cd feet into a fur bag. Their huulhold fun.ilurc confiits uf ih'S VI cupper kcltJiti, woudcu cups, buwl», fpuuii», smj lamctimcs lio, or evca iilw •-*>*: I. A P L A N D. 99 fidvfr l).ifon»; to thcfcmav he n\(\eA, the implfments of fiOiing snd hunting. That they may not be oblige*! to carry fuch a number of things with them in their cxcurlions, they build in the forcftn, «t certain clillanccs, little huts, readc like pigcon-houfcst a"d placed upon a poll, which is the tntnk oi" a tree, cut off at the height of alM>u» a fiUhom or lix feet fn>m the root. In thcfe tiev-atcd huts they keep their goods and provilions ; and though they are sever Ihut, yet thry are never plundered. The rcin-th men and women lie in tlifir fuis ; in fummer they cover themfclves entirely with coarl'c blankets to defend them from the gnats which are intolerable. The Lapland«*rs arc not only well difpofed, but naturally ingenious. They make all their own fur.iiture, their boats, Hedges, bows a;ul arrows. They form luat boxes of thin bireh boards, and luhiy them with the honi of the rein-deer. The Laplanders miike furprifmg excvirftims upon the fnow in their hunt- in;; expeditions. They provide thcinfches each with a pair of ikates, or fiiow-rtioes, which are no other than fir-lHiards covered with the rough ikii\ t)f the riiu.e faid of the commerce of the Laplaiulcrt. Their exports confid of fiih, rcin-detr, funs balkcts, and toys ; with fume dried pikes, and cheefes made of rciti-deer milk. They receive fi»r thefe rix- dollars, woollen clothe, hnnen, copper, tin, flour, oil, hides, needles, knivc?, fpirituous liquors, tobacco and other neceffaries. Their mines are generally worked by f»jrcigncrs, and produce no inconfukitible profit. I'he Laplaiukrt travel in a kind of caravan, with their families, t«) the l inland and Noru-jy fairs. The reader may make foine ediniate of the medium of commeac among them, w hen he is told, that fifty fquirrel fkiiis, or one (ox (kin, aiid 1 pair of Lapland llioc^i, produce oisc rixdollar ; but no computation t an bf made of the public revenue, the grcated part of which is allotted fur the maintenance of the cWrjify. With regard to the fecurity of tJicir property, fewdifpulcs happen ; and their judgesi have no military to enforce then dc crccs, the people h:iving ;i remarkable averiion to war ; and, fo far m 5C know, arc never employed in any annv. i>\vEDi:.N' SWEDEN. m if,: . .: ,^._* »,^r.^. . ^■-fti.' \^fi S W E 1) E N. ExTtNT AND Situation. ■# .V Length Ba-ailth 800 1 500J Dcgreet. between C 56 and 69 North latitude, \ 10 and 30 Eiiil longitude. Containing 220,000 fqiiare ntilcs, wi!n 14 iultahitants to each. *. (l 'T'HIS country in boumled by the Baltic Sea, tfid y t Sound, and the Categate or {icaggerac, on the Boi'NDARIES AND niVISIONS. fjuth ; by the impaifablc mountains of NurMnr, ou tlu: well ; by Danifh or Norwegian Lapland, on the north ; and by Mufcovy on the catl. It is divided into fcvcn provinces : I. Sweden Proper. 2. Gothland. 3. Livonia. 4. Ingn'a. (Tlicfc two lall provinces belong now, however, to the Kufiians, liaving been conipicred by Peter the Great, and ccdtd liy poftcrior treaties.) 5. Fin- laud. 6. Swedilh Lapbnd : and, 7. The Sw.difh iflands. Great abate- mint muil he n-.ade fur the lakes and iiiiimpruved parts of Sweden ; whicb iii-c-ro extenfive, that the habitable part is eunfincd to narrow bounds. Thfe foUowing are the dinicnfions given us of this k^gdom.*. : f>. .f- '1* , • ■ >- jKi^-r^'-iil SwtJto. 'iwcJco i'lupcf — — l.ipUod sod I W. B>fhnl* { Smco (h tiiiUod, Slid l.iU Uu'.hiiit U Itnd J — UfM et 1 1 P..r:eraiiia, 5 iK.^.nl. Square Sara r 8 e Mil< 1 tuuL 76.»JJ »a?,7i5 r tr 47.yvO ,>*» 1V4 *S9^5 »JJ 160 a.y6o 76 8j5 77 J6 76XCO 410 340 73.000 3V5 »M ICOO 80 »3 j6c 150J60 »4 9 y6<> 47 14 360 i..lto »4 ai Capital CxUi^ Stockholm, N. l.«L 59— 30- K. i.uO)(. Camaf. Luodetk rornc Uma. Abo. Caicnburgh. Biiutiuln). .Stitlfund. Uctgcn. jj»— li Of Sweden Proper, the foDowing arc the fubdivinon* ; Uplandfa, Sudirnuinia, Wtllmania. Ncricia, Geitricia, IleHiiigia, Dalicurlia, Mf'.'cl'H'diSi Angernaania, JcuipLU, I. duce flrawbcrrics, ralhcrrics, currants and other fmall fruits. ThC cotrmda people knew, as yet, little of the cultivation of apricots, peaches, neciariius pine-apples, and the like liigli flavoured fruits; but melons arc brouLrht tJ great perfection in dry feafous. MiKtRALS AND MFTAts.] Swcdcn prodiicc3 chr>aa!s, amrthvlh, topa- aes, porphry, lapis-la/uli, agite, cornelian, marble, and other foilib. Tlie thief wealth of Sweden, however arifcs from her minn of filvcr, ^cmwr, lead, and iron. Th? lafl mentioned metal employs no fewer than 4-j forges, hammering mill;*, and fr'.citing-houfes. A kind of a gold miu- Ma» likcwife been difcovcrcd ia Sweden, but fo ineouf.dcrablf, that from t>.e .^,' S W £ D I N. m ♦Mr 1741 to 1747, it produced only 2,389 gold ducats, e»ili ralucd at 9». 4(1. lUrling. Tlic firir gallery of one fdvrr mini- if 100 fathoms Ixlow^ the furtacc of the tarth ; the n>of i* fupporttd by prmligiuUH oaken iKams ; and from thence the miners dcfcerd about 40 fathoms to thcJow- eil viin. Thia mine is faid to produce 20,000 a year. The product or the eupper-mincs is uncertain ; but the whole is loaded with vail taxes and reduc- tions to the government, wliich has no other aTourccs for the exigencies of Ante. Thefe fubterraneous maniions arc aftonilhingly fpacious, and at the fame time commodious for tlieir inhabitants, fo that they fcem to form a hid- dt-n world. The water-falls in Sweden ail'ord excellent convcniency for turning mills for forges ; and fume yeaim the exports of Sweden for irrn brought in 300,000 1. Aerling. Dr. DuAing thinks that they conilituted two-thirds of the national revenue. It muft, however, be obfcrved that the ex- tortions of the Swcdiih goveniment, and the importation of American bar-iron into Europe, and fomc other caufcs, have greatly diminifhcd this manufacture of Sweden ; fo that the >Sw«rdes will be obliged to apply thcmfehxs to other branches of trade and improvements, efpeciaUy in agriculture. Antiquities and curiosities,! A few leagues from Gottcnburgh NATURAL AND ARTinciAL 3 thcrc is a hideous precipice, dowu which n dreadful catarad of water ruihes with fuch impetuofity, from tl>e height into fo deep a bed of water, that large malls, aud other bodies of titiiher, that are precipitated down it, difappcar, fome for half an hour, and others for an hour, before they are recovered ; the bottom of this bed lua never iK'en found, tluHigh founded by lines |^'fevcral*hundrcd fathoms. A remarkable (limy lake which liiiges things put into it, has been found in the iouthcrn parts of Gothland : and feveral parts of Sweden contain a ilonci which being of a yellow /:oIuur, intermixed with feveral ilrcaks of whiter a if compofed of gold and filvcr, aflbids fulphur, vitriol, alum, and minium. The Swedes pretend U) have a nianufcript of a tranllation of the Cofpcls ii»», to (iothic, done by abifhop 1300 years ago. S» Ab.J Their feas are the Baltic, and the gulfs of Bothnia and Finland, whiv h are amis of the Baltic ; and on the well of Sweden are the Catcgate fc;i, and the Sound, a llrail about four miles over, which divides Sweden from Denmark. , 'i'hcle feas have no tides, and arc frozen up ufually fAr months in the year ; nor are tliey fo fall as the (U-can, ne*cr mixing with it, iKcaufc a cur- rent fets always *»ut «)f the BaUtc fea into the ocean. (^AORUPUis, aiKUs AM) nsHKs.J Thefe differ little frum thofc al- ready dcfcnbcd in Norway and Denmark, to which I mull refer ; only tl« Swulill^hjirfcs arc known to be more ferviceable in wartlian the Gcrmmi. The Swcdiih hawku, when carried to France, have been known to reviut their native country j as appears from one that was killed in Finland, with an infcription on a fmall gold plate, figuifying that he belonged to the lrctu.h -king. The tilhes found in the rivers ;i.d lakes of Sweden, uic the lime \kiih thc'c in other nohhcni countries, and t.ikcn in fuch quantities, thai tluir pilots (parlieularly ) arc failed and pickled for exportation. Tiic tt.iiii.uil ot the feals taken in the gulf uf I'iidaud, is a conlideiublc article of cxfx>rtation. Isj^iTAsrs, MANNr.Ks AND CUSTOMS.] TliciT Js 8 gTcit dixerfity of wli^awTrs among the people of Sweden ; and v.hal is peeuliaily renunkable , j !g thiin, they ;ire known tu liave hjil different thavactcrs in diHcrciit ■rt>u.»h didant toiintnc«, and (hirc». The intrigiici of their femton drajf^c^i them to take part m the late war mralnll Pr-ilTu ; yet their b«-ha»iour w.n fpiritlcf"*, and their cpatrated amontxtt them by Giill»,uj Vafa, about the year ipj. The S\vide» are furprilingW uniform and i ; r- mittin^ in rtrli}("ou» matter* ; and liave fuch averlion to popery, tiiat i!. tration is the fate of every Roman catholic priell difcovcrcd in their ceiiiitr.. The archbiihop of Upfal has a revenue of alxnit 400!. a-ycar ; and hai m.d.r him 13 fnffragans, betidfs fuperintendenin, with moderate tlip«.MuU. N.> elerg 'man has the lead direction in the aH'air* of (late ; but their morals a; ! the I'anAity of their liVe» end%- liicm fo mucli to the people, that the gi- vcmment w.mld repent makinjj tlum itn enemies. Their churchct are m-at, and often ornamented. A body i»f eccleliutliciJ lawj and canons direct thnr religious occonomv. A eanverfu.i to popirj-, or a loni^ C'-iUinuance uniLr excommunication, which cannot paf» without the ktng'd pv.:.nil^ m, is pnnilh. «d by imprifonment and exile. LANlIl'AGt, LKARNIS;, A!«D LFARKtO MtH.] The Swcdilh llH^'lU:'? it a dialect of the Teutonic, nnd a-femblc« that of Denmark. The Swn! a nobility and gentry are, in jji-nend, inore conveifunt in polite litcrattire tlin thofe of many other more flourilhin^ Itatea. They have of Utc cshi!)'tal fome noble fpeoincns of their nnmiiicenct for the improvement oi liter.iturt; witnefs tb ir fenainjj, at the exu^nce of private pcrfon«, that excellent a-.l •andid natural philofopher I Liirelt]iiitt, tnlo the eallem ccmntrici for d I- •ovcries, wIutj he died. 'Hii* noUle Ipiril i* eminently encour.t\^ed hy tlw* H)yal family ; and her %S«tili(h mau lly purclulcd, at no incontidcrable cxpentr for that cuantry, all H dMijuiirH collevt'Dii of curiolUic>. That a'llf civilian, ftatefman, and hilloriaa |'u'Ft-ndurtf, was a native of SwcBbn ; au.i fo wai the latecilcbratt-d Livixu', whj cnrricl natural plulofophy, in lt>m<- branchri at Laft, particu'ailv bota;>y, totlic hij^ijcJl pitch. The palfio 1 «.: the fanjoui queen Chriiliua for literature ii wtll knuwn tu the public ; a:; i flie may be accounted a i^eniu^ in many braiuhe* of k.icwlcd^e. l. w 1 i. the midft of the late diilraCti.ms of Sweden, the twie art*, particular!, drawiiiir, fodpture, auil ar^liitcctare, wcjv eiu'ourai^cd and proli.tth in tiicory and pri«ctice, i* now carried to a • > i- liderablc hei^'ht in that kiiij^dum; and tUe character given by funic w: tern, til t the Swedes are ,1 dull heavy pi'.jplc, fitted only for bodi^Ua^ w .:. ii. in a great mcafurc owing to t'.uir httving no opportunity of cRUii'ii their talents. UsjviRsifihs.j The principal !•* tint of Upft!, inrtituted nfar ^ .. f <:uv a^o» aud patronised by fuccciiivc inouaichs, pitrticuitily Wy tb« ^<»- f: S W K O E W. wy Ouilavtii Adolphiin, nnd hiii daiightrr qurm OitiAlni. TKcnr are near i^cx) iIikU'mH ill tKii nnivi'jfity ; but for tl>c moll |»art they arr cxtrrmelf iiuli'),'nit, arul lodge fi»e or fix totrcthcr, in very poor huvdt. The profcf- {on ill diffiTfiU hr«nchr» of hteratiirc arc about twenty-two i of whom the priiuiiial aro thofc of ditiiiity, clkM^uctici', botany, anatomy, clicmiltry, na- tural |iliilofophy, allronotny, and aafrictilturc. Their falnrir* are from 70I. to lool. prr annum. This unt^crfity, jullly called by Stilling fleet, ♦* that jrrcat and hitherto iinn^alled iVhmd of n.itnnil hirt«iry," i» certainly the firft rnninary «it'the North for academical ediicilion ; and ha« pruduced, from the time <»f its inllttution, pcrfons eminent in every branch of fcienct. The l;ini(-iighout Europf, are tl>c Amirnitnift Arndrmir*, or a Colleclioti of Thcfes upon Natural Hillory, held undci ihc celebrated Linn.T?»i, and chiefly feleded by that mafter. There is another univerfity at Abo, in Finland, but not To well endowed nor fii tlonrilhing ; and tlu-rc was a third ut l^inden, in Schoncn, which i* now fallen into decay. Every diocrfe is provided with a free I'cbovl} ill which boys are qualified for the unircrtity *. " >J# " •» * Manvfactures, trade, com-1 The Swedilh commonaKty fubfifl by MiRci, AND cHit'.F TOWNS, y agriculture, mining, grazing, hunting, ami fifhing, Their materials for traffic are bulky und ufeful commodities of malls, beams, deal-boards, and other forts (f timber for (hipping ; tar, pitch, hark of trees, pot-alh, wotKlcn utenfils, hWes, flax, hemp, pehry, furs, copper, lead, iron, cordage, antl filh. Even the manufacturing of iron was introduced into Sweden fo late as the 16th century ; for tilt that time they fold their own crude ore to the Hanfe towns, and brought it back again m.TnufaCturcu into utenlils. About the middle of the 17th century, by the affitlance of the Oii'.i-li £iul Flemings, thev fet up fome manufactures of glafs, ftarch, tin. Woollen, lilk, fnap, leatherHlriffing, and faw-mills. Ikx^kfelling was at that lime a trade unknown in Sweden. They have I'lncc had fugar-baking, to- tiacio-plantatiuns, and mnnufaetures of fuil-vlolh, cotton, fultian, and other I'.ull:! ; of linnen, alum, and bnmitone ; paper-milU, and gunpowder-mills ; vaft qiisntitie* of i"oj»|>er, brai<, Heel, and iron, arr now wrought in Sweden. They l:avc alfo fouridaries for cannon, forges for firc-armo and anchor*, armories «iie ;iiid flatting mills'; mills alio for ftilling, and f**! boring ^and (tamping j 3ml of late they have built many Ihips for (ale. Certain towns in Swcdv-n, 24. in number, are called Staple-towns, where tlic nic^clunts arc allowed to import and export commodities in their own riiufc towns which have no forci^';n commerce, though lying near fea, are called land-towns. A thiid kind are tcimed minc-towui, as Monipng to the mine diltricis. The Swedes, ab«iut the year 175a, had v^riatly incrcufcd their exports, and dimiailhod their imports, moll part of" wliich arrive or are fent olF, in Swtdilh (liips ; the Swedes having now s kind of navigation act, like that of the Englilh. Thefe promiling appear- • An acjk^emy of trt«ar<({ rti«i-rc< w»« fowc y.»r» fiocc eftsblithsj »f Stotkholm ai)d is ■ ">* in g Bourinilog c'-ndiiion. I fify fuvf pubiilbH Jctci^I tolamea 01 mroioirs, whicn h»f ■ been well uccitcii by ifve i\i9\iK> Ihip*. r!u- /, w ^ ' s w r. D r. N. aaccs worf, 1»At^lit-«own, and ihc lapitil «f the kin);tk)m : it iUd.L riyout 760 milet noitlitall of London, upon fcvcn lin»ll rocky illandi, b<. tide* two peninfuUs and buiit njH)n jiile«. It llrikc* » rtrtiigcr with I'l CnguUr and nunjotic fci-iury. A vanVty of contrallcd and entli,inun|{ view* arc fornud by immStrlcfii wckt of jjranitf, ritinR Ixddly from tl^ . furfacc of the water, partly birr and ciijjKy, partly dotlid with houfi«, i,f fcathi-rcd with wood. Tlu- haiixmr, which ia fpacioui aiid cotivciieit. ihouydi tlilFicult of acccfs ii an inlil of the lUltic : the water it clw » cryrtal, and of ftuh d«p«h tli.it ihip^ of iIm: lar^-c'.l burthen ran appro.uli the quay, which v< of conlidcr.ibli linadili, ami linwl with fpaciou* buildings lU Marchoufrs. At the extnmiiy of tlic ha«l>oiir, fcveral llrccln rife one alv.if •- another in the form of ar an.pliithtatre j and the palace, a magnificent hmlil. ini', crowns tlie fummii. TiMvaidi* liic fca, alnHit two tn- three mile* fiu;n the town, the h.irboiiri!» eontmcted into a narrow ilrait, and, winding amo'^' l«Kh ro'ks, dir.ip^)c;ir4 from the ti.;hl ; and ihc profped i« terminate! h dillant hills, oxcrtpre.id with fotcil. It i» fjr beyond the p< vT of w. rcv, or of tlie pencil, to delineate theio fin>;uhr view*. The lei .ral ifland, U'.m which the city derives its name, and iht Rillcvludm, arc the lundfointil pxr. of the town. Exeeptin>j in the fohnrbi*, where the boufes arc of wood, painted rrd, t! • generality of tli-' bnildinn:. are of lloiu'.or brick, iluccocd while. The r .v J I>alace which Hands in the centre of StiK'kliolm, and upon the hij;hell fjxil uf ground, was be;;un by Ch;irlt!i XI. ; it i» a large (juadrnngular ttonc edilic:, and tlie i\yle of aiciiitetlure is b«»th elc^jani and ma^;nificent *. Tlic imnilier of houfe-kce pel's v»!u) pay taxci are 60,000. This city u funjiliuJ with all the exterior marlu of magnihcencc, and eretiion, i <• ,^ manufjCtiircs and commerce tliut are common to other great Eunpv.i cities, particuWly a '.'.ationa! baiiic, tile capital of which is 466,666L 13'. 4!- "J flcrL'ng. GovKaKMfNT.] The govcniroent of Sweden haa underf»one miv clmrgcH. 'i'he Swedes, like the l)ani-l^ were ori>(inally free, and durin-; :'.• OouHcof miiiiy centnric> the crown wa* elective ; but after varitnit revolutioi.<, i which will be hcasftcr lucntioiKd, Charles XII. who wa« kilted in I'lS, ,• becanw d-.-fpotic. He lAa^ liiccccdcd by his fiilcr Ulrica; wbo coutciU-d to the alxililio-.i of detpotifin, aid relU>r»«l the llate* to their Cvenin>ent. A ne.v model of the cunllilution wa.- thm drawn up, by which the royal power was LroUjjht, perhaps, too low ; I : the king of Sweden could lV.irctiy be called by that name, being lin>tteii * every cxercife of g, aiJ pcafanfi. Tiic reprcfentatives of the lUibillly which included the g^! trv, amounted to above lcx;o, tlioie of the cl.r^y to joo, the burglMrrs to ahf .' 150, and the peafanU to ^50. Lach otder fat in its own houlc, and l.ail ''^ own fpeakcr; and each chofe a ficrct committee for the diipatch of bufi- «cli. The ftatca were to be convoked oticc in three yean, in the n.o;ith «! "*n '9-^ • Cox:, to'.!' ^ »«■'*' , .H. - -^ SWEDE N. \ii' }ti\Mry, «nl tl»€ three h)r each Nacancy. The pcs\faiited in the fcnatc, whiia fonfillcd of 14 inemberj, beiidei the thief govcm«)r» of tlie provincert, the prehdent of the chancery, and the ^raitd^naHhal. Th'»fr U-nntorn, dur- ini; tlii.* recjU of the tbtes, formed the king'* privy^-ouncil ; hut he had no more than a eailing vote in their •U.-hb.-nttiomt. Appeal) lay to them fmm (iniereiit courts ot judicature ; but cacli lenatur was accountable to the Irnatu for hit conduct to the tlate^. Thus upon the whide, thr govern- ment of Sweden might be .•ailed republican, for the kiug'a power was not lo great as that of a ttadtholder. '1 lie Icuutc had even a pvn to the very nianagriucut uf his famdy. It would be endlefs to recount the nuniennis lubordinate court*, boards, commifiion<», .ind tributiuN, which ihf jealoiify of tlie Swcdea had introduced into tlic civil, nulitary, coHimercia), and other de« putmentj ; it is futhcient to fay, that thougit nothing could be more plaufu lit, yet nothing Wku lcf« practicable, than the whole plan of their dillribu- tne powciY. Their otliccr;! and minitler«, under the notion of iitaking them checks upon one another, were midtiphed to an iiKonvcaient degree ; and ike opeiations of , g«>vfnunent \%*re gn-.uly retarded, if not rciidered inef- frCtual, by the tedious forms through which they mull pafs. But in Auguft, 177a, the whole fyltcm of the Swedilh go»eriimcnt wai totally changed by the late k-iig, by force, and in tlir moll unexpected manner. The circumllances which attended thi:i extraordinary revolution, will be found at the clofe of our review of the hilloiy of Sweden. By that cent theSwedv-s, inliead «>f having the particular defeett of their conilitutioii rcrtitied, found their king mvctted with a dcgtet I'f authority little inferior to that of the tmAi dei|K>tic princes of Europe. By the new form of g«- vfrnment, the kingiito a (leinCle and ieparale the Hates whenever he plealct ; he is to have the fole difpoial of the army, the navy, finances, and all em- {iloyments, civil andmihtaiy ; and though by this new fyttem the king does nt-t openly claim a power of imjH>liiig taxes on all iK'ca'.ii>ns, yet fuch as ;(lieady fnhlirt are to be per|ietual ; and in cafe o( invalion, or jjielling ne- ifflhy, the king may impole fome taxes till the ll;ilcs can Ik.- airembled. Hut of this necellity he is to be the judge, and the meeting of ihe-ltalcs dc- (ivnds wholly iijHin his will and pleafurc. Aiul when they nrc opiaion of the king, and they unanimous therein, the king, it i* faiJ, ftiH follow their adricc. But this, it may he ohlervcd, i* a circwmflaiicc that can hardly ever happen, that all the mfmbcra of a Icnate, conlilling chiefly of ulBccm of the crown, Ihould give their opinions aijain-l the king $ and in every oUicr.cafe the king i« to hear their opinion*, and then to ait as he ihinki proper. There ar-e fome other apparent rcilAints of the rrgnl jwwrr in the ncwlyftem of government, hut they are in reality very inconlkii rablc. It it faid, indeed, that the king cannot clbhlilh any new law, nor aboliih any old one, without the knowlcdtjc and coulcnt of the Ibtca : but the kinj; of Sweden, according to the prelent conftitution, is invclletl wit!; <"() much s'lthority, power, and inlhicnce, tjjat it is hardly to be cxpctUd that any pn^ fon will venture to nuke an oppoiition to whatever he (hall propofe. PuNisiiMkNTS.J The common method of exccntitm iih Sweden is be- heading and hanging ; for murder, the hand of the criminal it (urA thopjvd off, and he is then beheaded, and quartered ; women, after beheading,', in. fteiHl of being quartered arc burned. No capital puuifhment it inllii-tn] without the fcntence beinij conlirmed by the king. Every prifoner i^ ;it liberty to petition the kin^, within a month after the trial. I'lic piuiiim either complains of unj nil condemnation, and in fuch a cafe dcnunds r reviUl of the fentcncc *} or elfe piays for pardon, or a mitigation of miniflimciit. Malefactors are never put to death, except for very atrocious cr .ne«, fuch as murder, houfebreaking, n)iibe»7 upon the highway, or repeated thct'ts. Other crimes, many of which in fome countries are confiden-d as capital, are chiefly puniihcd by whipping, condemnation to live upou bread and watc, imprifniiment, and hard lab. thc inlcreil of France ; and during the lail j»ar w ilh iIk king of Pr .flu, for thc fake of a OnaU fubfidy from France, the ^n^wn of Sweden sva» lorvtd to contrad a debt of jj,5oo,tx.ol. which has hncc Inen tonlidcrably augmcHt- ed, fo that this debt now amtmnt* to near hve milliops. Some of their wilcil men have perceived the milchievous tendency of their connection with France, and have endeavoured 10 put an c». * to it. Uut the influmceot thc French court in Sweden, in tonicquenct- 01 their fubltdies and intrsguts, has occafioned conliderable faaions in tliat kingdom. In 1738, a "wil powerful party appeared in the diet, in favour ol French raealufe*. Thr pcrfons who compofed it went under thc denomluatitin of Halu. The -Iv jedlhcld out to the nation was, the recovery of fome of the dominionH yitW- ed to Rtdfia ; and confcquenlly tlic fylieni liicy were to proceed upon, wai to break with tliat power, and toiauct theinfelvrs with FmiKC. Ilic party dirwEtly oppoftd to ihcm w.u headed J itn'ppcd of, Ci.'iitained about 78,000 fquare miles. Her gold and filver fpccie in the late reign, arofe chiefly from the king's German dominions. Formerly, the crown-lands, poU-cnottey, tithes, mines, and other articles arc faid to have prixhiccd one million llerling. The payments that are made in copper, whiih is here the chief medium of cumipcrce, !• extremely _ inconvenient t fonic of thofc pieces being iw large as tilea | an-d a cart or wlicelbairow iiif (iftcn required to carry home a ntodemte fum. The Swedes, however, have gi)ld ducats, and eight-mark pieces ol lilvcr, valued each at 5«. id. but thciV are very fcarte, and the inhabitants of Sweden have now very littkl I'pecie in circulation : large pieces of copper tUmped, and fmall bank noteny (xing almoit their oi)ly circulating money. Strength and FOacss.} 1 have already hinted, that no country in tlie world has produced greater heroes, or braver troop*, than the Swedes ; and yet they cannot be fatd to maintain a ilanding army, ai* their force* cooldl oi a regulated militia. The cavalry is ckktbed, ijtrmed, and maintained, by a rate railed upon the nobility and gentry, according to thetr ellates ; and the infantry by the pcafants. Each province is obliged to find its propor> tioa of foldiers, according to tlie number of farms it contaii:s ; every farm of 60 or 70I. per annum, is charged with a f«K>t>foldier, fumifhing him with diet, lodging, and ordmary cToaths, and aliout 30s. a year in money ; or d(c u little wooden houfe is built him by the fanner, who allows him hay and pnihir.igc fur a cow, and ploughs and fows biul enough to fopply bim with l-rcad. When embodied, they arc fubje^ to military law, but otherwife to the livil law of the country. It may therefore literally be laid, that every Swcililh folditr lias a pr.>perty in the country he defends. This n.-itiomd umiy is thought to .iraouut to abov.»cw:lh to r»:CT)mpenfe the attention of thofe who chulc to make it an objecl of their ltudic " the indoicnt pqmp of a few magnitkent bifhopi j and, what \vj» ftiU more fatal, the un» luckv fituation of their internal afTairit rxpofed them tu the inroads and up- preflion of a foreign enemy. Tbrfc were the Danes, wlio by their neij^h- bourhoodand power were always able to avail themfelvcs of the difl"cnllon« of Sweden, and to fubje^t under a foreign yoke, a country weakened and cxhauf. ted by its domeftic broils. In this dcpU)rable lituation Sweden remained for more than two centviries ; fometimes under the nominal fubjeelion of its own princes, fometimes united to the kingdom of Denmark, and in cither c»fc equally opprcfled and infulttd. Magnus Ladelus, crowned in 1276, falobjc hirn for tlie fu{>pon of his n>vjl dignity. The augmentation of ilic re %enuc8 of the crown was tiiturally id- kawed by a proptmionable Inert aft of the rcjval power; and whilrt, by the ftcady and vigorous exertion of this power, Magr.un humb' d the liau<;hty fpirit of the nobles and created in the reft of ihe natit.n a rcfi>ect for the royal dignity, with which they appenr before t<» have Ij^eii hoi little acquainted; he, at the fame time, by emplt)yi.ig hi^ authority in many refpecti for liif public good, reconciled his fubjc«& ti» act > of power, which in former ra»- n irchs they virould have -ppofed with the utmolt vioK nee. The fuccclfon ti Magnui did not maintain their authority with equal ability ; and levcrJ COtmootipns aad..rcvalutioaii followed, which threw Ihe naikm into grtal 9 W B tt E K. lit ,e IP ihr of Drnmaric, icfo kingdDiDSk a penetration and condutting the grrat- dift.rJcr and confufion, and the gcnremmcnt was for a moll unfcUkd rtatc. In the year 1 3X7, Margaret, daughter of Val«le: and widow vi Huguin, king of Norway, reigned That princef«, to the ordinary ambition of her fdC enlarircmcnt of mind, which rendered her capable dl asid mort complicated dcHgn*. She ha<» btien called the Scmiramis of the North, becauff, like Scmiramis, (he found means to reduce by arms, or by intrigue, an immenfe extent of territory ; and In-camc queen of Denmark^ Norway, and Sweden, being elected to thii lull in 1 394. She projeAed the union of Calmar, f<> famuun in the North, by which thcfc kingdoms were for thf future to remain unde' one fi)vcrtign, elcdtcd liy each kingdom in its tuni, and who (hould divide his rdidcntc betn-ccn them alK Several revolu- tions enfucd after the deitth uf Margaret ', and ut kngth CLtiftian II. the lail kinj' of Denmark, who, by virtue of the treaty of Calmar, was alfo king of Sweden, engaged in a fchcme to render himfdf entirely abfolute. Tlic barbarous policy by which he- aUcmpied to t-Mc^ this dclign no lefs Uurba- muj, proved the dcftruttion of tiimfclf, and alfordcd an opportiniity fee chariging the face of affuira in Sweden. In order to cttabiilh his auiiiority in that kingdom, he laid a plot for maifacring the principal nobility. ThiA horrid detign was actually carried into execution, Nov. 8, 1 520. Of aU thofe who could oppofe the dcfp»>tic puqK>fcs of Chriiliun, no one rciiutined in Sweden, but Gullavus Vafs, a young prince, defcended of the ancient kini{» of that country, and who had already lignalixed his amts againll tin* knig of Denmark. An immenfe price wa'4 laid on hid head. The Danilh fukiiert Avere fent in purfuit of him ; but by hiii dexterity and addrefs hc rludcd all their attempts, and efca]Kd, undtrthe difgirit'e of a peafant, to the mountains of Dalecarlia. l*his h not ihe place to relate his dangers and taligues, how to prevent his difcover)' he wrought in the braf»-mii'cs, how he wi) betrayed by thofe in whom he rejHilcd hij contidencc, and in tine fur- mounting athi^fand obltacles, engaged the favage, but warlike inhabitant of DalecarUa, to undertake hii cauic, to op|H»fc and to conquer hin tyrannical opprelHor. Sweden by his tneatis, again .acquired independence. The aiv- sicai nobility were moilly dcilruyed. Guilavn'i vva* at the head of a victo- rious army who admired his valour, aiid were altacbtd U) his perlon. lif was created therefore lirll adminillrator, and aiterwards king of Sweden, by thi-univerfal confcnt, and with the ihuuts cf tlic \shoU nation. Hiscircum- ftances were much more favourable than thofe of any former prince who hail pofleflcd this dignity. The niaflacre of the nobhii had rid him of thote proud and haughty enemies who hail lo lung been the banejof ail regular government in Sweden. The clergy, intKrd, were no \ck powertul than dan- gerou.^ ; but the opinions of Lutncr which began at this time to prevail iti the Nt.rth, the force with which they w«rc fuppiirted, and the credit which tlicy had acquired among the Swedes, gave him an opportunity of changing the religious fyllem of that country ; and the excrcile of the Roman cathn> lie religion was prohibited in the year (544, under the feverell pcu«lties which have never yet been rcbxed. InUead of a Gothic ariilocrccy, thr moil turbulent of all govcrnnunii, and, when rnipoilor'-d by rtligiou* tyran- ny, of all govtmmcnts ttrc moll wrcttiied, Sweden, in this ntanner, became a regultr monarchy. Some favourable iHccU of this change weir foon viliblt : arts and manufatturcs were cllablilhcd and improved ; navigation and com- merce 'uegan to fli>uriih ; letters and civility wtre introduced { and a kingdom, kiiowti only by name to the rell of Kurep?, began to be knowii oy hi anns« audio Lave actirtMii weight in »11 public trculio at delij^craiioos. CtifU- u in . g w e D E K". f . GuftavH ^llA l 1559 { wlu'Ie h« cld^ll fo« Eric, wrai prcpanng (o enw tiark for F'nraHlto|piuuT)' quc-n £li/.abc»li. Under Enc^^Hncrcdr't Iu'h father GuAavut Vafa, the titles of count and haron were^^^MB||A into Sweden, and made h^^rcditary. Eric's mile. nble and cauf«MM^^^L)f his bi-Jth<-n% forced him to take up anns ; and the fenate Tiding witRIK, he vn» depofcd in 1 566. Hit brother John fuccecded him, and entered inrt« ruinou* war with Rtiflw. John attempted, by the advice of his qiui-n, to rc-< llaMift the cathohc religion in .SvrtdtMi ; but, though he made llronj; cITirti for th.jt purpolc, and even reconciled htm. fclf to the p«.TK', he wa* ooptjled by his brother Charles, an'd the fchcme proved ineffeAual.^ John's (ami Sij^irinuiul, was, however, chofcn king if Po. land in 1587, upon whiih he ciidi-avnua-d again to rellorethe Romaaotito lie religion in his dominions ; but he died in 159** Charles brother to king John, was chofcn adminiftrator of Sweden ; and being a llunuous prot^Hanl, his nephew, Sigifmund, endeavoured to drive him from the adminiftratoHhip, hut without etfct^ ; till at lad he and his fa- inily was excluded from the fuccfTion to the crown, which was conferrd upon Charles in 1599. The reign of Chpilcs, through tha praAiccj of Sigifmund, who was himfclf a powerful prince, and at the head of a great party both In Sweden and Ruflia, was turbulent ; which gave the Danes en- couragemcnt to invade Sweden. Their conduct was checked by the jjreat Guftavus Adolphus, though then a minor, and heir apparent to Sweden. Upon the death of his father, which happened in 161 1, he was declared of age by the ftate, though then only in his eiglKeenth year. Guftavus, ftwn after his acceiTion, found hinfifclf, through the power and intrigues of (he Poles, Ruffians, and Danes, engaged in a war with all his ncighbonni, unda infinite difadvnntagcs ; all which tie funnountcd. He nairowly iniflcd being mailer of Ruflia : but the RuiTians were U> triuciaus of their independcncr, that his fchemc was t>atllcd. In 161 7 he made a peace, uoder the mediatioD of James I. of England, by which he recovered Livonia, and four towns in tlieprcfedlure of Novogorod, with a fum of money bcfuici. The ideas of Gui^avus began now u> extend. He had fceo a raft deil of militar)' fcrvice, and he was affitlcd l)V the counfels of La Gardie, one »f the befl generals and wifttl ftatcfmcn of his age. . His ♦.nwps, by perpetual war, hail Iwcome the bi'll difciplined and moil warlike in Europe ; ami 1« carried hi^ ambition farther than hillorians are wn'lling to acknowledge. The pnnccs of the honfe of Auftria were. It is c"rtain, early jealous of his entf. prizing fpirit, and I'upported his ancient implacable enemy Sigifmund, whom Giftavus dcfeatetl. In 1627, he formed the fiege of Dantziik, in whi»4» be was unfucccfsful ; but the attempt which was defeated only by the fuddtn rife of the Virtula, auiidi. It is fufficicnt to fay, that after taking Riga, and over-running Livonia, he •uteri d I'oland, where he was vidnrious; and from thence, in 1 6^0, he landed in Pomerania, drove the GermaiiB out of MccUe;>burg, defeated the famous count Tilly the Aullrian general, who wantill then ttuiugUt invinci- ble ; and over-ran Frdiiconia. Ujxui the defeat and death of Tilly, Wil- Icnilein, another Au. He afterwards joined «vith France againft the houfe of Auftria ; but being beaten in Gemtany at Felem- BcUin, a powerful confederacy was formed agamft him. The eledor uf Bran- denburgh made himfelf maftcit of the Swedifti Pomerania ; the bifhop cff Munf. tcr uvcr.nin Bremen and Verdun, and the Danes took Wilinar, and feveral places in Schonen. They were afterwards beaten 5 and Charles, by the treaty of St. Germains, which followed that of Nimegften in 167H, recovered all he had loft, except fume places in Germany. He then married Ulrics Leonora, the king of Drnmatk's fitter ; but nuule a very bad ufe of the tran- qiiiUity he had regained : for he enflaved and beggared hiii people, that he might reiidcr hiii power defpotic, and his army formidable. The ftates loft ill their power ) and Sweden wms now reduced to the condition of Dennuurk. He ordered the brave Patkul, who was at the head of the Livunian deputies, lu lofe hi« head and his right hand, for the boldnefs of his remonftrancc hi Uv.M»r 9( his cvuntrvmen ; bat be (avod himfelf by flight : »nd Chartei SL brcMM "4 became 1697. SWEDEN. wen erful, that the confcrciicei for a general peace at Ryfwick, under his mediation. .in 1697, and was fuccccdcd by hi» minor fon, the fantom je hiftory o( no utincc k better known than tliat of thw fr jvtB had fixed t-te age of hid maj(»rily to eighteen, but It lli >>*rlir r date hf the management of count Piper, who be- ftfOteilto, Sbdb*ftcrl»i» acceflion, the king* of Dm. , and tliellpr of Chnrleii Charles Xlli hero. His wait fet afide for Lifk. and Poland, and tlielfr of Mnfco)nr, formed a powerful confcdcract atfainft him, encourajjcd bv tUfc. iKau opiJion tliey had of hia youth and ah. ilitica. He made head againft them all ; and bcfiegmg Copenhagen, he 4. tated the peace of Trav^ahl to his Danilh majefty, by which the duke nf Holftcin was rc-eilabliftjcJ in hi.< dominions. The caar Peter waaat this time ravaging Injjria, at the head of 80,000 men, and had bdkged Narva. Thf army of Charles did not exceed a©,ooo men ; but fuch was his impatience, that he advanced at the head 8000, entircljr routed the main body of ihf Ruffians, and raifed the ficge. Such were his fucccffcs, and fo numerou* hli prifontrs, that the Ruffuns attnbuled his anions ta necromancy. Clurin hom thence marched into Saxony, where bis warlike atchievcmenta equalled,, if they did not excel, thofc of Gullavui Adolphus. He dethroned Augutlw king of Poland : but ftaincd all l.ii burds by putting the |»ave count P»uul to a death equally painful and ignominious, lie raifed Staoiflaua to the crown of Poland in 1705, and his name carried with it. fuch terror, that k- an courted by all the powers of Europe ; and among othen, by the duke (,t Marlborough, b the name of queen Anni^ amidil tkc full career of \\a fw- cclTcs againll France. His (lublwrontfs and impbcable difpolition, howtvi;, were fuch, that he cannot be coalidcrcd in a better light than that of an iiiu; trious madman ; fi)r he loll in the battk oi PiJtowa, 1 709, which he fou;;!.! in his march tu dethmne t!ic czar, mure than all he had gaiued by his vidurits His brave army was ruined, and he was forced to take rtrfugr among tit Turks at Bender. His aititjni there, in attempting to defend himfclt v^k'i IQO Swedes agaiuft 50,000 Turki, prove him to have been worfc than fra: '.a. Tlie Turks found it hovk-cvcr convenient for their aCfainto fet him at WKn\. But his misfortunes did not cure his military madnefs ; and after hi* nttumti his dominions, he profci-.tcd his revenge ag.'»ii)ll Denmark, till ho w-a* hm by a rannon.fhot, as it is generally faid, at the ficgc of Frederic>ihall, in Nui- way, belonging to the Dano, in 17 18, when lie was no more than thirtT'tu year^ of age. It has been fiippofed, that Cluuks was not in reality kiUti!!>\ a (hot from the walls of Fredcricihall, but that a piltol from fome neuer hand. inim one of th(kfe about him, gave the decisive blow, which put an end lu tbt life of this celebrated monarch. This upimVui m faid to he very prevalent - among the bell informed pcrfons in Sweden. And' it appears tliat lix Swedes were tired of a prince under whom they had loil their richell i'^-- vinces, their braveil troi by adverfily, purfued au unfiiecef»ful and pernicious war, nor would oa have lillened to the voice of pcuce, or confulted the internal tranquillity ot his countr)'. Charltj XII. was fuccecdcd, as had been already mentioned, by lu» liiltf- the princefii Ulrica Klcauora, wife to the hereditary prince of Hcire. \Vc have alfo fe«n in what manner the Swedtt recovered their libertiea ; and jji^n fome account of the c"ap:tuiatioi» figntd by the queco and her hulband, vvhc^ they entered upon the excrclk ot government. Their tii^ft care was to make a peace with Great Britain, which the bte king inundt.d to have iiivaded The Swede* then, to prevent their f»jthcr-lofl'e$ by the progixfs o£ the Ri*!- SWEDEN. »»5 fun, the Danifh, the Saxon, and other arms vmuk many'great facrificcs'to obtain l>eace from thofe powcn. The French, howrrcr, about the year 1 73K, fonn- «1 that danjjcnuu party in the kinirdom, under the uam< pi the Mi//, which hath been already fpuken of ; which not only broke the internal quiet of the kingdom, but led it into a ruinous war with RuITta. Their Swcdifh ma- jillics liavinjr no children, it was nctvfTary to fettle the fucccflion ; efpocially its the duke of HoHUtti was defccudei! fniin the queen's eldeft filler, and wa« at the fame time the prefumptive heir to the emiiin: of Rufli^. Foui com- pctittm appeared ; the duke «if Hulltcin Gottorp, prince Frederic i»f Hefle Caffcl, neph, w to the king, the prince of Denmark, and the duke oi Detix-Pont*. The duke of Hollleui would hwe carried the clcAion, had he not embraced the Greek religion, that he might mount the thrtine of RiilTia. The czarina interpofed, and offered to rcttorc all the conquelh ft»c had made from Sweden, exceptinpr a ha^} diftricl in Finland, if the Swedes would receive tlic duke of HtJttein'H uncie, the bilhop of Lubcck, aa their Ijcrcditary prince and fuccclTor to their crown. Thi*! was agreetl to, and a peace was concluded at Abo, under the mediation of his Uritannic majclly. This peace was fo firmly adhered to by the c/arina, that his Danilh majefty thought proper to drop all the ^ffttU of his rcfci»tment, and lorgtt the indignity done to hit fou. The prince's fucccffor, Ailolpbua Frederic, married the princefs Uhira, fitUr to the king of Prutfia j and en- tired into the poflcfllkin of his new dijriiity in 1751. Hf was a prince of » mild and gentle-tempfr<, and tuuch haraffed by the contending Swedi(h tadiuns, and found his fittntion extremely troubelfome, in confequcncc of the reilraints and oppofition which he met with from th^ fcnate. He ItafTid the gieatcft part of his reign very difagrecably, and was at length, through the intrigues of the queen, brought over tvvcden, on the jHth of March, I772» his mjijeUy folcmnly iigncd atid Iwore to obferve twenl-'-four artiilcn, relative to Lib future admiiiiitration of ^^ovcrinnenl. Thin was termed a capitulation ; and among the article* v^trc tlu' following : •* The king proiniivH lufore G^>d to fupport the go- veriunent vt' the king, a>) then ctUbUlhcd i to maintuiii ttic iigh&s ami liberties ot the ilales, the liberty and fccurity of uH his fubjccls, and to reign with gentlcneld and equity according to the laws uf the kingdoiu, the ionn <'t the rcgciuy as it wan clUbliilitd in -the year 1720, ai>d conft»rin.ihlc to the prefent act of capitulation. The moll •xmavkahlc iraufuillian of this rr'g". is the revolution which took place in the gournmcnt in tlu- year '!"7^» by vhich the king from l>eing the moll limited, became »>nc ol the moll dcfpotic monarchs in F.uropc. f* ■ /i- F.vci lince the death of CharlcJ XII the whole power otthe kingdom had been lodged in the llatei. and this i>owcr they had tm all occalions moft grie- voufly abufcd ; it is probable therefore that •.,*\vithUanding hia having ac- cepted the crewn on thcfc conditions, he hai* *.*cn «r loon after determined cither R » tt$ SWEDEN. tither to fctre th«t power of which they made Tutfh ■ bad ufe, of pcrifh Ji the atvempt. To pate the war for this harardou* entenirixe, he nude nfe of all the dexterity and addrefs he was fo fttrd to prtaik. At hit firft a^ rival at Stockhohn, he adopted every method which cooU incrcafc hit po. nularity. Three time* a week he regulaHy gave audience to all who pre. tented thcmfelve*. Neither nuik, fortune, nor intereft, were occefljuy to obtain accefs to him ; it was fufficient to hn 'c been injured, and to havr i legal caiiie of complaint to lay before him. He liAencd to the tanwed of his fubjeas with affabilitv, and cnteretl into thr minuteft deuils that con. cenad them : he informed Jiiinfclf of their private affairs and Teemed to in. tend himfelf in their hap*nef». Thil «>nd.id made him confidered at tnily the father t»f his po»pIc, and the Swede » began to idolize him. In the mean time, there happened fomc contention* between the diffirrcnt orders of the SwediHi (btes ; and no metluKis were left untried to foment thefe jealoufics. Eraiflaries were likewife planted in nrcr>' part of the kinjN dom, for the purpofe of fowing difcontcnt amcmg the inhabitants, of render- ing them difaffedcd to the eftabliftied government, and of exciting them to an infurreAion. At length, when the king found hi* fchemc ripe for txecution, on the morning of the lylh of Auguft 177a, a confidcrabic number of officers, as well as foldiers * •kmiwn to be attsched to the royal caufe, Iwd b«en fummoncd tt) attend hi* majefty. Before ten hr was on horfeback, and tifited the regiment «if artillery. A* he pafled thmugli the ilreets he wis more than ofually conrtcous^tip lU he n»et, bowing familiar- ly to the lowed of the pe«>plc. Oo the king's return to his p«Uce, the detachment which was to mount guanl tliat diay being drawn up togctha with that which waj. to be rehcvtd, his majctty retired with the officen into the guard-nK>ro. He then addrcflfed them with all that eloquence of which he is faid to have been a perfect mailer ; and after infinuating to them that his Ufe was in danger, he cxpofed to thc-m in the llrongeft ooloun the wretched ilate of the kingdom, the Ihackles in which it was held by means of foreign gold, and the diiTenlionK and troubles arifmg from the fame caufc which had difbaded the diet during the courfc of fourteen months. He alTured them that his only dcfign was to put an eml to theie diforders ; to baniih corruption, rellore true liberty, and revive the ancient hiftre of the Swedifh name, which had been long tamifhed by a venality as m>torioui u it waa difgraceful. Thon affuring them in tht llrongetl term* that he dif- claimed for evrr all abfoliite power, or what the Swedes call fovereigtity, he concluded u ith thcfc w.irdi. : " I am obliged to defend n»y own l$erty and that of the kingdom, againft the ariftocracy which reigns. WflHon be faithful to me, *% your forefathers were to Oullavus Vaia and (»<|1:oih Adolplius ? I will then rilk my life for your welfare and tb«»t «>f '"y cnuiitrv." The officers immediately conlcntcd to every thing, and tiHik an oath cJ fide)itjr to him ; then they received their orders from the king ; ii\<' lirtl of which was, that the two regiments of guards and of artillery Jhould Ik immtdia* "v uflrmbled, and that a detachment of 3ft grenadiers lS«)uld bt poUtnl at trie door of the cuuncil-cliamber to prevent any of the fenators frcni coming out. • Th« fi.Ic.ify which w»i tnaoireOrd hf s private r->li)irr,nathieoc(slion.delervc* tobj recdrdcd The i)i|;hi precediH}; the revolntioi', the kii^ biiftff dcbroiit ot vlfitni. 'h: arfcfitl, went fhiiber, and ordered the ecn"iicl re, ^tlmit him rh« Utter i«f' (jJ- "Do yotiknow whu you ire (rc»kin(f ti f" laid th; kinff. •• Yes ;" rci'lird 'he i"l- ««■, " but I likewife koow my duty."— f;^r « very fadicioM snd wtil-writteti seccurt (f thii cx!r«orditi*r> rc»oliiti..n in Sweden, publifliei by Ch»rle» Franm 8heriasii,t»<]. WBQ wuiccrstary loibc Briuia «nvoj io dNrcdeuat tJM tuax of (he rcTowtion. tni SWEDEN. ttl f fu The fenaton weir now immrdtatcly fccurrd. They had fipum the win* iowt of tlu- cnunciWhambcr brhcUl what wa* going forwanl (>n the parade befort ■ t palace t and, at a loft tu knuw the imaning of the (houtt they hcirdi were conitng down tn inquire into the '-aufe of them, when 30 rrnntiirrt, with their bayoncti iixed, informed t).«.in it wa« his majrUy't pln- ure thfy Ihoulil continue where they were. They began tu talk in a high tone, but were anfwercd only by having the door fhut and locked upon then. 'I'he killer pnxreded in hi* c'tnirTc, and in Icfs than an hour made himfclf maftcr of all xhe mHttary forx-e m Stockliulni. In the mean time the herald* br pmclanuition iu the fcveral quarters of the ftty, fummoned an aflirmbly of the States fen- the fnfuir.g mnmin';, at^d declared all member* traitors to their courtrv whn Oioiitd nut apptrat. Thither hia inajeily repaired in all the pomp of royalty, furrotindcd by his guards, and holding in hi* hand the liher fccptre of Gtillavus A.lolphiia. In a very forcibli f))>cech, he bment* (d the unhappy ftate to which the country wah reduccil by the condu^ii of a party ready to facriiice every thing to ita ambition, and reproadicd the tlatts with adapting their action* to the view* of foreign court*, from whom they received the wages of perfidy. " If any one dare tx)ntradict this, let him rife and fpeak."---C'(>uvi6Hoa, or fear, kept the alfemhly iUent, and the fecretitry read the new form of goverumMit, which the king fubtnitted to the approbation of the dates. It confiiled vi lifty«feven articlrs. When all the article* were gone through, the king demanded if the ftate* - approved «)f t)>cm, and was aafwirvd by a general acclammation. He then dilmifFcd all the fenators from their employments, adding, that in a few day* he would appoint othiri ( and concluded this extraordinary fccnc by drawing out of his ptH'kct a fmall book of uialm*, from which, after taking off the (TDM'n, he gave out Te i)eum. All the members very devoutly added their \x)icc8 to his, and the hail icfounded with thankfgivings, which, it i* to be feared, never mfe to heaven, if I'mcerity wasneceflary to their paflport. The power thus obtained the king employed for the good of^his fubje^ He took care that the law 0' )uld be adminiftered with impartiality to the richcil noble and to the poarcil pealant, making a fcvrre example of fuch judges as were proved to have made juUice venal. He gave particular at> triitioii and encouragement to coirmerce, was a b'bt'ral and enlightened patron of learning and fcicncc, and lab tured ftrenuoudy to introduce into iiis kingdom the moll valuable improvements in agriculture that had been made jn f«»reign countries. 'ITUJ cliiii which iaiJaidto be now forming agfeinfi. the prefent ruling power in that ebuntry a littk time will (hew. Guftavus Adolphus IV. the prefent king of Swetien, was bom Nov. 1, 1778, and 'fucceeded his father GuiUvtu HI. who was (hot the 16th, ami died the apth March, 1792 t bom jon. 24, 1746 ; married Od. 17, 17661 to the princefs royal of Denmark, by whom he had iffuc Guibkvus Adolphun the prefent king. Brothers and filters to the late king. I. Charies, duke of Sudermania, born OA. 7. 1748. a. Frederic Adolphus, duke of Wcti43«thl«nd, bom jtily i8» J750. 3. Sophia Albcrtina, abbefs of Qucdiinburgh, born in Oit. 1753. MUSCOVY OR TUB RUSSIAN F.MPIRE m EUROPE AND ASIA. . SjTUATIOU A2iO EKTINT OK T H £ RlSSIAM EMPIRE IN feuttOPt. Milet. Degrees. Langth 1 5ool ^ [ 2 3 and 65 Eall longiti.de. Breadth 1 tco j °""«" \^^ a„a ,, n„„j, Utitudr. llolRa in Europe coutains 1,194,976 Iquare milca, with 17 iuhabitants tu each. * Diviiioas 1 A CCORDING to the moft antWntic account* of 4KD NAM IS. 3 ,CX tWb mighty empire, it coulitU of fifteen (Mr V«l- go to the Ithtt wr •w entered with tile lu, one of :cntt ill hit I ofMitrrh ( Ki» reign. d witli the ifphy that nn his Kfe. rrangetnent if regency ; on the at- ftronjj g f Sadtrmi. ive attkinnl pardon to I excepted ; I aiid thuie »)y on tlte )f GuiUvut he coantry jccoming a of FrancTi :ombiMti-->ii wcr in that »m Nov. I, 1 6th« ami 17, 1766, Adolphui) 1750. ;5- URopn i:.uaorc. liibitaiUd tu iiccount* of (Mr Vel. jmdfV* «mfi«—i m> iji ubjf.^i i»f i^|CsIS<»b. y ' IB C t\9u**»i9m-'\'>'rr'"''^- / ^ , w ^ Srori V (Rr.ssi.\) ArMr. ^i TAR »«'!'j^^'.>"Sft»liE,#' ■ *0 J j9v\\^A^ \ If, *• . . JL^^ii^ti^^'''^iik,'sLJiAa. ■''(.V^'^L. A' '- .--J^.^ .* • . r I 5' u.-«. ! S .-VA ,V ^ . » \'. Wf %. ADO NAMES. ;lts 01 this mighty empire, it confifts of fifteen (Mr. Vel- RMJ" S Sr r A. trj^ Itaire faya fij^taen). prpviQc««> or faveraihents : wluch are coinprchen&d[ [again undiernineteeo general govemtnents * ; bcfides part of Carelia, Eftho- nia, Ingria, Livonia, and part of Finland, which were conqi^ered from $we> den; t)ie Crimea, or Crim Tartary, anciently the Taurica Cherfonefuj^ a peninfula IB the Euxine fca, fubjeft to the Turks formerly, hut adde^ in the year 1785 to the Ruffian Empire, with the ifle of Tanian, and part of Cuban f ; alio the duchy of Courland in Poland, of which tJif vem^neC^ of Ruflia kas now the entire, difpofal. The fbllcrwing table will give fome idea of the Ruffian empire, properly f» called, or Ruffi^in Europe, with its acquifitions from Sweden in > the prefent century. And alfo of ihe Ruffian empire in its moil extenfive fenfe, for we muit alfo include alj th^ atquifitions in Tartary, now known by the name of Siberia : the whole comprehending the northern parts of Europe and Afia,, ilretching frum the Bahtc ini Sweden «n the Well, to Kamtfch^tka, and the Eailern Ocean ; and on tlie North, from the Frozen Ocean to the, foity- feventh degree of latitude, where it is bdunded by Poland^ Little Tartary/ Turkey, Georgia, the Euxine and Cafpian feas. Great Tartary, Chibefe Tartaiy, and other unknown regions in Ada. The country now compriJfed under the name of Ruffia or the Ruffias, is of I an extent nearly equal to H the reft t>f Europe, and greater than the Ro- man empire in the zenith Tts power, or the empire of Darius fubdued by Alexander, or both put together, as inay be feen by turning ta the table,i page 27, to which we may add the authority of Voltaire. .Ruffian Empire in Europe. Square Miles. B I I Chief Cities. •Ruf. orMuf. Belgoro4» |reek Church -^ DonCoflac^, Uk. Coflacs, 'Lapland, r. J f Ruf. Finl. [.onquered j » 1 Sweden fmce < jivonia. I. Ingria. kd from the! ^ . rT< [bin 1783. |Cnm..T«.. Ruffian emp. in Afia. J rMufcoi «• in'* CKalm. I. » - J f Mufcovy, Tar- itians and I . » oV • : bibei Tart, Idolaters, "I -7' & Siberia, [the partition aty between l t -.i. r.' I Lithua: tmperor, a> and eenjj nia in Poland. 784,650 72,900 • 57.00c 45,000 72,000 4i»3io 21,525 9,100 8,200 2,000,000 850,000 64,000 1 160 375 *9o 330 405 320 >i8 ^75 160 3150 2100 300 lotal 4,025,685' 1050 285 280 205 270 180 90 »5 1500 750 250 Mofcow. Waronetz. Panchina. Kiow. Kola. Wyburg. Riga. Petersburc Kaifa. Tobolflcy. Aftrachaiu Grodno. fN. Lat. 60. \E. L. 36-25. -■t^r Wis'- '/Zjinmerimun, ts- \ The Rtfluni are fuppofcd f have gained aigve a miU % H U S S I A. , Ruflia hat been alio fubdivided ipto thirty>ohe provinces, vi'24' g •5 1. Lapland, 2. Samoldai - . 3. Ballamorenfliy, 4. Mefeen* 5. Dwina, 6. .Syrianes,, 7. Permla, 8. Rubeninflu, ^9. Belatffeda. i 17. Bulgar, Kafan, 9. Tfcheremifli, . 20; Little Novogorod» 21. Don CoiTacs. 18. < 10* c i i ' 10. Rezan, or Pereflaf, 11. Belozero, 12. Wolagda, I J. Teraflrf, 14. Tweer, 15. Mofcow, ,16. Belgorod, & n Iff ij>i«l^!v';a:hi p S 22. Oreat NoTogorod,^ 23. Rufllan Finland, . 24. Kexholm^ 25. Kaleria, ,26. Ingria.yj' ^ :!;.' ■. .'Ai?" . 2'7. Livonia, v;Sf '^, :'g'i#>--'''lS 28. Smolenfko,/ 'tlfiw V 29. Zemigof,' -jAt.-'vfi. ■.',:■' SeefKlc, ■•■">■ )(vi.'^i Ukraine or country of { > the old Coflacs. , '^^ s! Mr. Tooke, chaplain to the Britiih fa£tory at Peterfburgh, who has lately published an account uf Ruflia, has enumerated the following nations as com. prehended in ^s great empire :J The Monguls, The Kalmucs, The Tartars, The Samoides, The Oftiacs, The Burattians, The Jakutans, The Tungufians, The Voguls, The Lapbnders, The Finns, The Lcttonians, The Ellpnians, The Lieffs, The Ingrians, The Tfchercmiffes, The Kouriliani, The Kiftim and Tou- libert Tartars, The Vergo Tomikoi Tartars, The Sayan Tartars, The! Tfcouwafches, The Mordvines, The Votiaks, The Terptyaireis, " The Tartars of Kafan and Orenburgh, The Tartars of Tobolflc, The Touralinzes, The Tartars of Tomflc, The Bougharians, The Nogayan Tartars, Thft Bafchkirians, % The Tartars of the Ob, The Meafceraiks, The Tfchoulym Tartars, The Barabinzes, i> t The Katfchintz Tartars, The Kirkgulfians, The Teleutes, The Beltirians, The Abinzes,';;'.: / The Yakoutey, The Biryoufles, . 'The Kamtfchadalee, TheCoffacs, M and various others ; but fome of which mud be confidered rather as diilinft tribes than as dtlliD£t nations. As to the names of Ruflia and Mufcovy, by which this empire is arbitra- rily called, they probably are owing to the ancient inhabitants, the Rufli, or Borufli, and the river Mofca, upon which the ancient capital MQfcow wui built: but of this we know nothing certain. ' *'..,•. Climate, soil, productions, vege-I In the fouthern parts of TABLES, MINES, AND MINERALS. J Ruflla, of MufcOVy, the loHg- eft day does not exceed fifteen hours and a half ; whereas, in the moft nor- thern, the fun is feen in fummer two months above the horizon. The rea- der from this w^ naturally conclude, that there is in Mufcovy a vaft diver- R u s 8 1 a: M klf of foU as well as climate, and the extremes of tioth are feen and &it in this vaft empire. . ' .^ The fevecity of the clioiate, however^ la Ru£Qa propeily fb called, i« ftfv great. Dr. John f^'^'n King, who i%fi(isd eleven years in Ruffia, ob(en«3, that the cold in St. IVterfbuljgh, by Fahrenheit's fcale, it, during the mootliB gf January, and February, umally from 8 to 15 or 20 degrees below 6 ; that ]»f from 40 to 52 degrees below the freezing poiiit ; thougli commonly m the courfe of the winter, it it fbr a week or ten days fome degrees lower. .ThC' fame writer remarks that it is very difficult for an inhabitant of our temperatt climate to have any idea of a cc^d fo great ; buik it may )tel^ to give fome notion of it to inform, the reader, that when a perfoh nmka out .in that fe* vere weather, the cold makes the eves water, and that water freezing, hangs in little icicles on the eye laflies. As the common peafaiits ufual' or their beards, you may fee them hanging at the chin like a fohd luinp 01 ice. But even in th^t ftate, the beard is found very ufeful in prote6ling the glands of the throat : and the foldiers, who do not wear their beards, are obliged to tie a handkerchief under the chin to fupply their place. All the parts of the face which are expofed, are very liable to be frozen.! diough it has ofteai been obferved, ^t the perfon himfelf does not know when the freeiitig be- gins ; but is commonly told of it firft by thofe who meet him^ and who catt put to him to rub his face with fnow, the ufual way to thaw it: It is alfol remarked that the part, winch has once-been frozen is evet. after meft liable to be frozen again. In I'^r- " fcvere winters, fpjarbws, thou^ a Hardy fpecies-of birds,, have bee mte numbed by the intenfe cold, and un* s^]e to fly; and drivers, .... 1. utting on their loaded carriages, havefome- times been found frozen to death in that pofture. When the thermometer has ftood at 25 degrees below o, boiling water thrown up into the air by an en£ gine, fo as to Ipread, has fallen down perfedUy dry, fonfied into ice. A pint bottle of common water was foimd by Dr. King frozen into a folid piece of ice in an hour and a quarter. A bottle of ftrong ale has alfo been fi;ozen in aa hour and a half: but in this fubilance there wasaboiita tea cupfull in the middle unfrozen, which was as ilfOng and inflammable as brandy and fpirits of wine. But notwithilanding the feverity of the cold in Ruilia, the inhabitants have fuch various means and provifions to guard againil it, that they fuffer much lefs from it than might be expe£led. The houies of peifons of tolerable circumftances are fo well proteAed, both without doors and within, that they aic fsMom heard to complain of cold. The method of warming thehoufes in RulTia is by an oven conitrudled with feveral flues, and tlie country abounds with wood, which is •the common fuel. Thefe oVens confume a much fmaller quantity of wood than might be imagined, and yet they fcrve at the fame time for the ordinary people to drefs their food. They pat a very mo- derate faggot into them, and fuffer it to bum only, till the thickeit black fmoke 18 evaporated ; they then fliut down the chimney to retain all the reft of the heat in the chamber ; by this method the. chamber keeps its heat 24. hours, and is commonly fo warm that they fit with Very little covering, efpecially children, who are ufually in their fhirts. The windows in the huts of the poor are very fmall, that as little cold may be admitted as pof- fible : in the houfes of perfons of condition, the windows are caulked up againil winter and commonly have double glafs frames.- In fl^nrt, they can regulate the warmth in their apartnients by a thermometer with great ex- icinefs, opening or (hutting the flues to increafe or diminifh the heat. When the Ruflians go out, they are clothed fo warmly, that they almoft bid de- fiance to froft and fnow $ audit is obfervablc that the wind is feldom violent w the winter ; but when there is much wind, the cold is exceedingly jiercing.- ■<.. ..sr ■ -Wmm- K U 8 4 I M. r::,j(ISflBii^:ifl^^ ^uffiftns derive firom the tefetiif of tBdrdS. rnr ^ i is the {naming of proviflonsby the froft. Good hoofewivipfy.asfods -|l|thiffii»ft^i(tiitrfbr:1i^eiimntir «.baut-the end of 06bhcr»:lBltttHeh^^uI> .fMr^ ibid kiwp ihemio .tuba packed up vnth s layer of ibow betwteb ntei% «ij|i(dMnJ^take'ttfiei9i QQt fbr uTe as occaiioit requires, r by >i»iitoU meMM thejr J^ttIitf')K>finft>n^i>^ <^>^ ^ ^"^ Veal-.frozto at .;^fcH%^*l; nnit ftirmpfftit tft • P^terfltiirghf is efticemcd thc fiiMft fhcy have^ li^ ' ' «fi^ catti'it ttfr dif^. <;utftiied £roin what is frelh killed, being eqjiHAy Juicy. ^flSiiiitilarlUks ia i«e«^flihi^:an! by diis meant fiippGed in tuiitev withu vuatfOT^ of prpv^idMy at a eheaper mte ttuin would otlienirifeilbe poffil^ \ -Md^ii« n<3^D&^^*n &ufiEia*lg'by immergingthem iI>^«old'wail:ai{ ^ irt4)^n tke o|)ci3^on> of thawing thtnr iaicfEicfbd^by hdit, ' it Uaae to oc tEiiiUutaA'vidfcat fteraentadon* aad ahnbfti a bidden Autrefadie^t but ithea sraduee^b^ cold water, the ice feemB.td.be!«ttraft«dfi>ut-bf'the body/ aiid r'ilitiAv it teanfparent incruih^ioii round, it. ' 'Kmi oabbaget^whidh Is thbrbUgh- lyifinzen, betbaw^ by oiM water, itJs ^s fre/h asif juft^gatbeRdouttof.tbe Aarden;^ bn^if it^be thawed- by fire or hot water, it bcooi^aXo'nneidand ftY>ng that ft cannot be easen.. '. ' ' ''■' . > :. . , i^lSnhe'quickjiefspf vegetation 111 RudOSa is pretty much the fame as'haa.becn itJ^tlcaSbiediniSDandinavia, or Swedien-and'D^^ ■Thi'ix^iitikthtiut- ^Boittaaaiwp^f ftoi&i^qikrhere grain ?row8 :n plenty, neaf^.vP<^d,'an(liR iJbe itosBnA' provittcea. j/The bulk of tnepeopler however, dre« iMferably fedj 4li6(&9f^i-Qduce8 a vaB: 'uumbiek^ of muilMobnu for their fubfiftencel'; and ia lbne>}i|hices,'beSdea oaks and firs, Rufila yields rhubarb, flax, h^mp; '^afturb . £>r csttde, wax, honeyyurice, aod melons. . The boors iareparii.'',:■ !■ ;•'' - .'^ ' .^ . ^;.' -mtn •■< • {iWhat a great cart of Ruflia was po^'uldu».'in foitner days^ i6 liot to be dif- itutedif^ though It is equally .certain, that the inhabitants jtHl' lately,'- wer'ebtit r^tilB; acquainted with agiiculture ; and. fuppSed the pla^e tif breai^^ as the tohtbitants of Scahdiiia\riatdo>n»w, trith a kind of faw-duft and aprepsn- ticHTi^of fifii-bones. Peter ihe IGrcat, and his fucceffors dc\««'to the p!t- feot^eniprefs, hare been at incredible painu to introduce agriculture into their ddmirfions j and though the foil is not every where proper for 09m, yet it» vaft:r£eitihty in feme provinces, bids fair to make grain ascomtnonin Rufiia asitit-in the foutheiVi countries of Europe. The vail communication by means, of rivers, which the inland parts of that empire have >vith (tacH other, (erve to fuppiy one province with thoTe produ^s of the earth in which an- ' Other niay be deficient. As to mines and minerals, they are as plentiful in ' Ru£Ka as in Scandinavia ; and the people ai*e daily improving in working theit).- , Mountains of rich iron ore are ^und in fome places, moft of which produce the load^ilone, and yield from 50 to 70 per cent. Rich-iilver and copper mines are found on the coniines of Siberia. ' MotrNTAiNs^atrERS, forests, 7 Ruilia is in general a flat level coun- • •"AMD rAcB or the countrv.J 117, except towards the north, where. lie the ZimiM>poias mountains, thought to be the famous Montes Riphxi of the ancients, now oalled the Girdle of the Earth. On the weftem fide of £1*6 Dnscp£r ccmesis part of the Carpathian mouptajnii. and between the Black Sea and the Cafpian, Mount Caucafus borders a range of -> \ ^laiBi totendiag on the fea •f Ortil. And here wc inay obfenre, tkit from Pettrf- ^ ■ ■ •■' Wq^ rM « . . #: IT, S .BUM-' #||' lodep^dnil^^EiMary f ^ il a f ^om Feterfburgh to the ttoMh {Mnt of ^t»no^i^ . the iW of XNmtnc^ lliiiiUug^ Md Amibr^iliV'we^feiircdytto' i^ - ,iheihMatfr5»^...; -^Wvo^v •.■■■•, 'f .; . ■■.;.-■;.,:;- 3..u>^.,J. ;.,'•■?.;•> -• The lirieft; ctinfidMble riveri are the Wc^ga, q^ Vo%a*''nMi^i!^ ^'it|i4> (roth,. whic(h». after itmvcrfing the g;;eatdt ]iarteo Endb*(h mikJB, d^^ hfdf hi0r|lie CaffM^ 1^^ iM onHy mihoned we laieeft* but oneof the mo^ fmBt 'wteti of .Enwipe }' ^.prodocetaUkiadt of fiih, «nd fecdliaiit aU:the latida )i^4»c|i fidfe witlitW li^eft tree«« lith*t and tegetabka ; and it u renuiiud>|e, th«t;tp4^d^^ feng eourfedittc upot a fio^ capura^k to.mterrupt the ijumdfttidttt bdt tl^' nearer it approaches to its mouth., multiplies. it% quantities MWrn^jh-M* Tides itfdf iato«a gitaier jtouiiber ctMnan thas an^ JBKmn ihcr in th« Hfoltf s Ufdall theCeaniift divide themfclves into' others mil lisfe^ wMdi4<^'aartsiMt«e> again, lb tha^ theWolgai «Afe^fl^':o(> ' tw lai^geft river» intEurope, nutSs through liitbruania, the ooontry Vdi«t*a^ pilttog Coflacs, aftd that of the Nagaifch Tartars, atiit falls ihto the Euidise^ «r£hick: Sea, at JKmbum, near Oczakow j it has thirteen cafiarafks v^thih afmall diftancel ' To thefe olay be added the two l)winaa».!oa0'of :«dbiefaF cmptiel itfelf at.Ri^ into the Baltic } the cidief has its xburee near-Uftkj^v^ . lod dividing itfcif into two branches. near Archsugel, thne^fiUk into tlAi^ White Set. ' ^/ \ :^ „' .■■•;■ ;,;■■: , Foreils aboiund in this extenOve coustry ; andxthe northeiti'a&d nOifh- eaftem provinces are in a manner defert ; nor can^e few inhabHattts they eontain becallcd Chriftians r4thcr than Pagans. '. j' •■« u^'I- ■ ' QuADRur«D8, BIRDS, piSHM,!. Th«e do ^ot differ c^«atIyiv^|lJie&'; AND iNstiCTs. ^ J defcribed in the S(^ffi!iavianvp;icmn£<«i^' to which we muil refer tHe reader. The lynx, famous for its piercing cye> is a native of this empire ; it makes prey of every Creature ii can mailer ; and is faid to be produced chiefly in the hr-tree forefts* The hyaeaas, bears, iTolves, fokcs, and other creatures already defcribed afford their fvursHfbr doath- jbg the inhabitants ; but the furs of the blaok foxes and ermine are tnore valuable in RuiCa than elfevhere. The dromedaiy and camelv were, lormer* ly almoit the only beads of burden known in many parts of Ruifia/ The czar Peter encouraged a breed of large horfes for war and cayriages <) Hut thof()temployed in the ordinary purpotes of li£e are but fmall ). aa are their eows4U)d ilMep. •■- We know of few .or no birds in RuiCa, that have nbt been already dc^ fctibed. The (iuneimEay be (aid of it(hes, only the Rufiian^iinre bettpr pro- videdtban their nci^bour^ with iturg^i^ cod, falmpo^ ^;behigft» ^'J!^'' ti^T refemble; ft ft^BTgcon, and is oftcii cwed the kx^ ttuige6n i it^y^iMn twelve to fifteein.feet in length, and weighs firom 9t to i6 and i'8 • 'Judged veleht; its Aelh js white and delidous. Qf thcrpe,of:the fturff«i(»,'4i^ N n m X^ S 8 I A. 'ijb^ bdhi|^ th9 ^offiaai vmake tW fionoui ekTcar fo fhoek tAaniibd ftr iti| fiduMfil tBd flfrauri, that k is ofl^n feaf in pref i to cfoWked-helMibi la intti^f up'die bdu^s they often find what i» called thfe hdug»Aohc8, whicli it «!oiiceaMd in that mafs of ghuidukur flefli which coven thcjbdftmrior ^artt «f thtf dorlU.fpine, fai>p1ving thSe place of a kidney ih fiflu Thfeioftatit it a Dlken firom the $fli» it i* loft and mdift, but quickly harden* in the air. Its fite fo that of a hti^'f eRC> (hape fometimes ovid and fomethiia flatted and <»ffHB0i% I'Jb lor 4 nrtde. . Thia ftont la fuppofed by ^irafeifor ?dSsit to bdong to tte ^itaU of the fiih : it holda t conisd^mible lraak» thou|[h witE little tfi b%» w)^ we confider the Inunenfe ahnicB bt^ught ivufi ^ MBihf iS»i foTereiffns of Ruffian and the bloody wars they mvtataintd Sft AiU and &m^' Mr. Voltaire is» perhaps, the firft author vrho hat gtbAhfited 16 oiidecaTe the public in thia rdpeift ; and has dotae it upitt. !4i7 Aittkeotik; grduinla, by producin^r a lift, takefl in 1747, of afl the xhaki^ . ^Iw^^iod thfc dq;>itiitron or pcA-tax* akid which amount to fix nuttfens fix kfttftdjnsd and fqktj-ix thonfaiid threie hundred and ninety. In this nombei; Hre :|adilded boya an^ old ihen t' hut fpHk wd w^en tift dot feckoned, or l^ys born b^ m fikewift 'exemjpted ftom ^e poll-tax ^ as ^o (fays Mr. VoHaire) theinhabi't IWkts of the conquered countries, natnd^ Livobia, Efthonihy In»ia, Cardiii iuda PJrt of Finland ; the Ukraine, and the Doq CoiTacs, the ^idmucs, an^ odier Tirtars i the Sanioides^ the Xudanders, the Oftiacs,^ and ^ the idol. atrqus people of Siberia, a country of greator extent than ChiiM, are not ifti eluded in diis lift. The newregiftd- in 17^ contains 8,500,000 fubjeft t6 ^e p<^(-t*K ; and a &te ingeniooa. writer, refident fome time in Ruffia, give< the mllowihg e^uhate : ' 'iLowerdafs of people paying capitation tax, Conquered pV6vinces, — . Nobw families, •— — Military, — -*. Ciyfl, — _ - Ukndn^ Siberia, Coflacs, (kc^ — 1 8,000,000 1,200,000 60,006 100,000 S<5o,ooo 30^00 - 350,006 20*100,006 To Utefe m«ft now be added liear a milKon more by the afic^uifitiona of the Crimelt ||pd .j^rt of Cuban Tartary >; andj at leaft, 1*500^000 In 0ic pin> , As her imperial majeily of all the Ruffians poiTeffet many of the coufltriek inm whence the pnQ(%ithcir. No* ed, including To this at< ets) a^d b«o ndSf *ii^ wtt eytheinhat)i<( iftria. Cardial iTaltnuCB, an.^ Ul the idoL •, are notiV >oe fubjeft t tiNk^ in £wroW) uid itt t&# kte tw with the TiMii they gr^My dift}aguifhe4 tlMitifdves. They iit impHcitiy fobniifive to ^cipline, let H be ever fo fevene i they^^ndttfe ex- tr^e hvd^pa wfth gren i>*ti^<^ ) M>d Cwfi Cdfttent th^otticlvea with atxf bard fere. ■ -■./::.. .-..'•u^" ^.n;'"'^ ■ Befott ^edaya of Pt'car'^Ovnit.the Rta^na V)«reiageheiidUHb^raiua, . ignorant, mean, and mud\ add^died to.dr«inkentteik| m kb than 40DO Mindy (hops have been reckoned in Mofeo^i Not obly the comnkih people hat many of the b^ars, or nobles, lived in a cehtiftual fttite <^ iiUenda and intoxic|tion y W tm moft complete, 6b/eftB of mifktf and borbaHty prefentr id themfdves uptmihe ftiveta, whSe the coiait of Mofcbw was by ftr the Boft fplendid 4»My upon the globe. Thte czar and the grandees drefiedaf- tcr.thcmoft fupcnrb Anb^nacaer) iadtiusr magnificence exceeded -every fdia that ein be«onc^«ed Croni ibedSiti exaibples. Ute dirl df CailHIe, iii the account of 1^1 eiitl^ff|r, lavs, that he eojtdd fee nothing but gold and pre- cicas ftones m the kAkb of the czar and his courticti. The minufiiftureat however, -^'ihofe and all other luxuries^ were carried on by Italiatai, Ger» iuans, and oAcSr f^gaers. Peter faw the buUc of his fubjefis, at his accdf- fion to the throne, little better thain beafts itf burden, to fiMtport thii piott^ a the cotcut. He £:»rced his g)«at ifien to lay afi^ tbcir Wng injbea» and drefo k the Etiropesm manner ; and he even dsliged the huty to cut offtheif beards.'" Tlve other improveiftents In learning and the arts, which he made ftall be mentioned eUewhere. The Rulfians, before his days, had hardly a fhip upon their coafts. They had no convenience for travellkig, ho pavemcntl in their ftreet8,^no places of public diyerficn ; and they entertained a feve^ reign contempt for all improvements of the mind. A^ prefent a French or ^ngliih gentleman may make a ihift to live as comfortably and fockbly in Ru^ fia u in moft part of Europe. Their polite afiemblies, fina the acr .ffion ot the prefent emprefe, have been put under proper regulations ; arid few eJF . Uie ancient images' remain. It i«, however, to be obferved, that notwithftand* ing the feverities of Peter, and the prudence of fucceeding governments, drunk<» ennefg ftill continues among all ranks ; itor aix even pndts or ladies aihamed of it on holidays. • The RuiiGans were formeriy noted for fo'ftrong an attachment to thdr tetivc foil, that cney feidom villted foreign parts. ~ This, however, was only tte (^onfequence of their pride and ignorance { for RulQan nobility, befides tbofe who are in a pab&: ehara^cry are uvw hvstd at avery court iA j£xBt&»t, $*€ R,U ^ « I A. Heriimp^ril^ {ttajjvftr eirtO interdb hcilclf in the educatioB e^jrbiiij^.mn of qodStjr tn the kJMVtrkdge of- the world* aiid foreign Cuncm, puticuhu-ly that ofl^e Britifh fleet. ^;I^ is fold that the Rliffisa Udtea were formerly as fubmiffive to their hu£. Wn^ ia .^eir familiei as the latter ar; to their fuperiors in the £eid ; and that th«iy< thought themfelvcs ill trttted'if they were not' often reminded oif their; dtMr by the difcipline of a whipi maitu&dured by themfelves, which th£j p*ekAte4 to «ieir Hufbands on the day, of their marrTage. Thdr nup. tial ceremonies are peculiar to tbemfelves ; and formerly coi^ned of fome very yhimfical riteB,:jiAan]^ of which are now difufed. When the parenta are «gr^ upon a matphy though the patties pcriuips have never feen each other, the bride, is examjiiod flark naked by a' certain number of fiemales* who are to corred, if poffiblci any defeats they find in her perfon. On her wedding- day (he is crowned with a gurland of wormwood | and after the priefl: has tied tji$ nujptial knot* his clerk or fexton throws a huidful of hops upon the head -ffthe bnde» inrifhing that (he may prove as fruitful as that plant. She is tha led home, with abundance of coarfejand indeed inc*. ;;ent ceremonies, which are .'BOW wearing ott even amongft the loweft ranks; and the barbarous treat- ment, of wives by thdr hufbands, which extended even to feoUrging or broihW l^iem t9> death, is. either guarded, agaioil by the laws of the country, or by particular ffipulations in the marriage-contraf):. ,• FoNVKAi>8»3 The Rul&ans entertain quny fantaftic notions with reg^ to the ftate of ^parted foijds. Afler the dead body is dreffiead, a prieil is Mred to pray for hi* foul, to purify it with intenfe, and to fprinlde it With holy yn- fer while it remains abov^ grouUd, whi<:h, among the better fbrt^it genera^ does for eight' or ten days. When the body is caifried to the grave, which u done with many gefticulations of forrow, the prieft produce* a ticket, figned by the bifhop, and another ^ergyman, as the dtccafed's paflpbrt to Keavea. Whei) this is put into the coihn between th«^£ingers of the, corpfe, the -corapaoy f(?tum to the dereafed's houfe, "where they drown their fonroW in intoxication ; which lafts amO()g the better fort, wilii few intervals, forty' days. During |hat time, a priel every day fays pr^ers over the grave of the deceafed ; for though th^ R^uiOans do not beueve in porgatofy, yet thty imagint that their departed' friend may be ai&lled by prayer, in his long journey ts the place of his d(:iitinadon after this life. v. .' Punish MEKT!!.] The Ruffians are remarkable for the feverity and variety of their puniflim^nts, which are both inflid;ed and endured widi a wonderful infeniibility. Peter the Great ufed to fufpend the robbers upon the Wolga, and other parts of his dominion , 1;' iron hooks fixed to their jribs, on gibbets, where they wrhhcd themfelves to death, hundreds, nay ihouffinds, at a time. The fingle and double knout were lately inflided upon ladieS|.as w;^l as men of quality. Both of them are excruciating : but in the double knout the hands are bound behind the prifoner's back, and the cord being fyced to a puUy, lifts him from the ground, with the diilocation of both his moulders ; and then his back is in a manner fcariiied by the, executioner, , with u hard thong cut from a wild afs's ikin. This puniffimeut has been fo .often fat'^ that,a.furgeon generally attends the patient, to pronounce the ■^ at that . It ihould ceafe. Jt is not always the number of the ftrokes, ^iit the method of applying them, which occaiions the deatn of the crimin- al ;jfor the executioner can kill him in three or fouf blows, by ftriking him upon the ribs ; thoUjth petfons are fomctimcs recovered, in a few weeks, whq ..have received thr^e.. hundred ftrokes moderately infliited. • The. boring.^ futting put oftiic, tongue arp Iike\eifc praftifed in Raflia ; wd evei(th<^? •^' ' ' . Wr. R^u & a I a;^ «»» mvevi^y to ilifupiWfedneceflitydrthoft tortures.-' ''- /'V us ft According to the ftri^ letter of the law. there art no capital pmfiamiSlk in Ruflb ; except in the cafe of high<-tr%> tlgue in their joumies to Siberia, aiid fioin' the hariuhij[» they fufferjs<1lm|' linnet ; ib thait there is reafon to believe, that no fewt firiiniualt fuQTar dbttk^ tii Ri^ than in thofe cduobries where cUpital puni(hnMMt«ttfW atithaijfe4'>lit thelaWlt'' ■ ■■ ••t^'-'' ■>->)-■-■ :jl3Jila!-,-v •/• '; Jiil^ Felons, after receivW the kilout, and having thi(rieh«nitbit( y.lhnei, Vplofliock, »nd other places; but the Common >fJmdJee i^ W fetid thelDti into Siberia) 'Where' they are condemiiedf for life ttf the minei at ITcr- ihifi&i There are upon an average fifoni 1600 to aooo eomwfta at thefe Mine . The greateil part are confined in bkhtfcks, exceptitlg thole wha are married ; ^ tlie hitter are peitl^tted to bufld hut^ ftekr the mines, f&r tliemfelvct and families. TbeprohilMtion of torture- dbek honour -to the- humanity oT the prefent emprefs, • ■■»" . '■■.•", •'■■'■' •.^•'^-noi: ■-;-:■': ' j^ TaA1^CLI.lNQ.] ''Aintiong the maliy cbtaVeniefldes^imMdaced of late V)^ Ruffian iAiit 6f tfAVelling is eiitranely 'rematiable, and th(^ exbence veiy trtf^ ling. Nothing ftrikes eithef a jrcadWbr a ftrtnger more than the duality with which ^e Ridlians perform ^the Idin^llandittbit uncomfortable joumies. i^ike tilth Sct^ndinavian neighbours dready defcribcdi thi^tivvd' in-iledgea ijiade of the Bark of the linden-tree, lined ^ith thick felt,'*draw»y Tein-ideer, when the fnow h frozen hard enough to bear them. In tiie internal parts of ^tiifia hdrfe^dniW' their fledges ( and the fledgeway^ftbwuda FIbiuary, be- toilks'^a weh beaten, that they ereA a kind of coach upon tiit ^dget^ in tfaic^ they may lie at lull length, aiid fo trlivel night a^ day^' wrapt up in g^furs; thus they often pertorm Ajduriiey of 4boat 400tcnlcsi fbohr.H that between Peteribiirg^ atid MofcoW, in three diyB and nights. > Ifee^».''|>erial tnajefty, in her journies, is drawn in &'hoti& Which contaiiils abed^a table,^ diairif'^and other conveniencies for four' people^ by 3i4. poft' horfes ; iind the 4i6ufe itfelf is fixed on a fledge. . ' - .. •I>tFFtREkT NATIONS 1 A« the'prefeitt 0ilbjefi:6 of the Rfuflian empire ■ subject'to Rossii.J in its moil 'exteniive ienfe, are the defcendauts of many different people, aiid inhabit prodigious tra6):8 of country, fo we find among them a vaft v:«riety of char^if^er and manners ; ind the great refomia- tidns intnidiiced r»I;ny of the Tartan, who inhabit large portions of the Ruilian dominions, nbW l^v in fixed hoitfes'and villages cultivate the land, and pay tribute like other fubjeAs. Till lately they were not admitted into the Rilfilan armies; but now they niake exctQent ft>ldier8. Other RufHan Tartars re^idn their old wandering lives. Both fides of the Wolga a:e inhabited by Tfchennifes and MofdUars a peaceable, induftrious people. The Baflrirs Are likewife fixed inhabitants of the traft that reaches from Kafan to the frontiers of Siberia ; and have certain privileges of which they are tenacious. The wandering Kalmucs occupy the refl of the trad): to Aftmchan, and the frontiers of the Ufbecs : and in confideration of certaia prefents they received from her 'imperial majcfty they fervc in her armies without pay, but are apt to plunder equally friends or foes. The Co/Tact who lately made a figure in the military hiftpry of l^urope, were !;id ferved in the Ukiniine, as a militia againfl: the sr^aaUy Pvlifh pcafaot Tar. •:-♦, : -Vj. 1st % V S 8. I A.; tike nnctiltivaudbanlu of the DpR*. QT T»nai|, t^ui there eft|ib4i9MB4 ^ cplo^y. Thtjr were foon ifter|9in«4> i^ 1^371 ^7 twp oth^r 4«tiichmeatf pC i^eir m U mtfmn t l«4 ^ r«4HC«4 Af<)^* wh>«h they weif obliged to abjtn^od ta the Tiirhit « pp nn Ul»n4 w the Ppn ; w4 their poffisffioni whidb vpitflM pfthUiy nine town9 op both fi4^ that rivuv .KfSfihed nrom Ritoi tp A%h« TH^y t^^T Iive4 iV a country >»rhich they look cnc .to, cukivite 1 f«4 thiy vef fo we4dc4 tg their erigJAiil c^ftqipi^ th»t they were little better than nominal fubjed^s to th czars, tiU tl\f tifPe^ Petttthe Cke«tf Thi^jr pn»ftiire4 the Qreek religion ; theu- ipclina^9n> ^ere iMesdike»- >nd they cedfipp^} Snyfi ^pi^^ the T^rtar^ Mid Tw\a n the Pdii^i Mcotif. , . • The mieo and. chantAer p^ thff T«*tan of l^tSm, »n4 pf thqftp jlefiv^ lirom them»^4nt veiy iwifpnoi mi4 miy ferv for the chaxa£ken£l^c majrj^pf all the.MlhPinetMi Tvrim i» ^fk iv;ighhoMrhpp4, Very f«w ipf thfi^ ^ taR{ faiit they im g$i)eiii|ly ^nigh^ mi M^ell m^t \»^n fiqaH ^^q?» witft • fiwf^ oooii^xiohet »n4 » fpri^^y y)4>greeAbIe w- They are h;»ughty mi jealous of their honour, but of a very moderate capacity. . Theyju^ iPhef an^ £rugaU tleftermuH me<:hMi<;i4 tti^St wi fpp4 of aeftnef^. The f ^rt^rian womea arc of » whPk^ne epnjjMmPP nth(^r thjip haadp;>me> m^ pf ,^ goq^ fooftitulipo : kiom their e^lieft in&poy th^ jtrie ^^p^^pi^e^ to l^h(2^r, retii^ meat, x^a/kkft and fuhim^Of TV Twitiir? of Cfifiin t^e grf^ c^re ^ the eiucataoiiiaf fhfir (^hi^a> Tliey^bi^uate th<^ youdb to^hpur> to (q- linety, mi4 l».a ftrfift ph&rtil!K«|t i4 0b» flJfOimts of their aficeftpr?. TJiey vf tau^ to reni and w/ite, 1194 ^ije inflyvj^ ip the Ar^i? toBgwp, ^4 ^ imneiplm of th(f}r,fielig!«»f Syfin the (nM^left vij^ge hi» its c^pipIi: (choqj, prieft iud idboolrnui^er ( thp^h fp<9$ pf th^e p^iiieftB ^nd fchppl-i^fu|ay are not jmuch /hfllod iq4he Amhic j|peg«age. 7% beu Tju^iai^ ^n^ejaKi lathe kuCiu} eaipire «ce Ihofe pI a^* T«ihoii(k> 9^ Alinachaii, wjt^^ 8K vpiet ^ 4ira^;np pf the ^pyng, pr hi^t^i^f-' U i« not Mpcomf moo to ^ fiBa0..coDe)$Upm:Qf J^o^'c^l.^MedPteyi^.o^ in Uie hutf of the i)qQni t ind th«ir msTph^t^* hfifMie«» what tht4e UMnes' contain, are pretty extenfively acquainted with the hi^ry of their o^npeo^e, aojl that of >he ciitninjai^nt jEtatei, w^ the fntiiuiittes of ^y^. $)^ch fi^ .cb^fe to make ji prpgrei^ in th^ilipgy* enter the^f^yes intp |Uie f(phpd^ of BouehatM, ,wWch i^e^iiiore comphiKe than the pthqs. i. The Taitiur eitizens qf ^Kiafai), Ore^ierg, and pther govjsrnnients, owry «? «oramerc)ft, e^cpncife fevcr^ tr^detj land have i^ine nuui^faj^sries. Their manner of de^ng ia chie^y by yn/f.of barter ; cpin js very rarely £eep aman^ them, and biUt of (imchangc .nevef • They ^re not in generail very enterpn- fing ; but M ;d>ey extend their ^^^n^&ions by p^rtnen and clerks, m^y of them carfy on a great deal of bufinefs, v^bich thj$ir parfiqipnious yr^y pf life renders v^ry lucrative. At K^^ they make a tr?»de of preparing wh?t i} cal- led ip England, Morpcco-lealiyer. The villages of thcle people comprehend from ten to otte hundred farms. jMoft of them alfo contaip tenners, fhoe>nia^ kers, taylors dyers, fmiths, afld carpenters. The bahitattonfr 9nd manner of living of the Taxitar citizens and villager^ of Ailracha» are perfcajy fynjlar with thofe of the Tartars of Kafen. If the jcity of Afbachan they h»ve a large magazine for gpods, builC of bricks* and feveral (hops upon arches*- They carry o;i ^n important commerce vith tlie iUneouipS} reru^ns, uiaiaju» ^nq. i)pugn;inaps: *■;•■ ana xiftVf ii»- nttttf pf t|»eir red to abAn4o9 tqn; wfltlwir upy MT^ch tbey Few fiif th?w W ire b^urfity w^ The Tartarian |t«mffatc?re o( iV>frbPUR»^9(q- toBg»F, w4*f tg ci^pi?)i: mm Aftr^cbw*^Kc)» JtU n<*tw»cor»' lories contain, o>»n jeojjje, ai^ ^ Cehppljj of rijnjcnts, cvFyo.' tarjes. Thei» eV/ feep s«non? ,^ very entcrpn- , clerks, m^y of jnious yr^fj^}^^ Laring what »cal- eople comprehend tenners, fhoe-n* na mmJ ^^lageJl of Ijtafen. If 8,buil«oCbrick% iortant cooomerc* fs: and tijcif n»^ RUSSIA. kufaftories of Morocco leather, cottons, cunelots, and filka, are In 4 vtrf tbriyiug ftate. . _ ^ The Finiu arc of Afiatic origin, apd have a clofe rcfemblance to the Lap- Undert, only they are more civilifedi and better informed. They live in towns and viHages, have fchools and academies, and make fome progrefa' in the arts and fciences. They profefs the Lutheran faith, and ufe the Chrif- tian cera in their chronoldgy. They carry on oummerce, and exercifc moft of the common trades. The boors are chiefly employed in agriculture* hunting, aud fifliing. They are great caters, msUuog five meals a day, and are immoderately fond df brandy. They enjoy a conitderable degpree of freedom, aa the Ruflian government has continued to them the enjoyment of thcprivilcges which they formerly hadunder tht crown of Sweden. . The Votiacis, who are a Finnifh race, chiefly inhabit the provinces of Viatik, in the government of Kafan. Some of the Votiaks are Chriftians } but great part of them are heathens and idolaters ; though even thefe believe the doAtine of a future ftate of rewards and punifhments. ' The Oft'taki, who are likewife a Finnilh race, are one of the moft numer- ous nations of Sibtria. Before they wei^ in fubje^ou t'o Ruifia, they were governed by princes of their own nation, and their defcendants ^e ftill reputed noble. Thefe people divide themfclves in^p different ftocke or tribes, they choofe their chiefs among the progeny of their ancient rulers. Thefe mam- tain peace and good order, and fuperintend the payment of the taxes. They are;, entirely unacquainted vith the ufe of letters and are extremely ignorant ; they can reckon as far as ten, but no farther, as is the cafe of other Finnic nationt. The Vogoult are rather below the middle ftature, have generally black hair, and a fcanty beard. Their principal occupation is in the chace, in which they (Hfcover much eagemefs and addrefs ; uiing indifcriminately fire>anns, the bow, and the fpear. They are alfo Ikil^'ul in contriving trapa, fnares, and gins, and all the lures of gaipe. The Tfchoutvufches dwell along the two fides of the Wolga, in the govern- ments of Nifchnei, Novogorod, Kafan, and Orenbere. They never live in towns, but-aflemble in fm^ villagea» and choofe the torefls for their habita- tions. They are very fond of hunting, and procure fo» that purpofe fcrew- barrel mulkets, which they prefer to the boW. Gne of their marriage ce- remonies is, ^t en the wedding nijght tl.e bride is obliged to" pull off her hufband'a boots. A late writer fays, " /unong the Tfchouwafches th( huf- " band is mailer of the houfe ; heorderi every thmg himfelf ; and' it 'is the " duty of the wife to obey without reply : a cuftom calculated to' prevent *' domellic broils. Accordingly quarreU are Very uncommon in the fami- " lies of the Tfchouwafches. The Kirgu'tfiats have a firank and prepofTefiing air, fimilar to tlfcit which (haraflerlfes the Tartars of Kafan. They have a fharp but not a fin-ce look; and fmaller eyes than thofe Tartars. They have good natural fcnfe, and are affable, aud high-fpirited ; but fond of their eafe, and voluptuous. They dwell always in portable huts, wandering about their dcfeits in fearch of p^jt- turage for their Bocks and herds, which conilitute their principal occupation. The decoration of their horfes employs them almoll as much as that of their perfons 5 tlney have generally elegant faddles, liandfomt houfings, and orua- mented bridles. They are great eaters ; and they alfo fmpke tobacco t» I txceH!.. Men, womcu, and children, all fmoke, alid take fnuff : they keep . the latter in Uttle horns fattened to tbeur girdles.' The great and wealthy ii^c per&6lly in the fame manner as the reH of the people, and are diftin- T , . guifhcd «i^ A U 8 a t A. I^ttiiw^ ohIt ^^ tikSi nttmeroui tnu'ni thlit iccompipy them in their ctnleadeir •nd tlw (iuantity of huti which Tunround their' qu>rtcr«i inhwhited by their wives children, and Qweu The Tmgy/!aHt form one of the moft numcroui nationi of Siberia. They trt of • mia£e ilature, well made, and of a good mien. Their fight and hearing are of n deorce of acutenefa and delicacy that ia almoft incredible t bat their orgtna oT fmelling and feeling are confiderably more blunt than our*. They are acquainted with ahitoft every tree and ftonc within the drcuit of their ufuiJ perambulation! ; and they can even defcribt a courfe of ^^'''Mpsie h' idrcd miles by the configi'mtions of the tree& and ftonci they meet with, and can enable othera to take the fame route .by fuvh defcriptioni. on hortieback, They alfo difcover the tra£^t of the game by the compreflion of the grafi or mofi. They alfo learn foreign laaguagn with eufe, are alert on good hunters, and dextroua at tjic bow. The Kahmut are a courageous tribe, and numerous 3 fi>r the moft part raw-boned and ftout. Their vi&g^ >> fo flat, that the (kull of a Kalmuc may be eiiily known from others. They have thick tips, a fmall nofe, a Ihort chin, the complexion a reddlfli and yellowifli brown. Their clonthing i> oriental, and their heads are exa£^Iy Chiiiefc. Some of their women wear a large golden ring in their noilrils. Their principal food is animals, tame and wiU, and even their chiefa will fc^d upon cattle that hikve died of diliemper or •gt, and let it (link ever fo much ; fo that in every liurd the fleih market hath the appearance of a iay-lhill of carrion { they eat likewife the roots and plants of their dcfarts. - They are great eaters ; but can endure want for 1 long time without complaint. Iftoth fexes fmoke continually : during the fummer they keep to the north, and in the winter to the foutiiem defarti. ll'hey flcep upon felt or carpeting, and cover themjielws with the fame. The Kamtfibttdalis have a b'vcly imagination, a ftrong memory, and a great reoius for imitation. Their chief employments are hunting and fiming. The chace fumilhes them with fables, foxes, andbther game. They are very expert at fiihing, and are well acqiiainte^ with the proper feafons for it. They eat and drink great quantities ; but as. what they eat ii always cold, their teeth are very fiAe. Dogs are their only di>meftic animals, and they lUt a high value upon them. Some of them travel in fmall carriages drawn y dog^ ; and a complete Kamtfchadalran equipage, do^'s harnels, and all, cofts in that country 4I. los. or near twentv rubles. Tlie Kamtfchadalet believed the immortality of the foul, before tney were prevailed upon to cm. brace the Cbriftian religion.' They are fuperflitious to extravagance, and ex- tremely fingular and caprieious in the different enjoyments of liie, paiticularlf their convivial entertainments^ The manners of the Siberians were formerly fo barbaroosy that Ptter th« Creat. thought he could not infli£i a greater punifhment up^n his capital ene- mies,- the Swedes, than by baiiifliing them to Siberia. The effed was, that the Swediih (^cers and foldicrs introduced European' uiages and manufac- tures into the country, and thereby acquired a comfortable living. In this vr\4t and forlorn region, that was fo long unknown to Eurbpe, fome newr mine^ have lately been difcovered, which, upon their firil opening, have yielded 4^,000 pounfe, a Ihort IcKUhing i» nen wear a I, tame and liUcmper or lefh market le roots and want for a (luring the iim defarti. e fame. and a great and fiming. ley arc very Jons for it. alwayi coldt , and they pages drawn lels, and all, ttfchadalet lupon to em- ince, and ex- paiticularly [at Pfcter the , capital enc« jeft was, that tnd manufaC' jng. In this ]e» fome nevr I have yielded Warned veith as the mod [of tljr great- to be %e difeuiliNl here. It it fa$vtent to fay, that they deny tht pope'a fupmiM* «y I and though they difclaion iinage>worflupt they retain mamr tdohitrous and fuperftitious cuftomi. Their ohurches are full of ptAures df Mvita» whom they eonfider aa mediatora. They obferve a number of fafta and Icnti, fo that they live half the Tear very abfteniouily i an inftttutipn whidi la«xtren>dy convenient /or the foil and climate. They have many peculiar iMttioiM wfoh regard to the facnunenti and Trinity. They OMin thdf bifhopa* bat not their prieftst to cehbacy. Peter the Great (hewed Ua profound know ledge in government in nothing more than in the wfornwtlon of hia chureh. He broke the dangerous powers of the patriarch, and the great clergy. Vta decbred himiclf the head of the church i and preferved the fubordinattom of metropoUtanit ■rchbiftiopa, apd bifhops. Thct^ pricUs have no fixed income, but depend for fubfiftence upon the benevolencfe of their flocks and hearera. Peter, after ellabUlhing this great political reformation, left hia clergy in full poflelBon of all their idle ceremonies : ,nOr .did he cut off the bearaa of hia clergy { that impolitic attempt was referred for the late emperor, and gpreat* ly contributed to his fatal cataftrophe. Before his days, an incredible number of both fexes were (hut up in convents | nor has it been found pniiw dent entirely to aboliih thofe fucieties. The abufea of them, however, are in a great meafurc removed { for no male can become a monk till he is tiurn* cd of thirty ; and no female a nun, till (he ia fifty t and even then not witlh •utpermiluon of their fuperiors. The conquered provinces, as already obferved, retain the exercife of their own religion ) but fuch ia the extent of the Ruffian empire, that muny of its fubjeoa are Mahometans, and mor; of them no better than Payms* i% Sn)ci'ia and the uncultivated countries. Many ill-judffed attempts have been made to convert then;t by force, which have only tennsd to coniurm them in their infidelity. On ttie iMHika of the river Sarpa^ ia a (louri(hing colony of Moravian brethren, to which the foUnders ha« eiven (he name of Scfcpta { the beginning of the fettlement waa in 1765, vnth diftinguiihed privilcgu from the imperial court, LANiauAoi.l The cominoi^language of Ruifia is a mixture of the Po>. llfh and SclMVonian ; their priefts, however, andL.themoft learned clergy, make ufe of what js called modem Greek f and they who know that language in, its purity, arb at no lofs ^or underftanding it in its corrupted ftate.* The Ruflians have thirtT'fix letters, the fortes of which have a flrong rcfemblance to the old Greek alphabet. Lbarnino and LBAaNBD MSN.] The Ruflkms have hitherto made brt an inconiklerablc figure in tliC republic of letters ; but the ereat encourage- ment given by their fovcrcigns of late, in the inilitution of academies, and other literary bt>ards, has produced fufficient proo&, that they are no way deficient as jo in((llle6lual abilities. The papera.exb*btted by them, ivw their academical meetings, have been favourably received all over Europe ; efpaci^* sliy thofe that relate to aftronomy, the mathematic 1, and natural philofophy. The fpeeches pronounced by the btihop of Turer, the metropolitan of No- . vogorod, the vice chancellor, and 'the marfhal, at the opening of the com- tnilTion for a new code of laws, are elegant and clailical } and the progrefs . which learning has made in that empire, fince the beginning of this century, ■ with the fpecimens of literature publifhed both at Petcrfburgh and Mofcow, is an evidence, that the RulTMns are ntk unqualified to fhine in the arts an4 (ciences. However, the efforts to civiliee tliem' did not begin with Peter the Older. A fmail glimmering, like the firfl daybreak, became vaorc Great, but ™crc inUCu Lpjjj^d to ■ Wi)* (etn under Czar |wan, in the middle of the 1 6th century. TUia Ta tja H U S,^ I A. «> more confpicuous under ^'Alexius Michaelowitz ; but under Peter it burft forth with the fplendor of a rifing fun, and hath continued ever fince to afi> cend toward* its meridian* UmvEr.siTiES.] Three colleges were founded by Peter the Great at MofcQw ; nt* for claffical learning and philofophy, the feoond for mathe* inaticB, and the third for navigation and aftronomy. To tbefehe added a difpcnfary, which ia a magniiicent buildings and under the care of I'ome able German chemiUs and apothecaries ; who furnifh medicinea not only to the army, but all over the kingdom. And within thefe few years, Mr. de Shorealow, high chambeiiain to the emprefs Elizabeth, daughter to Peter the Great, has founded an univerfity !>< this city. The prefent emprefs has alfo founded an univetdty at Peteriburgh^ and in\^ited fome of the moft learned Coreignera in every faculty, who ait provided with good falaries ; and aUb a military academy, where the young nobility and of&cers fons are taugi .lie art of war. It ought alfo to be mentioned, to the honour of the f ./.( luy^ benefa£lrefa, that fhe is a£lually employed in founding a number of Icljools for the education of the lower clailes of .her fubje^^s, throngliout the be(V inhabited part& of the empire ; an inftitution, which, if rightly executed, will intitle the great Catherine, as much as any of her pre^ deceQbrs, to the gratitude of the Ruffian nation Cities, towns, I'Ala(:es,1 Peterfburgh naturally takes the lead in thii AND OTHER BUILDINGS. J divifiou. It lics at the jun£lion of the Ncva with the lake Ladoga, already mentioned, in latitude 60 ; but the reader may have a better idea of its fituation, by being informed that it^ftands on both iides the river Neva, betwetm that lake and the bottom of the Finland gulf Intlieyear 1703, this city confided of a few fmall fiihing huts, on a fpot (o waterifti and fwampy, thdt the ground was formed into nme iflands ; by which, accordbg xp Voltaire, its principal quarters are ' ftill divided. Without entering into too l^inute a clefrription of this wonderful city, it ii fuflicient. to fay, that it extends about fix miks every way,; suid contain! every ftru£lure for magnificence, the improvement of the arts, revenue, na< vigation,. war, commerce, and the like, tliat are to be found in the moft ce- lebrated cities in Europe. But there' is a convert which deferves rarticular notice,in which 440 young ladies are educated attKeexpence of the emprefs ; 300 of them of fuperior rank, and the other, daughters of citizens and tradefmen, who, after a certain time allotted to their education, quit the convent with improvements Citable to their conditions of life, and thdfe of the lower clafs are prefented with a fum of money as a dowry if they many, op to procure to themfelvcs a proper livelihood. Near to this convent is a Foundling Hofpitdl, afliftant to that noble one cilablilhed at Mofcow, and where the inuthec may come to be delivered ^irivatcly, and then, after the utmoft attention to her, fhe* leaves the. cnild to the ilate, a6>a parent more capable of promoting its welfare. As Peterfburgh is the efnporium of Ruflia, the number offoreign fliipi trading to it in the fumincr-time. is furprifmg. In winter 3000 one-horfe fledges are employed for pafljengers in the ftreets. It is fuppofed, that there are 406,000 inhabitants in this city ; and it is ornamented with thirty-five great churches ; for in it almoft every feft of the Chriftian religion is tole- rated. It alfo contains palaces, fome of which are fuperb, particularly that which is called the New Summer Palace, near th^ Triumphal Port, which is an elegant piece of architecture. This magnificent city is defended on that €de next the ft-a '^y the futreis of Cro)ft.idt ; which, confiderin^jf the dif- ficulty and danger cf navigating a large naval force through the gulf of Fin,t , • , - lind, K V ^ S I M. 133 er it'burft Bnce to at- : Great at for matlie- ixe added a re of fome lot only to dMf Mr. de ET to Peter emprefe lia» if the moft }d fabrics; :er8 fons are e honour of founding a ler fubjefts, 3n, which, if y of bar pre^ lekad'inthii n of the Neva It the reader t itsftands on f the Finland ling huts, on > nine iflands } ftiU divided. Mcity, it ii and contain! I, revenue, na* the moft ce- res rarticular the emprefs ; citizens and ion, quit the I, and thbfe of if they niairy, 18 convent h » iMofcow, and len, after the parent more If foreign ftiip» poo one-licrfe Fed, thnt there fith thirty-five leligion is tole- Irticularly that IPort, which is fended <^n that lerin;? the dif- ^ ^ hnd, )and, 18 fuffident to guard it on that fide from the attennpts of any enemy. Feterfbur^ '\f the capital of the province of Ingria* one7)f Peter the Greats conquefts from the Swedes. Authe neighbourhood of this city is covered with country houfes and gardenst ' ' The city of Mofcow was formerly the glory of this great empire, and it ftill continues confiderable enough to figure among the capitals of Europe. It (lands, as has been already mentioned, on th^ river from whence it takes its name, in lat. S5'45* ""^ about 141 4. miles itorth^eaft of London ; and though its ftreets are not regular^ it prefentt a very piAurefque appearance i for it contains fuch a number of gardens, groves, lawns, 9nd ftreams, that it fecms rather to be a cultivated ,couatry, than a city. The ancient mag- nificence of this city would be incredible, were it not attefted by the moil unqueilionable authora : but we are to make great allowances for the un- cultivated ftate of the adjacent provinces, which might have made it appear ,with a greater luftre in a traveller's eyes. Neither Voltaire nor Bufching give us. any fatiafa^ory account of this' capital; and little credit is to be ^iven to the authors who divide It into regular quarters, and each quarter in- habited by a different order or profeffion. Bufching fpeaks of it as the larg-- eft city In Europe ; but that can be only meafit as to the ground It ilands on, computed to be 16 miles In . circumference. It is generally agreed, that Mofcow contains 1600 churches and convents, and forty-tlire*? palaces or fquares. Bufching makes the merchants' exchange to contain about 6000 fine fhopsi which difplay a vaft parade of commerce, efpecially, to and froin China. No city difplays a greater contrail than Mofcovv, of magnlPcenee and meannefs in building. The houfes of the inhabitants in general are miferable timber booths: but their palaces, churches, • convents, and other public edifices are fpaclous and lofty. The Krimlin, or grand Imperial pa- lace, is mentioned as one qf the moft fuperh flrudlures in the world: it (lands In the interior circle of the city, and contafns the old imperial palace, pleafurc houfe, and ftables, a victualling houfe, the palace which formerly be- longed to the patriarch, nine cathedrals, five convoits, four parlfh churches* the arfcnal, with the public colleges, and other offices. All the churches. In the KTlmlln have beautiful fplres, moft of them gilt, or covered with (li- ver ; the archlte£lure is in the Gothic tafte ; but the infides of the churches sre richly ornamented ; and the pldures of the faints are decorated with gold, filver, and precious ,ftones. Mention is made of the cathedral, which has no . fewer than nli;e towers, covered with copper double gilt, and contains a lllvcr blanch with 48 lights, faid to weigh 2800 pounds A volume would fcarcely fuifice to recount the other particulars of the magnificence of this city. Its fumptuous monuments of the great dukes and czars, the maga- zine, the patriarchal palace, the exchequer, and chancery, arc noble ftrufturcs. The public Is not unacquainted with the barbarouf anecdote, that the czar, John Bafilidcs, ordertd ;lit architcft of the church of Jerufalem to be de- prived of his cyeligbt,.tli.\t he might never contrive Its equal. The ftory is improbable,, and might take Its rlie from the arbitrary difpofition of that great prince. 1 (hrJl have occafion hereafter to mention the great bell of Mofcow > where the inhabltantr are fo diftraftedly fond of bells, that they are always tinkling in every quarter. The ji^wcls and ornaments of an image of the virgin Mary, in the Krimlin church, and Its other furniture, can be only equalled by what is feen at the famoiig ihily Hotifc of Loretto in, Italy. Mr, Vohaire fays, that Peter, who was attentive to every thing, did not negleft Mofcow, at the tiitie iie \va^ buildliig Peterfburg ; for he caul'cd it to be paved*' : adorned It with &ubl« edifice., (nd enriched it .with manufadures. 1^ ,■ :- - The » U 8 8 I A. iHto FdttiuUmi^ Ho^kal at Mofcow u an ezcditot inftitut&Mif ind *ppntk ' txyh* under Tcry judlcaaas rei^dations. It waa founded by t^ j^ent em. |tref% and is fiippoited by voliuitary contribuUoaB, legacies^ and other charib able endowments. It is an immenfe pile of building^, dT a qoadrangtilar fliape, and containa 3000 fouadlinga : wher the e&Uiflunent it completed, ' it 18 intended to contain 800a They are taken greit caie of; and at the age of fourteen they have tH^ liberty of chooiing any ourticular wnmch of tnde ; and for tbss jpurpofe there are difiEerentlpeciea 01 mluiuffidureB eftab< liihedin the hofpitaf. When they have goAe throiwh t certain apprentice- flu^, or about the age of twenty^ they are aUowed thelibcrty of fettug up for tfaemCielves : a fum of money is beftowed upon eadi foundling for tint pur. pofct ibid they are permitted to carry pn trade in any part of ^ Ruffian eni' pire. This is a very ccmfiderable privilege in Rtiitu, where the peafants are ilavesy and cannot leave their vilU^ without the permiffion of their maften. Nothing am be faid with certainty as to the popuktion of MoTcow. ^Whea loid Cariiile was the Englifli ambaKador there, in the reign of Charln II. this city was X2 miles in compafs, and the number (^houfes wot com- puted at 40,000. Voltaire fays that when he wiote, Mofcow' was twenty miles in circumference, andi that its inhabitants amounted to 5*0,000. Mr. Coxe confirms the account of the circumfereuce of this city, but thinks the account of its population much exaggerated ; according to an account which was given to him by an Engliih gei^man, which he received firom the lieu- tenant of the police, and which he fi.ys may be reh'ed on, Mofcow eontaiu within the ramparts 250,000, and in the adjacent villages 50,0000. CuaiosiTiEs.] This article affords no great entertainment, as Rdfiaha but lately been admitted into tne rank of civiUfed nations. She can however, produce matvy ftupendous monuments of the public fpirit of her fovereigns^ particularly her canals made by Peter the Great, for the benefit of commen.-e. Siberia {9 fiiliof old fiepulchres of an unknown nation, whofe inftnunents and «rmt were all made of copper. In the cabinet of natural hlftory at Peterf- burgh, is a rtiinoceros, dug up on the banks of the river Valy'. "^ith hit (kin, '| and the hair upbn it, perfe&. I have already hinted' at the pt^Hion the KvS- fians bave for bell-ringing ; and we are told that the great bell of Mofcow, tiie largeft in the world, weighs, according to Mr. Coxe, '* 432,000 pounds, and ** which exceeds in bignefs every bdl in the known world. Its ,fize is fo en. ^ ormous, that I could fcarcely have given credit to the account of its mag. ** nitude, if I had not examined it myfelf, and afcertained its dimenfions with ** great exadnefs. Its height is nineteen feet, its circumferehce at the bot> *i torn twenty-one yards eleven inches, its greateft thicknefs twenty-three ■** ii^ches." It was caft in the reign of the emprefs Anne .* but the beam on which it hung, being burnt, it fell, and a large piece is broken out of it ; fo ^at it lately Tayin a man r ufelefs.. Mr. Bruce ii^ his late memoirs mentiont a bdl at Mofco^ founded in Czar Boris'c time, 19 feet high, 73 in diameter, and two in thicknefs, that weighed 33^,000 pounds.. .The building of Pe- (erfburgh, and raifing it of a fudden from a few tilhing huts to be a popiilboi and ridi city, is perhaps a curiolity hardly to be paralleled fince the eredion . of the Egyptian pyramids. The £ime may be faid of the fortrefsof Cronf- tadt, in tiie neighbourhood of- Peterihurgh, which is almoR impregn4)le. This fortrefs and city employed for fome years 300,000 men in laying iti I inundation, and driving piles night and day | a work which no monarch in 1 Europe (Peter excepted) could have executed. The whole plan, with a very | * little ailiftance from fome German engineers, was drawn by his own hand. I ]^qually wonderful was the navy which he raifed to his people at thetimil .ViiJJi •lr--tJ' S t A; tt$' lad Append [hnefent em- ithercbariu i;ular (hape, completed, and at the r vmnch of ftut«»eftab< I apprentice- etting up for for trot pur> : Ruffian env- ; peafants are leir maftert. of Mofcow. ^ of Charlci es vrett com< • was twenty o,ooo> Mr. ut thinks the ccount which fifom theUeu- >fcow contaioi )0O. :, as Rumhai I can however, ler fovereigns} of coronicrce. iftrutnents and ;ory at Peterf. xflithhii (kin, fflon the Rut ^Mofcow,the _ pounds, and Its fize is fo en. int of its mag. imenfions with icc at the bot- twenty-threc ;t the beam on out of it ; fo loIrs menUoM j in diameter, uilding of Pe- be a popvibni icethcereftion jefsofCronf. imprcgn»|)|<' |n in laying it»] JO monarcnin .n, with a very [his own hand.! ,le atthcumi vfh«\ irh«n %hey could hardly be laid to have ooflefied a fhfp in Hay part of ih« globe. What is more wonderful than aU, he often wrought in perfoitiii (dl thofe amazing wodu, with the bme afliduity as if he had ^eea a common^ labourer. CoMMucs, AHD MA-1 In treating of the Ruffian commerce, former aiTiMK FoaCB. J accounts are of little iervice at this tune, beeaufe of its great improvementii and variations. By the beft and fureft mfiHrmation* the annual exports of ^uffia at prefent amount to aboat ;^.2,40o,ooo, and her imports do not exceed ;^. 1,600,000; fo that the balance <^ trade ia yeariy;^' 800,000 fteriing in her favour *. Ruffifi's productions and export^ in genend, are maiiy» and Very valuable, viz. fur^.aod peltry of various 'kinds, red leather, linen and thread, iron, co^ per, fad-«loth, hemp and flax, pitch and tar, tirax, honey, tallow, jiinglaUy hnfeed'oil, pot a(h, foap* feathers, train.oil, ho^s brifUes, muflcy' rhubarb, and other drugs, tiniber, and alio raw fdk from China and Perfia* Her foreign commtrce is much inCreafed fince her conquefb^from Sweden, cfpecially of Livonia and Ingria^ and fince the eftabliihing of her newempor^ ism of PetcHburgh, whereby her naval intercourfe with Europe is mader mndv more ihort and ealy. The Ukraine may be called the {paries of the enqmtri the beft com, hemp, flax, honey, and wax, come from this fertile province^ and 10,000 head of homed cattle are annuaUy fent from its paftpres int» Silefia and Saxony. Ruffia carries on a commerce over4and, by "^ravansyto China, chiefly in fun: mdthey bring back from thence, tea, filk, cotton, gold, &c. To BochaxiA, near the river Oxus in Tartary, Ruffia, fends her owA merchandize, in return ior Indian filks, cOrlcd lamb fkinsr and ready .money ; and alfo for the annual feir at Samarcand ; ihe likewife tnides to Perfia by Aftracan, crofs the Caf- pian fea, for raw and wrought filk. The emprels, in 1784, iffiied aii cdi<£t» permitting all foreigners to carry on a free trade by fea and land with tjie feveral countries bordering on the Euxine, which have been latdy annexed to the empire. The fame privileges religious and civil, are allowed to thtin iii the ports of Cherfon, Sebaftiopolis, and Theodofia, (formerly Caffa,) in the 'province.of Tauriea, as in Peteriburgh. Before the time of Peter the Great, Archangel, which lies upon the White Sea, was tlie only port of naval communication which Ruffia had with the reft. of Europe ; but it was fubje£t to a long and^ tempeftuous voyage. They have now 13 ports. Archangel, Pcterfburgh, Riga, Revel, Peraeau, Narva^ Wibourg, Fredsrickfham, Ailracan, and Kola, and the three opened in theii^ new conquefts. This tovm is about three Englifh miles in length, and dn appeatt from th|:t " R tj i 8 i A. imiei ihsMritetfKcd and pifciiy tfe'latfe uod t>retent^>-r(ifref$V ? PoIaiKl, fiwj |ff?y^ft<^, yfi^p ijo part o'< the moMy Wj^urnqd to ^ wp^ fih4 inattJ^jr rfpiVed any c9ttfidLnWife ftS^M^^ tlrelip* Ki)u?||4 aiji0 AulCtiia* who, iaiec^f tfere in i(;b ca^dk'tiOA to gnnt j^*ttt ^ ^ Mr, yolUu«% ;fiiy8, t]fi;d if 173^, rcck^inKtibe, tribute p«^ tlw TMtlrfc Willi all t^xev Wd dutte^ u'. moncy/tfae' turn tow ajnoi^^ to ttinteieB milu _^ ^xp€ntie»,.S«lidesty»e Daymen^ her^tvfent ma^^I the niim^^^ Snd dutipline o^ which |i5e/it Icaft eqiiid tjo iRole of |i^ ^i^tpft, Iprc^ Very donriderable. ' ltttrcp\a% is ^e;^mt imd iriagpiactnt ;' 1^^^ jnd the ehfoun^e- tifcniihe I'K^ei'tfefca'riijpg^ the Jniproveipenie of the arts, and vIe(aL dl&overio^ ttoft her vip f^ins^^^^^^ OildiVo' expeiSc^ oFftate. Sorne ol IJhe Rufliaii rereniie^ ^fe &Mn monopolies; which are f^ji^ iieceflary in t1i(! iniKlicy olPcoWto^rc^. /^ eiitenji^lc un- 3ettak(?n by feter the Great, was his imitating the cpoduflt oFHeniryyUl. ot England ii» feizing Ap revenues ^of^^e church. I|e fi>und pOTap^ tWt policy iihd necefey required tliat the greiiteft part oif thenx iKoiild be re- ftored, whfGft was aMordingly doi^e }. hjft great aiin being to de^ve the pi- briarch of his ■e:j;cemVe power, 'The clergy are taxed in Riu&a} btit the pecuriiaty reventie's of the croWa ^xrft. trotn taxes upon e^atc3, bagnios, bees^ -'lis, fimeiiea, aqd other particiJif A ' own pi, amounts The par of a faHor-^d a .guciier i^ a ruble Moionth, and tltey are" found in prO' Mfions when .a-flfere. .. ,. ■.^,, -; , _ .^^ .;■!:,.,/'.■, OkDERS.J The 6td& of St. Andrew inftituted ty I*etCT the tJrcat, iii ¥^98, to anrm^e his noble's and oHtcers, in the wars againfl tl^e Turks. He chofe St. Andrew ibr bis pi^ron, becaufeby tra^'tion he was the founder df ' Chriftianity tii the cciihtryi. THe knights are perforia of thefirft rank |n Ae empire. The order of- Sir AUxmder tfei^ii was alfo Jnftituteij by Peter the Great J and confirmed by the einpreis Catherine tl ta tW year 725. The order of St. VafHarit^vrai inftituted by; Peter the Great, iii honour of his emptefs, for her alSftanceon the banks of the Pruth. The "' order of St. Gco^e inftituted by the ^^rcfcnt emjircfs Catharine II. ih fevo^r of the military qmcers in her fervice. ,The>Di'dcr'of St. Wolodtmr was infii» tut«^ about Odober ^d, 1783* bv the emjprefc m favour of tiibfe who ferve herli a civil capacity, rhe ortWof St. Anne of Holftein, in memory jf Amie, daughter of feter. the Great. ,> ., History.] It is evident both from ancient hiilory Had tnod^ difcoveneS), that fome of the moft negleAed parts ^of the. Rui&an envjM . >.r,t prefent were formerly rich and populous, l^ie leader who throws his eyes on a general map of Europe and Alia, may fee ifee ajdvantagcs of their fituation, arSL^ei^ communication'by-riveni'wtth the Plac^ .'■'eft, and the richeft proVinCdi Tii the Roman and Greek empires. In la^tet times, the Afiatic part of Ruflia bordered with Samarcand in Ta'rtary, once the capital under Jenghjs Khan and Tamer-, lane, of a far Jttore rich and powierful empire than any mentioned in hiftpry ; ! and that nothifig'tsssGre certain than tfet the conqucu of Ruma was ai^on^ the laft attempt* made by tfce former o^thofe, princes, The chronicle* of th|» l«n;girei*eachnot>^Kef than the 9th century, but theyliavie veftted a arttaitibn; "If thut \ m t ,u S, 1 A. tl^t ^totrut' Hi Nsvogorodwer^four dedby Kiiin theyear439; llm K^ii ieiiy lisme < '"'-h:) u ariancteutpnuce,vmfle'oifter8 mention tiim ua fiii^ le boatmau ^o ^td to tiwfport ^oods and paiTtngen Atrofs t&i« Neijper^ ^or a long tii-c .tic chief or roler Ijad the title of giftaA duke of J|Sjr>^^ W^ cliiioot with the fmalleft degree of proLubility carry our conjeAuit^ w«tK ftgardtolthe Hiftory cf RufiBahigKrr than the introduftiofr of Chrifl :n.i'.y, ii^nich iM^ppehed abput'the tetoth ce it.ury : when^he Princefs of tW-; , >m sr^ «tilli!d jl^lba, i$ faid to lUive been ba) cixedat ConftantinopIe«indrd .:>«! cio Kami of tbc Gr^'ek emperor, .'ohn Ziuufces, in marriage. ' TlU^'acvcanUt^r ihi l^nffians adopting the Gk tck reli^tjn, and part of die alpV bet. "PilfuiH, the famous Greek patfial^:h» fcnt pnetls to baptiL • the Rum^ a^ Vfho ^* re toi fome time fuhj -il to the fee of Cooda. n'nople ; b«a 'he Greek oatriar«V af- ttTWards reigned all their authority ovvr tire Ruflia?. i 'I'ii^h j a;''«? ht bjihomi ";", vh^ pnuces of RuU'i ivc! ' but vta-jr little covifidettdj bfiing diieffV iubjedtefl by \hi Tm..;; :;j.| 0. ;" t wc?'? "but vta-y little covifidettdj bfiing cVJeffV fubjedtefl by Wis, csitriea 30 .^ tarr 0. •..:. r,f g'^ aid fiRrcr. His profjXfouB rt-^gn gave a i^w -Hi'pe<5i: . ■ Xu.'uiv His g^"?.ndior.» tii« u'iTitoY ; juhti Bu'lc%'»it7, II. having cleared his country of iflje iaUi)tUi.g Tarter ;> A'-idhi'j tl>..t kingdoms of Kafen and A&raCan Tar. taiy, in AAi., aiid arfnitv^ tistmi q the Ruffian donainioii*. By his cruelty) Ko>'evei?j,,li'. obliged the iij}j3ibri.nats of forr.e of 'bis Aneft provinces, par- ticiaarly .I«vt'r.ia and Eilhdntft', to thro* thertifelves tmder the proteftipn of the roles and Swedts. Before the time of this Johu IT. thi fovereigi %f R^ilGu tot>h the title of Welike Kneii:, '* great prince," great ion!, or great chief; whil the ChrHtian nations afterwards rendered by thai; of great 'ihik^. The V-ih of Tiwrt or, asf we call it, Czar, (an expreffion whioS, in the Sclavonian Iar<;^uage, fignifies king) v^'as added to that of th*; KufTun fover- cijjjis. Upon the death of John Bafilowiu, the Ru£llan fucqefQpn was filled t.pby afct of weak, crutl princes f aftd therr territories were torn in piet;e3 b ' vivil wars. In 1597, Boris Godoiiov/, according ta Voltaire, wliofe in- fotoks, and a considerable party (which evt;ry tyfant has againft him j, hi drbve out the ufurpcr, and feiised the crown himfelf. The iiii}M)Q.ure was difcovered as foon as lie came to the fovereignty, betjattfo the pcaple were not pleafcd withhiiii, and he vvasjhlur* Am sd. Three ol!l|^3 pretending to be Demetrius ttarted up one aiter anAier. Tinefc impoftur iDieJboTiuri met jn a body' ; Md'iVJiiMEi their renentioii for FlplKtes iiut his wi&, Whooit the tyran): had flltit u^ In a nunnery, that thqr elected tl^rr fon Michael Teeifiroyntz, of the hoyfe of itomanoff, a youtn of ij 'yeai4i, of i|g<; to' be thel ft/vcreign. l*he father being exchanged foriotnl t*oli(b prifoneni, returned to Rilffia, and b'ei^g created patriarch by his (on, he rftlgn' 'h the ycu«|j ajan** right with ffTeat prudence md fuccefs|. He de- t'eat^ 1 the a^tempj^'or^the Poles to reotace uladiHaus i/pon ^he throne, aaod. Iil(ev'il^ ^ii« claim of a brother of Ouftavus Adolbhus. Ttli^aims of thf Sw«>.i:^ u '-'* Poles upon Ruflta occafibned a war betWeen' thoJe two pe^p^^. v'hich ;v e Mkaael a kind of breathing tin^e ; and he made.ufe of it for the l^.ifjt o'hia fubjiifts. He reigned thirty-three years ; and by\hi« wifdomVi and tht: mildnefs of his cbaradlcr, he reftored eafe and tranqnilhty to his fubr je^a. H^' encouraged themfto induftiy, and gave them the examde of vetr, comw cn'1 vjU behaviour in his ewn perfon. Before wetake leave of Mich^j It r ay b: proper to mention the mode of the czar's nuptials, which cobw* kcr tial preparations were made, before the happy lady was deelaredj by fending her magnificent jewels and a wedding rpbe. "The reft of the candidates were then difmilfed to their feveral homes, with fuitable prefents. 'The name •f the lady's father who pleafed Michael, was Strefchnen ; and he was plouErhin? his own farm, when it wasaanQunced to him, that he was father^ in-law to the czar. ■ ' 'r',- Alexius fucce^ded his fathej' Michael, and was married in the fame nuumer,, ^e appears to liave been a prince of great genius. -He reCbveredSmoleniko, ^iow, and the Ukraine,^ but was unfortunate in his wi^s with the Swedes.- When the grand ilgnioTj, Ma,homet IV. haughtily demanded fome pojl«^ont from him in the. Ukraine, his anft^erv^ f' that he fcorned to fitbinit to 9 Mahonfetan dog, and thiat his fcymetar was as good as the gran^ lignior'S; fabre." He promoted agriculture} introdiiced into his empire arts andi fciences, of which he ,wa8 himfelf a toyer ; published a code of lavy^s, fome of which are ftill ufed in the adminiftratib^ of juitice ; and greatly improved hia. amy by mending its difciplirte. This he effeAed chiefly by the help of ftrangers, moft of wKom were Scotch. He fubdued a chief of the JDon'Cof- laca, named Stenko Rafin, Tvhb>'idea"o«red to niake himfelf king of AftrJi- andthe rebel, >vltu . 2,of>o of his adherents, was hanged on the high can roads. He introduced, linen and ftlk manufaftures int)p his dominions : and inftead of putting to death, or enflaving his Lithuanian, Polifh, and Tartar: ;)af<'#iei-s, he fent them to people the banks of the Wolga and the Kama* Theodore fucceeded his father Alexms itv 1667. He reigned feven years, and having on his death-bed called hisboyars round hini, m'the prefencc of his brother and filler Twan and Sophia, 1^.^ of Peter, wh6 was afterwards fa celebrated, and who v^ .s V*^ft fhe" Ri^'P^^^ {iivour him, were put'tb cr^iel dtatWr tt? inft^MSc/s jgivenlijf J^^^ ot I^^er barbarous acirrifmftration, ;^e ' Jl^ciuW tp hun^M«t^«' At leiigih, in i68a» the two j!j?ittfc^,"Iw?in vid Pe^r'i were dfclaifecnmot fg;rt8, anid. v^ tfc'c'r fifter*, ^©r affociate co-tegent. fier a,dpftiivftmion ^^ ^Icwdy" an^^ tumuItuouR : not'duril ijhf Venture to cljieck the furf of the StreKtzeB, arid qther .iitfurgents.' Findirtc this 'idebiUty 'm'her oym p^6o'f. f^c ijierided to have married pritice Baljl Galitxin, who is iSudto nave been a ijoan of lenfe and fpjrit, and forpe ' learning. BeitUT t^ed at tne head oJT the army by, ,S0jph^» he niarch^ into' "Cim 'FJ«'fcfJf j jhjut Ftier t\o^,jff^* about fefente^n years of age, a^nd ^flertt^ Tiii rjOTis to tftt ^j^rohe. ' Sophia afej Ivvan- were then at Mofcow, and upq.n Petered . ptiWUhiiig^ io^ tnijit n'confpjracy liad b«en formed %. hi* 'filter to murdiir lji|rt, he y^a^jmne^ Bjr'ibe Strelitzes, who defeated or ddttrbyed Sdp^iiV party, an<|'foirced l^er- '^ ■" ' raa fpared, but w« ©"eat 'efiate felf tb retire to a liionaftery. CalKzin'* life waa wjis cpnfifcated, and the fo^owirtt pdrious fen^eiice wAs pronouH^^^ ^*^, piiTiiffiment, •*''Thou art cqmmaWcd by the moil clen^ent czar, to repair ta ** - Kirga, a towil under the pole, and there to continue the reipaindtJr of ** thy days, ffis: ipjyefty; out "^f hi4 e»t;rcine gb(d|dnej[^, allows thee t^ree ** pence per day |br thy fubfiftehce.**' 'Hils left feter jwith no other com- peiitdr, in the year 1689, than ,i;he mxld.aiid' eafy I wan, and upon his death, which happened, in. J 6516/ Peter j«ignpd alqae, and cruelly provided fqr his ownTutiire f?curity,by the execiitioft of i^^ Peter, thbiighne had. been but very indiffer'ently educaUd, through the jealddfy of his fiftef, affociated himfpfii; V*h t'hc Gennans ftod Dutch j wjtji tbie former for the feke of their imanilfaAurps, which he fiV'T introduojd in- to h^s (^i^inions ; aind with the latter for their ikjll in navlgalt^bn^ which he praftifed hiriifdf. I^is inclination fpt th^ar^s wu enco^urigc^ by hie ifjjvoiij:- 'i]t R U S 8 I- A. H\ J, wjf ex*. Miity' ; fijr i^pdTed'tb Siiic oi ieiigt^t in ejgAs,; anid, \6od,f and, ilitzcB, an^ ah offenfe e "army % was about i^;Sophia forced l^er- gr^at eftate iriced as hii t^ 'repair ta :iyiainder of s thee tjhree I other cora- n his dcatli, v^dediqrhw through the >atch i with troduc'jd in* which be y hie f^vovi;- , difciplined .'e Fort raif- ch and Gp ig the • 'i;^'*, ring his mili- int ppon his , and other By work- npleted him- difcipHne he )ver-awed or Afia ; and whole body fervice both pecially that tion, and ex- upon the^ friendship he as dethroned ad no rc^''^ ne, a y<> "J ifter?t Ipt^H cWWNtipgf he totujd h^ ppffefcfi p^a fpt^l formed to execuij^ u- p|[anSt«|4'^° ^^ ^'* councus. Catnanne wa»fo n>aeh a^nuglscr t|Q her' ai h oyfi a% ^ , , , . ,f#«t>'^^l«> im\ 'f^M'W ?'»S '^'^Xfil mMJnphf which tuiccpea<4 9Pc 9nqtber i»ftf,r the hattj? of ruitpyva «%T^o^ with Charlc^f ^11. Wwtf noV tl»(i c)>J^ glory ot Tpe^cr> reij- " ^ ^ •^' - ?W»><»P, reign. He «pn|5w^d hipfiddf w^.th happened in l^isi *« have be«ni the moft powerfi^ . nriifC.e. <^i}ls sjge, but »pre ^e5fF«4 ^hW MpT^ hy ^\B fuWeiJt)},. . ' ' '\ Peter th)? G>Wt, ws luifortun^fe in Juf cldfffji fpij, wh9, \J9^ s4l«^ *<{ft c?afo,\Yitz, aa,d w](;^9i pvcrfiii^ \yit|ioja|'>^? 'cotjfct^, cn^v^d, af his wte^'IH" W4 iV^P WPf %gcrpif)» pr^^ti.c^^^ ^g^inft hi^p<;r^fi;.a^4 gpXF""iW*» *^ ^]mM f^» ttJed and <;ondc^a^4,:fft.ji|^Jp- . Mtii'fc'l fpyf;^iKf^ 4ef)?9ti?»8^, vy« ca?^ %y riotliip|r ij j^o J^g mftjci^ ^f the cJ|i,a;-gft. It y;^? m^ doubtedly )h? Avi^.tth^t the ^ou-"!^ pnw^ippuia pe jFypji^ g_ydt^ ; n^.tlve mX'V^aqiug of the ientpAcc appears tp h^ye been ^ial tp JilTO; It h fsud^ tji^t ^8. fopiQ as fe^tcpce pf ^cath ^as p^dj^punc^d uppji the pr.i[oce, yiTjfr^ii. ^'^;ere the .f«|lQwin|f ^P^dfj, •* Thpdiyip^ c^cldCjaftiQa], civjjly ani >;||i}It^jfj;; ^y. «• cou^en3,na tq acath,, ^yithopt jpric^i aJj ihpfc whoii: attemE^s 9|ainft tjli^'y' »' father aa4 tbeij fpyereign aye i][j^i^ell;'j'V he fqlf ipto thcjt^^oft vwlerit qbti-. xuJI)qji,8, JFirbm ji^lp^h j^i jtis wjth gr^t dlfiwulty that hp ':?g3Wn«^4? '^f^;'?!. teryailof fenfp^ \dji^*;j"i|rhich he pcfi^rtd his father yipvAi cpine to fpe him, whfn.hp a(^ed hi9|»,a5^pn and fqcxp. after d!eg the deipqtifin of Peter j>hd his wife^ j^Jjp. Ryffinn fen^'^ wd nobihty, upon th^ de^th ojf !Pe^er II. iiii'enturc4 tp let aft^ |;he or^et; pt fucpeffion whicD they had cftabli(he4* * Tljic rpale iflTiie pf Peter >vas noyj' ei^;^ tinguifhed ; and the. duke of HoUlein, fon to his eldeiil d«»ughter, waa, hy thft deftinatlon of the jate emprcfij, entitled to the cro^^n : biit the liufltaps, for political reafonSj filled their throne with Anne, duchefs o|! Courland, itecorjd; daughter to Iwan, Peter's eldeft. brother ; though her.elucki family^ who had imppficj^ lupon her limitations, with a view, as it isTTaid, th^t Jthcy themfelves might govern. She raifed her favourite, Biro^, to the dficliy of Cpurlandj and, was obliged to give way to mam' rv'"ere executionJ on his account. Upon her death in 1 740, John, the fr ' ^T tli«|ctf the prmcefs of Mecklenburgh, byAnothony Ulric of.BrunfwL . , dlfenbuttle, Was, by her will, entitled to the fucccffion ; hui being no more than two years old, Eiron was appointed to be adminlU; ..or of the 'empire during his nonage.""' TKis dellinalion wa« UiTagrceable to the princcfs of Mecklenbwrghandherhufbaad, and unpopular ai- ^..m »4» R US 'SI A. snnong the RufK^nsI Count Munich was employed by theprincefs of Mecl(.< lenburgh-lp arreit Biron ; who was tried, and condemned tib' die, but was fent in exfle to Silian'a. The adminillration qf the pnnccfs Anno of Mecklenburgh and her hu(band was, o^n many'accoutitft, biu particularly that of h?r German connexions, djfagrceable, not ortl^,'|,o the P .."■*.) , bu'. to other ^ovftrs of Europe} and nolwIthftandi|ig a profp..■ > -41':')- carried oJi with ihe Swedes, the princeft ElizAbcth, diog' r, Iv '\ i..' m^ tc Peter the Great, formed fuch a party, that in one I'ig'^'t^s time (he was declfr^d and proclaimed enu prefa of the RulGai^f and the princefa of Mecklenburgh, her hulband, and ton, wtre made prif^ners. ^Elizabeth's reigsii may be faid to ha\re been more glorious than that of any ofher predeceffors. h# fathet exceptpiL She aboWlied capital punifhments j and introduced into all civil and mili+ary pt - - ' ., . ..lodemtion, tiD her time, unknown in Ruflia t but at the fame time (he ponilhed. counts Munich and 0(lenn&n, v/ho had the chief nt&nagement of y Great Britain, dt the pxpeftee of a large fubfidy ; but many po- Iitical, and fome private vca(ons, it is faid, determin^ 'her to take pan with the houfe of Auftria ag^ft the king of JPniflia in 1 7 c' Her arms alone gaw a turn to the fiitpeft. of the war, which was iii disf*.otir. of Pruflia, notwith- ftan<£ng that monarch's amazing abilities both in the field and cabinet. Her conqueft was fuch as portended the entirt deftruotion of the Prufllan power, which was, p£fhap8, feved only bv ber critical d' ith, on January c, 1 767, Elizabeth was fuccced* ^. hy Pet'-- III. gf 1 priiice « f Ruflki, and duke of Holitem ; a prince whoic conduft has b< a varioufi) rcprefentcd. Ke mounted the throne poffeffed of an cnthufiaaic admiration of his PrulTiai majefty'a virtues} to whom he "•ave peace, and whofe principles and prafti- Ces he i oems to have adoptcv. as tue direftories r :' his future r' gn. He might have furmounr, d the effetls eveii of thofc peculiarities, unpopular as they then were in RuiHa ; but it is faid t!iat he aimed at ref'^nnation in his do.iiiuions, which even Peter the Great durit not "tten^ , and that he even ve lu- ted to cut off the bccirds of his 9lergy. * is al ■ alledgetl, that he bad for- Aied a refolution to deftroy both hid e fs r 1 her fon, though they had been dcclare(' heirs to tl\c itaprrial rhrci.f :)y i fame authority which had phced the crown upon his head : and even the a 'vacates of Peter the Third !• ....owledge, that he had 'efolved to iliut up' his wife and fon In a convent, to place his miftrefs upon the throne, and to change the order of fucceflion. However, the execution of his defigns was prevented by an almoit general ronfpiracy being formed againft him, in which the emprefs took a very active pait ; and this unfortunate prince fcargely knew an interval bet"'een the A ,V .8 ..fi *4I lofi of hi» crotm and l)ii li'Af/of which he was deprived v under aa ^no- miniou* confinement, fn July 1 762.^ That his condu*^ w 1 regard to Pniflia wa< not the (ole catife otnh depofitlon feems prdii^ evident ifom the metfclrcft f){ his fucceflbr, who was his own wife, and reigned by he title of Catharine 11. Tl»«t prineefs, witii reg^d to Pruflia, trode % h# llirfhjind's ftepa, and iollowcd the plan he chalked out. Ohc of the ino|l ilhxuurkable domeftic oceurrences of her reign is the death of prince I wi«, foii to the priiicefr of Mecklenburgh. ]. , This young, prince, as foon as he came into the world, was defigned, though unjulWy nod Illegally, to wear the imperial crown of Ruffia, after the death of his grfat aunt, tke eif^prefs Anna Iwaiiawno | but by the advancement of the emprefs Elizabeth* he was condemned to lead an obfcure Ufe m the caftle of Schludelbourg, un4fr a ftrong guard, who had particular orders, that if aay perfon, or any armed force, was employed in attempting^ deliver him« they fliould kill him immediately. He lived quietly in his prifon, when the emprefs Catherine II. mouhted the throne ; and as the revolution which depofed her hufband Peter III. hliA ocoafioned aAh)ng ferment in the mind* of the people, Catharine was apprehenfive that fome attempts might be made in favoi* of Iwan ; (he therefore doubled the guards of this unhappy prihce, and particularly entrufted him to the care of two oflficers, who were devoted to her intereft. However, s lieutenant of infantry who was bom in the Ukraine, undertook, or at leail pretended fo, to deliver Iwan by force of arms, from thefoitref. of Schluffelbourg ; «nd under this pretence the prihce was put to death, a he lieutenai t who attempted to deliyer hiip vras arrefted, and afterwards beheaded : but, not\vith{landing this, it has been reprefented that he was a mere tool of the court, though he fuffered for executing the inllruttions that he had received. While t'iis ""vent excited sin' attention of the Ru0}an n^IoQ, the flames of civil war b ke out with ;^r^ at violence in Poland, which has generally been the cafe • 'n the t^r< was vacant. And as t^e internal tranquillity < f Poland is a c.^>;tal objett with Rufliu, the empreXs Catharine fent a body of troops into Polu (1, and by her influence count Poniatowfki was raifed t* the throne. Sht Intcrpofed, iu order to fccure the rights which the treaty of Oliva had given to the Greek and proteftapt fubjefts uf Poland. But the umbrage which h*" mperial majefty's armies gave to the Roman Catholic Poles, by their rti ice in Poland, increafed the rage of civil war in that country, and produced contcderacies againft all that haA been done during that late elcdion, which rendered Poland a fcene ot blood and con- fuCon. The conduA of Ruflia with regard to Poland gave fo uiuc^' offence to the Ottoman court, that the Grand Signior fent ObrcflvofF, the Ruflian minifter, to the prifon of the fevcri tmvera, declared war againft RuiH^, .ivagcs, burning many towns and villages, and carrj'ing off fome thoufand families captive. In April following the Grand Vizir, at the head of a great army, began his march from Conftantinoplc, and proceeded towards, the Drnube. In the mean tune prince Gallitzui, who commanded the Ruflian army on the bank of the Neiiler, thought this a pmner time to attiiinpt foir.sthipg decilivc ■ the great 1 urkiih force iu that quarter. Ha^ ' arnva uv.- accor- diag m "I ij 'S^'s i A. Vmj^j^iAv^^ ihi N(fi(i«r; K(rt(h hU whole arin^ti^ ^v ^e en4tu6'iwd {li'Oj^t 6fAi|Qdy of 4o»oo6 turkt, licfuL iiild enirehbigohkki t^er^ ^H^rt. brdertd Q^Kitfne the nigitiviii at the 1. ad oif e^ht ^tittaliShi; whfifli iht^ did fo cf. /ijliai uhiHcdlateTy iiivefttd Chbca&hh ) but the garrifoh berai^ hWViM-dui, made i^edueiit falli^ii, and rdctiv^ great reinforceineiit* froin tne gMhd vizir*!! kafhb, who Vrii AbW toaf^Aeritay adVatlced on this Ode oftH^ D^nuiti;. Si- verd kaio^^ ^hrued, fthd MAde G^C^iii was at fcngth obtij^ed to >cetr«at from Choczixh, tind again fb tVftd^ tliit Nej,(ter. It was e^nibuted that the ft^ge of CW -tim, ind' the ,a^dn^ COnfeqlieht to it, coft the Rultlkn^ ab(.vi ao,oo6n«Jni . ' ' In the mdnil|;einolled on-the banks df the Neifter, and efFcftually defended the pafTage of thait river aje^ainil the Turks, whofe whole army, under the command of ttte new vizir, was arrived, on the oppo- file ihore. Having laid three bridgeai over the Neifter, the Turltifli arm;, %vith6ut any pretence of ftrata^erti or deception, began to pafs the river in the face of the enemy. f*rince GalHtzin having perceived ^is motion early in the morning 6f the 9th of September, immediately attacked thofe troops that had crofTedthe river in the night, who confequciitly coUld neither choofe their ground, nor have tittte to ek^tend or form therhfelves properly where they were. Notwithftanding thefe extreme difadvaiitages, tlie engagementi u-aff very fevere, and continued from feven in the morning till noon. The Turki fought with great ubitinacy ; but they were at length totally de- feated, and obliged to repafs the river with great lofs, and in the utmoft dif- «rder and confuiion. It vvas computed, that about 60,600 Turks^crofTed the H*er b'^fcr* Mid dunncr the time of the eno^o-cmentl Prinde Gallitzin ■ • "■ ' ■ • .■ • ■ * ■ durge* s!''*' R U S S I A- Hi tr»iWtt«nj» irmy J but 1 retired in i^rt brdertti Y ci(!lm, anil hftfbhrtft: ««ih a cbn^ tin, W tW Thi ftilt itt6vJk, macU {WimI vlzii^i id t«i tctreat Itcd that th< uttUn^ abott tl'ldeirecof tUeacngnsoi ed. fiift the ive offence tr the weuknti. rtc » facrificcj , W.8S appoint- reat dcvafUi irhcre lie plun« ' detachmenti .emitted great I piliitinate J ; bcginuinjj of ^f the Neifter, pruvlt«. w^°f« I on the oppo- ■Turkifti anr.,i Ifs the river in |8 motion eaily Id thofe troops [ntither choofe Lrope^y wl»"< engagemtails.. The Turks im* mediately broke up theiir canq>, and abandotted the ftrong fortrefaof Choczim* with all its ftores and numerous artillpy, and retired tumuUuoufly toitvardf . the Danube. They were much*eaafpeiited at the ill condud of Uieir cbijn- mander the.vixir { and it was computed that the Turks loft a8,ooo of tlMi beft and braveft of their troopa, within little more than a fortnight {.and tlpjt 48,000 more abandoned the army, and tuudly deferted, in the tumultuouf retreat to the panube. Prince Gallitzin placed a garrifon of four regimentf in the Ibrtrefs of Choczim, and foon after refigned the commfind of the army to general count Romanzow, and returned to PeteHburgK, covered witK laurels. The Rufliana continued to carry on the virar with fuccefs j they over>nui the great province of Moldavia, and genieral Elmpt took poifciDSon of the capital city of jaiTy without oppofition. And as the Greek natives of tluf province luid always fecretly favoured the Ruffians, they now took this op> Dortunity of their fuccefs, and the abfence of the Turks, to declare tnem- lielves openly. Tiie Greek inhabitants, of Moldavia, and afterwards. thof« of Wallachia, acknoyrledged the emprefs of Ru0la their fovereign,and tooli oaths of fiddity to her. O^ the 181I1 .of July, (770, general RomanzovT defeated a Turkiih army, near the river Larga : . the Turks aire faid to have amounted to 80,000, men, and were commanded by theiihan of the Crimea. Buton theifecond of AugUft, the fame RulTian general obtained a ftill ereateir riAory over another army of the Turks, commanded by a new grand vizir. This army wan -very numerous, but was totally defeated. It is faid vtlu^ above 7000 Turks were killed in the field of battM^ and that the roads to the Danube were covered virith deid tradies) a vaft quantity of wnmunitioni ' ';^3 pieces of brafc cannon, and fome thoufahd carriages loaded with {>r0f viiioDs, fell into the hands of the Ruffians. « " , But it was not only by land that theR^ifians carried on the war fuccefs^ fully againll the T^ks. The empcefs fent a confidenible fltet of men of < war, Rufllan buUt, into the Mediterranean, to a£i agalnft the Turks on that Me. And, by means of this fieet, under count Orlop, the Rdlfians fpriead mill and defoktion through the open iflaijids of the Archipelago, aod the aaghbouringdefencelefs coaiU of Greece asd Afis ; the piiFtwulara ca wh'ich obfervaUe, Utat in this attempt ' •f pear : hift(H7 of Turkey. X X. f4« RUSSIA. «.' • . tzick, fall under the power of the Prufllans, as the court of Ruilia had long fince itfelf formed the projed of taking polfeffion of that town, and had- only beeainHuced to lay it afide by the private remonftrances that were made by the government of France to the chancellor Vorontzoff. Another corner of Europe was in the mean time diiturbed by dtfTerencea of an oppofite nature. Jofeph II. had formed the defign of opening the Scheldt. To this an cppofition was made by the Dutch, who ufed every. effort to engage Frederic to fupport by force of arms their covetous preteh- iions. Catharine, on this occaiion, declared that (he was refolved to uipport the rights of the emperor of Germany. Upon this, the Dutch, whofe can<< •ion had already infulted ^he auftrian flag, dreading an exclufion from the. ports of the Baltic, adopted the wifel method, of negotiating inftead of lighting. Frederic II- who regarded the alliance between Auftria and Ruf- fia as highly dangerous to Pruilla, and even to all Germany, invited the cl?Aors and, the other princes of the empire to unite for the defence of the germanic conftitution. The king of Great Britain, as elcftor of Hanover^ was one of the fM. who entered into the confederacy : a ftep which caufed great difpleafure both to the emprefs and to. Potemkin. The treaty >yas figned at Berlin the 23d of July 1785.. ....^ .,'. vi'.-. In the year 1785 Cathrine fent feveral learned perfons, fome towtu^ds Cau* tafus, others to the frontiers of China, for the purpofe of difcovering, exploring, and examining^ the moft remote provinces, and the yet unknowi*. parts of that immenle empire. The diflicuities and perils to which this ex- pedition by land was fuppofed liablcy through the tracklefs defarts which were to be explored, the inhofpitality of the climates, and the barbarity of the nations that were to be encountered, with the numberlefs obilacles of various forts t^at were to be furmountcd, rendered the profpedt much more terrible than it had appeared to our circumnavigators in any of their late great voyages of difcoveiy. The boldeft and moft enterprifing perfons of all nations were accordingly fought out for this undertaking, and high rewards and promifes held out as an encouragement to tlieir zeal and perfeverance. The only fruit of their difcoverlcs which came to the knowledge of the public was that of a|fmall fugitive colony of ftrangers and chriftians, whom •they found fhut up from the world in a moft fequeftered part of the wilds of Caucafus j and who, in the language oi the countr)', are called Tfchetflies. TWc poor people ^re faidto lead lives of tb:" moft exemplary piety, and to m-.'.^: ...■,.J. r^'KiJ/rJV^/ .- :=yV X4t R y 5r s I A. exhibit a primaeval fimplidty of manners. Tlpey are tolaOy Ignorant of tlitjr ofigtui any farther tiian knowing that they are ftrangCrs, as they art likeyirife eonCdered by the fcattered neighbounng nations. From an aninity in their language, and fome other circumftances, they are filppofed to b^ , defcended from a colony of Bohemians, who flying froin the rebgibus peric- fund betwem ihe Ro&n fleet under tB* «oAinand of the prince of Naflau in which tlw-' latter, was eompleately beat* ^en with the lofs of half his fleet and upwards of 10,000 men, accelerated a jteace. ■ Guftavus Hl/hj this time faw the imprudence of his condu£V» a|id> ae loi^^ indulged the expedaition, that the war which he had declared a> jgainft the Rufibns could be attended with any great fucce£»» and on the 114th of Augnft 17901 a convention for a peace wasTigned between the courts of Ruffia and Sweden, and was ratifled irt fix days after. England and Frufliahave, after a long and expenfive armed ncgociation; at length alTented to the demand of the emprefs, which was ftrengthened by the interference of Spain and Denmark, that Oczakow, and the terrhory between the rivers Bog and Niefter, fhattin full fovereignty belong to Ruifia; that the river Niefter (hall for the future determine the frontiers of Rufiia and the Porte i thafthe two powers may ereft on the (bores of that 'river what fortreiTes they think proper : and Rulfia engages to grant a free navi> ^tion on the riVer NielUr. This w:as concluded oft the I ith of Auguft, 1 791. Thus did the Poctc enter into a war, for the purpofe of regainiar the Crimea, and after reducing the Ottoman empire to extreme 'weakneu and internal fymptoms of ruin, irretrievable by a government in a regular progrefs c^ deterioration, loft an important territory, and left the cxl^c; of the empire at the mercy of another Ruffian war. The final treaty with the Turks was concluded at JafTy, the 9th of Jamuuy, > 179a. It has been calculated thaNn this war Auifaria loft i}0,ooofoldien, and expended three hundred milUoas of florins- -o^Ruflia loft 200,G)porinen, and (Expended two hundred millions of rubles. — ^Tho Turks loft 330,000 men, and expended two hundred and fifty millions of plaftres. Sweden had ex* pended feveaty millions of rlx-dollars, and loft nine (hips of the line, four frigates, and fc ral fmaller velTels of war. After the peace the emprefs'adopt- cd fuch meafr 1- -. as tended to render her conquefts of importance to the emp. ire. At the fame time (he was not negk'gent of her fhzre m European politics. Catharine not fatisiied with what (he had acquired by ufurpations, by treaties and alliances, and being now enured to conqueft turned her arms agaisil Perfia ; and (he ftill flattered herfelf with the full accomplifhment of her darling projed, of driving the Ottomans out of Europe and of reigning in Conftaiitinople In that cafe the v;^ft empir« of Catharine would have had for its frontiers, theThracIan Bofphcrxw to the fouth, the gulf of Bothnia to the north, the Viftula to the weft, and the fea of Japan to the eaft. But death deceived her hopes. On the morning of the 9th of November, (he was in good fp'rits, and took her coffee as iifual. Rome time after th^fhe retired to her cloftt 5 where, after remaining a full half hour, the women who waited on her, not feeing h relenting ambition. Paul I. by whom ihe is fucceeded has hitherto evinced in his condu£l (lone of his noolber's difpofitiohs bnt her clemency and magificence. He has Jiitherto remaned a fpectatov of the troubles that have aiHidted Europe, hut of late, efpecially fince the fplended vidory of admiral Neilfun over the French fleet at the mouth of the Nile, he feems difpofed to join th« coalition, which is faid to be; forming for the puipofe of curbing the wild and fanatical ambition of the French and giving peace to Europe. Paul 1. prefent emperor of RuiTia has been twice married, and by his pre.. fent duchefs, the princefs of Wirtemb^rg, has ilTue : 4:. >■*■' Alexander, bom Ccc. .23, 1777. <; ^ Conftantine,bom May 8, 1779- Alexander Powlowma, bom in Aug. 1785. Helena, bom Dec. 24, 1784. A princefs, bom in March, 1786. • ...' 6. Another princefs, born in May, I78|.'!^>' - Another princefs, bom in j 79a. " ; • ) /',' 2. 3- 4- 5 •>'■<-■/ • t Vi'^ V .1 .>. •■/■ \ ,-, ."■ SCOTLAND I S t Eff OF ^4 0;*fc AND. -M- «i'i "it ' i » ' ' 'if 'S:;. JfS^" »*• $C0TLaH1> ahd itjptDjAj^fiNT ISLES. ISMJ^ accordiog tp the general pWi I h^vc Ult^ dpwn, Ircat qf the; Ifknik bebngtng td Scntlap4i before I proceed tg the 4efcription of th»t an> xifjxt kipgdom } ,iiiid, to avoid prp}ixit^^ IjMl conipFeheqd Uixder one^ead, ^fp of Shetlapdi Orkwey, and the H^brideSt or Weftcrji ifles, SiTUAtJON Aup |ixTF)ft.3 The jflands of Shetbii4 lie pwfth^aft of the prcade?! or Qrknq^-ifla 3, Setwoen 6p and 61 ^grwi of north latitude, JW form P9rt of tp ftiijr? of Orkney. ' The Orcades lie nori^h of Dun^fby-hcad. Utveeji 51^ ^nd 60 de^ees of ; crth lfitit«de ^ divided from the continent by a tenapeftuous &xait ealjed jPdjnttpld Frith, ji^ nnjles lop^,>nd If «bK«d. , , T*^* Herbndes, or Weftera iflea, Ve very nQmeroQ8> and foine of them Ivge ^ 5tl»te4y between j^ ?vnd 1^ deerees of n6rth l^t^^ Climate.] There mnry httje iSflRopence in the climate of thcff iHands, tjlie m being keWj, piercing, and f^»d>]fious } fo that manj of the na^jv ;^ Uve io a jj;i«at age. Iff the Shetland ■ one-bead, •ei^ftofthc Ji'J^V'ude, itmeA of ixait called le of theft hefeUlands, ; na^|v':i live r«fK\»t und' », tijey havf 1 each othe almoft inac- foa, that 1 count of the land the pre- had not ttu lands, which M«nland, town is in the ■remains of a this ifiand Hhing. feafon in number [length is 3J rilh churches and, in feme Duart,, iflands arfr'^l Llongs to »he 'I 1th ; its chief lo miles* l"»g Ite, which is Inuining the 1 of the Kings 1 Ishkewifea lire of Bute. lain togcthcc iu •'**.] ^'*:''m»!mm smm^: — ^ — ~c .u_-3 — fc.- ,-T — b: r ' • I ' T - r ' A r Ji A N "'^ — l! 1 _!,._. ..1. - I - L H* ji \ ^^•'v r / » *>^;. Kf t f y •n\. f^:l ^4' .Xv, _i^^ ■''ni*ii.. *£'• UiA coi which u prjetort j to both, ever 8voi( weilcrn h and Nurv as/h«lib4 defcribe t cover, bu difllicult oi Vfluch are Inhabi TION, L longing to by Tome ai riofity. i3 mans, who ,land under pofleflion oi and he gav they were c tian I. in tl of Scotland ture pretenf land with 'A atrjr, or fli; pie in gener; theyjre mc tlieir'cftates lies many e Iw^S^lin a 1 Ai'to the c( fciV"! (of whi drinJc is whe quality. J,, ' tlie Norfe lar during the fi Orkney iflani defcribed, in precipices ani •lifeafca know they are fubj^ they have pie rune of the ime with th '_ Nothing villons of ,i/]a; Sbout 400 ye ^wthfc Hebri cc 41 ■ n ■k. 'VI :i. :'^*«ji I,fi LE8 ov SCOTii^ Noftii ,J!y' •boRit STetfqawv miles, but they have no towni worthy ofmdce. U#i contw'os NO excellent harbour, called Ijoolimaddyi &inoua for ii^';ig. I (Ml omit the mention of many other of the Hebridei iflaa£^ which are at prefent of fmall importance, either to the public or tl^e pro- prieton ; though, probably, they may in future timet be of>great confequenca to both, by the very improveoble fiiheries upon their ooaftB, I cannot, how. ever avoid. mentioning the famous ifle of lona, once the feat and fanduary of weitem learning, and the burying*place of many kings of Scotland, [reund and Nurwav. It ia dill famous for its reliques of fan&iffiunio 'i »- 'nity^, as (hall be hereafter mentioned. Some authors have been at i eat »» defcribe the ifland of St. Kilda, or Hirt, for no other reafon, ti^t 1 c cover, but becaufe it is the remoteft of all the north-weil ifland ^'~ diflicult of accds ) M it does not contain above thirty-five fan wliich are proteftant, and Juiow very httle of the value of money. Inhabitants, CUSTOMS, roruLA-1 It is not to be^imagii.c^, TiON, i.A,NGUAaK, AND asLioiONiJ the inhabitants of the iflands .be- longing to Scotland can he fo minutely defcribed here, as they have been by fume authors ; not fo much on account of their importance, as their cu> riofity. i^hoile of Shetland and Orkney were formerly fubjedl to the Kor- mans, who conquered them in 1099, a few years after they landed in Eng- land under William called the Conqueror. Iii the year 1265 they were la 'pofleflion of Magnus of Norway, who fold them to Alexander king of Scots** and he gave them as fiefs to a nobleman of the name of Speire. .After ^ii, they were claimed by, and became fubjed to the crown of Denmark. Chrif- tian I. in the reign of James III. conveyed them in property to the ttrowW of Scotland, as a marriage portion with his daughter Margaret, and afl fti«' ture pretenfions were entirely ceded on the marriage of James VI. of Scot* land with 'Anne of Denmark. The ifles of Shetland and Orkney form a ftcw* artry, or (hire, which fends a member to parliament. At prefent, the peo^ pie in general differ little from the Lowlanders of Scotland } only, perhiipt they are more honeil and religious. Men of fortune there have improved tlieir'eftates wonderfully of late years : and have introduced into their fami- h'es many elegancies and luxuries. They build theii' dwelling and other lu)^(^in a modern tftfte ; and are remarkable for the finenefs of their linen. As^o the common people they live upon butter, cheefe, fifh, fea and land £jwl (of which they have gniat plenty) particularly ge^e ; ?nd their Chief drink is whey, wliich they have the art to ferineut, fo as' to give it a vinous quality. In fome of the 4^orthem iflands, the Norwegian, which is called I' the Norfe language, is Hill fpoken. Their vaft intercourfe with the Diitch«, during the fifhing feafon, renders^hat language common in the Shetland and, Orkney iflands. The people there are as expent as the Norwegians, .already defcribed, irt feizing the nefts of fea fowls, who build in the mdft^ghtful precipices and rocks. The people's temperaoce preferre* thenij- from any (lifeafes known to luxuiy. They cute the fcurvy and the jaundice, to which, they are fubjefl, with the powder of fnail-fliells and fctirvy-gTiifs, of which' they have plenty. Their religion is proteflant, and accoraing to uw difai- pline of the church of Scotland ; and their civil infb'tutions are liaudi the lame with thofeof the country to which they belong. : ' Nothing certain can be mentioned,' as to the population of thefb three di- vifions of tflandd. ''We have the moft wtdoubted evidences of hifloryt. that about 400 years ago, they were mud^'TOore populous than they are now^i^ fw \ht Hebrides thejnlpl^'$« wae.kp^ eft«n to f;nd 10,000 fightidg "ML />■/*■< '^ M ^'^V IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. V ^^/A Z 1.0 1.1 ■tt Uii 12.2 12.0 li 1^ i^ 1^ ■^ 3s ^ jj> y t*^ ■'?!' Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (71«)S72-4S03 Ji^' ■V .'^^.l^ ^ni&^y' .^.V"" -J. . 7 "j^^- .'' i^- JtSk '" ;*, -y ■1' v: <\ m 4fi tt S o r S COT LA V T). into th^ fidd, tHthout mjudlce to their agricoHurc. At ^ref(ent their nam' bcrture faid not to exceed 48»oco. The people, of the HeDndei are clotliedy •ad live like the Scotch ilkhhnders, wh6 ftiall hereafter be defcribed. Thev are fiilular in perfons, conftitUitiort, cuftoms, and prgudices ; but with this diiiereneet that 'the more poliflicd manners of the Lowlanden are every day rniaing ground in the Highlands. Peihaps the defcendtints of the uident Odedonians^ in a fjew years will be difcemible only in the Hebrides^i Thofe iibnds alone retain the ancient uiages of theCelts^ asdefcribed by the pldeft and beft authors ; but with a f^ng tindure of the feudal conftitu* iion. Their (hanc-chies or ftoiy-teUers fupply the idace of the ancient bards^ ib famous in hil^ory ; and are the hiftorians, or :rather gcAcalogifts,' as well as fioets of the nation and family. The chief is lib e wife attehdedt when he &p* peara abroad^^with his mufician, ^o is generally a 'J^gpiper* and dreffed m the manner, buti as it is faid, more fumpttioufly,. than the Englilh minftrels of former times *. Notwithftanding the contempt into' which thai mufic is £dlen, it is almoft incicdible with ymat care ahd attention it,was cultivated among thefe iflanders fo late as the beginning of the prefent cejotury. They had regular colleges and profeffors, and the iludents took degrees according to their proficiency. Many of the Celtic rstcsi I'ome of which weij? too bar- barous to be retained, or even nicntioned,- are now aboUihied. The io^bit. ants, however, fiillpreferve the moft profound refpeft and ajReftion for their /everal chieftains, ndtwithftandiog all the pains that have been taken by the JBritiih legislature to break thofe conne^ons which experience has (hewn to be fo dangerous .to govemnent. The common people are but little better lodged than the Norwegians and T^aplanders alr^dy defcv^ed ; though they certainly fare better, for they have oatmeal, plenty of fifl'. and fowl, cheefe, .butter andvenilbn. Thej indu%e.themfelves, Uke their fore&thers, in a roniantic poetical tfirh, whi(^ la an enemy to induftry, andlndeed to domeftic and perfonal cle^nlioefs. The ■agrility of both fexes in the exercifes of the field, and in dnncing to their fa- vourite mufic, is remarkable. . The reader would not pardon an author, who, in treating <^ this fubjed, ihould omit that remarkable mantology, or gift'; of propB(!cy» whidi dif. f| tinguiihes the inhabitants of the Hebrides under the name, pf fe^d fight. It weukl be equally abfurd to attempt to difprove the reality mi thji iirftances •f this kind that have be'en brought by reputable authois, aa tskiidoiatall that has been faid upon the fubjeft. The adepts of the {f^iefi^m^'-jpt^gni -tl»t they have certain revelations, or rather prefentation^'''i|tlb^,^Mally or typically, which fwim before their eyes, of certain evtAtl,:ipkiaa^^ happen in the cOknpafs of 24 or 48 hours.; I do not, however- firom the beft infonna- tionvobiierve tfaat^any of thofe adepts agre^ as to the manner arid forms of thofe i^tevefaabas, or that they have any f^ed method for interpreting their typical aftpearaacfs. The truth feoms to be, that tho(e iflunders, by indulging them- felvdin lazy habits, acq\ure vifionary ideas, and overheat their imaginations, tili they are prefented with thofe phantafms, which they miftake for fatidical W prophetic manifeftations. They inftantly begin to prophefy ; a»id i« . ^ttpd be abfurdto fuppofe, that amidft many thouiand of predidtions, fome did not happen to be ftilfiUed; and thefe being wetl atteiled, gaVe a (fin&ioB to^Uie whole. .! Many learned mer nave been of opinion, that the'Hdirides, being tbe * Stc Parey'c Rdifuicaef Ancieat Boglifli Pfl|U7,ia 3 vols. x-v I S L S 8 o t 8 d p T L A N t>. tSS Lthdriiuni' are clothed^ bed. Thejr ot with this re every day I the ancient tu defcribedby iidal conftitn* LndeBt.bard8) fta^asweUu when he t>]^ ind dreffed in ;liih minftrek ' I thil mufic 18 was cultivated tttury. They reeB according weijf! too b«r- TheiiAabit. £tion few" their I takeaby the e hatf (hewn to «t little brtter y though they id fo!wlt cheefe, reni&n* They cal tArti, whid) iHnlinefs. The ;ing to their fa- oftWsfubjed, scy» whidi dif- 11 f fecond fight, •f thft iniftances as tt| adsnit ail iSj^-jKi>Slf ot tart'^ happen ^e beft informV [d forms of thofe ing their typical iridulgbg them- ' im&ginationst :e for fatidical _^hefy ; a>)d '« irediftioiw, fontt gaVe a fyn&ioo ides, being tb« ]i6|l wefttely iflin48 where the Celu fettled, their language muft i«ifi«in there in its grenteft purity. ' This opinivin, thou|^ yprj |^ufible« ha| fittlc^ tin experience. Many Celtic wqrds, it i^ true, t?well ikemomf are theM found ) bat the vaft intercourfe which the Hebrides had with the E)ane«« thd Norwegians, t^d other mrthera peoj^, whofe language is mixed with Scal- avonian and TeutObic, which laft has no affinity with the Celtic, has rei)d#>< ■ ed their language a compound ; fo that it approaches in.no degt«e to the ' purity of the Celtic, commonly called Erfe, whica was ifpokcn by their neighbours in X^Q^lhaber and the oppofite coafts of SoudaAd,, the un&ubtied defcendants oif itie Celts, among whom thei^ h^guage remains ammm: ummxed. ^ .' • " » The reJigioiAprofefled in the Hebrides is chiefly prefbyterian, as eftabliAi* in the church of Scothuid, but popery and ignorance ftill prevail adioug fome of the iflanderB> vhilft fuperftitious pra&ices and cuft^nis feen to, bt »•, hnoft' grafted in their nature.. ^' ' ''■^^'^^■V^'%\v;'V''*''''EM^' -."^ Soil, mines, and (^ia^rkibs.] Though it is. hd** in tfi# |ki«^ tural philofophy to affign the' rcafon, yet it U certain that the feS* both of the northern and weftem iflands belonging to ScbtUmd, has fuffitre<| an iUDutziiog alteration. It is evident. to ithe cye*f'eht, thatiinny of thdE^i, iflands have been the habitations of tl>e Druids whole temples tt« ftiH vifibi^ in pidft of them ; and thofe teriples were iorroimdbd by grovea, thoiif^ little or no timber now grows in the neighbouihood. The fUunps^of former VrtUt . however are difcienu^Ie, as are n*auy vefUges of grandeur, ev«n fince tlu^ ailmiffion of the Chriftiati religion ; which prove uie decreafeof the rioh«s» power and population of the mhabitants. '^xperibtce daily (hews, tfaatif the foil of the northitm or weilem iflands jtill'of late were barren, cold, and uiicomfoxi^ble, it wte owingf to their w^t of culture ; for. fuch fpots of thenAk as ah! now cultivated, pro(hu:e com, vegetables, and ganden-ftun, more thiufc' fufficient for the inhabitants ; and 'even fruit^^rees are now brought to fiiaii turity. Tin, lead, and filver mines ; marie, flate, free>ftone» and ^ieti quarries of marble, have been found upon th&fe iflands. 'They are not deltitute of fine frefli water i nor of lakes and rivulets that abound with^ez.^ eellent trout. At the fiime time it mud be owned, that., the prefent face of the foil is bare, and tmomamented with trees, excepting a few that are reaf • cd in gardens. .., • - Trade and manufactvris.] Thefe are all in their infancy iii fMSe iflands. The reader can eafily fuppofe, that their ftaple commoditks coofiH: of >fifli, efpecially herrings, whidi are the beft in the world, and, whei\ properiy cured, aire equal even to thofe of the Dutch. They qkriy on likewife a confideral^le trade in d-:wn and feathers ; and their (heep afford them wool, which they manufa6tufe into coarfe cloths ; and even, tae linen manu&Aures make no fmall progrels in thefe iflands. They carry their black cattle alive to the adjacent part« of Scptland, where they are ffl[||0fe4i . of in fale or barter ; as ar« large quantities of their mutton, which they ^t; in the hide. Upon the whole;, application and induftry, with fomie f>orlton of public encouragement, are only wanting to render thefe iflandb at once oman^ntal and benefici|l to the mother country, as well «» fo their inhabitants. rs, BiRB»8, AND FISHES.] Little Can be faid on this head^ that' is pecjliar to thefe iflands. Intl^ countries ahvady defcribed, mientibn ht^' been made of moft of the birds and fifties . that have been difcovjcred here (^ Wily it i« thought Uiat they contain a fpecie* of felcon or hawk* otm'.tojMti^ ^:^rLU- ^- fJed $h»tdicispei«ici6tts traffic nov(r draws to an end. Three thoitfandbafltehfltt iMBtn IwOwn to be employed In one Vear by the Dutch in the herring fifhery, befides thofe fitted out by the Hamburglieis, Bremeners, and other flOtth&ii iKtftS.- ■; ■ ■■'.•'. ' '■■'■■ ' -^'-i'l-i - _■■ >. RARttiBs A«ii eoRiosiTiBBil Thefe iflauds exhibk iMfiy pr»gflant itTj^iciAi' Alto NATuaAL. J proofs, in th^'r churches, the veftiges of eld forts, and other buildings, both facred and cirilf of ^h«t hatk behi 8l> ^ -T^vdy obfervtd, tiuit they were fonheHy more poipultflM than tiie)r art liow. Tke ofe and conibu&ion of fome of thofe works aM hot e^dtty accounted fof pt ftt^tni* In a glbom^jr valley bekinging to Hoy, one of t1lAw«,ftefti iflarid^ fl^a kind, of hermitage, cut out of a fton^ called a dwarf ftone^ j6 feet hut, VS brofld* and ntrte Uiick { in which is i fquare hole, about two f«M hi^h fof «n fta^tmatf ,with « ftone of the fame fize for a door. Within this ci^ntnci M t^ refem^irtice oif a biid. With a pitibw cut isiut of the ftontjUg Vnongh or two mAi to lie (^1 at' the other end is a couch» v^nd M thuriiiddlfc i |iestr^, ihth a hole cut out above for a chimney. It would hn ehdkfs to re^ IHHjnt the vadoiis veftiget of thil'Druidldd tteiples rfcmainln^lti thfefc iflandtt . ji^eof wltichhave required prodigionsliibour, and are ftupendous ere6tioni( j^ lAk< Ume nature aa the' ftimous Sttriiehenge near SaliAmry. Others feeni k» b« JneBu^als of partibnlar p^ons, or aAions, tonfilUhg «s»f one liirgfc &bni jbff»di«g ujpnght 1 fetiieof them have been fculptured, and otlnirs have ktnA i fa ifspllaires, and arecMApoftd of' ftones cemented together. Ikrro^s, ai |kfy are catted in EnglaM,. are freAUiit« «Im bodiVk of i«rtM S«oteh| ^fiflv «rieft thit itt dl^cerhible uj^il thh ifliiUlt ind Whkh f^tiltAuMMmk t6 th« ^S kfMwM dMtiiratioii, dtit Wheft UwhAng Mfii MWly «kti'iM% oi the doMitient of Siire(>^ it febdd k »^ge 16 8«bthMd| ftf AdMV ift ihdil iflands. ^ j, " ' ' "^rhi ifl^Nl hmilghg to S6«tlMd««flfitn lik«Wift lbM« firti^ j^culiit^ ta tMift^^ : the ph^fed» frotri the Weft indie*) by th« ^ireftlHfy ;>l4nd&ri(h of Hatn, « htge ffidee eif fttf'ft MM w«» found yeiy d^ in the etrthi i^ itH ifihiibHailM Who iiWete ^giAg fot tatAt', afid certdh bittuhindue eflluiMI fttodoee lUt^rifitig phieaoiaeniij whidi the ottivei tidieve t!6 l»e fu|>ent|itttt1ll« , Bui fotni! of th« m^ iftonifhiftg i^peiranees in rttturt: hate fenu^duiit dercribed; Mdj till iatd^< ttnd[»femd eteri by the natives cS thcfe iflKi^. A dHcovery teferVed for the iiiquiiltii'fe gehiua of Mi*. Bank$, nO«^ Slr^/bfie^h Banks, MihOi in Mhtting his voyage thttiUglb the Hebrides^ ilnM, t^yiy flmi " We ^ere nov fooner arrived, than we were ftrock with » f6Mcf 6t mipm<' eente whi<^ cjtceeded o«ir expe^tatiohSy thin^h fotinde^ Is we thoaght> upm the mbft fanguine foondations , the whole of that tnA 6f the ifl*nd (viit. mid& l^i a mile in length* and half a iriile iACht«i^th) fuMxnted l>y Migei«f natti* ral Irillan, nnofUy above fifty feet Wh) ftdndifag in natuMl eotoitiMdes, ittbt^ ding as the bays or points of bnd formed themfdves t upon A flmi hiSs tf folid unformed'Hkk, iibote thd'e^ th^ fthrtmn whicih tiesth^s to the fo3;or fnrface of the ifland, varied in thicknefs as the ifland itfelf formed into hills or vallies ; eaeh hill, which hung over the qolumns belojitr^ forming an ample pediment ; fome of thele, above fixty feet in thicknds mttii the bafe to Uie point, formed, b]Lthe flopingef the hllion eachfidef almoft in the (hape of thofe ufed in architecture. ^ ' . • ** Compared to this, what are the cathedrals or palaces built l^men? mere models or^play-things. Imitations a^ dipninuti^e, as his worlds will al- . ways he, when compared to thofe of Nature.^ Where is now the boaft of the archite^k : regularity, the only part- in which he fancied himfelf to ex- ceed his miftrefs, Nature, is here found m her poiTeflfon ^ and here it his been fbr ages uAdefcribed«i— Pro^^eding farther to the N. W. you meet with the highelt ranges of piUafe, the magnificent appearance of which is»aft dUdef- cription : here they are bare to. their very bafes, andthe ftratum Delowthem ia alfo vifible." Mr. Banks particularifes fun^ other appearances invthp find a neighbouring ifland, which is wholly compofed of pillars without 9^ ftratum^ In fome parts of Staffa, inftead of being placed upright, the puL lafs were obferved to lie on their fides, each forming a fegment qf a drcle ; but the moft ftriking obje6t in this fidU of fcenery is Fineal's Cave, which Mr. Banks defcribes in the following msuiner ; . ■ ** With our misds full of fuch refleftions, \ve proceeded along the fltore, treading upon another Giant's Caufeway, every (tone being regularly formed into a certain number of fides ;tnd angles { till in a Ihort time) we arrived at the mouth of a cave, the moil •I*- i. 'A '■tt-,'^'^ 1,8 f ^ L E S r S C O T L A N D. it ' s 4 tnagmficent, I fuppofe, thit haa ever bera ,defcribed by tntveUei* *. Tke Aind can haordly form an idea mpre nu^ptificait than fuch a fpece, fupported on each fide by rapges of colainnt» and roofed by the bottom of th»fe, which have been broken off in order to ibrm it ; between the anglea of which, a ,ye]h^w ilalagmitic matter has exuded> which ferves to define the angles pre- diely» and at the fiune time vary the colour, with a great deal of degancei and t» render it Hill more agreeable, the whole is lighted firom without ; fo that the fartheft extremity is very^ phiinly feen from without ; and the air vrithin being agitated by the fluz^ and reflux of the tide, is perfectly dry and vrholefome, free e^tirdv from the damp of vapoura wiUi which naturu c»- vems in general abound. , Mr. Pcninant, who alfo made a v<»yage to the£e iflands in the, fbne year, had a glance of Staffii, in his pafla^e from loos to' Mull, but was prevented by ftonn]r weather horn a'-nroaching it. ** On the weft", lays he ** ^pcan the beautiful group; of w.i Treafltuniih ides. Neareft lies Stana, a nevr Qiant'i Caufeway^ rinng amidft the waves, but with columns of double the -height i^ that in Irehuid ; eloiTy and refplcndent, irom the beamis of the eaiem fun." And in the ifie of Sky, a ^onfiderable way northvirard he refumes the fubjed: ** We had in view a fine feries of genuine ba£dtic columns, « IiCiijph of the cave bom the arch wicbout from the pitch of the arch — Breath of dht* at the KWth \ — At the farther end — — ' Heyhtof the arch atthaawath ._ Atuecnd — — , ' Height of an entflde pillar •» , Of eneatthc M.W.coraer m Depth ol water at the laontb — At the hottom — ' Baa1» Feet' 3;i *$• Si M "7 10 39 J4 i« » SCOTLAND 1)/" IB t T L. A a Vi * S COT LA N D. 9f$r EKtINT A>ID SirVATIONt MOM. Lengfth 300 Breadth 190^ y bctweta J^J Degree!. and J9 North latitude, and 6 Weft longitude. 'N'AME 1 np^^ ^^^ ""' ^^ '"^ fuppoicd to have been the oriri. '-' JL , nal inhabitanU of this kinKdoil. The Scots, a Scytlimn tribe, invi^ it about thcbe^pmuoff of the fourth oenturr, and having con- quereo the Pids, the territonet of both were called ScotUuid ; ud that the word Scot is no other than a corruption of Scuyth, or Scythifu, being ori- ginally from that iminenie country, called Scythia by die ancients. It li termed, by the Italians, Scotia { by the Spaniii^, EKotia ; by the Ffench|» Efcofle ; and Scotland by the S(»t«,Gennaot, and Engfiflu BoiMDAaivs.'] Scotland, which contains an area mtj,igA. (quare inilef» . Is bounded en the fouth by England ;' and 9» tike north, can, and. weft bj the Deucaledoniui, German, and Ixifh&aii$ m more propeiiyi the Atlantic ocean. - DivisroNS AND suBDiyisioMS.] Scotland is divided mto the counti^ fouth of the Frith of Forth, the capital of which, ttd of aU the lrin|;dom, i«' Edinburgh \ and thofe to the north of the finne rivef, where the chief towa is Aberdeen.' This was the andent national div^ion/ but fome modera writers, with lefs geographical accuracy, have divided it into Highlands and Lowlands, on account of the different habits, manners, and cuftoms of the in* . habitants of eafch. Eighteen counties, or (hires, are allotted to the fouthem divi^on, -aad fifteen to the northern ; and thofe counties are fubdivided into iheriffdoms, ftewartries, and. bailiwicks, according to the aucient tenures and privilegea* of , die landholden. - li '.-... ■ Shires. . '' Sherriffdoms and other fubdivifions. ■■ u Edinburgh (297*} — Peebles. "^ rCIafgow, W. Ion. 4. j. (5,6).iaydcumbMtofl. 7. Xanerk 6. Dtunfijet 9. Wigtown 13. lM^]b«rton («o) I>no)( — ^ — ] (M) (8nt#. Arm> waaWi.M^3!f^ij. ht. 58.40' (67)1 m^ - - n andThurfo. ^ ^ If. B«t» 3|4» Caithiiefs f 5. Renfrew ( i8d) < Rei#ew Hl^enfrew» f aifley, Greenock, & Post- Glafgowr. 16. Stilling^ il94) St3#ig — StirUng and Falkirk. r . f^Y> • . I fjUinUtligow Borrow. I7..I,.ii4it%9W 1(70) Weft Lothian *^ f l ftounefs, & Queen'i. ' Aj^e* jCowal, Knyp-* Dide, -Kintire, ynd' Lorn, with part of «« Anr^U /.r«^^ *^* W^ftern Iflep, M. Aig^ 4ttf T) 1 particuhriy Ma, Jp- ra, Moll, Wtft, Te. ri, Col, and Li(- more — 'Perth, Athol, Cowry, "j BrcadiAiin, Mon- j Perth^ Scone, Dum- teidi, Strathern, > < blane, Blair, and ferry. Invei^T* Bunftaff' B^gf, KiUonmcr, ^ Ca^npheltowot 19. Perth (500) < Stormont, Clen ihield, and Rayaock^ 20. Kincardm (100) ■ Meims 31 Aberdeen (4^3) iz, Inveroeb (i Idar, Buch^n* Ofu^O^h «ad St«|thb«>|^ ' Aird, Strathglafs, Sky, ' Harris Badenoeh, Xochab^r and I GleQnM>nron 23. NaSm^ (>«) JM^fWefterayart ofMur- «4.C««uutie (21) \ rayftadCvomasuc Dunkeld. ___ ^ ' Bervie, Stanehaven and Kincardin. "^^ 'Qld Aberdeen, W.lofl. 1-40. N. 'lat. 5 7- J 2. New Aberdeen, Fn- feriburgb, Pet«ih«id, Kiqtpre, StratWjpgie, Invcrary, and Old ^el^m. Inveincf*, Inverlochyi Fort Augufts, B&ikau. " - - Na^act €romsutie. • Sltiref 8 C *r' 1 A K B. i(t Shirti. Sbenffdonw «pd other • ^ubdivifioiu. Chief Towns. 35. Fife (335) Fife -^ — > < { 26. Forfiir ' (3 j^I ) •! Farfar» Aagui — fBaroff, StnthdoTcrn, a?, fiunff fax) 1 ^T^* 5"^^' ¥" L xntl port: of Buchan St* Andrewit Goitfoci^ Falkhadt KfrluUy, Innerkythcn, Ely, Burnt Uhnd Dum* fcmib'ne, DT{art»An«f ftruthenuidAberdour, HMoDtrofe, Forfiikr, Dundee, Aihroathi and Brechin. Bamif and Cullen, J 29. Chcmannan (46) and 30. KiArofs 31. Rofs 32. Elgin 33. Orkney • Strathy and Dornoch. Culrofi,- ChuanaoBM, Alloa, and" Kinrofs. Fife part (a6)l •' J c r Eaftei; and Wefter Rob/ Ifles of Lciwis Loch- btoom, Lochcarren (155) • Ardmeanach, Red- ^ • caftle, Ferrinto(b, Strathpeffer, and \ Ferrindonald _, ^ (do) '' Murray and Strathfpey - Elgin alld Forres. -,^Kirkwan,W.lon,3.N. Tftirie, DingwaD, For- trofe, Rofeinarkit, andNewKelfo. J^B±r^ "j: j|4«?^' near th« Meridian of London N.Ut6i. In aU thirty-three (hires, which' choofe thirty reptefentatives to fit in the iliament OjS Gr Fortroie, Invemefs, Naime and I Forres — , — | Elgin, CoUen, Bamff, Inverary, 1 and Kintojne .-— y Aberdeen, Bervie, Montrofe, 7 Arbroath and Brechin S Forfar, Perth, Dundee, Cowpar^l and St. Andrews -» j Crail, Kilrenny, Anftruther Eait I aud Weft, and Pittenwcen Innerkythen, Dumfermline, ^ . . Queensferry, Culrpfs, andf 1 Sterling — : ^.il; f Cbfgow, Renfiriew, kuthtfrgUii,f and Dumttarton -— s ' Haddington, Dunbar, Korth Ber-> wick, Lauder, and Jedburgh ,S ' jSelkfrk, Peebles, Linh'th|6«r;,7 andLanefk'' '^ $ * Dumfries, Sanj^uehar, Ani^,) Lochmabanand Kircudbright y Wig;town New GaOoway t Stranraer, and Whitenbm $ * jrfart, Kirkaldy, Kinghome, 7 Air, Irwin, Rothfay, Cambdli> ^ and Burnt Iiland^,'« 5 town^ and Inv^ary •^ 5 Dyfart s ■''V>»' *, .* i^' 8 'C O T t X K Uw Climatb, ibit^AtR, AND WAT tit.} In the ftorthcm parti, dliy.light,. at Midfummert bft« 1 8 bqur* andc mirtutn | ind the d which afibrdt thofe wam> breeaet, that not only fofteh tlw natund^ecnndi of the air, but by keepihg it in penetual agita* tfbn, render it pure afad healthful, and jprevcnt thoK epidemic diftempert that prrrnit in- many oilier coontriet. In the neighbourhood of Ibm^high moun> Uirni,hbweT^, wl^ich ara generally covered Wkh fnow, the iir is keen and picN' cing for a6oik nine naontbi in the year. The foil in ^neral ia noft (b fertile ai that of England ) and in ihany placet kfa %ted^|;^ agriculture than for pafture. At the fiQBMtimc'lhere aretuurticular pkin#aAd^llBiei( of the moft luxianatat fciw tility. The &ier particles or doth, (nceflantly wiAied down from the mountaini, and i^pofiud in tnefe ralliea, aSbrd them a vegitative nouriflunent, which it ca> paUe of cainrying the fttpngeft pUintt into pcrfc^on' : though experience hai proved, that many vegetable and hbrtulane jModuAions, do not come fo ibon t9 maturity in this bounty ai| in England. There is, indeed a great variety of fgSa in Scotland, the fate of which is agreeably div^fted by a charming jo* tcrmtxture of natural ob]e£U. The vaft inequalities of ihc around if unftvou* rable to the labours of the ku/ban'dman, are particularly pleuing to a traveller, andtofford tlwfe delightful n^naiions for country hbufcs, of which many of db scotch nobility and gentry have fo ji^dicrouily ivfuled themfelves. Itii uusirfituationiH more than «i|ly exbpniive magnificence^ that occafions the featt of the duKes of Ai^le iand -^UU^ of lord Hwton^ and many others, to fix the attention of the traveller. The water in Scotland, as every where elfe, depends on the qualities of the fail through vvhicb it pafles.^ Water pafling throikrh a heavy, Ibil is turbid' and noxious, but, 'ffltrating through land or na^n it iq'frlear, Eght, and falutary to the ftomach* This laft is in genenl tne cafe in Scotland, where the water is better ihao that efmorc Ibuthem tKmateSf.in ^rbportfon as the land is worie. ' . MbUNTAias.i The. principal mountains i'r Scotland vie the Grampian hills, which run from eaft to weft, from -near Aberdeen tQ Gowal in Argyle> ihire, almoft- the whole breadth of the kingdom, Another 'chain of moun- tains^, qidled the pantJahdJiills, runs through Lothian and joins thofe of Tweedale. A third, called Larhmer-Muir, rifes near the eaftaMpoaft, itad runs wcftward through the Metfe. Betides thofe continued chrala, among which we may reckon tbe4D|wvibt or Tiviot-BUUs, on the borderl of England, Scotland contains many detach((d mountains, vwhich,' from their conical fi- gure, fometimes go by the o^c vyord Laws. Many of them arempendouf- fy,^gh, and of heautifid forms i but too numerous to be partlciiUriurd here. Kivaas, LAK£8,. AMD I'oRESTS.J The largeft river in Scotland is the Torth, which rifes in Mpntcitli near Callendar, 'and palling by StirGng, tAa a n)dnber of, beautiful meanders, difcbarges itfelf near Edinburgh into that ttm of Ihe Grerman r(;a, to which it gives the name of Fritn, of Forth. Mcond, to die Fcnrth IstKe Tay, which ifTues out of Loch Tay, in ^roadal- bin, and ruhniinAfo\ith-caft, pa{ie»th£ town of Perth, and falls into t^ fea at Oundcif^ Thie Spey, which is,. called the mod rapid river in Scotland, ifiuea'fiviqL'« lake of the fame nanie in- Badenoch,.ahd, runaibg from foutb weft to north-caft, fidls into the fea near El^In ; as die the nym Dee and Don, «4uch run from weft t;o eaft, aiidlBfemBoguc themfelves at'Abcrdeenr The !g';4iU jiia?:«*, • C O T. L A M'». >*5 Tlye Twm4 rife* on the b^rii^ of I^ncrkf^jre, ^pd, ^Acr aim Itir^cntjne tsiniif>|^« diCdwrge* itfelf into.Utc Tei at Bic^ick, Vflll^ it lamcp tt a bouiuUiy bciwreeh Sco(iUn4 «Ad l^ngli^dt 9n the t^rnndc/ Tw Clyde i> a hnrge nvcr on toe wcftfof Scotlaitd; haa itji rile in AniMihd^ funt north-weft w^^ ^hcvaUey of t^at nafne. and i^t^or jpa^g hjr . X«ncd(» ' H«ptilton,,tH««ity' ot.cMi%ov» llcnfrew, pHmhfirjioo, and Crceno^ hHk ioto the juith of U^de, ^ppofite to the ifle of Bu^. B^aUcf i^oSf ijtj^ rivers, ScothH!|d contains itaaoy of an inferior fort^ w«]nprovi^^d,iCQce> hj a fecictj. ff']^uh«ic-f|^i'rit^ geijtleiijeni for jbin|iig,tj|le rivers Forth aitd Chr^ together} by wh^,«h a com^^iciiti^a Ims fa^n opfoed hf* tween the e^ft *nd weft ftm, to th^ advantan of tjie whole lunirdpfn^ ' - l^ic Uhesof ScotUn4^ {th^ cal(ed ,i««;Af ) are tpo mapy %qbc p«rtiM|aiv }v ddcribcd; Thofe called J(^K Xfy* t^l^f^^^n ^^^'Hf^ flW^ Au, ^nd one <^ two niore, prefent u« With f)Kh,pia4^f^MP'f |U extell^^ herringa. T^t Loch of Spmi^ j^ ^jf"^ ^ "^^F' itiriuln|^e| ^f.fvnm* ♦n.i cyg«Mrt8,' >y)tiich 'qftiwV^fcfn tjbe ajr j^^^ Hi|(h^s { owmg^ asfome think, to the plant a^r«ii, which gitiMfViinit^ yn\h a 4n^i>t fta^ 9a4jip>.G^u|Lc|^ii< )i WUalfnqn^ two n^Q^ jpinm«idic«^ on the ton oi yhich is >l i^ke /..n. ^.-^ -1. .. - -^ .J., ipi^pjrth^tfw/dlsffl.ev^ry.e^ t«j»>f 4 Locb8n>*yn, or Gte^n JUI^ w covqred »r»th yx rf ^|^e;|jew k ancient province of Locnafacr' receives ihat iiabie mm' bcmg tl dant4 of the Celts, W!<^ mpbi^ly cmtbled tO: V^^f^f ^^^^^^ "''° ters being impKJntaled ^^i^ tt^pentme, have a pr^erving quality* J|a appfars by the human oodie)) which lutve been difcoyq^ iip thoie n|>oI|^ .^lie Sylva Caledoqift, or Caledonian foreft* the remain* of which are n9iy|^iifl^ to be Etrick wood* m the fouth of ScoUand, is famous in antiguity.ia^ pc;- iing thpr^trep^of, tSeCal^iii^n wild bcnrs ; but fuch an aimmditta^t ^qoir to be fcen in $eothuad> qevetal woods, however, ftjll remain in ||i|t countir^ and niany>ttemptB Tuive been ipade for teducing them into chtttoal, &ir tiu: ufe of fumacev 'wd fopderiea ; but Ijrifig at a great diftance irjvn twrftter- carriage, thouf^h the >york iiiGceeM^ per£^il^ in the execution, iJi^ vere found in^i^iAicable to 1^ continUefu ^r tirees grow in great p^n^i^ik al- mpjl «11 over 3i:«U|V)iii ^d fprm hffiut^ul |?liat|ti?n>* Tbe Sfwtch ak it ' ' 2 V'"''"'^* X ■!.. .« .'- ' .cxcdKBt jj' t«4 SCOTLAND. HiffUar hulet' X.: cKckDent in length, nd four or Are in breadth i but, through the irttonvcnicncy ilreadjr meiftioned, without being of much emolument to the propileton. MiTALi AND MiNtRALs.l lliough ScotUnd do^ not It orcfent bonft of iU gbtd mftietiT^ it ia MrUin that it contain* fuch,. or at ieaft that Scotland formerly liTorded a confiderable quantity of that metal ft>r it* coinage. Jainet v. and his fithci' contraAed with certain Cemuins for working the mfaiMof Cra^ferd.Moor: and it it an undoubted fa£t, that when Jame* V. married the French king's daughter, a number of covered dithei, nllied with coins of Scotch gold, were preiented to the gae(l.dit-mofles being in many parts, of the noith efpecially, almoft exhaufted, th< inhabitants are out to great diftcukies for fuel : however, the tafte for uhntations, of all kinds, that ndw prevails, will fopn remedy that in- con^uency* . "LtcpH hzdUlis faid to be iag iip in Lanerkfliire ; ^luth-miii^s haVe beert fbund in ^amfffhire } ^ryftal, Variegated pebbles,, artd Mherthinfpar^nt ilones, wUch idhiit of the fitidl pbllflx for feals, are found in various pan$ j at are talct ^Ht^fdr-ftellt, potter's clay, and fuller's earth. The ttoncs which the cbatttay pebpl^ ietil eU^arrow-heads, and'tb wHIifh they aiSgii a fupematural origin' aiAl ttfe;'weT* probably the flint-heads of arrows made \ii6 of by the CneditmUh^ and ancient Scots. No country prodlices greater plenty of iron ore, both in mines and ftdnes, that ^totland ; of which the'jA-oprieton now begjn to tafte the fweets, in their fbunderies, as at Carron,' and other metalline manufadures. • VctStT&BLK AND ANi{ikL PRo-l It is Certain that the foil of ScotUnd DU<:TtoNS, BY SBA AND tAND. J may be rendered, in many parts, nearly a^ finiitfill as that of England. It is even faid, that fome trads Of the low co^jhrics at prefent exceed in value' Englifti eftates of the fame extent, be- cti^ they are fo far left exhaufted aiid worn out than thofe of the fouthern p^tisfof the iiland ; and agriculture is now perhaps as we|l undierftood^ both 111 ' theory itidpradice, among numy of the Scotch landlords and farmiersitis in- any part of jEurope. Such is the mutability of things, and the influence of commerce, that a Tery bonfiderable part or the bmded property h^s lately (perhaps happily for the puUfc) fallen into new handi. The merchanU of Glafgow^ who are the Hfie and foul of that part of th« kingdonii while they are daily introdircing ^ ' / new, '\J new branches ture,.by whid general, the m even to .moon were confequei of crain or tin But the frui lying up6n the ly underftOod, are well fed, v may be obfervi in a ftate of ni nfuCt to grant farm. In fuel fcanty farm, i fmall, the houj iiibits the mol amiftaken nol kiojfdom lies i u adorn the ( cumberiome, a which except i iuW pakrV wal yield a bleak ai The foil in J pafture. In t coti, neAarine England ; ane vated parts of pleafant-tafted are covered wi dulfe or dulilh other marine j: TIte fifties < iflands and cou fiflieries as mi focieties have to a perfedioo to emulate the forjfier times, t the land ; but B« any of their ly, when prepa IHflican, are in fpecie, or b< This counti that are not c< are found in t fon. Hai^s, groufe and he cappu'kaBy, bifds are fcarc numbers of b) Vc O ' T LA N D. t«J K> pew brsnchet of CQiatMreii'ltn ' no lefii tttcntive to the progrcfi of igricul- turct.by which thnr do their country in particular, and the whole ifland in general, the mod eflcntial fenn'ce; The a^ive genius of thefc people extends even to rooort, rocki, and marfhea, which bong hitherto reckoned ufeleftf were confequently neglefted, but are now hroUght to produce certam fpeciei of grain or timberi for which the foil i« befl adapted. But the fruits (^ (kill and indufti^ are chicjly perceivable in the dsuntie* lying upbnthe river Forth, called the Lothiani, were agricnUure i«th* own brm. In fuch places the hufbandmeh barely exift upon the gleanings of a fcanty farm, feldom exceeding 20 or 30I. per ann. the cattle are lean and fmall, the houfes mean beyond e^preiTion, and the face of the countty es> liibits the molt deplorable marks of poverty and opprefilon. Indeed, from amiftaken notion or the landed people in ^general, thegrcateft part of the kiajfdom lies naked and expckfed, for want o? fuch hedge-rows and planting u adorn the country of Enghind* They confider hedges as' ufclefs and, cumberiome, as occupying more room than what they call ilone inclofurea» which except in the Lotiuans alreadv mentioned, are generally no-qiher than iuW pakrV walls, huddled up of loole ftones, without lime dr it^ortitr, which yield a bleak and mekn appeftrance. ' ' ,/ The foil in general produces wheat, rye, batley, oats, hemp, flV^, htif, and psfture. In the foutnerrt cqunties the fineft gatden fruits, particularly apri- coti, neAarines, and peaches, are faid to fall uttle, if at all, (hort of thofe in England ; and the fame may he faid of the common fruits. The finculti. vated parts of the Highlandf abQvnd in various kinds of falubrious and pleafant-tafted berries) though it mullbe 6wned (hat many extenflve traAl are covered with a ftrong heath. ' The feii coaft produces 'the alga-marina, dulfe or dulith, a mod wholefome nutritive weed, in great quantities, and other marine phnts, which are eaten for nuriHiment, or pletfure. The fiflies on the cboft of Scotland are much the (ame with thofe of the iflandsand countries already defiiribed ; but the Scots have improved in their fiflieries as much as they have in their maniifaAures and*^ agriculture} for focieties have been formed,' which have carried that branch of nationlal wealth to a perfeftion that hever was before known in that country, and bids hit to emulate the Dutch thcmfelves in curing, as well as catching, their fifli. '^n fonfier times, the Scots feldom ventured to fiih above a league's diftance from the land ; but they now ply in the deep waters as boldly and fuccefsfully at any of their neighbours. Their falmons, which they can fend more ear- ly, when prepared, to the Levant and fouthem markets thikn the Englifh and Iiiffh'can, are of mat ferrice to the natiovt as the returns are generally mad«i> in fpecie, or benefacial commodities. This country contains few or no' kinds, either of wild or domeftic animals, that are not common with their neighbours. The red-deer and the roe-buck are found in the Highlands, but their fleih is not comparable to EngUfli veni» fon. Hatts, ani^au other animals for game, are here plentiful ; as are the groufe and heatlh-cock, which is a mofl: delicious bird, as likewife are the . cappafkaQy, and the ptarmacan, which is of the pheafant kind ; but thefe bifds are fcarce even in the Highlands, and when diicovered are very (hy. The numbers of b)ack cattle tha| cover the hills of Scotland towards the Higlw |6$ SCOTLANIJs. lancU, and flwep thajt ace fed upon tl^e beautiful mouot^ns of Tweedalc* and «. ther parts of the (ovXht are almpft incredible* and fonneily^ brought large fum| into the country ; the black cattle efpeciaOyt which* when kittened on the fouth. > em paftures, have been Beckoned fvnperioi to Engllfli beef. It is to be ho^ed* however, that this trade is now on its decline, by the va(^ increafe of liianufac* tares, whofe demand for butcher's meat muftleflen the ipiportation of cattle into England. Some are of opinion* (hat a fufficient ftock> by proper methodi, ' ntay J)e raifed to fupply both markets, to the great emolument of the nation. F^merly the kings of Scotland yrere at infinite pains to mend the breed of tlie KOtchhoifes* by importing a lat^^er and more generous kin4&i>ni the con. tinent i but th^ truth is* notwithftanding all the care that was taken, it wu feuod that the climate and foil of Scotland was unfavourable to that nqhU ani- mal, for they diminifhedbothin fize and fpirit ; fo that about the time of the Union, &w horfes* natives of Scotland, were of much value. Creat e^ortt have been made of Ute to introduce the Engli(h and foreign breeds, and much pains havt been taken for providing tbem with proper fopd aqd management, but with what fucciels time alone can difcover. PopuLATiOM, INHABITANTS* 1 The popidatjpn t>f Scotlgnd is geqcral- MjtNNBRs AND CUSTOMS, J ly fixed a( aboot a mijlion and ahaK »F fouls. This calculation refta merely upon vague coqje&urqi, as I know of no ||ttempt.that has been made to fupport even its probability.' If we form an eftimate upon any known principle, the inhabitants of S^ptlaod are far mpr$ numerous. It is to be regrrettcd that fome public eifcourag^ment has not been given to bring this matter nearer to a certainty* wl^i^:!) might be done by . the returns of the clei^ fixunthittir feveral parifltes. The ftatiAi(;al account ${f Scotland juit publiming will tend> wbeh finiihei, tp afcertai i this quefUoq fi^ore e^adly* tho' f:ven here it is to be feared the lifts returned by the cl^rnr are not always fufficiently accurate. If we confult the Qipft ^pcje^t ^n^ cre(£t. ^le hiftories* the population of Scotland^ ita the thirteenth century* iiiuft have iteen exceifive, as it afforded fo many thPu&nds ta faU bv the fwords of the Englifh, withoi^t any fenfible decreafe (fp far as I can f^d) of the inhabitants. When we coo^der the improved fyiiem of agriculture now pretty generally diffufed over the kiugdom, when we confider its exten(||ed -commerce, its ipanu* fadures rapidly incresfing* w^ are warranted to infer a population gt^atly i^icreafed ; from all thefe circunifliances we may conclude that the popul«tiou of this kingdom cannot be mi^ch over-rated when it is taken at three millions. The peo|Je of Scotland are generally raw-boned : and a kindpf charaflcr- iilical feature, that of high cheekbones, reigns in their faces ; they arc lean, but clean-limbed, and can endure incredible fatigues. Their adventuring fpirit was chiefly owing to their laws of fuccelTion* which invefted the elder brother, as head of the family, with the inh^aace, and left but a very fcanty portion for the other fbns. This obliged the latter to feek their, fortunes abroad, though no people have more affef^iun for their native foil than the Scots have in generaL It is true, this difparity of fortune among the fon} of one family prevails in England likewife ; but the refources which younger bro- thers iuve in England are numerous, compared to thofe of a country fo nar* row, and fo little improved, either by commerce or agriculture* as Scotland was formeiiy. ^ • An intelligent reader, may eafdy perceive, that the ridiculpus family-pride, which is perha|i8 not yet entirely cxtinguiuicu in Scotlapd* was Cyi^mg to the feudal inftituttons which prevailed there in all the hort^rf of Uood and bar- }»arity.. Tbeir family-differences* efpeciilly the Highlanders* familiarifed them to Mood and flaugher ; and the death ox an enemy, however c0e£ted, wai ' ^ C T L A N U* ««f vedalctudo. ;ht large fumf I OD the fouth< i to be hoped* e of tixanufac. 1 of cattle into 7per methodi, of the nation. i the breed of ,frbnithecon. taken, it wu ihat n9ble ao^ he time of the Orcat e^ortt sds, and much , nMoa^ement, ijusd 13 general- I and. a half (J I I know of no If we form an d are far mor( qment ha9 not rht be done by :tllu9al a(:count i this queftioq • by the clergy ?ijt 9n4 creto. ury, (liuft have fwptda of the it inhabitants, petty generally erce, its tpanu- Illation gi^atly the popiu«tiou three millions, id pf character- ces ; they arc eir adventuring cftcd the eldtr t a very fcanty their, fortunes : foil than the ung the fonj of ti younger bro. »untry fo nar> :e, as ib'cotland 18 family-pnde, s vn^~($ *■' — - olood and bar- r8» familiarifed ereSeaed,wai' alwtiyi a matter of triumph.. Thefe pafB6na did not live in thebreaftsof thie common people only, for they were aothorifed and cheriihed by their chie{U(iil.v« ■many of whom were men who had feen the world, were converfant in/the courta of Europe! mailers df polite literature, and amiable in all the ditties of civil and fecial life.. Their kmgs, excepting fome of them who were endued with extraordinwy virtues, were confidcred in little other light than comknan- ders of their army, in time of war ; for in time of peace their dvil authority vfzs fo little feh, that every clan, or family, even in the molt civilifed parta. of Scotland, looked upon its own chicfbun as his fovereign. Thefe ideas were confirmed even by the laws, whiclv gave thofe petty tyrants a povrer of life and death upon their own eftates ; and they generally executed in four and twenty hours after the party was apprehended. The pride which tfadfe chieftains had of outvying each other in the number of their followers, crcat" ed perpetnal animoAties, which feldom or never ended without blopdfhed } fa that the common people, whofe bcft qualification was a blind devotion to the Will of their mafter^ and the aggrandizement of his name, lived in a fUte of continual hoftih'ty. The late Archibald, duke of Argyle, was the firft chif ftain we have heard of, who had the patriotifm to attempt to reform his dependents, andtobaniik from them thofe parbarau^ ideas. His example has been followed by others |^ and there can fcarcely be a doubt, but that a veryf^w years willxecQ&cfle the Highlanders to all the milder habits of fociety. From what has htkn &;d, it appears tliat the ancient modes of living a« mong the Scotch nobility and gentry,, are as far froiti being applicable to the prefent time, as the forms of a Roman fenate are to that of a popifh conclave; and no nation, perhaps, ever underwent fo quick and fo fuddei a tranfition of manners. The peafantry have their peculiarities ; their ideas are confined ; but no people can form their tempers better than they do to their ilations, They are taught from their infancy to bridle their pafiions, to behave fubmiffively to their fuperiors, and live within the bounds of the woft rigid ceconomy< Hence they fave their money and their cohftitutions, and few inftances of murder, perjut^, robbery, and other atrocioOs vices, occur at prefent in Scot> land. 1 hey feldom enter fingly upon any daring enterprize .; but when they i€t in concert, the fecrecy, fagacity, and refolution, with which they carry on any defperate undertaking, is not to be paralleled ; and their fidehty to one another, under the ftrongefl temptations arifmg from their poverty, is flill more extraordinary, Their mobs are managed with all the caution of co|- {piracies ; witnefs that which put Porteus to death in 1736, in open defiance of law and government, and in the midft of 20,000 people; and though the agents were well known, and fome of them tried, with a reward of 500I. an- nexed to their convidlion, yet no evidence could be found fofficient to bring them to punifhment. The fidelity of the Hig^ilanders of both fexes, under a ftiU greater temptation, to the young pretender, after his defeat at Cullod- en, could fcarcely be believed, were it not well attefled. They affedt a fondnefs for the memory and language pf their forefathers beyond .perhaps any people in the world ; but tl^is, attachment is feldom ox never carried into any thing that is indecent or difguftful, though they re* tain it abroad as well as at home. They are fond of ancient Scotch difhes. dit^U aa »\,^ Vt.. -f. »1-- n »- I 1 1?.'- „. J .1 riv. ?- r .uv.. >< «u« uaj^i^cM, lite wwcp B itcau uiigcu, i(ic ma 111 laucc, brotbt and minced collope. Tliefe difhes, in their original drelfing, were fa- vdjury and nutritfvsivj keen appetitei { 'but the mederp improvements that i68 2N11 S CO T, L A, H'lX tiee^made in the S<;ptch,coQJI(i«7 h»T«,icQ4^c4 tH<;m ifgceea^ tV THe inlui^itaik.U df.thofe p^a bjf Scotlaiid, Wy five ehkffy by !£*^i hate sMtundycTn for poetty; and the beaOtiful finiplJci^ 'of tli£/S«^^; tunea, it i^flted hj iibU tii^e Judg^ of mtt vje. hoH i» gencndiy itie fabj^, and riunjr of the ain have Ibeea brought upon the Eii^^ &Mgevfii^[^tS(. tiqiu, undv new niKmea, btit wiib itiii difadvantagei that» thbuj^h'rtndeicd more eonforniable to theruksof m«fic, they are oioftly iltered (or tktmmft, being ftript of their orjginsl iuhptili^ity, M^hicht^iowey^ in«gulary is the moft cfleiMLial chara^riftlc» i» ib agrenbfe ibl^ ear; afld haifiliK^ pOiMreiv bvtr the huinan breaft< . Thbfe of a ntpre UvelV aind mtny ftrub'have l^id^better Air. tiine^ jitf^^' introduced into the ai^y 10 their native dr^a* by the fifea, an inf. tcutnent f^r which they are remark^y wcU fuited. It has been ndiclubuj)y fiu^^KM that- Rizzio, the UB^ny .ItsjIiaQ/fearetary of M^ry.qttetfn of Scots,^ imnnei^ S<^tcb'inufic. .' ISusis k fwefaibQd invented by lus cDontry, in nfute this report, theoricrinal cbai.«fter of the mufic if/df is fufficient. ' "'![ The jbv^er peofde in Jutland are not fo much uiioiftboted as t&e £ngU/h «re itb clilb!^ dinners,- aiid' other convivial intertaktncnur ; biit V^eU they fVUt^yk*. M them, for that very reafon they feem tb e^y them tMoiw' com* pletd)^* One inftitution there is, at once fotial^ahd^iibantahle, aud UUit it, the ccotributions raiied for cdehpting the veddiiigs of oeople df an inferior rank. Thofe feftivities partake of the apeiebt SiktUrnalia) but though ihe company coqfifts prbmifcubufly tifthe high and Ibtv, the entertainment is as decent as it is jbviaL Each gucft pays accbrding to his inclination or ability, but icldom under a fliilling a headt tor which, tjbcy have a wedding dinner and dancing.' Whea the parties happen to be fervaqta in refpie^ble families, the contributions are fo liberid that they often eftablifh the young couple in the- virwU. ^ • , . The certunon people of Scotland retain the folemn an try are penornted in much the fame manner as in England, but with- out any funeral fervice. l^e Highland funerals were generally pre- ceded by bagpipes, which played certain dirges, called coroiuuktt and wereac .companied by the voices of the attendants of both fezes. ' Dancing is a favourite amufemeqt in this country, but little regard is pl!d M art or gracefolneis t the whole confifts in agility, and in keeping time to their own tunes, which they do with great exaanen. One bf the ^filiai; diver- lions pradifedby the gentlemen, is the Golffl which requires an equal degree uf art and ftrength ; it is played bv a bat and a ball ) the lattef is fmalter and harder thaii a cncket baO : the bat la of a taper conftiu6tidAt titt it temHbatcs w the part that ftrikc^he ball, wbkh is loaded with lead tm £iccd with hoim. ,..♦% \ M .'-'M^ ■^'^g«B flat AdMii, often fi( leikhyiAii^^lli^hvbAfMn « comnion fMtA to ft nukrk at « cdttiiiHaifeti^ V m4 iiHkeM^it ncbtvft the a^#ib is Ae viaof; -l^eCe* t^ roa^ h^^ai^ lhe(bn(Mil|$^ert at iif 't9MF iKh<^ TMrroey can' ixiiiif ch«^ jA a fike^f but whieK the lio^ndiert i^iltt JtlM&y'iiiid , «hi^ is pn>bably theiMifi ^<^Td with Cek^ Sometrmes they Wear ft I:iii4 «f pettiebat «f tiicf finhe^at^efrated Itoff^ bnelded'r^ waifli, Vnd tlii they term the A&i/jltf', which feems to be.of MQeiian extn^ofi.1^idr (Aockings are,iiicewJK of ^;t|fftan tied belbwt^ Knee with tartvn ganrtera formed intbtaffeb. The jMiorar people Wear tip^a their fn . of untahned dr unAndfed' ^tiler j- f6r their hends^ i 1^' flit cap ^« tiied. c«fiied« b0nhd;,t>f a par)^icu]ar wQollm manuftif^vBv; ii^rqm ^e bdt of .1^ philiheg^^ haii|^ ^craUy their kmWs and a ^ateBitfgfWhicli tifif(^ c^ dirk, and »n iron j^jM. fomd^eft of^fine w^kfllMMh^>:idcni^ ii^ with fihrer, Tlie inttoMkm of the fardad fwM vtf Andrea f^hiA^.^ Spaniard (which wis alWayitpsrt of the Hi^add %e&), feeinr t6 be Igm entfier than the reign brjaiiies in. who ixmted th«t exc^^ent wdtkntn^'tft . Scotland, A lu^c kathem purfe, ridUy^ adorhed wiUi filver^ hanging IH;' foi-e them, was^dways part of a HigMaod cHieRainN dt^^ ! ' The drefs of thcHighHmd ^i^gmen confifted of ft pettitokt and jeHtin,' With ilrait fleeves, trimmed or nottHmmed^ accor^^ to the quality oJFthew^^^r; over this diey wore a plaid, whith they either held dofe under thenC'ehina wfth thehinld,.or feftencd wfth a b^iidue eif a partiquhtr feftJorti Oh the head thtT^ Wdte a kfetchief of iine linen of different fornjs. Th? ,womett'_ troopi. , Thejr ovi^row at CuUoden rendered it no dificvk tnat> ,4cr $tr. ute lenilsitufe>to force thr neithing.^m the Ei^h'fli i but many of the peasantry ftill retain the hon. j^jlJor.tbc (^eapnefs and lightnefs of the wear. The drefs of the womea qt il&ipiht bmuch th<6 fame in both kingdomif but not, foiuiifo their neaU QNeti^^d tlu: deanUnefs of the fem^ ]j {^ hwre. already mentioned the language of the Highhindei^ efpeciaUy to- wards Loohaber and Badehoch, to ba.radicaUy Celtic. The £ngli(h fpokea by the 9cot<, liotwithfl^mding its provincial aiticoUtionm which are, as fee* qvua^i^atfft as in the fnor;^ lpt|t^m counties, is Written in the' fame manner ,jp b^thkjngdojns. At prp(ent the pronundatioiv of a Scotchman is;greatlj m^ving^ iMid with (onM does not differ fix>m the produnciatipn pf a Lon- 4Qafff»:,>aoK than that of a Londoner Aott{ from an inhabitant of Somerfc^ Jlt^jS^ fome pac^ ^, >yorcf fteribire. i P^KilHH.SNTs.iTheIe are j^tctty much the fiune in Scotbtod as in Bnp j^d| 'beheadng uukI to be penbnned by an inftnuncnt called thq Maid- ~ at ^ t^e n^ui^l of which, it k well known, was.braughtfrom Halifiutin^ £ng. l^nd^; Soptland, by the r^ent e^rl >I<^n, and it was firft uicd fiar the a, 'Ccutffetn 0^ himfeU^. :>■, ;■',.■; --.-vV' # ■ Rif^iiQtioti.] Andent' Scettidi hi{bopans» witb,Bede, and oth^r Jmter^ fijnrt^y agree 'that Chriftiuity was fiift Uught^ in Scotland by feme of the "^ * iSt. John, the 4.pioi!ue, who flsd to this norduhrn corner to ^void imcfo^cmnly baptifed. It wasfiutbtr coniinn(4 bj emigt^tbns jp^ South Bntiiifvdinring the j^ecutions of Anrelius and Dwclefan* whcm it became Jhfitft^flied religion of Scotland^ undor the manageme'nt of cert^ learned : r':f1^ ipioi^men, named .Cnldeei^ who feem 1^0 have been the firft legiuar clqgy ^^'m'^iootland, and were governed by overfeers or iihops chofen by themfelvts, from among, their owm hoAyt and who had no pre'n< its native fi'mplicity, till the aAival of Palladium;, a prieil; fent by,4)iM: .Infhop of Kors in the fifth century, who found meaUs to introduce jthe^^nodM and. ceremonies of the Romifb chutcht which at length prevailed, aiiil»iScotland became inv<^vip4 "^ ^^^ darkoefs which for ages qverfpread j^Mroptf ; though their dependance upon the pop^ was vtry Header, when coDApared ,to the blind fubje^on ipf many other nations. , ]^,,'j^ 1^ Culdles, however,' long retained their pi^in^l manners, and nmaimid * diftiaAorder, notvrithfUndig^ theoppfciOoi^ c^. the Romilh clerjnr, fo hte M the 8g« of Robert Bruce 10 the 14th century, wlien they diTappeared. . ^ ■ . ' ■;•• ■' ■.-.;. But ■. 11 S'iv-: 5 t 6 W t A Mb ■ m Sbl^'^fl ^ifditiiV of olifer«|l^» that the d^fittoo to tpOfwry iti4hi^|t||d, ))Mi^ it, ccyGed 1q 'IStiotluid ^pon the extin^ion tff the CuUUre«» wa^m ftme ag^i tevfvei in Bngjuid hy John ^WtckBffc, » man of jmip ^ kimnM^ who i«te the forerunner in the yrotjf. of refontetion, to Jofci Hvu and jir^ ; of Pragii^i u the latter wtre to Martin. Luther and J[oh'n Calirin. , jj^iit thoii^. thedbifibfinei 1^ WickJfRe were neadly (he &me «rith tfaoie pivnapx- ed hf tfae« jtlbranen m the itith centpry, and the i^ feertwd gificn)r d%> (o^to.^Hre themt aftiirs were not yet fuUy ripe fdrihat great revqliik tion ;. aiid the finiflung blow to popery in England waa referved to the age ofHeli^VlIF.^ '■ • ^h after that important event tookpla^e in £ngland« when leffltiilig^ irts, and fciences* began to re^ve in Europe, the abfurdities of the chorcli of Rom^, as well a> the profligate liyes of her cktgy,. did not efcape t^ notice jif a free and en |he ' parlianient^ or rather the nobility, monopolized all the church < b'vings, . and moft fcandalouHy left the reformed clefgy to live almoft in a ftite of bekgtry ; florconld all their efforts produce any great ftruggle 'or alteration mthfir favour. • ^ •,•,_;.■ .•,'.,; . ■,'' ' .-■' ./'^■'',', .-;' ■ The nobility anid gt«at kndhold^ left the do^ripe aftid d^c^tfine' of 1^ .church to be modelled by the preachers, and they were confirmod by pai&-' nent. ~ Sucoeed^g times r^dered the prefbyteriui clergy of vaft importaiM^ to the ftate r and their revenus have been fo much memnd ," that tirough no, ftipcAd there 'exceeds i.5o\> a year, few fafl ihort of 6ol. a^d hone of j;oI. If theprefent expenfive mode ot living continues in Scotland, the eftabliihed energy will have many tinaiifwenuue reafons to urge for the increaie of jdidr revenues. v-^''-- ' ' ^ /, 'l:'-\^- ''<■'■/' The bounds of dus work c)o not admit of entering at large npbn ti^e doc- trinal and oeconomical 'part of the ^urch of Scotland. It i^ fufSclent to iky, that its firft principfe is a parity of ecdefiaftical authority among all its -^ DFcflyyters ; that it agrees in its cenfures with the reformed churches abroad in the chief heads of oppofitien to popery ; but that it is modelled principal'- ly after che Calviniftical plan eftabUfhed at Geneva. This eftablimment, at various periods, proved io tyrannical over itjp laity, by having the power of ' the greater and lefier excommunication, which were attended by a forfeltiire* of eftate, and fometimes life, that the kirk feifions, and other bodies, have been abridged of all their dangerous powers over the laity, who are extreme- ly jealous of their being revived. It is faid, that even that reh'que of popery, the obliging fornicators of both fexe^ to fit upon what' they cdl a repenting , "fti^l, in the church, and in full view of the cong^gation, begins to wtpar out $ • it having been found, that the. Scotch women, on account of that penandr, were the irreateil infanticides in the. world. In fliort, the power of the Scotch ^dergy is at prefeiit verr moderate, pr at Icaft Very iftoderatdy ' ei- tcrdfed ; nor are they accountable for the extravagancies of their predecefibrs. Aa2 Th^ 8 CO T liij|^*li »» V* t ThepbpTC. beoiv ever finioc the Retrelufion»,|rai sutticrents to dyil -LVrt})i and the houCe .ef ^^Hanovcr ^ and aded vfiai r emarkabk mtripiditjr during, the ««i}^|k)n in I745> They drefs without clerical rabea : but ibme of them Bfymr u* the pulpit in gowns, aftwr the Geneva tbnn, and bands. They.iniise no ufcoifCet forms in -worfhf^, but are not pvol^ited that of the Lor4<'« Prayer. The renta pf the bilhop<| fines die abolitipi{co» pacy, are paid to the king* who commonly amropriatet them to pioiupur- P9&8. A thbu&md pounds a year is always lent by his m^fty ICor the uiis , of proteftant fchools ereded by aA of parliament in North Britain, and. the ^Weltern ifles ; and the Scotch clergy, of late, have planncd.out finds £ar the fuppoit of their widows a. dorpfajms. The number of pariflies in Scotland are eight hundred and ninety, whereof thirty one are (:ollegiate churchet, that is, where the cure is ferved by more than one miniller. The higheft ecclefiafUcal authority in Scotland i» the general aflenbly, ' which we may call the ecclefiaftical parliament of Scotland. ■ It co^fifts of <»mmifGoners, fome of which are laymen, under the title of ruling elders, ^oKi prefbyteries, royal burghs and univerfities. A prefbytery, confifting of und^ twelve minifters, fends two miniilers and one ruling elder : if it cbntains betwe^i twelve and eighteen miniilers, it fends three and one ruling elder } if it contswns between eighteen and tweuty-four nunifters, it (ends four minifteri and two' ruling elders ; W if theprefbytery has twentv>four minifters, It ienoi five miniftera and two ruling elders. Every royal burgh (t;nd» one ruling ' eider, and Edinburgh two ; whofe eledion mull be ^tefted by the refpe£Uve kirk jf<£Son8 of their own burghs. Every univqfity fends one conuniffioncr, ufually a minifter of their own bo4y. Theft comroiffioners are chofen yearly, fix weeks before the* meeti||pf«f the afleinbly. The ruling ddefs are often ' of the firft;quality of the coiuntry. ■ The king prefides by his comminioner (who is always ft nobleman) in tliis afiembly, which meets once a-year : but he jbas no voice in their deliberations. The order of their proceedings is regular, though the number of membcn often creatop a confulion ; which the moderator who ischofen by them to be as it were fpeaker of the houfe, has not fufficien( authority' to prevent Appealb are brought from all the other ecdcfiaftical courts in Scotland to the general aflembljm.; and no appeal lies ffcm its determination in religion} matters. .1 Provincial fynods are next in authority to the general alTembly. They are compofed of a number of the adjacent prefbyterics, over whom they have 1 .power ; and there are fifteen of them in Scotlarid } but their a^ are reverfi- ble by the general afiembly. • Subordinate to the fynods are prcfbyteries, fixty-nine of which aK in Scot* land, each confiiUng of a number of contiguous pariihes. The minillers of thefe parifltes, vrith one ruling |kler, chofeu half yearly out of every feiTion, " compofes a prefbytery. Thefe preftj'teries meet in the head town of that dl- - vifipn ; but have no jurifdldion beyond their ovtrn bounds, though within thefe they have cognifance o£aU ecdelfiaftical caufes and matters. A chief part of their bufinels is the ordination of candidates for brings, in which they are regular and folemn*. The patron of a Uving is bound to nominate or pre- fent in fix. months after a vacancy, otherwife the prefbytery fills the place jaw dtvciuto \ b^t that privilege does not hold in royal burghs. A i kirk fefiton is the lowell ecclefiafUc judicatory in Scotland, and its aa- thoritj^does net extend beyond its ovvn pariih. The menibcra comiu*»» the jninifters, elders and deacons. The deacons are laymen, ai^ . s6t pretty much as churchwardens do in Etigland, by having the fupCTifltcndency of the poor, and taking care of other parochial afTalrs... The cl!lW a t»y-perfon of ^u«Utf]r or inter and of too much of the intolerance of popeiy, but at prefent it is mild and gentle, and the fermoas an^ other theological writings of many of the modem Scotch divines, are equally diAinguifhed by good Oeme and moderation. It is to be wilbed, however, that this moderation was not too often interrupted by the fanaticifm not only oiP lay feceders, but of regulir \, mioilters. Thefe are indultrlouato4x upon the abfurdities of former divinet andviiionane8,and ecclefialiical, ordinances and difciph'ne which were fuppof- ed 'to be incompatible mth the nature of government. A vaft nnmber of tUefe feceding congregations are to be found in thoLowUndsk They maintain their own preachers, though fcarcely.any two congregation? agree either in principle or pradUce wit"h «a,f as vmeU attended^ A Scotch epilbopahan thus becoming anothei? name for a Jabite, they receiv- ed fome checks after the rebellion in 1715 ; but they Recovered themfeWes fo well, that at the breaking out of the rebellion in 1745, they became again numerous, after which the goverment foun4||means to invalidate the afts of their clerical order. Their meetings, however, ftill fubfi^i but thinly. In the mean while, the decline of the nonjurors is far from having fuppreffed epif« copaey in Scotland } the Englilh biihops fupply them with clergy qualified ' ■according to la;w, whofe chapels are chiefly filled by the Engli^ and fuch Scofch hearers of that perfuafion as have places under the government. The defection of fome great families from the caufe of popery, and the ix» tin£lion of others, have rendered its votaries inconfiderable in Scotland. They are chiefly confined to the northern parts, and the,iflauds : and though a violjht oppontion was lately railed againft them, fearingtheir liberties w^e about to be enlarged) they appear to be as quiet and inolenfive as proteftani iubjefts. tH SCOTLAND. ft coritained two archblflioprici, 8t« bpriclu, Edinburah, Dunkeld, Ab« loff, Catthnefsi Orkney, Galloway, For this article we may refer to the Scotland, duririg the time of epifcoi Andrew't and OlJdgow ; and twelve bi| er^een, Murray* Brechin, Dumblain,* Aijryle, and the Itlet,. LEAaNINO, AKD XBARNED MEN.] literary hiilory of Eitvope for 1400 years paft. The weftem|>arts and ifles of Scotland produced St. Patrick, the celebrated t apoftle of Ireland ; and many others tirice, whofe names would make a long article. The writings of -Adamnarus, and other authors, who lived before, and at the time of the Nor« man invafion, which are come to our hands, are fpecimens of their Iteming. Charles the Great, or Charlemagne, moft unqueftionably held a correfpondence by letters with the kings of Scotland, with whom he formed a famous league; and employed Scotchmen in planning, fettUng and ruling his favourite univer. fities, and.other feminaries of learning in France, Italy, and Germany. It ii an undoubted truth, though a feeming paradoxical h&, that Barbour, • Scotch poet, phflofopher,' and hiftorian, though prior in time to Chaucer, having nouriflted in the year 1368, wrote, according to the modem jdeas, a» pure £ngli(h as that bard, and his veriification is perhaps more harmonious. The deftru^on of the Scotch monuments of le«-nmg and antiquity have ren< dered dieir early anipds lame, and often fabulous : but the Latin ftyle of. 3uchanan'« hifttfry Is to this day the moft claffical of all modem productions. The letters of the Scotch kings to the neighbouring princes, are incomparably the fipeft compoiition of the times in which they were written, and are free from the llplbarifms of thofe fent them in anTwer. This has been confidcitd as a pfoof, that clafHcal learning \ia8 more cultivated at the court of Scotland than at any other in Europe. , The diu:overy of the logarithms, a difcovery which in point of ingenuity and utility may vie with any that has been made in modem times, is the in- difputable right of Napier of Merchiftone. And Ance his time, the iqathe* matical fciences have been cultivated in Scotland with great fuccefs. Keil, in his phyfico^athematical works, to the clearaefs of his reafoning has added the colouring of a poet, which is the more remarkable, not only as the fub- jeft is little uifceptible of ornament, but as he wrote in an ancient languiltre. Of all writers on aftronomy, Gnegory is allowed to be one of the moft per> feft and elegant. Maclaurin, the companion and the friend of (ir Ifaac New- ton, was endowed with all that precifion and fcflrce of mind, which rendered him peculiarly fitted for bringing down the ideas of that great man to the . level of ordinary apprehenfions, and for diffufing that light through the world, which Newton had coufined within the fphere of the \eamed. His Treatife on Fluxions is regarded by the beft judges in Europe, as the cleared account of the moft refined andfubtile fpeculations on which the human mind «ver exerted itfelf with fuccefsi^ While Maclaurin purfued this new career, a geometrician no lefs famous diftingnithed htmfelf in the fure, but almoft de> ferted, tra£l of antiquity. This was the late Dr. Simfon, fo well known orer Europe for his lUuftration of the ancient geometry. His Elements of Euclid, above all his Conic Sections, are fuffieient ofthemfdvesto eftablifti the.fcien- tific reputation of his native country. / ;; . «t. This however, does not reft on the charader of a few mathematiciahs and aftronomers : the fine arts have been called fitters to denote their affinity. There is the fame conne^'on between the fciences, particularly thofe which acpcnd on obitrvaiion. Mathematics and phy^cs, properly fc .csUed, were ia Scotland accompiihied by the other branches of ftudj va which they are ■'■' ■ ? . ■ '' . . al- ri lJlie<)* In' medicine partieolarlyt the namea of Fitcalnit AftutH^o^^ipiKir SiiieUe* Whytt( CuUen, and Gregory, hold a diftinguiflied phice* 'V ' Nor have the Scott been unfuccefsful in cultivating Uie BeUcs litttrca; Foreignen who inhabit wanner climatei, and conceive the northern natiooa ^ncapaUe of tendem^a and feeling, are aftoniflied at the poetic genius and deh'cate fenfibifity of Thomfon. But of aU literery purfuitt, that of rendetjjng mankingind more virtuous •nd happy, which h the proper object of what is called meraltt ought to be ' regarded* with peculiar honour and refpe6t. ' -The philofophy of Dr. Hutche- fon, not to niention othef works more fubtile apd elegant, but lefs convincing and lefs jnftrudive, defervey to be read by all who would knew their duly, or. who wpidd with to pra£tife it. Next to Locke's Eflay on the Hman Under- ftanding, it is perhaps the beft diiTcAion of the human mind that hath appeait- ed in modem times ) and it it like wife the mod ufeful fupplement to that Effay. ' r ; . It would be endle(s to mention all the individuals whe have jdijlinflraiflied themfelves in the various branches of literature ; part:culud|yi||LtItcM 'v^ho ar^ alive (fome of them in high efteem for hiftorical compofitiiNiPlt^pute the palm of merit with the dead, and cover their country with Imiuds,^ whif:h neither envy can. blaft, ndr time can deftroy^ ■' ^ Universities.] The univeiiities of ScotI?'.d are four, viz. St. An- drews*, founded in ji4li^— ^lafgow f , 1454. — ^Aberdeen |, 1477.— And ^ Edinburgh ||, 158a. .< ' It is with plrafure we inform our reader), that a confiderable^rogrefs ha« bcfo made in the. ere^ion of a new univerfity at Edinburgh, to which our moft gracious fovareign has been a very libenu benefador. This edifice pro- mifes to be a noble monument of national tafte and fpuit. * Sb Andrews has a Chancellov, two Principali, and elevea ProfeffAa in Drwk, Moral Philofojphv. Chorch Hiadn, namsaitjr, Matunl Philofoplkjr, ' I>ivinity, HebreWi " Mathetiiatics, MeJicioe. ~ LofJf, » Ci»i» Hiftory, fGlafgowhaia Chancellor, Rer;>r, Dean of Facoliy, Principal, and fontteen Pro- feflbfi in n ' Greek, Xloral Philofophy, Divinity, Humioity, Nuural Philofophy, Civil and Scotch Law, ' Hebrew, Mathemacice. Medicine, Oriental Languages, PrSAical Afirooomy, , Anatomy. LoRic, Hiftory, « I Aberdeen hat properly two Colleges, via. King'i C»lleire. an^ Marifthsl Colleger King's College has a Cban^tor, Redor, Principal, and fcven Piofeflors in Greek, Phiilofophy, Civil Law, Humtbity, > Dtvioty, , Medicine. Oriental Languages. Marifchal college has a ChSnccll<*, ReAor, Ifrincipnl, and feveb Profeffora Sf Greek, ' Natural Philofr.pJty, Divinity. Oriental Laranagea, Mathematics, Mcdecme, ' Moral Phiiovphy and Logic, g Edinburgh has a Patron, Prinripal, and Profeffoia in Divinity. Church Hiftory, Greek, Humanity, Hebrew, Logic, MurtI Philoraphy, tjluwal PhiIofi»phy;, M^thsmatica, Civil HiOniv, Natural Hift(Nry, ticoich Law, Civil Law, Law of Nature and Nations, Anatom^, Rk«t<>r?s sti SeUes Letfrsc, Midwifery, Botany, Materia Medica, lot^. of Phyiic and Medi- cine, PraAice of Mediciue, Cfaeniftry. ClTl^S> tl6 % € O T LA M IW Cin|ii» TOWNi, anoothbA BDirioBt > "R^harf^t tb« eapitd lof fDiLiC AMD ntivATK. ) ScotlMid, nMHmlly tahm the kid IB thh divifum, which the bontids of our iH>rk oMige vit to eontnA. The caftle, before the ofe oi krxi^rj, was deemed impregmble by foKC. It WMDiptebly htlak bjr the Saxon king Edwin, whefe tlh^toiyi^radied to th< Frttb of Fortht<«n4 who gave hit name to Edinburgh, m it certainly did not n/l into the hands of the Soo^ titt tite reign of Jndalphin, who lived in the year 953. The town was built for the benefit of p^ .e£lion fibm the eadl^ •nd 1^ more inconvenient fituation fur a capital cftvKaroely be conceived 1 the High-flrect which it on the ridge of nhiU'lfingeaft and weft ; and the lanes runnilkv down ita fi^et north and fouth. In tormer times, the town was {\». rounded by Vf|iter, excepting towards the eaft ; fo ihat wben the French hut. ded in Scotland, during the regency of Mary of Guife, they gave it the name of Liflebmrg. ThtiT iHuation Aiggcfted the idea of buOding very lof^ houles divided j^ ftoriei, each of which contains a fuite of rooms, genenuy large and CBJM M ijijy, for the ufe of a Jamily ; fo that the High-ftreet of Edin- barghy w|jHf| chiefly of hewn ftone, broad, and well paved, nrnket a moft ■uguft aMcMtMM, tfpecially as it rifes a full mile in a dirc^ line and grad^ . afcent fitMt ^hc palace of Holyroodm thence. All that is known at prefent of .thofe regalia, is contained in the inftrument which wm taken at the time of their bemg depolited, where they are' fully defcribed. Facing the caftl«, at I h^ye already obferved, at a mile's diftanee, ftandt the abbey 1^ or rather palace of Holyrood-houfe. The inner quadrangle of this palace, begun by James V. and flniftied W Chales I. is of magnificent , modem, architediire, built according to the plan, and under the direction of Sir William Bruce, a Scotch gentlemen of family, and one of the greateft archite^ of that age.* Round the qUiidrangle runs an arcade, adorned with ^pilafters : and the mfide contains magnHicent appartments for the duke of Hanulton, who iii hereditary keepe^ of the palace, and for other noblemen. Its' long gallery contains figures, fome of which are from portraits, but all of them painted by modem hands, of the kings of Scotland down to the time of the revolution. James VII. when duke of York, intended to hare made great improvements ^bout this palace ; for at prefent nothing can be mora uncomfortable than its fituation, at the bottom of bleak, unimproved crags -and mountains, with fcarcely a fmgle tree in its neighbourhood. The chapel belonging to the palace, as it ftood when repaired and ornamented by that prince, it thought to have been a moft elegant piece df Gothic archite&itre. It had a very lofty roof, and two rooms of ftone galleries, f!in">«r*»?? hv «ir!««H« r> niar ». It wss the conventusd church of the old demoUflied and rifled of all its rich ornaments, by the Revolution, which even broke into the repofi- 1.%* •*. «.*-*>«*•.- tury tonc9 SCOTLAND. m loriki of the deld, and djfcoTeml a vault till that time ankoowB» which ipontiificd the hodica of Jfaiqea' V. hia firft oueen, and Henry Darnley. The walla and rodf of tUia antient chapel gave %ay and fell down on the ad ^aA 3d of December, 1 768* occafioned by the enormoua weight o^ a new ftone roof, laid ovei^ it fome yeiut before, which the walla were unable to fupport. The hofpital, founded Ity George Herriot, goldfmith to Jamea VI. commonly called Herriot'a Work, ftanda to the fbuth-weft of the cdUie, in |t noble iitttstioa'. It ia-the fineft and moft regular Ipecimcn which Inigo Jonea £who went to Scotland aa archite£i to queen Anae, wife of king Jame#Vl.) haa left oa of hi> Gothic manner, and &r exceeding any thing of that kind to be feen in En^^d. One Balcanguhille, a divine, whom Herriot left hia executor, ia faid to ha^e prevailed upon Jonea to admit fome barbaroua dcvicea into the building, particuUrly the windows, and to have infifted tha«*the omamcnta of each fliould be fomewliat different from 4iMe of the others. It ia, notwithftanding, upon the whole, a delightful Jahric* and adorned witb^ gardena not inelegantly laid out. It waa built for the maintenance and eaucation of poor children belonging to the citizena and tradefmen bf Edinburgh, and ia under the direction M the city magiftratea. Among .the other public ediiicea of Edinburgh, before the Revolution) yraa the college, which claima the privileges of a univerfity, founded by:om built by Charles I. for the parliament- hcftife, though not fo large,^ is better proportioned thai) 'Weftminfter-ball ; and its roof, though executed in thie fame, manner,, has been by good judges h4d to be fuperior. It is now converted into a court of law, where a lingle judge» called the lord ordinary, prefidea by rota^on : in a room ney it, fit the other judges ; and adjoining- Me4he^ublic ofiures of the law, exchequer, chancery* ihrievalty, and magiftracy of Edinburgh ; and the valuable library of the law- yers. This equals any thing of the kind to be found in England, or perhap^'' in any part of Europe, and was at lirft entirely founded and turnlihed by law- yers. Th^ number of printed books it cotatj^ins are amazing : and the col- ledion has been made with exquifite tafte and judgment. Ilf contains likf wife t}ie mod valuable manufcript remains of the Scotch hiftqn', chartulariea, and other papers of antiquity, with a feries of medals, Adjoimng the library, is the room where the public records are kept ; but both it, and that ^4|||ich contains the library, thQUgh lofty in the roof, are miferably dark %oaaif- tnal. It is faid that preparations 'are now carryinflr on, for lo^nv hath 1 papers in rooms far better fuited to tSeir importance ^d va- the bool^s lii'e. Bb The t ■ ■>,■ t7« 8 C O T L A N f^. Th Hiff^ ChuKk oi I4i'n>)urgh, ciDcd that «f St.' Gflcfl, !• n«w drvidri Tntt ^ it* ftecple h furmountcd by archctt formed into an im. perud crovm, which nat a good eifcA to the eye. ThfC dkwrehci, and ot}ier •difioM of the city, creAed before the Union . -ontain Ihtk but what ik torn- Tion to fudi Suildingi i but the excellent pavement of the dty, which wal begun two c«nturie« ago by one McrUa, a Fre&choMUW deierret particular attentKH). ""he nwHlern edifices in and near Edinburgh, fM#i M ike Exchange, public of&cei, it bofpttals, bridgea, and the like, lemenfbaii the vaft improvement of the tifte of the Scott in their public works. Paralkl (6 the city of %din. burgh, on the north, the nobility, gentry, and others, have almoft completed a new town, upon a plan which does honour to the prefent age. The ftreed and ^uaret are laid out with the utmoft regidarity, and the houfea are buik of ftoM) in an elegant tafte, with all the conveniencies that reiAer thofe of Eafrlaad To delightful and commodious. The fronts of fome are fupetbly fiiiiilMM) in all the beauties of architeAure dliplaying at The fame time the juikrnMnt of the builder, and the public fpirit oi the proprictof . Between the old and the new town lies a narrow bottom or vale, which, agreeable to tht^ttwinal plan, was to have been formed kto a flieet of water, bordered by a MNHUi^'^' *^ *^ afcent towards the new town covered with pleafure ftu^Ut»ilmKthtrit»t &c. But this elegant deflgn fell to nothing, througb Uie QaraoittiBeaC of the magiftrates, who, finding greater benefits by letting the groivid'lo mfefiof tradefinen, upon building leues, this fpot, formed by nRure a* an agntcable opening 'to a crowded city, became a nuifance t» thofe gentleAeo who had been ib liberal in ornamenting the buildings upon the fummit. A dcciiioii of the Houfie of Lords (in which a certain great luminary of th£jaw,-eqiiaOy diftingui(l||d for his taileand good fenfe, heartily concurrqfiil'^^ipttt a ftop to thefe mean ere6^inr\(. At the weft, or upper end <»f thijl^Valcy the caftle, a folid rock noc i.i:«s than twenty ftoriea hign, looki dofrii wi)|l awfol magnificence. The ealtern extremity is bounded by a ftrik- ilig.i»bje£l of art, a k»ftv biidge(..tiie middle arch being ninety feet high, which joina the new buildings to the city, and renders the defcent on each\ fide the vale (there being no water in this place) more commodious for car. riages. I am the more particular in defcribing thi* place, that the reader may form fome idea of its pleabnt fituativ.*., ftanding on an eminence, with 4 gentle declivity on each fide', in the heart of a rich country ; tlie view foutii' '!%« Ardf that of a roaantic city, its more romantic cafile, viid diitant hills rif- in^ *o an amazing height } while the profpeA northward gives full fcopc to the eye, pleafes the imagination, and fills the mind with fuch ideas as the works of natore alone qan iaf{Rre. One agreeable profped, hrvrorer, >-. )"i . ' by fubfcription, and fromt^e great refort of travellers, c vild vi ', i«>i to bring a profitable return. • ' F.dinburgh linay be confidered, notwithftanding its caftle, and an open wall whi;)< ep:lofc8 it on the fouth fide of a very modem fabric, but in the Ro- man TA^, "Tf as an open town ; fo that in fe^ it would have been impradi- OBb|||^ii< .\ ' ih.^bita^i8. to have deiended it againft the rebels, who took pof* ftffion /^ it ' 7 745. Edinburgh ccmtaina a play-houfe, which has now the ^atBdfVk nl^ i"^ fl ;-r parliaments^ ; and concerts, aiTembliee, balls, mufic-meet- inga, arrj «^iiiV:''H«>>ite amufein":iv£t, are as frequent and briBiant.here, as in any part ot his majc s i jr '» df^punionty London and Bath eiicepted. •.« ^nburgh 9 C O T L A N Di» t1§ . Biiii^ln>rfc|I»WMd by » Wrd pratrtft, C»u. MffiMf-Mcu efajpU/ m4 « tifflAMMiV •nnuallf thefen fir«m thfl common cv until. Zvcry cooMMiyi or {nooqionkUd trade, cheolM iu own deacon* and hcic ar- 141 bm^^ fur* |ao0t( ftUfmklw (kjiinent furricPh hammcr-n , vrrigbu 01 riuflibtcrt, Okaibpa, Uylers, bakarti butchcrtf cordwatnen, weavers, rallen^ and bonoet- jnakcn. The lord pAvoftt ia coleaelof th« t wn-guardr • "^diury infthu^ VuM to be found in no part of his majcfty'i dv< minion* bat at Eihnbwgb 1 they itrt* foi* the oity-watch, uA patrole the ibrttts, arc ufciul in fuppre^ £ng fmall eoounotione, and Mtead the csocutioo of feotenct i npon deliAqu«nts> Thar ure divided into thiw companiea* and wear an uniform \ they are inv mediately commanded by three pfficen under the nam* of caf taini. Be- fidct this ffuvdt EdirSur^h raifet fixteen companies of trained baadst whick fcrre u nulitla. t V revantes of the city coniHk chieilv of that tax which is now con?.<'^r' . ni. • of the bodies coiporate in Stotiandi of two Scotch pennies, ./rK>i4n>ink .. the whdtejo two thirds of a farthings hid on every Scott h v'ft rf nle (conuiaing twVfiaglifli fuarts) confuroed within the pre<* «i<>u« ot ue «. ^^ • This is a moft ju&ieus impoft* as it rendm the pooreft f':;i< inCenfibic of the burthen. Its prodoA, however^ baa bqen fiuBcient . a<.iiray the xpence of fdpplying thV city yrith eiccelleat water, brMuht in leaden pipe' at the dilkance of four miles 1 of ereAinjLrefenroirs, enlargra|^ the harbaur of Laith, of iN»npleting Other public wowh of great expenca and utility. Leith, though near two milea diflaat, maff be properly called the harbour «f Edinburgh, being under the fame juiiMiAion. it coptaioe nothing re> Darkabk but the itanains of twt> citadels (if they are not the fame),j which were fortified and bravely defended by the French, under Mary of Guife, againft the Edgliflii and afterwards repaired by CromweU. The neighbour* hood of Edinburgh \\ adorrted with noble icats which are da^^ increaCag : fome of them yiud to few in England \ but diey are too numerous to be particularizad here. I cannot however avoid mfentioning the eaH of A^xti- corn's, a (hort way from the city, the duke of Bucdeugh'f houfe at Dal* k«ttb, that of the marquis of Lothian at Mew-bottla» and Hopton-houfe, fdf called from the earl itt owner. About four miles from Edinburgh u Roflink noted for a ftately Gothic chi^pel, counted one of the moft curious pieccf 9? workman(hip in Europe ; found^ in the year 1440* by WiUiaoy St. C3iur» prince of Orkney, and duke of Okteoburgh. Olafgow, in the ^re of Lanerk, fitua^ed on a gentle dcdivity (loping to- wards the river Clyde, 4^^ miles weft of Edinburgh, is, for popidation, com* merce and riches, ^he (econd city of Scotland* and, coniid«ring tts five, the Irft in Great Bntain, and perhaps in Eurwe, as to elegance, regularity* and the beautiful nwteriidB of its buildings. The ftrects arqfs each other at i^ht angles, ant' :. 2 broad, ftraight, wqI paved, and con&quently clean. The ' . ' .i make a grand appearance, and arc in general four or five ftories higb)f and many of them towards the centre of the city, are fnpported byarcaoet^ which form pivKzas, and give the whole an air of magnifioenoe. - Some of the Modern built churches are in the fiDcA ftyle of arcmtefture : a|id ^e citthe* dral is a ftupendoua Gothic building, hardly ta be paralleled in that kind of archite^ure. It contains three chuicheS) one ofwhichftants above another, ' and is furniihed with a very Tine ipire f|»inging from a tower ; the whole being reckoned a mafterly and matchkb fabric. It was dedicated to St. Mun^fo, or Kentwem. . ho wa^ a biihop of Gkfgow is thdt 6th century. The cathedral is upwards c& 6op years ^Idi'^and was prcferved from the mtj •f ^e rig;id Reformers j^y ^e ref<^btion of the citizens. The town^-hou^ v»l »i2 i« i8o S Cn O T L A' N n. is albfty buiklingyind hit very noble apartments for the nnagiftrates. tlie univerfity is cfteemed the moft fpacious and bell built of any in Scothnd; and ia at prefent in a thriving tiate. In this city arefevend well endowed hofpitals ; and it is particularly well fupplied with large and conTenie..:t inns, proper for the accommodation of ilrangers of any ^nk.- There are two brides built acrdfs the river Clyde .; but our bounds do not allow us to .particularise thefc, and the other public-fpirited undertakings of this city canyi'ng on by the inhabitants who' do honour to the benefits arifing from their valt commerce, both foreign and internal ;' which they carry -on with amazing fuccefs. In Glafgow are feven churchot and eight or ten meeting houfes for fedaries of various denominations. The number of its inhabitants have been eftimated at 70,000. Aberdeep is rapidly advancing both in improvement and populs»ion. It is the capital of a {hire, to which it gives its naflie, and contains two towns, New and Old Aberdeen. The former is the (hire town, and evidently built for the purpofe of comnrerce. It is a large weU>built city, ana has k good quay, or tide harbour : in it are three chiu^bes, and feveraj epifcopal meeting-houfes, a confiderabk degree of fortfign commerce and much fhipping, a well frequented univerfity, and above 20,000 inhabitants. Old Aberdeen, near a mile diftant, though almoil joined to the New, by means of a long village, has no dependence on the other : it is a moderately large market-town, but has no haven. In each of thefe two places there is a weB-endowed college, both together being termed the univerfity of Aberdeen, although quite independent ofeacfh other. Perth, the capital town of Perthflure, lying on the river Tay, trades to Norway and the Baltic ; is finely fituated, has an improving linen manufac. tory, and lies in the neighboiirhood of one of the moft fertile fpibts in Grea^ Britain, called the Carfe of Gowry. Dundee, by an ^numeration in 1 788, contains about 24,000 inhabitants : it lies near the mouth of tlie river Tay; it is a town'of confiderable trade, escporting, much linen, grain, herrings, ani peltryi to fundry foreign parts ; and has three churches. Mdntrofe, Aber- brothick, and Brechin, Ke in the*fame county of Angus : the firft has a great and flourifhing trade* and the manufadtures of the ottter two are upon the thriving hand. • • • It may be neceflary again to put the reader in mind« that I write with great uncertainty with regard to the population of Scotland, on account of its im; proving ftate. I have rather under than over-rated the number of inhabitants in the towns I have mentioned ; for the influx of the people, and the iftcreafe of matrimony in proportion to that of property, muft create great alterarions far the better and few for the wdrfe, becaufe the inhabitants whb are difpofed to induftiytmay afiways find employment. This uncertainty is the reafon why I oinit a particular defcription of Dumfries, Air, Greenock, Paifley, Stirling, and about 50 other burghs and towns of very confiderable trade in Scotland. . The ancient Scots valued themfelvcs upon trufting to their own valour, 9nd riot to fortifications, for the defen«-e of their country. This was a maxim more heroical perhaps than prudent, as they have ^ften experienced ; and, indeed, at-tffis day, their forts would make but a forry figure, if regular- ly attacked. The ckftles of Edinburgh, Stirling, and Dumbarton, formerly thought places of great ftrength,' Could not hold out 48 hours, if beficged by 6000 regular A)op3, with proper artilldy. Fort William which lies in the Weft highlands, isfufficient to bridle ^he inhabitants of that neighbourhood;' Iiich He« in the SCOT I4 A N D. iSi as arc Fort George, and Fort Auguftus, in the north and north-weft ; but none of them can be confidered as defences againft a foreign enffioiy. ' I (hall not pretend to enter upon a defcnption of the noble edifices that» within the cojirfe of this and the lall centur|^ have been erefted for private perfons in Scotland becaufe they are fo numerous that to particularife them exceeds the bounds of my plan. It is fufBcient to fay, that many of them Rtt equal to fome, of the moft fuperb buildings in England and foreign countries, and the reader's furprife at this will ceafe, when he is informed that the genius of no people in tbe world is more devoted to archite£^ure thaa that of the nor . bility and gentry in Seotlfpd ; and that there is no country in Europe, on, account of the cheapnefs of materials, where it can be gratifiM at fo moderate an expcnce. This may likewife account for the ftupcnduous Goth|| cathe- dral8> and other religious edifices, which anciently abounded in Scotland ; but at the time of the' Reformation they were moftly demoliflied, by^a iurioua and moil tumultuous mob, who, in thefe pradlices, received too much coun^ tenance from the reforming clergy, exafperated at the long and fore fuSeringy^ . they had endured from the^opift party. "" Antiquities AMD CURIOSITIES, 7 The Roman and other antiquities NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. J found in Scotland, have of thomfelve* fiimiflied matter for large volumes. The llation^f the Roman legions, their "caftella, their pretentures or walls reaching acrofs the ifland, have been traced ^ith great precifion by antiquaries c\nd hiftorians } fo that, without fome frefh difcoveries, an account of them could afford no inftruftion to the learn- ed, and but Kttle amufement to the ignorant ; becSaufe at prefent they can be difcovered only by critical eyes.* Some mention of the chief, however may be proper. The courfe of the Roman v/all (or as it is called by the^ountry people, Graham's Dyke, from a tradition that a Scottifh warrior of that firft broke over it), between the Ctyde and Forth, which was foil name marked out by Agricola, and completed by Antoninus Pius, is ftill difcemi- ble, as are feveral Roman camps in the neighbourhood *. Agricola's camp^ at the bottom of the Grampian hills, is #ftriking remain of Roman antiquity. I: is fituated at Ardoch, in Perthfliire, and is generally thought to have been the oflmp occupied by Agricola, before he fought the bloody battle, fo well record- ed by Tacitus, with Galgacus, the Caledonian king, who was defeated. Some writers think, that this remain of antiquuy at Ardoch, Vras, on recount of die numerous Roman coins and infcriptions found near it, a Roman caftelliun or fort. Be that as it will, it certainly i3*the moft C!>t!re and heft prefervcd of j|ny Roman antiquity of that kind in North Britain, having no lefs than five rows of ditches, and fix ramparts on the fouth fide ; and of the four gates which lead « * Near the weftern (Ktrsmlty of this wall, v Duntncher, in Dnmbertonfliire, a coun- tryman, io dijrging a trench on the declivity of a hill, upon which are feen the remains of a Roman fort, turned up feveral uncomtnon tiU«i which exciting the curiofiiy of the pet- fantry in that neighhoqrhood, it wan not long before (hey broke in opon an entire tub- tcrrai^oous bnilding, from which they Hug nut a cart-load of thefe materials. A gentleman, who was then upon a journey through that part of Scothod, found means, upon the fecord oay, to flop all farod y ■ with a footv kind or earth, were feand in the pafTaget ; frou which fome havt conjciaur* «. :' '.. ' ' I ^ '''i* building to have been occupied as a noi-bed for the'ule of the ncigbbuuriag aar- rifoq. m. i^k-^4 miK iicigbbuuriag ^ar- Iiitd li': ■ iato tKc «n«t tlircf are very diftmd imd i^'n, viz. the pnetOfw» dennauig^ •nd dqiUfi^' ' ■;>., 1 , The ||;,9num Ten^plcp or bttilding io the iaxm. of the FantheoA at Rom^ •i^itftli^jtow of St, I^uil't |i London, ftood upon the ban]i« of the rirer CwtoOf Jni^l^Mgflurc, but us been lately ba r faa r oiifly ^temolifhedy by a M^bb^Mifii^ Gl>thy for the purpofie of mending a miU^Kmd. Its heif^t was t«rtnty-tW9 b^ wi ifi» extermd circuniference at the bafe was eighty-dght i(Mt \ fit |(^ upija the whole )t was one ^ the moft oompli^ &onuui anti. ji <|lftigs in ^ V<»M* It i* thought to have been bii3t by Agricohti or fome ^ofl^fiHXTcOE^ w^tcimletotbegodTenns^^ preten. ti»«vrf^bWB4edtheRoipanenipireiaBntain:toth«noi^ Near it are font ^gi^ci^} 90idcal mouuM of earthy which ftill '^U^ the- aane of Duni. fwcc, Qir I)ui?&p)|cis » whi^fcr' ; to evidence that thei^!|iR(|.ii Juiid of f^mn «»in{Sninyeb«t^nthcRoauns aitdj:|^ Caledcnian(;^;^3^iiCih( 1^^ aot exttnd their coipire £uther to the aorthwardpw;; '--^j^^ ' Immmo^lc arc the coins, umsl utenfils, inl(nnpi^MM^.i^ > af the Romans^ that have been fonnd in the different jj^Kvt^i^flcotland } fiamc ol them to the north of\he wall» where, however, it does mtappear they oade Imy cftablifln^CQt. By the in(criptioas fmind near the waji tat nunes of tlie liBgionstbat oi^t it* and how fiu- they carried it on, may be karned, llie re* \ vuiim of Romn highways are frequent £h the fouthem parts. P^wiflk cimpt w fortifications are eaiily difcemible ni feveral noiihem eoaatros^ iand. are known by their fquare %ures and difficult filtuationfc Some Ipsiifet or H^npeifdnuft fabrics remain in Rofs>flure, but ^rfMther they ■are DaniflH l^idiih, or ScottiOi, d*es not appear. The devatiops of two of ^iewi ^ tip be feea in Gordoo'A Itiiierarium Septentrionale. I am of opinioa that they are Norwegiatn or Scandinavian ftru&urei, and built about the fifth century, to flavour the deiceots of that people upon thofe coaftsi. TwO» Fidiih mobonMats, as they are thought to be, of a very extraordinary afia%3mStix»t were latdy ftandin^in ScoUand ; one of them at Abemethy in FerUkihire, the other at Brechin m Ai%us ; both of them are columns, hollow in tbi iafidei and without the ftair csSs ; that of Breefain isthe moft entir^^ bda^ covovd at the top with a fpiral roof of ftone, with three' or four win. ^ws sdiove the aMmietf i it coafifts of "fixty regular courfes of hewn freefbne hid drculaily, and regularly taperin^towards the top. If thefe columns are fsdiy Pidiih, that people muft have had among them archite&s that &r ex. ee|^ thofe of any coeval monwnci»ts lo be fiMmd in Europe, as they han tH the appearaaice of an *^$rder.: and the building is neat, and in the Ro- man tiyh. of arcfaiteAurc. It is, however, difficult to afltgn them to any »but the ¥i&x, as they Hand in their dominions ; and feme fculptures upon that at Brechin, denote it to he of Chriftian origin. It is not indeed impof- ^ ftble that thefe fculptures are of of a later date. Befides thefe two pil> bra, many other Pi^fh buildings are found in Scotland, but not of the fame The veftiges of erefkions by the ancient Scots theoifelves, are not only euriotisbut mfbuftiye, as they res^ird many important events of their hiftory. Ttyit people bad aroongft them Z rude notion of fculptiure, in which thejr tranfinitted the a^Hons of tbeir kings and heroes. At a place called Aber- lemno, near Brecbin, four or five ancient obeliiks are ftiU to be feen, called the Dantfh ilones oTAberlemno. They are erefted as commemorations of tlie Scotch victories over that people ; and are adorned with bas-reliefs of . men on horfeblSck, and many etnblematical figures and hieroglyphics, not in* cdligibAe atthi» day) but ninutdy deferibed by Nfr. Gorthaiu Many other . 8 € 6 f L A R ^. i> deranaiM^ I bHtoiietl sidooments dT the Scoti tfdy be difeovtired o«| t|)ut k'maft be acknowledged, that the obfcurity of tk^ eouGigedafiddof bdvndlefs udfrivolou* c6meaiM8|lb tations of many of them are oftemincifiil. It ixj^til^ ho enable, if 1 (hoiM,.Degle€k to mention the ftone near tht, Foitrofe, in Mtmiy, whieh far furpaAt all the oth^ 1 grandeur, ** and i> (filers Mr. Gordon) peAaps one of th^ ik^lbrtdy ifoonti' ments of that ifbd in ^urope. It rifes about ^t$ fdet'^int height abo«< ground, and UtyW I am credtblf infetmed, no 1«(ii AkiLia of 15 fee|.bdo#li' fo that ^he whole he^^ itut kaft I5;.feet, mdltsbreith near five. Itiia aU one fingle and entire ftont ;,^g*^cat wiety of figures in relievo are carted -> thereon, and Ibme of them Stm diffinift and vifiU* ; but the injury of^t weather ha* obfcoTed thofe towarda the upper ptrt." Though this mouo* ment has been ffcnerally lodted upon as iHimft, yeit, I have bttle doubt of its being Scotch, and that it was ereded ta commenioratio| of the final es- pulfion of the Danes out of Murray, where they held their "aft fettfement in Scotland, after the defeat they received from Malcoltt^^a few yeabbefor* the Norman invafioib ^~ "/ At Sandwich, fir Rofs-fiiih;, ia a very fplendid ancient obeltflc, furreniid»" ed at the bafe with large, wdl-eut flag ftones, formed Hhe fteps. Both fidea ftf the column ^e covered with titrious enrichments, in wdl finiitied carved ^rk. The one face prcfents a fumptuous crofs, with a figure of St. An- drestr on each hand, and fome uniconth animals and flowerings underneath. The central divifion on the reverfe, exhibits a variety of ctuious figures, birds, and animals. "Die ruins of the cathedral of Elgin are very ftriking ; and mifiy ftftti of that fine building have fUU ^the remains of m\ich grandeur and* i^gftity ill them. The weft door is highly omafn^ted, there is much elegance it/ the carvingr, and the whole edifiee difplays very elaborate woikztianfiiip. Among the remains of ancient caftles, may be mentioned KUdrumy . caftl^ in the north of Scotland, which was formerly a place of great ftrength atid magnificence, and often ufed as an afylum tp noUe fanulies ia periods of civfl war. Inverurie caftle, the ancient feat of the eari-marefchals of Scot- land^ is alfo a large and lofty pile, fituated.on a fteep bank of the river y two very high towers bound the front, and even in their decaying ftate, give the 'caiue an air of much grandeur and tetiopty. Vaft rows of Venerable trees, inclofing the adjoining garden, Ttdd to the effect of tfti^ decayed build'* ings. Near the town of Huntly are the ruin^ of Huntly caftle. On the avenue that leads to it, are two large fquare towers, which had defended tH)e gttteway. The caftle feems to be very old, and great part of it is demoliih- ^ ed ; but there is a m&fty btiilding of a more mcidem date, in which forne of fhe apartments, and in particular their curious cieltngs, are ftill in lolerabl^ pre- fervation. They are painted with a great variety of fubjeds, in fflnyiljl di* riftonSf'in which are contained many emblematical fibres. - ' ^ " . < ' Delides thefe remains of Roman, 'Pid^ifh, Daniih, arid S4i«tt(jfh antiqufties, many Druidical monuments and temples are difccrilil^e tnti^e northern parts of Scotland, as well as ia the ifles, where fc may fuppofe that paganifm took its laft reftige. TheV' arc eafily perceived by their circular forms j but though they are equally regular, yet none of them art fo ftupcndous as the Druidical ereAions in South Britain. There is in Perthfhire a barrow which fremt to be a Britiftt ere^on, and the moftbeautiful of the kind perhaps in' the wortiL , UexaAly refcmUe* thcrig:ure of a ftiip with the keel uppei-molt. The . /. «f4 8 C O T L A N D. ThctoAmort p«ofple calLit Tcrna^t which fome interpret to he ferfs tutvui the (hip pf eartn.^ It feemd to be of the iMR. remote antiquity, and perhaps. Was ereft«l to the memory «f fom* Brttifli prince* who 9Atd a3 auxiliary to the Romans { f The traces of ancient volcanoes are not^unfrequent in Sfllliand. Tl^ hin land; Among othifrilatural curiofities of this country^ mention is made of. a, hc!^ of white ftones, mod of them clear like cryiul^ together with great ' plenty of oyfter and ptlyr fea (KelljS ; they are found on the top^ of a moun. ^ain called Skorn a Lappich, in Roft^in^ twenty miles diftant from the (eiu 'ijliiaiiis in Aberdcenfliire, is laid to be tvmarluife for a petrifying cave, cal- ledthe Droppinff cave, iVherewp^r oozing, through a fputigy porous rock at the top, dotir<}iiickly confolraate after it drops to ,the bottom. Other patural curioiitiea belonging to' Scotland have their defcriptions and hiftories; '' but they generally owe their extraordinarv qualities to the credulity of the ' Vulgar, and vanifh when they are'fkilfully examined/ ''^Bome eavems that •re t(>be found in Fifeihire, and are probably 'natural, ar^ of extraordinary . dimenfions, and have been the fcCnes of inhuman cruelties. ^ Commerce avid m^iiuf actures.3 In thefe refpeds Scotland has, fy ^me^qu^paft, #c«n jn a vev improving ftate. y/ithout entering into the difouted poinl, how %■ Scotland was benefited by its union vnth Englandj it IS certain that the expedition 6f. the Scots to take poifeflion of Darien, and to carry on the £f ft ahd Weft Indian trader was founided upoA t||ie principles . «if ^blnm^rce, an4>(fo far as it went) executed with a noble fpirit of enters |trii$. The mifcarriage of that .fcheme, after receiving the higeft and mo& foleinn fanAiona, is a difgrace to tne annals of that reign in which it happen- ed'; as the Scots had then a free, indiipendenti and uncontieded parliament. We are to account for the long langour of the Scottifti commerce, and many ether misfortunes which that country fuftained, bythe difguftr the inhabitanti •onceivedon ^hat account, and fome invadons of their nghts afterwards, whlcl)[ ' they thought inconfiftent with the articles of union. The entails and narrow fettlemehts of femily eftates^ and fome remainsof the feudal inftitutions, might contribute to the ^mecaufck • ,. . Mr. P|ilham,Arhen at the afki of the adminiftration in England, after the cxtin^OH of the rebelliifn in 1 745, was the firft miniftel* who difcovered the true value of Scotland, which then became a more cohndertible obje£l of governmental inquiry than ever. All the benefits received by that countr)', for the relief of the people from their feudal tyranny," were effe£ied by that freat man. The bounties and encouragements granted to the. Scots, for the benefit of trade and manufactures, during his adminiftration, made them fenf- ible of their own importance. Mr. Pitt, a fucceeding minifter, purfued Mr. Pelham's wife plan ; and juftly boafted in parliament, that he availed bimfelf of the courage, good fenfe, and fpirit of the Scots, in' carrying on the muH cxtenfive war that ever Great Britain was engaged in. ^ Let me add, to the, honour of the Britifh government, that the Scots, have been fuffered to avail themfelves of all the .benefis of commerce and manufadures they can claim, either in Hght of their former independency, the treaty of union, or pofterior ads of parliament. This is manifeft from the extenfive trade they lately carried on witn the Siitiih fettkm^ntt in Amdrica and the Weft Indies } an4 with ilPthe nations I V9 $ ,c * L A K D»* ^ \tii0Atht Ep^lifli themfdvea tnuk } fo that the incroife of their fltippinff. ^thin thde 30 ytin paft has bMb very confiderable» The es|>ortii of thofe' Ihlps are compofed cmeflv of Scotch inan|i|faAtiret> &bricated fbin the prp. . duce of the foil, and the induftry of fts Imibitants. In exchanee for thefe, they import tobacco, in^, cbttoii, fugar, and nun, from the Bntiih planta- tions ; and from other countries, thei^ ptddiiAit, to the immiinfe faving of their aation. The profpcrity of GUafgow and its neighbourhood hath been greatly •Wing to the connec'^ion and trade with Virginia iknd the Weil>Indie8. ' The fiiheries of Scotland are not confined to theh* Owik tibaft* for they have a great concern in tUe «rhale-fi(hery carried on upoq, tht coaft of Spitf* b'ergen ; and their returns are Valuable, as the government allov^.them a bounty of '4O8. for eveiry ton of (hippinar employed iq that article^ The late improvement of their fiOieries, which I have already mentioned, and which ace daily increafing, oiien inexhaufUble filnds of wealth ; their cured fifli bein^by foreigners, and the £ngli(h pUnters in America, preferred to* thofe ofr^ewfoundland. , * . > The bufTes, or veflelk empljOyed in the greet herring fifliecy on the weftm' year to ytef* while in the mean time the adventurers were not only finking their fortunes*, •but alfo botrowing to the utmoft limits of their credit. The bounty has fince been reduced ftorti 50 to 3ds. with the ftrongeft affurances of its being regu- larly paid when due. Upon the flrength of thefe promifes they have again embarked ia the fiihery, aud it is to be wifiied, that no coofideration what- ever may tend to withdraw an inducement fo requifite to place this fiihery on a permanent footinor. The benefits of thefe fifheries are perhaps equalled by manufadiu-es car- rying on at land ; particularly that 01 iron at Carron, Stirliiig-fhire. Their linen manufadlory, notwithftanding a ftrong rivaUhip from Ireland* it in a flouri(hing ftate. The, thread manufafture of ScotU^nd is equal, it not fuperior, to an/ in the woild ; and the lace fabricated from it has been deemed worthy of royal wear and approbation. It has been £aid, fome years ago, that the exports from Scotland to England, and the Britifii plantations^ in Unen, cambrics, checks Ofnaburghs, inckle,"Bnd the h'ke commodities, amounted annually to 400,0001. excUmve of their home confumption ; and there is reafon to believe that the fum is confiderably larger at prefent. The* Scots are likewife making very promifing efforts for eftabli/hing woollen m*- nufanures ; and their exports of caps, (lockings, mittens, and other articles of their own wool, begin to be very confiderable. The Scots, it is true, ireach with the colonies. The late jundion of the Forth ifo the Clyde win render tbe benefits of trade mutual to .both parts of Scotland. In IhOrt, the more that the feas, the fituation, the foil> harbours, and rivers of l^s country are. known, the better adapted it appears for all die (urpofes of conunerce, both foreign and doir.ef^ic. ^ With' regard to other manufaftures, not mentioned^ foifte of thein are yet iqtherr. infancy, 'the town of Paifley alone eniploys an incredible number (Qtf hand*, iii fabricating a particular' kind of flowered and ftriped lawns, whick aite a reaft)nable and elegant wear. Sugar-houfes, glafs-worKs of every kindi. delft-houfes, and paper-mills, arc crefted eve^ where. The Scotch carpet* i^ malj^f neat andlaftii% furniture ; and fome eflays have, been lately made, tfntib iio ipcopfiderable degree of fuccefs^ to c^rry that branch of manufaAurs io as gr^t jperfefUoB as in any part of Europe. After all that has beei S^nmty years will Ve required before tiie trade atid im^tovements to Scot' H^i'can be broueht to faatixrity. In any event, they never caneiveum* IkNijgie to the En^'ih, as the interefts of tkie two people are, or ought to be Uif fame. Having laid thus much, I c^innot avoid obfaTioff the prodigious difitd. '<9ot«|^ea under which both the commercial and landed intereit of Scotland Bcf » from her nobility and great land-holders having too fond an attachment ^r England, and foreign countries, vAiin they ^end. their ready money. , This is Qfie of the evib arifing to Scotland from the unidn, which removed the feat of of her legiilature to London ; but itis 'greatly augmented by the refcMt of volunteer abfentees, to that capital. While this partiality fubiilU, the Scots will probably continue to be diftrelfed for a currency of fpecie. How far paper can fupply that defe£^, depends upon an attention to the bal> ance of trade, and the evil may, perhaps be fontewbat prevented, by money remitted from England for carrying on the vaflmanufaaures and works now Ut on foot in Scotland. The gendemen who re fide in Scotland, have wifdj ibaadoned French Claret, and brandy, (though too much is iUU made uK of in that country )> for rum produced m the Bridfli dbmtatioas ; and their pwn malt-lii^uors' are now come nearly to as great perfection as- thofe in Enr* la|)d ; and it is fa!d, that they have lately exported large quantities of their ale to London, Dublin, and the Plantations. , Revenues.] See,]^ngland. CoiNS.^ In the reign of Edward II. of Enghnd, the value and denomina* tlons of coins were the fame in Scotland as in England. Towards the reign ^ James- II. a Scctcl^fhilling anfwered to about an Englifli fix-oence; and about the reign of queen Mary of Scotland, it was not niore than an Englilk groat. It continued dimi.:iuiing in this manner till after the union of the two crowns under her fon James VI. wheflthc vaft refort of the Scotch no- 5 C O ,T L A, K D. '«? ^if and fftntry to the Englilh cpurt. occafioned fuch a dnin of fpecle finjin 'S Scotlbwdt Uwt by degree* > ^fcotch (hiiUng fell to the value of one t wellUi i^ < «n Englilh (hOling, and their pennies in proportion. A Scotch penny ii nfrdr i^^ -j. tery rarely to be fouoj^ } and they were fucceededby bodies, which wett y'^l^ / . double t|)e value of a Scotch ipenny, and. are ftill current, but aj« dffly wealr<< ^ "■ -' ing ouL A ^otch halfpenny was called a babie ; fome fay, becaofe it was firft ftamped with the head of James IJI. when |he was a babe or baby f put perhaps it is only the corruption of two French words, bat piece f fignify- jng a low piece of money. The hmt obfervation that we have made 6f the Scotch flulling, holds of theirpouods andmerks ; which are not coins, but denominations ot fums. In all other refpefts, the currency of money in Scotland and En^;land is the fame, as very few people now reckon by the Scotch computation. OsDSR or T8S THisTLS.T This is a military order inftituted, as the Scotch writers ailert, by their King Achaius, in the ninth century, Jupon hjl making an offenfive and defeniive league with Charlemagne, king of France ; or as others fjiiy, on account of his viaory over Athelftani, king of England, when he vowed in the kirk of St. Andrew, that he and his poi^erity fluMlId ever bear the figure of that crofs in their endgns on which the faint fu^ere4< It has been frequently negleAed, «ind as often refumed. It contifts of tljiis fovereign, a^d 1 2 companions, who are called Knights of the Thiftle, an4 have on their eniign this figniScant motto, Nemo me imbune laceff^, ** Noni w (hall lafely provoke ^.•' ^ \ \ ... Laws and constitution.^ The 'ancient conftitution and government in Scotland has been hignly applauded, as excellently, adapted to thf prefcE* vationof liberty } and it is cert^n, that the power of the king waagr^ir limited, and that there were n[iany checks in the conftitution upon Up, whicpt were well calculated to prevent his alTunungorexercifing a defpotic authority. But the Scotti(h conftitution of government was too much ofthe ariftfih oatic kind (o a$(brd tb the common people that equal liberty which they hid . a right to ezpe^. The king's authority was fufficiently reftraincd ; but the nobles, chiefuins, and gpxat undholders, had it too much in their power to tyrannize over and opprefs their tenants, and the common people. \ The ancient king^ of Scotland, at their coronation, took the foUowipe oath, containing three proinifes, viz. <* In the niime of Chrift, I promife thefe three things to the Chriftian peo- - '• pie my fubje&s : Firft, that I ihall give order, and employ my force and affiftance thai the church of God, and the Chriftian people, may enjoy true peace during our time, under oiir government, Secondly, I mall prohibit and hinder all perfons, of whatever degree, from violence and injuftice. Thirdly, in all judgments I ihaH follow the prefcriptionsof juftice and mercy, to the end that our clement and merciful God may Ihew mercy unto me, ai^ to you." , . > The pariiament of Scotbnd anciently confifted of all who held any portion of land, however fmall, of the crOwn, by military fervice. This parlianlept appointed the time of its own meetings and adjournments, and committees 1^ to fuperintend the adminiftration during the intervals of parliament ; it had a commanding power in all matters of government ; it appropriated the pub> lie money, ordered the keeping of it, and called for the accounts ; it armed ^ the people, and appointed^ commanders ; it named and commiflioned ambt^ iadors ; it granted and limited pardons { it appointed judges and courts of ^ ^- ji4ici|Cnre ; It namod offij^srs of ftate and privy-counfeuoii ; it annexed and ' Cc a aUenated ttft 8 € <0 T L ^ II D.' alienated the renAvtu of the dtwn, and neftiiined grants hj the ktnf . Thi kingo£8codand had no nmtive voice b parliament i nor could he declAre war* make peace, or concki(k any other public bdinefs of importance withput the fedviae and approbatbn of .|>arUament. The piierO|rative of the kins wai fo hounded, that he was not even iiftrui^ed with the executive part of the go< vernmeut. 4>nd fp ktte as the minority of James IV, who was contemporary with, and foa in-hiw to, Henry V^. of England, the parhanvent pointed o\it to him his duty, as the firft fervant of his people ; as appears t>y ^he a£^ (UH ciCtanW In ft\6rt, ^e conftitution vras rather arillocratieal than mo.ns^chicsL The ab^fe ^f thel^ariftocratical powers^ by the chieftains and grea£ land- holders, gave the king, however, a very coniidierable intereft among the low- er ranks ; and a prince who hadlenfe and addrefstb retain the aneAionsof his pfopk, yf»» generally able«to humble the moft overgrown of his fubjAi'; but when, on ^e Qther hand, a king of Scoththd, like James III. (hewed a difvefpeft to his parliament, the event was commonly fatal to the crowni The Jungs of Scotland, notwithftanding this paramouiit power ii^ the parlia- ment, found means ^o weaken and elude its force ; and in this they wer^ afliiled by th« clergy, whofe revenue^ were inmienfe, and who had very little dependence upon the pope, and were always jealous of the powerful nobility! This was done by eftabliihing a feled body of members, who were called ti( hr4t <^ the ariickt. Thefe w^ecbofen otitof the clergy, nobility, kn!ght^ and hurgeiTes. The bifliops, for inftance, chofa eight peers, and the peer% eight piR>op» ; and thefe flxteen jointly cholit^ht borons (or knights, of the Hure), and eight commiiSiohan for burghs •» aft'd to all thofe were added ^ght great officers of ftate, the chancellor being prefident of the whole. Their bufinefs was to prepare all ^ueftions and bills j and other matten |>rought into' MKament ; fo that in fa£t, though the king' could give no ne> gative, yet being by his clergy, and the places he had to beftow, uways fure of the birds' of turticles^ nothing could come' into parliament that co.uldcaU for his negative. ' It muii be acknowledged, that this inftitutibn feems to Iw^ prevailed by ftealth ; nor was it ever brought into any regular fyftem ; even its nlodes varied ; and the greateil lawyers are ignorant when it took place. The Scots^ however, never loft fir^ht of their ongrinal principles ; and though Charies I. wanted to form thefe brds of the articles into regular iDi^chbes for his own.defpotic purpiofes, he found it iimpra^cable ; and the melancholy confeguences are well kn6wn. At the Revolution, the Scott gave a frefti inftance how well they uiiderilood the' principles of liberty, bj omitting all pedantic debates about abdieation, and the like terms, ^nd voting king James at once to have forfeited his crown ; V^hich they gave to the prince and princefs of Orange. ^ ' This fpirit of refiftance was the tnore remarkable, as the people had groan. ed Under the moft infupportable minifterial tyranny ever fince the Reftora- tiqn. It is aflced. Why did they fubmit to that tyranny ? The anfwer is, tn order to preferye that independency upon England, which Cromwell and his parliament endeavoured to deftroy, by uniting them with England : they therefore chofe to fubmit to a temporary evil ; but they took the firft oppor- tunity ito get rid of their oppreiTors. " Scotland, >^hen it was a feparate kingdom, cannot be faid to have had any peers, in the Englifh fcnfe of the word. The nobility, who were dukes, marquiffes, earls, a«id lords, were by the kintr made hereditary members of parUament ; but they formed no diftinft houfe, for they fat in the fame room with thecommQns, >lpho had theiame deliberate and decifive vote with them in all public matters. A baron, Though not a baron of parliament, might fit ^ '• ' • upoa SCOTLAND. ««i vpon alord'silfisein nutten of lifc and deaii ; nor was iMKcefl&ty for tll« {iflizeii»or junr«tobe unanimoui in their verdi^.v The £eudal cuftomi, titax at the time orthe Reftoration, were fe prevalent, anrfcthe refcue of a gr^ criminal wa» commonlf fo much apprehended, that feldom above two days pailed between the Centonce and execution. "* ' . Great ijpcertainty occurs in the Scotch hlftory, by confounding parliameata ' tiinth conventions ) the difference was, that a parliament could tna£t Uws at well as lay on taxes ( a convention, or meeting of the ftates, only met for the purpoies of taxation. Before the Union, the- kings of Scotland had four i^reat and four leffer officers of ftat^ ; the great, were tHfc lord' high chancel* or, high treafurer, privy-feal, and fecretary : the four leSer Wtte the Jonto regifter, advocate, treafurer-depute, and juftice clerk. 3iace the Union note' of thele continue, Excepting the lords ^rivy-ftal, regifter, advocate, aid ji^ tice-clerk ; a third fecretary of ftate has occafionally been nominated by tfai king for Sc6tti(h affairs, but under the fame denomination as the other tw« fecretariifs. The ^boye officers of ftate fat in the Scotch parliaoMat by-virtUe of their offices. ' ' The officers of the crown were, the high-chamberlain, cnftable, admiral^ and marihal. The offices of conftable and marihal were hereditary. A nobleman has ftill apenfton as adniiral ; and the ojfice of marihal is exercifed by a knighjt-m^al. ' . The office o^ 4iancellor ^f Scotlan4 differed Kttle from the fame m Eng' land. The lame may be GSSktd the lords treafurer, privy-feal, and fecretary. The lord-regifter was head-cltrit to the parliament, convention, treafui^, ex^ chequer, and feiffion, and keeper of all public records., Though this office waa only diTring the Itinlff's pleuurw*, yet it was very li^crative, by difpofing of hit deputation, which lafted during life. Headed astdJ^lr to the parlia- ment: and it was dangerous for any member to difpute his itport of the numbers upon divifion. The lord advocate's office refembles that pf the attomey-general iii England, only his powers are far more extenfive ; becaufc, by the Scotch kwe, he is the profecutor of all capital crimes before the julticiary, and likewife concurs in all purfuits before fovereign courts^ for breaches of the peace,' and ^o in all matters civil, wherein tne king or his donator hath intereft. Two folipitors are named by his majefty, by way of affiftanta to the lord-advocate. The office of juftice-clerk entitles the poiTeflbr to prefide in the criminal cpurt of juftice, while the juftice-|;eneral» an office I (hall defcr^e hereafter, is abfent. ' -* w<\> . The ancient conftitutioin of Scotland admitted of many other ofei^"!^^ of the CMwn and ftate ; but they are either now extina, or too inconfiider* able to be defcribed here. That of Lypn king at arms, or the rex fxcialiura* or grand herald of ScotUmd, u ftill in being ; and it was formerly an office of great fplendor and importance, infomuch that the fcience ot heraldry waa preferved there in greater purity than in any other country in Europe. He was even crowned folemnly in parliament wil^x a golden circle ; and his suthority, which is not the cafe in EngUtnd, in aU armorial affairs, might be carried into execution by the civil law. The privy-c ,ancil of Scotland before the Revolution, had, or affumed xri- quifitorial povvers, even that of torture ; but it is now funk in the parliament, and privy-council of Great Btitan $ and the civil and crimi;ial caufes in Scot- land are chiefly cognifable by two courts of judicature. The firft is, ,that of the college of juftice, which was inftituted by James V. after the model qf the French parliament, to fupply an ambulatory com- r'^^e of parliament, who took t9 themfelves the names of the lords of coun- i ^ad fcJQiooi whidi the prefcnt members of the college of jttftice ftill retain.' This ^'^^^ m' SCOTLAND* IIShi coiiiI co^fiAi of t prefldcnt and iburueo ordiom jMnlbtfn, befidtf ^reordinaiy ooci named b/tbe king, wlio may fit and yotc, but have no (Uir. leif and are not bound to attendaace. Thii court may be ^alloda ftanding iury in all mattera of property that lie before them. Their formi of proceeding ilo not lie within m/ plan, neither doef anv inquiry how far fuch an iaftitQ. "lion, in fo narrow a country at Scotland, i> compatible with the iecttrity of private j^roperty.. The civil law is their directory in all mattcra*that comt . aot within the municipal laws of the kingdom. It has becii often ijtatter of iiirprife, that the Scots were fo tenacious of the forn^s of tKe couita, and the effcnce of their laws, as to referve them by the article* of the Union. This, however, can be eafily accounted for, becaufe thofe laws and formi were eifeatial to the potreiTion of eftates and hnds, which in Scotland an •ften held by modes incompatible with the laws of England. I fliall jaK •dd, that the lords of council and fefTion aA likewiCb as a court of equity \ but their decrees arc (fortunately perhaps for the ful^e£l) rcverfible by the Britifli Hocfe of I,oras, to which an appeal lies. The juftke-court is the higheft criminal tribunal in Scotland | "but in its prefent form it was iaftitutedib late as the year 167 s, when a lord-judtce. t general, removeable at the king's pleafure, was appoin^d. . This lucr I've office ftOl exifta in the perfon of one of the chief nobility ; but the or<^tnury members of the court, are the juftice-clerk and five other judges, w7io are 4dways nominated from the lords of feifion. In tjiis qourt the vordift of « Jorv condemns or acquits ; but, ds I have already hinted, without any ne* «eflny of being voanimous. Befides thefe two great "courts of law, the Scots, by the articles of t^ iTnion, Have a court of exchequer. This court has the fame powers, au* thority, privilege, jurifdiAion, over the revenue of Scotbod, as the court , «f exchquer in England has over the revenues there; in.i all nutters and thinn competent to the court of exchequer of ^ingla 1 . relating thereto, are Ckewille competent to the exchqeuer of Scotland. The Judges of the -cshequer in Scotland exercife certain powers which formerly banged to the 4reafury, and are itill veiled in that of England. The court of admirality in Scotland, was, in the reign of Charles II. by Ik6b of parliament, declared to be a fupreme ^ouft, in alf caufes competent to it> own jurifdidion } and the lord high admiral is do^red to be the king'i • Iteuteiant and juftice-general upon the feas, and in all ports, harbours, and Ofceka of the fame ; and upon iirefli waters and navigable rivers, below the irfb 'bridge,. or within flood mark , {g that nothing coinpetent to its ju^ifdic- tioh can be meddled with, in the firft inftance, but by tne lord high admiral and the judges of his court. Sentences pafTed in all inferior courts of adiai- tality may be brought again before his court ; but no appeal lies from it to the lords of the fefuon, or any. other judicatory, unlefs in cafes not maritime. Caufes are tried in this court by the civil law, which in fuch cafes is likewife the common law of Scotia ';d, as well as by the laws c^ Oleron, Wifby and the Hanfe«towns, and other maritime pradices and decifions common upon the continent.. The^jplace of lord-admiral of Scotland is little more than •ominal, but the (alary annexed to it is reckoned worth loool. a year ; and the judgi; of the admirality is commonly a lawyer of diftindlion, with confi. derable perquifities pertaining to his o£Ece. . The ccUegs.or faculty of advocates, which anfwers to the EngL'fh inns o| ceiut, may be called the feminary of Scotch lawyers. They are T L A N ibi ' iodf of inlcrior l4it<»«» 9tt 9» tfcf mtj be caDed, ittorii'e^^' fjfiiB odM tbemrelvcs writeri to the ^ratXj bccauCe they alone can fubfcribe the writt that pufa the fignet i they likewife have a bvc government for their own regu* ktfon. Such are the different law courts that are held ia the capital of Scot* land ! wt Audi pafa to thofe that are ftiferior. The government of the countlei in Scotland was formeriy vefted in flieriSf' tnd ftcwards, courts of regality, baron courts, commiflaries, juftices of the peace, and coroners. Formeriy.iheriffdoms #ere generally hereditable i but by a late aA of par*' liament, they are now all vefted in the crown ; k being there enabled, that att hlgti (herifTs, or ftewai'ds, (hall, for the fiiture, be nominated and appoint •4 annually by his . majefty, his heirs, and fucceflbn. In regard to the dieriil'-deputes, and ft< ward-deputes^ it is ena£led that there (hall only be eflt in each county, or ftewartry, who muft be an advocate,, of three years ftand- ing at leaft. For the fpace of feven years, thefc deputies are to be nominate^ by the king, with fuch continuance as his majefty (hall think fit ; after which they are to enjoy their oiiice ad viiAm aut culpam, that is, for life, walefs guilty of fome offence* Some other regulations have been likewife introduced, lughlf for the credit of the (heriffs courts. Stewartries were formerly part of the ancient royal, domain ; and the ftewards had much the fame power in them |8 the (heriff had in his county» Courts of regality of aid wcire held by virtue of a royal jurifdiAion veiled , in the lord, with particular immOnities and privileges: but thefc- were fodan* gerous, and fo extravagant, that all the Scotdi regalities are now diflblved by ■ an aA of parliament. , . "^ Baroif-covuts belong io gvery perfon who holds- a barony of the king. Ih civil matters,' they extend to matters not exceeding forty (hillings {lerUnr; and in criminal cafes, to petty adions of affaiUt and battery ; but the punim- ment is not to exceed twenty ffhillings fterling, or'fetting the deh'nquent in the (locks for three hours, in the day time. Thefe courts, however pet^» were in (prmet days invefted with the power of Uft and death, which they have now loft. The courts of commiffaries in Scotland anfwer tp thofe of the £ngU(hr dtocefan chancellors, the higheft of which is kept at Edinburgh ; whereii^* before.four judges, actions are pleaded concemipg matters relating to wills and tefUments; the right of patronage to eccleiiaftical benefices, tythes, divorces, and caufes of that nature ; but in almoft all other parts of the kingdom, there fits but one judge on thefe caufeSk '' According to the prefent inftitution, juftices of the peace in Scotlaodf exercife pretty much the fame powers as thofe in England. In former times their office, though of very old (landing, was iniignificant, being cramped by the powers of the great feudal tyrants, w^ho obtauned an a£t (^ parliament, that they were not to take cogmzauce of nets till fifteen days after the faft The inftitution of coroners is as old as the reign of Malcolm II. the gfeat legiflator of Scotland, who lived before the Norman invafion of Eng- land. They took cognizance ,of all breaches of the kiftg's peace ; and they were required to have clerks to regifter depofitions and matters of fa£t, as weU as verdicts of jurors : the office, however, is ^t prefent ihuch diiTufed i« Scotland. '> From the above (hort view of*the Scotch laws and inftilutions, it la phiin that they were radically the fame with thofe of the Englifh. The hit* ta alledge, indecdf that the Scots borrowed the contcata of their Rtgiap It ii* k € ^ t i* A N b. J^/^0lm, their slucft laiMxwk, from the work of OImviIIci who ifu i Jpdge under Hcniy II. of EngUn4* The Scoti on the other band, fay,thait' Ctiuiriye'i work wm copied from their Regiam Majeflaltnit even with thp pccuUairitiet of the lattery which do not now, and never did* cxift in tht kwi of England. Th« royal burgh* ia Scotland form, as it were^ a comidercial parliament, whjch mccuonce a year, at Edinburgh, confifting of a re^fentative from each burgh^ to confuit upon the common good of the whole. Their powen •re tnxtty esUnflvt, and before the Union they made )awt renting to (hip- ping, to roaftm arid owners of (hipi, to mariners, and merchants by whom they were fircignted t to manufactures, fucK as plaiding, litien, an'l yam ; to the coring and packing of fiftt, ^a^own* and herrings, and to the importing and fsporiing feveral commodities. The trade between Scotland and the Ne. therUnd* is fubjcA to their regulation t they fix the ftaple port, which wai fiwroeriy at Dort, and is now at Campvcre. Their coniervaitor is indeed no- ■unated by the crown^ but then their convention regulates his power, an. |iro«es his deputies, and appoints his faUuy : fothat, in ihith, the whole ftaple trade is fubieAed to their management. Upon the whole, this n. a very fmg. ular inftittition, and fufflciently proves the vaft attention which the govern, ment of Scotland formerly paid to trade. It took its prefent form in \\a reign of James 111. 14871 and had excellent confe^uencet for the benefit of commerce. Such are the laws imd conlUtutions of Scotlaad, as thev exift at prefent, ID their general view | but our bounds do not permit us to defcend to farther partiailiurs, which are various and complicated. The conformity between the pniAice. of the civil law of Scotland, and that in England, is remarkable. The Cn({li(h law reports are of the fame nature ftitutibft 6t ScielltfUd frbMi (U fabuloui, or even iti early agei. It il fu^cienC to M, (o What I biiVe already faid utwii that head, thattiMy fecm to hav^ be«h |i fbrtratrd ift ahjr of tAeir r utherta neighbours io the arti of war ani gOvemntent. It does n6t apj^eilr that th< Caledonians,' the ancient Celtic inhabitants of Scdtlartd, #ere attacked by any' of the Roman Benerals before Ajnricday antio t9. The nMit bt the prince he foUght with was Galdiis, by Tacitua l^ed (ii\gita$i and thle hlAory of that walrisiiotionly tranlinitted wit^ Hreat pirctim)^, but corroborated by the remains of the k(Anan encampiAits • and forts, raifed by Agrlcula in liis march towai;d8 Dunhcid* the capital of the Caledottiani. The brave (land made by Galdus agai^itthat great ge« ttcfal, doei hoUoUf to the valour of both people ) and the icntimenta of the! Caledonian, conCehiing the freedom and independency of this counttj^ appeared * to have vvarmed the noble hifto^ian, with the fame generous paw>|A. ,- It is plalA, hbvMcver, that Tatitus thought it for ^he honour 0{f Agricola. to con* ceal fome part of this wai* t for though he makes his countrymen viAorious* yet they certainly returned fouthward, to the province of the Horefti, which Wat the county of Fife, without improving their advantage. « Galdtt$, otherwife called Corbrea, was according to tne Scotch hiAoriaps^ ' the lift in the lineal defcent from Fergus I. the founder of their monarchy fj tnd though thts^nealogy has of late been difputed, yet nothing can be more certain, from the Roman hiftories, than that the Caledonians, orScuts» werego•- Temed by a (UceeOkin of brave and wife princes, during the abode of the Kb* rnim in Britain. Their valiint fefii^nce obliged Agricoh himfelf, and after hinr the emperort Adrian and Severus, to build the two f^mdus pretc^turea or walls, one between the Frith of Clyde artd Forth already menvoned ; ana the other between TinmoUth and the Solway Frith, which will be defcribea in our account of England, to defend the Romana fihom the Caledoniaas arid Scots ; and Vvhich prove that the independence of the latter was never fubdued. Chriilianlty was introduced into Scotland about the year 201 of the. ChriUian zra, by Donald I. The FiAs, who^ as before mentioned, were th<< defcendents of the ancient Britons, forced northwards by the Romans, had at this time gained a footing in Scotland ; and being often defeated by the ancient hihabiitants, they joined the Romans againfl the Scots and Caledoni'< aiis, who were of the fame original, aiid confidered themfelves as one people 1 fu that the Scots monarchy. lufTered a (hort eclipfe ; but it broke out with Qiore luilre than ever, under Fifrgus 11. who recovered his crown i and hia* fucceflpi-s gave ntany fevere overthrows to the Romans and Britons. . ^ When the Romans left Britan in 448, the Scots as appears by Gildas, a Britiih hiilorian, were a powerful nation, and in conjun^iou writh the Pi^ts, invaded the Britbng ; and having forced the Roman walls, drove them tq ^he ' very fea ; fo that the Britons applied to the Romans for relief} and in th^ famoDs letter, which they called their groans, they tell them, that they had no choice left, but that of being fwallowed up by the fea, or periflitng by the fwords of the barbarians ; for fo all nations were called who wtrc not Ro- mans, or under thie Rumaii proteftion. . , Dungard vvaei then king of Scotland ; and it appears from the olddt hlf- tonei, and thdfe that ^re kaft favourable to monarchy, that the fuccef&pn iii the crown (^ Scotibnd fttU continued in the fairiily of Fergusi but generally D4 def- tp4 SCOTLAND, defcended coHaterany ; tillttic inconveniencies of that mode of fucceflion wn^ fo much felt, that by degrees it fell into difufe, and it wa» at laft fettled ia' the dcfcending' Kne. ' About the year 769, the Scots were governed by Achaim, a prince h ttiuch refpeAed, thnt his friendfhip was courted by Charlemagne, and a league was concluded between them, which continued inviolate while the ■wnarchy of Scotland had ian exiftence. No faft of egyal antiquity ii better attefted than this league, together with the gi^eat feryice perfonhed by the learned men of Scotland, m civilizing the vaft dominions of that great concjuerpr, as has been already obfervcd under the article of Learning, ' -The Pifts ftill remained in Scotlam! as a feparate nation, and were power- ful enough to make war upon the Scots ; who, about the year 84.3, when K^eth Mac Alpin was kmg of Scotland, finally fubdued them ; but not i* th^avage manner mentioned by fome hiftorians, by extermination. For. he obliged them to incorporate themfdves with their conquerors, by taking theirnames, and adopting their laws. ' The fucceiToi's of Kenneth Mac Alpin maintained almoil perpetual wars with the Saxons on the fouthward, and the Danes and other barbarous nations towards the call : who being mailers of the fea, harraffed the ScotsT by powerful invafions. The latter, however, mrere more fortunate than the Englifh ; for while the Danes were erefting a monarchy in England, they were every where overthrown in Scotland by bloody battles, and at laft driven out of the kingdom. The Saxon and Da. nifh mpnarihs who then governed England were not more fucc '/sful againft the Scots, who maintained their freedom and independency, not only againft foreigners, but againft their Own kings, when they thought them endangered. The feudal law was introduced among them ty Malcolm II. '. Malcolm III. cemmonly called Malcolm Cranmore fromftwo Gaelic ^trords which fignify u large head, but moft probjbly from his great capacity, was the eighty'fixth king of Scotland, from Fergus I. the fuppofed founder iftf the monarchy ; the forty-feventh from its reftoi-^i, Fergus II. and the twcnty-fecond from Kenneth III. who conquered the kingdom of the Pifts, Every reader who is acqilainted with the tragedy of Macbeth, as written by th^ inimitable Shakfpeare, who keeps clofe to the fafts delivered by hiftbn- ans, can be no ftranger to the fate of Malcolm's father, and his own hiftory, previous to his mounting the throne in the year. 105 7. He was a wife and magnanimous prince, and in no refpedl inferior to his cotemporary the Nor- man conqueror, with whom he was often at war. He married Margaret, daughter to Edward, firnamed the Out^law, fon to Edmund Ironfidc, king of England. By the death of her brother Edgar Atheling, the Saxon right to the crown bf England devolved upon the pollerity of that princefs, who wan one of the wifett and worthieft women of the age ; and her daughter Maud , tvas accordingly married to Henry I. of Ei^lfland. . Malcolm, after a gloriuus veign, was killed, with his fon, treachcroufly, it is faid, at the fieggjof Aln- wick, by the befie^ed. Malcolm III. was fucceeded by his brother Donald VII. and he waidc tlirt)ned by Duncan II. whofe legitimacy was difputcd. They were fiic- reeded by Edgar, the fon of Malcolm IT I. ^vho was a wife and valiant prince ; he was fucceeded by AIcxa:hdcr I. and upon his death David Ii mounted the throne. • Nof.vithftanding the endeavours of fome hiftorians to conceal what they cannot deny, I mean the glories of this reign, it yet appfars, that David v^as one of the greateft prlnceft of his age, whtther we rceard bira as a man, a warrior, or a Tegiflator. The noble adions he pcrformcid, in the fervice of his niece, tUc cpp/cfs Maud, ia her competition witli king Stephen for the n'two Gaelic , ^ SCOTLAND. i^ Englilh crq\it^, g{r< uy the higheft Idea of bU virtues; M they eould be the refult only of duty and principle. To him Henry II. the mightieft princ^ of hi's age, bWed his crown ; and his pofleflions in England, joined to the king- dom ofScotland, placed David's power nearly on an equality vjrith that'^of England, when confined to this liland. His aftions and adventures, and the rjefources he *alway« found in his own courage, prove him to have been a hero of the firfl. rank. If he appeared to be too lavifli to churchmen, and in his religious endowments, we are to conilder thefe were the only meanft by which he could then civib'ze his kingdom ; aiid the cbde of laws I have al- ready ntfcntioned to have been drawn up by him, ^o his memory immortal ho< nour. They are faid to have been compiled under his infpeAion by leamed^men, whom he aflembled from all parts of Europe in .his magnificent abbey of Mchofsf He was fucceeded by his grandfon Malcohn IV. and he by ivil- ' liam, fumamed from his valour, The Lion. _ William's fon Akxander ll. was Aicceeded in 1249, ^7 Alexander III. who was a good king. He married, firfl, Margaret daughter to Henry III. of England/ by mtom he had Alexander, the pWnbe. who married the earl of Flander's daugh- ter ; David and Margaret, who married Hangowan, or, as fome call him, ° Eric, fon to Miagnus IV. king of Norway, who bore to him a daughter na- , med Margaret, commonly called the Maiden of Norway r in whom king William's whole potterity failed, and the crown of Scotland returned teethe defcendants of David earl of 'Huntingdon, brother to king Malcolm iV and king William. I have been the more particular in this detail,^%ecaufe it was produdive of great events. Upon the death of Alexander III. John Baliol, who waa great-grandfon to David earl of Huntingdon, by his eldeft daughter Marga- ret, and Roberts Bruce (grandfather to the great king Robert Bruce) grand- fon to 'the fam^ earl of Huntingdon, by his youngeft daughter Ifabel, be- came competitors for the crown of Scotland. The laws of fticcefBon^ which were not then fo well etlabttlhed in Europe at^they are at prefent, rendered the cafe very difficult. Both parties were almotl equally matched in intereft ; but after a confufed interregnum of fome years, the great ndbiUty agreed in referring the decifion to Edward I. of England, the moft politic, ambitious prince of his age. He accepted the office of arbiter : but having long had an eye to' the crown of Scotland, he revived fome obfolete abfurd claims of its dependency Upon that of England ; and finding that baliol was difpofed to hold' it by that' difgraceful tenure, Edward awarded it to him ; but^ afterv ards dethroned him, and treated him as a flave^ without Baliol's re? fenting it. . After this Edward ufed many endeavours to annex, their crown to his own which were often defeated, and though Edward for a fhort time made himfelf mafte/ of Scotland, yet the Scots were ready to revolt againfl him on every fittourable opportunity. Thofe of them yvho were fo zealoufly. at- tached to the independency of their country,- as to be refolved to hazard every thing for it, were indeed but few compared to thofe in the interefi ot* Edward and Baliol, which was the fame :*and for fome time they were obli- ;,cd to temporize. Edward availed himfelf of their weaknefs and his own power. He accepted of a formal furrendir of the crown of Baliol, to whom he 'allowed a penfion, but detained him in England 'and fent every no- ^blemah in Scotland, whom he in the leafl fufpefted, to different prifqns in or near London. He then forced the Scots to fign inftruments of their fubje&icr. %c him j and moil uarbarouily carried on or deiiroyed ail the monument* i;^ their hiftory, and the evidences of their independency } and: P44 ,p«*^ }Sl^ ^ C TLA n Pr, irly the ^mous fptidicnl or p^phet!| ftonPi %vbi<;)i it ftiU 1:9 htfnm miuftcr-Al^bey. . ■ .* (>|irticp1ar , n Wcftmii . ' \ Thefc fevcfr proceedings, while tl)«y rei»4erc4 the Scots fenitl^lc qf tlwiV. flavery-, reyiy^4 IP thein the idew of their freedom y ^nd £dw^r4 ^n4Jng their fpirits were* ppt to he fpbdvied, endeavoured tp cjrefs thfWt 8J»4 "ftfwd %q treat them on a fqotifig pf eauality with his own fubi(;ft?, hy ppojcfting ^n ^'on, the chief articles of whicK have fince t^)t€i> place ,ht%yreen the twq kingdoms. The {^cotch patriots treated this projeft with difdvn, and united ^ under the brave W'Hiam WaUace, the trupl); hero pf his age, to e^pf} t^ EngliOj,. Wallace performed aftipns that entitled hiiT> %o ptcri^^ renpwu, in executing 'tijis fcheifte. V^tiT^^ however np niQpe th(in ^ private gentleman, tad his popr.^a^n'ty d»ily pnorcafing, the Sisptch nQbility. Hm^ng. wlwim was Robert Bruce,* the foi) pf the firffi cohjpc^^pr, bec^n tp fufpfA fh*!' he haq apeyeiippn the crown, eipecially after be hafi dffe^ted the ewl pf ^uiTY, j^dward's viceroy of Scotland, in the b^ile of Stirling, ^4 hadredup^ tnc garrifonsof Berwick and Roxburgh, and was declared by theftatel ofScot- wnd their prot^MSlpr. Thjc^r jcftloufy operated fq (^f th^t thpy fpr(pc4 viol- ent cabals againit the br^ve WulUce. Edvy^rd, upon ttxis, pnce mpfe in. va(Jed Scotland, at tpc hejvd of the mpft numerous and bcil difcipUnjed wmy Jlngjand had ever fccn, for it confided of 3p>0D0 fopt, 300^0 horfeip«> com- pletely armed, and 40QD hgjit armed ; and was at^ncled oy ^ ^if^% tp.fwppl| i( ^flili^ p^vifions. Thefe, bcfidps the troops whp joined bjm in So«tIand|, formed an irrefiftible body : Edward, however, was obliged to divide it, rei fprvin^ the command qf 4d^boo qf his belt trbpps to himfelf. Wit^ t^iefe he i(ttacked the Scqtch army under ^yallacQ at l^alkirk, whil? thejf dilputes ran So high, thpit the brave regent was deferted by Cuniming, tlie rt^oft ppwcrfuj npl^leman |n Scotland* ana at.th? hcqd gif the oeft diyifipn o^ I^is countrymen, WgU^ce, wl)flfe tropps did not exceed 39,ppp,. bcmg thus jjetr^vcd, >yfia dei i^t^d with vaft lofs, bi|t made >»n prdPT^y rptre^t ; durii^g (vh'cb he foun(^ ipjfaijs to h^^ acpnference wjth Bruce, and xo convince hiiuqf his error in jpi»ing>Yith Edward. Wajljice ftjll continued in a^ms, and perfpntjfd many g^itr^t at^oiTs againft the Engliih ; bu^ wa» betrayed tifto the b?ndf 0^ £d^yard, who moft ungenerouHy put lllm to death at London, as ^ traitor -^ but he died himfelf ^9 he ^^s preparing tp renew his invafion of Scotland with a ftijl tp'ore dclolating i_fpmt of imbition, pftcr living deilroy,e.d, 100,000 or her mhabltants. . ^ :,' Bruce died fopn after the battle of Falkirk ; but not b'fpi^^ h& had ihfpired his fqn, who was a prifoner at large about the !plnglifh court, with the glo* rious refolution of vindicating his own rights, and his country's inde{)endenc}r, He cfc^pcd fom London, and with his own hand killed Cumming, for hit attachment tu Edward ; uiid after collefting a few patriots, amqng whom ivcre his own four bifjthcrs, heaflumedthe crown, but was defeated by the En^ljfh, who had ^ great army in Scotland, at the battle of Mctlfvcn. After his defeat, be fl»-'d with one or two friends to the Wellei'h iflcs, and parts of ficotfend, where his fatigues and (ufferings were as inexprefllblc as the CQU^ agewitb which he and his few friends bore them (tl)elord Douglas efpccially) yn^ incredible. ^ Though his wife ^nd daughters were Cent prifoners to Eng- land, where the bell of his friends and two of his b others were put tode?tii, JTt fuch was liis perfcvcring fpi^it that he recovered all Scutland, excepting the caftle of Stirling, ^nd itnproved every advantage tliat wa^ given him by the diflijpated condu6l of Edward I], who raifed an army more numerous • Siv.d better appointed ft'-O ih^n that of his father, to make tqtsd conquell of Scotland, (t is faid that it confiiied pf 100,000 men, though this has been fuppofcd to be an er'ggeratcd computftion : however it is admitted that th<^ if.' s -9 i' ar .^ A <¥ p.> been bred up in a deteilation of tyranny. , . " . ; towards ^ulipg) then l^iwg$fl by Bruc^ : w)io h;id f Wpi with tjiu; grcAUil werijj, the t^x\^ wf i;;3flDm:q%r, Hprefprd. P?m)^rake, ?iu4 W Cji^qs ^Mqtqnj ■yhoiis Hnd«r l}»Wp were, his own j?rother 9^- !li^dw?u«i, T^r^ft, ne;x^ tp htq^^lC WW r^ckqn^dtp be the baft ^igln ip SwtJsiP^i hi* »v:ph!?v: iR««49|pJ^ wi9» Murray, ^nd fhp yot^ng ^pr4 W^Cf, hie^v ijtcwvd pf Scotland, |idw9^d-'<| attack ^f t(^e Scptpl^ arqiy. was exceedji^glyifuirioi^f, i^ndrftl^ir^df^thc cqHty ag? !»pd ftrmneC* ^f Jjrmqe ?j)d M» ft'm^ tp. refill i^, wfr^ ^J'; # f^ fifl ffdi^Ily, th?it thfly gained ope qf ^l^e ?][iq^ ppnjpl^te ir^aon^a |hat i^jfp^t^ ip hi(lQjy.. The grqaV loft df thp ]pUigfli(H fe)! jipow tjup b??»yeft pwt pif WW trqoiJS, who wsn:lf4on>y gdwji^ in p^ifoq ^g^iivft Jft^ifif h^ipretf, T^n Scotch writers make the lofs'of the EpgJiO^^q ?P»WP* tp 5p,Ofi¥Xfl^p^i., ,,Bft that as it will, tljej-^ c^it^ifly never ww* jqprc tpt4 deli^jr.jk^cjigl^tne cpn^upTpra loft 4PPC. The flower p/ the; |;p^fr W^^Y. .ff^r^ ^ff Wfi4 or tajteu prifqpar^ ': Thpjr qa^p, . wW^ Yf9R . >*»» WnWy ri^li^, ^v4' flii|culatjjd for thf pqrpqfc rather qf ^i triumph thw> ^pampaign, f^l j^o t)i^ ){^di| ^g the S^iots J aiid EdS^ardhifl*!'?!^ iv^Kfi frw fpWRFRffi hyimfAMY i^MS^ npfr of their horfes, yf^tc purf\ied by PougWs, tO: tj^? g^fi qf ftprviicl^ $i»||| whci}ce heeCpapedin a fiJhii?grho»t, , Ttogr^Mnd jfewfiv*? ^SJt^.lWI^Ojl ed in the year 1314*. .1 ■ ; r -a Th«f reinaifidw of Robert's r^igfl ^T3s » frrve? pf,^tic i»qft'g![9rW>wf>*?ceR fes; and fo well did his nobility u^derftand the principles, of, ci'.'ii]ijfat^y»f)i^(|[ fo Hnftltsred were tl^ey by r^ligipufl conAdersfti^s, >ihat,-,ii^ ajewer ^ty fcpt tp the pppe, tbfv smkijpwlpdged th»t.0^y h^ ftt 9^e, D«4ipi/pf^ 4<^9^ ingthie qrpwn by. holding.it of England : and that theyijic^ld # tjlftfwft by Rpljm, if h« /houjd niake the like Rttegmt. Rph)?rt iw*"^ thu« d^iyem cd Scotland, fcnt his brother Edward to Ireland, at the head pf ^9 W^i with which he conquered the grefttpfti p5»t Pf ^^aV Hiiigdoni, ajjd ww pro-- clai'mcdi its kjog J' but by ^xpofing hipiielf too m^ch, kjf w?§J^illf;df Rfi'v bert, before his death, ^^hlvb happe"P^ip 1338, maide ^n ia(dvantagco^s pe^gf; with England ; and wjien he died, he was acknowledged IU^)i}<;:f4fiifputA^y the grtfatett hevP of his Age. •r The glory of the Scpts may he fiiJd to have been ip its zepith un^er R^bfffi \. who was fiicceedcd by his (on David II? He was 9. yirtupps jMrjpci^ |^||^. his abilities, both in war and peace, were ecUpfed by his brother inrla\fir,f i^i enemy Ed'^Jird III. of England, whpfe fifter lie married, ^dward, wi|M> WM as keen a? any of his preqecefipDrs, upon the conqueft pf Scotli^d*. cfpou^ec^ the caufr of Daliol, fon to Baliol, the; original competitor. ;}iiB pd^ogrefs wa'« at firft ama/.ingly rapid ; and he and Edward defeated tb? roy^l party ia many bloody battles ; but Baliol wa* »t J«ft driven out of hi^ pfurps'd fcingt^ dom by the Scotch patriots. David had the misfortune tQ be tal<^en prjifcHidr by the Englifli at the battle of Di|h»m x and after ^optinping above eltivun. * Th^t thf $(0(« n(,thwere bettw ntqqi^intcd vicji M^n ihMthe Muf««, Qi^y. \)t. (<;ep Uovfi % fDOTiig W^^J, (n^de on tbi» ioDadtiwajiJii; ^ii^orit VkHllbilX'i)* ^ t . Mafdenft of Efigbnd f >r« may f^e mourn, ' ' > ^1^ ' \-'"^ Fur xbur lemiuoassoa hive loft at BtnDpkbwrOf f With bcve a tow. ' , ' Wh»t hu ! w,*f qod tjje king of Biigknd, ^m-^,' ouiQiia to^ave VOQ ail s^uciana With ruinbf I^pr. ii^ 8' G * ^ 1 A li i>. ]feiiv Ih «apti\^t^ Ite' |^(! ibtS/Md Mi^lbr Itiv nnfom ^ MJSed ill j^kc? ^boutiflue,iotheyeat i3«i.^ ./f^ji- .. f, . The dtMn of Scbtlaild thdn dn^lVid ^jppA iftle fkihity of ittot^ by itt fxid h«Wng betti marri(^ td the fhilghter of Rotiert' I. ' Th^.firft king of thsttuunc inu Ro^^t 11. vi^lfeai^d )mive|^np^ Hrt(i(^» y^ fktttit to haVct^ad art eye to''&e crown for t^'owntn^Qt^. ' * RobeftVoppn thi«i attemptied to Cend his fecond fon t« PiH&ce:;mjw w*f mdft wgdftHotdlV IV; orEng- ^ '; Slid, aftri^ Wering * 16ri^ ciiptivity, he vfa oKBgetf' t6 pay «n vxorbi* tjtit^ r>n£db. ' "Dtiring the tittbmdmh^lft' <^ Jui)iii , t l^ntndi^'theHirft dfthat'nahie^ i^n hisnfl^rii'id'Sbdtliii^, difcdvered great Mms f^^vclhtmtfnts, (ina^ed'nikny yiik hem, atild was bcJoved by the peo* ijl^ .HilndTett!^ exceHiehte^catioa iq'Ettgkn4-durittgthe reigni >f Renry I v. and -V*' where be fstw'Vhe feudal Pfitcrti refined frotfi inanir«ti>f x^^<^l^eftj[oiiS'which ftiH iidhe<«d tb'it in his o#n kiftgdont ; he determined foi'e t6 k'bndge' the ovei'gToWn ^Wc^o^ -the nobleiiv and to recover fuch ias'Jmdlii^i'bhjuiUy wreftedfNnn th«dh>wn duriR^'hkji^iDority and the f receding reigns ; but the execution of theft defigns c6^ him his life ; he eiai^ Miirdered'th K!» bed by fame 6fth6 chief dobility in 1437, and the Xf^ Ioh'^nril7^ce«d)id:yb>"}ai^ If;' w have equalled 4m-^-'^ ;■- -'.'"^■^ '- ^;**" .■■'^'''' ' ''' ''>'\:f'''~_ ■ * 'SU%ndon, indoIeRce, ioiihodterate atfachr^eAt io4l|malM^<'«nd ma^of the lefMirs of^ feipale mind, are tifible in the conduA 'ttf James III. antlSis tur- lififenfc re%n was clofM by a t^bdIiott4f his fubjed;s, beiAg fliin ilufiattle in ■t^Bgi-agediWrty^five.; -'■•'■-•■■■w-.. / ■, . . -..v f .^ ^ ^ ''v, .;]■'-, •" His fon, James IV. wis the moil accomplidied pritice'ofthje^i fd thkt they' gt'eatly fncrtafed'in nohes 4 and the court of fames, >lt th'<^4^)ine of his tfiairriftgie withilenry Vtl.'s daughter, WMfplendid Wk^ refpe6lable. Even'thifi alliance could not cure him ofjjjus family diftemo ^, a prediled:ki|j^ fo'fth^ Ft^nchy ift Wfhofe caufe he raflily entcredgyifcJ W» killed, with the ^b^witfrof his nobility,* by the Engliib, in the bat%«f Flod- den,anno ipj^nd the fo^iethy«ar4>f his age. ^^ ^ The fnitiority of his fon, James V%' was long and tarb|ilent:' anawlun he grew tip, he m^ed two French ladies % Hlfe wk, jMing diiibght^to th&lung of France, and the latter of the houfe of Guifel^ie inftituted tl^-jppuftof felCon, enadled many falutary laws, irid greatif WPtatoted the trade ti Scot* land, particularly the working of the flunes. At this time the balance of power wi^fo equally poifed between the contending princes of Europe, that James's.fnendfliip was courted-^y the pope, the ctnperor, the king of France, and his uncle, Henry VIII. of JTbglandifrom all whom he received nngniticent jrefcnts^ 'But Jaimestook little mare in fortiisn affaii^ j he I'^emcd feitber to imitate fails predecclfbrs in their Attiempt^ to lutmble the'Asbihty ; and the ri^ taetf by »t« rft king of ;ded by hi* :he ouke of e crown for x>ni fan t# V^ of"Eng- ir iintxoibi* ]terity and the his life : he ,37, and the iiave equalled ibe notbteh iirte«nth yea?' mM diifeiided 'iniu^oftbe . aiwlN* tur- n iiufistttk in »ge f tie wa» t;b^.4n war, iheTiMiftnerce theccmrt of , wMfplendid amily diftem- eredgijJ W» attkti|Flod- andwl^ lie d tth^unof trade of Scat- he balance of Europi, that ng of France, ed nnffin'*icent inaed father to lity } «H»d the doarin«t i^tbc Rcfemotioo be|tnniD0|fi bo propigijted $ Qctttlutdrbe gav* way, at tbe1»ftigatiob of tbc cUr^, Jo a tieligipua perfecqtioo, though it i% . generally Wicved that, had he hued logger, he would li^ve (ieizcd all th« church revues in imitation of Henry. However, having rather (lighted fome friendly overtures made to hun by the king of England, and, thereby given great undwage to that prince^ a war at length Iwoke out between them* . A large army tuider the coinniand of the duke of Norfolk, entered Scothud and ravaged* tlie cpuntry north of the it weed. After tiiis ihort expedition, the En^fh army retired to Betwicl^. Upon this the king of Scotland, icnt ten thoufW men to the weilem borders, who enured Enj^arid, at Solway Frith ; and he bimfetf. followed. them at a fmaU diiUnce seady M> join them upon occafion. But he foon after ^ave great otTence to the nobility and th^ army, by imprudently deeming their general, lord &$axwell, of hisoommif* fton, and conferring the command on Oliver Sinclair, a private, gent)em«f, .who was his favourite. The army were Co much difgufted with du's altera- tion, that they were ready to difbfund, when a fmall body of Englifh bqrfie ap- peared, not exceeding five hundred. A panic feized the Scots, who immedia- tely took to flight, ruppofing themfelves to be attacked by the whole body o£ihe£ngli(h army. ThoiEnglifli hor^e, feeihg thenillite with fuch pfeciptta* tmn, cloKly purfued them, and flew Treat numbers, taking prifoners leven lords, two hundred gentlemen, and eight hundred foldiers, with twentyifuur pieces of ordnance., This difaftef fo much afiiefted king Jame8> that it threw ,him into a fit of iUnefs) of which \A. foon after died on the 14th pf jDecember, '1542* • . His daughter and fucceflbr, Mary, was but a^ few hours old at tbe time of her father's death. Herrbeauty, her imprudence, and her misfortunes are alike famous in hiftory, It is fuificient here to £ay, that during her minority* and while flie wa^ wife to* Francis H. of France, the Reformation advanced m SeoUand t that being called to the throne of her anccftors while a widow^ (he Married her own coufi^-gennan« the lord Darnley, whbfe untimely death hath given rUie to fo nuj^'cofitrover^. *nie confequence of her fiufl>and'a death, jgd ofhcrmarria^ with Bothwell, who was confidered as his murder- er, «mfaq inf)|fre(^on of her fubje%, from whom flie fled iiito England, where ihe was ungeneroufly detained a prifoner for eighteen years ; and aftar- wardi^ mofr^ps of ftate policy, beheaded by queen Elizadieth in 1587, ift the foiil^^tH year of her an. MaiyWon, James Y-^. of- Scotland, fucceeded, in right of hi| blood from Henry VH. upon the death of queen Elizabethi to the Engliih crown, after (hewing conQderabU .^abilities in the government of Scotland. This onion of the tw6 crowns, in faA, deftroyed the independency, as it impoveriih' cd tkeprople ofocotland ; for the feat of government being rertioved to Engl^^lheir trade was checked, their agriculture negle&ecF, and their gen- try obf|n| to feek for bread , in other countries. Jfames, iifter a fplendid« but troumlfome reign over his three kingdoms, left them in 162^, to hi» fi)n,jrtie unfisltunatR Charles I. That prince, by his defpotic principles and condu^MJpduced both hltSSeattini and Englifh fub}e£ls to take up arms a^infllBMi; and indeed., It jh^s in Scotland that the fvvord was firil dn^vn agalnf^C^a^es. But whoti the roy|^ party was totally defeated in .England, the king put himfelf into the powers of the Scottifti army ; tfrey at firft treat- ed hi)i^.wit)i refpeft, but afterwards delivered him up to the Englifh parlb- ment,' oil condition of their paying 400,000 '^unde to the Scots, which was fold tobf'due to then*, for arrears. However, the Scots afterwards made '%cr3l !:^.scdy but ssfucccfsful aitc»pu> to iclcore his fon Chaiies u. That * 'm :# prnice; Uk' S- v,(f 1^ M W jft fite MpMaM- gtt«« U^p to StodM* i ^*i^t i iad IF. bf EngW, it* ivitim Of Kihf^ Wiffiiitn, ^ko «|^(b fili>liMiH and pattly th^ntgh tM f«Vt6^ iHbMy diftn(mt«!d AmiMg «li(< 'hte4^ tidtillh]^^ it #ai Agtixd t6 ; iJM^.^Mh tfVMi t)i« hlfltffy 6f ^othnd JMiMMci the faihe i^ith that of £ 19 C t A tl X). GrtNft Britiift Ct'tltATI, AND ,AtT04TI0N ANO j^XTENT. * '( Degrees. , Wtwieea C 50 and ^'^ (torth latkude. • . . \z tt^ ao4 d»90 We;^ }6pg;tudir. < 79V^'r* f^ttttt ihite^) uritb 1 19 itih^hitabt^ to «ach. H^ longed day in the iiorthcni parts contains 17 ^ afVNDAaiBs. 3 Jb k.<>'* ^^^ ^^ by the German ocean ;- on the Wef^Jsy St. ^cwm^ Channel t and on tW Sooth by the, tlngUih Channel, whic6 ^ans it ^a ¥pnoe.auid coiUifns 49^4jfo fqiiare ihlle% . ' ;. :/ :^;'|^.^t.uiitten»'by the lea vyaflring it on threa fiilesy renders England liaUs to a great unccrtamty of wrather, fo that tke" inhabitants on piRt of the kz- aft8 arp often yffitcd bf agues and fevers. 0n the other band, it preventi tW cxtAanef oflieat ftn^ cold« to which other places, lyinff in the fame degree pf latitipi^tMre fubje^j and it.is,'on that acconntt iriennly to the lorrgevity «fth« inhabitants in generaf, efoecially thofe who live on a dry ftiil. To. tKisiituation iike\v^e we a^to afcribe that perj^ual verdure for Khlch Eng- land is rei(lfiar]&aUef occafioned by refre(hing {bowers and the .^ warm vapoun dithe/fea.' ,-j,' ' ' , ,N>m"b and DirisiOKS, 1 Antiquaries are divided with regard t6 the . ANCiENtAND MoDBRNi J etym^lpgy of the word jB»qf/i^prfta^ip|:' the ancient inhabitants being famoua foi^ painting their bodies f ether ^t««J3r!|e«, however, do not agree in. this etymology. Theweftem l|l(igW4) wUchrh ^oft fepa»1:e4, front|ef6^ '-■>.■, -4, -f"" li Kin it>y«l Ithettithtif Kfttn totht ^gited t6 i ^ith that df ,:«■. ide. • /, - )6jig4tuchrr < itt:^ to each. I contains 17 1 the fputbern of the ifland Wvhich Eng-;^ irorra vapours regard t6 the foihe derive it ; coinmon ety eft ,to his Da- \§ adventurers ior »t by the name ;nified painted ; their bodies J ■ Tht wcftem KJciwrt^Sevii. f",r ■*' j^;''- "* ■■ ■ \>' ' ' ,a, 5»< ':-M MMK-NeMHi^'' ■ mtMH kt m - mm- mm- DtaworvA fyvunAui4' \7 J liaarS r.' | ■w-^ ■:i' ^"i .<•..■¥; 5. Northut founded ; 574> and| 792 6. Eaft Saa founded win ill N O LAND SOf ■'4 • ••*. &nd Dee; it called Wales, or tht hnJ o/Jlrafirers, becaufe inhabiudby tht. Belgic Gauh» who were driven thither b/ the Romani, and were ftrangera yt the old native!. When the Romans provinciated England, they divided it into, I. Britannia PriiAa, whick contained the fouthern parts of the king- dom. Z. Britannia Secunda, containing the wefttm parts, comprehending Wales. And, 3 Matinia Ctefarienfis, which reached from the Trent as far northward as the wall uf Severus, between NewcalUe and Carlifle, and fometimes as far as that of Adrian in Scotland, between the Forth and Clyde. To thefe divifions fome add the Flavia Csefarienfis, which they fuppofe to tontatn the midland cbuntin. When the Saxons invaded England about the year 550, and when th*y were eftablifhed in the year 582, their chief leaders appjopriated to themfelves, after the manner of tke other northern conquerors, the countries which each had been the moil inftfumental in conquering ; and the whole formed a heptarchy, or political republic, confiding of feven kingdoms. But in time of war, a chief was chofen out of the fev(n kingdoms ; for which reafon I call it a poli* tical republic, its conflitution greatly refembling that of ancient Greece. Kingdoms ereAed by the Saxons, ufually ltyle4 the Saxon Heptarchy. Kingdoms. Counties. Chiet Towns. , Kingdoms I. Kent, founded by f Hengift in 475, and ;| Kent ended in 823. L 2. South Saxons, C founded by Ella in J Suflex 491, and ended in j Surry 600. L 3. Eaft Agles found- edby Uffa in 575, and ended in j^^ ]{ Canterbury ■ 4 Weft Saxons - 1 founded by Ccr^ > i 512, and ended in ^ i 1060. ■ ' - 4. 5. Northomberla founded by Ida 574, and coded ^ 79a Sufiblk Cambridge — With the Ifle of Ely ornwaU — Devon - Dorfet Someriet - WiTti HanU Beli* „ Lanca^ . - York L Eaft Saxons, founded by £r(^- win in 537, «nd ended in 746. nd fland and to the Fritk urgk [iddlefex, «|hl part ef Htctford ^ M Chithefter O 8outhwark "1 r Norwich ( 3 Bury St. Edmoodt Cf Cambridge If Launceftoa Exeter I Dorckefter >'!Ba^h Sali(bury Winchefter Abingdon "Lancafter \ YoA Durham Carlifle Appleby 1 ► < \Xi-i\'-Av4;.;,a *-. %lk J V. Newcaftlc London ; •j.vA-*5o»i (. *fit EN G.L. A M J>. 7. Mercia, fbupded byXridda th ^Ba, an(iende4 in 874. Glouccfter Worcfftw. - Warwick — . Ldceftei. •» Rutland - NpithamptQix - Liixcoln HuntingdQil ' -. Bedford •> - BuckmghaA — Oxford -T fitafforA. -». Derby Salopi ; NottinghiaAL - :Chefter. - .J pUertbrd; Gloucefttf. Hereford Wflrccftar. Warwick Lcjccfttt Oakham Northamptat Huntingdon ' I Brdfi^d * AykAury Oxfoixl SuSard Derhy { ShrewflLttiTL INottinghaiifc;,; Cbeflsr. } I hat^ been U^e more, folicito.us to preferye thefe djvifipna, aa they aceouat for diSifeijt'lbc^l cultoms, and many ver^ eiTential modes o? inheritance, which to this day prevaiUn England, and Which took thejr rife 'from different inftitutions under the Saxo/is. •Bincc the Norman iaranoni Eingland hii been divided Into countiei, a certam aumber of wHicb, excepting, Mtddlefex and Chefhire, are comprehended in fix circuits, or annual pro^efs of the judges, for adrfiiiuftcring juftice to the fubjefts whaa^f at a diftanoelrom tha CapitaL Thccircputs ar$ : Circuits. Coui\tier. fJEfitx." — H«^or4 1 I. Home \ Circuit H Surry. — Suffex — Chi>f Towns." r> , f Chelmsford* Colchefter, Hanvicli, Maldeii, Sajfron-Waldcn, Bock* ingt Braiatree, and Stratford. Hertford, St. Albans, Ware, Hitch- lia, Beldock, Bifhop's-Stortford, Berkhamfl;ed,HemileJ,andBamet. Maidftone, Canterbury, Cj^athim, RocbeIb:r, Qrccnwich^Woolwich, Dover,DealJ^ptibrd«Fcverihamr Danford, Romney, Sandwich, Sheemefs, Tunbrldge, Margate, Gravefend, and Milton. Southwark, Kingfton, Guildford, Croydon^ Eplpin, Richmond, Wandfworth, Batterf(^a, Putney, i-'arnbam, Godalmin, Bagfliot, Egbam, and Darking. Chicbefter, Lewes, Rye, Eaft Grin- ftead»H«ftine$,Horfliam,Midhurft Shureham, Arundel^ Wiochellea, Battel, B^btbelmftoi;e, aad Pet* worth. Cir. B If O t A* N IV h^ tsa inperitande, rom difFerept Sngiand hu ig,Middlef« ogrefs of the incjefrprntlt* f, Hianncli, Idfn* Bock> Jtratford. ^are, Hltch- )'8-Stortford, J,andBaniet. r, Cj^atham* h^WDolwich» d,Eever{l>am,( Sandwich, re, Margate, on. Guildford^ Richmond, rf^a, Ptitney, Bag(hot( g. e, Eaft Grin- ham.Midhurft WiDchelliea* )OJie,aodPet- CIp* l^ireuti* J.'v . t. Norfolk Cfraii. OotnitMi* f B«ck«. BedfbM Clkibtidge Sttffiflk .1 Gfouectt^ * ■ Cirtoit. lM«iftmoatfe ^^.^ Salop Stitord ' • t * Aylelbury, Buckinehain, High^ Wickhaiii/, Grnt-Marlow, Stoney Stratford, and Newport Pagnel. Bedford, Ampthill, Woobum, Dun- ftable, Ltitbn, and Bigglefwade. Huntingdon, St. Ivei,*%mbolton, Godmanchcder, St. Neot't Riuxk* fey, and Yaxley^ Cambridge, E^, Newifniit^, Roy- fton, and Wifticti. Bury, Ipfwich, Siidbury, Lcoftofl^ ^ part of Newmarket, Aldborough, Biingay, Bbuthwold, Brandon, Halefworth, Mildenhall, Beccles, FremUogham, Stow-marketi jWood- Bridge, Lavenhman, Had> ley, Long.Mclfoird, Stratford, and Eafterbemholt. Norwich, Theiford, Lynn, Yar- moiith, Oxford! Banbury, Chippin-Norton, J Henley, Burford, Whitney, Dor- . chefter, Woodilockr, and Thame. Abingdon, Windfor, Reading, Wal- lingford, Newbury, Hungerford, Maidenhead, Farringdon, Want* age, and Oakiogham. Gloucefter, Tewldbury, Cirenceft^ part of Briftot, Campden, Stow^ B. Vley, Jurfley, Lechdde, Tet- .Miry, Sudbury, Wotton,& Marih* field. Wurcefter, Evefh^m, Drbli!wu:h, Bewdly, Stourbridge, Kiddermb- fter, and Perthore. Monmouth,Chepft6w,Abergavenny, Caerleon, and Newport. Hereford.Lesminfter, Weobly, Led- bury, Kyneton, and Rofs. Shrewfbury, Ludlow, Bridgnorthv Wenlock, Biflwrn's Cattle, Whit- Church, bfweftry, \^'^m, and Newport. Stafford, Litchfield, Newcaftle Under Line, Wolverhampton, Rugeley, r Burton, Utoxeter, and Stone. Warwick, Cbventry, Birmingham, Stratford upon Avon, Tamworth, Aulcefter, Nuneaton, and Ather* ton. Leicefter, Melton-Mowbray, Alhby de^lS'^ZcUcb, Bcinwrui, «uiu Hb> £c2 1»orahgK' 31, : , Circtiiti. ^ 4. Midland Circuit. »' « » 5 Weftcm ' Circuit si.i ..r S'. Counticf. Derby ' - Kottinghain - Lincoln • - Hutland NorthamptoB 'Hantt "'■■"-■•v' ** ,■ Dorfi^t SomerfvC — Dcvoa\,,:;V — H Cornwall if. tl^\;|5*^f ■^i^;^^i^|^fii?&.' ■•:f^ f" LAN III Chief Totnu. ,.> borough. DerV-r, Chcftcrficld, Wirlifworth, Alhboumet Bdcewell, Balfover, and Bn^tgn. Nottingham* Southwell, Neiyark, Eaft and Weft Retford,Mansfield, Tuxford, Workfop, and Blithe. • Lincoln^ Stamford, Bniton, Gran- tham^ Croyland, Spalding, New Sleaford, Great Grimn)^, Gainf- borough, X'OUth, and HorncaiUe. Oakham and Uppingham, Northampton, Peterboxd.wgh» Da- vcntry, Higham-Ferrers, Brack- ley, Oundle, Wellingborough, Thrapfto'n, Towcefter, Rocking, ham, Kettering, and Roth well. Winchefter, Southampton, Portf- mouth, Andover, Bafinglloke, Chriftchurch, Peter sfield,Lyming. ton, Ringwood, Rumfey, Arlef- ford : and Newport, Yarmouth, and Cowes, in the Ifle of Weight. ' Salifbury, P.evi/.es, Marlborough, Malmfbury, Wilton, Chippenham,' Calne, Cricklade, Trpwbridge, Bradford, and Warminfter. Dorchefter,Ljme,Sherborne,Shafte. , bury, Poole, Blandford, End- port, Weymouth, Melcombe, Wareham, and Winbum. Bath, Wells, Briftol in part, Taun. ton, Bridgew^tjer, Ilchefter, Mine- head, MilbourtV'fort, Glaiton- bury, Wellington, Dulverton, Dunfter, Wa«chet, Yeovil, So- merton, Axbridge, Chard, Bruton, Sheptoq Mallet, Crofcomb, and Froome.' Exeter, Plymouth, Barnftable, Bid- deford, Tiverton, Honiton, Dart- mouth, Taviftock,Top(ham, Oke- hampton, Afhburton, Crediton, Moulton, Torrington, Totnefj, Axminfter, Plympton, and Ufra- comb. Launceilon, Falmouth, ^ruro, Sal- tafli Bodmyn, St. Ives, Padftow, Tregony, Fowey, Penryn, Kel- lingtoa, Lcflcard, Leftwiel, He'- fton, Penzance, and Redruth. Cir. ^1^ ■■ '■' ./ 6. Nor Circui ■^7■■- Middlefex i eaufe, beinj Aine may J3 Counties < dufire of Circuitg. v»;' i Nort^-Eaft Circuit. *'n thtLenf ""f J the aflii A- « N G L A N D. to^ rkfwortfc, Balfover, Newark, Mansfield, d Blithe. • on, Gran- ding, New b"^, Gainf. clorncaftle. w i»gh» Da- irs, Brack- ngborough, r. Rocking. Rothwell. ton, Portf- Bafingftoke, £ld,Lyming- nfey, Arlef- , Yarmouth, e of Weight. • Marlborough, Chippenhamj Trqwbritlge, linfter. borne,Shafte« dford, Brid- Melcombe, burn, part, Taun- befter. Mine- lit, Glafton- Dvlverlon, Yeovilj So- hard, Bruton, lofcomb, and Irnftable, B!d- loniton. Dart- lopiham, Oke- \t\, Crediton, Ion, Totncfj, Ion, and Ufra- I, 'J'ruro, Sal- Ivcs, Padftow, IPenryn, Kel- Redruth .^:- Cir- .•M- fireutti. fYork Counties. '•'^A-*^.>' #. ■" 1 ■ ■V' /*■•■' y ftV \€:'.-A^ h' {(. Northern Circuit*, Durham — > < Northumberland Lancafter • — ''^>. •' ' •■ /■ "^ >'.- ■■■■'^ ' ' Weftraoreland •I .Cumberland - * Chi«f Towns* York, Leeds, Wakefield, Halifw, Rippon, Pontafra£t, Hull, Ricb- mond, Scarborough, ^ Borough* bridge, Malton, SheHield, D9n- cafter, Whitby, Beverley, North- allerton, Burh'ngton, Knarefbo- rough, Barnefly, Sherbom, Brad- ford^ Tadcailer, Skipton, We. therljy, 'Ripley, Heydon, How- den, Thirfke, Gifborough, Picker- ing, and Yarum. Durham,8tockton,Sunderland,Stan- hope, Barnard Caftle, Darlington, Hartlepool, aiid Awkland. Newcaftle, Tinmopth, North-ShidSf Morpeth, Alnwick, and Hexham. Lancafter, Manchefter, Prefton, Li- 'verpool,Wigan,Wjtrington, Roch- dale, Bury, Ormfkirk, Hawkiheiid» and Newton. Appleby, Kendal, Lanfdale, Kirby- Stephen, Orton, Amblefide, Bur- ton, Milthorpe. CarliHe, Penrith, Cockermcrth, Whitehaven, Ravenglafs, £gre- mont, Kefwick, Workington, iad Jerby. . ^- .,»■ Middlefex is not comprehended j and Chefhire is left out of thefe circuits, be> leaufe, being a county palatine, it enjoys municipal laws and privileges. -Vhe fame may ^e faid of Wales, which is divided into four circuits, . . ^^ Counties ex- dufive of the * Circvits. ;/. Middlefex — - Chefter — LoNDOK, firft meridian, N. Lat. 51-30. Wellminfter, Uxbridge;^ Brentfordj Chelfca, Highgate, ' Hampftead, Kenfmgton, Hack- ney, and Hampton Court. Cheiler, Nantwich* Macclesfield, Malpas, Northwich, Middlewich, Sandbach, Congleton, Knotsford, Frodifham, and Haultcn. Circuits orWALES. ' ■ f Flint — T rFlint, St. Afaph, and HollyweB. aft J Denbigh — / J Denbigh, Wrexham, and Ruthen. ^ J Montgomory — fl Montgomery, LlanvyUn, and We) .:ti- -' ,'X- .„.'•• -■ J L pool ■ J, ■ *f^' • ■-"■'.'■.,:■:..,■:•- * lo the Lent or Sprins Aflixet, the Northern Circuits extend onlj to York and Lan- uftcr; the afiizci at Durham, Newcaftle, Applibr, and C srefs .wrhich the inhabitants of each county have made i '" cultivation oF lands and gardens, the draining of marfhes, and many wi \er local improve- ments, which are here Cjirried to a much greater degree ' of perfeAion tha«r they are perhaps in any other part of the world, if we except China. To- enter upon particular fpecimens and proofs of thefe improvements, would-re- qjiire a large volume. All that can be faid therefore is in general, that if' no unkindly feafdn happen, England pi'oduces corn, not only fufficient t» maintain her own inhabitants, but to bring large fums oi ready money fof^ her exports. The foil of England feems to be particularly adapted for resM'tng timber t and the plantations :?es round the houfes of noblemen and gentlemen^ and even of peatants - • lightful and aftonifhing-at the fame time. Some- ' haveobferved a dect , ;. u\at oak timber which anciently formed the great- fleets that England put to fea, but as no public complaints of-this kind bav9: been heard, it may be fuppofed that great ftores are ftill in referve ; unlefs it- .may be thought that our fhips-yards have lately been partly fuppliedt front- Ametica, or the Baltic. As to air, I can add but little to what I have already faid concerning the- - climate *. In many places it is certainly loaded with vapours wafted from the Atlantic Ocean by wefterly winds ; but they are ventilated by winds and- ftorms, fo that in this refpeft England is to foreigners, and people of de- licate conftitutions, more difagrecable than unfalubrious. It cannot, how-- ever, be denied that in England the weather is fo exceffively capricious and- unfavourable to certain conftitutions, that many of the inhabitants are induc- ed to fly to foreign countries, in hopes of obtaining a renovation of their health. After what we have obferved in the Englilh air, the reader may form forae-^ idea of its feafons which are fo uncertain, that they admit of no defcription^ Spring, fummer, autumn, and winter, fucceed each other, &ut in what montll. aatBit toe opinion of king Charlcf tkn Second agon thii fiibjed, which u hj that of Sir Williann Tcoiple ; apd it may bfobfet^ed, that tbev wece l(a « I muft iiecda add ous .thjqg'(ray9 Sir Williatn, in his MifcelUiwa, | " edit. 8to. 1690) in favour of our climate, which I heard thelting fay, a * The climate of England has more advantagei than are {jeneralljr allowed it, if ««- adtsit the opinion of kingCharlef thP Second n^n thii fiibjed, whith ii corroborat«A> weCjB.bOth UaT«t< part ii. p. II, _ and I thought new and rinrh't, and truly He a )^ o( £!!^land, that loved and* eft'eemcd' hi» owa " coDntry. It wa^ia reply .to fome cotfipunyth^t were reviliofr our ciim,a " Europe.", «• And I beliav^ (add; Sir Will»«tn) it is true, notonlv of the ho» and.dua-, " cold, but cv£B •uinaK o"!' neighbour* 10 France and, the. Low Couotrics .thenudv^n " where the faeataor (he ci^da, and ctutnEei of feAlous are left treatable (or moderate) yAMlheyarewitliBi." a: •■»& lei fe It G t A IT tt; their different appearances take place is very iindetermined. The fpring hcV gins fonttetiines in February, and fometimes in April. In May the face of the country is often covered ivith hoary froft inftead of bloflbms. The be< j|rinnine of June is fometimes as cold as in the middle of December, yet at •ther timesthe thermometer rifes in that month as high as it does in Italy. Even Auguft has its viciflltudea of heat and cold, and upon an average Sep* temberK anc vjtt to it Odober, are the two muft agreeable months in the year. The aatives fometimes experience all the four leafons within the com- pafs of one day, eold, temperate, hot, and mild weather. After faying thus much, it would be in vain to attempt any farther defcription of the Englifh {eafons. Their inconftancy, however, is not attended with the ^ffedls that might be naturally apprehended. A fortnight, or at mo ft three v^eeks, ge- ■erally make up the difference with regard to the maturity of the fruits of the earth : and it is ha/dly ever obferved that the inhabitalnts fuifer by a hot fummer. Even the greateft irregularity, and the moil unfavourable appear* ance of the feafons, are not, as in other countries, attended with famine* and tcry feldom with fcarcity. Perhaps this, in a great meafurej may be. owing to the vaft improvdments of agriculture, for when fcarcity has been complain- ed of, it generally* if not always, proceeded from the exceffive exportationi •f grain on account of the drawback, and the profit of the returns. In fpeaking of water, I do not include rivers, brooks, or lakes ; I mean waters for the common convenience of li^e, and thofe that have miiieral quali-' > ties. The champaign parts of England are generally fupplied with excellent ferlngs and fountains ; though a difcerning palate may perceive, that they frequently contain fome mineral impregnation.. Infome very high lands, the inhabitants are diikefled for water, and fupply themfelves by trenches, or Egging deep wells. Tlie conllitutions of the Englifh, and the difeafes to which they are liable, have rendered them extremely inquifitive after falubri- •us waters, for the recovery and prtfervation of their health i fo that Eng- land contains as many mineral w ; Qs, of known efficacy, ds perhaps any coun- try in the world. The moft celebrated are the hot-baths of Bath and Briflol >a Somerfetfhircj^and of Buxton and Matlobk in Derbyfhire j the mineral waters of Tunbridge, Epfom, Harrowgate, and Scarborough. Sea-water it \ifed as commonly as any other for medical purpofes ; and fo delicate are the tones of the Englifh fibres, that the patients can perceive, both in driiilcing and bathing, a difference between the fea-water of one coaft and that of another. Face^of the couNxaYl The induilry of the Englifh is fach, as to AND MOUNTAiNSi J fupply the abfcnce of thofe favours which na- ture has fo lavifhl/ beftowed upon fome foreign climates, and in many re* fpedis even to exceed them. No nation in the world can equal the cultivated Earts cf England in beautiful fcenes. The variety of high-lands and low mds, the former generally fwelh'ng, and both of them fonning profpeftj equal to the moft luxuriant imagination, the corn and meadow ground, the iiltennixtures of enclofures and plantation, the noble feats, comfortable houfes, cheerful villages, and well-ftocked farhis, qften rifing in the neighbourhood of populous towns and cities, decorated with the moft vivid colours of nature, are inexpreffibl**. The moft barren fpots are not without their verdure ; bin nothing can give us a higher idea of the Englifh induftry than obferving that fome of the pleafanteft counties in the kingdom are naturally the moft barren, but rendered fruitful by labour. Upon the whole, it may be 'l ely afTirmtd, tiiat no country m o^urope cquots ^^ngtSUu lA tuC wCaUty o* »ts profpeCts, or Ihe opulcacc of its inhabrtants. ,,.^„ ^ -■■■• E N'G LAN D. «?9 fpring b«J [he face of The be- jer, yet at St in Italy, erage Sep- ititha In the in the corn- faying thu» the Englifli •effeas that \»ceks, ge- he fruits of 'er by a hot »ble appcar- famine« and y be. psving en complain- exportations :c3 ; I meaa liheral quali-" ath excellent e, that they ^h lands, the trenches, or le dife^es to after falubri- fo that Eng- ips any coun- |h and Briftol the mineral Sea-water is [licate are the |h in drinking and that of Is filch, as to Vrs which na- in many re* the' cultivated nds and low Irvg profpeft» 1 ground, the 'table houfes, tigbbourhood trs of nature, verdure ; bia Ibferving that ; moft barren, 'ely afTirmed, „^frx»Asi or 1 >ougK. Though EagI :>u It full. of delightful rifing grounds, and the ^oft enchant- ing flopcs, yet It contains few mountains. The moft noted are the Peak in'* Derbyftiire, jthe Endle in Lancafhire, the Wolds in Yorkfhire, the Cheviot- hills on the border* of Scotland, the Chrltern in Bucks, Malvern in Wor- cefterlhire, Cotfwould in Gloucefterfhire, the .Wrekin in Shroprtiire ; with thofe of Plinlimnioa and Snowdon io Wales. In general however ,Walei itad the northern parts may be termed mountainous. Rivers and lakes.] The rivers in England add greatly to its beauty ^s well as its opuleilce. The T^hames, the nobleft perhaps in the worldi rffes on the conhiieS of Clouceilerlhire, a little S. W..'of Ciren- cefter ; and after receiving the many tributary ftreams of other rivers, it Siafles to Oxford, then by Abingdon, Walliiigford, Marlow, and Windfor. 'rom thence to Kingfton, where forrnerly it met the tide, which, lince the building of Weftminjter-bridge, is faid to flow no higher than Richmond ; from whence it flows to London, and after dividing the counties of Kent and ElTex, it^ widens in its progrefs, till it Falls into the fea at the Nore, from whence it is navigable for large fliips to London-bridge : h"x for a more par- ticular dcfcription the reader muft confult the map. i^ was formerly a matter of reproach to England aniong foreigners, that fo capital a river fliouM have fo few bridges } thofe of London and Kingfton being the only two it had, from the Nore to the laft mentioned place, for ihany ages. This inconveniency was in fome meafure owing to the dearnefs of materials for building ftotie brl-'ores ; but perhaps more to the fondnefs which the Englifli^ in former days, had for water-carriage, and the encouragement of navigation. The great increafe of riches, commei^ce> and inland trade is now multiplying bridges, and the vvOrld caUnot parallelfor cOmmodioufncfs, architecture, and workmanfliip, thofe lately eredted iit Wefl.minfter and Black Friars : Bat- terfea, Putney, Kew, Richmond, Walton, and Hampton-court, have no «r brii^ges likeewife over the Thames, and others are projecting by public-fpirk- ed proprietors of the grounds on both fides. . The river Medway, which rifes near TunbridgC, falls' Into the Thames at Sheernefs, and is navigable for the largeft fhips as far as Chatham. The Severn, reckoned the fecond river for importance in England, and thefirft for rapidity, rifes at Plinlimmon-hill in North Wales ; becomes navigable at Wellh-pool ; runs eaft to Shrewfbury ; then turning fonth, vifits Bridge- tiorth, Worceftcr, and Tewkefljury, where it receives the Upper Avon ; after having palTed Gloucefter, it takes a fouth-weft direftion ; is near its cnouth increafed by the Wye and Uftre, and difcharges itfelf ijito the Briftol Chan- nel, near King-road ; and there lie the great fliips which cannot get up to Briftol. The Trent rifes iti the Moorlands of Staffordfliire, and running fouth-eaft by Newcaftle-under-LIne, divides that county into two parts ; fheii turning north-eaft on tbe confines of Derbyfliire, vifits Nottingham, running the whole length of jthat county to Lincolnfliire, and being joined by the Oufc, and feveral other ritcrs towards the mouth, obtains the name of the Humber, falling into the fea fouth-eaft of Hull. The other principal rivers in England, are the Oufe (a Gstelic word fig- nifying water In general), which falls into the Humber, after receiving tne water of many other rivers. Another Oufc rifes in Bucks, and rails into the fea near Lynn in Norfolk. The Tyne runp from v/eft to eaft through Northumberland, and falls into the German fea at Tinmouth, below Nftw- caftle. The Tees runs from weft to eaft, dividing Durham from Yflrkfhirs, and falls into the German fea below Stockton. The Tweed runs front "Weft ta eaft on the borden of Scotland, and falls iato the G«nnaa Xea at Bet» . . F f wicL- % K 6-i A a b. ■tnck. *? h^ Edtrees, poplar^ maple, and other kinds of w6od. In ancient times £n(^ Ii(pd contained large woods, if not fbreils, of chefnuttrees,' which exceeded ain other kipds of timber, forthe'^purpofes of building, as appears from many ereat houfes ftin ftandiing, in which the chefaut beams and roofs remain nHS.. freih, and undecayed, though fonie of them above 606 years old. Metals and minerals. J Among the minerals, the tin mines ofCorn- ^ndl defervedly take the lead. They were known to the Greeks and Phenicians, thctlatter efpecially, fome ag^ b^orethat of the Chrittian JEn{ t(>dfince the £ngli(h have found the method of manufafturing their tin into plates, and white iipon, they are of immenfc benefit to the nation. An ore taJled Mundic is found in the beds qf tin, which wat very little regarded^ jfill above 70 years" ago, Sir Gilbert Clark difcoVered the art of manufaftur- ing it, and it isiaid now to bring in 150,000!. a year, and to equal in good.- pefs the beft Spaiiih copper, yielding a proportionable quantity of lapis cala* iniiuitis for liiaking brai^. Thofe tin-works are under peculiar regulations^ by what are called tbe ftannary laws, and the miners have parUaments and Sivileges of their, own, which are in force at this time. The number of Omilh minei^ aTohe i: faid to amount to ; 00,000. Some gold has like- -^ife been difcovercd in Cornwall, and the Engliih lead is impregnated witl) uItvm The Engliih cc^n^d filver is particularly known bv rofes, and that f»f Wales by that prince's cap of lathers. Bevonfhire, and other couatiM B' 'f: f grow m *Jarap(hi, which is I With The Eng #.«' 15 Jf a L* A l^ Dp W. «r thatcityj^ ten diTidin£ xe mouth of •aft to vvtft : Irifh featr Lanc^thire, Che Mcrfcy, tiefbire, ana and iafls iiu Wales, and ow Cheftef. ry and anti? at meres and d ioto arable ;a mei^, and ^e meres in a in clrcumfcT" «ai tnLanca* pur« fubjeds, and ia oiiromii dby lawspe* if paifiing the in ]£yre, fo i\em omened, properly :or, Kfew reftsprbduced befideswal" k times Enjf., lich exceeded ra from many roofs remain old. ines of Corn- Greeks and iriftianiEra; their tin into on. An ore ttle regarded^ f manufaftur* qual in good* r of lapis cala^ regulations, rliaments and he number of rold has lite- .'egnated witlj r>fe8. and that )dier counties r irl tff lEaghndf pMnce V^'ie, bi^t tl^e beft kind^ which msmtf/ji' alace«I Mprthumberland and CMJIhire yield yi^um and jfadt pit«. ^e l^ng^ ^^^1^ c^^ '? °^ ^^'^^ infinite confequencc to the cifsgthinff triide, tl& its exj^pftatiori is prohibited under the f«rrpreft penalties. l^it'anH (ea coal u found tn many cojinties of England," but the dty of London, t» valuable article. ' Vegetablb and AifiMAt pao-1 This is f^ popious an article, and ' Dt7CTioNs' BY SEA ANP LAMP. J fuch Improvements have ))een m;|de &i gardening and agriculture, ever fince the belt printed accounts we have hacl tf both, that much muft be left to the reader's own'o^fervatton and expen- ence. 1 have already touched, in treating on th ' ftlit,fur impi-oving the breed of this favourite and noble animal, and the fuc^ ecft hat been ai^j^en^hlei for they now \inite all the qualitiei and beaUtiet qf Indian, Perflftu, Arabian, Spanifti, and other foreigif horfes, It is no ua* 'common thing for au EnKhm horfe, mare, or geliJinff, though not of the, race t^d, to nia above to mik^ within the hour, and tney have been H""^vn to dog, without its ferticity , sind is particularly diftinguilh- cdporhis fidelity and abcility. All the different fpecies of dogs that a* bound iu other countries, for the field as Wf 11 as domeftic ufes, 1^ to he found mEngbnd. ' . What I have obfervcd of the degen«acy pf the Engliih dpg« in foreign countries is ar'>lnr (pprtfmen. The courage of thefe birds is aftonifliing* and onejof the true breednever leavesthe pit alive without viAory. The proprii;- t-rle, gudgeons, rosjch, dace, ^rey mullet, bream, plaiae, flounders, and craw«fi(h, befjdes a delicate lake-hlh called char, which ff . found in fonne fre(h water lakes of Wales and Cumberland, and as fome fay DO where rife. The fea-fifh arc cod, mackarel, haddock, whiting, henings, pilchards, Ikaite, foles. The john-durv, found towaids the wdtern ouaft, is reckoned' a great delicacy, as is the red mullet. Several other fiih are found on the Cune coafts. A* to ftcll-ftfli, they are chiefly oyftets, the propaga- ^'on of which, upon their proper banks, requires a peculiar culture. Lob- fters, crabs, (hrimps, auV Efcallops, one of the mo(i delicious of (helUfifhes* cockles, v^rilks, periwinkles, and mufcles, with mdny other fmall fhelUfifltf abound in thu Englilh feas> The whales chiefly vitit the northern coaft | but great numbers of porppifes ind feals appear in the channel.' With regard to reptiles, fuch as adders, vmers, fnakes, and worms ; an^ , infeAs, fuch as ants, gnats, lyafps, and flies, Eii|;land is pretty much upoa « par with the reft of Europe < and the dillercncc, if any, becomes morepip^ yer for natural hittory than geography, «. > , Population, INHABITANTS, MAN-l The exen^ptiqp 6f the Englilb NERS, CUSTOMS, AND DivEKSKiNS. J conllitution frum the defpotic pOw» cnexercifed in foreign nations, nut excepting republics, is one great reafop why it is very di£Boult to afcertain the number of inhabitants in England } and yet it is certain that this faiight occaflunally be done, by parliament, ^thont any yiolation pf publiij^ liberty. p«,u probably fpon will take place. With regard topolitical calculations) t^icy mult be very fallible, when applied to England, The prodigious influx of foreigners* who fettle in the nation, the cmijrrations of iuliabitants to America and the Idands, their return frona thence and the ..great number of hands employed in fliipplng, are all of them matters that rjenSer any calculation extremely precarious. Upon the whole, I am apt to think that England is more populous than the eflJma* tors of her inhabitants are willing to allow. The war with France an4 S))ain before the lall, annuually employed aboi.t 200,000 Englilhmen, ex- ciullve of Scotch and Irifli, by fsa ^ad land ; and its progitfs carried,bff, by various means, very near- that number. The decay of population was in- deed fenlibly felt, but nut fo much as it was during the wars in queen Annc'a reign, though not half of the numbers were then employed in. the fea and land fervice. At the fanne time, I am not of opinion that England is at prefent nat,u- rally more populous than flie was in the reign «f Charlts I, though fhe is ac- cidentally (o. The Englllh of former ages were ftrangt.xto the exceffive ufe of fpirltuous liquors, and other modes, uf 'living that are u-^ilruAive of propa> gation. On the other hand, the vail quantities of cultivated lands in ,^ug- land, finee thofe timc«,/*tt might reafonably be prefumed, would be favoura- ble to mauklnd ; but tlris advantage is probably more than counterbabnced by the prev|iling pra£b*ce of engroiiing tarm^ \yhicb is certainly unfavourahla to population ; and, indcoendent ^f this, Uj^w in average, perhaps a flM^v. ned ^uplfi has notXuch a oumeiodt progeny bow as foimterlyt ' 1 will take \,-i m E N G LAN 0. tiif VbUtf to jnalce aiiother obfenratlon, which fslls witlun thf Co^Sf^ncg tf dtablk eveiy rjOMn, and 0hat it th^ incredible inareafe of fof^igin name* updk «ur parifli booki, andlpublic j1|s, cpmpared to wijat they ware even in the Idffn of George I. efide the external graces fo peculiai ro the women in England,* they are ftill to be more valued for their prudent behavionr, thorough deanlinefs, and «. teii4er affefUon for their bulbands and childreot^d all the engaging dd. ties of do'nneftic life. Of all the people in the world, the Englifh keep thcmfelves the moft clieanly. Their nerves are fo delicate, that people of both fexes are fometimei forcibly,' nay mortally affefted by imagination ; Infomuch, that before the pn^cif'of inoculation for the fmall pOx took place, it was thought improper fo mention that loathfome difeafe by its true name, in any'pohte company. This over-fenfibility has been confidered as one of the foiirces pf thofe flngu. kpti^ which {nt ftrongly charfi^enze the Englilh nation. They fometiiufi magnify the flighted appearances into reuities, and bring the moft diftant dan. g^rs i'mnudiatdy home to themfelves ; and yet when real danger approachct,' )no people f^e it with greater refolution or conftancy of i^m^ They sire fotid of dubs and convivial a^ociations ; and when thefe are^kept within tHe hounds of tefhperance «nd moderation, th||| prove the heft care for tU& mental evils, which are fo peculiar to the ^glifli^ that foreign^ have jrO' inouncedtheh) tQ-be nationid. ' ' " The liime"obferv9tiqn9 hold with regard to the higher orders of life, which muft be acknowledged to have undergone a remarkable change fince the accef ifion of the lloufe of Hanover, efpecially of late years. The Englifh nobility knd gentry of great fortunes now aflimilate their nianners to thoie of forettiiers, w(th whom tUey ciUtivate a more freciuent intercorrfie'tban theiir fore»thers did. They do hot 'now travel only as pupils, to bring l^mc thjt vices of the coi^ntries they yifit, under the tuition perhaps of a deq)icable pt> cb^it, or family dependant ; but they travel for the purpofes of fociety, iai at the' more advaneed ftages of life, while their Judgements a^ie mature, ai)d their paflion; regulated. This has enlarged iociety in England, whicK fdreignen now vint as commonly as Englifhmen vidted them, and the eSiSi of the intercourfe become daily more vifible, efpecially as it is not pow, as-for- mierly confined to one Csx. "Such of the Engltlh noblemen and gentlemen as do Rot fti;ike into thofe hi|^ walks ^f life,' affe£k what we call a fnug rather than a fpVndid way of liviiigC They ftudy and underftand better than any people in the woilo* coDveqienqy in their houles, gardens, equipages, and eftates, and they fpuis no cqil to purchafe it. It has, however been obfervcd, that this turn rendet» them left cominunicatiye than they ought to be : but, on the other hand. the few conneftiobs they foriti, arernocere, cheerful and indiflblubie. The liu iiitbitjidel^ehd]pretty iar iatb'^ ranks, and are oiipen diiccpuble antcsz ENGLAND' *si Ttik lore of fnugnefi and conven^ency may be tailed tlM piling e EngliAi people, and u the ultimate end of ill tKeir application^^ trt^cfmeii. Eaifionofthe^ p • ^ - .. ., v iboun. and fatiguei , wnkh are incredible. A good ofcconomift ^ with % bride ruii of trade, it generally, when turned of jfo, in a condition to reCuc. 6om bi^indfa ; that ii, either to purchafe an eftate, or to fettle Iut,inbncy iii > the funds. He then commonly refides in a comfortable hoiife in the co^a.-' try, often his native county, andexpedls to.be treated on the fbotiag of a gentleman ; but his ftyle of living is always judiciuufly fuited to kit cir* (junitancea. . , . _» The overfenfibikty of the £ngli{h is difcovered in nothing more than vi the vai^ fubfcriptions for public charities, raifed by all degrees of both fexes. An £ngli(hman feels all the pains which a fellow-creature fuifeirs, and jpoor •nd miierable objeos are adieyed in England with a liberality that fome time or other may prove injurious to induftry ; becaufe it takes from tKe[ lower ranks the ufual motives of labour, tliat they may fave fomewhat for' themfelves ,and families, utainll the days 6f age or ficknefs. The' very people who contribute to thole nlle£tion's are affeiled in pfoportiun to their property tor their parochial poor, who have a legal demand for their maintenance f and upwards of tliKe millions fterltng is faid to be colle6led yearly in thiai< country for charitafble purpofes. The infUtutions however of extra-parochial infirmanes, hofpitals, and the like, are in. fome cafes repr,ehenrible. iiic raft fuilas beftpwed, in building them, the contrai6:s made by their go- vembrs,. and even the eie£^ion of phyficians, who thereby, qualified or un* qualified^ acquire credit, <^bich is the fame as profit, very often be?et heatfi ijid cabiJs, which are very dinerent from the purpofes of difidtereftcd charityi^ owing to the violent attacbments and pfepoj^flibns of friends, and too otteti even to party coniideration^. ,>..■.. ■ l . .1 Wbtwithftanding thofe no01e providons, which would baniin poverty fi-om atiy other country, the ftrcets m London, and the highways of England,, abound \vith obje^s of ^(iref8,1mo ^g in defiance oJ(lthe law's,, which render the pnU^ice feveiiiy puhifhable. This is partly owing to the mahneria which the poor people livcf who coqiiderthe food to be uneatable which in other countries womd be thought luxurious. »'• . TheEnglifh liflen to the voice of misfortunes in tr^de, wli^'er xtaLfjit. fended, defervedor accidental, &nd generoufl'y contribute tp.tpe relief of the parties, fometimes even by plar '.ng them in a more creditable condition than ever. , The lowe;^ bred of the Englilh are capable of thefe ijidthe like generous anions \ but they often make an oftentatious difplay of their own merits, which diminiflics their valui!. . There is among the generality of the Englilh of all ranks, an unpardonable preference given to wealthy above moft dther confiderations. Ricnes, both in puMic and private, are often thoug^]^ tocompenfate for thcabfence of almoft every go<^ quality. This offenuvii failing aYifes partly from the people being fo much addided to trade and coni* tn^rce, the great pbjeA of which is gain ; and partly from the democr^tical prt of dieu: conftitution, wltich makes the pofTeffion of property a quaufica« tion for the legiflature, and for almoft every other fpecies of magiftracy, government, . honours, arid diftin6Uons. ^^ An Engllfhman, of education and reading, is the mofl accompliihed gentle* loan in the world: he is however fhy and r'eferved in his coinmunications. -^ This unamiabfe coMnefs is fo far from beirig affeded, that it is a part of thev tntural conlUtution. Living lejwning and gcj^nus, oflen .meet not withi th?ir ^table regard crcipi, ipxim the fim-rate EnglifhnieD: and it i^^not unufual for tliea t9 tlttiow ftfide we beft produftii^s of liteAtturC} if they, areaot ac^jaunt* .,, - ■ '' ^ ed M t U O i A V h ed wirh t|j« «utW. While the (late diftinftlon of Whig wid Tory fubfifte^ the hirajs oFeuch pirty aile^led to patronize men of literary abilities ) but the pecuiuatyencouragemcDts given therti were but very moderate, and the very few who met with prefcrmeiits in the ftate, might have earned them by a com. petent knowledge orbuliiicfi, and that pliability which the dependentH in office generally poflefs. We fcarccly ha*e an inftance, even in the munificent rcigir of queen Anne, or of her predeceffors, who owed fo much to the prrfu, of a rtian of genius, at fuch, being made eafy in his circumiUnces. Mr. Addifoir had about 300I. a year of the pubh'c money to aflill him in his travels {and Mr; ope, though a Roman cattiolic, was offered, but did not accept cif, the like penJion from Mr. Claffgs, the whig fccretary of ftate j and it was remarked, that his ury friend and companion the eairl of Oxford, when fole miriifter, did nothing for him, but bewail his misfortune in being a papid. Indeed, a fevr men of dininguifhed UtefMyabilities, as well as fome withoilt, have of late received penfipns from the crown ; but from thecondud^ of fome c(f (hem it fliould feem, that itatc and party fervices have been expelled in return. The unevennefs bf the EnglKh in their converfa|ion ia very remarkable: fomctimes it is delicate, fprigiitly, and replete with true wit ; fometimes it ii foliclj ingenious, and Argumentative } fotlietimes it is cold and phlegmatic, and borders ilpOn difgud, and all in the fame perfon. Iir many of their cinvivial meetings they are very noify, and their wit is often offenfive, while the Ludeft •re the moil applauded. Thiti is 'particulary apt to be the. cafe in large com* panics ; but in fmallei* and luore feleA parties, all the {ileafures of rational Converfation, and agreeable fociety, are enjoyed in England in a very l^igh degtie* Courage is a quality that feemft to De congen'al to the Englifh nation. Boys, before they can fpeak, difcover that they know the proper guards in boxing with their fifts ; a Quality that perhaps i* peculiar to the Enelifh, and is feconded by a ftrength of arair that few other people can exert. 1 his gives the Engli/h foldier an infinite fuperiority in all battles that are to be decided by the bayonet fcrewed upon the muiket. "Jlie Englilh courage has likewift the property, under able commanders, of being equally paiTive as a^ive. Their Ibldiers will keep up their fire'in the mouth of danger, but when thty deliver It, it halt a moil dreadful eSi^t upon their enemies } and in naval engage- >inentt they are unequaUed. The Englifh are |>ot remarkable for inventioD, though they are for their improvements upon the inventions of othei's, and in the mechanical arts they excel all nations in the world. The intenfe appL'cS' tion which an Englifhman gives to tt favourite fti^dy is incredible, and, as it were, abforbs all his other ideas. This creates the numerous inHances of mental abfences that are to be foiind in the nation. All that I have faid concerning the Englifh, is to be underftood of them in general, as they arc at prefent ; for it is not to be diffembled, that every day produces flrong indications of great alterations in their maitners. The great , fortunes made during the late and the preceding wars, the immense acquifitions ^ •f territory by the peace of 1763, and above all, the amazing increafe ofter* ritorial as well as commercial property in the Eaft Indies, introduced a fpecici of people among the Englifh, who have become rich without induftry, and by diminifhiiig the value of gold and fdver have created a new fyftem of fmancei in the nation. Time alone can fhew the event ; hitherto the 'confequcncet feem to have been unfavourable, as it has introduced among the commercial \ . nks a fpirit of luxury and gaming that is attended with the moflf fatal cSe&h and an emulation amo{ig merchants and traders of all kinds, to equal, or ia> pafs the nobil'ty and the courtier^., The plain frugal manners of menof buii* ' nefs, which prevailed fo lately m the acceHlon of the orefent family to the $twm, 9xe now difiregarded ror taftdefs ektrava|^ance of dref» aad equipag^ tf H* O L A }t D. ^ and the nMift expenfive amufemcntyind diverAons, not dtdj {9 the eapittl, bat 1^ over the trading towns of the kingdom. Even the cuftomi of the Englifh Euivet llnce the beginninflr of thi* centurr, underi.'une an almoft total altemtion. Their ancient horpitality fubfills but m few places in the country, or is. revired only upon eleoioneering occafiont. Ma»y of their favu^'te diverfions ane now difufed. xhofe remaining, ' are operas, dramatic exhibitions, ridottos, and fometimes mafquerades in or near London ; but concerts of muik, and card aiul dancing aflembUes^arccom ion ill over the kingdom. I have already mentioned (lag and fox hunting, and horfe races, of which many of the Englllh arc fond, even to infatuationj Somewhat however may be offered by way of apology for thofe diverfiona : the intenfe application which the Englifh give to bulindls, their fedencary lives* and luxurious diet, require exercife ; ai d fome think that their excellent breed of hurfes is increafcd and improved by thofe amufementi. The Englifh aro remarkably cool, both in loAng and winning at play ; but the fojfmer is fillhc* times attended with ads of fuicide. An Englifhman will rather murder him^ f(l^, than bring a iharpe% who he knows has fleeced him, to cqndign puniflt- meat, eyien though warranted by law. Next to horfe-racing and huntinjg^ cock-fighting, to the reproach of the nation, is a favourite diveni&n among this great as well as the vulgan Multitudes of both daffes aiTemble r6uifd the pit at one of thofe matches, and enjoy the pangs and death of this generouttunimaly Ctrery fpe£lator being concerned in a bet, fometimes of high fums. The ath« letic divcrtion of cricket is (till kept up in the fouthern and welter ^ parts of England, and is fometimes prafliCed by people of the higheftraak. Many- other pailimes are common m England, (ome of them of a very robuft natures fuch as cudgelling, wrelUing, bowls, (kittles, quoits, and prifon ![ard to elegance, neatn^, and richnefs of ^trire. People of quality an^ ortune, of both fexes, appear on high occafipns, in cloth of gold and lilver«-' thericheft brocades, fatins, filks, and velvets, bath flowered aadpkuo: and w *tt "E N © t A *l 15. It IB to the honouf of the c6urty that the fiyviffn maflufiiAum of alf fibe(« m dif'^ouraged. Some of thefe rlct^ ftuifs are MA to be brought to as gre«t perf-Aton in England as they are in France, or any other nation. The quaau itie> of jewels that appear on public occafions are incredible, efpecially fince* thr. vail acqliifitions QLthe Eiiglifh in the Eaft Indies. The fame nobility, affd perfons of diftinftion, on ordinary otx-aGons, drefs like creditable citizens, that is; neat, clean, and plain, in the fineft cloth and the beft of linen. The fjlU drefs of a clergyman confids of his gown, caflbck, fcarf, beaver hat and mfe, all of black ; his uudrefs is a dark grey frock, and plain linen. The phyficians, the formality of whofe ''••'•fs, in large tie perukes, and fwords^ wm' formerly remarkable .if not ridicoloih, begin now to drefs like other gentl^ men, andmen of bufmefs. Few Englifhmen, tradefmen, tnerchants, and lav* yers, as \m11 as men of landed property, arc without fome paHion for the fporti of the field, on which occalions they drefs with remarkable propriety in a light irodk, narrow; brimmed hat, 5f c. The people of England love rather to he neat than fine in their apparel ; but fince the acc^flion of his prefent majefty, the drefles at covirt, op particular occafions, are fuperb beyond defcription. Few even of the loweft tradefinen, on Sundays,.carry aboU^ therji lefs than lol. il& clothing, comprehending hat, wig, ftockingS, (hoes, and linen, and even ntatiy begrairs in the ftreets appear decent in- their drefs. In (hort, none hut tkt ihoft abandoned of both fexes a^e otherwife ; and the appearance of an artifan or maitufa^lurer in holiday times, is commonly an indication of his in> duftry and quorals^ Relioioi«.3 Eufebius, and other ancient writers, pofitivcly aflert, that Chriiiianity was firit preached iti South Britain by the apjflles and their dif* dples ; and it \fi reafon;\ble to ftippofe, that the fuccefs of ihe Romans open* cd a highway for ti»e trivssiphs of the gofpel of peace. It is certain alfo, that ndany of the foldiers and officers in the Roman armies were Chriilians ;■ and as tbtir legions were repeatedly fent over to Engbnd to extend as well is prrferve j^eirconqyefts, it is probable that thus Chriftianity was diffuftd' among the natives. If any of the apoftles vifited this country, and our hea* ' 30Ut Jofeph of Simon Zelotes [da. We have iber of perloM ,p Uiheritithe , churches witb ity advanced its levcral diftrift'' aion refpefti"5 [only oblervein Oxford in tin in Europe wh9 which had pal- church is epj* onverted by the ph eVfiry bAop [e inferior clergy I ,riaicd in 'ff\ ,cen accufea fQU reeUundredtol fcUM 'fetirt4e4 Viindr^ a^yev, and manv, particularly in Wales, beipg too fmall to ' naintaia a clergyman, efpecially it he has ajamily, with aoy tolerable decency*; / 4)ut this feems not eadly to be remedied, *ualeis the digiUfie^ clergy woulA.*'^ adopt and fupport the •reforming fcheme. The crown, as well as private pdr- ■ ^«ns, has done great thinga towards the augmentation of, poor liTiDgs. * The . dignitaries of the church of England, fuch as deans, .prebendariei, and the like, have generally large incomes $ fome of them exceeding in valjiiic thofeof bi(hoprics,for which reafon the revenues of a rich deanij, or other liv- ing, ia often annexed to a poor bifhopric. At prefcnt, the clergy of tkt fhurch of England, as to tempo* al matters, are iil a moft flouriihing. utuation, becaufe the value of their tithes increafes with the improTiEknents of lands,- which of late have been amazing in England. Th^ fovereigns or England, ever fince the reign^ of Henry VIII. have been called in public writs, the Xujprcme heads of the church ; bqt this title conveys no fpiritual meaning ; as, it only denotes the regal power, to prevent any ecclefialtical diflferences, or in other wordsy to fubllit'ute the ^ng^ in place of the pope before the Reformatioo, with regard to temporalities, and the internal oeconomy of the church. The kings of England never intermeddle in ecclefiaftical difputes, unleb by pre- venting the convocation from fitting to ^itate them, and are' cbntentei| io give a fanftion to the legal rights of the clergy. ^j. The church of England, under tliis defcriptioa of the moparcbical power over it, is governed by two archt^fhops, and twenty-four bifbops befid^^ tho bifhop of Sodor and Nian, who not being pofTefled of an Englifh barony, doea not fit in the houfe of peers. The archbifhops are thofe of Catttirbvury and York, who are dignified with the addrefs of Your Grace. The former is the iird peer of the realm as well as tnetropolitan of the Eaglilh chorch. He takes precedence, nex^;to the royal fanpily, of alh dutkeaiind officers of ftate. He ia enabled to hold eceledaftioal courts upon all affairs thatairere cogntfable in the court of Rome, when jaot repugnaiit to ihe law of God, ear the king's prerogative. He-has the privilege confequently of |^ranting,ip certain cafes, " licences and difpenfationa, together with the probate of wiUs, when the pyrty dying is wortji upwards of five pounds., ^efides )iis own diocefe, l^t^haa* under him the biihops of London, Wincheftj^, Ely, LinGolit,'-'Rochefter, Litchfield and Coventry, Hereford, Worcefter, Beth md Wells, SalifhutV,' Exeter, Chicheiler, Norwich, Glouceiler, 43xford, Peterborough, Brift^ ^ and, in Wales, St. David's, Landaif, St. Afaph, aad Bangor. 'w^ The archbifhop of Canterbury has, by the conltiiwtjon and laflrs of ]|i||f- land, fuch extenfive powers, that ever iince the death of archbifliop ^aud ,(whofe chara£^er will be hereafter given) the government of England has chiefly tht^ught proper to raife to that dignity men of very moderate prin- ciples ; bat they have generally been men of donfiderable learniHg and Abili- ties, This pradice has been attended with excellent efF«»£l8, with regard to the public tranquillity of the church, and confequently of the ftate. The archbifhopfof York takes place of all dukes not of the blood royal, and of all officers of fUte, the lord chancellor.excepted. He has in his province, befide his own diocefe, the bifhoprids of Durham, Carlifle, Chciler, and So- dor and Man. In Northumberland, he has the power of a palatine, and j.u- rifdidtion in all criminal -proceedings. The bifhops are addreffed by the appeUatioq of your Loi^ifhSps ; ftyled " Right reverend fathers in God," and take the precedence, of all tempoind barons, Thpy have all the privileges of peers ; and the bi(h<^rics of IjOii> Mtii Winchcflcr, Duiiiam, Salisbury, Ely, and Lincoln, require »» addttioa- G g 2 . al 399 . E N G X A N U. • -.-^^ N" al revenOM to fupport their prelates in the rank of noblemen. Engli(h blrti, ^8 are to exaoame and ordain priefts and deacons, to confecrate churches and Jsttrying places, and to a^iniftcr the rite of confirmation. Their juriadiftion relates to ihi probation of wills ; to grant adminiftration of goods to fuch as die intellAtc ; to take care of periftiable goods when no one will adminiftcr ; tQ Collate to benefices ; to grant inftitutions to livinge j to defend the liber- ties oiFthe church ; and to vifit their own diocefes once in thrpe years. To the following lift of Arbiflioprics and Bifhoprics, I have fubjoined.the fum each fee is charged in the king's books ; for though that fum is far from being the real annual value of the fee, yet it affifts in forming a compa- rative eftimate between the revenues- of each fee with thofe of another. Canterbury,' J. V . B I S H O liondon, - - 2000 o o Durham, - - 1821 i 3 Winchefter, — 3124. 12 8 Thefe three biftioprics take precgden- cy of all others in England, and , .;•- the others accordmg to the feniori-. ty of their confecrations. ARCHBISHOPRICS. jlf.2682 12 2 I York, - - " ^.1610 ♦ , Ely, Bath and Wells, Hereford, " - Rochefter, - Litchfield and Coventry, Chefter . -- ^ - Worcefter, ' < m» 2134 18 6 533 768 358 559 17 3 420 I 8 929 »3 3 I 3 II o 4 o p R J c s. '«'i^^*ssKt vmp Chichefter, -^ 677 St. Afaph, - - 187 Salirbury, Bangor, Norwich, ^. if L- Glouccfter, Lincoln, • '■ LandafF, v> Briftol, Carlifle* Exeter, Peterborough, Oxford, St. David's, '^1385 I ^, .mil 1 t!*»> »■ /J -I 9 '3 n 8 50 16 3 II 7 7 3 »34 315 894 18 154 14 2 294 II 531 4 9 500 4I4 17 8 •^ ''^m 381 II '>v«".*' "f 426 2 I Deans and prebendaries of cathedrals have been already mentioned : but it would perhaps be difficult to aiTign their utihty in the church, farther than to add to the pomp of wojrfliip, and to make provifion for clergymen of eminence and merit ; but intereft often prevails over merit in the appointment. Eng- land contains about fixty archdeacons, whofe office is to vifit the churches twice or thrice eveiY year, but their offices are lefs Incrative than they are honourable. Subordinate to them arc the rural deans, formerly ftyled arcli- pfefbytcrs, who fignify the bifhop's pleafure to his clergy, the lower clafs of which confifts of prieils and deacons. The eccleil 'ical government of England is, properly fpeaking, lodged in the convocation, which is a national reprefentativc or fynod, and anfwers pretty nearly to the Ideas we have of a parlaiment. They are convoked at the fame time with every parliament, and their, bufiucfs is to confider of tke ftate of the church, and to call thofe to an account who have advanced new -opinions, inconfifterit with the dodtrines of the church of England. Some hiffh-flying clergymen, during the reign of queen Anne, and in the beginning of that of George I. raifed the povver of the convocation to a height that was inconfiftent with the principles of religious toleration, and indeed of civil li- berty ; fo tliat the crown was obliged to exert its prerogative of calling the members together, and of diffolving them, and ever fince, they have not been permitted to fit for any time in which they could do bufinefs. The court of arches is the moft ancient confiftory of the province of On , : : ■ ■% : '. ■- ■ . • ■ * ■ »« '^ tcr- .'IV' *.'/ S: NT G L A N D: m:' ngliftibifh* urches and juriadi£lion 1 to fuch a» adminiftcT} d the libep nrs. ibjoined.the : turn is far tg a compa- nothcr. .101 to 9 677 ' 3 187 11 8 1385 5 131 16 3 834 " 7 3»5 7 3 894 18 I 154 142 294 II 53' 49 -500 i''>4i4 17 8 #'581 11 ,'% 426 t I aoxkA I but it farther than to :n of eminence ;ment. Eng- the churches thwti they arc ly ftyled arch- lower clafs of [ing, lodged in and anfwcrs |e convoked at lonfider of the ladvaiiced new jgland. Some Ithe beginning [eight that was lecd of civil li- ] of calling the have act been jvince of C»"- tci- tei-bury, and all appeals in church matters, from the judgment of the Inferlof •courts, are directed to this. The procelfes run in the nsfrtie of the jlidgc» who is sailed dean of the arches; and the advocates who plaad in this courit muft he doftors of , the civil law. The court of audience has the fanieautho^ rity with this, to wKich the archbishop's chanceiy was formerly joined. The prerogative court is that wherein wills are proved, and adininiftration taken out. The court of peculiars, relating to certain pariihes, have a jurifdifUoit among themfelves, for the -probate of wills, and are therefore exempt from the bifliop's conrfs. The fee of Canterbury has no.lefs than fifteen of thcfe peculiars. The court of delegates receives its name from its confiftiag of. commiffioners delegated or appointed by the royal commifllon ) but it is no ftanding coUrt. Every bifhop has alfo a court of his own, called the con- fiftory court. Every archd<;acon has likewife his court, as well as the dean and chapter of every cathedral. The church of England is now, beyond any other national church, to- lerant in its principles. Moderation is its governing charadter, and in Eng- land no religious feft is prevented from worihipping God in that manner which their confciences approve. Some fevere laws, were, indeed, latdy in force againll: thofe protellant diffenters who did not affent to the dodrinal articles of the church of England) but thefelaws were not executed} and in 1779* religious liberty received a confiderable augmentation, by an aft which was then paiTed for granting a legal toleration to dilfenting minifters and fchool- 1 mailers, without their fubfcribing any of the articles of the church- of Eng- and. Not to enter upon the motives of the reformation under Henry [II. it is certain that epifcopal government, excepting the few years from the civil wars under Charles I. to the reftoration of his fon, has ever fince , prevailed in England. The wifdom of acknowledging the kmg the head of the church, j| confpicuous, in difcouraging all religious perfecUtton and intd- lerancy ; and if religious fectaries have multiplied in Engfend, it is frtim the fame principle that civil licentioufnefs has prevailed I mean a tend^mefs in ' matters that can affcft either confcience or liberty. 'The bias which th« clergy had towards popery in the reign of Henry VIII. and his fon, a«d even' fo late as that of Elizabeth, occafioned an interpofition of the civil power for a farther reformation. Thence alfo the ftiritaits, fo called from their maintaining a fmgular purity of life and manners. Many of them were worthy pious men, and fome of them good patriots. There defcendants are the modern prefbyterians, who retain the fame charafter, and have true princi- ples of civil and religious liberty ; but their theological fentiments have un- dergone n confiderable change. Their doftrine, like the church of Scotland, was ,(aly' derived from the Geneva plan, inftituted by Calvin and ten- ded la an abolition of epifcopacy, and to veiling the goveniment of the "^ church in a parity of pretbyters. But the modern Englifli prcfbyteriaus, in their ideas of church government, differ little from the independents, or con- gregationalifts, who arc fo called from holding the independency of congre- gational churches, without any refpeft to doftrine ; and in this fenfe almoft I ail the dijfenteh in England are now become independenls. As to points of 'doftrine, the prelbyterians are generally Arminians. Many of their minifters have greatly diftinguiihed themfelves by their learning and abilities, and fome? of their writings are held in high eftimation by macy of the clergy, and other members of the eftabliflied church. The fame may be faid of fome of the in- dependent and baptift-miniilers. The indtprndents are generally Calvinifts. 1 he baptifts do not believe that infants are proper fubjeds df baptifm, and >n the baptifm of adults they praftife immeifion mte v,'aX/^ They are divid*> M> ENGLAND. led into two daflee, which arc ftyled general baptiils, and pafticular baptiftm -'The general bapdfta are Armlaians, and the particular baptiftg are Calvinifts. The moderate clerg)- of the church of England treat the proteftant difen- telrs with affeftion and friendfhip : and though the hierarchy of their church, and the chara&er of biihops, are capital points in their rdigion, they confidcr their difference^ with the preiby terians, and even with the baptilU, as not being very material to falvation ; nor indeed do many of the eftablifhed church think iliat they are ftri£ily and confcientioufly bound to believe the do^Inal parti of the thirty- nine articles, which they are obliged to fubfcribe before they can enter into holy orders. Several of thcjm have of lat? contended in their writings, that all fubfcriptions to religious fyftems are repugnant to t|ie fpi. lit of Chrillianity, and to reformation. Some doftrines which were former. ly generally confidered as too facred to be oppofed, or even examined, are now publicly controverted, particularly.the do6trine of the "Trinity. Placet «f wsrfliip have been eftablifhed in which that doi^rine has been openly r^ sounced ; and feveral clergyjnen have throw n up valuable livings in the •church, and afligned their difbelief of that dp^ine as the motiye ^f their conduA. _ , • •.-•.• s;M-.j;fe,'. '. The Mtthodifts are a fe£l of a late inftitution, and their founder Is general. ly looked upon to be Mr. Geoi|ge Whit field, a divine of the rhurch of Eng- land ; but it is difficult to defcribe tlie tenets of this numerous ""iOi, They pretend to great fervour and devotion, and their founder thought that the form of ecckfiailical wor/hip, and prayers whether taken from a common prayer book, or poured ,forth extempore, was a matter of indifference, he •ccordingly made ufe of both thefe methods. His followers are rigid oh. iervcrs of the doftrinal articles of the church of England, anc profels them- felves to be Calvinifts. But even the fe£l of methodiiU is iplit among theni< felves, fome of them acknowledging Mr. Whitefield, »nd otluxB Mr. Wefley, for their leader ; not to mention a variety of i'ubordinuie icCls (Tome of whom are from Scotland, particularly the Sandemaniatu ) who ha\ e their fcpiirate followers* hut very few, at London juid other places i n Eng' and. Mr. White* field died a few years fmce ; but the places uf woriliip eretied by him near Xrf>ndor, are ftill freqnented by perfons of the fame principles, and' they pre- fefs a great refp^Sb for his memory. Some of the CalvjnilUc dp ing into tjte world, is endued with a meafure of the light, grace, or good fpiiit of Chn'ft, by which, as it is a*tended to, he is enabled to diftinguifli good from evO, and to correft the corrupt- propenfities of his nature, which fnere reafon is altogether infufficicnt to overcome. «< They think the influence of the Spirit efpccially neceflary to th- per- ' formance of worftiip ; and confider as obftruftionsto pure worfliip, all formi which divert the attention of the mind from the fecrct influence of this unc* tion from the Holy One. They think it incumbent on Chriib'ans to meet often together, and to wait in lilence to have a true fight of their condition beftowedupo!! them ; behevihfr even a fingle figh arlfing from fuch afcnfeto be morei acceptable to God than any performances, howevei* fpecious, which originate in the wrill of man. " As they do net encourage any miniftry but that which is believed t(» fpVing from the influence of the Holy Spirit, fo neither do they reflrain this influence to pe/fons of any condition in life, or to the male fex alone ; but as male and female are one in Chrift, they allow fuch of the female fex as arc en- dued with a right qualification for the miniftry, to exercife their gifts for the general edification of the church. \ " Refpefting baptifm, and what is termed the Lord's .fupper, they be- lieve, that the baptifm with water, adminiftered by John, belonged to an in- ferior and decreafing difpen utioii. " With refpeft to the other rite, they believe that communion between Cnrift and his church is not maintained by aiiy external performance ; but only by a real participation of his divine nature through faith. ♦' 'Ilhey declare againft oaths and war; abiding literally by Chrift's pofi- tive injunftion, " Swear not at all."' From the precepts of the gofpel, from the example of our Lord, and from his fpirit in their hearts, they maintain that wars and fightings are repugnant to the gofpel. " They difufe the names of the w.-^nths and days, which were given in honour of the heroes or falfe gods ef the beathens ; and the cuftom of fpeak- ing to a fingle perfon in the plural numbe.-j as having arifen alfo from mo- tives of adulation. Compliments, fuprtrfluity of apparel, and furniture, out- ward ftiews of rejoicing, and mourning, and obfervati'ons of days and timess they efteem to be incompatible with the fimplicity and fincerity of a Ch .1- tian life ; and public diverfions, gaming, and othe*- vain amufementa of tiic world, they condemn 38 a wafte of t": v.e, and diverting the attention of the mind from the fober duti-s of life. " This fociety hath a difcipline eftablifhed among them, the purpofes of which are the relief of the poor — the malntence of rrood order — the fupport ef the teftioionies which they believe it is their l..^y to bear to the world— and the help and recovery of fuch as are overtaken in faults. " It is their decided judgment that it is contrary to the gofpel to me eack other at law. They enjoin ail to end their differences by fpeedy and impar- tial arbitFation according to rules laid down. If any refufe to adopt thia mode, or paving adopted it, to fubmit to the award, it is theTule of th?-fo- «iety that fuch be difowned." It is well known that Wil1i.;m Penn, one of this fociety, founded the pro- vince of Pennfylvania, and introduced therein a plan of civii and religious li- — berty, particularly of the latter, at that time unexampled* The govemrrient of Uie'|>rQviBce was ^t firft, aad for aaay ycars^ chiefly U|'tiae haods .:)f the ^uakeM I *# € ;tueny u|' »?4 E N G L A N D. t^;'' *l\ia'«;,f 3 but as perfons of other perfua/ions increafed, and became part» ■'^ >f power, tlicy grew uncai'y at the pacific plan of tlie quakcrs, and at' .lt;>jf*a fuccceding to cdablllh fiich modes of dcfcncfc for their country as did iiot accord with the principl'.'ss of the latter, tficfe gradual'y n'thdvi.v,' ihcm- felves froiri adivc einplovuionts in the itatc. For lomc time ftv.virM'i t > the late revolution^ few of them were in any other llation ilua tlvit. cf privatf. citt^ens ; and during its progrcfs, their rcfuijng to am caj' fid them to much fufFering, i-y drUnu'itB levicjJi ou themi in ordjur to procuie their quota infiipportof the war. /.V _.^,. . '', .,,«if'. Many families in Engl.iid ftiH pstrcUthe Roihiui c^tholii: religion, and its eK;;icife is under very mil! and gentlr- i •■Iriftions. ThoUi;'i the penal laws againltpajfftsin England app arat /h-!l ;,. he fevcre> } '.t they are either not executed, or with fo nm:'! l.";'i':y, thai ;; Roman cathohc fcdb himfelf un. der few hardihips. Leg...l evasions arc iouuil o;i for the dotibie tax?.; i.j)ui> their Inndtd property, and as th'-y are fuh;. cl t;> oovi ,' of llie expencvs an! troublcR (unlel's v^ 'untary) attending public offins, v'^irliamcutaiy t'rolilous, aiid Xlu- !'.;<- burdei.:;, the Englilh papilb arc in g,: lera! in good circu..n uicea Hb 1.'0 "lu-ic private .'brtunes. iJonie of »hc per;al laws airamfi i>.'m have alfo rateiy .'••jtr*' i-<^!^e;iU'>i, mu:h to the fatisfattion of all liberal-niindcd men, though a A-he;; ,.?:<: ciitciy ivas afterwards raifed agaioil the meafuVe by ig. nwauce ai.d V'';A)lry. The papilb nowfcem to be convinced, that a change vemmi:vri nilcad 'if beiteving would hurt their fauition, bccaufe it would incrcRfs fhc jealuufy ol' the kgillature, which mud undoubtediy cxpofe them da>!/ to gicatei burdens and heavier penalties. ThLi i'enhble c'onfidcration has of late made the Reman catholics to appear as dutfuland zealous fubjefli as any his majfifty has. Scarcely any Englifh papifts, excepting thofe who w "re bred, or had fcrved abroad, were engaged in tlie rebellion of the year 1747, and though thofe at home were moH carefully obfervcd, few or none of them were found guilty of difloyal pradlices. As England has beeh famoX'S for the variety of its religious fefts, fo it has alfo for its Fri;e-th'tnkcr ; ; but that term has been appli-d in very different fenfes* It has fometinies been uled to denote oppofers of religion in gcnenl, and in particular of revealed religion ; but it has affo been applied to thofe jwho have been far from difbeheving Chriftianity, and who have only oppofcd . fome of thofe doftrines wh!i:h are to be found in public creeds and fonnularics, but which they ci>nceived to be no part of the original Ghriilian fyilem. As to thofe who are truly cifijls or ittfideh, there is abundant reafon to believe, thiit this clafs of men is much more numemus in fome popilh countries than in England. Chriilianity is fo much obfc.ired and disiiguri^d by the fopperies ,and fupenlitions of the Romifli church that men who think freely are nntr- rally apt to be prejridiced againit it, when they fee it in fo difadvantageous a form ; and this appears to be in fact very much the cafe abroad. But in England, where men have every opportunity of feeing it exhibited in a more rational manner, they have Icfs caul'e to be prejudiced againfl it; and there- fore are more ready to enter into an examination of the < 'dence of its divine origin. Ncr does it appear, that the writings of the 1 . 'f.j againll Chrif- tianity have been of any real diflcn-ice to it. On tl • 'trary, they have caufed the argtim/'nts in its favour to be ufed with grc: c cc and clcarnefs, and have been t :an!. of producing fuch dcf.. >■ ";' as all the acutenefi t)f modern infi 5 iias been itnable to overthrc Languagb.j The Englilh language is kno^' ; . ; 'je a compound of al- ^e in Europe, particular!*-' t' ' r>von, the French, and I; however; predominatce i ..ucitr vordst" a ;h? Celti ■■#■?¥■ W'*?'^ . y* G«.iicr Mtv ;« we4 ^/•^:; £ N O L A N D. 4^ became partspr ualcers, and nt country as did p(«vii'vi'3 t ' the tii.it cf private, p f'.d tWni to me their quota religion, audits , the pcual laws y are either not eels himfelf un. ibic tax?; J t.pui' le expcnc'js au] :ut;>ry t'fftloiib, )d circu..H -xa i i.',.'m have alfo •al-mindcd men, meafu're by ig- d, that a chanjre bccaufe it would :diy expofe them ble c^oiilideralion I zealous fubjeftj :pting thofe who cllion of the year d, few or none of DU9 feAs, fo it has in very dittcrent :lIgion in general, applied to ihofc avc ouly oppofcd .s and formularies, [Uanfyll-em. Ai m to believe, that [countries than in by the foppeiies . freely are n:itr- lifadvantageousa abroad. But in hibited in a more |na it; and there- ience of its ilivmc U againll Chrif- -trary, they ha« ce and ckameis. all the acutenefi compound ot al- "" ch, and the riencli ordslhat >i« bor- iowcd IVoni the f icncb, being nuireally Latin» are cotnmon to othdr nMlpaij! particularly the Spaniards and the Italians. To defcribeit abftra^edly^ would le luperfludus to an flnglifli reader, but relatively, it enjoy» all th4 properties, without many of the drfcdlt, of other £uropean labgiiagts. It- is more energetic, manly, and e^preflive, than either the French or th6 Itav lian ; more copious than the Spaniih, and .more eloquent tha;< the flfcrman* . or the other northern tongues. It is however fubjeft to fome conudetable ■ piovincialities in its accent, there being rnUcK difference in the pronurftiiation of the inhabitants of different counties | but this chiefly affeds the loweit of the people ; for as to well-educated and well-bred perfons there is Uttle dif^^ ferencu in their pnmunciation all over the kingdom. People of fortune an4 education in England, of «both fcxes, alfo commonly either fpeak or under^ (land the French, and jjmany of them the Italian and Spanifh : biit it ha* been obfervcd, that foreign nations have great difRciilty in underftanding the few Englifli who talk Latin, whicb is perhaps the reafon why that language is much difufed in England, even by the learned profef^ons. .• .-■>>;;)>4;',>iHij.i Learning and learned men.] England ma^e looked upon as ani other word fot the f«it of learning and the Mufes. Her gfreat Alfred cultir vated both, in the time of the Saxons, when barbarism and ignorance bver^ fpread the reft of Europe : nor has there, fmce his time, been wanting a cod^ tiuual fuccefltun of learned men, who have diitinguiflied theihfclves by their writings or ftudies. Thcfe are fo numerous, that a bsre cjitalbgotf of thei^ names, down to this day, would form a moderate volume. The Englilli inftitutions, for the benefit of ftudy, partake of the cbaraflor of their learning. They are folid and fubftantial, and provide. foC. the «afe^ the difencumberance, the peaces the plenty, aitdtheconveniencydf Jtit'|lrnfef- fors; witnefs the two univerlities of Oxford and Cambridge, inftittttlons ^^ are not to be matched in the world, and which were refpeftedeVen afnidft th(i barbarous rage of civil war. The induftrious Leland, who was himfelf ft tnoving library, was the firft^who publiihed.a fliortcslleftion of the Uvetf and ifharaders of thofe learned perfons who preceded ihe re'f n of his mafter Tienry VIIL among whom bt has inferted feveralof the blood royal of both fexes, particularly a fon and daughter of the great Alfred, Editha, the queen of Edward the Confcifur, and otlier Saxon princes, fotbe of whoaS were equally devoted to Mars andthne hor • r to learning and ;.;■ Mufes, and to this work I muft re- fer. Since t v Reformation, England refcmbles galaxy of literature* ; and it is but cV>ingju(lice to the memory 6f cardi' J Wolily, though other- vi'fe a dangerous and profligate minifter, to acknowledge, tha^ both his ex- ample and encouragement laid th^ foundation of the polite arts, and greatly «}' jibuted to the revf'-al ^ clafllcal learning in England. As many of tfe* .- „,.., . . , H h •,, ' ...<■"*'..■ ^/ * SeetheBIogrtftuikBritaoBiat; .. ff9 t H G L AND. EogUfli clergy Kad HSuntt fentcmentt in TcHgioiu mattei^ at the t\me t' the Refoftnition, aieo«raffement was giren to kamtd fbrei?nerR to fettle in £ttgland. Edtlrara VI. onringnis ftiqrt Ufe* 4id a givat deal for the encour* attement of theftf fivrdgners, and Ihewcd difpofitions for cultivating the moft Meful parte of karaing had he live4* Learning, as well as liberty, fuffered an alo^ total drning is under obligations to James I. though, ei -lie had a very pedantic ti^ himfelf, he was the means of diffnfmg a iimik lafte among^his |ubge6t«. | ; ■ 'His fon Charlei, I. had a tafte for the pcdite arts, efpcci^ly fculpture, ^inting, and archfte<9iire. He^was the patron of Rubens, Vandyke, inigo ' JolKS, and other eminent artifls ; fo that, had k not iieen fr- rhe civil wars, he would probably have converted his cottit and capital into a -fecond Athens ; and the colleAions he made fur that purpofe, confidering hia pe- cuniary difficidties. Were ftupendous. His &Vourite, the duke of 'Bucking- ham, imttated him in that rdrpe6t, and laid otft the amazing fum of 400,000!. Upon his'cabinet of paintings and curiofltieB. The «ari of Arundel was however, the great Miccenas of that age, and by the immenle acquifition he made of antiquities, efpeciatly his Jfemuus marble infcriptions, he may iland upon a footing, as to the encouragement and uti-^ lity of literature, witli the greoteft of the Medicean princes. Charles and !Iift court had little or no reUih for pliieftfy ; but fuch was 'his generofity in ««cotiraging genins and tnerit of every kind, that he increafed the falary of his'poet latnvflt, tbe^mons iBen Jonibn, from 100 marks to lool. per an* ntim,and'a tierce of Spanifh wine •; whi^h falary iscontinuedto tliis day- t The public lencotnragemcnt of learning and the arts fuffered indeed an ecli- pfe,4uimg the time of the civil -wars, and the fucceeding interregmnn. Many very learned men, however, found their fituations under •Crcmwt'Tl, though he was no ftranger to their political fentanents, fo ea(y, that they tiiilowcdthiir t© ths T£& beasisief svffl^sr %ranch of Icanaing t and; sjiv works of MWUKB} ,^i,r.I.f..^, ';■)►:■, ■*' ->****>**«»?*!" ^4fi>0^i Tilt .-rt^tiiSSS! I E If O'L AN D. tl7 Taft L'tenry merit appeared even in thofe times of diftraAiont UAimv Waltop» V^illes) Harrington^ Wilkins, and a prodigioua number of other great namoa* were unmolefted and even favoured by that ufurper ; and he would alTo hare fiUed the univerfities with literary merit, could he have done it with any de*> gree of fafety to his govemntent. The reign of Charlet II. was chiefly diftinguiflied by the great proHcicncy to which It carried natural knowledge* efpecially by the inftitution aS the Royal Society. The king was a good judge of thoie fiudiea, aiid, though irreligious himfelf, England never aliounded more with learning and aM« divines than in his reign. He loved paintinff» and poetry, but was far more munificent to the former than the latter. The incomparafclia Peradif* hok, by Milton, was publifhed in his reign, biit was not read or attended to in proportiou to its nterit ; though it was £ir firom being dtfregarded fo much as has been ccmtmonly apprehended. The reign of Charles II. Qotwithftaod-' in;^ the bad tail: 6f his court in feveral of the polite arts, by foroe is reckon- ed the Auguftan age in England, and is dignified with the names of Boylr, Halley, Hook, Sydenham, Harvey, Temple, Tillotfon, Barrow, HuU ler, Cowley, Waller, Dryden, .Wycherley, and Otway. The pulpit af- fumed more majefty, a better ilyle, and truer energy than it had ever known before. ^ Cbllic literature recovered many of its native ^aces } and although England could not under him boail of a Jones and a Vandyke, yet Sir Chriftopher Wren introduced a more genenl regularity than had ever been known before in arohitedurr. Nor was Sir Chriftophor Wren merely diftinguifhed by his (kill as an architect *. His knowledge Avu very extenfive, and his difcoveries in philofophy, mechanics, &c. contn- buted much to the reputation of the new eftabliihed Royal Society. Sonne «xcellent Englifh painters (for Lely and KneHcr were foreifrners) alfg flou- rifhed in this reign.- That of James II. though he likewife had a tafte for the fine arts, is.chieily difUnguifhed in the province of literature by thofe compofitions that Wv;^i» publimed by the Engliih divines againft popery, and which,, for ttre>)gth of reafoning, and dCpth of erudition, never were equalled iu any age oy country. - , r„l i; The names of Newton and Locke adorned the reign of William III.' aftd he had a particular efteem for the latter, as he had alfo for TiUftfon an4 Burnet, though he was far from being liberal to men of genius. Learning flourifhed, however, in his reigr, merely by the exc^ency of the foil in wliicb it had been planted. •The moft uninformed readers are not unacquainted with the improvementt which learning, and all the polite arts, received under the aufpides ij^ecn Anne, and which put her court at leatt on a footing with that of Lewis XtV, m its moft fplendid days. Many of the great men, who had figured in the reigns of the Stuarts and William were ftill alive, and in the fuU exercife of their faculties, when a new race fprung up, in the republic of learning and the arts. Addifon, Prior, Pope, Swift, lord Bolingbroke, lord Shaftefljury, Arbuthriot, Congreve, Steele, Rowe, and many other excellent writers, both Hh'2 Mr. Horace Wtlpal>> f vf ' !i«t a varietjr of, knawle4iie procUimt the univeriaVt./, a KBUiplicity of works tbt jaDce,and St. VmYs thcKreatoeCi kX Sir Cl^riaopher's geoin'. So many great arc, xa.t ai were employed on St. Peter's have not left, upon t^tt , vbolf a more perfed edifice than this »otIc of a fiOKle mind. The noblcft temple, the ^ '•'^ci' pa!aeeand the moft fumptuout hoi^ital, in Itodh a kiogdoin as Britain arc all tha work, of the fame h.n4 He reCorsd Loads.-!, asii iimSiisi iii fait He fewik mmHimuf P«rift cburchesianddcligncdthemonunicm;, v lis E N G L A* N D. . la verfe ■n^profiif, need but to be mentioned to be admired i and thc/EngKifi were a« triumphant in Uterature as in war. hfatural and moral philofophy kept pace with thf polite arts, and even reliffidus and political diiputes con- tribatcd to the aii /ancemerit of learning, by the unbounded liberty which the laws of England aUot* '. fv alativ'e matters, ai'd whidi has been found high. ly advantaffeott4 i.. .. »•• • .n of true and valaabie knowledge. The mirtii" ■ t of iUx .g" i* were the patrons of erudition, and fome of 'them were no noan pioficientsthemrelves. George II. washimfelf no Mite- cnas, yet his. r ign yielded to none of the prrcedhig in the numbers of leam. ed and ingcnions men it produced. The bench of bifhops was never known to be lo well provided with able prelates as it wasfjii the early years of his reign ( H full proof that his nobility and minifters were judges of literary qua]. 'ifioitons. In other department" '*f '' ' , "H» the fiivour of the pubL'c gentrally f«pp!ied the coldnrfs of the c^urt'. After the n bellion in the year 1745, when Mr, Pelham was confide red as being tirft miniilcr, this fcrccnbc' twecn government and literature was in a great meafure renwved, and men of ^wniua began then to tade the royal bounty. Since that period, a gi-eat pro- ^i fs has been made in the polite arts in England. The Royal Academy hai V"Tn inftituted, fome very able artiils liave arifen, and the annunl public exlii- bitiona of painting and fculpture have been extremely favourable' to the artii, by promotmg a fpirit of emulation, and exciting a greater attention to works of genius of this kind among the public in general. But notwithAanding thefe fkvourable circumftances, the iine arts have been far from meeting witti ihat puL'"i patronage, to which they have fo juft a claims Few of our pub- lie edifices are adorned with paintin<;rs or with ilatues. The fculptorr mnt with litt'e employment, nor is tne hiftorical painter much patrionized. Though the Britiih artifts of the prefcnt age have proved tha ^eir genius lor the fine arts is equal to thofe of any other nation. Befides leaniing, and the fine artsiii genoiral, the Engliih excel in what are called the learned profeflions.' Their courts of juiUce arc adoriied with great- er abilites and virtues, perhaps, than tb- fe which any other country can , boaft of. 'A remarkable inftance of wl ..i OQCurs, in the appointments for the lail 2cx> years of their lord chancellors,' who hold the higheft and the irioft utieontrollable judic'J. fea*. in thr kingdom, and yet it is acknowledged by all parties, that during that time, their bench has remained unpolluted by corruption, or . . . . - U^ VI «:iTiBS.] I haVe already mentioned the two univerfities of Ox- ford aiiii v-.mbridge, which have been the feininaries t f more learned^ men than any in Ei'rr e, and fome have ventured to fay, thap all other literav^ inflitutions. 1( jrtain that their magnificent buildings, which ia fplendour and architediure n^A tht moft fuperb royal ediikes, the rich endowments, the hberal eafe and tranquillity enjoy,ed by thofe who inhabit them, furpafs all the ideas which foreigners, who vifitthem, conceive of literary focietie3. So refpcdtable are they in their foundations, that each univcrl', v fends two mem- bers to the Britifh parliament, and their . chanccllorti and oiljcers have a (i"il jurifdiftion over their lludents, the better to fecuie their independency. Their colleges, in their revenues and buildings, exceed thofe of many cthef univerfities. In Oxford there are twenty collegeR .."d five hall? : the former are very liberally endowed, but in the latter the {indents hicfly maintain themfelves. This univerfity is of great antiquity : it is fuppofcd to have been a confi- derablc place even in the time of the Romans : and Camden fays, that " wife antiquity did, even 'n the Britifh age, confecrate this place to the Mufee." It is laid to have been»ftyled an univerfity before the time of king Alfred ; and the bell hiftorians admit, that this moft excellent prince was only a refto- ter of learnng here. Alfred built three colleges at Oxford : one for divinity, (»n;**.cr tor philofophy, and a third for grammar. Th? yniyerfity of Cambridge g«iilill» of tvvclve colleges, aad four haHs ; i^ Z "H a LVA N D. iMC tKMgh tiitf ire diftingdfhed by diffrrmt naroet, the {vrlfOcgw of thi coHtcvt and hm^ are in every rcfp«A the fsaie. Tne (eiMte-houfe at Cambridge ii a moil ekgtnt edifice, exited eotircit h the Corinthnln order, and it fald to have coft fixteen thoubnd poundi. Trinity The chief Britifh antiquitiet are thofc eirclet of ftones particulariy that cilled Stonhenge, in Wihfliire, which ftrobably were placet of worihip in the timet of the Druidt. StonhAge it. by Inigo Jon^ Dr.6tukely, and othert, dcicribed aa a regubr circular Arac* ture. The body of the work confilb of two circlet andovala, which are thut eompofed ; the upright ilonct are placed at three feet and a half diibnce firm each other, and joined, at the top bv over>thwart ftonet, with tenont fittol to 'the mortoifes in the uprighti, for'' keeping them in their dt»3 pofitJon. Qoifte of thefe Aone» are vailly large, meafaring two yardi in breadth, one in thickneCi, and above fcven in height ) othert are left in proportion. The U|mght9 are wrought a little with a chiflel, and fometimet tapered ; but , the tranfomea, or over-thwart ftonet, are quite piai^. The outude circle it iiear one hundred and eighty feet in diameter, between which and the nut eircle there is a walk of three hundred feet in circumference, which bat a furpriAg and awful effeA upon the beholden. Monuments of the fame kind at that of Stonhenge are to be met with la Cutaberiand, Oxfordfhire, Cornwall, Devon(hire^ and many other parti of England, as well as in Scodand, and the ifles, which have been alresdj mentioned. The Roman antiquities in England confift chiefly of altars and monumental infcriptions, which itiftniA us as to the legionary ftationt of the Romani io Britain^ and the names of fome of their commanders. The Roman militarr way* give us the bigheft.idea of the civil as well at military policy of thole conquerdrs. Their veftlges are numerous { one it mentioned by LeUnd, m beginning at Dover, and paffinff through Kent to London, from thence ta St. Alban's, Dunftable, Stratford, lowcefter, Littlebum, St. Gilbert'i Hill near Shrew(bury, then by Stratton, and fo through the middle of AValet ' to Cardigan. The great Via Militaris celled Hemien>Strevhich fcrvc as foundations to our highways. The great earl of Arundel, the celebrated Englifh antiquary, had formed a noble plan for dct cribing Chofe which pafs through SulTex find Surry towards London ; but the civil war breaking out, put an end to the undertaking. The re« mains of many Roman camps are difcernible all over England t one par* ticularly very little defaced, near Dorchefter in Dorfetfture, where alfo is a Rb^nan amphith"catre. Their fituations are generally fo well cho- fen, and their fortifications appear to have been lb complete, that thne 18 fome rcafon to b^Keve that they were Uie conftant habitations of the - — - - - --- -- Kaiihs and tcf.. ^aman ioidiers in i^giouu; thuugu It is csrtaiii} from :". * E N'O hA If D. >|•*^ teflebted f»TeMMtt( tW haive VecM ib«nd in aiffmnt parta, tUt tlMv . officer*, or mmftntM livad in towns or vpbw. Romao walk lurre Itkavifii : been fouwd in £n|;lBBd, and pcrhaos, upon the borden of Walea, maajr re- maint of their Caitififlationt aodcattks are blended MriUi tboCe ofofitorici, coataia a vaft number of Roinaja armi> coini, fibobet trinkvtt, aad the like, which have been found io England i but the moft amazing motMiinent of the Roman power io Ei^nd* it the Cntare, or wall of Sevenw commonly called the PiOm wall, nuning'througli humbcHand and Cumbe#Und { beginning at Tihmoirth, and cadiw at- Solway Frith, being about eighty milea tn length. The waU at firil cou/EAed only of ftahe« and turfj with a iMch { but Sevenia ^uilt it with (lone fort«t.- aad turret* at proper diftanoes i fo that each might have a (peedy «pmauu)ica« tion widi the oCher« and it wai attended all aJung bv » d«ep ditch, or m1» lum to the north, and a military IKghway to the iouth. The Saxon antiquitiea in Engjlaad couiUl chteAy in eccleiiaftipal ediikev^ and phcct of ftreogth. At Winehefter i* ibewn the round table of king Arthur with the nan«> of hi* kaighla. The antiquity of thia table ha* been difputed by Camden, and latter writcra, fwrhap* with rcaibn ; but if iT* ' k not BritiAu ilt certainly i* Saxon. The cathedral of Wiacheller-fenved a« the burying place of leveral Saxon kings, whpfe bones were oelln> ted together by btfhep ^x, ia ibc brge wooden cbefts. Many monu* mcntt of Saxon antiquity pre&nt themf^ve* all over the 'kingdom though they arc often not to be diCcemed from the Normaiiic } and the Briliiih Mufeum contain* feveral Ariking ordinal fpecimena of their learning, ^/Uwfi, Suon charters, figoed by the kiatt and hisWUes, with a plain crol* injftead of their names, are VtM to be met with. The writing is .neat and legible, and was always perform^ by a cktgymfn, ^who afixed the nara« and quaUty fi£ every donor, or witncis, to his nefpe&ive crofs. The Daiiifli ercdioniia, Engbrad are hardly difoemiblc from the Saxon. The fona of their camps i« roufld, and they are generally built upon eminences, l^ut their {pirtji ^axe fqusre. ' All England is fulldf Anglo-Nohnanic monuments, .which i chufe to caQ fo, becaule, though the princes under whom they were raifed were of Noiw man original, yet the ej^pence was defrayed by Engliihmin, with EngUib taoney. York^ninfter, and Weftminfter.hall and abbey,' are perhaps tfafp finell fpeeimens'to be found in Europe, of that Gothic nAnner iwhich pre- vailed in building, before the recovery of the Greek and Roman architc£iure. AU the cathedrals and old churches in the kingdom, are more ur lefs in thtf' iame tafte. If we except St. Paul'* in fliort, thofe eredions are fu commoi^ that they fcareely deferve . the name -of curiofittes. It is ■uneci'tain, whether the a*^;ikial excavations, found in fome parts of England, are Briti/h, Saxon* or Norman. That, under the cJd caiUe of Ryegate in Suny is very remark^ able, and fcems to l^ve been defigned fur fecreting the cattle and effects of the natives, in timef of vvar and invafion. It cofitams an qblong fqbare hal], round which runs a bench, cut out of the fame rock, for fitting upon ; and tradition fays^ that it vuas ^e room in which the barons of Eoglaad met athing. Spaws of the fame kin^ are found at Scarborough, and other parts of YorKtfliire ; at Tunbridge in Kent ; Epfoiri and Dulwich in Surry; and at AAon and Iflington in Middlefex, There alfo are mary remarka. ble fprings, whereof feme are impregnated either with fait, astiiat at Droit, with in Worccfterihire ; or' fulphur, as the fantous well of Wigan in Lanca- (hire ; or bituminous matter, as that at Pitchford in Shropftiirc. Others hate a petrifying quality, as that near Lutterworth in LeiceiterOiire ; and a dropping well in the Weft-riding of Yorkfhire. And finally, fome ebb 'and flow, as thofe of the Peak in Derbyflure, and Laywell ntar Torbay, whofe waters rife and fallirveral times in an hour. To thefe we may add that remarkable fountain near Richard's caftle in Herefordfliire, commonly called Boncwell, which is generally full of fmall bttnes, like thofe of frcgn di* fi(h, though often cleared out. At Ancliff, near Wi?an in Lancaftiire, Is the famous bilrning well ; the water is cold, neitlier lias'^it any fmell ; yet there is fo ftrong a vapour of fulphur iffuing out with the ftream, that upon ap. plying a light to it, the top of the water is covered with a flame, like that 'of burning fpirits, which lalts fevcral hours, and emits a heat that meat may be boiled over it. The fluid itfelf will not burn "when taken out of the «^ell*. Derbyihire is celebrated for mr^ny natural curioflties. The Mam Tor, or Mother Tower, is faid to be contniually mouldering away, but .lever' dim". nifties. The Elden Hole, about four miles from the fame place ; this is a chafm in the fide of a mountain, near feven yards wide, and fourteen long, diminiihing in extent within the rock, but of what depth is not knc> . A plummet once drew 884 yards of line after it, whereof the laft eighty were wet, without finding a bottom. The entrance of Podle's hole near Bux' ton, for feveral pases, is very low, but foon opens into a very lofty vault, like 1 the infide of a Gothic cathedral. The height is certainly very great, yet much ftiort of wliat fome have aflerted, who reckon it a quarter of a mile per- pendicular, though in length it exceeds that dfmenfion ; a current of water, which runs along the middle, adds, by its founding ftream, re-echoed on all fides, very much to the aftonifljment of all who vifit this vaft concave. The drops of water which hang from the roof, and on the fides, have an amufing effeft ; for they not only refleft numbcilefs rays from the capdles carried by the gaidcs, but, as they are of a petrifying quality, they harden in fevcral places into various forms, which, with the help of a ftrong imagination, may pafsfor lions, fonts, organs, and the like. Tlic entrance into that natural wonder •at C .ileton, wliicli is from Its hideoufnefs named the Devil's Arfe, is wide at firft, and upwards of thirty feet perpendicular. Several cottagers dwell under it, who feem iu a grent meafure to fubfift by guiding ft. inirers into the cavern, which is crofted by four ftreams of water, and then is thought impaffablc. Th« vault, iu feveral placc^ makes a noble uppearance, and h partfcularly beautiful by being chequered with various coloured ftones. Some fpots of England are faid to have a petrifying quality. We are told, that near Whitby in Yorklhire, att.found certain Hones, refcmbling the folds and wreaths of a ferpent ; alfo other ftones of feveral lizes, and fo n- * Thii extraordinary heat has been found to proceed from u ..1 cf cnalii, wtiirh hsi keen ftucc dug irom uudor thii well; at which time tl:-. ■nccumcr ^varoKh ccil'id. I * Londo PTofouihe Jfouth weft I '"'m, 800 '5^0 nor:J •i^. E N G i^ A- N D. *|3 rernl medidinal country. T drinking and gh, and other wich in Surry ; mary remarka; s tiiat at Droit, '^igan in Lanca- plhii'c. Others :efter{hire ; and lally, fome ebb 11 near Tovbay, efe we may add hire, commonly thofc of frogs di* Jancalhire, is the *mell ; yet there 1, that upon ap. I flame, like that It that meat may [.aken out of the ["he Mam Tor, or but never dim". \e place ; this is a ind fourteen long, )th 18 not knc> . :of the laft eighty le's hole near Bux' y lofty vault, like very great, yet irter of a mile per- current of water, , re-eclioed on all ill concave. The , have an amufmg idles carried by the en iri fevcval places ition, may pafsfor lat natural wonder ivil's Arfe, is wide ■al cottagers dwell ll. ^ncevs into the A then is thought uppearancc, and various coloured Iquality. We are Ines, refcmblingtht }al lizes, and foes- .1 cf coalu, "Wrh ha aftly roundj aa if artificially made for cannon lialls, which being broken, do commonly contain the form and likenefs of ferpents, wreathed in circles, but generally vvitiiout heads. Tn fome parts of Gloucefterftijre, ftohes are found refembliiig cockels, oyfters, and other tellaceous marine animal;. Thofe curiofities, hovyever, arc often magnified by ignorance and creduli-f Cities* "sowNS, torts, and otherI This head is fo very extenfive^ EDIFICES, PUBLIC AKDPRiVATK. J that I Can ouly touch upon ob- i lefts that may affill in giving the reader fome idea of its importance, gran- deur, or utility. London*, the metropolis of the Brltlfh empire, is thefirft in this divifloii.' It appears to have been founded between the reigns of Julius Caefar and Nero, but by whom is uncertain ; for* we are told by Tacitus, that it was a place, of great tradif in Nero's time, and foon after became the capital'of the illaiid. It was firft walled about . with hewn Hones, and.Brltlfli bricks, by Conftantine the Great, and the walls formed an oblong fquare, in compafs about three miles, with fjjven* principal gates. '• The fame emperor made it a, bifliop's fee, for it appcars\V %t the bifliops of London and York, andanother 1 1 Englifti bifliopj were at the council of Aries, In the ypar 314: he alfo fettled a mint In it, as is plain from fome of his coins. London, in its |aVg# fenfe, including Weftminfter, , Southwark, and part of Middlefex, Is a city of a very furprifing extent, of prodigious wealth, and of the moll extenfive trade. This city, when confidered with all its advan- tages, is now wh-at ancient Rome once was ; the feat of liberty, the encour- ager of arts, and the admiration of the whole world. London is the centre of trade ; it has an intimate connedllon with all the counties in the kingdom; it is the grand mart of the nation, to which all parts fend their commodities, from whence they are again fent back into eveiy town of the nation, and to every, part of the world. From hence Innunjerable carriages by land and water are conllantly employed ; and from hence arifes the circulation in the national body, which renders every part healthful, vigorous, and in a prof- perous condition ; a circulation that Is equally beneficial to the head and the moft diftant members. Merchants are here as rich as noblemen ; witnefs their incredible loans to government ; and there is no place in the world where the (hops of tradefmen make fuch a noble and elegant appearance, or are better ftocked. ■ , It is fituated on the banks of the Thames, a river which though not the largeft, is the riched and moil commodious for commerce of any In the world. It being continually filled with fleets, failing to or from the moft dillant climates ; and its banks extend from London-bridge to Blackwall, almoil one continued great magazine of naval itores, containing three large wet docks, 32 dry docks, and 33 yards for the building of (hipsi for the ufe of the merchants, befides the places allotted for the building of boats and ''Shters ; and the king's yards down the river, for the building of men of '•"■Jr. As this city Is about fixty miles diftant from the ijpa, it enjoys, by in'-diis of this beautiful river, all the benefits of navigation, vv'ithout the dan- ger of being furprifed by foreign fleets, or of being annoved by the moift li London \» fituated in 51" 31 north latitude, 4*0 liles fouth of Edinburgh, and JToiomh-eaft of Dublin ; 180 'unf w,l\ „! k(intcr,).im, aio north weft of Firi»,500 wuth weft of Copenhagen, 600 niile» north- weft ..I V --una, 793 fouth-weft of Stock" I'lolm, 800 north-€aft of Madrid, 8iO north-Witl of R.tr.tf, Cjo north caft of iiHiboa, 'lOontjnh weaof Coattantiaofle, i4t4fouih-wtft jl Alof.ow. ^ ,• ^ ,v --^^ri-f ■ , Ti-'-- ■■ -■---"■' I" ^•, -"•'vi«^S#:^- vapour* M V^;. ' vM .^.,._*- ■\M «34 E »N Gi >.^ t A^ N ». vapours of the fea. It rifes regUlarty from the water fide, atad extcndliw' Itfetf on both fides alnng its banks, reaches a prodigious length front call to weft in a kind of ampiiithcatre towards the north, and is continued for neir 20 miles on all fides, in a fuccciHon of magniBceut villas, and populous tQ.' lages, the country feats of gentlemen and tradefmen ; whither the latter r^ tire for the benefit of frefh air, and to relax their minds from the hurry of bufinefs. The regard paid by the legiflature to the property of the fubjeft, has hitherto prevented any bounds being fixed for its extenflon. The irregular form of this city makes it difficult to afcertain itseKtent.' ■ However, its length from eaft to weft, is generally allowed to be above feven . tniles, from Hyde-park comer to Poplar ; and its breadth in fome pUcei three, in others two,, and in others again not much above half mile. Hence the circumference of the whole is almoft 1 8 miles ; or, according to a mai dern meafurgnent* the extent of continued buildings, is 35 miles two fur- longs and 39 roods. But it is much eafier to form an idea of the large eit. tent of a city fo irregularly built, by the number of the people, who are • computed to be near a million ;.ahd from the number ofediffces devoted to the ('fcrvice of religion. Of thefe, befides St. Paul's cathedral, and the collegiate church at Weft-* minfter, here are 102 parifli churches, 69 chapels of, the eftabliihed religion ; 31 French proteftant chapels: n chapels belon^ng to the Germain, Dutch, Danes, Sec. 26 independent meetings ; 34 preftyterian meetings ; 20 baptift meetings 19 popifti chapels, and mcetiqg-houfes fortheufe of tom'gn ambafladbrs, and people of various fedts ; and three Jewifli fynagogues. So that there are 305 places devoted to religidus worihip, in the compafs of this vaft pile of buildings, without reckoning the 2 1 out-pariflis ufual< ly included in the bills of mortality, and a great number of methodill tabe^ aacles : There are alTo in and near this cit-f looalms-houfes, about 20 hofpitals and infirmaries, 3 colleges, 16 public prifons; 15 flcfti-markets ; i market for live cattle, a, ether markets more particularly for herbs ; and 23 other market! for com, CO?'*! ^ay, &c. 15 inns of court, 27 public fquares befides thoft within fingle ...oings, as the Temple, &c. 3 bridges, 49 halls forcoiri- jpanies, 8 public fchools, called i^ee-fchools ; and 1 3 1 charity-fchools, which provide education for 5034 poor children ; 207 inns, 447 taverns, 5JI coflPee-houfes ; 5975 alehouies ; 1000 hackney-coaches {400 ditto chairs; 7000 ftreets, lanes, courts, and alleys, and 150,000 dwelling houfes, con- taining, as has been already obferved, about 1,000,000 inhabitants, who, ac- cording to a late eftimate, confume annually the following articles of pro- irifions*. — .'* ir^' Black cattle Sheep and lambs Calves Swine ^ Pigs Poultry and wild fowl, innumerable Mackarel fold at Billingfgate ^ Oyfters, budiels — .i*i , „L.»a'"-'..'v^ 194,760 1 186,931 1 14,740.600 . U5.53M •Neither of th; ancient and fair.oui citict of Nineveh, BAyltol or Rome, hidet« lhi)ipiiig or tr»dc ^uffi ient co (.-n^L^y ko n-.any hands, aor were la^kUsof {ofoiftiiij ftiiVi&sss, firingi or other ncccffariet fat then fapport, Cmiltl acres pf . - E N G X A^ N D. ■ ■ ^ , ♦ -J _ {SiUall boats with cod, haddock, whitiag, &c. over^ and above thofc brought by land^arrlagot and> great (quantities of river and falt-tiih j *Butter, pounds weight, about ^^3)1^: ;r •— Cheefe ditto^ about ;;, rf-T,.-, ^^ , *^ Gallons of milk v «; #|«i«|ll:ij; Barrels of ftrong beet Barrels of fmall beer Tons of foreign wines < , *— '-jiC'i "^ Gallons of rum, brandy, atwt other diftilkd T ',iv- • 'i^^ -■•^ w■^:,mff^ waters above Pounds weight of candles, above ■*35 16,000,000 20,000,000 7,000,000 > 798,495 3.044 J 1,000,000 «!>.ij*r 11,000,000 London-bridge wa^irll built of ftone in the rcign of Henry II. about the year 1 163, by a tax laid upon Wool, which in courfc of time gave rife to the notion that it was bu3t upon wool-packs ; from that time it has undergone many alterations and impruvements, particularly fince the year 1756, when the houfes were taken duv/n, and the whole rendered mon; convenient and beauti- ful. The paflage for carriages is 31 feet broad, and 7 feet on each fide for foot ps\ffcnger8. It croffes the Thames, where it is 91 5 feet broad, and has at prefent 19 arches of about 20 feet wide each, but the centre pneis confider* ably larger. Weftmlnfter-bridge is reckoned one of the moft complete and elegant ftruftures of the kind knowT<*in the world. It is built tntirely of ilone, and extended over "^he river at a place where it 13 1,223 '•"'^^ broad; which is above 300 feet broader than at London-bridge, ^On each fide is a fine bal- luftrade of ftone, with places of fhelter from the rain. The width of the bridge is 44 feet, having on each fide a fine foot-way for paflengers. It con- Ms of 14 piers, and 13 large, and two fmall arches, all fcmicircular, that in the centre being 76 feet wide, and the reft decre^fing four feet each from the other ; fo that the two leaft arches of the 1 3 great ones, are each s' 2 feet. It 13 computed that the value of 40,000!. in ftone, and other ift;.terial8, is al- ways under water. This magnificent ftrufture was b».yun in 1738, and finiflied 1750, attheexpence of 389,0001. defrayed by the pnrliamer.t. ^ Black-friars bridge falls nothinfj ftiortof that of Wefttninlter, etbcrin mag- nificence or workmanihip ; but the fituatioq of the ground on the two Ihorcs, obliged the architeft to irmplby elliptical arches ; which, however, have a very fine effed j and many perfons even prefer it to Weftminfter bridge. This bridge was bfgun in 1760, and finiflied in 1770, at the expence of 152,8401. to be difcharged by a toll upon the pafTtiigers. It is fituated al- moft at an equal diftanc • between thofe of Weftminlter and London, com- mands a view of the Thames from the later to Whitehall, and difcover? the majefty of St. Paul's in a very ftriking manner. The cathedral of St. Paul's is the moft capacious, magrflficent, and regular proteftant church '"n the world. The length within is 500 feet ; and itf height, from the marble pavement to the crofs, on the top of the cupola, i( 340- It is built of Portland ftone, according to the Greek and Roman orders, in the form of a crofs, aft.fr the model of St. Peter's at Rome, to which in fome refpefts it is fuperior. St. Paul's church is the principal work of Sir Chriftopher Wren, and undoubtedly the only work of the fame magni- tude that ever was completed by mic noan. He lived to a gvsat age, and fim(hed the building 37 years after hthimfelf laid t)ie firft ftone. It takes up "X acrei pf ground, thcugh the whole length of this church meaf;:res uc 1 1 2 »s^ £ N G L AN D. more than the width oF St. Peter'*. The expence of rebuilding it after the fire of London, ypys defrayed by a duty on coal8> and i& computed at a mil- lion, Aerling. "•>■ ' -^ M ■ •''--** Weftminfter-abbey, or the collegiate church of Weftmlnfter, is a vener- «fcle pile of building, in the Gothic taltc. It was firft built by Edward the Confeffor ; king Heury III. rebuilt it from the g*»und, and Henry VII. added a fine chapel to the eaft end of it ; this [sthe i-epofitory of the.deceaf. ed. Britiih kings and nobility ; and here aM alfo monuments created to the memory of many great and illuftrious perfonages, commandtrs by fea and land, philofophers, poets, &c. In the rdgn of «^ueen Anne, 4000I. a year out of the coal duty, was graiued by parliament for keeping it in repair. The inlide of the church of St. Stephen's-Walbrook, is admired for its lightnefs and elegante, and does honour to the memory of Sir Chriftophcr Wren. The fame may be faid of the fteeples of St. wary -le- Bow, and St. Bride's, which are fuppofed to be the moft complete in their kind of any in Europe, though .architefture has laid down no rules for fuch eredlion. Few churches in and about London-are without fome beauty. The iimpliclty of the portico in Covent-Garden is worthy the pnreft s^es of ancient architec- ture. That of St. Martin's in the Fields would be noble and flriking, could it be fecn from a proper point of vietv. Several of the new churches are built in an elegant tafte, and even fome of the chapels have gracefulnefs and pi-o- portion to recommend them. The Banquet inghoufe at Whitehall, is but a very fmall part of a noble palace deiigned by Inigo Jones, for the royal ref- idence, and as it now Hands, under all its difaJvantages, its fymmetry, and orna- ments, are in the higheft ftyle and execution of architefturc. * Weftminfter-holl, though on the outfide it makei? a mean, and no verj' ad- vantap jus appearance, is a noble Gothic building, and is faid to be the largell rooir ! the world, whofe loof is not fuppoited with pillars ; it being 230 feet long, and 70 broad. The roof is the fin.ft of its kind that can be feen. . Here are held the coronation feails of our kings and queens ; alio the courts of chancer)', king's-bench, and common-pleas, and above ftairs, thatoftiie exchequer. That beautiful column, called the monument, ercdlcd at the charge of the city, to perpetuate the memory of its being deftroyed by fire, is juRly worthy of notice. Tiiis column, which is of the Doric order, exceeds all the obelilki and pillars o.f the ancients, it being 202 feet high, with a flair-cafe, in the mid- dle to afcend to the balcony, which is about 30 feet fhort of the top, from whence there are other iteps, made for perfons to look out at tl\e top of all, which is fafhioned like an urn, with a flame iiTuing from it. On the baf; ot the monument, next the ilreet, the deftruftion of the city, and the relief given to the fufFerers by Charles II. and his brother, is emblematically ri.'prde.'ted in has relief. The.north and fouth fides of the bafe have each a Latin infcrip- tion, the one defcribing its dreadful def>jlatio!i, and the other its fpieiidid re- furreclion ; and on the taft, iide is an infcription, (hewing when the pillarwaj begun and finifhed. The charge of eretling this monument, which "U begun by Sir Chriftophcr Wren in 1671, andfinifliedby him in 1677, amount- ed to upwnrd of 13,0001. The Royal-Excliange is a large and noble building, and is faid to havcctit above 8o,oool. The terrace in the A Jelphi is a very fine piece of architefture, and has laid open one of the fincft profpeiiils iri tlv world. Wc might here give a defcription v.f tlu; Tower, Bank of England, the :'.v Treafury, the Admiralitv.nffice. and tiie Horfe-uuardo at White-li2l'» th: KT, - \ *Si:' :,.iC' ENGLAND. »37 the Manfion-liowfe, or Koafe,'of the Lord-mayor, the Cuftom-houfe, Excife* office, India-houfe, and a vaft number o£ other public binldinga i befidea the magnificent edifices ratfed by our Hobih'ty ; as lord Spencer's huufe, Marl- borough-houfe, and Buckingham-houfe in St. James's park ; the earl of Chefterficld's houfe,. near Hyde park ; the Duke of Devonfhire's, and the late earl of Bath's, m Piccadilly ;. lord. Shclburne's {n Berkeley fquare ; ITorthuinberland-houfc in the Strand ; th'b duke of IVedford's, and Monta- gue-houfe, in Bloonifbury ; -.vibh a number of others of the nobility and gentry ; but thefe would be fufficient to fill a large volume. In Montague-houfe 13 depofited the Briuih Mufetwn. Sir Hans Sloane, bart (who died in 1753) may not impropW^ be called the founder of the Britifh Mufeum ; for its being eftabliftied by parliament, was only in confe- qucnce of his leaving by will his noble collection of natural hillory, his large library, and his numerous curiofitics, whicl- ^o(l him 50,000!. to the tife of the public, on condition that the parliament would pay zo,oool. to his eitecu- tors. To this colleftion were added the C-/ttonian library, the Harleian manu- fcripts, coUefted by the Oxford family, an(L purchafed likewife by the par- liament, and a coUeftion of books given by'he late major Edwards. His late majelly, in confideration of its great ufefulnefsj W!i8 graeioufly {tleafed to add thereto the royal libraries of b«o!is «nd manufcripts collefted by the fe- Tcral kings of England. , The Sloanian collcfti'on confifts of an amazing number of curiofitics : a- mong which are, the library, includiug books of drawings, manufcripts, and ' prints, amounting to about 50,000 volumes. Medals and coins, anJient'j and modern, 20,000. Cameos and intaglios, about 700. Seals, 268V: Veffelsv &c. of agate, jafper, &c. 542. Antiquities, 1,1^5. Preciou*' ftoiies, agate, jafper, &c. 2,156. Metals, minerals, ores, &c. 2,725.11^ Chryltal, fpars, &c. 1,864. Foflils, flints, flones, 1,275. Earth, fands» ' faltf, 1,035. Bitumens, fulphurs, amber, &c. 399. Talcs, micse, Sec. 388. Corals, fpunges, &c. 2,421. Teftacca, cr ihells, &c. 5,843. Echini,, ccliinitoe, &c. 659. Afleriiei-trochi, entrochi, &c. 241. Cruilacese, crabs, lobllers, &c, 363. Stellx marinx, llar-fi(hes, &c. 173. Filh, and their parts, &c. 1,555. Birds, and their parts, eggs, and the nefts of different fpecies, 1,172. Quadrupeds, &c. 1,886. Vipers, fei-pents, &c. 52 1. In- fers, &c. 5,439. Yegetablcs, 12,506. Hortus ficcus, or volumes of dried plants, 334. Humani, as calculi, anatomical preparations, 756. Mifcellane- yus things, natural, 2,098. Mathematical inllrumen^s, 55. A catalogue of all the above is written in a number of large volumes. This great and populous city is happily'fupplied with abundance of frefti water, from the Thames and the New River ; which is not only of incon- ceivable fervice to every family, but by means of fire-plugs eveiy where dif- pcrfed, the keys of which are depofited with the parifli officers, the city i* in a great meafure fecurcd from the Ipreading of fire ; for thefe plugs are no fooncr opened than there are vail quantities of water to fupply the engines. This plenty of water has been attended with another advantage, it ha» given rife to feveral companies, who infure houfes and goods from fire ; an advantage that is not to be met with in any other nation on earth : the pre- mium Is fmall, and the recovery in cafe of lofs, is eafy and certain. Every one ot theL' othc-o kcvps a fet of men in pay, who are ready at all hours to {Jivc their alTillance in cafe of fae ; and who are on all occafions extremely bold, dexterous, and diligent : but though all 'their labours fliould prove un- i^ttceefsful, the perfon who fuffers by this devouring element, has the com- •i/^?'- 938 EN G L A N I>. "^'^.4 ' foFt that muft an'fc fr6m a certainty of being paid the value (upon oath) of what he has infured. . 'Before the conflagration in 1666, London (which, like mod other great cities, had arifen from fmall bc:ginnings) was totally inelegant, inconvenient, and unhealthy, of which latter misfortune many melancholy proofs are au- thenticated in hiftory, and which, without doubt, proceeded from the nar- rownefs of the ftreets, ad the unaccountable projections of the buildings, that confined the putrid air, and joined with other circumftances, fuch as the want of water, rendered the city feldom free from peftilential devallaiion, The fire whic^ confumed the g^eatell part of the city, dreadful as it wa$ to the inhabitu .s at that timeiferas productive of confequences, which made ample amends for the lofTes fuftamed by individuals ; a new city arofe on the ruins of the old ; but* though more regular, open, convenient, and healthful* than the former, yet it by no means anfwered to the characters of magniH- cence or elegance, in many particulars : and it is ever to be lamented (fuch was the infatuation of thafe times) that the magnifiix-iit, elegant, and ui'eful plan of the great Sir Chriilophcr Wren, was totally difregarded and facriliced to the mean and fellifh views Sf private property. Views which did irrepar. able injury to the citizens themfelves, and to the nation in gi m ral ; for had that great aichiledt's plan been followed, what has often been afferted, iruft - have been the rcfult ; the metropolis of this kingdom would inconteilably have been the mod magnificent and elegant city in the univerfe, and of coiifj. quence muft, from the prodigious refort of forcigaen; of difUnClion and tafte who would hare vifited it, have become an inexhauHible fund of riches to tnis nation. But as the dcplarable blindnefs of that age has 'deprived us of fo valuable. an acquifitlon, it is become abfolutely neceffary that fome effortJ ihould be made to render the prefent plan in a greater degree anfwerable to the character of the richelt and moft powerful people in the world. The plan of London, in its prefent ftate, will in many inftances appear to very moderate judges, to be as injudicious a difpofition as can eafily be con- ceived for a city of trade or commerce, on the border of fo noble a river as the Thames. The wharfs and quays on its banks are extremely mean and inconvenient. And the want of regularity and uniformity in the ftreets of the city, of London, and the mean avenues to many parts of it, are alfo cir- cumltances that greatly leflen the grandeur of its appearance. Many of the churches, and other public buildings, are likewife thurll iip in corners in fuch . a manner, as might tempt foreigners to believe, that they were defigned to be concealed. The improvements of the city of London for fome years pad, have however been very great : and the new Itrcets, which arc nume- rous, are in general more fpacious, and built with greater regularity and elegance. In the centre of the town, and upon the banks of the nobltft river In Eu- rope, was a chain of inelegant, ruinous houfcs, known by the name of Dur- ham-Yard, the Savoy, and Somerfet Houfc. The fivlt, being private proper- ty, engaged the notice of the ingenious Adams, who opened the way to a piece of fcencry, which r.o city in Europe can equal. On the fite of Dur- Iiam-Yard was raifed upon arches the pile of the . Ydelphi, celebrated for It» enchanting profpedt, the utility of its wliarfs, and its fubteiTaneous apartments anfwering a variety of purpofes of general benefit. Contiguous to the Add- phi Hands the Savoy, the property of government, hitherto a nuifance ; and, adjoining to the Savoy towards the Temple, Hood Somcrfet-Houfe, nhere, being the property of government alfo, a new pile of buildings for public .•ffices has been ercCted ; and here, in a very magnificent cdi jcc, are eicgant apart- England. i^, apartments appropriated for the ufe of the Royal Society, the Royal Aca- demy of paintine and fculpture, and the . Sueiety of Antiquaries. Though a variety of circun\ilances have hitherto been difadvantageous to the erabelllftunent otthe nactropolis, it mull at the fame time be acknowlcdgttd that a fpirit of improvement fcems univerfal among all degrees of« people. The very elegant and neceffary method of paving and enlightening the llreets, it f«lt in the mod fenfible manner by all ranks and degrees of people. The roads- are continued for feveral miles around upon the fame model ; and, ex- clufive of lamps regularly placed on each fide, at fliort diltances, are render* cd more fecure by watchmen Rationed within call of each other. Nothing can appear more brilliant than thofe lights wjjen viewed at a diftance, efpe- ., daily where the roads run acrofs : and even the principal ftreets, fuch as Pall Mall, New Bbnd-ftreet, Oxford ftreet, Sec. convey an idea of elegance and magnificence. Among the lift of improvements worthy notice, may be included the Six Clerks Office, in Chancery-lane, and that very fubftantial building in the Old Bailey, which does honour to a people celebrated for their cleanlinefs, and for their humanity. Here the unfortunate debtor will no longer be annoyed by the dreadful rattle of chains, or by the more horrid founds ifl'uiiig from th«; lip» of thofe wretched beings, who fet defiance to all laws divine and human ; and here alfo the offender, whofe crime is not capital, may enjoy all the benefits of a free open air. Windfor caftle is the only fabric that deferves the name of a royal palace in England ; ?ind that chiefly through its beautiful and commanding fitua- tion ; which with the form of its conllruftion, rendered it, before tlK intro* duftion of artillery, impregnable. Hampton-conrt was the favourite refidence of king William, it is built in the Dutch tafte, and has fome good apart- ments, and, hkc Windfor, lies near the Thames. Both thefe palaces have fome good pictures ; but nothing equal to the magnificent collettion made by Charles I. and dilFipated in the time of the civil wars. The cartoons of Raphael, which for defign and expreflion' art reckoned the maflerpiccea of painting, have by- his prefent majeily been removed fiom the- galleiy built for them at Hampton-court, to the qucen's-palace, formerly Buckingham- houfe, in St. James's park. The palace of St. James's is commodious, but has the air of a conv^t 3 and that of Kcnfxngton, which was purchafed from the Finch Family by king William, is remarkable only for its gardens. Other , houfes, though belonging to the king, are far from deferving the name of * royal. Next to thefe, if not fuperior, in magnificence and expenfive decorations, are many private feats in the neighbourhood of London, and all over the kingdom, wherein the amazing opulence of the Enghfh nation (hines forth in its fulled point of view. Herein alfo the princely fortunes of the nobility are made fubfcrvient to the finell claffical taltc ; wituefs the feats of the marquis of Buckingham and carl Pembroke. At the feat of the latter, more remains of antiquity are to be found than are in the pofTefTiou of any other fubjeft in the world. But thofe capital houfes of the Engltfli nobility and gentry have an excel- lency diftinft from what is to be met with in any other part of the globe, which is, that all of them are complete Without and within, all the apart- . mtnts and members being fuitable to each other, both in conftrudlion and ; furniture, and all kept in the highell prelervation. It often happens that the . ' houfe, however elegant and colUy, is not the priiicip^il objeA of the feat which confilU in its hortuliiuc and rural decorations. Villas,' opening land. r# fcapi es. *¥> ENGLAND. fcapes temples* all of them the refult of that enchanting art of miitating natui;c, and uniting_.beauty with magnificence. It cannot be expeftcd that I (hould here enter into a particular detail of allrthe citien and towns of England, which would far exceed the limits of this worj^ : I ihall, therefore, only touch upon fome of the moft confider- able. Briflol is reckoned the fecond city in the Britifh dominions for trade, wealth, and the numbijr of inhabitants. It ftanJs upon the i)orth and foutlj fides of tl>€ river Avon, and two parts of the city are conne£i."d by a ftrong bridge. The city is not well built ; but it isXuppofed to contain 15,000 houles, and 95,000 inhabitanU. Here is a cathedral and eighteen parilh churches, belidcs feven for eight other places of worfhip. On the! north fide of a large fquare, called Queen's fquare, which is adorned with rows of trees, and ai^, equeilrian ftatue of William the Third, there is a cuftom-houfc, with a quay half a mile id length, faid to be one of the moft commodious in Eng. land, for (hipping and landing of merchants goods. The exchange, wherein the merchants and traders meet. Is all of freeftone, and is one of the bed of its kind in Europe. > York is a city of great antiquity, plcafantly fituated on the river Ouie; it is very populous, and furrounded with a good wall, through which are four gates, and live poftcrns. Here arc feventeen pariflies churches, and a very noble cathedral, or minftfir it beingj one of the fineft Gothic buildings in England. It extends in length 525 feet, and in breadth no feet. Tlie nave, which is the largeft of any in the world, excepting that of St, Peter's church^t Rome, is four feet and a half wider, and eleven feet higher, than that of St. Paul's cathedral at Londen. At the weft end are two tovrers, conne£ted andfupported by an arch which forms the weft entrance, andii reckoned the largeft gothic arch iu Europe The windows are finely paint. ed, and the fi-ont of the choir is adorned with ftatues of all the kings in England from William the Norman to Henry VI. and here are thirty-two ftalls, all of line marble with pillars, each conlifting of one piece of alabafter. Here is alfo a very neat Gothic chapter-houfe. Near the cathedral is the aflcmbly-houfe, which is a noble ftrudture, and which was defigncd- by the late earl of Burh'ngton. This city has a ftone bridge of five arches over the river Oufe. The city of Exeter was for fome time the feat of the Wcft-Saxon kings ; and the walls, which at this time enclofe it, were built by king Athelllaii, who encompaifed it alfo with a ditch. It k one of the lirft cities in England, as well on account of its buildings and wealth, 5s its extent, and the number of its inliabitanta. It has fix gates, and, including" its fuburbs, is more than two miles in circumference. There me iixtecn parifh cliurches, befides chapels, and fiv<; large meeting houfcs within the walls of this city. The trade of Ex- eter in feiges, perpetuans, long-ells, druggets, kerfeys, and other woollen goods, is very great. Ships come \\p to this city by means of iluices. The city of Gloucefter ftinds on a pkafant hill, with honfes on every dc- fcent, and is a clean, well.built town, with the Severn on one fide, a branch of wlilch brirtj^s flilps up to it. The cathedral here is an ancient and raagnlficen'. ftrudturc, and there are alfo hve pariiTi cliurches. Litchfield ftands in a valley, three miles fouth of the Trent, ami is divided by a ftream which runs into that river. The cathedral was founded in the year 1148: it was much damaged during the civil war, but was fo com. pletely repaired foon after the Relloration, that it is now one of the nobk''- „ ' . ' , • • , Gothic '^,, E K C< I. A M & Hfi f imitating | Gothic ftruiflum In England. Litchfield h thought to be the moft con«' fiderable city in the iiorth>welt of England, except Chefter. Chelter is alargei populous, and wealthy city, with a noble bridge, that' hat a gate at each end, and twelve arches over the Dee, which falls into thf fea. It halt eleven parifhesi and ni . vell-built churches. The ftreets are generally even andfpacioud, and croint.j one another in ftraight lines, meet in the centre. The walls were Aril ereded by Edelfleda, a Mercian lady^ in the year 908, and joiit on the fouth fide of the city to the caftle, from whence there is apleaunt walk round the city upon the wklls, except where it is intercepted by fome of tlie towers over the gates ; and from whence there is a profpedi of Flintfliire, and the mountains of Wales. < Warwick is a town of great antiquity, and appears to have been of emi- nence even in the time of the Romans. It Hands upon a rock of free-ftone, on the banks of the Avon ; and a way is cut to it through the i-Ocks from each of the four cardinal points. The town is populous, and the ftreetl are fpaciouG and regular, and all meet in the centre of the t^wn. The city of Coventry is large and populous : it has a haridfome town- houfe, and twelve nn 'le gates. Here is alfo a fpacious n'.rket-place, with »' crofg in the middle, ' -> Ket high, which is adorned with ftatues of feveral kings of England as large as life. Saliibury is a large, neat, and well-built city^ fituated in a valleys and wa> tered by the Upper Avon on the welt and foutb, and by the Bourne on the call. The ilreets are generally fpacious, and built at right angles. The cathedral, which was finiihed in 1358, at the expence of above 26,006- pounds, is, for a Gothic building, the moft elegant and regular in the king- dom. It is in the form of a lanthorn, with a beautiful fpire of freeilone m the middle, which is 410 feet high, being the talleft in England. The' length of the church is 478 feet, the breadth is 76 feet, and the height of' the vaulting 80 feet. The church has a cloiiler, which is 150 feetfquare* and of as fine workmanfliip as any in England. The chapter-houfc, which > is inoftagon, is 150 feet in circumference; and yet ther^f bears all upon one fmall pillar in the centre, fo much too weak in agpcavs' .« for the fup- port of fuch a prodigious weight, that the conitruftion oi ll. '1 building 13 thougiit one of the greatell curiofit! tsin F.i jland. Tlie city ot Bath took its name from fc.ae natural hot baths, for the me- dicinal waters of which this place has been long celebrated, and much fre- quented. The feafons for drinking. the Bath-waters are the fpring and au- tumn 5 the fpring feafon begins, with April, and ends with June} the au- tumn feafon begins with September and lafts to December, ; wd iorae. patients remain here all the winter. In the fpring, this place is molt frequented for' I health, and in the autumn for pJeafure, when at leaft two tl. !rds of the com-' paiiy confilUng chiefly of ptrfons of rank and fortune, come to pircake of' the amuleiuents of the place. In fome feafoos there have been no lefs than 8coo perfons at Bath, belides its inhabitants. Some of the buildings lately erefted here are extremely elegant, particularly (^ceri's fqii; ^., the North had tioutli Parade, the Royal Forum, the Circus, and Crefcent. I Nottingham is pleafantly fituated on the afient of a rock, overkoking the Inver Trent, which runs parallel with it about a mile to the fouth, and has jbeen made navigable. It is one of the neateft places in England^ aud haa a. |conliderableiradei . ,^4 vv :'m:-» wv ■,: t , . -JhU No nation in the world Can (hew fuch dock-pris, tiv' -H conveniencies fbi- Iconttruftion and repairs of the royal navy, as PortJ ; ;*•' ; the molt regular prtification in England), Plymouth (by 'far thcbdi. , u. vard) Chatham^ ,.'-'.sJ Jtlt WoolwicJ^ ;:^' t** E NO L A N D. Woolwidki trtd TVpFoM. The royal Hofpital at Greenwich, for AipenH' nuated feamen, i. txr^y exceeded by any royal palace, for iu magnifi. ccnce and cxpcncu : CoMMfKCK AWD MANurACTURSs.} Thi» article i« cotV' w, »nd has b«n well Uilciified in former publications, many of wliich ? .itfter-piecca of tlieir kind. It n well known that commerce and manufactures have raifcd the £ngUlh to be the firll nnd moft po\rcrful people in the world. Hillo- fical review^ on this head, would be tedious. It is fufficicnt then to fay, that it vraa not till the reign of Elizabeth that England began to feel her true weight in the fcale of commerce. She planned fome fettlements in America, particularly Virginia, but left the expence attending them to be defrayed by her fubje^s ; and indeed ihe was too parfimonious to carry her own notions of trade into execution. James I. entered upon great and beneficial fchemes for the Englifh trade. The Eaft India company owes to him their fuccefo and exiilence, and Britifh America faw her m il flourilhing colonies rife unjtr him and his family. The fpirit 'of commerce went hand in hand with that of liberty, and though the Stuarts were not friendly to the latter, yet, during the reigns of the princes of that family, the trade of the nation was greatly increafed. It is not within oin: defign to follow com- merce through all her fluduations and Hates. Tliis v^uUl be an idle attempt, And it has alix:ady taken up large volumes. The nature of a geographical work requires only a reprefcntation of the prrfciit ftate of cn i country into another. From this neceflity, thus juftly cftimated, arofu a ' -an erct, wkioh was for many years profecuted with an induftry a> it -^s nevtr feen in the world before ; and Uy which the poui mud-wi}lfsi^ure is the moft coofidenbUj iai exceeds in &'ki go0dAfiii. ■:^ vv 1^. V V IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ,.<>. 1.0 I.I iai2.8 US |Z5 ■ 22 2.0 M 1.25 1.4 Ii4 < 6" — ► w Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WiBSTH.N.Y. MSSO (716)«73-4S03 4^ fH E N C'LlAnir K? goedn^ aoA qitMitky*th«t of any other nation^ Hardware !« aaother cajii; . la! article t lochi, edgctools, guns» fwords, and other amiH exceed ^nythinr ef the kind') houfenold utenfils of brafi^i iron, and pcwter^alfo are verr ' great actudea ; and oiur clocks and watches are in great efteem. There aic out few nuiiufaiEbirea in which we are defeAive. In thofe of lace and paper ^. are do not feem to exceU though they are greatlv advancing) we idipon mncb more than w^ (houldt if the duties on Britiih paper were taken o£ A« to foreiffn traffic, the woolen muM*^ive is the great foundatfon snd , . liVPprt of It. *, > irhe Americair colonies are the objeAs which would naturally have firft prefented then*Jy entered inro between the U|irocountrie«.^' ^ . ' The principal iflands belonging to the Engliih in the Weft Indies, are - Jamaica, Barbadoes, St. Chriftophers, Grenada, Antigua, St. Vincent,* Dominica, Anguilla, Nevis, Montferrat, the Bermudas or Sigstmer Iflands, . liod the I^ahama or Lucayan Iflands in the Atlantic ocean. * The Engliih trade with their Weft India Iflandr confift chiefly in fi'gar^ t rums, Cotton, logwood, cocoa, coffee, pimentp,, giiiger, iiyllgo, materials for dyerst mahogany and mancbincel plants, drugs, and preferves ; for thefe the exports from England are of nalairgs, a coarfe kind of linen, with which the Weft Indians now clothe their flaves : linen of aH forts, with broad cloth and . IwiOes, for the planters, iheir bverfeers and families : dlks and ftufifs for their . ladtts and houfdiold fervants ; hats } red caps for .their flaves of both fexes; , ftockings and Oiqqb of all forts : gloves and millipery 'W'are. and perukes, lace« . foTi Unen, woolen, and fllks ; ftrong beer, pale beer, pickles, candles, butter, : and cheefe ; iron ware, a? faws, qles, axes, hatchets, chifels, adzes, hoes, . nattocks, gouges, planes, augres, nails ; lead, powder, and fli(?' ; brafg and copper wares ; toys, coals, and pantiles } cabinet wares, fnuffs, and in gene. . nl whatever is raifed or manufafturcd in Great Britain ; and alfo negroes ':^m Africa, and all forts of India goods. The trade of England to the Eaft Indies conftitutes one of the mo{l ilu. pendpus, political, as wcU as commercial madunes, that is to be met with in hiftory. The trade itfelf is exduflve, and lodged in a company, which has a temporary monopoly of it, in conPideration of money advanced to the government. Without entering into the hiftory of the Eaft India trade, . withm thefe twenty years paft, and the company's concerns in that country, ft is fufficient to lay, that, befides their fettlements on the cqaft of India, which they enjoy under certain reftri^ipns by a£l of parliament ; they have, througl^ the vanou! :ntem4 rcvolittions which have happened at Iridofian, •nd the ambition and avarice of their fervants and officers, acquired fuch ter«i fito^al polTeiBons, a* render them the moft formidable commercial republic (for fo It may be called in its prcfent fituation) that has been known in the ^^voriid ever Unce the demob'tion of Cartbi^e. Their revenues are only . known, and that but imperfectly, to the directors of |j^e company, who ar< diofen by the proprietors of the ftock ; but it has been pubUckly affi.vned, that they amount annually to above three millions and a half iWrling. The expences of the compar/ ui icr*:, fleets, and armies, for maintaining thofe acqiufitioiu, are certat.ay very great : but after thefe are defrayed, the com* iny not only cleared a vaft fum, but was able to pay to the goveinment four iadred thoufaad pounda yearly for a certain time, partly by way of indemni' . itij)a for the- cxpepces of the public in piotedting the company, and part; ' ■. . - ■ , 'if _.« E N G L A N D. '!Hf lyigg a tacit tributefor thofe'poflcflionB th^t are territonal and nol comMen^ This republic, th^refore,^ cannot be faid (o be. independent i «nd it ii pent it expired. Tw many years patt, the company's fer-ants abroad 1||iqb enriched and ferved themfelves more than the company, or the republic. ''■{ This company exports io the Eaft Indies all kinds of woolen /manufa^WB» nil forts of hard-ware, leadf bullion, and quickiUver. Their, importD confift of gold, diamonds, raw filka, drugs*'' tea, .pepper, arrack, porcelain or Cliimi yrsK, falt-petre for home confum^tioh ; and of vrrcught £lks, muflins* callicoes, cott9ns, and all the woven manu&vflures of India, for expoiw * tation to foreign coimtries. * I (hall now proceed to a concife yie^ of th^ Epglifli trade to foreign countries, according to the lateft and mi^ ^uthcn- tie accounts. To Turkey, England fends in her own bottoms, wooQen cloths, tii^ lead, and iron, hardware, iron utenfils, clocks, watches, verdegris, fpicesy «€(y:hineal, and logwood. She imports from thence raw-filks, carpets, Ikiniy dying drugs, cotton, fruits, medicinal drugs, cotiiee, and jifli manufaAures. I have already mentioned {he trade with Denmark, Nor. , «a|Qoieff( in Mi{fi«g Ke|i», iuc, making pot-afliet, inm works, iitd t«Bov, t| %Ucli oTed to Im fiuiriihsd to her by the MMrthem powcM. T|fcfeodt n. 'pBtitA to IVlMcly chiefly bjr the way of Dtnttick, are many, and the duticl taan theai bw. Many arcidcs are fent tLeic fat which thm m no longd- «ny dematMi hi ^her countries. Poknd confumet bu-gc quantities of oar haid^ware, lead, tia, fate, fea-coal, &c. and the expoit of iinmnfiiiftvredMbacco is greater to Poland than tp any other couatfy. fi^ • Itdance of trade may be eftimated mudt in our favour. • > To HeQMd, Enehuid fends an immenfe quantity of many ibrts of mercb. * indife; ftich as all kinds of wooUen goods, hides, com, coals, Eaft-India tnd Turkey commodities, tobacco, tar, fugar, ricej ginger, and other American > .wodo^ons^ and makes return in fine linen, laca, ca^tbeics, thread, t^pei, ^e, madder, boards, drugs, whalebone, tr^in-oil, toys, and many otlwr fliinffs t and the balance is ufually fuppoied to be much in fevour of JEnmrnd. The foregoing account of the trade of En^and is adapted to the rehtiv^ ittHrtion «f the different countries of Europe^ as they flood before the com^ jneBcement of the prefent war ; but the difaftrous events which have taktn ^bce dcuring this awful ftruggle, having totally overthrown the fabric of £wopean poKtics, diifolved and broken all her poKtical as w«n as com- mercial rdations ; before any fpeculation on this fttbje<^ can be hazarded, muft waif tffl iranquillity is reftored and fome iyftem of connection and swc Mteroourfi;, which promifes to be lailing, eftabliflied. Whatever this fy. Item may be, whether one altogether new, or one fimiliar to the old ; we VMHiot entertain a doubt that Great Britain will retain that dignified fitua, tion ui the £:ale of nations ; to which her magnanimoos conduct during tli< eoikeft, fo Jaftly entitles her ; and tho* tier commerce may be at prefent di- verted from its former channelB, k is at this time greater thm it has ever ben ifcMT foitter period. ^ The acquifitions which the Englifh made upon the coaft of Guinea, ]»rt> icuhrly their fettkments at Senegal opened new fource^ nf commerce with Afiica. The French, when in pofleflion of Senegal, i there for gold, ftrrcs, hides, oftrieh*-fieather8, bees#ith negro flaves, amounting in number |o ab^ve 100,000 annually. The qther returns are in goid-duft, gum, dying •nd other drugs, redwood, Guinea-grains, and ivory. To Arabia, Periia, China, and other parts of Jl^, England fends ntuch JfbiT%n £lver coin and bullion, and fundry Engliih manuivAures of woollea goods, and of lead, iron, and brafs j and brings home from thofe remote re> ?'ons, maflias mid cottons' of many various kinds, callicoes, raw and wrought k, chiQta ; teas, porcelain, gold dull, coffee, fidt-petre,and mafty other dnigv And fo great a quantity of thofe various merchandifes are re-eXported to fo^ cign European nation^, as more than abundantly compenfates for all thefiher Bullion which England carries out* During the infancy of commerce with fore^n pa^a, it was judged expedient y> grant exclufive charters to particular bodies or corporations of men,; hence ^ £aa India, South Sep, ^udfpn's Bay, Yiu*key, |^uffiar'^oy?l Africa^ % M 6 X. A N S m cempMlM f 1^ ^ imde to Twikifi, RtIffii^ and AAUm, It bo# kid «pilfi| • thoogh the tnecehfent who propMes to trade thhher» mui; become a tac m aa, of the company! be .fobjcA to their hiws and regulattoas, and adTaaiot a fifl^ fum at adfl|iffi6f)» for the purpofe of fuppbrtiag f»aiula» S0KM4 With rdgar^ to the general account of England's foreign balatice, the «• M^rtSf preceedittg 1 798* according to the accounts of t^e iofpe^Un* genoralof ^iiports and exports, were 31 millioin ; dw impoirts 33 millions y the impOrti ..' from China and the Eaft Indies 6 millions j fo ihatr according to this cuqukw. tion, England gains aainuaQy,^ eight miUJons ftcrKng, cxelufivc of the jnemt ttt of her Eaft Indtatrade. Yet our foreign trade does not amount to one-fixth part of the inhodi the annual prod(i6e mS the natural produ£l« and iqanufaAorcs o( EnglaM amounting to sdrate iiarty-two millions The gold and filver. of Engliatd is received from Portygral, Spain Jamaica, ^e American cokmies, and Afrtea* but great part of tiua gold aikl filver we again export to Holbmd, and the Eaft Indies ; and it is u^pofed that two-4mrda of all the foreign tnffic cS England Is carrqsd on in the- port of London. Our bounds wiU not afford room to cnter4nto a particular detail of tht places where thofe EngHfti manufafbu-es, which are mentioned in the , above account^ are fabricated ; a few general ftri^uKt, however, may' bt proper. Cornwall and Devonfhire fupply tin and lead, and woollen manufa^hirea SIC common to ^moft all the wefiem counties. . Dorf^fhire makes cortb^ ' ioT the navy, feeds an incrediUe number of flieep, and has largje ]ace»nnano£ic». tures. Somerfetihire, befides fumifhing lead, copper, and hpis csdamlaalriaf has large nuinufadories of bone-lace, ftock,ing8, and caps. Briftol is faid by feme to en^loy toco maritime veiTds of ^ iizesy'cOaflers ah welt aa fhipa employed in foreign voyages : it has t.^ny very important manufa£hir8»'| , itt gl^s-bottle, and drinking glafs, one alone occnpying fifteen large houfes} iu braf;)-wire manufiB£^urcs are alfo very confideraUck Vaft manunflures of all kinds (glafs, jewellery, clocks, watclies, and cutlery, in particular), are arried on jp Jjondon and its neigbourhood ; the gold and filver roanufac<^ tures of London, through the encouragement given them by. the court and the nobility, already eqiuJ, if they do not exceed, thofe of aqr country m Eurrae. Golchefler is famous for its manufaiAures of bays and fecgcs ; and iXo Exeter for ferges, and long clh ; and Norwich for its excellent iluffs» cam- blets, druggets, and ftockings. Birmingluun, though no corporation, is one of the krgeft and moft populous towns in &ighnd,and carries onan amazing trade in excdlent and ingenious hardware manub£lure8,particularly fnuffand tobacco boxes, buttons, fhocobuckles, etwees, and many other forts of fteel and brafs wares ; ij is here, and in Sheffield, which is famous for cutlery, that tbe true ge- nius ofEnglifh art and induftry is to be fecn ; for fuch are their £xc4;llent inven-' tionsfor rabricating hard wares, that they can afford them for a fourth part of the price at which other nations can furniih the fimie of an inferior kind : the cheapn^s of coals, and all necefTariea, and the convement^ of fituation, no doubt, contribute greatly to this. The northern counties of England carry on a prodigious trade in the coarfei- and (lighter wodien mannndures ; witnefs thofe of Halifax, Leeds,' ^akefield, and Richmond, and, above ail, Manchcfter ; which, by its va- riety of beautiful cottons, dimities, tigken, checks, and the like ftufia, k becoine a- forge and populous place, though only a village, and its higheft: ^ffOaUt 9lfAlAk, I might' mentiou here many othq- ro«auiaAurtti|;' tOWM 44« E'H G L A N Di •Dwm and {ilacet of £ngland» each of whieh is noted for fortie panicular com* moditV) but the detail would become too bulky, f muft not however dif. Bitfs thifl head, without obfcrvin? the beautiful porcelain and earthen waiv that have of late years been manufaif^ured in different pUfeces of England, par. ticularly in Worcefterfhire and StaHbrdlhire. The Englifh carpets, efpecially thofe of Aiminfter, Wilton, and KIdderminfter, though but a late manu. fildure, greatly excel in beauty any imported from Turkeys and arc extreme. ly durable { and confcquently are a vaft Aiving to the nation. Paper, which till very lately wrus imported in vail quantities from France and HoUand, is now made in every corner of the kingdom, and is a molt necelTary as well u beneficial manufaAuro. The parliament, of late^ has given encouragement for reviving the manufafture of falt-petre, which was firlt-attcnpted in £ng. land by Sr Walter Ral<;igh, but was dropt afterwdKds in favour of the £a|. India company ; t'Sfuc'cefs of fuch an undertaking woifld be an immenfebe. nefit, as well as iecority to the nation. , After all that has been faid on this head, the feats of manufadurei, «nd confcquently of trade, in England, are fludlnating ; they will alwayi follow thofe places where living is cheap and taxes are eafy : for this reafon they have been obferved of late to remove towards the northern counties, where jprovifions are in p|enty, and the land-tax very low ; add to this, that probably, in a few years, the inland navigations, which are opening in manr parta of England, will make vaft alterations as to its internal ftate. ^Short View HlSTORldAL Companies. of the Stocks, or Public Funds tn England ioikha% Account oJtbelL\%i IvoiAt the BAHKt and the Sovth In order to give a clear idea of the money*tranfaftion; of the feveral com. paaies, it is proper we fhould fay fomething of money in general, and pa^ ticularly of paper-mdneyr and the difference between that and the cunxnt fpede. Money is the ftandard of the value of all the necefDuies and aecom* modations of life, and paper-money is the teprefentative of that ftandard to ,;.i4 . fuch a degree, as to fupply its place, and to anfver all the purppfesufgald and iilver coin. Nothing is neceffary to make this reprefentative of money fupply the place of fperie, but the credit of tliat ofHce or company who ie livers it ; which credit contifts in its always being ready to turn it into fpecie whenever required. This is exactly the cafe of the Bank of England; the notes of this company are.of the fame value as the current coin, as they ,4 ,. may be turned into it whenever the poifefTor pleafes. .from h&nce, asnottt f. are a kind of money, the counterfeiting them is punifhed with deaths as well .^ sis coining. • The method of depoflting money in the Bank, and exchanging it ht notes, (though they bear no inter^ft), is attended with many conveniencies : ,88 they are not only fafer than money in the hands of the owner himfelf, but as the notes are more portable, and capable of a much more eafy conveyance ; ilnce a bank«note for a very large fum may be fentby the.poft, and, to prevent the defigns of robbers, may, vi^thout damage, be cut in two, and feiitat two feveral times. Or bills, called Bank-poft-biUs, may be had by ipplication to the Bank, which are particularly calculated to prevent lofTcs by robberies, they being made payable to the order of the perion who takes tltem out, at a certain number of days after fight ; which gives an opportunity to flop billi at the Bank, if they fhoidd be loft, and prevents their being fo eafily negu* ^ated by ftrengers as como^oa bank aotei ate ; and ytbaei^f Goo&den the I u kiivitni, the eir(ifeii»^i.litt2^Uo^ tW virould be hi CeMding hrgt fiiMI of gold and filyer to and fifttit iman^. placet, muft «Ub cqhfider thte id ft vpMf ungular adYintftge. Beildes wluch, another beqefit irftenda them | Jbr iff " they are dt^yed b| ttm(»» or other acpident, tbe Bank wdl, on batti \iSe^ made of f^ch, accident* and fecurity being giyeni fay the money to ikci^ fofl who vi^itf dttflifffiofl 6f them. ,/ .v / 'r ^ani-nof^/jAiSerfiroia «A kinds of ftock i>.thef< .three ^ailSpnlaai.}!. They, are '*l««ya of 'tk^ Oca^t vaKi|. 2.< Thef ate' bMtd off wtthobi befii^ tmmiM^iia^ti. Theriicar rtoJhtereft ; while #o(li are aihare in a c6m> piity's fund, bbttght witwiil! khy obndttion of ha?ing the pnnciplal'returwtd. fHfia-httJt b^dted (bjr fkttte pttm»i thousrh erroneoufljr, dcaompatedftodc) are to be exe«t>ted^ they t>d% Ikiitde jnyable at fix monthi lioticp^ dther On tie fide of the .company, drdfthe fofleffor. '''''' • * Bytheworci Stock was originally j»eant, a particular. fmM df ihoh^ contHbiifted to the eftablifhing a nlnd to enable'a conipa^iy to durry on * cer- uin trade, tty meabs o( which the perfon b«camea partner ins thit tHtde^ anS received a fktaz in the profit liade thereby, hi jlrbportidn to the iqoiicy ent- ployed. Bat tWd term has been extended farther, though improperly, to fom'fy any ifam of money which has been lent to the ^vermnent,, on con^ didon of recdting^ eertkih int^reft till the mohey is repaid, and which makert apart bf the 'national debt. As the fecurity bbth of the govtrninen^ aai^ the poblic ebmpitnies iit eftaemed preferable to that le and nt^y be fold at any time ; and as the inte if always pah£hia% .paid wheh due ; fo the^ are thereby enabled to row money on a lower intereft than what might be obtained from tendbii itto priv«t^ p0^s, ij^tni ti^ere'ia of^en fome d«i)ger of lofing b6th princi- pal and fnteiftft.' ' • r" But as every e«p!tat ftOck or fund of a co^panv Ja raifed' (or it^artictdar purpoft, and limited by government to a certain fum, it neceflarfl,^ feUor«ts» that when that fund is ebnnh^leted, no ftock can be bought of the cotnmM^ ; thou^ (hares, dready j)nrchared,<^may be transfettsd from one perfon td another, llii^ being the cafe, there is frequently a ^at 'difprupoition be^, (ween the original viJue of the (hares, aiid what is giveii for them when tranf«^ ferred ; for if there are more buyers than fetfers, a perfon who is indiCPerent about felling, will not part with his (hare ^thbut a confiderable profit to him- (df t aA'd on the contrary, if many aiie dift>ofe(i to {^Iztid feV indined to bay, the value of fuch (nares Will uaturji^vJ^iU, "hi ikiroportion to^he imp»« dedce of thoile Who want to turn their ftoolmtofpcfde. fhefeobfervatioUf may ferve to give Our rea^iii^ feme idea of the nature of that ui^ftifiable and di(honeft praAic^ called -j/brii^o^^riijf, the myttery of which cdiiflftA ifi nothing more than tbjs : the pbrfons dbncemed in that pmftiae, who are denomimated Stockjobbers, make conira^s to buy or fell . at a certain diftant time, a Cer^in quantity of forhb patticulaK Hock ; a||ainft which time tliey endeavour, According as their contrad: is, eithei: to raife ot la«r«r fuch ftock, by fpreading rumoim, and fiflitioAis ftories, in order to'in* dncepemile either to fell oiit m a hurtv, and confequently cheap^ if they arifc ' to dl^vi^ ftock ; or tO become unwdHng to.fettTt, and confequently to make itdearer.iftjj^ are to receigf ftock. The perfons who milke thefe contra6b are ijot in general poffelfed, of anv , real ftock; and when the time comes that they are to receive or deliver tl«* quantity they have cOntra^ed for, they only pay fuch a fum of money al nidcef the di^^nce between the price the ftock was at, when they madetjie Tak^^e it happ«pc to be at when the soatrad ia fuiiiUed } and LI il ■■•IS, • »^Iing upon tht' l^fidei th(^e, there is another fet ormeh,,wh9» though oif a higheriank, .yVI^ l^ough cqme under the fame Ji^nunation.'' Ijphne areUie grcjit, m9f>iea nida^ who are'dtalen in ftosk» and contraAon with the govera> mj ra^Qt whuth Sea comp^nicv #rc difUuguiflied by dSlfiPerent denominatiiAis. an4.are of a ver^ differeotta> ture, we mall give- a (hort hiftory of each of them, together with an account of t)ie different ftocks each is poflefled of, b^qning; witJi the £sft lodii company^ as the iirft eftablilbed* . ^A8T IkoiA COMPANY.l W^ MV companyr * ' of jt wsu| formed m quel alteratiy were thdr (^pitid, wluch then amounted to 3, Ipdjoopi, was reduced to three j^ cent, and c^led the India three per cent, annuities. Thbfe anhuities are different from the trading f^ock of the compaoiyj thfc proprietors of which, inflead of receiving a regiuar annuity, have,' accordiMp to tneJr different fhia^s, a dividend of the j^ms arifing firbhi th4 company^ tnde : and that dividend rtfjn or ialls according to the circUihftances (qf the tottpany, eithei-rad, or, as if too often the cafe, pnetpnded. A proprw' tor of irock td the amount <^5ool. formerly Vsl* hpt nbw of iddd. vrt;«Ker nianorwbman^ native' or foreigner, has fright to -Aie a, manager, atfd to give a vote in the general- .«-■■ # • ■' ■ ■ ^ Lla ' , ■ ■• * Atltr^iog to lift* hid kefore the HouSs of •0«MB^oat« ib^ ConpaniL. ea^doyed lib {lipi and 8170 men. -, ,^, v. v 'Si' '^'"^ »p4 BuWFe to^ryin? <»«:»> mayor's court of CahHUta ihould iv the future be 'config. itanu qf India^ atid to the ufages of t;hat coun- try* as tq occafion t^-n|ioft alarming difc{Hitents among tUte natives, and great fUfiatialM^on even among tbe company's own fery|fit|. {li th« month of November, 178^, Mr. I'ox, then fecrctary of fiatt» |>«9Vgh| forward a bill for new reguUtuig the company, under the fuppofitka ol the inOG^pelency of the diredors, and thf pre^nt infolveut ilate of the f:pmpanT. The hill padled the coron^oi^ 1 out, it feemsby the fecret influence of the caowp, an oppofition was formed againfl it in the houfc of lords, att placing too daingetouk a power in- the hands of any men, and which would be fure to opcmtia fgainft the necefiary powei; of the crown } anil, after long debaUi, k vras tiurown out by a majority- of nineteen peers. The confequence of thist'^was the downfall of* the n\iniftry, and a< general revolution of the cah'net. , By the new bill, which paflied at the dofe of the ffiffioo 1 784, three thingi fdCfe intended. Fu|^, the eilablilhing a power of controul, in this kinsdom, by which the executive government in India is to be conne^d, vuth that oyer the reil of the empire. •,' ...,-,.-, -^ '■ Secoodlyjh the regu^ing the,90|^u^ of !^c cqnaipany's fervants in India, in oidcr to remedy the evils which havf prevaileti ^ere. Thirdly, the providing for' the punifhment of thofe perfons who Mi, neverthelefs,. continue in the ptai^cc of Criin«!S which have brought diignce upon the country. I Accordingly, 'fix perfons are to be nominated by the king as comimffien* fn for the ^airs of India, of which one of the fecrett^s of ilate and the ■, ■ - ' • ■ ■ ' .. .,' . . chant ,>. ...-^*.^...i % H Q L A }jl Di - afj .4«ac«Uor Qf th« Exchequec for the time htiuft (hall be two, and the preC- dent i« to have the csftiog TOte, if equally divided. New commiiSoncra to be appointed at the plcauirc of the crown. Thii board ia to fup^ntend* iinSt and controul all a£ki, operation*, and cunoems which in any wife relate to the civil and nulitary government or reveauca of the Britifh tcnitorial' pdT- feflions in the Eaft Indies. They are fwom to execute the feveral power* »nd trulU repofedin them without favoQr or affedizbii, prejudice or maUcc, to any perfon whatever. The court of direiElors of the 9vmpany are to deliver to thit board all minutea, orden, and rcfolutions of themfcKct, and of the court* uf pn^prietora, and copies of all leUera, orders, and inilruAiopa pro* pofed to be i^nt abroad, fur their approbation or alteration. None to be feot until after fuch previous communication on anv pretence whatfoever. The diicAors arc lUll to appoint the fervants abroad, but the kioff has a poWer by biifecretary of ftate to recal either of the governors or memDen of the coi^ cil>,or any perfon holding any office uuder the company in their (ettkntents, ind make void their appointment, By this bill th^e is given to the gover- nor and coancil of Bengal, a controul over the other prefidcncies hi allpoiats which {«I*te to any tranfadions with the country powers, to peace and war, or to the application of their forces or revenues i but the council pf Bengal are fubjeAra to the abfolutc direAion of the company at home, and in all afei| except thofe of immediate danger and neceffity, reilrained from a^g without orders received from hence. Bank of EiiaLANOt] The company of the Bank waa incorporated by parliament, ii) the 5th and 6th year of king WiUiam and queen Mary, by the name of the Govcrpor and Company ofthe Bank of England ; in con- fideration of the loan qf i,aoo,oool. granted ,|;o the government » for which the fuhfcribers received almoil 8 per cent. By thic-charter, the company are not tq borrow under thfir common fcal, unlefs by adof parliaqicnt { thev arc not to trade, or fuficr ffiy perfon io truft for them to trade in aM foods m- merchandife ; but they may deal in bills of exchange, in buying or iefiiqg bu| li6n, and foreign gold aud fdver coin, ftc *" • By. an ^6t of parliament paflcd w the 8 and 9th year of WiUiam III. they ' treie empowered to enlarge their capital ftock to j|,aQi,i7iL los. It was ihcq alfo enaAed, that Bank ftock ihoulj be apcraomJ and not a real eftate ; that no contradi either in word or writing, for buytog or (elling Bank ftock, ihould be good in law, unlefs regiftered in the books ofthe Bank within fevca days, and the ftock trausferreid in fourteen days, s(nd that it ihpuld be felony, without the benefit 'of clergy, to cotinterfeit the commqpi ieal'of the Bank or any fealed Bank bill, or any Back-note, or to alter or crafe fuA bilh or notes. By another aft, pafied in the 7th of queen Anue, th^ company were iro« powered to angmeUt their capital to 4,402,3431. and they then advanced 400,0001. more to thC govermnent ; and in 1714 they advanced another, loan of i,5po,oool. » In the third year of king George I. the intereft of their capital fiocl^^as rcdu(^ to 5 per cent, when the iBank agreed Jte deliver up as many^^x- fheqi^ bills' as l^nouoted to a,Qoo,oool. and to accept aa annuity ^f IOO,cool. and it was dedarcd lawful for the Banjt to call from their mem^ Ikts, in proportion to their. interefts in tha'r capital ftock, fuch fums of money as in a general court fhould be found neceftary. If any member (hould ' a^k& to pay his ihare of the monies fo called for, at the, time appointed, by notice in the X'Ondon Gazette, ^nd fixefl upon the Royai Exchange, it ^ould )>f lawful for the Bank, not only to ftop the dividend of fucji a member, ap^ t» •5* ENGLAND. to tpply tt t«wnrtl payment of the money in queftion, but alfo to ftop ^^ mnntn of the ihare of fuch defiiultrr, and to charge him with the intercft of 5 per cent, per annum for the money fo omitted to be paid \ and if tht £dncii»I and intereft (Aould be three months unpaid, the Bank (houU then ave power to fell fo much of the (lock belonging to the defaulter aa wouU iMiify t\ft fame. ^ _ After this the Blnk reduced Uie intereft of the 3(0OO,oool. lent to the go. tVmmeNt, from 5 to 4 per cent, and purchafed federal other annuities which were afterwards redeemed by the government and the national debt due to the Bank, reduced to i,6oo,oool> But in 1742, the company engaged to fiipply the government with it6oo^oool. at three per cent, which 11 now caUaa the three percent, annuities ; Co that the government was now iadebt. cd to the company* 3,aoO|OOoL the one half carrying 4, and the other j percent. In the year 1 746, the company agreed that the fum of 986,800!. due to them in the ExchequeAills nnfatisfied, on the duties for licences to fell h\, rituous liquors by retail, fliould be cancelled, and in lieu thereof to «ccnt of m amiuity^f 3914.42L the intereft of that fum at 4 per cent. The com^ ^pany alfo agre«4 to advance the farther fum of 1,00(^,0001. into the £x. chequer, upon the cipedit of the duties arifing by the malt and land-tax, kt 4 ' per cent, for Exchequer bills to be iffued foi that purpofe i in confideration of which the company were enabled to augment their capital with 986,^00!. tnr lateroft of which, as well as that of tnf other annuities, was reiduced to three and a half per ceht. till the 25th of Defcember, 1757, ind from tlk time to cariy only 3 per cent. *• And in order to enable them to circulate the faid Exchequer bills, ther 'cftabUihed what iriow ddled Bank circulation : the nature of which not bong well underftacxV- we (hall take the liberty to be a littl^ more pir. ticular ivfr its expUnation tkan we have been with regard to the other tocka. t - ' i The company of tbe'mnl^re oUiged to keep cafli fuifident to anfwirr nbt only the common, W atfb any extraordinary demand that may be niade upon them ; and whatever money thi^ have by them over and above the fum ' fuppofed neceflary for thefe purpofea, the^ employ in what may be called the trade of the eompany*; that ik to (ay, in difcounting bilh of exchange, in buy- ing 'of gold and iilver, and in gotemment fecurities, ^c. uut when the Bank enti^d into the above-mentioned contraft; as they did not keep un- crtiploycd a(^arger fum of money than what they deemed ncceifary to aofwer their ordinary and extraordinary demandu they could not conveniently take -out of their current caih fo latrge a aim as a million, with wiiich they were obliged to fumiih the govemmeitt, wi^ut either IciTening that fum they em. ployed in difcountitig, buying gold and flver, &c. (which would have bees jrery difadvantageous to them), or invetiting fome method that ihould anr fwer allfthe putpofen of keeping the million in cafh. The method whicH tb^'diofe, and which fullK 'auwt s their end, wisAa follows : They opened a fubfcriptiott, which they renew annually, for a million of Money ; wherein the fubfcribers advance 10 pOroent. and eAter into a contraft to -pay the remainder, or%ny part thereof^ whthever the^Bank fhall call upon them, under the peoaky of forfeiting 4he 10 percent, fo advanced t in confi- deration of which, the Bmk pays the fubfcnbers 4 per cent* intereft for the' . money paid in, and one raiirth per cent, for the whde^m they agr#e tofuroifb) aad b cafe a callihoulabc upofn'tkem (atijtt$^tAvtiit, or any •^ - ■ I. • ' ■■ ■ * .\ A t-^ f(d|^' , , ■ Ma«4 i; N o L A if l>. . »;5 Mtft thereof the Bank iiurthcr sgreei to pay them at the rate of 5 per ^t. per anaum fdr fuch (um till t!iey repay it, which they are under m* olJigation to do at the end of the year. *»y thi< meant the Bank obtains ail the purpofei of keq>ing a million of money by th«n ( and though the fubfcnben, if no call it made upon them, (which iiin gem-ral the cafe), receivt fu and a half per ceut. for the money they advance, yrt ihe coflApany gaint the fum of a3>5ool. per annum by the cuntr«ft { as will appear by the fol- lowing account » ^f 4 The Bank receivet from the goTemment for the advan9el of a million . — — \ The Bank pays to the fubfcnliers who advance ioo,oool.l and engage to pay (when called for) 900,0001. more | Ili( clcar*gain to the Bank th^refori; ii £. 36,ooo a3.5o« Tkli is the ftate of the cafe, provided the comjpany ifhould nuike nt> call on t&e fublcriben, whkh they will be very urtwillmg to do, beo^ii^fe it would not only leflcn their jSrofit, hut afficA the public credit in genei«l<. . Bank (lock may not improperly be called a trading ftock* f>nce with this they deal very lugely in ipreign gold and filver, in difcounting bills of cx/> ' chang* *• &c. Beiides which, they ^rc allowed by the government Tcrr confiderable fums annually for thi management of the annuities paid at IJbeat - office. All which advantages render a nwff \» their ftbck.very vahnblie ; thougli it is not equal in value to tlic Eaft InHia ftock. The company make dividends of the profits half yearly, of which notice is publicly g^^ ; whien thofe who haye occafion for their money, may readflyfcM^ it : but private ' pcrfpna, if they judtre convenient, are permittetlto coitilllie their funds, and to have their intercu added to the priucipri ■!•. **\ *^ This (Company is under the direAion of a governor, deputy-governor, and tw(;pty«fotlr direAor9» who are annually elc^ted^ by tl^ gensral court, in the (aroe manner as in the Eaft India company, liiirteeii, or more, cumpefc a court of dircAors for managing the anaiss of the company. The officjcrs and fervants of this coapany arc very numerous. South Sea company.} During the long war ^^ith Franc; w* •bout tnakl|^ $nj ftttteitiinit on th« coftl( of Sdtttti AmeHea, wkck tm >^inK llidttered the ezpcAatNnu of the people ; nor \^« it Indeed ever • . i»to ENGL AN !>.• «lf. }if(o a jofait fto^, attended wit& aniraities after the ftibtot^ jper ceM. inntll tedemptioti hj parliament, and fliould be cidled the New South Sea aniuu- ties, and the other fourth part fhpuM* remafai in the odmpany as a trading capital ftock attended wkh the refidue of the toaukiet or funds payable at Vhe Exche()iier to the company for their whol6 capital, till redempttpn ; and attended with ^he fame fums always sdlowed. for tbechnrge of raanageraentt with all eifedts, profits of trade, dehts, privSeg^es, and advantages belotu;* iog to the South Sea company. That the accountant of the company flMHsid, twice every year, at Cbnftmas and midfummer, or within one month afterj; ftate an account of the company's afEairs, which ihould be laid before the next geneial court, in order to their declaring a dividend ; and all dividends ihould be made out of the dear profits, and ihould cot exceed what the company niight reafonably divide without inturring any farther debt ; provided that the company fhould not at any time divide mcH% than 4 per cent, par annum vnul their debts were difcharged ; and the South Sea company, and thdr trading ilock, (hould, exclufively firom the new johit Aock o/annuities, be 1^ aMe to all debts and incumbrances of the company t aod that the compifny- (hould caufe to be kept, within the rdty of London', an office and books, in which all transfers of the oew annuities fhould be entered and figpied by tht jparty making fudi tran8fer,'or his .attorney { anl the perfon to whom luch tran^r fhould be made, or his attorney, fhould underwrite his accep- tance; and no other method of transferring the annuities fhould be goodm law. The annuities of this company, as well as the other, are now reduced to 5I. percent. ' *■■ ' This company is under the dire£iion of a governor, Aib-fovemor,- deputy governor, and twenty-one dlre£iiors ; but no perfon is quahned to be gover- nor, his majefty excepted, unlefs fuch governor has, in his own name and right, 5000I. in the trading ftock ; the fub-govemor is to have 400dL the deputy-governor 3000I. and adire6tor 2000I. in the fameftopk. In {every ceneral conrt, every member having in his own name and right 50CI. in trad- ing ilodk, has one vote } if 2oboI. two votes ; if 3000I. three votes, and if joool. four votes. The Eaft India company, the ^aiik of England, and the South Sea com- pany, are the only incorporated bodies to which the government is indebted, except the million Bank, whofe capital is only one mi£uon,>conftituted to pUr- chafe the reverfion of the long Exchequer orders. The intereft of all the debts owing by the^overnment was lately reduced to 3 per cent, excepting only the annuities for the year 1 758, the life annui- ties, and the Exchequer orders ; but the South Sea company ftill continues to divide 4 per cent, on their prefent capital ftock ; whkh they are enabled to do from the profits they make on the fums allowed to them for manage- ment of the annaities paid at their ofHce,' and from the intereft of annuitiea which are not claimed by the propVietora. ^ ''4 i .,u*!!>4T' As the prices of the different llocks are continually fluftuating above and bebw/ar } fo when a perfon, who is not acquainted Avith tranfanions of that nature, reads in the papers the prices of ftocks, where Bank ftock is marked pei-haps 127, India ditto, 134 a 1 34^1 South Sea ditto 97^, 8cc. he is to niiderltand tiiat lool. of thufe refpe^ive ftocks fell at fuch a time for thofe feveral fumSi '' ''"^''^T^y^l'' In comparing the prices of the different ftocks one Wi'th another, it mUft be remembered, that tht inter ties fell for %$^ or 85I. los. while New South Sea annuities fetch only 84-11. or 84I. ica though each of them produce the annual fum of 3 per tent. ; but the old annuities have a quarter's intereft more due on them than the new annuities, which amounts to 15 s. the exa€t difference. There is, however, one or two caufes that will always make o!t>* fpecies of annuitln fell fomewhat lov^er than apother, though of the fame real value ; one of which is, the annuities making but a fraall capital, and tliere not being, for that reafon, fo many people at all times ready to buy into it, as into othm, where the quantity i» larger 4 becaufe it is apprehended that whenever the government pays off the national debt, they wiUt begin with that particular ipecies of annuity, the capital of which is the fmajleft. While the annuities and intereft for money advanced, is regularly paid, and the principal infured by both prince and people (a fecurity not to be had in Other nations), ^foreigners will lend us their property, and all Europe be in- tereited in our welfare ; the paper of the companies will be converted into .money and merchandife, aod Great Britain can never want ca(h to cany her fchemes into execution. In other nations, credit is founded on the wcnfdof' theprincie,if amoiiarchy ; or that of the people, if a republic; but hereitii eftabUfhed on the intereft of both prince and people, which is the ftfbngjcll 'fecurity : for however lovely and engaging honefty may be it^tr other fubjeds, intereft in money matters will always obtain confidence : r virtue. . ^ • Constitution amo' laws.] Tacitus, in defcribing fuch a cnlitutiba as that of England, feems to think, that however beautiful it may he is theory, it will be found impra&icable in the execution. Experience hal {>roVed this miftake rfor, by contrivances unknown to antiquity, the Eng- iih cooftitution has exifted for above 500 years. It muft at the fame time be admitted, that it has received, during that time, many amendements, and fome interruptions ; but its principles are the fame with thofe defcribedby the above-mentioned hiftorian, as belonging to the Germans, and the other northern anceftors* of the English nation, and which are very 'improperly blended under the name of Gothic. On the firft invalion of England by • the SaAons, who came from Germany and the neighbouring countries, their laws and manners were pretty much the fame as thofe mentioned by Tacitui. The people had a leader in time of war. The conquered lands, in propor- tion to' the merits of his followers, and their abilities to fcrye him, were ' diftributed among them : and the whole was confidered as the commoa property which they were to unite in defending againft all invaders, r relh adventurers coming over, under fcparate leaders, the old inhabitants were ■ driven into Wales ; ^nd thofe leaders, at laft, afTumed the titles of kings ovtr the feveral dift/i^s they had conquered. This change of appellation made them more refpeAable among the Britons> and their nelghbonrs the Scot* and Pi£ts, but did nut increafe their power, the opei-ations of which continu. I ii:i> . .'T : '> '. All .)W. •"^ E If fT A N D. **9 AU civn inattert were propoh ^.i a gtneral alTembfy of the cKlef officers apd the people, till^ met in ^onveatien upon the fuppofition of this vacancy, both houfes came^ to thia itfiolution t "that king James II. having endeavoured to fubvert the conftitation of the kingdom, by breaking the original cpntrad between king and people { said by the advice of Jiefuits, and other wicked perfons> having viouted the fundi- mental laws, and having withdrawn himfelf out of this Kingdom, has abdioi- ted the government^ and that the throne is thereby vacant.*' * Thus coded at once, by this fudden and unexpe£led revolution, the old line of fuccef- lion : which from the Norman invsUion had lafted above 600 yearly and fioni the union of the Saxqn heptarchy in king Egbert almoft 900* the Aogl'!! having, aboat four centariea before, invaded and fuUaed th« aneknt Bri«. tool, whom they drove into Wsiea ana Com wall ' i H w -< , SaxoB • • . .'*■ >*'..( f egin to reiRTi. $00 Egbert 8t8 Ethelwoir 8j7 Eth«lbald 860 Etbelbert »M Ethekcd 871 Aided the grest ^i. Edward tbe Elder 9)5 Athtlftan 941 Edoiond 946 Edrcd W5 Edwy , 959 Edgar 975 Edwtfd the Martyr 978 Etkelredll. 1016 Edmand ir. or Iroafide 1017 Caimce kiog of Denmark^ iojj Harold "^ 1039 Hardicinote 1041 Edward the Confeflbr 1665 Huold tnAA wsii:.« I S (Commonlr called the Conqoaror) dake of Nonaandy, a arovioee ia< 1066. Wiuum I. I ^ ^1^, fg^^ ^f Eoglaodk i^o» Auiexed to the Freneh monrchy. ' 1087 •"illiam II. •> o , . „ ncoHenryl. J Son. of the Conqueror. U35 Stephen, graodfoD to the Conqueror, by bis fovrth daoghter Adela.* 11 M Henr» II 5 iPlantagenet) grandfon of Henry 1. by H: isr^aut the enprafs Maqd, 1154 Henry II. i \^^^ ^^ ^^^^'^^ ^^^^^ Gcoffr} ftiS^et. *^ ' ■ Oanifli* Sizon. ■A:', " r "?*.■• "* wi •:H = ; ■„.4^J','|; 4*^<'-i'*5H-^' 1 154 Henry 1 I189 Richard I, font of Henry II. II99 John I»6 Henry III. Ton sf Joha *♦' Ujx Edward 1 fon o( Henry III. 1307 Edward II. Ion of Edward I. Ija7 £d«ard 111 fon of Edward II, 1377 Richard II, grandion of Edward III. by httaldeftron thit Black PtUin, noo Henr» IV i'*"" '" J''"^ <*^ Ouant, duke gll>aacaiUr, 1 1399 "eory IV. I 4th Ion to Edward III. / «4i3 Henty V. too of Hi-nry IV. Ui* Henry VI. fon to Henry V. r HoBft oi Lancafter. VmzK a6i E* N G L AN D. Though ifi fome points the revolution was not fo perfeA as might have beea wifluedf yet From thence a new sera comoienced, in which the bounds of pren>» gative and h'berty have been better defined, the principles of government mon thoroughly examined and underftobd»^ and the rights of the fubjed more ex< plicitly guarded by legal provifions, than in any other period of the Englifh tuftory. In particular, it is worthy of ubfervation, that the convention, in thii their judgement, avoided with great wifdom the extremes into which the viiionary theories of fome zealous republicans would have led them. Ther held that this mifconduA of king James amounted to an endeavour to fub' vcct the conftitution, and not to an actual fubverBon, or total diiTolution of the government. They, therefore, very prudently voted it to amouut to no more than an abdication of the government, Ifnd a confequent vacancy of the thfooe ; whereby the government was allowed to fubfiil, though the execu- tive magiftrate was gone : and the kingly office to remain, though James wai no longer king. And thus the conftitution was kept entire ; which, upon every lound principle of government muft otherwife have fallen to pieces, had fo principal and conftituent a part as th^ royal authority been aboliihed, or even fufpended. * '.,?• Hence it is eafy to collect, that thie title to thtf crown is at prefent heredt* tiuy, though not quite fo abfolutely hereditary as formerly ; and the conunoa ilock or anceftor, from whom the defcent muft be derived, is alfo different. Formerly the common ftock was king Egbert ; then Willi^ the Conqueror; afterward, in James I.'s time, the two common ftoeks united, and (o continued till the vacancy of the throne in 1688: now ^it is the princefs Sophia, iri whom the inheritance was vefted by the new king and parliament. Forcier. ly the defcent was abfolute, and the crown went to the next heir without aaj 1461 Edward IV. deTceoded from EdwudllLbfLioaei hit 34 fon7 1483 &dwsrd V. fon of Edward IV. ( Hoafe of York, 148} Richard HI. brother to Edward IV. j ' r(rudor) looofthe coooter«^ S485 Henry VII. < of Richmond, of the houfc (^ ofLaocafter. 1509 Henry VI (I. foo of Heary VII XJ4; Edward VI. foo of Heory VIII. -i^. Hoofe of Tador, io whom were niii« united the. houfei of LaocaScr and Vorkf'by Henry Vll't our. ri<||» with Elizabtfta daighttr of EawHd IV. ;f55mSbe.h?I>'"8'««"">'«««7^"'- . .ic V I (Great Grandron of Tamc!) IV kvig of Scodand, hf. Margarat, dughtcr 169J jamet I. ^ ^^ „^g,y yi, ^^"^ g,^ ^ ^^^ 3^^,,^ i^j,^ ^ Eagiaod. 16*5 Charleil foil otJanuM I. - . , . .^ ., '.,. , . Cooimonweattb and pruteAorate of Ccomwell, , "'' "^"r-~''-'^-^ ■ rWiUiaan III. and fon>ia law of Jnnsei IT. 3688. \ and CMary 1701 Anoe \ Daughter* of Jamei. II, in whom ended the PrAteftaot Koe ofChatlei v. for James II. upon his abdicating the throne, carried with hia hit fuppofsd infant ion (the late Pretender), who wastzduded br adt of parliament, which tettled the fuccemon in the next Prote& tant heirs of James I. The firvivini; iiTue of James at the timt of his death, were a fon and a dtu|{hter, vis. Charle*, who ftic* ce«ded h m, and the princefs Elizabeth, whhemia and left a daagli- ter, the princefs Sophia, who luarricd the duke <)f Brunfwick La* nenburgh, by whom (he had George, elector of Hanover, wh* afcended the throne, by ad of parliament ezprcfly mSde in favosr of his mother. 17*7 George II. foo of 6eorge I. > Houfe of Hanovef* tjto Gkorge Ul.graadfon of George 11^ EN (i L A N D. jlWi^B' rfinSdott ( but now, upon the new fiettlemeotp the inheriuuBCe is condition- al • being limited to fuch heirs only, of the body of the princefs Sophia, n, are proteftant members of the church of England, and are married to, none, but Proteftants. And in this due medium confifts the true conftltutibnal notion of the right ' of fucceifion to the imperial crown of thefe kingdoms. The extremes be- tween which it fteers, have been thought each of them to be deftru£kive of thofe ends for which focieties were formed, and are kept on foot. Whew the magiftrate, upon every fucteflion, is ele&ed by the people, and •may by the exprefs proviuon of the laws be dei>ofed (iCnot punilhedl by his fubje£lts»; this may found like the perfeAion of liberty, and look well enough when delineated on paper ; but in practice will be ever found extremely difficult. And, on the other hand divine indefeafible hereditary right as our laws have created and veiled in the royal flock, is clofely interwoven with thofe liber- tiei, which are equally the inheritance of the fubje£l, this union'will form,* conllitution in tfaeorv the moft beautiful of any, in pra^ice the moil approv- ed, and, in all probability will prove in duration the moil permanent. This coniUtution it is the duty of every Briton to underftand, to revere, and to defend. ^ _ , ^ The principal duties of the king are expreiTed in his oath at the coron^ tion, which is adminiilered by one of the archbiihops or biihops of the realmt in the prefence of ^ the people ; who on their parts, do reciprocally take the oath of allegince to the crown. This coronation oath is concelvi^d in, the following terms z " The arcbhi/bopt or bybop,JbaU fay. Will you folemnly promife and fwear, to govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions there- unto belonging, according to the itatutes in parliament agreed on, and the lawsj^and cuftoms of the w/at I — 7 be kingw queen JbaUfay.fl. folemnly promife fo to do. « Arcbajbop or bj/bof. Will you to, your power^caufe law and juilice, ia mercy, to be executed in all jrour judgments i — King or queen*, I will. " Archbjfbop or bi/bop. Will you to the utmoil of your power maihtaia the laws of God, the true profelTion of the gofpel, and the proteilant reform- ed religion eUabliihed by*%he law ? and will you preferve unto the biihops and clergy of this realm, alKd to the churclies committed to their, charge, all. fuch rights and privileges' as by the law, do, or Ihall appertain uutothemrOr any of them. — All this I promife to do. "i Afler ibh the king or queen, laying hitjtr her hand upon the holy gof^h^Jbafl I /ay. I1ie things which I have here befo(^ promifed. I will perform and keep ; So help me Godt And then k'tfs the book.^* This is the form of tht coronation oatli, as it is now prefcribed by our laws : and we may obferve, that, ,in the king's part, in this original cbntrafl, are expreiTed all the duties that a monarch can owe to his people ; viz. togovfni' according to law; to execute judgment in mercy ; and to maintain the efta- bliftied feb'gion. With refpeft to the latter of thefe three branches we may farther remark, that by the aft of union, 5 Ann. c. 8. two preceding ftatutea j are secitedand confumed ; the one of the parliament of Scotla]|0|^ the other of the parliament of England, which enadl ; the former, tiiat every king at hisfucceflion ihall take and fubfcribe an oath, to preferve the Proteilant reli, gion,«nd Preibyterian church govcniment in Scotland : the latter, that, at I his coronation, he (hall take and iubicribc a finiilaf oath, to preferve the fettle- ment of the church of Englaiid within England, Ireland, Wales, and Ber- wick, and Ae territories thereunto belonging, • ^ •. .. . the i- m ^ K 6 L A K b. .The kin^ of Great BritiAi, notwithftanding the k'mitatkml of the poW of the crowa»«shctdy mentioned* i> the greateft monajpch reigniqg over a free people. His peiibn ia (aacd io the .eye of the law, which makes it iiigh tremfoa fo much as to imagine or intend his death ; neither cin ht^ pi kimfidft be deemed gaaky af any crieUe, the bw taking no cognifanoe of Us aAibast but only in the pcifons of his minifters, if they infringe the Jawi of iIk land. As to his power, it is '«ery great, though he has no right to ex. fehd kti pi t i tt ga ttvc beyond the ancient limits or the boundaries prefchbed by the conflitutioil } he can mdce-no new laws, tior rcife any new taxes, oor ael iia «pp^tion to any of the laws ; but he can make war or peace ; fead andaeceiYeainbaffadors) make tivaties of league and commerce ; levy armitt^ ind fit out fleets, for the defence of his kingdom, the anrtoyance of hit CBemies»''or the Tuppreffion of rebefiions; grant oommifllons to his officen, bothkby fea and bnd, or revoke theni at pkafure ; difpofe of all magazinei, tdOes 8cc. fummon the patiiament to meet, and, when met, adjourn, pr». ^"~n^ br diuoWe it at pleaTune ; refufe hi^ aflent to any bill, though it bad fed both houfes ; which, confequentlyt by fuch a refufal, has ilo more XT than if it had never been moved) but this is a prerogative that the ings of England have very feldom ventured to exercife. He poflefletji the rig^ of chufing his own council ; of nominating all the great oiHcen of nte, of the honfliold, and the church ; and, in fine, is the foViDtaio of honour, from whom i^ degrees of nobility and kni^thood are derirei Such is the dignity and power of a king of Great Britai* Of the parliament.] Parliaments, or general counclsj in feme (h^^ are, as has been before (ri>ferved of as high antiquity as the Saxon goreni. ment in this Ukmd, and coevid with the kmgdom itfdf. Blaekftone, in hit vahiable Commentaries, fays, *' it is generally agreed, thtitin the main the conftitiition of parliament as it now ftands, viras marked out fo long ago* the 17th of king John, A. D. 12 15, in the Great Charter granted by that prince; wherein he promifes to fummon, all archbifhops, btfhops, abboti* lords, and greater barons perfonaHy ; and all other tenants in chief, dnder the crown, by the (herifT and bailifts to meet at a certain place, with forty days notice, to aflefs aids and fcutages when neceflary. And this conftitutioil !iad fubfifted, in fa£t, at leaft from the year 1 266, to 49 Henry III. there being 'ftiU extant writs of that date to fummon knights, citizens, and burgeiFet to pariiametJt.'* The parliament is aflembled by the king's writs, and its fitting moft not be intermitted above three years. Its conftituent parts are, the kin^ fitting there in his royal political capacity, and the three eflates of the realm ; the lords fi)iritual, the lords temporal (who (it together with the king in one iioufe), and the commons, who fit by themfelves in another. The king and thefe three eftates, together, form the great corporation or body politic of the kingdom, of which the king is faid to be caput, pritfcipium, et^ms. Fflt upon their coming together the ktng meets them, either in perl'on, or by t^prefiAitation ; without which there can be no beginning of a parliament; and he aUb has alone the power of difTolving them. It is highly necefiary for preferving the balance of the conftitution, tto the executive power (hould be a branch, though not the whole, of the legn- lature. The crown'cannot begin of itfelf any alterations in the piefent efti lifhed law ; but it may approve or difapprove of the alterations fuggefted ai confented to by the two houfes. 'I'he iegiilative therefore cannot abridge tl executive power of any rights which it now has by law, without its own ( feat > fince the law muft perpetually iland as it, cow does, unlefs all the powa willlj Englii form a check u] mutual J check t nients. ■■ The ] The lord inftriAm peers ft nevr-made the cafe 1 Wy. 1 thepbwer A" bod] poun^d c the people It creates ; the peafant <}imin{lhing are reared f and if thai wh«n in t K they alfo vol The coin fcavc not feai """"t, either nan who is vemor; arid '■> the whole contrived, th "^prafticable \ "I'nute and 1 I *fl'nguifted. I the projfrieto and biirgefTee tne nation f. |45;iiia]l5j l«itei, th»oghi iPl'Jwwciit; t, r^r large fr,di ';«« Many a ifiS '""•^ |"Par««inenufc< .['Coprofthe ■■,• ( E N C L A'^ ». i#yi :he power ng over a i makct it cr can he^ gnifance of gt the la\n rigVit to «• I prefct^d f taxes, aor peace ; (cad levy armioi ranee of hii his oScen, i\ magasinest idjourn, pr»« iiough' it bad itaa (to mdrt itiv« that tke poffeflethAe cat of5c«r8 of \c fcrtiQtain of d are derived. in fotne ftapej Saxon govem- ^el^ftone, inW» In the main the fo long agon granted by tte |Hihop», abbotJi [in chief, ^^ lace, with forty this conftituti«i III. thereWing ,, and hutylt» Ifitting m»ft?«^ Ithe kin^ fitting the realm ', w Ithe king in o« I The king and ■bodypo^W"' km, etfnis. M |n perlon, orbyl [of a parliameiitil lonftitution, t^ lolc,ofthek«JJ Ihe F^«";f *l U{uggeftf«3 annOi aw-e tout its own e Uallthcpo*« irin tgrte t6 idtcr'h. And'berdn indeed contth ttie true i^ccDcnee of the Engliin government, 'were iv. maintained in 4t8 pdrilT, that all the parti^ltf U," form a mutual check upon each other. In the legiflature, the people ire » check upon the nobility,' and the nobility a check npon the txodIc t hy Ittk mutual privilege of rejeAing what thi other hds resolved : while tu i^qg ia j^ check upon both, whkh prcferves thr executive power frooi'^ f^niqroacb- ments. • ^ ' . - . , , . ,^ The' lords fpiritual confift of two archbiftiopi and twenty-fbur/tMflioai. The lords temporal confift of all the peers of Aie realin, the blfliopsnoi: bgiiig in ftndnefs held to be fuch, but merely lords ofparlian^q^t. Soivie of the peers fH by diifcent, as do 41 Ancient p^ers ; feme by creation, a» doatt^the new-made ones : others, fince the union with Scotland,' by elcAip^jiyhich it the cafe of the fixteen peers, Who reprefent the body of'the Kots n<>- . b!l|ty. The number of peers is indefinite, and mayiM increafed %iifiS^ Iqf thepbwerof the crown. • , ' '* ■ A body of nbbility is more peculiaily neceflaiy in our mixed '^nd''^ifcotA> pouD^d confUtutton^ in ordeFt'o fupport the rights of both the crown and * theptopte; by fonmng a barrier to withftand th< encroachnients of both. It creates and preferves that gradual fcale of dignity, which proceeds froin the peafant to the prince ; rifing like a pyiiiinld from.a broad foundatioilf «nd diminilhing to a point as it rifes. The nobility therefore are the piUvs, which are reared froni amOrig the pebble, more immediately to fupport'thc throne.; and if that falls, they muft alio be buried under its ruins. ■ Accordingly* ' whfn in the laft century ,the commons had determined to extirpate )nf)narchy» they alfo voted the houfeof lordstb be ufelefs and dangerous. * .;i „;}'-.. The conunons cdnfifl of all fiich men of any property in the.kjhgdoin, ajl have not feats in the houfe of lords ; every one of which has a voicf ii\ parliah -' ment, either perfomdly, or by his reprefentatives *. In a free flate, every man who is fupppfed a ^ree agent, ought to be in fome meafurel Vs own so- n vemor ; aiid therefore a branch at lealt of the legiflative power ftiould reude in the whole body of the pebj^ie. In fo large' a ftafee as ours, it is vpry wifelr contrived, that the: people . (hould do that by their reprefentatives, which it is, imprsAicable to perform in perfon ; reprefentatives chofen by a pulnber of minute and feparate diilri^, wherein all the voters are, or eafdy may be« diftinguilhed. The counties arc therefore reprefented by knights, cle^d hir the proprietors of lands : the cities and boroughs are reprefented hv citi^eiis and bwgeffes, chofen by the mercantile part, or fuppofed trading mtereft of the nation f. The number of Englifh reprefentatives is 513, ^nd of.Sca|i 45 ; in all 558. And/eviery.member, though chofen by one particular duT* N n * Thii mad he nnJVdiMd with fome lUniution. There who are poffefTed ofhnd- tAilct, thoBgh ,to the vato« Af 00I7 4O8 per anQam, have a right ^ vote for metnben of firiitncot ; ai have atoft of the memberi of corporation*, borought, Ac. But tjura un yaj large trading towos, and pop' 'on* place*, which fend no taembera to* pttliamtat ; ^ uaof thof* towns which do (end a.emb Imrcd won« of the |;r««t(ft inperfediona \ft the Eoglifh conftitution. The dutatioa iof parliimenu heine extendad to fcTeo yeara, hasalfo been viewed in the ftme light. *;« - 1 P<*ce or employment, cift or reward or any pron>t«e or security for Mdr vonaj, |«ffice, or employotent, or gift, in order to give my vote at tbiacMMMi and toatlhsv* |M before been polled at this ekfiion.. So help me Ood." '; ' • < ''M. .1« £ N. G L A K Dr triAt «lMi^.4eAeJ ap4 rctuiocdt Cervetfar the whole realdl. For the eadtf hts coming ^ther is not |Nirticidar, but geoenl { not merdy to fenr^ hit coa. ltitu$nt<» but ilfo the commoawealtb, and to advife hii majeftjr* u appem ^like are the coafiituent paru of a raHiament, the king»^ the lords fmrit* %al»d'tempcar^ and the commons. Parts, of ^rhich each is fo necejlvyi that the coDlent^ of all three u required to make any new law that fliould bind the fnbkft. Whatever is cnaAed for law by obc, or by two only, of the thitt, it no ntitte ; and to it no regard is due» ualeft in matters rdatiog to theii Wb privilege*. T$e power and jurifdlAion of pBrCamcnC, bp EdwaVd Coke, is fatmi- odideDt and ablulutc, that it cannot be confined,, either for caufes or jwr. fodh^ within any bounds. It hath fovere^n and. uncontrollable authcrtitj m, making, confirming, enlarging, rcftraming, abrogatingt repealing, re. vjvntg,. and expounding of laws, concerning matters of att poffible deno. minatiowi, ecciefiaSicrT or temporal, civil, military, raAritime, or crimi. nal : this being the place where that ablblufie defpotic power^ which nn4 m aD ^venunents refide fomcwhcre, is entrufted by the conftitution of tide kingdioms. All mifchiefs and grievances, operations and remedies, that traa. Icend the ordiaar]^ coarfie of the laws, are within the reach 'iS this eatnord* luiiry tribunitli It can regulate or new model the fucceffion to the crown: as ;lras done in the reign of Henry VIII. an^ William lit. It can alter anf cilablilh the reli«on of the hnd ; as was done in a variety of inftuca in the reign' of Henry- VIII. aad his three children, Edward. VI. Mary, and Eiitabeth. Ii! can change and cceate afrelh even the conftitutioa of the kiagcjivn, and of parliaments themfelves ; as was done by the sd of i^on, and the fevrral ftatutes fbr triennial and feptennial eleAions. Jt can, in Ihort, do every thing that is not naturally impoffible ; and therefore foae have a&t fcnipled to call its power by a figure rather too bold, the muif ^^'vi of'parSaaiad. But then their powe^ however grelt, was -given tncmit tnin, and thereifijre ought to be employed, according to the rules of j'ullicr, aad for the prbioiotion of the general tvtUaie of the people. And it ii i ■ matter eUcntial to the liberties of the kingdom, that luch members bedclt gated to this important truQ, as are mow eminent ior their probity, tbcir 'fortitude, and their knowledge ; for it was a known apophthegm of the great lord treafyrer Burle^h, *' that England «;ould never be ruined but by a par- liament ;" and, an Sir Mathew Hale obferves, this being the higheft and reatcft court, over wluich none other can have jurirdiAion in the Kingdom, by any means a mifgovernment ihould any way fidl upon it, the fub* ye&i of this kingdom afe left without all manner of legral' remedy. In order to prevent the mifchieft that might arifc, by plaj(ing this extea* ; five authority in hands tliat are either incapable, or elfe improper, to nan- age it, it is provided, that no one (hall fit or vote in either houle oc parliameoti j unlefs he be twenty-one years of zgc. To prevent innovations in religion arid government, it is enabled, that no member (hall vote or fit in either houfe^till he haUi, in the prcfence of the houfe, taken the oathsofanegi*! ance, fupremacy,' and abjuration ; and fubfcribed and repeated the dedarfl tion c. 3. at one of the obertiet of the people, *' that the freedom mt fpccch, and debatei* and proceedings in parliament, ought not to be impeaoif ' cd or queftioned in any court or place out of parUament,*' And this frai* 4om-of (peech it particulady demanded of the king in perfon, by the fpcaker of the houfe of comrooos» at the opening of every new parliament. Sq jfe the other privileges, of p«rfon, f(;rvant8, lands, and goods. This includes Mi ' o|kly privilege from illegal violence, but alfo from legal arrefts, andXeixorea by procefs nom the courts of law.' To aflault 1>y violence a member of either houfe, or his metlial fervtnts, is a high contempt of parliament, and there Eonilhed witjb the utmoft' feverity. ^ Neither can any member of either houfe e arrefted and taken into cuftooy, nor ferved with any procefs of the courts of law ; nor cmh his menial fervants 'be arrefted ; nor can any enti^ be mad« od hit lands) nor can his goods be diftrained or feized, without a V^ach of the privilege of parliament*. * \ The houfe of lords have » laghf to be attended, and conftantly are, bf * the judges of the court of ki^k** hench and common pleas, and fuch of the baront of the exchequer as are of the degree of the coif, or have been made feijesnts at Uw i as likewife by the itiafters of the court of chancery ; ' fv their advice in poin( of law^ and for the greater dignity of their proceed- ing*. ' ' . ■ The fpeaker of .the houfe of lords h generally the lord chancellor, or Jordkeeperofthegreatfeal,whi(;h dignities are -commuiily vefted i^the fame pafon. . *. Each peer has a right, by leave of the houfe, as being his own ^eprefet)- tttive, when a vote pafles contrary to his fentiments, to enter his diuent on the journals of thel^oufe, with the reafons of fuch diftent ; whjch is ufiially ftyled his proieft. Upop particular 5>ccarion8, however, th^fe protefts have been fo bold as to give offence to tlM majority of the houfe^ and have there- fore been e'xpungea from their journals; but this has always been thought a violent meajurci and not; veiy confiftent with the general right of proteft*. ing. . ' ' The hoflfe of conuMns may be properly ftyledthe grand inqueft ofCl^e^ Britain, impowered tp enquure into all' nation^ grievances, in order (o^fee themredreflcd. The peculiar laws and cuftonft of thehoofe of commons relate princi" pally to the railing of taxes, and the elefUons isf memben to ferve in parh'a- ment. ....,,,. . . .^.... With regariA to taxes t it is (he ancient indifputable privilege and right of the houfe 0' v-mmons, that all grants of fubfidies, or parliamentary aids, d;> begin in their aoufe, and are iirft beftowed by them { although their grants srenotefte^ftuatto all intents and purpofes, until they have the aflent of the other two branches of t^e l^giilature. The general rcafon given for this ix- dufive privilege of the hou£e gf commons is, that the fuppties arc raifed upon the body of the people, and therefore it is proper that they alone fliouldhave. theright of taxmethemfclves. ' The method of makijg laws is much the fame in both houfes. In each koufethe aft of the majonty binds the whole ; and this majority is declared Nn2 * 'hh nemption frnm srrsfis fsr kwiui ucbu, wa« aiwkys coniideredbjr tbe public u s grievi'nce. Th« lordi sod commooi therefore freneroufly reIio«|aiiked tiieir fn«iHgcby h# of parliament in lyo^i and viembert of bodi buufe* assy dok bt ^aed i«n B N O L A N I>. • V ntiblicly and jpenly given | not m at VenicCt tnd many ether fcm. torial . 'lies, privately >r by ballot. This latter method mav be CtT' viceable, tu ^i event intngucH and iintonftltutjonal cpmbinationSi but it ii impoflihle to be pra6b'fcd with us, at lead in the houTe of uummont, wltcre every memb«.f'« conduA is fubieA to uu future cenfure of hta conftjtneuta, and therefore ihouM be openly tubmitted to their infpc£Uon. To briny a bill ini - the houfe of commons, if the relief foiiffht by it w o/a iirivate nature, it is^irll ncceffary to prefer a petition ( which rtuft be prt- r ted by a member, and ufually ""cts forth the grievance dcfired to be r«. meiiicfd. Thi« uctition, (when founded on fads that may be in their native dtfputed) i8 referred to a comnuttee of members, wlio ex^ne the matter alledgcd, and accordingly report it to the houfe ( and then C^jr, othcrwiiic upon the mere petition) leave is given to bring in the bill. In public mat- ters, the bill is brought in upon motion made to the houfe without any pc- 'tition. (In the houfe of lords, if the bill begin!) therei it is, when of a Srivatc nature, referred to two of the judges, )o examine and report the ate of the fadts alleged, to fee that all neceflary 'parties confent, and tn ftttle all points of technical propriety.) This i|^read a iiril time, and, at % convenient didance, a fecond time ; and after each reading, the fpeakrr opens to the houfe the fubftance of the bill, and puts the queilion whctticr it Audi proceed anv farther. The introduction of the bill m4y he t)<-i;r|nally oppofea, as the biU itfelf ^nay at either of the readings i and if the ot)pofi- tion fucceeds, the bill muft he dropt for that fefllon 2 as it mull sdfo, it op- pofed with fuccefs in any of the fubfeqtient ilagctj. After ttieiecood reading it is committed, tlrnt is referred to a committee: which is either feleCted by the houfe in matters of fmall importance, or elfe, if the bill is a matter of great, or national coafequence, the houfe re< folvca itfelfinto a committee of the whole houfe. A committee of the whole houfe*is compofed of evoi; member i ••Q^., to form it, the fpeaker quitathe chair 1(another roembri oeing appointed chairman), and may lit and debate as a private menihcr. Ii. theie committees, the (iiU is debated diufe by daufe, amendments made, the blanks filled up, and fometimes the bUI is entirely new modelled. Afcer it has gone through the committee, the chairman ' reports it to the houfe, with fiich amendments 9* the com- mitteie have roadie -, and then the , houfe re confider the whole bill again, and the queftion is tepeatedly put upon every clabfe and aroendment When the houfe have agreed or difagreed to the amendments of the com' ■littce, and fometimes added new amendments of thci( own, the t^jU iitheo ordered to be engrofled or written in a ftrong grofs hand-, on one or more lon|; rolls of . archment £ewed together. When this is iii'i(hed, it is read a third time, and amendments are Tometimes then made ' c ; daufe be added, if is done by tac ! "ng a feparate piece o^ JV:'^ ' bill, which is called a rider. The fpeakc;r then agair "• '-i! ♦,'. stents; ai^ holding it up in his hands, puts the ' quelliun vi'hettict lite blD thall pals. |fthis be agreed to, the title to it is then fettled. , After this it is carried to the lords, for their concurrence, by one of the members ; who, attended by f "rcl more, prefents it to tlie bar of the hcufc of peers,, and there deliver* ii tv *'^eir fpe'iker, whp comes down from his woolfack to receive it. It there nifist, rough thj fame forma as in the other hoiifc (except engrofllng,. which !*• »!^■au H':>n?>, and if rejeded, no more notice is talicn, but it pafieswi i'Jtfjxk.t.y OKi^'tnt unbco.mnjT altercations. Biit if it be aiirced to, the Iprds una a re . ;i ge Dy two waiters m cnancery (or lometimes, in lujiuifi wi wfi" importance, by two of the judges) that th«y have" agreed tothffame j and • the ;i'id, if a new ontlic 1 1 ^ E N) O L A N I>. the bill remains wittk tlte lords* if they have mad if any amendment* are -made, fuch Inicndmcnii iko amcodment to it. arc fc(>' down with the Inll tu receive the concurrence of the commuu*. i '' the cumaiuii* |. d. If the commons agree to tha ameiulAients, the bill is fent back, to the lordB by unc of the mcmbeii with a m^iliigc, to acqtuiint them therewith. The iutr: form* are obfcrv< cimutatu muiantUt, when the bill begiua in the houfc of luids. But when an id of grace or pajrdon i» paflcd, it is firft ligned by his majefty, and then read once only in each of the houfet, without any new engt-oiBng qi- amend- ment, ^nd W'l'n ')th houfcabave done with any' bill, it always ii dejx}-^ iited In thr o il** of ''Cers, td wait the royal aflent ; except in the cafe of I moiic! 'ill' '•' >u> i r ' >cr receiving the concurrence of the lords, is fent back tst'ie :.' fe, > i comir >ns. It may be neceflary here to acquaint the reader, tl>»t bi ' i ' hdufes, and in their cutiimittees, the flighted exprdfion, or \c'^ minute alrratiun, dues not pafs till the fpeakcr, or the chairman, puts X. ^acfUon i which in th^houfe of commons, is anfwered by ayt or no \ and in '.helioufc of peers, by cintent ornot emlent. The giviuk the royal aflent to bills is a matter of great form. When the king is to pais i)ill8 in perfon, he appears on his throne in the houfe of pcen« in bis royu robes, with the crown on his head, and attended by his great of- ficers of ilute and heralds, A feat on the right hand of the. throne, where tht princes of Scotland^ when peers of Enaland, formerly fat, is refexved for the prince of Wales. The other princes of the blood fit on the left hand of the king ( and the chapc(41ur on a clofc bench removed a little backwards^ The vifcounts and temporal barons, or lords, face the throne, on bencbea, or wool-packs covered with red cloth or baize. The bench of bifliops runs t- long the houfe tp the bar^iuhc right Itand of the throne } as the dukes and ttli du on the left. The chancellor and judges, on ordinary days, lit upon wool-packs, between- Xhe barons and the throne. The common opinion is, that the houfe iittin^ on wool, is fymbolical of wool being formerly the llaple commodity ^q{v the kingdom. Many of the peers, on folemn occa- fiuns, appear in thei' parliamentary robes. None of the commons j|iave any robes, excepting the ^aker, who wears a long black filk gown ; "and whoi be appears before the King it is trimmed with gold. Tttc royal aflent may be given two ways ; i. In perfon. When the k'ing fends for jilie houfe of conunons to the houfe of peers, the fpeaker carries up the money-bill or bills in his h*t\d ; and, in delivering them, he addre&s his majelty in a folemn fpeech, ui which he feldom fails to extol the generofity and hiyalty of the commons and to tell his majeily how neceflary it is to be ^ \r ~''' '■ . ' ■ '■': ■'.'". - I -J'/ti. EN Ta obferve» keep, and do. all that a good and tnK^x^Kllv. ouwit to do to hi« fovercMrn lord. • ^^ * At no government can be fo complete as to be provided with laws that may anfwer every, unforefeen emergency, the j^rivy-ceuncfl, in (uch cafei, caa fupply^^the deficiency. It has beai ieven known, that, upon great and urgent occafions, fuch as that of a famine, or the dreM of one, they can fupenede the operation of the law ; if the parliament is Aot fitting ; but this is con- fidered as illegal, and an a£t of parliament muft pafs for the pardon and indcm- oification of thofe concerned. .' . The ofllce of fecretary of f^atc is at prefent divided into a.fouthem and a nor* thern department.. The fouthern contains France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, the Swifs Cantons, Conftantinople, and, in Hiort, all the ftates in the iouthem parts; The northern comprehends the different ftates of Germany^ Pruffia, Poland* Ruffia, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Flaiiders, and tlie Hanfeatic towns. With regard to. the capital a£ls of government which,were fonherly entruf- ted with the fecretaries of ftate, a committee of the privy^conncilj commonly calkd a cabinet-coundl, are chiefly entrufted. This cabinet -generally confifts i of a feleft number of minifters and noblemen, according to the king's opiaioil of dieir integrity and abQities, ot- attachment to the views of the court : buf though its operations are poweifal and extenfive, a cabinet council is not ef- , (ential to the conftitution of England. This obfenration naturally leads me to mention the pei-fon who is fo well known by the 'name of ihejirfl mtnlfter ; a "Jcrm unknown to the Englifli conftitution, though ^he office, in cffed, is perhaps neceffary. The conili* tution points out the lord high chancellor as minifter, but the affairs of his own court give him fufiicient employment. When the office of the iirft lord of the trealury is united with that of chancellor of the exchequer (office^ which laiA to explain hereafter) in the fame perfon, he is confidered as firiE minifter. The truth is, hk. anajefty may make any of his fervants his firft minifter. But though it is no office, yet there is a refponfibility annexed to the name and common repute, that renders it h poll of difficulty and r'anger. I (hall now take a fliort review of the nine great officers of the crown, who, by their pofts, take place next to the princes of the royal family and the twopnmates. The firft is the lord high fteward of England. This is an office very an- cient, and fon.!. itXj was hereditary, or at leaft for life ; but now and for cen- turies paft it is exercifed only* pccafionally ; thai is, at a coronation, oi to iit an a judge on a peer or peerefs, when tried for a capital crime. In corona- tions, it is held for that day only, by fome high nobleman- In cafes of triate*" it is exercifed generally by the lord chancellor, or lord keeper ; whofe com- milBon as high fteward, ends with the trial, by breaking his wliite rod, the badge of his office. , . , The lord high clrancellor prefidet in the court of chancery, to moderate the fcverities ofihe law, in all cafes where the property of the fubjedl is conf cerned; and he is to determine according to the didates of equity and rea- ' , [on. He is an officer of the greateft weight and power of any now fubfift- i ., : ing in the kingdom, and is luperior in precedency to every temporal lord. -.,, He is a privy counfellor by his office, and, according to fome, prolocutor of" ■-,; thehoufe of lords by prefcription. To him belongs the appointn.ent of al^* \ Ijufticesof the peace; he is viiitor, in riffht of tlit kinjr, of all hofpitals an^^^, • colliees of the kinir's found uabiuil, 'dll _ ^ , u patron of all the king's livings undejf [ we value of 20I. per angum in the king's books. He is the general guar- «tn of aU infants, idiots, and lunatics, and hath the fuperintendance of dl cha'ri- i 1;.* ■%■ ■^^m- -**• k • t :.:^ UN G t A N 0. clMlUMtf«" [ai^ hdt^toi^ver and above (he extenfite^^di^on t«Ml^ h« cxensil^to hUjudiclw capacity in t)ie court of «hanc^. — W, 'Qie.poft «^,lbiliili|htr^urer haft of late beenvefted in a oommiffioa thnlMtive of five perfone, who are called lords of the twafury j. but the. tirft ciramt&ner is 'iruppttftKl to poffeftnhe power ct( lord hj^tt^eafurer. He has tbe^oat'agement and charge of all the revetiuce of the crown kept in the «xidiea[uer':' ap ^fo the letting of the Irafeo of all crown-Unds, and the gift (^ 1^ plues beloi^ing to the ouftom* in the feveral ports, of the kingdom, The^lord prefident of ^be council Was an oi&%r formerly of great jJowtt, ^nd hvth'precedence next after the lord chan^fcllpr, and lord treafurer. Hj duty is to propofe all the''bn{h;iefs tranfa^ed at the council-board, and to report, to the k«i£, whc-n his majeily is not prefent, all its debates and pro- Cfcdings. It il a place uf great dignity as well as difficidty, on account of the vaft nut^ber of American and Weft India caufes'^ captures, and the like ttflBlirs, that'n hi8^cQroAation,tQ 4i^ b^ : he has hkewife dbarge of the houfe of Wda during the fitting of pmJBXOfKt i ini of fitting, up W^ijbninfter-hall for cotronations, or triali ^peers.' > . :.* * ' .. , " t 'f ^■.•* " ' ., The. office of ford h^ con^bkf has been difufed fuice the attainder aid ' 0Cfiqatk>n of Stafford due of fiii(;kia|^ny in tl^e year 152 1> but is occafioa- a^v^evived for a coronation. * *t^t dtake of Norfolk is I^eredit^ry carl marihal of England. Before Eng. ' I^d bec»me fo commnercid a country as it has been fbl*a llttndikid yeaft palt, . thi» office tiifDtre^ great abUities, learning, and kaovdcdge of the Engfiih ' hifi|>l7 few* Kk difdbafge. Ifk war time he was judge of army eiufes, andde. cid^d accordiny^^ Vie firiiiciples of the civil law. If the caufe did not admit, of fuob a decifiltn, it was left to a perfonal icombat, which \vai at- tended with a vaft variety of ceitmQnies ; the ai:raAg(»ient of which, even to ' the fmalleft trifte, feH.witmn the marlbal's ptovince. To this day, he or hit deputy regulates all points of f^ecedency according to the archives kept In the herald's office which is entirely Within his junfdiij^idn. He difdfts all Solemn prpceflioits, coronations, proclamations* genefal mournings and the like. The office of lord high adii|iral of England is * now likewife held bj commiifion, and is equid in its importance to any, of the preceding, efpecial- ly fince the growth of the Britiih naval power. The Englifh adiniraHty is ^ a board of direAion as well as execution, and is in its proceedings indepen* dent of the crown itfelf. All trials upon life and death, in maritime afi^ are appointed and held under a, commifEon immediately ifFuing from that board ; and the members muil figri even the death-warrants for execution j but it may be cafily conceived, that, as they are removable at pleal\ire, they do nothing th^can clafh with the prerogative of the crown, and conform tbemfelves to the direftions they receive from his majefty." Theboasdotj sdmirsllty regulates the whole na\al force ~- the realm- and names all their! * Tlte iaft Mtdhigh tdmiral wat 0:*rgt prince of Dminatk, and huAand to qoeeti Aao'- E N G LA M ft m lAindtoqoeeoA'**' «Ccerr» or eoMbiM them whomuuned \ titiliMt it* *jtin^i^o^.Tay>bE- tanfivc. Th^y appoint victf^admirBh tinder them ) bot an tppeMftum thcift Knto the highopuigt of admiralttf, wliich ia of a.oMI nature : Lon^aii the place whtrc it it held ; and all its proccflinand pr^ceediigt run in' ttha lold high ad(nu*al'* name^ or thofe of the commiflbners, and not in that dl the king. The judgie of thiadourt is commonly a dodkor o^the ctvil law, aad its proc««diiig»yaFc according to the method of the civil law ; but all ctmin nal matters, relating to piracies, and other capital oifiencea committed at £b% arc tried and dstermited recording to the laws of England, by witndfes and a jury, ever fkioe the rcten of HeAry VIII. It now remaias to treat «f the court* of law ift EnglaooL • Courts of law.] The court of chancery,' which ia the court of ti^a^. tf,il oaxt in dignity to the high court of parliament, and is defigfned to re- lieve the fubjeA againft fhuids, breaches of trail, and other oppreftons, aa4 ' to mitigate the rigour of the law. The lord high chancellor fits «8 fole judgc^ and ia his abfence, the mafter of the roQs, The form of proceeding is fay biUti anfwcrs, and decrees ; th« witneffes being examined in private ; howe* vir, the decrees of this court are oid#binding to the perfona aS, tk^ coi^ cerned in them, for tney do set affed their lands and goods ; and cea£B> quently, if a man refufes to comply with the terma, they can do nothing not# than feod him to the pvifon of the Fleet. Thia cquat ia alwaya qipen ,} aad ' ^a man be fent to prilon, the lq|d (^aocdller, ijB any vacation, can, if he Sou . wtan hr h gaoA a bfiea* eoeput, ■ ^ « '' This cleric of the 'crown tucewife belodgatp thia court, h<^ oC.l"* ^ lUtji beii\g obliged alwaya to attend on the lotd chancellor aa often aa he^ itifor the dJiJMtch of iMifineis ; through hia'haiida paia all writs for film- ' moiiiDg the pariiament or dioofiag of membera, commi|&oaii of th<( pcMi^ pardons, &c. * The King's Bendi, £$ csdkd either from the kings of England (bmctimsst fitting there In parfea, or becaufe all mattera determinable by comouHV )i#. • • between the king-imd his fubjeda are here tfied, except fuch iSxaz as prapoT'^ ' ly belong to theieburt of Exchequer. - This court k, ^likewife|L « ki^ «if check upofi all thff inferior courts, their judges ind '^i^cm or the peace. Here prefide four Kt(^cs» the &rft of «4iom ia ftykd lord eMfcf juftice of Eogland, to' exprefa^M gfeat extent of his jurifdidion ewer the Ungdoia : for this court can grant prohibition* in «ay caufc depending eithelr in ^- ritual OF temporal courta ; and the houfe w peera doea often direct the lord chlbf iuftiee to ilTue out h^ warrant for apprehending perfons under fufpicion ~ tofhigh crimes. The other three judges are called juftices, or judges of the King's Bench. jt , Tne court of Common Pleas takes co^ifaQiOt;>f . all pleas dcbatab||e.. and civil anions depending betwsen fubjeA andJ6d|ea and in jt, bei^etf, am real adlions, fines and vecoveries are tranfa£ledy,i(iao prohibitiotva, are like-. wife ilfued out of it, as well as from the King's Bdindk The iii-ft Judge 9f this court is ftyled lord chief juftice of the Commoii*{Sb|ij|(%H»clnmon hcni;k : beildes whom there are likewife three other judges, or Jmlicea of this court* None but ferjednts at law are allowed to plead he^e. The court of Exchequc" was inftituted foif: managing the rerenues of the crown, and has a power of judging both according to^hiMT^nd accor^ng to .«iwty. In the proceedings according to law, the lord chief barc>|^ of the Exchequer,. and three other barorw, prende as judges. They are ityijed ba- rons^ becaufe fonnerly none but barons of the realm were allowed to be . • Oo judgei •74 - £ N G L A N O; Jidkn in tip contt. \ Befidm there ii • fifth, called eurfitm^btron, who Em not a judicud capacihrrbut ii only employed in adminiftering the oath t» (herifi* aiid other oficcn, and aUb t9 levenl of the <^fiken of the cuftom. houfe. But -when this court proceeds according to equity, then the loi4 tnnittrer and the chancellor of the Exchequer pnfide, uBiS^cA hy the other nmHM. All mattera touching the king's treafury/ itvenuc, cUftoma, and finety are here tried and determined. Befides the - officers alroidy mentioned, there bdong to the Exchequer, .the. king's remembrancer, who takes and ftates aU accounts af the revenue, cuftoms, excift» parliamentary aid and fab< fidies, lee. except the accounts of furfer's remembrancer, whofe bufinefs it is to make out f^ocefles againft iheriffs, receirers of, the revenue, and other officers. — . For puttiqg the laws efficdually in eif(heriff is annually an. pointed for every county (except VTeftmoreland and Middlefex) by the lung * i whofe office is botkminifterikl and judicial. He is to Execute ^tbe king's mandate, and sA writs directed to him out of the king's court of jnf. tice { to impannd juries, to 'bring caufes and malefa&ors to trial, to fee fentenc^ both in civfl and crinAioafafPirsr executed ; and at the alDze to at- tend the judgesv and guard them vA the time they are in his county. He €slikewife to decide the eledions of kiughtsof the (hire, of coroaersand terderers ^ to judge of the quaCfications of voters, and to return fuch ai he Aall detertaine to be duly ele£bd. It is alio part of his office to colleft aU public fines, diftreflies, amerciaments,^ into the Exchequer, or where the kinr fluuik appoint, and |o. make fuch payments out of them as his majefty M think mopet. ' , ^r At his office is judicial, he^keepl a cou^, called the county court, which it hdd by the flieriff, or his under-iherifis, to ^ear and determine all civil cauib io the county, under forty (hillings : this, however* is no cdurt of record} biit the court, fofmerly called the (hcrift torn, vntf one | and the kinjfi leet, through all the eoonty : for in this court inquiry was .made into all criminal o&qces againft the oammoa hw, w^cre by the ftatute law there war no reftraint. This court, .however, has been long finec aboli(hed. Ai . the keeper of thef^ng's peace, both by common law and. fpecial com* wiffion, h(Ms the urft man in the county, and fuperiof in rank to any nobi^ nao- therein, during his office. He may cammand aU the people of hii coni' ty to attend him, whij^h is called the feffe etmiuuiUf or power or the county. Under the (heriffare various officers; as the under-iheriff, clerks, ftewank of courts, bailiffs (in London called^ feijeants), coniUbles, goalera, IM' dies, &c • . The next officer to the (herifT, is the jtt/Bee of peace, feveral of whom are commiffiooed for each county : and to them is mtrufted the power of put- tiilg great part of the ftatote law in execution, in reUtibii to the bighwayi, the po«r, vagrants, treafeos, felonies, riots, tht preferration of the f^t, \ &c. &c. and they examine aad commit to nnfon all who break or diftuib i the peace, sad diiquiet the king's fubje£b. In order to pnniih the offendeHi they meet every quarter at the coanty-town,^ when a jusjr of twelve ma> I called the grand inqueft of the county, it fummoned to appear. Tbitl * Sheriffs wcreformeriy choren by the iBhaUtanti of the feveni counties Ial«« CoantW* tha (heriffi were f^tmetlj hereditary, and" (till dintinne io the county of Wn- 1 morelapd. Th« ciiy of koDdon hathalfo the iahcritince of the fllricvaltyof Middlc»| velMi in thek body by charter. * fent theix mit the ft acquitted. tice of p tegrity, a power is li quah'ficati< toon't^^a •f King's Each a aeighhoun enter it on to enquire who 18 in p fubftitote. The civil felf ; for ev felf, tojudfi all civil cauh minfter; an< affize. Th« immimities, and burgeflc court of jud counties, and in^by-hwsft citiei, by mj lift goremmi Thegover in fome ther« mayoralty or wnfequently The cinqu) •hat he on th Romney, Ha added, with fi dowed with i ftey fliould pi in the wars foi For the bet were formeriy wurts-lcct ant "^ave juftice. Buifances; am idi tenants' •"^urchafe. . Acmjableu i%K/h conftit "•wathundrei I" r ~' ^'^^tklkXJx JtWngman, wl p«ebwgh8,Mt XV O'h AND. «TJ htji upon oath/ « to in(|uire ioto ti^csfet of all ddinqtteata, Ind to pre- fent them by bill, guiltT of the indi^Knt, or not gufltjr c the iufticescotiu mit the foroAr to nol tor their trial|[phe next amzes, and|th» latter tre acquitted. This » called the quarter-feffioas for the county. The ju(^ ^^ ttce (^ peace ought to he a peclon of great Mod fenfe, lagadity, and;iay ^■ tegrlty^ and to be not without f6nie knowledge of the hw; Sot a« ntaich power is lodged i& his hand«» and ai nothing is fo into^cicating, without fhefie qualiiications, he wiH be apt to make miftakes, and to iUp beyond his au- tboritft/or which he it indeed liable to be caUed to an account at the court sf King's Bench. ^ Each county contains two comurtt who are to enquire by a Jury of ■eighhours, how and by whom any peiibn came by a violent death and to enter it on record as a plea of the crown. Anothcf branch of hin office is to enquire concerning (hip wreck, and certify whether wreck or not, and who is in poiTeffion of the goods. In his mioiP'-rial office, he is the ihiriff*s ' fubftitute. ^ The civil government of cities is a kind^of fmall independent policy of it- felf ; for every city hath, by charter from the king,'a jurIfdi£tion«within it- felf, to judffe in all matters civil and criminal i with this reftraint oi^y, that all civil caules may be removed from their courts to the higher courts at Weft<^ minder; and all offences that are 'Ciipital,|pre conunitted to the judge of the affize. The government of cities diners according^ their different charteni' immutiities, and conftitutions. They are conftitut^ with a mayor, aldermen, and burgefle9, who, together, make the corporation of fhe city, and hold a court of Judicature, vhere the nuyor prefides as judge. Some cities are counties, and chufe their own flierms i and*^ltt of them have a po#er of mak> ing by-laws for their own government. Some have thought the govermcnt of cibes, by mayor, aldemwii, and conttnon council, is an epitome of tht Elig* liih government, by kHig, lords, and commons. The govertfineni: of incorporated bbroughs is much after the fame nuMner : in fome there is a mayor, and in others \wo bailiffs f all whichf during that mayoralty or magiftracy, are jufUt^es of the pe^ce wit^n their liberties, and confequently efquircs. f' ■. :j ,- The cinque ports wk five havens, formerly efteemed mod: important ones, that lie on the eaft part of En^btnd towards France, as Dover, Sandwich* Romney, Haftings and Hythe, to which Winchelfea and Rye have been iince added, with fimilar franchifes iii many refpe£ts. Thefe cinque-ports were cn^ dowed with particular privileges by our ancient kings, upon condition that they (hould provide a certain number of (hips, at their owb charge. If fcrve '. in the wars for forty days, as oflen as they were wanted. » .,, . . For the better government of villages j the lords of the foil, or manctt, (who were formerly tailed barons^, have generally a power to hdd courts, called courts-leet and oourts-bnron, where thw teitants «re obh'ged to attend and , receive juftice. The bufinefs of court^eet is chiefly to prefent and puniih ottifances ; and at courts-baron the conveyances and alienations of the cop^o hold tenants' are enrolled, and th^y are admitted to their eftates on a defcent •ripurchafe. , » *•>.■ ' » ,^ AconfiailehivtrY ancient and^ refpedable officer of the peace, under the Eneliih conftitution. Every hundred hat a high c6nftable, and every jparifli i»tha^hundred a conibble ; and they are to attend the high conftable up6a prejjsr odcauons. ihey are affifted by another ancient officer, call^ the > flthingman, who formerly fuperintended the tenth part of an hundred, or ten ieebiu-ghs,wtbey wtrt ci^edwthetime ofthe Saxons, and each free bu^h »i^^ ^^'■•' ■.' ::^ Hi* « ^ 6 i. A 111 i). «>lifi(Un|r ^ ten finisiiM. The hn&agt of coniUUe ii t* kclqp tW Mice jii «1! cafes of quarrels and riots.' He camipiibn offienders till thty «rc omught liefbre a juftice of peace ; and it itflfdiltjr to eaecatc, within bis diftr^, «iTery wanant-that it directed to hii^rom that ntfeff^ftrate, or a beiM;bof jaf, tices. The negledof the Old Saxon courtst both lor the preferration «f the peacci and the more eafy recovery of linall Mebts, has been resetted by maor etninent lawers; and it has of late been found neoefliuy to revive fone of them, and to appoint others of a fimllar nature. ' . i ' -iBelides die'e, there are courts of conference fcttkd in itiahy parts gl^Ear^ land for the reUef of the poor, in the recovery of payment of fmall debts not exceeding forty Aiillings. There neither is, nor cter wast any conftitution provided with fo many ftnces, as that of £n^and is, for the fecarity of perfonal liberty. Eveiy Inan imprifoned h is a right to bring a writ before^ ju^g^ ^t Weftminfter. kail, called his Habeas Corpus. If that judge, after confidenBg the caufe of commitment, ihall And that the offence is bailable, the^arty is imm«li. atebr admitted to bail, till he is condemned or acquitted in a proper coart of jitftice. • Tht«rights of individuals are fo attentively confiderc d, that the fubjt^ May, without the leaft danger, fue his fovereign> or thofe who i&. ia ini same, and undar his authority ; ]ff may do this in c^n court, where the OTexoept when the ftate is in danger, and the reprefentatives of the people think the public firfety makes it neceiTary, that he (hould have the power of tenfining perfons on fuch a fufpidon of guilt ; fuch as the cafe of a rebdtios iwithin the kingdom, when the legriHature has thought proper to pafs a tern. poirary fufpehnon of the Habeas Corpus a£l ; but this feldom has beea done bat with great difficulty and caution, and when the national iafety has ibfo. ktdy required it. The king has a right to pardon i but neither he nor the judges, to «dhiom he delegate his authority, can condemn a man as i criminal, except he be firft found guilty by twelve men, who muft be hit neers or his equals. That the judges may not be influenced by the king or •as minifters, to mifreprefeot the cafe to the jury, they have their falaries for life, and not dihing the pleafure vf their ibvereign. Neither can the kio^ take away, nor endanger the life of any fulned, without trial, and the per. < ibna being firft chargeable with a c^tal crime, astreafon, mMrder, febnj, or iomt other a£t, injurious to Cociety ; nor can any ft^^G^be deprivedof his liberty, for the higlieft .crime, tiUfome proof of his g^|^l^)given upon oatK 'before a magiftrate ; and he has then a right to tmlft, upon his being brought, the firft opportunity* to a£ur trial, or to be reftored to liberty oa r'ng hail for his appearance. If a man is charged vrith a capital offesce* muft not undergo, the ignominy ofbeing tried for his life; till the evidencti of kfs goilt are laid before the grand jury of the town or county in wfakh the faA k ^dledged to be committed^ and not without twelve of thetn agree* ingto a billof indidment againfthim. If they do this, he is to iland a kcM tnal before twelve other men, whofe opinion is definitive. By the 28 £d* iHird III. it' ia enaifted, that wh A either party is an a^en born, .the jur; Atdl be 00% Half aliens, and the othe^ denizens if required, for the m^ i» ^rtiai trni. Aprrviiege indulged to iinuigcrs i^i ,no other couRtry ?» the wsM, bat which is as ancteut with us as tiae time of king Ethelred * la * Statute d( Mooticvlis Wallioe. :5»:^.-.- X M ^ JL A N ». yn (btne eifet»'the litum (who !• »lwayi fuppofcd (niKXicttt tiB then he Aifficint uoof of his guilt) i* soloMved ■ copy o( hU indidmeaty jn ord«r to h«lp Um to make hit defence. H« it rUo furniflied with the pannr the law of England takes no notice of fuch coofeffion ; 'and unleb th« witnefles, who are upon oath* prove . him guilty of the crime, the jury muft . acquit hUn ;,for they are directed to bring in, their. verdiA according toj^ evidence giveq|b dourt. If the prifoner refufes to plead, that is, iThe'iRU tl|Ot lay in court whether he is guib^ or not guHtyt he might, till latdji 1^ the law of EngUmd, be preifed to death, with a Wad of iron upos hiabreait • When the witneffes have given in their evidence, and the prifoner hai, bj Wilfelf or his counfeU crof»«xamined them, the judge recites to the jury fte fobftance of the evidence given againft the prifoner, iind bids them duchaijg^q their confcience \ when, if the matter be very clear, they commonly giw their verdid without going out of the court ; and the foreman, for himidf and the reil, declares the prifoner ^iilry, or not guilty t as it may happen to bet But if any doubt arifes among the jury, and the matter requires 'debate, thej 'all withdraw into' a room with a copy of the indidment, where they ar; locked up till they are unanimonfly* agreed on the isiflied with loiing hit right^and. For ftriking, in Weftminlto* hall, while the courts of juilice ar 3 fitting t!ie puniihment is imprifonment for life, and forfeiture of all the oUcuder*! cftate. ■« JDrunkards, vagabonds, and loofe, idle, diforderly perfons, ars ^unifluj by being fet in the ftockt, or by paying a fine. , Of husband and wipe.]. The firft private rektion of perfons irtlut •f marriage, which includ^ji the reciprocal rights and duties of hnibandud •rife { or, as moft of our elder law books call them, banm and/riw. Tiie holinefs of the matrimonial ftate is left entirely to the ecclefiaftical lavr { the punifhment, ^erefene, or annulling of inceftuous, or other -unfcriptunlnuu^ riages, is the province of fpiritual courts. » ^here are two kinds of divorce; the one total, tSe other partial. The total divorce muft be for fome of the canonical ca ifcs of impediment, mJ thofe exifting before the marriage : as confanguinity, affinity, or corporol imbecility. TMe ifliie uf fuch marriage, aiyit ta lliw eu^ly diflblved, an baftards. ' • ' V.-' v ^ The tfther kind of divorce is, when the mtmage ia juft and lawful, and therefore the laV is tender of diflblvlag it ; but, for fome fupervenient caufc, 'i* becomes improper, or impoflible, for the parties to live together ; as iuthe cafe of intolerable ill temper, or adultery, in either of the parties. In thii cafe the law allows alimony to the wife (except when for adultery, thepir> liament grants a total divorce, as has happened frequently of late years)) which is that allowance which is made to a woman tor her fupport out of the hnfl>and'a effate* beipg fettled at the difcretion of the cccleMioI ' juduy on the confideration of all the circumllances of the cafe, and the (uk and quality of the p&rtics. In the civil law, the hufband and the wife are confidered as two diftioA perfons ; and may have feparate eftatcs, contratfts, debts and Injuries; and therefore in our-^cclefiafticEd courts a woman may fue, and be fued, withoutij her huiband. ^ . But though our law In general confiders man and wife as one p<>rfoa, ytt . there are fome inftances in which (he is feperately confidered, as inferior to I him, and afting by his compulfion. And therefore all deeds eKecuttd, and a£U done, by -her, during 'her coverture, are void ; exeept it be a finei or the like matjjir of record, in wliith cafe »he muft be folely and fecredy e^'| amined, to leatn if her ad be voluntary. She pannot by will deriie land to; tbcr bulbaad} uolela under fpecial circumftances ; for at that time ff nulu'f] til Aej bther in Ike law ( Thch fail wife , tiie law I ker, by c to C0ITC<5 liable nif power of of the pa yet the k) kw.ftilic A3i permi Biifljehavio Thefc ai which we 1 are for the Aniurite is TIIM bilhopneks penfioni, fo to the king uponftvour •dhythebi *"echancclloi ^Ji'iks will b n«ttce(whei] 7^ (m it were ^^1 raifcd I [yttnomoniec K ready cafl «revote«f >it. '" T^ anaHa k M O L A ii IK mi only bunt evil intcflt, he oifendn puatihmcnt intfhedwitii ; piQory ind ipunifhedby e mtrkct, m rimiiul » pu- ce wr ; fit""? tlkC '^ilcnder*! ars puniihcd rrfons » thit haibandud ni feint- il* lical law } tk ifcriptural mn* partial' The ipediment, wd y, or CO diffolved, ate md lawful, ani [erventcnt auiCi Lherj asiutbe lartics. Int^'* [uUery, thrp»t- of late yean)) fupport oiit of the ecclefiaftiol and the in* as two ail lid injuries fued, witl"'"''' and I one pprfon, y* ied. as inferiorW is executtd, «* it be a fine. •' , ,na fecredy e^- tiiidevifeiwj.'" Ill fliewliippafed to b« mdiv life Maveiba. . Aaid-lo ftRoe itlMitt^ mt \t)ther inferior crimes comaiitted hj lier» throagn conftraint of h«r IhiAmmI^ kheJMr cxoofct her | b«t thit tsUndi not to tnifon or murder. The haftaad alfo (by the 4ii thd likewife by the ci«fl hm) might givt hit wifg moderate eorrc^ioii. For« m be it to anifwer for her niUbchirvioiinr, the law thoaght it reafoteble to entruft him with thit power of reftraininc bcr, by doiaeftic ohaftifintent, io the fame moderation thkt a man it allowea to corre*^ bit fervantt or chiMrea \ faj: whom the mafter or jMrcots it alfo liable in fame oalet to anfwer. But ia the poKter rdgn of (Hwrlet IL thfe power of correftioil began to be doubted | and a wifil m*y now haVe fecuritf of the peace againft hrr hufband ; or in return^ a ho(band againft hit wife : yet the lower rankt of people, who were atwayt fond df the old common law, iUll claim and < xcrt their ancieat prfvilege : and the courttof law wit ilOl permit « hulbaid to reftrain a wire of her Ub^y, in cafe of ady grola niilieh^vioiir. >• ' Thefe are the chief legal effeAtof nwrriiigc lluring the coverture ; ueon which we may obferve that even the difabtUtiiety whach the wife liea unoer, tie for the moft part inteitded for her prdte^'on And benefit. So great t fiTourite is the female fek with the laws of England. ' RiVBNUBs or THE BunI The king't ecolcfiafkical rerenuet copfift in, TiiH QoviRMMBNT. J I. The ctmody of the temporalitiet of vAcant biihopnckt ( from which he rcceivet little or no advantage. 2. Corodielk and penfioni, formerly arifing from lAowancet of meati drink, and dothing due to the Uag ftOTu an abbey or tanonaftery, and which he generally bvftowed upon fitvourite fervantt { and hn fending one of hit chaplaint tobe maiAtain* «d by the lufliop-, or to have a penfion beftowed upon hm till the bifltop pro> Aotcd him to a benefice. Thefe corodies are due of oMnmon right 1 but aam I bdievet difttfed. 3. Ektra.parochial tithes. 4. The firft-fruitt and tenth* «f benefices. At prefent, fuch hat been the bounty of the cmwil to the church, that thefe four branches afford little or no revtaue. -j The king't or(yBar)bteii^i;^ revenue cAifiits in, i. TAe demefne hHU& tf the crowns .i^lndt' tk prefent are contea£^ed withm a narrow eompafi. t. The hereditary eicife } iteing part of the confideration for the purchafe of hu feudal pronts, and the prerogatives of purveyance and pre-emption.' 3. An annual fum iiTuiag fix>m the duty on wine licences ; being the refi- dueof the fame confideratiom 4. Hisforefts; 5. Hiscourtsofjuftice, 5cc* The exrraordinary grantikare ufually called by the fynoyitaouft names of ai^s, fubfidies, and fupplies ; aqd are gAnted, as has been before hinted^ by jthe commons of Great Briuin in parliament affembled ; who, when they bvevoted afupply to his majefty, artd fettled'tbe ^iMifl/«vi'of that fupply uf- ually refotve thentfdves into what is called a committee, of ways and meaos, to toniider tlie ways and means of ratfiag the fupply fo voted. And in thit condition every member (though it is looked upon as the peculiar province of the chancellor of the exchequer)' may pniucf'' fuch fcheme of taxation as he. thinks will be leift' detrimental to tiie public. .The refolutibns of this com- mittee (when approved Iby a vote of tbe houfe) are io general efteemed to be (as it were) Hnal and cpncliifive. For, though the fupply cannot be ac*. tually raifed upon the fubjedl: tOl direfted by ab i&. of the whole parliament, yet no monied man will fcrttple to advance to the government any quantity of ready cafti, if the pn^wd terms be advantageousi on thetwdit of th^ bare vote of the houfe of commons, though ,«o law bi; yet pafled to eft»< "iftit. Tkf anaiaal tasca are. i. The knd taxr'i>t the ancicot fubfidy raifi:^ up- k 7i a tf A » W. 4, •• The maIt4M, btlaf an aaitual esdfe Miialti mvmt, cydoii ind perry. Ilie perpetual taxes arc« . i. The cuAoau, or tonnage and ooundafe of d mcrfchlindifc eaported or imported, a. The excifc duty* or ioland impofitiot on a great variety of commoditiei. 3. The ialt duty. 4. The poll-gficc *, or duty for the carriage of Ictten. 5. The ftamp 4oty on paper, parchmeoti tec, 0. The duty 6n houfes and wiodowt. 7. The dutf on licences for, hackney coaches and chain. 8. The duty on office* and peniioni » with 1 wriitf of new taxes m the feflions of 17I41 and ikicc the conunencemept of thcprefent war. The clear neat produce of thefe feTeraf branches of the tevenuci old ani new taxes» amr all charges of colle£Hn|gr and managenwnt paid, i* c(limat(4 to amonnt annually to upwardi of 17 miluons fterling 1 with two miilioni and t Jiuarter raifed at an average, by the land and nudt tax. How thefe inuncnft ums are appropriated, is nxxt to be confidered. And this is, flFft and prii. cipally, to the payment ofthe mttre/i of the national debt. ^ In order to take . a dear and comprehenfive view of the nature of thii NATIONAL D|B-i% i^ muft Hrd be pt«m,ifed, that after the Revolution, wbti our new connexions With Europe introduced a new fyftetn of foreign pol^ tics, the '^peoces of the nation, not only in fettling the new eftabliflimcnt, but in saaintaining long wars, as princiMls on the continent, for the fecuri- t^ of the Dutch barrier, redacing the ^renoh monarchy, fettling the Spi> pifh facceffions fupporting the houfe of Auftria, maintaining the ubertiei of the Germaaic body, and 9ther purport, increaied to an unui\ial degree { in< fbouich that it vras not thonght'advifeable to railc all the expences of my one y^r by taxes tq,he levied within that year, leaft the unaccuftomed weight of them (hould ercate murmurs among the people. It was tlierefore the bad jpolicy of the tima, to anticipate the revenues of their pofterity, by boRoV' ug imraenfe/^inii for the current fervice ofthe ftate, and to lay no moretu> ca upon, tjie i'nbjeA than would fufllce to pay the annual intereR of th( fonuL 10 J>orrow$d : by this meana converting] the principal debt into a new fj^cica of propeKy, transferable from one man to another, it aof time and in any ' quantity. A fyftem which fcf ^s to have had its original in the ftate of Florence, A. D. 1344 : which government then owed about 5»,oool. ftening | and being unable to pay it, lormed |he -principal into an •ggregsie fum,. called, mctaphoncallv a mount or l^k} thtlhares whereof were transferable like om flocks. This laid UiCc foundation of what*it cal< led the natiomai debt : for a few long annuities, treated in the reign of . Charles II. will hardly defervv that name. And the example then fct,hat been fo clofely £pUowed during the long wars in the reign of quetn Anne, and fince, that the capital of tlie funded debt, at Midfummeri775 wuii^\ 860,0191. and the annual charge of k amounted <|o 4,219,2^41 7s. The unfortunate American war, commencing at thia time, and the execrable pciliqf I of oonttnning andalienatiftg the finking fond, with the extrava^ncietine^J department of government, and the manitcr of borrovring thr money for fop .plies, have confiderably increaied it f. * Fndkthe yiar i644i to 1744, the annnal inonnt of ihtkreveni^e gradually 'ma^l «d from 506OI. to 108,3161. but it (hould be obfervcd, ■"■ %e conliderabtx angnented. /' . . t In the cooric of \hM late war, fraoB 1776 to 178s, 46^:50,0001. wai added » WJ, W^ , cCath and »9,75<^ao«k4o tJie'4 (Mf^JMiti^ Bial4ag't«nthsira caaitat ef Ji^f^\ whiditbimancj advanced was aolj 4^ BiiBaiift ^ The fuppl W eminent f diture at ^fixl »nfwer emeif *oat remaid ' P«cerevcnJ I ofonVnatiei] t moft cffcau) rcformationJ , It 18 indiff E N O L A N IX •t9 Tlw fbUowinf WM tkt ftalc of the national debt b tlic rttk I79«, tsu tnded from the eleventh report of the cenuniiBonen of Um fablia at* Intereil tnereon • . 11,856,541 11 4| Uufounded^tftofOaober, 1783. ]?[iftcen nilUoM of thja bean intercft aow. Intcreft therec)}) « 611,141 « • aso,ii9,7o6 6. 9I Charges at the Bank (or auuMf- ing the buiine(ii '' • « Feet at the auditor*! offioc of inw preft ^'•^' - m 9 Some other feci of office • »34t»9B »J « ■^.774 « 7 696 la 4 ,«.7«9.J34 9 « • o Sioce this report, Ac fiinded debt hath increafed to 333,aiio,349 The unfundied debt meaoing all cxpencea* deficicncic«» anfcun, and outftanding debts, for paying tlie ptinci^ md or intercft of which no provifion was made by pai»^ iiwent, may be moderately reckoned •> w 38,000,000 O » l^imount of exchequer bilu « « " '9,418,564 o «o Tbtti the whole annual olurge broueHt upon the na- tion by its debts funded knd unfunded, appear to be about *"- ^ • - Fttce eilablii^ein reckoned at the avtHige annual ex|tcnce for eleven ^tars preceding the war L » Inoeme of the civil li(^ . . f* . Whole expenditure *. -» - , 879,698,911 I > 11 w o o 9,500,000' o o 3»95o»ooo 900,000 o o o o 14,350,000 o o The fupplies deihan^^for t^e y«r 1784 amdnnted to i4,t8i»34o1. but an eminent political writer, lord Stair, reckons the future annual peace expen- diture at fixteen millions and £ half, including half a miHion for a fitrplUft to »nfwer einei^encies. Another rdpedable writer on the fubjcA eftimatct it ^^ i3>6i5,6o9l. including 9540001 /;r anutm for the intereft and charge of what remained of the unfunded debt after the bft loan, and he $i|patea the. peace revenue «t n«ar€xtAn millions. Time will unfold the.future progrefa of ont national debt, and the calamities lowarda which it is carrying us, if the I ffloft eifedual meafures ai% not adopted and zAloufly purfed for a thorough reformation. ' , , . It^irindifputably certain, that thenrtfent magnitude of our national in- ^W>Qr»a««i very far «xtet«41 ca)EvI»t&oi«f eommcrcialbeoffit. «nd is pro. ^^ • '^ - . d^aiv« fM EN O L A N Du i»&ift of tlie givateft mcbnveniencei. For, firft/ the enormous taxes tW ai^ nifed upon the DecelTanes of life, for the payment of the intcceft of thii debt, are a hurt bqth to trade and manufactures ; by raTing the price as we|( of the artificer's fubfiftence, as of the raw material ; and of courfe, in a much greater proportion, the price of the commodity itfelf. Secondly, if part of 1^8 debt be owing to foreigners, cither they oraM^ out of the l^ngdom aa. Dually a confidcrable quantity of fpecie for the intereR ; or elfe it is made an argument to grant them unreafonable privileges, in order to induce Uiem to reude here. Thirdly, if Ihc whole be owing to fubjeds only, it is then charg. ing the aAive and \nduftriou8 fpbjeCl, who pays his fhare of the taxes, to nuntain the indolent and idle creditor who receives them. Lafl^y, andpHn. cipally, it weakens the internal ftrength of a ftat^, by anticipatiug thete k. fources which (hould he referved to defend it in qafe of neceflity. ' The in* tereil we now pay for our debts would be nearly fufficient to maintain anj war, that any national motives could require. And if our anccilorain king 'V^iUts^'s time had annually paid fo long ai their exigences lafted, even a leu fum than we now annually raife upon their account, they would, in tine of ■war, have borne no greater burdens than they have bequeathed, to and fettled lipon their pofterity in the tifae of peace,^ and might have been eafcd the in. ftant thcexigence was over. - The produce of the fcveral taxes before mentioned were originally feparate and difl;inA funds } bein^ fecuriticH for the fums advanced or ' .:ach feveral tax, and for them only But a/L laft it became neceflary, in order to avoid confufi* en, as they mi^ltiplied yearly, to reduce the number of thefe feparate funds, hj uniting and blending them together, fuperadding the faith of parliament for the general fecurity of the whole. So that thefe are now only three capital iundia of any account : the aggregate fund, the whole produce of which hath 1)^n for feme years about 2,6oo,oool. per annum ; the general fund, fo called from fuch xmioh and addition, which for fome ye-^u have amounted to rather Hoore than a million per annum ; and the South Sea fund, being the produce of the taxes appropriated to pay the intereft of fuch part of the national debt as was advanced by that company and its annuitants, the produce of which lately hath been about haUf a'million/tfr annum* Whereby the feparate fund*, ^irhich were thus united, are become muttial fecurities for each other ; and the whole produce of them, thus aggregated, liable to pay fuclfintereft or an. nuities aa were formerly qharged upon each diftin£i fund ; the faith of the legiflature being moreover engaged to fiipply any cafual deficiencies. The cuftoms, excifes, and other taxes, which are to fupport thefe fui)[ds, depending on contingencies^ upon exports, iniport8,''and confumptions, muit neceifarily be of a very uncertain amount : but they have always been confider- dbly more than fufficient to anfwer the charge upon them. The furpluffM therefore of the three great national funds, the aggregate, general, and South Sea funds^ over and above the intereft and annuities charged upon them, are dire&ed by ftatute 3 Geo. I. c. 7.' to be carried together, and lo attend the difpofition of parliament ; and a^B ufually denominated i)\t finking fund, be- caufie originally deftiftedto be heldfacred, and to be applied inviolably to the redemption of the national debt. To this have been fmce added many other cntiri: duties, granted in fubfequent years ; and the annual intereft of the fumi boi^owed on their rcfpediive credits, is charged on, and payable out of the produce of ihe fniking lund. Huwevef, the neat furplaffcs and favingRj after 1 all deduflions paid, amount annually to a veiy conliderable fum. For, ai the intereft on the national debt has been at feveral times reduced (by the con- fcnt of the ptxjprictors, ^who had their option either to lower their intereft, o* /, E N G L A N D, m V/t paiil their prittcip«l)» the fiivinn kiin the kppitoprieted rfrvtmu^, oitift pecos be extremely kr^e. This finking fimd i» ^e laft refoic of the twUott | iu only domeftic refanree* oa whish muft chie^y depend all the hK^tweonft catertain of ever difcbevging or moderating 0\\t incumbraDCes. And ther*> fore the prudent appUc^tJoQ of the large fum^t now arifmg from this fQnd« i*: a poiat of the utmoft iaapprtaocc, and w^U worthy the ferious ftteiKtion of parliament. Between the years 1727 tnd I73,2» legend en^ivMchments were made upo* dkc finking fund ; and. in th^ year I735» ^^ * million waa taken from it bj Sir Robert Walpole» under pretence of eaiiog the landed intereft. The prao^ tice of alienating the finking fund begin thu» begun, hath continued of courfe^ andin i73(Sy it wa$ aDtieipated and mortgaged ; and every fubfcquent admin- iftiation hath hiokeiv in Upon it, thua converting the exceUeot expedient kts faving the kingdom, inta« fupjily for extravagance, and a fuppbrt of corrupW ion and defpotifm, ^ . In feme years, the finking fvmd hath produced from two to three millioaK ptr amum, and if only 1,31 2,0Qol< of it had been inviolably applied to the re- demptiou of the public dehts^ from the yc^r 1733, inftead of only eight nvjU lions and a half paid off by it, as is the cafe at prefent, one hundred and fittjr millions would have been paid, and the nation have been extri'cated and faved« Different fchemes have been formed' for paying the public debts, but no m&> thoiicaD be fo expeditious and efFedual as an unalienable finking fund, m thia nose J is improved at compound mteteft^ and therefore in themoft pcrfe^onan*' tier, but money procured by a Joan, bears Anly Ample intereft^. *< A natios' therefore, whenever it applies the income of fuch a fund to current eapcneea rathertlian the redemption of its debts, chufes tolofe the benefit of compoui^d ntereit in order to avoid paying fimple intereft, and the lofs in this cafe i» qual to the difference between the increafe of money git compound and fimple intereft *." . ' Before any part of the aggregate fund (the furplufles whereof are one of the chief ingredients that form the finking fund) can be applied to diminifli . the principal of the public debt, it ftands mortgaged by parliament to raife an annual fum for the maihtainance of the king's houfehold and the civil hi. For this purpofe, in^he late reigns, the produce of certain branchea of the excife and cuftoms, the poft-office, the duty on wine-licences, th? revenues of the remaining crown lands,, the profit arifing from courts of* * pr.^Priec's calcalation plainly fliews what this diffrrence k : " One penny put out atodr Saviour'* birth to 5 peaxent cempounded interefV, would, in the year I78(, have. incrcafed to a greater fum than would be contained in aoo,oc30,ooo of earthi all foild, gold; but if put out at fimple intereft, it At the fame time would have amounted to no note than fevcn {hillings and fix«pcnce. All Ko«ernmcntt that alienate funds deflined for. rcimbnrfements cbonfe to improve money in the /, wonld difrharge (he fame fums in the fame periods^ '' In Oiort, fo nccf fPary ib it at prefent to expedite, by every poflihie means, the (e» denptiun of cor debts, that, let the furplus which can be obtained for a fiukioft fund ba I what It will, an addittnn tr> ir by sr.:iuaS !o«3ii, wili be proper, in order to give it greater jeliiciency and a better cnantc for laving ehe kingdroi.— The iocre«fe of taies which I Inch I mealure mud ocrafioo, would be fo inconfideruble and (o gradual, as to be fcarceiy herceptiblc ; and at the lame time, it would manifrfl fuch a tetcimined refolvtion in Qur I'^Mi to rednce&ar debts, at might have the bappieft inflacnce on public credit." ^ cj^uaiotitj; lAH E » C >L A N IX juftice /which articles' include all the hereditaiy reveiitie of the tnlwn)^ ani alfo a dear annuity of i20,oool. in inoaey» were fettled on the kin^/or liie^ fer the fupport ofhia majeftv houihpld, and the honour and di^ty of the «rown. And as the amount oi thefe feveral branches were uncertain, (thougli jn the laft veign they were computed to have foifietimes raifed alraoft a mil. Kon), if they ^d not rife annuiuly to 8oo,oool. the parliament engaged tt make up the ddicieocy. But his prefent majeity having, foon after hit ac. cefiion, Ipontan^oufly fignified his confent, that his own hereditary revennei tai^(tA be fo difpofed of, as might beft conduce to the utility and latiaiac* ti<}n of the public } and having accepted the limited fum of 8oo,oool. ftr, mnnunif for the fup^rt of his civil lift (and that alfo charged with the three life annuities to the princefs of Wales, the duke of Cumberkbid, and princefs Amelia, to the amount of 77,0001.), the faid hereditary, and other revenuct, are now carried into, and make, part of the aggregate fund ; and the aggre< gate fund is charged with the payment of the vt^hole annuity, to the crown, befidea annual payments to the dukes of Gloucefttir'and Cumberbmd, and the reprefientatives of Arthur Onflow, efq. and' tht ein^ of Chatham. Hcr^ by the revenues themfdves, being put under t^ie iametcare^and management as the other branches of the pubhc patrifnony, will firpduce more, and be better colleded, than heretdfore. The dvil hft;, thus liquidated, together with the milliens intereft of the national "debt, and the foms produced from the &^king fund, befides the uncertain fumajarifing from ^e aniAialtaxes on land and malt, and othei;8 latdy impofed, vmke the elear produce of the taxes, excluiive of the charges of colleding, ^hich are niifed yearly on the people of this country, amount to upward of fourteen millions ftetlmg. Tht iimount of the capitals of the refpedive public funds^ may be fecn in tk^ ^cuiowing page. • , ">/ r .;^ri^J.; ' -"M > s. I Hi w a •X) u o ^"^ I u ki t V X^ % A N p. mwn), ani in^/or life^ nuty of the in, (thougii Iraofta imU ongBgedtt after his ac- ary revenuti andCatis&c* 30,oool. per. th the three , and princefi her revenue«» id the aggr^ the cit)wii| iberland, ani ham. Her^ management more, and be ted, together roduced from iihialtaxes on tiduce of the yearly on the letlmg. Thi \k feen in Hkf, .. '■- v;*. "■i — ( ft A t 3 X I i«i it N 6 L An d. ' Tlie czpencea defrayed by the civil lift, are Chofe that In My Aij^er^i lite to civi] gvvernmeat ; as the (ixpeii«es of th^ houfliold, idl (ataries td oflcen of iUte» to the judgda^ Snd t^cry bne of the kind's fervants ; the ap. pointments to foreign ambaifadors, the maintenance of the queen and royaj hunOy, the king's private eJcpences, for privy purfc, and other veiy Aomerous cutgoings ( as |f(>crct lervice money, penfions, and otbeif bounties, Thefe fometimes have fo far exceeded the revenues appointed for that puN p^e, that 4pplieation hat been made to parUament to difcharge ,the debti conjMfted on the civil lift; as particularly in 1724, when one trillion wii granted fof that pui^ofe by the ilatute ti Oeo. I. c. 17. Large fumi kave alfo h&A repeatedly granted for the payment of the king's, debts in the prefent reign } and tha.xoAfiderable augmentation of ioo,oool. has like< wife 'been iiadfl t|^ his alknual income. When the bill for fupprdfing c«^ ^tn offices, as the board ^f trade, &c^ was debated, by which favings wnt to be made to the amoi^nt of 72,308!. per annum, it appeared that tht arrears dten dite on the civil lift at that time^ June 1782, amounted to 95,8771. iSs^ 4d. notwithftanding fo liberal-Jtn allowance had been recent- ly made, and the king's debts had been repeatedly liquidated by parlinDeiv itary grants } and for the payment of this other debt, .provifion wai made b? the iSl. • ' The. civil lift is indeed properly the whole of the hinff's revenue uhi'i •wn diftin£i Capacity ; the reft being rather tht revenue of thie pubh'c^ or jti creditors, though ceUcdted and diftributed again in the name^ and by the officers of jmi:^4|Bwn ; it is now ftaitdingin the fame place a* the hereditary iacoiDe did' fbrin^rty ; and aft that has gradually dimmifhed^ the parliamtA' ianr appointments have iocnafed. MtLiTAiirAiND MARINE STaBHdTH 1 't\ie nuStory^ol* inoludei) tilt opGke£T BuiTjnir;"; 3 whole of the foldiery j -x fuch perfons as 4n pecidiarly appovMid Anong the rcll of the people, fair tHe fafc goard and defence of the reahni'^ In a land of liberty it it asX^jUtY dangerous to make a diftin^ or^er of the profeffion of arms. In tSmf'tp mati fliould take up arms blit with 1 view to defend his courttry and its law? : [le puts not off the citizen wHrd he alters the ca!n|> ; but it {s'becaiife he is a citizen and would wifll to con' tuiuefo,,that he makee.himfdf for a while a foldien The laws and conftitu* tioa of thefe kingdoms know no fuch ftate as that of . a perpetual ftandiog foldier, bred up to no other profelBon than thatofvirar; and it was not till therein or Henry VII. that the kings of England had fo much ui guard about their perions. It feems univerlally agreed by all hiftorians, that king Alfred firil fettkd ■ national militia in this kingdom, and by his prudent dlfciplioe made all the fubjeAs of his dominions foldiers. In the mean time we are not to imagine that the kingdom was left whol- ly without defence, in cafe of domeftic mfurre^ions, or the profpeft of fo- reign inva(k>ns, Belides thofe, who, by their military tenures, were bound to perrorm forty days fervice in the field, th^ ftatute of Winchefter obliged «very man, according to his eftate and degree, to provide a determinate quantity of fuch arms as were then in ufe, m order tp keep the peace : anii Conftables were appointed ih ail ' hundreds, to fee that fuch arms were pro- vided; Thefe weapons were changed by the ftattitc 4 and 5 Ph. and M.C( £. into ethers of more modem fervice : but both this and the fonner pro- ▼ifibns were repealed in the reign of James I. While thefe continued ii< forcci it WW utu«Uj {Aim time t& time, for f|W princes to Ifluc «oinmiBions. :T.' t Vf G U A U U. 09 of arrayi and fehd into every dounty oiBceri In whom they coidd coofide»^ . mutter and array (or fet in military order) the inhabitants of every diftri^; and the form ot the commifliun of array was fettled in parliament ih the 5 Henry IV. But at the fame time it was provided, that no mM iho\4d be compelled to go out of the kingdom at any rate) nor out of hit (hi^e, hut in cafes of urgent neceflity ; nor (hould provide foldiers unlefs by confent of parliament. About the rieign of king Henry VIII. lord-lieutenants be- gan to be introduced, as (landing reprefentatives of the crown,' to keep the counties in military order ; for we find them mentioned as known officers in the (latute 4 and 5 Ph. and M. c. }. though they had not been then Ipng - i;i ufe : for Camden fpeaks of thtm in Uie time of queen Elizabeth as (itraordii.ary magiitr^tes, conftitutcd only in times of diJBCulty anddangA'. Soon after the reftoration of king Charles II. wheif the military tenttte^ wdre aboli(hed, it was thought proper to afcertain the power of the militia', '' to recoghife the fok right of the crown, to govern and command them, Wd to put the whole into a more cegular method of military fubordinatioa : ^d the order in which the militia nov;^ flands by law, is principally built upon the ftatutcs which were then ti>na£led. . It is trufe, the two laft of them are ap' pirently repealed ; but lAany of their proviflons are re.enafted, with the addition of fome new regulations, by the prefent militia-laws ; the general fcheme of which' is, to difcipline a certain number of the inhabitants of every county, chofen by lot for three years, and officered by the )o|4 Ueuteq* ant, the deputy li^utenatits, and other principal land-holders, n^ iniiBon from the erowu. They are not compellable to nMits|lS^9m^..''jtKdr counties, unlefs in cafe of invafion, or adlual rebdlion, ilor ui any caf^'Vbi {|4i fent out of the kingdom. They are to be exercifed at ilated times|.ji)D(^ their difcipline in general is liberal and eafy ; but, when drawn out ifktilltt* . tual fervice, they are fubjeft to the rigours of martial law, as neceflat^ SD keep them in order. This is the conuitutional fecurity whichbiir lawslKHVe: provided for the puUIc peace, and for prote6ling the realm againft forcign-br domeftic violence, and which the ftatutes declare, is eflentially necefTaryto the fafety and profperity of the kingdom | the militia, however, are itpt' call^ forthand embodied but by an ad^of thelegiilature,and at prefent are laS^Jl^d^* But as the faihion of k<:eping ftanding armies has univerfally pr^vifled over all Eutope of late years (though fdme of its potentates, ' bein^ y*^^^ themfelves tb maintain them, are obliged to have recourfe to richiir f^yrtny and receive fubfidiary penfions for that purpofe),it hasalfo for many years paftbeen annually judged neceffary by our legiflature, for the fafety ofthe itingdom, the defence of^he pofleffions of the cro^<'n of Great Britaitlp. Ind the prefervation of the balance of power in Europe, to maintain* even in timeof pea6e> a ftanding body of troops, under the-command of thetnpwn; who are, however, ip/o faBo, difbandcd at the expiration of every yctf, unlefs continued by parliament. The land forces of thefe kingdoms, in time of peace, amount to about 40,000 men, including troops and garrifoni in Ire- land, Gibraltar, the Eaft Indies, and America ; btit in time of war, there iiave formerly been in Britifh pay, natives and foreigners, above 150,000; and there have been in the pay of Great Britain, fince the commencement of I the America war, f 35,0130 men, befidcs" 42,090 militia. To keep this body of troops' in order, an annual aA of panlamfnt paffcs, ** to punifli mutiny Md defertion, and for the better payment of thte army and their quartsrs." j ."13 rebates the manner in which they are to be difperfed »mong the Kveral inn-keepers aid viftuallers throughout the kingdoip ^ and cftablifliea [Oiawmaitial for their government.' «'-•> V*^ »^^.*. • jtr '-■'P-' ?''•■ ■ ': ^■ <^9 aT^w ^ «9« ENGLAND. The MAfiTiMB^ftate ii nearly related to the fonner« though much n6it agrec?ible to the prtncipkt of our free qpnftitution. The royal navy of England hath ever been its greateft defence and oraament ; it is its ancient s^nd natural ilrength ; the nrating bulwark of the ifland ; an army, from which, however ftrong and powernil, no danger can ever be apprehended to liberty ; and accordingly Tt ha» been aifiduoufly cultivated, even from the carlieil ages'. To fo much perfe^^ion was our naval reputation arrived is the twelfth century, that the code of maritime laws, which are called the laws of Oleron, and are received by all nations in Europe as the ground and fubftru^ion of all the marine conftitutions, was confeiTedly compUed by oiif king Richard I. at the ifle of Oleron, on the coaft of France, then part of tlie poiTeffions of the crown of England., And- yet, fo vaftly inferior were our anceftors in this point to the prefent age, that, even in the man- time reign of queen Elizabeth, Sir Edward Coke thinks it matter of boajl toat the royal navy of England then confined of ^3 Oiips. The prefent coic ditjon of our marine is in great meafure owinff to the falutary provifioni of the ilatute, called the navigation A&. ; whereby the conftant increafe of ^ngliHi (hipping and feamen was not only encouraged, bat rendered unavoid- ably neceflary. .The moft benefkia) ftatute for the trade and commerce of thefe kingdoms, is that navigation &Qi ; the rudiments of which were firft framed in 1 650, partly*with a narrow view ; being irttended to mortify the fugar i0ands, which were difafFeAed to the parliament,, and ftill held out for Chades II. by ftopping the gainful trade which they then carried 01 with the Dutch ; and at the fyme time to clip the wings of thefc our opu< lent and afpiring neighbours. This prohibited all (hips of foreign nationi from trading with any Englifh plantations without licence from the counc3 of (late, in 1 65 1, the prohibition was extended alio to the mother coun- try ; and no goods were fuffered to b< imported* into England, or any of its dependencies, in any other than Engliih bottoms, or in the (hipsof that £ur(;^ean nation, of which the merchandife imported wi%s the genuine growth or manufadure. At the Reftoration, the former provifionswcre coa- tiaued, by ftatute 12 Car. II. c. 18. with this very material improvement,that the mailer, and three-fourths of the mariners, (hall alfo be EngUfh fubjtdi ^ ; The complement of feamen, in time of peace, ufually hath amounted tt ^Jfor i^^,coo. The vote of parliament for the fervice ofthc year 1784, 'was for ^jS,ooo fean^en, including 4425 marines In time of war, they have formerly amounted tp no lefs than 80,000 men } and after the commence pent of the American war, they amounted to above 100,000 men, indud- Jng marines, at prefent* they amount tq 1 20,000. ^Tiis navy is commonly divided into three fquadrons, namely, the td, white, and blue, which are fo termed from the differences of their colouft Each fquadron has its admiral ; but the admiral of the red fauadron has the principsd command of the whole, and is ilyled vice-admiral or Great Britain. Subjea to each admiral is alfo ^ vice and rear-admiral. But the fupremt ^QMnmand of our naval force is, next to the king, in the lords commiffiontu of the admiralty. Notwithftanding our favourable fituation for a maritimt power, it was not until the vaft armament fent, to fubdueus by Spain, i> 1588, that the nation, by a vigorous effort, became fully fenfiblc of its tru« intereft-jarid natural ftrength, which it has (ince fo happily cultivated. We may veature to affirm, that the Britilh navy, during the war of lyj^i fe auic kUJJC sther fleets in Europe- In the c«irfe of > j w years it entirely vanquifhed the whole naval power of .France, Spain, and kept ibis Dutch and other powers in awe. For the proteflioi 'f'WJ- L A N d: ^ much mM ral navy of !• its ancient anny, from prehended to ven from the on arrived is re called the the eround ' compued by ice» then part /aftly inferior I in the nari< (latter of boaft le prefentcon* -y provifioni of nt increafe of ideredunavoid- and commerce of which were id«d to mortify ,d ftill held out Lhen carried cm thofc ouropu- foreign natbni rom the councS E mother couii« land, or any of :he {hipsofthat ^ the genuine ifions'were con.* iprovementjthit LngUlh fubjeftj. th amounted t» the year 17841 war»they h»»« the coramenc^ men, includ- Jiamely> the i«d» |of their colours. ?' uadronhastht Great Britain. ' lut the fuptoM Is commiffionfl\ for a maritimt |u8 by SpaiB) * Infible of its «"« Titivated, [he war of 175°' rithec«irfeof» i France, W»d!™ Iqr the i^ov&i^ E N G4X «f ibcBritifli empire»and the affioyance of onr encmteS) it watttieh divided into feveral powerftil fquadrons, fo judicioudy ftationed, as at once to B^oear inevery quarter of the Klohc) and while fome fleet* were humbling the pride of Spain in Afia and Ameriiia, others- were employed in -fraf^fating.^ the defigni of F'rance, and efcorting home the riches of the eaftent And weftein worlds. But the naVal power of Great Britain never appeared iii fuch felen- ^xst as during the prefent war, whether we cenfider the number 'pf our (hips itatloned in tiU qi^art^rs of the globe, or the aftoniihing viftoirivs they , have gained over the fleets of France, Spain and Holland, which itky hav^ almoft totally annihilated. The fleet of Gf eat Britain at prefent cbi^ftltif shout 775 (hip* of which 196 are of the Line, during the prefent'w«r fhfe has taken from her enemies about 200 (hips of \var of which 53 are of the line, of fuch unexampled fuccefs our hillory affords no example. I (hall clpfe this account of the mil?\ ry arid maritime (Irength ofEng- , land, or rather of Great Brilaiir, by obicrving, that though feft'^ceh and failonare fubjeftto a perpetual ad of parliament, which knfweHtiie antfud military aft, that i« paiTed for the governhvent of the army^ yet heith^ of ihofe bodies are exempted from legal }urifdiifti<)n in civil of Ct4ihii&fl eaf^^ but in a few inihmces, of no great moment. The foldlers particular^,' ihay be called upon by a, civil magiftrate, to tnstbk faim to preferVsi the peace againft all attempts to~ break it. The military officer #ho comhmind!} the f^diei^ on thofe occafions, is to take hi^ dircftioQs from the\nagm^e| indboth he and they, if their proceedings are regular, are indemnified 'agaihft all confequences, be they ever fo fatal. Thoffc civil magittrafes, Wtf6''uti» diarftaad the principles, of the conftitytion, are however, extrettit^ eautioul %i «aUing for the military on thefe occafions, or upon any.commotibft'^vhat:'' ever ; and, indeed, with jj^ood reafon ; for the freouent einploym^t coiitage uf (hillings and fix-pences ; the intrinlic value of the latter being ^iftiariy of them worn down to half their nominal value. This Can oaly be done bt an aft of parliament, and by the public lofing the diffi^rencc between the bVralOli of the new and the old money. Befides the coins already mentioned, fiVe and two guinea pieces are coined at the Tower of London, but thefc are ndt^ne- nlly current ; nor is any iilver coin that is lower than fix-pence, The c6m«^ of the famous Simon, in the time of CromweU, and in the. beginning of Charles ll.'s reign, are remarkable for their beauty. Royal titles, arms, 1 * The title of the king of England is, By, the AND ORDERS. \ Orace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith. The defignation of the kings •( England, was formerly his or her Grace, or Highnefs, till Henry VllI- va put hJmlHf on a foutiog with the emperor Charles V.aiTumed that of naiii^ jtfty i but tlie old defignation was pot aboliihed till towards the end of .queen; £li«abeth'i reiffn. . " 0^'^'- CLi Since .*■ i^ B N 6 L A N D, Since th« accelfioa of the pi^fcnt royal utmyof Gtni Britaiovvhtib i>p(^ ^e royal atchievement i* naflMUed a« follows t quarterlft in }he iirll gnmd ouartcTf il/or^Ti three Jiotu fijffant guardantf in p^lSoh the impenal enfigniof End^ndf impiJed, with the roy»l anno of Scotland, which are, SoU a lion ram. f«m\^ti^ a double trefure^v>tre4, std eounttT'RowereJt ivitb ^/feurt^e-lit, jfiferf.A The f«cond qnartct in the . lyal arm* of Fraace, via. Jvpiier, thru Jeur't-JeJiSf Sol, Th« third, the epUji* of Ireland ; which is, Jupiter^ an harp, S9l%Jr*ttge4t Luna. i*. nd the fourti. grand quarter is hi* prdient nHjefty'i ^Wn cbatt s\i,fitart, titi« Jiitupq/fant guarda^t, Solt for Brunfwick, impaled with ;JLiUnenburg, which is Sol, Semee^heatttipropertaltM ramMnti Jupiter i hAvifg^anicient &ixony, via. Mart, an hor/eeurtrant, Luna,enie (or grafted) /« igje \ e^d ma tlwld furtout. Mart, the diadem, or eronvn of Charlema^m \ the whole, within a garter, at (bvereiga of that moft noble order of knight* hood. ■ ^' . . . .' *tht taOttKy of Dieu el mm Droit, that is, God and my Right, ia as old as th( Kign of Richard I. who afl\)med it to (hew his independency upon all earth. n; povfcrs. ' It was afterwards revived by Edward III. when he laid euini ,to the crqwn of France. Almoft every king of Englaad had a partici^ b^dg^ or cognifailcc : fometimes a white hart, fumetimes a fetlock ^Ith a Silicon, Dy which it is iiud Edward IV. alluded to the infidelity of cue «p Tlk^ robet arc fplcndid si>d (hewy) and the aunber of knif hb >> undetermined. 'Vhe hi- op .^ Rochefter ia perpetual dean of the order, which lias likewife a regiftcr lod other officers. The order of the Tniitlb, at Monging to Scotland, ia rocBtioned i>-the account of that kingdom ; a« is alfotbc order of ^t. I'atxick* uewly iiiftituted fo: Ireland, in ouisaccount of that kihgdom. , , The origin of the £nff}i(h peerage, or nobility, has been already mantioned. Their titles, and order pldig^'ty, are dukes, m<>rquifles, c^rls, yu^ounto, and toriita or barons. . Baronets can Scarcely be faid to ^elong to an order, having no Qther badge than » bloody hand in a fidd, argent, in thei#arma. They are the wly her- editary honour under the peerage, and would take place even of the knights of the Garter^ we*« it not that the latter are always privv couofellors ; there being no intermediate honour between them and the parliamentary bitfons of England. They were' inftituted by James I. about the year i6i^. Their Auinber was then two himdrcd, and each paid about loool. on pretence of qi:- ducing and planting the province of Ullter in Ireland: but at prelcnt their number amoupta to 700, A knight is a term ufi;d almoft in every nation in Europef and it^ general iigniiies a foldier ferving on horfeback ; a rank of no mean eftimation ia iuicient armies, and entitling the parties {hemfelyea to the appellation of $ir. Qt^er knigjithooda fonherly t^k place in England ; furh as thofe of £(tii- lunU, bachelors, knights of (he carpet, and the like, but they are now difuf^. Indeed in the year 1773, at a review of the royal navy at Portfmouth, the king conferred the honour of Knights JBanaerets on two admirals and three captains. They have no particular badge /on their garmenta, but their arnta are painted on a banner placed in the framea of the fupporters. It is fomewhat dittcult to account for the origin of the word ^ittrc, which formerly fignified a perfon bearing the arma of a noblemaa or knight* U and they were there&re called armigeri, lliis title denoted any perfon, who* by his birth or property, waa entitled to bear arma ; but it is at prefent ap- plied protnifcuoufly to any man v/hd can afPofd to live in the character of a gentleman without trade ; and even a tradefnuan, if he is a jufticc of peace, demands tjie appelhiU'on. This degree, fo Ute as in the reign of Henry IV. was an order, and conferred by thel king, by putting about the party's neck i^ collar of SS. and giving him a pair of filver fpurs. Gower th£ poet appears. From his effigies on hia tomb in Southwark, to have been an efquire by crea- tion. Scijcants at-law, and other ferjeants belonging to the king^s houfliold, jufticss of tlte peace, dodora in divinity, law, and phyfic, take place ot otlur efquires ; and it is remarkable, that all the fons of dukes, marquiifes, earis, ^- counts, and barons, are in the eye of the law no more than.cfquires, though comnipnljr defigned by noble titles. The appeUaition of gentleman, though. nwf confounded with the mean ranks of people, is the root of all Enghih honour } for every nobleman is prefumed to be a gentleman, though every gfitleman is not a noUtman. HisTdRY.] It ia generally agreed that the firft inhabitants of Britain were a tribe of the Gauls, or Celtae, that fettled on the oppofitc fliore,; a luppofition founded upon the evident conformity in their language, mano'erS) government, religion, and complexion. Whe* JuUus Cafiir, about iifty.two years bcfcre the birth of Chriil, medita- I • K* ^°°2Sf* °^ Britain, the natives, undoubtedly, had great conneaiqya I mh the 9^, and other people of the continent, in govemnrtnt, rdigion. «-♦ and •14 E 1^ G L A N D. •nd commerce, rude as the latter was. Cvfar wrote the hiftonr of liii t«« expeditionB, which he pretended were aocumpanied with vaft diincultiet, and «ttended by fuch advantages over the iUaliders, that they aj^reed to pay tribute. It plainly appear^i hovvever, from coiucmporary and other authors, ai wcUu Csfar's own narrative, that his vidories were incomplete and indecifive ; nor did the Romans receive the lealt advantage from hiii expedition, but a better knowledge of the ifland than they had before. The Britons, at the time of CaCar's defceat, were governed in the time of war by a political confederacy, of which Cai^belan, whufe territories lay in Hertfordihire, and iome of the adjacent counties, was the head { and this form of government continaed »■ iqong' them for fome time. In their manner of life, as described by Cefar, and the beft authors, they differed little from the rude inhabitants of the northern climates that have been already mentioned ; but they certainly fowed corn, thoaeh perhapn, they chiefly fubliAe4 upon animal food and milk. Their clothing was ikins, and their fortifications beam:) of wood. They were dexterous in the ir-nagement of their chariots' beyond credibility ; and they fought with lances, darti, and fwords. Women iometimes led their armies to the field, and were rccognifed as fovereigns of their particular diftrids. They favoured a primogeniture oc feniority,. in their fucceflion to royalty, but fet it afide on the fmalleU incon. venien(:y attending it. They painted their bodies with woad, which nve them abluifh or greeniih cH ; and they are faid to have had figures oian< imalb, and heavenly bodies qn their fkins. Ij;i their marriages they were no^ very delicate, for they formed themfelves into what we may call matrimonial clubs. Twelve or fourteen men married as many wivies, and each wife was in Gotnpion to them all, but her children belonged to the original husband. The Britons lived, during the long reign of AugtifluB Caefar, rather as the allies than the tributaries of the Romans ; but the communications bctweea Rome and Great Britain being then extended, the emperor Claudius C«(ar, about forty-t wo years after the birth of Chrift, undertook an expedition in | perfon, in which he feems to have been fuccefsfi)l againtl Britain. Hit conquefts, however, were imperfeA ; Carafhicus, and Boadicia, though a woman, made noble Hands againft the Romans. The former was taken pri; foner after a defperate battle, and carried to Rome, where his undaunted b^ haviour before. Claudius, gained him the admiration of the vigors, and ii celebrated in the hiftories of the times. Boadicia being oppreffed in a man* iier that difgraces the Roman name, and defeated, difdained to furvive the liberties of her country ; and Agricola, general to Dumitian, after fubduing South Britain, carried his arms northwards; as has been already feen iii the hiftory of Scotland, where his fuccefTors ,bad no reafon to boait of tlieirpnh grefs, every inch of ground being bravely defended. Puring the time the Romans remained in this iiland, they erefted thofe walls 1 have fo ofter^mea- tioned, to proted the Britons from the invalions of the Caledonians, Scots, and Pic^3 ; and we are told, that the Roman lukiguage, learning, and cuftcms, became fainiliar in Britain. There feems to be no great foundation for thii aflfertion ; and it is more probable that the Romans coniidered Britain chiefly as a nurfery for their armies abroad, on account,!^ their fuperior flrength of body, and courage of the inhabitants, when difciplined. That this was the cafe, appears plainly enough from the defcncelefs Hate of the Britons, whe* the government of Roipe recalled her forces from thatifland. I havI IIUIICC, .»1UII UlUlIlg --- lllC D— ._ ivuiiiaiis 111' jkMikaiii, ^'•Ji/ ced into it all the I'lxunes of Italy ; and it is certain, that undflrtHem the i^t South ^ #^ £ N C L A N D. 391 South Britoni were reduced to a ftate of great >iaflilage, and that thfe genius •f liberty retreated northwards, where tlyi natives had made a brave reuftance aninft thefe tyrants of the world. For though the Britons were unqueiftion- ably very brave* when incorporated with the Roman legions abroad, yet we knew no ftruggle they made in latter times, for their independency at home notwithftanding the many favourable opportunities that prefented themfelves. The Roman emperors and generals while in this ifland, afliiled bv the Bntons* were entirely employed in repelling the attacks of the Caledonians and Pi^s (the latter are thought to have been the fouthcrn Britons retired northwards), and they appeared to have been in no pain abont the fouthem provinceB^ Upon the mighty inundations of thofe barbarous nations, which, under the names of Goths and Vandals, invaded the R^an empire with infinite num- bers, and with danger ta Rome itfclf *, the Roman legions were withdrawii out of Britain, with the flower of the Britifh youth, for the defence of the capital and centre of the cmpirt: ; and that they might leave the ifland with a good grace, they afliiled the Britons in rebuilding with ftone.the wall of Severuii between NewcalUe and Carlifle, which they lined with forts and watch-tow(ers : and having done this good office, took their lad farewel of Britain about the year 448, after having been mafters of the muil fertile parts «fit, if we reckon from the invafiun of Julius Ca:far, near 500 years. The Scots and Pidts finding the whole ifland finally deferted by the Ro- man legions, now regarded the whole as their prize, and attacked Severus'g wall with redoubled forces, ravaged all before them with a fury peculiar to northern nations in thofe ages, and which a remembrance of former injuries could not fail to tnfpire. The poor Britons, like ahelplefs family, deprived of their parent and pro.e£lQr, already fubdued by their own fears, had again recourfe to Rome, and feht, over their miferable cpiftle for relief (ftill upon record), which was addrefled in-thefe words : To Aeths^ thrice cotiful : Thegroant of the Britons ; and after other lamentable complaints, faid. That iht iarbariaiu drove them to the/ea, and the fea lack to the barbarians ; and they had only the hard choice left of per'ijhing by the fword or by the ^r^:.m~^-, ''^-^ , Literatui-e at this time in England was fo ruGe, that we know but !itt!t %m, , • See the latrcduAioo. .' % f. •x> %9^ t k C t A V t}. AfitihifiiOfy. the Koni were ignorant of ktten, and public tranfaf a penny upon every houfe, which was afterwards known by the name of Peter's pencCv becaufe paid 6n the holiday of St. Peler ad vwrw/d, Auguft ift*. Under all thofe difadvantages of bigotry and barbarity, the Anglo-Saxoni were happy in comparifon 01 the nations on the continent ; becaufe they free from the Saracens, or fucceflbrs of Mahomet, w\^ had tnAti ail were empire in the Eaft upon tWe riiins of the Roman, and beg^n to iixtend thdr ravages over Spain and Italy. London was then a place of very confidera- ble trade ; and, if we are to believe the Saxon chronicles quoted by Tyrrel, Withred king of Kent, paid at one time to the king jiif Weffex, a fum in filver equal to 90,cx>ol fterling, in the year 694. England, therefore, we may fuppofe to have been about this time a refuge for the people of the con< tinent. The venerable but fuperftitious Bedc, about the year 740, compof. cd his church hiftory qf Britain, from the coming in of the Saxons down to the year 731. The ^axon Chronicle is one of theoldeft and mod authentic monuments of hiftory that any nation can pfoduce. Architecture, fuch ai it was, with ftone and glafs working, was introduced into England ; and we read, in 709, of a Northumbrian prelate who was fers-ed in lllver plate. It muft however be pwned, that the- Saxon coins, which arc 'generally of copper, are many of them illegible, and all of them mean. Ale and alehoufes art mentisned in the laws of Ina, about the year 728 ; and in this ftate was tie Saxon heptarchy in England, when about the year 800, moft of the Anglo. Saxons, tired out \^ \\\ the tyranny of their petty kings, unite » ^ Charles the Great, nthcrwife Charlemagne, was then king of France, add tmperor of Germany. Egbert had been obliged by ilaU^jealoufies, to ij to the court of Charles for proteftion from the peiiccutions of Eadburp daughter of OfFa, wife to Brlthric, king of the Weft-Saxons. Egbert ac- quired at the court of Charles, the arts both of war and government, * TKt tax was impefcd at fitft for the fupoort* of a college at Reme.fnr (he eduftnion of £R|;iiflt yocth, found by lua kin^ oi Wcllex, under the name of Rtme-HcJ, boiii | oroceU ol time tbs the popei cluioieJ u as a tribute due to St. Piter and hU fucr l^""' j * ibnfr '■'■^' I, t fpccin ry of everf ay, that the ind thtt the nod dep)ora> his holincfj. here govern- I their kings Igrima'gcs to fVnglo- Saxon r, and among t&.* he wu a ga to the fee [ercia, impof- •wards knovn ■ 5/. Peter d Anglo-Saxont becaufe they had ereded ail to extend their very confidera* ted by Tyrrd, ffex, a fum in , therefore, w pl< of the COB' r 740, compot laxons down to irioft authentic ore, fuch as it ;land ; and « liver plate. It lly of copptr, alehoufes art lisftatcwasthe . of the Anglo- :cd in calling to [ideit remaining firft arrived in 8j7 he becamt of France, and lealoufies, to 8j Is <* Eadburga iis. Egbert «• overnment, ^ Ifortheeduaatlw Ud hi* fuc' "^"'^ ^ U.t«- i >j G L A N D 1^^ fiierefore foon united the Sixon heptarchy in hit own perfon, but without fubduing Wales. He changed the name of hit kingdom into that of EngTc bod, or Entrland } but there is reafoii to believe that fome part of England continued ftiU to be governed by independent princes of the blood of Cerdic» thoiigh they paid perhaps a fmafl tribute to Egbert, who died in the year I38, at Winchefter, his chief rcfidence. Egbert was fucceedcd by his fon Ethelwolf, who divided his povirer wjthl hit eldell fon Athelftnn. By this time, England had become 1 Icene dif blood and ravages,, through the renewal of the Danilh invafions ; and EtheN , wolf after fome time bravely oppofing them, retired in a fit of devotion to Rome, to which he carried with him nis youngcft fon, afterwards the famous Alfred, the father of the Englifh conftitution. The gifts which Ethelwolf made to the clergy on this occafion (copies of which are ftill remaining V are fo prodigious, even' the tithes of 'all his dominions, that they ^fhew his brain to have been touched by his devotion, or euidcd by the arts of Swithih bi(ho« of Wincheiler. Upon his death, after his return from Rome, he divided hia dominions between two of L.s fons (Athelftan being then dead), Ethelbald! and Ethelbert, but we know of no patrimony that was left to young Alfred. Ethelbcrt who was the furviving fon, left his kingdom in 866, to his bro- ther Ethelred ; in whofe time, notwithftanding the courage and conduA of Alfred, the Danes became mafters of the fea-coad^ and the fined countries in England. Ethelred being killed, h*s brother Alfred mounted the throne iii 871. He was one of thagreateft princes, both in peace and war, mention- ed in hiftbry. He fought feven battles with the Danes with various fuc- cefs, and when defeated, he found refource^lhat rendered him as terrible at before. He was, however, at onetime reifbded to an uncommon ftate oi . diltrefi, being forced to live in the difguife of a cowherd : but ftill he kept up a fecret correfpondence with his brave friends, whom he coHefled to- gether, and by their aiTiftance he gave the Danes many fignal overthrows,' till at laft he rccoveredithe kingdom of Kngland, and obliged the Danes who had been fettled in it, to fwcarobf' icto his government : even part •f Wales courted his protef^ion ; fo .aat he is thought to have been tb« moft powerful monarch that had evi reined in England. Anjong the other, glories of Alfred' > reign, was that of raifing a maritime power in Eagland, by which he fecu-.-ed her coafls froni future invafionp. He rebuilt the city of London, .\hich had been burnt dqyvn by the Danes, and founded the univcrfity of i)\ford about the year 835 : he divided Eng- land into counties, hundreds, and tythings ; or rathfir'he revived thofe di- tifions, and the ufe of juries, which had fallen into defuetude by the ravages of" the Danes. Having been eJticated at Rome, lie was himfelf not only a fchoU ir, but an author ; and he tells us himfelf, that upon his acceffio'n to the' tlironehehad Icarcely a lay fubjeft who could read Englifh, or an ecdefiaflic who underftood Latin. He introduced flone and brick buildings to gehc- ratufe in palaces as well as churches, though it is certain that liis fbbjeAa for friany years after his death, were fond of timber buildings. His enfcour-" agement of jsommerce and navigation may feem incredible to modern, times, but he had merchants who traded in Eaft India JeWels; and Willlani of Maknfbury fays, that fome of their gems were repofited in the church of Sher-. Wnein his time. He received from one Ofther, about the year 890,« full iCcovery of the coafl of Nonvay and Lapland, as fcir as Ruffia : and' he teila ;l>ekingin his memorial, printed by Hakluyt* "that he failed alo:^. the' lorwav coafl, fo fur north as commonly the whale hunters ufe to tttivel,*^ e wvitcd aiunbai of laarned men into his dominions, aad found faithful anct Rr ufefi* m ^iisX-.s. I>« %N O L A N D. t^cfiil il!%l » thi tiBo ScQV:b kinj^fclus contcmporariekGregory .tiad Donal^^ upiu)ft t}^ Pfuir;!.' He is taxi, to have fought no lets thpui mty-J^x pitcbj mAet V^ thofe bail>«rian8. He was inexoriible againft his CQn:u|r^d hetak, that ^e" is juftly dtftinguiflKd with tt^e epithet of the Great. I have Ifcea tht iniqre diffufe on the hiftory of Alfred's reign, a^ it is the noi ^nousof any in the jEijigU^ aniudsp tboi^ghitdid net extend to fpfcigf CQiMjuefts. , ■ ■,. •'■:-■' ••■,''■'" Jf^l^(^d ^s fucceedon a footing widi ^ itantf or noyofi^tt pf the firft rank* He caa^ed the Scri^ur^ tQ be tranflat|ed into the Saxon tongue. He enpouraged coinage, 'fnd we v^d by his laws, that archbi(hpps, bifhops, and eycR'abbots, had then the privilege pf minting nioney. His dominion appear however to have been coiffi^d tpwards the north by the Danes, ^^qugh his vaflals Hill kept 1^ footing \n thbfe counties. - He was engaged in perpetual wais with nil ijieigbbours, the Scots in particular, and was generally Cuccefsful, and died in ^41. The reigns of his fucpeiTors, Edmund, Edrcd,. and Edwy, were W9k and inglorious, they being cither engaged in w^ir? ^yith: the Danes, or. dif- graced by the influence ofpriefts. Edgar, who niounte4 the throne about the year 1^5^, .revived the nayfiLglory of England, and is faid to have been l^owed dgiWB the rivtr D^e by ^ht kings his vaflals, he fitting at the hehn ; but, like his predeceflbrs, he was the flave of priefts, particularly St. "Dm- vtaji. His reign, however, ^as pacific and glorious, though he was obliged ' io cede to the Scots all the territory to the north of the Tyne, He was ^c* Ceeded'in975,'by his eldeft foa Edward, who wa84>^baroufly murderedbf iui. j^p>mother, whofe (i^n Ethclred mounted the throne in 978. The Eng- ]}(h nation at this time, by the help ofpriefts, was over-run with barbariaki and the Danes by degrees became pofleffcd of the fineft parts of the country, vhile their-countrymen made fometimes drea4ful • defcents in the weftern parts. To get rid of them, he agreed to pay them 30,000]. j whicTiwiu levied by way of ^x, and called Danegeld, and was the tirft land tax in Eug- bnd. In the year 1002 th^y had made fuch fettlemcnts in England, tbat Etheked wa& obliged' to give way to a general maflacre of them by the Eng- lifli, but it is improbable that it was ever put into execution. ' Some attempts ef that kind were undoubtedly made in particular counties, but they fened 9nly to enrage the Danifh king iSwcin, who, in 1013, drove Ethclred,hil queen, and two fons out of England into Normandy, a province of France, ft that .time governed by its own princes, ftyled the dukes of Normandy. Swein being killed, was fucceeded by his fon Canute the Great, but Ethel- ^d returning to England, forced Canute to retire to Denmark, from tiJience he invaded England with a v^ft army, and obliged Edmund Ironlide, (fo called for his. great bodily Urength) Etliehred's fon, to divide with bio the kingdom. Upon Edmund's being aflkflinated, Canute fucceeded to the undivided kingdom ; and dying in 1035, his fon Harold Harcford, didw thing memorable, and his fucceflbr Hardicanute, was fo degenerate a prince, that the Daniih royalty euded with hjm in Enorland, The. family of Ethclred was now called to the throne ; and Edward, whi |9 comiponly called < the Confeflbr, ipounted it, though Edg^ Att>ei>^£i| by ^^ dlite. Uj Goodwin ( William pofTelBon England; as his own~ lands and H thefe mean Europe, ata the Danes, ing from xl fiattle now i amoft bIoo< killed, the c We have tares in thofi Fleetwood i acres, 1608. | which thofe ingenious trei at 18. an ox y of a child thi their choice t unknown. £ ed among all- praaifedinth( With regart they were in g in the mechar addifted to in Canute, they f( ^% was th pline orcondu ftate of the art they mention Cohqueft put tnerudiilicnts c licentious mann< who always dift We are howe hrsor monks, of «emplary li the fee of Rome Md were genen i'awn barbarifm "wm for dvil o '^dperfonallibe fjonsj and we o ^I'fli fubjefts. .-"<■ 1018 wnii !?•, Anglo.Sa: % 3 NO L A N l)> liy b^rtg' d(fc«hdtfd firoiM i^ elder btancb; had>t^ b'neal nj^ti mi nirat «lite. Upbn the death of the Conftflor, in the year 1066, I&t^j foii ^4 G^win dxi. of Kent, mounted the throne of England. • William duke of Hoi'mand/^ thoueh a baftard^ was then in ihi unnv^M pofleffidn of thiit..^;reat dufchy, and rdolved t6 alTeri his right to the bbwti 6f England. For that purpdfe he invited thi^ Ikeighbouring jtririce^ as' it^tt< at his own vaflals, to Join him and made liberal promifes to his follbwen; qf lands and honours in England, to induce them to' affift him efieflndfy. ]B4' thefe means he collcfted 40,000 of the braveft and moft regular trodp^' ^ Europe, ahd while Harold was embarraflfed with the firefli inyiifiontr ftbtH the Danes, William landed in Enghtnd withodt oppbfition. Harold re^dnf* itig firom the North, encountered William in thfc platce where the to#n d: Batde now itands, which took its name from it, near HafHngst in Stillbk, an3l a moft bloody battle, was fought between the two armies ; but^Harold 6du^ julied, the crown of England devolved upon William, in the year 1066. We have very particuhir accoiints of the value of provifions and miinn£l6 tnres in thofe days $ a palfrey coaft is. an acre of land (according to bifho^ Eeetwood in b'^ Chronicon''^FretiofiAn) I8°. a hide of land containing 120 acres, ibo6. but < re is great difficulty in forming the proportion 01 valui which thofe ihii..ng«( bore to the prcfent ftandard bf money, thuagh many ingenious treatifes Jhave been written on that head. A fheep was eftimated at 18. an ox was computed at 68. a cow at 4s. a man 3I. The bosuxl vfdgiel of a child the firft year, was 8s. The tenants of Shirebum were obliged at their choice to pay either 6d. or four hens. Silk and cotton were quit6 unknown. Linen was not mnch ufed. In the Saxon times,- bnd was i£vid^ ed among all the miit children of the deceafed. Entails wei^ fottiieti^hei prai^fed in thofe times. With regard to thcvmanners of the Anglo-Saxons, yr6 can fay little, but they were in general a rude unCukivated people, igriorant of letteM; nhlkili^ in the mechanical arts, untamed to fubmimon under law and goverilmenty addided to intemperance, riot, and diford^r. Even fo low as the reig^ of Canute, they fold their children and kindred into foreign part6. Thbir bef|. quality was their railitaVy courage, which yet was' not fupjiorted by difci- pline orcondufll. Even the Norman hiftorians, notwithftanding the 16^ ftate of the arts in their own country, fp^k of them as barbarians, wh'^d they mention the invafion made upbn them by the duke of Normandyi Cohqueft put the people in a lituation of receiving flowly froin abroad aQ the rudiiticnts of fctence ahdcultivatibn, and of cbrrefting their rough and licentious manners. Their uncultivated ftate might be owing to the clergy, who always difcouraged mariufaok called Poomfday-book, vriiidi is now kept in the Exchequer. But the repbfe of this fortunate and victorious king wasfdifturbed in his old age, by the rebellion of ' his eljcleft fon Robert, who had been iippolnted governor of Normandy, but now aflumed the government as fover^ign of that province, in which he was favoured by the ]cittg of Ftance. And here we have the rife of the wars between England and France ; which have continued longer, drawn more noble blood, and been attended With more memorable atchievements, than any other nationsl ouarrel we readtof in ancient or modem hiftory. William feeing a war ine- vitable, entered upon it with his ufual vigour, and with'incredible celcrityi tnmfpQfting a brave Engliih army, invaded France, where Ke was everywhere viAorious, but died before he had finifhed the War, in the year 1087, the r::ty SHt of \m age, and twenty -firft of his reign in England, and was buried in hil own abbey at Caen in Normandy. ' The above are the moft material tranfadions of William's reign ; and it may be farther obfervcd, that by the Norman, conqueft, England not only |oft the true line of her ancient Saxon kings, bit alfo her principal nobility, who either fell in battle in defence of their country and liberties, oriled to foreign countries, particularly Scotland^, where, being kindly received by kinj ^alcohn, tliey eftabtiflied themfclves ; and what is very remarkable, intro' duced the Saxon or EngllHi, which has been the prevailing language in the Lowlands of Scotland to this day. On the o^er hand, England by virtue of the conqueft, became much great. fr, both in dominion and power, by the acceflipn of fo jnuch territory.,upoi * Font hidci of land msde one kn'ght's fee ; i barpny wai twelve timet greater ihu ihit of a knight'a fee : and wh.'n Djomfday-book wa; tramedj ihs number uf g^u!^ rvDt tmoiuittd to 709. * '. " . ^ ., , ,^ ■■> '''^\-* «■*"■ i . >«r; - >r> J £ N G L A N. D. W^ #■■ the continent. For though tHe Njonhans kfthe conqueft, gained anrah of |the Englifh land and riches, fet the Englifli gained the large and fertile fiuke- dom of Normandy, which became a province to thit croWti. Eogtai^d like- wife gain Con upon jjjs daughter tlie emprefs Matilda, widow to Henry IV., emperor (ffCern^ny, and her fon Heary, by b)tf\fecondJb«A<»«dCeoftry Plintagenet, «..*'- -sH'- #v • Matw^khftandlrig the late fettlementi of fttcceflbrij the cr6vm of England iji«8 ctfdih^, arid fci«ed by Stephen earl of BIoir, the fon of Ad^k, tourth jl^nghtt&r to Williath the Conqueror. Matilda sfnd her fon were then abroad t ' tM i phen' was affilled in his ufucpation hj Hk birotiier thelbifhop of Win'. t|iA:ilc ff and &i6 other gre^ ptvlatei, that he mrght hold the crown; aependfcnt its it were, upon them. Matilda, hbwever, foiihd a eeiierous protestor in hd- mcie, Divid, king of Scofland ? arid a worthy fubjeS in her natural brother ItobirflJ Earl' of Gloueefter, who headed hei* party befott her fon grew* up; A long and bfo j but at length, ihebktons, who dreaded the power of the clergy, incKried toWards Nfetilda; iM Steven, who dep^ridied chiefl;^ on foreign mercenat'iesj having he^n ah; ibdon^d by the clergy, was defeated and taken prifontr in 1 141 j and bein? dffried before' Matilda,- (he fcomfoUy upbraided himj and ordered him to b« put in chpins. Matil(ia Was proud' and Weak j the clet^ were bbld arid ambitloto j mi 'when joined with the nobility, who were f^flious and turbultnt, #ere art dvermatch for the crown. They demanded to be governed b^ Salon laws, according to the charter that had bieen granted by Henry I, lijion his acceman ; and finding Matilda refradory , th6y drove her out of Eng. ^andin 1142. Stephen jhaving been e^cchanged for the earl of Gloucefter, il^ho.had oei^ taken prifoner hkewife, upon his obtaining his liberty, found tlhit his clergy and nobility had in faA excluded himfixMn their government, by buildirig Iicx> caftles. Where each owner lived as an' independent prince. Wi do Hot, however, find' that t!iis alleviated the feudal fubgedfion of the in. ftrior ranks; Stephen was ill enorigh advifed to attempt to force them' into i . ly for xienry the head of the JLndifh church, and chancier of the ]ctflirdon^ vasthe cdebrated ThqA^ Becket. This man, powerful frqin ^Is oiffice^ and ftiU more fo by his popularity, arifing from a pretended fan^ity, was vio- lent, intrepid, and a determined enemy to temporal po- rt of every kind, but withal cool and politic The king aiTei^ied his noLii^ty attClarendon, the namp pf wlu'ch place 19 ftlU famous fo,r the canftitutions tliere etuu£led, .w^h| infaft, aboliihed the authority of the RomUh fee over the Enelifli plergy. Sl^cket finding it in vain to refiil the llream, figned thofe conilitutiohs tiU they could be rati%d by the pope ;, who, as, he forefaw, rejefted them. Heor ry, though a p' nice of the moft-determined fpirit of any of his time, wa* then embroiled with all his neighbours ; and the fee of Rome wiis at the fame time in its meridian grandeur. Becket having been arraigned and ■PQavi£te4 of robbing the puWic, while he was chancellor, fled to France, wl^ere the pope and the French king cfpoi^d his quarrel. The efFe£t was, ttiat all the ^nglifh clergy, who were un the king's fide were exco.mmunicatjed, an^ the fubjeds abfolved from their allegiance. This difcQUcqrtpd Henry fa much, that he fubmitted to treat, and even to be infulted by his, rebel prelate^ who returned triumphantly through the ilreets of ^London in 1 1 70. His re- turn (welled his pride, and Increafedhis infoleqce, till both became Infupport- able to Henry, who was then ih Normandy. Finding that he was in faft onljr the firft fub^eA of his own dominions, he v/as heai'd to fay, iu t^e anguifn of his heart, " Is there none who would revenge his monarch's caufc upon this audacious prieit i" T'hefc words reached the tars of four knights^ Reginald Fitzurf?, Wilfiam de Tracy, Hugh de Moreville, and Richard Bri- to ; and, without acquainting Henry of their intentiors, they went over t^ England, where they beat out Becket's brainH before tlie altar of his own thurch at Canterbury in the yea/ 1 1 7 1 . Heniy was in no condition to fecond the blind obedience of his ktiights; and the public reft utment rpfe fo high, on the fuppolition that he was , privy to the murder, that he fubmitted to be fcourgcd by monks at the tomb of the pretended martyr. Henry, in confequence of his well known maxim, endeavoured to cancel j all die grants which bad been made by Stephen to the royal family of Ikot- [ hnd, and aAually refumed their mofl valuable polfeflions in the north of Eng» land. This occafioncd a war between the two kingdom k. in which William lung of Scotland was taken prifoner ; and, to deliver himfblf f^om captivity, jvas obliged to pay liege homage to kiifg Henry f*ir his kingdom of Scofland, and for a.U his other dominloiis. It was alfo agreed, that liege homage fhouI4 be done, and fealty fwom to'Henrt^, without referve or exception, fey ''f^M, [the carU ,^d l^:^;uii8 of the territories of the king of Scotland, from whoRt * HeH. JH ENGLAND. Henry ffiould deHre it, in the famr nanner as by hi* other vafltds. The' lieira ofthekinsr of Scotland, and tlu icirs of his earls, barons, and tenanti in chief, were likewife obliged to render b'ege homage to the heirs of the kinr of England. Henry likewife diftinguiflied his reign by the conqucft of Ireland : and by ■marrying Elf anor the divorced queen of France, but the heirefs of Guienna ind Poiaou, he became almoll as powerful in France as the French kin? himfelf, and the greateil prince iu Chriftendom. In his old age, howevr lie waa far from being fortunate. He had a turn for pleafure, and embarnf. fed himfelf in intrigues with women, particularly the ^r Rofamond, which were refented by his queen Eleanor, to her feducing her fpns, Henry, f whom his father had unadvifedly caufed to be crowned in his own b'fe time), Richard and John> into repeated rebelliQOS, which aifeded himfo much as to throw him into a fever, and he died at Chinon, in France, in the Tear 1 189, and 5 7th of his age. The fum he left in ready money at his death, nas perhaps been exaggerated, but the mull moderate accounts make it a. mount to 200)00ol. of our money. During the i^ign *of Heniy, corporation charters were eftablifhed all over j> Pl|pand ; by which, as I have already hinted, the 'power of the baroni ^wasgfifctly, reduced. Thofe corporations encouraged trade ; but manufac. tares, efpeciaUy thofe of fdk, feem ilill to have been confined to Spain and Italy ; for the filk coronation robes, made ufe of by young Henry and '' Iiis queen, coft 87I. los. 4d. in the flieriif of London's account, printed by Mr. Maddox : a vaft fum in thofe days. Henry introduced the ufe of glafi m' windows into England, and (tone arches in building. In this reign, and in thofe barbarous ages, it was a cuftom in London for great numbers, to the amount of a hundred or more of the fons and relation) •f emin^t citizens, to f9rm themfelves into a licentious confederacy, to Itreak into rich houfes and plunder them, to rob and murd.-r paflengers, and to commit with impunity, all forts of diforders. Henry about the ye^ 1 1 76, divided England into fix parts,' called circuits^ appointing judges to gp at certain times of the year and hold affixes, or adminifter juftice to the people, as is praftifed at this day. Henry fo far abolilhedthe barbarous and abfurd pra£lice of fo^eiting (hips, which had been wrecked on the coaft, that if one man or animal were alive in the (hip, the veiTel and goods were reftored to the owners. This prince wai aUb the (ird who levied a tax on the moveable and pcrfonal ellate of hiit fub* jefts, nobles as well as people. To (hew the genius of thefe a^^es, it may not be improper to mention the quarrel between Roger arclibi(hop of York, and Richard archbifhop of Canterbury. We may judge of the violence of milit- ary men and laymen, when ecclefiaftics could proceed to fuch dxtremities. The pope's legate having fummoned an alTembly of the clergy at London, «nd as both the archbifliops pretended to fit on his right hand, this queftloa of precedency begot a controverfy between them. The monks andretainen <)farchbi(hop Richard fell upon Roger, in the prefence of the cardinal and of the*fynod, threw him on the ground, trampled him under foot, and fo bruifed him with blows, that he was taken lip half dead, and bis life wat with difficulty faved from their violence. Richard I. furnamed Cceur de Lion, from his great courage, wai the third, but eldeft furviving fon of Henry II. The clergy had found meani to gain him over, and^for their own ends t^ey perfuaded'him to make a molt magnificent ruinous crufade to the Holy Lands, where he took Aica- lon, and performed atEiions •£ valour, that gave ooanteoance even to ttu £ ir ($^ L A N D. m iabWs of antiquity, i^erfevenl glorious, but fruitlefft campaigntthc,! a truce of thrqe yean with Saladin eimergr of the 3uracens ^ M ' *' Rturn to England he was treacheroufly lurprifedi by the Duke of 1 who, in 1193, fent him a prifon^r to the emperor Henry VI. foin was fixed by the fordid emperor at 150,000 merk» ;' about 300,0061. of our prefent money. ' ^ ^ Whim the Scottifli kings enjoyed their lands in England, they found it their intereft, once generally ip every kii\g'8 reifirn, to perform the fame It ; but when they were deprived of their faid lands, they paid no more ' Woollen broad cloths were made in England at this time. An ox fold for three fhtllings, which anfwers to nine millings of our money, and a flieep at four pence, or one^fhiUing. Weights and meafures were now ordered to be the fame all over ^he kingdom. Richard was (lain in befinriBc the caftle of Chalons in the year 1 199, the 42d of his age, and loth. of his rtii The reign of his brother Joh:a, who fucceeded him, is infamous in the Englilh hiftory. He is faid to have put to death Arthur the cldeft«fon of hia brother Geoffrey, who had the hereditary right to the crown. .The ■- young prince's mother Conftance, complained tOjPhilip, the king of Ifttmce |^ who, upon Jchn^s non-appearance at his court as a vaflal, deprived him of » Normandy. John notwithftanding, in his wars with the Frencl^ Scotch* anci Irifh, gave many proofs of penonal valour ; but became at lift fo ap- prehenfive of a French invailon, that he rendered himfelf a tributary to the Eope, and laid his cr6wn and regalia at the foot of the legate Pandulph, who ept them for five days. The great baron? refentedhis meannafs, by taking arms; hut he repeated his fhaineful fubmiilions to the pope, and after «k- ., periencing various fortunes of^ar, John was at laft brought folow, thai the barons obliged him, in 141 6, to fign the great deed fo well known bf the name of Sfagna Charta. Though this charter is deemed the four planations, came to b« applicable to every Englifli fubjedl, as well as to the barons, knights, and burgeifes. John had fcajpcdy figned it, but he retrac- ted, and culed upon the pope for protedion, waci\ the barons vrithdrew their allegiance from John, and transferred it' to Xewis, the eldeft fon of ' Philip Auguftus, king of France. This gave titobrage to the pope ; and the barons being apprehenfivc of their country becoming a province t|, France, they returned to John's allegiance ; but he was unable to proted Miem, till the pope refufcd to confirm the title of Lewis. John died'% i« 1 6, in the J8th year of his reign, and 49th- of his age, juft as he hl^^ glimpfe of refuming his authority. The city of Londoa owes fome of her pritfleges to him. The office of mayor, before his' reign, was for life; but he ^ve them a charter to chufe Ss a * It appears however, that Wilkam I king of Scotland, and hii fubjcAi, confeDted to acknowledge the king of England and hia. heiri, to all verpetuity, to be their fove- rnpit and liege lordi, and they did homage for the kingdonn of Scotland accordinglf g but this advautage was given up by Ricbard I. Vide lord l,jttl*tes's Hiftoryef Hssry JJ. Vul. V. p. aaa M3,a3^. Svot'etft. So6 E N O L A N I>. r a mayor out of their own b«dy, annually, and to cleft their (heriflfi and con» mon-couAcil annually, as at prefent. England was in a deplorable fituation when her crown* devolved upon Henry III. the late king's fon, who was but nine years of fige. The earl of Pembroke was chofen his guardian land the pope taking part with the young prince, the French were defeated and driven out of the kingdom, and their King obliged to renounce all daints upon the crown of England. The regent, earl of Pern!)M>ke, who had thus ittrieved the independency of hn Gount^,: died i2i9> and the re^ncy devolved upon the biihop of Winchef. ten The king was of a foft, pliable difpofition, and had been perfuaded to viobte the Great Charrer.* Indeed he; feemed always endeaVouring to evade the privileges which he had been compelled to grant and confirm. An at fociation of the barons was formed againft him and his government, anu a civil war breaking out, Henry feemed to be abandoned by all but his Gh fcons, and fpreign mercenaries. His profufion brought him into inezpref. iible difficulties ; and the famous Stephen Montfort, who had married hi. Mer, and was made earl of LeiceA«fizth of hir rei^n, which was uncomfc able and inglorious ; and yet, to the ftruzgles of this re^n, the people in great meafure owe the liberties of the prel^t dl]^ Int«reft had in that ag^e mounted to an enormous height. 1 here are in- flanceS' of ^oL per cent, being paid for mopey, which tempted the Jem, to remain in England,' notwithftanding the grievous opprdfions they labour- ed under, from the bigotry o/' the age, and Henry's extortions. In 1255 Henry made stfrefh demand of 8000 merks from the Jews,' and threatened to hang, them^if they refuCed compliance. They npw loll all patience, a.:d defired leave to retire with- their rF>£ts out of the kingdom, but the king ;repHed, ** How can I remedy the oppreffion you complain of ? I ammyfra' a beggar; I am defpoiled ; I am uripped of all my revenues; I owe a- bove 200,000 merks; and if I had faid 300,000, 1 fhould'not exceed the truth'; I am obliged to pay my fon princ^e Edward 15^000 merks a year; I j liave not a farthing, and I mult have money from any hand, from any qlu^ tcr,''or by any means." King John, his father, once demanded 10,000 marks from a Jew at Briftol ; and on his refufal, ordered one of his teeth to be drawn every day till he ihould confent. The Jew loft feven teeth, and then paid the fum required of him. Trial by otdeal was now entiitfy difufed, and that by Juel difcouraged. Bradon's famous law treatife'vai publilhed in this reign. . ■ Edyrerd returning to England, on the news of his father's death, invited all who held of his crown in fa/i.V, to his coronation dinner, which confifttd (that the reader may have lome idea of the luxury of the times) ofiy* bacoa lieir (keriffi and earn E N "O LAN D. Sof hconhogt, 450 hogi, 440 oxen, 440 (heep, 2t,6oo hens arid capons and thirteen tat go2t9. (See Rymer's Foedeni.j Alexander III. king of Scot- Und was at the folemnity, and on the occafion 500 horfes were let loofc, fur ill that could catch them to keep thein. Edward was a brave and politic prince, and being perfefkly w famous frfar Bacon. Windmills were erected in England about the fame time, and the regulation of geld and filver workmanfhip was afcertained by an efTay, and mark of the goldfmith's company. After all, Edward's con- tinental wars were unfortunate both to himfelf and the Engliili, by draining them of their wealth ; and it is thought that he too much negle^ed the woollen manufaAures of his kingdom. He was often embroiled with the |y)pe, efpeicrall/ upon the affairs of Scotland ; and he died in 1307, in the nxty-ninth year of his age, and thirty-fifth of his reign, while he was upon a irefli expedition to exterminate that people. He ordered his heut to be fentto the Holy Land, with 32,000!. fhr the maiintenanceof .what is called the Noll Sepulchre. His u)n and fucceiTor Edward H^ (hewed early difpofitions for enocuragjng favourites ; but Gaviefton, his chief minion, a Gafcon, being banifhed by hia father Edward, lie mounted the throne with vail advantages, both political and perfonal, all which he foon forfeited by his own imprudence. He re- call>!a Gavefton, and loaded him with honours, and married Ifabella, daughter of the Fr.'nch king, who reftored to him pf^rt of the territories vvhich Ed- ward I. had loft in France. The barons, however, obliged him once more to ^ni(hhis favourite, and to coniLir the Great Charter, while king Robe|^ Bruce recovered all Scotland, exceyling the cattle of Stirling ; near to which, at Bannockburn, Edward in perfon received the greateft defeat England ever suffered, in 1314. Gavefton being beheaded by the barons, they fixed upon young Hugh Spencer as a fpy upon the king, but he fgon be- came his favourite. He, through his pride, avarice, and ambition, was buiifh- ed, together with his father, whom he had procured to be made earl of Win- chefter. The queen, a furious ambitious woman, perfuaded her hufband to recall the Spencers, while the common people, from their hatred to the ba- rons, Joined the king's ttandard, and after defeating them, reftored him .to the exercife of all his prerogatives. A cruel ufe was made of thofe fucceffes, «nd many nobk patriot*, .'With their eftates, fell viAims to the qneen'> re- venge ; hut at laft ftw became enamoured with Roger ^fortimej^^Mgigi. her prifuner, and had been oAe of the moft aAive of the anti-royuKpi^f • A breach betwetn her and the Spencers foon foUovired^ and going^o^r td Prance wjth he was moft bailsaroufly murdered in Berkley-caftle, by ruffian>> fuppoitd to be employed by her and her paramour Mortimer, in the year ijay. Upon an average, the difference of Uving then and now, fccmj to be nearly as 5 or 6 is to i, alwaytt remembering that the money containtd thrice as much filver as our money or coia of the fame denomination does, Thus, for. example, if a goufe then co^ xd.^, that i« 7 V of our money, or According to the proportion of 6 to i , it would now ooft us ^s^ 9d. The kipghts Templars were fupprefled in this reign^ owing to their eDormou» vices. ^ Edward III. moui.'ted the throne in 1327. He was then under the tuii . tlon'of his mother, who cohabited with Mortimer, and they endeavoured to keep pofleffion of^heir power by executing many popular meafurcs, and put- ting an end to all, national differences with Scotland, for which Mortimer wu create earl of March. Edward, young as he ivtHf was foon fenfible of tkeir deilgns. He furphfed them in perfon at the head of a few chofcn friendiin the-«aftle of Nottingham. Mortimer was put \o a pubh'c death, hanged ui traitor at the common gallows at Tyburn, and the queen herfelf waslhutup in confinement twenty-eight years, to her death. It was not long before Edward found means to quarrel with David king of Scotland, though he had married his fifter, and he was driven to France by Edvirard fialiol, wbo ^^^as* Edward's tributary, king of Scotland, and general, and did the fame ^Jj^Hjtett Edward for Scotland, as hiu father bad done to Edward I. Soon Umi^ti the death of Charles the Fair, king of France (without ifliie), wbo^mI fucceeded by virtue of the Salk! law, which the French pretended cut off all fjmale fucceMon to that .crown, Pb^ip of Valois claimed it at be. iiW the-i||M>eir male by fuccefSon ; but he was oppofcd by Edwanl, » being thlTon- of Ifabblla, who was fiiler to the three kft-mentioned kings of France, and firft in the female fuccefHon. The former was preferred, but the cafe being doubtful, Edward purfued his claim, and invaded France with a powerful army. On this, occafion the vail difference between the feudal confutations of France, wlych were then in full force, and the government of England, more favourable to public liberty, appeared. The French ofncers knew no fubor* dination. They and their men were equally undifciplined and difobedient, though ^r more numerous than their enemies in the field. The Engliih freemen 1i)n the other having now vaft property to fight for, which they could call their own, independent>of a feudal law, knew its value, and had kamt to defend it by providing themfelves with proper armour, and fubmitting lo military exercifes, and proper fubordination in the field. The war, on the part of Edward was therefore a continued fcene of ifuccefs and vidory. la, 1 340 he took the title of king of France, ufing it in all public afts, and quartered the axiai of king of France with his own, adding this motto, Dm bf mm droitf « God and my right." At CrefTy, Augull 26th, 1346,1- bove 100,000 French were defeated, chiefly by the valour of the prince of Wales, who was but fixteen years of age (his father being no more than j thirty-four) though the Englifh didnot exceed 30,000. The lofs of the French fer exceeded the number of the Englifh army, whofe tofs confined of no mote j aboutf fifty private m< \^r r f:-..: '^1 «f PoiAi« French kli part of th< ite fon Phi led in tlu's and poiltei brighteil « Edward Philippa, d good rortui invade £ng remained a crowned hei rd, Da rid : but John re ter the trea frightened I French dom of hit fubje( Alice pierce from his wc: S|>aiii, whei with a confi father did i Shene in Si reign. No prince than Edward fat 00 the £1^ he gratified ] fccurity to t fula prince a viting over a Flsndera, an( »»^U), tiT his of Lying in h «'gn ; and f But notwith continued in agreed whet but ft certain Windfor was 'i'ay ferve as _ of alluring v England to fe levying an ar; ' French king John, but with greatly i*)! per ior advantages of numbers on the part of the French, who were totally defeated, at)d their king and his favour- ite (bn Philip taken prifoners. It is thought that the number of French kO- |(din tliis battle, was double that of all the EagUfli army { but the modcfty. tnd politenefs with which the prince trc'atcd hi» ruyal prifoners, formed the brignteft wreath 'm his garland. Edward's glories were not confined to France. Having left lu's cpieen philippa, daughter to the «arl of Hainaoh, regent of England, A Spaiiii where he reinftatad P«ter the Cruel on that throne, was leixed with a confumptive diforder, which carried mm oiT in the year 137a. , Hia father did not long furvive him; for he died|> difpirited and obfcure, at Shene in Surry, in the year 137^, the 65th. of his age, and 5;ft of hia reign. ' ^ No prince ever underftood the balance and interefts of Europe Jietter than Edward did, and he was 00^ of the.beit and moll illullriout kinga thst fat on the Englilh throne. Having fet his heart on $he con^ueft of Iranccf, he gratified the more i^eadily his people ig their demands, for pfote£lion and fccurity to their liberties and propertiei, but he thereby exhauft<«di- his regal donunions ; neither was his fucceflbr, wheii he mounted th£ throne, fo power- ful pnnce as he was in the beginning of his reign. He has the glory ^ in-» viting over and protedling fullers, dyers, weaves, and other artificers from Flanders, and of eftablifhing the woollen manufacture among the Engliflif «^io, till his time generally expo ted the unwrought commodity. The njte of living in his reign feems to hive been much the fame as ift the preceding reign ; and few or the EngUlh (hips even of war, exceeded forty or fifty tons* . I But notwithilanding the vaft iiicreafe of property in England, vill^nage ftill continued in the royal, epifcopal, and baronial manors^ Hiitorialis are not agreed whether Edward made ufe of artjllery in his firft invafioo of France, but it certainly was well known before his death. The magnificent caftle of Windfor was built by Edward III. and his method of conducting that work iiiay ferve as a fpecimen of the condition of the people of that age. Inftead of alluring workmen by contracts and wages, he aflelTed every county in England to fend him fo many mafons, tilers, and carpenters, as if he hftd been levying an army. Soldiers were enlifted only for a fhortj time. { they lived idle all the reft of the year, and commonly all the reft of their lives ; one fuccefsful campaign by pay and plunder, and the ranfom of prifoners^ waa • He was alfo the firft in England that had *e title of Dyte, beinjj created by his ft- thetDuke of Cornwall: agd c»sr linee, the eldea fer. of the kicg cf £sg!ssd ■• bj bifiu i fitike of Cornwall. fujh Sf E NO L '^A ' N D. fappofed to be a fma!l fortune to i man ; which wai a great allurement ta enter into the fervTcr. The wages of a maftcr carpenter waa limited through the whole yeart > three peqce a day, a common carpenter to two pence, nw. ney of that age» ^ . Dr. John WickUffie a fecular oneft, educated at Oxford, began in the ht. ter end of this reign to fpread t ne doftrines of reformation by his difcouritj, fermoni, and writings ; ^.^A he made many difciple* of aU ranks and ilationi. He was a man of parts, learning, and piety ; and has the honour of being the firft perfon in Europe who publicly called in queftion thofe doftrinei, . which had generally piOed fur certain and undifputed, during fo many agn. The dodrhies of Wickliffe being derived from his (earch into the fcripturc*, snii into ecclefiaftical antiquity, were nearly the fame with thofe propagattd by the reformers in the lixteenth century. But though the age feemtd ftrongly difpofed to receive them, affairs were not yet fuUy ripe for thit great revolution, which was referved for a more free and enquiring period, that gave the finifhing blow to Roml(h fuperdition in this and many other kingdoms of Europe. He had many friends in the univerfity of Oxford and at court, and was powerfully proted^ed againft the cvrl defiTns of the pope aftfl biHiops, by John of Guant duke of Lancafterone of the Itings fon9,»nd othir great men. His difciples were diftinguifhed by the name of Wicklif- fites or LoUardfl. Richard H. f«)n of the Blade Prince, was no more than eleven yeonof age when he mounted the throne. The Englifh arms were then unfucicersful both in France and in Sconand ; but the doftrines of Wickliffe took root Bnder the influence of the duke of Lancaller, the king's uncle and one of hit guardians, and gave enlarged notions of liberty to the villains, andlow(ft ranks of people. The truth is, agriculture was then in fo flourifhing a Hate, that corn, and other victuals, were fufTered to be tranfpoft^d, and the Eng- lifh had fallen upon a way of manufaAuring, for exportation, their leather, noms, and other native commodities ; and with regard to the woollen tnanu- fadures, they feem, from records, to have been exceeded by none in Earopt!. John of Quant's foreign connections with the crowns of -Portugal and Spain *werft of prejudice to England: and fo many men were employed in unfuc- cefsful' wars, that the commons of EnglailB, like powder, receiving a fpark ef, fire, all at once flamed out into a luccefllon, under the condu^ of Bali, « prieft, Wat Tyler, Jack Straw, and others, the lowcft of the people. The condud cf tliefe iufurgents was very violent, and in many refpeAs ex- tremely unjuftifiable : but it cannot juftiy be denied, that the commo father'a death t and Richard ourrylng over a great armf to queQ a rebellion in Ireland, a ftrong party formed in England, the natural itfult of RichardPi tyranny, who offeitd the duke of Lancafter the crown. He landed from France at Ravenfpur in Yorkfliire, and wai foon at the iKtd of 60|00O men, all of them Enghflu Richard hurried back to £ng. hod, where hit troopa refufing to 6ght, and hit fubieAt, whom he had afTec- icd to defpife, genentty deferting him, he was made prifoner with no more tliin twenty attendant! ; and being carried to London, he wai depofed in full parliament, upon a formal charge of tyranny and mifcooduft { and ^oon liter he it fuppofed to have been Ibrved to death in prifon, in the year 1 399 the 34th of hit age, and the 33d of his reign. He had no iiTue by cither of b two marriages. » Though the nobility of England, were poflelTed of great power at the time of this revolution, yet we do not find that h abated the influence of the commons. They had the courage to remunftmte boldly in parliament a- the ufary, which was but too much pradifed in if ngland, and other ^ufei of both clergy and laity : and the dcftruAion of the feudal powers foon followed. Hfliry the Fourth *; fon of John of Gaunt duke of Lancafter, fourth Ion of Edward III. being fettled on the throne of England, in prejudice-to the (Mer branches of Edward 1 1 1. '• family, the great nobility were in hopes that thii glarltig 6tSe& in his title would render him dependent upon thcnw At firft lome confplracies were formed againfl him among his great men, as the dukes of Surry, and Exeter, the earls of Gloucefter and Salipjury, and the arcU>i(hop of York ; but he crufhed them by his ad^ivity and fleadinefs, and laid a plan for reducing their overgrown power. This was underilood by the Percy family the greateft in the north of England, who complained oif Henry having deprived them of fome Scotch prifoners, whom they had taken in battle; and a dangerous rebellion broke out under the old earl of North* umberland, and hisibn the &mou8 Henry Percy, furnamed Hotfpur, but it ended in the defeat of the rebels, chiefly by the vdour of the prince of Wales. With eqnal good fortune, Henry fupprefled the infurre^iion of the Welch, wider Owen GlendoWer : and by his prudent conceilions to his parliament, to the commons particularly, he a|^ laft conquered all oppofltion, while, to falve the defed of his title, the parliament entaikd the crown upon him, and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, thereby (hutting out all female fuccefllon. The young duke of Rothfay, heir to the crown of Scotland (afterwards James I. of that kingdom), falling a prifoner into Hcni) 's ^^nd■l about the time, was of infinite fervice to his government; ondb.v.. ht^ death, which happened in 141 3,' in the 46th year of his age, and 13th ofhis reign, he hod the fatisfafiion to fee his fon and fuccelTor, the prince of Wain, difengage himfelf from many youthful follies, which .'aen had di£- graced his condvift. The Englifh marine wtts now fo greatly increafed, that we find an Englifh veffd * The throne being now vacant, the duke of Laocsfter ftepped forth, and ^^vmir itralTed himfelf op hit forehead «nd on hit breai>, and called upoo the name of Cnriit, |ne pronounced thefe word*, which I fhall give in the original language, bccaufc of their lliaxi'lirity, I A rt« iiami t/tie Fadtir, Sen, aad HJy OUJ, I Hewy tf Lancaper^cbaUu^i tbU rnumt . I'/ '^'ilanJi, and tit cmviit, vtilb aU tie mvnbrit, and tbi apfartsnanen ; ah J that am th/itH' Uit tj right limi of tbi iladt (mcaoing a claim in right of hitniofher) ecmin* from tbt gadi Y"! fitiiry tbtrdi andtbrtgt that rigbt that GvJ of hit gtits bjth stat mt, wiib belft »/ iya, I'i'tf my /rtaii,, ta riter h i tbt ubkb rt-wmi via* in ft; at U.tttadtnt h dtfat afie- — ., aiy. wvrjriiiy y wt g«w Ml*/. fc-'r*-''' -^s"t 31* * N C X A K O. veftelof IdOtom^ln t)fie Bttkicitnt^mtiny other (hips of^iil^urden, the 34th year of his age, and the loth of his reign. » T ^enry V's vatt fucccffes in France revived the trade of England, and at I the fame time increafed and cftabiifhed the privikges and liberties of the Eng-I HiJh commonsdty.- As he died when he was only thirty four years of agfij" is hard to faiy, if he had lived, whether he might not have given the law toaBj the continent of Europe, which was then greatly diftraded by the diviiio»| amoiijl JE N (3.1. A. ik tt Hi hiAOng its pHncei i but Whether this would have been oiF fervice or jntjutticc to the growing libertien of the Ehglilhfubicdts, We caiinot detemiifie. ., By an authentic and exaA 46i;ount of the ordinary revenues of the' ettnfrh during this reign, It zppcin that they amounted only to 5^,714!. a Veiif, which 13 nearly the fame vtrith the revenues iii Henry Ill's time, and the king* of England had neither become much richer nor poorer in the cotlrf(fc of zoo years. The ordinary expencesof the government amounted to 53,507.1 ft that the king had of furjilus only 5,207!. for the fupport of his houfehold for his wardrobe, for the expence of embalfies, and other articles. ThisfuOi was not nearly fufficient even in time of peace : and to carry oh bis war^ this great conqueror was reduced to many mifepble (fjdfta i he ||>on-owea from all quarters ; he pawned his jew Is, and fometimes the crbwni itfelf : he ran in arrears to his army ; and he was often obliged to ftop in the midft of his eareer of victory, and to grant a truce to the enemy. I mentio.1 thefd particulars, that the reader may judge of the fioipUcity and temperance of I our oredccefTors three centuries ago, when the expences of the greateft king in Europe were fcarcely equal to, the penfioii of a fuperannuated courtier of theprfifent age. It required a prince equally able with Henry IV. and \!. to confirm the title of the Lancafler huufe to the throne of Enffbnd. Henry VI. furaamed of Win^for, was no more than nine months old, when, in confequence' of the treaty of Troyes, concluded by his father with the French court, he wa> proclaimed kin? of France as well as England. He. was binder the tui- tion of his two uncles, the dukes of Bedford and Glouceiler, both of theni princes of great accomplifhments, virtues, and courage, but unable to prc< ferve their brother's conquells. Upon the death of Charles VI. the affec- tions of the French for his family revived in the prrfon of his fon and fuc- ceffor Charles VII. The duke of Brdford, who was regent of France, performed many glorious adlions, and at bft laid fiege to Orleans, which, if taken wc^uld have compleated the conqueft of FraQce. ^ The iiege was rai- fedby the valour and good condu£^ of the Maid of Orleans, a phenomenott hirdly to be paralleled m hiftOry, (he being of the loweft extt^dtion, and bred # cow-keeper, and fometimes a helper in (tables in public inns. She muft not- wtthlUnding have poHcfTed an amazing fund 01 fagacity as well as valour. Afler an unparalleled train of heroic adioiis, and placing the crown upofi her fovereign's head, (he was taken prifoner by the Englifh in making a (ally I during the fiege of Compeigne, who burnt her alive for a witch at Ro^tj, |Migr3o, i45f. I The death of the duke of Bedford, and the agreement of the duke of Bur- Igiindy, the great ally of the Englifh, with Charles Vllf contributed to the jentire ruin of the Englifh intereft in France, and the lofs of all their fine jprovinces in that kingdom, notwithitanding tlie amazing courage of Talbot - Ithe firil earl of Shrewfljury, and their other officers. The capitd misfortune jof England, at this time, was its difunion at home. The duke of GloU- jcefter loll his authority in the government, and the king married Margaret jof Anjou, daughter to the needy king of Sicily ; a woman of a high fpirit, T)Utan implacable difpofition 5 while the cardinal of Winchefter, who was tlii icheft fuhjeft in England if not inEurope, prefided at the head of the treafui J) and by his avarice ruined the intereft of England, both at home and pbroad. Next to the cardinal, the duke of York, who was lord lieutenant., Pf Ireland, was the moft powerful fubje« in England. He was defceridc* r the mother's fide from tiionel, an elder fon of Edward HI, and prior ilt laUQ to thf? reigning king, who was defceo4ed £r«m John ef Gaunt, £d- Tt t^ati'g ■m: ■ • •' " - - ' '.••-V ^ . ■. . ' /Jp,; ■" •■■■- ' ^ ■.•!'*.^''. ■• . '■\ r:;-^; ■'•,''-■♦.,. . • , ..t- J- •'/« *»4 E' N G L A N B. vwd's yoiuigeft Ton $,and he afTcAcd to keep up the diilinAion of a y^ati rofe, that of the houfe of Lancafter being red. It is certain th^;t he paid no regard to the parliamentary entail of the crown upon the reigning family and he loft no opportunity of forming a party to aflert his right but adcd It firft with a moft profound diiTimulation. The duke of Suffolk wai a fa. vourite of the queen,, who was a profefled enemy to the duke of York, but being impeached in parliament, he was baniflied for five years, and had hii head ftruck off on board a (hip, by a common failor. Tliis was folloved by an infurreAion of 20,000 Kent.i{h-men, headed by one Jack Cade, a man . of low condition, who fent to thb courta lift of grievances ; but hewasde. feated by the valour of the citizens of London, and the queen fcemed u be perfeftly fecure againft the duke of York. The inglorious management of the Englifh affairs in France befriended him, and upon his arrival in Eng. knd from Ireland, he found a ftrong party of the nobility his friends ; but being confidered as the fomenter of Cladie's rebellion, he profefTed the mod profound reverence to Henry. '.; -I*^."." .. " The perfons i^j high power aud reputaition in England, next to the duke of York, were the earl of Salifbury, and his fon the earl of Warwick. Tht latter had the greatcft land eftate of any fubjeft In England, and hii vaft abilities, joined to fome virtues, rendered him equally popular. Both father and fon were fecretly on the fide of York ; and during a fit of lUncfs of th< king, that duke was made proteftor of the realm > Both fides now prepared for arms, and the king recovering, the queen with wonderful adivity alTcm- bled an army : but the royallfts were defeated In thi fii-ft battle of St. Al. ban's, and the king himfelf was taken prifoner. The duke of York -vm once more declared prottdlor ef the kingdom, but It was not long before the queen refumed all her influence in the government, and the king, though hii vreaknefs became every day more and more vlfible, recovered all his authority. The duke of York upon this threw off the mafk, and In 1450, he openly claimed the crown, and the queen was again defeated by the earl of War- yrlck, who' was now cafled the king-maker. A r.arllament upon this being I affembled, it was enafted, that Henry fhould poflels the throne for life, byt that the duke of York fhould fucceed him, to the exclu'fion of all Henry'i ifTue. All, excepting the magnanimous queen, agreed to this compromric. She retreated northwards, and the king being ftill a prifoner, flic pleaded hii eaufefo well, that, afTembllng a frefh army, fhe fought the battle of Wake- field, where the duke of York was defeated and flain In 1460. It is pretty extraordinary, that .though the duke of York and his party openly affertcd his claim to the crown, they ftill profeffed allegiance to Henry j but the duke of York's fon, afterwards Edward IV. prepinasd, to revenge hia father's death, and obtained feveral vld^orles over the royallfts. The ougpO)) howL jr, advanced towards London, and defeating the ea^l of War- Tvlc^^ in lj*5 , fecond battle of St. Alban^s, fhe delivered her hufband ; but the .^i^i'^^ci'S comniltted by her northern troops difgufted the Londoneri (bmiich, that fhe durft not enter London, where the duke of York was rr ceived on the 28th of Februar}', i46i> vvhile the queen and her hulband •were obliged to retreat northwards. She foon ralfed another army, awl fought the battle of Towton, the mipft bloody perhaps that ever happened in any civil war. After prodigies of valour had been performed on boti fides, the vidory remained \vith young king Edward, and near 40,000 men lay dead on the field of battle. Margaret and her hufband were once more obliged to fly to Scotland, . where they met with generous protccxt"n. It may be proper to obferve, that this civil war was earned on with great" 41- anuDoilty than xay perhaps ever knvwa. Margaret was as blood-thirilf I I' *:..-r:-: E k ^' L A N D. Sr$ m her opponents, and VKe'n prifoners on either fide were made, their deaths, efpecially if they were of any rank, were deferred only for a few hours. ^ Margaret by the conceffions (he made to the Scots, foon raifed a frefh army there, and in the north of England, but met with defeat upon de- feat, till at lad her huiband, the unfortunate Henry, was carried prifoner to London. ^ The duke of York, now Edward IV. being crowned on the 29th 06 June, fell in love with, and privately married Elizabeth, the widow of Sir John Gray, though he had fome. time befote fcnt the earl of Warwick to demand the king of France's filler in marriage, in which embafly he wa» fuccefsful, and nothing remained but the' bringing over the princefs into England. When the fecret of Edward's marriage broke out, the haughty earl deeming himfelf affronted, returned to England inflamed with rage and indignation ; and from being Edward's bell friend became his moll formi- dable enemy, and gaining over the duke of Clarence, Edward was made prifoner, but efcaping from his confinement, the earl of Warwick, and the TVench king, J^ewia XI. declared for the reftoration of Henry, who'waa replaced on the throne, and Edward narrowly efcaped to Holland. Retum- lii^ from thence, he advanced to London under pretence of claiming hit dukedom of York ; but being received into the capital, he refumed the ex- ercife of royal 'authority, made king Henry once more his prifoner, and defeated and killed Warwick, in the battle of Barnet. A few days after, he defeated a frelh army of Lancaftrians, and made queen Margaret prifoner, together with her fon prince Edward, whom Edward's brother, the duke 0^ Gloucefter, murdered in cold blood, as he is laid (but with no great (hew ^ of probability) to have done his father Henry VI. then a prifoner ia.thc . Tower of London, a few days after, in the year 1471. Edtvard, partly to amufe the pubb'c, and partly to fupply the vaft cxpencca of his court, pretended fometimes to quarrel, and fometimes to treat wiq^ France, but his irregularities brought him to his death (1483} in the twenty- third year of his reign, and forty-fecond of his age. Notwithftanding the turbulence of the times, the trade and manufaflures of England, particularly the woollen, increafed during the reigns of Henry VI. and Edward IV. So early as 1 440, a navigation a6i was thoi;ght of by the Englilh, as the only means to preferve to ttjcmfelves j;he benefit of being the (ole carriers of their own merchandife ; but foreign influence pre- vented Henry's paffing the bill for that purpofe. The invention of printing, which k generally fuppofed to have been imported into England by William Caxtf ikI which reeeived fome countenance from Edward, is the chief gloiy 01 iu's reign ; but learning in general was then in a poor ftate in Eng- land. The lord Tiptoft was its great patron, and feems to have, been the firft Englifti nobleman who cultivated what ?re now called the belles let- tres. The books printed by Caxton are moflJy re-tranflations, or compila- tions from the French oir Monkifli Latin; but it mud be acknowledged, at the fame timeijiiat literature, after this period, made a more rapid and ge- I neralprogrefs among the Englilh, than it did in any 'other European na- tion. The famous Littleton, judge of the Common Pleas, and Fortefcue, thapcellor of England, flouriftiedat this period. ; ;:/;: ,i,', ^ ' . Edward IV. left two fonsby his queen, who had exercifed her ppwet ^th no great prudence, by having nobilitated many of her obfcure reliitions.. (^er eldelt fqn, Edward V* was about thirteen ; and his uncle the ?lukc oC Tt* ■ Glou*. r. i -*» ■'k': ;' i«K -..ii I' Iff , X N G L A N g. Choucefter, taking advantage of the queen's unpopularitf timong the frt^f men, found meaps to baftardize her ifluei by a£^ of parliament, under the icahdalous pretext of a pre-contraA between their fathers and another lady. *t^e duWe, at the fame time, was declared guardian of the kingdom, and gt laft accepted ot the crown, which wbs (^ered him by X)M Londoner) ; ^ying firll put to death all ^he: nobility and great men, whom he thought Ho be well affected to the late king's familv. Whether the king and hit |)rbt|^er were murdered in the Toyirer, by hjs ditedion, is doubtful. The mpil probable opinion i«, that they were clandeftinelv fent abroad by hii orders! and that the elder died, but that the young^: .urvived, and Wai th; fame ifrho was well known by the n^me of Perkin Warbeck. Be this as it will, the Epgh'fh were prepoflefli;^ ^ ^^Sh ^S*""^ Richard, as being the inurderer ofnis nephei^t, that ^ earl of Richmond who ftUl remained in ¥'rance, carried on ^ fecret correfpo.ndencc with the remains of Edward IV.'i fiiends, and by offering to marry" hi; eldell daughter. He was encouraged to Ljvade England at the head of about 2000 fpreign troops | but they were fbon' ^joined by 7000 Englifli and V/eich» A battle between hinn and Richard, who was at the head of 15,000 men, en'fued at Bofworth-iield, in which Richard, after dli^laying moil aftoniihing a^s of perfonal valour, \m iu^ed, having been firft abandoned by a main divifion of his arniy, under lorn ' 'fitanKey and his brother, in the ycctr 1^485. ■ TJiougb the fame aft of baftarcly affe^ed the daughter?* s^s wellas the ions of the late king, yet no difput;s were>raifed upon the legitimacy of the iirincefs Elizabeth, eldeft daughter to Edwrard IV. and who, as had been be- Iw* concerted, married Henry o£ Lancailer, earl of Richmond, thereby tittUting both houfes, which happily put an end to the Ipngand bloody wan ^etween the contending houfes of Xgr^ and Lancafter. Henry, hdwcver, tmid his right upon conqueft, and feemed to pay little regiird to the ad- vantages qf his marriage. He was the fy&, who initit;uted that guard called j|«omm, which ftiU fubfifts,and in imitation of L'l predecelTor, he gave an ^recovi^rable blow to th^ dangerous privileges ailumt'lby the barons, in abo- Ililung' liveries and retainers, l>y which every malefaftor could fhelter him- (elf from the l/aw, on afluming a noblipiQan's Uvery, and attending his perfon. xhed^lipotl^ cayrtof (^•chamber owed its original to Henry; but at the j^m<;t(!me, it mu(t be acknowledged, that he palTed many at^s, eipeciallyfor Inde and navigatidn, that were highly for the benefit of his fubjeds ; and) as a ^nifKing fp-ok-.- to the feudal tenures, an a£t paifed by which the baroni iind gentlemen of landed intereft wer? at liberty to fell and mortgage' their luids, vvitbput fines or ficenes fo|r the alienation. ' .'^' 't'his, if we; regard its confeque'nces, is perhaps the moft important aft *that ever paffed in an Englifh piirlia'ment, though its tendency fcems only 19 jkave been known to the politic king. Luxury, by the increalc of trade, 4|nd the difcdvery of America, had broken with in'efiilible force into Eng. land, and monied property being chiefly in thp hands of the coirmons, the ^iUtes of the barons became theirs, b^t without any of their tiangeroui 1>rivileges j and thus the baronial powers were foon extinguifhcd in Eng. and. ' Henry, after encountering and furmounting many difficulties both ia France and Ireland, was attacked in the pofrclusn of his throne by a younj fian, one Perkin Warbeck, yih'o pretendea t» be the duke of York, feccnd fop to Edward IV. and was acknowledged as fuch by the duchels of om^ j fundy, Edward's fitter. We fhall not follow the adventures of this young Bin; which were variaui and uncommon ; but it is certain that rtianyofthe ^■'■■> "■ Eng- the ptiK inder the ther lady. ;dom, and lOndonen ; iie thought ig and nil ful. The road by hii ind Wm lit Be this as it B being the remained in Iward 1V.'» coungcd to t they were en bin) and )rth-field, in I valour, WW y, under loif^^ swell as the Himacy ofthe had been he- vond, therthy d bloody wart Dry, hbvffver, yd to the ad- % guard called r, he gave an latons, in abo- (heher him.- fing his perfon. ; but at the efpecially for AibjeAs i and, lich the baronJ iprtgage'theii ■important a& Ifccms only to leaic of trade, Vice into Eng- [commons, the Mir ilangeroui Ii(h;;d in Eng" lues both i» jiebyayounz York, fecond lucheisofBnti lof thlsyou'ig at many *'^''^' Eng- ENGLAND. «Qg^(h, with the courtsi of France and Scotlandi beh'eved hun to be « he pretended. Henry endeavoured to pvpve the death of ifldmrard V. bis brother, but mv£r did it *o the public fatisfad'on ; and though James tV. of Scotland difixifled Perkin out of his dominions, .beinc^ engaged m *■ treaty of maniage with Henry's oltleft daughter, yet by the kbd manner ia which he entertained and difmiiTed him, it is plaia that he believed him to hs the real duke of \ork» efpecially as he refiifcd to deliver up^ his perfon*. which be might have done with honour, had he thought kitn an impoih)r. Perki'n* after various unfortunate adventures, fell into Henry's handstand was fliut up.inthe^otwcr of London, from whence he eodeMvoured l^o efcape along with the innocent earl of Warwick, for which Perkin vras hanged, and thC' earl beheaded. In 1499, H«nry's eldeft fon, Arthur prince of Wales, was married to' the priacefs Cathariac of Arragoa, daughter to the king aiid queen of Spain, and he dying foon after, uich was Henry's reludance ta refund her great dowry, 200,000 crowns of gold, that he confented to. her being married again to his fecond fon, then prince of Wales, on< pretence that the iirft match bad not been conlummated* Soon after, Henry's eldcft daughter, the priacefs Margardt, was fent with^a moft magnificent train to ^qotland, whefe ihe was married to Jaimes XV. Henry, at the time of his death, which happened in 1509, the §2d year of his age, and 24th. of his reign, was poiTefled of ij8oo,oooL fterling, which is equivalent: to five milr lions atprefent ; fo that he may be fuppofedto have been matter of more' ready money than all the kings in Europe befides poiTefTed, the mines of Peru and Mexico being then only beginning to be worked. He was im^ moderately fond; of replenifhing his coffers, and often tricked hi* parhament to grant him fublidies for foreign aIUa;ices which he intended not to pur* fuc. I have already mentioned the vaft altei^tion which happened in the oonftio tution of j^nglaiid during Henry VII.'s reign. His exceifive love of money/ and his avarice,, was the probable reafbn why he did not become mafter of the Weji Indies, he .having the iirft offer of the difcovery from Columbus^ whofe propofals being reie^ed by Henry, J:hat great roan applied to the court 'of Spain, and he.fet odt upon the difcovery of a new world in the year 1492, which he effeded after a paffage of thirty-three days, and tobk poffeifion of the country in the name of the king and queen of Spain. Heiii* ry, however, made foroe amends by encouraging Cabot, a Venetian, vhr- difcovered the main land, of North America in 1498 ; and we may obfervc to the praife of this king, that fometimes,, in order lo promote commerce, he lent to merchants iumb of money without interei}, when he kne>v that their. ftock was not fufhcient fo^- thofe enterprizes which they had in view. From the proportional prices of living, produced by Madox, Fleetwood, and other writers, agriculture antl breeding of cattle muft ' ve been prodigioufly ad- vanced before Henry's death : in inilance of this is given in the.ca"^ of lady Anne, lifter to Henry's queen, who had an allowance of 208. per . -cek for her exhibition, fuflentation, aud convenient diet of meat and drink ; alfo for tw«, gentlewQiiij:n. one woman child, one gentleman, one ysoman, and three grooms (in all eight perfons), 51I. i is. 8d. per annum, for their wages, 4et, and clothing ; and for the maintenance of feven horfes, 16I. 9s. 4d* «. e. for each horfc, 2I. 7s. od. \ yearly, money being ftil i ^ times as weighty 43 our modern filvcr-coin. Wh-nt was tr-nt year no more than 38. 4d. a 1 qjiarter, which anfwcrs to 58. of our money, confequently it was ahout fcvea I fmct a» (^e<^ 94 a); prigfeQt ji (•.())»( had. aU sther nec«ffiuj||; been equally ..ipv". E N O L A N D. - ,.an (he could have lived a« well as on i2bol. los. 6d. of •ur modern mo.' " ivy,> cr ten times as cheap 39 at prcfent. ■. T'ae fine arts were as far advanced in England at the acceflion of 'Henry Vill. 1509, as in any European country, if we except T1:?^; ; and j.cr.api no princ. ever entered with greater advantages than he diii on the ftxtrrcifsof royalty. Young,, vigiirous, and rich, without any rivj], he h.-Irithe lifknce of power in Europe ; Lut it is certain that he neglefttd th ..i'' 'IvantJtreg in commerce, with which Jiis father became too lately afcquviintrt). Tmaj^mng Le could not ftai.din nml of afupply, hv did n< l impro' v Cajol*-- ^lifco* .:(»> "?nd he fufFcved the EaU ;»nd Welt Indies to Li: cngroiieii by Portugal and Spain. His vanity eng.et\s eeir thoi , princes, wai liiied'* hf V/oltl'y's vievr* upon the'popedotn, which he hoped to gain by the inxev'.'it oJ Jia«k's ; hut finding himfelf twice dtocived, he perfuaded hii defter ti> (' n'U.re ! inifeif tor Francis, who had been tiiketi prifona- at the bat. |l* of Pav;';i, licnry. iiowever, continued to be the dupe of all parties, and to nay v^i-m p^rt of i leir expellees, tiilat lall he w<*s forced to lay vaft but- e. Thedffficnl. eart-broken, after known, induced i>n the church of ver, many of the cr could hare cf- potic difpofilion, on of his queen*i the.t,Tower, and refpeftsbe afted bnable, being too ;ity of his parlia- icnfe wealth that iiis kingdom, ena- that the beftand fcldom any long jAjfji of hi" *y" y, defcendcd "li- the marquis of Jr^eter, the lord Moutjiguc, and others of the blood royal^ fur holding a oot'' . iifpoodence with that cacdjnal. | , ' His third wife was Jane Seymour^ daughter to a gentleman of fortune and family ; ^ut fhe died in bringing Edward'VI. into the world. His fourth wife was Anne, iiltcr tq the duk6 of Clcvca. He dilliked her fo much that hefcarcely bedded with her^ and obtaining a^ divorce, he fuffcrcd licr to re-' fide in England on a penfibn of 30,0001. a year. H\s iifth v^^'fe was Catherine Howard, niece to the duke of Norfolk» >yhofe head he cut off for ante-nnp- tia! incontincncy. His lafl wife was quecu Catharine Par, in whofe poffef- iioii he died, after (he had narrowly efcaped being brought to the ftake, for her religions opinions, wliich favoured the reformation. Henry's ctudlly increafed with his years, and was now cxercifed promifcuoufly on Proteftant* and Catholics. He put the brave earl of Surry to death without a crime being provcd^againfl him ; and hie father, the duk" of Norfolk, mult have fufferedthe next day, had he not been faved by Henry's own death, 1547* in the 56th year of hia age, and the 38th of his reign. N The ftate of England, during the reign of Henry VHL is, by the help of printing, too well known to be enlarged upon here. His attention to the f naval fecurity of England is highly commendable ; and it is certain that ,he tmployed the unjuft. and arbitrary power he frequently afTumed, in many re- fpeds for the glory and intereft of his fubjedls. Without enquiring into his religious motives, it mud be candidly confeiTed, that had tlie r«f^bey8 • -r religious 'houfes, : \d being ejefted from their imJlOf corn-growing l.rras, had oftVn taken arms, but ha-: been as often fuppreflfed by the goveroaient j and feveral of theie infur- dions were cru/jicd in "lis reign.' ' ' ''.'Zj ,/ :'" ';;' TKp^ reformation, however, went on rapidly, through the zeal of Cranmer, ««i;-; «uieP8, Iwae ci tfeu.u foreign diviacs. In feme cafes, particularly with KAf"/'. ;*■ - regard fe?::-, --" • '.' - /- ■ .. ■ ' , V.-' " ■■■ ^ , --. - • •■ ■-■• >V( '-'', %..;i r*^ m L A ti. ?*»•' '•.•f^- -r'. renrd to tht princefs Mary, they loft ftght of that nradtfrAtion, which tin reformeri had before fo ftrongly recommended ; and fome cruel fanguinan executions, on account of religion, todltplace. Edward's youth excufes > I'tn from blame, and his charitable endowments, as Bridewell, and St. Thomat l hofpitals, and alfo feveral fchools which ftillexift and flourifti, {hew the good- ncfs of his heart. He died t^a deep confumption in 1553, in the i6th year of hi« age, and the 7th of his reign. .;>> Edward, on his death-bed, from his zeal for retifl;ion, had made a very un- •onftitutional will, for he fet afide his fifter Mary nom the fucceflion, which wa| claimed by lady Jane Grey, daughter to the dutchefs of Suffolk, youngct fifterto Hen\y VIII. This lady, though (he had fcarcely reached her 17th year, was a prodigT of learning and virtue | but the bulk of the Englilh nation rccognifcd the claim of the pritlcefs Mary, who cut off lady Jane'i head, and that of her huiband lord Guildford Dudley, fon to the duke of Northumberland, who alfo fuffcred in the fame manner. * Mary being thus fettled on the throne, fuppreffed an infurreftton under Wyat, and proceeded like a female fury to re-eftablifh popery, which fte did all over England. She recalled cardinal Pole fitim bani(hme4t, made him ip« ilnimental in her cruelties, and lighted up the flames of perfecutlon, in which archbifhop Cranmer, the bilhops Ridley, Hoop^, and Latimer, and many other illuttrious (ionfcflbrs of the Ehglifh reformed church, were confumed ; not to mention a vail number of other facrifices of both fexes, and all ranks, that fuffcred through every Quarter of the kingdom. Bonner bifhop of Lon. don, and Gardiner blihop of Winchefter, were the chief executioners of her bloody mandates ; and had (he lived, (he would have endeavoured to exter* minate all her proteftant fubje6t3. Mary-'now married Philip II. of Spain, who, like herfelf, was an urtfeeling bigot to popery ; and the chief praife of her reign is, that by ^he- marriage Articles, provifion was made for the independency of the Englifh crown, dj %he ailiftance of troops, which (he furnifhed to her hufband, he gained the important battle of St. Quintin ; but that vi£tciy was fo ill improved, that the French under the, duke of'Gaife, foon afler took Calais, the Sdij place then remaining to the Engh'fh in France, and which had been held ever itnce the reign of Edward III. This lofs, which was chiefly owing to car* dinal Pole's fecret conne6^ion8 with the French court is faid to have broken Mary's heart, who died in .1558, in the 42d year of her lif ., and 6th of her Tetgn. ** In the herft of her perfecuting flames (fays a contemporary writer of credit), were burnt to afhes, one archbi(hi)p, 4bi(hops, 21 divines, 8 gen- tlemen, 84 artificers, ico hufbandmen, fervants and labourers, 26 wives, 2» widows, 9 virgins, 2 boys, and 2 infants ; one of them whipped to death by Bonner, and the other, fpringing out of the mother's womb from the •ftake as flie burned, thrown again into the fire." Several alfo died in prifon, and many were other wife cruelly treated. Elizabeth, daughter to Henry VI II. by Anne Boleyn, mounted the tlirone under the mofl; difcouraging circumflances both at home and abroad. Popery was the eftabliflied rehVfon of England ; her title to the crown, on account of the circumflances attending her mother's marriage and death, wai difputed by Mary queen of Scots, grandchild to Henry VII's eldefl daugh- ter, and wife to the dauphin of France ; and the only ally ftie had on the con- tinent was Philip king of Spain, who was the life and foul of thepopifticaufe, both abroad and in England. Elizabeth was no more than 2? years of age' at the time of her inauguration ) but her fufferings uudcr her V'goted lifter. ■^i>" *-■*■*)* \ ■% JOUWi .1..:. .-ii, -, J. .» (■- r-;? nted the abroad. ;rown» on eath, wa» eft daugh- n the con- pifhcaufe, :art of age' a'L a: K'Df; ^M joined to tht fuperiority ^f tiec «<»>»>» Md tiught heir caut«ort(#id'polic;f, and (lie foon conquered rU ,diffi<;ulUc»* " • " , , ,ji^- ?, In matters ofretigiAn (he futiceedcd witK f|irprifin|; fiicility ;' iPdr' in l)iir ifirft Ijarliament, lit 1550 the laW»cftAli(hing popery were re|>eidtod; hef (upKMcf wa« reftored) and an ad of unifivmlt^ pafled foon After. And it isobCemvd* that of 9400 beneficed clei^tnen in £nglatid, btilf about 420 tWuied t6 comply with the reformatioii. With regai^ to her title, fhe took advantage of the divided ftate of .Scotland, and &rtned a party there, bj: -whiich Mary^ nowhecome the widow of Frafieis 11. of France, was oblired to TdftotfncC|| or rather to fufpend her claim. Elizabeth, not contented with this, f<»tt troops and nioney, which fupported the Scotch maleiiontentt^ till MaryU un« happy marriage with lord Dam^y, and then with Bothwetl^ the fuppofed murderer of the former, and her other lAifconduft and miafertUneai drove her to take refuge in Elizabeth's dominions, yirhere flte had oft^n been promifed a a fafe and hpnourable afylum. It is weU known how un^hful Elitabqth was to this profelfion of friendfliip, and that ■ (he detaitadthe unhippy prifoner 16 years in Englaitd, then brought her t4 Ik fliam tnal, pretending that Mary aimed at the crown, aiid without fuifieiefBt proof of her guilt, ciit off h^r.hie&d ; an adion which greatly tarnifhed the glories of her reign. , ,' . .■ • , ' The fame PhiUp, wKo had beeit the hufband of hei^ late (Ifter, ' upon Eh'2R* beth's acccflion to the throne, offered to marry her, but (he dextroufly avoided iiisaddrefles ;. and by a traiil of (kilful oegociatiotis between her court and that of France, (he kept the balance of Europe fo updetermined, that (he had leifure to unite her people at home, and to eftabli(h an excellent internal policy to her domtnions. She fupported the proteftants of France, againft theit* per* fecuting princes and the papifts ; and gave tlie dukes of Ahjou and Alen- fon, brothen.of the French king, the (Irongeil alTurances th«t one or other of them (hodld be her hufband ; by which (he kept that court, who dk^aded Spain, -at the faate time in fo good humour with her goir^rnmlsnt, that it (he«r. *a no refcitment when (he cut off queen Mary's head. "^ When Philip was iiolonor'>- 10 be impofed upon by Eliieabetli's artSr which ^ had amufed and baffled \Sm in every quarter, it is well known that he madt ufeof the immenfe fums bi: ]}rew from Peru and Mexico, in equipping the ttioft formidable armament th< t perhaps ever had been put to fea, and a numerous army of veterans, under the prince of Parma, the' beft captain of tiiat age $ ' and that he procured a ;>apal buU for abfolving Elizabeth's fubjedls from theif allegiance. The' larg.'nefs of the Spartiih (hips proved disadvantageous to. jthemon the feas whc'e they engaged; the lord admiral Howard^ and the jbrave fe^-olficert under him, engaged, be»t, and chafed the Spani(K fleet for jftveral days : and the leas aftd tempcfts finifhed the deftruftioa whith the jEnglilh arins had begurt, skrid few of the Spani(h (hips recovered their pOrt8< jNext to the admiraF, lord Howard of Effingham, Sir Francis Drake, cap- pin Hawkins, and captain Frobi(her, diftinguifhed themfelves againft thi* pormidabie invafjon, in which the Spaniards are faid to have loft 8i (hips-of |war, krge and fmall, and 13,500 ineti. Elizabeth had for fomc time fupported the revolt of the Hollanders fironi Philip, and had fent tliem ■■»» W«ft «' SM E N G L A K 1>. We^ Ihdks* from whenpe they brought prodigious treafufet tak«n frotn (ht Spaniards, into Eugland. :. m^b^h in her old age grew didruflful, peevHh, and jealoui. Though ' flse utt fatA her kiai'man JanK» ,VI. king of Scotland, and fon to Mary, for h«r fue. ccflbn , The aboi^c form the jjrwt,, lines of EUzftbeth's reign ; and from them mj be traced, eitReif inimtdiaitely or rerootelv- every aft of her government. Slit /u^ported fchc protcftants i-.i G ...._, u^*(.iit th- houfe of Auftria, of which .PhOip, king of Spain, was the head. She crulhed tVie papiils in her own do.^inions for the l^mt ^eMon, and niade a further reformation in the diuich, q( Eiigland, in which ftate it has remained ever fiitcc. In 1 600 the Englilh '';^a4-India company r«;ceived its iirft. formation^ that trade J>eing then in the itanda of the Portuguese (in confequence of their having Urft difcovered the paflag*; Jto India by the Cape of Good Hope, by Vaico de Gama, in the reign of Henry VII.), who at that time were fubjefts to Spain ; and fafto. xies Were eftabliihed in China, Japan, India, Amboyna, Java, and Sumatm. As to Elizabeth's internal government, the fucceffes of her reign have di' gutfod '.t ; for (he was far from being a friend to perfonal liberty, and (he wji guilty of many ftretches of power againft the moil facred rights of Englilli- men. The fevere ilatutes againfl the puritans, debarring them of liberty of confcicnce, and by which many fuffered death, muft be cor'^lenuied. * We can fcarcely require a ftronger ];u-oof that the Engii.., began to bf tired of Elizabeth, than the joy teftified by all rapks at the accelnon of her fu^ceflbr, notwithftanding the long, inveterate animoGties between the t«o Jkjn^doms, James was far from^ being deftitute of natural abilities for g')- Vemment ; but he had received wro-- impreflions of the regal oiKce, auj nPO high ;^n opinion of hi? own diguiiy, learning, and political talents. It wa* his misfortune that' he noiinted the Engli/li throne under •> full convic- tion that he was entitled to all the unconftitutioiial powers that had been occalionaUy exeicifcd by EUzul eth and the houfe of Tudor ; and whicli variouftcaul. i»ad pr ented tl )eople fro;n oppofing »vith proper ly'gow. The nation had been wearied an exhaufteci by the long and ,deilruftive wari between the houfep of Lancafter and York, in the" courfe of wHich^ the jn- cient nobility vrr: *h great part cut off; and the people were incUneJ to en- dure much, raiher than again in c^lve themfel" :3 ni the miferies of civil war. Neither did James, make any allowance foi the glories of Elizabeth ; whicl 9S I have obferved, difguifed her moil arbitrary' acts ; and- none for the frtfi liberal fentiments, which thi 'mprt ment of knowledge anci learning had &• fufed, through England. is necdlcfs, perhaps, to j oint out th^ vaftW i;i:cafe of property tjirou^ ie id navigation which enabled the Englilh a>| the fame time ~o defend tin . libi. ies. James's firtl attempt of great cont; quence was to effed an unon betveen England and Scotland ; but thougk he failed in this through the averfipn of the Englifli to that meafurc, on ac- count of his loading his Scotch ?ourtlers,.with wealth and honours, he te* ed no violent refentment at the dilappointnien^. It was an advantage* iiioi at the hcginrfing of his reign, that the courts 01. Rome 3i}d f)p^ WprCj thought' to be his eneniics ; and this opinipn ^'^s jicrcafed by'theil .^^y^ry and defeat of the gunpowder tceafon. This was a fcheme of tlic Roman catholic* to cut off at one blow the ki lords, and peAoJ th iier of enl crement ; months, n "g.ii. nave rece '°''»'ng, howev "■^cfumsofmc .^;; fe N C L A D, 3»i m them nay nment. She trJa, of which 3 in her own in the diurch, the Engliih ig then in the difcovered the Gama, in the in } and fafto- and Sumati^. reign have di' ty, andlhcwai rUts of EngliHi- em of liberty^oi pdemned. ... began to Ix acceffion of hn ,etween the t«o abilities for g')- •egal office, aid cal talents. It er ;. full comic- I that had been lor ; and which 1 proper vigour. deftrudUveW 'which,, the an- ■•e inctnedtoeti- [ries of civil m, lixabcth ; whick one for the iwi flearning had f , out the, vaft» edthcEnghftf It of great conKt [nd ; but tliou^j meafurc, on »• [onouvs, he !h£«! an advantage" ii^xm and. . rcafcdby'tlis lie blow the fci" Iwds, and commiong, at th« meeting of parliament j wlien Jt was alio c^- pefted that the queen and prince of Wales would bfc prefent. The man- ner of enliiting any new confpirator was by oath, and adminiftering tti^ bi crament j and this drcadful/ccret, after bemg religiotifly kept near eight^u* months, was happily difc9vered''in the following manner: about ten lood, aftd in Spa/ • wascoufKlicd as a martyr. The above Tetter to lord Mounteaglc had long been fuppcfed to be an artifice of Ce . ■ ' «| SH ENGLAND. of 3800 men tinder Sir Horace Vere* who carri«d them ovr. o iierntAny, where the Certnans, under the marqoia of Anfpach, refufcd to fecond tbcnt ■gainft Spinola the Spanifli general, and that the elcAer hurt hit own caufc by not giving the braTe count Maniiield the command of hia troops iaflcad ofAnfpach. JaoMs hai been greatly and juftly blamed for hit partiality to faTountn. Hia firll wai Robert Carr, a priv#e Scotch gcntlemnn, who ww raifed to be fird miniftcf and «arl of Somerfet. Hit next favourite wai George Vil lien, a private Euglilh gentleman, who, upon Somerfct's difgracc, was id. mitted to an un\itiwl (hafe of favour and fana'iliarity with hit foverdgn. James had at that tinM formed a fyftcm of policy for attaching hiinfclf in- timately to the court of i^pain, that it might afM him in rccoveclngjtlit Palakinate ; and to thisfyliem he had faccificed the braye Sir Walter Rafdgb, nn a chaise of having committed hbftiUliea againft the Spanifli fcttlemcott tl^ Weft Indies. James having loft his eldeft fon, Henry prince of m Walt-H, wlio had art invincible antipathy' to a pupilh match, threw hia eya upon the infanta of Spain, as a proper wife for his fon Charles, who had fuceedcd to that principality. Quckin^iam, who was equally a favourite wirh the fon as with the father, fell in with the prince's romantic humour, and againft the king's will, they traveOed in difguife to Spain, where a moll ')leinn farce of court (hip was played ; but tlie prince returned without hit bride, and had it not been for the royal partiality in his favour, the earl of })riftol, who was then ambalfadur ill Spain, wovdd ptobftmy have brouglil CuckiaghaM to the bloek. ' .,•• - ' ; 5h James was all thin while perpetually jarring with his parliament, whom he could not ucrfuadc to furnifh money equal to his demands ; and at lad he agreed to nis^n's marrying the princefe Henerietta Maria, filler to Lewis X^l> and daughter to Henry the Great of France. James died before tbt ComplttionQf this match ; and it is thought that had he lived* he would have .4ticarded Buckingham. His death happened in 1635,. in the 59th year of a^Wiage, after a reign ov«r England of twenty-two ycass.. Astotliepro- l^grdb of the jurts and learning under his reign, it has been already defcrib- ■ (;d> James encouraged and employed that excellent painter Sir Peter Piiul Rubens, as well as Inigo Jones, who reftored the pure tafte'bf architedurt in England ; and in his reign, poetical geniu^, though not much encouraged at court, arrived at its vertical point. Mr. Middlleton alfo at this time pro- jcfted the conveying water into the city from liertfordflure by means of pipes, which is no\^ called the New River, Tlie death of the duke of Buckingham, the king's favourite, who was aflaffinated by one Felton, a fubaltem o£Eicer, in 1628, did not deter Charb from his arbitrary proceedings which the Engjifli patriots in that enlig;hten- ed age juftly confidered as fo many afts of tyranny. He, without autliority of parliament, laid arbitrary impoiitions upon trade, which were refufed to l^e paid by many of the merchants and members 6f the houfe of cofnmons. ijome of th^em were imprifoned, and the judges were checked for admitting Khem to bail. The. lioufc of commons refentcd tliofe proceedings by imy mg lip a proteft, and denying admittance to the gentleman uflier of the black rod. who came to adjourn them, till it was finiHied. This ferved only to widen the breach, and tJie king difTolved the parliament ; after which he es- hibited informations againft nine of the inoft eminent members, among whom was the great Mr. Selden, who was a» much diftinguiflied by his love of jKbeiJty, as by his uncommon erudition. They objected io the jurifdi^-w" L „ - !lef the; coitfVbut tbeir pic* w38 over-ruled, and they werc.fent to prifon diu^ | EngHfh ho« Sog the king's plfealurc. - i■>f.•!^rt!fe••^^.^ »«;.«*; :i0: £«• ENGLAND J»J ]^v«ry tiling sow operated towardi th« dcilrv^ion of Charkt. The com* moni would vutc no uipplic« without feme redrcis uf tl>c iiotioual (ricvancM ; upon which Charles, prcfvnning on what had been pradif«d in rcignt when the priiiciplei of liberty were itnpcrfcttlj, or not at all undcriloodf levied money upon moaopoh'ea of fait, i«ap, and ftich n««cflarieii, aud oth«r ob- . folcte claims, patticulaily for knighthood, and railed varioui tsxct Without authority of parliament. His govcrnii||)it becoming ciMf day more and' more uiipopidiMrt Burton, a divine, Prynnt, a lawyer, and I}ift^*i«>'k, a phyfivian men of uo great emioence or abilities, but warm and reiiolutet pubhflicd fcTcral pieces which gave bfFcncc to the court, and wiiicli umt'aiiied Tome fc- vne ftrii^ures ag^intt the ruling clergy. Thicy were proCccuted for. thefe , pitceiin thcilar-chambcr in a very arbitrary and cruel naanncr; aad punilh- (d with fo much rigour, as excited an alinofk univerfal indignation againti tlie authors of their fa&rings. Thus was the government rtndcred ItiU , , more odious ; and unfortunately for Charles, he put his confcicnce into the haodt of Lnud, archbiihop of Canterbury', who was aa great a bigot aX him- felf, both in church and Hate. Laud advii'cd him tQ pcrfecute tlK- puritans, asdin the year ^6317 to introdntie epifcopacy into Scotland. The Scota upon this furnied fccret connections with the difcontented Engliih, and in* vaded £|nghtnd, in Augull, 1 640, wbere Charles wasfo ill ferved by his of- ficer! and his army, that he was forced to agree to an inglorious peace with the Scots, wlio made themfelves inalberft of Nevvcallle aud Durham } and being now openly*befriended by the houfeof conunouii, they obliged tlie lung to comply with their dennands. Charles had made Wentworth, earl of StralEord, a man of great abilktes, pefident of the council of the North, and lord lieuteuanti of Irekud : and oe m&generally believ^ to be the fir^l minifter of ftate. Strafford had beca> a leading member of th« oppofidon to the court, but be afterwards, in con* jandion with Laud, exerted himdelf fb vigoroufly in carrying the lung.'» defpotic fchemes into execution, that he became an obje£l of public deUrf* tation. As lord prefident of the North, as lord, lieutenant of jUdaad, and as a miniller and privy-counfellor in England, he behaved i^ a very ^rbitrirf manner, and wan guilty of nnany a^liotis of igreatt iajuftTce and opprcfTion., He W48, in ^nfequenoe, at length on .the 3 2d of May, 1 64.1 , brought to the block, though much againi^ the inclinatious.of the king, vf ho vvas in a manner forced by the parliament and people to llgn the warrant for his ex- ecution. Archbifhop Laud was alfo beheaded ; but his execution did net take place tiU'a confiderable time after that of Strafford, the loth of January, In the fourth year of his reign, Charles had pafTed the petition of right into a law, wliich was int»uided by the parliament a» the futui^e focurity of the liberty of^he fubjeft, which eftablilhcd particularly, ".Thatnomaii hereafter be compelled to make or yield any gift, loan, benevolence,, tax or f'vhlikc charge, without common confent by at% of parliament ;" but he afterwards violated it in numerous inftances, fo that an univerfal' difcontent at his adminiftration, prevailed th^Eoughout the nation. A rebellion aMo broke out in» Ireland, on OAober 23, 164.1 j where' the Proteftants, without diftindion of age, fex, or condition, to the amount of many ihoufands, were maffacred by the Papifts ; and great pains were taken to pcrfuade the pub- lic that Charles fecretly favoured thefti out of hatred to the Englifh ftibje£i8< Ihe bifhops were expelled the houfe of peers, ort account of their conftaitfly Mipofing the defigriB and biUs of the other houfe }. and the leaders of the £ngli(h houfe of commons ftiU kept up a corrdpondcace witk^e d^ooteot- ^3^6 ENGLAND. ed ScotB. Charles wai ill enough advife4 to go In pcrfon to the boufe of cbmmonn, January 4, I642, and there dentanded that lord Kimbolton, Mr. Pym, Mr. Hampden, Mr. HoUis, Sir Arthur Hafelrig, and Mr. Stroud, |;(hotild be apprehended { but tViev had previoufly made their efcape. This ' S(£t of Charles was refented as high treaion againft his people, and the com* MODS rejefled all the offers of fatisfaftion he could make thfcm. * *^6tmthfta!ridinfif'the many aAs tf tyranny and oppreflion, ' ' wWhthe ' itiftg and his minifters had been guilty, yet when the civil war broke out, thtje were great numbers who repaired to the regal ftandard. Many of the nobility and gentry were much attached to the crown, and confidered their own honours as connected with it ; and a great part of the landed interell was joined to the royal party. The parliament, however, took upon them. felves the executive power, and were favoured by molt of the trading towna and corporations ; but its grettt refource lay in London. The king's gene- ral, was th^ earl of Lindfay, a brave, but riot an enteqirifing commander; but he had great dependence on his nephews, the princes Rupert and Mau- rice, fona to the eleftor Palatine, by his fifter the princefs Elizabeth, In the beginning of the war, the royal army had the afcendency, but in progrefs of it, affairs took a very different turn. The earl of EfTex was made general under the parliament, and the firll battle was fought at Edge-hill in War- Vrickdiifc, the 13d of Odliober 1642 ;:ibut both paHies claimed the vidor}', though the advantage lay with Charles, for the parliament was fo much dif- trcffed, that they invited the Scots to come to their alliltance, and they at- cordlngly entered England anew, vith about 20,000 horfe and foot. Cliarlei atten^pted to remove the parliament to Oxford, where many members of bo*h houfesii^et ; but his enemies were ftill fitting at Wellminft^-, and continued to carry on the war a^infl hjm with great animofity. The independ'-^t party, which had (carcdy befoite been thought of, began now to incteafe and to figure at Weftminfter. They were averfe to thel*refbyterian3, who till " then had conducted the war againft the king, nearly as much as to the iroyalifts ; and fuch was their management, undjr the direftion of the famouj '- OKver Cromwell, that a plan was formed for difmifTrng the earls of EiTex and Matichefter, and the heads of the Prefbyterians, from the parliament's ^rvice, fu^pofmg that they were pot for bringing the war to a fpeedy end, or not for reducing the king tou low, and for introducing Fairfax, who was an excellent officer, but more manageable, though a Prefbyterian, and fome inde- pendent officers. In the mean while, the war went on with refeutment and lofs , oil both fides. Two battles were fought at Newbury, one on Sptember :oth 1643, and the other Oftobcr, 27, 16^14, in which the advantage inclined to the king. He had likcwife many other fuccefTes : and having defeated Sir Willi....i Waller, he purfued the earl of ElTex, who remained ftill in com- mand, into Cornwall, from whence he was obliged to efcape by fea ; but his infantry furrendered thcmfefves ^viloncra to the royalists, tho jrli his cavalry delivered themfclves by their valour. The firft fatal blow the king's army received, was at Marlon-inoor, July "ad, 1^644, where, through the imprudence of prince Rupert," the earl of Man- chefter defeated the royal army, of which 4000 were killed, and 1500 taken prifoncrs. This viftory was owing chiefly to the courage and coiiduft of Cromwell ; and though it might have been retrieved by the fuccefTes of Chaiies in the Weft, yet his whole conduA was a ttring of miftakes, till at M his af- fairsji became irretrievable. It is true, many treaties of • < rce, particularly one at Uxbridge, were fet on foot during the war, ond th^'; ^aiU of the prefty- Ss-.-isr. T.srtrr is.-.:-.\A V.5-„-ii -..-rts.a.-'. » A 4- —=-.-.= tV-.r^'- x- ■ - ■ l-'^'l- >- ,._J..J »k« IJnff'i vciuui j^iy wuvui iMvc agrc^u i.v iciiMs^ mat llkilk V 111UV»' v."- —••0 *•# . prc« ENGLAND. trt ■rerogatlvfl. They were outwitted, and over-ruled by the independents, whe were afiifted by the ftiifnefs, infincerity, and unamiable behaviour of Charles himfelf. In mort, the independenti at laft fucceeded, in pcrfuading the members at Wcftminfter, that Charles was not to be trufted, whatever his conceflions might be. From that moment the affairs of the royalifts rufhed into ruin ( Charles by piece moal loft all his towns and forts, and was defeat- ed by Fairfax and Cromwell, at the dccUive battle of Nafeby, June 14. 1 64 jr, Qwing partly, as ufual, to the mifconduvit of prince Rupert. This battle was foll(Jwed with frefti misfortunes to Charles, who retired to Oxford, the only place where he thought i.e could be fafe. h\M-:m '^-U-u--'':. The Scots were then befieging Newark ; andno good undcrftanding fub- fifted between them and the English parliamentarians, but the belt and moil loyal friends Charles had, thought .it prudent to makd;i their peace. In this meianeholy lltuation of his affairs, he efcaped in difguife from Oxford and came to the Scotch army before Newark, on May 6, 1646, upon promife of proteftion. The Scots, however, were fo intimidated, by the refolutions of the parliament at Weftftiinfter, that in confider^tion of 400,0001 of their ar- rears being paid, they put the perfon of Charles into the hands of thp parlia- ment's commiffioners, probably not fufpefting the confeqtiences. The presbyterians were now more inclined than ever to make peace with the king, but they were no longsr mailers, being forced to receive laws from the army, and the independents. The army now avowed their intentions. Theyiirilby force took Charles out of the hands of the commiiiloncrs, June 4. 1647, and then dreading that a treaty might ilill take place with the king, they imprifoned 41 of the prefbyterian members, voted the houfc of peers to be ufelefs, and that of the commons was reduced to 150, moil of them of- iicers of the army. In the mean while, Charles, wbo unhappily promifed himfelf relief from thofe diifeniions, wa» carried from prifon to prifon, and fontetimes cajoled by the independents with hopes of deliverance, but always narrowly r.atched. Several treaties were fct on foot, but all mifcarried ; and he had been imprudent enough, after hiu effecting an efcape, to put himfelf into colonel Hammond's^hands, the parliament's governor of the iilc of Wight. A frelh negociation was begun, and almoil iiniihed, when tlie inaependents^ dreading the general difpofition of the people for peace, and ftrongly perfuad^ ed of the infincerity of the king, once more feized upon his perfoo, brought him prifoner to London, carried liim before a court of jiii^.ice of their own crcfting, and, after an extraordinary trial, his head was cut off, before his own palace at Whitehall, on the 30th of January, i648"9, being the 49th pf his age, and 34th of his reign. y^-ii!.:;j .JM".i.ii Charles is allowed to have had many virtues, and fome have fuppofed that affliclion had taught him fo much wifdom and moderation, that had he been reftored to his throne he would have become an excellent prince ; but there u abundant reafon to conclude, from his private letters^that he retained hi» ar|jitrary principles t*' ' -,*The war with Holland, in which the Engliffi #€re «t^1fi viftoriousj ftill continued. St'/en bloody engagements by fea were fought in little more than the compafs '^ iie year; and in the lail, which was decifive in favour of England, the i 'u':ch loft their brave admiral Van Tromp. Cromwell all this while wanted to be declared king, but he perceived that he muft encounter un- I furmountable difficulties from Fleetwood and his other friends, if he (hould perfiftin his refolution. He was, however declared lor J proteHor cf the com- monwealth of England} a title under which he exerclfed all the power that had been formerly annexed to the regal dignity. No king ever aftccl, cither in England or Scotland, more defpotically in fome refpeffs than he did, yet, no tyrant ever had fewer real friends, and even thofe few threatned to oppofe him, if he fliould take upon him the title of king. Hiftoridnsi in drawing* charafter of ComweUj have been impofed upon by hi3 amazing fucccfs, and ■ dazzled by th& luftre of his fortune ; but when we confult hi^ fi;cret;uy Thur- .Ice's, and other itate papers, the impofition in a great meafure vanilhes. After a molt uncomfortable ufurpation of four years, eight months, and thir- teen days, he died on the 3d of September, 165B, in the 60th year of his age. • It ij not to be denied that England acquired much more refpeft from fore- ign powers, between the death of Charles 1. and that of Qromwdl, than the had been treated with fiiice the death of Elizabeth. This was owing to the great mtfn who formed the republic, which Cromwell abolilhed,' and who, as it year vsref luaaiiiaiic-uUiiy lUiLii i.ir\, jiatat ivtviiiTlU Vl t>.v » ■7 ■ IfcAtft E N Q L AN D* 3«^ ftiit {6^6, thacharge of the public junounted to afte rtiiUIon thre« Hundred thoufand pounds } of Which a mlUlon went to tH^ fupport of the navy ind army, and the remainder to. that of th^fcivfl government. In the famt ycari Cromweil aboHfhed all tenures in eap'tte, by kujifhtta fervice, and the fbcage In chief, and likewife the courts of wards and liveries^ Several otbef griev- ances that had been complained of, during thelaW reigns, wfrc likewife rs-. moved. Next year th? total charge, or public expencc of Etvgknii, amoujiit. ed to two millions three hundred twenty-fix thoufand nine hundred attcl eighty nine pounds. The <;olle6^ions by afleflments, eXcife, apd cuftoms, paid iotdf the Exchequer, amounted 16 two miUions three hundred and fixty-two thouf* aftd pounds, four rtiillings. * ... Upon the whole it appears, that England, from the year 1648, to the year 1658, was improved equally in riches and in power. The legal iotereft of money was reduced, from 8 to 6 per cent, a fUre fymptora of increafing com- merce. The fanwas and beneficial navigation aft, that palladfuih of the Englilh trade, was ndW planned arid eftaiblvflied, siftd afterwards confirriied under Charles II. Monopolies of all kinds were abolifhed, and liberty of confcience to all fe£ts was granted, to the vaft advantage of population and manufaftures, which had fuffered greatly by Laud's intolerant fcheMes^ having driven numbers of handicrafts to America, a.id foreign countries^ Toi the above national meliorations we may add the modefty and frugaUty intrp- duced anM)ng the common people, and the citiisens in paiticular, by which they were enabled to increafe their capitiils. It appears, however, that Crotti* well, had he lived, and been firmly fettled in the governpieiit, would have broken through the fober maxims of the republicans ; l"or fome time befori his death, he aiteded great magnificence in his perfon, court, and attendants^ He maintained the honour of the nation much, and in^many iuftances inter* pofed effeAually in faVour of the the proteftants abroad. Arts and fcienceg were not much patronized, and yet he had the eood fortune to raett in the perfon of Cooper, an excfllent minature painter, and his coins done by Simon exceed in beauty and workmanfhip any of that age. He certainly did many things worthy of praife, and as his genius and capacity led him to the choicd of fit perfons for the Several parts of adminiftration j fo he paid fome regard to men of learning, and particularly to thofc eiftrufted with tjyicaix of yoat'', at theuniverfiti^. ' •^'"'^":/;.; ':;.'";*" 'V--^*; :':"'"t-'^ ; The fate of Richard Crbrfjwelf. ^ho fueceeded liia father ultvet'as protec- tor, fufficieiitly proves the great difference there was betwixt them, as tot Ipirit and parts in the affairs of government. RLIia*"*} was placed in hir dignity by thofe who wartted to make him the tool of J;heir own government : and he was foou after driven, without the Icaft llfuggle or oppofition, into ob- fcurity. It is in vain for biftorians of any party to afcBtbe the reftoration of Charles II. (who with \.a mother and brothers, during tbt; ufurpatioB^ had lived afjvoad on a very precarious fubfiftence) to the merits of anf particular peifons. The prefbytefians were very zealous in promoting it, but it wasj effected by the general Concurrence of the people, who feemed to have thought tfiat neither peace nor protettion were ^o be obtained, but Ijy the relloniig the antient conftltutiori of monarchy. General Monk, a man of mjlitary ab- ilities, but of UQ principles excepting fuch as fcrved his ambition of intcreft, liadthc fagacrty tolobferve this; and after temporizing In '^arious (hapes, l>nng at the head of the army, he made the principal figure in refloring Charles II. For this he was created duke of Albemarle, confirmed In the conv- tiaiid of the army, and loaded with honours and richea. Charles II. being rellorcd in i 660, in the lirll yeai of hia fign fr 1> Xx to SJo E N O 1^ A N ©. to < have a real defire to promote his people's happinefs. Upon his eon. JBrming the abolition of all t^he feudal tenures, he received from th^ pirlia. ihent a gift of the excife for life^; antyn this zlA, coffee an^tea are fird mcn> tioped. By bis long rjcfidence and tnat of hlh friends abroad, he imposed into England the culture of many elegant vegetables ; fuch as that of afpg. fsguif artichokes, cauliflowers, and feveral kinds of beans, peifs, and fallads. T^todeir )»lri\, Jamaica, which had been conquered by the^Englifh under the •ufpices of Cromwell, was greatly improved, and mad^ a fugar colony. Tlie Itoyal Sbdety was inlituted, and many popular slAb rclpeding traJeand colonisation were paiTed. In Ihort, Charles knew and cultivated the true Intereltl of his kingdom, till he was wai^ied by pleulure, and funk in indo* lence* t failings that had the fame confcquences as defpotifm itfelf. He ap. pearcd to intere^ himfelf in the fufferings of his citizens, when London was burnt down in 1666' { and it being rebuilt with greater lultre and con- ▼tfhientes, is a proof of the incrcafe of her tr|^e ; but there were no boundi to Charles's love i)fpleafure, which led him into themoft extravagant ex- pences. He has been feverely ccnfured for felling Dunkirk to the French king to fupply his neceiHties, after he had fquandered the immenfe -fums grante*d him by parliament. The price was about 250,000!. i^.erling. But even in this, his conduA was more defenfible than in his fecret conne6l;'oni with France, which were of the mod fcandalous nature, utterly repugnant to the welfare of the kingdom, and fuch as rauft ever reflect infamy o;i hii memory. Among the evidences of his degeneracy as a king, may be mentioned hii givine way to the'popular clamour a^ainlt tlie lord Clarendon^ as the chief advifer of the h\e of Dunkirk ; a man of extenfive knowledge, and gitst abili* es, and more honed in his intentions than moil of his other miniuen, bo' vhom he facrifiieed to tlie fycophants of his pleafurable hours. The firtt JJutch war, which began in 1 665, was earned on with great refolution and fpirit under the duke of York ; but through Charles' s mifapplication of the public money which had been granted for the" war, the Dutch, while m treaty of peace was 'depending at Breda, found means to i,ilult the rojral navy of England, by falling up the Medway as. ftutias Chatham, and dellroy- ed feveral capital ihips ot war. Soon after tliis, a peace was concluded at Sreda between Great Britain and the States-general, for the prefervation of le Spani h Netherlands ; and Sweden having acceded to the treaty, 1668, it was called the triple aHiance, .», • In 1671, Charles was fo ill advifcd as to feize upon the money of the bankers, which had been lent- him at 81. per cent, and to (kut up the Ex- chequer. This was an indefenfible ftcp ; and Charles pretended to juftify it by the necelTity of his affairs, being then on the eve of a frefh war \v^h Hoi' land. This was declared in 1672, and had almoit proved iat'al to that re- public, for in this war, the Engllfli fl et and army afted in conjnndion with thofe of France. T'le duke of York commanded fhe Engliih fleet, and difplayed great gallantry in that rtation. The diike of Monmouth, the elded and favourite natural fou of Charles, commanded 6000 Eiiglilh forces, who joined the Prfinch.inthe Low Countries ; and all Holland mufthave fallen intp the hands of the French, had it not been for the vanity of their i monarch LewM XIV. who was in a hurry to enjoy his triufli^h in his capi- tal, and fome very unforefeen circumdances. All confidence was now loll between Charles and his parl!am.-nt, notwithdanding the glory which the I Englifli deet obtained by fca agaiult the Dutch. The popular clamour it '\ ^W tuft obiig ■g 20O,O0cT. " Id fomi freedom t\ ftut up, bi ard feverit formifts to land as we to make w, |t that crown through its denied, th Charles em port. Charles's liament, v/\ French and and prefuni] the proljpeft many of^ the afterwards to never fhould opened a plo to introduce Though noth: fome parts of the part of th the duke of ' ecuted on evii have the whol M^ultyj th J Charles, thou yiilded to the I who was at * Jtfieduke of KukeofMonn Jthe houfe of p '^ell.timed Itlie alfeaions cj I'he Duke fney trumped r%,anda Pd hccn laid a; f markaWe i*n P«ral other Nh, and tife r London was 'the corpordti '5haite/l)ury '..'^''itchall. . ii'* arbitrary ^^ f ebruai-v ( J»l v.- *li> \ his coil* ,h^ parlia- ; firft men- : impo 'ted at of afp%< knd fallads. I under the ony. The f trade and :ed the true nlc in indb* If. Heap, len London lire and con- e no bounds ravagant ex- J the French nnvenfe fums ;erling. But t conneftfoni ly repugnant infamy op hit mentione4 hii n, as the chief ge, and gj^t »th«r minmen, hours. The rreat refolution 'mifapplication Dutch, while [.iTult theroyal m,anddeftroy- 18 conchidedat prefervationof e treaty, i66*i money of the *iut up the Ex- [idedtojuftifyit ]i war \vi^hHw iatal to ihat te- [oniunaien with Igliih fleet, aod, lonmouth, the , Englilh forces, jjaud muft ha« |e vanity of theit l«phinhi8capi- Ice was now M jglory which tke Kular clamour^ ENGLAND. >, SS« hft obliged Charles to giVe peace to that repAbUCf in oonfiderttlon of zooioccl which vras paid hii^. <| ' Id feme things Charles a&.ed very defpoticiUy. He copplained of t!s3 freedont taken with his prerogative in conee-houfes, and ordered thiem to b« (hut up, but in a few days afterwards theywere Opened again. Great n'gcHir ard feverity were exercifed againft the rrefbytcrians, and all'other noni;»n« formiils to epifcopacy, which was again eftabhflted with a high hand in Scot- land as well as in England. His parliament addrefled him» but in vun> to make war with France in the year 1677, for he was entirely devotea to I that crown, and regularly received its money as a penfioner, and 'l|{)p^d titrough its iiifluence and power to be abfolute. It is not however to be denied, that the trade of England was now incredibly increafed^ and Charles entered into many vigorous meafi 'ss for its prote^ion and fup- prt. . *" Charles's conne£lions in France gave him no merit in the eyes of his par- liament, which grew every day more and more exafperated againft the French and the Papifts ; at the head of whom was the king's eldeit bnothery and prefuraptive heir of the crown, the duke of York. Charles dreaded the profpeft of a civil war, and offered many concelllons to avoid it. But many of the members of parLament were bent upon fuch a revolution as afterwards took place, and were fecretly determined that the duke of York never fhould reign. In 1678, -the famous Titus Gates, and fome others, opened a plot, charging the papiils with a deiign to murder the king, and to introduce popery by means of Jefuitt in England, and from St. Ohier's. Though nothing could be more ridiculous, and more felf-contradi(!3:ory, than fome parts of their narrative, yet it was fupported with the atmoft zeal on the part of the parliament; The aged lord Stafford, Colenian fecretary to I the duke of York, with many Jefuits, and other , papifts, were pQblicly ex- ecuted on evidences, fuppofed now to have been perjured, by thofe who will I have the whole plot to have been a fiftion. The queeii herfelf efcaped with dlf|culty ; the duke of York was obliged to retire into foreign 'parts, and Charles, though convinced^ as it is faid, that the whole was an impoitiire, yielded to the torrent. At kft it fpent its force. The earl of Sliaftefbury, J who was at the head of the oppofition, pufhed on the total exclulion of [the duke of York from the throne. He was feconded by the iU-advifed jduke of Monmouth, and the^Sill, after pafling the commons, mifcarried in jthe houfe of peers. All England was again in a flame ; but the kmg, by la well-timed adjournment of the parhament to Oxford, feen\ed to recovtr |the alfedlions of his people to a very gi^eat degree. * .p- j The t)uke of York and his party made a fcandalous ufe of their vi&.orfJ They trumped up on their fide a plot cf the proteftants for fei/.ing and killing I'le king, and altering the government. This plot was as falfe aa that which lad been laid againft the papifts. The excellent lord RufTcl, who had been lemarkablein his oppoiitiou to the popifh fuccefhon, Alger ion Sidney, and pveral other diilinguiflied proteftants, were tried, condcmi^ed, and fufFercd path, and tlfe king fet his foot 0.1 the neck of oppo'ition. Even the city |f London was jjntim)'.!atcd into the nieafures of the court, as were almofl 1 the Corporation: in the kingdom. The duke of Monmouth and th«; earl f Shafteft)ury were oblige^ to fly, and the duke of York returned >■ triumph ^ Whitehall. It was thought, however, that Charles repented of fome fteps, and intended to have recalled the duke of Monmoiith, fome meafun quiet reign d Febru»;-y 6th, 1684-5, *"* *^'** 5S^^ year of age, and 2jth of his rdgn. ^k 4 u% S5» E N O L A N t). He iisd married Catharinci, infanta of Portugal, by whom he received aW ibiituae in ready nioney, befides theMQwn and fortrcfs of- Tidt|^}n Afn. jpa ; ^t^ left ^behind him no lawful iflue. The defcendants oj^itiiati^ ' ftifuj^ iit^d' daughters, are now «pon|ft the moft diftinguifhed of ^e Britilh jaJBbfl^« *\ ^ ,, * *I!he kigii of Charles has been celebrated for wit^^nd gallantry, but both lyere coarfe and Indelicate. The court was the nurfery oivice, and the ftage exhibited fcenes of impurity. Some readers were found, who c«ui(l :idmire Mflkw as well as EMydeif, and never perhaps were the pulpits of KngluDd ^ well fupi 4 with preachers as in this reign. Our language was har> ll^nitKed, retined, and rendered natural, witnels the ftyle of their fermont | iliid the days of Charles may be called the Auguftan age of mathematics and isatural philofophy* Charles loved and underftood the arts more th^ he encouraged, or rewarded them, cfpecial'y thofe of Enghfli growth ; butthii |iegle£l proceeeded not from narrow-mindednefs, but indolence and want of refledtion. If the memory of Charles II. has been traduced for being the firft ^nglifh prince, who formed a body of Itanding force, as guards to hii perfon ; it ought to be remembered, at the fame time, tV.at he carried tht art of flup-building to the higheft perfeftion j and that tfsc royal navy of iBnglandt it this day, owes its fined improvements to his and his brother'i knowledge of naval affairs and architecture. Asto his religion, James, foon after his deatlf, publifhed to the virorld, tliat his brother, notwithftanding his repeated profefRons of regard to the proteilant faith, was apapift and died' fuch, of which there are now inconteilable proofs. ' ■'' All the oppofition which, during the late reign, had (haken the throne, jTeems to have vaniflied at the acceiltnn of Jame^I. The popular affe6lioD towards him was increal'ed by the early declaration he made iu favour of the church of> England, which, during the late reign, had formally pronounced ifdl refiftance to the reigning king to be unlawful. This dudrine proved fatal to James, and alrhofl ruined proteftantifm. The army and people fup- ported him in crufhing an ill-concerted rebellion of the duke of Monmouth, who pretended to be the lawful fon of Charles II. and as fiu:h hadaffumed the title of king. That duke's head being cut off, July 15, 1 68 j, and fome hundreds of his followers hanged, drawn and quartered, in the Well of England, exhibiting a fcene of barbarity fcarcely ever known in thii | country ; by the inftrumentality of Jefferies and colonel Kitke, James def- perately refolved to try how far the prattice of the church of England would agree with her doftrine of non.refiitance. The experiment failed him. He I huide the moft provoking fteps to re«der popery the eftablilhcd religion of j his dominions. He pretended to a power of difpenfmg with the known r laws ; he inltituted an illegal ecclefiaftical court, he openly received «^i\ admitted into his privy council the pope's emiflaries, and gave them mortj tefpe£l tlwtn was due to the minifters of a fovereign prince. He font an | cmbaiTy tb Rome, and received at his court the pope's nuncio. The £"•! ' croachinents he made upon both the civil and religious liber-ties of hispeo-l pie, are almoft beyond defcription, and were difapp roved o!? by the pope I himfelf, and all fober Roman catholics. His lending to prifon, and pf«'J cuting for a libel, feven bifhops, for prefenting a petition againil readingraj declaration for liberty of confcience, and their acquittal upon a legal tnal,j alarmed his beil proteilant friends. * I In this extremity, many great men in England and Scotland, tlioiijllj they wifhed well to James, applied for relief to WiUiai.i prince of OrwM Holland, a prince of great abilities^ and the inveterate es ''i-W |)nnce ..f Ltwitl r\-"*. ■fe..- J E N G t A N IV^ jflVk\Ao then threatened Europe with cht^^he|w|!fece dF C «ai the nephew >, fyA ■ fA- htbtiTl E N G L A N D. ^prewlieavteft taxed and thU preppfterous burthen ftill coqti'iniMti..butt]K great;^ «nd boldcft operatioa in financ^thai ever took place, wu efUbiilbei M^'lNiyi^t"* which was the canying on the war hy borruwiuK mpney upoQ itary fecurities, and \vi|i^ch furin what are now cjuled the ««j^ Ihief projedor of this feheme is faid tp have been Charlea Mun* ilfilNI'i^s loAMialifax, Hia chief argunvent for fuch a.projed wm, would dblige the monied part of the nation to bel'riend the Revolutioo IMftufe, after lending their mpney, they could have no hope» pf be. [(|%ut by fupporting tliat interelt, and the weight of taxes would le^ommercial peupir to be more induftriousji) How well thofe vjcwi een anfwered is needlefs here to obfervie, being already meiHionedin the fettt ftaie of pnblic credit. > »;^iniam, notwithftauding thc'vaft fervice he had done to the nation, and the Jiblic benefits which took place under ~ his- aufpiccs, particularly in thedta. Hfltment of the bank of England, and the rccbtning the lilver money, met ,i%ritb fo many mortifications from his parliament, that he adiually refulved up< on an abdication, and had drawn up a fpeeclifor that purpofe,. which he wai prevailed upon to fupprefs. He long \>ore the aiirunts he ntet with in hopes of being mppprted in his war with Fraiue, but at laA, in 1697, he wat forced to conclude the peace of Ryfwick with the French king, wko ac- kjiliowledged his title to the crown of England. By tliis time William had toft hiii queen *, b«j| the government was continued in his perfon. After peace was reftor^^ ^HK^cpmnvons obliged him to difband his atmy, all but an inconfiderablenHumber, and to difmifs his favourite Dutch guards, To> wards the end uf his reign, his fears of feeling the whole Spaniih mdnarcbj in pofleflion of France at the death of the catholic king Charlea II. which was every day expedcd, led him into %VKxy impolitic nacafune, which was the partition treaty with France, by which Uiat monarchy, was |o be divided between the houfes of Bourbon and Auftria. This trcj^ vi*6 higiily re- fented by the parliament, and fome of his miniltry were Ip^ached fur ad^ vifing it. It is thought that William faw his error wltiQi it wus tou late. Hia minifters were acquitted from their iinpeachmenli and tlie death oC ]Lii>g James difcovered the iufincerity of the French court, which imracdiatelf proclaimed his fon king of Great Britain. This perfidy rendered William again popular in England. The tw* houfes paffed the bill of abjuration, and an addrefs for a war with FranK. The laft ai«i moil glorious a6t of William's reign was his pafling the bill tor fettling the fucceflioa to the crown in the houfe of Hanover, on the 1 2th of Juive tyof* His dc^ath was hallened by a fall he had from his horfe, fooa ai'tei he had renewed the grand alliance againll France, on the 8th of Marcli, 170Z, the 5 2d year of hio age, and the 14th of his reign in England. Thu prince was not made by nature for popularity. His manners were cold and forbidding, he feemed alfo fometimes almoft to lofe light of thofe principln of liberty, for the fupport of which he had been reiCed to tlie throne ; and jhough he owed his royalty to the Whigs, yet he often favoured the ToiieJ* The former had the mortification of feeing thofe who had a6ted%he moll inimical to tlicir party, and the free principles of the conilitutioii, as tiie • marquis of Halifax, the earl of Danby, and lord Nottingham, taken into fa- vour and refume their places in the cabinet ; hikI the whole influence of go- vernment extended, to filence all enquiries into tlie guilt of thofe who bad been the chief instruments in the cruel perfecutiojis of the* pall reign, and t» tlie * She died of the fmall rqz Dee. «$!. f^nj. >n >>..■ tWirrv thirA v*ar nf her aSC. :^/ m^^ TJfiJi^i^ £ H O L A N 0. im nuney> met refulved up< luch he wai ith in hopu 597, hcwa» ig, wko ac« William had •fon. After imy, all but ;uard8. To- ih mdnarchy it il. which e, which vm i|o be divided '»s higldy re- iched for ad^ was too late, the death o£ immediately . Tlic tw» vith France, r thebilUor 'the uthof horfe, fooB Ithof Matcli, gland. This ^•ere cold and i)fe principle hroM ; a'"l „ the ToiieJ. Jted^he mod litioii, as the lakeii into fa- aertce of go- i>le who bad ;jrn, and t» ' hef age. ^ obtaining fuch aii tSt of inAnnuily as cffeAuMlIy fcreened every deUnqucnt from thecal rctaliatimi pf tnjured patrjbtifm. Thie refcue and prdfervatiof^ of.religion and public Uberty were tKe cbicf glory of William's telgni for England under hinv-fofKirea fcverely bqtft by fea and land^ aad the pub- lic debt at the lifile^ of hii death aP|ourted to the unheaod-of fuin of I4,opo,ooo. •, . Jl ' • ■ Annei princefs of peiinnark» by virtue of the z€t orTettleoumt* and be* ingthe next protefti^ht heir to h«r father James II, fucceeded king WiUian^ in the throne. Af flie jfoA been il) treated by ^he late king, it was thought (he would have deviated from his raeafures ; but the behaviour of the French in acknowledging tlte title of her brother^ who has fince been well known by < the name of the Pretender, left Iklf no choice,' and flic refolvcd to fufU all WiUiaril's engagements with l^s alliei), and to employ the.earl 01 Marlborough^ who had been iniprifoned in the late reign on a fufpicion of Jacobitifmi and whofe wife was her favourite, as her general. She could not hav^ made a better choice of a general and ftatefman, for that carl ^Kcelled in both capa- cities. No fooncr wa^ he placed at the head of the EngJIdv^^ihy ahrpad thaa his genius and a&i'.'':y gave a new ttfra, to the war, '.^ he became as much the favourite '^i the Dutch as his wife was of thc'qusen, Charles II. of . Spam, in confeijiience of ihe intrigues of &^iK:e, at the fame time refe'hting the partition treaty, to which his confenti had not been alked, left his whole dominions by will to Philip, duke of Anjuu, grfind£Dlt> of Lewis XIV. and Philip was immediately proclaimed king of Spain, which ,. laid the foundation of the family alliance, betwen France apd thaV satioiu Philip's fucceflion was difputed by the fecond fon of the emperor of Germa- nj, who took upon himfelf the title of Charles III. and his caufe was fa- Touredby the empire, England, Holland, and, other powers, who joined in a confederacy againll the itoufe, of Bouttton noyr become more dangerou^tluui ever by the acquifition of the whole S^panifh dominions. The capital meslfure of contimiing thf cannon, jartiller)-, and trophies of war. About the fame time, the Englilh admiral, I Sir George Rooke, redused Gibraltar, which ftill remains in our poflefGon. lu ^^^^^'^ "^ RamlUes In 1706, was fcM>ght and gained it»der tht duke of jMarlborouirh alone. The lofs of the enetny there has been variouiiy roport- jcd: it is generally fuppofed to^ha^c been 8000 killed or wouixdcd, .ud 6000 [laken prifoners ; but the coiifequencts fliewcd its impor* 'nee. ^i- the battle of RamiUies, ilie ihites of Fbr. , . . /iblcd at Ghent, :>'.:. f. m.^^ t..L-'. --^^ ►o-.;-^. ;,!.* i w-, ^-ifrr-Vi# * ^'K f3« 1^ N O L, A II D. ■••-*# Md iweooplzed Charles far their rover^iv while the coofedrratci took pof. fcffion or Lnvivaiq, DrulIeU, Mechtin^ Ghent, Ott^enarde, Bruges, and Ant' werj^'i «nd (ev . >inti coriiderablc platici in FlailtJers and Brabant acknow. ied^d the titft of king Charles. The next great Oat*!** gained (irer tlie French vws Qudenarde, 1708, Sphere tlvty loft 3000 of field, apd abont . 70vX) taketwptifoncrs j and the yefr after, Scptertibev 1 . , 1 709, the allies forced the French lines at MalpWqOiet rteHi* Mons, after abloddy a6llon in ^ich l|||^ PVtnch loft 15,000 nitfn. Thuf far 1 have rtflkuntcd the flatter. ing fuccdfin of the EngliHi, bat they were attended with many pottofls of ^tteralkiy. The qween had fettt a very fliie army to aflift Charliea III. in Spain, un- der the command of lord Galwayi but in 1 707, after he had been joined by the PortOguefe, the En^liih were defeated in the plains, of Almanza, ehie|iy through the cowardice of their allies. Thoagh feme advantaKs were obtained at fc«, yet that war in ge»ieral was carried on to the detn- ment, if Hot the dilgrace of England. Prince Ge<*rge of Denmark, huf. band to the i^vieen, .was then jord high admiral. At the. fame time Eng. land felt fevcrcl^the fcarcity of hands in carrying on her trade and manu* faf^ures. ■^As Lewis XIV. profeffcd areadinefs for peace, and'fued eamellly for it, the Whigs at laft gave way to a tfeaty, and the conferences were held at Ger- truydenburgh, 17 10. They were managed on the part bf England by the duke of Murlborough and the lord Townrtiend, and by tht marquis de Torcy for the French. All his offers were rcjeded by the duke and his anbaatw, as only defigned to amufe and divide the allies, and the war w^s continued. The unreafonable haughtinefs of the EngUlh plenipotentiaries at Oertii^. denburgh (is fome term it) and the then expeaed change of the rainiftry in Engl»r>J, f.kv;;d France, and affairs from that day took a turn in its fevour. Mean A w^-x t'ound to convince the queept who was faithfully attached to the ch r 's t '"v^j/land, that the wai^in the end, if continued, muft prove ruinous to her arid htr people^ and that the Whigs were rtft friends to the national re. h'gion. rt'.e general cry of the deluded people was, 'that " the church wu In danger," which, though groundlefs, had gi^at efiedls. One Sacheverd, an ignorant, worthlefs preacher, had efpoufed this damour in one of his fermonS, with the ridiculous, impracticable doArines of pafTive obedience and non-refiftance. It was, as it were, - agreed by both parties, to try their flrength in this man's cafe. He vdfeTimptached by the commons, and found guilty by the lords, who ventured to pafs upon him only a very fmall cenfure. After this trial, the queen's affeftions were entirely alienated from the diich- efs of Marlborough, and the "Whig adminiftration. Her friends loft their places, which were fupplied by Tories, and even the com-niind of the army was taken from the duke of Marlborough, in 17131, and given to thedakeof Ormond, who productfd orders for a ceHation' of arms ; but they were dif. regarded by the queen's'allics in the Britif}^ pay. Arid, indeed, the remo^il of the duke of Marlborough from the command of the army, while the war continued, was an aft of the greateil imprudence, and excited the aftoninitnent of all Europe. So numeron»Jiad been h's fuoceffes, and fo great his reputa- tion, that his very name was aim oft equivalent to an army. But the honour and intereftofthe nation were facriiiced to private court intrigues, managed , by Mrs. Malham, a relation of the duchefs of Marlboroi gh, who had fup* planted her benefaftrefs, and by Mr. Harley. Conferences' were opened for peace at Utrecht, in January i , t2, to whica ^he queen and the Frengh iing feiU plenipotelitiaries, and the allies being de- ■ fefttedat t) now that th agreed upon cdofthcpai but after JH, than it was, his brother ( emperor of ( bad faith of throwing up Hot to meiitfi t9iin at this thit the que< covered, and her brother U eafy by the The Whigs c of Cambndg( nuTs hir lorX her off the fi thirteenth of I from the acce: land III yea Robert II ann brother to" qu claimed king time treated as Kfidcd at Rot liftn in the R, twofons, viz. in 1746, and u for fome time, Albany, but i place in^he c March 28th, Circle of Upp Bruce, late ear jsnd before tin "ttle or nothini monntedto ab upon the fecurii _ Anne had n( "I'o execution "pen her death and George I. ", ''"•of James t. woidd have bcci came over to E™ ,™oftofwhomh prejudice i„ £„£ r^'pr.andoth, P'lyfuppre^edtj ;cr ;&; H,; m'i: ,i.'(*.;'i..i*;* -'■&3<> '''Cl'ii-ll'. took pof« , and Ant' It acknoff. 1 over tlie apd about , the allies y aftion in the flatter. potions of been jointd f Almanza, advantag« to the detri- nmark, huf» le time Eng. ,e and manu* mellly for it, held lit Ger. gtand by the quia de Torq hi8 alTociatw, i^s eontmuw. :s at Oertn^. ihe miniftry in in its favour; ttachedtotlic prove ruinolii le national re- ,e cluirchwu ie Sacheverel, |in one of his I obedience and to try their ins, and found fmall cenfure. [rorn the duch- ;nds loft their hd oftheanny J to thedakeof they were if* i, the remo\il [while the war [cat his repuU- lut the honour ■ues, managed 1 whohadlup- i2,to«K dilatorineC^ if not^ bad faith of the ^Pghfh all^est ivr not fulfillii.^ 'heir '^g4i|^ ti, and fthc war, if fate of nplexion t I ..udif- t-d to call leVed un- minj^lers. throwing upon the Brftiih parliament atmoft the v lole not to mention the ethauit«4 ftate of the kingdont, Sue jffain at this critical period i and I am apt to thini '*■" that the queen had» by fome fecret influence, whicl covtred, and was even concealed from fome of her im her brother to the fucceffion. The refl of the qUeen's - le eafy by the jaiting of parties, and the contentions among The Whigs demanded a writ for the electoral prince of Hanover, as duke of Cambridge, to come to England ; artd (he was obliged haftily to dif- mifs hir lord-treafurcr, \^hen fhe fell into a lethargic diforder, which carried her off the firft of Aiiguft 1714, in the fiftieth year of l^er age, and the thirteenth of her reign. And with her ended the line of the Stuarts, which, from theacceflion of Jfamcs I. anno 1603, had fwayed the fc^tflre of Eng- land III years, and that of Scotland 343 years, from the accefTion of Robert II anno 137 1> James, the late pretender, fon of James the II. and brother to queen Anne, upon his father's deceafe, anno 1 701, was pro« claifljed king of England, hy Lewis XIV. at St Germain's, and for fome time treated as fuch by the courts of Rome, Fraiice, Spaia and Turin. He refided at Roffie, wheri he kept «p the appearance of a court, and continued fifm in the Romifh faith till his death, whith happened in iT^S- He left twofons, vii. Charles Edward, bom in 1720, who was defeated at Culloden in 1746, and upon his father's death repaired to Rome, where he continued for fome tinic, and afterward! refided at Florence, under the title of count Albany, but died lately. Henry, his fecond ion, who enjoys a dignified place in^he church of Rome, and is lyiown by -the name of cardinal York. March 28tk, 1772, ChaTlpa married Louifa Miucimihenne, born September 2ift, 1752, daughter to' a prince of ihcAmily of Stblberg Grudem, in the Circle of Upper Saxony, and grand-daughter, by the mother, of Thomaa Bruce, late earl of Aylefbury. Notiprithitandingthe exhaufted ftate of Eng- land before the peace of Utrecht was concluded, yet the publivcredit was mtle or nothing aflefted by l»er death, though -the national debt then a- tnounted to about iifty millions ;' fo tihn vm» the dependence of the people "ponthefecurityofparhament. . \-~y Anne had no llrength of mind, by herfelf, to carry any important refolve into execution ; and fhe left public meafures in fo indecilive a ilatc, that, upon her death, the'fucccilion took place in terms of the aft of fettlement, and George 1. elcftorof Hanover, fbn of the princefs Sophia, grand-daugh- ter of James 1. was praclaimed king of Great Britain ; his mother, who would have been next in fucceflion, havingdied but a few days before. He came over to England vrith- flrong prSpbiTcffions agalnil the Tory mintilry, moll of whom he difplaced.. This did not make any great alteration to hia. prejudice in England ; but many of the Scots, by the influence of the earl of Mar, and other chiefs, were driven into rebellion in 1 7 15* which was hap- pily fuppre^lsd the beginning of the next year. ■' ■ '■■ "^ " ■' '::^^y<>Cj~>&'y'sr- \lgiX After IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 l££|M 12.5 ■to "^ B^B 1.1 s itt Eii i22 = Site "^ U 1.25 1 1.4 1 1.6 ^ 71 /^ <^ Hioliographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716)872-4303 -^V*^ ';^^^^ ^io o , ■■ % |ig(land too and com- their German d fo critical* 1, b]B that urpoA;, he Bremen t'.'Wkb/'the ciMr.of MviCeoVy/fl' <»^ncm«KaiBdl^iad iMiHf^^ C^ XII. lun£ of Swed^tojtii Ijr.i^^ waS| Jking incenCtd at Geofge, as' 'tk&or of Hanover, for _ and Verden.ofthe Danes) which had boen a part of his dominion^ In 17 iS'he '^freU|Bt^ with Spain on account of the c^udrople aUia^ce,- that had t>een formed betiK^ecn Qreat Britain^FraAOet Gemaayy jnd the Sutes.Oen^l ; and hlis admirid^ SirFGeuii^e Byngtph^lus orders, dieftroy ed the l^ant(h fleet at Syracv^.- A trifling vrit Wh Spain then com' QKivrdi but itwasfpon ent^^'bythf* Spaniards delivering, up Sardinia and SicQy , t^ former to the !<^ke «f<<$a^y, and the laCttii' to. the mnper^. ' A national putnifluKcnty differoft f^m plague* pfftfle^ce,.aad fa:yne»l^ tiook Englabd in the yea^ 1720, by the fudden rife of the Sdjit^ Sc»,0 one of the trading compaqie? i but of this "we have alrMidyi'given'^ ah ac*. count, under the article SouJTH S|a Company. . '■'*■■...' , "* ' The Jacobities thought to avaQ themfclyes of tht Mtipnal diifcpnteatat the South SeaXcheAl, artd^lngland's CQnnedltkms witli the continept^ w^ch everrday iqcreaied. One jLayer, a farwyer, wM tried and executed for higk trearen. Several perfona.of great quality ^n4 diftin4^i|(ni were ajp]^eheD4>' tA on fupicion ; but the ftorm fc^ chieHy on iFra^qs Atterburjri^; l^d biiho^ of Rochefler, who was dn>nved of his fee and feat-i^ parliaments, and b^i(}i' ed for life. There waa fome .in:egularity in the proceedings agaitiii him; ana therefore the juftice of the .biihop^sjpsntence has been queftibhed^: though there is little or no reafon to doubt there was foftcieni proof of his gu^t. > So flu£)iuating ^as the ftate of Kurope at d^s time, that in September 'i725,afreni treaty was condudedat lunover, between the kings of Crest Britain, France, and Frti0ia, to counlcrbatance an allijance thai bad been foraied between the courts of Vienna ai|d Madrid. A fquadroo was fent to the Baltic, to hinder the Ruffians from attacki\;g Sweden, a^tixerto the •Medi^nanean, and a third, under admiral Hofier, to the Wib^ ladies, to watch the Sj^niih plate-fleets. This hit was a fatal i* wrelt as an >k^^' rious expedition. The admiral and nioft of his men perifhed hy epidemical difcafids, and the hulks of his.fhips totttH '.^ u; ••" -cnder jthi?ito, untt for fer* vice. The ihanag^ment of the Spanir^ds was little bcLtei'. They loft ne>f ib,OQO men in the fiege of Gibraltar, which they w^FC obliged to raiie. A quarrel with the emperor was jtfie moft dangerous to Hanover of any ^fl^ti^uld happjcn ; but thougli an bppofition in the hcuff'Of commons was ..-...'-. A. ■' . ... formed nrV'-^m-^'M IK tinued tp bejBOi«^||pQbff 1^% ii) gr^Qtui^ iaflaMSf»wd t. ■■(9 ^ con* sfidiet for the proteAion of' H4mi^^ tli* Iem^ of l>(n,pMik aiMl'Sw^fleB, and tj|r 1^- , gnre of HdRtCufiiL .. Sudi wm th^ftata'bf .^fl^lb EuroiMr, wbco Oeoive , ^ I. fad4eq|^jK^'«R»^tl^e i ith of Jaoe I7a7» 9^ OfiMbur|^;^ii.tho fiftyicign^i ^ year of Iw agli^ W tMiteibrtth of his reign, iDkie rei||n^ Greoi:ge I. w remarkable »Pifa|,>in<^«dible!^t>k^^ of babbles and OKM&ig projedt to wbich it g^vefittf^Wp^iMi it was ircckoned that almoft^a «M||tB wd « half was won and Ip^ | >b4 fyt tjbe sMat altetatioii of tW ir%^ *4 £urope, by ihe cgninrti whicbtm £ngtt(h toqk in the «ffai^1i^^ con- tinent. The inilptntiqn of the finlun^^nd for dimini(h|»g tb^taptiond debt, iijjkewife.owing to this pjcriod. . The value tif the northern paits of- die kingdom begaa). now to be better uhderftood than foi-merlyi and thp ■Ratt ofmanufs^Dres began to fliift. Thii was chieflj owing to the un~ equal diftribution <|f the land-tax, which rendered it difficilt for the poor to fubiift in cei^aib counties, whiclt had been forward in giving in thr tnte yalueoftheircibtesv^en that tax took pladi!. , '' Sir' Robert Walpole was ^^nildered as firft minifter of England when , Geotge I. died, and fonse diffierences having happened between bun ,and the prince of Wales, it was generaHy thought," upon the acceffioq of the latter t to the crown, that Sir Robert would.be difph.ced.» That might have been the cafe, could another peirfbn hdye been found eqdaUy capable, its he was to manage the houfe of commons, aiid to gratify- that preoiledion for Han^ «ver which Oeorge II. inherited from his rather.' No minifter ever under- wood Jietter the temper of t|te people of England, and none, perhaps, ever tried it more;, He filled all places of -power, tnift, and proRt,t and almoft^ the bouA of cpnimoBs ttfelf^jpth his own creatures : but peace was his dai^g ol^ltA^ bunng hia lo^ aiEtmiaiftration he ^lever loft a ifueftion that he was In eameft to carry. *I%c cxdfe fdemewas the ivft meafure that gave a fhook to his power, ^d e«en that hecouU hav« carried, had he not been -afraid of the fpirit of the people without doors, «riuch night have either prpduocid an infurtedion, or fsndangered his intfreilt in the next generj^I ele^on: ' His iHicific fyilem l|:ought him, however, into inc^nvenitfnces both at home and abr(fii|d. fi^imcouraged the Spaniards to continue their depredations upon the Britffh (hipping t'^n the American Cms, ind the French to treat the Englifb court wittf iufblenoe and negle6l. At home, many sf the'grea^ peers thought tKdnfelves flighted, and they intereftcdthemfelvcs more thaa ever they had done in elections. This, tbgeth^n with t^e difguftoftb^ people at the jpi^ppfed excife ichenic, and paflSng tbe Gim Jt^% vH th;: ynr t73(>, inqreafed the minorky in the' houfe qf commons to 130, ' fcmw of whom were as able men and at good- fpeakers as ever had fat in • parliamenti^ 'and taking advantage of the i increafihg complaints againit the Spaniards, they attacked the nimifter with great ftrength of argumt^t and with great eloquence. , In juitice to Walp^e, it (hould be obferved, that he filled the courts of jiiftice with able tad Upright judges, nor was he ever known to attempt ,iny|>erverfion tff the known law of the khigd(Hn4 He was fo far from checking the freedom, of debate, that he bore with equanimity , the moft fcurriloU8> dcuitejthat w9s thrpwn out to his face. He gave way to one or two prf>fe;:uft4ili| -fiir Kbcb, ii» conmhance to his friends, who thought tiiemfdiTM fcficded 6y ihem.| but it is certain, that the prefspf £nglt4d never wati ittp%.)pj^ or free than during his adnuDiftration. And ^to jlu's pacific 'fyAfMi it unddabtedly more tkan repaid t« th« mftion Yy 2 th^ '-■\'Kit '4- '*'-34« ^ • , E-N O h A'V j>, ' :V ^atwM rehired to import it> by t^ ift^Mnfc of |}«r |nide fpd ^ no. provemcntji of her manuraAurei. i^'L Qucea C^aroUne, coqfort t« George ll hm beeii iimjf a fir;a iri^Q4 to the duiufter $ but (he dAd Nov^mjber 20th, i737* when » variance fubfiftcd bet wMi» the luQg and his (po, the prince ojF Waks. X^e lattcf complaihed* (hat^rpugh Walpole's influence he wa# deprived nt^ only of the power - but the provifioh to Vrhichi tbia blrt)^ entitled him ) and Be put tuipfelf At the head, of the oppoiitjon with-fp ipuch firmnipfa, thi^t it vae genei^y fore- , , 4 , ftoaly thrown a- Wiy. The oppoiDtioQ exulted in Vernon's fuc^efa, and afterwards imputed hia nfifcarriages to the dainiiter's ftarving the war, by withholding the meant ■ for carrying it on. The general ele^ioll approachiag, fo prevalent was the &itereft of the prince of Wales. i|i England, and that of the duke of Argyle in, Scofl^d, that a mi^rity was returned to parliament who wer« qo friends to the minifter, and after a few trying divisions, hf retired from the houfe, on * ' the 9th of February; 17491, wa^3 created ea4 of Oxford> and on the i ith re- j^gned all his employments. , George II. bore the lofs of his minifter w'tththf gr^feft equai\imityv and- cyep^xm&rred titles of honour, and pofts of diftiqSUon, upon the heads of the oppofition. ]&y this time, the death of the «iQpieror Charles VI. the danger of the pragmatic ika^iion (which meant the fuccd&oo of bia daugh- ter to all the Awftrii^ dominion^), through' thf jindiitiov of nunc^ who ^ad filled all Garmany with her armies, and many other ooncun«m c|ufe% induced Greorge to take the lading part in a coDtitntotal war.- Hf iid Berlin, Berlin, whidi, tbo^ph expeiifiver ]Kot& pf little or no ferriee .|(iD.piieat Briad a graces that it was dain they did opt ' intend to i& in earneft. When ihe duke of Cumberl^^ijt^ook upoq hinoTdf the trommaad of tho army, the French,^ to the great reproach of tiie allies, were almoil mafters pf the barrier of the Netherlands, and.were'befi^ging Tournay. Th^ duke attempted -to taife the fiege, but by the coldneu of ihe Auftriaoib the cowardice of the Dutch, whofe gcvei^iment «11 along held a £eqret correfpoadence. with France, and mifconduA fom^. « where, eKe, he lofl; the battle of Fpatenoy, and 7600 of his beli men ; thougbit is gcncn^y allowed that his difpofitioms were excdlent, aqd Itodh he and his troops behayed with unexampled intrepidity. To couaterhalance fucbi a train of misfortunes, admiral Anfon returned this y&u tp Bliglahd, with an immenie treaCure (about a million Aerling), which b^.hai^ laken from, the Spaniarcb in his voyage round the ^'orld ; abd cdmmpdo;t Warren, with colonel Pepperel, took from the French the imp^tant town ao^£)rt> trefs of Ix)uiikurj?hi in the ifland of Cape Breton. Sticb was the^iftate pf affairs abroad in Auguit 1745, wbeu the Pretender's tllifiSi. fon,.at the> head of foine Highljind foUoijrers, furprifed and difviii^ a p^iiy oi the kiitg's troops In the weftem ijighlaaus, and advanced with|preBt Rapidity to Perth* The government never fo tbprpughly experienced, vfs il>' did that time, th^ benc^t of the public debt for the fupport of the Rievohi^i tif)9, the French and the Jacobite party (for fuch there was at that time in England)* had laid a deep fcheme of diiireffin^ the Bank ; but common^ danger aboliihed ^ diilinAions, and united them ^n defence of one intereft, which was private propei^y. The merchants undertook, in their addrefs tq the king» tp fupp(^rt it by iieceiving bank notes in payment. ' This feafonaUe meafure bved public Credit ;■ but the def^t of the rebels by the duke of Cumberland at CuUoden| in the year 174^, did not reftore tranquility to Europe. Though the prince of Orange, fon-in-law to his majelly GeoiXf II. was, by the credit of 'his majefty, and the fpiritofthe people oftfie Uhited {''covinces, raifed to be their ftadtholder, the Dutch never could be brought to a^ heartily inr the war. The allies were defeated at Val, near Maeftricht, and the duke of Cumberland was in 4anger of being made pri- (bner. Bergen-op-zoom was taken in a manner that itas never yet been ac- counted for. The allies fuffered' other difgraces on the continent '; ^d it n^w became the general opinion' in England, that peace was neceflary tb fave ' ' tbe duke and his army from total deftru^ion. ,By this time, however, the French marine and commer(|e. were in danger of being annihilated by the JSngKflv at fea^ under tH, command of the admirals Anfon, Warren^ Hawke, .aikd Qth^ ga^ant officers ; but the Euglifti arins were not fo fuccefsful. as could have been wrfixed* under rear admiral Bofcawen in the Eaft Indies.. , l!a%\m ftate 0{ fSairs, tlie Iu;cceffi:s of the French and Englifli, d^ritag ^e - ■'?:, ,^; war > 541 » N & LA NX). fwr^liaty be Yaid. to have been babnced» u4 both miaiftnet tamed tliiejff tbougliU to peace. / Iia«reYer thif might ly, p^wUmtn^ries for peace were Aspe4 in Aprif, 1740^ and a dafinitive treaty wju concloded at Ai^c-^-'ChapeDe in October | fbe b^ffa of which was tl^e reftitution on bo^h fides of all places taken duving .. the' ymr. Tbfc nealt' year the iatereft of the national debt was |f duced il^om four to three andf a half jftf cent, ior feven year»» after which th(^ whole was to ftand reduced to three per cqit, ^'-'-^/V *>>«.' > This was th^ bol4eft Ar6ke of fiaanomg that e«er ww at^pted pd^uips in any country* confi^ntly with public i^th ; for t^e creditors of the Soverninent, aftdr a fmall ihe£EiBfttm oppofition, continued their money ii| le fundsi and a few who fold out even made intereft to have it riepUced on the fiune (icmt^, or were paid o£f their principal, f urns out of the £uking iRiBld. •■'.'■■' ••■•,. A new treaty of commerce yns fig^ \at.Madnd» between Great Bntam imd SpiSn^ biv* which, in confideration of ioo,oool^ the ScHith Sea company ' «ve Up alk> their future claims to the aifiento contraft, by virtue of which, fltat companyshad fupplied the Spanifh Weil Indies widi negroes; In Marc\i, 1750^ "died, vniverfdfy. bmented, his roval highnefs Frederic, prince of ^ Wales. ' Iiji'MaTf 1751, an a£k pafled for regulating the commencement of* the jfa», 1)7 which the old ftyle was aboliflicd, and the new flyle eftablifhed, , to the Vaft ■ conveniency o^ the fubjeAs. This was done by finking eleven daini in September, i752» and from that time beginning the yearbrt the firtt of jfhniiary. In 1753, tjjie famous a^ paifqjl for preventing chndeftine manages ^ but whether it is for the benefit of the fubjeA, is a point tiiat is fUn very qucftionable. The barefaced encroachments of the French, who had built fbr^ on our 1 ba^'fettlements in America, and the difpofitbns they made for fending oyer vtaft Jbodies of veteran troops, to fupport thofe encroachiaents, produced • wonderful fpirit in England, efpeciaUy after admiral Bofcawen was ordec cd, with eleven (hips of the line, befidesa firigai^' and two regiments, to fait, to tife banks of Newfoundland, where he came up with, and tod^ two Frend\ men of war, the reft of their fieet efcapiiig up the nl*r ^ l«wrence, by 'thef ftreig^ts of Belleifie. No foooqer was it known that hoftilitiea were hi- flfun, than the people of England poured their money into t;he government's ■ loan,^ and orders were iihied for making geueral repriials in Europe Is well, ■as in Ameiica ; and that all the French fliips, whether outward or hotnewar^, bound, fliould be itopped and brought into Britifli ports. Thefe orders were . fueSedual, that berorC the end ofthe year 1765, above 500 of the richeft^ Freoch merchant (hips, and abpve 8,oo0 of their be(i failors were brought, into the kingdom.^ This well-time^ meafure' had fuch an effed, that the , French had neither hands to navigate their merchantmeiiir nor toman tKeir . fliips of war ; for about two years after, near 3 q,ooo French (iBaQ^cn wcm. found to be prifoneif. in England. \ ' In July, t,JS5* General Braddock, who had been injudicioudy {isnt fraoi^ ^Enghmd to attack the French, and reduce the forts on the Ohio, was dcfeai^ «d and killed, by f^ing into an ambufcftde of the French and Indians near Forte de Quefne ; but major-general Johnfon defeated a body of French near Crow,Q|Foint,of whom hekiUcd abo>jt icoo. ' ■^ -^ In pwportion a»/the fpirits of the public -were eiev||ed by/the formidable anMmed^, which were prepared fdr carrying on the war, they were funk witlii an accourff. that the French had landed 11,000 m«fi iik Minorca^ .iaiattack Fore SL Philip there; that adonral Byag» who l»d been feRt» out ' - XmTWB'i t NO t A N D. m in Aprff, Oaobc/| en dutingr aced fffom rhoile WW iperiuipt "8 of tne monejr ii| placed on e fiuking at Bntam company' of wnicC (n Marcl^, prtaoe of cement of* ftiOilinied, ing cleten ar on the ilandeftine int tilat is r^ on our « idingorer • product m ordeN ts, to fa2,, ro 'Frencl\ rence, by were be- •rnment't )e is wdl lomewar^, •derswcre he richeft^ : brougbtj that the nan tfieir n^cn were. Cent frea^ as defcaj* iians Wif ench near >nnidable t^re funk Minorea> Jcen featj out ' tttt; 'withafqaadroBj^alleaft' equal to tKat of the Freiieh» hiid becuba^ fled, if not defeated) by their adi;niral Galliffitmerc, and diat at kft lifv^ noFca wa«! furreadefed by General Bhkeni^.. The Engllfli were far more alarmed than they ought to hare Jxen at thofe events. The lofs of Mk norca was more (hai^elul Aata detrimental to the kingdom, bi^t th^ puh- lie outcry waa fuch, that the king gave up Byng to public jufttce, and hdl was fhot at Portfinouth (of tiot dojng aU that wat,in his power- againft ths enemy. ','.''. ",■■'■•■■ , _ ' , . "', " • ,'■. .■ ^ It was about this time* that Mr. Pitt was placed, as JTecretary of ftate, at' ' the head of adminiftration. He had loilg been known to be a bold, elo' queat, and energetic fpeaker, and hf foon|proTed Amfelf to be as fpirltedi ' ', a miniiter< The mifoarriaffes in the Mediterranean had no* confeqUe^e but the lofs of ]^ort St. Philip, which was more than repaired by th«^ya)l fiiccets of the ^hglifli privateers, both in Europe and America., The fuc- cefles of the Enelifl) in. the Eaftlndies, under Colonel Clive, are almoft in^ credible, i^e ^feated Suraja Dowla, Nabob of Bengal, Bahar, and Orixa, ano placed jaffier Ally C^wn in the ancient (eat of the nabo1>« of thofe .provmcesit Sunja Dowla, who was in- the French intereil, a few days after his being defeated, was taken by the new. nabob Jaffier Allf Cawn's fon^ • and put to 4eath. '!rhiB event laid the foundation of the priefeia amacing fxteut of riches and- territory, which thc' Englifh new po^efs is t&e jEi^ 'Mrl'^Pk. iiktrodiiccd into the' cabinet a flew fyilem of operations againil France, than which nothing could be better calculated to reftqte the ipiritt of hit countrymen, and to alarm their enemies. Far from dreading fin inva« fion, he planned sin expedition for carrying the arms of England iuiQ France^ itlelf ; and the defcent waa to be made at Rochefort, under general Sir John Moidanpt, who was to ieomntand the land troops. Notl^ng could be ,mote protqifing than the difpoiitions for, this expedition. It jiaded oh the StH of Sentember, 1757*} ^^^ admiral Hawke brought both the fea and jbuid forces back An the oth of OAober, to St. Helen's without the geder^ mak- ing anyatt^Bift jtp kuid on the coaft of France. He. Was tried and acquit- ted, without the puhiil^murmuring, fo; great an opinion had the people of the minifter I who, tadohimjuftice, did not fulFer a man or ^a ihip belonging to.. th< EngUfli army or navy tb lie idle. < , The Frendt having attacked the elef^orate of Hanover with a moft pvufeiful anriy, merely becaufe his Britannic majefty refufed to wink at theii; encroadiiments in America, the Engliih. parliament, in gratitude, voted large furapUes df men and money ioj^ctence of the eledoral dominions. The met of Cumberland had been fent fhither to command an anny of obferva-, ' tibn» but waii fo powerfully prefled by a I'operiqr army, that he found him- felf obliged to lay 4lown his arms ; and. the French, under the duke o5 RicK- ' liCutook pplTelBpn of that eledorate aild its capital. At this time, a fear-* «ity next to a famine, raged in England ; and the HefBan troops, ^ho,'with the^Hanoiverians, bad been fent to defend the kingdom from aii invafioti in> t^ed firom the French, remained fiill in England. So many difficulties cbncurring in ,i7c8, a treaty of mutual defence was agreed to between his iria)efty and the <]EUiff<'of Pruflja : in confequence of . vMiich j the parliament M>tcd 670,OOQkvto his Pruffian majeily y and alfo voted large fums, amount- ing in the whbk to:.tw# tnflliomi a year, for the payment ojF 50,000 of the troops of Hanoverr^HciTe Caflel, Saxe-gotKa, WolfenbutteI,aiid Buckebuirg. This treaty/ whi^ grevid afterwards fo burdenfome ^0 England, wasinteno- .idi().wutet^e{|^ie|^ v 'J-'-' '■■.':■,■;■'":'',' ^V- '"'•'.' .iGrcorge' m l: N C t A N D. -;-X ■..■f VpdMWt tL'^wkit th«confeiit othh ^fllan majefty, declwlng ttiM tW* ncncli^nad vfwited the conventbn concluded brtween thefh and the doktf of CtiimlKrUftd at Clofterferen, ordered his Hanovtfrtan folnedl to re- ftnhe their^arms under ttrifuce TIerdinand of Bruo^wick, a Pruflian gefaeratt whd mftantlf droit the French out of Hanover, an* the duke of Marlborough^ a^fr the Ertgttlh had repeatedly infuHcd the Fteneh C(«)lb bj^ ddtrojing ,*||[dr ftorei a^i} ill^pping at* St. Mabel and Cherht6ui^^ tntfrched into Oer« 3 any, and joined piance' Ferdinand with I a, cx>o Britifli troops, which were Cq^ards increafed to aj|,ooc>» A war enfued, in tht coutfe of which the EngKfli/evcry where p^drmed wonders, and wcr etefy where victorious, hOb aatimg^ieafvM; foBovi^ed, avd the tfietuj or jned ettny caliinpaign with aiNuitagf . i^Ven the batfle of Minden, the ir oft glotwm, perhaps^ in the £n|^ffll|jb|ftalsi^ in which 7000 EngUfh defeat/ i SojOOO of the French regu- lar troms iafait battle, contsibuted nothing- ;o the conclufion of tht yriti or tdlmfiP weakening the French in Germatp . The BnglHfr bore the ^xpences of the Wir With cheWftilnef$, 4nd applaud- «dv]||i|r> Pitt's adminiftration, becaufe their gbriousfiicceflbr in evetjr othef part of the globe demonftrated that he was in earned. Admiral Bofcawen and general Amberft, in 2/^uguft 1 758, reduced and demoliOted Looilburgh hi North America, which had been rtftored to the French by^ tjhc treaty of Aix-&->Ch2peBe, and was become the fcourge of the BiPiti& trade, and tdok five or fix French (hips of the line ; Frontenac and Fort du- Quefntf, in the 6imii quarter, feD alfo into the hands of the Englifh t ac(|uiiittont thtit far overbalanced a, fcheck whic)]||^e Englifli rece!veeft and mojk^icefsful general the French had. Thouffh the fit-iation of the country which Wd|f was to attack, and the worl^ Ae French threw up to prfevent addcent c^ the Englifh, were iieemed Tmpregnd)le, yet' Montcalm never relaxed in his vlffiktice. Wolfe's courai^ aod. perfeVeraMce, howercr, flmftounting incrcfiwir dft&ifltiei^i he i H o' i A N n. M nlncd 4iie Iwtgiitt, of Abraham, near Quebec, where he £a«ght and definted the French army, but was himCelf killed^ aa wai Montcalm } ^neral Monlc* ton, who was next in command, beinr wounded, the completion of the Vreodi defeat, and thf fflory of reduoiiig Quebec^ was rdcflrid for brigadier-^cnc* nd (now lord vifcount) TownJhend.* V v , . * General Amherft, who was the firft Englifli geitend in command in . 'America, conduced the third expedition. His orders were to reduce dl - Canada, and to idinthe army under eeneral Wolfe on the banks 6f the river 8t^ Lawrenc^r It is (o the honour of the miniiler, that Mr. Amherft in this tab*, ^edition was'^ will provided with every thing that could make it fucce£|fi:^' that there fcarcdy appeared any chance for its mifcarriage 4 yhd ^jf^f: French empi|;p in North Atiierica became fubjed to Great ^ritaia. "**'^^^ The affairs of the French being how defperate, and their trcd!^ i^pM^ they refolved upou an atteivpt to retrieve all by an inv^on ofGtOX Bri^ tain: but on the 8th of Auguft, 1759, admiral Bofcawen attacked ibiy)[^ Ion fqiiadron, commanded by M. de la Clue, near the ilraits of Gibnutarf - •took Le Centaure of 74, Le Teraeraire of 74,. and Le Modef^e of 74 Pfas fe and burnt L'.Ocean of 80, and Le Redoubtable of 74 guns. The reft ot , the fleet, confifting' of feven (hips of the line, and three fiigates, made diieur ' efcape in the night ; and oti November 20, Sir Edward Hawke defeated the Bred fleet, commimded by adiniral Conflans, off the iflandof Dumett-ia. the Bay of Bifcay. The Formidable, a French man of war of 80 g^ns wi^a taken ; the Thef^e of 74, and the Superbe of 70 gUns, were funk | and tht Soleil Roy^ of 80, and the Heros of 74 guns, were burnt, and afteirwan^t the Jufte of 74 periflied in the mouth of the LMre. Seven or eight .Frendh men of war of the line got up the river Villaine, by throwinff their guns over- 'board ; and the reft of the fleet, confifting of fiv^ ftups of the line, and three frigates, efcaped in the night. The Englifli loft on this bccaftotifthe EfTetiC ' of 64, and the Refohition of 74 guns, which ran afliore in the chace. After this engagement, the French gave over all thoughts of their invafiop of Great Britain. In February 1 760, captain Thurot, a French marine adventurer, who had; with three iloops of war, alarmed the coafts. of Scotland, and aftually made a dcfcent at C«rnc]^fergus in IrehfiMd» was, on his return from thence, met, de- feated, and killed by captaiii Elliot, the commodore of three fliips, inferior in force to the Frenchman's fc^uadron. In (hort. Great Britain now reigped as fole mift^B of the mainland fueceeded in every rneafure that had been pro|c(^ed" for ihcr own fafety and advantage. The war iti Gennany, however, continued flj'U as undecifive as it waai tp- penfive, and nMmv in England began to coniider k now as^reign to the in- ttnial interefts 01 Great Britain.' The French^ again and again fliewed dif- < pufitions for treating, and the charges .of the war, which began now to a- mount to little Icfs than eighteen millions fterling, yearly, inch'ned the Bri« ti(h mtniftry to liften to their propofids. A negociat'ion was accordingly entered upod, WUch proved abbrtive, as did many other projefls for accbm« n}o^ion; bnt on the ijth of 0£tdber 1760, George II. died fuddenly (from a rupture in th^right ventricle of the heart), full of years and glory, in the 77th year of his age, and 54th of his reign, and was fucceeded by his grandfon, now Greorgc'liJI eldeftfon to the late prince of Wales. The memory of j^eorge II. is repreheniibic on no head but his predilec- * tion fpr bis ^leftoryl dominions. He never coujd feparate an idea that there ' was any difference between them and his regal dominiotil i^nd he was fome- .tintea Si cnoujEk advifed to declare fo much in hia fpcCTies tof^Iiament* 54flJ £ M O L A N Dj . / ,Wf irrt howrrtTt to rkmember, that hii people |(imtlfied htm In this foutia&jy ind that he arrer aAed bj power or prerogative. He was not verr accef- fiblc to coovcfflatioii, aad therefore it was no wonder that haTing left Ger* Buuiy after he had attainei to man's eft«te« he ftill retained fordgn notioni both of men and things. In government he had no favourite, for he parted With Sir Robert Waljxile's adminiftration with great indiflferenr:, and lh«w> id vtry little concern at the fubfcquent revolutions among his fervants. |a bb pcnbnali difpofition he was pamonate, but placabl e , fearlcis of dangp', fena of military parade, and enjoyed the memory of the campaign^ in which lie ferved when young. His imeAions, either public or private, were ncvcf luown tolnterfere with the ordihary courfe of juftice i and though his reign Waa diftraAed by party, the courts of. juftice were never better filled tbaa nnderhim : this was a point in which all ft£Uons were aereed. King Georffe III. aicended the throne with great advantages. His be. ing a native of England prejudiced the people in his favour} he was in the bloom of yonth, in his perfon tall and ^mely, and at the time of his accef* fion Great Britain wm in the higheft degree of reputation and profpcrity, ' and the moft lalutary unanimity and harmony prevailed amonff the people. The firft^ a^s of his reign fecmed alfo calculated to convince ue public thst the death of his predeoeflbrs fliould not relax the operations of the war. Accordingly, in 1 761, the i|%ttd of Bclleifle, on the coaft of France, furren. diered to his majefty's fliips and fiMes under commodore Keppel and general Hod^on ( as did the important fortrefs of Pondicherry, in the Eaft Indiei, to colonel Coote and admiial Stevens. The operations againft the French Weft Indies ftill continued tinder aeneral Monkton, lord Rolb, and Sir James Doughs) and in 176a, ihe ifland of Martinico, hitherto deemed im- firegnable, with the iflands of Grenada, St. Lucia, Grenadillas, St. Vin- cent, and others of Icfs note, were fjibdued by the Britiih anns with inconcei. table rapidity. •* In the mean time, Mr. Pitt, who had condoled the war againft France frith fuch eminent abiUty, and who had received the beft information of the lioftfle intentions, and private intrigues of the court of Spain, propofed ia council an immediate declaration of war againft that kingdom. But he was over.ruled in the council, all the members of which deoared themfelvei l>f« contiiry jopinion, excepting his brother-in-law earl Temple. Mr. Pitt now found the decline of his influence ; and it was fuppofed that the earl of Bute, who had a confiderable flure in dire£tiag the education of the kin?, bad acquired an afcendency in the royal favour *. Mr. Pit^ however, faid that ** as he was called to the miniftry by the voicf of the people, to whom be confidered himfelf as accountable for ms conduct, he would no longer re- main in aiituation which made him refponfible forpeafures that he was no longer allowed to guide.'* He, therefore, refigned 'the feals, and lord Temple alfo gave up the poft which he held' in the a iminiftration. But the qei^t :dr;y, the king fettled a penfion of three thoufand pounds a year upon Mr.'Ktt, and at the fame time a title was conferred upon his lady and her iflue { and the penfion was to be continued for three lives. The war flill continued to be carried on with vigour after the refi^llatioa •f Mr. Pitt, and the plans were purfued that he had previoufly concerted. Lord Egremont was appointed to fucceed him, as (ecretary for the fouth* * It was on die 35th vf March 1761, that Jie earl of Bote waa appointed one of the rnindpsi fccratatiss «f ftau 1 and oa the ^th af Odobsr lailowfalf , Mr. Pkt tt&gui wsiieala am depai gage in a branches war was < refpeAabi of Albeir Spanifh n ftrongeft Weft Ind the Hem carj^ of prince of the Bank fhips and redufUon neralDra] ed worth given to tl fource, wl ways unde rel was rea Britannic '. and kind. Thenej fered fuch the occafio the king arms in G »763»«l»e of France, by the kii ?ari«. Tl London ; it met the i ^ By this foundland, alfo the t America, < with a fma Spain, in France the ada ; and i iflands of I quitting GUI to us the tenfions to In Afrioi E* sflcd the an ifland diAated _ French alL ^ttbcy >y flu S M O I. .A H D. Hi err accdr left Gtf [n notioni he parted and (hew. anta« |« t in which rere neve^ 1 hi* reign iUledtbaa Hiabe. WM in the : hit accef* profp«rityi le Dcople. public that fthe war. ice» furren« ind general Saft Indict, the French ), and Sir deemed im« , St. Vin- Ji inconcei* Inft France ition of the >ropofed ia But he themfelvei Mr. Pitt the earl of the kin^, iwever, faid to whom longer re- he was n» and lord But the I year upon [Ay and her r«fi|^ltatioa concerted, the fouth* done of the rcfignc4 •rn dcpartmtnt. * It wta it length alfo found Indilpcn&blT neccftrr to ca*' • ^ r^v a • -.u- ^. ie._n_ A. « »!.- jfir ^ refpeAable amuunent waa fitt^ out under admiral Fococke, having the ea4 of Albemarle on board to command the land forcea ; and the vitda of the Spanifli monarchy were ttruck at, hj the redudion of the Havannah, the ftrongeft and moft important fort which hia catholic majeftr tield in the Weft Indies, after a fiege of two montha and eight daya. The capture ol the Hermione, a Urge Spanifli regifter fliip, bound from Lima to Cadiz, the cari^o of which was valued at a million fterUng, preceded the birth of |lie prince of Walea, and the treafure pafled in triumph throush Weftminfter to the Bank, the very hour he waa bom. The lofs of the Havannah, with the {hips and treafurea there taken froni the Spaniards, was fucceeded by the reduAion of Manilla *and the Philippine iilanda in the Eaft Indies, under ge- neral Draper and admiral Comifli, with the capture of the Trinidad, reckon- ed worth three millions of dollars. To conntcra£l thofe dreadful blowt ! riven to the family compafl, the French and Spaniards opened their laft re- ource, which waa to quarrel with and invade Portugal, which had been aL ways under the peculiar prote^on of the Britifli apna. Whether this quar- rel was real or pretended, is not for me decide. It certainly embarrafled hia Britannic Majefty, who was obliged to fend thither armamenta both hy fea and land. The negociations for peace were now rcfumed ; and the enemy at laft o& fered fuch terms as the Britifli miniftij thought admiffible and adequate to the occafion. The defection of the Ruffians from the confederacy againft the king of Pruflia, and his confequent fuccefles, produced a ceflation of arms in Germany, and in all other quarters ; and on the loth of February l^6it the definitive treaty of peaee between his Britannic majefty, the king of France, and the king pf Spain, was concluded at Paris, and acceded to by the king of Portugal; March lo, the ratifications were exchanged at jParis. The iiO., the peace was folemnly proclaimed at Weftminfter ind London ; and the treaty having on the iSth been laid before the padliaMgnta it met the appro^ion of a majority of both houfes. -« uj^f^- By this treaty the extenfive province of Canada, with the iflands artiwiih-t \ loundland, Cape Breton, and St. John, were confirmsd to Great Bi^eafai^ alfo the two Floridas, containing the whole of the continent of Nortb America, on this fide the Mifliffippi, (except the town cf New Orleans^ with a fmall diftridl round it), was furrendered to us ^ France and Spain, in confideration of reftoring to Spain the ifland of Cuba ; and to France the iflands of Martinico, Guadaloupe, Mariegalante, and D^fi* ada ; and in confideration of our granting to the French the two . fmaHt^ iflands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, on the coaft of NewfoundaVid ; and quitting our pretenfions to the neutral ifland of St. Lucia, they yieide4i> ^ to us the iflands of Grenada and the Grenadilles, and quitted their fwe* ''^ < tenfions to the neutral iflanda of St. Vincent, Dominica, and Tobago. In Africa we retained the fettlement of Senegal, by wluuh we neariy en» grofled the whole gum trade of that country, but we returned Goreej^'* - imall ifland oi little value. The article that relates {o the Eaft Indies, waa dilated by the dire^lora of the Enelifli company ; which ireftpres to the French alL the places they had at the bMinnmg of the war, on conditMii' ^t they flukll imwtala waxkot- foita nor forces ia the prptiace «f Bengal ti •■*■•- ^M^ ■ . :. • .■ an4 $4« Z V Q.h A V JS. wi th« ekt of MkAiUii yNs ttAored by tki Spaniirdt i but thef cotii^e^ to as tlie libertf of cutting loffwooH in the Bay of HondbrM in America. In Europe, li'luwife, the French reftorcd to n* the iflarid of Minorca, and w« icftored to them th« idand of BcUeine. In Germany, after fix yean fpent in isarchet and cuuntcr-marchet, numerous ikirm^ea and bloody battles, Great Xkrkain acquired much military fame, but at the expencc of. thirty milliont ftttiiag I As to the objcdtH of that war, it was agreed that a mutud rtftitu. lion and oblivion (hould take place, and each party fit down tt the end of the war in the fame fituation in which they began it. And peace waa re< ftored between Portugal and S|>ain, both fides to be upon the fame footing M before the war. The war, to which a period was now put, was the mod brillianttand diftinguifh* •dwith the moil glorious events in the Britifh annak. No national prejodices, aor party difputea then exifted. The fame truly Britifh fpirit by which the mi. Iifter was animated, (ired the breaft of the foldier and feftman. The nation ad then arrived at a pitch of wealth unknown to former ages i and the inonied man, pleafcd with the afpe6t of the times, confiding in the abilities of the miniAer, and courage of the people, cheerfully opened his purfe. The ulcrcdible funM of iB, 19, and 22 millions, raifed by a few citi^tens of Lon> don, upon a fliort notice, for the fervice of the years 1759, 1760, and 1761, was no lefs. aftonifhing to Europe than the fuccefs which attended the Britifli ieett and armies in every quarter of the gjobe. But the peace, though it received the landion of a majority of both hou- iiea of parliament, was far ttom giving univerfal fatisfaAion to the people. And fift>m this period yarioui cauTea contributed to occafion a great difcon. ttnt to prevail throughout the nation. On the 30th of April, 1763, three of the lying's meflengers entered the lioufe of John Wilkes, efq. member of parliament for Avlelbury, and feized tkU pierfon, by virtue of a Warrant from the fecretary of ftate, which direc* ted them to feize ' the authors, printers, and publilhe^ of a feditious and treafonable paper, intitled the North Briton, No. 45.' The papers publifli* ed under this title fevefely arraigned the condu6t of the adminiitration, and ireprefented the carl of Bute as the favourite of the king, and the perfon jfirom wllora meafures of government of a very pernicious tendency originated. The 4$th number contained ftriAures on the king's fpeech. Mr. Wilkes yuM fufpe£led to be the author but his name was not mentioned in the warrant, by which he was apprehended. He obje6ted to being taken into cuftody by fHch |l warMit, alleging that it was illegal. However he was forcibly carried before the fecrstaries^f ftate for examination, and they committed him clofe prifo* net to the Tower, hia papers being alfo feized' He was Ukewife deprived of his commiflnn as colonel of the Buckinghamfhire militia. A writ of ha- nbtas corpus being procured by his friends, he was brought to the court of GoB^mon Pleas, and the matter being there argued, he was ordered to be dif- (duirg^. This affair made & great noife ; people of all ranks iuterefted themfielves in it, and Weftminfterrhall refounded with acclamations when he was ftt at liberty. An infom&tion, howe/er, was filed againft him in the ' oourt of King's Bench, at his majefty's fuit, as author of the North Briton, Ko« 4^ • On the firft day of the meeting of parUament, after thefe tranfac< tioBS Mi^. Wilken ftood up in his place, and made a fpeech, in which he cum« plained to the hou£e, that in his peri[pn the rights of ad the commons of England, and the privileges of parliament, had been violated by his im- jarifonnncnt, the plundering of 'his houfe, apd the feiziufe of his papers* Tb* £une day a meflage was fent to acquaint the houfe of conunons, with •*,.w ... ^ , - . . . .!■■ ' • tke XC N O L A N D. ^«4f Ac fnlodutlen Ih majefty hid reeeired,* Ihat Joho Wflkot efq. a Ottmbcr s of that houfe» was the author of • noft feditiout and dangetona Bbd* and th« meafurct that had been taken thereupon. ^ The next day a duel wa« fought in Hyde Park between Mr. Wilkes and Mr. Martin, another mem- ber of parliament, and fecretary of the treaftiry, in which Mr. Wilkea reoei- ved a dangerous wound in the belly with a piftolbullet. Both hou(ts of parliament focn concurred in voting the North Briton, No. ^5. to be a falfe^ kandalous, and feditious libel, and ordered it to ' be burnt by the commf i» hangman. This order was accordingly executed, thouffh not without gicat oppofition from the populace : and Mr. Harley, one of the (heriffs who at> tended, was wounded and obliged to take Ihelter in the Manlion houlir. Another profecution was commenced againil Mr. Wilkes, for having caufed an obfcene and profane poem to be printed, intitled, " An Eflay on W(K anan." O^ this, only twelve copies had been privately printed ; and it did not appear to have been intended for publication. Findmg, however, that he fhould continue to be profecuten with the utmoft rigour, when his wound was in fome degree healed, he thought proper to t^uit the kingdom H* wa» iboii after expelled the houfe of commons } verdiAs were afib given againft' him, both on account of the North Briton and the Eflay on WAinan, and towards the end of the yetfr 1^764 he was outUwed. Sundrv other peribnf had been taken up for being concerned in printing and pubh'ming the NoKb Briton ; but fome of them obtain^ verdids againft the king's meilcngers for fidfe imprifonment. - ^ In the mean while, the earl of Bute, who had been made iirft lord of tli« treafury, refigned that office, and was fucceedfd by Mr. George Grenviye* And under this gentleman's adminiftration, an «£t was pafled, faid to have' ^en framed by him, which was productive of the moil pernicious confer cjuences to Great Britain ; ** An A&. for laying a Jlamp-diaj- in the Britilb colonies of North America/' which received the royal aflent on the a2d of March 1 76;. Some other injudicious previous regulations had aHb been mad«y under pretence of preventing fmuggling in America ) but which in effed fo cramped- the trade of the colonies, as to be prejudical both to them and thtf mother country. As foon as it was known in North America that thtf fiamp-aS was paiTed, the whole continent was kindled into a flame. As thtt Americans had hitherto been taxed by their own repre&ntatives in their pro-- vincial aiFembliesT they loudly afferted, that the Bntifli parh'afaient, in wnieh they were not reprefented, had no right to tax them. Indeed, the fame doc* trine had been maintained in the Bntifli parliament, when the ftamp-ad wav under confideration : on which occalion it was faid, that it was the birth-right of the inhabitants of the colonies, even as the defcendants of Engliflimnit not to be taxed by any but theirown rcprefentatives ; that, fo far from iMinff aftuallv reprefented, tney were not even virtually reprefented there, aft thd meaneit inhabitants of Great Britain are. In confequence of their intimato (Bonnedion with thofe who are a£luaily reprefented ; and that therefore the attempt to tax, the colonies in the Britifli parliament was oppieflive and ua« conllitQtional. On the other hand it was contended, that the colonies, who had been proteAed by Great Britain, ought, in reafoh and juftice, to contn- ' bnte towards the expence of the mother- country. <• Thofe childreft, o£kOur own planting," faid Mr. George Grenvtlle, fpeaking of the Americans, *? nouriflied by our indulgence, until they are grown to a good degree of ftrengtj^and opulence, and proteAed by our arms, will they grudge tor^contri* bute their mite to relitvt^ us from the heavy load of nktuMtal expence which ^c lie nndc*^? —v . . '^ • S5» £ N O 1 A N ». When the ftamp tSt, printed by royal authority, reached the eolorifeflr k l(fy treated with every mark of indignation and contempt. Several afts ot. vic^tce were likewife committed, with a view of preventing the operations of ^jp. ftamp-a£t ; and aflbciations were alfo formed in the different colonie*, -whereby the people bound tliemfelves not to import or piiirchafe any Britifit manufai^ures* till that a£t ihould be repealed. The inhabitants of the different colonies alfo eftabliihed committees from every colony to correfpond with each otli9r» concerning the general affairs of the whole, and even appointed deputies from thefe committees to meet in Congress at New York. They affembled together in that city, in Odober I'jSSt and this was the firft congrefs held ot the American continent. Thefe commotions in America occafioned fo great an alarm in England* thai the king thought proper to difmtfs his minifters. The mafquis of Rock- ingham was appointed tirlt lord of the treafury ; and fome of his lordfhip's friends f^cceeded to the vacant places. In March 1 766, an a£t was paffed for ijepealsig the American ilamp-aA. This was countenanced and fupported by the new miniUry i^ and Mr. Pitt, though not connected with them, yet fpoke with great force in favour of the repeal. He alfo afferted, that the profits t» Great Britain from the trade of the colonies, through all its branches, was tw* millions a year. At tlie time that the ftamp-a6t was repealed, a>i a6t was alfo paffed for fecuring the dependence of the American colonies on Great Britain. The marquis of Rockingham and his friends continued in adminiflratioa but a fhort time ; though during their con ''nuance in power feveral public meafures were adopted, tending to relieve the jurdens of the people, and to the fecurity of their liberties. But on the 30th of July, 1766, the dnke of Grafton was appointed tirll lord of the treafury, in the room of the marquis of Rockingham ; the earl of Shelbumct fecretary of (late, in the room of the duke of Richmond ; Charles Townfhend, chancellor of the exchequer ; and Mr. Pitt,, now created earl of Chatliam, was appointed lord privy-feal ; but that eminent ftatefman's acceptance of a peerage, as it removed him from the houfe of commons, greatly leffened his weight and influence. Indeed, this political arrangement was not of any long continuance, and fundry changes followed. Mr. Charles Townfhend, who was a gentleman of great abilities and eloquence, made for fome time a confiderable figure both in the cabinet and in parliament ; but, on his death, the plac.: of chancellor of the exchequer was fupplied by lord North, who afterwards became firft lord of the treafury^ and obtained a great afcendancy in the adminiflration. In the year i f 68, Mr. Wilkes, who had for a cOTifiderable time refided ii^ France, came over to England, and again became an objed of public attention. Tlie limits of our work will not permit us to enter into all the particulars re- fpedfing the profecutiou of this gentleman, and the fubfequent ^ntnfadtions. concerning him : for tliefe we mud refer to our quarto edition**' It is well known, that verdidts were found again ft him on account of the |fJorth Briton* and for the indecent poem, " Effay on Woman." That h^ biffered a long imprifonment of two years, and paid two fines of 500I. each.. That he dif- |)1ayed great abilities during his contefts with the miniftry^ and was chofen member ftJr the county of Middlefex. on the 28th of March, 1768. He was tlfo again expelled for being the author of fome prefatory reqiarks on a letter which he publifhed, written by one of the fecretanes of ilate to the chairman of the quarter-feffions at Lambeth^ in which the fecretary had recommended to the magiurates, previous to the unhappy affair of St. Geotge's Fields, their calling in the aHUUnce of the military, and emptoybgthem efftSuti^jy if there. E M G L* A N D ts* Ihauld be oceifion. In the vote for his expuliion, his former ofFcncei, for which he was now fuffiering iinprifoiunent» were coniplicated with this chantff and a new vftit was ordered to be iflued for the eleiUon of a member fo^^' vour.tr of Middlefex. ^ ^ T>i^:-\.. Th'i; rigour with which Mr. Wilkes was profecuted» only increafedhis j^"*! ■ularity, which was alfo much augmented by the fptrit and firmnefs which on every occafion he difplayed. Before his expulfion he had been choi)^ , an alderman of London : and on the i6th of February, 1769, he was re-de^«d , at Brentford) member for the county of Middlefex without oppoiition. tlk return having been made to the houfe, it was refolved, that Mr. Wilkes hav- ing been expellee that feflton, was incapable of being defied a member of that parliament The late eledion, therefore was again declaied^. ,void, and a Mvr writ iflued for another. He was once morif unanimoufly it>ele£ked by the freeholders^ and the ele£^ion was again decl-red void by the houfe of commons. After this, a new election being orderea, cplonel Luttrel, in order to recommend himfelf to the court, vacated the feat which he already had ia parliament, by the acceptance, of a nominal place, and declased himfelf a can- didate for the county of Middlefex. Though the whole weitrht of court in- tereit was thrown into the foale in this gentleman's favour, y'^t i majority of near four to one appeared agaitift him on the day of eleftlon : the numbers for Wilkes being 1143, and for Luttrel dnly 236. ' Notwithftanding this, two days after the eledion it was refolved in the houfe of commons, that Mr. Luttrel ought to have been returned a knight of the (hire fur the county of Middlefex ; and the deputy clerk of the crown was ordered to amend the return, by erafing the name of Mr. Wilkes, and Inferting that of colonel Lut« trel in its place. The latter accordingly took his feat in parL'ament ; but (his was thought fo grofs a violation of the rights of the electors, that it ex* cited a very geaeral difcontent, and loud complaints were made againi^ it in every part ot the kingdom. A&et the term of Mr. Wilkes's imprifonment was expired in jthe year 1 771, he was chofen one of the (herifFs for London and Middlefex ; and was a^erwards again chofen member for the county of Middlefex in the fub- fequent parliament, and permitted quietly to take his feat there ; in the year 1775, he executed the office of lord mayor of the city of London ; and Was afterwards eledted to the lucrative office of chamberlain of that city. In the year 1783, after the change of lord North's adminiftration, at Mr. Wilkes's . motion, sdl the declarations, orders, and refolutiuns of the houfe of common* refpedling his elcAion for the county of Middlefex, were ordered to bp expunged from the journals of that houfe, " as being fubverfive of the rights of the whole Body of this kingdom." And it fhould be remem* bered, that in confequence of his manly and fpinted contefla with the govern- ment, generd warrants were declared to be illegal, and an end was put to fuch warrants, anoto the unlawful feizure of an Englilhman's papers by ftate mef- fengers. % . After the rOpeal of the ftamp-a£t, which was received with great jby im * America, all tnjjpgs became quiet there ; but unhappily new attempts were made to tax thetQ in the Britiih parliament, though, befides the experience of the ill fuccefs iS the ilamp>ad, governor Pownall, a gentleman well ac- quainted vvith the.^ifpofition of the colonifts, faid in the houfe of communst in 1767, ** It is'afiid^ which this houfe ought to be apprized of in all iti , extent, that the peoble of America, univerlally, unitedly, and unalterably* are refolved not to fubmit to any internal tax impofcd upon them by any legiflature^ in which th^have not a (luire by reprefentatives of their own < ' -::-f ■), ■'''^'- ■■' ■ '*.' ' . /-■ ■ ■■ 'I^^'m.,-' • sJlec* < ~ ■ ^ ■ it m 9Si ENGLAND. «le£ti'on." He added, " this dkilm muft Qot be underftood m though it <^ere only &tt pretences of party leaders and demagogues ; as though it were '«nly the vifions of fpeculative enthuflads ; as though it were the mere ebulli. tion of a fa£tion which muil fubfide ; as though it were only temporary or partial— it is thie cool, deliberate, principled maxim of every mandf bufinefs in the country." The event verified the juftice of thefe oblbrvations ; yet the fame year, an h&. was paiTed laying certain duties on paper, glafs, tea, 4cc. imported into America, to be paid by the colonies, ior\the purpofc of raifinga revenue to the government. About two years after, it was thought -proper to repeal thefe duties, excepting that on tea ; but it was not the amount ofthe duties, but the rigkt of the parliament of Great Britain to impofe taxes in America, which was the fubjed of difpute, the repealing the other duties anfwered no purpofe, while that on. tea remained ('^whidi according. ly became a freih fubjeA of conteit between the mother*country and the colonies. :^- ^ In order to induce the Eaft India company to become inftrumental in en> 'forcing the tee-duty in America, an ad was pafled, by which they were A- abled to export their teas, duty free, to all places whatfoever.' Several fliips •were accordingly freighted with teas for t^' ; different cotbnies by the company, who alfo appointed agents there for the difpofal of that comni;>dity. This was confidered by the Americans as a fcheme calculated merely to circum^ , vent them into^ compliance with the revenue law, and thereby pave the way • to an unlimited taxation. For it was cafily comprehended, that if the tea was once landed, and in the cuilody of the confignees, no aHbciations, nor other meafures, would be fnffcient to prevent its fale and confumption : and it was not to be fuppofed, that when taxation was ei^ablifhed in one inibnce, it would reftrain ititjlf in others. Thefe ideas being generally prevalent in America, it was refolved by the colonills to prevent the landing of the tea. cargoes amongft them, at whatever hazard. Accordingly, three ihips laden with tw havmgarrivtd in the port of Boilon in December, 1775, * "W"'^'-''" of armed men, under the difguife of Mohawk Indians, boarded thefe fliips, «nd in a few hours difcharged their whole cargoes of tea into the fea, without doing any 'other damage, or offering any injury to the captains or crews. fiome fmaller quantities of tea met afterwards with a fimilar fate at Boilon, and a few*other places ; but in general, the commifTioners for the fale of that commodity were obliged to rehnquifh their employments, and the mailer* of the tea vefTels from an apprehenlion of danger, returned again to England »with their cargoes. At New York, indeed, the tea wa' landed under the cannon of a man of war. But the perfons In the fervice of government there were obliged to confent to its being locked up from ufe. And in South Carolina fome ^va8 thrown into the river, as at Boilon, and the reft put into d-Amp warehoufes, where it pcriflied. Thefe proceedings in America excited fo much indignation in the govern. ment of England, that on the 3 ill of March, 1774, an ad was paffed for removing the cuftom-houfe officers from the town of Bofton, and fhutting up the port. Another ad was foon after pafl'ed for better regulating the go-* vemment of the province of Maffachufett's Bay. The delign of this aft was to alter the conftltutlon of that province ae it flood upon the charter of king William ; to take the whole executive power out the hands of the peo' pie, and to vefl the nomination of the counfellors, judges and magiflraKs of 'SU kinds, including fherifPs, in the crown, and in fome cafes in the king't governor, and all to be removeable at the pleafure of the crown. Anotlier %Sl was alfo paflcd, which was confidered as highly injurious, cruel and un- E N O L A N D. 35i thougli it [h it were ore ebullU porary or aif bufineft dons; yet glafs, tea, purpofc of u thought ;he amount tpofe taxed the other according* y and the sntal in en- ey were th- evcral fhipi le company, dity. ^ This r to c!rcum*| ave the way * t if the tea ciatlons, iior nption : and otic inllance, prevalent in r of the tea- e (hips laden 9, a number thefe (hips, Ifea, without Ins or crewji ;e at Bofton, lefale oftliat the mailer* to England :d under the nment there lid in South •eft put Into i the govern- [is palled for knd (hutting Ltine the go-* \ of this aft Le charter of L of the peo- hagiftratts of I the kiug't «. Anotlvcr tttd and un- fton(l!tut!onal. the ffovemor i'acV,uriiking more eOfedtual provifion for' the government of the provmce of Quebec," which excited a great aUrm both in England and America. By this a£l, a Icgiflative council was to be oftabliihed for all the affairs of the province of Quebec, except taxationi iir^Toh , council was to be appointed by the crown, the oihce to be held during plea(uK ; and his mAJefty's Canadian Roman Cathulic fubjcBs were intitled to a plac^ ia it. The French laws, and a trial without jury, ttrere alfo eflabliftied in (iivjl cafes, and the Engliih laws, with a trial by jury, in criminal ; and the pppifh clergy were invefted with a legal right to their tithes from i41 who were of their own religion. No aflembly of the people, as in other Britifh colonies, was appointed, it beinc faid in the a£l, that it was then inexpedient ; b^t the king was to eredt luch courts of criminal, civil, and ecclcfiaiHcal jurlfdic« tton; as he would think proper. Tlfc boundaries of the province of Queb^^: were likewife. e](tend$d, by the aft, t)}oufands of miles at the back p!' the etiier colonies, whereby, it was faid, a government little better than defpotic waa eftablifhed throughout an extenfive country. ' The meafures of govemmeht refpe^tng America had fo univerfally exaf- perated the colonics, that provincial or town meetings 'were held in every part of the continent, wherein they avowed their -intentions of oppoHng, tn*» • .''the mioft vigorous manner, the meafures of admlniftration. Agreenients were ». V entered into in the different colonies^ whereby the fubfcribers bound theoH- ' * felves in the moil foleotn manner, and in the pt^f^nce of God, to fufpend ,all '^ commercial intercourfe' with Great' Bt-itain, froikthe lail day of the nfionth Qf Auguft 1774, until the Bdllon port biU, and the otlier late obnoxious laws, woe repealed, and the colony,bf'Maflachufett*s Bay fully reftored to its cha|to increafs and extend.,in America, tiU at, length twelve of the colonies, including.that whole extent of country which firetcheiB. from Nova, Scotia to Georgiai had. appointed deputies to attend a General Congrcfs, which W^ to be hdd at Philadelphia;, and opened the 5th of September, 1774. They met accor- dingly, and the number of delegates amounted to fifty-one ^ who rcprefentsd the feveral Engliih colonies of New Hampfhire (i delegates), Maftichufett'^ Bay (4), Rhode liland and Providence plantations Tz ),'Conne(5iticut ^), New York (7), New Jerfey (4),, Pennfylvania (7), the lower counties on Delaware (|), Maryland (4), Virginia (7), North Carolina (j), and ■ South Carohna ^5 delegates) ; Georgia afterwards acceded to the confe- deracy and fent. deputies to ih^Congrefs. , They drew up a petition to the king in which they enumerated their feve* ral grievances, and folicited his rrajdly to grant them peace, liberty, and fafe-^ ty. They likewife publifhcd an addrefs to the people of Great Britain^ ano-*^ tiler to the colonics m general, and another to the inhabitants of the province of Quebec. The congi-efs broke up on the 26th of 0(9tober, having refplv* "* cd, tliat another congreCs (hovdd be held in the fame place on th^ 1,0th of May following, unlefs the grievances of which . they complaine4 fliould be vfdrefTed before that time ; and they recommended to ail the colonies to clioofe deputfes, as foun as pofGble, for that purppfe. Shortly afteV thefe events, fome meafures vve|SC propofed in the parlift- ment^of Great Britain," foV putting a flop to tlv«comm«tions which unliap- n.'lv fuhfirted in Am«Viral Tht' i«nrl of Pliathnm. iwhri' .tinrl h / li.'ly fubfiited in Amt (\t;i»ica iiifirni Rate «f health, 4iD<)c?m.*d in the h ■nttf The carl of Qhatlvam, wlW' had been long in an .vr'q'ii^^wiC S/Cyrclfed in the r- .-.f ♦ 3 A l?Jji,k»y V »' ftrong;'^ -vaws*- , iS¥ £ N O L A K Dv ' Urongeft terms hit dRrapprobl&t!oiirT)f the whole fyftem of the America* vapi* '^^arc: He alfo made a motioo, for immediately readline the troops from Bat- ton, as a meafure which (hould be inil^ntly adopted ; urgmg, that, an hour then jbft, in jiUaying the ferment in America, might produce years ofcatamity. He f^[|Pedged that this conciliatory meafure would be well-timed ; and as a mark ':<>i affeiftion and good will on our fide, would remove all jealoufy and appre- 'henliOn on the other, and inftantaneoufly produce the happieft enefts to bpth. ■'iH^is loitiftiip's rhotioh was rejeAed by a large majority, 68 againft i8 ; as /'^aV<^(b a bill which he brought in foon after for fettling the American '.trojililes, by 6 1 to 32. The methods prqpofed in the houfc of commons for prbmotinr an accommodation, met alfo with a ftmilar fate. The number of his majeify's troops was ordered to be augmented ; and an aft waa pafled foi- retraining the commerce of the New England colonies, and to prohibit thefr fifhery on the Banks of Newfoundland. A motion was, inSeed after< wards made in the houfe of commons, by lord North» firft lord of the trea- ' fury, forfufpending the exercife of the right of taxation in America, claimed by the Briti(h parliament, in fuch of the colonies as ihould, in their general •flemblies, raife fuch contributions as were approved of oy the king in parb'a< Kent. This motion was carried, and afterwards communicated to fome pro- vincial aflerabGes ; but it was rejefled by them as deluiive and unfatisfa£lorj, and only calculated to diTunite them. The petition from the congrefs to the king was ordered by his m^efty to be laid before the parliament { whereupon Dr. Franklin, and two other American agents, foucited to be keard at the bar of the houfe of qommons, on behalf of the colonies, in fup- .port of that petition ; but (heir application was reje£ted ; it t)eing faid, that the American congrefs w^ no legal aflembly, and that therefore no petition Icbuld be received from it by the parliament with propriety. It was on the 19th of April, 1 775, that the firff blo^d waa drawn, in this unhappy civil war, at Lexington and Concord in New England. This was oc<> cafioned by general Gage {ending a body of troops to deftroy fome military (lores that were at Concord. They fucce>»{ed in their defign, but were extreme- ly harafled and forced to a quick retreat ; 65 of them were killed 1 76 wound- {* j:-t « ,'. ^<^' £ N L A M D^ S5l land of titc "genends Hotu* Butgoyne, and Clinton, with coiifiderable reK^- jForcements. But the continental congrefs were fo little intimidated hf this, thtt. they voted, a few days^ after, that the compact between the crowii and the people of MaiTacuietrs Bay was diffolved, by the violation of t1i»' ehartei: of William and Mary ; and therefore recommended to the people of ■ that province, to> proceed to the eftablifhment of a new govei:nment, l)y ele£l« ing a governor, ailiftants, and houfe of aflembly, according to the power* contained in their original charter. ' * I Oiir limits wil) not permit us here to relate, as in the quarto edition, all the particulars of this fatal war. We can only mention fome of the moil im- portant tranfadlions. On the 1 7th .of June, 1775, a bloody a^on took place at Bunkers Hill, near Bo(lon,'in whicli the king's troops had the ad- vantage, < but with the lofs of 226 killed, and niore than 800 wounded, in- cluding many oflicers. But after this a£tion, the Americans immediately threw up works upon another Iiill, oppolite to it, on their fide of Charles- town neck ; fo that the troops were as clofely invefted in that peninfula as they had been in Bofton. About this time the congrefs appointed George Wafljington, efq. a gentleman of large fortune in Virginia, of great military talents, and who had acquired confiderable experience in the command of different bodies of provincials during the lall war, to be general and com- mander in chief of idl the American forces. They atfo publiihed a declara- tion, in which they ftyled themfclves " The re'ptefentatives of the United Colonies of North America," and afllgned their reafons for taking up arms. It was written in a very animated (train, and cpiftained the following paflagef ** In our own native land, in defence of the freedom that is pur birth-right, and which we ever enjoyed till the late violation of it ; for the proteAion of our property, acquired folely liy the honeft induftfy of our forefathers Und outfelvcs : Ugainu violence a^ually ofiPered, we have taken up arms. , We ftall lay them down vtrhen hoftilities (hall ceafe on the part of the aggrelTprs* and all danger of their being renewed (hall be removed, and not before.** " A iecond petiBon to the king was voted by the congrefs, in which ihey eameft- ly folicited his majefty to adopt fome method or putting a (lop tu the un- happy contett between Great Britain andthe colonics. This petition waspre- fented by Mr. Pcnn, late governor, and one of the proprietors of Pennfylvania* through the hands of lord Dartmouth, fecretary of (late for the American 'department; but Mr. Penn was foon. after informed, that no anfwer would he given to it. The refufal of the king to give anfwer to this petitipn, from near three millions of people, by their reprefentatives, contributed exceed- ingly towards farther exafpehkting the minds of the Americans. It was a rafh and unhappy de( ./mination of the cabinet'Council, and their advice to the king on this point was fatal, if not highly criminal. An addrefs now4 alfo was publ!(hed by the congrefs to the inhabitants of Great Britain, and to the people of Ireland. . ' But as no conpiliatpry meafures were adopted, hoftilities ilill continued $ and an expedition was fet on foot by the Americans againil Canada, to which they were induced by an extraordinaiy commiflion given to general Carleton, the governor of Canada : by which he Was empowered to embody and arm the Canadians, to march out of the country for the fubjugation o£ the 6ther cdlonies, and to proceed even to capital puniihments againft all tho(« whom he (hould deeni rebel's and oppofers of the laws. The Americaa expeditiott againft Canada was chiefly conduced by Richard Montgomery, B |entleau!b,of sa aouablc character, and of cppfiderable military (kill, on fjf E N G LAMB' :r: whom t&econaref* conferred the rank of ^g«d(er which rUna- ground, vtta obliged to be burnt by the of^cers and feemen. However, a much more inn>ortant and fuccefsful atKick againftthe Americanp wasfogn after made under the command of general Howe, then joined lb{th a large body of Heffians, arid a confiderable number of Highlanders, fo that Ivo .whde force was now extremely formidable. The fieet was commanded by fhu brother vke-admiral lord How ; and both the general and the adm^al were iityeft^d with a power, under the title, of '* Commifllonertfor grantimg , Peace to the Colonies," of granting pardon to thofe jvho would lay down fbcir armsr But their offers of this kind were treated by the Americans with: contempt. An attack upon the town of New York fecmi to have been juq^ed by^e p|:«vincial8,'and therefore they had fortified it in the M |iuipn«r they .wescMable. O^ Long iflaAd, near New- York, the Americans t'lj^^on w^ge body of troops encamped, and feyeril works thrown up. jGiCQei^ Howe firft landed on Staten Ifiand, wheri^ he met witli no o^poli- .tUtMt I bujt early in the miorning pf thi>d tbgr different works, i^nd with their baggage, (lores, and part of their gr- tillevy, were conveyed to the water-lide, embarked, and pafled over a long ferry toj^ew York, with fuch extraordinary filence andorder,^ that the Bri- tiih army did not perceive the lealt motion, and were furprifcd in the morn- ing at Hnding the American lines abandoned, and feeing the laft of their rear-guard in their boats, and out of danger. The provincials Had jbeen fo funrounded by the Britiih troops, and the latter had difplayed fuch iu^rior military ikill, it was a fubje£l of wonder that the greateil part of thie Alnc .- r'ican army . (hould be able to eifeduate their retreat. In the different-'ais-^ ' tions previous to this, the lofe of the Americans had been very confiderabliie. . . UpH^rds.of a thoufand of them were taken prifoners, including three ge- "^ nerals, three colonels, and many inferior, officers ; their number lulled and '; wounded was computed .to be dill greater ; they loft ajfo five field-pieces* and a quantity of ordnance was found in their different ie^oubts and forta on the ifland ; whilfl: the whole lofs of the Britifh troops, if faithfully pub- h'fhed, did not amount to nuTe than three hundred killed and wound^. . New York waanow fooi abandoned, and the- royal army obtained fome , other confiderable advantagea over the Americans : at the White Plains, tak- ingilbrtJWafhington) with a garrifon of 2500 men, and fort Lee with a great quantity .of Aoret^ which kfles obGged the American .general to retreat through the Jerfies to the river- Delaware, a dillance of ninety miles. Alfo on the 8th' of December, general Clinton and Sir Peter Parker obtained pof* . fefBohofRhode-ifland } and the Britiih troops covered the Jerfies. Tbii waa the crifis of American danger. All their lorts taket(i^«nd the time of the greateft part of their army to ferve, was expired, and the few that remain- ed yvith their officers were in a deftitute ftale, with » well clothed and dif- ciplined army jjurfuing. Had general H<^c puftied on at that time t», Philadephia, after Wafhington, it hafh been ntaintained there woul^ haVe.' been an .end of the conteil } but Providence directed dtlierwifie } and the g^ jierfal's aiders from home are faid to have prevented him. This delay gave way for volunteer reinforcements of gentleman, merchant, farmer, tradefraaq* and labourer, to join general Waihington, who, in the night of the 3Cth c^ December, /amidit fnow, ftorms, and ice, with a fmall detachment, croiled th^ Delaware, and furprifed a brigade of the Heflian troops at Trenton. * He tpo^t upwards of 900 'of them prifoners, with w^om he repaffed -.the river j having ajfo taken three flandards, fix pieces of brafs cannon, and near one thoufand ftand of ilrms. Immediately after this furprife of the Heffians, and i ^j^ndence, abfolute and unlimited, of the United States of North American iu well in matters of government as'of commerce." ' The parliament and people of Great Britain now began to be 'in general islamedat the fetal tendency of the American war : and in June, 1778, the' call of Ciurlifle, William Eden, and George Jobnftone, efqrs. arrived at Phi* ^ ladelphia, as commiffioners frbqn his majefty, to fettle the difputes betwe«B the mother country and the colonies. But it was now too late : the terms, which, at an efrlier period of, the contcfl, would have been accepted widi Gratitude, W'^e now rejeded with difdain. The congrefa refufed to eat^ into any treaty with the Britiih commiffioners, if the independency ofth» United States ,of America was not previoufly acknowledged, or the Britifli ieets and armia withdrawn frfui' America. Neither ottbef* requifitions ecnig %■ genend^ I778, th«' atPhi- I between ke temm led ivith Ito est^ ly of th» BritiA liuifitiont «cing 1 K -^ LAN D. * li#^ iefng eotaplied wkh^ the war condinicd'to be juried on witli mntuil iiit-' IBOUtjr. JB " -• ' r (' • The condool o£ France towards Great Britain, in taking paft with, th« rerolted coloniesi occaTipned hoftilitiea to be commenced between thc.tws nationa, thongh without any formal dcdaration of war on either fide. • Oia the ayth of June, 1778, the Licome and La Belle Foule, two Feench fri- gate*, were taken by admiral KefipeL Ordera were immediately ifliied hf. the French couit for making reprifali on the flups of > Great Britain \ and Sn the tftik of July, a batUe waa fought off Breft between the Eng^'fli eet, under. the command of admiral Ivcppel, and French fleet, trader the •ommknd of the court d'Oryillien. The^ngh'fh fleet coniifted of 30 fhipa of the Unc, and the French 33, befides frigates: they engaged for about three houn } But the adion was not decifive, no Aiip being tuen on either flde, and the firench fleet at length retreated into the harbour of Breft* Of the Engliih 1 33 were killed in the adion, and 373 wounded ; and the lofa of the French is nippofed to have been very great. After the engagement* there was much murmuring throughout the Englifh fleet, becaufe a .decifive viAory had not been obtained over the French ; at laft the blame was throvra upon Sir Hugh Pallifer, vicc.admiral of the blue, who was charged in a new* paper with mifcondu^, anddifobedience of orders. Though.no regular accu&tion vm brought againft him, he required of admiral ]&ppelpublicly to vindicate his conduct from the unfavourable repoits that were propagated againil him. This the admiral declined, which gave rife t« fome altercatibn between them } and Sir Hugh Pallifer afterwards thought proper to exhijwfc. .to the board of admirality (of which he was himfelf a member) articles of acQufatipn againft admiral ICeppel, though for many months after the adioa. he had continned to i&. under him, and profeiTed the greateft refpeA to him., A ftode of flondnd fo extraordinary, was very generuly and feverely cenfuf . «d, hut the lords of the admiralty . ordered a court-martial to be held for,> the trial pi admiral itcppel. When the court-martial was held, admihl Keppelvras acquitted ia^e moft honourable manner ; and Sir Hug^,?^' fer's charge againft him was declared bv the court to he. *' malicious and ^o fidutided." But Sir Hugh Fsdlifer bemg afterwards tried by another cour^ RiartiaL partly, compofad from fome of the captains of his own divifien, h(i likewiK was acquitted ; his dif<^)edience to, the admiral's orders was cbn>| fi^ered asjbeing occafioned by th^ifahled ftate of his (hip ; a flight cenfure oidy was pafled on him for notmlhing the ftate of his (hip knovn'^o iKc . admiral ; and his conduft in other refpcAs was declared' to have been meri- torious. \ .■ . In the Eaft Indies alfo an engagement l^ppened. between fome Englith jiiips of war under the comnif nd ot Sir Edward Vernon, and fome French fliips underrthe command of Monf. de TronjoUy, on the loth of Auguft, iig|[ which the former obliged the latter to retire ; and on the 17th of OdobeT following, Pondicherry furrendered to the arms of Great Britain. In •ourfe of the fame year, the ifland of St. Lucia, in the Weft Indies, waS' ken from the French } but the latter mitde themfelrea mafters of Dominica, and the Mowing year they obtained poffciBon of the iflands of St. Vincient's and Grenada, in September, 1779, the count D'Eftaing arrived' at the mou^i of the river Savannah, vrith a large fleet, and a conodcrable body of FffQi;^ troopV'to tlie affiftanceof the. Americans. After dallying a inonth» die French and Americans xfoi&t an united atuck upon t^e Britifli troops at Savannah, under the command of general Prevoft. But tha latter defended Atmfelva h ytfSlii that tkc Frcach and AjBcjicsat wes; diivsu «n with gtm -'»■ Sto E N G L A N ' iJ. lofi^ ind D'Eftaing fddrt kft^ totally abandoned the coaft of Aracttet. Anl •t th«cIofe of the yeair 1 77a, .J«veral Fret^ich (hipa aT war, ^iid merchtmt- fhipi, yrtn taken in thtf w4Uludic% by a fleet under tkc cenMtmiid of Sir Hyde Parker, ^the intriguea. of the Freudi tiouri;, Spain wm at length brought to e. ilkh Fntnce in the war mKainft England t one of .the firll entcrprifet m «flttch the Spaniards engaged was the liege bf Gibwiltir, which was defen* ' d^ $f the gaanTon with grea\ vigour. The naval force of i^in was atfo addM to thaMpf France, now become extremely fqaihidablik and their com* bined fleets feefned for a time to ride almoll tnamjmant in the British chan« nel. : S>o great were their armamertts, that the ni^ion wa», under no r.nconfi. derable apprehenfions of an invafioni but they did nol venture to maic^ an experiment pf that kind ; and after parading for fome tinu 19 the channel, thought projjcr to retire to their own ports without effefting any thing. On the 8th of January 1780, Sir Clp)rgc Brydges Rodney, who had a large fleet under his (\ommand, capttred feveri Spaniih (hips aipd veil^ls of war be> longing to the royal company of Carracoas, with a mimbcr ^trading veiTdi under their convoy ; and in a few daya. after, the fame admiral engaged near Cap^t. Vincent, a Spanifh fleet, coniilling of eleven ihips of the line, and two mgat'e)), nnder Dun Juan de Langar^. Four of thelarge'ft Spaniflifhipi were taken, and carried into Qibraltar, and two others driven on fhore, one of which was afterwards recovered by the EnjrliOi. A Spanifli 70 gun. flup, with 6po men was alfo blown up in the adion. In April and A% .three aAior.n likcwif(f happened in the Wdt Indies, between the EngVfh fleet under admiral Rodney, wno' was. now arrived in that part of the world, fhi* "ving prcvioufly thrown fupplies into Gibraltar), and the French fleet under the count de Q^chen ; but none of thefe afiions were deciliwc, nor was any flup taken on' either fide. In July following, admiral Geary took twdve valuable French merchant fliips from Port au Prince } but on the Bth g&ft, the combined fleets of France and Spain took *five Ebglffh £all Id' diamen, and fifty Engliih merchant (hips, bound lor (he Wtft oadies, whick ^ was one of the moil €omplet4M|||val captures efcr -made, and a very feyere ftroke tolS^e' commerce of Gillt Britain. Siich a priz^e never before enter* cd the harbour of Cadiz. ' , - On the^4th of May, ixSo^.Sir Hciwy Clinton made himfelf mailer of Charles-town, South' Carolina ; 'and (N|wC i6th of Auguft, earl Cornwanii •btained a very fignal vidory over genml Gates in that province, in which al}out a thoafand American prifoners were. taken, Spoa a^r,nriajor general Arnold deferted the fervLeofthe congrefi, made his^fcape to new York, and was made a brigadier«general in the royal ferriciv Major Andre, who negociated this dcfcrtion, and was concerting meafurel ^^rith him for betraying- the important poll of Weft Point into the hands of the Englifli, was taken in the American lines, in his return to New York,^ •fjibbeing coniMered as a fpy, fuffered death accordin:p;ly, much regretted' ' forfiis amiable qualities. , ^,, The ^eat expences df the Amen'can war, and the burthens which were thereby laid up6n iht p^lc naturtllly occafioned mucb.difcontent in tiMI@ta> tion, and feemed to convince perfons ef ^all ranks of the neceflity of pubOb 'eeconomy. Meetingn were therefbve hddVin various counties of the kingddat «t the cl(rfc of the year 1775), *"*^ '^^ beginning of the year 1 780,^31 which great numbers of fnech'olders 'were prefent, who agreed to prefeiit petitions to the houfe of commons, ftating the cyili isjnt^ the profofc expenditure «f the ptibUc money bccftltonedi 4cc. " . - ' , Some ; Sbm IHitcdi found n bcctfioj petred i confpJK the mini Thfc 1 graceful aples of pftriiamet " fefSng " upon t This aa hy whom firil feem< Scotland ii dom- R( to Papifts of feveral 1 Wotry at- fmcs togei peil of thi tJ>e Protrf more weigft ofjpetitione pofe,%nied ^ mS<> Frfday the e'er* wBb Ai^ f!^, his hdttf , «^« cpnft,m« I '^ff ttaii dfe \ • AxA ihtint- ofSir t gbt to rorife* defco* ra« atfo Ir com* h chan- '.nconfi* mlK''. an ;hannel, g. On » large war be- g ve(f«Ii iged new line, and nilhftipi ji^ ihorct J 70 gnn- and Miqr iglHh fleet -orld, ^ha» leet under )r >*»• any )ok twelte [he «th meafurrt [e hands of lew York,, regretted irhlch ftK. in til of pJ kin^ i^at which kt petition* tpcnditure Some home Mill iiitte9i]>ti ntftt Inide in pMkmetit to reilnedir ike Rated in theiffthunt,%iit M^hiaf iilip«tMittl^ .eBea«p«atfi1n tUs W^ try ; efpecwUy if it be «<^nAllHtd t* happening in an age. In ivhieh thetfrfn* dplei of toleration trer^iieU ^ndMoodd and tery prentdjM. Att^Bt -vi parliament ^'Veen tttdy (hifled /' for relieving hfs hia^HRV's Mi^^J fi6m «• fiHR!ng;ti]«'1lbnHai rdigk^nv from certain pentdtiet aitrt dtfaliilitiei IthpdM ** upon them In the tilth aiid t sth ydtrt efjhe reign inking WflliaM III.<^ Scotland it tfxcited ninch ind^attbhi thbtkgh % did n6t extend to that i^ngm dom- Refplutiohs were formed tosppofe any hit for gHlnting intfriliwiit to Papifts in S^otlimd } and a Roniilh dttpel was bdrncd,'ittd the bdttfet of feveral Papifts dlemoh'fhedt itithecity of-Kdinbtir^. The eorutgion'of bigotry at l>h reached EngUnd : a number of perfona uSemhkit'tk^i fmes together^' witha tiew of promoting a petition to ppiMment, hrMii^i pell of thtUtei^^ in favour of th« FapTfts/and they affiimedthe #k 4^' the Proteftant ^IToditiom In was then irefohedk in ohkr to ^fjm-4^ more weight to their petitiofl« that i); /hould hi att^edby Mtat niiitrtKtf . of petitioners iii^ peribn ; anu a public admtifeiBent'lMuimaif Ibc Hi^r tuitl^ |»ofe,irgned by lorge Gedrge 0»db«|. -"■*'' ^ • '^ Fift, ^^ho^idand perfont are fttppofed ''jf have afleubled >)kh tltii ¥1^^001^' Friday the id.pf fone*^in 9| 0«arg<« Fields ) from wheiice thtjpim^' td,wtth b^i^jiMidet k t^'hats, the ho(if«' of comtnbns, w h ejy iftiii a ' petition w«v ^t^refented by thdir p^deilt. 'lg|^|u#^ of '^e^tm0 members of 'bblj^^bufea^^wllametit were sflMj^nuHed and ilt-tnaledW the populac^l and a mob aijemblcd thif famQi|lrtg, by Vhich the SHx4m* t\ chapel hi Lin<»Ifi^s^iih Fiddi, ^^jj^mnMLomiRn chapel h WJlHKei Ihreet, Goldeh-fquifrcf, were enti^elHlMiihed. A mrt^Vtfie^^^ were then fitot lbt\ to put a fi6p tS^nffilrther |in>j{^B Wjch^ iHy t^ ?rilHini^g, another mob aifem)^ed,^'nd:'Mri^d a Pbpfm chapd irt^^^^ MooHields. On Mbridar they demphftied a fchool hotitci and ihiee dtreu' W W-houfesi in ^e fame place, Wbrt^in^itdthe Kifi^^l^l^^'i y^ a-yalu^ ^le library ofbooK^ and a mafi-hdM'(i fn Tirgib^a>ft^t, RatcBJf(%i|^h«H|jL They alfo deftroyed aU the hpufeHoU'HuiA^ure (^ "Sir O^tn^ SaviUe, flp of the moft refpeaable men in tK^; thi|diltn, beca!||ire He t^f Srotfght iitOe . bin in favour Wth^I^|liff8. OnrlWday great hutnbi^ again aQcMal^ed about th^ pvliament>ih|>ufe,* a^ behaved ib tumultiioufl^/ that both ho&i* thought jproj^r to' ^J^Siirfi. Ii^ ^^'fToagf k iboft dating and violent at* tempt was mi^e to fi3im'o]^eTi the ^ea WTftWg^tt^ iii. order to r^iaStfkc rioter* VhbyrtflrtfioiKfined ^thwet and the Iteqgef Wing rtsfcled to d^Ver tbetn, his hdtift ^s fet on 4xt, tfte fii^ Wirn Won fv =l(atte«» and greaH^t^ "it cpnftimed, though a newftone edi6ce of unccipston ilfcpgch; and ^j^liiu^eu pnu»nei^madetti^h. Novr, • •ommittee of i^ie Pretcftint AflbcutlM circulated hami bUls, rcaucfting • true '•f-otcftant* to (\\tw their •ttachmcnt to tbdr bcft ittMiAt by ''*g*^ »' ' pf* ^^ deportment : but none of them ftept forth, dMwithftaiwlinf their bottu.. mhcn, to cxtin^ulfh the flame* they had ocoafioned : violence* tumult, and de vacation ftiU continoed. The Pro- l^ftant ' ^^ciatioDt m they thought proper to U^Ie tltfinfelvea* had beet , ..di^fly . led by ignorance and Dtg^otry i and their new confederatea were tnfmWrt by the bve of mifohief» m\<^ the hope of plunder. Two other prifoM, the ' nfet of lord Manafidd, and Sir John Fielding^, and feverai other private tiuoici, '^'cre deftroved the iatne evenit^ -;. The following day, thia KMg'a Bearii pru.n, the New Bridewell, in St. Ceurge'a Fields, fome poptfli dnpeb fevand private houfea of the Papifti, and Cftlier buildingi, were deftroyed by the rioten ( fome were pulled down, and others fet oa in I and every part of th« metropolis exhibited violence and dlforder, tu* mults and conflagrations. During thefe eatraordinary (cenes, there was a fluuneful inaAivity in the lord mayor of London, and in moil of the other magiflrates of the metro* polis, and its neighbourhood | and even the miniftry appeared to be panic- ftrueki and to be onlyattentive to the prefervation of their own houfes, and of the royal pa)|ce. The magiftrates, at the beginning of the riots, declined giving any orders to the military to fire upon thc.infurgents ; but at length, •aaUrproperty began to be inCs^ure, men of idl claflcs began toT fee the ne« cdBty of vigoroua oppofition to the rioters ; large bodies of troops were brought to the metropoUs from many.milea round it (and an order wu ifloe^' by the authority of the king in council, " for the military to ad without waiting for diredUons from the dvil magiftrates, and to ufe force for difpcrfing the Ulcgal and tumultuous aflemblies of the people." The troops exerted tnemfelves with diligence in the fuppreflion of thefe alarming tumulti, gsvat numbers of the rioters were killed, many were apprehended, wbo.were afterwards tried and executed for felony *, and the ttk iX)polis was at length itilored to order and tranquillity. The nuinner ir which thefe tnnnihs were fm^refled by the operatjonan^^he military, witV )ut au]- authority from the dril magiiUmte, however neceflary from the peculiar circumftances of the ffile, was thought to be • ver|! dangerous jprecedcnt : and that an ad of in- iemnitlf ouzht to have been pa|tti dfc,no ^ only with regard to inferior perfoit wiio had acted in the fuppfclubn aH|h|{e riots, but alfo with retped to the afMmftry themfelvcs, for tne part theyVpad taken in itdi trao&dion, in order to orient its being eftabliihed as a precedent. * * i^ik tho internal peace of the .^ingd^nti vras difturbed by thefe conuno* tioni, tibere appeared reafon to apprehend ^n inerfbAi of its foreign enemies, t)y a rupture with Holland t loud remon((ranoes were made by the firitiA minifter to the Statcs«ge»eral, oqp^pUiiung tX^t a dandeftine commerce w»' onried oi* between their fubjef^ and thie Ainericai r that ^is, was particn* iH dBnr the caCe at St. Euftatia ; toA ihat the enemies of Qreat.''Britaiii w ^« ^Qrolied with naval end miUtary {lores by thie Dutch. ! The war with Holland was commenced with great vigour: andtl.st r^ puUiJt: (bon fu£f(Ted a very levere ftroke, in the lofs of the ifland of St. £uf« tatia* which was i^' n by the £nglifh oi^^ ad of Fchruary, 1781. .. Qi;^ the 5th cf .s ruft the time year, a very bkx)dy engagement was ftiught between a<' £''':s^*^,„- ,»,i,»«((gr»r3S"*- ..■i»..-.f*. ■~-.* make a circuitous retreat cd aoo milca to Wilmington bcfoi^ thev c )u«d Xnl (helter, and fo lefit South Carolina en- tirely expofed to thr r\- •■ 1 > ; itraL The generala Phillpaand Arnold eommitted fome ra . oa '1. Virg nia, deftroyed much (hipping, and aboMt 8000 hogflwads uf V 'w : but none of thefe ctrenta at that time promif- ed anV fpeed* operation in Virginia vfith Philip and Arnold, and began hit inarch, April as, 1781. In this central province, all the fcattered operationa of a£Uye koftiUty begau at length to converge into a point, and the grand eateftropne af the American war opened to the worid. By different reinfbrcemmtai lord Comwillit't force amounted to above 7000 excellent troopa, but fudi wai their plundering and drvaftationt on their route, and the order of the Ammcana, hit fituaoon became at length very critical. Sir Henry Clinimk» the temmander in chief, wta prevented firpm fending thofe fuccoura t^ 1dm which he otherwife would have done, by hae fears for New York, i^ainft which he apprehended Waflungton meditated a formidable attack. Thia American general pbiyed a game of great addreft } as many of their pofle and difpatchea had been intercepted, and the letters pubb'flied with great parade and triumph in the New YoriuMAers, to expofe the poverty, veaknefa and difuoion of the Americana ) iMhiBgton foon turned the tables on thtf Britifli commanders, and derived pimuc advantage firom this fource of vexa-' tion.and^ prejudice. He wrote letter! to the louthesn officers and others, informing them of ^s^total inability to relieve Virginia, unlefs by a direct attack with the Frencn troops oh >few York. He aiTerted it was abfolutely determined pn, and would foen be executed. Thefe letters were intercepted ^''^wasintendf'^ they fhjiua) with otheie of the like kind fron^he French .8, andtl ^rajeft was fuccefsful, Sir Henry Ch'nton was man waahd auj deceitirai^attd kept from forming any fufpicion of the reid defigna ofl^ enemy. By a variety of judicious military manoeuvres, Waihington kept New York, anditsdepeoi^cies in ». continual ftate of alarm for about lix weeks, . and then fuddemy mptched actod the Jerfica apd through Pennfylvania to the head of the £lk, at the bottom of the Chefapeak, from which the Ughi troopi were conveyed !by (hipping d'^wn the bay, and the bulk of the army, after reaching Maryland by forced marches,, were alfo thr-e em<^ barked, and foon joined the other body under the marquis de la Fayette* Sir Henry Clinton receiving infcrmsticn that the couat dc Grawewasexr ^efted every monapnt ia the Chefapeak, with a large French i ;*» 9B9 mc I«* 1^; N G ,L A N Du ntcwith Wafltinj^ont iiQW feripuily attempted to reinforce lord CornwalUs, but >n^hout fuccefs } for on the 5th of September, after a partial adion or mtcw ^ours between the Biritifli |ket under admiral Graves, and that of the Ir'reocb under de G;affe, Gifaves returned to New York to refit, and left the i^rencb mailers qf the navigation of t)ie Chefapeak. Prefently the moft effec- tual meafures were adopted by general WaOiingtOD for furroundins; lord Corn> ■frallift's army, and on the laft of September it is was clnfely' inveued v\ Yorl^ TowHi and at Gloucefter on the oppoiite fide of the river, with a confiderable ,body of troops on one fide, and a large naval force on the other. The trenches TfTCfe <^^ed in the night between the 5th and 7th of OAobeii with a large train ^f artillery. The, works which had been ratfed by the B^tifl), funk under' die weight qf the enemies' batteries ; the troops were muck dimioiihed by t'^e. fwqrd and ficknefa^ and wojrn down by conftant watching and fatigue, and all hopeof relief failing, the 19th of Qdober lord Coimwallis furrendered him- felf and his whole army by capitulation to general Walhington, as prifonen of war *. Fifteen hiiadred feamen underwent the fate of the gamfon, but thefe, wit^ the Guadaloupe , frigate of 24 gui\s and a number of tranfports, weif-fi^gaed to M. de CraSe, as a return for the French naval power and aipftance. ' / Soch was the ilTue of the Virginian war. The capture of tlus army, -un- der, lord Cqrfiwallis, was too heavy a plow to be foon or eaf^ly tiecovered ; it threw a g^MXii over the whole court and cabinet at home, and {>ut a total pe'< riodto the hopes of thofe who had flattered themfelves with the fubjijigatton of the eplonief by arms. The fun-ender of this fecond Britiih army may be coQiidered as the clofmg fcene of the continental war in America ; for the im- SMEife expence of carrying it on fo. diilant ^om the feat of preparations an4 pq^^; the great accumulation of public debt it had brought upon the na^ tioo,; the plentiful eifufion of human blood it had occafioned } tbediminu' tiqq t^ trade, and-the va(t increafe qf taxes->-thefe were eviU qf fuch a mag- nit]^d^t ariflng from this ever 1^ be lamented conteft, as could If arcely be overipoked even by the moft infenfible and ftupid. ' Accordingly, on the firil: of March^ 1 782, after repeated ilruggles in the I>oufe of commouS, the houfc addreffed the king, requelting him to put a ftop kO any farther prbfecution 0^ io offenfiye a war againft the American colonies. This was a moft important ^. «vent ; it rendered a change of meafiireq* and of councils abfo)utely necrlTary, and diffufed univerfal . joy throughout the kingdom. Thofe coufftry gentle- men who had geuevaliy voted with the'Vniniftry, faw the dangers to which the nation was expofed in an expenfive war with France, Spaiii, and Holland, without a fm'^le ally and feeling the preifure of the public burdens, they at length deferted the ftandard of adminiftration, and a complete revolutiuu in the cabinet was efie6ted, March 27th, 1782, under the aufpice|,^qf the mar* aof 'Rurat,in til ing the wai fifliery, ft y, St. John 01 its boundar cveiy dalm Trance on t 'la* and the and.Montfei that tl... „ E NO h A HP. J lefl iho >ft effcc d Corn* inYorls Bderablc trcnchc* rge train kk under iihed by igae« and ;red him- prifonen ruon, but raofports, ower and army.'tjn- ovcred ; it a total pe^ ubjOgation ay may bfl for the im* xations and jon the na^ the dimin* uch a mag. fcarccly be on the fait I, the honfe >fecution o^ . important y ncccffaryi Vrtry gentle- |e which the id Holland, :n8, they at [evolution in ,f the mar. es for ef-- f powers t(\ rft in (lance, imanders in t\\i pacific the ind'-pen' Ines of loft» , took Nevis. On tbe Stb of February, the iflandof Minorca (urrefcercd to the &mn|ard>| and on the 1 3th <)f the fame ^month, the ifland of St. ChriftopWs vm given up to the French. The vduable ifland of Jamaica would foon prc^ bably have ihared the fame f»te, bad not the BritiHi fleet, under admiral Rodney, fallen in with th»t of the French under'the Count de Grafle, in their way to join the Spanifti fleet at St. Domingo. The van of the Frcn«h was too far advanced to fupport the centre, and a fignal vi^ory was obtained over them. The French admiral, in the Ville de Paris of 1 10 guns (a prcr fent from the city of Paris to the French king), was taken, with two feventy* fours, and one 9L64guns ; a 74 gun fliij) blew lip by accident foon a^er, (he was in our polfeflSon, and another 74 funk during the engagement. A few d^ys after, two Wiore of the fame fleet, of 64 guns each, \^ere captured. By this viftory of the I2th of April, the defign againfl: Jamaica was fruJliatedt and admiral. Rodney's reputation and inteieft were greatly promoted. . ^ c. May 8th, the Bahama iflands furrendered to the Spaniards : but th« cr^« ditof the Britifli arms was well fufl:ained at Gibraltar, under general Elliotj the governor, and their formidable attack on the^ 13th of September wit^ floating batteries of a][2 brafs cannon, &Ci in fliips from 1400 to 600 tun« burthen, ended in difappointment, and the deftru£tion of all the (hips and moft of the afTaiUnts in Uiem. The garrifon was reUeved oy lord Howe, in the month of O&ober, who ofiered battle to the combined force of France and Spain, though twelve fail of the line inferior. The mililary operationt after this, were few, and of little confequence^ Negapatnam, a fettlement it the Eaft Indies, and Tringomale on the ifland of Ceylon, were taken from the Dutch by the Britifli forces ; but the French foon receiving oonfiSerable fuceoars from Europe, took Cuddalore, retook Trincomale forced the Bri- tifli fleet into feveral a6^ions, but none decifive,and enabled Hyder Ally to witlv^ (bnd, with various fuccefs, all the eiforts of Sir Fyre Coote, and his troops./*^ The death of the marquis of Rockingham, on the ifl; of July, occafiotie^ a violent commotion in the cabinet, and leflened the hopes which bad^ been formed of important national benefits from the new'adminiftratioiii Lord Shelburne fucceeded the marquis as tirft lord pf the treafury, and it is faid, ^ithout the knowledge, of '.tie colleagues.. By the treaty of peace betw^een Great Britain and France >.* ; Great Bri- Uin ceded to France, of her p On s<» £ N G L A N JD. Wy to tiM; jMctficatton, baf if they were aveHe to peaec» no alTift&nee on either Ade wu to be given to them. By the treaty with Spain, Great Britain gave up to that power Eaft Florida, and aifo ceded Weft Florida and Minorca, which Spain had taken during the war, To prevent all caufcs of complaint and mifunderftanding for the fijture, it. was agreed that Briritifh fiibje£^8 (hould have the ri^ht of cutting and carrying away logwood in the diftridt lying between the nvers Wallis or Bellize, and Rio Hondo, taking the couHe of the faid rivers for unalterable boundaries. Spain agreed to rellore the iflands of Providence and the Bahamas, to Great Britain, but they had been retaken befpr; the peace was figned. In the treaty with the United State» of America, the king of Great Bri« taiD^'acknowledges New Hamplhire, MafTachufett's Bay, Rhode Ifland and Providence plantations, ConncAicut, New York, New Jerfey, Pennfylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Sou^ Carolina, and Geor- gia, to he free, fovereijn, and independent flateiy and fbr himfell, his heirs and nicceflbrStTrelinquithed all claims to the government, propriety, and territo. rial rights of the fame, and ^very part thereof. To prevent all difputes in future on the fubjeA of boundaries between thefe ftates and theOemsining provinces to Great Britain, lines were very minutely drawn, which will be Bctlced in the proper place, and fome favourable claufes were obtained for the loyalifts. The navigation of the Mifliflippi to remain open to both par* ties, as alfo the Newfoundland fifheries. In the treaty wl^th the Dutch, great difficulties arofe ; but at length it was ffipulated that Great Britain (hould reftore Tfincomale in the ifland of Ceybn, but the French had already taken it ; and that the Dutch (houll yield to us th«town of Negapatnam, with its dependencies in the Eait indicf, with Uberty'to treat for its reftitution on the point of an equivalent. Thus a period was put to c moft calamitous war, in which Great Britals loft the beft part of her American colonies, and many thoufand valuable lives, and expended or fquandered nearly (50 millions of money. The term^of the peace were, to many, a Aibjed of great regret ) bjut had the r/ar con* tinued, it would have been neceifary to have borrowed annually 1 7 mjUioni and a half, by which a mlliion per anrnm viq\M have been added to the taxes, and 25 millions at leaft to the capital of the pubb'c debt, according to the nfual modes of funding. The addreia of thanks for the peace was carried in the houfe of lords, by a majority of 72 to 59, but bil is the houfe of com-; inons by a majority of 224 to 2o8i ! The majority of the commons, thus enlifting. under the banners of the famous coalition leaders, Mr. Fox and lord North plainly indicated a miniftcr rial t volutJttn to be near at hand, unlefs the cabinet would call a new parha^ 1^^ As they did not, the peace makers were obliged to withdraw from pBlr. The two gentlemen juft mentioned were made fecretarics of ftate, and the duke of Portland lirft lord of the treafury, on April the 2d, 1783. All plans of reformation in public offices, and for preferving the nation, whieh lord Shelburne propofed, feemed now to be dropt. Ever)' thing went liaraent his famous bill for new regulati^ the government of the Eaft India company, and their commercial affairs and territories \ a plan of whicli bill, its progrefs and fate, we have already given \a our account of that trading' company. This bill being rejected in the houfe of lords, on December 17, by a majority of 19, occalioncd a great ferment in the cabinet, and inWh lioufes of parliament, ^ ^J , . £ N CLAN D. 8^7 ■*! A royal meiTage wan Cent between t» and I of the morning of the i December, to^defire the two fecretariet to fend the feaU of their offii ^ mediat/^Iy }' and Mr. Pitt fucceeded the doke of Portland at firft lord j^the treafury, brmgingiu his friends into the rcfpe£Uve departmenti, whichibrm- ed the tenth auniuiftration ilnce hi« m^eily'a acceilion. ' Some leading independent gentlemen (as they ftyled 'themfclvet) inter- pofed to unite the contending jiarties, which had filled parliament and the country with diftra£lioni» and tended to the ruin of all ; but their endeavouri to form what they called a firm* eScicnt, extended, and united adminL^tiajSt proved unfucccfiful. Perfons of the moft diftinguifhed and independent charafter in the houfe ef eommons, and in the kingdom, now wiihed that a d^iTolution had taken plape weeks before, even^t the lirll forming of the coalition. At laft, after itrong and riepeated contefts between the two parties, on the 25th of March, 1784, a proclamation was iifued for difTolving the preCent parliament, and calling/ a new one, agreeable to the deilres and addreues of « great part of the kingdom. Juft at that critical period, the great feal w ^ ftolen from the houft of the lord chancellor, vj^icb occafioned many fufpi _ cions, as if done by more than ordinary felons »^ut notliing farther appeared^ and a new feal wis prefently made. On the 1 ph of May the new parltameaC % 4flenible4Phind the commons chofe Mr. Corifwall, the fpeaker of the lat« houfe, for their prefent fpeaker. The next day, his majeity addrcficd th^ from the throne. A very feeble oppoiition was made to the addrefs of thank* in the houfe of brds, and it foon appeared tltat the appeal to the people ha4 turned out greatly in Mr. Pitt's favour) for on May 24th, on a diviiion of the houfe tot- an addrefs to the king's fpeech, the numbers for it without ■ny alteration or amendment, were 282 jtgainft 1 14. Mr. Pitt brought in his famous £alt India bill the 5th of July, the leadjjQg itarticulars of which we hive given in our account of that company, with a ew pbfervations upon {t. The bufinefs of^ parliamentary reform having been taken up by Mr. Pitt, ke accordingly introduced a fpecific plan for that purpofe on the 1 8th of April, 1785. The plan was to give one hundred members to the popular;^ iutereft of the kingdom^ iuid to extend the right of ele^on to above one hundred thoufandjperibnsrwho, by the exifting proviilons of law, were ex- cluded from it. This accellion to the popular intereft was to be principally obtained by the fupprefDoji of decayed boroughs, ai\d the transfer of their reprefentatives to the counu'es { fo that the number of the houfe' of com- nions would remain the fame. — After 3^i(M>Bte of confiderable length, it wa« rrjcfted by a majority of 74 ; the noes bwg 248, and the ayes 174. Amongit the various meaiuree agitated by parliament in 1 786, the plan for eilablifhing a fuikirig fund, and employing a million annually for reducing the national debt, 'engaged their niolt imme^te attention. Tl|e heads <»^ this plan as itated by Mr. Fi^t, in his fpeech on this fubjed are-— ti||ft. That the yearly income of the ftate exceeded the permanent level of ifliil' pcnditure, by a fum of 900,0001. Next that this fum would be increafed t» a million by means in no wife burthenfome to the people.— Thirdly, That altho' the prefent eftablifliment exceeded in certain inllances the fame efta- bliflimcnts as ftated in the report of the feled committee, yet there weie ample refources, and contingent and outttandiug recciptf^ fufficient to - overbalance fuch cxceffesi without having recourfe to any frefli taxes t--*-^^ And laftly, that the w*y« and meant for the prefent year wavli beiu^dest'^ t« '*« ■^ia: '*llll»uK-^V^ ■'■■****'^(^)rH»-.iBi,i«-*~■ fe N G L A N b. the fupplies, together with tfie fttm of 250,000!. to be «p^te4 qilpCierly towards the eftablifhrnent of the new fund ; and, after all, wpiild leave A^iconfiderable balance to be carried to the next year. ' Mr. Pitt conr' cludecl by ihoving. "That the fumof one inillion be annually- granted to certain commimoners, to be by them applied to the purcKafe of flocks, towardi difcharging the public debt ^fgthis country } Whidh money (hsfll anfc .out of the furplufles, exceffes, and overplus irtofties compofing the fund; ieommoiily called the (Inking fund." In the morrth of Auguft 1786, 'an attempt ^9 made by one' Margaret Nicholfon on the life of hi$ majefly,. as he was alighting from his carriage at the gate of St. James's p'alsice. This woman had b«ien obferved t6 wait the king's afrival for figijpe time, and previous to the tlppearance of the car* n«ge» had taken her ftation between two wonlen that were unknown t« her. On the fight of tjie carriage, (he begged with fome earneftncfa that flic ^ight not be hindered from delivering; a memorial to his niajeft^rl As the king was ah'ghting, (he Dpflied forward, and prefenteiJ'a paper, which hii iyefty received with great condefcenfion. At that^ inft&nt (he ftruck 'i ncealed knife at tihe king's brcaft, which his inaje(iy happily avoided, by iwing as Tie r«:eiv^ the'fl|per. ' As (he was making a fecond thruft, one /}fthe yeoman caught hcr^rnii; an4 at the fame inftant, one of the king'i ' {botmen wrenched the knife out of her hand. His majefty, with ama;^ temfier and fortitude exclaimed, *♦ I have received no injuty! Do not hun * the iirooian Kt^he poor creature appears to be infane." — OTife was immedi* itely'takeilAttx) cuftody i and upon examination was found to be insane. Iil toniequence thereof, (he was aftervvatds fent to Bethlehem hofpital; to h(l iaken proper care of. . . , " : .' A plan wa4 tjiis year fct on foot for eftJkblifliing a colony in New HdU land, for the dbnvehience of traniportitig convifts thither • and with a future View of impmving the foil,, and cultivating the mantieri c^ the natives. Bothhoufes of parliament having met on the 23d of January 1787, hij majefty then delivered a fpeech fronA the throne, in which he informed themj that he had concluded a treaty of navigation and comnicrce .with his moil <^riftian Majefty. Inthe houfe of commons, Mr. Sheridan brought f<>Mvard an important iharge ^ainfti' Warren HaiUngs, Efq; late governor general of Bengal^ 'for Wgh (Sttmerand mifdemeanor3% the' Eaft Indies* ' He wj» accufed of various aftaH^'. tyrahny, extortion, and crueltyj during hia Boveniment- of Indiaj The b^ftr'of commonB refolvedto impeach himt and profecute his trial before tWji^ife of peers. The impeachment vra« conduced by a number of its m and the Eaft India Company repayed to him the expencea of his trial, tind fettfcd upoft'him an annuity of 5000!. a-year. s i > *>-'•' ■ - , Thc'corifolidation of the cuftoms and excife waS the tnell important cir- ]t^ .iwrtnftancc deferving of atti^ntion in the year 1787. Thie was a meafure of ^^fttcredfble labour and detail, as well as of infinite advantage to commerce^ ^^ by («cllitating and Amplifying the mtricacifes atteadant tn mercantile trart* *av»jvS» *>.■■ Ki);.^ K. NO L AN D. i$f ISfi£Bans, aiui the payment of duties^ a regulation which vnk iiAy mdt inanentl)( efFeded. \ v^ ' The miniftry foon after the recefs of parliament were engaged ^laMeiiid* ing to difputes which fubfifted in the RepubUc of the United ProTihcct oif Holland. The malcontents there «vere become highly refra£lory andtur* bulent, and had treated the royal confort of his ferene hiehnefs the Stadth« holder, Gfter to the king cf PrulT^ with the greateft indignity. £very mi;,thod was taken (jn the part of^^^fis Britfinnic Majefty, to eneA the reflioration of tranquillity, and the maintenance of lawful government .among them. T^ this end a memorial was prefented by Sir James Harris to the States Gene- ral, reprefenting the extreme inquietude with which the king his m&fter be> held the continuance of their diffentions ; expreffing lltk ardent defire of fee^ ing peace re-cftabli(hed ; and afluring them, that if it fhould be found necef* lary to recur to a foreign mediation, and to invite his majefty, every effort ihould be ^erted on his part to bring' the negotiations to a happy, folid» and permanent iiTue. His Majefty alio thought i)t neceffary to explain hu intention of ceuntera£Ung all forcible interference on the part of France ' theintemalaiUrsof the Republic. ■' As the king, of PrufGa had taken meafures to enforce hSdoatot the infult offered to the Princefs of Orange, and the party which then ufurped the govemme^ of Holland had applied to the French king, and received aflurance bf affiftance, which was notified to his Britannic majdl ty, orders were given for augmenting the Britifli forces b«feh by fea and land, to cooperate with the kingof Pruffia, which orders were e:4|i|hted>^t& the greateft alacrity. -ff^ In the mesHi time, the rapid fuccefs of the Pruffiaa troops under the con- dnftofthe duke of Brunfwick at once obtained -the reparation demanded by thdrfovereign, and enabled the provinces to deliver themTelves ffom the op« pre£Son under which they laboured, as well as to re-eftablifh their lawnil government ; infomuch that all fubjeAs of conteft being thus removed, adi explanation . took place between the courts of London and Verfailtea', ,and declat^tionft were exchanged by»theirrefpe£live-minifter8, by which it wai mutually agreed to difarS, and to place their naval eftabliihment on the fame footing as in ^ beginning of this year. Thus by the united dForti of the kingd of England and Pruflia, the king of France was prevented from openly alfifting the malcontents cftabliftied in the government of the Uni In the beginning of this year i7S8r Caflimir Stuurt^ who headed the reb " father i^ 1 765, he had aflnmed to but was' commonly known on the St. George, and in England by that of the young Pretender. H« was juft 67 years and two' 'months old on the day of his death. This perfon was grandfon to James II. ^hofe fOft was recognized by feveral courts of Eurggg' as king of England, immediately ^fter the death of his father. As fuchlff received kingly honours, had his palace and his guards, and enjoyed the privilege allowedby thePopeto catholic kings, of beftowing a certain num« ber of cardinal hats. But his fonsprince Charles, .who latdy died, dM not "enjoy thefe honours. He was indeed called prince of Wales during the life ef his father ; but after that event, he no longer bore that title ; nor would Wie catholic courts ftyle him king. , A provifional treaty of defeohve alliance -* » _^ .i.. .o.t. _r t.„_ Holland, and the l$tadholder vinces. , *.■ '" ." at Rome prince Charles Lewis 745. ~ Since the death of his e title of King of England $ it by the name of Chevalier de 3C faetweca " '■ i i^ ^i ii w— ' . >«ii^' ■'*^^' '*^t**. ' — ■* 4» ^7» J& N; O L A, N i). b0(«r¥fa^ the mioiften plenipotentiary of ' their majefties the kfiinof Gred Britan^and Pruffia ; and afterwards with the States General of Holland.^ . TJ(e centenary of the revolution in 1688 was this year obferved, on tHe j^drof November^ by many focieties in the metropolis, and other part%of the kingdom, not only with feftivity, but devotion aui. thankfoiving. His majefty was in the month of November af9i6led by a ievere indifppfi. doa which prevented him from meeting his parliament. Several phyficiani wer(! examined tCs to the ftate of his majefty's health. - In confiK|uence of this, a grand queftion was ftarted in the hoiifc'^^ commons, between At rieht honourable William Pitt and Charles James Foit, concerning the right 'Of fupplying the deficiency of the royal authority, during, the incapacity •«£ ills majefty. In i^^to* w^er very confiderabl'e debates the fbllowing re< Solutions were at length agreed to ;' viz. i. " That it is the opinion of this committee, that for the purpofe of providing for the exercife of the king's tMnd authority during the conti luance of his majefty's illnefs, in fuch manner, and to fuch extent, as tlie prefent circumftances of tke Urgent con- cerns of the nation may require : it is expedient that his royaf highnefs the ^ince.of Wales, beings refident w'thin the realm, (hall be empowered to ex* ciJcife and adminifter the royal authority according to the laws and con- fiitution of Great Britain, ih the name>.and on the behalf of his majefty, un« dcr,|;he ftyle and- title of JRegbnt of the kingdom ; and to ufe, execute anil JUvform, iu the name, ai^d on the behalf of his majefty, all authorities, pre- rqsative^ aAj of government, and admmiftration of the fame, which belong tflmhe Jung of this realm to ufe, execute,- aud perform, according, to the lair thereoiiUje^t to fuch liniitations and exceptions as (hall be provided.—— .^. Th^lJ^ prince regent fhould nat conferpeerage^ but on perfons pf the roy||l iitue, and thofe of full age—— 3. That he ftiotld not grant officea^ or pensions,' nor. falaries for life,.orin reverfi'on. ^4^ That the real and. penonal property ofhis majefty ftiould be fecuredn. and not be cou(if affairs. * ■ The confideratlon of the regency bill was refumed from time to^time in both houfes of parhapient, till the loth ofMatik, when the lords cbmmifv (tuners lent a roeffage to the commons^ defiring thc;ir attiendauCe in the houfe af peen : and announced to them, by ait majefty's command, his happy recovery / 1*«, % '^•m of Grolf pait%of indifpQii- >hyficiaD# [uencc of ween tki ; the right ipacltyflf iwing re< iOD of thli he king's s, in fuch rgent con- ^nef» the :red toex< and con* lajefty, un« xecute and irities, pre- ich belong to the law v'ided.— — ■fons pf the rant ofEces, k real and. juiicteredii .5. That it the king'i tether _.j,ani[>er- fehold dur* i« that for Jeftt thafa^ lattersllla- Jpon oath* itteniled, ot majefty'i and before proteft by lutionswere Aemto' , prince K- [, liberality, pleafure at to^time in t-ds cbmniif- tnthehoufe his happy recovery ENGLAND; ■37^ feeoTory from his late ipdifpofition, and confequent capacity of now attend- ing, to' the public affairs of his kingdom, together with his warmeft acknow- ledgements for their lat^ proofs of their attachment to hisperfon and govem- inent. On this occaTion a general joy was manifdled by allrjtnks'of peopl^ and illuminations and other marks of public rejoicings were ntade dfbr ou the kingdlin. By his majefty's proclamation, the 23d of April was ob- ^ed as a day of public tkaalifgiving to Almighty God for the removal ot hit late illnefs. The king', attended by the whole royal family, went to St Paul's church in (late, amidH thejoyful acclannations of the populace* Who demonftrated. their loyalty and afFe6lton by . He infiftea on the claims which he retained over thofe fort* ^Ky J7«v E N G L A N'D. % ^ti:--^-*r fortSt In eonfequence of their being conigumd by hit father, and fn eonft- Jiuence of the fubf(^que9t compromife. |Ie aflerted, that in virtue of the eudal laws no trantfer of them cauld be made without hit confent as fovereign of Myfore ; and alledging at a furlbfcr caufe of complaint againft fhe Rajah that he had given protedion to a yumber of his rebel >fubjeA8, he aflembled • cbnfiderable force and on the 39th of pecember made a dire^ attack on the lines of Travancore. On a reraonftrance however, from the BHtiflt government, he defifted and even apologized for his condu£l. From the 39th uf March to the firft of December Tippoo remained perfe£tty quiet, ftill aflerting his claiqgt tor the fovereignjty of thefe forts ; but, it is confident* I7 affirmed offered to fubmit the difpute to any impartial arbitrati{>n. « : On the iirft of March 1 790 the Rajah's troops made an attack upon Tippoo, who had continued quiet within his lines fram the 29th of Decem- ber. An engagement took place, and war being thus commenced, the Bri< tifh government conceived themfelves bound to take an a^ive part. Such ^as the ftate of affairs previous to the meeting of parliament, and fuch were the facts which induced the miniftry to take part in an Indian war. In purfuance of his (najefty's intimation of the clofe of the feffion, the pariiament Was diiTolved on the ittli of June. On the 25th of November 1790 the new parliament was aflembled, and on the following day his ma*, jdfty oM|bl the fefTioii by a fpecch frum the throne. He began with teftl- ifiag h^r%probation that the difference with the court of Spain had been broq||iK|;'an amicable termination. He informed parliament, that fince thi*l^^Blon a foundation had been laid for a pacifiay|ion between Auflria 'itfid ij^Worte. and for putting an end to the diifei^oni in the Netherlands. at jfnarkcd that a ieparate peace had tak^n place between RuiTia and Sweden : but as the war ftill continued between Ruflia and the Porte, he intimated an intention of employing the weight and influence of Great Bri- tain in refloring the general tranquiuity. In the conclufion of his fpeecb, his majeily remarked^the .hoftilities which had commenced in India ; and ,caUed the attei;|tipn oT both houfes to the ftate of the province of Quebec. The addfefs||Fter t few words from Mr. Pitt and Mr. Pox was Toteowith' out a divlfu^ inc^qr of the exchequer prefentcd to ^d<}c)iiration and eoanter-declaratiort u 1790, and a cOpy of the convention But thefift not appearing fatisfadory 'Crey on the 13 th ^Oved for the produc- t to the negociation, :tnd particularly the requifitions made by his majefty's minifters to the court of Sp^n. T!ie itio-> tion WW fupported by Mr. Petham and Mr. Toi ; it was oppofed by Mr. Wilberforce, and. Mr. Pitt, and negatived by a majority of 124. ♦ilmmedi- ately conne^ed with the armament are the ways and means of defraying it This bufinefs was opened by the chancellor of the exchequer who flated the whole exp^ces of the armament including ftores at ;^-3,1^33ipoo, That thii debt might not be left a permanent burden, Mr. Pitt produced a plan of way» j ^d means which would m a fhort period extinguifh the whole of the debt. The fif ft refource for this purpofe was the balance of ilTues of public money, j which had accumulated from unpaid dividends in the hands of the bank of England. By i^t^e yearly accounts of the bank it appeared that this balance j had been increafing ftom the year 172.7, and on the.5th of July 1789 amount'l ed to £.$^JtOOQ. On the !2th of OAober, there was a floating balance of j /.66o,ooo. Mr. FiU intended to avail himfelf of this dead balance to 1 ' • , . WflOMtl On the ^rd of December t] the houfe of. commons a copy exchanged at Madrid on the. with the expences of the to the members in opppfition, tion of feveral other papers rel mz ](,N GLAND. S7S •mount of £.$oo,QOOt whudi he (hould t»kc for the public tife, and /.1 60,000 would then he left for the difchurge the whole of arrean* in order to difchiirge the whole of the remainder in four yeari, Mr. Pitt propofed in additioniJ tax of 2i. 84* per cent, on Sugar { one fifth ad- ditional tax on Spirits { a tax of 3d. pR* bufliel on malt to continue for 'two years onlj ; ten per cent, on all aflefledHaxeoi the commutation and land tax excepted ; and laiUjr a double tax on game keepers, and one third additional on game licences. To thcfe he propofed to add one permanent tax, which conTiiledJn a further regulation of the tax alreadv exining upon bills of ex- change. After much conteft, however, the minilter thought proper to relin- quiih tha»part of Ivis plan, which r«lat«4,to the appropriation of tht£.S0Ot 000, inftead of which he accepted of a loan of that sum without iii(creft» as long as a floating balance (hould remain in the hands of their cafhiet-. The other arrapgements were carried into tRe&. A fubjedt of conGderable conftitutional importance came under the confide* ration of parliament in the beginning of this feflion ; the queftion was w[ ther profecutions upon impeachments of the commons before the peers great Britain, do or do not abate by the diffolution of parliament ; ^ the 17th of December Mr. Burke moved for a comnrittee.to confider^o^ the ftate of the impeachment of Warren Haftings £fq. This motion being carried, Mr. Burke opened the main queftion and moved that it appea- red to the houfe that a prolecution againft Warren Railings i^i«wpending. After Mr. Burke Mr. Erskine rofe and moved that the houA; (hould fcarch . for precedents, which was carried againft him by a majorityj^Ma^. Mr. Burke's origin^, tvotion was than put and carried without a^HJoiv The next important bufinefs that engaged the attention ^ojl!* BnttHi legiflature was the Indian War, the caufes and circumftanc^^^ which have been already noticed. On the 2 2d of December Mr. Cox Hippefleyrofe to propofea preliminary motion, the obie£t of which was merely to defire that copies of the corref- poadence relative to the attack of Tippoo Sultaiy'on the hnes of Ttavancore (hould he laid before the houfe, Mr. Hippefley disproved of the war in India both for its injuftice and impolicy ; the motion waf fupported by Mr. Francis who reprobated the deftruftive policy of increafidg our territories in India : he was lollowed on the fame fide by Mr. Fox ; the motion was oppo- fed b' Mr. Pitt, who reprefcnted Tippoo as a mercilefs tyrant. . The quef- tic^iflfis carried however in favour of tfi^ production of the papers. ^^/^n the 28th of February Mr. .Mhppclley followed up his motion on the /▼"^ Indian war i. hut his ill ilate of hea^ only pemwtted him to read the a£t» of parliament and refolutions of the houfe ,of commons which prohibit the Britiih government of India -from eutering into offenfive war. After the raiding of thefe papers, Mr. Francis r6fe at the requeft of Mr. Hippeili and in a very able fpeecji explained the caufes of the war, which he en' * «ttributed to the Dutch and the ambition of the Rajah of Travancore, l^rancis conc^ide'd with feveral motions, the objeA of which was to ceff the origin and prevent the profecution of the war. Mr. Dundas, Mr. V ilberforce, and the folicitor-general fupported the condu£i of government and Mr. Francis's motions were negatived. A bill for the relief of protefting catholics brought in. by Mr. Mitford, pafled the houfe of commons without oppofition. The rights of juries with re- gard to libels had' formerly been indeterminate ; -it had befn maintained that Juries^ad no right to judge of the matte*r*co(itained in the Iftiels : that their lok > '^a^fa was to judge of the h&. whether the pannelhad publifhed the alllo^cw dbd or not. T« afcertaii^ and fettle the law in thii point, and S74 ENGLAND. in another which appeared equally dcfedlive, Mr. Fox moved for a gFin4 committee of ju'lUce toconfidcr of two important taw queftiont, thii motion Mr. Fox afterwards withdrew and fiibllituted in its place a motion for leave to brin((' in |wu bills, one " to remove all doubts refpedling the rigrht and functions of juries in criminal cafes," and the other to explain and amen4 thca£tof the ninth year of queen Anne, relative to quo warrantos. On the 35th of May Mr. Fox intipduced his bill and with a flight oppofition from the legal profeflion, it completed its progrefi through the houle of commons with the lofsof its preamble. In the houfe of lords, however, it experienced a different reception. On the 8th of June the fecond reading- of the bill was moved for in that houfe, when it met with a warm oppofition firom the lord chancellor, who moved for the fec'ond reading of the bill on that day month. The lord chancellor's motion was earned and the bill confequently poilponed to a future felGon. The important queftion relative to the abolition of the flave trade had been agitated in a former fefllor. Early in the fcflion of 1 79 1. Mr. Wilb|irforce .gave notice of an intended motion for appointing a committee for rdleiving wiA examining evidence on that fubje£^ { . and on the 4th of Februai7 he fubmiited a motion to that effect ; which after a (hort debate was put and carried. It was nqt however till the .1 8th of April that the bufmefs wa4 in fuch a degree of forwardnefs as to enable Mr. Wilberforce to prefsfor the abolition. On tha t day h e oened the dil'play of the leading arguments in favour of that meafureflHps r^albning convinced all thofc whofe mings were not blinded by prejunJUl or the more fordid contideratron of inter^^ r^^ motion was fupportec^by Mr. Francis, W. Smith, the chancellor cfl^il|pi^ exchequer, and by Mr. Fox, who aflurcd the houfe that ** if they did not by their vote of ** that night mark their abhorrence of a pradtice fo enormous, fo repugnar i '0 « all laws hiiman and divine, it would be more fcandalous and more defacing ** in the eyes of the world than any vote that h'oufe had ever given. It *' would in fad give a parliamentary fan6lion to rapine, robbery andnmrder." —The motion wa9t)ppofed by Sir William Young and Lord Sheffield, and was at laft negatived by a majority of feventy 4ve. One of the main obje^ls recommended in his Majefty's fpeech, was, that the houfe woald confider of fuch regulations for the government of Quebec as the prefent circumR nces of the province feemed to require. On the 4th of March his majefly fent a meffiige to the houfe importing, that it appeared to his majefty, that it wauld be for the benefit of the inhabi- tants of that province that the fame fhould be divided into two feparate provinces, to be called the Upper and Lower Canada. He further recom- mended to the houfe to confider of fuch prdvifions as might enable his ma- jefty to make a permanent appropriation of lands within the faid provinces I the maintenance of a protellant clergy within the fame. In confequcncc this meffage the chancellor of the exchequer moved for kave t^bring in a bill to repeal certain provifions of the fourteenth of his majefty refpefting the government of Canada, and to make fuch farther provifions, &c. The bill was warmly oppofed by Mr. Fox. Mr. Huffey, and Lord Sheffield. Du- ring the difcuffion of this bill, a very warm difpute took place between the two moft diftinguiflicd charaftcrs in oppofition, Mr. Burke and Mr Fpx. The feeds of difunion had been already fown berween thefe great men. But had never broke forth into any public difference till the debate on the army eftimatei for 179^, when a difpute took place concerning the French fevolu- 'A more violent dltterence now took place on the faoM fubjeft in the $ iu tiom t H O L A V Ih S75 debate upon the Quebec-biU, in which Mr. Burke faid, he knew the price of jiif condu^, andtheir friendship wai at an end. Thit altercation pn a nn re- al duced a fchifm in the politic* of the oppofition, which ended in feparation. While fcveral of the topics ife havejuft mentioned, remained in agitation before the Britiih fenate, the attention of that body wat called to another objed, not lefs important to the interefta of the nation. On the 28th of March a meflage war delivered from his majcilyt ^mportins, that the endea* TOurs which he had ufedi in conjunfiion with his allies, to ene£k a pacificatioif not having proved fuccefsful, hif majeily judged it requiflte, in order to add weight to his repcefentations, to make (ome further augmentation to liia naval force. On the 29th Mr. Pitt, moved an addrefs, to thank his majefty for the communication of his mcITage, wlich was carried by a majority of 93. ' This fubjed was afterwaods agitated at three different times in tlie hooJe of com- mons ( it jvas likewife In'ought forwaqi in the houfe of peers, by a motion of Earl Fitzwilliam, which was negatived by a majority of 67. Ay ^J-he courfe of the preceeding feflion a conflderable difference of opi- , flioii hadTexifled relative to the fuppofed ftate of the national finances a com- ti.i^teeof nine were chofen to enquire into the ftate of the public expcndi- t\i \. With a great deal of diligence and attention the^ produced a vcrY accurate report lufficiently early in the feiCon to meet the opening of the m> liiftfr'sbudget OB the iSthof May. jA In ilating the articles of expendituitrand of the ways and mean^for the •urrent year; Mr. Pitt defired to keep them entirely fcparate MMlhe ex- pences of the irtgaiaM^ on the difpute with Spain, which had bpn already provided for. 'i%SLS^^S the cafe the fum total of the fuppliea amounted to 5,728,0001. llie f um total of ways and means amounted to 5,734,471!* This feflion of parliament was concluded on the icth of June by a fpeech from the throne m which his majefty expreiTed his fatisfaflion 0, the cir- cumftance, that a mode had been attempted for defraying the cxpences of lall year without any permanent addition to the pjiblic burthens, and alfo at the provifion which had been made for the government ofCanada. He iritimated his regret at not being able to acquaint them with the refult of the negociation for peace between Kuflia and the Porte, thanked the commoits for the fupplies and prorogued the parliament to the 1 6th of Au guA. Soon after the rifing of parliament, aferies of ihameful outrages and vio- lences, i^ook place in the town of Birmingham, and fur the fpace of fq^ur days fpread terror and alarm through the town and adjacent country. A feftlvecmeeting previoufly announced to the public, in commemoration of the French revolution feemsto have provoked thcfe tumults. Without attempt- ing to palL'ate much lefs excufe the excefles of a frantick mob, it m?.y be ob- ferved that the purpofe of the meeting' was at leaft very idle^ and wheu vt confider the fcenes of wickednefs that had taken place in France, and the deteftable principleLpropagated by tne leadera of the French Revolution, it may feem to Aeferve a harflier appellation. The tranfa^ions of the parliament of 1 792 were even lefs important than thofe of.the feffions immediately preceding. The feflion was opened on the 31ft of January by a fpeech from the throne, in which his Majeily exprcfied his fajJBfaftion in announcing to parliament the marriage which had been celcljpw between his fon, the duke of York, with the daughter of his good brother and ally uie king of Pruflia. He acquainted them that a definitive treaty had beea ifOncluded betweeo the exnpqror and the Ottoman l*^te ; . i . and .Jbi& -aiG*^* - --.,?» -■ J^A4b^Mh«Mw« S7« E N O L A N n. •ad (df* th»t preliminirica had be :n agreed tipon by the Utter o( thefe poweri •ltd the empreft of Ruflh. He ret^rettod t^t he vm% nat able to acqnaint them wtth the iflue of the Indian war, but cxprelTed hli« hupes that it would foon be brought to an honourable aonclufibn; The friendly nflurancea he in the naval and mOitary elbbiifhment*. Thefe were the principal fubjcAt of the fpeech delivered from^hr thrunc. The addrefa after an amendtpcnt pmpofed by Mr. Grcv, which wa« rejec. ted, pafled as ufual. The fubjeft which appears to have hrfl engaged atten* tion waa the Indian war. After feveral mationa by oppofition for the production of papera, had been > rejected ( it waa moved by UoL Phippi on the part of miniftry that the agreement entered into with the Nizam by lord CornwvUis, in his letter of the 7th of July 1789 isconfonant to the wife and politic views cilablifhed by the parliament of Great Britain as the rule of conduct to be obfcrved ' in the uritiih government of India. The motion was carried tidtiNHit a divifion. • Thene](t bufinefa of importance that occupied the attention of parliament, iras the armament againft Ruffia. On the 1 3th of February Mr. Grey made a motion for the produ£Uon of papc^Sf which waa oppofed by Mr. Pitt, on the ground that iome of the papera||^hich Mr. Grey thought were omitted never exiAed. ' Whilt the Ruflian armament waa in agitation, Mr. Pj|t on the 17th of February prefettted a copv of the treatv between hia Majefty and the king of Pruflia on the marriage )t hla royal highnefa the doke ot York with the'prin* cefa Frederica of Prufliat the fubftance of which is as follows. — ift. That the king of Pruifia eives to the princefs his daughter 100,000 crowna.->-2d. That their roval highneiTes and the king of Great Britain renounce for ever all right of inheritance to the crowp of Pruf&a. — 3d. That the duke of York make a prefent to her royal highnefs for pin'money the fum of 4,oool. per aimum.— 4th. That the king of Great Britain"^ pay a counter Eortion of 100,000 crowns, and tha^ he engage in cafe of the death of is royal highnefs, to provide for the princefs, the annual fum of 8,oooL with a fuiVkUe refidence and fuitable elUblifhment. On the 7th of March the houfe refolved itfclf into a committee to take into eonfideration an edabli/hment for their royal hjghneffes the duke and duchefi of York. The fubjeA was opened by Mr. Pitt,' wh6 after obferving t^iawhe fatisfaAion which the houfe and the puUic had wKprefled on the mvri'age of their ruyal highnefles, rendered it unneceiTary ^o trouble them with any obfervs^tion on that topic, propofed that 1 8,oool. a year (hould t^e allowed them from the confolidated fund ; to which he propofed to add a further fjim of 7000I. a yeai out of the Irifli revenue, and that in the event of her royal hightie^ furviving the duke, the jointure of ^,oool. a year Ihould be payable out of the confolidated fimd. Mr. Pitt concluded with a motion to tiiai eifeCt. After much defultory converfation the refolutions pafTed the.houlc by which thefe kingdoms were pledged to an allowance of 37,000 pounds per annum tQ their royal highncfses. "* it jj, The laft objedt to which his Majelly's fpeech at the openir^g of flBMIion directed the attentioi^of the parliament was the date of the publi^Bknue and expenditure ; on the 17th of February, the Koufe of common^ re! ^elf Lito a committee t« take iota confideration thii impartant lul Ad^^crtin anceii of ( from yth adual pn ilamp du ken tojfct of the con charge on l2,oooI ; eltahh'lhnu was 16,01 peiiditurc favinj,'* fr penditurc timutcd on chiding th 401,000!* The total « The^av again brouj^ this abomii 451 h, v/hen tion of iiejrn that" 1 80c ENGLAND, S7» poweri qn«tnt would tcet he HuropC) in con- ic made fubjcai as rejec- I id atten- i»d been th»t the letter of lUbliflicd ebfcrved dtlNiiit a arliament, }rey made p. Pitt, on ■c omitted le 17th of ihe king of :h the'prin- L That the tjwna.— id. ce for ever he duke of he fum of a counter le death of of 8,oool JLo take into land duchefi ling AaUhc \e m*nr}age [m with any ] Ije allowed [further im |of her royal be payaWi^ fion to thai . the,houlV pounds pev Ad^ertiftc to the parajjraph in his majcfty'ii Ipctch which related to the fin- ances of the country, Mr. I'itt lUtcd the actual produce of permanent taxea from 5th of January I7<;i to 5th of January ly^i at 14,133,0001. The adual produce of the land and malt-ta»at 2,998,000!. The rcgMlation in Ibmp duties intended to l>e permanent at 40,000!. Thefc llirec fums ta- ken tu^rether make 16,730,000!. Tiie pi rm vnent cxpence by the edimate of llie committee was 1 5,969,000!- To tl> was to l>e added an addititmak charge on tlic iinkin;; fund for the duke ut Clarence, which amounted to 12,000! ( for the cllaldifhrnrnt of Upper Canada, li.oool. Propofed ellablilhn\ent of the duke of York, iH,oool. Tot^l of permanent cxpence was 16,011,000!. From whicli by tlie reduftion of fcveral articles of ex- ficnditure was to l)e taken 200,000!. Dedudiii); tlic amount of tl\e above avin^s from the eilimatc of the committee, tlic future permanent ex- penditure would be if,8li,ooo. Thus the future permanent Income, ef* timalcd on an average of four years exceeded the permanent expencc, in- cluding the million appropriated to the gradual rcduttion of the debt, br 40i,oool* The total of the ellimate for 1793 amounted to 5,65*4,0001. The total af ways and meana amounted to 5,691,000!, exceeding the fupply by 37,000k ' The 41avc tfade which had been fo ably difcufTed the former fefHon, waa again brought before the houfe, by Mr. Wilbcrforce who feverely reprobated* this abominable traffic. The qucftion was adjourned to VVednerda.y the ajth, wlien Mr. Dundas moved his lirll refolution, viz. That the importa- tion of negroes (houldceafe I ft of January iKoo. Lord Mornington moved that" 1800" Ihoirid be altered for 1793, Lord Moraington's amendment was negatived. On the 18th of April Mr. Sheridan made his long expefted motion con- cemiiig the grievances complained of by petition from the royal burghs of Scotland. The motion was negatived by a majority of 42. On the 5th of June Mr. Dundas made his ilatement of the revenues of India, which was cotitrovcrtcd by Mr. Francis. A great deal of the debate confilledin deful- tory converfation concerning the Indian war. But as we are now in pof- fefllon of fufficient information we haften to detail the principal events of that war from its commencement to the peace concluded In March 1792. The adual coinmeucement of hollilitics may be dated from the engagement between the troops of the Rajah of Travancore with thofe of Tippoo Sul- tan, on the I ft of May 1790. Immediately after thla the grand Carnatic army affembled in the fouthern provinces. The general plan of the cam- Eaign was to reduce the Colmbettore and all the adjacent eonntry, which ly below the narrow pafTes between the rnout-.tains,, and to advance l)y the Gujelhctty pafs to the fiege of Seriugapatam the capital of Myfore. While fuch were to be tlie operatit)n8 of the grand army under General Meadows, the Bombay army under General Abercromble was to undertake the re- duftion of the country lying to the weft of the Ghauts or pafles between the mountains, and afterwards to co-operate with the main army as circumftances might direit. It \Mould be needlefs to detail the hiftory of the grand army, during this period ; which is no more than a journal of Its marches in purfult of an ene- my. On the 29th of January the grand army was joined by earl Cornwal- lis; who after repeated fuccefles, arived on the 5th of Martli, within fight of tl»e«^valls of- Seringapatam. The Britllb commander did not I'uffcr his troc^s tc^enjoy a long repofe in this ftatlon. At 7 o'clock that t;vcning he coonaeBced an attack upon the enemy's camp and lines. After a de- 3 D _ fpcratc F'..«f I7I ; ENGLAND. » ' •■•^' f , ' • fperate confli£^ which continued in different quarters, with /oIm' intermifllon the two fucceeding days, the enemy were finally diflodg-> cd from their camp and lines. Tims prefTed on all hands, l^ippoii began anxioufly towilh tor peace. As a preliminary article he releaf- ed lieutenants Chalmers and NaHi, whom he had made prifoners at Coim* bettore. On being introduced into the Sultan's prefence, thefe officen found him in a fmall tent on the fouth glacis of the fort, very plainl* drefled and with but few attendants. After acquainting them with their releafe, he aflll diftance of the walls of the fort. The Sultan made every poffible exertion to de' liver himfelf from this difficult Atuation ; but his vigilant enemies by their bravery and pmdence baffled every exertion ; every enterprife that was under< taken by the Britifh fucceeded } they were well fupplied with every ne- ceflary, while the army of the Sultan was reduced to the greateft. diftrefs. In this hopekfs fituation the Sultan was compelled to accept of whatever terms were offered by the BritiHi commander. The fubftance of the treaty was. lil. That Tippoo was to cede one half of his dominions to the allied powers* 2d. ThlSit he was to pay three crpres ?ind thirty lacks of rupees 3d. l'h(»t all prifoners were to be reftored. 4th. Tliat two of the Sultan'i three eldeft fons were to become hoftages for the due performance of the treaty. On the 26th the two princes, each mounted on an elephant, richly caparifon- ed, proceeded from the fort to lord Comwallis's camp. The kindnefs with which they were received by the Britifh commander appeared to afford them viiible fatisfafUon. The fcene is defcribed as highly interefting. It was the 19th of March before the definitive treaty was finally adjufted. Tippoo however gave his relu£tatit confent, as it is faid, to a treaty which defpoiled him of half his dominions. T'nis was concluded by the prudence and aftivity uf lord Comwallis, a war, judged rath and impolitic by feveral of thofe, who by their abilities, and the attention they had given to Indian afiairs, muft be allowed to be competent judges of that important queftion. We now come to treat of a moft eventful pericd in the Britifli hiftory ; > a period in which our invaluable conftitution was threatened with dangeri the moft alarming and unprecedented. It was not difficult "^o forefee that V the French revolution muft produce confequeftces of the .utmoft Importance •of its'vi- We to Europe in general ; particularly to England cinity and the conne£Uon which fubfifted I both on account ixt the two countries^ ;".■.•'-•:. I*, "■ ■ -I . » ■ ENGLAND th foW' diflodg-' , Xippod he releaC* at Coim* fe officer! ry plainljf with their » likely to E requefted \ of peace, nfwcr, and a thcprofe- lafter of the :onfiderahlc ed) and on , fuppofing , pointed to :o the tent; ert fdon dif* on tNe i6th paratiohs foi on the night rms>U diftance ertion to de* irtiieft by their at was under- ith every ne- eft, diftrefs. , of whatever of the treaty I to the allied cks of rupees, ff the Sultan'i rmihce of the ni (ally adjufted. 1 treaty which [ the prudence Jitic by feveral liven to Indian It queftion. Mtilh hiaory ; vvitb danger' -forefee that Ift importance bunt of its'vi- itries. .„ tfe have already taken notice of a difference betwixt two of tbo.mofb diftinguifhed members of oppofition concerning the French revolutkuu This difference as it was fundamental produced afterwards a final fepara- tion in politics between Mr. Burke and -Mr. Fox. Mr. Fox extolled the French conflitution as a " flupendous monument of human wifdom ;" Mr. Burke reprobated it as a " cruel» bloody* and ferocious democracy.**- As to the fentiments of miniflry with refpeft to the French revolution, they fecmed to concide with thofie of Mr. Burke. In 1790 the celebrated re* • fieftions on the French revolution were publiihdd; in this work with equal truth and eloquence the illuflrious authbr fhewed its true fpirit, and the direft tendency of thofe principles which were profefTed by its authors. It would be difficult to give any idea of the ferment and commotion that was occafioned by the French revolution at tha t time in Great Britain. The profelytes to French principles fpoke and afted as if a fudden blaze of light had illuminated the darkened world ; as if mankind had awakened from a dream, and juft opened their eyes hitherto obfcured by prejudice and fuper- flition. Congratulatory addreifes were fent from different focieties to the national convention, extolling their new conflitution with the highefl praifes ; the prefs teemed with publications of the moit f^ditious tendency : th* wholefome principles of our anceftors were derided as the prejudices of nar- row minds ; and nothing was heard but the vain founds of liberty, equality, and the rights of man. A book was at this time publifhed by one Paine, fooHflily called an anfwer to Mr. Burke, which contributed very much to poifon the minds of the ignorant and profligate, and to fpread the infedtion of French principles among the lower clafTes of the people. The book con- tained a great deal of extravagant ideas expreffed in coarfe and inelegant language well fuited to enfnare thofe to vhom it was addreffed. The author had evidently meddled with a fuljedt of which he wbs ignorant, and in which he fheWed the narrownefs of his underftanding, and the wick- ednefs of his heart.. The aftonifhing rapidity however with which the book circulated, together with the fucceffes of .the French in the Netherlands^ infpired the favourers of French anarchy with unufual boldnefs, afld under the fpecious pretext of reform, they entered into defigns for the fubverfion of the Britiflk government. The fiill m^afure that was adopted in this difficult crifis was the Alien- bill. In* confequence of the diforders which at that^time prevailed in France, and the tyrannical government which was eflablifhed in that country, great numbers of the French nobility and clergy had been obliged to emigrate, and to feek for fafcty in poverty and in exile. Together with them, an- other defcription of men had emigrated from France, Tome for the worll of purpofes. It was to thwai i the defigns of thefje men,, that a bill, eflablifhing regulations refped^ing aliens arriving in this kingdom, was prefented to the houfe of peers. It-paiTed the houfe of lords without any thing remark- able ; but met with more violent oppofition in the houfe of commons. The principal oppofers of the bill were, Mr. Fox, Mr. Sheridan, and Mr , Grey. Mr. Burke eminently dillinguinied himfelf in favour of the bill ; that great man, concluded a ftio ft eloquent oration, with this folemn and ever nemorlble warding. •♦ I now warn my country, to beware of thofe exe- " crable pbilofophers.'whofe only objeftis to dcilroy every thing that is good ^ hercyytd to cftobUfh murder by precept and example.. * ■■' '*j ff:: .'Ui. ■ *'tr^--:*:''>r' >^,' .- |8o ENGLAND. *' ffic niger efi, hune tu^ Romai\ey caveto.** ' ■ The Alien Bill, wa8 followed by another bill brought in by the Attorney, general, to prevent the circulavion of afiignats, bonds, promiflbry nott^s, Sec. Ofued under the authority of France ; another bill was pafled about the fame period, for reftraining the exportation of naval ftores, ammunition, &c. and an order of council was ilTued, for preventing the exportation of corn to France. Thcfe were ftrong mcafurcs ; but rendered abfolutely neceflary, by the threatening afpcft of the times. ^ While thefc afltirs were tranfafting in parliament, lord Loughborough ^tyas honoured with the great feal of England, and was called to fucceedlord Thurlow on the woolfack. ' • ^ The French having now filled up the meafure of their crimes, by imbruing their hands in the blood of their fovereign, having by repeated decrees hel4 out encouragement and proteftion to traitors in every country, and endeavour- ed to kindle the flames of rebellion in the world, the fituation of Great Bri- tain was rendered to the lalt degree critical and alarming. Having by their laft outrage, the opening of the Scheldt, manifefted their contempt of all the cxilling treaties of Europe, Great Britain determined to remain no longer an unconcerned fpcftator of what was tranfafting on the continent of Europe. On the ?8th of January 1793, ^ ""efTage was deliver- ed to the houfe of commons, informing them that his majefty thinks it indif. penfibly neceflary-, to make 9 further augmentation of his forces by fea, for oppofing views of aggrandifement and antbitioh on the ^art of France, which would be at all times dangerous to ihe general interefts of Europe, but were peculiarly fo, when connedied witli the propagation of principles which lead . to the violation of the moft faired dutieS, and arc utterly fubveriive of the ? peace and order of all civil fociety. The queftion in favour of the addref* was carried both in the houfe of lords and commons without a di 'S >tt. The French however, anticipated our intentions, whatever they might have been, by a decree of the convention formally declaring war againil his Brit tannic majefty, and the Stadtholder, , War being thus declared on the part of France, it became neceflary to proi vide for the expences, which would ni;cefl*arily be incurred in a ftate of war, Mr. Pitt therefore took the earliefl: opportunity of ftating to the houfe the total amount of the fupplies and of the ways and means. The total of the , fupply amounted to 8,734,0431. To defray this expence, Mr. Pitt ftated the total of ways at 8,299,6961. He further obferved, that after every other refource, there would be wanting a loan of 2,900,000!. To pay the ^ interell of this loan, he mCant to devote the temporary taxes impofed upon oc- cafion of the Spanifh armament, which amounted to 287,0001. Such waJ the Itatement Mr. Pitt fubmitted to the committee of the houfe of commons. After an eloquent defence of the principles of the war he concluded with moving the ,feveral refolutions which were agreed to. About this period from difterent«aufes a general paralyfis appeared to fcize the country, and the number of bankruptcies exceeded all that had ever hap- pened in the moft calamitous times ; fuch was the general diftrefs, that each man looked upon his neighbour with fufpicion. Thofe who were pt TefTed of property, appeared at a lofs where to depofit it, and thofe who experienced pecuniary diftrefs, appeared at a lofs where to look for rehef. To apply » reilridions ; for the afllftance .^.. tUU „i„. ;i A,T„ tj:» by cxcheqi perfons, who can give proper fccm"ity to the commiflioners, for the fumi tlvt m- ENGLAND. 381 that may be advanced. The bill pafTed the houfe of lords and commona with* out a divifion. . * In the mean time events on the continent became every day more critical and alarming. Inllead of delivering France from the tyranny by which fhc was opprefled, the combined armies had been obliged, to retreat with lofs, and the arma of France were unfortunately vl^loriolis in every quarter. General Montefqnieu had over-run Savoy and Nice, and the whole of the Auftrian Netherlands were fubjefted by Dumoiirier to her dominion before . the conclufion of the year. The next campaign was begun with the fame fucceflcs. General Dumourier aflembled his army in the vicinity' of Antwerp. Previous to his unprovoked a^ggreffion of Holland, he publiflied a manifello inviting the Dutch to rebel againll their lawful government. Breda furrendered after a very feeble refillance. General" Dumourier dif- patehed general Berheron to the attack of Williamftadt, and general d'Arcon to Gcrtruydenherg. Ou the 4th of March Gcrti uydenberg furrrendered, and at this place Dumourier's fucceflcs ended. On the ift of March, gene- ral Clairfait, having pafTed the Roer, attacked the French polls, and com- pelled them to retreat with the lofs of 2000 men. The following day the archduke attacked them anew with confiderable fuccefs. On the 3d the French were dl*Iven from Aix la Chapelle, with the 16fs of 4000 men killed and 1600 taken prifoners. But the battle of Necrwinden was moll: fatal to the enemy. Befides their lofs of men in the field, 6000 immediately deferted, and proceeded to Bruffels and France. Dumourier continuing to retreat, at laft came to an agreement with tlie Imperialifts that he fhould not be fetiouf- ly interrupted. It was fully agreed between him and the Aullrians, that while the latter took pofleflioh of Condc and Valenciennes, he fhould march to Paris, diflblve the convention, and deliver France from her tyrannical op- preiTors. Several circumftances, however, contributed to render the condud: of Dumourier fufpeAed by the National Convention. Commrffioners were therefore fent in order to difcover his defigns ; the conftquertce of which wai that he was obliged to make his efcape with all poflible expedition. •By the defeftion. of Dumourier, the whole army of the north, was left ex- pofedto the attacks of a numerous and viAorious enemy. The command of this army was provifionally given to general Dampierre by the commiilioners. The war had hitherto been carried on with various fuccefs, when an aclion of a very ferious nature topk place on the 8th of May. General Dampierre on that day advanced to diflodge the allied forces who were polled in the wood of Rheime and Vjcoigne. In this adion the French general received a wound of which he died next day, leaving the command in the hands of general La Marche. The Englifli diftinguiftied themfelves in this a6Uon, and fiiffered greatly. The lofs of the enemy was elUmated at 4000 men. Little of importance occurred till the 23. On that day the Britifli and Kanoverian* aflembled, together, with the Auftrlansand German auxiliaries, with a defigit to diflodge the French from their fortified camp on the heights of Famars. They experienced a tremendous fire firom the enemy, whom they defeated, ► notwithftanding, in the field; the duke of York advanced v\itbin a fmall . diltance of tlie works, but on account of thefftrong pofition of the French, ■thought proper to defer the attack till next day. The French, however, ap- prehenfive of the coiifequences, abandoned their camp, and retreated. Thi» • fuccefs enabled the alliei to lay fiege to Valenciennes, which furrendered on the 26th of July. During the whole of the fiey;e General Cuftine was not able to make any attempt of momehli for the relief of the place. The kinf ef Pruflia h;id been employed from the beginning of April in preparations for lin fiegc of Meot». The garrifoa made fcveral forties with rarioui iwtxitt 'i. f . E ft O '^': J A N a. On the i8th thj| FreMth arm/ of t^r Rhine made a grand attempt for tlie relief of Mentz. They attempted to fgice theiF way not far from Landau» ' and made an attack in three places at once. They were, however, repulfed Jn every part by General Wurmfcr. This laft effort proving unfuccefsful, the garnfon capitulated on the 2-2d, on condition that they inould not ferve ^ the fpace or one year againit the allies. With thefe atchievements terminated the fuccefs of the aUies. After the reduAidn of Valenciennes a grand council of war was held in which, it wasre- |blved, contrary, it is fald, to the opinion of the Auilrian conunanders, that the.3nti(h, Hanoverians, and Dutch, fhould feparate from the main army, and attick Weft Flanders. In confequencc of this determination, the Briufli, Hanoverians and the Dutch, with fome Auftrians and HeHlans commenced their march to Dunkirk. On the 24 of Auguft the duke of York attacked and drove in the French outpofts, after an aftion in which the Auftrian general i)alton was killed. ' General Freytag, who commanded the covering army of the allies was foon after attacked >nd totally routed. The Britifh loft their heavy cannon and baggage, with iooo men. The confequence of this dif. after was, that the fiege was foon after raifed. Several engagements took place at this time between Prince Cobourg and the French general Jourdan., The attacks were repeated and terrible on both fides and the enemy were but too fuccefsful in driving back the allied forces. IMiey now threatned the whole of maritime Flanders. A detachment of Britifli troops ready to fail ta the Weft Indies, were haftily fent to Oftend and prevented for the prefentthe ftirther progrefs of the French. ^ But while the eqpmv were fuccefsful in their military operations on the the frontiers, internal di(cord begam to make its appearance in the Interior of France.* The people exafperated at the cruelty of the tyrants who governed them, and impatient to deliver thimfelves from the bloody democracy by wKich they were opprcffcd, had taken up arms in feveral departments. Mar- feiUes, Lyons, and ToWon rofe up againft their oppreflbrs. Lyons was at. tacked on the 8th of Auguft, and after repeated affaults furrendered to general Doppet. Then followed a fcene of cruelty, the like of which, " no eye had fcen, no heart can conceive,, no tongue can adequately tell.'* Unmoved by the " tears of afBiftion, the yells- of murder, or the cries of defpair," thdfe |nercilefs barbarians wrecked their vengeance on the helplefs inhabitants;. |io refinement of barbarity which could embitter their mifery, wai^ forgotten ; neither the natural weaknefs of the female fex, nor the tendemefs of infancy could foften their cfuel hearts ; thty proceeded in their work of'flaughteranddeftruftion till they had laid defolate one of the nobleft and moft ancient cities of France. The Marfeillois ftiortly after fubmitted, bul the leading people of Toulon entered into a negociation with the Britilh, admiral lord Hood and furrendered to him, on condition that he ftiould pre. fcrVe to them as a depofit the town and (hipping for Louis XVII. The fiege of Toulon was commenced by general Cartaux-in the beginning of Septem- ber, After feveAl fallies the place w^s judged not tenable and in the ceurfe of the day they embarked th^ir troops after having fet fire to the arfenal. Crouds of people of every rank, age, and fex, hurried on board the (hips to avoid the vengeance of their countrymen. Thirty-one (hips of the line were found by the Briti(h at Toulon, thirteen were left ; ten were burnt ; four had been previoufly fent to Breft and RocSfort with 5000 republicans, who and Great Britain finally obtained by the expedition ijot be tn'-fts-H vOuiu not oc iruKCG ; ana i»reai uriiain nnaiiy oDiamea Dy me expeuiuon h -— i*"«.i Khree (hips of the line and five frigates. ■ • -r-sStion Oo the fide ^of the Rhine a great variety of events occurred during the; , _ ^..jBOAthl SjRSS ior tlie ,andau« epulfed cefaful, jt fcrve fter the , was re- in, that n army, : Britilh, (imenced attacked a general r army of loft their this dif- nts took Jourdan., were hut atned the r to fail to. )refentthe ms on the Interior of > governed ocracy by Its. Mar- ns was at- to general lo eye had moved by lir," thofe [habitants i. ifery, wa^ nor the ^ed in their the nobleft fubmitted, the Britifh, (hould pre- The fiege of Septem- I the ceurfe :he arfenal. |the (hips to le line were jurnt ; four flicans, who expedition during the: . no&thi, £ ^ 6 t A tl D. dl| kiontHs of Aliguft and Setotember 1795. , General ^^Vurmfer ftormed the lines of Weiflembourg, ana penetrated to Hagenaa, fromiwbence he WM driven back by the French, and after feveral dreadful coniiifts he ^Mb finally' obliged to retreat acrofs the Rhine. The blockade of Landau ,wa8 Kaifed t Fort Louis was evacuated, and Kaiferflatern Germerflieim and Spires fub- mitted to theFrench. The decree that had pafled the convention for placing France in- a ftate of requifition had already given tlue enemy a fuperieiicy. in point of numbers which neither bravery not fuperior difcipline could withftand. In this manner ended the caimpaign of 1793* Thus far we have attended to the military transatliohs of Great Sritain and her allies on the continent. We muft now look back to her jnttmal affairs, which are by no means lefs important. No event occurs ot great importance till the meeting of parliament, which took place on the 21ft of January 1 794. His majetty, opened the feffion with the ufual formalities. The addrefs was voted by a majority of 118. Our narrow limits redder it impoffible for us to take notice of the important queftions that were agitated in parliament this feffion. No lefs than thj-ee motions were made by difFi^rent membersjof oppofition for altering the vriminal law of Scotland; the land- ing of Hefll^n troops, the conduft of the war* were all reprobated by «p- polition. The treaty concluded by the king of Sardinia likewife underwent a fevere inveftigation. The refolution, however allowing his majefty to make good the treaty pafTed without a divifion. The chancellor of the cxechequer then moved two refolutions to allow his majefty 4,j;oo,ocx>1. for the prefent year by a loan on exchequer bills, which were pvt and carried. On the 5th of February, the minifter proceeded to open the budget, and dated the whole amount to be provided for, at 19,939,0001. The vfopf and means he ftated 19,947,090!. After ftating feveral other expenses, and repealing the tax on births and burials the fun of 908,0ool. r^aincd to be provided for. Thefurplus of the taxes in 1791 produced 385,0001 andj^he new arrangment adopted with refped to the duty pn fpirits in Scotland amounted to 43,000),. which taken coUe^vely amounted to 428,000!. To thefe Mr. Pitt propofed an additional tax on Britlfh fpirits, of one penny per gallon, ten pence per gallon on brandy, nine-pence on rum ; is. 6d. per thoufand additional on bricks and tile ; Hate carried coaft- ways los. per ton | ftone 2s. 6d. an additional tax on crown and plate glafs, paper, and attomieS| »U which amounted to 9 1 1 ,oool. Mr Pitt concluded by moving his firft refol* ution; after fome remarks from Mr. Fox, the refolutions were all pafled.'' f On the f ft of February, the chancellor of the exchequer, lead to the hbu£e the decree of in extraordinary commiifion inftituted in France, in cbnfe- quenceof a refolution of the joint committees of finance, of public and ge- neral fafety, and fubfiftence, dire£ling the ufc of every pollible expedient »to afcertain the property of Frencli fubjefts, in foreign funds j in order that it might be dehvercd up to the ftate, and become public property ; and that when the transfer was made, it (hould be paid for in alUgnats elHmated at par. The motion on this occafion was brought forward by the folici- tor-gei|eral, and was in fubftance for Irave to bring in a bill, " to prevent " the application af debts in the hands of any of the fubjefts of his majefty, " to or for the difpofa! of pcrfons rcddent in France, under the power of " perfons who exercife the prefent government of France." The bill pafled without any oppo{ition. The .fucceis which attended the Frencn revolution aflifted greatly rhe propagation of the principles pidfcffed, by the Jacobins. And notwith- ,..:;.^ 4-- . ' ftandin^ J«4 X" H O I. A N D. ftanding tKe excelleitetf* tif the Britidi conflltution, there wer^fdund, meit prollfgate Chough to confpire its dellruAion. A plan had beeit digelled and a6ted upon,' the objedl of which was to aHl-mble « convention of th^ f|: , peo{>Ie for the purpofe of afTuming the character of a general rcprefenta- tion of the nation, fupcrfeding the rcprefentativ.-, capacity of the houfe of commons, and arrogating the legiflative power of the country at large. In eonfequence of the information they had received on this fuhjedl, the mi- niftry ifTned warrants for apprehending, Mr. Home Tooke, Mr. Hardy, and Mr- Thclvvall, and feveral other perfons on a charge of high treafon* On the fame day (May 12) Mr. Dundas brought down a meflage from the kingf recon^mending to the houfe to confider the books and papers, of tha London Corefponding Society w'lich his majelly had given orders to feize, and to purfue fuch meafures as were neceflary to prevent their pernicious tendency. ^ The papers were referred to a committee of fecrecy, who brought up their report on the 1 6th of May, when Mr Pitt after an eloquent fpecch ' moved for a bill " empowering his majefty to fecure and detain all pcrfoni fufpefttd of defigns again rt his crown and government. The bill -met with a ftrong oppofition ; it paffed however by a great majority. Little elfe of very great importance occurred, during the prefent fcifion. There happen- ed ibme differences with America, concerning which feveral motions were mader "JJhey were afterwards, however happily adjufted. On the nth J f July his majefty terminated the feflion by a fpeech to both houfesof par- aitf|n,t. lininediately on the rifing of parliament feveral changes took > place in admlniftratien. The Duke of Portland was made one of his Ma- jefty'* principal fecrejaries of ftate, and 'Mr. Windham fecrctary at wan iShortty after Earl FitzwillianS was a'ppointed viceroy of Ireland. . Weljave already takan%w>tice of the apprehenfion of feveral perfons on a •hapge of high treafon. Their trials ftiortly after commenced ; Mr. Erftinc add Mr. Gibbs appeared, as advocattsfor the prifoncrs who were all acquitted. WiAout prefuming t« decide vipon the a£lual guilt of the prifoners who were tried, we iriay fafely fay that evidence appeared to convince the great- er part -of mOT'that a" dangerous confpiracy had been adlually fo"rmed for the (ubverfion of the Britifli government. The campaign of 1793 had terminated very unfavourably for the allies. By various negotiations the campaign of 1 794 was delayed till a late period. On the '5th of March the duke of York arrived on the continent to take the command of the Britifh army, and on the 1 7th he proceeded with general Claivfait to Valenciennes where a council of war was held with the prince ©f Saxe Cobourg. Towards the latter end of March the French made their appearance in Weft Flanders, and on the 29th. of that month, they attack- ed the Auftrian outpotts at Cateau, Beauvais, and Solcfmes, in the vicinity , , of Landrccy. They were however obliged to retreat with the lofs of 900 men. ' , On the 9th of April the emperor arrived at Bruflels, from whence he pro- ' eeeded to Valenciennes, where his prefence diffufcd univerfal joy througli the allied army. The emperor having reviewed the combined forces on the heights above Cateau, proceeded in eight columns to inveft Landrecy, a fmall but well fortified town. The objeds of thefe columns were the re- doubts and village of Vaux and the ftrong entrenchments of the French i« the wood called Eois de Bouchain. The fire of the republicans was at iiril finding their nofition no longer tenable againft the fnperior force BritilK ; they retreated as foo;i as the latter approached to a clofe en- i* „ I..,«. pgcment important fucceftes, to evacuat the part 01 iifue was f moft difon They colI( and refumt determined force of ic but a re'nfc /kill and I'nl tion, who in which tl thirty miles Inftead o enemy, muti pled the ope the /kill and is the tafk, t hercalamitfe and gricvouf This, howe\ tlie events of unbroken, fu It may be continent of ] ment of their i fubjeaed by 1 of our gallant fi'7 of war, I h was in an e iHands ; whet 'y below their Amidft all < flciftion oftrii May, the Frei ties which the convoy expe6 ventured out t obtained the Jportunity for jaccordingly c< Jobftinacy and land valour <,/ Jcommenccd, t ■Charlotte, cro Irondition to c 1% behind. pat feveral of r 'if Britifli M-: if O LA N D. w digefted , of th» >refenta- loufc of ge. In the mi- Hardy, treafon. from the ■8, of the , to feize, lerniciouj rought up 2nt fpcccK all pcrfoni -met with ittle elfe of re happen- tions were the nth ufes of par- mges took of his Ma- ary at war. (erfons on a Mr. Erfitint ill acquitted, rs who were ; the great' mf d for the ir the allies. late period. : to take the with general the prince ..made their they attack- the vicinity lofs of 900 [cnce he pro- 1 through the krcea oa the [Landrecy, a [were the re- |he French i» Is was at firll liperior force [to a dole en- gagement mgfment. The fiege of Landrecy was (hortly after commenced, and th!t' imporfaat fortrefs furrendered in about ten days. In coafequence of thefe fucceffes, a grand attack was refolved upoo, which was to oblige the enemy to evacuate the whole of Flanders. £y fonte unaccountable treachery oil the part of the allies, the enemy were acquainted with the whole plan. The ilTue was fuch as might b* expedled ; the allies were obliged to retreat in the moft diforderly manner, and were purfued with great lofs by the enemy* They colledled as foon as the defperate ftate of their affairs would admitj and refumed their former pofition. The enemy encouraged by tbis viftory^ determined to give the allies no refpite, and next day attacked them tvith a force of 100,000 men. They at firll fucceeded in driving in the out-poftl« but a reinforcement arriving under the command of major-general Fox, the Ikill and intrepidity of that officer enabled the allies to mamtain their poii* tion, who in their turn made f. general attack upon the French pofta« in which they were defeated with immenfe lofs, and obliged to retreat thirty miles.^ Inftead of joining with one heart and one foul in oppoHfig an enterprifinj^ tnemy, mutual jcAloulies, difunion, and even treachery, feem to have crip> pled the operations of the conibined armies, and to have rendered ineffeflusil the ikill and abilities of the moft gallant generals in the world. Mournful is the tafk, to thofe who love their country, to be the unwilling recorders of her calamities and misfortunes ; ungrateful the employment, to tnelaft4^gt|(« and grievous to be obliged to relate the xidtories of her inveterate' fqtt» . This, however, is the taflc of the hiftorian, to whofe lot.it fall«IK> relall the events of the following campaign, which, is little elfe than "along unbroken, funereal tram of misfortunes.'' . « It may be the opinion of fome, that the fucc^ of tlie republic on fiie continent of Europe was in fOme degree counterh^j^p^d by the difmen!iA)er however, was the difabled ftate of the Britifh fleet, [that feveral of thefe efcaped. Six fhips of the line remained in poffeifion admiral, and were brouc-ht faf« into IE' •ymoutMi aui4„jgQQ . 586 E N G L A ^ tJ. ■;^' In the Cdurfe of the preceding year, a treaty of marrtage had bedn negov' •iated between his roy^ highneU, the prince of Wales, and the princcfs^ > CSuroliiie of Brunfwick, daughter to the duke of Uruufwick. On the 27th* i^lf April, a meflage from his majeily was delivered to huth houfes of parlia- jAient, relative to the debts of the prince of Wuks ; it ilated the reliance of his majeily on their generofity for enabling him to fettle an ellablilhm«tion of his debts. We are now to refume our uaiiniihed narration of lail campaign. In ad« clition to i;heir other calamities, thi> Bririfh army was aiHi£led with difeafe to fuch a degree that great part of it was rendered wholly incapable of any exertion. On the loth of January, the French having croffed the Waal in immenfe force, to the amount of 70,000 men, made a general attack upon Walmoden's pofition, between Nimeguen and Arnheim, and were fuccelT- liil in every quarter. All thoughts of refiilance were now given up by the allies. They continued retreating before the enemy, and were obliged in this fevere feafon to pafs the night under the canopy of the inclement Iky. By their retreat they left the moil important places in the United Provlncti open to the coaquerors. Utrecht, Rotterdam, and Dort fucceilively furrend* ered to the enemy, and on the 20th Pichegru entered "Amllerdam, at the • head tif 5000 men. Leyden, Haerlem, Breda, Williamiladt, and Bergen-op- Zoom (hoitly after capitulated, and were followed by the whole province of Zealand. While thefe events were taking place in the Low Countries, the campaign < feemed rather to languifh otf the Rhine, and was at lail concluded hj common coafentof the hoilile generals, who agreed to a fufpenlion of arms fur three months which was ratiiied by the refpeAive powers. As ; his n[iajeily was proceeding this feiTion at the ufual hour t> open the parliament, the moil daring infults were offered him as lie pafled r.^ong, by the crowd in St. James's park which was much greater than fifual; in the ftreets adjoining Weilmliiiler-hall, ftones and other things were thrown, * feveral of which Uruck the llate-coach. As his majeily retunitd from the . ■ houfe, the outrag( j were renewed, and after he alighted, the llatt-coach wa» attacked and almuil totally deflroyed. , Immediately after the fpcech fratt the throne an addrefs to his majeily rf htive to the outrages committed'agshnil his perfon was propbfcd and agrei ' to. On the 4th of November copies of his majeily's proclaniatloiis relative to the outrage- committed agaii'il his perfon were fubmitted to the houfe and ordered to lie upon the table. Lord Grenvllle on the 6th In purfuance of the noticd^e had given on a former day, prefented a bill, " for the fsfety andpiv- fervation of his majeily's government againil treafonable and fcditlous prac- tices and attempts." . On the fame day. the chancellor of the exchequer after ■n eloquent fpcech moved that " Leavs bs givea to bring in a bill for ''"j , ' •, ' , : ' wort] I ' iimrf. efl , jffter a vi ' On th weakene( able to re forcemen Auitrian The peaf of reveng confequer perate rell Difmaj to Paris t( and feverj by the En neceiTary j court were ment of t grofTcil cai court wen a good d« govern men memorials < arrangemer the regiftei and aho th ph'ed with l tory dernan negotiation fideration w they wouh fideratiqn o At this on the 171 Malmeibiir) the conilitii and likewlf< of this neg( conduced v Aniong had mcdita gaged thei a coniidera , failed from on the coa arrival of pcen fepa Its depart !*( ^t'uatiun, oifl were folio "f the line a In one p< H'fcich the ira ENGLAND. I«f in«K cffeAually preventing (editious meetings and afTemblies." Thefc bilU , sifter a violent oppontioii pafled both houfes of parliament. * On the contincii the French proceeded with their ufnal fuccefs^ till being weakened by the vail track of country they had oytrrun, th?-^ became I«l« able to refill the attacks of the Autlrians, who had received ct .luderable rMi* forcements. They were compelled to retire with precipitation before th« Aultrian forces, who hung clofely on their rear and allowed them no rcfpite. The peafantry encouraged by their diftrelTed fltuation took the opportunitjf of revenging the opprelTions they had fuffered from them. Prince Chajrles in confequence of his fuccelTes commenced the fiege of Kehl, vHiich aftAr a dcf« perate reflllance was obliged to capitulate. Difmayed by the fuccelf^s of the French, feveral Hates had fent ambai&dort to Paris to open a ncgociation for peace. A treaty was concluded with Spain and feveral of the German princes. But of all thefe the negociation opetfti. by the Englifh government engaged moll deeply the attention of Eurwpa. The neceflary palTports which had been demanded for an envoy from the Engliflt court were fentandtheminiller plenipotentiary arrived inParis. The commence^ ment of this negociation clearly foreboded what would be the event. The groffeft calumnies, concerning^the infincerity and even perfidy of the Engtiih court were circulated under the apparent fandion of the DireAory. After a good deal ofdifcuAion concerning the principle of redituiiun, the twar government ' at lall agreed on that point, and lord Malmefbuiy delivered t'^ memorials on the principal objedls of relUtution, compenfation, and reciprocal arrangements. The directory having read the memorials fent an extract from the regifters of their deliberations requiring his fignature to the memorials, and alio the iiltimatum of his demands in 24 hours. Lord Malmclbury com« jilied with the forms required by the direftbry, but obfefvcd that the peremp- tory demand which they made of an ultimatum, ihut the' dour at Ancc to all negotiation ; and reprefented that if the conditions fubmifVed to ^hcir cun- fideration were not approved, or were not to be the iubjett of <#ifcuHion, if they would propofe their own conditions, he would lubmit them to the con- f;deratiqn of his court. At this point the negotiation ended, for on reading the memorials received on the 17th of December the direftory ordered the minlllei to writtt to lord Malmelbury on the, 1 8th, that they could hear of no propolitions <^i>^rary tQ, the conditution, and the laws and treaties by which the' republic waSdiii^'ged ff and likcwife enjoining him to leave Paris in 24 hours. Such was the event of this negociation; on the part of the French, commenced with>reludauce, conduced with infincerity, and concluded with mfult. * Aniong other pvojefts of holtility which the French governmenff had meditated againlt Britain the invafion of Ireland at this period en> gaged their attention ; and though it proved" abortive, yet it exclte4 a confiderable degree of alarm. The fquadron tmder vice admiral Bouret. :^ failed from Bred the lotbof December, and anchored in Bantry-bay, on the coaft of Ireland ; 'here ther^r^mained for fome days, waiting the arrival of the frlj^ate which conveyed the commander in chief, who had been feparated from the fleet in a ftrong ' gale of wnid, the day after its departure from Bred ; but finding it impolfible to remain any longer ia that fituation, on account of the tempellnous weather, they fet fail for bri:A, and were followed at difTerent petiods by the rcll of the fleet, ^»q:pt^wo Ihi i»f the line and three frigates, which were cither taken or funk. < "* In one part of his ipeech, his Majclty had taken notice of the invafion Which the Aietoy had projected againlt En^laudi which altho^ph^ k ■ ^ 3 E » excited $8^ ENGLAND. excited no ferious •pprehenHons, was not to be completely defpifed. Mr. Pitt brought forward the bufinefs in the houfe of commons and pointed out the means by which he ptopofed to raife 15,000 men, to be divided between the land and fea fejvice, to raife a fupplemental levy of 60,000 for the militia, and 700,000 cavalry, which with a few alterations and amendments were agreed to. , ■ The total of the fupplies for the year amounted to 27,647,000. In ex< plaining the different articles of expenditure Mr. Pitt alluded to an expence of a paiticular nature which had been incurred during the interval of parlia< ment. As it would have been a matter of extreme delicacy to have brought forward a public difcuflton on the propriety of advancing a fum to a foreign Court in the critical iituation of the country, the miniiters had granted to the lemperor without a public difcufllon the fum of i,200,ocol. This meafure came fliortly after to be difcuffed, and the oppofition took this opportunity of • reprobating it with the utmoft acrimony ; the ministry were loaded with every CxpreiSon of abufe and obloquy which the Englifh language could produce ; a vote of cenfure on their conduct was moved and fUpported by the moll violent declamations on the part of oppofition, but #U3 negatived by a great majority, t* ^Meanwhile amidit this fcene of faAion, of mutual afperity ahd reproach, j ^Vffloft alarming mutiny broke out in the njivy, formerly the pride and glory r' of the Britiih nation. The profeiTed objefl: of thele didurbances was the iredrefs of certain grievances refpeAing the quantum and didribution of theii , pay. Several letters were addrcfled on this fubje£t to Earl Howe, which, as they were anonymous could not be attended to. This imagined negledl pro* . duced a general correfpondence by letter through the whole fleet, and On the 14th. of April, when the fignal was made to prepare for fea, a ge- neral difobedi'ence was obvious, and inftead of weighing afichor, the feamea .of the admiral's fhip gave three cheers^and thefe cheers were anfwered in the fame manner from the other (hips. Delegates were then appointed for each fhip to reprefent the whole fleet, and the cabin of the admiral's fhip was fixed upon as the place of their deliberation. In fhort the whole of their $pnda£t was totally different from the honed, unrededting character of Brftlf^ feamen ; the unanimity with which they a£ted mahifefted a com- ," plete combination, and evidently fhewed that they adled upon a deliberate and premeditated plan of mutiny. Petitions were drawn up and prefehted ta the admirals then upon the fpot, dating their demand of an increafe of wages, and alfo fome regulations for their benefit with refpe£t to the ratio of provifions. On the f 8th.- a committee of the admiralty arrived at Portf- mouth, who made feveral propoAtions to reduce the men to obedience ( the lor48 of the admiralty next conferred with the delegates who afTured their lordfhips that no arrangement would be confidered as final until it fhould.be fan£tioned by king and parliament and guaranteed by a proclamation for a general pardon. w "' ■ '.' Matters remained in this fituation till the 23d. when Earl Howe returned lohis fhip, hoided his dag, and after a fhort addrcfs to tTie crev^r he infonned them ^hat he had brought with him a redrefs of all their grievances, and his majefly's pardon- for the offenders ; after fome deliberation thefe oders were )u;cepted, and every man returned with chearfulnefs to his duty. It wa? now generally believed that all difputes were fettled ; but either by fome mil- undcrftanding, or by defign,-the failors were betrayed into a belief that the government deluded them with vain hopes, and never intended to accede to their raqucus. Tui» rckiuulcd the uams of mutiny, and c". the 7th of •• ■'■' ■ ■ . - V . - '■ May • * -'.-I", ft. •■•-.- -1'. ' ''-"i i- ; C'T .".•-.- m,' ^ - £ » G L A N D. Jtif May when lord Bridport made the fignal to weigh anchor every (hip at St. Helens refufed to obey. A meeting of the delegates was ordered on board the London. Vice-admiral Colpoys oppufrd their coming on board and gave orders to the marines to level their pieces at them ; a flight fkirmifli enfued in which 5 of the feafnen were killed. The whole crew of the Lon- don now turned their guns towards the il«rn and threatened to blow all aft into the water unlefs the commanders furrendered ; to this iropcrioqs menace they reluctantly fubmitted, and admiral Colpoys and captain Gri£Sthiwere confined for feveral hours in feparate cabins. In this mutinous ilate did they continue till the 14th. of 'May, when lord Howe at length arrived from tJic ?dmiralty with plenary powers to enquire into and fettle the matters ir. difput^ ; he was alfo the welcome bearer o£ an nA of parliament, which had been pafled on the 9th granting an addi- tional allowance and alfo with his majcily's proclamation of pardon for all tivho (hould immediately return to their duty. Affairs being thus adjufted» the failors appeared perfe6tly fatisiicd ; the officers were generally reinftated in their commands, the flag of difaffedion was <\ruck, and the fleet prepared to piit to fea to encounter the enemy. Thus was Britain, awed by this dreadful and alarming mntiny, forced accede to evety requeft demanded by its authors, and to grant his mat ' |)ardon to thpfewho had violated all difcipline and fubordination, andynohad infuhed and even confined officers of the higheft rank, whom by their duty they were bound to treat with the greateft'deference and refjpeA, Wc fliau make no farther obfcrvatioh upon 'his fubjed ; the mutiny which followed foon after in another quarter is a fufti ;ient comment j a mutiny which fpread terror and alarm through the whole country, and which for boldnefs and Extent was without a parallel in the hillory of Great Britain y by fomet indeed,Mt has been cbnfidered rather as a fortunate citcumftance, tha^.4)y the iinreafonable demands of the failors, which were incompatible with alldifci> ph'ne- and fubordination, their country was roufed to a juft fenfe of ' httr Wrongs, and at lall raifed her indignant arm againft thofe who rehnquifliin'i^ dieir own natural charafter of htt gallant defenders, were the molt forward ;lo overwhelm her with ruin. • This alarming mutiny broke out at the Nore. The mutineers in irhit*- tion of what had been done at Portfmouth chofc delegates from every ffiip^ bf whom a man of the name of Richard Parker was appointed prefidentj After having either confined .or fent afliore their principal officers, the^ tranfmltted to the lords of the admiralty a feries of articles or conditions, lo which they peremptorily demanded compliance, aa the only terms on' which they would return to obedience. On the 23d. of May thty llruck the flag of admiral Buckner, and hoilled the red flag, the fymbol of mutiny in Its ftcad. At the commencement of the mutiny,- the delegates and com- ' mittee-men went on ftiore every day to Shffernefs, where they paraded the ftreets and ramparts of the garrlfon. Thefe proceffions were accompanied with mufic and flags, and had a triumphant appearance calculated to make new converts to their unlawful procffdings. ' The mutiny having now, rifen to » moll alarming height a deputation of the lords (jf the admiralty, at the head of when was earl Spencer, proceed, cd to Sheernefs ; but finding the failors rather rifing in imolence and dif- obedience, tlian inclining to fubnflffion, they departed, after having .fignifud 'to the feamen, that they were to expLtt rio conceffions whatever. iurtht;f than y.'hsf huA Uoon oinuo/Hv i^o/^o Viir »-Uu }^rr',n-i*,%rjt jjjQ bCDcfit of whicli they might yet enjoy been already made by the legifla returning to |heir duty. The 390 E N O I. N D. Thf rcamcn now perceived tlie r ilelj crate fitiiation wd with R view of ei» tovtirig a covpliuKcc witli tlieir (loinaiicl.! tluy proc^-cdcd tu block up the Thames, by refuliiix a free paflitge up and r.own thc river to the Londoa trade. Tile HiipH of neiirral itatiiMii, however, collier*, and a few frnaU craft tvere fuffered to pais liaviiip tirll received a paflport, figued Richardr Parker, »" prefulcnt of the dclcgatcH. All hopes of an accotniuodatioli being now jjiven up, every neccflTary mr«« fure was takcnt* compel the feamen to return to their duty. An a&. of parliament was fpeedily pafl'ed for preventing all intercourfc with the (hipi in a Hate of mutiny ; all the buoys were removed fi^opv the river Thames, tind 4he neighbouring coall by order of government, great preparations were alfo made at Stfcerncfs againll an attack from the mutinouH (\\\p«, which had manifcllcd fome ilrong difpoiitionH to honihavd that place, and after the ' rejection of the lail attempt at a reconciliation through the medium of Lord Northcdc, meafurea were taken by luid Keith, and Sir C. Grey, to attack the fleet from the worku nt oliecrnefv, with gun boatH and every thing clfc neceflary for that purpofc. Happily however the defedion of feveral of the P ips, with other Ilrong fymptoms «»f difunion, rendered the ap- pL'catiou of force uniiecell'ary. On the K th. of June feveral more of them pulled ^own the red (Jag. The rell of the fleet in a few days followed their example, and went under the guns of the fort at Sheernefs. Imnudiatelj upon this admiral Ikickner's boat went to the Sandwich with a pickct-gnard of foldiers to arrcil Parker, who was very peaceably furrendered to them ■ ■with about thirty other delegates. Their trials fliortly after commenced ; mauy of them were executed, a confiderable number remained under fentcnce till the fignal viftory of admiral Duncan when they were pardoned. The feamen returned very peaceably to their iluty and great Britain was by the blefling of providence delivered from a iituation oT the moll extrcqae peril, and where one accident or'niillukc might have been the caufe of unfpeakable diilrefs if not utter ruin. While the tranquillity of the nation was dillurbed, and its exiftence en- dangercdby the mutinous difpolition of its moll tlledivc defenders, an e*i , pvhich appeared at Hrll of fcarcely interior magnitude ihrea'cncd to olAr* wh«lm in ruin the pecuniary rciourcc!) and evc;i commerce of the country. The year 1797 among other wonderti, which it produced, likewlfe adde4 Uus to the number, that the Bank of England tulpended its payments in fpecie and yet public credit remained unihakeii. '•: Varions conjeftuies have been formed with re(^)eUor, and as long aj genius, erudition, eloquence, integrity and w*fdom arc valued among men fo h)ng will hin chaiadtcr be revered. As an orator and a writer he (luinc with the fame u^irivalled fplendour. The fame fublime and magnificent conceptions adorned with the moll elegant language { the fume da/.zling brilliancy jf wit knd humour ; the lame luxuiiancy ol imagination ; the fame fertility of allulion and illnilration ; ' the fanio depth of judgment, and extenlive knowledge diilinguifhed both his writings and fpeeches as the produtlions of a fuperior genius, nnd reflcfted the livvly image of their lUultrious author. The words which thu Roman hillorian makes ufe of in drawing a great charadlcr may be applied with propriety to him ; riec is Ionium, ciijits lingua, vivo eo, vlguerlt, 'Awnunun- ^tiim tloguentut nullum extet', vlvil lmo,vlgelrjue eloquentlaejus facratafcrlptit omnlt lenerlf. He waa the full man in Britain, we may fay in the world, who», lorcfetnig the pernicious artd dcllrui^^ivc tendency "f i le principles which g:ive rife to the French Revolution, lifted up ' . warning voice, and with i certainty almoft approaching to pr^fcicncf pioclaimcd aloud to Europe thtf woes which would aiife from this moll al* nMi-g and awful event. Were our powers equal to the talk, our > inou limits would not permit ufte attempt a delineation the of chai-adler of ^li. Uurke ; yet we could not.pa» ever the lofs of fo excclWnt a man wiil.nit withdrawing for a few momenta from the noife of fnftion, mutiny, ad war, to thed a tear to his mentcTy, aitd juft in pairing by to breathe a farcvvel fi|'h over his grave. Tha war on the part of Oieat liritain was during this year, nlmoft cit- clufively confined to naval oj)crat!()n;!, ih which the Ikill and aftivity of the Britilli feamen was eminently conipit uous, and invariably crowned with vid^ory. The Spaniards and Dutch were grievous luffercrs in two great naval engage- ments* which were both tqnriHy glorious to the Britifh arms." The firll of tliefe mcmoruhle afttons took place on the 14th of February off cape St. Vincent. The Britiffi fquadron under the command of Sir Joha Jcrvis, amounted to no more than lifteen fail of the line, while that of the Spanifti conftlled of twcnty-fcvcn, one of which was a four-decker, and car- ried 1 36 guns. ♦The adioncun. mended about half pall 11 o'clock, the van Ihip the Culloden, Captain Trowhridge^, firing agalnlt the enemy's he«4|lng and bloody engagement with amazing obllinacy and cotirage, and every man continued foithful to the laft to their gallant admiral. The adlion commenced at about 40 minutes pnft 12 o'clock, at which time every (hip of the Bnti(h had broken the ene- my's line, and cJut them o(F from getting mto the Texcl, the land being then diftant about feven miles. While the rear was attacked by the larboard divifion under vice-admiral Onflow, the comritender in chief ilirefted all his attention to the enemy's van, aM his* own (hip, the Venerable, was in clofe aAion for near two hours and a half, when he obferved all the mails of the Dutch admiral's (hip go by the bo^rd, (lie was, however, defended for fome tifne after in a moll gallant manner { but was at laft obliged to ftrike to the Venerable ; admiral De Winter himfelf being the only man left on the quar- ter-deck, who was not either killed or wounded. The great importance of this vlAory waa not fully known at the time it was gained. It did not appear till afterwards that this fleet was defigned to afllll the French in (heir intended invafion of this country. . While Britain triumphed fo completely at (ea, a negociation was entered in- to at Lifle for the purpofe of reftoring peace between the Regicide direftory aq^ England. , Lord Malmc(bury. arrived at Lifle in the beginning of July, and on the 8th delivered in his prqjet as the bafis of the negociation. As this projet contained fome particulars concerning which, the French com- iniflioneni profelTed themfelves unable to determine, they fent them, with their •bfervations, to the direftpry. ' On the 1 6th of July, Lord Malme(bury receiv- ed a note from the French plenipotentiaries, informing him that the French government required as a preliminary to negociation the reftitution of all 'his Britannic majcfty's conquefts. To this infolent demand lord Malmef- ^ bury replied, that he was furc peace on fuch terms would not be thought of. While the negociation remained in this fl:ate, from fome commotion in the in« ttrtai admiiiiflration of France, the plenipotentiaries were recalled, and otheri Appointed in their room. After a long difcufllon, aifd the^rongeft profelfiom of afincere defiie to conclude a peace, they fent a note on life I5thperemp. torily aflcing whether lord Malinc(bury*s powers were fuffitnent to reilore all the4)o{reflions taken from France or her allies, and pn his anfwering in the negative, he received another note requiring him to return in 24 hours to tobtain the necelTary qualilkations from his own court. The ftrange de* tnatid urged in the note of the 15th demonftrated beyond a doubt that the profelTions they made concerning their fincere defire of friend(hip, however Rrongly, however folemnly urged, were ftilfe and perHdious, and that all prof- pc&. of an accommodation mull be for the prcfent abandoned. Having rejeSed our oiFers of peace, the enemy refumed the projcA of an invanoii of Britain and it was generally believed that they ferioufly intended to ftiake the attempt. Vaft preparations vt^ere made in all the ditFerent lea-ports of France 5 a great 'number of flat-bottomed boats and traufport* Ifvere (itted out ; and a formidable force was aiTembled near the fea-coaH to which they gave the dbfurd appellation of Theyfrmy of England, Idle (lories rMV' 4MkV«vMv* i^Ay^M^i ,M»VM WlirWM^ w *M fi K O L A N D. [3853- were to float over to England; and to ctttj terror and diimty to her (horeii. This vifionary fcheme, doei not, however team to hive been feriouflf adop* * ted by i!he enemy ; perhaps the ftory was propagated to ridicule their firothy declantations againlt England. The condaa adcmted by the ibiniftry waa ■ prudent and judicious. By fomc the invafion hid been ti«ated as fo com- pletely ridiculous that no preparation was neceflary. Inftead of fleeping la > this falfe fecurityi the miniftry ^ook every necefliiry precaution to repel toeir attacks, unterrined bj their threats, but not defpifing them. •- ■ A bill was paifed tor enabling the king to provide more eiTeftaaUy for the defence of the country and to indemnify fuch perfons as might fuftam lofs or injury, in confequence of the meafures which it might be iteceflary to take for the^ ffcneral defence of the country 8c6. likewife to afcertain thofe who . were wiUing near their own homes to cooperate with the exifting force of the country, whether as loldiers, pioneers, drivers of waggons or in any other fituation ; circular letters were addrefled to tlie Lord Lieutenants of the counties, informing them that any 'corps of refpeAable houfeholderi would be accepted ; in Ihort every meafure was taken by miniftry which could enfure internal tranquiiy' ". or defeat the attempts of^oiir enemies. At no period of our hiftot as fo much zeal and courage difplayed by the Sritith Nation. Inftead ^t that narrow policy which adtuated feveral of the continental powers, they united as one man in defence of their invalu* able conftitution ; ' indignant at the menaces of the enemy this hieh>fpirited nation with firmnefs and magnanimity rallied round the ft;andard of freedom ; . undifmayed by the preparations of France they joined with one foul in de- fence of their moft gracious fovereign Lord the King, in defence of their liberties handed down to them by their anceilors as their invaluable birthright i refolvied either to preferve thefe^leflings or .to periflv in the attempt. Such indeed was the fpirit, seal, and loyalty of the Britifh nation, that the enemy affer having folemnly promifed (if indeed their ludicrous jargon can be folemn) that they would be m England before the fpring, HnaUy abandoned the attempt, and inftead of the invafion of Britain their fleet fet fail for Egypti ' accompanied by a great number of tranfports. It was their intention fofcibly to efPcft a fetttement in that country, and by degrees to penet^e to the Britiih fettlements in the Eaft Indies ; a Vfign for abfurdity, for wicked- nefa»for perfidy, and for injuftice unequalled in the hiftory of mankind ; fit^ only to be attempted by the bloody oppreflbrs of France who are not to h^^ ftartled by the moft determined villainy. But while the minift 7 watched with a jealous and vigilant eyf the preparations of the enemy abroad, their attention was not diverted from the wicked and treafonable attempts of their adherents at iM>me. By their vigilance a cohfpiracy of a very dangerous na- ture '.vasdifcovered. ,Mi-. O'Connor, a yoimg min of family, leagued with feveral obfcure perfons, had given jutt grounds for fufpedling his dengns. la confequence of thefe fufpiciona he, together with his accomplices were watch- ed, and traced to Margate,' from whence they intended to embark for France^ and there apprehended. After feveral examinations t^ey were fimlly com- mitted to ftand their trial, for high treafon, which took plaCe at Maidftone.' Their defence confifted in a fimple denial of the fafts with which they were charged. Mr. O'Connor brought forward in hfs defense the moft refpec- table members of oppofition who gave him an excellent cliarafter. One only of the prifoners, a Mr. O'Coigley was found guilty, who was fboitly »fterexecut»di " Mr. O'Connor was apprehended immediately on his acquit* tal by authority of a warrant from the Duke of Portland, and fent under a . 4^^-' [3E] guard 'jae:^ -.««^...,.,. l$6^2 E ^ Q L A ^r D. g^srid to Dqblin. ' Affiurs in Ireland wore a ftiU more alarming aipe£L At ' ea^enfivc and dangerous coilfpiracy w^ there formed for erefting Ireland into «p independent republic /^sthe tranfa£Uona of thefe confpirator* with their fubCequent rebellion belong to the hiftory of Ireland* it is unneceflary here ^ to repeat the relatiop of that calafpitous period. ~ 'We turn with plonfure fcQm theCe afHiding fcenes to one of the moil briUiaot naval- vidories, which, adorn the hifloty of Credit ]kitain,JithieTed otfthe mouth of the Nile by the illuftrious admiral N^lfon. The French fleet bav ing efcaped the Britiih 'in their voyage to Egypt and fafely landed their forces at Alexandria, were on (heir return home* M^hen adntiral Nclfoft having reconnoitred the harb(^r of Alexapdria perceived that itwas full . oFveilels of various kinds, and that ^he French flag was flying on board fe* veral of the (hips. The enemy's fleet was firft dilcovered by the Zealous, captain Hood, who immediately communicated, by fignal, the number of ikiph 1 6, lying at anchor in line of battle, in a bay upon the larboard bow, which he afterwards found to be Aboukir Bay. The admiral made the iignal to prepare for battle, and that it was his intention to attack the ene< my's van and centre as they lay^t anchor, and according to the plan before developed. His idea, iit this difpofition of his force,.Jvas, lirft to fecurethe vi£tdry, and then to n^ake the moft of it, as circumftances might permit. A bower cable of each (hip was immediately got out abaft, and bent forward. "^he Britiih continued carrying fail and ftanding in for the enemy's fleet m a.clofie line of battle. As all the oIKcers df the fquadron were totally un-* acquainted with Aboukir Bi^y, each fliip kept founding as Aie ftood in. Tlie enemy appeared to be moored iq a ftrong and compa£^ line of battle, clofii in with toe ibore,' their line defcribing m obtufe angle in its form, flanked bj numerous gun-\)0^ts, 4 frigates, and a battery of guns and mortars oA ta ifland in their van. This fituatipn of the enemy feeraed to fecure to them the moft decided adv^tntages, as they had nothing to attend to but their ar. tiUery, in tlieir fuperior (kill m th^ ufe uf which the Fren<;h fo much pride themfelves, and to whicK indeed their fpleipdid feries of land vi6tories wat io general chiefly to be ii^putcd. The p.ofttion of the enemy prefented titt ino^ forTiiidable qbftacles i'out the Admiral viewed thefe with the eye of a f<;aman determined on attack ; and, it inftantly ftruclThis eager and pene- trating mind, th,at where there w^s room for an enemy^s (hip to fvtring, there was irocm for «.me of Qurs to anchor. No further fign^ was neceiTary thin thofe which had already been made. The Admiral's defigns were as fu% known to his own fquadron, as was his determination to conquer, or periih in the attempt. The Goliath and Zealous had the honour to lead infide, and to receive the firft fire from the van (higs of tht «;nemy, as well as from the batteries and gun-boats with which thejir vpn was ftrengthened. I'hefe two fbips, with the Orion, Audacious, and Thefe us, took their ftations ipfide the enemy's line, and were immediafely in clofc adion< The Vanguaid anchurcd the firft on the outer-iide of the enemy, and was oppofed within lialf piilul fliot to Le Spartiate, the third in the enemy's line. In (landing in> oyr leading (hips were unavoidably obliged to receive into their bows the whole fire of the broad-fidcs of the French line/nptil they could take their refjpeftive ftations ; and it is Jjutjuftnefs to obferve, that the enemy rcceited * us with great ficmnefs and jj^elibcration, no colohrs having been hoifted on either fide, nor a gun fired, till our van (hips were within half gun fliot. At .» •. »? ^1 nr 1 _r . __l„i 1 ..i_f«. ;_ (.„iina lllUJt uiuC' utc iicvcuiiiy iiuuii.;ci ui uur iiicii were rjupiuycu aiuii m .u'.—o £ails, afl3 on deck, in hauling the braces, &c. pisparatory to our cafbng | anchor. As foon as thirtook pbce, a moft animated fire va» opened fK"" * the ■*»■ E. ii G L AN p; r4»73 ft. ;A« land into vith their fary here HbriUiaot :d otf the fleet bav- ided their al Neirofi . it was full I board fe- e Zealous^ nuinber o£ e larboard al made the ck the ene« plan before 3 fecurethe ;ht permit. :nt forward, ny's fleet io : totally uni )d in. The battle, chit t,' flanged hy ortan oji 'an are to them but their ar- much pride (ivories tm» )refented th« h the eye of er and pene- fwing, there ieceffary thin were as fully r, or perilhin id infide, and 1 as from the Thefe two lations iofid« ic Van^«d ipofed within n (landing in* icir bows the lid take their ,iemy received en hoiftedon jun (hot. Al iOlt «■» •"•-/•O |to our cafting , opened fwm * . . > the ic the Vanguard^ wUch (hip covtred the approach of thote in thcftar^ w)mc)| werefoUowing in a clcfe line.- The Minotaur, De(«nce» Bellerophon* Ma- . jeftfCt Swiftfure, anr^ Alfxdnder, came up in.fucce(fiou» andi paffing withih liail of t'be Vanguard, took their refpcfkire (lations oppofiteto the enemy's Uae. All our mip&.anchored by the ftem, by which means the Briti(b tine became inverted from van to rear. Captain Thomfoti, of the Leandcr^'of 50 guns, with a degree of judgement highly honourable to his-profelGonal-cha- rafter, advanced towards the enemy's Une on the outfide, and moft jutvciouf- ly dropped his anchor athwart haufe ofLe Franklin, raking her with great (iiccefs, the (hot from the Lvander's broadfide which fiSed that (hip all urik- ing L'Orient, the flag (hip of the French Commander in Chief. T^ '^ z6d(m commenced at fimfet with an ardour and vigour which, it is > ^v^zblfrto defcribe. At about 7 o'clock total darknefs had 'come on but che whole hemisphere was at intervals illuminated with the fire of the ho&iI# fleets. Our (hip*, when darknefs came on, had all hoifted their di(lingui(hing lights, ■&T a flgnal from the Admiral. The van (hip of the enemy, le Querrier, was difmaftedin le(sthan 12 minutes ; and m 1 o minutes after thefecond (htj^le Conquerant, a,nd the third le Spartiate, very nearly at the fame moment^ were alfo difmafted. L' Aquilon and Le Souverain Peuple, the fourth and fifth (hips of the enemy's line, were taken po(rc(fion of by the Briti(h at halt pad eight in the evening. Captain Berry, at that hour, fent Lieutenant Galwey, ofthe Vanguard,' with a p^ re •larines, to take polfeifion of Le Spartiate* and that omcer returned b boat th( French captain's fword, which Captain Berry immediately ...i.cred to the; Admiral, who was then below, in confc^uence of the fevere wound which Ke had received in the head dw-^ ing the heat of the attack. At this time it appeared that vidory had already declared itfelf in our favour ; for, although LfOrient, L'Heureu:;^ and Ton* nanc,.were not taken po{re(Iion of, they were coaQdeted aa completely in ovv' po\yer, which pleafing intelligence captain Berry comimmicated i^,perfon to the Admiral. At 10 inrnatesafter nin^afire wasobferved,9i^^ardL'Orimty which increa(ed with great rapidity preCently involving the ifrhok of the after part in flames. The only boats that could fwim were indantly difpatched from ' the Vanguard and tjtie lives of about ^o men were faved. The light thrown . by the (ire of L'Ortent upon the furrqunding objedls, enabled the Briti(h to, perceive with more certainty, the (ituation of the two feets the colours of both being dearly diftingui(hable. The cannonading was partially kept up to the leeward of the centre till about 10 o'clock, when the L'Orient blew up with a moft tremendous cxplofion. Aa awful paufe, and fllence for about *"' three minutes fuccecded, when the wreck of the mails ana yards, which had been carried tb a vaft height fell do.wn into the water and on board the fur- rounding (hips. After thiai awful Jbene, the firing recommenced witbthe (hips %o the leeward of t^he centre, till 20 minutes paft 10 ;• when. there was a total ceiTation of. (iHing^fbr about 10 minutes, after which it ^vas revived tiU ,, about 3 in the morning, when it again cealied, and the whoh: fleet except tyra|' (hips remained in polTeffion of the Britiih. Ulius was achieved by the (kitf^ valour and difcipliae of the Briti(h failurs and^ officers of every defctiption iilt glorious and ever "m^tniynlble victory ofthCift Auguft, which exated the raoft lively demonltrations of joy not oniy in -Britain but through all Europe. It has notonlyr^derd'us fovereign io the Meditervaneant-but has arouf- ed th^powers 4m the dontinent to another vigorous effort for thsir dcuVorancQ from the difgraceful tyranny of France ; this fpirit has already produced the happiei); and moft important efieds ; the French have been repeatedly de- feated by the Auftrians and purfued ^crofs the.Rhine, General Suhanow has been W'tll'V-.S.lHL- f'' 1 -■ fi^ fpr the eftablifhment of their views in Ireland. 'It nibft furely afford the moft heartfelt fatisfaAion to evervone who, truly lo;**8 his country, who rejoices in her joys, and forrows in her forrows, that by the valour of our Teamen we may now laugh at the impotent malignity of our ' enemies, ^hat Britain ftill reigns as the fovereigu of the ocean, and by the fflendor of her late victories emulates and even eclipfes the glories of Iter former days. GCNBALOCICAL LiST OF THE ROvVAlFaMILY OF GrEAT BrITAIN. George William Frederic III. born June 4, 1738 ; proclaimed king of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, and ekdlor of Hanover, 0£lober,36, 1760; ^nd mardedi\^ept> 8, 1761, to the princefs Sophia Charlotte, of Meckknburgh Strelitz,^bi6rQ May 16, 1744, crowned SeptembJEr 22, 1761, iiiid now have iflue : '. I. George Auguilus Frederic, prince of W^les, bom Auguft 12, 1763. Married April 8, 1 795, to her highnefs.the princefs Caroline of firunfwick ; lias iffue 7, Jan. 17J>6 a princefs. ; 2. Prin<^ Frederic, bom Auguft 16, 1763, eleded bifliop of Ofnabui^h, February 27, 1764, created duke of ^ork and Albany, November 7, 1784. K..G. and K. B. manied Sept. 29, 1791 » Frederica Charlotta-Uhica-Ca* therina, Princefs Royal of Pruflia.' 2i Prince William Hetiry, bo«f Auguft 21, 1765} created duleofCUr- ence, K. G.and ILT. V ' ' 4. Charlotte-Auguib-Matildk, Princefs Royal of England, born Septem- ber 29, 1766. Married 18 April 1797, to his ferene highnefs FrederiL- Charles Williani hereditary prince of Wirtem berg. 5. Prince Edward, bom November 2, 1767. 6. Princefs Augufta Sophia, born Novembers, 1768. 7. Princefs Elizabeth, bora May 32, 1 770. ; . ;,,\,;, 8. Prince Erneft Auguftus, born Junc5, 1771. i, Pritt.ce Frederi-: Auguftus, born January 27, 1773. '774- ^rS>.. v^f^ 10. Prince Adolphus Frederic, born February 24 J I. Princefs Mary, born April 55, 1776. ■..•■ ,y ig. Princefrf'Sophia, bom November 3, 1777. ..vrilj. ' i,-..,f la. Princefs Amelia, born A^ghft 7, 1783. > . j'wfy ^f >8ti;< Imiei of the late prince of V^w hy the princefs Augufta of SaKe GothS) mw^ag: ■ ' 'Ip: ' vlr.'Iicr myal highnefs Augulla, born Auguft ii^ 1737 ; married the hers* ditary prince (now duke) ofBrunfwick Lunenburgh, January 16, 1764. 2. His prrfent majv lly. " 5. Flince William Henry, duke of Gbuceftcr, born November 2 j, 1 tj* •*i. . ■•m j.JI»au *X-"*'™^S!*S«««'.*-'*wr:''*'»i*;; !.-wo*' >•■»-•*—««*«#■ V. W #^ L E S. Hp HOty&H this pnd^paiityu ^Mlltically incln . • , ■ . ' . ' , tiCngili 130! i,^,.^j (" 5» and 54 Ndrth latitude. ,,, . ^?«l*^;..4)• ^ ";ijea in (quare mile» ^01 li *V' <•■■"'■■'■'•" ■ _ , , ^ Hamb and LiMduAGE.'i The Welcti, acoordine to the beft antiquariei| Ire defcendants o^ the Belgic Gauls, who made ^ tettlement iii England : •r./-'. ftron? affinity with the Celtic or Phoenician, and is Highly cuihmended w% ' its pathetic and defcriptlve powers by thofe who undeiitaiid it,, . BovNBAaiEs.j Wales was formerly, of greater uteni than it is at prefeht^. being bounded only by the Severn and th? De^ ; but after the Saxons bad inade themfelves mauers of dll the plain .coiktry, the Welch* yr, ancient Biitons, were (Hut up within more narrow ,bounAt|^ and obliged gradtially to ifttreat weftwa^'d. It does not however appear' that the Saxons ever made >ny farther conqiiefts in their country .thaii MonntouthiHire aiid Hinrefbird- ' il1iire..whiclr are. how reckoned part of England: This coiititry is divide!^ fnto four circuits. See England. ' ,.' . CLiiltAtB, sML, ANtt WATEvJ .The feafons are pretty niuch the fame «* ill the ^ottherh jMtrts df Ehgtiuid, and the air 's fliarp, but wholefom^ , Thefdil of Wides, efpecially toWards the l4orth, is mbuntajnou», but djMiii' tains Hich vallies, vi'hich produce Crops of wh^at, rye, and other ^oi:n, WaUa contains many quarries of free-ftbne and flate, feveral • mines of lead, and, itbundance of coal-pits. This country is well fupplied with wholefome fprings} and its chief rivers are the Clywd, the Wheeler, the Dec, the Severn, the Elwjr, ^nd the Alen,' wkiich funkiih llintihire with great quto- titles 6ffi(K.\ , . / '^. , / , ' MouNtAiiis.3 -It would be endlefa to particularize tjKe mbuhtaina Qf.t||M(t. wuntry. Snowdou, in , Caernarvonlhlre, arid Plinhmmbn, which hes pww/ m Montgomery and partly iii Cardlganfhire, an tlie moft ^moiis ; aha their . Mountainous fituation greatly aiTifted the natj|r independency, for which reaCbh Edward I. i^C^d to hare nudr a general m^lfactc of the baeds ) an inhumanity which was chtraAcnf^ ttealof that ambitious prince. The Welch maybe called an wiroixcd people, as mav be proved by their keeping up the ancient hpfpitallty, and iKieir ianSi adherence to ancient cuftoms and nMinners. ~ This appears evlving them from crimes ; and the Welch, when their ancient clergy were cxtinA, conformed themfelves to the religion of Rome. The Welch clerg}*, in general, are but poorly provided for ; and in many of the country con. gregations they preach both in Welch and Englifl). Their poverty was £>rmedy a vaft difcouragement to religion and learning, but the meafun:! taken by the fociety for propagating chriftian knowledge hu in a great degree removed the reproach of ignorance from the poorer fort of the Welch, In the year 1 749, a hundred and forty -two fchoplmafters were employed to renwve from place to place for the inilrudtion of the inhabi- taats ; and their fcholars anjpunted to 72,264. No people have diftinguiih* cd diemfelves more, perhaps, in proportion to their abilities, than the Welch have done by 98a ot national munificence. They print at a vaft expence, £ibles, Comnoon prayers, and other religious books, and diftribute them -jrratis to the poorer fort, ^f w of their towns jrfi mij^foyi^ with a Iree* /J^tl ^j' ,'«i4^.iey-|-!y>^«:>*..r-^ri>.ryi; ;^- ^ "V-.'-^U-i- .^^ WA 1-^ E «. m llie tftibliihctf t^^fk In WalM,{i tiMt ttf Affe cItaMh «r Bh|;teii«, IM llMComiAon ptoplc in tnamy {dacih ave lb i«midoo# of thtjr andent' tw. terns, that they retain i* Mfticuhnly tlu author of that intraluable work the i^httoloj^ Ktrtttit kn4, the learned author of the Mona Antiqua, was lifcewife a WeldMMtt | as was that great ftatefman and prelate, the lord-l:eeper WilliaaM, ar«dibiiMi^ of York in the, time of king Charles I. After all, we muft be of oj^on, that the great merit of the Welch lewming, in former times, Kay in the knowledge of the antiquity, language, aad kitlory of their own conntty* Waks, notwithftanding au tbat Dr. Hieks, and other antiquaries, b*^ Aid to the contiary, fumiOied the Anglo Saxons with an alphabet. - Thii is clearly demonftbted by Mr. IJhuyd, in his Welch preface to bia Ar« chitologia, and is ooniirmed by various monumental infcnptions of ondoubt'' 'P>^ With regard to the prefent ftate of literature among the Welch, it !s fuf^ " ficient to far, that fome of them make a confiderablo figure in the repnbh'o o^ letters, an* that many of their clergy i|re excellent fcholars. The Wekb' Pater.noAer is asfollowsf" -4 *; - „,i.. . .-. ^, Eln Tody yr hiun wyt jHy itefatHt^JanSaMitrtty Mtv; inudhy deynuu i iyJdeddy twyllus (try adaeaty megls y mat yn y nefoed : dyro i ny htddyvt em idrd itynyddiolf a maddeu i ni tin dyiediotf fel y maddeuton nt i'n dyledtoyr ; ae Me ^rwain ni i brofedigaetf\ eithr gtvareJ ni rbag drwg : canyt eiddot ti ytt/r df Jirnaif i^rgalluf a*r gogoniantyn eos oefoedd. Amen. Cities, towns, roars, and other EDIFICES, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. pther for pop\il«uliiefs or i^ajgnificence. 1 • Wales contains no dties or towns that are remarkable Beaumaris is the chief town ot h' •; ."■',•'1 •?■<■■■-"'' :\'.;j,.'"'' -^y ' '^% m m A, L-.E. S.' ■V Cu^igu ii^-)Mrg€'popul0ii9 town, and Ue$ in tb« na'ghbouriMod of lead «pf iilin mJjiiMf. , CaaMiwihoii tat a krgc bri^^ «n4 it governed by » nuyw} gW' fliimiflb) MB 4deitBen> whci tifcar teiu'IiA gown«» »nd other eafignt of fotti;; rembrpkf iawcU inhfibited by ^en^kmeq add trii4 are £> ftrongly bpOt) mid ib wdl iituated» thait they miflf^t be tarned jfO/o M>og iprt* by % fitiU expenpe'; wjtneb the Yigoroua ddFetacc which itiiiby of ti&m Qude ii^ the civM >rgrh bftwetvi Cbai^ I. and hii piriiainenV'' '•''•■•. •■' ■ • - • .' ■ ANTi^Sflt'riia AMD cvaiosiTiii, 1 Wilef ^bounds in rcAiaini of ao< ^ NAVVKAt ANb AATiFicuL* J 'ti^uityi SevenJ of ita cafSea •fe ituposdbufly large; and ia'fome* the remtins of Rom«n vcbiteAunt are .plainly di(. ' toaint of tbel)roidi(»liniUtation8, and placei of WoHhip, are chiefly difcer- mble imi^ ifle qf Andefey, the andent Moi^^j ii\entioned by Tacitiic, who dfeftribta iV*4 being the <:Uef feminary of the J^iwdical rites and religion. Cber|pUtty<> is a famous well, l^owp by the name of St. Wenefr^'t w«l|,' f^ which, te<;ording to thelegendary t9lepi>f thecomdnon people^ nir^; CuJotMf evits have been performed. - The fpring boils with vau impetuofity put oCarotk> and is formed into i^ bea^vtiful polygonal w^, covered with a ^b.arch, fnpported by pillars, And the roof is moft^ exwiifitely 'carved in ftone. Over the fpring is alfo a chapel* a' neat piece of Gothic architefture, butin 1 very ruioous ftate. King Jamd ;II. paid a vifit to the well of St. Wenefred jh 1 686, and was rewarded for bit piety by a pre(er>^. nrhich was aude him of ^e very (bift in which his great grandniother, Mary Stuart, lo'her head. Tbe fpring is fuppofed to be one of the ilneil in the Britith dominions ; and by two dinerent trials and calculations lately made, is found to^fling out about twenty-tae'tons of water in atAinute; It neVer freezes, or laucAy varies is the quantity of water ind^ughtSi or after the greateft rains, . Afteril violent ItU of wet, it becomes dif^ tinge. The fmall town ad-, ^ning to the well, is knowQby the name of HolyweU. In Caemarvonlhireii ; high wr^'jntain of Fenmanmawr, acrofs the edge of which tbe public roai ' - caiions tio fmall terror to many travellers ; from one haiid the im. " The Mr of iJLoglerea, which i« themoft weScra county bf Horth y^alti, if fiMWund* «ld,oaalllMe•^f^he lr>(h fea, eioiptoothe foatb^caik, where it it divided from B:iti<^ bji a nirrow ftrair, called Meneo, which ia fome pUces attj be psfliid w foot' at t«« «£^i the island h sbout 14 mf!«i lonr. and x8 broad, and contains 74 pariihei. (|( #a» ih« anient iCeu of tfaaBrUifliDxuid'fe - :too] W A L E/ff. m ttenttw todfc fteBu kMtfti^thlaniu to «#iilh ttMm t»pkMfl>'«lil t)ii^fi«i| fanic(pie«bilow, tvhich huigi over'tbe Cea, it (e hideoul, and tiO Hrym^i trhen a wall was raifed on the fide of the road, fuQ of dltdgo'i that 606 Smt lief wai of difitnal cenfequcnee. SMfwdon ■ hill it by tiSaagular muiamtmi$ ,ia46'yard«perpcn^u]a|'h«ight. ' ■■'*^--'- There are a great atuqber of pleating pr<^Be^ and pi£kurefqae «ie«r#' f» ^|(pn r and uM Otuntr^ it hi^^y wocthf the ^ttentioo of the corioiM; . (^QMMEtdt aMoMkNUPACTvast. The Welch are ^o a foodng ftt |# their coatMnercc 4nd numufiiAurety w^th many df the northern coaot2e# o# EngUnd. There tnde ie moftly inhind, or with <£nffliuid» int<» whidt thrr import aumbera of Uack cattle. Milfordhaven, which it rcckoQed the fiMn^ in Europe, h'ea in Pembidkefliire } but the Welch have hitherto fO^^tftl ndM greftt benefit from it, though of Ute confiderablc fumt have b«cn gnpM by' paHiameht for tta fortification. - It~lie« under two capital di£i^dh(fntii^;cs» the fir^ '") that by waking it the rendezvout^ all the Engliih marjiiei, a |>ol^^ attempt of an eneiiky mignt totally deftroy the fiuppinff, howeVer ftronriyj theymay be defended by ;walls and forts. The liane objeAion however Hef to tfcry harbour that contain* fiiips of war and merchantmen. The (econdir • and perhaps the chief difadvantage it liea under, is the ftrong c|>pofititown, except Merioneth, fiy th« 34th and 35th of the fame tetgn, there were ordained four feveral drcuits for the adminiftratibn of juftice in the {aid (hires, each of which was to mdude thsee ftiires ; fo thaf. the chief juftice of Chefter has under his jurifidiftion ^0 thraefereral (hires of Pint, Penbigh, and Montgomery. The' (hires of Caer- aarvonj Mi.rioncth, and Anglefey, are under the julticts of North Walei^ Thofe of Caermarthen, Pembrokefhire, anl Cir??igan, have alfo their juftices { as havelikewife thofe of Radnor, Brecknock, and Glamorgan. By the iSth of queen Elizabeth, one otherjuftice aifiiUntwas ordained to the former juf. tices { fo that now every one of the faid four circuits has.twQ,juiUces, viz f •ne chli^f.juftice, and a fecond juftice-afilllant. RrvENUES.] As to the revenues, the crown has a certain, though fmaU property, iti the produd of the filler or lead mines^; but it is faid that the revenue accruing to the prince of Wales from his principality, does not excee4 7 or 8,oooh a-year, t^ , ' Arms. Tlie arms of the prince of Wales diiFcf from thofe of England^ : pnly by the addition of a label of three points. His cap, or badge of oftnch f8ath(a-8,,wa8 occafioned by a trophy of that kind, which Edward the Black Prince took from the king of Bohemia, when hf was killed at the battle of AAi^Utrs, and the motto u Jth dtmi I fcrre* 8u P»vld» commonhr called .... . r- , ^ ^ > .1 ■# *^ ll. Tii%^'i«*I>e^aMkr (m^pttht Wtlob, ami U»M|r <>• feek^^^vWcii « fwro ^n hi* daf* the ift o^ March, MUd i(pr whieb m i» m |n(oiM I«vb bm riiif T9*T.}; ,TU'««ci^t hiftorf o&waitt tt uB«cfft«{ii» on aofioMat of tb« somber of petty prioce* who governed it. Th«t tbey wefe farereign and ia« diytbdam* tppein fram tb«.£i)lgltai hiftofy. It wat fbraHilf tnhabtied bf 4iir*c different tribes of 9ntoa% the SihiK«» the DtaMtK«and the niiM|iiii Tbcfir people cut out (b much work for the* &omaru» that they do not i^tkr tnyt |a hfcve beeu cntiicly fiibdwed ) yat part u£ tiidr countrvi at appetra I^Mii the ruin» -of oaAlea* wu bodied 1^ ^arrifonk ThoUj^ the Saion^ m|' l»tk \mxA alrfadf jobfigrvrd, r South Waka ; Povefia^ vK'^opihhmi t and Venadotta* or Noftik Wale*. This diviAon nve * mor. tii Ww to the tttdependency of Wale^ About the year 1 112, Heury I. of Si^land pfauitcd • colony of Fl«mAga on the ftwitiera of Wales nk finrve at a barrier to England* i^nc of tht Welch priBoeft being powtrfi^ enough ta cpfwfelhenm' They n^ade, however* many vigoroua and brave attempta Mainft 4he Nonaan king* of ]^ngland» to maintdn liieir Ubertiaa t and crea twi £agU£dwBd, ft^m that time pretended that Wales wftMUMRxed to hia cram pf England. It waa4b{>ut this time, probably, that Edw*rd-p^r)ietntt«dlLe ^human aafiaereof the Welch bardia. Pierceiving that Ids cruelty was not. fufficient to complete his conque^ he fedt his queen in the year i«82, to be delivered in Caernarvon caftle, that the Welch having a prince bom among themftflves, might the more readily recognize his authority. This priocd was the uidiajwy Edward II. aa4 hom him thp title of priiice Iff Wales hat alw^s ^nce oefcended to the cldcft.fo^ of the EngUih uiq[;«r '^ThehiOory ^ Waks and England becontes now the lame. It is, prc^ij^rj; however toToh* jerve, that the kings of England have 4waya found it theit intcreil to footh« , th^ Wekh with j articu^lar n\|Brk8 of tkeir regar (L llieir ^deft (bns not on* iff held the titular dignity, but aAually kept a court at l^idldw ; and,a n- , gular council, with a preildeiit, was named by the crown, for the adnunif' tratton of jth^principality. . This was thought fo necefiary a piece of f^tiilf that whenHenry VIII. h»d no font his dan|hter Mary waa cnated pria-. e«j(iiof»(ai«s, • ^ V ; > ^^,^, : tlLft OF AfAk m IS L Er O F M AN. , TliZ Miia MBlMMd bf 'EcdtM VMtht ifleof AngMn, ik9 thiliflaad. Some tfaJiiH it tain ito Mac fix>iii the Sanon wor4 MMg (or amoin^) hNudiB iymg ia St. OcM^'t ChMmcl, k ii^htioft at an equal ditlanos iam tlw kingdoaa* of Ea^id, 8coU»ad and Irclaad t but MoHa feenti ia hxf ban a gaacrical naaic with the aodents for any detached tAand* Itilengtli from aovtK t» ibuth ia rather more than thirty milet, fta brme, and the diaaatCt onip naktng an allowance fcr the fituation, pretty much th< (mm aa that ia the nor^ of England, ftom' which it doee not difier mwcH m ether refpea*. Tht hiBy jparts art borrca, and the chaMpiign fruitful ii dhcitr harimr, oats, ryai iaa, hemp, roota, and pulfe; The ridge of rnoua* tann% whicK aa it were, divide the Iflaiiid, both prote€b and fertil^ei tfa^ wBictt aHbcM there i« good paftttrafe. The better fort of inhabitant* havtf Mod.fiaQMe horfe^ and a fiqnaH kind, which k (wift and haidri noc m Scy troubled with aoy noxioua animals. The coafta abound with fea-fewl | aadthe pofina wAiich breed in rabit hales, are ahnoft a Imnp of ht, and , cfteemed very ddieioua. It Is faid that this ifland abounda with iron, lead* ipdoope^iBtnea, thac^h aa wrought } aa are the quarrie* of marbfet^llatei and 1^ lAeof Man ccatalat icvcnteen parKhea^ and four towna* ori the fea wall. Caft!lr*towa is the metropoUa of tlie ifland, and the fe:|t of ita . gawmment ) Paelc of late yeavs begins to flouriih ; Doughs has the b^ anirket and ImA trade ia the ifland, and is the richieft and moft poputowa tolmi OB accoun^of ita exGcll^nt harbour, and its fine mole, extending into the fea ; RantJc|r ha^ likewife a confiderable commerce, oh account of i\t fffiai^b%ft iti which fliipa may nde fafe from aU win<)3 excepting the aartW^ Theitf|der, by throwing his eyea on the map, may fee how con- veniently Uhs iflaodj^ 6Utated for being the Aorehoufe of fmugglerv, which it w« in the reign of Edward III. who difj^lTeflcd the laft queen of the iiland, and beftowed it on his faVoDritc. .• to ■m tit> ^m 0m :^/.« L 8 «» Bt A H. fiiTiMrftCt MonttftS'j, «n1 of SaliAurjr. Hia famQy honoon uid eiUt^ Mng forfeited* Hetfiy IV. bcftowwl Man, ind d|| p«kr«Mgff of the bUhoprickt tftt. Upon the Northumberland family, and that bttng forfeited, upon Sir John Stanlejr, whofe polleritv^ the carle of Dci1>7, cnjojed it, tini by fiuliure of hdn male; it devMted'uitoQ the dykik at Athol, who married iae Sfter o£ the laft lord Dcrhy. Reafone of fUtt rendered it neceffiuy for tht e(iva of GMt Britairi to purchafe the ciiftome and the' idand froiA the Athcd koAj | and the .bargain waa oMKpleted hj 76,oooL bdnr paid to ^Se duke in 1764. The duke, however, retains hit terntorid property tn the ifland* thodgh the form of iti sovetomeftt i^ altered ( aud the king has now the fame ri^^htt, powers^ and prerogatives, as tlie duk« £rm«l7 enjoytd. The inhahitaotst alio, rMain maoy ol their Mncient con. ttttions and cuftoms. ..- . ' . ,v . . The efUblifhed religion in Mali ii that df thi: churcHof fiogbuid. llie bifbop of Sodor and Man lenjoys all the fpiritual rights and pre^cminencci of the other .biihops, but does not fit in the Britifh houfe of peers; Us fiee iiever having been cteAtA into Mi Englifll barony. Ode of the moft «< celW piaebites who ever mlomed the epifcopal chahii£le^, was Dr. Thomas WiUbn, biihop'of.Man, who prefided over that dioccfe upwutUof fifty.* leven yf:#rs,.aiid died in the yeiu- 171^, aged ninety-three. He waa els' inently! diftingiunied for the piety and the examplarinefs of his life, his be. nevolq^cc and hofpitality, and his lulremitting attention to the happinefa.o( the people entrufted M his care. He.cpcouraged agriculture, euabliliied fchoolsfor the inllruoion of the children of the inhabitants of the iflawl, trimflated fone of his devotional pieces into the Manks language^ to render them niiore generally uieful to then, and founded parochial libraries ^n ev^ pariih in his diocefe. Some of his notions refpe£kihff eovemment and churcK difdpUne «%re not of the moft liberal kind t but hu failings wercf fofev, •ndhis virtues fo numerous and confpitiuous, that he wu.ajgreati blsfing t«die Ifle of Man, and an cmament to human nature. Cardiiuu Ileury had £} much veneration for his charadler, that, out of regard to IdoK, he obtain^ td an ord^ from, the court of France, that no privateer of that nation fliodd zavure the Ifledf Man. ■ ' . llie ecdefiaftical government •is well kept t)p in this iilasd, fod the liv utgs are comfortable. The Umguage, which is called the Mioks, and ii fpoken by the common people, u nulically Eriie, ar,lnlh, but with a mix- ture of other lang^ges; The New Teftament and. the C«nmon Pnycr Book have been tranlQated into the Manks language. The natives, whs amount to above ao,ooo, are inoffenfive, charitable, uid hofpttable. The better fort Kve in flone houfes, and the poorer iq thatched | aiid their or- dinary bread is made of oatmal. Their produ£b for exportation eonfift 4>f wool, hides, and tallow ; which they exchange with foreign (hip'ping for commodities they may have occafibn for from other parts. Before the South promontocv of Man, is a little ifland called the Clalf of Man : it i( about three miles m circuit, and feparated. from Man^by a channel about t*it, , furlonffs broad. This ifland affords fome curiofities which may amufe an antiquary. They ^onfift chiefly of Runic. fepulchral infcriptions and monuments, of ancient brafs daggers, and othei^ weapons of that metal, and partly of pure gol^ which, are , fometimes dv>g up, aod feem to iadicate the fjilendor ef its a»> «ient]Mifl '!■ * ■'•»■ ISLE OF Wight. i-p] I His ifland is fituated oppofite t^e coaft of itampfliire* ftom which il X iBlTeparated.by a channeli varying in breadth from two to (even miles ; it Is confldered as part of the county of Southampton,- and ii within the aiocefe of Winchcfter. Ita |;reatcft length, extending from eaft to weft, itiearurci nearly tw«nty^thrc< miles i its breadth from north to fouth aibove thirtecQ. The air is in general healthy, particularly the foUthern parts ^ the foil IS various, but fo great is its fcrtihty, it wax many years ago com« puted, that tnore wheat was grown here in one yC'ir, than could be confum- cd by the inhabitants in eight,; and it is fiippolcd that its prsfent produce, under the great improvements of agriculture, and the additional quantity of liand lately brought into tillage, has more than kept pace with the increafe of population. A range of hills, which affords fine pafture for fheep, ex- tends from eaft to well, through the middle df the ifland. The interiot pvts of the ifland, as ^pell as its extreihities, afford a great number of beftu« vivi and pi£lurefaue pro^efls, not only in the pailoral, but alfo in the grea£ and romantic ftyle. Otthefe beauties the gentlemen of the ifland have a« vailed themfelves, as well in the choice of the fitiiation of their hoiifes, as in their other improvements. Domeftic fowls and poultry are bred here in srcat numbers ; the outwilrd-bound fliips and veiTels at Spithead, the Mo- ther-bank, and Cowes, commonly forniflung themfelves from this ifland. Such is the purity of the air, the fertility of the foil, and the beauty and variety of the landfcapes of this ifland, that it has been called the garden of England ; it has fome very fine gentlemen's feats ; aiid it is often vifited bj. parties of pleafure on account of its delightful fcenes. The ifland h divided into thirty parimes ; and, according to a very accu- rate iialculation made in the year 1777, the inhabitants then amounted to eighteen thuufand and twenty-four, exclufive of the troops quartered there. Moil of the farm houfes are built with ftone, and eyen the cottages Appear neat and comfortable, having each its little garden. The town of Newport ilands nearly in the centre of the ifland, of which it may be confldered as the Capital. The river Medina empties itfelf into the channel at Cowes harbour, dldant about five miles, and being navigable up t9 the quay, renders it commodious for trade. The three principal ftreets of Newport extend from eaft to weft, and are crofted at right angles by three others, all which are fpaeious, clean, and well paved. Carin)rook calUe, in the Ifle of Wight, has been rendered remarkable by the confinement of king Charles I. who, taking refuge hefe, was detained a prifoner, from November 1647, to September 1648. After the execution •f the king, this caille was converted into a place of confinement for his children ; and his daughter, the princefs Ellzabetli, died in it. There are feveral other forts In this ifland, which were all erc<£led about the 36th year of th« reign of Henry VIH. when many other forts and blockhoufes were built in different parts of the coaft of England. The SCILLY ISLES, anciently the SILURES, art a clutter of danger- «U8 roc^s, to the nutnber of 140, lying about 30 miles from the Land's End in Cornwall, of which county they were reckoned a part. By their fituation between the Englifli Channel and St. George's Channel, theyhavtf been the dcftrudion of many fliipis and lives. Some of th« iflands are (reU inhahjted, aiidloavc iara and fccure harbours. , ,^ ^•-•r- ' " ' «**a«HWli ■» ■:,-.' '\ 4»t |£RS£T,GU£itNS£t,ALlDl]tK|EV, ' « la the HudiBi Chmnel are Ibttf ifltttds fubj^:^' to E^ngUmd « there u4 ^peh H«guera Nohnandy, and Cape FrebeBfe in Brittany. . The com' ]putedl diftance br:weeh Jerfey and Sark is four leagues : and between that •nd Gucmfey, Teven league* ) anS between the uune and Alderaey, nine leagues. JERSEY, andevdy CiESAREA, wu known to the Romans : and Uci fiuldkeft within the bay, in forty-nine <1*grees feven minutes north latitude,. udin tho fecond degree tw«nty>fix minutes weft longitude, i8 miles weft of Mormandyi and 84 miles fouth of Portland, x be north fide is inaccelfible through lofty difln, the fouth is aintoft level with the water ) the higher land, , N midland part, is well planned, and abounds \;vith orchards, trom which ir adft an incredible qiuntity cf excdlent cyder. The Wltes are iruitful avd well cultivated, and contain plenty of catfle and (heep. The in^jdutanti negleft tillage too mdch, beint; intent upon the culture of cyder, the tbiprovemcnt of .commerce, and particuurly the oknufaAure of ftoelunn. vThe honey in Jerfey is remarkably finic ; and the ifland is well fupjpUed wttk fifli and wild fowl almoft of every jundy tome of both being peculiar to the iiland, and very delicious.- Thfe ifland if not above twelve ihika in length r.but the air is fo falubrioui, that, in Gamden'rtime, it was faid there was Iiere nobufmefsfof a phyfician. The inhabitants in number are about ao^ooo, and are divided intwo twelve iparilhes. The caj^tal town is St. Helier, or Hilary, which contains abore ^ 400 houfes, has a good harbour and caftle, and makes a handfome appea^ ancel The property of this iiland belonged formerly to the Carterets, 1 Norman family, .who have beeh alwayc attached to the royal interell^ and nve prote^on to 6hailes II. both when king and prince of Wales, at a Ume when no part of the Britiflk- dominions durft recognife h|rn. Tlie language of the mhabitants is French, with whieh moft of them internJngle EngEfli Words. KnitHockings and caps form theur ftaple admmodity, but thty carry od a confidenHble trade in fiOi with Newfoundland,- and .!ii'pofe of their outgoes ir^ the Mediterranean. The governor is appobted by the cro«vnt>f xloghnd, {but the civil adminiiP ration reftk with abaiSff, aifiixed by tweTve jurats. As this ifland is the principal remains of the duchy of NSmundy depending on the kings {)££ngkmd,j it prefervet the old feudal forms, aiid particularly the aiTembly of ftates, which iS aa it were a miniature «f the Bri^.iiii parliament^ as fettled in the time of Edward I. GUERNSEY is <:hirteen miles and a half from fouth-weft td north-eaft, and twelve and half where broadeft,eaft and weft ; has only ten pari(hes,to^ which there are but eight minifters, four* of the parilhes being united, and Aldemey and Sark, Which are appendages of Guemfey, having one apiece. Tlwuih this is amucti fiacr ifland than that of Jerfey, yet it is far lefs valuable becawe it is not fo well cultivated, nor is it fo populous. It abounds in cyder ; and the inhabitants fpeak Frendi : but want oflBringisthe greatell incoQveniency that both iflands labour under.- The only harbour here is at St.. Peter le Port, which is guairded by two forts ; one called the Old* CafUe, and the other Caftle-Comet. Guemfey is likewife part of ihe an* dent Norman patrimony. . ALDERNEY is about eight miles in compafs, and is by much the nearcu of all theCe iflands to Normandy, from which it is feparated by a narrow (butt called die Race of JUdemej, whidi ii » dangerous pa&age in ftonny U thefe u4 nuuch netre^ I the dioceie «y, bctwcev The corn* >etwceD that iernejr, nine uis : and Uei irth latitude^ nilei weft of • inacceffible the hiffher shards, from le jvalliei are (Keep. The ure of cyder, of ftoekinM Lipjplied wtu luiar to the b falubrioui, » phyiician. ntwo twelve ntains aboTc ibme appea^ Carterets, I interell^ and Wales, at a hp. The interiungle imodity, but • and .iiipofe inted by the liUfi; aMed he duchy of te old feudal e a miniature d north-ealit 1 parilhes, to" united, and ; one apiece, r lefs valuable t abounds in ithegreatelt arbour here led the Old- t of ihe an* h the nearefl by a narrow ) pa&age in fiomy ■P ■f^^.f-^ '-■4'm M. #■ m ■-♦■ •■«4- ■i^ % m •w' ..i, *^i. i ii t i . — «_^^ !»,'««lwH*«r.''>-«W»'IHH» *' • , Ik i 1^ h K m: ■ ;. ^$ $.onaf weatheTf when the two ctBrents mcft ; tftherwife It is fafe* and has idepth of water for the hurg^ft ftips. Thii ifliwcl^i* healthy, and the fofl i» remarkable fora fine breed of eowa. ' ' «« SARK is a-finall i0«nd dependins updi Gaem^ ;\the inhabitants are long lived, and 'enjoy fixing nature aU the ^onYeoiencies of life ; their uam^ ber is about 30a The inhahitants of the three laft-mentioiiedl iflands tp* nther, are thought to be aboUt 7o,oog» 7^ rehgion of all thtwur iflands M that of the ehurch of England. >' n ' "* . .IRE t A l4 D, StrvkriGN, BouNOARmt, andBxtbht. *■ THEifland of Ireland is lituated oq the weft fide of England, betweea .6 and 10 degrees Weft Ijpngitude, and between 51 and 55 degrees 30 ininutes north latitude, or between {the middle paralld qf the eighth cliine« . where the longeit dky is i6| hours, and \he a4th parallel, or the end of the loth cb'me, where the loageft day is 17^ hours. ' The extent or fqperficial content of this kingdoit), is, from the neareft e()mputation and fnrtfey, found to be in length 285 miles from Fairhead north, to Mifiienhead fouth { and firom the eaft part of Down, to the weft part or Mayo, its greateft breaddi ^6omile8^ and to contain 11,067,712 Ir'ihplan^ iation acres, which makes 1 7^7,864. |ap^ of EngUfh ftatute meafures and it hild to besfr proportion w £nglaiid[ and Wales as 1 8 to 30. Mr.; Tempieinaii^ ii^ho makes the length 275, aml^ the Ineadth 150 miles, gi*fa> it an vt% of 87>4;7 fquave mile^ with i zf inhah^tapts to eaieh. , Jxom ^i(^ saft part of Wexford to St. David's in Waling it uf reehoned ^;%uks* h«i '^e ^age between Donaghadee and Portjpatr^j||ciik Scothnd ifi^ttle SMMi tkan ao miles, and the pd&ge front Holyhead ii North Wales about fs ,»ile8. ' ' . NaMBsAMD myisiONS,! Many conjedurea have been formed 9$ to £aN. J the Latin (Hibemia)* the Iriih, (Erin) -M well as the Englifh luune of this ifland« It probably takes its rile firom a PhoenicisD or Gaelic term, fignifying thelartheft haHj^ta^on weftward* > It is pretty extraordinary, that even modem attthon are not agreed W td. the divifions of Ireland ; fome dividing it into fiye%iicuits, and forae urtQ. Sow provinces, thof(^ of Leinfte^ UWer, Connaug^, and Munftov I 0ull follow the laft divifion^ as beiiig the moft common, and likcKHfe the taa&, •■citat. ■tJsyite **»»•?*»?• Counties. ' f Dublia :'i ■** HtC." ||kin«, r, 12 covntiee 1 Louth ' /^i^< Wicklovp.*'s> :>: Wexford •>■ ' '^ Longford' Eaft Meath Weft Meath King's Cdunty Oasen'i *(,; >ihlia iDrogheda, Wickbw Wexford Longford; Trim MuUingar Philipftown Chief Towns. Htf:{?t''l< .' i(j- enny Oki Kildaie Carlov. CwUsty ^ (Tiaryoonm^ Naas Ccriow. Lthy. t** \ /t\'fM //if />'»'/ ___ / Al'TIIOHlTIKS "^..!'- 4*4 Uibfter, 9 counties Connaught) 5 coiia *?. H^" *' iWturifter, 6 counter 1 » 'Down Armagh Monaghm Cavan « Antrim Lon^ondmrj Tyrone Ffr nanagh ^, Donegal! ■ i. . ( Leitrim Rb^mmon Mayo Sligo -li jipt.. Galway«;.';^5 „'rt^ f Clare »!*,'»« s I Cork ■Jikf.'! 7: N BL Down Patriok Armagh Monaghan Cavan Camckfergut Deny Omagh ,'J K-.j-r Enniikillen Liffiard. ^ I- { jV ■' Y 'L-.ives-!ck j '" ppu-ary L \\ atcrf or<^ CttMiT*, SEASON*, AND SOIL.] ■ ■:;.,'.Vf»"'yr' Carri't on Shannon RofcDiA v.on # ■ .- ' Ballinrobf & Caftlcbatt siigo iK'tfi Galwajy- . ,,^, ^ ;• , A^;-, ,^ . | , Enni»i*Vyi.|f;'v3;.:,irU ;-.'■ / Cork, v.jtrj -.(tl^;. d-*; ,-,.1 •:%''/: /„ , Tralfc* -: ^''•l^-%i^t '.nj; ♦ri<^3i;j:'v,fi.-ni;, Clonmel . , .■f!0vii.;-'.;as',>.-'ufi j,''' ' Waterfordw*:?- :6t»;j5v;^ '■^. ^■-i'&-:. . climate of Ireland diffeii no^ much from that of England, excepting that it is more moift*, ihc feafons in general beip^ much wettc?, FrOm the rqioxts of various rcgiftcrs ii appear*, that the uutnber of days on which rain had fallen in Ireland w&s much great- er than in the fame years in England. But without the tvidencc ofregif- fcpra^ it is certain, that moifture (cveu without rain), is. not only nt^are cha- la^eriilic of the climate of this iOand than that of England, but is alfo one 'cf the worft and moft inconvenient ctrcuiaftafaccs. This is.accouated for ' JK obferving, that <* the wefter)/ winds, fo fayourable to other regions, and ' fo iienign even in this, by qualifying the rigoiir of the northern air, are yet hurtiul in the extreme. Meeting with no lairds on tlus fide of America to brfak their force, and proving in the geuemltoo powerful for the counter- •^iou of ihe {h'fting wbda from the eaftem and African continents, they waft hither the 'vapours (^ an im jsenff ocean. By this caufe, the , (kyi in Irdand is much obfcured ; and, from the nature of rcil and cond(;nfation, thefe vnpours dsfcend in fuch conftant rains, as threaten deftru£lio» to the fruits of- the earth in fome feafoiu. This unavoidable fvil from natural caufcB is aggravated by the ivicreafe of it froni otherv, which are either mo- ral or poIiticaL The hand of induflry hath been long idle in a country where almoft every advantage mull be obtained from its labour, ahd where '"I'couragements on the labourer mud neceflarily produce a ftate of Unguor, Kver fince the negledt of agriculture in the ninth century, the many ages fubfiding 01; the lower grounds, have converted floop tenflve plains into mofiy rnorafles, and near a tenth part of tb ifle is become a repoiiton' 'or ftagnated waters, which ''n tl. evaporation, impregnate th( with noxious exhalations **.' i> fd^ed» the climsute of \vh • 'S more agreeable than that ■, i ;:. •:■. ■ * O'paopor't DiflerUtiofifi *t , ■f fo ^l.aeg rtif* 'jrCpo^ in many- .nd ; the fuRl' ,■?,-•» ,■.'•»; j/-., ".'.;.'• r k^tiA N ti !irU ;;.•■ / 1.1 ■:;. ?• ■.. . .iy.' '..'■ •*, ■ i^iJ\M.'x I. 'f ' ■> l^i: ^ v'J '. . ■ ' '".. - ..^."*v. , tliffien no^ ;, feafons ia ii appear*, lu.ch. great- :c ofregif- more cha- is alfo one ouiited for gions, and lir, are yet \merica to te counter- lenta, they he , fky. in d(;nfation, ion to the m natural jither mo- a country and where f hnguor., .:..'i i fo itifJr .ijrCco| in many- v.nd ; the 4*5 (•mmcrs being ceolef and the winters left fcvere. The piercing frofts, the. (deep /nows, and the dreadful cfFedls of thunder and lightning, which are fa , ^;|requcntly obfcrved in the latter kingdom, are never experienced here. • ^'"The dampnefs above alluded to, being peculiarly favourable to the growth efgrafs, has been uied as an argument whyf^the inhabitants {hould qpnline tbeir attention to the ' rearing of cattle, to the total defcrtion of'tillage^ - .iml ifriurious to the confequcnt growth of population ; bu^ the foil ia fu l;tf5*jitcly various, as to be capable of almoil every fpecies of cultivation, fuit* ■J iC to fuch latitudes, with a fertility equal to its variety. This is fo con- iptcnous, that it has been obferved by a refpeftable Englifh traveller, that ** natural fertility, acre for acre, over the two kingdoms, ra cjertainly in favour of Ireland ; of this there can fcarcely be a doubt entertained, when it l:i cenfidered tbat fbme of the more beautiful, and even beft culti\'ated coun- t s in England, owe. almoil every thing to the capital, art and imluftryofitt inhabitants-" ^ , We (hall conclude this article wjth the furtiier fentiments of the fame author (Mr. Yoiing), whofe knowledge of the fubjeft, acquaintance with the kingdom, and candour, are unimpeachable. 5i.. « The circumftance which ftrikes me as thegreatcft fingularity of Ireland^ is the rockinefs of the foil, which fhould feem at firft fight againft that de- gree of fertib'ty ; but the contrary is the faft. Stone is fo general that .1 have good reafon to believe the whple ifland is one vaft rock of diffejrent ftrata and kinds rifiug out of the fea. I have rarely heard of any great depths being funk without meeting with it. In general it appears on the furfacein every part of the kingdom ; the ilatteft.and molt fertile •parts, as Limerick, Tipperary, and Meath, have it at no gr^at depth, almoft as much "as the more barren ones. May we notrdcognise in this the hand of boun- teous providence, which has givea» perhaps, the nnoft ftbney foil iii Europe t» the'moifteft climate in it ? -If as much- rain fell upon the elaysin England, (a foil very rarely met with in Ireland, and never withbut miich ^ftone) a» rails upon the rocks of her filler ifland, tholf lands could not be cultivated. «But th' efpecially the yellow, is much t ikcd of in Ivcland, but i4 is for want of proper difcri- ' mination. I have once olr twice feen almoft a pute clay upon the furface, . but it is extremely rare. The true yellow clay is ufually found in a thia ftratum, under the furface mould, and over a rock ; harfli, tenacious, ftoney, ftrong loams, difficult to work, are not uncommon, but tfh^y are quite differ- ent from Englifh days. :• •'Wiable fandy Ici-nn, dry, but f 'tile, are very common, and they form (f the beft foils in the knij,-vjin kv tlHagc and fliecp. Tipperary and Rofcom- mon abound par^i^.i-viy in them, "^'hc moft fertile of all are the bullock- I paftures of Liiiiek,- and the banks Ci;' the Shannon ioi' Clare, called the ' Corcaifes. Tlxfearea mellow, putrid, friable loan . • '4t .p»v/"^^4? J-.' »■ • *• Sand, which is fo CDinmon in England, and y ti more coniirtion through fi'rance, Germany and Poland, quite from Gibraltar to Pe£er(burgh, iS n© when inet with in Ireland, except in narrow' uips of hillocks, upon thc&a- , foaft. Nor di4 I ever meet with or hear of a chalky foil. 4Mr ^ W, % h Jk V 9. ** B^fides the ^it fertility of the Sail, there are other ci^rcyttner8 the Suir, filackwater, the Liffey, the Boyne, the Nore, the Ejarrew, and .part of the Shannon; they vraarta of the kingdom abundance of hemp and fiax are raifed, a cultivation of infuiite advantage to the linen manufadure. Ireland rears vaft numbers of {Jack cattle and (heep, and the Irifli wool is excellent. The prodigious, fup- plies of butter and fait provifions (iiih excepted) (hipped at Cork, and carried to all parts of the world, affcH^d the itioDgeu proofa pf th^ p^urid Utility ^f- the Infhloil* ., . ..,, ^s„, ,;..,,/ ,r ..'.;/t- i^;,^., ■.„... ~n^-/ { -or--,.'. The bogs of Ireland are very cxtenfive : that of Alkn extends So n^te«» aa4 i^ computed to contain 300,000 acrefc There are others alfo whicjb are very extcniiive, and fmaUer ones ^ttered over the whole kingdom ;^but it haslieea oUerved, that th ia the county of L.eitf em, ferves as » boundary between Conoaught and the three other provinces, and,' »fter a coutfe.of 150 miles, forming in its progrefs many beAtitiful h^es, it' £dls into the Atlantic ocean, between Kerry-Pbint and Loop-he^d, where it is nine m3es broad. The navigation of this river is interrupted by a ridge of rocks fpreading quite acrofs it, fouth of Kilalloe ; but,this might be re- ■ledied by a fliprt canal, at the expence of 10 or i2,ooc4. and conuuunica« tion iftight alfo, b« made with other rivers to the great benefit of the nation. The* Ban {alls into the ocean near Coleraine : the Boyne falls into St. George's channel, at Drogheda, as does the Liffey at the bay of Duflfia^ and il only remarkable for watering that capital, where it forms a fpacious har- .bour. ,'The Barrow, the Nore, and the Suir water the fouth part of the. kingdonn, aadi after uniting tibur ftrjcams below Ro&, they fall into the.^ Chaiinel, at Waterfora havea. i^t the bays, havens, harbours, and creeks, which every where indent the . •Dlift, form the chief fflory of Ireland, aad render that country beyond anf ffp^^ry in Europe beft fitted &te foreign conmierce. The moil confiderab'v are thofeof Carrickfergu«^$tfangfoi4* Dundnimj Carhngfbrdf Du^dall'' *' ' s Duht .i *^. *** t t A >i a. \^ m' lake;, ^bourtt TV tbii" ^ :itiein» f?8» it' lere it ridge be re- mnica« ' ition. to St. I) and is bar- jf th«. to the.?' lit tht (danf )uU .. l^iiiiiy Wi^trfbrd, l>unganu c and Iveagh, in the county of Downe, are reckoned amoag'^ (bme of the higheft in the Kingdom ; "of wKich Slieu Denard has be^n ;d at » perpeadiculw height •£ ioj6 yards. Many ttho: mountain* * 4e« t H E t A N D. lire found In Ireland, but they contain little or nothing particu1av» If v#< except the fabulous hifluries that are annexed tu fome of them. Some of tkefe mountaint contain in their bowels, beds of minerali, coali, Itone, Hate^ and marble, with veins of iron, leal, and copper. Forests.] The chief fprelU in ' • r- hi Leinfter, the King's and Ohco'" counties, find thofe of WoUuci .« u. Carlow* In U liter there arc great forclld, and in the cou. / >>'• '"o f^A, and in the north part of Ty^ jone I alfo in the country o^ h rmanagh, along Lough Earnc, and in th« north part of the county oi Uown, wherein is fome good timber { and the oak is clteemed as good as ail((|of the Engliih growth, and as fit for (hip* building. 4^ * Metals And MiNERAiS.j The mines of Irelan'' ^f- '^trf difcoveriet. Several contain filver and lead, and it ib faid \.\ . ii.i.iy p' undt. i their lead-ore produce a pound of filver ; but the richell filvev mme is at Wick- low. A copper and lead mine have been difcovered a!: Tipperary : as lik^- wife iron-ore, and txcellent free-done for buildfng. In one part of the Idngdom is » ftr^. m of water, very much impregnated with copper, which yields great quuni'.^s of that metaU The method taken to obtain it, is by putting broad plr:e'. of iron Into a place where the water falls from fome height, fo tha' they may receive the whole power of the falling water. The acid, which holds the copper in folution, lets it fall in order to dlffolve the iron, to which it has a Itronger affinity. On the Iron the other metal appears in its propc: form, Incrullln? the plate, and gradually penetrating it ; fo that •t laft a ptaite of copper is icTt inftead of iron< Hence, it is faid by the vulgar^ that this water has a power of changing iron into co'>per t, but this is a mif- take,' for the iron is all diflblved and carried down the Itream by the acid, which formerly held the copper In folution ; while the latter deprived of itt folvent, which then rendered it invlfible, only make^ Its appearance when the water lets it idW. Some of the Irifti marble quarries contain a kind of por-i phyry, being red ftnpcd with white. Quarries of fine flate are found in moft of the counties. The coals that are dug at Kilkenny eml*' .'ry little fmoke •, and It contains a cryftalllne llream which has no fedlmeni:. Thofe peculiar^ ities, with the ferenity of the air in that place, have grivenirife to the well- known proverb that Kilkenny contains fire witliout fmoke, v/ater without mud, and air without fog. Veoetamle and animal I viauc-i There little that falls under TioNS BY SEA AND LANu. J thls head i»at Is peculiar to Ire- land, hci* produftlons being much the fame as thofe ot England and Scotland. Irelaiiil affords excellent turf and mofs which are of valt fcrvice for firing, where wood ai.d coals are fcarce. -^\ few wolves wen' iormcrly foui.din Ire- land ; but they have heen long fince exterminated by their wolf-dogs, whlc** are much larger than maftlfts, Ihaped like grey-hounds, yet as gentle atid governablf . j fpaniels. What I have already obft- -ved a at, the Irifh exporta- tion of fait provifions, fufiiciently evinces the pr '^loA immber of hogs and fheep, as well as black cattle, bred In^liat khij, abbits are faid to be ihore plentiful there than in Eingkud. The fifn that . re caught upon the roads of Ireland are like wife in greater plenty than on thofe of England, and fome of n larger and more excellent In their kind. Population, inhabitants, m vnneks,! Ireland is faid to contain lUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. J two millions and a half of in- habitants : but I fufpeft that the caleulation is overcharged by near half s. nillion. As it Is of great confequence to afcertain as aear as poflible tb * A iil»r» if ^f Some oS flate« :onc. Ctng't anj r tberc are irt of Ty^ ind in th« { and the it for fliip- lifcoveries. It. :>f their at Wick- f : as lil(«< lart of the per, which in it, is hj from feme Iter. The liffolve the !tal appears it; fothat the vulgar^ is is a mif- y the acid, riTed of its e when the ind of por-i d in molb e fmoke ; peculiar-' > the well- :r without falls under iar to Irc- Scotlaud. "or Bring, din Irt- js, whic^ rentle and I exporta- hogs and faid to be upon tlie land, and contain lalf of in- i_-ir _ car nan a- oflible ill IRELAND. A»9 ttumber d ihhsbita'ntii of Ireland of both retfrtons, we (hall give then according to the beft accounts, as they ftood in the four provinces ia J733* tt6titl**t F«milioi. ^ Pofilh Panjilici, la Ulfttt, i-J- da,620 — — 38.459 Leinftdr -r £5>238 . — — 92>4',4 Munfter -i ^3,337 — — 106,407 Connaught •^-^i 4»299 — — 44.«33 Total ro5,4<;4 Total 281,423; which, at five to ^ach family in the country, and tea for Dublin, .and fevtn for Cork city, makes in all 2,015,229 fouls. I am apt to think, when we coniider the w^fte of warby fea and land, and the vaft emigrations of the Iriih to England, the Britilh colonies, and utiicr nations, that the above calculation may nearly Icrve for the prcfcnt times, though the balance of number is cer- tainly greatly rifcn on the fide of Protellantifm { and in (bme late 4cbate8 in tlie Iriih parliament, it has been alTcrted, that the ni> 'Tiber of inhabitants df Ireland amount to three mil' ons, it is probable the ; are nbw confiderably above this number. . - " Ai to the ma.ixcrs of the ancient Irifli, Dr. Leland obferves, that if wt make our enquires jn this fubj< d in EngHfti writers, we find their reprefenta- tions odious and difgufting : if from writers of their own race, they frequently break out into the molt animated cuo miums of their great ancellors. The tone can fcarccly allow them any virtue : the other, in their enthufiaftic af' 4our, can r. ar( -ly difcover tlu Icall imperfe£^iou in their laws^ government^ or manners." '1 ^ hiftorian of Eagiand fometimes regards them as the moil detellable and > )^empti1)]ntt and deprefled, who inhabit, or rather exift, iipon the intcrmr and weftem parti ; thie defeendanta of the Engiifh, who inhabit DabUn» Waterford, and Cork, and who gave a new appearance to whole coaft fac- ing England, by the introduAion of arti, commerce, fctence, and more li- beral and cultivated ideM of the true God and primitive Chriftianity | ' thirdly, emigrant! from Scotland in the northern province!, who, like the •then, are To zealbufty attached to their own religion and manner of living, that it will reqitire (ome ag^s before the inhabitants of Ireland are u» tborouehly coniolidstcu and blended aa to become one, people. The geiw try, and better fort of the Iriih nation, in general differ Uttle in languag*. dmi, mannen, and cuftomi, from thofe of the fame rank in Great Bntain, whom they imitate. Their hofpitality is well known | bat itHfhiatbey txm' Ibmetnnes fufpe^^d of more oftentatiun than real friendftup. ' i- Relic 10K.3 The eilablifhed religion and ecclefiaftical difcipline of Ire- Und ii the fanie with that of England. Among the bulk of the people m the moft uncultivated parts, popery, and that too of the moft abfurd, illibe- ral kind, is prevalent. The Iriih papifts ftill retain their nominal biftiops and dignitaries, who fubfift on the voluntary contributions of their votaries. But even the blind fubmifllun of the latter tp their clergy, does not prevent Proteftantifm from making a very rapid progrefs in the towns and conmu* nities. How far it may be the intereft of England, that fome kind of kalance between the two religiona (hoold be kept up, I Audi not here en« tfuire. Ireland contains at leaft as many fcAaries as Engkad, particularly Pref- kyterians, Baptifts, Quakers, and Methodifts, who arc all of them foanived at or tolerated. Great efforts have been made, ever fince the days of Janiea I. in erecting free-fchools for civilizing and converting the Irilh Papifts ta Proteftantifm. The inftitution of the incorporated fociety for promoting' Englifh Proteftant working.fchooli, though of no older date than 1717* ha* keen amazingly fuccefsful, as have many inftitutiona of the fame kind. In introducing induftry and knowledge among the Iriih ; and no country ia the world can fhew greater public fpirited efforts than have iM^n made by the government of Ireland, iince that time, for thefe purpofes ; but many •f the paliiamentary grants of this kind have been trifled with and per- verted. AacHBisHOPaicKS and BisHOPaiCKS.] The archbiihopricks arefonri Armagh, Dublin, Ca(hel,and Tuam. The bifhopricks arc eighteen, viz. Clogher, Clonfert, Cloyne, Cork, Derry, Down, Dromore, Elplu'a, Kildare, Kilbla, Kilmore, Killaloe, Leighlin, Limerick, Meath,Oirory, Raphoe, and Waterford. Language. 3 The language of the IriOi is fuAdamentally the fame with the Britifh an j Welch, and a dialefit of the Celtic, which is made ufe of by the Scotch Highlanders, oppofite the Irltti coafti. It is, however, in a great meafure defaced by provincial alterations, but not fo altered as to render the Iriih, Welch, and Highlanders, unintdh'giblo to each other. The ufage of the Iri(h language, occatlons among the common people, who fpeak both that. and the Engliih, a difagreeable tone in fpeaking-, which diniife* itfelf among th^ulgar in general, and even among the better fort, who d* not underftand Irifh. It is probabte, however, that a few ages hence the btter wiil be accounted aniung the dead ianguageSf JtKX&VD^G AKB LSAKNED MBN.] Learning faemi to have been culti* 5 H » 4if -C i R E t A N ]^. vtted in Ireland Rt « very early period. Mr, O'Halloran fay«, tbat tlu* Ir^ *. appear to have been', from the mod remote antiquity, a liaiiihed peo^e,,' and that with propriety they may be calkd, the Fathers of LetClra.' We. are even told,, th^t Egypt received arts and letters from Niulus the Phocni- qaO; who is reprefented as the great auccilor of the Iriih nation. But thefe apcoi^nts are coiilidered )>y many as fabulous : and it has been obferved that no literary monuments have yet been difcovered in Irela^nd earlier than the lOtrodud^iou of ChriiUanity into this country ; and that the evidence of any trai^fa£lion previous to this period, reils entirely on the credit of Chriftian lYriterSy and their colle^ions from old poets, or their tranfcripts of records dj:em£d to have been made in the times of Faganifm. , It is faid, that when St. Patrick * landed in Ireland^ he found many hply and learned ChrilUan preachers there, whofe votaries were pious and obedient. Gwndeu pbfer^'es, that, * the Irifti fcholars of St, Patrick pro- . * fited fo notably in Chriitianity, that, in the.fucceeding age, Ireland was ".termed San&oru/n Patria, Their monks fo greatly excelled in learning •, an4 piet^ that they fent whole flocks of rooft learned men into aU. parts of • jEuropCj who were the fir ft founders of Lieuxeu abbey, i^ Burgundy; of • the abbey Bobif, in Italy; of Wirtzburgh, in Franconia ; St. Gall, in • Switzerland : and of Malmfljury, Lindisfarran, and many other monafteries, • in Britain.' We have alfo the tettimony of venerable Bede, that about' the middle of the fcventh century, many nobles, and other orders of the . Anglo-Saxons, rjstired from their own country into Ireland, either for in- f^ru£lion> or for ^n oppqrtunity of living in monafteries of ftrifter difcipline : and that the Scots (as he ftyles the Iri/h), maintained them, taught them, and.furniihed them wivh books, without fee or reward : ♦ a moft honourable tcftimony,' fays lord Lyttleton, * not only to the learning, but likcwife to the hofpitality and bounty of that nation.' Dr. Leland remarks, that a ccn- fjux of foreigners to a retired illand, at a time when Europe was in ignorance and confuiton, gave peculia*- luftre to this feat of learning : nor is it impro- li^bleor furprifingjtliat feyen thoufand ftudents ftudied at Armagh, agreeable tp the accounts of Irifli writers, though the fcminary of Armagh was but one of, thofc numerous colleges erected in Ireland. In modern times, the Irifli have alfo diftingui^ed themfelvti in the re» public of letters. Archbifhop "Ufher does honour toliterpture itfelf. Dean Swift, who was a native of Ireland, has perhapb never been equalled in the walks of wit, humour, and fatire. The fprightlinefs of Farauhar's wit it ^f\\ known to all lovers of the drama. And among the-men of diftinguiftcd ^^...ua whom Ireland has lately produced, may alfo be particularly mentioned Sir Richard Steele, bifliop Berkely, Farnel, Sterne, and Goldfmith. University.] Irelr icontaina but one vu;iveri3ty, which is denominated Trinity college. It confifts of two fquares, in the whole of which are thirty- three buildings, of eight rooms each. Three fides of one of the iquares are of brick, and the fourth is a very fuperb library, but being built of bud ftone, it is unfortunately mouldering away. The infid'^ is beautiful and commodi- ous, and embelhdied with the bufts of feveral ancient and modern worthies, A great part of the books on one fide were collefted by archbifliop Uflier, who was one of the original members of this body, and the moft learned man i% ever produced. The new fquarc, three fides of whiclwhave been built r • It hai beea aiGrmed, tliat St. Patrick va« \ f^cotchiran ; but Mr. O'Hallpran de- niei this, and faji, that fit ap ran from the muft authentic iMordijthat Patrice t-i fromWaicii.' uitl InVf' ^/i^ r% E L A. N Du V# i» tbattKrefenlti.q» females in ev:ry' ftate of pregnancy. They are done upon real ikfletd^%| and are the labours of almoft a wjiole life of a French artift. , ', ' This feminary was founded and endowecl by queen £hzf\beth } but'tlifi, original foundation confifted only of a prbvoft. three fellp\y8, and tliree (cholan which has froip time to time been augmcn^e? to twenty-two fejQows, feventy' fcholars, and thirty fizers. However, the whole number of ftudeotilia at prefent about four hundred ; who are of three clafles, fellow-cpYnllmioners, pen-. fioners, and fixers or fervitors. Of the fellows, feven are called fcniors ; ap3, the annual income of each of thefe i% about feven hundred pounds. The provoftfhip is fuppofed to be worth three thoufand pounds a year. Trinity- college has a power of conferring degrees of bachelors, maflers. and'do£kor^ in all the arts and faculties. The vifitors ^ye, the ghanccllpr or vice-chan^-' acUor, and the archbifhop of Dublin. Antiqjities and c\ • J;:* NATU^lA'L AND ARTl and gerfalcons are celebrated for their fliape and beauty. The moofc-decr i«, thought to have been formerly a native of this ifland, their horns being fQnPie< tinr-es dug up of fo great a fize, that one part has been found near eleven feet from the ti]^' of the right horn to the tip of the left ; but the greateft natUf^ ra' ruriofity in Ireland is the Giant's Caufeway in the county of Antrioy about eight roilea from Colerain, which is thus defcribed by Dr. Pocokc^ late bifliop of Oflbry, a celebrated traveller and antiquary. He fays, •*■ that < he n;eafured the molt wefterly point at high water, to the diftance of 3t6Q. feet from the cliff ; but was told, that at low water it extended 60 feet far«f/ ther upon a defcent, till it was Ipfl in the fca. Upou meafu^ing the eaftern' point, he found it 540 feet from the clilT ; and faw as much more of it as of the other, where it winds 'to the eaft, and is, like that, loft in the water. The caufeway is compofed of pilkrs all of angular ihapes, from three fideif. to eight. The eaftern point, where i.t jolnr the rock, terminates in a pcrpcn^. dicular cliff, fonned by the upright fidts of the pillars, fome of which are thirty-three feet feiur inches high. Each pillar confill? of feveral joints or ftonea, lying one upon another, from fix inches to aboijit one foot in thicknefs ; and what is very furprifing, fome of thefe joints arefo convex, that their pro- j niinences are nearly quarters of fpheres, round each of which is a ledge, which holds them together with the greateft firmnefs, every ftone being concave o« .'he other fide, and fitting in the exaftf'ft manner the convejcity of the upper lart of that beneath it. The pillars are from, one to two feet in diameter, nd generally confift of about forty joints, moft of which feparate very eafily Vdone may walk along upon the tope of the pillais as far as to the edge of te wa'ier. . " But this Is not the moft fingularpart of tin's extraordinary curiofity, the, clfs themfelv<;3 being ftill ntiorc furpriTing, From the bottom, which is o£ blck ftone, to the height of about fixty feet, fliey are divided at equal dif- tates by, ilripes of a rcddifh ftone, that rcfembles a cement, about four in^es in thicknefs ; v.pon this there is anotlit-r ilratum of the fame bl^cl^ ith a Ihatuiii cf five inche. thick «f me red. Oyer this ii another y. ,.. ...V '•-■.: .-■• -...■'"'■■ ftratum. 4H I % Z L A In IS. i^tum ten ft^t tTiick» divided in the fame manner; then a ftratiim ef tke red ftbne twenty-feet deep» and abqvc that a ilratum of upright pillars ; a> ()Ove thefe pillars lies another ftiatuin of black, (lone, twenty feet high ; and^ above this again» another ftratum of upright pillars, ri/ing in fomc places to the tops of the cliffs, in others not fo high, and in others again ahuvt; it, whert they are called tlie chimneys. The fac<: of thefe cUfis extends about three !En|li(h miles. «* The cavities, the romantic profpcAs, catnraflj, and other pleafing and un- common natural objedts to be met wi|)i in Ireland, ai'c too numerous to be «dled larities, and (cveral pamphlets have been employed in deferibing them. As to the artificial rarities m Ireland, the chief arc the round Pharos, or fton«40wers, found upon the coa|l:9, and fuppofed tu> be built by the Dane* and NAmegians in their piratical ihcurfions, who made ufe of them as fpy- •owers or barbicans, light houfes or l)eac(>ns. C1TIF.S, TOWNS, roRTs, AND otherI Dublin, the capital of Ireland, -"' EDIFICES, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE, i 18 in magnitude and the number of Sifiabitants, the fccond city in the Britilh dominions ; much about the fiee of Stockholn^ Copenhagen, Berlin, and Marfcillcs, and is fuppofed to contaia near 200,000 inhabitants. It is fituatcd 370 miles northwelt of London, and near fixty miles well from Holvhead in North Wales, the ufual ftation of the IlidTage Teffcls between Great Britain and Ireland. Dublin ftands about fc- Veo miles from the fea, at the bottom of a large and fpacious bay, to which it gives name, upon the river Liffey, which divides it almod into two equal parts, and is banked in through the whole length of the city, on both fides, which form fpacious and nuble q\iays, where vefTcls below the firll bridge load ani ufibad before the "merchants' doors and warehouies. A Uranger upon enter- ing the bay of Dublin, which ia about fcveu miles broad, and in llormy wea- ther extremely dangerous, is agreeably furprifed with the beautiful profpcft ' on each fide, and tlie diilant view of Wicklow mountains ; but Dublin, from its low iituation, makesno great appearance. The inercafe of DubUn, within^ thefe laft twenty years, is incredible, a-id It is generally fuppofed that 7000 koufea have been added to the city and fuburbs lince the reigu of queen Anne. ,Thc number of houfes in the year i''77, was 17,151, and there have been many new buildings crefted fince ,jis city, in its appearance, bearb a near aefemblance to London. The houfes are of brick ; the old llreets are nar- row and mean, but the new ftrects are as elegant as tbofc of the metropolis of Great Britain. Sackville-ftreet, which is lometimes called the Mall, is par- ticularly noble. The houfes arc elegant, lofty, and uniformly built, and a gravel walk runs through the whole, at an equal diilanc(:;,from the fides. The river I^iiTey, though navigable for the fea veffcls, as far as the cuttom- , lioute, or centre of the city, is but fmall when compared with the Thames of Loi/don. Over it are two handfonie bridges, lately built of ftone, ia^mitaJ tioi^ of that at Welbninller, and there are three otliera that have little to re/ •orfimend them. Formerly the centre of Dublin, towards than cullomhoufa was crowded and Inconvenient for commercial purpofes ; but of late, a ncr fireet ha? been opened, leading from Eflex-b ridge to the caiUe, where thelo^ lieutcn? it refides. A new Exchange has been lately erefted, an dcga ftrufture of white ftone, richly cmbelliihed with femi-columns of tlic Corjl thian order, a cupola, and other ornaments. The ban-acks are pleafantly fituated on an eminence near the river, "i'lty aonfiil of four large courts, in which are generally quartered j[our battafUni •f foot) and cue regiment of horfc \ dom hence t^e caiUe and city gur Ji arc re •f th( liorfe. Th. 1728, fale, direfti Irelan( bifhop nation, frauds which Step n ef tlw llara ; a» h t and, ilaces to it, wherr lut three ; and un* >us to be i)g them. uru8, or ie Danet ft as fpy. ' Ireland, umber of t the fife > contais idon, and on of the about fe- which it iial parto, :b, which load anil on entcr- rmy wca- profpcft ilin> from n, within. \at 700© Ani)c. avc been near are nar- 31) lis of is par- aiid a es. cudom- lames of a»iunita<^ to re/ nihoufa »■, a ucr theloA ejcgaft CorJl- ttalUn* IRELAND. 4>; «rc relieved daily. They are faid to be the largeft and compl^teft buildinjg; •f the kind in Europe, being capable uf containing 3000 foot and io» liorfe. The linen hall ^jr»» ere£led at the public expence, and opened in the year 1728, for tlic reception of fuch liucn cloth* as were brought to ]J)ublin fo* fale, for which there arc convenient apartments. It is entirely under th« direction of the trafteco fur the encouragement of the linen manufa£k)ry of Ireland, who are compofcd of Uie lord chancellor, the primate, t|ie atch* biHiop of Dubiiii, and the principal part of the nobility and gentry. Thii national inftitution is productive of great advantages, by pevsnting many frauds which othcrwifc would be committed in a capital branch of trade* by which many thuufands are employed, and the kingdom greatly enriched. Stephen's Green is a moll: eKtcnflve fquale, round whidi is a> gravel walk of near a mile. Here getjtcel company walk in the evenings, and on Sundays after two o'clock, and in fine weather make a very gay appeamnce. Many of the houfes round the Green are very (lately, but a want of uniformity isob« fervabli^ithroughout the whole. Ample amends will be made for this defcift by another fpacious fquare near Stephen's Green, now laid out and part* ly built. The huufea being Idfty, uniform, and canied on with (lone as far as the fird floor, will give the wliole at; air of magninccncc, not exceeded by any thing of the kind in Britain, if we except Bath. The front of Trinity-college, extending above 3000 feet, is built of Portland Hone in the iineit talle. The parliament houfe was begun in 1729, and finiflied in 1739, at the expence of 40,000!. This fuperb pile was in general of the Ionic order, and was jullly accounted one of tlie foremoit architcftural beauties. The portico in particular was, perhaps, without parallel ; the internal parts had alfo ma- ny beauties, and the manner in which the building was lighted, has been much admired. This fuperb building, on the 27th of February 1 792 was obfervcd to be in flames, about 5 o'clock in the afternoon, when the houfe cf Lords, ■afi well as the Commons was fitting, and in full debate. When the alarm was given, one of the members made his way to tlie roof, and looking down n- to the houfe from one of the ventilators, coiilumcd the apprehenfions of thofe within, by faying the dome was furrounded by fin, and would turrble into the^boufe in five minutes. The volume of fire, by which the dome was Iurrou^- dcd, foon made apertures en all fides, by m».'!ting the copper fri'rn the wood- work, and thus exhibiting the cavity of the dome filled with flamee hke a large furnace, which at about half pail fix tumbled into the liouf; with •ne great cra(h. The valuable libraiy, and all the papers of importance, were faved. But one of the greateft and moft 'audablc undertakings that this age caa boaft of, is the building a ilone wui- about the breadth of a niodcrat, ilrc'iVj and of a proportionable height, and three miles in length, to confine the clun- ■el of tre bay, and to fhclter vefTels in (lormy weather. The civil gowrnment of Dublin is by a lord-mayor, Sec. the fan\e a« in Lo|id6n. Every third year, the lord mayor, and the twenty-four companies, by virtue cf an old charter, are obliged to perambulaie the city, ;nid its liberties, which they call riding thjj Franchifes. Upon this occafion the citi- zens vie with each other, in (hew and ollentation, which is fometimes pro- du&ive of difagreeabie conftquencea to many of their familicH. In Dubh'it •here |ire two large theatres, that are generally well filled, and wh'ch ferve at a ktfid tf wuij^y ^0 thofc iu X«ondo^n. In tliii city are t i pari(h churches. ,* ^«»». ■M- ti '■<4> •*: i .^ ■'Hf'.'. 4i« I A It L A N D. l\ •«> ■ is chapola, 3 eliurchcii for French, and t for Dutch protcAantsi^ 7 prefb^-' lerian meeting huulc«, i for metTiodidtt, i fur (iiMikerti, and 1 (] Roman cntlio. lie chapcli. A royid hofpitul, like that ut Chclfcu, for iiivalidy { a lyint^.jn- hofpitai» with gardens, himt and laid out in the fuieil taftc ; an Itofpitul for hinatica, founded hy tlie faniouH Dean Swift, who hinifclF died a hinntien. ; •nd fundry other holuiuds for palicnta of every kind. Some of the chuiche» hare been lately rebuilt, and others are rehuildin^ in a more elegant nuunien And, indeed, whatever way a llrunijer turns himfclf in tln'H t'ly, he will pcr- ^ive a fuirit of elegance and mUgnilleence ( and if he cxtetlds his view over the whole kingdom, he will conclude that works of ornanieiit and pubhc uti- lity in Ireland, ahnoH ktep pace with thofe creding, j^rcat as they are, ovcrihedifferent prtrts of Great Britain. For It mull be ackiiowledgcu iliat no nation in lr.uropo, coinparal'Ivcly fpeuking, has expended Inch funis aa the gr!>(\t8of the I'rifti parliament, which nas been, and continues to be, the life •nd foulH)f wliatever la carried on } witnefs the many uoble credions, chuicli. KB ' i ipitals, bridges ; the forming of harbours, public rpads, canals, and o- therpnhlicand private undertakings. It has, howe\'er, been mdttcr of furprife, tliat with all thi.i fpirit of nation. al improvement, few or no good inns arc to be met with in Ireland. In the capital, which may be claiTed atliong tlie fecond order of cities of Europe, tlicie is not one inn which defer^es tliat nan'.c. Tiiis ma/, in foiUe meafurc, l)e ac- Co\mte(l for, by ihe long, and fometimes dangerous pnfFage fw)m Cliellcr and HoUyhcad to Irelaiul, wliich prevents the gentry of Lngland, with their fami- lies, from'vilitiug that iOHud ; but as it is now propofed to nrake turnpike roads to Portpatrick in Scotland, from wheiice tlie puilage is fliort and fafe, the roada of Ireland, may by this means, become moic frequented, efpccially when the rural beauties of that kingdom are more generally known. F.or though in England, Fiance, and Italy, a traveller meets with views the moil luxuriant and ricb, h<- is fiimetinies cloyed with a famenefa tliat runs through the wliole : but in thofo countries of North lintain and Ireland, the rugged mountains, whofe ttjps h»ok down upon tlie clouds, and exlenave lakes, enriched with bufliy i (lands, the cavities, glens, catarads, the numerous feathered creation, nonping from clIR to clUr, and other plealing and uncommon natural oljjeds, t*K.ftc;ell llieltered from all vjinda ; but (mall veflels only can come up to the eity, which Hands pbout feveu miles up the river Lee. This is the chief port of merchants in the kingdom ; and there is, pethaps, more beef, tallowj and butter Ihipped off here, thaii in all the other jwrts of Ireland put togdlier. Hence tlu re in a great rtfort of fhips to this port, particularly of thofe bou.d from Great Britain to Jamaica, • liaibadoes, and all the Caribbee illands, which put in here to virtual an J complete their lading. It appears, that in the reign of Edward IV. there were 1 1 churches in Cork, though there are now only feven, and yet it liat «ver fince that time been elleemed a thriving city ; but it miiil he obAirved, that bcfides the churches, there are it thia time fix niafslioufes, two difl'cnt- ing mecting-houfts, another for quakers, and a chapel for French proteftiints. Kinfale is a populous and ftrong town, with an excellent hirbour, and coniider- able commerce and Hiipping ; and it is, moreover, occafionally a flat ion for the fjavy royal ; fgr wliiuii ouJ this port is furuilhcd with proper naval oHictrs auii t R £ L A H D. 4«f 7 prcfby- nail catho. a lyi'nyr-in- ofpiUil f(.)r lunntick ; c chutchctt lit ni»ii\ier. ic will pcN t view over public uti- t tliey arc, edged ihat films a» the be, the life IS, chiiiclu uda, and o- : of ualioi). id. Ill tlie iropc, thcic furc, he ac- [iJlicllcr and their fami- ■iinikc road* id fafe, the ?cially when F.cr though »(l luxuriant the whole : inouutniua, iched with creation, al olijeds, a wonder- y admirer nj^nitudc^ d cuntaint inds ; hut 11 miles up om ; and than in all rcfort cif Jamaica, dual and IV. there yet it liai obfcrved, ,'0 diil'cnt- roteftimts. d confidei- ioii for the j1 oHicevs aiii k«cl Aorekceperi. W«tcrfort! id reckohed next to Cork for ridges and fliip- ping, and contains 2561 houfea. It is commanded by Duncannon Forty und on th<: welt fulo of the town is a citadel. Li'mericlc is a handfonle, po> puloui, commercial, ilrong city ( it lies on both fidefe the Shannon, and con-' tuina 5257 houfes.' '' Uelfalt is a larf^c fea-port and trading town at the mouth of the Laffcn water, where it fallM into Carrickfcrgus Bay. Downpatrick has a flounfli- ing linen mk^nufadturc, Carrickfcrgiis (or Knoekfergua) by fome deemed the capital town of the province, has a good harbour and caftle, but little commerce. Derry (or Londonderry, as it is moil ufiially called) (lands oa Lough-Foyl, ia n Itrong little city, having linen manufai^utea, with fomc ' iliippiiig. All this extreme north part of Ireland is lituatedfo near to Scot- land, that they arc in fight of each others coafts. " Donegal, the county- town of the fame name (othcrwife called the county of- Tyrconnel), is a place of fome trade; aa in likewife Ennifkilling. All which lail, mentioned places, and many more (though lefs coiiliderable onea),arc chiefly and moll iNduiUioufly employed in the manufadluring of linen and linen thread, to ■■ the benctit of the wiiole kingdom, whichi by its vail annual exportation! of linen into England, is enabled to pay for the great annual importatious ^ from England into Ireland ; and likewife to render the money conftantly ' drawn from Ireland into England, by her abfentces, lefs grievous to her. Though Ireland contains no Itrong places, according t(> the modern im- provements in fortification, yet it has fcvcral forts and garrifons, that fervc as comfortable finecurea to military officers. The chief are Londonderry aadCulmorc Fort, Cork, Limerick, Kinfale, Duncannon, RofsrCaille, Dub- lin, Charlemont, CJalway, Carrickfcrgus, Maryborough, and Athlone. Each of thcfc forts are furiiiflicd with deputy governors, under various denominations, who have pecuniary rfrovifions from the government. It cannot he pretended, that Ireland is as yet furnifhed with any public edifices, to compare with thofe to be found in countriies where fovereigns and their courts refide ; but it has' fome elegant public buildings, which douti^ honour to tlic tallc and public fpirit of the inhabitants. The talUe,, EfTcx-^t'*' bridge, and feveral ediiicca about Dublin, already mentioned, ar? magnifi- cent ; and elegant pieces of archite£liirc, and many noble Gothic churche* and other buildings, arc to be feep in IreUnd. The Irlfh nobility, and gentry of fortune, now vie with thofe of England in the mag^nlficent llrudure of their houfcs, and the elegance of their orna- . ments ; but it would be uiijuil, where there are fo many equal in tailc and magnificence, to partit'iilnrizc any. In fpeaking of the public buildings of this kingdom, 1 inuit not forget the numer/ous barracks where the foldiera are lodged, equally to the eafc and convcniency of the inhabitants. Commerce and manufactures.] What I havefald of England under this head, is in a great mcafure applicable to Ireland'. Her export^ areliiien- clolli, yam, lawnH, and cambrics, horfea, and black cattle, beef, pork, green hides, tanned leather, calf fkliis dried, tallow, butter, candles, cheefe, ox and ijow-horna, oxhrfir, horfc-hair, lead, copper-ore, herrings, dried fi(h, rabbit- Ikins, and fur, olter-lkins, goat-fl iiis, falmon, and fome ott>m>, particulars ; but it is probable that the experts of Ireland will be greatly'itit.«afed by the late laws palled in ^oifr of the trade of that kingdom. It iS certain that the IrifH have carried rthcir iuland inaiiufn6lures, even thofe of luxury, t" * confiderable hcighipj aii'l that their lord lieiittimnts, and their courts have of late encouraged them by their examples, and, "hilt they arc in thatgo- ftf i I Public v« t t E LA N »: Ptr|Lic TftAO^o COMPANIES.] Of thcfe T know tone ui iTcbui^ iBl the bankers cannot be admitted as fuch : neither can the Dubljn SociAy; for the encouragetnent pf manu&dlurea and commerce, which w^s incor- porated in 1750. The linen-ball, however, that is erected lat^Dublin, is un- der as juft and nice regulations, as any commercial houfe in Europe. Constitution AND government.] Ireland formerly was only entitled, the dominion or lordftiip of Ireland, and the king's ftyle was no other than Dominus Hibernix, lord of Ireland, till the 33d. year of king Henry Vin. when he affumed the title of king, which is recognifed by ad of parliament in the fani^ reign. Biit as England and Scotland are now one and the fame kingdom, and vet differ in their mbnicipal laws ; fo England and Ireland are diftind kiir jnis, and yet in general agree in their laws. For after the conqueil of Ireland by king Henry IL the laws of England • wer^ received and' fwom to by the Irifti nation, aifemblcd at the council of Lif'.io-f. And as Ireland, thus conquered, planted, and governed, con- tinucu In a ftate of dependence, it was thought neceiTary that it Hiould con- form to, and be obliged- by, fuch law» as the fuperior ftate thought proper to rrefi;ribe.' but this ftate of dependence being almoft forgotten, and- ready to be dif- julfid by the Irifli nation, it was thought neceffary, fome years ago, to dc« Ve how that-matter ftpod ; and therefore, by ftatute 6th of George I. it is der'ared, " that the kingdom of Ireland ought to be fubordinate to, and der,(;i..v upon, the imperial crown of Great Britain, as being infeparably united thereto ; and that the king's majefty, with the c6nfent of the lords and commons of Great Britain, in parliament, hath power to make laws to bind the people of Ireland." This determination of the Britifli parliament, was, however, far from giving general fatisfa£^ion to the Irifh nation, many of whomdifputed the dependency of Ireland upon the parliament of Great Britain more than ever. After.marty ftruggles, tteling their own ftrength by means of their volunteer alTociations, and pncouraged and favoured by the feveral parties contending for the adminiftraiion in England, the Irifh ob- tained, in the year 1 782, a formal repeal of the above galling ftatute, which was confidered as a renunciation on. the 'part: of the parliament of Great Bri- ta'n of every claim of legiflation Over Irelanfl. The conftitution of the Irifh government, as it ftands at prefent, with regard to diftributive juftice, is nearly the fame with that of England. A chief governor, who generally goes by the name of lord lieutenant, is fent over from England by the king, whom he reprcfents ; but his power is ia. fome meafure reftraincd, and in others enlarged, according to the king's plea- fure, or the exigency of the tiines. On his entering upon this honourable office, his letters patent are publickly read in the council-chamber ; and hav- ing taken the ufual oaths before the lord chancellor, the iword, which is to be carried -before him, is delivered into his hands, and he is feetedin the chair of ftate, attended by the lord chancellor, the njembers of the privy * council, the peers and- nobles, the knig at arms, a ferjeant at mace, and other officers of ftate ; and he never appears publicly without being attend- ed by a body of horfe-guards. Hence, with refpeft to his authority, his train and fplendor, there is no viceroy in Chriftendom that comes neurer to- the grandeur and majefty of a kiivg. He has a council, compofed of the great offers of the crown ; namely, the chancellor, treafurer, and fucli of the archbifhops, biihops, earls, borons, judges, and gentlemen, as his majedy isplcafed to appoint. The padiciment , here, as well as in England, is tiie fupreme -*. ■m: t.""'^* Jin SociAy; wsis incor- Libliii} is un> nlf entitled) ) other than ing Henry d by aa of re now one fo Enekind- thcir laws, af England : council 6f rned, con- {bouldcoB> ght proper jr to be dif- ago, -to de* George I, ate to, and infeparably f the lordt ike laws to parliament, tion, many t of Great m ttrength red by the Irifh ob- ite, which Great Dri- :fent, with jland. A nt, is fent ower is in. ing's plea- lonourable and hav- which it ted in the the privy * mace, and ig attend- ority, his nearer t»- ed of die d fiicli of majefty id, is the fupccmc I R E L A N Di 4t^ iwpntat eovutt wIlIcK is convened by the kirtg's writ,^ and generally fits once every year. It confifts, as in England; of a houfe ''bf lords and com- mons. Of the former, many 'are Englifli or Britifh peers, or commons oF Great Britain ; a few vt papifts^ who cannot fit without being properly qualified { and the number of commons amount to about three hundred. Since the acceifion of his prefent majeily, Irifh parliaments have been rendetfi ed odennial. The reprefentation of the people in the fenate of Ireland, ia in many inilances like that gf England, partial and inadequate. J^s long.aa a majority of the commons is compofed of members for infignifkant boroughs, and where a few individuals are devoted to the felfifh or imperious will of a dill fmaller number of lords or abfolute grandees, a fpirlt of venality mull pervade the political fyftem through all the departments of (late, corrupt the reprefentatives, and deftroy the freedom of the legiflativ? body, If par^ liaments were ftill more limited in their duration, it would be better for the public, and greatly promote iiational profperity. The laws are made by the hqufe of lords and commons, after which they are fent to England for the royal approbation ; when, if approved of by his majefty and council^ they pafs the great feal of England, and are returned. For the regular diltribution of juftice, there are alfo in Ireland four terms held annually for the deciiion of caufes ; and four courts of juftice, the chancery, king's bench, common-pitas, and exchequer. The high fheriffs •f the feveral counties were formerly chofen by the people, but are now nominated by the lord lieutenant. From this general view it appears, that the civil and ecclefiaftical inftitutions are almoit the fume in Ireland as in England. Revenues.] In Ireland the pubhc revenue arifes from hereditary and temporary duties, of which the king is the truftec, for applying it to partir cular purpofes ; but there is befides this, a private revenue ariftng from the ancient demefne lands, from forfeitures for treafon and felony, prifage of wines, light-houfe duties, and a fmall pqy t of the cafuai revenue, not granted by parliament'; and in this the crown has the fame unlimited property that a fubjeft has in his own freehold. The extent of that revenue is perhaps a fecretto the public. The revenue of Ireland is fuppofed at prefent to exceed half a million fterling, of which the Irifli complain greatly and jultly, that about 70,oool. is granted in peniions, and a great part to abfentecs. Very large fums are alfo granted by their own parliament for more valuable purpofcs, the im- provement of their country and civilizing the people ; fuch as the inland navigation, bridges, highways, churches, premiums, proteftar.t fchools, and other particulars, which do honour to the wifdom and patrivitlfm of that par* Lament. Coins.} The coins of Ireland are at prefent of the fame denominations and the like fabric with thofe of England, only an Englifli fliillingpafles in Ireland for thirteen pence. What the ancient coins of the Irifli were, is at prefent a matter of mere curiofity and great uncertainty. Military sTREkoTH.] Ireland now maintains and pays a confiderabl^ body of troublin the chancellor, and the dean of St. Patrick the regiller of the order. The knights arc inftallcd in the cathedral of St. Patrick, Dublin. Tlieir robes are fplendid, and the badge i". three crowns united together on a crofs, with the motto round ^lis/eparabit, 1783, fattened by ap Irilh hai|>, to the crown imperial. A lUr of eight points encircles it op the coat. History.] The hiftory of Ireland has been carried to a very remote Sttitiquity, and may, with greater jullice than that of any other country, be dillinguifhed into the legendary and authentic. In the reign of Edward II. an Uliler prince boafted to the pope of an uninterrupted fucceffion of one hundred and ninety feven kings of Ireland, to the year 1 1 70. Even the ^1ore moderate Irilh antiquaries carry their hiftory up to 500 years before the Chriftian sera, at which time they alfert, thjit a colony of Scythians, imme- diately from Spain, fettled in Ireland, and introduced the Phoenician lan-^ guage and letters into this country ; and that however it might have bcea peopled ftill earlier from Gaul or Britain, yet Heber, Heremon, and Itb, the fons of Milefius, gave a race of kings to the Irifh, diftinguilhed from tfteir days by the name of GadeUans and Scuits, or Scots. But as our li« inits will not penhit us to enlarge on the dark and contelted parts of the Irifli hiftory, we (hall only obferve, that it was about the middle of the fifth cen- tury that the great apoftle of Ireland, St. jfatrick, was employed in the pro- pagation of Chriftianity in this country, though there bad been Chriltian miuionaries here long before, by whole means it had made a confiderable progrefs among the inhabitants of Ireland. After this period, Ireland wat occafionally invaded by the Saxon Kings of England ; but in the year 795 and 798 the Danes and Norwegians, or, as they were called Eafterlings, invaded tlic coafts of Ireland, and were the iirft who ereded Hone edifices in that kingdom. The common habitations of the Irlfh till that time, v.cre hurdles covered with ftraw and nifties, and but very few of (olid timber^ The natives defended themfelves bravely againft the Eatterhngs, who built Dublin, Waterfortl, Limerick, Wexford, and Cork : but they reildcd < hiefly at Dublin, or in its neighbourhood, which, by the old Irifh was called Fingal, or the I^and of Strangers. The uatives, about the year 962, feemed to have called to their aififtance the Anglo-Saxon king Edgar, who had then a confiderable mari- time power ; and this might have given occallon for his clergy to call him king of great part of Ireland, It is certain that Dublin was about that time a flouriftiing cif y, and that the native Irifli gave the Eafterlings feveral defeats, though fupported by fllieir countrymen from the continent, the Iflc Ot Man, and the liebrides. In the twelfth century, Henry the Second of England formed a defign of i^nnexing Ireland to his dominion^. He is faid to have been induced to this by the provocation he had received from forae of the Jjifti chiefta; is, who had tfT ore by thi 11681 <}uarrl O'Rc nor peditio the cor Dermd WexfcJ reinfo -ALAt.: id^jMLMK. n IRELAND. 4»^ di'tti, tvh* ion, marlb. Ity, as are many of Qon3 as ii. ppear, that :nu ry 5, and of March, ompanions. uid mallen chbiihop of the order, iin. Tlieir on a crofs^ iar]>, to the cry remote country, be Ldward II. ion of one Even the s before the lans, immc- enician lan-i have been n, and Ith, ii(hed from as our h'- f the Irifli fifth cen- in the pro- Chriltian onfiderable reland wa» ir 795 and nvuded the kingdom, vered with defended V^aterford, hn, or in |e Land of to tlieir lable mari' ) call him out that s feveral , the illc Idefign of Id to thit I who had 1^ afforded confideraWe aflillance to his enemies. His defign was patronized by the pope, and a, fair pretext of attacking Ireland oflcred about the yea^ 1 168. .Dcrmot Mac Murrough, king of Leinfter, and an oppreffive tyrant, quarrelled with all his neighbours, and carrier' off the wife of a petty prince. v O'Roirk. A confederacy being formed agi. ., him, under Roderick O'Coiif nor (who it feems was the paramount king ot li eland J he was driven firAm his country, and took refuge in the court of king Henry II. who promifed to reilore him, upon taking an oath of fidelity to the cipwn of England, for himfelf, and all the petty kings depending on him, who were very num(;rou8. Henry, who was then in France, recommended Mac Dermot's caufe to the Englifti barons, and particularly to Strongbpw, earl of Pembroke, Robert Fitz-Stephen, and Maurice Fitzgerald. Thofe noblemeh undertool: he ex- pedition upon much the fame principles as'fhe Normaii ajid Bretpn lords did the conquctl of England under WilliarrT I. and Strongbow was to marry Mac Dermot's daughter Eva. In 1 1 69, the adventurers redr ced the towns of Wexford and Wnterford ; and the next year Strongbow arriving wilh a fttpn^r reinforcement, his marriage was celebrated. The defcerrdants of the 1") nes continued l^il? pofiefled of Dr.biin, which, •fter fome ineffeftual oppoii.!>n made by king O'Connor, was taken and. plundered by the Englifh foldiers ; but Mac furkil the Danifli king, ef- taped to his (hipping.' Upon the death of Dermot Henry II. became jea- lous of eail Strongbow, fei/ed upon his ellate in England and Wales, and recalled his fubjcfts from Ireland. The Irifti about the fame time, to the amount of above 6o,coo, befieged Dublin, under king O'Connor ; but though ?ill Strongbow's Irilh friends and allies had now left him, and the city was reduced to great extremity, he foi'ced the Irifh to raife the fiegc with great lof» ; and going over to ^.ngland, he appeafed Henry by fwear- ing fealty to him and his heirs, and refigning into his hands all the Irifh tities and forts he held. During Strongbow's abfence, Mac Turkil re- turned with a great fleet, attempted to retake the city of Dublin, but wai killed at the fiege ; and in him ended the race of the Eafterling ;i. '"•cet in Ireland. In 1 1 72, Henry IT. attended by 400 kr ghts, aooo veteran foldiersj and tiie flower of his Englifli nobility, landed n^ar Vvaierfordj and nti only all the petty princes of Ireland, excepting the king of CHtler, but the great king Roderick O'Connor, fubmitted to Henry, who pretended that O'Connor's fubmiflion included that of Uliter, aud that consequently he was the para- mount foverdgn of Ireland. Be that as it will, he affeftedto keep :i magni* ficent court, and held a parliament at Dublin, where he pa-celleu out ihc eilates of Ireland, as William the Conqueror had done in EnglanH, to hii Englifli nobility. He then fettled a civil adminifliratTcn at Dublin, qs nearly a« poffible to that of England, to which he retmned m 1 173, having firft fet- tled an Englifli colony from Briftol in Dublin, with all the liberties and free euftioms, fay their charters, which the citizens of Briftol enjoyed. Frcm that time Dublin began to flourifti — ^Thus the conqueft of Ireland was effec- ted by the Englifli, almoil with as much eaie as that of Mexico was by the Spaniards ; and for much the fame reafons, the, nide and unarmed ttatc of the natives, and the differences that prevailed among their princes or leaders. Henry give the title of lord of Ireland to his fon John, w>^o, in 1 1 85, went over in pcrfon to Ireland ; but John and his giddy N •':, :ourtiers made a very ill ufc of their power, and rendered themfelves '^ t 'd to the Jvifli, wh« were -tlj^rvvile wiry wcU difpoieU tpwai'd* the EngliHi, I^ . ^ard I. ' ' " \ ■ ' ' ' vmt 4«» Ireland. IS- wras too much taken up with the crufades to pay any great regard t« the ^fm fairs of Ireland ( but king Jul. ., tur-k his accc(ik)ii, made amends for hit Foruitr behaviour towards the luiu. He enlarged his father's plan of in •• ducing into Ireland Ei.gli(h laws and officers, and he erei^ed that pa., ''i'' the provinces of Lcluiter and Munfter, which was within the Engliih pale, into twelve couiiticu. I find, however, that the defcendants of tne ancient princes in other places paid him no more than a nominal fubje^ion. They governed by their old Brelion laws, and excrcifed all ads of fovereignty with> in their own ftates ; and indeed this was pretty much the die fo Tate as the reign of James I. The unfettled reign of Henry III. his wars and captivi. ty gave the Irilh avery mean opinion of the Englifh government during hit reign ; but they feem to have continued quiet under his fon Edward I. Gavellon, the famous favourite of Edward IL acquired great credit while he aded as lieutenant of Ireland ; b'Jt the fuccefles of the Scotch king, Ro« kert Bruce, had almoll proved fatal to the Engliih intereli in Ireland, and fuggeited to the Irifh the idea of transferring their allegianq; from the kings t)f England to Edward Bruce, king Robert's brbther. That prjnce accor* diagly invaded Ireland, where he gave repeated defeats to the Engliih go< vernors and armies ; and feeing fupported by his brother in perfon, he war •dually crowned king at Dundalk, and narrowly miffed being mailer of Dnblin.' The younger Bruce feems to have been violent in the exerc?ife of his fovereignty, and he was at laft defeated and killed by Bermingham, the Englifh general. After this Edward II. ruled Ireland with great modera- stion, and paiTed feveral excelleiil ads with regard to that country. But during the minority of Edward I IT. the commotions were again re-* newed in Ireland, and not r-.pprefFed without great lofs and difgrace on th« iide of the Engliih. In j.;5:, a rebellion broke out, in which the Engliih inhabitants had no inco^if^lcralye Ihare. A fucceffion of vigorous, bravti fovernors, at lad quictr.i Aic 'niurgents ; and about the year 1 361, prince jionel, fon to Edward III. having marri^ the heirefs of Ulfter, was fcnt ever to govern Ireland, and, il' poifible, to reduce its inhabitants to an entirq conformity with the laws of England. In this he made a great progreft but did not entirely accomplilh it. It appears, at this time, that the Irilh were in a very flourilhing condition, and that one of the greateft grievancei they complained of, was, that the Engliih fent over men of mean birth to govern them. In 1394, Richard II. finding that- the execution of his def- potic fchemes in England mull be abortive without farther fupport, pafled iover to Ireland with an army of 34,000 men, well armed and appointed. As he made no ufe of force, the Irilh looked upon his prefence to be a high compliment to their nation, and admired the magnificence of his court. Richard, on the other hand, courted them by all the arts he could employ, and bellowed the honour of knighthood on their chiefs. In Ihort, he be- haved, fo as entirely to win their affcdions. But in 1399, after having ac- ted in a very defpotic manner in England, he undertook a frelh expedition to 'Ireland, to revenge the death of hi^ lord lieutenant, the earl of March, who had been killed by the wild Irilh. His array ajjain Uruck the natives with confternation, and they thrtw themfelves. upon hio mercy. It was^ during this expedition, that the duke of Lancaller landeu in England ; and Rich- ard upon his return, finding himfclf deferted by his Engliih fubjeds on ac- count of his tyranny, and that he could 'not depend upon the Irilh, furren- ^trtd his crown to his rival. The Irilh, a^.er Richard's death, fllll retiafned a warm affedion for the iuHife of York j aad upon the revival of that fiunilv's claim to the crown, em- " -' .f - ':. .'..y, '-.■ .., "■' • braceA U the U". dt for hit of in ' ^ At p«'. ^ 'i' ;lilh pal«, he ancient n. Tbey rnty with* fate as the nd captivi« during hit Edward I. edit while king, Ro* eland, and I the kings ince accor* ilngKfli go- )n, he war mader of excr(?ife of gham, the at modera- s again re-* . ■ace on th« \ie Englilh OU8, braTQ 6i, prince r, was fent an entira It progref* the Irifh grievancei H birth to f his def- pafled ippointed. be a high his court. 1 employ, rt, he be- laying ac- edition to arch, who ives with as^ during nd Rich- Is on ac- ,, fur ren- in for the hown. etti- bracei i t t t A K Dw ^ to iraccdUi cBufe. Edward IV. nrtade the ^earl of Defmond lord lieutenant of Ireland for hi* fervicea againft the Ormond party and other adherents of the houfe of Lancafteri and he was the jirfi Irijb chieftain that obtained this honour. Even the acceflion of Henry VII. to the crown of Englmn! did not reconcile the Irifh to his title as duke of Lancaftef ; they thererorc read- ily joined Lambert Simnel, who pretended to be the eldeft fon of Edwanl IV. but for this they paid dear, being defcsffed in, their attempt to invade I'^g- land. This made them fomewhat cautious at firft of joinimg P rkin War- beck, notwithftanding his plaufible pretences to be the dukt- j Y ' . feconf*" fon of Edward IV. He was, however, at laft recognized is "he Iri(h ; and in the preceding pages, under the hiftory ^f Englanu, cr may learn tkic event of his pretcnfions. Henry behaved with "^ j- warda his favourers, and was contented with requiring the I take a frefti oath of allegiance to his government. This lenity ed effe^s during the adminiftration of the two earls of Kildare, th Surry, and the'e^l of Ormond. Henry VIII. governed Ireland by up- porting its chiefa againlt each other, but they were tampered with by the emperor Charles V. upon which Menry made his natural fon, the duke of Richmohd, his lord lieutenant. This did not prevent the Irifli from breaking •ut into rebellion in the year 1540, under Fitz Gerald, who had been lord* deputy, and was won over by the emperor, but was at laft hang£d at Ty- burn. After this the houfe of Aullria found their account in their quarrel* with England, to form a ftrong party among the Irifti. About the year 1542, James V. king of Scotland, formed fome preten- ^ons to the crown of Ireland, and was favoured by a ftrong party amongr the Irirti themfclves. It is hard to fay, had he lived, what the confequence of his claim might have been. Henry underftood tiiat the Irilh had a meaa opinion of his dignity, as the kings of England had hitherto aflumed no higher [ title than that of lords of Ireland.^ He therefore took that of king of Ire- land, which] had a great effedl with the native Irifh, who thought that al- legiance was not due to a lord ; and, to fpea!: the truth, it was fomev/hat furprifirg that this expedient was not thought of before. It produced a ^ ^ more perfect 'ubmilHon of the native Irifh to Henry's government than ever J' had been known ; and even O'Neil, who pretended to be fucceflbr to the ' laft paramount king of Ireland, fwore allegiance to Heniy who created hiniv earl of Tyrone. ''' The pope, however, and the princes of the houfe of Auftria, by remitting money, and fometimes fending over troops to the Irifh, ftill kept up their intereft in that kingdom, and drew from them vaft numbers of men to their armies, where they proved aa good foldiers as any in Europe. This creat- ed inexpreffible difficidties to the Englifh govern nent, even m the reigfty «f Edward VI. but it is remarkable, that the keforraatlon took place in * , the Englifh part of Ireland with Uttle or no oppofition. The Irifh feem ttfsj' have been very quiet during, the reign of queen Mary; but they proved' thorns in the fide of queen Elizabeth. The perpetual difputes fhe had with ^ the Roman catholicks, both at home and abroad, gave her great uneafinefs ; and the pope and the houfe of Auftria always found new refourcts againft her" in Ireland. 'The Spaniards pofTefred themfelves of Kinfale ; and the re- . bellions of Tyrone, who bafHed and outwitted her favourite general the earl of ElTex, are well known in Englifh hiftory. The lord deputy Mountjoy, who fucceeded EfTex, was the firft Englifh. man who gave a moral blow to the practices of the Spaniards in Ireland, by defeating them aa4 U)^e XriKh before KMaJe^ i«i4 bnPS"5g Tyrone prllVncr , .■."'.:- -y * f ;/ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) t^J^ %l 'k 1.0 I.I 11.25 1^12.8 ■u Uii 12.2 Ul lit u 122 ■ 40 1 2.0 Uuil ^1^ '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 872-4503 m \ iV \\ Lv c> <\ m & y>- ¥k i k p teA j*dh (. t . to^nglf^ ; w^pfi he vau|»rdon^ by quf en £li«i^et;h in 1 6oa. Tht>l«qity|r ifaewn to fuch an dffehder, i^ > prd/i^ oftbft dreadful apprehenfions Elizabeth hid^m ti\e popifli ih^ereft in, IrpJaiEid. Jame^ I. cosArmed the jyifleQions «( the Irii^ ;. hut fuch was tjKe inSueocc; qf, tW pope and t;he i$paF>iturdd t)wt thc.carls^^ Tyrpijw and Tyroonnel, ^nd.tik^jfi partyii planned a new reb^Uoi^),, and attipqipedf %o feize the caftle of DubUn j, but, tQ«ir, plot being dilcoverffiy. fh&r chj^efs J^d beyon/ij/feas., They wrre nol; idl« abroad { for in l<6q^,they i»ftiga^,d4irG*l«n4'^^^ahwty^^o ». frefli riebdh'Qn, by prjpmiGng htmfp(se4T>%1>t'i'fbofjnc^lV>!4^.';i9^ ■- S«\, CaMm was killed in the di^ti^,.an4 hHtfa4feeffpts,,werie talt«i and eiw«iy'<:4f .The attaiuders of' the Inpi^beWj ^bj^hj^djinc^c ragnsof Jaroef andElizabctti, veftedin thK,crQV7»-5;(lyf$;aqiBl»ta theXeveral cqvm^s of Donegal, Tyrone, Colera-, in|'Fcifin{knagh(C%yaR,,andtArm^h.: pnd epahiadtht; I<M;e:vf the kij^gdoi^i ipi the moil quiet i|ndi:ef^^ ;Thoft prodigious a^taindera^ however )uft andunecc(^4ry they might be, , ^jMTM^ii ^tal^ fpr p^ ,£ngU(h in the reign of Qharles I. The Irifli Ro- man Catholics m general, were influenced by their priefts to hope not only to tepoiTefs^he Uyidvpf their fAefathers,, but to re^orie t|i^.popiih religion ih Ireland! They t^refore entered into a deep and deteilable confpiracy for > inafTaq^g 4ithe Epglilh proteitants ,in that kingdam^ Xn this they were < ciicoiiiaged by thetunhappy diifentidj^i thnt h^oke R'^t betiweeni: the king and : his paiiiamenU in England add Scotland. Their bloody plain being diicovered hii^'E^gli^ govemm^t at Publin* prevented tN^t ^ity &Oni fs^lijig int* thar hands. They, however, partly executed Jp 164,1 th«r hojrid fcheme «Uiam ever gained in, person ;,.a viiflory,- however^ on which depended . the fafety ,of lihie protellant religu>ii» and the liber|l!ics of the Britifh empire* Had Jaaae§ b^c^n vi£toriou% he prpbu\)d|y wpuld hav#, been reinilated on the throne, aad nothing elfe could hftvebeeafexpe^^d than that being irritated by •ppofition^vi^rious over hi* enemies, and free from every re,!llraint, he would have trampled upon all rights, ciyil and religioiis, a^d punued>more arbitrary defigns than before. , The ^irmy ^i, VfiSiam confifted of. 36,000 men, that of James of 33,oqOk but ad^^tntageoufly fituated^ Jam,es, it! is true, fought at th« head qj^va ,^0kiii>)m;^x^h\e, ; jhut jitis. Fcnii^;!U4tii(aries. w^e far from * Mr. f^athrie'fi aecotii\t Af the i^umbf^ killed in th« Irilh .OH^Acr* iinMCh'l^elow.that esnerally pfiveo. j Mr.nunie, a2l£er cnitinerattiig '^w .\. -"".J barbarities pridflifed bjr the apifttapM the PiroteftsAit, foti,'** by '{bme oinputtt'iani, thoje, who pertfhfed by all - tltofe ef^•!(lfl•^arc made to MOannt to an iiiiiOdre<1 atid'fifif, or two'hmdredtliouraiidt * hj the dMiftmo^ccatc, and probably the luoft reafwmible ««coit«ti they araft have bean •* scat 4o,ooo»'* |^^Boglaad|V«L yi. 1^377, editf^Svo. 176)^ ^ / ^ ^' r n E t: A li b: 4f* behaving wkcoo* , Xtriiuftbe acknowWged, howerer; tW b* kft liodir th'.'ieldsdd^tbekiiijgdoro toi6(okmfor«bnt«maa. ' {i Maipy jpolitical rafoos •ccurred for not driving tbe IfrUK to ^efpatr. ' The putthe forfeitu^PM tbditigbrouHy' cxecutioQ; The expkienee of b{ilf • c«ntary hu (ioafiraied the WifdAin 6^ tbe above confidcratibn*. ' Thfc fpirit' ofaaduftry has '«nabl«d "Ae trilK '^ ktaow their own fti!cn|[th-and'iitiporunce | to which fonM MOc^til eiiiihimii feiBoerh'ai^'vonmrred. ' AU her* ports Strtre opened for the •ekpoirtatioin ^ YTobl anil'MKM^en ]ram t»aiiy fiait of-^Great BritaiWt and tJUttftm^ aa* of jpinltpunent have' bieeni made for -^permittiiig the 'iinp6tiati<»' iif Mt, beef, pork, batter, oittler M 'tall<>w, fn^mirrtand to GreM Brtjintii But though fome hws and cegulatiOnB had occafMnally taken plaee' fiiJ Toti^lc to 'irelaiid^ it miift he acknowledged^ that the , inhabitaittB oF^ ilhat country Mioined^hder.ronfiderriileg^^ in' oohfe^ttehce df Ihndiy^ ui^iift and'injudiciottt rcftnuotS; of the; parlntnent of i^huid rdj^tag^" The ii»e be^e^ G««at''Brittiuln and her An^eHcVn tblM^irin ^^(^ wjth very impextant eoBfeqnencev; in Ireland.' By this cont«ift^ her itten* tran WfU"«xeitod to the rf ilridtiohs oti her dwA iiNmmAuM ind'fcommei^' lai'jjgi thertfore, thej^Iiament of Irda^/itvdMcwaddreS^ to« tiie thione^ demanded t« ftrtmg Uiwoitte, the fcftoration of theirs idottnu^itii! frit^mt hopc^ were repeatedl^flielaout t»' them of foaafi' i>aMitill C:ottipl!ance^ii|i4|j|| tfaeir remufition .{ butwhen the people of Ceiihmd &vrtbMf'iMftbUi^ ^eff^^ m» Kkeh to betdonerWd that an^era<^tioit> W any< f«titaif^>M iibi; A ffmVhikt, adidted';^ the circtocftaac^ of ^ the n^lhairy force itf h«land being ooiitiniudty 'dittiiidl fairuAe fopport v>f the American vrar, foidUhed aphii^lde pldt ftnr.lfbhnt^ nflitaryaUadations,. avowedly for the idefence of the coitntvy ipi^fi/itigit eaemies ; this fpirit foon became uniyerfal throughout the kingdioA).} the ^Vi^ be<8 thu4 aireciatfd and armed are' (aid at laft to have aihount^ t<»upWttda of6(^oop men. ;:;"'- ■■' ■^'•- ■■■ • -:ti^ ' (••j/iv/,.; Goveritment faw thcfe proceeding^' ^arith aftOnifltnuHit and daraiii^ei "^ikM. the leaft refiftanee was vttu, and a fm)pofn) tdi bMng^#iism't9^^«#^itdb^^l autherity of the government, was n^efiwlivith Uxumr Haiviag-'p^^ foi the defiedce of the edontry, they ib«>Q began to eXtMtd Uttir ViM^'rJ!^ ^' free and ua^ited cemmerca with. iQ' the world was thi fud wnA great ol^ lor whkkato,comipch&tti6o ^could be admitted. -This ftite (tf t^g« joined to tfa* ialprmingaiid ]ier{lofiS;.fit«ittan of, Ot^ miniftersfao alutma|tive,^^the^ wcfle'uoder the neeeilhy of yiddidg to thiat fpirit, which, tlMy'inroijws^ ij[^ 'f'che voiM^i' ., -I ■M' m I' .R. ETl^^-KrB. «oqi«je(^k.|lM:«. » 'i .'^iMTe fi\A ifl^pbrtaat M^l^ torittlandtii^diOiow j^oKiMtf i»nd (^Marom te^ Gn*!; Bntaai^iftraKaiq; at tiitf^^ of Uie'con. 'iib^o fwt«rc9it Wii t^ countriea»^(fid ncit prodooe tither geiii|ral,'or>kftipig ^nquiUity. , When the government of a country, either tbroqgliwcalu fe|b pr imftfiidciae*/* cedOccsd Co the neceIBty'6fiyM|^«g.-i^^^^ deoriinds of f^ttlfr ishunHHiry tU MncclGpnl only piH^t)i^e^difK^^ llooh «^ the oaiit at jurefrat in] lodaiid* Agi> #$i/^B#e MI|;^'|^ vt^nimfm V*^ iKt? . fuc« ^d|f|, uri |iii«#rof-^^|iic:!W««fr «^ cilfilytjtnqyml%ed )^ diiicii^.Umb g){Ktreotri(Mi$^>!ib^ fc«»i 4pty #Wrc AMI >>i»:jlMt«it.^o o^fa itC^ji^ t|ii^^fOt«^ wHNlh^&ljeA of,iM^«M^f«%.^|rtfcfnv^ Th«;(4dhNi^ra'pardieItiaf» 00 !tb4 pai(t ^go> M«»cni> l9lW^ilH^«|i^l•f aideOgn io|^ #id>f ipbeiai altagMh*, eageo tyjfliiijd «|i0»:lhiftr.{k<]^Uir^!c »f acwtPp of: imi«i||uiuAi.|^aiid!.iatiomd Mpri^op »r ddegat;e» liroln t(|e wlkole/VQ^iiiiteen;Hr49r yrJWildoiihM iti , pix\m 9n.thet^th:of }ioyat!hdiiH^Bi%%hciiiitrVo^^ ted pfftefidettti attd onthle (dUM^ flay^ alco«ii|^ -^ Mi« a fpett|« |>hh of twifilnBifttary ittUoBs.yret^J^|}eftdl« whl^'i^ > ^io t.i- ji.Mr. C|i|a|Cob the lblbyrtni:day^ ^^^^^)^^ J(Br< nave to bring in a biH for the more e^ual reprefentatton of tiae JOOpk ia ^«iiaf«ntt TIN «MMien wal Tedm«iedvbjr a grni:.atbjaiatf )«f «hc.Mife, tfkh tkt \Sb(ltm^i roitlu a di&praeeful ;poiSII|ii^ii|Biity/c«fifblt ainie 4de^(mi^U^ t^ ln|i«^^ the >-ei(Mt (ioBltitatrd|kV IB fbrtUii^ ^Thii addSSTi beinig, ie^^^ ^iJboodt reoeiired 'dKir oon- '. ■ Tmi if ^;liraiM^#tlw )e|tUlal9i^ li&i^M^ fiiuM^ an .ohjeA, ' wVefafm nade fome i|ini« nfr CMttlklltiB- tbottt^ ill ycrJbd aad^for fqmetinc hefbi^,. Jnii >Q ■ ... ^ " . *3i«.;„; ! . : ^.■, Iteland "' fifSB?!^'' I KB LAND; lit Irclaa4 tb %«cchM Md refiahiti«)« ^ tW teformcM i»«it «d(l^i|uMid^1)fr the pwUcoIar indeceiu^ of their cspreffioo and th« »fe i| | M»ic »f^W); Te^^'ppl againft the hxwe and codUtation ot their ceu^ry. In )hie£e vH)ten« procUdo iiig«>the OTieaMir n^wrt»|f6<(tliie1iidrkfytiaeiiut^ wUch ]b^ |hak piftuiitiy^erejai^ft ftete of extttOMK agftalliMi>t thdj- ^^iflibiii (ii(d'%eca f^'hr\^fiim\A%tfiAhyf the(^ eUeflM^' wl&h ttPc of att Olt^ni: fnoft icaIc«iJate^^ they fecfq to ht^ aeipi^ed s ncMtU 4egi^ ' of trrlubUityt thdff grievata^e^s >heth mott jfnika^ iiatdre frequency Wfided the a^ehtlofi of «t^ . people, and' were puntted'Witb' a'mqft inteinpcratc degree hf tfiinn^ viujience. They feem to have ekpd9lied^th|C by tlie rel^tufiqh of eomn^ercml fteedoin* t^y iffere immediaVdijr t»*^ahi«e at' the pofleffion of thi^ piofp^iii^ and opulence* which can only be 6btain^d'by How progrefs^ aiia^ Iji the ittfikrd of patt^t and perfeVeWng ihduftry. BiTii^pointed in thilfe -vtfionary h<^pe8, their fit^tiom was lendered -niiore calotpitouft by the i^neft of the lowrf didb (^ pcttplri aoid ttfe' Ac^gtieft^riKir j^opcr occ^ fortt bbth qf wfaieb Were to b«,ftciiibated^ the general diTpofitton -to poU^^ fpeCiilattoB^ In'ord^to tdieve thediftireffes of their o#n ihanii|kAurei:9» it wn j^nMdfed to lay beavyt dttthti oK the manufaduretxtf other untriiss» inmprted into Iret&nd; a tdeAfore diftiited by a nanW'did '^orvfi|^ted poucy, but ^r whidh the cieol^le htA become exti€fnely i^»motova^ . iThe Mgiflaturd^ howe^^'iMtii'tib teu wiitdom tlian frrmneis, rejeded the motion. In confequeitce of tl^ diuj^ltitmetit of their Kopet, the people wer^ thrown into the itaoft tn^ebt ri!i'li>iM|iliin» afldta there tt^ reuon tp^eheve that tbefe comntotiAnk Urtft eimer excited of eohtiaued by the feditiouft-vapd inflammatory libelli w^hich were dittf circulated in the public papers, pro- fecutionfl ' were cammtiacei againft fcveral of the printiers, and abillLwas Itfbu^t htto parliameiat bf Mr. Fofteffbr fecunug the liberty of the prefiT b^ preventing the publidition of libels, which after a .confiderable oppoutioitti and receiving feveral modtfidatuMs, pafied with d^gen^ra) con* currettce;- _'''■ ■"'■-]■ -' ^> u^-s^ '■ -■ „ ■••''■. ,:;y ■ Soon after this * |^ i&r re|;ukit;iAg and' fiiis^y adjqilfng the' cornnfierdal intercbuife between the twdnations, excited i^ very .general interett. both in Oreat BritaiA sk^ Inilaiiii, but after having exercifed the attentipn. of the legiflatures of bbth iihi^(|pM«fbr ilp^tard« f>jrfev«h months, wa; fniilratedbj the violence of t^at rtiilguhkd xe4t ^Itiob then pdrv^d the who)^ nation. Indeed To ihfotent had' tfie people of that country ttow become, in con-> feqOence of the eonceflbns tiiftortedffoni Greit Erjtvin; their mlndrfia agitated with grdilndlefs dottbta' and ' ji^ufies ; 'fdi!i{{brafted whh political fpeculationl^ that a calhi'luid temp^i^offbuflion oFa fu^^ fach mw- nitude was nt^: to be hoped for. The tfifttftunate indifpofition of his majeft^f- happened ^^r thMi> r^«£Uota orth<£bminercial p(«pofiti6nB. 1W e« vent Was Ap fdoner ktiowaiii Irelaind|th&n\;h< rage of tIieoreti<^ iimoVitton and all the angry palfiohs'iMiiich hid ajg^^t^-tite miiidtr dT^partf^s. v^^re re« kindled i^as if on the witcti for an obteft of (Ufficien »-.i.^'- > ^1.':.-^- ^..^.t^'«-!J w::.f>^j.'e.,ki.< -Zk-l^'^N.1'. -ir. ' . , fcient IfoWe W let thftt in motion,' ^«y. eagerly laid hold dfthi'opfaortl^ ^"ea-> '* — ' thcicgencyto exhibit a praAijiipibof of tiieir as'sr^'^^auired !sde= 3 ^^ peQden«5 4«l I K % L &. H :.D. pcn4eiiM»^ii4|MnM|pi indlreAly te (>otat stioUiisrauAsf whidi ait that peruM^ were:i»t4Mtt rar!^wdk)|ictIicnt.^ > ' <-\'< -- ';<'-' .>' ■{ Our UnwlliiW 6o(ip«iTnitHsto enter into a detail of the mcafum adapted op tfc»« oecafiafi t but vteiohy Oiqi^ obfeiWf that the coiidud of the Irifh ]p|wHUMip^ ijlliM ;«rMe 0f tUtbufineUi is tron^y marked bf preifipitatlon and^ v^}eoc«»,raiidii^t the 9itguinbit» by whidh t-lve leaders in both^itKHiferfup.'* ported thefir "view* were (Ubh aaJn tn^Hkimate application evidently tended to hrealu ibtfCQane^ion liet<«ri;*(t thetfro kiiigddiiia) tliat this projed had been i^ady eoi^ei^dis by,|Dft>i|iBeana m^rbbabk, Mn Fit^bboit/the attorney Kcocrri fivin^y'' 8n4''ft<<'^^uouQijr. op^ofed ithe tncaiiire* of the majoritjf paflirtment* "contending, for the eotiftitutional conhe6Uon betwixt m thc^^ %m» .itit^domhi and oon^uded hit fpcech b^ this folemn and al« m0ft-pre|)lKK|iarv«ainiinff» that 'if the twohdnfea of parliament fliould in a mom^uof phtCBXyt ucnfice v ir connection, ifi^ith the crown in purfuit of paradoxicMLphantpniH they ini^bt pevbapi livdtdilrt Ireland once more in> diifatcd.l^ tjbc^reffoniftjo* oChWctvil and religious liberties^ to a Britifb army, aut while thefe matters were drawing to a condufion thdr neceffity was fu> perfeded by the Aidden and unexpelled >eceve^ ibf the' King, and thus thg ima»e(liatie oauie.iof'ihfdifoontcntB and dtyifionA being remdt^ a temporar]^ calm was ptoduced* But the ^(oontented and turiwileiit fpirits of the (>eople of Ireland were noillrand'had been for Ibme timepaft in fuch a ftate of continual imtation and fermient, that? too tcaiKiaiQitv was laftiafff ^e fire df political ducord fome* times ctmi to bbze* Isofe the fmolting embers were ever ready to burft forth 4ato a Jama* woo t)ie {ioialleft communicatioti With any iuflammabte matter; iSuch was the j|at« o|*the Iriih nation at the 1>reakiog out ofthe French re- Yoltttio||< . It ^vBot therefore furprifing that the dreadful bxplofion^hich ' nearljr fet,£urope on fire* fltould have^mdft deftroyed that country. The priiiapks of ihpfe who overturned the old/goyjerqmifcnt o{ France, have beeii juftlj^^niiderea as tlia fignal Uk revok to the difcohtentedi to ||the iinprinci- pMr-a^ to the profligate of all nations, tn Bif^aiin thi^ fpread vrith rapidity, and their 'progrus at one time was (o toafiderable^ andtlse evident intentiont ' of the faction m> alarming, W to excite tttf^findl degree 'of i^preheHion and ter- ror ) but thetfirmo^s- of the executive government, fupperted by the good fen& iindrCnfergy of th« ^ritifh natito^ sarric^ us itobly thro' the -ftorm. In Iitlavid thjefe pnu^files took an immcdnte and firm hold of the minds of the pcojrfefi. fofl«qii«d l^ypolitical^eoBlation andiirilatcd by groundlefs jealouf- ics apd difc4nteBt% they were urged intd the very laft ftage of crime with a pneojpitat^t^whHsh^ but among that people whde eaampie they d^gned^to Copyn^B||9^|ian4feU. ; :.v .;:.'. . .• -.:.^ ., ; • ; f ■ '' Ut^^JHtim vthal fo9fi ai^er the French revoHttion a conrptiracy was formed ^ J^elAnd»^iyr^r4 the fifbjfid! bf ^Uinncntary reform* ^rther as a ftep to t1i« attaiBi^ilt. of thei^tiiiiitie «^cAv or a* a cov^r to 'their real df%ns, was a^ gam , reviynd mi profi^cid;iJtxitiit iiiedottbled dnei^^and^ vigour t affiliated fshibl 'anI ' " »i.^' Ma the funmer 1 796 great numbcrb had entx>Iled thtofdvet ) abd dMmir^ thtt period a dirtA communicatioB with the enemy was opened by tke hsewib of the partyv and French aMance was folicited and DroimtGtd f o bc {fH^^ feat to aid the difisffeAed' in thkt ktngdom^. ^i36kU^ were ilk! ««^ queaee iifiied by the leaders of thefodetL^ ti> foW^iWmipret iqtc^^dl^by bodies, and to be provided widi anm and ammunition ; thefe dinNSiobk^^iMM^ fpeedilj obeyed i the focieties aflun^cd a military form, and it a|^^can 1^ ijie originkl pikers feized at Belfaft On a^pril 1 707^ that their itmiihers tt thit periodi in the province of Ulfter aldne, ambttiked to ntiHy tdOiOOO. An a^ent was fooit after ient to the French dhvAbly, icqus^uag them with their preparations ; this agent from varibus chatuiels of infeMtatfoa'Mit Sniis to have JKen the late Lord Titzgerald, who, accomt>atiied<^|^rar. 'Connor, proceed>/>ri- .•, v. aI-v ;*<■?] «!?_•;. ' About <)i6tober «796 tn acdivdited iheiTenger arrived 'ftonrth«r-^JVtlieli rcpuhHc« who- came to- communicate to the leaders of the Irifll liniOii the, iptentioH of the 'Frenc]b, fpeedily to invade Ireland with iifkeen tfidtlfluMi' pica and Ji great quantity dfarms and ammunition ; thiriltjliempt wM^^lB^dii^ ingly made in D-ecemberfoUowirtg, when the French i)e«etb6kth«ttdvkflkg« of a thick fog and efcaped from Breft unobferved(^ tSmbiA CiXpOfilf nvbo had been (lacking ,theiii u^ for fev>ral' osqnthsj meeting with^viiilefl^ flormsin ttieir pal&ge, the iket was difperfedi and on tib^'^lif.^'ptiiCrefjf them cdn&ftittg of^'ght twro deekers atid nfiMrof difftffent dalTi^ -MWlieM/in Bantry bay ) /Oie^^y of the temptrfl rendering atiy ittempt 1^1lnd"ii^jH>&, fible, they quitffcd thfrir ftaijenixiti th^ 77tfa m tlht^erenrng ; tAifi6ffiiHKl]Qif ^ feven meit wdrednverioh ihore i#:aboatif()ldne?iW ii^eht'tff %h^>F|iiii ^ ihips } this gedtkiban «pan!eic^tn«t^r'&u(Riim°iaiC fteiet'«p«ni^4Ml^ Brefl; oonfilted of abo^t £fty fiiEl, haf iar Wn>boafd^'i«ioob'nini'< aUadt 'HtliM. <* ''V^itP ifpy^ ance ofthisarmaa^ent excited a #l> ti t It thmK M ^. ^ •t4ilit^]^el iM *t Breft for a feeoii4 atteniBl i wd m Ok a^ M|n|la^«itdU^no«pvt« reccive4 by the executive of the unfba, that the Iroopa fflMeraftM% fqiWirlici^ in, the Texel aikl only waited tlc;Wtad i ttkcir^ fki*''«n« •gMMi:iruftral«d hf th« gloriotu and ever mefnon^ftviAon •i faitffpliiala over th« I)utdi- fleet, on the nth Oaober tf^T^ The Miimilw«akiMi betwixi ^^ diit^iT oCFranee fend the Irifh ifleeuitive wn imlilMfl up» aid affura^ wiere'ft^j^y^ that fuccbuti niiglit'^ cxpeded. Itt'thc; fliean tiaw the nMB, aAire a« tigOrou/ niafurea were porfMedagpunft Ikt floiifjpinitibn I a hitfivat i^afledjirnSbiM'ng fedttk>ut ntectinga^ unothcr «an«K>Miri«iUed ^ IlifilnrKclidfi ai% h^ vchicb the Lord JUiettteoant and «6«4«1 «Kr««nahi0d ttj^ th< leqttiiuior of feven magiftratea of aaj o6imtjr» In plMcMm.|KRi»htfe or iMrjr (>t>t then jf to be m a Rate of diftorbMie, and afMiift;the(b^lWcd,H^ of triiquitv, and Xco^ fo much f o wcakmtheii^^iJg«nization,^hat th^y veiVprdnpitatea intoa ^■(^imt)!^ effort bcfott^betrdcfigns Wi:r« fuUy ripe for exechtion.^ A plan was leecpfdia^y ^ijgtf^dibyche^fdi^taiy 04^ for a genei^ n'iing, which was (a i^idteptoecbn lW«| o£.Iiay» Gn}v«|nmcnt were perfeftiy 'informed of kheincemim.dftheranfpiratorS} an^taufed fereral of the leaders fo be ap* pndiehded. OB the^th aiid aift. and kte iu the evening of tliat day*the ap* ^roaeklQj^itfij^l^ was anqwioc^ (o the Xami Mayor^ a«d oo the feIloa»« ^ ' -<■ '' : ■ '\ ■ ■ ' im 4 !• K'ElJi, ^A;\lfi^bUi'' 411 din the ai|. It f he Iroop* mk si&orj \HP Th« Me«|tive wn liecxpcded. rfvedagMnft meiuuit and any o6imt]r» BrbfBte, and tlrhabew Be>of.i1ieadk tri(geandbp> #^fbniurtear and ihidaHid sfpirecjfyiiid Jjeaterintoa Pcd inhabit- r a Tcq^d ef 7 is maft aw iVibftcicnt rtieproyiocc* >us bagdiiti, ty feteral di& roved ineffiec*. ■ 'Cork, Liffl* touhty» Kil* if arms, and alarnungfcir- irocUmatioRr ir.i thi6 kiflg< tioe that the d(nghi8it»> ' n for its fup> d to hit nia* the promp* d, were at- icerting the, taUty of the ' or abandon March with / fikewife fo liiquitv, and ntatcttintoa A plan was ', which was ' informed of rs lo be ap- dafHhe aph atbefolloat' iiU jag day t m^gt to Qm fm$ cffiea «mi4«i| \f thu LMt £|ettttitMK fom^ lioufiei of pailwMBt. , • t-;;;! Notwitbftandlqa the military pitctotiotti that yrm adifted to ^OMmMtf tiie fnfamaion/$ iaik place in th* Mi^virfNKid ^l>vi^ da die «M appointed) the ineafwra taken in the infittopdiamvcDtcd^a^ ibcre. 11knrattM|c«id th4 t»wa oFlMi M io»»>«^ <»Utia «Bd aniMimt Britifli li jht di«goona ^ pem lA^tiiudi thf rcbda «(«« idobtitdl^ pvt< rQlig^^tiitd j^reai kd. On t^ *8 latelUgetict'VtnirMliH tbtt^iofonaion^RfU . {aothwardt l^nd ^^ 1"^* <>uc in greijt.1lc|rca ^ tli«coiiaty bl WmUpidy aambcra^were. thm Ratafl to anaount t6' 4000 at lt)ift, iikt^a gniftt MH^terHrfF tl|en lotted, ifcre ihcir prfndpal ftt«ngth ^tmtii to b« «aAi(^Ml^ irfiMf ihey w«re broiteB and di{|Krfed in eniry oth# qMattcf f t)#r iiiMiitwn SHi'kdb ■Boontiag^by .thdbfift'acooan^t.td new i5i«Q0. - ' \ ^ , " ' ''-''' }*'* ' • ' '"Air*:::! . Our lidtta ^ nor yjtmU ua to csitev laitit « d^ .u:cl, «tt«|fiptwf| aiakf a diwi^ aiMl coIcA tbc fiatttcqdremaitis of their adhcreota, ^^^iii< ^f»f ^tSufiiir ind Energy 'of' ^fittecn iind fc^iersy that aKi4iidr. 0t ^a«o*rt wera MMlrated } they «a^ .atuc)|||||^ dehtatadi and iitpaiaAUia^ ^parto^Mhd ttaaailittity benn gradually to terefiortfd^ . v'^:. j^:|,->v^(ui ^^.^JbaJt^knl^ad^t Augaft, ib^ firigatta aitd'traafporwinMti JEmmv* «|i« peared j« 'K^ab(*bay^nd landeflidiottt 1000 ifl«a,wrt!li'« MiAdara&kiqMari tkf af aniit'^aad «iii||iii«ttion. ' At iJi'e ftrength of ^fae^AjM^i^i^if>»^wl«i. kr6keB»ilho iwiiUki«.iUioJj6ined. than were not coniulei^lMiplii^V'^ eighth of Septr. fceiug attacked by gdaend JLake* ihey'fi^lalnfrttV''' tiiB i the icBala:irk«lha4 Joioe4thfii& wf difpcvTed, ' M|!af tion of than kiflad or fakeo. Aaaf^it$M •mU'imMfth} toifaapott, l« ratlbar tp aelBiikU&the^iMMfof WbaBoi 2^ l^ih a{ ^tenhot^^^Att iwled'<^a|,iriMmt>^W!f# ' atefiiUa^ jF»i(>aRtbev, . ^ IjKt was difi<;nciisd*fay fte iquidraniiA^^ J.< Byi;1HlbnNtii,] t^ ^l^f Sf^c cUaflii next ma^'Jiiii)^^ up ,|MdJ|^ ^liieitty:talb^^ fatted 'tiicin:;'..'(he!«^uile^«e 'aas^'OBa'"0r: tw* '^jkH^qBti 'i!!!?] '^fftPW*^' misbbW, tt»jUyd)C;pn^Uid^^^ 4d by- thc;:^reiwli:4if«Bory^'of ipaUaffillttiWfdt^ pafta^^^ €OH)peratioaiiil^lrtbfrU3utors!«f4^Wgdo«^^^^^ fcHT fome ^iinai after tbo, to iat^; t^^ cb^mtnjf ' pahi^^l<^^ hnraing^ marditfiogi and jplunchsting the io(kiftrMpa« i^idbWoU^mooied mm* bitabts ;' but'by^hfr/yigihince anda^fty :of ithc'(tiroops^'>tkey wei»jp«ftfnt Such has beeai the JenninatloiH p^lB^nWrtfy l^Milt'W^ arnungt •wfeetlitf -we c,onfider the Miy.'mih wi»ii.lKlietctudui£kcd thdr «f a confpiracy no Ida atrucioust'tlmi i£ibali9al de%nt d^.tWttaitorst^J J I f ~ r R. ^ X A N a t«ftll«.«^fr«onlreftn!nt« aad rendering thcmihe tAive tntW PA tMMtaictlpldl iMiddc^p«9»tc ^ttd» ia » fylkem of wickedncfi MftoCwMk ttaatfiUBdiDC «r/Mih m bad a«t pnoperiy mcfiAtA f|lritQi|)ci uftto «^h the frvttfh rewoUttion wm oMdufted, ikoidd ill M««mjvj|MMtllllS "mdof IW Iptei of ten yean, ruin and delbuc< i|>i|| illli%l'M - t^'trtmAtkft twd dMolil* that Mnfortiintt« and devoted i»s«mtli(rir iiiklHuMljnW)MMiaib«Kreigtt hai bccto fiMrikglpufljr jnur. ' amifm and mAr^ ^ Jhcroic jiartnen ofii» critel and pro. ^ to aa iMMiuHOul 4eath i the clergy lad aoMtty, with pa of. landad pnapertyr either oaaflMredi r(^bcd» Ob I |M citlaeni of her a»o^ ilofirilhihg iaoo profMrooa citiei Mlea writ tki nUig aa4 diaboUcaji bari>arity of fyAfUMfle aibfiaiV their turn dttfktafi. bedficed to the brutal laft 6f tbair jMtoyara t tbcm- dWber Bprifhbfl by the !und of the cxeciltMoer or «f^er fueh a . bag* iMbtokeo, raebaohj^ «Mb),.«f won [tffc 1^ ^Hoothcr ia Frauiiii | mt. caanot too M^b^ exeeitte t|,^«hpfe wrctfohci wfio had«oalj^dto reduce^ev fnaoi|llei' Ip happ^«BuAtr|r» and ttM^qJhilc dPefe b»cdf|fa>dea oC peace» - ^^'- Mood ana maflSore j :Qor wamiaft mtkode ia due t» all thtn|^ whoferpaaugfting/carcfhath defended w of/our CBemieBi ftnd.i|ivett«d jjic idreiidfi^l talMuty, ier ue; and aftfer Mm to the v^iUaot of llM»esecit« aAivity of the arPiyV and to the aflbua oot^peeitiaa nd.affectiolii|K«.'(«||bMaa. '.., ' -.' . 4 .i^q-i*-: ;u iIt! / ' f the 'ciipm hgr,m Jmioa. 0f Ivd|bhd!^ity 1^ 'lll^be the wfifAmk ftiLw^tiiigtoooanSetie our ftottrit]^ "* J^f^wnt tfaeJMNBfhhottfe^ aeauaoa^kf hlr. Pitbihif dmyw^ pMi||ioiMMM aBji«ifiMmitatire t w^ ^MHMnfde(d^ faffed iJBj^i^^ \ke mif« Sntiopw of ike o|^po«eo|i^0di Jli to the principle I to he pm(^«fiid l|riadoplioft^'aattitba^BK>>u of ear- by the^o|l^eMM• ttiraftfitaiUM^ irith their ufoal an aMl|k dtfqHttan k nv i i m i i Uu appobatioa ^umth^ k^eSt canp^lo.be obnfidcrcd !^h M mk iraatNihyi of a dehberati. j(tnt id^icd their wua^fpiritit end ilhed tiiMabr^by a rtoewaljrf the&me in- ;fiu(kJQleir debateamii^naKer occafiona } qjJljg^tttdeyij^aftitahrBi^Maad reUtiooi} cd aa^iould ju^femaMt im^ tohopet^thcy ipiU cheerfully agreftto a ineafure fo jt.tothac tVue ^ fom a tripe dwd »hicV^ JboMMMf «aoh;othera ^ . Jtkfm ^mm JE»e4t jfua/d I (ft imftrim Englandt'Sa^lfaMtd «id Ireland pin tKtafc,, i3bfi$na guarantees of taxtm "' t" FItANCE. \itk$hf which B^ tMn loofe. le aAive tullru^ * of wickedneft f meiaitd ^ flwuld . BiAy ailnit » andi ddbuc. t« Mid davotcd il«gipu(l]r.imMb '. ornd Mid pro. l«okib]r» witk A, rqbbtd» oc I* citici iillea •HkfiMVthcir toftn t tbcm* NCl «a tbe pub- * MMMiMH wtotiilldtttt* «MlfaV4«f MtOCI ^hr execittte RfTMoipkl'^ »dn oCpeMe» ttttdeiiductv tk defiMdedw •dfiMtalnnit^, «co««IMatuft imii^ Omk vaaritearitfk Bir.PiUMiiw fttiyetimnhii mk$, |ke mif* r the prino^lr MMatUofoffii itg tfadrufoat bappKbatioft ,-be obalidcrni of « d«liberiti> ptiipirfts, lod L'tkc £iine in« tiwireUtioai} mdlthe reiniy •ilneifurc To aiUdJbbnd guaitiU«u of I 'it 1 I Ifrv ■* t./ •^i< . A-l'll-. ' ■ m >'»■, ft--* ' ft^, i".tAtiiit I 'l.ifu^iliiuii lull ^' : \ hr//r'rf \ Ji'""'-' i, i* .>T*/.«i» ... lA /'>iiVUiv'Mi' MiA^miMtm • > Ml .'. . /A *J/"/v AM/. '^ '/'■I H i til iiiim ' \^(iip f/jri/rW/v//- JJrj».\ llTMrAT.S ' T»illitli( XT.t lll'.KI.ANliA ■?♦: '":. . it:,*^.:t»" ■— oA- I -trrr ^ *■ r 11 A^ c c. 1? r'% ^) .c ■£ # vr •jr T AVIWO gont oTerthc Briti/h Idea, wc Ihidl now ittttff to t^ cow ^ _ tktcQty beginning widi ihaevtfl&five mi4 OMglity Ungdom ot' l^'nuKei (King the tcMiril t9 I^BglMM though ptrt of Gonufi and Pokad Ites to t|^ loithwifd of Frtnoe.' ;' * *'j, .., i , ;l ^ v •: '' y - . . .• , I "8lTt7ATtO(l AND E^STf MT. • ■:... )HUfBi ' Pcgreei.: ' C5 Weft and 8 Eaft lonclfeiida. Length ioo) , Breadth 500 ( fining i6o»|74l(| between - Iffifell ide. and^i North ktittfi ith iCt inhabltantato sKiu J BovNOAaiii.j) It If bounds, bj the Eoglith Channel and the N«t|icfw lindh on the ^orth ) .bj Gorpoanyi S.wltycnandt >pd |ta)]r» Baft | W^tb* MedkerranoaQ and ;^lie |HTeiie«A mouotaim^ whid) dftide Jt firoai Rtaii» B6wthiandbytheBajrofBifcay,Weft.» '. . . .; !' .. , , \ 7 , DiTiiH^wpy Tlie apcicnt pravincf^ of ttdiMi UkenatlonaiafliQibly into t$ de^iOeatt *»»{< loiiMPcfaiv I CMtfTMoi. Md ObRI •ad Mara* u CtK8u^|h:i, North, FUndtri i'UtNrMaa Ore* lai% ./ - 1 -IPiDilUrre' Bl NoNh p^ LMorttibM ci» IB. L. «<* aj' V«CiIik« Mdm BNonU rssu Ufla, Al««^n «{ VOMM &^ria MMfc CDMMca iO { T«wla9 Ijo(«d4 Oaranae Avieron ' II ' l i i l 'f N«ntM Brill - , ItiBriMiC Pgntfil Mtofl., .■ '!>■■,.- toonrdaiint tiUMifM PwigMX Calnrt BMBt >i I Ooabf BiHmm, fltewrawf P4|par Twrea. CMtmt CwMmiMt MMi«r«| Btfaacoo Dola , Vefiwl 4. reoi>Dfi?aic«. lo »ll'i47'i MMl wch 4iA»» MlJJL^*"t*«lf . Thealove aikthe chl^ie«ft«iiri|chdMitflMiirMa%t^ dtllk^./f^veWdil- fanaWot af Sm«7, wiiidi faitaatb* •4«li. faaat.ii^dcd-li M»% H yniipi ahi l i «»batfinofjdu:^«oaf^aflbaiaarillrtfiibi.iBjWf«ldll^ A % \, "" ~ ;^S>V;^ rfct-Tj ^fc; y-v. 1. A X t* "•;:j^ - T i',u: ■ ,, Uslt 11.1,1°, (ihriK /h-rrr ^ S _,>;< " V''""-;-' . y/^' V' ,1 fi a;^^,. .^ (II •■/■/-. r '^^4^ ^ ( t '^^ / n itii itu \T. i i I l>;it I.AN li II ^ — /?///,./■ ^ fn*// ft/It '/t/f /Iff ,/'i ritr.sKXT Siv\T..r V\'.\tt ^ IKW(I>.<1V'n'(i>.»^ -I .'11. /.n«1i.> • N It If*; '\ -. . f '« « \ Xiirt .f l»"*i(C tllr"V"\ ..im tj \ * > '. ^""^sAV,. '^••.l'i'«T.lM"ii-.V'Vr ■•-..' ■> 1 / ■j^'^-.piT.iJrinvsT ■• V |l' ;•"], '"7, 1 itllll'Mll iPgT- •i-h.i/'M- \llom, .iLr^ \ £x)>]anji(iini.'° OitiJtn i'ob/ii rwiklbili fJliihrl e X.. . Ikinmi lAi/i'/i- rtibr/ZiTlAw]! l'(V/^*; .... Hi-niiVAiii • .^ ■■; /— ( /•Aw.'. I /,; O.oF Vlli '.lA/tm .jKcrsiii Mahni', . /iift/wi h Jiiiififi'il mui/W/o n ffrnm ^J± •//y lli'H' AMeX iifn iffnfli # 'tia.hn tJiK 'v-irK it.i-''' rilK ^■llirl.Olllh, VirOM « /■'riti '.J'y AIIKft to . V ./iIhI'htkiiI Kiiir llmilii<\ J'Aza v; n 111 /•WtK/tl'/t . ViUv Uoi'i A.f«-. /.Hi-h'/) s- L. .♦:, y/*>.^ y <•"-; \ f,lm jyA'.ftiitj'-. m: or \ I t.otu '^. .lti'tl/»U r V'tnii .1 I' '« A "'\fU'taititi IV ... i ..if tlio A' X ^ ^ fli-iin' iiy»rii l».«l' t.uTil i^i'i^!t:,t A' .//(V'/V,V, :^ ri;nifvi» : • <^: ». ////'<•(» . itiiii'Ot'n-i , .l/iiiiifi ■'?cl ,/•/, V. . •< I . ■K»'/ n,i.r ill.- ,.' ..-..^ • >^ '.r . ^ af/'m,i-- V'*)-?- !•>••> Fii" ..f tllll<-|)K<>.VlV .•rih* LM-v»r '\- V** k f«r iIk .<;ahi» f:l'siin.i , vV vVj X^^' f: IM . Cmctt- •-. ( s/v^- />I.UI. .>\i/.r . /*/. >iV It.til'ilft- .Moi ^-^ :4^ 0" .(l* t f ...••••■■ 'ftrf/fffA *//<«.•/■/> ' '/ A' /» y r is //I'' p .1. nthi 7. j^ ousir .ff'.fS'mA^**- '. A'.fh'/tr /llr-uf , r F K\^ M C i. Depaltmeitti. Chief Towns. Inland Deput* mctt*. Chief Tomi. a i » {Oen Upper Vyreneei Lower Pjrennes* Lindet £aft Pjrrenees . fUpper Garonne '1 Oard Hennlt - Arriege . Tame I Avdi ^Loaerf rMoBthi of Rhone XVar CLower Alpi 1 Auch Tatbs , Paa Mufiui Porptftna* Tovloufe Nifme* Mofitpelier Foil Caftreea CarcaiTone Meode Ax T«oIoa Digrne ^Ij J e 08 Indre It LoirTtiTonrt Mayeon*. Mair and Loire ■f Loifet ^Eureatfd Loire 4 Loir and Cher, Nievre, Nivtnm Corfieaifiabd AvimiMm and ft* naiflim at* im tbii dtfrtmmt. Le Mana Lav»l Angeri ; Orleadf Chartrel Bloi'a Battia -A- . l^AMB AKD Climatb.^ Fnwqe took Its mmc from the France, or fnement a German nation, reftlefs and enterprizing, who conquered the ~ Gauls, the ancient inhabitants' : and the Roman force not being able to re .xtre£t them, they were permitted to fettle in the country by treaty. By its* 'utuatien, it is the moft compa£l kingdom perhaps iqi^.the vforld, and well fitted for every purpofe both of power and commerce f and fince the begin- ' taaa of the I ath century the inhabitants have availed thenofelves of many of j their natural advantages. The air, particularly that of the interior parts of the kingdom, is ia general mild and wholefome ; but fome late authors think it is net nearly .lb falubrious as is pretended ; and it muft be acknow- V legged, that the Fronch have been but too fuccefsful in giving the inbabi* / tants of Great Britain falfe prepoflcflions in favotfi- of their own country. It ,, muft indeed be owned, that their weather is mortfNdear and fettled than in ' England. lA the northern provinces, howeve)*, the winters at'e more intenf. ly cold, and the inhabitants not fo well fuppliedwith firing, which in France [is chiefly of wood. Soil and water.] Ff^nce is happy i^iii excellent fofl, which pro« ! duces corn, wine, oil, and almoft every luxury of life. Some of their bmti "have a hi^q- flavour than thofe of England ; but neither the pafturage nor tillage are comparable to ours. The heats in many parts burn up the Aground, fo that it has no verdure, and the foil barely produces as mueh ryi ;and chefnuts as ferve to fubfift the poor inhabitants ;< but the chief misfor- ttune attending the French foil is, (hat the inhabitants having bnt a precari- ous fecurity in their own propcky, do not apply themfeKes fufficiently to ' cultivation and agriculture. But nature has done wonders for them, and both animal and vegetable productions are found there in vaft plentyi Notwithftanding ^leat efforts made in agriculture, much of the land re* mains uncultivated ; and though fome provinces, as wAJface and Langue*^ doc, yield an fKuberance of com, it is frequently imported. Indeed all £u« rope, one yeaK, with another, does npt produce (ufHcient corn for its own con- fumption, and it is neceilary to have fuppliesirom the luxuriant harvclt of ■■ America. The French.- have of late endeavoured to fupply the lofs ariflng from their ptecariouA title to their lands, by iriftituting academies of agriculture, and ' propofmg premiums for its imprbvertient, as in England ; but thofe expedi- ents, however fuccefsful they may be in particular inftances, can never become of national utility in any but, a free country, where the hnfbandman is fure of sjeying the Muit wf uii i«uwUr, whisk is rar nom being the ctU ia the ptit- «W|* em, and botb V ii-> V .T i fent diftrafted'ftate of the countrjr. Ko f- ion iilsittet: fupjpUtfd tAl l^ranct ; it with wholefome fprings aifd;wliter ; of which the inhabitants maJBi exCel* . ' lent ufe by the help of art And engines, for all the conveniencies of fife. 0^' their cansus and mineral waters, diftin£l notice will be hereafter 'taken. , '"\ Mountains.] The 'chief mountains in France, or its borders, are th« ' AlpS| which divide France 'fr6m Italy ; the Pyrienees, which divide France from Spain ; Vauge, which, divides Lorrain from Burgundy and Alfacc|^ Mount Jura, which divides Franche Coihptd from Switzerland ; lii^ CeXAs-" nes, in the province of Languedocj and Mount Dor in t^ provifacetif, Auvergne. « ' ir' RiTEM AND. LAK8S.3 The principal rivers in France are the Loire,' the Rhone, the Garonne, and the Seiiie: The Lolrie takes its cburfe north aiid north wdl, being, with all its winding^ from its' fource to the^ fea^ coiqpute4, to run about 500 miks. The Rhqne flows o- F It A N> C I^ wnitera of tfcc ftbne. rfty of the air And foilr thao to the virtue! ^f (he iR^cri. - ^[^ luItiWh iit Alfacc are faid to qure the paUy, weak herveSy and At Bagucii8> liot^ar fron^ JBaregesy arftfevcral wholefome minel rtlt and hatha, to which D«ople report as to the Engliflt bathf), at fpring apdautumn. forges in rformandy is celebrated for its mineral waters) •nd thofe of St. Amand ture the gravel and obftrudionst It would be end* lels to Numerate all th« dther reu dr pretended mineral wellis in France, as Wdlas miihy remarkable' fprin;;s 4 but there is one lieair Aigne, in Au4 ^mgne. which boils -violeiltly, and makes a noife like Water thrown upon lime ; it has little or no tafte, but hsA a poifotiois quality, and the birds that dnAk ofib die inftantly. ' '• ■".' , , » r (>. )8lkTALS AND MiNBaALS.3 France has many unworked minuf which tvould be very produdive, if duly attended to, but at prefcnt. do not yield jninerals fufficiertt for coafut^ptionvfteel alone is imported, to the annual vttue dFiiS5,o6ol. >°Langu«doc islaidto contain veins of gold and filver. AUhoe haa~mihcs of filver and copper, but they ere too cxpenfive to be vjrroaght; I Alabafter, black marble, jafpei^, and coal, are found -in many parts of tin 'kingdom.' '''feretagn^ abounds in mines of iron, 'copper, tin, and lead. Sidt-bett^ IS made in^very part of the kingdom, iaifea-jM is now procured free nrom oppreflive duty, but not remarkable for its purity. - AtLayerdau^ io Cominges, there is a mine of chalk* " At Berry there is a mine of oker, which f(MVes for melting of melals» and for dying, particularly the beft drab doth ; and in the. province of Anjou are feveral quarrieSi pf fine white ftone. fiome excellent turquoifeS' (the only gem that France produces) are found in Laaguedec ; and great! care is tak«a to l^tp the mines of marble and free* ^^e open all over the- kingdom* - > '>•.•' l^ VitGBTABLE ANDANiMAU' rRO-1 fntncc abounds in excellent roots, ^kucTfOMS BY° SBA AKD LAND. J which arc more proper for foups than iAnbSi of'Bfigland. ' As to all kinds of feafoning and falhds' they are more , dlentifid,' and in fomo places better than in, England ; they being next to their iiliesf the chief obje^ of their culture. ' ' - ^\1triU^ produces exceUent /ruitt of all kinds, particularlr grapes, figs, mines, cheTnutSr CTda* in the .northern provinces, and capers m thefouthem; |t produces annua&y» though not enough for confumption, above iwelye rtu|Iw^ pounds of tobacco, befides heoip, flax, manna, famon,^ and many drugs. Al&ce, .Burgundy, LorraiUe, and efpccially the Pyrenee mountains, fupply it plentinilly- with' timber and other wood.-' 'Bilk is fo plentifuHy produced, be- ^do* whrt is imported, as to afford a eoniiderable traded '•■ The cattle and horfes are nether very numerous nor very good, but it has many flocks of fine JK«^ ; yet fo great is the confumption, -that both iheep and wool are import- id. The province of Gaftenois produces great quantities of failron. The frines of Champagne, Burgundy, Bourdeauxj Gafcony, and other provinces df France, are fo well known, that they need only be mentioned. It is fuf' ficient to obferve, that though they dioier very fenfibly in their taite and pro- perties, yet all of them are excellent, particularly thoie of Champagne, Bur- |rundyk Bourdeaux, Pontacke, Hermitage, and Frontiniac : and there are tew conftitutions, bie they ever fo valetudinary, to which fome one or other, of ,thci|i is not adapted. > . , . . . v".Wine, the ftaple, is made to the value of 15,000,000!. annually, more than ' i^Ldght part of which, beiides brandy end vinegar, is exported. Olive oil i« . Jvwie in Urge quantities, particularly in the provinces next, the Mediterranean ; Mkt^e coMumptlon is fo great, that much of it is imported from Italy : the 1... . ..." -i ... . . _. , . ^ i - , .- in. " Oa but ft fuel. ofSa /Wke horti< ^ R A ^ C ». fir ^ tiervesy tmA olefome xninel ^» «t fpring neral watent trovAi be end< in France, at jgne, in Au- thrown upon the birds that miae*, which do not yield o the annual >ld and filver. jenfive to be in many parti tin, and lead. now procured \.t Layerdau^ mine o^ oker, the beft drab white ftone. are found in rblc and free* ceUent roots, >r foupg than ley are more next to their papes, figg, the fouthem; ibove twehre many drugs, ns, fupply it n>duced, be- cattle and locks of fine are import- Iron. The er provinces It is fuf.' lite and pro- p^gne, Bur- d there are : orother^of , more than Olive oil i| literranean ; Italy : thi^ iii- itSktict fort (uppliM the (bap manufrdftrici, of i»hi£h* t)ief« arc durty fix al; Marfefllifc . ' . '■' ' ' ' Oak, elm, afli, and other Umber, common in England, ta found in Fipuwa | but it is faid, that the internal parts of the kingdom bedn to M the want of fud. A great deal of fait is made at Rh6e, and about Rochfbrt oa the Coa& of Santoigrt. Lanj^iedoc' produces an herb called kaU, which vhen burdt» /makes excellent barilla^ or pot-afhes. The French fomteily were famous fisr horticulture, bat they are at prefcbt far inferior to the Englifli both in t^ nuuuffcment and difpofitions of theif garaeas. Prunes 4nd oaperp are pro- duced at Bourdeaux and near Toulon. - France contains fbw animals, either wild et tame* that are not to be found in England, exceptiiw wolves. Their horfes, black cattle, and (heep, are far inferior to the Englifn { nor ii the wod of their (heep fo fine. The hair and fkin of thie cliiamois, or mountain goats, are mbre valuaUe than thofe of Eiff* hnd. We know of no difference between the marine pfodudions of France and tho&f of EngUnd, but that the former m not fo wdl fertred, evcttOn the ic* coafts, with fait water fifli. There it a confiderable herring fifhery and one fur anchovies to the annual amount of SjtOOoL belides more irajtoitsint fiiherici! Upon the coail\>f America and Newfoundland. ^ ^ c-i Forests.] The chief foreils of France are thofe m Orleaas^ .which coBiii tains 1 4,000 acres of wood of various kinds^oak, elm,afli,&c.andthe fbreftof Fontainblean neai: as large ; and near Murchifmoir is a foreft of tall, ftraigltt timber, of 4000 trees. Befidfcs thefe, large numbers of woodsy fome of.thenl deferving the name of foreib/ lie in different provinces ; but'too remote £rom fiea- carriage to be of much national utility. .vux-- ' FopcLATioN, INHABITANTS, MANNEastl According to the' nuA CUSTOMS, AHD DivaasiOMS. authentic calcuhtions, it ia not probable that France before the revolution contained above 24^000,000 of inhabitants } at prefent, its, population muft be reduied ' greatly below that number. - It was formerly fuppofed, by fome fpendattve naen, thai the population of Francie had for many years been upon the decline ; but» upon an accurate iaveftigatioo, the reva^ appeared to be faft ; though thia country certainly loft a great number of valuable inhabitants, by the revocn* Vonof the edi& of Nantes *^ The French, in their perfons, are rather lower than their neighbours : W^ they are well proportioned and adive, and more free than other nations, ia[ general, from bodily defofntities. The ladies are celebrated more for theic ^rightly wit than perfonal beauty ; the peafantry. in genecal, are remarb'- ably or^nary, and are beft defcribed by being contrafted with womoi of die fame ranks m England. The nobility and gentry accomplifli themfehres in the academical exercifes of dancing, fencing, and riding; in. the pradiceof which they excel all their neighbours in (kill and eracefiilnefs. They are fond of hunting ; and the gentry have now left on their heavy jack boots, their huge war.&ddle, and monftrous curb bridle in that exerdfe, and ac* commodate themfelves tOtthe Englilh manners. The genius and manners of the French are well known, and hare been ^he fubje£t of many able pens. A national vanity is their predominant chaii rader ; and they are- perhaps, the only people ever heard of^v^ have dc. * In th« year X jf»8, Hsmry 1 V.^wbo'wat a protettMt, and iiutly ftyl« duA of their wives. The French are exceffively credulous and litigious ; kut of all jMople in the world they bear adverftty and redu£tion of circum- ftances witn the beft fl|tace ; though in profperity many of them are apt to ke irifolent,vain^ arbitrary, and. imperious. An old i^rench, officer 'Js an entertaining and infbudive companion, and indeed the moft rational fpecies of all the French gentry^ The French have been muchcenfured for infmcerity'; but this charge has keen carried too far, and the imputation is generally owing to their excefs of' civility, which throWs a fufpicipus light upon their candour. The French, in private life, have certainly many amiable chari£^ers, and a great Bumbet of inftances of generofity and difintereltednefB may be found amongft them. v It is doing the French nomor^ thanjufticeto acknowledge, that, as they arc themfelves polite, fo they have given a poliih to the ferocious manners, and even virtues of other nations. They have long poflefled the lead ia tafte» faihion, and drefs ; but it feems now to be in the waAe, a^d they them- lidvea think very favourably, of the Englifh. This idteration of opinion has not, however, entirely taken ita rife from their wits and learned men, and ftill lefs from tbdr courtiers, or the middle ranks of life. The fuperior or* ders . of men in France are of a very different caft from tliofe below them. Independent by their rank and fortunes, they think and nd for themfelves. They are open to convi£Uon, and examine things to the bottom. They faw during the war .before the laft, the lAanagement of their armies, their iinances, and fleets, with filent indignation, and their reafearches were favourable to thf£ngli(h. The concluiion of the peace of Fontainbleau, and the vlflts which.they have fmce paid to England, have improved that good opinion ; the courtiers themfelves have fallen in with it ; and, what fome years a'go woidd have been thought incredible, people of faihion in France now Itudy th)i Engliih language, and imitate them in their cuftoms, amufements, drefs, and buudings. They both imitate and admire our writers ; the names of Bacon, Ijiocke, Newton, Milton, Pope, Addifon, Hume, Robertfon, Richsidfoo»f/a|ld many others of the lait and prefent century, are facred a* mong the FiiQnch of any education ; and, to fay the trutlti^he writings of fuch men have equally contributed, with our military reputation, to raitethe name of Gpeat Britain to that degree in which it has beea held of late by foreign nations, and to render ouf language more univei^, and even a ne- teffai'y ftudy amonn; foreign nobility. But we caonott' Quit this article of v* thel viev let,' »tu E •■'1^ ider miifsiy I others niU er and mii. ion foUien > obfeVved, officers will ow, if their ind diyer« I tre mucli ry diiFerent foppfcry in freedoms } lat criminao > indicate ; ttt the con- 1 litigioiu; of circunn* are apt to )ificer'j8an onal fpeciei charge hat ;heir excefs jur. The and a great nd amongft lat, as th^ mannerSf ie lead is they them- >pinion has men, and Liperior or* low them. ^hemfelves. They faw ir finances^ Durable to the vifits opinion ; years a|go now iludy nts, drefs, names of lobertfon, : facreda- irritings of rai^the )f late by :ven a ne- article of I air F R A N C :'M, 4SII the maaiters and cufloms of the French, without giving a more minatiB iriew of fome pecuh'arities obfervable among that whimfical people in Jjrivate life, and this frpm the remarks of a kite ingenious traveller, Sinol' et, who was alfo dilUoguiihed by varioUs otner ptodudioos ia polite liter* ature* *' The natural levity of the French, fays he, is reinforced by the moit prepofterous education, and the example of a giddy people, encaged in the molt frivolous purfuits.. A Frenchman is by tome prieft br monk taught tu read his mother tongue, and to fay his prayers in a language he does not un- derftand. He learns to dance and to fence by the mailers of thofe fciences. ' He becomes • complete connoilfieur in 4reumg hair, and in adorning bit own perfbn, under the h^nds and inftru^ons of his valet-de-chamb.'e. . ' If he learns to play upon the flute or Bddle, he is altogether irrefiftible* But he piques himfelf upon being, poliflied above the natives of any. other countrff by his converfation with the fair Sex* , In the courfe of this commuoictition* with which he is indulged from hia tender years, he learns like a parrot, by rote, the whole circle of French compliments, which are a ..fet of |)hra{eit ridiculous even to a proverb^ and thofe he throws out indifcriminately \0 all women without diltiii£iion, in the excrcife of that kind of addrefs which is here d^^linguiHied by the name of gallantry. It is an exercife, by the repetition of whi<;h he becomes very pert, very familiar, and very impertinent. A Frenchman, in confrquence of his mingling with the females firom his in* fancy, not only becomes acquainted with all their cuitoms and humours, but grows wondeifuUy alert iirperforming a thoufend little offices, which are overlooked by other men, vfhqic time hath been fpent in making more vali»- able acquifitions. He enters, wi^out ceremony, a lady's bed*chamber, while Oxc is in bed, reaches her whatev«r (lie wants, aifs, her ihift, and helps to put it on. He attends at her toilette, regulates the diilribution of her patches, and advifes where to lay on the paint. If he viftts her when Hie 18 drelTed, and perceives the leaft intpropriety ip her coilTure, he inHils upon adiufting it with his. own hands. If he fees a curl, or even a flngle hair a- mifs, he produces his comb,, bis fciflars, and pomatum, and (its it to rights with the ^exterity of a profeited frizeur. He fquires her to every place fli'e Tifits, either on bufmefs or pleafure ; add, by, dedicating his whole time t6 her renders himfelf iieceHary to her occaGons* In (hort, of all the coxcombs on the face of the earth, a French pelitmaitre is the molt impertinent ; and they are ailpetiu maifrett from the marqaia. who glitters in lace and em- broidery, to th^ garfon bar litre (barber's boy) covered withuieal, who Units with his hair in a long queue, and his hat under his arm. '" A Fwnchman will fooiier part with his religion than his hair. Evea the foldiers in France, wear a long queue, and this ridiculous foppery has de- foended to the lowcft clafs of people. The boy who' cleans Ihoes at the corner of a ftreet, has a^tailofthis kind hanging down to' his rump: and the beggar who drives an sfs, wear's his hair^ en queue, though, perhaps, he has neither ihirt nor breeches. " I {hall only mention one cuilom more, which feems to carry humaa affe^i^tio^ to the very fartheit verge of folly and extravagance ; that is the aianper ill which the faces of the ladies are primed and paihted. It is gene- rally fuppofed, that part of the fair fex in other conntries, make ufe aifard and Vermillion for very different purpofcs ; namely, to help a bad or faded cotnplexion, to heighten the graces, or conceal tl)« defers of nature, as well m' the ra,vaget of tunc. I fliall not enqyirc whether it is juft and honed: to imcole - a »i.| % F R'A'^N C E imndt ill thwtttuUicr on 4lMikind t if h la, not, henell, f\ mof hetShwti to DC artful and politic, Mi (hcw9» at leaft, a defiit of being a^pieeabtt. Bui; Co lay it on* at tMiaflUon. in France pireferibes to Ul the la^es of conditioni who caaaot appear without this badge of di^£Uon».ia to difguifethemrdTet in fttch a manner, as to render them odioui and d^teftable to every fpeAator, who hat the leaft relifh left for nat^i-e «nd propriety. - As for the lard or ■mhlUt with which their necks and (houlders luc plaiftered, it may be ^n fome >iiuaihrc dtcufiBable* as their ikins are natiually brewii, or fallow but the ^iffv, wluch is daubed on tliar faces*, from the chin up to the eyes, without theloift art or dexterity^ not only, deftroys all diftinetion of feaVure^t but rcodecs the afpedt really fiightful,or at leaft conveys nothine but ideas of . 4ilguA«nd a*erfion. liVithout this Horrible malk* no marriedlady it a^mit: ted at oowt, or in any Jtolite aflcmbly i and it is a mark of diilinfUon which .^onoof the IqwcrdaUcs dare aflume.'* . ,. ,. •*• -y ^ The above piftuie of the manners of tKie Freiic^ nation is dni^im with wit and fpirit ) and is in (ome refpcfts highlly chara£keri(iic i but it is cer^inly ,not a flattering pdrtrait i and the faults lind imilings. of this vivacious people are, p«rhapsy by the author whom we have tmnfcribed, too much magnified^ With an their defSeds tlie French have many good qttdlties,.and are unt ^ -4oubtedly a very aneeable people to refide among, at leeft for a time ; on account of the puitencfs of their manners, the neat attention they pay to ftrangers,and the general tafte for literature which prevails among thofe in the better ranks ollifie. The French Uterati have great injUuence evei^ in the gay and diifipated city of Paris. T^eir opinions nd't only determine the merit of works of tafte and feience, but they have confiderable weight with refpe£tto the manners and fentiments of people of rank, and of the- public in general, and coilfequently are not without effeft in thcmeaforeaof government. Dasss.] The French drefs of both fcxes is fowellknown, that it Is need- ■lefs to expatiate upon them here ; but, indeed, their drefs in cities and towns is fo variable, that it is next to impoffible to defcribe it- 'The)r certainly hav^ more invention in that particular than any of their neighbours, and their conftantly changing their fafliions is of infinite fervice to their mnnufadturesi ' With regard to the Enelifltt they poflefs one iapital fuperiority,' which isj that the clothes of both fcxes, and their omamentt, are at leaft one third . cheaper. When a ftranger arrives in Parris, he finds it neceflkry to fend fdr the tay^ lor pemiquier, hatter, flioe-maker, and every other tradefman eoncenied in the equipment of the human body. He.muft even change his buckles, and the form of his ruffles } and, though at (he ri(k of his life, fuit his dpthe^ "^ A' to the mod* of the feafon. For example, though the weather fl^uld be ^erfocold, he muft vrear his habit tPitit or (£nf(i;/af/on, without prnbnung to put on a warm drefs before the day which fafhion has fixed fur that pur- pofe ( and neither old age nor infirmit/ will excufc a mau for wearing his hat upon his head, either at home oi" abroad. Females are, if poi&ble, ftill moire fubje€t to the caprices of fafhion. All their facks and negligees muli be alteicd and new. trimmed. - They muft have new caps, new. laca but ideal of Itd]|pi«a4mit7 in^on which nm with wit [ti8£er^inly tcious people :h magnified^ .and are un-! r a time ; on !«n they pay amoHg thofe lHueace erei^ ty' determine xable weight :» and, of the icmeafnreaolf lat it ft need- les and towns :ertainly havi rs, and their unufa^luresi ty/whlch is^ taft one third fdr the tay* :oncenied in buckles, and t his dpthefi er flutdd be ut prnUmtng for that pur- wearing his poffible, ftill Egligccs nidli w hce^, new for the fum* 108 and dam' camblet fm't, for funuBcr» ■ear hit bag*- &blc for all . th«re 1I10& wl>o pretend to any rank above the mere ^gac | all nmki, from tht higheft downwards, ufe powder ;;and even the rahble, according to their abl* Utics, imitate their fupcn(frs in the fopperies of fafhiun." The common peo* . pie of the country, however, ftill retain, without any material deviation, the old-fa(hioned modes of drefs, the large hat, and mud enormous jack^booti^ with fuitahle fpurs } and this oontralt is even perceivable a few miles from[ Paris. In large cities, the clergy, lawyers, phyficians, and merchants, ge- ■erally drefs in black ; and it has been obferved, that the French natioti, in their modes of drefs, are in fome meafure governed by commercial circum* dances. ; The firft national aflembly in ,thei.- new eonftitution fretiined . tb« jjto* man Catholic religion in Francx, allowing religious liberty tp ali*mW fefls. By the laws of that conftitution, no roan was to be moleiled far fail opinions!, nor interrupted in the exercife of liis religion. The territqria( jpoflefllons of the Gallican churCh were claimed as fational propertyi and difpofed of through the mediuntof a paper money called ailignats, foi; the creditors of the (late j and the eWgy made dependent upon penfionary •llabliihments paid out of the national treafury ; out of which alfo were.paid tbeexpences of worfliip, the religious, and the poor."^ All monaftic eftatniih- ments were fuppreifed ; but the friars and nuns were allowed to obferve their vows, and nuns optionaUy to remain in their convents, or retire upon . peiiiions. The clergy were ele£tive by the people, and took an oath to obfervp the laws of the new conftitution *. They notified to the biftiop of Rome tl^eir union in do<£trine, paid him no fees, nor acknowledged, any fubordina- tion to his authority. They were fupplied with lodgings upon their livings^ whereon they were obliged to refide and perform the dutias of their office* They voted as adive citizens, and were diigjbiif to, fome hy-gSui^f in the ,4iftrias, butto no principal ones. > ^r ,^ i^ v^^v *V^> ^^^ - ^^ ' The whole country was dividend into hme metropolitan circles, had a Metropolitan BIfhop with a fynod in each, befides one for Paris. The metropolitan biihop was confirmed by the eldeft biihop in his circle. Appeal* were made from the piihops to thefc fynods. " A biihop was appointed to each of the eighty-three departmenttp which formed fo many diocefes. They were appointed by the eleaoral alTembly of the department, and confirmed by the metropolitan bifhpp, but muft have held an ecclefiaiUcal office fifteea years. The falaries was from 500I. to 840I. per annum. Each diocefe had alfo zfeminaryt with three vicars, and a vi- car general to prepare ftudents for holy orders, ^and Ihefe vicar^ formed a council for the biOiop. But this new conftitution of the church was of (hort duration^ it feems to have been only a preparatory ftep to what foon after followed, the abfolute profcription of the Chriftian religion. There is no doubt but the party which has been ultimately victorious in France, had this in vi^w from the beginning of the revolution, as well as the deftrudtion.of the monarchy } at prefent therefore there'is no eftabliihed reh'gion in that country. In. their public (hews and feftivals the people have been accuftomed to witnefs the moft fhocking indignities' committed both againft natural and revealed reli<> gion ; and if the Tuccefs of their rulers is proportionate to the ardour of their zeal, all regard to either will be baniftied from the miods of that people. 3'M France * Many of the clerfiry, called refraAo y prieAt, from a confcientious refor*! of this cathiharabceoenjeited from their ^fiifices, «ifd many tht cf popniar curate* nsda biihops. \ w t k A V e k. ' Fnnee i^ifirnft rfidre Vmn two millioins of noii^cfttlihliei i ud tlii fi^^ tIMtt Win) arcjpreatly increaflng, are in i>raport{oti to the ctthdlict, m oni to tvrelVe. lliere ait already many itgalar .congregations ( viz. Genna« Ltitberans, French and Swift Calvinifts, Bohemian Anabaptifts, jind Wal* Jbon or Flemifh Difiide^ts, befidei «any chapeli for the ambafladprt, It fDb contains many jews. - •• LitMouAQt/] One of thp vn'fcft meafures of I>wis XIV. wah hib en^ tourtgethcnt oT eVery propofal that tended to the purity and perfeAion of the French Ittnguage. Hefucceeded fo far as to render it the moftuniver. fal of all the living tongues ; a circumftance,tha( tended equally to hit great** tfd/s and his glory, for his court and nation thereby became thefchoolof ar^s, fdences, and Itolitenefs. The French language, at pi«fent<. is chiefly cOmpofed^ of ^rards radically derived from the Latin, with many Gentaaa derivatives introduced by the Franks. It is now rather on- the decay : its corit^r ftones, ^ktA under Lewis XIV. are as it were loofened ; and m th4 preifi^ mode of writing and exprefling themfelves, the ntodem French aban> don that gratnmatiiitd ftandard, whicK klone can render a lahguage cfaiffioid ^Adp^rmaneht. As to thcjaWiperties of the language, they are undoubtedly greatly iff. feridr to the Englifll : but they are well adapted to fubjefts void of eleva. tica~oT paflion. It is well accommodated to dalliance, compliments, voi common converfation. The Lord's l^rsvit in French- is as follpw^ : Notre Pere qui es aust ekux, 'MfkTimfiitJiinSlfu. Ton regne vutiM, Tin ^ofonte foit faite in laterrt tomtik 'iut^'» Dontie noils anjaurithui notre pifin quotidien. Pardotmenoutnos^feti- tettfMMUJKfu'i patdonnont h etux qui nbut ont offene^, 'Bt ne nous induipottk tntitadtitnt mai/movt deRnre du mal : car i tot eft k regne, ta puiffaiuet tff fa 'pArehihtJifcUidtsJiScks. Amen. . Learning and lea«med men.] The French, like the other . niatioifi 6f ^urbpe, werie for many centuries immerfed in barbarity. The iirft learn- ing' they begai^ to atqnire. Was nbt bf that kind which improves the under- itimding, corii&% tlie tafte, or regtdates the aSefliohs. It cOnfifted in a fubtile and quibbUng I«gic which was more adapted to prevert than improve ihe faculties. Bt)t the ftudy of the Grieelc and Roman writers, Which firil aijttfe in Ital;^, ditfufed itfelf among the French, and gave a new turii to their Utei^ryifiiHuits. This, together with the encouragement which the polife and leanted Francis i. gave to all men of merit, was extremely beneficial to French literature. During this teign, many learned men ap< pcared in France, who greatly diftinguifhed tLemfelves by their writings; among whon) were B.udt-us, Clement Marot, Peter du Chatel, Rabelais, and Peter kamus. The nftmes of Henry and Robert Stephens, are alfo men- tioned by every real fcholar with fefpcft.^^ It was not, however, till the ftvienteenth centtiry, that the French began to write with elegance in their own language. The Academic Francoife was fcnncd for tnis purpofe : and though their labtiurs, conHdered as a body, were not fo fucpefsful as might hav« been expeAed, fome particularvcademicians have done gf%at I'er vice to'letterii. In hBi, literary copartnerihips are feldom very fuccefsful. Of this we It^ve a remarkable example in the prelent cafe. The Academy pybliihed a didiotiary for improving the French language : it was Univer- lallv defpifed. Fbi«tieres, a tingle academician, puUliflles another: It meets witn lihiverfa! approljation. . XIV.^ was the Auguftus of France. The protedUon ^he gave t» ~ ■ letters Lewis •s«t'' ' *■ ^ ".-.f V It A N € E. HI ithcdici, M oni viz. Germa* ifts, indWal* !»fladors. It '. W8B hit eir. perfeAion of it tnoft univer> ly to hit great*' : the fchool of 'ent. ii chiefly many Genbaa the decay: iti d ; and m th^ French aban> iguage chflicid ily greatly itf. void df elevx. ij^limedts, aai i et aux ehux, n la iirre comtHe t ndut not offeU' nous mduipoltk pu'jffiuutt hf fa other, niatiorft ^hefirft learn- tt» the under* confided in k t than improve mters, which c a new tuni j^cment which fZi extremely imed men ap< idr writings; Rabelais, and are alfo men- ivevcr, till the ranee in their lis purpofe : fucpefsful as one gfeat I'cr' ry fuccefsful. he Acidemy was Unlver- her: itmeeti )n ,he gave t» kttera leti«n> indthf penfifni he beftotpred on lesmdinen, both »t hoo^e «^ abroad) which, by calculation, did not amount to above ia,oooI. per an- < iiuai, have gained him more glory than all the military enterprifesy^ upai^ which he expended fo many miUions. The learned mten who appeared io^ Trance during this reign, are too num«rous to be mentioned. IMieir tragic poets, Hacine and CornieiU^, hawe defervedly obtained a very high reputa- tion t the firft was diftiaffuilhed for fl^ill in mOvihg the paiTions ( the fecbn4 fo|[ majefty ; and both, for the ftrength and juftne^s of their painting, the elegance of their tafte, and their ftrict adherence to the rules of tl^e wifna^ MoUere would ^ave e«hau(led the fubje^b of comedy, were they not ev^ry where inexhauftible, and particularly m FrAice. tn the works of fatirean4 criticifm, Boileau, who was a clofe imitator of the ancients, ppfleflicd uncom- mon merit. But France has not yef produced an epic poem that can bf mentioned with Milton's ; nor a genius of the fame extenltve and uuiveifal kiod with Shakefpeare, equally fitted for the gay and the ferious, the Jium- erousandthe fublime. In the elotfUence of tne pulpit ^nd ofthc bar, the French are greatly our fuperiors : fiofluet, Bourdabue* Flechier, and Maf- fillon, h^ve carj^d pulpit eloquence to a degree ttf p^rJefikion which ^e may approach to, but can hardly be exped^ed ever to furpafs The geaius, ho^- ' ever, of their religion and government is eytremely unfavourable to 9U im- provements in the moft ufeful branches of philofophy. All the eftaUip^r ments of Lewis XIV. for the advancement of fcience, wer^ not at^le to counterbalance the influence of the clergy, whofe intereil is to ^eep. man- kind igQonmt in qiatters of religion and morality ; and the influence of tke court and miniftry, wlio have an equal intereft in concealing the natural . rights of Mankind, and every found principle of government. , Tl^e Frencli have not therefore f^ many good writers on moral, religious, or pciliticdl fubje6U, as have appeared in Great Britain. But France has p,rt>duced (<^p great men who dol^onour to humanity ; whofe career no obftade could &pft whofe freedom n« government however defpotic, no religion however fupcr- ftitions, could curb or reftraift. As an hiftorian, De Thou is entitled to thp higheft praife : and who is ignorant of Pafical, or of the archbilhop of Cao^- bray i Few men have done more fervice to reUgion, either by their writingp v or their lives.- As for Montefquieu, he is ah honour to human nature < ' he is the legpHator of nations ; his works are read in every country and lan- guage, and wherever they go they enlighten and invigorate the hutnan roin^. And, indeed, feveral writers Iavc lately appeared in France, whofe wrH- ings breathe fucfa fentiments of liberty,! as did . but il^ acfqord with ^n ar- bitrary {Government ; fentiments which have made rapid progrefs among men of Utters, and perfons in the higher ranks of Iffe, and which therjecffi . be no doubt, h^ve heen one confideraMe c^ufeii^ producing the late impor- tant revolution. In the Belles Lettres and mifcellaneous way, no nation ever produced more agreeable writers : among whom we may place Montaigne, P'Argens, and Voltaire, as the moil cqnfiderable. Before the immortal Hewton appeared in England, Defcar^s was the greateft pbilofopher in modem times. He was the &f&. whp applied algebra to the folution of geometrical problems, which naturally p^i{«d the way to the analytical dircoveries of Newton. Many emineiit mat) itfwt icians hsvie flouriihed in the prefent age, particularly Clairaut, Bezom^MfBD'Alembert» the latter of whom, to the precifion of a geometer, has liuitea 4^ talents of f fine writer. ; ' Stice It^e hufi^mnt 9f the pr^^J^ jgCntiuTa % ftm<:h jli^vj; jdmoft y^ --',.-■'■. :-. :■ • wu* •o»' 444 r R A N C t. wfth the £ 't^\i(h in n«tursil philofophv. BuflTon would defefre to be reckoit^ rd among II nf ^ce^ were lu ihll not more remarkable for hit ekiquence than r hu plulofop He is to be icgardni as a phifofophical painter of Mature { and, under this view, hit Natural Hiftory u the firflTworkof it* kind. "heir painter*, Potiflin, T^e Brun, arid above all Lc Sueur, did honour to - 1 ^c q{ t^ewis XIV. Tlicy hate none at prcfettt to compare with theni in fhe more noble kinds of painting; but Mr. Greufe, for potraitsand con* ▼enati( pieces, never perhaps was excelled. Sculpture ' in general better underdood i>i France than in moft other ceunt|ic» of Europe. Their eneravings on copper plates havt: been untverf. ally and juftly celebrated ; but luch a liberal patronage hasbeert afforded to Engli/h artiits, that they are now thought to excel their ingenious neiglibours, and have rivalled them alfo in the manufa£^ure of paper proper fornuch inr.. prefllons. Their treaties on (hip-building and engineering ll^nd unrivalled ; but in the pn&'ict of both they are outdone by the Englim. No genius has hitherto equalled Vauban in the theory or practice of fortification. The French were long our fuperiors in architecture ; though we now bid fair for furpalling them in this art. . We (hall conclude this head with obferving, that the French have now finithed the Encyclopedic, or general didtionary of arts and fciences, which wai'tlrawn up by the moft able mafters in each branch of literature, in 28 Volumes in foh'o (dx of which are copper plates) under the dire6tion of Mef« fieurs D'Alembert and Diderot, and is the moft complete coIleAion of human knowledge we are acc^uuiiited with. Universities and public coLtrcEs.] Thefe literary' inftitutions have received a lofs for the prefent by the expulitoii of the Jefuits, who made the languages, arts, and fciences, their paiticular ftudy, and taught' them all over France ; but as the extinftion of this body ' ^ men will probably IcflTen the influence of fuperftition in France, there i° reafon to believe that the in« terefts of real Icartiing and fcience will, upon the whole, be. promoted by that ttrent. It is not*w!fhin my plan to defcribe the dilferent governments and toiiftitutions of every univerfity or public college in France ; but they are in number twenty-efght, as follow : Ajx, Angiers, Aries, Avignon, Befancon, Bourdeaux, Bourges, Caen, Cahors, Dol, Douay, Fleche, Montauban, Mont< petitr, Nantes, Orange, Orleans, Paris, Pcrpignan, Poitiers, Point Moufon, "techlieu, Rheims, SoifTons, Strafbourg, Touloufe, Tournoife, and Valence. Among thefe, the Sorb'onUe at Paris is moft- celebrated. AcADti-'Es.] The followring literary eftabliftiments are fupported out of the national treafury : the French Academy, Academy of Belles Letters, Academy of Sciences, Royal Society of Medicine, King's Library, <"' >r- vatory, and the Free School of Defign. n Antic^jtities and curiosities,! Few countries, if we excej*' '^"1". NATURAu iND ARTIFICIAL. t can boaft: of more valuable reii:u:.id Ui antiquity than France. Some of the FrencU antiquities belong to ilic time of the Celts, and confequently, compared to them, thofe of Rome are modem. Fathei Mabi'hn has given us a moft curious account of the fcpulchres of their kings, which hs . been difcovered fo far back as Pharamond ; and fonie of them, when broke At Rheims, aui". r. the moft entire is •ver the CimbrI After Gaul was I. ■f'ere found to contain ornaments and jewels of value. ih:" ntrts ox France, are to be feen triumphal arches ; ^ut a*: Or, .ip,c, erefted on account of the viftory obtained Uiid A«vtones, by v'llun Marius and Lud^atius CatuUis. rcduct.u to a Roman province;! the Romani took vaft • dc. . ^s: FRANCE Mi .0 be reckoii^ li* eloquence ■1 ptinter of ' work of it! Id honour to re whh them aits and con> I moft other been univerf- n afforded to I neighbours, fornuch im- d unrivalled ; Jo genius has ;atiun. The V bid fair for ;h have now ;nce8, which ■ature, in 28 ftion of Mef- ion of human '' inftitutioni C8, who made ^ht'them all bably leffen that the in* loted by that mments and t they are in n, Befancon, uban, Mont- int Moufon, nd Valence. orted out of les Letters, rary, C"^' xcep' ' !". e rcii.ai.ii 'ji J ilie time of are modern. hres of their ind fonie of els of value, irches ; hut ry obtained us Catulus. took vail dc< 4ellght in Mlo^nbig it with oiagnifKent edifices, both iwl ajidTacred t fopkc of which are more entire than any to be met with m Italy itfelf. Tlut niini of an amphitheatre are to be found InTCh.lont, un 1 likcwifc at Vienne. ^Nfmes« however, exhibits the moll vahi<\ u ^-emains ut ancient arcbitei'lure of any place in France* The t.iinous Pont Hii Qarde wal raifcd in the Augu^lan age by th« Roman colony f Nifmts, > onvey a ftreain of water betweettyro mountains for the ufc ut that city, aod is If frcfli 10 this day as Weftminfter bridge : it confills of three hridgcs, or tiers ofsrchcs one above another; the height is 174 feet, and the I ugth extends to 723. The modems are indebted for this, and many other ftupendous aquedudlAi to the ignorance of the ancients, that all dreams will rife as high »s their heads. Marv ccher ruins of antiquity are found at Nifmes } but the chief, are the t i',<'e of Diana, wliofe veftiges are Hill remaining ; the gmphitheatre, >« '< ^\ n yught to be the lineft and molt entire of the kira of any V LtVi.pe j i ut abovi;;«U, the houfc ercdted by the emperor Adrian, callr ' tl • Maifon Carriew The architefture and fculptnre of this buildi? ,: 'ire lo ex^Mitely beautiful, that it enchants even the moft ignorant'. i:ud i^ . * '1 entire, being very little affe£led either by the ravages of time, or the tin "c of war. At Paris, in I^ Rue de la Harpe, may be feen the re- mains of a palace, or Thcrmx, fuppofed to have "been built by the emperor Juhan, fumamed the Apoftate, about the year 356, after the fame model aa the baths of Dioclefian. The remains of this ancicnt,.edifice are manyjwches, end within them a large faloon. It is fabricated of a kind of m^ftic, the compofition of which is not now known, intermixed with fmaU fquare pieces of fiec lione and bricks. But the mofl extraordinary of nil artificiaLcuriofi- ties, is the fubterraneous cavern at Paris : For the firft building of that city, it was neceffary to get the ftone in the environs ; as Paris was enlarged, the ftreets and fuburbs extended to and were built on the ancient quarries from which the ftohe had been taken, and nence proceed the caverns or frightful cavities which are found under the houfes in feveral ^quarters of the city. Eight perfona latdly perifhed in one of them, a gulf of 150 feet deep, which excited the police and government to caufe tbe buildings of feyeral quarters to be privately propped up. All the fubuvbs of St. James's, Ha^- lireet, and even the ftreet of^oumon, ftand upon the ancient quarries, and pillars have been era£led to fupport the weight of the houfes ; but as tiff; lofty- buildings, towrers, and fteeples, now tell the eye what is feen in the air* ii wanting under the feet, fo it would not require a very violent (hock to thjww back the ftones to the places from whence they have been raifed. At Aries in Provence is to be feen an obelifk of oriental granite, which is 52 feet high^ and fcven feet diameter vi the bafe, and all but one ftone. Roman templea are frequent in France. . The moft particular are in Burgundy and Guiennp ; anc? oilier places, befides the neighbourhood of Nifmes, contains magi ^cnt ruins of aqueduds. The paflage cut through the iniddle of a rock near Brian9on in Daupbiney, is thought to 1^ a Roman work, if not of greater antiquity. The round buckler of mafly filver, taken otft of the Rhone in 1665, being twentv inches in diameter, and weighing' twenty-one pounds, containing the ftory of Scipio's continence, is thought to be' coeval with tha( great general. It would be endlefs to recount the different monu- ments of antiquity to be found in France, particularly in the cabinets of the •urious. I have already mentioned iweral remarkable fprings and moontains, which may be considered a$ natural curiofities. Some of the mod. rn works of aft, piirticul|trly the canals, jiave been aUe before noticed. There arc foioe fub- 445 FRANCE. '.»y-« . [*•« terraneous pallages and holes, efpecially at St. Aubln in Brjttai >y, and Kiml! in Dauphiny, really ftupendous. Cities aho towns.] Thefe are numerous in Fi-anqe; of wKich wc (hall mention only Paris^ Lille, and their principal fea-ports, Breft and Toulon. • " • Lifle, in French Flanders, is thought to be the moft regular and (lronge(l fortification in Europe, and was the mafter-piece of the famous ,Vauban. It ia generally garrifoned with above ten thoufand regulars ; and for its magnt< ficence ana elegance, it is called Little Paris. Its manufafturea of filk, cam, brie, and camblets, are very confiderablc ; and its Inhabitants amount t* about one hundred thoufand. Every reader is acquainted with the hiftory of Dunkirk, which the French were obliged by the treaty qi Utrecht to demo, tiih, but it is ftill a thorn in the fide of the Englifh, by being a harbour for their Jugglers, and may how, by an article in the laft treaty of peace, be put int» what condition the French miniftry may pleafe. The reft of French Flan- ders, and its Netherlands, abound with f9rtified towns, which carry on very gainful manuiyaflures. Moving Southward, we come to the Me of France; the capital of which and of the whola kingdom, is Paris. This city has been fo often defcribed, It may appear fuperfluous to mention it more particularly, were it not that the vanity of the French has given it a preference, which it by no means deferves, to all the capitals in the world, in every refpedi, not excepting evci population. MiPy of the Englifh have been impofed upon in this point ; particularly by the computing from the births'aod burials within the bills of morality, which exclude the moft populous parities about London. Another miftake lies in computing from births and marriage^. Tbf uum> ber of diffenters' of all kinds in and about London, who do not regifter the birth^ of their children, is amazing } the reglfters of others are not knows by the public ; and manj' of the'poorer fort will not afford .the fmall expence of fuch. regiftering. Another peculiarity exifting in London, is that moft of the Londoners, who will aflord the expence, when they find themfelves CQnf^mptive, or otherwife indlfpofed, retire into the country, Mrhere they are buried, and thereby excluded from the bills of mortality. The population of Paris, therefore, where the reglfters are more exaft and ac« 'CefBble to the poor, and where the religion and the police are more umTorm and ftriA, is far more eafily afcertained than that of London ; andby thebeft accounts, it does not exceed feven or eight hundred thoufand, which is far (hort of the inhabitants of London and the contiguous parifhes. Paris is divided Into three paits ; the city, the univerfity and that which was formerly called the Town. The city is old Paris ; the univerfity and the town are the new. Paria contains more works of public niuniiiccnce than utility. Its palaces are fhewy, and fome of its ftreets, fquarcs, hotels, hofpitais, and churches, fuperbly decorated with a profufion of paintings, tapcftry, images, and ftatues \ but Paris, notwithftanding Its boafted police, is greatly inferior to LonSon In many of the convenlencles of life, and the folid enjoyments of fociety. Without entering into more minute difqulfitlsns, -Paris, it muft be owned, is ' the p*u-adlfe of fplendor and dlillpatlon. The tapeftry of the Gobelines * is unequalled for beauty and riches. The Lou- vre Is a building that does honour to archlte&ure itfclf ; and the inftltutlon of the French academy far exceeds any thing of the kindiii England, orelfc- • One Gobit',*. noted dyer at Rheims, wan the firft who fetrlcd in this placu, in the reicta of Francis I and the honfe has retained hi* name ever fince : aqd here ch« great •olber(,«b0ut the ]F«ar 1667, eflabliflwd that valuable insi>«faAMf. • ^ - • where. ,R h) •.. .V-.. * R A N C fi. m T» wd NiwK of wKich wc th Breft and and ftrongc{t .Vauban. It for itB inagnt. 8 of filk, cam. Its amount t« the hiftor;^ of echt to demo- rbour for their e, be put int» French Ran. carry on very pital of which ften defcribed, :re it not that by no means :xcepting cve» in this point ; ithin the billi tout London. }. Thf uum- ot regifter the tre not known ird the fmall London, it en they find the country, of mortality. exad and ac- more umTorm ndby thebeft wh!ch is far id that which miverfity and munificence uares, hoteU, of painting!, oadtid police, life, and the diCquifitisns, }ation. The The Lou- ie inftitution land, or elfe- ia placu, in the here the great where* iAitltt. The ThuilletieB, the palace of Orleans, of as it is called Luxemboiiiv, where a valuable colledlion of paintings are (hewn, the royal palace, the kin^s library, the guild hall, and the hofpital for the invalids, are fuperb to uit higheft degree. The city of Paris is faid" to be fifteen miles in circumfe- irnce. The hotels of the French nobleffe at Paris take up a great deal of room with their court-yards and gardens ; and fo do their conveats and •hurches. The ftreets afe very narrow, and the houfes very high, many of them feven ftories. The houfes are built of ftone, and are generally mean, ^en to wretchednefs, owing partly to their containing a diiferent family ou every floor. Tht river Seine, which runs through the centre of the city, h not half fo large as the Thames at London ; it is too far diftant from the Ark for the purpofes of, navigation, and is not fumiflied, as the Thames, with • veffeb or boats of any foil; over it arie many ftone and wooden bridges, whick have nothing to recommend them. The ftreets of Pariji are generally crowd- ed, particularly with coaches, Which gives that capital the appearance of wealth and grandeur ; though in reality, there is more (hew than (ubftance. The glittering carriages that dazzle the eyes of ttrangers are moftly com- mon hacks, hired by the day or week to the numerous foreigners who vi(^t that city ; and in truth, the greatcft part of the trade of Paris arlies from the conftant fucce(fion of ftrangers that arrive daily, from evei7 nation and quarter of the globe. This afccndency is undoubtedly owing to the deputa- tion of their language, their jJublit buildings the Gobeh'nes, or manu- fafture of tape(try, their libt^ries, and coUeftions" of paintings, that are ©pen to the public ; the cheapnefs of provifions, excellency of the French wines, and above all the purity of the air and Climate in France. With allthefe advantages, Paris, in general, will, not bear a comparifon with Lon- don, in the more efl'ential circumftances of a thriving foreign and domeftic trade, the cleannefs of their ftreets, elegance of theif houfes, ef^ecially within ; the plenty of water, and that of a better quality than the Seine, which it is faid difagrees with ftrangers, as do likewffe their fmall wines. In the houfes of Paris moft of the floors are of brick, aftd have no othei^'' kind of cleaning than that of being fprinkled with water, and fwept once a day. Thefe brick floors, the ftone ftairs, the want of wainfcotting ia the rooms, and the thick party walls of ftone, are however, good preferva- tives againft fire, \.nlch feldoni does any damage in this city. Inftead of wainfcotting, the walls are covered with tapeftiy cr dama(k. The beds in general are very good, and well ornamented with tefter and curtains ; but bugs are here a moft intolerable nuifance, which frequently oblige ftrangers to deep on the floor during the exceffive heat in the fmnmep, Their (liop» are but poorly ftored with goods ; and the (hopkeepers and tradefmcn, an indolent, loitering people, feldom, make their appearance before dinner in any other than a morning drefs, of velvet cap, filk night gown, and Mo- rocco flippers ; but when they intend a vifit, or going abroad, all the punc- tilios of a courtier are attended to, and hardly the reiemblance of a man re- mains. There is a remarkable contraft between this clafs of people and thofe of the fame rank in London. In Paris, the women pack up par- cels, enter the orders, and do moft of the drudgery bufinefs of the fliop, while the hu(band loiters about, talks of the great, of fa(hion8 and diver-^ fions, and the invincible force of their armies. The fplendour cf the grand Monarquc ufed to be aao with them a favourite topic of converfatiou, pre- vious to the change in their political (vllem. The Parilians however, as ivell as the natives' of France in general, are remarkably temperate in their living j and to be into^sicatcd with liq^uor is conildcred a» infamous. Bread. \ ■'^ 44» f R A N C K* %';.^ Bnad) and aH manner of butcher's meat and poultry, are extremely good (4 Paris ; the beef is excellent j tkcr rmely good i» very thin kind I, live chiefly carcely knnw Paris ufed tu :ldom happen* ranee be ever 8 arc patrolled ) offender can ecifcly at the 'or in Paris no mce are under the rack, pre- hen roblierics K unfortunate :jy of Europe, lumber of fine ttcred on the r delightful. Paris, though ith.all that ait xquifite archi" fublime of that by means of liles diftance), f worthy of a L Meudon, and ich has its pe« uxuriouB court eful condition, hannel, with a ind fafeil in all •ocki lying un« for fca affairs, , ftore-houfes, le for the navy -port of great reception and itiguous ; and 1 of them hav- ftahlifhed alfo ', its guns cor- ops, for black- walk, of florie, Its general r ftore-houfes. t)i» ftly ayled the called the fa. ^ tker FRANCE.- 440 iher of the French cotimetce aqi^ m^nulaflures. Under him ijiere \^t « great appearance that France v^otdd make as illuftrlous a iigiirc as ji trading^ as Ihe did then as a Vrarliike people ; but th^ truth is, the Frenc|( do not n»* ' turally poffefs that undatinted perfererance which is . neceffary for commerd and colonization, though no people, in theory, underftood them better. It is to be cotifidered at the fame tinle, that France, by her fituation,' b^the turn of her inhabltans for certain manufafiures, and the happincfs or flier foil, mud be always pofleired of great inland and neighbouring trade. The fdk manufa^ure was introduced into France fo late as the reign of Henry IV. and in the age of his grandfori Lewis XIV. the city of Toiirt alone employed 8ooo looms, and 8oo mills. The city of Lyons then em> ployed 1 8,ooo looms ; but after the impolitic and unjuft revocation of t)M! edi^vf Nantes, the expulfion of the Protcllants, and the ryrnous wars main< France, they decreafed*-'^ 4000 5 and their (ilk manufafture is id by that of England, Nivheje the French Proteftants took refuge. vi^ i^Pfe happily encouraged. Next W Tours and Lyons, Pairs, Chatillion^ j and NifmeSf are moft celebrated for filk manufad^ures. France contains 1,500 filk mills, 21,000 looms for ftuffs, 12,000 for ribbons and lace, 30,ooo for filk ftockings, all of which employ two millions of people. They alfo manufadure gloves and ftockings from fpider-filk. On the other hand, the French woollen cloths and ftuffs, more efpeeially at Abbevile, Amiens, and Paris are faid tofbe now little inferior to thofeof England, and have greatly injured them, particularly in the Tprkifh market, affifted by the cla'ndeftin^ importation of Englifh and Irifh wool, and workmen from this country. In manufaAures the French have always been diftinguifhed for their jin« vention, and the Englifh for their fuperior improvement. Abbeville is fa- mous for cloth, linen, f<(il-cloth, and foap ; Auvergue for fine thread, lace,r ftuffs, -and paper ; Nifmep for fine fergcs ; Cambray for camBries ; St Quin- tin for lawns ;, and Picardy for plate glafsi. The diftrfAs adjoining the Britifh channel, contain many fheep of th« Englifh breed, which are faid to degenerate by removal from their nativir foil. Befides the Infinite advantage arifing to licr inland commerce, from her rivers, navigable canals, and a connexion with two feas, her foitign trade may be faid to extend itfelf all over the globe. It is a doubtful point whe« ther France was a lofer by its cefTion of Canada and part of Louifiana 4t the late peace. But the moft valuable part of Hifpaniola in the Weft Indies, wliich file pofTcfTes by the partiality and indolence of Spain, is a moft im- proveable acquifition, and the nlofl valuable of all her foreign colonies. In the Weft Indies, flie likewife pofTefTes the moft important fugar iflands of Martliiico, Guadaloupe, St. Lucia, St. Barthalomow, Defeada, and Mar- igalanle. Her pofieffioits in North America arc only a fmall tradl upon the MiflifTippi. The French pofrdfion^ in the Eaft Indies are not very confiderable ; though liaJ their genius been mott turned for commerce than war, they might have cngrofTed more territory and revenues than are now in pofTcfTion of the hnglifh ; but they over-rated both their own power and their courage, and tlieir Eaft India company never did much. At prefent (fays Mr. Ander- fon,) ' her land trade to Switzerland and Italy is by way of Lyons — ^To Germany, though Mctx an«* Strafburg — To the Netherlands, through I.ifle — To Spafii (a moft profitable one), though Bayonne and Perpignan. As for her naval commerce, her ports in the channel, and on the weftern oeean, are frequeated by all tlietrtdwig. nations ia Eutt)pc, to the great t)^m^' , ■ . advaif. .fSS'.i 45* FRANCE. tdvantage xif Frattetf, more efpedally refpefting what is carried oil whIi England, Holland, and Italy. The trade froln her Mediterranean ports (more particularly from Marfeilles) with Turkey and Africa jhas long been v«ry confiderable. The negrQ trade froni Guinea fuppliea her fugar colonies, J, belides the gold, ivory, and drugs got from thence.' The "cominercial treaty between France and England appears to have , ferved both countries, by opening an extenfive market for Englifh wooUenb, cottons, pottery, and hardware, and for French wines, linens, and cambrics, befides having nearly deftroyed . the great fniuggling trade on their ceafts, and promoted a friendly intercourfe between the two nations ; but it hat alfo been the means of glutting the French market with Englifli goods, and affording the French an opportunity to rival the Englilh in their manv* tures, as appears from new ones, particularly one in imitation of Wl wood's ware, already eftablifhed at Paris. ^ The exports are wine, vinegar, brapdy, oil, filks, fatins, liner cloth, tapeftries, laces, gold and filvWr^smbroideries, toys, trinket Si^^pnmnj. cry, paper, prints, books, drugs, dies, &c. The imports are hardware^ earthenware, cottons, metals, hemp, flax,-iilk, wool, horfes, Eaft and Weft Indian goods, &c. It employs one million tons of (hippingi with near 50,0Q0 feamen, ; and before the revolution, the imports were valued at [•// 9»5^3»333'' *^^ exports at 12,500,000!. and it had a balance of trade of more *'' than two millions in its favour ; but its trade and manufactures have lince declined. . . * One great difadvantage to the commerce of France is, that the profelTion of a merchant is not fo honourable as in England and fome othsr countries. A great number of the cities of France have the privilege of coinage, and each of them a particular mark to diftinguifh their refpedtive pieces } which mutt be very embarraffing, efpecially to ftrangcrs. Public trading companies.] It has no trading companies (having abolifhed allmon6poly) but a bank or caifle d'efcompte, and a bank ofex- traordinaries. Constitution and government.] France, by the revolutiohin r789, founded a new conjlttutton, upon the principles that all men are free .and equal in their rights, and that fovereignty relides in the nation. It would be trifling , ' ' with our readers to give them any detail of this conltitution, as it has been ▼irtually overthrown, by the abolition of the monarchical part of it, and by the fubfequent condemnation, afld execution of the king ; a deed of moil lin- gular atrocity, by whicli the national convehtion have (lamped eternal infamy upon their charaders. A committee was appointed by the convention to draw up a new conilitution, which was approved of by the reprefentatives of the people, but this was foon overthrown to make way fof another ; how long this may continue, or upon what order of things France naay ultimate- ly fettle, it is impoffible at prefent even to form a conjeAure and to attempt in a work of this kind, a defcriptlon of a Hate of things, which at the very ndment may be battening to its fall, would anfwer no* ufeful purpofe. After the reader has been told of the excellency of the climate, and fer* tility of the foil in France ; her numerous manufadlures aifd extenfive com- merce ; her great cities, her numerous towns, fea-ports, rivert and canals ; the cheapnefs of provifions, wines and liquors ; the formidable armies, and fleets (he has fent forth, to the terror of Europe ; and the natural charader of her inhabitants, their fprightlinefs and gaiety ; he will undoubtedly con- clude, that i''rance is the mott powerful nation, and her people the moft opu- liat aad happy ia Europe. The reverfe> bowevcri appears tp be the ttate of that \ ,t*' irricd on wJth an ports (more ong been vtry ugar colonies, ipears to have glifh wooUensi, and cambrics, m their ccafts, I ; but it has i(h goods, and heir manv on of liner [iketfl,^^pni|in|^. are hardwarei Eaa and Weft igi with near vere valued at ftradeof more res have llncc the profeffion :h8r countries, f coinage, and pieces } which lanies (having a bank of en- lutioh'in t'j^^, free .and equal ouldbetnifling as it has been t of it, and by :ed of moH fin- eternal infamy the convention reprefentatives another ; hovr may ultimate- ind to attempt ich at the very purpofe. mate, and fer* extenfive com- I and canals ; le armies, and tural charadler ioubtedly con- the moil opu* be the itate of that FRANCE. 4J» tlhit nation at prefent; and we do not find that In any former period they wer« more rich or more happy. The rhoft sbTious caufes of this nlitional poverty took their rife from the ambitioir and vanity of their kings and courtiers, which led them into fchemet of univerfal dominion, the aggrandizement of thei;- name, and the enflaving «f Chriftendom. * Their wars, which they fometimes carried on aglinft one half of Europe, and in which they were generally unfortunate, led them In* to difficulties to which the ordinary revenues were inadequate ; and hence proceeded the arbitrary demands upon the fubjedl, und«r various pretences, in the name of loans, free-gifts, &c. When thefe failed, ether methods, more defpotic and unwarrantable, fuch as raifing and reducing the value of money 'abit fuited their own purpofes, national bankruptcies, and other grievous . ^pgreflions, were adopted, which gave the fini(hing \f\ovr to public credit, and jPlbftkthe foundations of trade, commerce, and induftry, the fruits of which ' Ho inei^ could call his own. ^ ^ ' > ■ J When we confider the motives of thefe wars, adelire-to enflave and ren- der miferable the nations around them, that man muft be devoid of huma>^ nity whofe bread is not raifed with indignation upon the bare mention of the blood that has been fpilt, the miferies and defolations that have happened, and tKe numerous places that have fallen a facrifice to their ambition. It appears too plain, that while they thus grafp after foreign con'queft, their country exhibits a pi£lure of mifery and beggary. Their towns, a very few excepted, make a nvoft difmal and folitary appearance. The (hops are mean beyond defcription ; and the paflengers, who faunter through a l^byrintjn of narrow dirty ftreets, appear to be chiefly compofed of prieus and devotees pafling to or from mafs, hair drefliers, and beggfirs. That ,tbis is the ap- pearance of their towns, and many of their cities, we may appeal to the ob- fervation of any one who has been ii^ that kingdom. Were it poflible to mention a people more indigent than thefe citizens, we might defcribethe farmers and peafantry. We have in another place, mentioned the natural advantages of France, where the hills are covered with grapes, and moft ex- tenfive plains produce, excellent crops of corn, rye, and barley. Amidft this profufion of plenty, the farmer and his family barely exift upon the glean-> ingis, and his cattle, which are feldom numerous, pick a (ubiiilence, in the fummer months, from the flcirts of his fields. Here the farmer, meagre, dif- pirited, and depreffed, exhibits a fpedtacle of indigence hardly credible ; and ' to fee him ploughing the ground with a lean cow, afs, and a goat yoked together, excites in an Enghflx traveller that pity to which human nature is entitled. He forgets the country while he feeU for the man. Revenues. 3 Mr. Lafond prefented to the affemb^, December 30, 1791, the following general ellimate from the particular eftimate of the mtnilters for the year 1 79Z : . • Appanage of princes Foreign affairs Marine Ind cok)nies ' . General adminillration Public worfliip . Penfions to ccclefiaftics National afiembly . :; Civil lift »_ 4 ]liridges and roads r». W' jNz Livres. 5,000,000 6,000,000 43,000,000 5,000,000 8 1 ,000,000 6S,oeo,ooo 5,000,000 25,OOO,CO0 4-,t>oo,ooo High ■v'^)^ # •s^ FRANCE. High national court and court of appeal Schools andacadennies — — . Intereft of debts •— — Life annuities * • j^erpetual annuities Llvra, • 450»oof iiOoo,ood 20,000,000 100,000,000 3OO,O00,OQ« Befides the expences of the array* , >;t, ,;^.. „,i, ,^ „ ^ J T/fe Ways and MEAst,..y-i^p,^f,^Qt^^r;i*^:>^,^H''' By land tax, a tax on perfonal property, patents, ftamps, &c. valued at 530,000,000 livrcjji the remaining fumto be provided for from .the fund uT totraordinaries ' * Tke extraordinary expenses of the army, colonies and public worfhiil' woifld foon ceafe, and bring the expenditure on a level with the revenne.^^" Some authors make the amount of the alTeflld taxes for the years t792, only too,ooo,ooo Uvres equal to 1 2,500,000!. ilerUng, and with the inci- itlental taxes in all 15,500,000!. fterling ; near nine million lefs than before the revolution, when the noblefTe and clergy were exempted. All excifcs and -excifemen, tythes, and game laws, are now abolifhcd, and the roads maintained at public expence. The Revenue in the year 1 788, before the revolution, was"20 millions and • half fterlins ; and its ordinary expenditure exceeded the revenue five miU lions and a half. The public debt, 1784, was j^ — £. 141,^66,00© Military and marine strength.] There is no nation in' Europe where the art of war, particulary that part of it relating to gunnery and for- tification, is, better undcrftood than m France. Befides other methods for cultivating it, tliere is a royal military academy ellabliflied purpofely for training up 500 young geutleman at a time, in the feycral branches of this gre^art. AftMY. The peace eftabliihment of the army, for the year 1793, J-iii,:,- '#- . Infantry Cavalry Artillery • Total ■uf.ltlr^.fi.'. 111,000 30,000 11,000 152,000 Thefe arc ealled troops of the line, and, along with the volunteer national guards, form an army, at prefcnt on the frontiers, of 224,000 men. Tht municipal army or national guards, are a kind of embodied militia for the interior defence of the kingdom, and amount to between 3 and 4 million. . ' ' -. The^«w d'armerie are an auxiliary body of troops, for theprotc£lioi>of laws and police. Navy. The report of the minifter towards the dofe of the year 1791, itdtes the ihips in good condition to be 86 of the line^ and, including thofc building, a| follows : •*•...'»• s* w'fesfe-' Large firft rates 109 guns So cuna - - a ■ '-„:}■.■>■ %)>■-%•; ,_^,_. V. • ' r' ' , ■ ■ '■ ,■ ' ■■'.- ^ 8 5 10 ■# 24' guns ■■'•'** . ',*f I 450iOO(i iiOoo,oob ao«ooo,ooo 1 00,000,000 3oo,po0jopf *« •'Ji««lf.-,w «... "■' &c. valued At im .the fund uf » iiblic woHhiMI' le revenue. ic years ^79?, with the incl- fs than before abolifhccli an^ rC-..^y':4:; ::.,'■ O millions and 'enue live iniU 14 1,(^66,009 )n in' Europe nnery and for- me thods fur purpofely for anchesof thii year 179a. ■■■ "■»■> itcer national ncn. ludied militia veen 3 and 4 proteAionof e year 1791, eluding thofc 24 guns FRANCE. 74 g«n« • 64 guns ' 4N «7. I :7*^t :X'* 78 X Total * ■Frigates liefides fircfliips, corvettes, gallies, and cutters. There are 28 of the line and 5 frigates in commifllon, and 80,000 fcamen* with ofltcers regillend to man the fl'eec ; But th? fignal vidoriea obtained by the fleets of Great Britain over thofe of France during the prefent war have almoft totally annihilated its naval power. RorAL TITLES, ARMS, MOBlLITY«^ The NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, dc- . AND ORDSRS. \ firous of cfiabli^ing the French conftkutibn on the principles it has diedared, abolifhed, iiVevocably» thofe in- ^itutions whieh are injurious to liberty and equality of rights. There is no longer any nobility , nor peerage, nor hereditary diflinSlont, nor difference of or den, nca feudal govertmeni, nor patrimonial jurifdi&ion nor vaj of the titles, denominations and prerogativet, which arc derived from them ; tw any df tlie orders of chivalry^ corporations or decorations, for which proofs of hq^ bility were required : nor any kind of fuperiority hut that of public funAjon- crs in t^e excrcife of their fmiAions. ^j Rqyalty,.whii:h was one branch of the firft conftitution, is now aboliihed, ihe unfortunate monarch decapitated, and live tyrants have ufurped his throne who are called the dircftory. History.] ,The hiftoryofno country is better authenticated than tha£ of France, asd it is particularly intereftiiig to an Englifh reader. This king- dom, which was by the Romans called Trnnfalpine Gaul, or Gaul beyond the Alps, to diftinguifli it from Cifalpine Gaul, on the Italian lide of the Alps, was probably peopled from Italy, to which it lies contiguous. Like other European nations, it foon became a defirable objefl to the ambitious Romans ; and, after a brave refii^anc'e, wa« annexed to uieir empire by the invincible arms of Julius Caefar, about forty-eight years before Chrift. Gaul continued in the poffcflion of the Romans till the downfall of that empire in the fifth ,century, when it became a- prey to the Goths, the Burgundians, and 'the Franks, who fubdued but did not extirpate the ancient natives. The Franks themfelves; who gave it the name of France, or Frankenland, were a coUec* tion of feveral people inhabiting Germany, and particularly the Salii) who lived on the banks of the river Sale, and vrho cultivated the principles of jur- ifprudence better than their neighbours. Thde Salii had a rule, which the red of the Franks are faid to have adopted, and has been by the modem Franks applied to the fucccflion of the throne, excluding all females from the inheritance «f foverdgnty, and iswellltnown by the name of the Salic'taw, The Franks and Burgundians, after eftabliihing their power, and reducing the original natives to a Hate of flavery, parcelled out the lands among their principal leaders ; and fucceeding kings found it neceffary to confirm their privileges, allowiug them to jjxerofe fovereign authority in their refpeftivc governments, until they at length aflumed an independency, only acknowledg- ing the king as their head. This gave rife to thofe numerous principalitiea that were formcrfy in France, and to the feveral parliaments ; for every pro*, vince became, in its policy and government, an epitome of the whole king* dom J and ^o laws were made, or taxes raifed, without the concurrence of the grand council, confming of the clergy and of the nobih'ty. Thub, as in other European nations, immediately after the diflplution of the Roman empi'-e, the iirft govenunent in France fecms'to hayie bcca a kind .. , ' of % 454 FRANCE. of miked monnr^liyKand the power of their kings extremely cireumfcribed nd Kmited by the feudal barons. The firll chrillian monarch of the Franks (accordinpr to Daniel, one of th< heft French hiftorians) wait Clovis, who began his r<;ign anno 481, and was bapti%ed» and introduced Chridianity in the year 496 : The mind of Clovis had been atfcAcd by the patlietic talc of tlic pafllon and the" death of Chrift ; ■ndinfenOble of the beneficial confequcnces ot the myllerious facrifico, he ex. claimed with religious fervour, " Had I been prefent willi my raliant Franks, •* I would have revenged his injuries." But though he publicly profeflrd t* acknowledge the truth of the gofpel, its divine precepts were but little refpec- ted. From this period the French hittory exliibitsa feries of great events; and we find tiiem generallv engaged in domellic bruits or in foreign wars. The firft race of their kings prior to Charlemagne, found a cruel encn^y in the Sar- acens, who then over-ntn Europe, and retaliat;:d the barbarities of the Goths and Vandals upon their pollcrity. In the year 800, Charlemagne, king of France, whom we have often mentioned as the glory of thofe dark ages, be- came mafter of Germany, Spain, and part of Italy, and was crowned king of the Romans by the pope ; he divided his empire by will, among bis fom, whick proved fatal to bin family and poilerity. Soon after this, the Normans, a fierce warlike people from Norway, Denmark, and other parts of Scaitdinkvin, ravaged the kingdom of France, and about the year 900 obliged the French to yield Brctngne to Rollo their leader, who married the king's daughter, and was perfuaded toprofefa himfcif a ChrilUan. This laid the foundation of the Norman power in France ; which afterwards gave a king to England, in the perfon of William duke of Normandy, who fubdued HaroM, the laft Saxoii king, in the year lofirt. This event proved unfortunate and ruinous to France,' M it engaged that nation in almoll perpetual wars with Englaiid, for whonr they were not an eqi\al match, notwithllunding tiieir numbers, find the afliilAi nee they received from Scotland. The rage of crufading, which broke out at this time, was of infinite fervicc to the French crown in two refpeds : in the firft place, it carried off hun. dreds of thoufands of its turbulent fubjeds, and their leaders," who were al> mod independent of the king : in the next, the king fucceeded to tlie elUtea •f numbers of the nobility, who died abroad without heirs. *' But palfing over the dark ages of the crufade», their expedition to the Holy X^and, and wars with England, which have already been mentioned, we ftiall proceed to that period when the French began to extendi their influence oter Europe ; and this brings us to the reign of Francis I. contemporary with Henry VIII. of England. This prince, though he was brave to exeefs ja his own perfon, and liad defeated the Swifs, who till then were deemed invln- cible, was an unfortunate warrior. He had great abilities and great defe£ii He wufl a candidate for the empire of Germany, but loft the imperial crown : Charles V. of the houlc of Auftria, and king of Spain being chofen. In th« year 1520, Francis having invited Henry VIII. of England to an interview, the two kings met in an open plain near Calais, where they and their attend- ants difplayed their magnificence with fuch emidatipn and profufe expence as produced it the name of the Field of the Ckth of Gold. Feats of chivalry, patties of gallantry, together with fuch exercifes and paftfmes as were in that age reckoned manly or elegant, rather than ferious bufinefs, occupied both courts during eighteen days that they continued together *. Francis madf • Thf French and Enfr' ft hiftoriaos dr fcrih/the pomp of this interv'ew, and the va- iuMt fp' ^aclcs^ with gre;tt ninuteccli). Ooe ciicitniftance mcctioitcdb; tbe narerchitl dc \ /, « -• J l-h ■A it' t .MSm . :> ll cumfcribed nd niel, oneofthc ) 481, and wa» mind of'Clovii eath of Chrift | fucrifice, he ex- Taliant Franki, cly prufefled t» ut little rcfpec- f great events ; ;i(^n wars. The tn\y in the Sar- B of the Gotht nagne, king of dnrlc ages, be« •owned King of" his foiM, whick he Normans, a of Scaildinkviii, jcd the French a daugliter, and Lindatiun of the England, in the the laft Saxoii nous to France^ and, for whont {ind the afliilAi infinite fervlcc arried off hun* ■ who were al« 1 to tlie clUtet edition to the mentioned, we their influence :emporar^ with 4« <^"^ obliged to agree to dilhouourable terms, which he never meant to perform, to regain his liberty. His non-performance sf thofe con- ditions was afterwards the fourcc of many wars between him and the emperor j and he died in 1547* France, at the time of his death, not with (landing the variety of difafree- able events during the late reign, was in a flourifhing condition. Francis I. wasfuccceded by his fon Henry II. who ujjun the whole was an excellent anS fortunate prince. He continued the war with the emperor of Germany to great advantage for his own dominions ; and was fo well ferved by the duke •f Guife, that though he loft the battle of St. Quintin, agaThft the Spaniards and the Englifti, he retook Calais fron\ the latter, who never fince had any footing in I'rancc. He married his fon, the Dauphin, to Mary queen of- Scots, in, hopes of uniting that kingdtim to his crown ; but in this fcheme, he, u,r rather his country, was unfortunate, as may be fecn-iu the hiftory of Scotland. He was killed in the year 1559, at an nnhappy tilting-tnatcb, by the count of Montgomeri. He was fucceeded by his fon Francis II. a weak, fickly, ina6livti prince, and only thirteen years of age, whofe power was entirely engrolTcd by a prince of the huufa of Guife, uncle to his wife, the beautiful queen of Scotland. This engrofTment of power encouraged the Bourbon, the Montmorenci, and •ther great families, to form a ftrong oppofition againft the government. Anthony, king of Navarre, was at the head of the Bourbon family ; but the |ueen-mother, the famous Catherine of Mcdicis, being obh'ged' to take part with the Gui(\;s, the confederacy, who had adopted the caufe of Hugonot- ifm, was broken in piecsst when the fudden death of Francis happened, in the jear 1560. This event took place while the prince of Cond6, b'-othci'^to the king of ^avarre, was under fentcnce of death for a confpiracy againft the court ; but the queen-mother faved him, to balance the interell of the Guifes ; fo that the fole diredtion of affairs fell into her hands, during the minority of her . fecond fon, Charles IX. Her regency was a continued ferics of diflimu- lation, treachery and murder. The duke of Guife, who was the fcourgc of the Proteftants, was afTafllnated by one Pultrot, at the ficge of Orlelnii ) and tHe murderer was unjultly thought to have been iniiigated by the famous Coligjii, admiral of France, who was then at the head of the Protcf- tant party. ^Three civil wars fucceeded each other. At lall ths court pre- tended to ^nt the Hugojiots a very advantageous peace, and a match was concluded between Henry, the young king of Navarre, a Protcltant, and Fleiiringei, who was prefent,and which appeari fineuUr in the prefent age, ii coininoD]|r omitted. '' After the tournament," iaji ha '* the French a^id Entrlilh wrcfliert made their appearancci and wreftled in prefenut: of the kiugt ar.d the ladies ; and at there were many ttouc wreMem ther ., it afforded excellent paftinie ; but »» the icing of France ha4 ncgleded to brioe an) «re(lleri out of Brctaitnu, the Eoj^hflt gained the priac— After thii, tiie kioK* of Frtiiice and Eaglaud retired to a tent, where they drank together, an) the king of England feizing< the king of Franw by the collar, faid, " My brother, J mujl mirefilt tvitb ytu," and endeavoured once vr twice to trip up hit heel* ; but the king of France, whn was > i(e:trss: wreillsr, t^i&sd him •uund, and threw hiia oa :hc nf t« with prodigious vivlcnM, The king ul^'England wanted to renew (he combat, but •%>' pMTented.'' ^ ^ ^^ . t- iM«w*rM«i /■/««r^« . have beguh well, let us finifh in the fame manner." it is faid that about 30,000 Proteftants were murdered at Paris, and in other parts of France, and. rh'8 brought on a fourth civil war. Though a freih peace was concluded in . 1573 witN the Proteitants, yet a llfth civjjl war broke out the neiU^ea^^ when the bloody Charles IX. died without heirs. .« ^ ' '^ His third br«ther, the duke of Anjou, Ikad fOme time before been chofea king of Poland | and Jiearing of his brother's death, he with fomc difficulty*. efcapcd to France, where he took quiet poifefliun of that crowli, by the name, 4 of Henry III. - Religton at that time fupplied to the reformed nobility of Fq)nce, the fcu« dal poVers thev had loft. The heads of the Proteftants could rajft armies o{| Hugonots. The governors of provinces behaved^ them M if they liad been independent of the crown ; and the puilies were fo equally lialanced, that ,thq^ name of the king alone turned the ftale. A holy l^gm yfis formtd fo?* tlie defence of the citholic religion, at the head of which" i^9tl»e duke ^ Guilrt The proteftants under the prince of Conde, and the duke of AJf n9on, th* king's brotlier, called the German princes to their aiiQftaocc» and a lixth civil - . War'broke out in 1577, in which the king of Spain took the pai:t of the leag«e, in revenge of the duke Alen^on declaring himfelf lord of the NetRci^-' lands. The civil war was llniftied within the year, by another (liam pea*;?. The king, ever fince his acceflion to the crowp, had plunged hinifelf into a courfe pfinfamourf debauchery and religious extravagancies. He was entire- ly governed by his profligate favourijes.^ut he pollefled natural good fenfe. He began to fufpeft that the profcriptiods of the proteftants, and the fettiug nfide ft'om the fucceffion the king of Navarre, on account of h^s fe, ligion, which was aimed at by the holy league, was with a view to place the duke of Guifc, the idol of the Roman Catlu)lics, on the throne, iu which that duke had fomc^diftant pretenfiosLS. To fecurc himfelf uii the throne, a feventh clvfl'^war broke out in 1579, and another in the year 1585, both of them to the aifadvantage of the Proteftants, througU the abilities of the duke of Guife. The king thought' him now to «ingcroys, that after inviting him ia a frienj^Iy manncf to court, both '.^t .Jt- FRANCE. AS1 Ed to cdebrattf all if polTilile ;h it was not : kipg himlclf '. figMi for the kiny the great as begun, and kolomvw ; yet lomentsAiould , when he was life. A Ger- >rehending hit lad ever dillln* d received Jay [ countenance, hairs, nor ilaift n, and with his duke of Guife^ utural brother ny friends, >y« lid that about [>f France, ani, IS concluded io - the neiUjreai^ re been chofeii fome difficulty'. 11, by the name, ^ tAi'.cCf the feu- r^fi^' armies o^ rtiey liad been nced,that ,tliq^ lornicd foi? tlTe duke«|^GuilA AJgn^oii, tliA rid a lixth civil le pact of the of the NetFici^-' (liam pea^. hiirifelf into a He was entire- ral good fenfe. and the fctting nt of hi* re- view to place he throne, lu re himfclf uii mother in the (lants, throiigU him now l« to court, both Ik ;r ke and li!< brothef'the cardinal, were, b^ hit majefty's orders, and in a manner under hit eyet, b«fely aflaflinated in 1588. The leagucn, upon this, declared that Henry had forfeited hit crown, and wat an enemy to religion. Thit obliged him to throw himfelf into the armi of the Fruteftantt ; bnt while he was befieging Paris, where the Iba^uers ^a^ their irrcatcH force, he was in hit turn aflHlTinated by ^ ■ , . «. ¥ % T.^ '*'■'■" •!,■ 1.1 - 4 ...^ 45l F 11 A ?T <* K. wai rcMty to enter upon hit gnnd exMdition, he wii aflkffinat« nal Mazarine for her iirft minifter, he found means to turn the ahns even of Cromwell agaiiift the Spaniards, and to divide the domeftic enemies of the court fo efFe£lually among themfelves, that when Lewis aflumed the reins of government in his own hands, he found I^imfelf the asoft abfolute monarch that ever fat upon the throne of France. He had the good fortune, on the death of Mazarine, to pot the domeftic adminiftration of his afiairs into the hands of Colbert, whom I have more than once mentioned, who formed new fyftems for the glory, commerce, and manufadiires of France, all which . he carried to a furprifing height. To write the hiftory of (his reign, would be to write that of all Europe. Ignorance and ambition were the only enemies of Lewis : through the for* mer, he was blind to every patriotic duty of a.king, and promoted the interefti of his fubjrfts only that they might the better anfwer the purpofes of his greatnefs ; by the latter he embroiled himfelf with all his neighbotfrs, and wantonly rendered Germany a difmal icene of devaftation. By his impolitic and Unjuft revocation of the edift of Nantes, in the year 1685, with the dra- gooning the proteftants that followed it, he obliged them to take Ihelter in England, Holland,. and differetit parts of Germany, where they eftablifhed the filk manufadures, to the great prejudice of their own country. He was fo blind by flattery, that he an-ogated to himfelf the divine honours paid to the ^rp. and at laft railed againft himfelf a confederacy of almoft all ihe other pnnce» of Europe } at the head of which was king William III. of England. He ♦•t wa« ■.' xV. td i> htf ebael^' nr young cndnu It, wai but nine ID, he difcapded Umou* ctrdintl eafum, to the t of the protef. I. of EiigUnd', 'orttby hit fleet , on account of i million of men ; them on ( and B, twothoufand rwife deftroyed^ vn» next to an f, and Giiftavu» ill the rehellioni :e, he died fome 'ards the famoui piece* under the it of the great, he mod trifling B of Conae flam- rtier, and fome* ie» who from a olved at once in choice of cardie the atms even of enemies of the ned the reins of >folute monarch )od fortune, on }f his affairs into ,ed, who formed ranee, all which It of all Europe. hrough the for* )ted the interefti purpofes of his neighboifrs, and By his impolitic 5, with the dra- t> take fhelter in y eftabliflied the :ry. He was fo ours paid to the :he other prince* ■ England. He was F Ji A N C f.. 459 wat fo well ftrved, that he made head for fome yean agatnibtbis alliance ^ but htvinff provoked the Englifti by Km repeated infidelities, their armi, un- der the diiRc of MaHborough, and the A ultrians, under the prince Eugene, ren- dered the latter part of his life as miCrrablc as the beginrihig of it was (^Icndid. His reign, from the year 1 70X to 1711, was one continued feries of defeat* and calanu'ties ( and he had the mortitkation of feeing thofie pUces taken from him, which in the former part of \m rrign, were acquired at the expence of many thoufand lives. Juft as he wn educed, old as he was, to the dcfperRte refolutioB of colleAinp; hit people, and dying at their head, he was faved by the Engljfli Tory miniftry deferting the caufc, withdrawing from tbeir allies, and flonduding the peace of Utrecht, in 1713. He furvived tlis deliverance but two years ; and in his lad hours difplayed a greatnefs'of mind wortby of bit elevated fitoation, " Why do you weep," faid he to his domdtics, "Did •' you think me immortal {'' He died on the firft of September, 1 715, and was fucc^ded by his great grandfon Lewis XV. The partiality of Lewis XTV. to his natural children might have involved prance m a civil war, had not the regency been feized upon by the duke oC Orleans, a man of ienfe and fpirit, and the next legitimate piince of the blood, who having embroiled himfelf with Spain, the king was declared of age in 1112, and the regent on the fifth of Oeccmbtr 1723, yeas carried off by an apoplexy. The reader is not to imagine that I am to follow the affairs of France through all the inconfiUent fcenes of fighting and treating with the feveral pawers of Europe, which are to be found in their refpe£tive hiftories. A« mong the firit uStt of the late king's government, was his nominating his pre* ceptor, afterwards cardinal Fleury^ to be his firft miniilcr. Though his (yU tern was intjrely pacific, yet the fituation of affairs in Europe, upon the death •f the king of Poland, in 1 734, more- than once embroiled him with the houfe of Auftria. The intention of the French king viras to replace his father-in- law, Stainflaut, on the throne of Poland. In this he failed through the inter- pofition of the Rulfians and Auftrians ; but Stainflaus enjoyed the title of king, and the revenues of Lorrain, during the remainder of his life. Tbe eonne£tion between France and Spain forced the former to become principals in a war with Great Britain ; in the management of which the latter was fo ill feconded by her allies, that it was fipiihed by the peace of Aix la Chapell^e in 1748. In the year 1757, Francis Damien, an unhappy wretch, whofe fullenwnind, naturally unfettled, was inflamed by the difputes' between the king and bit parliament relative to religion, embraced the defperate refblution ofattempt- ing the life of his fovereign In the du(k of the evening, as the king prepared to enter his coach, he was fuddenly wounded, though (lightly with a pen* / knife, between the fourth and fifth ribs, in the prefence of bis fon, and in the midit of his guards. The daring affaifin had mingled with the^croud of court- iers, and was inftantly betrayed by his diftra^ed countenance. He declared it was never his intention to kill the king, but that he only meant to wound him, that God might touch his heart, and incline him to reftore the tranquillity of his dominions by re-eilablifhing the parliament, and banifhing the arch- bifhop of Paris whom he regarded as the fourcc of the prefent com- motions. In thefe frantic and incoherent declarations he perfifted amidft: . the moft exquifite tortures ; and after human ingenuity^ had been cxhaufted in devifing new modes of torment, his judges, tired out with his obftinacy, configncd him to a death, the inhumanity of which is increaled by the evident inadneft that, ftimakted to the &tal attempt ; and whicU might fill the ^02 \ heart I*-- t* ■.^^' ■H- 7:M-^.^. 4*» r R A N C B. -:-.M Heartjof favagti with horror. He was conduf^cd to the comdion place of ex- tcuti^, amidn a vaftcon6ourfe of the populace ; ftripped naked tnd faftened lo tlie fcafFold by iron gyves. One of his handi was thca burnt in eiqutd flaming fulphur. His thighs, legs, and arms, were torn with red hot pin- tftrs ; boiling oil, melted lead, rofm, and fulphur were poured ii>to the wounds ) and to complete the awful catallrophe, tight ligatures being tied round hit liinbs, he was torn to pieces by young and vigorous horfes. • The ^efuits having rendered thenifelves univerfally odious by their (hare in the confpira«y again ft the late king of Portugal, fell in France under the lafti of the civil power, for certain fraudulent mercantile tranfaftions. They rcfafed to difcharge the debts of one of their body, who had become » bankrupt for a large fum, and who was fupofed to art for the benefit ot the whole fociety. As a monk, indeed, he muft neccffarily do fo. The parliaments eagerly feized an opportunity of humbling their fpiritual ene- -mics. The Jcwits were every where cited before thole high tribunals in 1 761, and ordered to do juftice to their creditors. They feemcd to acquiefcc in tke decifion, but delayed payment under various pretences. New fuits were commenced againft them, in 1762, on account of the pernicious tendency of t}ieir writings. In the courfc of thefe procedings which the king endeavoured in vain to prevent, they were compelled to produce their INSTITUTE, or the rules of their order, hitherto lludioufly concealed. That myfterious vol- ume, which was found to contain maxims fubverfive of all civil government, and even of the fundamental principles ^f morals, completed their n 'ii. All their colleges were fcizcd, all their effects coniifcated, and the king|, afhamed or afraid to proteA them, not only reitgned them to their fate, but finally expelled .them the kingdom, by a folcmn cdidt, and utterly aboliflied the order of Jcfus in France. Elated with'this vidtory over ecclefiaftical tyranny, the Fr:nch parliaments attemped to fet bounds to the abfolute power of the crown, and feemed determined to coniine it within the limits of law. Not fatistied wi;.h refuting, as ufual, to regiller certain oppreiTive edidls, or with rcmonilrating againli them, they ordered criminal piofecutions to be commenced againit the governors of feveral provinces, ading 'in the king's name, who had enforced the regiftration of thofe edidts. The magnanimity of thefe aflemblies had awakened new ideas in the bofoms of the French ; they were taught by the Idte remondrances to conlider their inherent rights ; and this flame, in the fucceeding reign, burft forth with accumulated force, and overwhelmed the throne. ' As to the war with Great Britain, which was endeed by the peace of Fon« tainbleau, in 1763, the chief events attending it, fo humiliating tor France, have been already mentioned in the hiitory of England, and therefore need not be recapitulated here. Corlica, a fmall iiland in the Mediterranean, had long lefifted with manly firmnefs the opprelfivc councils of the Genoefe, who claimed the fovereignty over it, by right of conqueft. But, U' able to Tupport thofe pretenfions, Genoa trart^ferred them to France, on condition that Lewis Ihould put her in full poiTeillon of the adjacent ifland of Capmria, which the Corficans had lately invaded and reduced. To execute his engagements, powerful arma- ments were fitted out by Lewis, at Antibes and Toulon ; twenty battalions of French werej landed in Corfica ; &uZ the natives, whofc free fuffrages had fummoned Paoli. one of their prin einal chiefs, luprcme govern* ment of the ifland, determined to. defend their liberties to the utmoft. t.. .A ibarp and bloody war, fuc^ as fuited the inferior numbers of the inhabi- tants mount fatally anima eriori in an bravel tiveifl Th Lewii after partic being militai tanta » ■ P R^ N C t .4di an place ofeJt. :d And faftened thea burnt in ith red hot pin. o the wounds j tied round hit bjr their (hare trance under e tranfaftions. 10 had become ( the benefit oi do fo. The fplritual ene- unals in 1761, [) acquiefce in Jew fuitB were H8 tendency of g endeavoured riTUTE, or nyfterious vol- il governnaent, cd their r\ a. ind the king;, heir fate, but terly aboliflied ph parliaments and feemed wiih rcfuling, rating againit againil the had enforced fl'emblies had re taught by this flame, in overwhelmed )cace of Fon- ig tor France, lercforc need with manly fovereignty prctenfions, 3uld put her brficans had werful arma- ty battalions ree fuffrages eme govern- moft. f the inhabi« tants tt'nts and the nature of the country, was carried oii in all the faftneiTei and mpiuitainou* parts of the ifland ; and it was not till after the Frencti had fatally expecienced, in two fucceflive campaigns, the cnthufiaftic courage^ which animates the champions of freedom, that they overwhelmed by their fupf crior numbers this unfortunate people ; nor had Lewib much reafon to triumph in an acquiiition, to attain which he had facrihccd feveral thoufand of hi* bravtlt troops, and only extended his dominion over a rugged and unproduev; * tive ifland. The late unfortunate king, Lewis the XVI. fuccecded his grandfather, Lewis the XV. on the loth of May, 1774. Several regulations were made »ft«r his atcefllon, highly favourable to the general interells of the nation, particulary the fuppreflion of the Mufquetarieil, and fome other corps, which being adapted more to the parade of guarding the royal perfon than any real military fervice, were fupported at a great expence, ^^rithout an adequate re- turn of benefit to the Hate. One remarkable circumftance which attended this reign, was the placing of Mr. Necker, a protedant, and a native of Swit- zerland, at the head of the French finances, in 1776. Poireflcd of dillinguilh- ed and acknowledged abilities, his appointment would have excited no furprifct had it not been contrary to the conllant policy of France, which had care- fully excluded the aliens of her country and faith from the controul of the re- It now Hood forward as a new inilance of enlargenient of mind tenue. ' and liberality of fentiinent : and will to pofterity mark the prominent features of the reign of Lewis the nxteenth. Under the direftion of this gentleman, ageneral reform took place in France, through every department in the re- venue. When holtilities commenced in 1777, between France and Great Britain, in confequence of the afliihince afforded by the former to the revolt- ed Britilh colonies, in America, the people of France were not burthened with ■ew taxes for carrying on the war ; but the public revenue was augmented by his oeconomy, improvements, and reformation that were introduced into the management of the finances. In confequence of this national oeconomy, the navy of France was alfo raifed to fo great a height, as to become truly formidable to Great Britain. With a moft laudable zeal to extend the dominion of fcience, Lewis fit- ted out feveral veiTcls on ailronomical difcoveries. The chevalier de Borda wasinllrn^ed toafcertain the exadt pofition of the Canary iflands and Cape de Verd ; and the different degrees of the coaft of Africa from Cape Spartel to the ifland of Goree. The chevalier Grenier, who had traverfed the In- dian feas to improve the charts and conedl the errors of former navigators, was liberally regarded by a monarch who afpired to immortalize the xra of his power by expeditions beneficial to mankind. , The vifit of the emperor of Germany to the court of Paris, was anotlier •ccurrence that excited the attention of Europe. Averfe to pomp, he chofe to travel under the humble title of count Falkeiiltein ; he vt'as re- ceived by Lewis with that refpeft which was due to the imperial dignity, and the regard that he was impatient to teftify to the brother of his royal confort. Duri{ig fix weeks that the emperor remained at Paris, his hours were inccffantly devoted to examine the various eitabliflimeiits of that capital, and in viewing the manufadures. Vv ith the fame fpirit of enquiry, he made a tour through the ^lifFerent provinces of the kingdom, and in his journey endeavoured to glean whatever miglit be advantagepiii to his o^va dominions. Amidft the fury of war. Lewis difplayed that regard for fcience wliich I .1 46s 1^ itr4 N e % \l - 1). had eariy formed a ftriking charafteriftic of his jxxgn. Previous to die com? ntencfiinent of hoftilities, the Engliib had fent two veflelt into the South Ceast commanded by captains Cook and Gierke, to explore the'^coafts and iflands of Japan and Califomia ; the return of thofe veflels was hourly et>' .pAfted in Europe ; and Lewis, with a conHderate humanity which ttfle£ls the brighteft luftre on his character, by a circular letter to all his naval of- icers, commanded them to abftain from all hoftflities againft thefe (hips, ;ind totreatxthem as neutral vefTels. The letters mentioned alfo in terms of the higheft refpc^ Captain Cook, who had long diftinguiflted himfelf in fuccef- five Toyages of difcovery. But death allowed not that celebiated -navigator Ko eijjoy this gratef^ teftim ^ny to his merit ; for in qnt of the newly dit covered iflands he had already fallen a vi£Um to the blind fury of the uvagc inhabitants. At the beginning of the year 1780, in confequence of the repfefentations of Mr. Nocker, a variety of unneceflafy offices in the houfehold ofthe^queen were abdlifhed ; and fundry other important regulations adopted, for the cafe of the fubje^, and the general benefit of the kingdom. Couli we im- 1>licitly credit his memorial, he changed the excefs of the diiburfements at eaft one million fterling, of the year 1776, into an excefs of revenue in the ^ear 1780, to the amount of 445,0001. But the meafures of Mr Necker were not calculated to procure him friends at court ; the vain, the interef- ted, and the ambitious, naturally became his enemies ; and the kiiig appears not to have poi&fTed fufficient firmnefs of mind fo fupport an upright and able miniftcF' H,e was therefore difplaced, and is (aid to have been parties* hrly oppofed by the queen's party. - The independence of Amcncahad been the grandobjeA of France, and that having been acknowledged in the fulleft and mod exprefs terms by Great Britain, the preliminary articles of peace were iigned at Paris on the 20th of January, 1783 : but the immenfe expences incurred weve found at laftt« be much 'more than the revenues of the kingdom could by any mc'tn' fup« port ; and the miferable exigencies to 'qrhich government was reduced, can* tributed bo doubt to bring about the prefent revolution. In the various wars of France with England, particularly in the laft and prefent centuries, no objed appears of more confequence to her naVal ope- rations than the obtaining a pott in the Channel. With a - view of obviat* ing tl\jp want, the ableU engineers in that kingdom have proceeded, by the moft aftoniihing and ftupendous works, to render Ihe pori ofCherburgh capable of receiving and protefting a royal navy. Since the laft peace, they have prufecuted this work at an annual e^pence of upwards of 20o,oool. and cxpe^tion was fo fanguine, that it was thought a year or two more would tSeA thisarduous and important undertaking, but they have been difappointed* In the year 1786 a treaty of navigation and commerce was concluded be*, tween the two courts of London and Verfailles, and this having conclude^ the tranfa£lIon8 between the two kingdoms, we have now only to give an ae- •ount of the late revolution. The ambition of the French government, which made it acquainted with liberty, in aflifting the infiirgents in America and Holland, excited a fpirit amongfl the people, which could not well admit of the continuance, of arbi« trary power at home. The difmiffion of Monfieur Necker from thr direc- tion of public affairs, and fuccceding minifters being endowed neither with his integrity or abilities, the fihances of the nation were on the point of be- ing Entirely ruined. And when the edift for regiftering^ the loan at the conclufion of 1785, which amounted to the Aim of three millions three bundred .■^¥'■■■ P( \^ I to die com- 3 tke Soutk cTcoafts an4 18 hourly cjt-' 'hich aflcAi hiu naval of- ;fe (hips, and _tenn»ofthe "elf in fuccef. ed "liavigator le newly dit of the mage ipfefentationi of theNqueen )tedi, for the CouLi we im- burfements at revenue in the ■ Mr Necker I, the intercf- kiiig appeari 1 upright and been particu,* ance, and that ms by Great i on the 20th undatlafttQ mein' lup- reduced* con* the laft and ler naVal ope* lew of obviat- :eded, by the )f Cherburgh (t peace, they oo,oool. and more would difappointed* oncluded be*, ig conclude^ o give an ae- uainted with ited a fpirit ance.of arbi* m thr direc- neither with point of be- loan at the iflions three bundred # • I' ft A ^.^Jl. % lundred and tbirty thoufand pounds/ 1MU prefented to the pariiament of Pari^B, the murmurs of the people, and the remonftrahces of that afiembly^ . ' ^(Turned a more legal and fonmidable form. The king, however, figniiied tor . the fele£^ deputations that were coramilfibned to convey to< him their rc- monftrances, that he expeAed to be obeyed without farther delay. ' The ceremony of the regiftering took place oq the next day, but was accompanii* ' ed with » refolution, importing, that public oeconomy was the only genuine ' fource of abundant revenue, the only means of providing for the neceflity of the ftate, and reftoring that credit, which borrowing had reduced to the brink ofruin* •" This proceeding was no fponer known than the king itc[uircd the attend* ance of the grand deputation of parliament : iie erafed from their records the ttfolution that had been adopted; and declared himfelf fatisfied with the eondu£l of Monfieur de, Calonne, his comptroller-generaL However gratified by the fupport of his fovereign, Monfieur de Calonne ' could not fail of feeling himfelf deeply mortified by the oppofition of thu parliament. An anxious enquiry into the ftate of the pubUc finances had eonvinced him that the expenditure had far exceeded the revenues ; iil- the prefent fituation, to impofe new taxes was impoffible, to continue the method of bon'owing was ruinous, and to have recourfe only to occonomi* -cal reforms, would be found wholly inadequate; and he hefitatcd not to declare that it would be impoifible. to place the finances on a folid bafis* but by the reformation, of whatever was vicious in the conftitution of the ftate. To give weight to this- reform, the minifter was fenfible that fomc* , thing more was neceflary than royal authority ; he perceived that the par* Itament was neither a fit inftrument for introducing a new order into public aifairs, nor would fubmit to be a paffive machine for fandioning thepfans o£ a minifter, even if thefe plans were the emanations of perfe£t wifdom. Under thefe circumilances, the only alternative that feemed to remain wat to have recourfe to fome other aiTembly, more dignified and folemn in its sharader, and that (hould c'onfift in a greater degree of meotbers from the various orders of the ftate, and the diiferent provinces of the kingdoni ; but the true and legitimate afiiembly of the nation, thg ftates-general, had not met fince the year 1614. Another aiTembly had bccafionally been' fub- ftituted in the room of the ftates-general ; this was diftinguiftied by the title oi t\it notables or men ofnot^, and confifted of a number oifperfons from alt parts of the kingdom, chiefly fele^^ed from the higher orders of the ftate, and nominated by the king himfelf. This aiTembly had been convened by Henry the fourth, and again by Lewis the thirteenth ; and xras now once more • fummoned by the authority of the prefent monarch, and the 39th of Janu' ary, 1787^ was the period appointed for their opening. ji It was under great difficulties that monfieur Calonne firft met the aflem- bly of the notables, aad opened his long expeded plan. He began, by ' ftating that the public expen^ure had ^r centuries paft exceeded the re* venues ; that a very confiderable deficiency had of courfe exifted ; and that at his own aceeflion to office it was three millions three hundred and thirty thoufand pounds. To remedy this evil the comptroller, general recommended a territorial im- poft, in the nature of the Englifh land-taxes, from which no rank or order .of men were to be exempted y an- enquiry iuta the poiTtffiona of the clergy, which hitherto had been deemed facred, from their proportion of the publiq burthens: the various brgnche*^ of interna^ taxation were alfo to ufidergo a llri^ 4<4 r R A N C 1 ftrift (examination ; and a confiderable refburce was prefented in mortgaging the donefne lands ofAe crown. Before monfieur Necker retired from the managemeht of the finances, he Tuul pybliflied his Compte rendue au Roi, in which France was repr^fented as l^olSviSng a clear furplus of four hundred and twenty-five thoufand pounds fter. ling. This performance had been read with avidity, and had been confidered as an aera in the hiltory of France. The credit of this llatement was ably vin. dicated by moniieur de Brienne, archbiHiop of Thouloufe, and by the count de Mirabeau, a ftill niore formidable enemy to Calonne. His eloquence, however, might have fuccefsfully vindicated his fyilem and reputation againft the calculations of Brienne, and inve6^ives of Mirabeau ; but the genius of the comptroller-general funk under the influence of the three great bodies of the nation. The graijd and effential objeft of reform was to equalize the public burthens, and, by rendering the taxes general, to diminifli the load of (the lower and moit ufeful clafTes of the people. The ancient nobility and the dergy had ever been free from all public afTeifment ; the crouds of new r.obleiTe, who had purchafed their patents^ were by that fhameful cuftom (exempted, both themfelves and their poft'erity, from contributing proportion- ably to the expences of the ftate ; the magiftracies likewife throughout the kingdom enjoyed their fhare of exemptiens ; fo that the whole weight of the taxes fell on thofe who are lead able to bear them. Thi^s the nobility, the clergy, and the magiftracy, were united againft the miniiler, and the event was fuch as might be expe£):ed. The intrigues of thofe three bodies raifed againit him fo loud a clamour, that finding it impof- fible to flem the torrent, monfieur de Calonne not only refigned his place en the 1 2th of April, but foon after retired to England from the ftorm of perfecution. The notables proceeded in their inquiries, and it was now fuggefled that an afTembly of the flate (hould be called, as the notables were not competent *to impofe a new tax. As the deliberations of the notables were not carried on in fecret, this propofal was inftantly circulated through the capital, and fuppofed to be a new difcovery. The notables were foon after diffolved, without having accompliflied any thing except the juftification of M. Necker. Tht flamp aA, however, was eftablifhed, and a bed of juftice was held by 'the king on the 5th of Auguft, 1787, at which the parhament of Paris was obliged to attend, and the ediA was regiftered, notwithftanding their proteft to the contrary. But the parliament, though defeated, were far from fub- g dued: on the day after the king had held his bed of juftice, they entered a formal proteil againll the concemon that had been extorted from them. ^ Painful as every appearance of violence muft have proved to the mild \ i^fpofition of Lewis, he could not confent to furrender, without aflrugglt, /" that authority which had been fo long exercifed by his predeceffors. Since "the comm«icement of the prefent difcontents, the capital had been gradually Ailed with"fconfiderable bodies of troops ; and about a week after the par- liament had entered the proteft, an officer of the French guards, with a party of foldiers, went at break of day to the houfe of each individual mem> ber, to fignify to" him the king's command, that he fhould immediately ?get into his carriage, andproceed^Troyes,acity of Champagne, about feventy miles from Pans, without wrinhg or fpcaking' to any perlon out of his own hnnCe Rpfore hia denarture. Thefe orders were ferved at the fame initant, ywcre acquainted with the tranfatiion, the parliament were already on the ro^ to the fcene of their banifhmcqt. oa R mortgaging : finances, he repr^fented as d pounds fter< en confidered was ably vin- by tlie count Lis eloquence, itation againft genius of tlie . bodies of the ize the public le load of ithe aility and the Touds of new imeful cuftom ig proportion* broughout the whole weight n. This the 1 the minifter, igues of thofe ding it impof- ;ned his place I the ftorm of ■ . ■ 1., fuggefted that not competent :re not carried le capital, and fter diffolved, ication of M. e was held by It of Paris was g their proteft "ar from fub« ley entered a them, to the mild jut aftrugglt, effors. Since jeen gradually after the par- lards, with a dividual mem> ediately fget about feventy ut of his own fame irmant, mfadion, the lent. clared tSar incapacity to regifter a.takf.the only expedient* that oSavditfelf to th»Archbifhop was that of a loan. . In order to ,give this edid the aut]^ r!ty of a law without the voluntary participation of parliament hi; derUed th» mode of a teance royaUt where the cdiAs were at laft regiftered. The . duke of Orleans in prefenoe of the king protefted againft the legdUty of the proceeding, for which he with four others were baniihed. ; Tl^ kbg at the fame time feat for the joumals of the parliament and by his dire&on the refolution of tile evening of ^ iMvt.teanfe rpyale was erafed. The banifli- ment of the duke of Orleans and the other four members ejccited gpreat da' jnours-, and a memorial was prefented to .the king by. the peers demahding their reed, which wasi agreed to,, and the prohibition of their attendance was in a fliort time taken off. . Meanwhile the oppofition of the provincial parliaments continued vrlthomt. the fmalleft interruption. That of Bourdeaux, which., as a puninuneot for its refi-adory.difpoiitions had been exiled to Liboucne difcovered np inclina* tion to retract, and one of their earlieft concerns after their tranflatioii was to vote a remonftrancei the obje£l. of which was tojuftify their proceedings. The parliaments .of Grenoble and Rennes adopted the fentiments of 'their brethren of Bourdeaux. In fliort a darmg fpirit of innovation roufed and kept alive by writings- of every. de{cri|>tion w'lich iffued in great suoibers from the prefs, ha4 ^ffufed itfelf thnough all ranks, and rendered, them iinK patient of the neceifary reftraint df legal government ; many of the officeia in the army who had recently ferved in America yrere deeply tipAured with the theoretical and deftru^ive priticiples, which afterwiitds int^lyed theic country in anarchy, bloodflied, and ruin. ' '.' .. .. ' . Un(|ler thefe impreffions an arret was iflued in Auguft fixing the meetiiig^ of the States-gtaeral to the firft.of May the ^nfuing year.; and every ..fte|> was taken to fecure the favourable opinion of the public during tbeiintervsil; New arrangemerits took place in' the adminiftration ; and Mr Necker, who had long been the idol of the people, was again introduced into the mana^- ment of the finances ; the torture* which by a former ediA had heen relbld- ed in part was now entirely aboliflied ; every perfdn accufed was albwed the afliftance of-vounfel, and permitted to avau himfelf of any point of I^V.ir and it was defcreed, that in future fentence of death ihould not be paflc^ on" any perfdn, unlefs the party accufed (hould 'be pronounced guilty by. a ma- jority at leaft of three judges, i The eyes of all Europe were now turnecl on the States-general) but the inontent of that aflembly's meeting was hx from aufpicious ^ the. mipds of the French had long been agitated by various rumours j the unanimity tbbt had been expe£ied n-om the different orders of the ilates, was extinguiflied by the jarring pretenfions of each ; and their mutual jealoufies were attribute ed by the fuTpicifNiS of the peoiple to the intrigues of the couit, who wett^ fuppofed already to tepent of the .hallT aiTent which had been e'lKtdrted frortt them. A dearth that pervaded the kmgdom increafed the gen(;rsd^||^ntent and the people preiTed by hunger, and inflamed^y refentment, v^eMMMar a revolt. The fovereign,. alfd, equally impatient of the obftacles be i ly encountered, could not conceal his chagrin ; while the influence' t^d^B igueen in the cabinet was againeftablifhed, "id was attended with the imoie' iiftedUmi^alofMuiNeckar, who received a letter from the king rearing 4i6 ^ r R A N C E. hitn to ''quit this kmj^m in 34 hoi)n. Iluit minifticT took the route of Braiuds on tfii fblloiwiiig day, When his d^trture was made pubb'c. ~ The ^ity of Paris was thrown into^eep conftematiota by Mr Neckar's re. tfttit. jfttstxift and t^at of tbk duke of OilMns were drcfied in SioumiD? Slid can^iinl ihroiigh the ftreets. The Roral Allemand, a German regi< nient, broke in pieces the bafts Tmd difjtterfed the populace. The mob being ^ iolned by the French vuards aflkolted the military on all fides, and compel- led the (tmtfaiik, ove^wered by numbiers, and unfnp|K>rted by the reft of the army to r^ire» All order w^s now at an end, ahd as ntght approachtd, an liniverfal ter- ror diifufed itfelf through the city. Bands of robbers i^ere colleAing ; and ' from them tir from the foreign foMiery a general pillage was expcAed. The celebrated fortrefs of the BaftiUis was an objed of much jealoufy to , the Parlfians. At iio'dock in the morning, M. de ia Roiiere at the bead of a numerous deputation, waited upon M. de Launay the governor, who promifed^ along with the officers of hisgarrifon, that they would not fire upon the city unlets they Ihould be attacked. But a report was fpread through Paris, that M. de Liaunay had in a fhort thereafter, admitted into the fortrefs a multitude of perfons unarmed and then treacheroufly maflacred them.. This report propagated for the purpofe of inflaming the multitude, was not duly in itfelf highly improbable, but has be^n fince proved utterly fiilfe and unfounded. Its effed howevJer Wasfuch as might naturally be expeAed; a Hidden refolu- Clon was adopted of attacking the Baftfle ; in imm|;nfe ahd furious multitude tdhid itito its outer, *and foon forced their way into its inner courts, where they received and returned a fevere fire for the fpace of an hour. After many Jtroofs of the moft daring intrepidity by tkofe who headed the aflault, the brtrefs was carried. Thofe who had the merit of the exploit fa ved M. de X^unay from being immediately 'torn in pieces by the multitude who pour- ed in firbm'allquarters, and conduced him with danger anddifficulty to the Hotel de Ville, but were unable to prevent his being mailaCred by the cowardly rabble which furrotinded it, t&id who had no. part in the taking of the Ballile. M. de Lofme, his Major, a perfon diftinguilfaed for his hu- manity to the prifoners, was at the fame time a victim to the undrftingiiifhing * fury of thofe wretches. Their thirtt of blbod was fo great, that although the marquis de BSlleport, who had been confilned five years in the BaftiTe, roihed among tKetn and proclaimed the humahity of M. de Lqfme to him- felf and other prifoners, he was not lillened to, but infulted and wounded, and efcaped not without difficulty with his life. . M. de Flefrelles, ihe Prevot de March'ands, of a charaftcr lefs popular, but who feems to have tMtea guilty of. nothing, which candour could have thought a proof bf gmltf in- ^ curred the fame fete, and the heads of all tliree being fixed uppn pikes were "' earned Uy thofe favages in triumph through the ftreets. Meanwhile the king was kept ignbrant of thefe tumuljcs, until at midnight "the duke de Lianconrt forced nis way into his apartment, and told him of the revolt ofliis capital, of his army, and of the furrender of the Baftille. Early the next morning^he went to thealTemblyi where he was received with the ngft profbmrd filence ; fome of the deputies were lio doubt affe£led with fei\tidtents of humanity and coiinpaffion at the fight of fallen majefty, when ^dr king appeared among them in a ftyle fo different from that in which they had been accuftomed to 'iiew nim ; when without pomp, almoft :> lu-. \:.i^_.A j_r. a )&. ..W^iJ .••%««>««*A.*A.1 Ik* aiirttrcd them in the moft conciliatory terms| profdfing his forrow for the dii. he route cif lie. - Mec'kai's re- in mourning erman regi- B mob beinjg ind compel- y the reft of iniverfal ter- t&iag ; and Sted. 1 jealoufy to at the bead vemor, who luld not fire vras fpread dmitted into fly mafiacred e multitude, •ovcd utterly idden refolu- U8 multitude burts, where After many ; aflault, the faved M. de e who pour- iculty to the :red by the 1 the taking d'for his hu- iftirtgiiifliing at although the Baftfle, fme to him- nd wounded, the Prcvot :o have b«ea of guilt, in- n pikes >cre at midnight d him of the liUc. Early ed with the iffefted with ijefty, when lat in which omp, almoft irrow for the FRANCE; 4n iihrim^ in Bvii, hin rcgai^d f«r tl^^j^ffw^y. *i\A«Drttre4 them that the jr<- ports oifty ckfigP op their peribnal Ifberty wer? (^umnious. "Hf; ended by dedtuinguiajt he b«d, ordered, the troops* which h99 given fo mivsln^ffence to remove from the aeighbovirhood of the caj)ita^ This 4i£courle was not heard to an end witjiout interruptk>n. The emotipn it prodiwcd waa too powerful for the fteri] naaj^ims of the cold phUofophy the Fren^ jtoliticisns h^d adopted, and the h^U refounded with fttouts of ap plaufe. \yhen the' kin? withdrew, all the deputies followed, and forming A refpe&ful Hng aroufd his perCon, attended hi^ to.thie palace.' in the balcony of whi<:h the queen appeared with the Dauphin in her arms,\rhile the mufic played the pathetjjC air of Ou peut-^p etre mieux gu'au/tin defafamille. On the foUowing day the king declared his refqlution to vifit the. city of ' Paris in perfon* Accordingly that monarch, who never wanted perfonal courage, however he might want that commanding firmnefs which perilous times requirci left Verfi^es on the morning of r' e 1 7th of Julj, with only one carriage, befides that in which he was. bimfelt. He was attended by th« Dukes of ViUeroy and Vilquier, the ^arfhal Beauveau, the Count d'EUvng, and one or two other perfons of the court. The militia of Verfailles accomr panied' (he carriages to Sev6, where they were met by M. de la Fayette, at the bead of a ^a^ge body of national guards ; a party of cavalry headed the proceffion from Sev6, followed by the French guards with their cannon { a de- putation of the National aflembly in their robes alfo attended, and were fok lowed by the Parifian National Guards. The prppeiCon was flow and to the kifig would be mpre gloomy th^t he no more heard the ancient cry ol Five k Rot ! whereas tli^t of Five la Nation J was inceflantly fcreamed from all fides. That this did not happen by accident was evident ; fojr men were heard ad- roonifliing the people not to cry Five le Roi ! There are many reaibns for beh'eving that the king's journey to Paris and his reception ihere were planned by a few, whQ had influence in the committee at Pario as well as in the aflem- bly, with 9 view to ftrike him with terror, and bend his fpirit to an acquies- cence in their future pro)e£b. It is not therefore furprifing that he loolced p^e, melancholy, and with difquietude. He was met at the barrier by t)^e Mayor, wl^ prefenting him with the keys of the city informed him that they' were the-identical keys which h^d been prefented to. Henry IV. obfervipg at the fame time, in language more quaint than flattering, that Henry bad re-conquered his people, whereas in t'te prefent inftance the people had re- conquered their king. He told the king alfo, what he might otherwife not have believed, that this wss a very glorious day for the French monarchy, and added, what might have occurred to him without being told, that it was 9, day, which it was not lik^y his majeily would foi'get. Whatever the king's' thoughts were, hefaid nothing. Finding himfelf equally embarraffed to an- fwer all the fine fpeeches which were addrefled to' him on his arrival at the Hotelide Ville, his majefty obferved nearly the fame iilence there. M. Bailly, * the mafybr» having prefented the national cockade to him, he appeared at the window with it attached to his hat j the populace in the fquare Ihouted ; the cry of Five le Roi! was then heard for the ftrft time that day, and refounded through the ftreets as the king returned from the town-houfe to Verfailles, where he was expelled with fearful .inquietude by the queen and all his family. ' ' The members .of the new adminiftratlon which had been fo fuddenly and imprudently formed, fsnfible of the quick tranfiiions to which the French populace ;ire Itablci and by 00 means certain that they would be fatiafied with ; • ' 3 P » . th<;v 41* F R A K G ^. thfir wfignttion, refolted to withdraw from the kiftgdom. The count d»Arto» with his family, the princes of Cond^ and Conti, with many of the nobih'ty did the fanrc. M. Fouloti, who in the formation of the hite minifti-y had been plaoed in the war-department as an afliftant to M. tie Broglio, was not fo fortunate as to efcape out of France. Senf'ble of the people's prtjndicc agiinft him, he kept hinofelf concealed, and caUf-o the report of hisdeath'ta be fpread abroad^' He was difcovered by the pciixnts, while hi was under hiding at a country-houfe near PaVis. Soiftie of the enemies of tliik uiihappy man had circidated the incredible ftory, that he'haid of»eri declared, that if he ihould ever be miniftcr, he would make the people live cfl hay. The fureft way of gaining the belief of the populace is.to fpeak to theif paiuons. Thi« Hbfu^d expreiuon was repeated by every mouth, and it kindled the mofe refent- mfcnt in the breads of thti rabble'at this period, becaufe many of them adtually experiehced hunger at the fame tim6.' • . The cruelties which theie peafants, and fome of the populace at Paris, committed on M. Foulon and his fon in law M; Berthier, in fpite of alt. the efforts qf the' mayor of Paris and the comn^ander of ihe national guards to pr^tent them, arc Ihocking to humanity, and disgufting to narriitc/ Tliey were hanged at- a lamp iron by the enraged multitude and their head* were carried round on' poles. The populace were thus habituated to blood and murder;, they, were, even taught by pop\ilar fongs to glory in fuch actions, and particularly, by jthe well- known fong of Ca fVa. The vindi^ive diiipdAtion-' and excefles of the Parifian populace were to be regretted not anily ok account of their eSi&» at Paris, but alfo on ac^ count of the example (hereby given (o the loWer orders, and particularly the tenants of land, -ai^d the pealaflky^ all over France, among whom great dtforders continued aft^ffomc^ appeatance 6f regularity had taken place in the capitaL Accounts came:i'rom all <|uarter8, that the fpirit of revolt feem- cd to increafe inftead of dimioiihinj^in^the provinces ; that to a refufal of paying taxes and rents many initadcea j^*yiUaging, robbery, and houfebreak- ing, were added ; that the nobility t(^A|^'cukF were expofed to thefe de< Eredations { that many exoited grett emulation. The virtue* of felf-ide* nial and patriotifm became fo precious in the eyei of fome who had never bc< fere feemed' t' put any great value on them, that hardly any facrifice wat thought too dear for the purchafe of even tlie reputation - pofleffing theni. Some of the nobles, however, were provoked at certain facrifices which a£> fefted themfclvei, more than the propofers, and in revenge they moved for different facrffices which afFe^led the others more than themfelws i and it n faid, to the heat raifed by this coUifion of emulation, pAtriotifm j^nd revenge, the hei\t and expanfion produced by wihe were added ; fo- that oil ttie whole more was obtained for the republicans at this one fitting after dinner, than the mod fanguine of the party could have expend -in many days. The clergy bad hitherto remained aftoniflted and fdent fpe€^ator8 of a fcf ne fo awful and unexpe£i:ed ; and a motion having been made to put an end to thi meeting, the prefident was proceeding accordingly, when fuddenly he made a paufe, and reproached himfelf for want of attention in being aboutt «< prematurely to clofe the meeting before anj of the venerable body of the clergy, ever fympathifing with thediftrefies of the people, had declared their fentimcnts on fo interelling a fubjcA." There was no evading this, apoftrophe. The bifliops of Nancy and Chartres fpoke in the name of their brethren. The firft not only approved of a motion which had been made, that the feudal ri^ts, and all other jurif- didioi>3 of lords of manors eftablifhed in the lame manner ihould be abolifhed ; but he propofed befides, that the price of the ranfom of ecclefiafticnl feudali- ties (hould be applied to the relief of the poorer part of ^he ecclefnftical body, and not to the profit of the aCluai, incumbent. The bifhop of Chartres after infilling on the injuftice of the game laws, moved the abolition ii>f them and all the pretended rights of the chace. To clofe the whole the duke dc Liancourt propofed that a folemn Te Deum fliould be performed, that a medal Ihould be ftruck in commemoration of the events of that night ; and that the title of R'estorer of Gallic Liberty ihould be beftowed^ Vpon the reigning monarch. ' Thus did the French nobility with the mod unexampled levity and folly, without reflcAion, without hetinng- and weighing the arguments which might have been advanced on the oppofite fide, by acclamation abolifli privi> leges eftablifhed by ancient ufage, and handed down to them by a lang line of anccltora. That they were not opprcffive wc do not mecn to affirm ; but furely the condufl of the national aflembly in that important, night re- fembled rather a conventicle of furious zealots than a legiflative aiferably of fober and rational men met together for the piupofe of deliberating on the affairs of a great nation ; moreover all thde laws voted in this romantic man- were not fo likely to do real good, or to promote lading concord be^ ncr. tween the rich and the poor, as one bill to remove one^ grievance, voted ac- cording to the flow forms of our ads of parliament, aft^ a full difcufiion and a fair hearing of the arguments on both fides. ' Meanwhile that delicate and important queiUon, " whether the king^ould poffcfs an aliolute negative or veto, a f^fpenfive w/o, or no veto at all," which was (hortly after ^agitated, operated like a touchftone for trying the fentiments of every perfon, and the alTcmfcly, confiding of 1200, was now fcen to ar>? iange itfelf into two violent contending factions. The one party accufed the other of a de|gn to excite . infurreSfons ; and the charge was retortedt by circulgting ^ report that a plot for coriv«}'ing the king to Metz was al- ready ripe for execution. Upon the circulation of this report, the French g.uards began to wiih to be redcred to their ancient eipploymeat of attendU '- ■'■■ ^'ti ,-t ". ■.. ^ ' ■'- ,. H. ' 4^ » R A N e 1. The l^» pcvfon* for the purpofc of preventing anv atUmpt ei! thit naturr. ie popiiUr party fiw the advaniages they vould derive fron placing the •fleinbly an4 the king ii^ the midft <^that turbulent metropolis, upon the at. tachment of which they could moft fecurejy depend. . Every encouragement mu tbcttfore gi^cn by the leaders of the dcntucrallc party to the projeA of cftabUflting the court at ?ariv An incident foon occurred, which ftrred them' for a pretence to accompliih their wicked views, aud which others at> t«aft>tcd< to turn to more heinous, purpofes. The count d'j^ftaing, who had the command of the national guards at VciiaiUes, having previwufly ^nfulted the, municipality, and reprciented tbe neceffity of prt)t«Aing the national Hflembly, and tntr^perfon of the king froiQ ai^ attempt agajnft them, required that a thoufand troops of the Uqc fliould h« quartered at VerfaiUes fur that purpofe. The regiment of Flanders, Minfiiling of-a tho.ufand men, were in confequence ordered to Verlaillei. When they arrived, the officers tog;;iher with thufe of the national jfuardi, were invited to an entertainment by the Gardes du' Corps. The enter, taiwnent was given in the opera.houfe belonging to the palace. The. gucfti amounted to 240 and all the boxes were full of fpcdaturs. Towards the cn4 of tbe entertainment, the queen having feen from a window the gaiety which prevailed among the military, requcited the king who was juft ' retvurned froin hunting, to vifit them dongwith herfelf andthc dauphin, and ' fevcrnlbdiioa apd gmtlemeq of the court< Tltis unexpected vifit to a company, ifhpfe hearts were already elated with gaiety and warmed with wine, could not (ail tO' kindle in theic minds the mou enthuiiaftic fpirit of loyalty. The health of their beloved and amiable prince, with thofe of all the royal family, was drank with acclamations of joy and with drawn fwords. After walk. ing through the hall, the royal party bowed with politenefs to-the company wndfctircd l the mufic ftruck up the favourite air of Richard, non rpi, fmiuvirtCaianJontttt " O Richard. O my king, the world abandons thee." Sur^y they who could have beheld with indifference this ^nder and afTed* ing fcene, mud have been ftrangely hardened by the cold and blood-tbirfty philoiophy df the French politicians ; in the breafts of the prefent generoui and-loyal company, it excited the mod lively fenfau'ons of attachment ts their fovereign, and of fympathy for his fufferings. They threw open the gqtes of the hall for thp grerAdiers of the two corps, whq, having drank the healths of the Royal Family, hurried with jovial enthufiafm tcr pafs tbe hight in dancing beneath the windows of the palace. Thefe events were next day reported at Paris, exaggerated aftd mifrepre- fented for the worft of purpofes, by the leaders of the democratic party, wht refolvied to fpirit up the people to an infurred^ion. 3y means of thefe mifreprefentations, together with confiderable fums diftributed among tbe figents of infurreftion, of whom there were at this time abundance in Paris, ^ numerous band of women, and men difguifed- in women's, cloths, armed uith pikes and other weapons, aflembled on the morning of the 5th of Prober, in the fquare of the Hotel de Ville, and were calling aloud for iirmB and bread • Tliey refolved to proceed inftantly to demand bread from the king and from the National afiembly *. A depu- * La Faretie oprofed them in vsis ; for bit foldiers reiafei} to a6) >g» oft theoi. Vyoa th(i, one Staaifiatu MaiUard, who Had difting«i(h«d hitofcK at the lakiag ot the Biiftile, •ffered himielf at a leader of the iDiurKcnts; he act ont for Vartaillet aliout noon with at Btm-h order at csUld be cxpefled from luch an affemUige. When hs' approached Ver- ' t*uil««, wiib hi* tumuUaout troop, he arranged tham in tbree divMioni, acd pctiiuacltd them to behave ,«Ub soipc appearance of order. tatien were crowi very jnftan king, and he Judged railed witli part of his without r< fpcnt in pe ■ow broug All was when diffei /. *-. , N C E •^1 thi» mturr. placing the upon the at« ouragement >e projcA of rhicb ferred :h other* at* tl guards at rciented the le king from e line (hould of Flanden, o Verlaillei. onal |;uardi, The enter- The.guefti IVwardi the w the gaiety lo wa» juA lauphin, and ) a company, ne, could not lyalty. The royal family, After walk. the company tl, non rpi, ndons thee." r and aifed* }lood-thirfty ent geueroui ttachment ta ew open the ng drank the to* paf» the md mifrepre- Ic party, wh» aiis of thefe d among the ice in Paris, oths, armed the 5th of ig aloud for to demand A depU" ftthewi. I'pn ot the B4ft>le, It ooon «ith ii iprotcbed Ver- and pcttuadtd tatien ntten \^ jtift ^^ dtfened to wait upon the king and to reqndl him to ^jv« a putie and fiittpte fanAioh to the ar|icte« of the dedaratidn df right* aim the eonftitation which h«d tieen already prefcnted to him 1 InKt before the memb^ were appointed, the ihrft tumultaon* band that had Uh Pari*, conduced by Mailbifd, arrived at Verfailk«. A detachment df die moft furious of the Poidhrdes belonging to it marched dire£Uy to the- Nil- tional Aflemblv, and were on the point of forcing the guard* at the |pite| when the Afleinbly /^(£w/^ decreed, that they (hould be admitted. As they began tneir remonftrances altogether, k was a eonfiderable tifnie before it could b« diftinguifhed that the grievance they chiefly infifted on w«a want of bread. The prefident declared, that the AITembly was juft going to deliberate on the fpeedieft means of phicurin^ it, and added, tbat the kdies might withdraw. Initead of taking this hmt, the ladies feated themfelvtfs without ceremony or the benches With the deputies. Nor did they liften to the debates withfilenoe, but took a degree of intereil in tbtfm which fai^ have been embarrafling to all, tind peculurly to to the orators, whofe dif; eourfe they difapproved. •* Speak, Deputy !" "^y. called to one 1. " KoM «your tongue, Deputy!" to another. Som*.tlme*, inftead of Deputy, they addreiTcd the fpeakecs whom they did not relifh by appellations too vile to be mentioneid. • ' In confequence oC the decree which had pftfled before the arri«*al of - the Poiflarde* M. Mounter and fifteen deputies went out of the hall. They Wefe again to addref* the king to give a nmple alTent, to the articles prefented to lum. As foon as the Poiflardes underllood this, -a nuoiber of them inflfted^ «n accompanying the pt:efident to the king. M. Mounier, with fome dif* ficulty prevailed on them to lim't their number to fix. The deputation of the National AiTembly with their new aiTociates, walked under a heavy flioWer of rain between two rows of an intermingled multitude of armed meu and women, from the hall of the aiTcmbly to the palace. When they ar- rived at the gate, a band of PoiiTardes who followed, inftead of adhering to the treaty, infiited that twelve of their number fliould eater th'e king's ^ait- ment with the prefident. This new requifition was complied with, as it mu'ft. have been had they infiited upon a hundred Thepreiidei^t being introduce ed, with the deputation from the AiTembly , and the twelve r^refentative* •f the PoiiTarde army, addreiTed the king on the deplorable fcarcity of pro- vifions, and the ctufufion refulting from it in the capital. His majefty re- plied in the fdme ftyle, lamenting the diftrelTes of the poor in fuch pathetic terms as charmed the PoiiTardes, and they withdrew in full confidence that his majefty would do all in his power to remedy the evil of which they complamed. . , ••'' Meanwhile Fayette arrived with hit) army about ic^ o'clock at nijght, aftd' found the AiTembly in a very unpleafant fituation. Their hall and gallerie* were crowded by the Parifian ppiiTardes and others of the mob, who at that very inilant interrupted their debates. ' La Fayette having waited upon the king, and informed him of the proceedings of the ddy, planted guards where, he judged neceflary ; and after a fcanty banquet had been prepared, he prc- railed with the Affembly to clofe their fitting for that night. Iji this Jail part of his conduct la Fayette i as been much cenfured^ and probably not without reafon ; for it could fcarccly be expedled that the night would be fpent in: peace by the immenfe aficmblage of turbulent chara^rs, that were ■ow brought together. ^ All was quiet till about fix in the moriiing of the 6ih. of October 1789 ; when different groups of the rabble of .botU fexca," who had left Paris the ♦«» FRANCE. preceding day, tnd had been fpc.i linr the ni^ht in driuklng, met near lUe plUce. ft was propofcd b} >om >f thu united band ot rufRani to attack the Oardct du Curpi, who Wk.refewr 'n number. Thiiwas no fooner propofed than executed. Without meeting with ftnjr rcfiilauce from the national mih'tia <^ Verfailles, thofe wretches rufhed furinufl/ acrofs the courts, crvinj; •* Tue* les Gardes du Corps j point de quarticr •." Two of thofe gallant men were murdered, othen wounded and driven within the pabce. One {>arty of thefe demons, with horrid threats and imprecations, attempted to brce their way into the apartments of the queen, who had lain down to indulge nature in a few hours of refpite, and troubled melancholy rcpofe. She was ftartled from her deep by the voice of M. dc Miomandre the fcn< linel at her door, who cried to her to fave herfelf by flight, that this \vai the lad proof of fidelity he could give. He oppofed however the entrance oflthe alTailants with heroic gallantry^ntil he fell covered with honourable wounds. A band of cruel ruiTians and aflaflink, reeking with his blood, rulhed into the chamber of the queen, and pierced with a hundred ftrokes of bayonets and poniards the bed, from whence thin perfecuted Woman bad but ju(l time to fly almoft naked, and tlu jugh ways unknown to her murderers had efcaped to feek refuge at the feet of a king and hufband, not fecure of his own life fot a mon i^. He on his part had at the firll alarm haflened to the Chiecn'j cliamber by another paiTage ; and fome of the attendants, anxious for the life of the Dauphin, had run and fetched him from the children's apj^rtmen^ ; and when the king retuined to his own chamber, he found the young prince in the ^rms of his mother. kAs JToon as M. Mounier heard of ihefe tranfadlions, he haftened to the ational Aflembly, and made a propofal which was fupported by other d;. putivs, that the National Aifembly (hould be immediately transferred to the grand faloon of the palace, that they might at once aiull his Majefty with their pdvice, ,and contribute to His protection at fuch an alarmm'g crifis. But Mir^beau oppofed it as ** unbecoming their dignity, as even unwife to ** defert their poft, when real or imaginary ! dangers feem to threaten the • ** public." M. Mounier aflerts that the joy of fome members of the Nationd Aifembly was indecently apparent, M. Bailly calling this an *' aufpicious day." The king's mind was greatly affeAed with the death of the g-uards who had fallen in his defence, and notwithftanding all the aAirances of M. La Fayette, was making continual enquiries refpeding the body 'guards; and his anxiety carried him fo far at tail, that he appeared at the balcony, afTuriog the crowd below, that th^y had been unjuAly accufed, and even intereceding in their favour. Some . of the nopulace calling out *or the Queen, (he appeared at the b'ali^un^ with the Dauphto. and the Princefs Royal at her fide. No tyrant giddy with the plenitude of power, ever puflied the wantonnef* «f defputifm to a more difgulling length than the wretches who filled the 4:ourt8 below. Inftead of being mtved at thi-; mark of condefcenflon, fome of the barbarians called out *♦ No children." No conilru£tion could 'x put upon fuch an exclamation, at fuch a moment* but that it was thought that th^ Queen had brought the cliildren as a proteAion to herfelf, and that the wretches intended to fire at her, when they wej-e removed. It wasmoft natural for the Queen to think fo, becaufe flie had been frequently told that their curfes and tKieais had been particularly direfled againlt^her. Unmoved ' Kiii ue body>guard( ; oo quarter. FRANCE. Jfii hj this reflexion, (he Ynide the children withdraw, and loftantty turning t6 the multitude (he (loud alone upright and undaunted. Struck with mi- miration of her majeftic appearance and intrepid behaviour, the moft bar* baroui for a moment forgot their rancour, and joined io the repeated (houti of applaufe that burll from all quarterft, in the midil of which the quten re- tired. Some time after (he had difajppeared, thofe who had dircAed the movementt of the multitude, refumed the great objed of this expedition. Vuicci were heard exclaiming the ** king to Pari*." The voice* multi- plied every moment, and at lall the crits of "To Paris ! To Parip," were univerfal. After thefatisues and agonies of fuch a night, the Ro]^al Fa- mily were much in need of an interval of Kpofe i but they were deftmed tit undergo fome very painful hours before they obtained it. They had| how- ever, no choice left. It would not have been, perhaps, pollible lo favc their lives had the king refufed. They left Verfailles after one o'clock, which was announced by a rolief from the troops. The company of the hundred Swifs fi)rrounded the king's coach ; a troop of dragoons prec« ed, anJ another impi^diatcly fpQowed it. The Panrian national guards had begun their march a (hort time lufore. Various bands of the Poi(rardes were intermingled with all the dif- Rrent corps of this ftrange army ; fume featcd on waggon^ ornamented with green boughs, and white, red, and blue ribbons ; fome aftride upon the eaimois many on horfeback ; generally two on the fame horfe, with tb^ hats of the body guards on their heads, the belts acrofs their (hoUlders, and armed with fabres ; rending the air every inftant with th^ir favage (hout^ and the chorufes of their vile fongs. In the middle of one band of thpK fanguinary ha^s, two men catried long pikes, on the poinds of which were the heads of the murdered Gardcs^du-Corps. At certain diftanccs the whole procefllon was made to halt, for the purpofe of luring freih volleyn and that the foldiens might be refre(hed with wine and a little reft On (hefe occaftons the Poiffardes on the carriages and on horfeback defcended and joined hands in horrid dances around the blood- hoaJ . that were fixed on the pikes. What rendered the fcene complete ' .locking was the prcfence of the Gardes du Corps, who had been faved hy the grenadiers, and were now inarched in triumph, difarmed, in fight of Uu heads of their murdered com- panions. Thefe fcches were repeated at iatervals during a (low journey of twelve miles, ^ich lafted from a little after one till feven in the evening* about which time the Royal Family amvcd at Paris. . The town wai illuminated, and the evening fpent ia triumph by the vile populace of Paris. Such were the tranfaftions of the 6th of Oftober, I7?^9, a day which ^ " feemed to blot the fun out of heaven." Such, were the horrors which Airrounded the Royal Family^ fuch the alarm, terror, and difmay, which they fiiffcred from bands of midnight rufRans thirfting for their blood, fuch were the dangers which the execrable Mirabeau could call imaginary j fuch was this proceiBon and triumph which fome in Britain could cpmpare to the entrance into the world of the Prince of Peace. Th^ national alTembly immediately after their removal to Paris, procecd- ■cd in the arduous attempt of forming a free coolHtution for a great empire. The abhe Sieyes prefcnted a plan for dividing the kuigdom into 83 depart- ments, oCabqut ^24 fquare leagues, and of each department into fpvcral dif- trids, and each d'illrifl was rubdivide4 into cantons of four f<|uare leagues in cxtept. Thtw the vhole of the anctent divifions of the kiogdom into go- vi'i-nments, generalities «nd bouicwlcka* vvj^ ia an inftant obu'terated. At , the fame time another meflilWc was brought iotmti', for wickedncfi andbar« 3^ , iMttitr 4% r ii A N c B. '■■\^M'. t baritj worthy of the inlUffators of the French Revohition. Thi« wu t^e coiiMc atJotf of. the whole of the lands belonging to the church for fup. plying the exigencies of the ftate. When the terrors of this tremendous proCcrip|;toh hung over the clergy, they made an offer of a contribution* tbrougn 1^^ archbifliop of Aix, which for its extravagance ought not to have been accepted. " Why was it not accepted" (fays an elegant writer,) «*^The reafon is phin — There was no defire that tnc church ihould be '"^brilught to ferve the ftate. The fervicc of the ftate was made a pretext to **' defeoy the church. In their way to the deftrudion of the church, they •*,' would not fcruplc to deftroy their country : and they have deftroyed it." This nefarious and extenfive plan of robbery was propofed by the bifhop of Autun (the infamous Talleyrand) who had been promoted to the bench in a moft irregular manner to ferve this very purpofe. . The mode in which this property wras to be expended was by ifTuing affignments (^q/Jignatt) up. on it, which affignments were to be received by th? ftate for tne payment of taxes, or for the purchafe of church-lands, wh«R-£et up for fale. On the day {following that on which this plan of robbery was adopted, a decree was pafied, fufpcnding the parliaments from the exerciie of their ftmAions. On the ijth of Februaiy, monaftic eftabliihments were fuppreflled and their lands contif. cated. AU thefe decrees were at once "cruel, unjuft and tyrannical ; the| ' reduced a great number of men from the height of opulence to the depths \jof poverty, and turned out thofe, accuftomed to a life of retirement andfe- cluaoD, naked and deftitute to the wide world. Meanwhile the fyftem of the rights of man had begun to operate In thjt Weft India iflands. There the whites contended with thofe caUed people of (nlour. Thefe again fometimes ftood in oppofition to the free negroes, or to the (laves ; and hence it fometimes happened that no lefs than three hoftile afiemblies were Iield at the fame time in the fame colony and raged with in. reterate fury. Each party found proteAors in the national aifembly of the -parent ftate. Thofe who favoured or oppofcd the exiftence of diftinflioni at home, in general followed out the iame principle with regard to the « colonies. At tijis time there was feme appearance of a rupture between Great Bri- tain and Spain, and the minlfter laid before the national affembly, the pre- parations r, hich the king thought expedient, and the precautions lie had ta- ken on that occafion. This information gave rife to various difcuflions, and •t'laft brought on a debate on the important queftion, into whofe hands the nation ought to entruft the power of making war or peace. One party was for placing it in the hands of the king and the other in the hands of the 'national aflfembly . They were obliged, however, to acquiefce in a kind of middle plan, propofed by Alexander Lameth, which was decreed in the following words, " The right of declaring war and concluding peace belongs •• to the nation : war cannot be decided on but by a decree of the legiflative *( body, in confequence of a formal and neceffary propofition made to them •' by the king, which muft be afterwards fandlioned by him." On the 19th of June a very Angular farce was a£led in tha affembly. A PrufFian refugee, who called himfelf Anachavfis Clouts, on an evening fit- "ting, introduced to the affembly a number of perfons dreffed it* the habits of all the different countries that could be thought oi^ In a formal harangue he \fM the alTcmbly, that he was come as the OrMr of the Human race, at ♦!n» VtfztA e*f th'' reorefentatives of al! nationSs to confratulat* th^m rpnr«^fpntativ<"ii nf all nntlnhs. tn nnnnrratnlaf^ --X--7 — -- » ■•"' — — •^•-»— •». — - — -J — their new conftitiition. He wai^anfwered by the prefident with abundance dflalemQity. aad retirei with m oi«tley group. This faAtaftlcal piece of ■ ■. ^.y--^-- — , , --;s. -, ..^vy ^ . ^^ fl,Ily, : . ■ * '^^ '■"/'■■■■•: -v'"-''^' ■-' f diiUndlioni iman race, at -'F R A N C E. 4^ URf, wlucK by rational beings would have been treated M pvitkBij, tiAk^ lous and abfurd, was treated by the aflembljr in a very feriot^ li^ht. Sboft- ly afterwards Alexander Lameth propofed, that the figures of the different nations exhibited at the feet of Louis XIV. ftiould be deftroyed as aln'in- fult upon mankind. Little good can be expefled frdm men, who, forget- ^ ting the important ilation which thoy fiU, ipend their time in fuch empty and futiU declamations. Happy had it been for mankind if they had never been more infulted or injured by the French Revolution than they were by this harmlefs " monument of tyranny.*' With aview,tQ.imprefsthe revolution on the minds of the people, a great public ceremony had been in preparation for fome time. On this occafion the king, the national affembly and the people, were to take an oath to maintain the caufe of liberty and the conilitutipn of which the chief article's were already known. The 14th of July, 1790, on account eeie£led from their benefices, and fufTer other penalties. ••'This perfecuting decree is evidently dilated by that fpirit of impiety, that furious and fanatical malignity to the Chriftlan Religion, which has been a leading principle in the French revolution. Their hatred to the clergy is (vident by this and by many other a6l:s of odious tyranny. Not content with defpoOing them of what lawfully belonged to them they now prepare to perfecute thofe whom they had already opprelFed, and whom they had reduced . from opulence to poverty. Lewis XVI. had always been of a pious turn of mind ; the condant ap- prelienfion, the troubles and dangers with which he and his family weiv fur- rounded, would naturally tend to ftrengthen thofe imprefllons, and make him turn his eyes to that future life where wretched man is at bil freed front woe, to that land of peace where gncf and trouble (hall never more annoy. In this difpoiltion of mind the perfecution of the clergy would be very difagreeable to the king. It was even faid that thofe who had refufed to take the oaths de- creed by the national afTembly Were received with greater figns of cordiality than the others. This conduct was exceedingly natural in the king. Befides thofe fentiments of compaiTion which generoii&sriinds feel for the unfortunate, he would eileem them as men who had given up all that they pofiefled rather than forfake their religion. The king had formed the dcfign of palling the Eafl.er holidays at St. Cloud. He wiflied to be fomewhat removed from the nolfe and tumult o'f the capital, while he was engaged in the duties of religion. The monarch's intentions Were no fooner known, than rumours were Iprcad with great aflldulty, tlfet he wiihed to go to St. Cloud that he might have the facrament admlnilltred by unconftitutional priefts, and that he might arrange matters for withdrawing to a greater dlilance from the capital, and raifmg a civil war ; or perhaps in theview of leaving the kingdom, and nirring up his brother kluga lu make war agaln/l France. Particular pains were taken to infufe thefe notions into JiHiC national guards. Great numbers of the populace crowded |b the Caioulel l... ' aud -:*■'•£; . . ». A. 4 .>Vi .f-1 FRANCE. m le tabic of tht- ; an unlverf^ , beginning t» m of Five la nding up, the jrethren 5 and rhen the king ;ar the throne, the oath. A cfouncled with i ended a cere- til extenfive aft eyplution, were ry fury by the nan (huuld take ind to maintain :d the ccclefiaf- ced i but in or- ards the clergy, ftices. It was ;our alltlTer^he the oaih {hould of impiety, that hich has been a the clergy is lot content with now prepare to hey had reduced :he conftant ap. famify were fur- and make him freed from woe, annoy. In this eaten tracks, xt 10 and 11 ;d every per- arts and wag- lute from the the ville hautt^ :ady for them, lat there were expefted for threatened t* to obtain in. dkcd for fume perfon would ch in heed of J e without the the poftillioni irch-way near" rriages, feized ley were con. The king ity, but to n» es of the huf. nd the tocfia as yet abfo- nily, went t* begged that h the judge nto the cham* w his eyes oa lat it was un' this, thought th great emo- ouudcd in the this province erty and quiet eing murdered Idrcfsby con* g his efcape. Paris, taking 1 :a.-»- .lie iadgiiuai.c, aid tfii who heard her, to fave the iives of their king and his children by •(lifting them to efcape f?r that tnifery and ruin awaited them a^ tho: capital. ^ ^ . ' . '. They were inflexible ; their hearts were hardened againft all the intreatic* of this unfortunate princefs ; and the royal family were obliged to fet out, gauged by a numeipus band of national guards, and accompanied by the municipal officers of Varennes. As the fad proceOion moTcd through Paris to the Tuilleries, the ftreets were crowded with the populace ; fome of whom taking off their hats as the royal Family approached, the infulting ordert that no perfon (hould uncover himfelf, w;u heard and obeyed* On the feat of the king's carriage, the three g...'de8 du Corps, who had aAed as couqers* «ere teated with their arms bound t and the carriage was followed by an open cabriolet, in which Drouet was placed, crowned with laureL When the unfortunate family of France arrived at the Tuilleries, the gardens were full. Some were prefent who had the feelings of men. Turning with fud- den emotion from the light of the king and queen, their eyes fell on the duke of Orleans ; who in a circle of deputies, at a fmall dillanoe feemed to be a gay fpeftator of the melancholy fcene. As the faithful g^rdes-diL* corps were untied from the coach-box, they were threatened w' being, in- ftantly torn iii pieces by the favage fi'ry of the populace. The royal family were again lodged in the Tuilleries under the reiponfibility of M. dc Fayette. Several tents were pitched in the garden, and all the avenues were, •ccupied by national guards under hit command, f ''^' -'"^ Meanwhile, the queftion whether the king was fubje£l to trial or puniflh ment, was under difcuf&Oi. all over France, but particularly in the capital. The fquares and public gardens were tilled with groupes of people, to whom certain well known orators harangued againft the condudt of the National AiTembly, who had decreed that the king fhould not be farther quelUoned, refpeAijig what was pafled, and that the conllit^tion (hould be accomplifh" ed as was at (irft intended. Roberfpierre cuming out of the hall found the llreet filled with thofe groups ; who fpreading around the patriot as foon as they oblerved him. " Alas ! my friends,'* he was heard to fay, •* all " is ruined ; the king is to be rcftored." This was repeated all over Parisy as an unanswerable proof that the AiTembly were traitors, and the country undone. The multitude afterwards refoited to the Champ de Mars, with a feditious declaration or petition, of which many copies were made, and the people invited to fign it on the altar of confederation, which (till flood in that Held. When the National Afl'embly heard of thofe proceedings* they ordered the municipal officers of Paris to their bar, and directed them to take meafures for dilperling thefe tumultuous afl'embL'cs, and punifliing their promoters. The firft meafure which the municipality adopted was to ifTue a procla- aiatiou, importing, *' that as it was difcovcrcd that flrangers paid by the enemies of France to fow IcJition and to promote infurreftion had drawn aumbers to afTemble uurer the pretei)';e of ligning a petition, but with the real intention of overawing thelegiflature, and ruining the nation, orders had been given to the commander of the National guards to difperfe all groups in the ftreets, or aiTenibUngs in the fields and to fcize the dilobcdicnt and •arry them to prifon." As to ftrangers paid by the enemies of France in order to excite difturbanccb it was an idle and ridiculous talc. Such accufa- lions are often nrociaimed bv tliofe who knn by tliouf wh'.) know tlieii' ialfdicod, n\ ordci render the nicafures againlt which the procramation is iflued'tjie mpre un lO .)i^.'ii*;4 ■■':*-9.f!«.W*«i -v^/i W»^> 'jf jjf5*^'iio-^. popular. ■ ,;;v;r5: ^ }>,.;Sr: :^ .**. j.-^- ■ " s ■,--f •' 47© F R A N C E. ]M>i^lar. •5fe« prochmati'on had little effeft. Vaft nnmbert crowded to the Cmmtp ^. Man to fign the declaration. T- perfoni' weft nuirderrd Ujpon an unfounded report that they had coiUi . .tf to Mow up all the pa- trwta mate and female vAto were upon the altar. When the ipunicipality heard of thofeworders, thejr gave orders that M. La Fajrette fhojtdd direftly wturdi at the head of a fumcient number of national gijanis, indufe effectual means |o feize tfig murderers wid difpcrfe the infurgents. Martial law at Ac famtl iw ' was formally proclaimed ) and a red flag was ^fphyed from a winAow of the town-hppfe. When thefe troops arnved at the Champ 4e ■Mars, they found ft crowded by a ^furious midtitude, Avtio, inftcad of dilpeff. tng, tnfbked^ troops with repeated exclamations ; ?* Down with the red ** ftig J'' awsy vrhUi the bayonets,** and even, by throwing jlones. M. BaiHy, the mayor defired the troops to halt ; and after the formalities which the law reqttired, M. La Fayette ordered part, of them 'to fire over the heads of the mob. When they perceived that none were wounded, it confirmed as exceeds all the power of bnguage or conception, adequately to difplay i all has fprun^ from the powerful energy of ^hfcfe roif- chievous principles which gave rife to the revolution and have ever fioce direded all its movements. I'he fecond alTembly met on the i ft. of 0£lober 1 791 , compofed mollly bfinenwith.no pretenfion to knowledge, atheiftical fanatics, virho weredeter- qiined, if poC^le, to cfFeA the total abolition of monarchy and to eradicate every trace of. religion from the rninds of the people of France. The pro- moters of the late infurre^ion, inilead of being purfued with vigour, and brought to. trial, were allowed to appear again in the capital, and fome of them were chofen members of the fflembly { particularly BriiFotr who in « a (hoit time became the centre of that circle, fo well known under the nam6 0^ Gironde. By their enufiaries rumours of new plots and confpiracies, oF an Auftrian committee within the palace, and other tal^s equally faifcj were propagated and infmuated in the journals fuppofed to be under the diredion of leading men nf the party. The king's charadler was gro&ly tpifrepr^nted, and new fources of calumny were opened againft the queen. To that fpecies of flander to which female beauty is moil expofed, others were adde4 of a more important nature, in which the independence and free- dom of the nation were deeply concerned. The decrees pronounced againll the king's brothes| had not entirely fatisfied the Jacobins, who governed the majority of the alTeipbly, by their influence and threats ; their rancour required another violent decree againft the emigrants, and the aiTembly fatisiied them in this poitit by ifTuing one» which not only exceeded its powers, but was tvaji, cpntlNjryHo the fpirit of the conftitution. This was fo evident, that after tf'VniikuUe difcuflion, the king's minifters unanimoufly advifed him to refufe hJfnanAion. But as the king had never yet employed this prerogative,* :the minifters were of opinion, that to prevent its having a bad effe£l on the public, and likewii^ that it niight ftrike the aflembly with fome degree of a^|| itvwould be pru- dent to give to this meafure an iinufual de^ee of^^emr.ity, by ordering the refufal of the fau&ion, to b« carried to the ancmbly in the fom) of i' royal mefTage, by all the minifters ; whofe pr^(e»pc would mark their unaiii- 3 R ^ meut 4St FRANCE. moM tgreem^nt. The i ath. of November beins; the diy fitcd for the mtt. fn^^dfitK: krafg all the mtniAera met Kt the houte of the Garde At Seeatui^ tmi they tnif^ln ^u together to the Bifeiably, before they firt out. The Gthnk iia Seeanx odled for and chunk two large glafles of wcter, M. Bettrand mi- nitter tyf the marine aiked Kim if he #as ill. *< No, anfvered he, it is only a precaution I take every time I ^o to the afTembly. The blood bbib ia my veins when 1 hear tfaefe hlkovn fpeak { and if I did not take fomething ' to coal myfrtf, I (hould get into a paflion, and be apt to teH ihietn diliigfee* able truths." ** I hope" replied Bertrand, « all this water wifl only tttodAvte the pat fionsi without we^ening thofe truths you have to tell them be they agreeable or not." ** Fear not," replied he. The appearance m ^t the minTfters with a meflage froih the king) the firft the aOemibly had ever received and of-whtch the object was entirelytmknown, . ckcited a general and profound (tlcnce in the hall and in the tribunes. , Thtt of the tribttnes could only be imputed to cnriofity ; but in the filence of the affeffilbly there was at lead as much imealinefs .8 furprise. The Garde dn Sceaux began by l&yiing npon the tabfe the different decrees whidi the Idhighad f»ndioned, lamong which there were two or three which the aflem> My .had expelled with a good-d^al of imfpatieiiice. He terminated thefirft p'Snrt of his miffion by informing the aflentbly, ^at \Ctth te^ft to the de* 'dttt tigiinft the emigtants .the khtg tuotild txamiru it ; Which fitfnified, in conilitutional language, that the decree was refufed. He.chen drew from .his podcet the paper whidh contained the difceurfe. Unluckily the vrater operated, at that moment, with fa much violence diat his colour forfook' biifn, his'hands trembled, and his voice failed hini -ifo much that he cotdd hard. ly read. And what was ftill more unlucky, the 'firft phraf*, iflfftead ofre< hthtg to the fubjeft of the mefTage, mentioned the fefufid tX the fandioa. ^ He was ntit permUted to proceed farther. A gene^-al mUrmur anofe. AH tile deputies l^oke "at once. Every one infifted ^lpcn being heard, but no IHence was' to b r obtained. They al' vocifcronfly exckiimed, " M. Le "Preddctttf we canmt liftento this mcffage." *• This meiTage is unconfti- tutional.** •* It is the motives for ehifing the fanAton." •• Call the rtrinifterof juftlce to order.*' M. .Le Prefident, the conftitution— " "M. Le Prefident fdlow me to make a motion of order." This tumult Med feVen or eight roimrtes. The minlfter waited the iffuc of it ftanding. At length the prefident put it to the vote, whether they fhotild hear the toet j^gc ot pats to the order of the day. The Garde des Sceaux, entirely dif- concerted by this tumultuous fcene, fat down v itti .be other miniilf rs, git* ihg up all hopes of /being heard. To prevent fuch s&i unexpefted and un- feitunatc termination to the bufmefs, M. Bertrand aiked leave to fpeak. He role, and faid that he novfr had nothing to fay -j but had he been heard before the lail motion was carried, he (Itould have informed the aifembly, that the object of the king's meilage was to acquaint them- with the new raeafures adopted by hi» majelly for ftopping the emigration. This renew 'd the tuiriult ; one party infirting on hearing the meflage, and recalling e dccref j'.'ft; proncipnoed ; the other exdaiming for its execution. But ' "'rC-era remaining paiTrve, and the Garde des 'Seeaux, who ought to \ti. ■ , rcprefented to the alTcmbly, that they had no right, by the conftitu- , tion, to refufe to heai^y meflage from the king, being fUent, the ordir of I fte day W23 adopted. ^ ,VJ.'V 'pbt kgiflativc afembly manifeftcd f« greiit a difpofiti^in.^ put an un£i- » teurahjc F R A K E. 4^ ^foorrtk oenftraAton on the king't tneiiurcs thtk he WM cxuUbotly o* bf* |uard» had the coaftitution alwayt before hi* ercsi and Seldom prqpofcd aor ' f>lan to kMtniniften or adopted any one pvopoled hj thcm» without preyiouf- y examining whetber or not k wai ftri^Uy oortformaUe to it» and if tKcre were doufata on that head» he geiicraUy rejcAed the mcaiAire. ' Tbii attiaor. tion rendered it diCcolt &r the king's enemies to i?nd what they looked for, any matter of accnfiitionibunded on his having infringed the conftittf tion. An attempt was made to put that conftra£)tu>n on his having 'made ufeof the veto. It was peeuliarly unfortunate .that at this peridd there Ihoald extft a mifiindM^anding among fome of the rainiilry, which termioat* cdin the entire diflblutioR of this adminiftration. ' When tthia etent took pkce, the king was advifed hy. M. Cahier de Ger* v))ie to form an adminillratkia of a popular nature^ as the confequence of acquiring the confidence of the nation. Dumourier was appointed miuiftpr ibr foreign affins, Roland was named minifter for the interior, and Claview; Bih''^r of contribution. This has been generally ealled the Jacobin ad? muiftnition. ' Id the difordered flate of the country it is natural tou'maginc that war woidd have been an additional evil, and avoided with the utmoit care. It was not, however, viewed in that h'ght by- the Jacobins, but nuhei;/s for- warding their favourite objeft t on the loth. of April, therefore, the king, compeUed by this Jaeobin adminiftration, went to the aiflcmbly and propufed thst war ihpuld be declared againft the king of Hungary and Bohemia. The propofidwas heard with untverfal applaufe, and decreed by the affeHibly with umnittity. The popularity which the king acquired by this declav». tion of war ahmned the Jacobins fomuoh, that they thought it neceQary to ittrive a tal^ which had formerly been circulated, and had afterwards been Hi- credited, namely thata ibciety of perfbns chofen by the queen frequently met itf the apartments of Madame dc Lamballe, on purpofe to concert meafuresto affiil the emperor in his invafion of France, and t» feud occafional in(^jrttdiions how to proceeiii This was ' called the Auftrrn committee; ani it wa* inagiaedlhat it would raile a greater indignatiim, and oo that very account be morre eagerly bdieved, now when the emperor was at war with ErancCf than formerly. The journala therefore began again to be filled with the accounts of this dreadful committee ; harangues agaioft it were made nightly in the Jacobin club, and it became the diief theme of the orators in the Pa* lais RoyaL w?i,,y - In the nMan time .an occurrence happened, which produced an extraor* dinary fermentation in the minds of th** oeople and .ven of ^e deputies ; of which advantage being taken by tLw king's f4i<^iaies, it bad au effeCl with which it mfght naturally have been thought to nave no conne£Uon. A large edition df the memoirs of Madame de la Motte had been bought loug be- fore by the dire£lion of government, and was lacked up in a room of M. U Port's houfe in the Louvre. He was at that time inteodant of the civil lift, and from the hucry of affairs had negle£ied to deftroy this work until the 30th. of May 1792, when he made them be carefully packed up in a couple of waggons, and carried to the msau&flory of Seves, where they wen burned; during the execution of thia, as the fpe£bitors were pre- vented firamfatisfying the curiofity which they expreffed to examine what: the piles of paper were, which they beheld in this myfteriops manner com< mitted to the mmcs, ivvtk oS them concluded that they could be no oth/Ot than the regifters of the famous Auftrian committee of which they had he«rd (• nmdi, . but of whofe extftence no trace had cvec been difcov<»:d before. 3R 2 : ^ Thia 4t4 FRANCE. Thil fifMcloui htftrencc wa< no fooner m«d«f Uian th« ncwA wit (ptitui, thut tK« record* of the horrid Auftrian rommittce hud been bnrncii nt Bevcti itnd within • few hntiri^ the ftrvet or«ior« of I'nrii repeated to the grout>» nflcm- bkd ill th«j>ublic pUoeithe contenti of fome of thofe bloody trcurcfn, which tb#y pretended to havr kirnrd from nrrfnni who hud reud tlum, in fpit« of the ONre tnken to prevent it. Thole who had ever expirflVd a doulit nf the cxdUnce of an Auftrtan rumniittee were treated an mifcriwntt. 'i'lie new* waa Lruught to the national aflembly, ^vhcir it excited rlie moil violent •gitaiion anti Seat t in the midil of which a memlnr who \vatclif«1 uii oppoi- tunity for Obtaining a decree aj^ainft the conilitutitmHl tronpn thotight llie pr( icnt rage agninlt the court would nnfwri thr piirpttlc n* well aauny accufa* tion againlt the troop* thcmlrlvcn. He iHrrct'ore ))ro]>orfd that ilivy fliotild be immediately reduceii* and that the duke dc Briiinc their conunandcr, wlm iii all prohnbdity wa* a member of the Aullrian comnuttec, And uoiTtbly ffu privy to the hunting of the rc'v-ord* Oi<'<'ld he fent prii'uaorto Orjemm, The next day the moft convincing evidence waa givent that the paper* burn- ed at Seve* were the memoirs of Ma-.iamc dc lu Muitc, and that no oiIiq- paper or record of any kind had been deilrovcd on Ihnt ocration. < But tlicru rtimour* had produced the effcd* their i'uhrii .itora wiihcdt and the cticih continued after the falfehood and infamy of the author* were made manifclt. The conftitutional houfehold troop* were not rc'Ctlablilhed | and new four- tic* of calumny againli the king aud queen were opened with more efficacy than ever. The aflrcmblv, whofe ufurpation* increafed a* the king** power* of ttfif- Uince were weaVened, pafTed two moft atrociou* decree* in the beginning of June 179a. The tirtt vat fur the banilhment of the priell* wiho had rciufcd to take the oath 1 and the fecond wa* for the formation of a camp of 20,000 wen tn the environ* of Pari*, to confift of volunteer* from every department of the kingdom. It wa* very well known, that thofe volunteer* would every where he chofcn by the Jacobin*, whofe power was univcrfally felt, and had ' impieifcd fuch general teiror a* gave them uomplete fway in every ekd\ion ) fo that thi* army muft of coiirfe have been made up of their crcatuyet, the moil feditiou* and defperate villain* in the kingdom. The king fltewed the utmoll ' repugnance to fanftion either of their decree*, in fpitc of the threatening in* timation* he daily received from hi* minilter* Holland, Claviere and Servan. At that time a quarrel fubfifted betwixt thefe minifter* and their colleagues, who. Jacobin* a* they were, fcemcd touched with the king'* misfortunes, and always behaved to him with refpe£t. They were ihockcd with the coiidudlof ' RoUand, Claviere, and Servan, and determined to take this opportunity to get them difmilTed. i)umourier, with the approbation of his ci)llcague* Duranth- on nnd I.1 Cofte undertook to propoK- three new miniftcra to the kin;^. Hi* mujcily accepted the propofal with the joy of'« perfun who feel* himfelf fudaenly relieved from a neavy load under which he i* ready to fink. On the rejenion of their decree*, the Jacobins hallened to bring forward an infurreAion which they had previouUy planned. On the 20th. of June an ttnmenfe multitude colle^ed round the palace and garden of the Tuilleriet. ^ At four o'dock in the afternoon the mob amounted to about 40,000, and the gates of the Tuillcrieg were thrown open to them. At the moment of their entrance the royal family were at dinner, and on their attempting to break open the door of the apartment where the king was, he rofe to prevent the guards from making rcnftance, and faid calmly, M I will go to eh«>n, I vrSi prevent them from breaking the door.',' On fhe iiiftant that it opened, a pike which ha4 been thruil againft H to force it open, Would Imve killed the % king <•( FRANCE.. 4»| WH (prani, that A Nt tkvo( I mid r ((^ruun* kflcm. trrorcln, wliith t tl)rm» in fi)ite rflVd n doubt nf tfcivHnta. The rhs muil viulent tciteil tttt oupoii- p« thought the ii ntuny accufft- hat ihcy (liotild onunitmlci', wlm ^c, fcnd uoflibljr uAar Uf Orlenni. the paper* hunt- d thiit no othg- mn, < But tlicfu tiid the tSeiit niadv mBtiifett. ) mid new four- th more efficacy powers of tcfif- lie beginning of wiho hid rviufcd cimp of 20,000 f dcpirtmcnt uf cd to the palace, and the multitude continued to collect. Had tltiVRj||ye- ttiaioeUin the pfdacc he might have rqscUed the infurrcAion of t|«t ik^dlay ; f it 4l< FRANCE. kutjitvuig ffj to foUoJtttioni, perhaps perfidious, unqucAioQably aiifcttunate, he fought an iuVlum in the ball of the national aflcmbljr, anioag thofe.who were }>repBruig a priloo, chains, and death for him and his family. ^ The iuurj^ntB amounted to about xo,ooo men. Thejr were drawn up in tolerable or^r by Wefterman a Prulfian, and had about 30 pieces of cannon along with them. The gentlemen within the king's palace were now difplrit* cd and knew not what part to aA. The coriimandcr o^ the Swifs M. Affrj w«9 abfimt and the captains knew not what to do. About nine o'clock tKc outer gates were forced open ; and the infurgents formed theiir line in front of thr >4Uce. A bloody combat commenced between the Marfeillois and the 6wif#. AU of them that could be found in the paUce were maflacred by thefc brtatal ruffi^na, c^en while iniploring quarter on their knees. Others cfcaped ihto the city and vert proteaed by individuals. Of this brave regiment only 300 furvived ) but every human bfing even the lowed fecvants in the palace were put to death. Tbft Swifs taken prifoners in various quarters were coiv duAcd to the door of the aflembly, and taken by a decree under the protec- tion of the (late. The fufpenfion of the royal authority was now decreed, and the nation was invited, to eled^ a Convention to determine the nature uf its futtire government. V Meanwhile the combined armies of Audria and Pruflia had entered France. The duke of Brunfwick's armv was above 50,000 ftrong. General Clairfait bad joined him with i;,ooo Auftriana, and a confidcrable body of Hefltans, along with 20,000 French emigrants ; amounting in all to 90,000 men. At firft their progrefs into France was very rapid. Longwy furrendered after ■ fiege of fifteen hours, although ftrongly fortified. Verdun was next fum> tnoned ; ami tbe*governor being compelled by the municipality to furrender^ fliot hinafelf dead with a piftol in preftfnce of the council, and .on xd. of Sep> tember the Prufliant entered the town. -'- The newa of this fecond capture, and of the approach of the PruiBans fpiead an inftant alarm through Paris. The common council, which was now led. by Roberfpierre, Danton, Marat and olher fangtitnary munilen, ortkrc|i^ toe aburm guns to be fired and the populace to be fummuned ta mce^ia the diamp de Mars to enroll thcrafelves to, march againft the enemy. -The people afiembled, and a number of the emidaries of the Jacobins, ex< claimed that the domeftic foes of the nation ought to be dcilroyed befor< its foreign enemies were attacked. ' Parties of thofe bloody rdfians proceeded immediately to the prifons where the Swils officers, nonjuring clergy, and thofe confined fince the lotb of Auguft on account of pra^ices againft the ftatc, were detained in cuftody. They took out the priGuners one by one, gave them a kind of mock-trial by « jury of themfelves, acquitted fome few and murdered by far the greater number. Thefe maflacres lafted for two days, and upwards of 1000 perfont were put to death. Such fcenes of bloodlhed took place in Paieis as mud for ever render the tyrants of France execrable and odious. In the dungeon of la Force was confined the beautiful and accomplifhed Princefs de Lam- ballcv the friend and consent of the queen. This unfortunate lady was in bed, when ihc was fununoned to appear before a kind of tribunal in the court of the prifon. The perfon who carried the meOage, however, told her that it wns intended to carry her to the Abbaye. j^he faid, fince ihe mud be ke^ in ^ifon, (he was as well plcafed /with that fhe was in as another ; and hieing a Cttle indifpoCnri; wi&ed tc ;;£&sain in bed. She wms then, told that (he mud get op diiefUy to appear be;fore the tribunal.' She beggefl of f^fie tfbo bfOU|[I|t tfaaa fecond mcmi^ who were ti^o men io the uniform •fnaiional They did tended ju< cufation a was lib po Ike was CO bodies that a bludgieoi was then fe bv fome of aRer a ferie the (breets. the exprefs ihofc wretc A(t«r mur< (ttisfied wit aiuft wring The adv formidable j enabled to geocral Kd teen hours, other pofitic tbii movcmt pafs of Bie: (ibila<:ic to Paris ; and make the ':ii fifty miles, feifun laid more deftru< tune the rive pcd arid the want of wh Charapaigne to prupote « formed as t< duke of Bra fbrtrefs he l followed by mediatety e praclaimed t The Rep ksd been dc and about t1 received wit fruits of Frt "Hiey were ^rations w Prankfprt f with the H( before the ei |pncdM(» :fM. FRANCE. 4«7 •f national guards to r^ire till (he wai drefled, and flte would attend them^ They did fo, and within n few minutet (he wa« conduced before thofe pre- tended judget ; it it faid they wiihed to draw from her fomc nratter of ac« cufation agrintt the- queen. In this they were difappointcd | but aa there wu poiitive charge againft herfetf, (he wai ordered to be removed. Aa (he was cunduAed out oF the prifon, ftupefied with \twror at the mangled bodies that layaround her, (he received from behind a blow oa the head with a l)iudgi:on which produced intlantly a violent cfTufion of Mood ( her head was then fevered from her body br a fabre. The lifelefs corpfe waa dragged, by fonie of the wretches who nocked around, into an adjoining court, where ■Her a feries of indignities not to be related, it was trailed by the mob through the ftreets. The head being (iyed on a pike, was carried to the Tempi* uir the exprefs purpofe of (hocking the queen. The degree of rancour which ihofe wretches difplayed againft the queen was as violent as it was nnacoountable. Alter murdering her friend merely becyufe (he was her friend, tbey ane not (atisfied with letting her know that the affliAing event had taken place but aiuft wring her heart with the moft cruel of all fpedacles. The advances of the combined armies were in the mean time rapid and feraiidable { it was not till the aoth of September that the French were enabled to ft6p the progrefs of their victorious adverfaries. On that day general Kettcrman fcitatncd an attack from the duke of Brunfwick for four- teen hours, and retained his poft till lo o'clock at night, and then took an- other pofition to the right of the Pruffiant, who fufi«red him quietly to t< ake thii movement, though it was not completed tiU the next morning. The pafs of Biefme which general Dillon had feited proved an infarmountable obilacle to' the Duke of Brunfwick's penetrating by the neareft route to Paris ; and finding it impoifible to diflodge the French, he determined to make the ':ircuit of the fereft by Varenues and Gmnd Pr6, a circuit of about fifty miles. The leneth. of this march with the great inclemency of the feifon laid the foiindation of that fatal difeafe, which mftcrwardis proved more deftruAive than the fwords of the French. To complete this misfor- tune the rivers were fo fwoUen that their fujmlies were alincft entirely ftcm- ped aiid the combined army was aAually without bread for four days, we want of which the foldiers endeavoured to fupply by the unripe grapes of Champaigne. Such were the diftrefses which induced the duke of Brunfwick to propole on armiftice to the French general. Various conjedures have be«u formed as to the motives of this convention. One thing is certain that tu duke of Brunfwick (hortly afterwards began to retreat, and gave up evc./ ibrtrefs he had taken. Verdun furrendered oh the 1 2th. of O&x. and waa followed by Longwy which capitulated on the ltd. The Ffuflkm army im- mediately evacuated the territories of France and ihr' country was (o) .ioaly proclaimed to be no longer in danger. The Republican arms were. at prefent viftorious in every quarter. War had been declared againft the king of Sardinia on the i6th. of September, and about the zoth. Montefquieu entered the territories of Savoy ; he waa received with open arms by the inhabitants, who hatd not yet tafted th^ fruits of French liberty, and in a (hort time he fubdued the whole country. They were no Icfs fucccfsfiil in the circle of the Upper Rhine, where their •perations were -direAed by general Cuftinc. Spires, Worms, Mcnlz, and TVatikfprt fuccelfively furtrendered to them. By the unioii of ttkc Pruffiana with the Hefliahs and Auftrians, howcvef, a check was put upon his career before the end of .the campaign. On the 2d. of December the Prulffian!sap» {onnedbtifore Frankfort} the gates of v^ch were opened to them by Tome of a^.- 4S8 FRANCE, F the populfce and the French were expelled. " After the furrender of the city a fmart «£lion took place between tl)e two armies ; the French maintatA< ed their ground from one o'clock till three, when they retired to a wood, whence they were able to annoy their adveifaries and keep them in check. Wemuft now turn to the civil tranfad^ions uf France which at this period are peculiarly interefting. One of the laft adls of the legiflative aflembly fliows a moll abominable profligacy of mind. This ud was to legalize adultery or authorize a community of women. The ordinary tribunals were enabled by a law to pronounce a fentencciof divorce between any married couple, not only on mutual agreement, but on the application of either party, al- ledging fimply as ii caufe incompatibility of humour w chara^er. The female children were direAed by this decree, to be entirely confided to the care of the mother, as well as the males to *he age of feven years, when they wei'e again to be recommitted to the fuperintendance of the father. On the 20th of September the, convention met ; it was compofed of the re- 'fuf; '" the conftituent aflembly, Roberfpierre and Petion and other blood- thin; rufSans being re chofen on this occafion. The infamous Paine wa» invitet! from England to reprefent one department ; and a Prufllan of the ofGloots, a wretched maniac, whom the humanity of this country name would have charitably provided with a cell in. Bcthlem, was chofen to re«. prefent another. The department of Paris was iird in infamy upon this as un every other occafion. There the p: jftitu^ed duke of Orleans was united with the infrimous incendiary and affafiin Marat, with the painter David, and with Legendre, the butcher. A£ior3, news-writers, and men from almoil the loweft ranks and .Nations, were mingled with the degraded remnants of the ci*devant noblefle, and with fuch of the clergy as had fufficienf laxity of principle to difavow their engagements with the head of their church. On the firft day of their meeting Collot d'Herbois, who had formerly been on the ftage, afcended the tribtine ajid prcpof^dthe eternal abolition of royalty in France. It was iii va^n that M. Bazii-e snd other members intreated the con- volition to proceed with more dignity and deliberation on fo important a quemon. The abolition of royalty was votcJ by acclamation and the houfe adjourned. Meflages were fent to all parts of France intimating the decree, and by the influence of the Jacobins they were every where received wLh ap- plaufe. It was next day decreed that all public adis fliould ba dated by the 'year of the French Republic, and all citizens were declared eligible to the vacant offices and places. Ip the courfc of tiie fucceeding fittings, the con- vention refalved, " that the French Repubh'c no longer acknowledges princes." The rage of republicanifm was carried at this period to an unexampled excefs of folly. With a moll contemptible puerility tl?c innocent titles of Monfieur and Madame were abolifiied and the aukward phrafeology of citizen was fub- ftituted in their ftead. The fudden diffolution of the judicial boards was a moil atrocious meafure and perfectly conformable to the principles upon which thefe anarchifts adted. The convention pafled new decrees aguinft the emigrants more cruel and fanguinary than what had been formerly pafled.. On the 9th. of Odlober it was decreed that all emigrants taken in arms ihould be put to death twenty-four hours after they had been declared guilty ' by a military committee ; and that all foreigners who had quitted the fer- -vice of France, and entered into that of the enemy (hould be confidered as armed emigrants.** Ahother decree ftill more bloody was pafled on \\ie 27th. by which thofe unfortunate exiles. wh« bad returr^dto their native fonntry, were ordered to depart in 24 hours and the penalty uf dcalji awarded againft thofe who fliould f».'l iuftantly to ober* There waira douUe motive for tbit ■He decree; •» . FRANC E. ^9 icvee ; the perfecution an4 opprefOon of thofe who by their xtuifortunea, are tioi in a fituation to refift, gratified the malignity, of their fansrulnary enemies, and the property of tpe emigrants, miydered or driven into cxUe, was an irrefiftible incentive to th^e needy adventurers of which the convention W9S (compofcd; i^aother, ^cci^c^^b .palTed about this time, called tn their vils. jargon .^he decree of/raternity, inviting all thofe who yviHied for liberty to rife in rebel- lion ^gainft their lawful governors, .and ordering, their generals to allift them i it was paiTad by. acclamation in the folio wii|ig terma, . ** The national con- vention declare, in the name of the Frendh nation,, that they will grant fipter- nity to ill thofe people, who wrifli to proqure liberty^ andthpy charge the cx- ^tive power to fend orders to the generals, to give aillftance to fuch people as have fuffered, and are i.ovr fuffering in th,e caufe of liberty." What toltt of liberty they meant jnay be eaiUy conjefiured from what had already hap^ jpened in France. .,.,,...„• . • / The allied armies, meanwhile, had continued to retire before their )|p£lonou8 enemies ever fince they had raifed the iiege of Lifle. The firft reiiftance whicU Dumourier experienced, vaa at the village of Boflu. Here the Auftrians hadl taken an excellent pofition but Were unable to withftand the impetuoiity of the enemy. They lo(i about i ;o men, and ^6p were taken prifoners. From Boflu Dumourier proceeded early next morning towards Mens, and foon canae in fight of the Auftrians, ftrongly piofted on, the heights of Gemappe. The French pafled the night within fight of their adverfaries. At feven in the morning of the (ixth of Novemberi a very h^avy cannonade^ commenced on both fides, and continued till teif without much effe£l on the part of the French ; at noon, therefore, the general dete.rtnined on .9 clofe auack,. The; number of the French who formed for this purpofe amounted to about oOjOOO^ and the Auftrians are computed to have been .upwards of 20,000. The re- doubts were, carried in a very (hort time. The cavalry of the Auftrians, however advancing at this crifi?, with, a view of flanking the French, the gene- ral difpatched a fon of the duke of Orleans to repel this attack and fupported him with a detachment of ch^fleurs nnd huilSrst At the fame time fome dif- order appearing in Bournonville's cavalry, general Dumotirier rallied them himfelf, and in the mean time the left wing, which confifted chiefly 9f the Belgian volunteei^, had obtatined pofTefHon of Gemappe, and the centre car- ried the fecond line of redoubts. After a fhort reflftance on the heights, the Auftrians, at about two o'clock retreated \vith the*uttnioft precipitation. and diforder to Mbns. The io{a of both parties in this engagement muft have! been great. That oT the Auftrians has been eftimated at nearly 4000 men» while that of the 'enemy amotinted only to looo. The vidtory of Gemappe was decifive as to the fate of the Netherlands. Mons immediately furrenderedy from whence Dumourier proceeded to J^rufTels* which he entered ori the i4th of November. _ ;.., . ^ -. . . /.;4rvV..^^:V."-■. '.^ '^«*i^^-''^^^^^^ While thefe affairs Were tranlafting, Toufnay, Malinesj Ghen'i, and Ant- werp, opened their gatitc to general Labourdonnaye. Louvain and Namur, after a faint refiftanceby the Auftrian general Beauheu, were taken by generat Valence; Oftend was entered by the French fleet on the 15th of I^ovember ; the (^adels of Antwerp and Namur refifted for a fliort time, but the former capitulated on the 28th of November to general Miranda, and the latter ort the 2d. of December to general Valence ; in a word the whole of the Auf- trian Netherlands, Luxemburgh only excepted, were fubjefted to the vI«orioua arms of France before the conclufion of the year. We now return t4 confidp; the ftate, condition and tranfa£lions of France ; VQ didiod^ daifit,. fdcn as were prior, and "fuch as were fubfequent to the conftitutio'n. The |\itility and injuilice of th« charges in the firft claft, were fongiaaifeft, that ■I. ■♦ 44* f R A N C 2. foMe eftn of tlie vileft nifSans in the convention, demanded thit they (Kout^ ImI expunged in law, and nullified by the amnefly implied in the proffer and teceptartCe of the conlUtution. But the convention, with its ufual difregard ilo etery thing hut its own will, rejcdled both thcfe remonftrances with a contemptuous filence. When the articles' of impeachment had been reait, ii long lift of frivolous and infidioas quettions, previoufly revifed by the coa- ventioip wa's put to the king by the prefident ; but all their arts to enfnarc this unhappy monarch were unfuccefsfpl ; for though the queftions propofed to him, were prepared by a committee for that pUrpofe, and afterwards re- confidered by the convention ; and though he was fuddenly led away amidd Shfult ard indignity, and without preparationto anfwer them on the mftant j ?'et fuch was bis conduft on this trying bccafibn, fuch the calm and majeu ic chara6ler of his deportment, fudi the readinefs and fagacity of his re- plies, and fuch the predominating proofs of his innocence, that feveralofhig moft virulent enemies were filled with alarm, left fuch 1 combination of affec- ting circumftances, (hbuld have at once recalled the fpirit of ancienl loyalty 'into the bofoms of his formtr fubjefts who heard and beheld him. After the examination was clofcd, the pjefident addrefling the king, faid/ " I "have no other queftions to propofe-^have yoU any thing nnwive to add in your defence." ** Idefire to have a copy of the accufation," replied the king, "and of the jpapers on Which it is founded.—-! alfo defire to Liave a (Jounfel of my own nomination." Barrerc informed him, tlmt his t.vo firft I'eqUefts wereatreadjr decreed, and that the determination r^fpe^ihg the oth^r would be made known to him in due time. The king immediately withdrew. A very violent debate now enfued in the convention ; ' wherein, to ufe the cxpreflion bf their prefident, the aflembly affumed the appearance of gladia- tors rather than of lawgivers ; it was howevei*, decreed, after a moft tumul- tuous fitting, that Louts fhbuld be indulged with a counfel for his defence. When he was informed of this decree, the king named Targot and Tron- chet, the former of whom declined the office, while fevcral perfons of dit tinguiflied talents and chara£tei', eagerly prefied forward to bt; employed iii thefervicL' of their degraded fovereigti, on the trying aild <^angerous occaGon. Of thefe he chofe M. de Lamoignon Malefherbcfs, Who at the age of feventy two had the courage to plead hiscaufe. in iht letter to the prefident of the convention, exprefllng this humane and noblfe d'efii'e, he (kys, "1 was once called to the councils of him, who was the* my matter, and at a time Vrhen fuch a function was an univerfal objedt of ambition ; I now owe him the fame fervice, when it is an office that in the opinion of many, is attend- ed with rifque and peril." Such 'was the inulftpliclty of papers to be cx- iimined in order to frame the king's defeftcc, that his coUnfel found it ioi- poffible W proceed with that dilpatch which the Convention expcded of them ) they accordingly applied for permiifion to deouind the afiiftance'of Mwde Seze ; and a third counfel was accordiiigly granted. ' ' f^a the 26th. of Dec«n\ber the king was conducted a fecond time to the bali^fthe convention, where he appe^^ed with the fame unembarraffed air ai t^Ntanifefteaon his firft examination ; and when the prefident informed hini :^t^ the convention bad appointed this llay for liearing his defence, he re- jj^VtA, with a firm voice: and undauiited afped. "•• My counfel (pointing to K. de Seze) is to fpeak for me.— Thc_^king then fat down. M..Male- ^erbes and M. Tnyichet took their feats oh each fide of their auguft client : tad M. de Seze began a moft mafterly and argumentative fpecch, which had (leen prepared by the united /kill| labour, and talents of tbefe able advocates. ■'■«•-■ W*^ w But ^m'' % ^ 1^ R A N C E. 491 But eloquence was lod upon thofe fanguinajy wretches, who were determined 9bove aU thinga to cffeft the inurdu ct this amiable prince. '*- ' From the report of the cominiinoners, who were appointed to do duty at the Temple we learn the following partjcu!at!8, which, though minut«» ferve \a illuftrattt the characEler of the king. The commifltoners having according to cullom drawn lota for their different poAs, that of the king's apartment fell to a M. Cubieres, who with another commiflioner, wae introduced, the king being then afleep. He rofe as ufual at feven, and took a book, which they afterwards found was a breviary ; breskiaft was brought at nine, but the king refufed to eat, bccaufe it was the fail of Le Ouatre Terns. He fperit fome time in prayer and afterwards alkcd Cubieres aHout the health of ha queen and fiiler. He walked mufin? through the room, and then railing his eyes to heaven, ''This day (faid he^ my daughter is fourteen years of , age." The unhapny prince repeated the fame expreilion after a piiufe» (luring which the tnrs flowed from his eyes and he was greatly agita ted. The convention, after having adjudged the king guilty,^ and voted again;^ the appel nominal, thereby conltituting themfelves accufers and judges, mpb on the 1 6th. to determine the punifhment. The fatal ceremony employed the whole day and ended in a fentence of death. The fentience after lubtrac* ting thofe who voted for death with certain r<;(lri6tion8, does not appear to have been carried by more than five votes. When the prefident had declar< ed the ftate of the fcrutiny, and that Louis XVI. was fentenced to fuffer death, his council were admitted to the bar, and M. de Seze immediately fpoke as follows : .!: ?^ '■*•*' ' " Citizens reprefentatives. The law and your own decree have entrafted to us th? facred ofBce of defending Louis ; and we now approach you with forrow, to perform the lait duty of our function. Louis has exprefsly charg* ^d us to read a letter figned by his own hand, and ihefc are the contents of it."—" I owe to my honour, I owe to my family, n©t to fubi'cribe to a fent- ence, which declares me guilty of a crime which my confcience difdains. . I therefoie appeal to the nation at large, from the fentence of its reprefentatives ; and, by thefc prefents, I empower my counfel, and charge them on Jiheir fidelity j to n)ake this appeal known to the national convention, by ail means in their power, and to demand that mention be made of it in the minutes of their fittmgs." " ' , ^-. , " Signed, Loais." MTUiJficze then implored the national convention to confider by what a fmall majority the puniihment of death was pronounced againlt Louis. " Du not afflid France, faid h<^ by a judgment thrt v/ill appear to her to be ter- rible, when it was carried by no inor« than iive votes." By the prcious queition, however, the convention reje^ed the appeal to the pts^le^ after a fitting of thirty fixjiours j 310 voices were then declared to be for a refpttc ©fthfe fentence and ^Soagainft L.- All hopes being now over, andft^s 'Atrocious murder being det^rmin^d en, the king, rcquclled that At fentcnce^ight be delayed for three days, iivpnl that he might be better .pffipared to appear in prefencc of hi* C&d, and that he (night be freely vifitcd hkMi ptrfpa, whom he (liould name, who would be quali- fied to aifill him in that l3ftmn aft of preparation. He then named M. Edge- iirorth de Ferroorjt, as the ecclcfiaftic whom he would ■.vi(h to fee, if that privilage fhouk} be granted tl him. At fix iivVne^ afternoon, Garet^-e- tumed to inforttt'the king that the convention had decreed him the p^wif- fion to receive * the perfon whom he named, and who now accompanied him. Six or feven of that court, called confeil de la eommuHeJcgM.jfii Temple » mm r R A N c J. )UMi accotftparJed the roiniftcr to i ic king's chamber. Thcv behired t« M. Edpcw /♦h, lot oaly without c< mpaifion, but they even fhewcd a fero- ciousjoy. ;;•'•;• luddy fearched all hi« pocketi, opened his fauflf- box to fe« whethci «iir! tiot contain poifuiit examined his pencil cafe on prct«:iice that it mighi 'c.itain a ftilctto. They then made him afcendtothcl^",: '5 apartment by a little narrow ftair, where feutincls wer« placed at fmali hitir, vals, tonic of them diunk, fweaWng and finging as if it had be ;u an alt. houle. The miniiler of jufticc"wi.s ftill in the king's apartment w.tli rlic /"; members of the council .who had ainompanied him to his mbjefty > th? k, renc dignity of whofe countvuanoe f )Wied a ftrikinj^- contr >. with '!;». Laf-, gaixl and villainous looks of the wruchcs who furiouudec h\m. Ar, fooo as the king perceived the abb4 Edge worth, he made a movcsr*nt ex^r. Jf^ve of liis defire w be left alone with him. The otb«: .; immediatc'y vjttidrew. The king (hut the dtor, and ttiruod tow.irda th> - . ;tje, who funk on hii k«:.>:?. kilfcd his majelly's hand, and LaYued it wivh im ^^nirs. The kliw f^'Xiii/ affcaed raifed M. Edgewoi i.h, faying, •• None \m ,'.he m^at unre- k«'w-n,; vs.? men have been allowed to apprv> ,ch me of kite, my s/cs aie m- €A|iicii.. 1 to them; but the 1 jiht of a man of humanity, aViithtul inh. ]v:4Jij &ff»;,'/:9 my w'(.uic foul, au >. melts me as you fe^." It is iinpoffible t^i do jullire 10 tbt <**v'r.',}«j, fubliaie, and herojc feutiment» cxprcffed by the king in thra iiucrcL .\'; cou.>' !:ii<;e, pusticularly when he fpoke of his own Jifw.tion ssiid tbi^t of i).» tVxA'ly j but above all when he dwelt on the mij- furtui'es i}i hh comtsr. Afur their converfation, he rofe, fuying «« I mud now g< &.-ul fee mv f/rtiily ffvthe laft tinie. This will be tlie levereft triiji i.\( all 'Vheii that, ia over i fli:ill fix my mind folely on what concerns my I'aJvatiot'/' I..caving tliv^ abb6 Edgewortb in his clofet, the unhappy pruK e went to the roosn where his family were already affembled, and which was fe. pjiratcd only by a door, from that in which were two comaiiffuries couftantly on duJy ; this <''tor was formed of pancr of glafs fromtop to bottom like a window ; fo thii'- thofe two men couW fee and hear all that pafied. In iuch horrible circumftances, and in this difmal ioom did the king of France n\>y:i his deploring family, now rei;deic»j more dear to him than ever by his ©W.J jpproaching fate, and their uniixamplcd misfortunes. " At half pa ft eight c'clocic (fays M. Clery the king's valet de diambre) the door was opened ; yb: qiiecn appeared firft, holding her 'on in her hand ; the princefs loyal ^d nudame Eliaabeth followed ; they all threw themfelves into the arms of *Jic king- A mournful fdsnce reigned for fome ihinutes, which was ouly intt:niipted by loud fobs. The qucin made a motion to draw the king to- Waids her room ; " No, faid the king, let us go into this hall ; I am net per- mitted to f«« you in any other place." They wewt in and M. Clery ■' s :e- doubled for fome minute^; and then th« king began again to f^ ' It vras enfy to know by his motions that he had himfclf told them'o! l m* dcmnalK):i. At a guarto- >- ' ten o'clock, the king ro' jw :ey- all The que*n held the k? .; Iv . ;s rig&t yrincefs f^lowed him. I opened th» nxm. Tl^eir majefti^s ga\.- :4 a hand tv the dauphin, XU royal. FRANCE. 4$$ foyaU at the t«ft, had her arms round the body of the kiha. Madame Elizabeth, on th^ fatne Me but a Httle farther back, had feized the left arm of her brother. Thev moved a fcwr paces towfardt the door, a^ which thef utter^ the moft terrible groans. I afTure you, faid the king to them, that t (hall fee you to-morro\»r morning at eight o'clock. You J)romlfe m that, jou * """» replied they all together, Yes, I promife you it. Why not at fevet> o'clock, faid the (^ueen. Very good^ well at feren o'clock fitd'the \u{\^~. i.kn \ He pronounced tht4 adieu in a manner fo expttlBve, that the 'jbi iciu 'j1^- The princefs royal fwooned away, and fell at the king'* reet, vv)< ch (he embraced ) 1 raifed her, and affifted madimc Elizabeth to iuppurt her. The king wi(hirtg to put an end to thit hetrt-rending fcene, tenderly embraced them and tore himfelf ftbtA their armt. Adieu ! adieu iw he faid, and hurried into his room.'' He was in a itate of ^motion that can- not be '.I'fcribed. " Why," faid he, addreffing himfelf to the abb^ Edge- ,v<..th, alter he had fomewhat recovered himfelf, " wHt_ do I love with fuch ♦ ifidsmefs and wherefore am I fo tenderly beloved ?%ut now the painful facri.'ice ia over. Let rae now turn my thoughts to the care of my ialva« tion nlone." Nothing now renuined for the cohTolation of the kin? but to perform the rites and receive the communion of his church ; and M. Edge* worth after fome oppodtlon from the commidarles, obtained the folicited indulgence. The kmg was no fooner informed of this than he immediate- ly entered upon hii confefllon. When that folemn duty was performed^ M. Edgeworth perceiving his royal penitent to be almoft exhaufted with the fatigue and anguiih he had fuffered during the day, entreated him to go to bed and endeavour to obtain a little reft. The king complied with this requeft, and enjoyed a calm, unditturbed repofe till five the next morn- ing, when he was awakened according to his order. All Paris had been under arms fince five o'clock, while the found of drums, the noife of arms, the clatter of horfes, the pafTage of cannon, were diilin£Uy heard in the tower. At nine the buftle increa^d, when the doors vfere thrown open with violence, and Santerre appeared, attended by ten gend'armes. On his informing the king who .came from his clofet, that he was come to condu£l him to the fcaffold, his majefty afked only a few mt" nutes, when he re-entered, and falling on his knees before his confelfor, re- ceived his laft bc.')edl£lion. He then threw open the door, and with a firm voice faid to Santerre, let us be gone. M. Edgeworth followed him, aad entered with him into the c'rciav,^ provided for the occaiion. When, the carriage ftopped at tn», f'-ffold, the king immediately defccnded .from it; and hiving thrown off his coat, was abjiit to afcend the fcaffold, when the f Kecutioner feized his hands, in order to tie them behind him. As he was not prepared for this laft Infult, he appeared difpofcd to- repel it ;. but M. Edgeworth, fcnfible that lefillance would be in vain, faid to him, " Sire, this new humiliation is another circumftapoe in which your majelty's fuf- ferings refemble thofc of that favlour, vv'uj v\ '11 foon be your reward." This •bfervation inftantly reiiiovi I'i icpigiKnux. It was while he was ir ' ;mg the fcairolf' fiipported by the abbe Edge- worth, that this, fervE , ^t God, as if by ii.S; "ration, jiddrefled the king iit Ihis fublime exprefl^c , " Offsprlnj,- x-f St. Louis, afcend "-o heaven." As foon as he came upon the fcanold, advancing with a iir.-v ftep to the part which faced the palace, he defired,^ drums tacfnfs, and was' Immediate- Jy obeyed, ' (pite of the orders ta^Jiad receiv^id. He then in ftrong terms a{rcrted his InnucciiCe oi the crimes'lald to his charge, and was con- tinuing, when that molt atrocious uf villains, Santerre mi^j^ fmioudy to- ■ , ■ , ..W"/^"'-- Tardi 49<> $• R A N C E, wards the dmmnoers, and forced them to beat without interruption. The executioners at the. fame time laid hold of their vidim and the hotrid deed was completed. This cruel, unprovoked, and atrocious murder excited among foreign nations the llrongeft emotions of aftonifliment, horror an^ execration. They faw with regret that a band o^ robljers and murderers had ufurped the government of France, and had not only overwhelmed their owncountry with bloodfhed and anarchy, but with the mod unexampled zeal laboured to reduce every other country in the world to the fame dread- ful fituation. This dangerous difpofition which broke forth upon every ' occafion, the violent decrees which had been pafled by the convention, holding out encpuragement to traitors in every countiy, the ungo\tr- nable ambition and fpirit of aggrandizement which they nianifelted, at all times dangerous, but particularly fo, when connefled with the propagation of their vile principles, determined the Britifh government to remain no lonffcr unconcerned fpeftatow of what was tranfaftihg on the con. tinent. M. Cnauvelin was commanded to leave Britain^ and another miniftcr to whom the French executive council gave powers was not fuffercd to land. The French, whatever the intention of Britain might have been, on the ift of February 1793 "'^ the motion of Briflbt declared war againil, England. As the tranfadiuns of this war have been related in the hiflory of England we will not tire the reader by an unneceiFary detail of the conflicis of the hoilile armies in the hiftory of France, as the internal hiftory of that country cannot fail to be more intereiling ; yri (hall only obferve that, notwithftanding the partial fucceffes of the allies, the French were completely fuccefsful, and overrun the whole of Holland together \vith the Low Coantries. The convention of France had now become one continued fcene of recri- mination and commotion. In the month of March they eftabliihed that bloody Revolutionary tribunal. for tiding ofFences againll the llate; another decree was paifed on the 29th of March by which it was declared, that all perfoni convid^ed of compofmg or printing writings for the redoration of monarchy in France, or the diiTolution of the national reprefentation, (hould be punifh- ed with death. The propofal of the financier Cambon, for a compulfo'ry loan €>f 1,000,000,000 of hvres from all thofe who were indifferent to the caufe of French liberty, and who were fufpeAed of taking an intereftin the fuccefi of their enemies, produced a moll difgraceful fcene of tumult and uproar.' Briflbt, and his party exclaimed againft the tyranny of a forced loan, a.ii reprefented in the mod violent terms, its counter-revolutionary operation. The adherents of the different parties, who occupied the galleries took a part in the debates ; fuch indeed was the clamour and outrage, that the prefident , unable to controul the proceedings, religned his office. Barrerc endeavoured to divert their attention from thefe conteils, to objects of pub- lic utility. But the people were too much inflamed and agitated by "pollti' cal difcuflion to be turned afide from thefe contefls by any fcheme of inter- nal regulation. Though the conftituted authorities had been invited to af- fembleand concert meafures for the falvation of their country ; and though repeated proclamations had exhorted the citizens to tranquillity, neverthe- lefs the city of Paris was, on the morning of the 31ft. in fuch a ftate of confufion, that the tocfin was founded, the alarm gun fired, and every other fignal of extreme danger was heard. The convention affembled to inquire into the extraordinary and alarming fituation of the city. Tlie mayor of Paris appeared at the bar, and declared that -the public! uneafinefs aiofe from the condua of the commiilion of twelve, aud that the conHituted authorities were employed in redoring public tranquiUilC)'. In 4J' F R 4 N C E 497 In the eventng of the firft of June the tocfln aga!n proclaimed a ftate of public commotion. On the fotl6wing day the hall of the convention waa (urrounded by a very large and tumultuous aflembly of ricople, who vocifer- %:\ the demand for a decree ofaccufatbn. The hall of the convention itfelf was in a ftate of Extreme difonler ; that its deliberations were no longer free feemed to be the gen<:ral fenfe of the convention ; but it wan foi^eed to fubmit. The infurgents maintained their purpofe, and the aflenibl^ wU compelled to pafs a decree, which 'ordered the following deputies to Be put in arreft, viz. Genfonn6, Vergniaud, BriiTot, Guadet, Gorfas, Petipib, Sih les, Cambon, BarbarouXi Rabaut, Laforce, Lefage, Louvet, Valac^J, Lan- , thcnas, DulTaux, with feveral others, and all the members of the committee of twelve, except Fonfiede and Saint Martin, and the minifters Claviere and Le Brun. The afTembly, with the prefident at their head had quitted the hdl with an intention to feparate ; but Henriot the commander of the Pariiian guards, arranged his troops in military array, and threatened them with a difcharge of mufquelry^if they did not return. Roberfplerre, Marat, and the Jacobin pafty, were now triumphant, and the fiHl objed^ of their power was to complete the conftitution. The national convention, therefore* on the 23d7 of June, iflued a declaration of the rights of man, as introduc* tory of their new cotiftitution, a very hafty ,111-digfefted work, but in fome refpe^ls calculated to feduce tho populace. It was impracticable as a fyilem to guide, corr^ and controul the life of man ;but whatever it had been, it would not, we believe, have avoided the fate of being loit in that tremendous and fanguinary chaos, in which all the elements of juftice, and of mercy, of truth and of religion, of public honour and private virtue were diflblved. The convention now proceeded to frarhe various decreurs, for civil, mili- tary, and naval regulations, for the difpatch of criminal caufes, a branch of the executive government with which they appear to have been well acquain- ted. Among others the following decree waa adopted. " Marie Antoinette fliall be delivered over to the revolutidnary tribunal, and Ihall be immedi- ately condudled to the prifon la Conciergerie, Louife Elizabeth (hall remain in the temple till after the judgment of Marie Antoinette." From framing fanguinary decrees thefe legiflators proceeded to fettle and arrange fuca public diverfions and amufements, as they deemed proper to fill up the in- terval of cruelty, or rather to incite the people to the commiflion of fi-efli maiTacres. A very extraordinary and daring fcheme was about this time, on the propofal of Barrere, adopted by. the convention ; it was propofed. that the people of France fliould declare by the mouth of thpr reprefenta- tives, that they will rife in one body, in defence of their liberty and equali> ty. Thii propofition being received with loud burds of applanfe, Batrere f refeated a plan for carrying his defign into eifedt ; and it w» ihOrtly in- troduced u\ its matured ftatc by the committee of public welfare. That fuch a decree (hobld be propofed cannot produce the leaft aftonifhment .'in the minds of thofe who are familiar with the hiftory of the convention, whfch has every hour produced fomething ilrange and monftrous ; but that it (hould in any degree, b^ received, by the people, might not be altogether expet^ed, on the avowed principles even of the French Revolution. Jacobins, and the friends of Jacobins, will, without doubt, confider the confent to rife in a mafs, as a proof of that ardent love of liberty^ which is boafted at this time, to hav»infpircd every patriot h * France. It muft indeed be confeiFed, that ,a very adive lenthudafm ^ . led among the French people ; but it «'as not foundt'i on a kiiowledgi. or fenfe of genuine ffecflbm ; it was viol- cut, cruelj 4Ur£cipitate ; it was eafily called forth, and fet in motion ^ 3T ' ku ■J 498 FRANCE. ■X but not operating oD any principle, however it might be cmployedi iticourfe mvft be licentious, and iti tendency was rather to evil than to good. To encreafe the Oiilitary forec of the country feemi to have intereftcd the Jacobins above every other LOnGderation. The meafures that were employ, ed un this occafion,. were at once bold and tyrannical. Revolutionary com* mittees, domiciliary vifits, liie fcizure of all gold and filver difcovcrable ia the republic ; the coinage r^^ ,:' i- l»cred or profane ; the fulion of church bells into cannon | ^"(^ ■<- . i" v. uu of all property for the ufe of the ftate, and the decree on\-'njf t^ ■ i<^''^e to "f* •" ■ "*f» **'* adopted, t« render their fchemes e(rc('tivc-. OpprelTed by thefe plundering decrees, fome of the great maritime j ,d commercial cities were dri^n into infunedioa. The inhabitants of Poitou and Brittanny had been long in motion, and had frequently defeated the republican troops which had been fent againft them. The formidable union, likewifc, which had taker '^h"' 'Hween the cities of Marfeilles, Lyo..:>, and Toulon, iiill cot/ .au anU i^Iarm^Ji the ruling powerSi Gcieial Cnrtaux was accordingly difpatchcd againft them with a confiderablc force ; and having taken the town of Aix, the populace of Mar* feillcs opened their gates to him, and received the plunder of the wealthy inhabitants /< r their reward. At the fame time the inhabitants of Toulon, propofed a . ^ jociation to thi: Engliih admiral lord Hood, who then com. mntified a flr- t in the Mediterranean, and he was fuifered to take polTeifioB of the to< -n and fliipping in the name of Louis XVII. The Lyonnefe did not follow the example of the Marfeillois, but fuftained with great bravery ai aftive liege of two months. General Kellerman, who commanded the army of the Alps, was yrdered to befiege the city, but not anfwering the imps, tience of the conveix Ion, he was removed and general Doppet appointed to fucceed him, to whom the inhabitants, who w^ire not only unufed to arm*, but very ill provided with the means of defence, as well la the necciTariM of life, were on the 8th. of September oblfged to furrender. A great part of the city had been reduced to afhes by the inceflant bombardment ; and the vi^^Oifl (atiated their rag^ by barbarities for which hnguage has no The miferable vii^ilims, who were too numerons for the individual name. operations of the guillotine, were driven in great nur ers, with the mod ia. Tage and blafphemous ceremonies, into the Hhine, or hurried in crowds to the fquares, to be maffacred by the more pninful operation of fire arms and artillery. By a decree of the convention, it was ordered, that the walls and public buildings of this city, polkitfd with ma facre, (hould be demolilhed, and that it (hould lofe its f :mer r me in t' of ♦ X«a Fille AffranchU. What language can furnilh cxprefiions of abho. lence fuJfficientlv nrong to charaAcrile thefe brutal favages ? After having defolated one of the nobleft and moll ancient cities of France, ifter having robbed and "laflacred the wretched inhabitants by tbou...ncis, || they infult Uiem in their iuiferings by telling them thev are reftorcd to liberty* Such indeed is the nat u' of that liberty, to which the French have ereAed ^)tM3 ; from her, focial ot 4er, rcHgion, and all thofe virtues which aflimi. ce man to the divinity, fly away affrighted, and in their ilead ftar. from iiell, covered with blood, thofe grim fiends, Atheifm, Anarchy, and d> The lawlefs aHbciation of t'lices, m^ra tcrs a i robbers who enilaved France, ruling now with defpotic fway, pror^eded lo gratify their malignity by t' 'vial and public murder of the queen. She had already been feparat. ed fiom her family in the temple. In ihe night of the firft of Augull, (he * Tuc ci(f reitored to liberty. I /cooo of the inhi^tuta were stiirdncd or dnteo frwn tltfir hooHi. wai v'm FRANCE. 49f iru Tuddenly tnd in the moft r uel and infulting m .unci, remoted to th« prifon of the Concicrgenr, a prn'on deftined for the reception of the vileft DwIefaAor*. There (he waa treated with a degree of favage barbarity, of which we know not how to conceive the motive; unleft it was hoped that its feveHty might fave her perfecuturs the formii of ii trial. ' l*he cell iit which (he was immured was only eight feet "fquare ; her bed was oitiy an hard mattrtfs of ftraw, and her food of the meandl kind ; white (he was never fuffered the privilege of being alone, two foldiers being appointed to watch her night and day, without the intermiiTion of a moment. After a confinement of ten weeks in this loathfome dungeon, while prepartitions were making (or her trial, (he at length appeared before the revolutionary tribunal The aft of atfcufaticii was of great length, heavily charged with ^emoil calumniating expreflions, and in which the royal ubjeft of its horrid* criminations, was reprefented as having been thecaufe of every real ur fup< pofed public calamity, which had happened in France, from the tunc of her arrival there to that moment. Cf the various charges which were brought sgsinft her, not one was proved, which muft ap;f his infamous career. " Ou the 3d of February, three deputies from the illand of St. Domingo were received into the convention, as reprefentatives ot that place ; one of the deputies was a negroe, and the other two of that dcfcriptiun of perfuni who are called men of colour ; pn the fucceeding day, the black deputies having given an account of the troubles in that illand, the abohtion of ilavcry was propofed, and agreed to, the deputies were then decreed French citizens. • Roberfpierre having now attained nearly to the fummit of his power, exercifed it with dcfpotic fway. On the ijth of March, Herbert, with tweqty two others, was arrclted, and ordered before the (;eTolutioHary tribu- nal, rhe chargeb brought againli them were many and various. The prin- cipal evidences were Louis Legendre, deputy to the national convention, and Louis Pierre Dufourni an architcdt ; although the charges were very ill fupported, the evidence being none of the belt, one of them only was ac- quitted. The wretched Anacharlis Clootx was among the condemned, and was the only man who attempted to fpeak ; and be appealed but in vant* to the human rate, whofe orator atid ambaffador he had declared hiWclf. Herbert and his colleagues, palfed their time when tugethei-, hkc the falieii fpirits ia> Milton, in mutual accufation, till they were reconcUed by Cloot^, who fearing, kH any ot them Ihould die in religious belief, prea9hed athcilm to them ti*i their lait figh. They, were executed amid the applaufes of a vile multitude,' who, at the falhng of the guillotine, rent the air with their favage Ihouts. The fucccfs and- popularity df !fa|i|rerfpierre encoiaraged him to bring for- ward a new group of traitora,|||iif to the aftonifliment of every one, Fabre d'Eglantine and others of the deputies for tlie reviling bfwhoip, Herbert had been condemned, were among the prii¥apal culpritra. Danton took part in the convention ^sinli the aecufed deputiesyi^nd in a few days after,~plead- ed ftrongly for contidence in the committees' 6f public and general iafcty j ^ UQEOA- yot> F RAN C E. uncbnfciows that he wa'i foon to be implicated in the fate of the perfi)d« vrhhm he cenfured, and to accompany them to the fcaffold^ there tu rcceiva the reward which his manifold viUainies fo richly dcfetved. A fecret rival* (hip and deep-rooted enmity had fubfilted between him and RoberfpierTC. ' Of the progrefs of the quarrel betwixt them we are delHtutc of information ( but a veiy Jhort time before the arreft of Danton, an interview was brought about between them by the influence of a common friend, in the hope of efiefiing a reconciliation. Danton after a long converlation, finding it im< poffibie to make an impreflvn on his iq^placable rival, who heard him with a look of infult and malignity, i^ faid to have burlt into tears, and to have left the «oom with the prophetic exclamation, " I fee that my fate is decid- ed, but my death will be your ruin." Diinton, Lacroix, PbiUppeaux, and Camille Defmoulines were arrefted on the 3 lit of March ; the real crime of the lall was a fatirical parallel between the revolutionary government of France and the tyranny of the Roman em- perors, which ,he publiflied in a periodical paper, of which he was the edi- tor, termed the '* Old Cordelier." Philippeaux, it is faid, had mortally of- fended by expoiing the horrors and cruelties he had vvitneiled in La Vendee. Together with them, Herault Sechelles, Simon, Chaumette the procureur of the commune of Paris, and Gobet the ex-biRiop, who had difgraced himfelf and his profeffion by the public renunciation of his fundlions, had been arrcfted a few days before, all as accomplices with Fabre d'Eglantine. Oa the morning of the 'Znd of April, they were brought before the revolution- ary tribunal. They all evinced much tirmnefs except Fabre d'Eglantine, who was greatly agitated. The prifonera demanded to be confronted with Roberfpierre and Barrere ; this being refufed, they would not an- fwer any interrcgatoi-iss, as they infifted that the proceeding^ were unfair. The public accufer immediately difpacched a letter to the convention, infornw ing them that the prifoners were in a ftate of revolt agaiiili the tribunal ; and . on the motisn of St. Jult, a decree was paiTcd, " that whoever intuits the rational juftice ihall' not be heard, but tried immediately." This decree wai read to the deputies upon trial on the 5th, but t,hey llill periiited in their re fui'al to anfwer interrogatories. The jury, therefore, without hefitation found them guilty of corrupt prafticcs. At two o'clock on the fame day fentencc was palFed upon the prifoners ; and at tive in the afiernoun, they were convey- cd in three carts from the Couciergerie to the place de la Revolution, where the ftate prifoners were executed. ^While the fcafiold was thus ftrcaming with blood, the convention decreed, on the motion of Couthon, " that all aliens belo.igingto the countries at war with the republic, . .id all ex-npbles, f.-ould be ordered to depart from I'aris^ and from all fortrcflTes and maritime towns." Several other mcafures of fever- ity were adopted to prevent counter-revolutionary cnnlpiracies. . To enter on a particular detail cf the multitudes, who at this period w^-- ^murdered by the revolutionary tribunal, would be to incumber our narrative with a long catalogue of names only rendered intcrcfting by the melancht ly fate ,of the inuoceut iulFereis. One illullrlous vidim it is however necefiary to notice, one not lefs eminent for her purity and virtues than for her rank and family. On the lotU of May Fouquier.'l i*rille, the public accufer, made a f jrtnai demand to the commune of Paris, that the iifter of Louis XVL fliouU be immediately delivered up to the Revolutionary tribunal. On the fame day the unfortunate princ noitally of> La Vendee. ! procurcur 1 difgraced is, had been ntine. On revohition- 'Eglaatlne, confronted uld not an« vere unfair. lion, inform- bunal ; and* infults the decree wai in their re* cation found ay fentence ?ere convey' ition, where on decreed, itricB at war from i'aris^ res of fever. period vis.'" ur narrative jnclancht ly cr neceiiary icr rank and tfer, made a tVI. flwuW he fame day >n the 1 ith Veo - their whicR V. ere put pat to the prifoner. Difdaining any conceffion, which might Cofjten their cradtyi aod defpifmg the wrath which {he knew her anfwer woiild excite, to the fii^ interrogatory of the court, What is your name i flie m^gnanimouny replied, " My name is Elizabeth of France, fifter to the monardi you mur- dered, and aunt to yc/ur prefent king." When charged with having encour' aged her nephew in the hopes of fucc'*eding to his father's throne, (he re- plied—'-" I have ccriverfed familiarly with th&t unfortun«te child, who was dear to me on more than one account ; and I gave him all thofe confolattons which appeared to me likely to reconcile him to the lofs of thofe" who had given him birth." Thitt reply was conftrued into a confeffion that fhe had encouraged the child in thefe fallacio^ hopes and without further interroga- tory (He was condemned. The unfortunate princefs was nobly fupported in the laft fcene by" the confolations of religion. She betrayed fome emotion at the fight of the guillotine, but fhe prefently refumed a look of pious refignation, and was executed the laft of 26 perfons, who were carried to the fcanold the fame day. On the 30th. of May Barrere, pretending, that feveral attempts At aflaflina- ♦ion vhich his own unexampled tyranny, and that of his bloody gang had provoked, were fet on ibot by the Engliih, after 9 great deal of fooliin rati^ and declamation againft England, prupofed that all the Englifhmen and Hano- verians who (hould fall intb their hands, fhould be put to death. This hcHrid propofal was, however, never put into execution ; the French officers and foldiers on the contrary, frequently behaved with fmgular humanity to the Britiih foldiers. A decree was afterwards pafled, that if the garrifons left by the allies in Valenciennes, Conde, and Quefnoy did not furrender withiA 24 huurs after being fummoned, they ihould not be fpared, but this decree was alfo never put into execution. The priCons of Paris at this period were crowded with viflims from all part* . of the cotintry, in confequencc of a decree which ordered all of a certain clafs •ofitate prifonersto be tried only by the revolutionary tribunal of Paris. At one period the prifoncrs amounted to between feven and eight theufand. Of the number of thofe who have been tried apd executed, we have no precife return but the number muft have been enormous *. To enter into a recital of particular fa£is would be a moft irkfome and melancholy tafk. Yet in , perufing thia blbck and difmal catalogue, the eye of humanity ^'vill be arrefted by the fate of the venerable and intrepid defender of the unfortunate king of France, Lamoignon Malcfherbes, who dic^ a martyr in the caufe of virtue. Some were evidently put to death for their wealth, and others fell the viftims of private refentment. A correfpondence with relations who.had emigrated brought many to the fcaffold ; but where this plea was wanting an imputed sonfpiracy in the prifons always ferved as a pretext for the ruin of thofe who were obnoxious. Thcjudges and jurors were hardened beyond e^ailiple. The vifcountefs dr Noailles, iUler to Madantie La Fayette, maintained in her de* fence, that (he was not in the prifon where the conipiracy of which (lie wak accufed took place : " No matter, exclaimed one of^thefe aflaffins, you would have been concerned had you been there." At this moment Roberfpicrre had reached the fummit of bis popularity ; ■ ' . . - -.1 • * It iVeompntad that In the yvtr^j^s, a,ooo,t>oo of perfons had been raslTacted in France durinj; the retohition t of thoie afd^eeo were wooien, 330,000 children, and 9ri,6oo mintftws of the Kofpcj. This cowputanoc wbiirh amounts to nearly one tenth of tke wholt pepiilatioai of Ft ance, does ftoi; include »oy who were killed ia arms. See a »«rk M)M'«Tkel^kie« of t&e JicobiM " pubi;ihed> Paris ii*8 had.l^een for fome time before the fall of the tyrant tnoft tumtit tuous and dift4'derly. On the 27 Billaud Varennes, after a violent fpecch, . obferved that •* Men who are always fpeaking'>Qf thdr own probity ^^i virtue, are thofe who trample thofe qualities under foot. A fecretary ofthe committee of public fafety, had robbed the public of 1 14,000 livres, I de- manded hia arred, but Rubfrfpicrre fcreened him." (Murmurs.) ** I 'could recount to you, citizens, a thoufand other fimilar fadts of this man } and yet it Js he who dares to accufe us ; we who fpend our nights and days in the committee of public fafety, in organizing our viAories. We muft not helitate either to fall on him with our bodies, or to fufFcr tyrants to triumph. It was his wilh to mutilate the Convention, and to murder the reprefentatives of the nation." Roberfpierre here darted toward the tribunal while a number of TQices exclaimed, ** Down with the tyrant, down with the tyrant." ,, A decree of arreft was now paiTed iigainft Roberfpierre in ^hich Couthon and Le Baswere likewife included, and the prefideat ordered one ofthe uflicrs ofthe hall to take into cuftody one ofthe triumvirs, the elder Roberfpierre. In tlie mean time Henriot had alfo b^en arreiled, but had found meins to efcape. With the alacrity of defpcration he rallied his adherents. The con- vention were not, however, iua£live. No fooner were they apprized that Roberfpierre and his companions were in a ftate of infurre^ion, than they proceeded top4eclare them traitors and outlaws, and a deputation of their members jvas'^ppointed to lead the people againll their revolters. Between 2 and 3 o*clock in the morning the deputies found therofelves in fufficient force to attack the infurgents at the Hotel de Ville. At that time Bourdon de L'Oife appeared at the place de Grave, and read the proclamation ofthe convention- He then rxifhed into the hall cf the commune, armed with a fabre and piftols ; the infurgents were now completely deferted, and endea- voured to turn their arms againtt themfelves. Roberfpierre the *elder dif- charged a piftol in his mouth ; which only wounded him in the jaw, while' he received a wound from a gens d'arme in the ftde. The younger Rober- fpierre threw himfelf out of a window and broke a leg and an arm. Le Bag Ihot himfelf upon the fpot, and Couthon (tabbed himfelf twice with a knife. They were all conveyed before the revolutionary tribunal, and there condemn- ed to fuffer death. Couthon was executed firft and then the younger Rober- fpierre and Hem iot. Roberfpierre was executed the laft but ofte. He flood two minutes on the fcaffold, while the exec•utione^ rentwved the cloth which covered his face ; but he did not utter a word. Having now overturned the tyranny of Roberfpierre, the tyrants who fiio ceeded him, began to contend with one another for the chief powert A dt- ci'ce wa» pafTed for enquiring into the conduft of Barrere, Billaud Varenncs, Collot d'Herbois and Vadier. Tliey were formally tried before the con- vention anJ^ondeinned to be tranfgg>rted fome to Guiana, and others to be Confined in the caftle of Ham in Pieardy. Two of them however Cambon and Thuriot, had found meane to efcape and concealed thenifelves ip the fauxbourg of St. Antoine, and refolved to embrace the opportunity of a fcarcity which exifted at that time to excite a?i infurre^on. After furround- ing the convention with armed *ien, they awed them fo much by, their threats, that they were obligedto temporIf«i|l and fcnt a deputation of ten of their members to fraternize v^ith them. This . compliance of the affembly with fo much of their demands, led thetn to infill oK fending a deputation in return, to which the convention aifeiited ; and immediately a troop was in- lri»4uccd wiUt an oiator at thsir head, who wncluded' his fpecch with ■«' "Vive 4 F R A N C E.; $05- <• Vive la convention ! The deputation was in kited to the honontvpf the fitting ; and . to ihew the perfci^ good difpofition of the convention^ the prefident was order«:d.to give the fraternal kifa to theie reprcfentative3 of the fovereign people. The fovcrcign people^ however* notwithltanding t!ie honour of the fraternal kifs, aflembled next "day, and the convention were obliged to caH in the afltllance of mililKry force, hy which tine infurredioa vrasat laft quellod, and temporsry tranquillity reitored in Paris. Whila thefc events todk . place tlie Convention were fieduloufly employed in difcuflinga plan for a new donftitution. On the 23d. of Augull thefe not- able coniH;ution milkers had completed their work, and it was referred to the primary alTemblies for their confirmation and acceptance. By this , conftitution \\ie legidative body is compol'ed of what they call in their ludi* crons jargon a council of ancients and a council of five hundred. The executive power isentrullcd to a direAory of five membersi nominated by the legiflatiw body*. The forty-eight fe^^ions of Paris, while they accepted their newly made conftitutloti, as firmly Pijefted the law for the rc-eleftion of two thirds oi the convention into, the legiilature, and, as ufual, had recourfc to thie •' holj* right of iiifurreftion" to enforce their reafons. They aflembled at noon the 5th. Oft. and a defperate battle took place near the convention ; the fedionaries repeatedly poflefTed themfelves of the cannon which were as often retaken. There fell in this engagement about 2000 men. Whatever were she political contetts of the French they proceeded with the moll ailonifhing rapidity in their career on the Continent. Thty had fub- jedled Holland, the whole of the Netherlands was in their poflefion except Mentz, which in a Ihort time was completely blockaded. But ♦^liey were now weakened by the vift tiack of country they had overrun Jor.rdan was obliged to retreat ( prince Cliaries hung on his rear, and t'ne ^'cafants irritated by the extortions . and robberies committed by thofe y roteftors of the ilghtl of man, topk the prefcnt opportunity of revengin'j themfel'es upon their rapadous oppreflbrs. The garrifon of Mentz, likewife being ftronglj reinforced, two divilions of the Aullrian army crofied tbt river at different points, and attacked the remains of tht French, who had intrenched before that place, and who had, during fo many months, walletl tl eir itrength in vain. The Auilrians after an oblliikate refillance dru'^e them from all their jjoRs, deilroyed their woiiks and took pofleflion oi !>U their artillery. The cai^npaign was' ilwrtly after concluded by common confent of the hoilile generals. As the French had now completely fubdued that party of royM'ils, who for a long time had icfiiUd their oppreiliun, they wcie tiuibkd to bi gin ihc fucecfdlMf».caiHpaign with renewed vigour. Such were their fircx-irti in Italy, thjB*the king ot Sardinia was compelled to fiie f;ir peace, 4ri|to fub- ralc to whatever conditions were ir p.iitd upon hirn, and he Jm>'f!ilittly followed by the dukes of Modena and Fevrara. The ol!Ji.(T! 't^i\.:l■tre^^ of Kchl. In Italy the enemy wcrt Ihll more fnccefbful ; t!ic difpcrfion of the Auttrlan army there gave the French general Icilure to carry on \m vawious • Rcwhel!, La P,e»iUIere Lepauft, C".»fnot, Barrjs, ^a^ Lclourrcur dc la A! .uche feic Ji '*c. |o6 F RAN C E. I ''' entefpfiftt Bgainft the re^>«iAi«e ft»tc» of that cbuntrjr* A' dctachiMati 'took po&ffion,ofJLcgbpni,onithe t9th. of Juim, though belonging to i, Mutnl power, 09 the pretext of dlflodgmg the EngUih^who were 4apdkd of their propierty bj thefe robber*. The naan army entered tl^e teiritmy of the pope, aod without refiftance tooJt poflieffioa of the ptiei fiologaii Femra, and Urbino. This expeiiuon, which gave the French ;he com- mand of the holy fee, alarmed in fo great a degree the kiri|; of.iKapkir tliat lie iequefted>an armifticc, which wsw granted to hiiti as well oi the pope, upon iuchcoinditions as the Friench'wer« pleafed to dictate. , , < ' Meanwhile the iemperor had fent frefli troops into Italy under the coqt. mand 6f general Wurmfer to onpofe the farther I progreu of the>Fr«ich. . The firftoperauons of this army were fuccefsful, but they foon experienced a fid reverfe ; on the 15th. of Augaftamoft obftinate engagcqient took place which ended in a totiJ> defeat of the Auftrians ; they were cbmpellrd to rejpafs the Adige, leaving the enemy in poffeiBon of the whole countiy found Mantua} the iiege of which place they were obliged to turn into, a blockade from the lofs of their heavy artillery. The fucceflea of the Frendi on the Rhine correfponded with thofe in Italy. They bad poScflsd thcnt- felvesof the country lying on each fide of the Mein and of Frailconia and wei^e advandng towards Rati(bou ; during this period the Auftrian army having received' reinforcements, attacked them with fuch vigour that they were compelled to retreat with precipitation ; the . French geifmi found it Ifflpoffible to rally them, as they were more anxious to efcapetQe ycbgeance of the peafantry whom they lud plundered and opprefled^ than incur the rifle of loiing their treafure together witb.tjieir lives. Morcau meanwhile conceivifig hopes that either Jourdah's army would refume the attack,. or that the advances of his own army towards Vienna .would force the archduke to return, had marched along the Danube, and had taken poiTeffion of Ulm.'Donawerth, and feveral other towns on its binks, trium- phantly entered thetircle of Bav|r(a, and on the 27th. Augult toiik quiet poiTeilton of its capital. But the defeat of Jourdan'« army was fu fx>mplete that all hopes of their further refiilance were jceh'nquifhed, and Moreau, finding himfelf in imminent peril, was finally oblKed to tSe& a retivat, and recrofs the Rhine at Bri(ach,> leaving a iljfong garrifon inth: fortrefs of Kehl, from whence iie had commenced, his in-uj^on into Ger- many. ThisfortrTrs was fbon aft^ attacked by prince. Charles and obliged to furrender. , Meanwhile thofe who had ^I'urped the governn.ent of France found tbem- felves perplexed with tltofe tumyltu apd infurrcAioos which, the tyrants, whonil^ey bad difplaced, might naturally be exped^ed to (^X^* Tbefc how4riMpi|ftg quelled by military fovce, the dire^oty began till^itrn their _^ atAilHnjj^ie enadingof fuch laws as they deemed rv;ceilary i:i the prefent, fitaati^Hp|lhe country, or fuch 9\ gratified the malignity of their vitiateuj/ 1 perverteominds. The non-juring rlergym'en, wholi; unmerited and incon-' ceivable fufFerings fmce the commcncc^inert r)t'thid s,^curred revolution, niigta have foftened the bittcrelt enmity in^o CMmpafliun, were at prefent the- m- jci^ls of Jacobinical malignity. They decreed that all nonjuring priells fheti by the council of five huudnfd, but.was itjeftedby the councfil of l^ws. They liktwife fhewed abou: Uiis ptriodj|:ht'ir maligtiity agaioft, ,j^n|||^d by a law which they eni^ed, prohibitJrig tftjeja^pottation of ,Fingiif|t manu- faiiwes into France^ and tbe;f obliged HolUirld and Spain to- «'dop6 the fame rtifoKition. £#«a9a was likewiie Git)rop«ili9d to fkut up hd ports againd the * ■ " Drililli. F K A N C £. 5»7 liftiib. ThiSypIttTul effort of milice cannot material^ affed the tfmmtrc$ ^Great firitaia, which, fkcethepaflbg of tfeia law has become morf flqarili- ttig than «Ter. - ■ . . The negotiation which had been carrying; on during the fupuner between titerepublw and Naples was brought to atermiiiation on the it^th. of Oc- tober hy • cree was propofed for appointing a committee to inquire into the e difcontent ejcited uy thefe mca? fures foon reached tht armies,'* The dire^ors rt-ere of rfecefnty cpnneigted with them, and there is little doubt but every ttep* would be taken to i fan the rifing flame among the militavy. The army l»d the way in addrefl^iff I th^ direftory in the moft vnjifcnt ittanner, and thef. tscamplc Warfolkiwed by fo^ r.Kr-Ai W O.E* , tiM: dtlMt' ahiiies df> tl^ repubKc. To cheek this 'fpirit ia 1|he aMny, ThiJ badetiu piHentcd the plan of ^i4ro refolutipM^ . th« laft of /which decUitd every ** aflemblage of foldiers for the purpofe of deliberating io other cir. ctettilUiWek tllaft th^fe determined by the 'law<, a drtme ; that aify communi. cadon under the title of addreifesfrom oheamisd body to anethec, or to tiie ei^ anthoriticB, (hould be puniihedasa feditions ad." Though the op. poR^i«/n party wtreitot 'without their preparations^ their meafures ^ere tar. dy» land purfiled with lefs energy than thpfe of th«tr opponents. An addrefs frdm the FaAxbourg of St. Antoihe confirmed the ddredlory in tlic violent uiejffure it was about to adopt. Off theinbr.ung of the 4th of Sep. 'tem(>er,at the early hriurof 3 o'clock, the majority of tliedireftory ordered the alarm guns to be -d, and the halls of- th&council tb b^ furrounded by . military force. Gteneral Augereau, who was charged with the excoutbaof this bold meafure, entered the hall, where he found Hiovere, Ptehegr'!, Wil. hit, Botirdon de Loife, and feveral others. He feized 'Pichegru with his own hands, and ordered about 18 others of the moft conspicuous charac. ' tcn« to lie arretted. They were committed to the tempk: 5 th*. -halls were fliut Up, and the members of both councils were fummoned to meet, the an. eients at the'fchool of Surgery, and the council of 500 at the Odf.fn, for. merlythe thcatt-e in the Fauxbourg St. Gerpiain. The minority of tlu- direc. tory Cftrhot and Barthelemi were implicated in the fate ofxhdr fri >nds in the councils ; Carnot took advantage of thV tumult and fled } Barthelemi was put, inder arrcft. The direftory anijpunced their vidory to th j public by a pro. clamation, in which they exhorted the citii^ens to peace and harmony ; pro. mifed that life and property ihuuld be proteAed y and that every aft of plunder and outrage (hould meet with exemplary punilhment, This change in the French government appears to have been very unfavourable to a treaty with England ; and fhortly after they had got pofTcflioii of power, Lord Malmefbury, who was then at Lifle, was ordered to depatt from the dominioni of France in 48 hours. Having nciw humbled all their enemies at home, and ruling with triumph- aht fway, the direftory began to i4idulge themftlves in new plans of ambition arid conqueft ; Italy by its weaknefs and the degeneracy oi^". hs inhabitants, prefented a tempting objeft to tliefe rapacious oppreffors. Having pre- tended that their ambaffador at Rome vas infulted, they prepared to take vengeance by arms, and, far from being appeafcd by the humble apologies ot the fovtrcign Pontift, their, troops were ordered to commence their march; they never met with the- finalltft oppofition, and in a fliort time they plnce^their llandard witli triumph on the Capirol. The iirflgg|^hey made rflgg^he en^jj^tl irer was to (Keitiini the papal government, and ^^^fcr'Opprct lions. The fine llaiues, ar,d all thofe monumen^jj^the arts [ng adorned Rome, were traiifportcd to i^aris. Many other ads oppreflion were committed by the cpmmandcrii of the French zeiland was iic-xt obliged to lubmit to the galling yoke of re- Iny. After having beyond indurance infuUed them, the direc- irdefcd their troG pa to inrade that cotuUry, which after a dcfpe- Ijllittfe yefiftwrce was finally tiibducd. For an account -oi which, we mull reftt ' birr! readers to Switzerland 'where we have given a' full rekiiiw, of all the mit foitunee.'di'hichibefal that uoiiappy country. , ■ • > • -Agafrtft no country in t»e woild was-the malignity of the direftory fo ap- parent «s againrt Great ^itain* They t^ewanded the cxpuUion of tht Eiig- Uti froni KAmburgb, artd feiitd and cdntitcated Eiiglifh mcrchancife, \vli«c ■m ••«*^« r R' A H^Cf % s^ ev«r they cdili find It, kitlk fhoJM or warehoures of the Frendi ntrcbaQU* «f lA the (hips of neutral nationa. They appeared for many iponth* tOi connive av * trade with England aad eTcn to encourage h ; thu> their own mercltanft were led into a lnarc;.w)icn their warehoufca wer« 4U1» the dir it^Ory MitA their prey. A mot« extenfiTC plan of Tengeance, however, was in dgitation againft En^nd, which was at once to Qvertum her government, to dedroy her comnterce, and to reduce the people to the degrading fervitude in which the dlreAoi7 held the people of France. To execute the proud and enftpty boafts of an invafion, they were to build immenfe rafts or rather floating iflbnds of wood to tranfport their troops into England. This ridicubus enterprife was not however attempted^ they had been probably intimidated by the ardour and alacrity of the Britifti nation in defence of their country. The complicate^ bafenefs, meannefs, and duplicity of the Gallic tyrants was likewife very confpicuous in their tranfa^iona with America. For the purpofc of terminating all diiferences between America and the French re- pubh'c, three envoys were appointed, to whom full powers were granted to fettle all difputes between France and the United Provinces. The envoys, on their arrival, fent a letter to Talleyrand minifter for foreign affairs ; to %yhich they nevdr received an anfwer. The apoAate biihop did, however, fend his agents to talk with them, and from them they received the follow- ing overtures, which it was propofed to them to accede to, as preliminaries to negociation-, and even to their reception. The agents did not-aifign any other reaffon for the innumerable injuries which America had fufTered/than merely the offence which the directory had taken at the Prefident's fpecch at the opening of the Congrefs, al- though by far the greater part of their depredations on the American trade were cbmmittea before that yme, and that very feffion of the Congrefs waa occafioned by nothing elfe. Yet for this fpeech fomc atonement was de- manded worthy the acceptance of the diredtory. It is aftonilhiflg that on a fubjeft like this- the envoys (hovAd condcfcend to talk to them a iingle mo- ment. They did however. ' They jultified the coudiid of the prciident, infilled upon his right to deliver to the Congreis what lentimcnls he picafed, and declared that they had neither authority nor inclination to oiler any dif- avowal of them. This brought on a^converfation, which led the^ agents to the point, and they foon found that tlie wrath of the diredtory was only to be appeafed with money. They condefccndtd to name the lums which they wanted. thoufnnds pounds was to be paid to Talleyrand) to be ftared by ithuut any lions of par, and to be kept Eertain of the diredtory, as the. price of an intervie t)f itt producing a tecoiiciliation. Amtrica was to purchaft of them for cafii and at _ Batavian Florins, which were then felling at fifty per cent put lip with the lofs. And this tranfaction was to makesite< priaca from the maiiere ,and owners of privateers ; but othctt had no fuch perquit. ites. When an obje^ion was ftatcd^o the demand, and its uarea£ftnable* nefs infiftcd on. ** What* " faid they^ " you pay for your treaties with the Indians, and (hall you not pay for then^ vith us aUo i" Perceiving tliat good words h«4.>io elFeA they began, to threaten. They dcfired the envoys to look at penoa, Holland, Geneva, and Venice ; totake a timely waroii^fronv their fate, and to avoid it by the only pollible mode, that of tribute and fu^ miifion. England, they faid, was upon the eve of her ruin ; that fhe was tuft about to.fall, and that, when flie was overthrown, the terms to be tmpofedoa America would be ten times more fevere. " Perhaps," faid he, ** you be* Keve that in returning and expofing the unreafontduenefs of tlie demands of this government, you will perfuade your fellow citizens to refill thofe demands ; you are mifl^en—- you ought to knovir, that the means which France poifef. fes in your country are fufficient to enable her» witl^ the French party in A* merica, to throw the blame which will attend the rupture of the negociatioa on the Fed^raliil^ as you term yourfelves, but on the Britilh Party, as France terms you ; and you may aflur^ y6br£elvcs this will be done." After all this conference with the agents, Mr. Gerry obtained an audience •f Talleyrand; informed hira ofthcconveffation, of the perfons with whom it was held, and aflted him if thefe men really pofleil'ed his confidence, te which Talleyrand unequivocally replied, " They did." . Such are the paiticulars of thia infamous tranfa^ion, which along with other iniiumerable crimes, fix indelible infamy on the tyrannic fadion, which opprefs France. As they are not vague reports, but are fupported by the cleareft evidence, as'they are reUted officially by the American envoys to the American government, it would be vain to addrefs any arguments to thoiic who fhut their eyes againft this infiance of Gallif bafenefs ; their minds mufk he currupted by the inik£lious poison of Jacobinical principles. We cannot refrain from tranfcribing the addrefs of an American journalill to his readers after a fliort fummary of thefe difpatches. •• They fpcak in a language that needs neither preface nor^mmen- t»ry — ^Whoever reads niuft underftand them, and whoever underiMK muft 'Uati, deteft,j|;bh(Ji-, and extcratc, the bafe, infolcnt, and pcrtJdioi|p|huoQ, whofe pA^ifhey deveiope. ." ^*^iBp' y**" ^'^ ^" American, nr>er lofe, nor for a moment mrflay, thu paper, ftfedljtate on it through the labours of the day and let it be the firit thing that revisits your mind when you awake from your nightly flum- .bers. Guard it as you ^f0uld the apple of your eye — Prfferve it amongft the haUowcd gifts of your parents : and, when you die leave it as the firfl, raoft valuable, and moll prtcious legacy, to your children. So (hall ^licy leatn to fliun the blindneJ's of their fathers ; fo fhall they learn to dillingui(h their friends from their foes-; (o (hall the nat-^c of a Frenchman become a bye-word, a reproach and a curfe^moagit them, irom generation to jjeneratimi !" ^cing difappoiot^d by the magnanimity with which Gr. at Britain b«htld th fea: by adntiral NcUbn, have been related in th^ hiftories of £ii|^hnd and Tne joy which that defeat difFufed through all Europe haa produced the happieft dfeds ; it infufed fpirit into the touncil of Raftadt, 7nd, inftead of that timidi irrefolute policy which the emperor had invariidily purfued, be be- gaii to (hew feme faint appc raacet of courage and refolution, ai J being it- furedof the afliilance of T -Tia, he at lalt (determined to take the field, ind to make one laft attempt to check that inordinate ambition of France* and to maintain his rank as a fovereign prince among the ftates of Europe. The moft brilliant vi^^ories have attended his arms. The French have bees driven from moft of their conquefts, and the Auftri'ans have entered Switzer- land ; while SuWarroW in Italy has met with the moft complete fucceisf and cleared great part of that country of the enemy. To trace, with prccifionf the military operations of the Ruffians and Auft« rians, under the command of Suwarrow, whofe conduA in Italy has fully an- fwered the high charadter which Europe entertained of his talenti, ana the full confidence whicK the two emperors have repofed in hlui, would require a much greater portion of room than our narrow limits will allow. All that military knowledge, perfonal courage, vigilance, aAivity,'.perfevr~: ace, and addreft cotUd efiiedt, has been atchieved by^ '.bis celebrated generaj. Before his arrival, the Auilrian general Kray, expel'^d the French from the Ji.> uan, and compelled them, after having' fullainc i con^;!^ble lofles, to f-elinqhtlh thei. llrong liolds on the Mincio and the Adige, «> d to retreat to the Adda. On the banks of this river, the French general Mor^sau, prepared for a vigor- rous defence. Nothing that could give courage and confidence to hi? tcoopa was negledled. Entrenchments were thrown up wherever tlie river wa(8 con- fidered as palfable ; and a lit uatioa remarkably ftrong by nature, wa .hrenis^th- ened by every means which art rould fupply. In this potiu'on, *;6wever, Suwarrow, after having driven in all hi» out polls, re folved to aivlck hini, Accotdingly, on the morning of the 27th gf April he force^f^he paUkge of the river, at different pointb, attacked the French :n theii' entrenduaeat, and, after a moll dcfperatc a(i\ion, obtaind a complete vjAory. The French left fix thoufand men on the fkid ; and upwards of five t* ^uf.iiid prifoners, including four generals, fell into the h&nds of the alliet, together with eighty pieces of cannon. The confequence of this cction Wks t^e total expulBou of the French from the Milanefe. A dr^radful battle was fought on the 19th of June which ended in the com^ pWte defeat, and aimod tetid difperftun of C^^euerxl Macdonetd'ii army. The engagement continued for three days, wrh<:n the enemy wen* * l^lt ^||lliged ta ^'j. They left ^w>o m«n daad upco-tbriiehi of battle, > s,. . f^^mck^ * 11 -» H C E. ite;* BV blvt iMvn bcM ^1^ to imalie refi^cc (^mi^> llie ^ S^0iaorMt ikrtat, bMr^aUaiMp fl)ring befqgt, |htai.,! ;Tiiciii " , a ui"^*^' >• ^'^ oth«r hrtffMe* y the cUng^ |ic«fMUtofe agidnft i i* reach, ami received tlie Auftnmi tt'tkeik! pr*. li|£rllBad< la fcvend )«fau:e«i mil thofe rjrmbftla oFUbert* > >ti the •VNfdxikpdbr^. To ORcfui to era^ hite bteo dcftroycdfby the ^ .^ po< la Sgyjlt titey Ceem fio Have nobet^ fuccea ; Buoaapaittiluui been repulT- M avitb gitnt iofe in feveval defpenite attadist wbkk heittad* da 8ft. John 4^A^ imdf hab iMcn oUU^eo to fall laack wtkh gi«lt IcSt, to thai Jua dc^uc* dol!i doca-notftcita^oberar diftaate.' ^' -.rv. ;;•'■■ ',;..-, fc »i--i.*!iij <'',..,. i.r;;; >' -li thcintcfioi^ Jif Frsnoe nothing tpfMUenffdenAf t&^e ^aiUM |>iiati|^rt «^KbMtyi the dittAery ap^tearto p^Ecfa the fame oolifliiited power over a rMrttd^dMbeilSed. people, whom they opprcfs withouii mercy. At prefect they feem to be at variance with the counciU, whc are fupported by the ]MEopIe. Which of thefe two' comtcnJii^ P^i^'^s WiU gain the afcen^a cy, « donbtful't and indeed 'mmaterial. For ^HRrill look in vain for the imii- left fpark oi bonom or virtue from the cottkon of |acobiu{cal £a£Uoni. ' /' ■ ■ ■ . . , . ; . Lewis XVI. thc'late unfortunate king of the French, was born Augull >*3* 1754* aMn&id, Apr3 9^ 1770, to Maria Antoinetta, archduchefs of Auftria, borailoTtebcr a^ u^Xf 1 fitcceeded hit grandfather, Lewis XV. Mvy tali t*fjAM crdwncd at Rheima . June, 11, 1775, beheaded Jan. a), -1 793/ Theiffoji Cff JLewia Xyi. aodMarie Antainctu are, I MadatiKGMaiuuThereiii.Chark>tta,.bom December 19, 1778. a. Lewi»iChariet> bom Mafch af, 1785*! - : I. :'•■■■: ■.;^ V , . ..-.,. ■ B* ut/Kra and fiftecs to hit kte Majeftr* * l» Lisw^Ja Stat' ; ■ ' t- !.Xr vier, count daProvence, bom'Novembery 1 7, 1 7jj; married May» 1 4 , > 7 " ' Maria-JofepbuLouifay daughter •£ the king of ftlr^ta,bcMm Set;^^n;k:?2, 1753. ' 2. Charlc«>Phihp count d'Artoit, born October,. 9^ 17^7, inarried, November, '6k lyfji to' Maria- Therefa, daughter of the king of Sardinia, 'Wn Jan. ji, 1706, br whoaihe hasiiFue : < L ■ ^ lilue of Lewia XV. now living are, 1.^ jUrlaria- Adelaide, Juchefs of Lormin and Bar, bqm 1732. '». Vi^oria-Louifa-Marie-Xherefa, bom 1733. , i 3. Sophia- Philippina-Elizabeth-Joftihia, bom 1734. . 4. Louifa Maria, born 1737, who went- into a 'convent of Carmelites, wi ■|pW"th«vea-in-'1770.^ ■ -i.r,;. .*••■-, ^ti;- , ru |f^W|^ ^: ■■■ M i ywiMwy i g »* * "»" —^- J M iiwHuumMr , _ ie,||^ i^h. as, tlie^ pottery, ;t4)M^p.pi{>ea, c^f^wve, £li|el|; «lbedi tJtik 1i91t!ffi>U% «Bd fii»«b iBiawft CT uw j titer benm, and.ibe. ^^"^ Air / .aiiL^ ' V IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // .^/ ^ 4^ v.4^ ^ % 1.0 1.1 ■tt lii |22 2f 114 ■■■ £ Ufi 12.0 u M IL25 in 1.4 I 1.6 0^ w / ^^ I '/ Hiotographic Sciences Cornoralion 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WiBSTH.N.Y. MSSO (716)«7a-4S03 m m 4 <> v 6^ >:,"s, < • A:. . »«.^*iV „/iv ^ji!iV..B;,fci>r- 'Tiat r, |I;ngd(« itvo!K..c iU'alireiJjt towns 'i^ t th<, *ppoiutedu.ftant of time. Thia method fif, trS, ' ' jigurs ia(W 4"^* '^ extremely coDvenient to tHe ui^biU Hvap. By tAewM of thofe canals, .a exteofive ial»i4 iid^" 4U4. **»*» ttftriffii and F»nchr F|a«4ie|[a^ A .||M||(cwi') liHerc r,:AartlH(vent8rl^^ ai^tlie other for coiirunon people, ivho may r»a, ftooks^'eiti^ai^^ fioayaie with peoplje of various nations, dreflGes, and Iangu;ige»<' vN«^.^^ I^daia aqd ot^tt )«fge cities, a Uaveller is aftoniihed when he beholds tW fifedsof an extenfive and ^urifliing comaicrce. Here ^e cataajs. ue fined lor (niies tog^cr with elegant, neat country houfes, feated ta the^figiJ^^Mf MHfdensand pleaftire groupds intermixed with figures,, bufts, ftaljifa^<^M]M^ ^c. to the very water's edffe. Having no objcas of amulemciit Mp^<|^l CoMMBRCB AMU MAt(UFACTURss.] Thecomn9«rceoCtl3 DutchpfcrioCit to their falHng under the dominion of {ranee, and the cpnfi^eni revalue tiott of their government,- might be i^d to be ilinoft unlimited ; for thenc is icarcely a manu&dure they did not cany 00, or a ftate to which they did npt ttAde. ' In this, they^ were aflifted fay the pofalo^Tnefs ^ their countrr, the sh^pnefs of their hdwur, and above all, by the water-oirriag^ whi^^ br meaps of their canals,, gives them advantages beyond all othe^ '* /Ij^e United Provinces were the grand magazine of Europe } and ^ ipttfchafed here fomctimes che^r than m the countj-ies where tli roduced. ^heit £aft India e^mpabyhad the mpnogolv of the7^»| t iporc tksn a hundred ycan,!Wid was extremely opulent aind p«N Their capital city in India is Bataviaf which is faid to, exceed in magm^fien^ 3' ulence, andcommerce,^'the cities of Afia. Here the viceroys st^pekr- in greater fplendour thao the ftadtholder) ai;d fome of the Dutch futyeds in fiatavia fcarcely acknowledged any d«^ndeQc^~«ii (he ^o* ther.^X)untry. They bM'othi^ fettlements in India, but tione more pkafant, healthful, orufeful, than that on ^e Cf^pe of. Good Hope, the nd rendezvous of the ihips of all nations, outward or.^homeward bound, to mention their herring and ^rhale «fiiherie8, which they had carj^^ ' '~i the niuve proprietors, they excelled )at home in numberlels firiindiea . .e;^ fycti as. their pottery, tobacco-pipes, cf^lf-ware, fiqdy refined tMJr tSl'i&iUsi sad itwrch maoufaAurea ; their hemp, and fine. thfl^ i*^'- fe £■ JA.^AJ ^^^^'/j^ , ; fW r-t w** Um "f^m 1*4 tit ^' UarliiUfYAl Aim f/vy/3 V >«>«'/ ■■i«/ISTi:ir-».£'C!i^*^ OKHhux* -H; >.ti ■'•^'tbl. liitiu/yiffiP\ Zm'/rMiiii HurfH OHutr J.' '^■Inriiihrk\ ' 3\/'IWIt/fA \ffy/; .KiVirlilH'lm ^^^„^ um .•■- -ii*;,.-;- tbe 'Xiy. intua^ AC difpofitioM ,' ..^t Was their avn; ..■■^ metf the £K icttlementt in Indu. , .^ ^^ cat. Had thcf poflefled the fame averfion to . .Hil, and infinitely more mifchievous ; had thev poffc- . fcnuine patriotifm and love of liberty Which tnlpifed't v^^ey had ftill been happy. ./^' Public TkAbiNO companibs.3 Of thefe, the capital in Indiai, incorporated tn i6o2t by which' formerly the'Dutctk a^ nenfe wealu>» divided forty per cent, and fometimes fixty, alnut th« year 1660; at prefent the dividends are much reduced} but in a hundred ' and tvrenty-fouT years, the proprietors on an average, one year with another, divided fomewhat )|bove twenty-four per-cent. But the Dutch Weft India comtiany, the fiune year divided no more than two and a h&lf per-cent. This company was incorporated in 1 62 1. The bank of Am^rdam is thought to , be inexhauftibly rich, and is under an excellent dire£tion ; it is faid by Sir William Temple, to contain the greateft treafure, either real or imaginary, that is known any where in the world. What may feem a paradox is, that this bank is fo far from paying any intereft,that the money in it is worth fome. what more than the current ca(h is, in common payments. Mr. Anderfon fuppofes, that the cafh, bullion, and pawned jewels in this bank, which are kept Jn die vaults of the ftadthoufe, amount to thirty-fix (though others fay Mit^ to thirty) millions ilerUng. Constitution and oovbrnment.] ' France like another deftroying angel has fo diqointed and broken the whole fyftem of Europe, and over* th^>wn fo many of itsancient governments, that it may feem prepofteroui to fpendtime in deHl^ing what no longer exifts } but as it is impoifibleto undcrftand the hiftory of Europe, without a previous knowledge of its ancient governments and laws, atyd as the ereAions n»de upon the rums of its former eftabliihments, are built upon a fyftem which Is abfurd, and deftrudive of every principle that eives coherence and firmnefs to fociety ; ° the horrors of war, moreover, ftill continuing to rage aqd rendering the ftate of Europe every day more unfettled and difaftrous ; we (hall continue Co def« cribc the conftitutions of the different kingdoms of Europe fuch as they were before the revolution in France, leaving it to the future hiftonan who fhall have the good fortune to fee a period pot to the calamities of Europe to defcribethat ftate of tranquility and pomanent fecurity .upon which it may ultimately fettle. ''. The conftitution of the United Provinces is very {ntricate ; fbr the ■ they fu^fift in a common confederacy, y«t each province hpa an it (OYeroment ov cepftitution indepeodeat of the etittra » this goiremmiil Wntfinm] ... ^jW^tdimohvnk 'Afferent front thit dtthel I .^(^of twJlve perfoiM, whereof G«l#».«» ■ M I M WM W frn^m: ' lere diftributcd MrtiWd their taxQ^onfifted oneyi --that ah«Ifacri;n)r, rhe foll.u'i,!^ ^tocontt.juie ites 420,600 i3o>ooo • ,170,000 85.000 75»ooo 70,000 50,000 e city ofAm- •vlnces were fo luthor aflerts, theybreathei 1 merchandife ;land, was in a 1 funds have d under heavy id a half per forces in the ut forty thou- of ^hem were nents ofGer« ^holder, under t United pro- ry formidabTe cAed. In the he capture of own coaft by noft powerful •ranches j the MS branch has lobles of Hoi- n the regifter, sd by the or- him proof of idc. The en' Jther, bj ipeni Tl r' -j ».^ff'HiiawSjiCtiir-»-, v^i ^ K E t H E H L A1/ b S. i*4 traft it embroidered on the left hreaft of the upper garment of each knight. AaMa.l The enfigna armorial of the Seven United Province!, or the States of Holland, arc. Or, a lion, gul^, holdine with one paw a cutlafs, and with the othkr a bundle of feven arrows dofe bound togctner, in allulion to the feven confederate provinccS| with the following fhotto, Coaeordia rtt farv0 crtfcuHt. HifTOftY.] See the Auftrian Netherlandf. William V. prince of Orange and Naflau, Hereditary Stadtholder, Captain-general and Admital of the Seven United Provinces, and knight of the Oarter, was bom March 19th, i74ti, married in 1767, the princefa Frederica Sophia Wilhelmina of Prul&a, born in 1751) by whom he has JTue. i.Frederica-LouiftfjjVilhelmina, bom~ Nov, 38, 1770; married to tha bereditarv Prince of Brunfwick. i. WiUiam-Frederic, hereditary Prince, bom Aug. 2. 1772 ; mtarried 06t. I. 1 79 1, toPrincef(| Frederic»-S^hi»- Wilhelmina of PmiSa. 3. WillianuGeorge-Frederic* bom Feb. |e, 1774. } ■ The Stadtholder hath one fifter, Wilhelmina-CaroUna, bom 1743, '"^^ married to the Prince of Naflau Widburgh. AUSTRIAN AND FRENCH NETHERLANDS. Situation and Extent. Miles Degrees. Length iool . """ r49aiiA 52 North latitude ^ Breadth 2«o J. °**''*" t land 7 Eaft longitude; Boundaries.] "D OUNDED bf the United Pfovlnces o . the North ; by IJ Germany, Eaft; by Lorrain, 'Champaign, and Pic- cardy, in France, South ; and by another part of Picardy, and the Englifh Its, Weft. As thier country helongs to three different powers, the Auftrians, French, and Dutch, we (hall bi; more particular in diftioguiihing the prttvinces and towns belonging to <'acn ftate. , I. Province of B Jl A B A N T. Subdivifiens. I. Dutch Brabant .1 i^ Sq. M. »374 Luftrian Brabant Chief Towns. fBoifleduc Breda Bergen-op-Zbom Grave, N. E. LiUo Steenbergen, _ BruiTels, E. Ion. 4. deg. 61 g • .}- W. 6 min. N. lat. 50-50 — ^ ^ Louvain "1 I I Vilvorden > in the middle. J (^Landen J [•WERP ; andt 3. ,MAL|NES, are provinces independent of .Bra- at, though furrounded by it, and fubjeA to the Houfe of j^uftria. ■. aYa 4-P^ :f J!i>.„;,U , J. l^^^-l: )\iiiyi^ \r y ' _ ^^^^^V** —-4^ — -1^ i M H Y ^ kL jMufc^ i:^:.^^. ev' TAltE/*^qF (SmA tURCll iMtitl y^j^x i»^j %^ •>/) *«»» 7 '^■''^. Aftftf* 'tt'791K4, o. \ ri JV . i \ \1 |\ fti^^ \ 1 ^:5 *-vt- -t *^ -^s 1 \> \ "^ l^^ <;vA/ AtnfJ 114 : vtM T^' P It >* > If ^3b «." '■ ^ J * ^ Dalem apQ (.VjiUtcnbwig J Frtnch L«emburg r— • |:^ip.jtm^yiS;E. . ^^^ 6. Provmce of N A M U R, m the nivi^?^ (wbjed to AwftnV 34PS DkiefTowi^: Auftriao Hainault HNwiur, QUI tb<; $i|mbfC «nd l^e^i £. loq. 4r|Q» l|t. 50-^. jj ^'5 Cb^kray ontbo $wnbr J* r»oyince of R A l N A XT 1, T. Freoch HaioMiIt 1 iCbvleixiy onthASwnpre. :mce of HAiNAXT;fT. ht.50.30. *% I intbe 1,^ Aetb* ^ - " (middle i<^4» HVajeneifiMKi ^ Cond6 8. Province pfC AMBRESIS. dttb^ to Ft^noe HCambray, £. of Arras,, E* Ion. province of A R T O I S. 5-15. N.lat. CO'15. 3 (.Cieyecour, S. of Cainb«9f% } m fiuljeA to France; ^— Arrast & Wt on the Scaipe, £• St< Qmeri E, oC BpHJogne Aire, S. of ^t. Omer - StVenant, E. olA«*< BcthuQc, S. Ei< of Aira x l^Terouen, S. of S» Qvwr 10. JPtowJoe of F LAW D E R5. 99» ^Utcb Flanilerf^ -\ ] %Z% Auftrian Flanders Gbent, on the Schddt, £. bn. 3^36. N.ht 51. Bruges 1 Oftend V H. W, near tHe fea.' Newport J >. < Oudepard on the the Scl^sldt^ 1 S3 }<>•">- 1-» YptM,N.«f t-ak TouEnaT on. the Schddft .Memo oa t|ie Lis >i< .■i.-.'-iyaaita.ayMM'i-t':^ BdmoIi Flin4cr» » « 9<)* M* 766 ta%"W.ofTournay Diipl^V, on tliJB -coaft E. of Caiut »«?««[, Wr of An»« KWk?.W.ofOuiikffk J StV Amamd,N.of y^^doinea l.CriWPf!4in, E. Of Calaif, Aw .»oii., 41IP noftvci J T^« •» of BrsUnt, in4 Mpon ^be coaft of HiMi4m»t(Mi ^ i)K tkclinUmf pvtils more be»ltUul, ani^^the fcsfom more fettled* both m winter andjruniiner» than the^ are iii£i^l«i}d. Jdbf (bil «d4 iti WQdHce wnrricb, ei^ccwUy j^^ which i» here cultivated t<| great perfeAion. Upon the whole, the Auftrian NetherlandB, by the CDJk* ■ turc, eomvasKS, «n4 Jndufcy of the inhabitants, was foit»«rUr the, rioheff anS* nwft beautiful fpQt |n l^urope, whether we xkgttx^ ,the yvmty <^ its qimu- £l(htres» tbe nif>gni6iceoce wad ncheft of its cities, the pj[e4ijinu><^ of its ratii^ and viOagrSf or the fertility of it« hi^ If it ha^taOf n off io b,ter ti(nes« it ii bwiijg jmij to ib« n'^Iijift of its ifoyeajment, but «hisfly to its vicinity ta England and H^Wnl^ > >ut it 19 ftiS a toojk defilrabte an4 up^^ble co^ try. There are few or no mountain in the NcdKerlaiidA i' riMders is ft flat ? country, fcarcely a fiwl? hiU in it^ BratmV and the reft of th^ prorin-. CCS, coifill of mik bw vi4 Tallies, woods, incfofed giou{ulf, and ONi^ pakpifieidp^ _ . • " ifcivags 4ND C4MAI.8.} Tbc chief nivcrs are theMaefe SambiVi^ Dsmer, I?y(e, Netbc, Geet, Sann^, Rnppdi {Scheldt, Itis Scaroc, I)ettk« and Dender* The psincipal canal); are tb(^ qf Elruffels, Gbeiit aiii Oftend. ' . ' , ^ Met AM AMD Mii)iB.a4i,8,] Miiots ojT iron,; cqp^er, W and brjnftanieA fbiutd in XfUxcBiburgi and I'^imbuiv,, as aie fome macble (j^oanijis & aod[. are in the province of Namtir thei :. die bifhqpncs, Qhent, Bruges Antwerp, Aryaa ; Totiniayi, St* Omeri Nanitir, ani Rpremonde. $2$ NETHfeRLANDS. . L^ARNiMGt ^BARNED MBM,7 The focicties of Jefuits formerly pRK AND ARTISTS. ] duced the moft learned men in the Au. ftrian Low Countries, in which they, had many comfortable fettlements. \IVorks of theology, and the civil and canon law, Latin poems and plays, weft their chief productions. Strada is an elegant hiftorian and poet. The Fle< mifh painters and' fculptors have great merit,' and form a fchool by them> felves. The works of Rubens and Vandyke cannot be fufficiently admiredl Fiamingo, or the Flemings models for heads, particularly thofe of children, hav« never yet been equaUed; and the Flemings formerly engroifed tapeitry- weaving to themfelves. Universities.] Lonvain, Douay, Toymay, and St. Omer. The iirft was founded in 1426, by John IV. duke of Brabant, and enjoys great prfvile. J^es. By a grant of pope Sixtus IV. this univerfity has the privilege of pre- ienting to all the livings in the Netherlands, which right they enjoy, except in Holland! I Anti^ities, AND CURIOSITIES, 1 Some Roman monumQiits oftem- NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL.' j ples and Other buildings are to be ' found in theie provinces. Many curious bells, churches, and tne like, an< dent and modern, are alio found here ; and the magnificent old edifices of every kind, feen through all their cities, give evidencesof their former ^nd- ' cur. ^ In 1607, fome labourers fouild 1600 gold coins^ and, ancient medals of Antoninus Pius, Aurelius, and Lucii^ Verus. ^ Cities.] This article has employed feveral large volumes publiflied by different authors, but' in time? when the Auftrian Netherlands were far mere £ouriihing than^ow. The walls of Ghent, formerly th^ capital of Flanders, and celebrated for its linen and woollen manufa£lures, contained the circuit of tdl i^ilcs ; but now unoccupied, Rnd great part of it in a manner a void. Bruges, formeriy fo noted for its trade and manufactures, but above all for Its fine canaw, is now dwindled to an inconfiderable place. Oilendis a tolerable codvenient harbour for traders ; and £oon after the laft rupture between Great Britain and Holland, became more .opulent and populous. In 1 78 1 it was vifited by the emperor, who granted to it many privi> leges/and franchifes, and the free exercife of the proteftant religion. As to Ypres-, it is ohly a ftrong garrifon town. The fame may be faid of Char^ leroy and Namur. Louvaftn, the capital of the Auftrian Brabant, inftcad of its flonriniing manufaAures and places of trade, now contains pretty gardens, walks, and arbours. BrulTels retains fomewhat of its ancient manufactures ; and heui^ the refidence of the governor or viceroy of th^ Auftrian Netherlands, it is a populous, h'vely place. Antwerp, orice the emporium, of the European continent, is now reduced to be a tapeftry and thread lace-fhop, with the houfes of fome bankers, jewellers, and painters adjoining. One of the firft exploits of the Dutch, foon after they threw off the Spanilh yoke, was to ruin at once the commerce of Antwerp, by finking veffels,, loaded with ftone, in the mouth of tlie Scheldt ; thus (hutting up th6 entrance of that river to fhlps of large burden. This was the more cruel, as the people of Antwerp had been tbeir' friends andfello)v fufferers in the caufe of liberty, but they forefaw that the profpcrity of their own commerce was at ftake. It jnay \)e ob£erved here, that every gentleman's houfe is a caftle or cL teau ; and that there are more ftrong towns in the Netherlands than i the reft of Europe ; but fince the decline of their trade, by the rife Englifti and Dutch, thefe towns ' are confiderab^y diminifhed in uze, whdie ftreets, particularly in Antwerp^ are in appearance uninhabited. ... the jj2fe-aKsa£m. W£.T H E.R L ANp &, m the K i^ '*^'f provlfiops are extreroely good and cheap. A ftranger may dme in t aiMtt on fevien or eight diflies of meat, for lefs than a OiQh'ng Fng- h'(h. Ti A veiling isfafe, reafonable> aqd delightful in this luxurious country^ The roads tCre generally a broad caufeway and run for fome miles in a ftraight line, till' they terminate with the view of fome noble buildings. At Caflel, in the French Netherlands, may be feen thirty two towns, itfdf being •n a hill. Commerce and mahufacturcs.] The chief manufadure» of the French and Auftrian Netherlands, are their beautiful linens and laces;' in which, notwithftanding the boaf^ed improvements of their neighbours, they ' are yet .unrivalled ; particularly in that fpecies called cambrics, from Cam- bray, the chief place of its manufadture. Thefe manufaflures form the prin> cipal article of their commerce.' ' Constitution aSd GovfeRNMENT.] The Auftrian Netherlands are fttllconiidered as a circle of the empire, of which the Archducal houfc, at being fovereign' of the whole, is the fole direftor and fummoning prince. This circle contributes its ihare to the impofts of the empire, and fends am envoy to the diet, but is not fubjeft to the judicatories- of the empire.. It is under a governor general, appointed by the court of Vienna, who is at pref^nt the archduchefs Chriftiana, fitter to the late emperor Jofeph II. and her hulband the duke of Saxe Tcfchen. The face of an afTembly, or parlia- ment, for each province, is ftill kept up, and confifts of the clergy, nobility* and deputies of towns, who meet at BrulTels. Each province claiips parti« cular privileges, but they "are of very little effeft ; and the governor feldom or never finds any refiftance to the will of his court . Every province has a particular governor, fubje6t to the regent : and caufcs are here decided accor- ' ding to the civil and canon law. After what we have already premifed, page, 520. it may be reckoned almoft tieedlefs to remind the reader that this defcription of the conftitution andgo- veroment of the Auftrian Netherlands is only applicable to their Atuation when fubjeft to the emperor, at prefent they are annexed to France, and make a part of her territories. , Revenues.] Thefe rife from the demefne lands and cuftoms : but fo miuch is the trade of the Auftrian Flanders now reduced, that they are faid not .to defray the eipence of their government ; but by the late reduiElion of the garrifon, this is now altered. The French Netherlands bring in a confiderable * revenue to the nation. ., Military Strength.] The troops maintained here b'y the emperor are chiefly employed in the frontier garrifons. Though, by the barriet treaty, the Auftrians were obliged to maintain three fifths of thofe garrifons, and the Dutch two ; yet both of them were miferably deficieht in their quotas, the whole requiring at leaft 30,000 men, and in tinie of war above io,090 more. But the emperor Jofeph II. demolifhed the fortifications of inoft of the places, and rendered the garrifons ufelcfs. Arms.] The arms of Flanders are, or, alion fable, langued gules. History.] The feventeen provinces, and that part of Germany which lles'weft of the Rhine, was called Belgica Gallia by the Romans. About a century before the Chriftian aera, the Battae removed from Heffe to the marfliy country bounded by the Rhine and the Maefe. They gave the name »f Batavia to thcij new country. Generous and brave, the Batavians were |ed by the Romans w ith great refpc£t, being exempted from* tribute* rned |)y their own laws, and obliged only to perform military fervices. ^on \\c decline of that «mpire, the Goths, and other northern people, pof- fcflet I»l ' NtTH E k t A ijryt *fcfle4 themfdw»of thefs provinces firft, aa they pafllil}! thrdugh Hietn in thcJi' vray to France, and other parts of the Roman empire $ and afterwards being ere^edinto fmall govfimmclfits, the heads of which were defpotie within their own dominions. Batavia and Holland beeame independent on Germany, to. which it had been united under one of the grandfonsof Charlemagne, in the - beginning of the I Oth century, when the Tupreme authority was lodged in the three united, powers, of a Count, the Nobles, and the Towns. At laft they were fwallowed up by the houfe of Burgundy, anno, 1433. The emperor Charles V, the heir of that family, transferred them, in the year 1477, to the houft; of Auftria, and ranked them as part of the empire, under the title of the Circle of Burgundy, The tyranny of his fon Philip II. who fuccceded to the throne of Spain, made the inhabitants attempt to throSvoff liis yoke, which occafioned 3 general infurre£lion. The codpts Hoorn, and Egmont, and the prince of Orange, appearing at the head of it, and Luther'» ' fetormation gaining ground about the fame time in the Netherlands, hl« difciples were forced by perfecutlon to join the malecontents. Whereupon king Philip introduced a kind of inquifition, which from the inhumanity of its proceedings, was called .the ," Council of blood," in order to fuppr^fs them ; and many thoufands were put to death by that court, befldes thofe that periihed by the fword. Count Hoorn and count Egmont were taken . and behcdded ; but the prince of Orange, whom they ele£ted td be their Stadtholder, retiring into Holland, *th&t and the adjacent provinces entered ihtQ treaty for their mutual defence, at Utrecht, in the year 1579. And though thefe revolters at firft were thought fo defpicable as to be termed Beg- gart by their tyrants, their perfeverance and cvurage were fuch, under the prince o^range, and the affiftance afforded them by queen £Iizabeth,both in troops and money, that they forced the crown of Spain to declare them a free peo- ple, in the- year 1609 ; and afterwards they were acknoviedged by all Europe to be an independent ftate, under the title of The United Provinces. By their fea wars with England, under the Cdmmon\][palth, Cromwell, and Charles II. they juftly acquired the reputation of a formidable naval power. When the houfe of Auftria, which for fome ages ruled over Germany, Spam, and part of Italy^with which t}iey afterwards continued to carry on bloody wars, was become no longer formidu^jle ; and when the public jealoufy was di- j.rccted againft that of Bourbon, which was favoured by the goverrtment of Hol- landj who had difpofTeffed the prince of Orange of the ftadtholderfliip ; the fpirit of the people was fuch, that they revived it in the perfon of the prince, who was afterwards William III. king of Great'Britain ; and during his rcigft, and that of queen Anne, they were principals in the grand con- federacy againft Lewis XIV. king of France. Their conduft towards England'in the wars of 1742 and 1756 hath been difcuffed in the hiftory of that country, as alfo the occurences which led to a rupture between them and jhe Englifli in the year 178Q. As it was urged, ■ that they refii fed to. fulfil the treaties which fubfifted between them and Great Britain, fo all the treaties which bound Great Britain to them were de- clared nijU and void, as if none had ever exifted. By the war, their trade fuf- fercd confiderably, but Negapatnam, in the Eaft Indies, is the only place not rcftored to them by the Jate peace. Probably, to their feparation from Great Britain, may be attributed th^ late differences between the States General and the late'emperor JofepJ who, from the exhaufted ftate of feveral of the» European powers, fel to have a favourable opptntunity of accomplifhing^his ambitious dei! In the year 1 78 1) he had been allowed ,to demoliih the Dutch barrier in^ '^ d«- HE THE R L A ND'8. <#' jbrninransk foe which thej h«d contended fo^defperately in the f imc of tjucen Annei and he now feemed nyilh'ng t'< encroach upon their territoriei. A conference concerning the boundanea of. their refpedive nation! was pro- poff d to the ftates ; out hefiore this could take place, he began to commit feme a£U of hoftilityy and extend' his doipiniona a U^le br way of prelimi- nary. Two fmall forts, St. Don^t, and St. Paul, werf fetzed upon, as wdl ' as fome part of the marflies innhe neighbourhood of Sluys. A formal demand was then made of a free/navigation bejond fort Lillo, as fir as the land of Saftingen, fome miles /up the Scheldt ) and it was' infilled as a preliminary to the enfuing'conlerencea, that the j^rd-ihip, which bait iifually been Aationed at fbtt LiUo Ihould be immediately withdrawp. A lift of his demands was delivered in to the plenipotentiaries at Bruflels on the fourth of May 1784 : of thefe the rooa important feems to have been|t the claim upon the town of Maeftricht and the territorr of Outre Meufe, a country disjoined from the reft of the Dutch po^emons qu the iide of Flanders. The claims of the emperor were little reliihed on the part of the repuUicw, and the ftates were ejftremely urgent to obtain the mediation of the court of Verfallles. In his ultimatum which was delivered on the 23d. of Auguft, under the pretence of amity and a defire of conciliating all diiferenges, he . offered to relinquifli his claim upon Maeftricht, and to mpderate his other requifitions, in confequence of the free and.unlimited navigation of the Scheldt in both its branches to' the fea, exprefling at the fame time his confidence^ that the ftates would with eaeemefs, accept fo decided a mark of his goo^ wtU ; and that he had therefore thought proper to regard the Scheldt hi oiMn, and tt) declare its navigation ftee from the date of this paper, and- finally he further decUred that fhould the imperial flag in ^h': execution of thefe views, fuifer any infult, he would be under the neceflity of regarding fuch infult as an a£l of dire^i hoftility, and a formal declaration of war on the part of the republic. The anfwer of the Dutch to this memorial of the Emperor was decifive and peremptory. They re^rded the reftrained navigation of the Scheldt as the moft valuable of their poifeftions ; they declared it was a pretenfion from which they could never depart ; and they protefted againft a^iy ftep they might be obliged to take in vindication of their ri^hts^ being conftrued / as a violation of tbofe pacifit: difpofitions they wiihed always to prefeive to« wards his imperial majefty. The Emperor though not hafty in the execution of his defign, appeared notwithftanding to be refolute. rEarly in 06lujier a fmall veM failed from Antwerp ; on arriving before Lillo and Saftingeuy it was ftopped by the Dutch naval officer, and after preffing and Amicable folicitations were in, vain made ufe of to prevail on the comn^aoder to defift from his purpofe, he difcharged his whole broad fide into the imperial vef' fel, in eonfequcnce of which fhe furrendered. A few days after this trail* faAion, another Auftrian vetfel advan9ed on the fide of the fea, and was' detained by the Dutch admiral at the mouth of the Scheldt. Thk "onduA on the part of the Dutch was perhaps unexpeded by the Emperor, but having advanced fo faf,'it wasimpoffible that he ihould immediately retreat. He recalled his ambaffadoir from the Hague, he ordered h<8 plenipotentiaiy at BruiTels to break up the conferences, and he wrote circular letters to '*^"~irt8 of Europe fbting the unj(iftifiable and hoftile proceedings of the rovinces. * The Dutch were no lefs aAive in theirown vindication |^- ular lettef is dated on the third, as the Auftrian is dated on the of Novernber. They infift upon their rights as unqueftionable.and proceedings 98 moderate beyond all example, and they farther dcolare 3Z - - ■ 'm i^'^ J3» NETHEHLANDS. tWt fo fiur trotn meriting to be confidered m a power that had aAed ofTe*. fively> they ftiU pefiifted in their peaceable difpoqitions, but if unfortunately fuch difpofiUona can have no influence on the mind of hit Imperial Majefty, though the States ftiU prefbrved fome hopes to the contrary, the Republic will iinditfelf in the difagreeable neceffitv of having recouHie to fbch meant M.the- fights of jnature and nations entitled them to ; hoping that l^ivine Providence, and the applauding voice of the neutral powers, will afllft in inaiataining the Republic in the juft defence of its deareft rights." < Such conduA feemed to prognofticate an immediate war, and we may ■Imoft venture to fay that hoftilities commenced on the feventh of November, when the ganrilons of LiUo, Frederic-Henry and Cruckfliank, fearing a ' fudden attack on the part of the Auftrians,* cut their dykes, opened their iluices and inundated the flat country for many miles around the Scheldt, and great preparations were made on both fides for opening the campaign early .next Hiring ; but by the mediation of France and Ruffia, Europe was prevented from being again involved in the calamities and horrors of war, from which Hie had but lately been freed. During the progrefs of thefe contentions with the emperor, the united States were harrafled and torn with diflentions and animofities among them>- felves. The late 'war with Great Britain had originally been brought on by the French or patriotic party in Holland, as it w3s called, and had never been acceptable to the mafs of the people; the condud of the war had more- over been fpiritlefs, injudicious and unfuccefsful ; all their fettlements in the Weft Indies f^l into the hands of the .Britilh without refiftance ; their (hi^s were captured and their trade ruined ; the patriotic party wer?in< . duftrious to throw the blame of all their mifcarriages on the Stadtholder, and they fucceeded in raifing a violent fpirit of animofity. againft the Houfe of Orange. * ^ The Stadtholder was accufed of not having exerted the force with .which he was entrufted by the ftate, with that energy, which he ought to have done, and which would have been moft eire£lual for counteracting the de- figns, and fruftrating the efforts of the enemy ; that the naval department liad been flianiefully negleAed ; its force" misapplied and withheld ; and that. to thefe caufes alone was to be imputed the rum of their commerce and the lofs of their colonies. The Stadtholder's known averfenefs to -any political connection with France, and above all to entering into any treaty with, or fi£Pording any fuppdrt to the American colonies, then in op^n rebelhon againft the mother country, afforded fuch a plaufible foundation for thefe accufa- tions as fufEciently anfwered the purpofes of the party. The prince repre- fented to his adverfaries tltat the weak and bad condition of their navy had rendered it totally incapable of performing the fe^vices expeCted from it ; and that tl^e blame of this negligence and the confequent misfortunes reiled fokly wjth the ftates themielves, tp whom he had often remonftrated for their inattention to this department, frequently warned them, flnce tiiey were purfuing meafures tending to a war, to be In due preparation to with- ftand Its conlequences ; but thefe reprefentations were all in vain, the fer- ment was fuch as neither reafon nor conciliatory meafures cotild allay. On the other hand the monarchical party accufed the patriots of having involved their country in a war, when they were totally unprepared for it. During thefe mutusd recriminations tlie republic was torn to piece coAvulfed in«ll its parts and members. Nothing could be more det dMo the face vf tumult, net and confu£ea whiclrwas ererir where exl ..Mmm-S:£- NETHER LA M D S» id tAed ofle*' ' unforturately pmal Majcftr, th€ Republic » filch meant J that t)m'ne , will afllft in :8." ', and we maj of November, ink, fearing a ' , opened their id the Scheldt, the campaign 1, Europe was jrrors of war, or, the united I among them- n brought on and had never war had more* feftlements in liftance ; their party Averrin- adtholder, and the Houfe of ce with. which >ught to have afting the de- al department leld ; and that, imerce and the > -any political ;reaty with, or :belhon againft thefe accufa* e prince reprc- theirnavy had I from it ; and "ortuncs reftcd nonilrated for m, fmce tliey ation to with- vain, the fer- Id allay. On uving involved •it. '5i^ The Stadtholder was treated with public indignity and infult ; the aAing committee af the Sutes of Holland iifued a decree by which they deprived him of his government and command, forbiddidg the troops to obey his or- ders in any manner, or even to pay him the cuftomary military honours } thefe ^th othd- marks of difjgrace and degradation put upon the iirft magiftrate of the republic feemed to announce their near approach to fome \ie allies enabled them in the winter of 1794 to enter and make themfelves m^ftera of Holland, which tho' allowed to retain the Ihadow of an ind(reat Britain ' France and ed armies as bferving that i misfortunes :er and make (hadow of an ppendage to lacet in the Rotterdam, he 20th of 5000 men. tew one efta^ id foon after, rever dearly lem igpoomi- folating foe ; : for plunder, ies loft ; fudi MS. Before e melancholy a long and J of a barbar- 8 to a Ilavc-ry knowledged, as they jj genei itign ; and his daughter, the late emprefiM)uecn» remained poflcite3 off them until the war of i74i» when the French reduced them, except pwt of the province of Luxemburg { and wbuld have ftill poflefled than, but for the exertions of the Dutch, and chiefly of the Enghih, in favou* of th« boufe of Auftria. The places regained by the French, by the peace of Aill- Ii.ChapeUe in the year 1 748, may be feen in the precceduig general tabU of divilions. It wai not long after the fettlement of the difturbanccs in Holland, that •• infurrc6%ion broke out in the provinces of the Netherlands, belonging to the etnpcor. The quarrel originated, like thofc in other countries, about the prerogatives affumed by the emperor, and which were more extenfive tlian hit fubje^s were willing to fuknit to { and the emperor making ufc of force to aOert his daims, the difcontented Brabanters fought refuse in the territoriM of the United Provinces. On the part of his imperial majefty, the infurgents were not treated with knity. A prc|clamation was iifued .by count . TrautmanfdoriT, governor of ' BrufTels, intimaiting, that no quarter ihould be given them, and that the vil* lages, in which they concealed themfelves (hould be fet on fire. A general Dalton marched with 1000 men to retake the forts, proclaiming that he meant to become mafter of them by aflault, and would put every foul he found in them to the fword. In opposition to this fanguinary proclamation, the patriots iflocd a mani* . fefto, in which they declared the emperor to have forfeited his authority by reafon of his various oppreflions and cruelties, his annulling his oath, and infringing the conftitution. Banishment was threatened to fuch as took part #tth him ; and. all «rere exhorted to take up arms in defence of -theiT country, thongtr llriA orders were given that no crowds or mobs flionld be allowed to pillage ; and whoever was found doing fo, ihould b^ treated as aa enemy to bis country. 1 This was dated at Hoogftraten, in Brabani, Oftober the 24th, 1789. Almoft every town in Auftrian Flanders Ihewed its determination to oppofe the emperor, and the moft enthuilaftic attachment to military affairs diliJay* ed itfelf id all ranks of men. Even the ecclefiaftics manifefted their vaUur on this occafion ; which perhaps was naturally to be expected, as the en^ peror had been very adive in depriving them of their revenues. A formid> able:|ainy was foon raided, which after Tome fuccelsful fkirmiihes, made them» felves mafters of Ghent, Bruges, :Tournay, Malines, and Oftend : fo that general Dalton Was obliged to retire to Bruflels. A battle was fought be- fore the city of Ghent, in which the patriots were victorious, though with thelofs of 1000 men, belides women and children. It refled's indelible dif» grace on the imperial character, as well as on the commanders of the troops, that they committed the moft dreadful acls of cruelty on the unhappy objects who fell into their hands. By fuch barbarous condud they enfured fuc- cefs to their adverfaries ; for the whole countries of Brabant, Flanders, and Maes, almoft inftantly declared in their favbur. They .publiflied a memo- rial for their juftiflcation, in which they gave, as reafbns for their condudt, the many opprefllve edidls with which they had been harraifed fince the death of the emprefs-queen } the unwanantable exteniion of the imperial prerogatives, contrft'y to his coronation bath, and which could not be done ± perjury on his part ;, the violence committed on his fubje£ts by for- entering their houfes at midnight, and fending them prifoners tp Vien* Tto periih in a dungeon, or on the banks of the Danube. Not content this, he had openly malTacred Hi fubjeiSls } he had oonfigned towns and villagssj 1S4 O £ R M A N Y. 1 f" -■ ■ viHigM to the'damesf tAd entered into a defifn of «MrimiMtti«g ptt^ who* •ontended onix for their rightt. Thefe thln^, they owned,tiiught b« terrible •t the time* and eafily impofe upon weak mindi, but " the natural courage of a nation roufed by repeated injuries, and animated by defpairt would iiTe fuperior to thofe Ulk effort! of vindidtive tyranny, and render then as inpo> tent and abortiTe, as they were wicked ahd unexampled." . For all which reafon$ they decUred themfelves Indbpendbmt, and for tvtr- rtlta/td/rom Hit bou/t ^AusraiA. The emperor now p^reeiving the bad effeAs of his croeltyt publifhed pro* clamationa of indemnity, Sec, but they were treated with the.utmoft con- tempt. The patriots made the moft rapid conquells, infomuch, that before the end of the year they were mafters of every place iii the Netherlands, except Antwerp and Luxemburgt Notwithftanding they thus appeared for ever feparated from the houfe of Auftria, yet the death of Jofepn, happening foon after, produced fuch a thange in the conduct of government, as gave a very unexpeAed turn to the utuation of affairs ; and the' mild and pacific difpofition of Leopold, who fucceeded his brother, the. conciliating meafures he adopted, tdgether with the mediation- of Great Britain, Pruilta, and Holland, made a material alter*, atlon in the affairs of thefe provinces ; and a convention, which was figned at Reichenbach on^ the a 7th of July 1 790, by the above mentioned high contraAing -powers, had for its objeA the te-efUbli(hroent of peace and good ofdcr in the Belgic provinces of his imperial majelty. Their majetlies of Great Britain and Pruifia, and the ftates>general of Holland, became in the moil fulemn manner, guarantees to the emperor ,and his fucceflbrs for the fuvereignty of the Belgic Provinces, now.re-u-.itcd umler his domilSion. > * ' The ratification of this convention was exchancctu between the contracting parties within two months from the date ut ligning, which was executed at the l&gue on the I oth of December, 1790. The Netherlands have finice become the fcene of that defolating war ^rhichrhas been kindled in the world, and have been over-run by the nume* roue armies of France, but as all thefe evefits have been detailed in the htftory of tbaf country, it is unneceilary to trouble^ the reader with them in, tliSa pkice. ' * ' "' ' ' ■■■ •'• ,'., GERMANY. Situation and Extent. Mile?. ' . Degrees. Sq. Miles. , GsaMANY and Bohemia contain 191, 573 fquare niles, with 135 inhab' - tants to each. , ■ • , 1^ runkoiit* i^'T^HEemprre of Germany, prqterly fo called, is bom ^uNDARiE».j JL ■ j,y jjj^ Guttata Ocean, Denmark, and the Baltici . » V. • • ■ ..' i % w -•• : J ^,^;-, ^.;,;,^ '*J I /* 1^ b: 1^ ■ " '/ 'i' '. -r "^ \ ^/ ,'-?^-; tv,-. '- '■y.S&'vjt^ *i*5. •» .V *^.:'^ •"«*'. K^'" ,./<«<»'''-■*'' ''^ V;- i ;. -: •■ -ii-'; :! '.aI ^^: % ■'Ni, .;«-.-"?*-x H^^.i'' 5-.V- S*'. B0UNOARU8.] J^ by tli? German Ocean, l>ciun»rk, a»d the Salticl 0^.9 . O E R M A N Y. ' jj| the NonE ; by Polmd and Hungaty, including Boh^i'g, on. the eaft-; fay Switzerland and the AIpi) which divide it fifom Italy, oh the South ; and hj the dominiona of France and the Low Countries, on the Weft, from«vhiai. itik feparated by the Rhine* Mofelle, and the Maefe. %,. • Grand divisions.] The divifiona of Germany, as bid down evefa bv modem writers, are various and unc;prtain. I fliall therefore adhere to thole that are moft generally received. Germyiy formerly was divided into the Upper, or Southern, and the Lower, or Northern. The emperor Maximi- lian, predeceiTor and grandfather to the emperor Charles V. divided it into ten great circles { and the divifion was confirmed in the diet of Nuremberg, in 15521 but the circle of Burgundy, or the feventeen provinces of , the Low Countries, being now detached from the empire, we are to confine oUrfelvei to nine of thofe divifions, as they now fubfift. Whereof three are in the north, three in the middle{ and three in the fouth. ff^MMJif;^^ The northern circles — -— The circles in the middle — • The fouUiern circles — {Upper Saxony Lower Saxony Weftphalia {Upper Rhine Lower Rhine Franconia JAuftria Bavaria ' Swabia I. Up»br SAXONY CiacLE. Pomerania in the North. t)ivirion». Subdivifions. * Chief ToVns. Sq. M. {Fruf. Pomerania, N. E.l f Stettin. E. 1. H-l' « I 4 5oN.lat.s3.3o.i4*'° Swed. Pomer. N. W. J (.Stralfund 2991 ^thctiddk^ fub" [^^'"^-^^* weft ]f Stendd ( to its own JleAor "{ Middlemarlf U Berlin, Potfdam V 0901 Saxony, the fouth its own -Meiflen Thuringia, langr. weft — — — Erfut f f Saxc Meinungen "l .b f Meinunge* Saxe Zeitz M » Zcitz ' Saxe Altenb.S.E. qJS Altenburg The duchies of— \ Saxe Weimar, W. J. tj •§ -j Weimar ,SaxeGotha, W. | ^ g Saxe Eifn. S^ W. '^o •Saxe Saalfeldt Gotha Eifnach Saalfeldt »4» 1500 Ltn 5S« G E R M A NY. * DivifioHl. Subdivifions. Chief Townj^ Sq.M. {Schwartr. W. 1 Subjea to C Schwartfburg a^ Belchtn. N. ^ theirVrpec- •< Belchingen Mansfel. N. J tive counts. (, Mansfeldt. {Hall, mid. fub. to Pruf.l THaU Saxe Naumburg, fub> > < Naumburg 3 to jfA to iti own duke, j C. Princlpdhy of- Anh.1. „,r.h ,_ ,|g:?^;|^l,„} 566 Bifliopricof — Saxe Hall, weft Hall ',^„. 2. Lower SAXONY Circle. Holftein D. north of the « Elbe. Holftein Proper,' N. DitmaHh, weft Stormaria, fouth Hamburgh, a fo- vereign ftate Wagerland, eaft. Oh Kiel, fub. to Holftein Gottorp. Meldorp lubjeA to > Glucftat Denm. Hamburg, E. I. 10.35. N. L. 54. an imperial city ] 1850 ^ d] J Lubec, an impl?rial city. Lauenburg Duchy, north of the Elbe, fubjed 1 Lauenbu to Hanover — ° .... SubjeAto the duke of Brunfwic Wol- fenbuttle. 'D. . RavenfbergC.r"^-*^^'^"' Wcftphalia D. fub. to the eleftor of Cologn Tecklenb.C. T fub. to their Ritberg C. > refpe [.Wonfield - 'Naffau Dillenburg Naffau Diets Naffau Hadamar Naffau Kerberg Naffau Siegen Naffau Idftein Naffau Weilburg Naffau Wifbaden Naffau Biclfteid Naffau Otweiler Naffau Ufingen .5^ oi H Homberg Rhinefeldt Wonfield ' Dillenburg Diets Hadamar Kerberg Siegen Idftein Weilburg Wifbadeh' Bielfleid Otweiler . L Ufingen i8d o o > ISO* ■) Frankfort on the M^c, "llerritary of Fra«kfort, a fovereign (tate > E. Ion. 8-30. N. lat. > I so 4A 350 10. an in^rial city } 53« G E R 'M A NY. Divifions Chief Towns. Sq. Bf. Cbunty of Erpach, fub. to its oyrn count . Erpach eaft. ' 240 Bilhopric of Spir., . fcmign ftate {^''l "J^'a;;"" '"} «« County of CatzcndbogcDy fub. to Hefle Caflel» Catzenelbogen on the Lhon. 7 •'* -TK fWaldeck Solms Hanau Ifneburg '; Sayn ■.• Wied Witgenftein Hatzfield Wefterburg Fulda Hirfchfeld 'Waldecyfub. to ib own count Solms, fub. to its own count Hanau, fub. to Hefle CafTel Ifenburg, fub to its own C. Counties of ^ Sayn !> Wied Witgenftein Hatzfield (_Wefterburg Abbey of Fulda, fubje6l to its abbot Hirfchfeld, fubjeft to Hefl"^ Caflel 5, Lower RHINE Circle. ]falatinate of the Rhine, on both fides that river, fub. . to the Elefkor F^tine. f "S Philipfburgh', Manheim and (^ Frankendal on the Rhfne (Cologn "I -^ ["Cologne, on the Rhine, E. 1 -2 Sf . I lon.6-40; N. lat. CO-CO ^p-,^ / i 2 1 i Bonn, Jn the Rhine, and Elefto- ^ j^^^^^ > ^.^^ < j^^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^ j^j^j^ ^f_ "*" °^ I LS"^ " chjrfFenb. on the Maine. , [Triers J ^ (.Triers, on- the Mofelle. Bifliopric of Worms, a fovereign ftate V^JJ^ °^J^^ ^'*'"^' 'Duchy of Simmeren, fub. to its own duke. Simmeren. J:;:^. rHeidelberg on the Neckar, E. "I J Ion. 8-40. _N. lat. 49-20. J 368 43» 1- . . 621 2618. } Counties of • '" "• . >■ ''"■1" 'v" - -M i-^-S- v;"^ ■ '"' '-■»' " - " J* ■■ ... JBifliopncs of Marquifates of < s 4 ■ Rhinegraveftein Meurs, fubjedt to Pruilia Veldentz, fubjeft to the I Ekdor Palatine j Spanheim ► . (.Leyningen ' 6. FRANCONIA Circle. ^■Wurtfburgh, W. T fSubjeato"] ^Wurfljurg ' Rhinegraveftein Meurs Velentz Creutznack .'/,'' .Leyningea "; < Bamberg, N. (.Aichftat, S. {CuUenback, •] f north-eaft J- -{ Anfpach, S. J L Subdivifions. • , their refp. > < Batpberg 3 L biihops. J L Aichftat Sub. to their*) fCullenback refpeftive > < J (.Anfpach . Chief Towns margraves. 1964 1405 1765 «54 1645 1700 5'3, 900 lOOd Frincipality of Henneberg, N. — " Duchy of Coburg, N. fubjett to its duke Diichy of HUburghaufen, fubjedt to its duke !^' ■■-»; Henneberg Coburg 406 Hilburghaufen ^ Burgravatr^i O E 11 M A IT Y. 539 Sq. M. €40 SubdiTlfions. Ckief To^iyni.. Surgntive of Murembo^g, S. E. an Indc'f Nuremberg, anl pendent ftate — — J unperialcity.j Territory of the great-mafter of the Tcutonicl order* Mergentheim, S. W. (.Mergentheim. 'Reineck,W. VrR«n<«it Bareith,£.fub.toit8pwnmar. I Bareith / Papenhe!ni,S. f. to its own C. i Papenhdm . _ ^. c i Wertheim, W. , J Wertheim C«»"'**"°MCairel. middle M CaflH Schwartzburg, fubje£i to iti own count .Holach, S. W. , J 7. AUSTRIA Circle The whole circte belongs to the emperor, as head of the houfe of Auftria. Divifions. Chief Towns. . , J , r A A • T» ("Vienna, E. Ion. 16-70. N. lat. 7 " Archduchy of Auftna Proper | ^g.^^ Lints, Ens, weft. J f Stiria and Cilley, C. -^ ^Gratz, Cilly, S. E I Carinthia ^ Carniola Schwartzburg middle .Holach \5* 188 130 320 Duchies of I 7106 5000 3000 457« l,Goritia -'^-Gorits, S. E. County of Tyrol — Infpruckl S. W. on the con- f" Brt. > ' C Brixen 7 c Brixen V fines of Italy and < BJhopncsof J^^^^^ {J Trent i Switzerland. I 8. BAVARIA CiRcLi!. ^ Subdiviilons. • , Chief Towns. 3900 1300 210 Duchy of Ba-1 varia Proper on the Danube. Munich, E. Ion, 11-32. N.^ - - - - In-I Subjeft ±0 the ^^^ Juandlhut. In- | eleftor PaW yj^^^ jj^ ^ Donawert >as fuccelior to 5 fn »•/• xt .•_ • 1 •.. n I the late eleftor 1 ^ ^^^^^' ^' *" '^Penalcity.] Palatinate of the^late elettor Amberg [Sultzbach], N. Bavaria. j of Bavaria. [ of the Danube. Freffingen, fubjeft to its biihop FrelTingen •— B!(hopric of PafTau, fubjed to its own bifliop, Paflau, E. on the Danube 240 "^EtLf pS:'' ["^^"^ " ^'^ ] '^-b-S' w- - ^^^ ^-^^«, 456 iWu^tSlfto^'^''^"''^' -^'^ '** I Saltzburg. S. E. HaUen. 2540 8500 240 9. S W A B I A Circle. Duchy of Wurtemberg, T Stutgard, E. Ion. 9. N, fubjeft to the duke of [■ lat. 48-40. Tub; Wurtemberg Stutgard J gen, Hailbron. Marqui- J Baden Baden ^ ^"^- '° '^''" ^ ^^^^" fates of I Baden Durlach I! / Uaden Durlach I ^^ "^P^^^" j ^^^ . (. ' J tive marg. C Durlach Birhoprlcof Augfturg, f-bjeft t» t AugJ^rBlS' "'"" 1 On or near the Neckar. On or near the Rhine I lownoiinop — • j .i.„ tS-^.,!.- I TTTi r* n. ^ S Ulm, on the Danube, an impc-? itoryofUlm,afovereignftat^J rial city. *^ J 280 4Aa ^t:-^*: •'"'^•■*^^?^; Bifhopric its own bifhop Tcrriti 3364 258 490 76J ii...i I4» O t % U A U Y. Bifliopric of ConftancCy fubjeA to its own biihop under the Houfe of Auftria ■n . . rMIndclheim fSubieft to ^'n^P"- JFurftenJierg ] " - LHohenz(" ! lities .Hohenzollem (. {Oeting Sbntgiieck _ Hohenrichburg iparomes of Abbles of rWaldburg I Limpurg {Kempten Buchaw., Lindaw X Conflanfie on thie lake of .1 Con0ance tncir r Mindelh. S. of Aug refpeaivc < Fufftenberg, S. princes. I Hohenzollern, S. r Oeting, eaft. 7 • < Konigfeck, foiith ead y I. Gemund) north iWaldburg, fouth eaft. Linipurg,'north. H Kempten, On the Iller. Buchaw, S. of the Danube. Lindaw, on the lake of Conftance, im- 6a 2l6 788 150 ..V 375 : " ■ xio ^perial cities. rNon _ srdlingen, N. of the Danube. - ', tnperial cities, or foverelgftflates Jro^^';;'^^; Neekar, .nd n„„y hoiifaof Auo ^ Marquiiate of Burgaw Burgaw, eaft. . , 656 380 Name.] Great part of modern Germany lay in ancient Gaul, ai I have fdready mentioned : and the Mrord Germany is of itfelf but modem. Many fiindful derivations have been given of the word ; the moli probable is, that It is compounded of Gtr or Gar^ and Man ; which, in the ancient Celtic, figniiies a warlike man. The Germans went by various other names, fucli as AUemanni, Teutones; v|^'ch laft is faid to have been their moil ancient the diverfion of the public. The neatnefs, cleanlinefs, and conveniency of the places of public refort are inconceivable ; and though at firlt they are attended with expence, yet they more tlian pay themfeives in a few years, by the com- pany wnich crowd to them from aU parts ofthe world : many ofwfadm do jlOt re|)air thither for health, but for amufement and coDverfati9ik lit G E R M A K T. , MsTAiitANO MiNCKAL*.] Germany abounds in both. Many pluei in the circle of Auftria, and other pai^s of Germany, contains mines of fiWcr Jiuickfllver, copper, tin, iroir, lead, fulphur, nitre, and vitrio}. $alt>petre, alt-mines, and Ddt-pits are found in Auftria, Bavaria, Silefia, and the Low^ er Saxony ; as are carbuncles, amethyils, jafper, fapphire, agate, alabafter, feveral forts of pearls, turquois Hones, and the fineft of rabies, yrhich adorn the cabinets of the greateft princes and vircuofi. In Bavapa, Tirol, and Liege, ^re quarries of curious marble, flate, chalk, ochre, red lead, alum anj bitumen ; befides other foilils. In feveral places are dug up ftones, which to a ftrong fancy reprefent different animals and fometimes trees of the hu- man form. Many of the German circles fumifh coalpits ; and the terra JigiUat$ of Mentz, with white, yellow, and red veins, is thought to be an antidote againft poifon. , Vegetable amd animal productions.^ Thcfe differ in Germany ▼cry little, if at all, from the countries already defcribed ; but nat'uralifts are of opinion, that had the Germans, even before the middle of this century, been acquainted with agriculture, their country would have been the moft fruitful of any in Europe. Even in its prefent, that we may call rude Hate, provifions are more cheap and plentiful in Germany than in any other country perhaps in the world ; 'witnefs the prpdigious armies which the moft uncultivated part of it maintained during the late war, ^hile noany of the xicheil and mod fertile provinces remained untouched. The Kheniih and Mofelle wines, differ from thofe of other countries in a peculiar lightnefs, and detefiive qualities^ fnor^ fovereign in fome difeafes than any medicine. The German wild boar differs in colour from our common hogs, and it four times as large. Their fleih, and the hams made of it; are preferred by many, even to thofe of Weftmoreland, ior flavour and grain. The gluttoi^ of Germany is faid to be the moil voracious of all animals. Its pr^y is al- moft every thing that has life, which it can mailer, efpecially birds, harei, rabbitSiki goats, and fawns ; whom they.furprife artfully, and devour greedilv. On thefe the glutton feeds fo ravenoufly, that, it falls into a kind of a torpid fiate, and not being able to move, he is killed by the huntfmen ; but though both boars and wolves will kill him in that condition, they will not eat him. His colcyr is a beautiful brown, with a faint tinge of red. Germany yields abundance of excellent heavy horfes ; but their liorfes, exen^^and (Keep, are not comparable to thofe of England, pt^bably owing to their vvant of (kill in feeding and rearing them. Some parts of Germanjrarc remarkable for fine larks, and great variety of finging birds, which are lent to all parts of Europe. • Population, inhabitants, manners.! As the empire of Germany CUSTOMS, DIVERSIONS, ANU DR.ESS. J* is 3 1 colIctEliou of fcparat^ ftates, each having a different government and police, it hath been difficult to fpeak with precilion as to the number of its inhabitants j but lately the following eftimate hath been formed of them. Moravia ' ■• , . ' Auftrian Silefia - '- w High and Low Lufatia Circle of Aulltia - • . Bavaria » . , Archbifhopric of Saftzburgh 'Wurtcmbercr » * *s, Baden i •» *''iVfih}Jf 1,100,009 Hanover • - . ' * * Brunfwick ^ <• Holftein < * ' t Mecklenburgh *'- '• w "' ' ' ^idhaufen ' - - Hamburgh - ■: •« .,' , -'<| ^ ■:-t -.;»■■■.. hi:. 40,600 400,000 70,000 a 60,000 1 30,000 " 116,664 550,000 74,699 79,071 314,000 289,614 700,000 7,«oo ^--v- 'j 42,600 1,326,041 100,549 • ' 462,970 i< 1/307,232 ''" 77.89* 271,461 - ' 130,761 750,000 166,340 . 300,000 220,000 *';; ■ V 13,000 - " 100,000 ;< « I7,I66,86S » free from proud of titles, ht to want aiu< tlian they com- ,nded by able gc< M £ugene, they -ench. 'i'hc im- ft either of thofe cumimnded by bitrary obftinacy illriaus exhibited chara^leriftics of Their works of watch and clock uid certain kindt tion. The Ger- drinking, and try in wine and )e wearing out. r at dinner, yet lur public toad) riagea, funcralu, ur tliat a flinrper dit if he prctendi ins of nobl'^men ds and gencalo- lite fo oomplaif- aie not entitled em to affcd it, are faid to be remlfed, it may ig no other her- icir armies, and ded with many ■Ml of their lands, n } and that, at nd, they would their grounda. ■ J-^isc", The • .i The domcAic direrfionaof the Gcrmani are the fame aa in. England | bil- Varda, carda, dice, fencing, dancing, and the like. In fummer, people of folhion repair to placca of public refort, and drink the water*. Aa to their field diverfiona, befidea their favourite one of hunting, they hare bull and bear-baitiug, and the like. The inhabitanta of Vienna live luxurioufly, » great part of their time being Ijpent in fealUng and carouifmg ( and in win- ter, when the feveral branchea oi the Danube are frozen over, and the ground covered with fnow, the ladiea take their recreation in fledgea of different ^lapes, fuch aa grifiina, tygera, fwana, fcoUop-fheUf, kc. Here the lady fita, drefled in velvet, lined with rich fura, and adorned with lacea and jewela, hav« ing on her head a velvet cap ; and the fledge is drawn by one horfe, ftag, or other creature, fet off with plumes of feathers, ribanda, and bells. Aa this diverfioa is taken chiefly in the night-time, fervanta ride before the fledget with torches, and a gentleman ftanding on the fledge behind, guidea tht horfe. Religion.] Thia ia a copious article, but I fliall conflne myfelf to what is moit neceil'ary to be known. Before the Reformation introduced by Ltl> ther, the German bifliops were polfefled (aa indeed many of them are at. thia day) of prodigious power and revenues, and were the tyrants of the empe- rors as well as the people. Their ignorance was only equalled by their fuper- jlition. The Bohemians were the firft who had an idea of reformaneny and made fo glorious a ftand for many yeara againft the errora of Rome, that they were indulged in the liberty of taking the facrament in both klnda, and •ther freedoms not tolerated in the Romifli church. This was in a great meafure ov^ine to the celebrated Englifliman John Wickliffe, who wrent muclv farther in reforming the real errors of popery than Luther himfelf, thougk he lived about a century and a half before him. Wickliffe was feconded by John Hufs, and Jerome of Prague, who, notwithflanding the cmperor'a faff- condu^, were infamoufly burnt at the council of Conftance. The Reformation introduced afterwards by Luther *, of which we have fpoken in the Introduction, though it ilruck at the chief abufes in the church of Rome, was thought in fome points (particularly that of confub* Aantiation, by which the real body of Chrifl:, as well as the elements of bread and wine, is fuppofed to be taken in the facrament), to be imperfe^. Cal- vinifm f, therefore, or the religion of Geneva (as now pradlifed in the church of Scotland), was introduced into Germany, and is the religion profeflcd ia the territories of the king of Pruflia, the landgrave of Heffe, and.foine <>tbtr princes, who maintain a parity of orders in the church. Some go^ 'fijr as to fay, that the numbers of proteftants and papifls in the empire are DOW almoft equal. Germany, particularly Moravia and the Palatinate, aa alfo Bohemia, is over-run with u'Claries of all kinds ; and Jews abound in the erajjire. At prcfentj the mode? of worftiip and forms of church govermect •ire by the proteflant German princes confidered in a civil rather than a reli- gious light. The proteflant clergy are learned and exemplary in ther de- portment, but the popifh, ignorant and libertine. ^,/^- ,; , .,, „,, 4B ,•',':'".-■ * Born in Saxony, in the year 1483. began to dif|>nte the dodn'nes of (he Romiili church, ts 1 7. and died^i J46, in the 63d year of hit age. t John Calvin Wai born in the' province of Picardy, ia the north of France, aoDO ljo6. Bein^ obliged to fly from that kingdom, he fettled at Geneva, ip 1559, where ha efta- bli&ed a ocw form of chuich dircipl.oe, which was foon after embraced by feveral na- tiooi and ftatea/whA are now deqominated Prclbyteriaot, aod, from their dodrinal az. iiclct, CaJvIniui, He died at <^eocva, in the year 2^(4 i »ad his wtitivgi make oin« valuBCi in folio. r^;'*- I4« GERMANY. ' AfCHBiiHor AND BiiHOp iBii.} TbcGs trc difitrentty reprtftnted %Magdeburg hat Ave ;— Saltaburg hat nine, bcnoei Vienna ;— «nd Bremen three. At difSerent periods fincc the Reformation', it has been found expedient to fatisfy the claimi of temporal princes, to fecularifc the following biihop>fce«, Bremen, Verden, Magdeburg, Halberftadt, Minden, Lubec, and Ofnaburg, which lail goes alternately to the houfef of Bavaria and Hanover, and it at prudent held by liis Britannic majefty's fecond fonw Such of thofe fees at were archbi(buprics are now otnlidered as duchies, and the bishoprics as prin« cipah'ticfl* . Lancuaob.] The TAitonic put of the German tongue it an original knguage, and has no a'hition to the Celtic. It is called High Dutch, and is the mother tongui; of all Germany ; but varies fo much in its dialed, that the people of one province fcarcely underiland thofe of another. lAtin and French arc the moil uficful languages in Germany, when a traveller is ig^no< sant of High Dutch. The Gerroau Pater Nofter is aa follows ; Un/tr Vatery dtr du h'ifl im Im- mk, Gebeitigit w:rd dtm name. Zukommt dcin reieh. Dtin wiile gejchcbi^ mil im himmtl alfo uuch auf trilin. Unfer tagl'ub broth gib utu htutt. Undi V*rnh uns unfir fehuUy alt Mfuy o( the Germans have greatly diftinguiflied themfelves in various branches of learning and fcience. They have written largely upon the Ro- uaap and cancan lawsi Stahl, Van Swieten, Stork, Hojrman, and Haller, -liave contributed greatly to the improvement of phytic } Ruvinus and DiUe- niusi, of botany ; H^iiler, of anatomy and fiirgery ; and Newman, Zimmer- man. Pott, and Margraff, of chemiftry. In ailronomy, KeplcF dcfervcdlj ^^t^iJAcd a great repuution ; aud Pufiendgrf is one of the firlt writers on the . the VC8 m various G E H M A N Y. 1147, Ike hw of nttofe and natiom,' tnd hat tKo merit M an hiftontfn. But at • the end of the laft century, and the beginninc of the prefent, Germany, by her divines, and by her religiooa fcA», was lo much involved in difputei a> boutfyilematic theology, that few comparatively paid any attention to other p»rt» of learning, or to poliu literature. The laiMuage alfo, and the llyle of\*i ing in German books, whieh at the time of the Reformation wwpurfc and origmal, became ridiculous, by a continual intermixture of Latin and French words ; and though they were not underftood by the people in ge- neral, were thought to give an air of fuperiority to the writers, and were therefore much affedcd. For an opinion prevaikd among the teamed in Germany, and many have not yet diverted thcmfelves of it, that cootpUing huge volumes, and larding them with numberlcfs quotations froftt all forH of authors, and from all languages, was the true teft of great erudition. Their productions, therefore, became heavy and pedantical, and were in Con» fAiuence difregarded by other nations. It was about the year 1730, that the profpeAs of literature in Germany began to brighten. Leibnitz and Wolfius opened the way to a bettef p|M- lofophy than had hitherto prevailed. Oottfched, an author and profeffor at I,eipric,.who-has been greatly honoured by the prefent king of Pruflia, in- troduced a better talle of writing, by publilhing a German grammar, and by itiftituting a literary fuciety, for polifhing and reftoring to its purity the German language, and by promoting the lludy of the btikt kttrtt. We may canfidcr this at the epocha, from which the Germans began to write with elegance in their own language, upon learned fubjedis, and to free tliemfelves, in a confiderable degree, from that vcrbolcnefs and pedantry- by which they had been charafteriTcd. About this time feveral young men ih the univeiifity of Leipfic, and other parts of Lower Germany, uhited in publilhing fome periodical works, calculated for the general entertainment of perfons of a literary tafte. Some of thefe gentlemen afterwards b«- ame eminent authors ; and their works are held m Germany in high efti- mation. The ilyle of preaching among the German divines alfo now underwent a confiderable change. 1 hey began to tranflate the beft Englifti and French fennon^ particularly thofe of Tillotfon, Sherlock, Saurin, Bourdaloue, and others. They' improved by thefe models : and Mofheim, Jcrufalem, Spal- ding, Zolikofer, and others, have publifhed fermons which would do credit to any country ; though they ilill retain too much of that prolixity, for which' German divines and commentators have been fo much cenfured. Nor can it be denied, that great numbers of the German preachers, even in large and opulent towns, are ilill too much diftinguiihed by vulgar language, abfurd epinions, and an inattention to the didlates of reafon and good fenfe, Some of the Englifh periodical writings, fuch as the Spcftator, Tatler, and Guardian, being tranflated into the German language, excited great emulation among the writers of that country, and a number of periodical pa- pers appeared, of various merit. One of the fifil and bell was publithed at Hamburgh, under the title of " The Patriot 5" in which Dr. Thomas, the late biihop of Salifbury, was concerned ; he being at that time chaplain to the Britiih faftory at Hamburg, and a confiderable mailer of the German language. The late profeffor Gillcrt, who is on? of the moft elegant of the German authors, and one of the moft efteemed, has greatly coiffributed to the improvement of their tsAe. His way of writing is particnUrly adapted to touch the heart, and to infpire fentiments of moirality and piety. His fables ^d narrations, written In German A B 2 romances. 54« GERMAN Y/v Kx (o much read in Germany, that even many of the kdi'es have them almol by heart. Hii comedien are alfo very popular ; though they are ntther to* fentimentali and better adapted for the clolct than for the ftage. Haller, the famoua phyiiciaii, Hagedorn, Uz, Croneghi Lefling, Gtcim, Cerilcnherger, Kiciili Klopftock, Ramler, Zacarie, Wieland,.and Dthen^ have excelled in ppctry. Schlc'gd, Cronegh, Lcffing, Wieland, and Wiefc, have acquired fame by their dramatic writings. Rabener haii, by his fatirical MTorks, immurtali/ed hia name among tiie Germans ; though fomc of hit piecea are of too local a nature, and too muoh confined to German cuftomi, manners, and ,charaA<;r8, to be read witi' any high degree of pleafure by per- fons of other nationn. Gefner, whofe Idylls and Death uf Abel have been ^ tranflated into the Engliih languagri ia known among us in a more favour. able light. ... In chemiilry, and in medicine, the merit ^f the Germans is very confpicu. ous: and Reimarus, Zimmcnnann, Abt, Kacftner, Segncr, Lambart, May^ Krugcr, and Sulgcr, have acquired fame by their philofophical writings. Bufcning is an cxc<^llent geagraphicut writer ; and Mafco, Bimau, Putter, Gatterer, and Gebaur, have excelled in hiftorical works. But it dannot be denied that the Germans, in their rt)mances, ar« a century behind us. Moft p{ their publications of this kind are imitations of ours, or elfe very dry «nd \;inintere(ling ; which perhaps is owing to education, to falfe delicacy, or to a certain tafte of k.night<«rrantry, which is Hill predominant among feme of their novel writers. In works relating tci^ antiquity, and 'the arts known among the ancients, the names of Winckclman, Klog, and Lefling, are familiar with th'ofe who are fkilled in this branch of literature. In ecclcfiaftical, nhilofophical, and Iite^ ary hiftory, the names of Albertus Fabricius, Mo/heim, Scmler, and Briicii. cr, are well known among us. Raphelius, Michadis, and Walch, a^e famous, in facred literature. Cellaring, Burman, Taubmam, Reifhe, Erneili, Reimarus, Havercamp, and Heync, have'publiilied fame of the beft editions of Greek and Latin clafllcs. It is an unfavourable circumftance for Germin literature, that the French language Ihould he fo fafliionable in the German courts inftead of tlw German, and that fo many of their princes fliould give it fo decided a prefer- Even the late king of Pruffia had ordered the Philofophical Tranfao cnce. tions of his royal fociety at Berlin, from the beginning of its inftitution, to be publidied in the French tongue : by which, fonie of the Germans think, hit majefty has call a very undtiferved reproach upon his native language. . With refpeA to the fine arts, the Germans hhve acquitted themfelvcs to- lerably well. Germany has produced fome good painters, architeAs, fciilp- tors, and engravers. They even pretend to have been the firft inventors of engraving, etching, and mdzzotinto. Printing, if firft invented in Holland, was- foon after greatly improved in Germany. The Germans are generally allov ?d to be the firft inventors of great guns ; as alfo of gunpowder in Europe, about the year 1310. Germany has likewife produced fome excellent muficians ; Handel, Bach, and Hafle, of whom I-Lndel ftandi at the head ; and it is acknowledged, th^t he arrived at the fublime of mufic, but he had not the fmalleft idea of the difference between mufic and fentimental cxprefiion. Cities, towns, forts, and other edifice's,') This is a copioui rusLic AND rRivATE ; With occafioual eftimat^ S-head in all countries, of REVENUES AND poputATiov. J but more particularly fe in Germany, on account of the numerous independent ftates it contaiui. The r.: r:fi, I ' G E R M A N Y. 54f in a more favour. The Tinker ilierefore muft be contented with the mention of the tnoli capital pliceHf &n4 their peculiarities. Though Berlin in accounted the cnpitftl of all his Prnfmn majelly'i do- minions, bnd exhibits perhaps the moll illuftrious example of fudden \m- Movement that this age can boitil of.) yet, during 'the late war, it was found n place of no ftrengtii, and fell twice, almoft without reflftance, into* the hands of the Auilrians, who, had it not been for the politencfs of their ger»» crais, aud their love of the fine arts, which always preferves mankind m>m barbarity and inhumanity, would have levelled it to the ground. Berlin lies on the river Spree, andfUefides a royal palace, has many other fuperb palaces ; it contains fourteen Luthcrian^ and eleven Calviniil churches^ befides a popifh one. Its ilrects and fquares are fpacious, and built in a very regular manner. })ut the houfes, though neat without, are ill-finiflieay and ill-furnl(hcd within, and very indifferently provided with inhabitantSt The king's palace here, and that of princjBr Henry, are very magnificent build* ings. Tlie epera-houfe is alfo abeatitiful ftru£turc : and- the arfenal^ which is nandfomely built in the form of a fquare, contains tirms for aoo,ooo men* There are fundrv manufadVures in Berlin, and fcveralifchools, libraries, and charitable foundations. The number of its inhabitants, according to Buf- thing, in 1755, was ia6,66i', including the garrifon. In the fame year, and according to the fame author, there were no fewer than 443 fdk looms, 149 of half filks, 2858 for woolen iluffs, 453 for cotton, 248 for linen, 454 for lace-work, 39 frames for filk {tockingo, and 310 for woriled ones. The/ have here maunniiEliu'es of tapedry, gold and filver-lace and mirrors. The eleAorate of Saxony is, by nature, the richeit country in Gftmumy, if not in Europe ( it contains 210 walled towns 6t market-towns, and about 3000 villages, according to the latcft accounts of the Germans «heni« felveg (to whj^h, however, we are not to give an implicit belief) i and the . fevenue, eftimating each rix dollar at four fhillings and fix-pence, amonntf to 1,350,0001. 'I'liis fum is fo moderate, when compared to the richneft of the foil, which, if we are to believe Dr. Bufching, produces even diam where, and the variety of fplcndid manufa£l|^res, that I am apt to believe, the Saxon princes to have been the moll modihte and patriotic of any m Germany. We can fay little more of Drcfden, the eleAor of Saxony's capital, than hath been already faid of all firte cities, that its fortilicatians, palaces, pub- lie buildings, churches, and charitable foimdations, and, above all, its fuburbs, are magnificent beyond all ezpreflion ; that it is beautifiilly fituated on both liden the Elbe; and that it is the fchool of Germany for llatuary, painting, enamelling, and carving ; not to mention its mirrors, and founderies for bells and cannon, and its foreign commerce carried on by means of the Elbe. The inhabitants of Drefden, by the lateft accounts, amount-to 1 1 0,000. The citjt of Lcipfic in Upper Saxony, 46 miles diftant from Drefden, Is fituated in a pleafant and fertile plain on the Pleilfe, and the inhabitants are faid to amount to about 40,000. There are alfo large and well built fub- . urbs, with liandfome gardens. Between thefe fuburbs and the town is a fine walk of lime-trees, which was laid out in the year 170^, and encompaffes the city. Mulberry-trees are alio planted in the town ditches ; but the ' fortifications feem rather-calculated for. the ufe of the inhabitants to walk on, than for defence. The ftreets are clean, commodious, and agreeable, and are lighted in the night with fevet\ hundred lamps. They reckon 436 •4^ V merch<* «"■■ V GERMANY. Inerebanl houfe^^-and 19a iiianufa£lure» of di(F«rent artidles, as brocade, LeJpfic has long been, diftinguiflied 'for the liberty of jcohfci^nce allowed here/t ^rterliofv the CullenKof, tlie German-houfe, an auguft edifice, fituatedncaf the bridge over the Maine, the Heffe Darinft'*dthof, the palace of the princ* ' de la Tours, and thehoufes of the countu of Solme, Schaueuburg, and Schou* bom 4 and there are three principal fquares. , ■ Vienna is the capital of the circle ^f Auftria, and, being *he refidence o$ the emperor, is fuppofcd to be the capital of Germany. U is a noble and a ftrong city, and the princes of the houfc of Auftria have omitted nothing that could contribute to its grandeur and richer. Vienna contains an excel* lent univerfity, a bank, which is in the management of her own magiilrates» and a court of commerce immediately fubjcd^ to the aulic council. Its re- h'gious buildings, with the walks and gardens, occupy a fixth part of the town ; but the fuburbs arc larger than the city. It would be endleft to enumerate the many pabces of this capital, two of which are imperial ; its fquares, academies, and libraries ; and among others, ' the fine one of prince Eugene, with his and the imperial cabinets of curiofities. Among its rich - convents is one for the Scotch nation, built in honour of their countryman St. Colman, the patron of AuHria ; and one of the fix gates of this city i* . called the'Scots gate, in remembrance of fome notable exploit performed there by the troops of that nation. The inhabitants of Vienna, including the fuburbs, are computed at about three hundred thoufand ; and the encouragc- Bient given them by their fovereignS; has rendered this city the rendezvous of all the nations around. After all that has been faid of this magnificent citv, the moft candid and fenfible of thofe who have vifited it, are far from bemg lavifh in its praife. The ttreets, excepting thofe in the fuburbs, are narrow and dirty : the houfes and furniture of the citizens are greatly difproportioned to the magt nificence of the palaces, fquares, and other public buildings ; but above au* the excei&ve impolts laid by the houfe of Aullria upon every commodity iu its dominions, muit always, keep the manufacturing part of their fubjeflf p0or. The emperor Tpfw*ph II became fenfible of truths which were plain to all the world but his predecefTors and their counfellors : he e;;amined things with his own eyes, and defcendcd from that haughtinefs of cemeanor wliich rendered the imperial court fo long difagreeable, and even ridis^ulous, to the reft of Europe. In general, the condition of the Auftrian fubjev'^s has bdea greatly meliorated fince his acceiOon to the imperial throne ; great encourage* me^it hath been given to the proteftants, and many of the popiih rcL'gious koufes, convents. Sec. were fuppreiTcd by him- AsTIdyiTIES AND curiosities' NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. article, which is of itfelf very copious. Every court of Germany produces a cabinet of curiofities, artificial and natural, aneicnt and n.odem. The tun at Hcidelburgh holds 800 hogfheads, and is generally full of the bell Rhenifh wine, from which ftrang«rs are feldom fuffered to retire fober. Vienna it». ftlfis acuriofity; for here you fee the grcateft variety of inhabitants that is to be met with any where, as Greeks, Tranfylvauians, Sclavonians, Turks, Tartars, Hungarians, Croats, Germans, Pole», Spaniards, Fn-ncii, and Ita- lians, in their proper habits. The Imperial library at Vienna « a great literary rarity, on account of its ancient manufcrips. It contains upwaiUs of 80,000 volumes, among which arc many valuable manufcripts in Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, Turkifh, Armenian, Coptic, and Chineff ; but the antiqui- ty of fome of them «» quelUonable, particularly a New Tcllamcnt in Greek, i|ui t«. hiiM been written ! 7 In defcribing the mineral and other j fprings, I anticipated great part of this 1500 years ago, ia-gcld anife, eumoun, tobacco, fa£froQ, madder, truffles, variety of excellent roots and . pot-herbs, and fine fruits, equal to thofe of France and Italy. Germany ex- ports to other countries, corn, tobacco, horfes, lean cattle, butter, cheefe, noney, v^az, wines, linen and woollen yani, ribands, filk and cotton iktiffs) toys, turnery wares in wood, metals, and ivory, gq^t-fkins, wool, timber both for flup4>uilding and houfes, cannon and bullets, bombs and bomb ihells, iron plates and ^svoi, tinned plates, ileel work, copper, brafs-wire, porcelain the nnelt upon earth, earthen-ware, glafles, mirrors, hogs, briftles, mum, been tartar, fmalts, zaffer, Pruffian blue, printer's ink, and many jotKer things. /Some thioJc t|iat the balance of trade between England ana Germany is to the di&dvantage of the former ; but others are of a difiPerent opinion, as they cannot import coarfe woollen manufaAures, and feveral other commodities, fo cheap irom any other country. The 'revocation of the edi£l of Narttes, by Leviris XIV. which obliged the French proteftants to fettle' in different parts of Europe, was of infinite fervice to the German manufaAures. ' They now make, velvets, filks^ftufi of ^ kinds, fine and coarfe | linen and thread, and every thing neceffary for 'wear, to great perfeAion. The porcelain of Mciflen, in the ele£iorateof Saxony, and its paintings, exceed that of all the world. • Tracing COMPANIES.] The Afiatic company of Embden, eftabliihed by his prefen^rulDan raajefty, was, exclufive of the Hanfeatic league, the only cooinierciaf company in Germany ; but no {hips have been fetit out fince the year 1760. The heavy taxes that his majefty laid on the company, hak been the caufe of its total annihilation. In the great cities of Germany very large and extenfive partnerdiips in trade fubfift. CoKSTiTUTioH AND GOVERNMENT.} ''Almott ^vcry prfncc in Gemany (and there are about 1300 of them) is arbitrary with regard to the govern- ment of his own eftates ; but the whole of them f( a gTcak Conieacracy,, {ovenied hy political lamf ^t tl»e head of which if the cmperori and whofc «i| l»ut G E R -MA N >. 3^^ hower in the coUef^ive body, or the diet, is not dircAoriil, hut executive ; but'even that gives him vaft influence. . The fupreme power in Germany {9 the diet, which is compofed of the emperor, or,' in his ab(ence,' of his com- miffary, and of the three colleges of the empire. The firft of thefe is the elef^orftl college ; the fecond is the college of princes ; knd' the third, the college of Imperial towns. The empire was hereditaiy under the race of Charlemagne, but af^er this became ele£kive ; and in the beginning, all the princes, nobility, and depu- ties of cities, enjoyed the privilege of voting., In the reign of Henry V. the chief officers of the empire altered the mode of eleftion'm their own favour. In the year 1239 the number of eledtors was reduced to feyen. One elec- tor was added in 1649, and another in 1(92. The dignity of the empire, thohgh dedlive, has for fome centuries be- longed to tlie houle of Auftria, as being' the moft powerful of the German princes ; but by French managemen^^ upon the death of Charles VI. mrand- father, by the mother's fide,' to i^e emperor Joferh II, the eleAor of Ba- varia w^s chofen to that dignity, and died, as it is fuppofed, heart-broken, after a Ihort uncomfortable reign. The power of the emperor i« regulated by the capitulation he figns at his elcAion ; and the perfon, who in his life- time is chofen king of the Romans, fucceeds without a new eleAion to the empire, He can donfer titles and infranchifements upon cities and towns; but as emperor he can levy no taxes, nor .make war nor peace without the confent of the diet. When that cbnfent is obtained, every prino;: muft con- tribute his quota of men and money, as valued in the martriculation roll, though ■ perhaps as an eleftor or prince, he may efpoufe a different fide from that of the diet. This forms the intricacy of the German conflitution ; for George II. of England, as cleftor of Hanover, Was obliged to furnifli his quota a^inil the houfe of Auftria, and alio againft the king of PrulOa, while he was fighting for them both. The emperor claims a precedency for his ambaifadors in all Chriftian courts. The nine electors of the empire have each a particular office in the Im« penal cSurt) and they have the fole election of the emperor. They are in order, * ,► ' Firft, The archbifhop of Mentz, who is high chancellor of the empire when in Germany. Second, The archbifhop of Triers, who is high chancellor of the empire in France^ " . > , Third," the archbifhop of Cologne, whb is the fame in Italy. The king, or rather eleftor of Bohemia, who is cup-bearer. The elector of Bavaria, who is grand fewer, or officer who ferves out the feafls. The eledtor of Saxony, who is the great marfhal of the empire. The eledor of Brandenburg (now king of Priiffia), who as great chamber- lain. , . The eleftor Palatine, who is great fteward : and, * Theeledor of Hanover (king of Great Britain,') who, claims the poftof arch-treafurer. , ,^ It is neceifary for the emperor, before he calls a diet, to have the^itt4v'C<' of thofe memberj ; and daring the vacancy of the Imperial throne, the dec- lors of Saxony and Bavaria have .jurifdi^kion, the former over the northern, and the latter over the louthern circ|ls. , . The ecclefiailical princes are as a)^folut<^jw the temporal ones in their fe- veral dominions. The chief of thefet'befWbs the three ecclcfiaftical elec- . "4C ttrt st^ «rpo have beeft occaOooally fupported by France frpm political views, though the pratrmatic lanAion is ftronglyjguaHmitied by althoft all the ' fQWtfs of Europe. The late emperor, eleiftor otB^Taria, and the late king «f Pdbind,' attempted to overthrow it^ as being defcfended from the daughters thfr to Charles yi. It has likewjfie been again ^nd again oppofed by the court .of Spain, Few of the territories of the German princes are fo largi as to be af* figned to viceroys, to he oppreiTed and ileeced at pleafurfc ; oor are they en- tirely witKput redrefs when they fuifer any grievance ; they (bay appeal to the general diet or great council o/ the empire for relief. The iiibje^ of the petty princes, in Germany are generally t!ie ihoft unhappy ; for thefe princes* affedling tjie grandeur and fplendor of t)ie more powerful* in the number and appearance of their officers a^d domefliics, in their pa^ laces, gardens^ pi^ures, curiofities, guards, bands of niunc, tables, drefs* and furniture, are obliged to fupport all this vain pomp and parade, at the expeitce of their vaflafs and dependents. With refpe^ to the burghers ana.peafants of Germahy, the former in many places enjoy great privileges ; the latter al(b, in fome parts, as in Fraflconia,' Swabif , and on th; Rhine* are generally a free peopl^, or perform only certain fervices to their fupe- Tiors,arid pay the tax^s; whereas i»the marquifate of Brandenburgh, Foo merania, Lufatja, Moravia, B^ihemiaj Auftria, Sec, they may juftly be^deno* fninated flaves, though in diffefeOt degrees,. - " .' Revenues.] The only revenue falling under thi^ head is that of the cm« peror, who, as fuch, hath an anpual income of about 5 or 6000 pounds fterling, ariflng from fofne inconfiderable fiefs in tlui Black Foreft. The ■ Auflnan revenues are immenfe, and are thought to amount to 7,000,000 fierling in Gemany and Italy ; a fum that^ goes far in thofe countries. IChe tather of the late king of Pruffia, whofe revenues were not near fo extenfive as thofe of his fon, though he maintained a large army, was fo good an jocco- nomiil that he left 7,000.000 fterling in his coffers ; and fome nave thought that Silefia alone brings above half a million llerling every year to this king* To behold fbe magnificence of many of the German courts, a ftranger ip apt to conceive very h\^ ideas of the incomes of their princes ; , which is oWing to the high price of money in that country, and confequently the low. price «f provifions and manufactures. In fad, though it is pUin that fome princef have much larger revenues than others, yet we cannot fpeak with any tolc- lable preclfion oh a fubjedt of fuch variety and uncertainty* and which com- prehends fo many independent ftateR. Military sTRENtiTH. 3 During the two laft wars, very little regard Nvas paid in carrying them on, to the ancient German conftitutions, the whole management being eftgrofled by the head of the houfe of Auftria. The eleAor of Mentt keeps what is called a matriculation book or regiftcr, which, among other letters, contains the aflcffmci^ts of m«n and money* which e^ery prince and Itatc who are members of the empire, is' to advance jvhcn thd arifty of the empire takes the field. The contributions i« |ifrney are called R«maa months, on account of the monthly afcflmentsi paid to 55S G E R M ANY. the einpi»t)rt ,wh«i they vifited Rome. ■ Thofie .afieiTtnentt, homever, aie fubje£t to great mutability. It is fufficient here to fay, that upon a mode- rate computatioo the fecular princes of the empire can br g to the field 379,000 men, and the ecclefiaftical 74,500, in all 453,500 ; of thofe tlie emperor, as head of the houfe of Aultria, is fuppofed to furnifli 90,000. The cle^or of Mentz may maintain The elt'-nr of Triers The ele£tor of Cologne - The biihop of Munfter - - The bifliop of Liigs ' , ¥ ' The archbilbop of Saltzburg The bI(hop of Wurtzburg, The biHiop of Bamberg - - TJh bifliop of Paderbom • f . - The biftiop of Ofnaburg ' - , The abbot of Fulda - ' - The other biftioprics of the empire •• The abbies and provoftihips of the empire Total oflhe ecclefiaftical princes v .• The emperbi-i for Hungary - f for Bohemia, Silefia, and Moravia for Auftria, and other dominions The king of Pruffia The eleSor of Saxony , The eleftor Palatine - - • The duke of Wirtemburg The landgrave of Heffe Caffel - The prince of Baden - •« The elector of Hanover • The duke of Holffeih * , Thedukeof Mecklenbirg •' - The prince of Anhalt - - The prince of Lawenbivg - The eledor of Bavaria - - The dukes of Saxony • The prince of Naflau - •> ' . ' The pthe princes and iinperial town! -' The fecular princes .•...- - The ecclefiaftical princes • 6000 6000 6000 ,fcooo •Pooo fcooo 2oqo 50C0 3000 2500 6000 6000 8000 74500 30000 30000 30000 40000 • 25000 , J 5000 15000 ; .15000 . 10000 30000 • 12000 15000 6000 • 6000 30000 10000 10000 50000 379000 745DO 453500 By this computation, which is far from being exaggerated,, it appears that the emperor and empire form tiie moft powerful government in Eu- rope ; and if th? whole force was united, and properly 'dire£ted, Germany would have nothing to fear from any of its ambitious neighbours. But the different interefts purfued by the feveral princes of Germ^tiy, render the power of the em^ros of little ccnfciiicucc, except with ieg?v to his - I ■rH' OVI GERMAN Y. 517 • hoinever, aw : upon • mode. g to the field ; of thofc tilt [h 90,000. .. " 6000 6000 - ' 6000 , booo " ' ' * 8000 8000 20qo 50CO 3000 2500 • , 6000 6000 • 8000 • , 74500 • 30000 30000 30000 40000 • 25000 r J 5000 15000 .15000 , I 0000 • 30000 • 12000 15000 6000 - 6000 30000 10000 10000 50000 379000 74500 453500 ,. It appears ment in E\x- d, Germany ibours. But i^iiy, render :g?-U to his ova «wn forctf , which, arc indeed very formidable. The imperial army was cotfi> puted in 17751 to r.mount tu two hundred thoufaiid. '^ Impbrial, royal, and other 1 The emperor of Germany pretends TITLES, arms, . ' 0RDEH8. 3 to be fticceflbr to the empcrui-a of Rome, and has long, on that account^ been admitted to a tacit precedency on all public occafions among the ppwers of Europe. Auitria is hut an arch- dukcdome } nor has he, as the head of that boufe, a vote in the elcdtion of emperor, which is limited to Bohemia. Innumerable are the titles' of prin" cipalities, dukedoms, barqnies, and the like, with which he is veiled as arch- duke. The arms of the empire are a black eagle with two heads, hpvcring with expanded wings, in a iield of gold ; and ovirr the heads of the epgle it fcen the imperial crown. On the breall of the paglc is an (^(mtchcon quar- terly of eight, for Hungary, Naples, Jerufalem, Arragon, Anjpu, Gelders, B«hant, and Barr. It v/ould be as iifclefs as difficult, to enumerate all the dift'erent quarterings and armorial bvarings of the archduc||l family. Every eleftor, and indeed every independent prince of any importance in Germany, claims a right of instituting orders ; but the emperors pretetid that they are not admiffible unlefe confirmed by them. The emperors of Germany, as well aa' the kings of Spain, confer the order of the Golden Fleece, as Jcfcended from the houfe of Burgundy. The emprefs dowager Eleonora ;'n 1662 and 1666, created two orders of ladies, or female knights ; and the kte empreft queen inllituted the order of St. Terefa, The o*der of the Golden Fleece was inftituted at Bruges, in Flanders, on the loth of Januaiy 1429, by. Philip duke of Burgundy, on the day of hit marriage with his third wife. It is fuppofed that he chofe the badge, it be- ing the chief of. the itaple manufaftures of his country. It at firft confiiled of thirty knights, including the fovereign, who were of the firft families in the Low CouDtries, and it ftill continues to be clalTed with the moil illuftrious orders of knighthood in Europe. At prefent there are two branches of it ; of the one, the emperor is fovereign, and the king of Spain of the other ; all muft prove their noble defcent from the twelfth century. The motto of the order • is " Pretlum non vile laiorum." The Teutonic order owed its origin to fome religious Germans in Jerufalem during the crufades, who aflu'med the titl^ of " Teutonic knights, or brethren «f the hofpital of our Lady of the Gernians of Jerufalem." Qonrade duke of Swabia invited them into PrulCa about the year 1230, foon after they con'^uered Prulfia for themfelves, and became one of the moft powerful orders in Europe. By the order dividing againft itfelf they afterwards . loft their power and poftefllons ; and Albert marquis of Brandenburgh, grand-mafter 01 the order, n his abjuring popery, abdica- ted the grand-mafterfhip, fubdued Pruffia, and .^xpeued all the paptfts who followed not his exnirple. The order is now divided into two branches : the proteftant branch, who have a houfe at Utrecht, hath been noticed in our accounts of orders in the Netherlands—^that for papifts, hath a houfe nt Mergenheim in Germany, and the members muft take the oath of celiba- cy. The enfign worn by this branch is worn round the neck, pendent to a gold chain. The time of the inftitution of the *i Order of the Red Eagle" is uncertain, The margrave of Bareith is fovereign thereof, and it is generally beftowed on general officers. In the year 1690, John Geprge, eleAor Or Saxony, and Frederick III. ele&or of Brandenburgh, on terminating their difputes, efta- bliihed the ♦• Ordtr of Sincerity," as a ecnfiFmapion and lecurity hereafter of their amity. The luiighu of this order weai' a bracelet of gold ; en one fide . < , 'arc; '■ n tm rMi . JJ« G £ It M A N Y. i#ethe MMtt o( the two princes, with this device, Amkii JSnetrt \ an th^ •ther fide are two armed hands, joined together, and placed on two fwordi with two palm branches croiTed, with this motto, Unit four Jam ait. lohn George, duke of Saxe WeifTenfels, inftituted the " Order of thi NMt PaKont in the year 1 704, of which the dUke is the fovereign. Each ktiight ofthe order is to contribute to the maintenance of the maimed or de. caved foldiers in the fervice of the fovereign. In the year 1 709, Louifa Ell. xabeth, widow of Philip duke of Saxe Mei^urgr, revived the ** Order oftbt D*eUh't Htad," iirft inftituted in 1653, by hcf lather the duke of Wirtem< burg. A princefs of that houfe alone can be fovereign of it, and none but women of virtue and merit ^birth'and fortune not regarded) can be received into it. The^ are to avoid gaming, theatrical amufements, and luxuriei of all kinds. The badge of the order is a death's head enamelled white furmounted with a crofs patt^e black : above the crofs patt^e, another cfoft compofed of five jewels, by which 'it hangs to a black ribband edged with white, and on the ribband thefe words, memtnto merit worn at the breaft. The great order of Wittemburg, is that '* ofthe Chacet* inftituted in thi year 170a, by the then duke, and improved in the year 17 19. On the left iide of the coat is a filver ftar embroidered, of the fame %ure as the bage, ill the middle' of a green circle, with the motto, yfmiciti^e, Firtutifque Fadut, The feftival of this order is on St. Hubert's day, he being the patron of fportf ten. In the year 1709, the elefj^or Palatine revived the " Order of St. Hu- 4trtf" firft inftituted b^ a duke of Juliers and Cleves, in memory of a vie* tory, gained by him on St. Hubert's day, in I44'7' AU the knights havi cither military employments or penfions. The archbifhop of Saltzburgh in 1701, inftituted the " Orders of St. Rupert^ " in honour of the founder antj parten of the fee he held, and as tht apoftle of his country. As the arch. biftiop is the richeft and moft poweirfnl prince of Bavaria-next to the ele(^or, his order is in good efteem. In the year 1729, Albert, eleftor of Bavaria, " inftituted the " Order of St. George, the Defender of the Immaculate Coneeption.'^ The knights of whjch are obhged to prove their nobilitv by father and mother tor five generataions. The " Order of the Golden Lion" inftituted by the prefent landgrave of Hefle CafTel, is eqwdly a military and civil order, but moftly conferred oil general officers. The prefent landgrave hath alfo inftituted the military ** Order of Merit," the badge of which, is a gold crofs of eight point* enamelled white, and in the centre this motto. Pro Virtue et Fidelitate j" it is worn at the coat button-hole, pendent to a blu£f riband edg^d ' with IJlver. History.] The manners ofthe ancient Germans are well defcribed by the elegant and manly jpencil of TacituB, the Roman biftorian. They were » brave and independent race of men, and particularly diftinguinied by their love of liberty and arn\s. They oppofed the force of the Roman empire, not in its origin or its decline, but after it had arrived at maturity, and flill continued in its full vigour. The country was divided into b number. of principalities, independent of each other,|thongh occafionally conhe£led by a military union for defending themfelves againft fuch enemies as threatened the liberties of them all. At length the Roman power, connected with artifice, prevailed over a great part of Germany, and it was reduced to the condition of a province. When the Roman empire was ihattered by the Rarthem barbarians, Gennany was over*run by the Franks about the year 4801 and a coafiderable part of it long remained in fubje£Uon to earls and . . ■ . • mar* £( t R M A N V. ts4 ftarquUTei of that Dati'on. In thi'i fituatian Gennany continuedr noitwitbi ftanaing the efforts of particular chieftaini, or princet* to reduce the reft into fuDJeAion, until the beginning of the ninth century i then it waa that Charlemagne, one of thofe eccentric and fupcrior geniuTea who tome' timea ftart up in a barbaroua age, firft extended hia plilitary power, and aftcrwarda hia civil authority over the whole of thia empire. The jpolterity of Ciiarkmagc inherited the empire of Germany untfll the death ot Lewia. III. in the year 911, at which time the different princea, afluming' their oriuinal independence, rejected the Carlovinian line, and pUced Conradcg duke of Franconia, on the throne. Since thia time, Germany haa ever been confidercd aa an eleAive monarchy. Princea of different fam« ilieti according to the prevalence of their interefl and arma, have roount> ed the throne. Of thefe the mofl confiderable, until the Auflrian line acquired the imperial power, weie the houfea of Saxony, Franconia, and Hwabia. The reigna of tbele emperora contnin nothing more remarkable than the conteila between them and th# popes. From hence, in the be- ginning of the thirteenth century, arofe the fa.£Uona of the Guelpba and Gibbdinea, of which the ^rmer waa atUched to the pope and the latter to the emperor ; and both t>y their violence and inveteracy, tended to dif- fluiet the empire for feveral ages. The emperora too were often at war with the Turka, and fometimea the German princea, as happena in all ele£livo kingdoms, with one another about the fucccfTion. But what more defervea the attentioQ of a judicioua reader than all thofe noify but uninterefUng dif- putei, is the progrefs of government in Germany, iwhich was i" (omc meaf> ure oppofite to that of the other kingdoms of Europe. When the em- pire, raifcd by Charleanagne, fell afunder, all the different in<)fpend2ni yrinces affumed the right of eledion ; and thoOe now diftinguifhed by the name of eleAors, had no peculiar or legal influence in a appointing a fucceflbr to the impertial throne ; they were only the officers of the king's houfhoM, his fecretary, hia ftewards, chaplain, marihal, or mafter of his horfe, &c. By degrees, aa they lived near the king'a perfon, and, hke all other princea, had independent territories bebnging to them, they increafed their influence and authority ; and in the reigu of Otho III. of thehoufe of Saxony, in theyeac $84, acquired the fole right of ele£ting the emperor *. Thus, while in other kingdoms of Europe, the dignity of the great lords, who were all originally allodial, or independent barons, was diminifhed by the power of the kine, aa in France, and ^y the influence of the people, as io Great Britain ; in Ger- many, on the other hand, the power ofthe e'^^ora was raifcd upon the ruina of the emperor's fupremacy, and ofthe people's J urifdiftion. Otho I. having, bthe year 962, united Italy to the empire of Germany, procured a decree from the clergy that he and his fuccefTors fhould have the power of nominating the pope, and of granting inveftiturea to bifhops. Henry V. a weak and wicked prince, in the year 11 27, furrendered up the right of inveftiture and and other powers, to the difgrace ofthe imperial dignity : but pope BcnediA XII. refuling abfolution to Lewis V. of Bavaria^ in 1338, it was declared, in the diet of the empire, that the majority of fuffrages of the eleftoral college (hould confei^ the empire without the confent of the pope, that he had no fuperiority over the emperor, nor any right to rejeft or to approve of elcftions. In 1438, Albert II. archduke of Auftria, was elefted emperor, ^nd the im- r * Wiquefort snitl), that nothing wa»fett!ed sttotlie nnmber of elcAon. or fheelee- tatal diffoit*, »•!! Chsrlcs IV. *»ho was cholen emperor in 1347, and made that lamuost «onftitntion tor the eleAiop of emperor*, called the Geldm Bull, from the eoiperot** g6l- ^en.feal (^/a) ifeed to It. * , ^5o G £ R M A N V. |>crtal 3l{»i>tty continued in the male Hue of that familjr fop three hundnj )e«r8. Que of hit fucccir>i':t, Maximitiaii, mairicJ the heirefs of CUiftlcs duk« of B'-i'gundy. whereby Burgundy, and the foventcen provinces of the Nether. hnd«i weiT annexed to the houfe of Aullria. L'liavIcH V. grandfon of Max- itniiian, and heir to the iiingdom of Spain, in ri;;ht of his mother, was elected emperor in the yewr 1519. Under him Mexico ;viid Peru were conquri ed hy the Spaniards, andin his reign happened the reformation of religion in Icvcnl parts of Germany, which however was not conlirmed by public authority till the year 1648, by the treaty of Wellphalia, and in tho reign of Ferdinand III. TJie reign of Charles V. was continually dillurbcd by his wars with the Ger. Iran princes and the French kiii^ Francis I. Though fuccefsful in the be. ginning of his roign, his good fortune towiud the conclullou of it begun to furfakc him | which, with other rfafous, occafioned his abdication of the crown. His brother, Ferdinand I. who, in 1558, fuccceded to thetguc, was defeated by Tilly, ani imperialifl of great reputation in war. Ter- diuand made inch a ufe of his advantages obtained over the protettants, that they fijrmeU a frefh confederacy at Lcip'ic, of which the celebrated Gufiavus Adolphu;, king of Sweden, was at the head. I have already dcfcribed his a* ' GERMANY. m tMxiag viAonci and pvogrth, ttU he WM killed At the battle of Latscii» h i6}t. But tht proulUnt ciufo did iMt.dic trkh hifln. . H« had nroaffixt xt^ I fct of k«m«f fnch aa the dulu of Sax« 'W\eimar«'Tarftcnlbii, Banwr, and others, who (hook the Auftrian power^ till, under the HMdiation of Swedeiit a general pence waa concludtd amoaa all tile powen at war, at Munflciv ><■ du year 1648 i which iarn^a the oafia oftke prefimt political fyftcm of Europe* < . Ferdinrnd II. died in 1637, and waa fucceeded byhii (on Ferdinand IIL wbodied 1657, and was fucceeded bf the cfflperor Leopold, a fervre oaamii able, and not very fortvaaCc prince* He had two gnnit powera to contend with ; Fiance on the one fide, and the Turks on the other ^ and wu a lofcr in hii war #ith both. FraacH took from him Alface, and nMny other frostier placet of the empire | and the Turka would have taken Vienna^ had not the (lege been nufed by John Sobieflci,* king of Poland. Princ* Eugene, of Saroy, was a young idtenturer in arms about the year 1(97 § I i being one of the tmperial generals, gave the Turks the iirft ohecks ther received in Mungmry, and by the peace of Carbwitz ih 1699, Tranfylvanw WW ceded to the emperor. The empire, however, could not have withftood the power of France, had' not the prince of Orange, afterwards king WiU liain III. of England, laid the foundation of the grand confederacy againib the French power, the ^onfequences of which have been ahready dcfcribed. The Hangariane, fecretly encouhiged by the Trencht and exafperated by the unfeeling tyranny of Leopold, were ftiU in -arma, under the pMtcAioa w the Porte or Turka, when that prince died In 1 705. He was fucceeded by hii fon Jo£tph, who put the eleAora of Clologafl and Bavaria to the ban of the empire } but being very illXerved byprina* Lewis of Baden, the general of the empire, the French partly reoovereci their afiaih, notwithikanding their repeated defeats. The duke of Mart* borough, though he obtained very AMendid viAories, had n< the crown of Britain devolved to the houfe of Hanover ; an event which gave liim a very decifive ivelght in Europe, by the connexions between George 1-and II. in the entire. Chariea was fenfible of this, and carried msttcts «^ith at mjp a hand, that About theyeara 17I4 and 1725, a breach enfued iMtween him sod Otorge I. j a 4)? rsaU over s^ G £ R M A N Y. •tor Europe at that time, that the capital powers often changed their oU if. lianccB^ and conoloded new ones, contradiftory to their intereft.x Without tfntrrinff into particulars), it is fufficient to obferve* that the fafety of Hano. Ter, and its aggrandifement, was the main objeft of the .Brittih court ; ai thajb- of the emperor was the eftabliHrnient of tlie pragmatic fanAion, in fa- tour of his daughter, the late emprefs-queen, he having no male iflue. Mu« tual conceflions upon thbfe great points reftored a good underftanding be* tween George II. and the .emperor Charles > and the elector of Saxony, be* ing prevailed upon by the profpeA of gaining the throne of PoUnd, teUn* quifliedthe great claims he Had upon tl^p Auftrian fuccelfion. The einperor, after this, had very bad fuccefs in a war he entered into with the Turks, whicn he .had undertaken chieflv to indemnify himfelf for the great facrifices he had made in Italy to the princes of the houfe of Bour- bon. Prince Eugene wftS then dead, and he had no general to fupply his place. The fyftem of France under cardinal Fleury, happened at that time to be pacific, and (he obtained for him, from the Turks, a better peace than he had reafon to expeft. Charles, to keep the Germaa«nd other European powers eafy, had, before his death, given his cldeft daughter, late emprefsqueen, in marriage to the duke of' Lonrain, a prince who cot bring no acceffion of power to the Auftrian family. Charles died in 1 740. Itie was no fooner in the grave, than all he h^d fo long laboured for mud have been overthrown, had it not been for the firmnefs of George II. The pragmatic fand;ion was attacked on all hands. The young king of Pi-uflia, with a powerful army entered, and conquered Silefia, which he faid had been wrongfully difmembered from his family. The king of Spain and the eleftor of oavaria fet up cbiinia diredly incompatible with the prag- matic fanAion and in this they_ werejoined by France ; though all thole powers had fclemnly guaranteed it. The imperial throne, after a confider- able vdcancy, was filled up by the elector of Bavaria, who took the title of Charles VII. in January 1742. The French poured their armies intoBo' hemia, where they took Prague ; and the queen of Hungary, to t^e ofTttie weight of Pru(fia, was forced to cede to that prince the moft valuable part 0f tne duchy of Silefia by a formal treaty. Her youth, her beauty, and fufferings, and the noble fortitude with which (he bore them, touched the hearts of the Hungarians, into whofe armsihc threw herfelf and her little fon ; and though they had been always remark- able for their difaffefkion to the houfe of Auftria, they declared iinanimoufly . ia her favour. Her generals drove the French out of Bohemia ; and George II. at the iiead of an Engliih and Hanoverian army, gained the battle of Dettingen in 1743. Charles VII. was at this time miferable on tlie im< perial throne, and driven out of his electoral domim'ons, its had been his in- ceftor in queen Anne's reign, for fidiog with France, and would have given the queen of Hungary almoft her own terms ; but (he haughtily and im- politicly rejected all accommodation, though advifcd to it by his Britarnic majcHy, her beft, and indeed only friend. This obfiinacv gave a colour for the king of PruiTia to invade Bohemia, under pretence ot i^pporting the im- perial dignity : but though he took Prague, and fubdued the greateft parr of the kingdom^ he was not fupported by the French ; upon which he abandoned all his conquefts, and retired to Silefia. This event co\ifirmed the obftinacy of the queen of Hungary, who came to an acconimodation ;with the emperor, that (he might recover Silefia. Soon after^ his impen'al inajcftyi ia the beginning ^ the year 1 745, died ; «ad the duke of Lorrain, thea GERMANY. y«8 tfaeii grand'duke' of Tufcany, conftnt to her Huflffariao miiieftf , afta^ fur- mounting fome diificultteB, was clrafen ^mpeiof* by the title of Francis I.' J, The bad tuccefa of the allies agatnft the French and Bavarians in thcf Xow Countriesi and the lofs of the battle of Fontenoy, retarded the operations of the emprefs-queen agpinft his PruiBan majefty. The latter beat the em- Sror's brother, prince Charles of Lorrain, who had before driven the' Ptat* hs out of fiohemia^ and the condud ofthe emprefs-queen was fuch, that his Britaqnic majefty thought proper to guarantee to. him the pofleOion of Sikfia* as ceded by tteaty. Soon after» his Fruifian majefty pretended that he had difcovered'a fecret conventfciQ which had been entered into between the emprefs>queen» the emprefs of Ruifia, and the king of PdUhd* aselec* tor of Saxony, to ftrip him of h!s dominidns, and to divide them amongit themfeWes. ' Upon this his Pruffian majefty, all of a fudden, drove the king of Poiand out of Saxony, defeated his troops, and took pofleflion of Dre^ den ; which he held till a treaty was made under the mediation of his Bri- tannic majefty, by which the king of Pruffia acknowledged the duke of Lorrain, now become great'duke of Tufcany, for emperor. The wai- con« tinued in the LoW Coilmtries, not onk to the difadvantage,but'tothe difcrfc^ dit of the Atiftrians and Dutch, till it was finiftied by the treaty of Aix-Ia- Chapelle, in April 1748. By that treaty, Silefla was once more guaranteed to the king of PrufCa. It was not long before that monarch's jealoufies were Knewed and verified $ and the emprefs of Rulfia's views falling in with thofe of the emprefs-queen and the king of Poland, who were unnaturally fup- ^ ported by France in their new fchemes, a frefh war was kindled in tne em- pire, in the year 1 756. The king of Pruffia declared again ft the admif- £on of the Ruffians into Gehnahy, and his Britannic majeity ag^nft that of the French. Upon thofe two principles all former differences between thefe monarchs were forgotten, and the Britifh parliament agreed to pay an an- nual fubfidy of 670,000!. to his Pruffian majefty during the continuance^ of the war, the flames of which were now rekindled with more fary than ever. » . His Pruffian ms^efty once more broke into Saxony, defeated the Imperi- r1 general Brown at the battle of Lowofitz, forced the Saxons to lay down their arms, though almoft impregnably fortified at Pirna, and the eltftor of Saxony again fled to his regal dominions in Poland. After this, his Pruflian majefty was put to the ban of the empire ; and the French poured, by one quarter, their armies, as the Ruffians did by another, into Germany. The conduct of his Pruffian majefty on this occafion is the moft amazing that is to be met with in hitlory. He broke once more into Bohemia with incon- ceivable rapidity, and defeated an army of 100,000 Auftrians, under general Brown, who was killed, as the brave marfhal Schwerin was on the fide of the Frudians. He then befieged Prague, and plied it with a moft tremendous artillery ; but juflr as he was beginning to imagine that his troops were in- vincible, they were defeated at Colin, by the Auftrian general Dauft, ob- liged to raifc'the fiege, and to fall back upon Eifenach. The operations of the wac-ttow multiplied every day. The Imperialifts, und^r count Daun, were formed into excellent troops ; but they were beaten at the battle of LiiTsi and the Pruffians took ^reflau, and obtained many other great ad- vantages. The Ruffians, after entering Germany, gave a new turn to the afpect of the war { and the cautious, yet enterprifing genius of count JDa'un, laid his Pruffian majefty under infinite difficulties, notwithftanding all -his amazing vidories. At firft he defeated the Ruffians at Zurndorf ; biit an attack made upon his army,' m the night timet by cou|tt Diiun at Hoch- 4D J ft* E R M A' M Yi JuDDhctti bad dmofttkroved ifitfal to h«if «ff«u«» thougli |k ntHeved theii , With idihtniblc pnsfeace , J^eevity OMigea me to omit many capital fgenes which pafled at the famt iia^ia Germanyi between the Fi^ohif who «rere driven out uf Hanover, aod the EngUAi, of their aUies. The operations on both fides are of little importance to biftory, becaufe nothing was done that was deciiiTe, thougli cxtiemcly buidepfooie and bloody to Creit Britain. Great was the ingoa* titttde of the cmprcft'.queen to his 'Britannic maj«fty,'and his allies, n-ho Jiaere now daily threatened with the ban of the empire. -The Ruiltans had jkfpken pofleffion of the kingdom of Pruflia', and laid fiege to Colberg, thi: <^yport of his ^ruffian majeily i» theSahic. Till then, he had entertain. cd too mean an opinion of the Ruffian^ but be fcion found them by fartnc moSt formidable€nemiea he had, advancing under count SoltikoiF, in a body 9f lOOiOOO men, to Silefia. ■ In this diftrefs he a£ted with a courage and cefolution that bordered npon defpair.i but was, at laft, totally defeated hv ^ Ru0ian8t with the lofs of «o,ooo of his bell men, in a battle near F' nv £>rt. He became now the tennis-ball of fortune. Succeeding defeats fen. fld to announce his ruin, and all avenues towards peace were fhut up. had loft, fince the firft of October 1756, the great marfhal Keith, and forty btnve generals, befides thofe who were wounded and made prifoners. At IJmdfliut, the Imperial general* Laudohn* defeated his army under Fouquet, on which he had great dependence, and thereby opened to the Auftrians a ready gate into Silefia.' None but his Pniflian majefty would have thought of continuing the war under fuch repeated loiFes | but every defeat hereceivo cd feemed to give him frcfh fpirits. ■ It is not perhaps Wery eafy to account frr the ina^vity of his enemies after his defeat neyr Frankfort, but by the jealoufy which the Imperial generals entertained of their Ruffian allies, 'ihey bad tucen Berlin, and laid the inhabitants under pecuniary contribution! ; but towards the end of the ' campaign, he defeated the imperialiiU in the battle of Torgau, in which count Daun was wounded. This was the bed Ibnght a£Uon the king of FrniOa had ever been engaged in, but it coft him 10,000 of his heft troops, and was-attended with np great confequence in his fiiTour. ' New ' remforcements which arrived every day from RufEa, the taking of Colberg by the Ruffians, and of Schweidnitz by the Auftrians, ieemedalinoft 1:0 have completed his ruin, when his moil formidable enemy, the emprefs of Ruffia, died, January 5, 1762 ; George II. had died on the 35th of O&ober, 1760. The deaths of thofe illuftrious perfonagcs were followed by great confe- ' quences. v The Britifli miniftry of George HI. were felicitous to put an end to the war, and the new emperor of Ruffia recalled his armies — -HisPrulTua majefty was, notwithftanding, fp very much >Keduced by his ' lofles, that the emprefs queen, probably, would have completed his deilruftion, had it not been for the wife backwardnefu of the other German princea, not to aonihi* hte the houfe of Brandcnburgh. At firft the cmurefsquecn reje£lcd all tgrma propoCed her, and 4)rdcred 50,000 vHten to be added to her armies. TW vifible backwardnefs of her generals to execute her mders, and the fnc. ,cd|i»a obtained by hia Prufiian maj«:/1ty, ^t laft |)revailed upon her to agree to fel tin fdorieved them eti> to iacrifice i 'th»» few pe. paign f'id 5 fit > by the RtiP. omaianded t]ic of NcifB, Cc :d at the famt t of Hanover, ks are of little EcifiTet thougli was the ingta* hit allies, n^o te Ruflians had • Colberg, the had entertaia< bem by fartne koff, in a body a courage and ly defeated by tie near F:;>n ; defieatafc' ). flnit up. Leitb, and forty pitfoners. At inder Fouquet, he Aufttians a I have thought efleat he receivt^ cafy to account >rt, but tby the n allies. They contributions ; )eriallil8 in the is was the bed but it coft him equence in his m Ruflia, the the Auilrians, lidable enemy, ad died on the y great confe. to put an end '—His Pruifuo ofles, that the on, had it not not toaonihi' :n rejected all to her armies. «, and the fuc. ler to agree to an GERM A N Y. f«| in xmiftice* whjbh was foon SoUowed by the treaty of Hubertsbum, February 15* 1763, which agahi fecoredto his Pruffian inajefty thepoffiS* fion of Stkiia. ' Upon the death of the emperor, her hnfband, in 1765, her fon Jofcph^ who had been crowned king of the Romans in 1764, fucceeded-faim in the ; empire. Soon after his acceifion,'he difcovered great, talents forg6vem< nient, and for partitioning^' other countries. He joined in the djlfmember- ment of Poland, with Ruflia and Prufiia. He paid a vifit incfi^ito, and wiyi modfcrate attendants^ to Rome, and the principal courts of Italy ; tnd )dS a perfonal interview with hia Pruflian majefty, though this did not pre< tnt hoftilities.from being commenced between Auftria and Pniflia, on ac« count ofthe fucceflion totb - ''lorate of Bavaria. The Auilrian claims on this occafion were very unju.^ but in the fupport of them, while the con^ teft continued, the emperor difplayed great military Jkill. Though vaft armies were brought into the field on both fides, no adion happened of much importance, and an accommodation at length took place. After this event, the emperor was much better employed tlian in the operations of war, except inhii bte demands on the Dutch for the free navigation of the Scheldt, &c. contrary to the ftipulation of Yormer treaties; in obfervance of which, to fupport his anceftors, the Diitch as well as Englilh fpent many millions of money, and facrificed thoufands of fouls. He endeavoured, however, to promote the happinefs of his fubjeAs, granted a moft liberal religious tolenu tioil, and fupprefled moft of the religious orders of both fexes as being utter- ly ufelefs and even pernicious to fociety ; and in 1783, by an edi£t, aboliih« ed tbe remains of Servitude and villanage, and fixed alfo the fees of the law>^ yers-ata moderate amount, granting them a i>enfion in lieu. He alfoaboliih*' cdtheufe of torture in his hereditary dominions, and removed many ofthe grievances under which the peafants and common people laboured. He was a prince of a philefophical turn of mind, and mixed with his fubjeds with an cafe and affability that are very uncommon in perfoKS of his rank. He loved the converfation of ingenious men, and appeared folicitous to cultivate that extenfive knowledge, which ennobles thole who adorn the elevated ilation to which he h^d been raifed. Peter-Leopold, grand duke of Tufcany fucceeded his brother Jofeph Ilr^ and engaged the public praife by repeated inflances of moderation and folid principles. His former management of his Italian fovereignty,' which was! prudent and beneficent, fhewed that he afpired to truer reputation, than can be acquired by the mere fplendours of royalty. — One of the bifhops of Hun- gary, having refufet* his licence to a catholic fubje£t to marry a proteftant woman, the emperor difmifTed him from his fee ; but pardoned him after- wards upon conceffion; and defired the bifhop to exhort bis brethren to com- ply with theimjpcrial ordinances, elfe no favour fl^.ould be fliewn. No fovereign could fucceed to a throne at a more difficult crifis, than that in which Leopold II. was invefted with the Imperial purple. By the te- merity of his predeceflTor he found himfelf involved in a ditlant and unpro- fitable war ; while the mofl flourifhing part of his hereditary dominions ap- peared for eVer alienated from the houfe of Auftria. The emperor Jofeph II. had by his ^ unneceffary innovation in the church excited tbe higheil difcon* tents among his Flemifh fubje&s, who are flrongly attached to their religion. What was cfFcfted by viulcnce was enforced by fcverityi The unrelenting Eerfecution to which all the opponents of Jofeph were expofed liad depopu- itedthe country by continued emigrations. The exiks in the mean^time preferved a ftri£t correfpondence with cachother; they had their agents ; • .:i , _ '••'•'"■'k.- *■-'*"' ':.. ■ il f66 GERMANY. in erery ^art of Brabant and Flanders, and it is generally fuppofed we. twt deftituter of foreign fupport. On different parts of the Auftrian frontier^ they repeatedly attempted to colle£t their fcattered foVces, and were as con- ftantly difperfed. It was not till the latter end of 1789 that they were able to take elFe^ual meafureo. Then as if by niagic an army of 40^000 met appeared in an inftant of time, and overran the whole of Auftrian Flanders. It was in vain that the emperor Jofeph threatened, in vdn he held forth tUe iRioft flattering and conciliatory language, in vain offered to reftore their an- cient cbnititution, and even to endow them with additional privileges. In this inaufpicious criHs did Leopold afcend the throne of his anceftors. That priiice lefs heated with the rage of iiinovation than^his unfortunate pre* deceffor, was able clearly to difcern that his real intereft no longer confifted iii reaping bah-en laurels in the unprofitable conteft with the Ottomans, but in conciliating or reducing his revolted fubjefts, and ii;i attending to the ac> tual peace and profperity of his extenfive hereditary dominions. . It was even faid that the unforti^nate Jofeph when humbled and lubdued by the approach qf death» expreffed the deepeft contrition tor bis imprudent conduct, and recommended to his fucceffor in the ftrongeft terms, the adoption of pacific meafures with his Flemifh fnbjeAs. One of the iirft ijteps therefore pf Leo* polJ, was to iffue a conciliatory proclamation, inviting the revolted provinces to return to their allegiance, pledging himfdf for the reftoration of their civil and ecclcfiaftical con iiitut ions', and promifing a complete redrefs of every grievance. While fuch were his proceedings in public he did not neorled to treat in. private with the leaders- of the two parties. Whether fuccek/ul or not in gaining them to his interefls, one effe£l: wjfis certain to follow this mode of n^gociation ; it was certain to increafe th'^t diftruft and difunidn, which already exffted ; each party in h&. coufiderecl and reprefented the other as iold and devoted to the views of Auftria. ^ Not trufttng, however, entirely to the effedsof this negociation, nor ts the difunion which prevailed in the provinces themfelve?, |the emperor be» J [an to withdraw his troops from th^ Ottoman frontiers, and prepared t« ilbdue the iofurgents by vigorous meafures. General Bender being fup. jilied with a reinforcement of frefh troops prepared to renew the war with a£livity and vigour ; the infurgents being decoyed into a pafs, were there defeated with great flaughter; and Leopold at the commencement of tlic year 1791 had the fatisfadiou to fee himfelf completely mafter of the Auf- trian Netherlands. < The conference at Pilnitz, between the emperor, the king of Pruflia, and the eledor of Saxony, is the mpft memorable event iince the peace witi) Turkey. A proportional diminution of the forces of Auftria and Pruifia^- the ex> change of the Netherlands for Bavaria, the feciilarization of many German bifhoprics, are fome of the articles rtientiontd. A more probable objett was tu eftablifh an alliance bt^twecn the above powers for mutual defence, andfcM* the prefervation of the peace of Germany. The emperor was one of the crowned heads, who alarmed by the proceed- ings of the democratic party of France rcfolved to take up arms againft theji. He was however taken away by death from the calamities and wars which were about to defolate Europe, and was fucqeeded by his fon Francis, who wasraifed to the Imperial throne in the middle of July following. Th'epo- iitjcs of the court of Vienna im';rwcnt no change by the death of Leo- pold ; his furcefTor Francis continuing as ftrong an enemy to the French ; revolution as his father. He flio»Uy « 'terwards together with the king of . ■ .- Pruflia G E a M i^, N- v. ^% PruiTia declared war asainft them. The events of this war various and flUAuating, checquered fomctimes by: victories, generally difaftrous, its unfor- tunate iffue and the difgraceful peacff concluded by the emperor have been related under France. The prelimioaries Were figned )8th of April I797» ind a congrefs was appointed (hortly afterwards at Raftadt, it is not pp|Bble ID our narrow limits to relate the progrefs of the tedious negociation which- followedfto point out the intrigues pt the regicidaf agents, the unprincipled, infatiable ambition, the dupliaty and artful policy of thofe crafty tyicante who opprefs France ; to expofe to view this*' theatre of Gallic triumph and " German degradation,'/ to ftigmaitife that mean, cringing fpirit, that way* wsrdifeliiih policy, which governed tl^e councils of Germany, sad other fovere* ign fi'ates of Europe ; to mark with infamy the total want of all magnanimi- ty, of all honourable pride, as independent nations ; to point out the pemicioCis tendency of . that irrefolution and timidity, which inftead o/ rejecting with indignation and'fcom the infolent demands ot the regicides, made the po< tenutes of Europe flrive together in ** a wretched rivaUhip of degradation," and humble themfelvea to France, th^ir inveterate, irreconcileable and deter- mined foe. ■ While fuch was the weakneis of the Imperial minifters, the French gained sll thofe ends for the attainment of which they alTumed for a time the ma(k ef moderati6n, and infidioufly protrafted the conferences for peace. Their re- quifitions at homehad fo far fucceededas tofupply a reinforcement of eighty thoufand men for their armies, they had dethroned two monarchs, plunder- ed their territories, and thus acquired the means of renewing the ^^ar ; they had confolidated their power in Italy, dripped Sw»tzcdand, and nearly levicgl an army of eighteen tboufand Swifs ; they had reduced the important fot^ trefs df Ehrenbreitftein, and opened for themfelves a way into the heart of Germany. Having completed all th^fe preparatory means, the French at bft threw off the mafic, and ilimulated by a defire of crulhing the. Auilrians, before their allies the Ruffians, could co-operate with . tlieni, and by the ne- ceffity of providing for their armies, by the plunder of foreign countries, ooRim:nced hoftilities both in Germany ar.d Italy, before the armiiiice waa declared to be at an end. They expeftcd by this treacherous proceeding to take the Auftrians unawares, to ovei-run the country between the Rhine and. the Danube, to excite by means of their emiffaries, mutiny among the Imperial troops, infurre£lion among the peafantry, and thca, pufiiing forward, to drive the archduke to the very walls of Vienna, and fo to intimidate the empelror as to make him liften to the evil counfcls of the enemies of his worthy minif- terThugot, and tofacrifice the honour and fafety of his crown and people, to a pufiUanimous delire for peace. But, happily for the German empire, and for the whole civilized world, the heroic conduft of prince Charles, and the intrepidity of his troops, have averted the impending calamity, and triumphing over every obllacle, have overwhelmed their treacherous foes with ilifgrace. In the country of the Grifons the French furprifed a ftrong body of Auf- trians, and after a defperate refiftance took them all prifoners together with , AuiFenburgh and the whole of his'ftaff. In order, however, to complete their ^lan, which was to effeA-a juiiftion of their two armies, that of IMaf- fcna in Swit'^serland, with that of Jourdan in Germany, it was neceflary to earry the important poft of Feldkirch, which was occupied by the Auttrian general Hotze, whofc line extended from the fiontiers of iiie Grifons, to the North-eaft, by the Vocalberg, to the eaftern extremity of the lakeofConf- , in his firft attuck^ Maflena, rcgardlefsi as ig vigoroufly repv ufual. 1^ a B R M A K Y. ulTaiil, af.tJM Uvea of men, icoewed it five different tioMs, with frefli forces ni Mcrtmfed ian} ofity. But all could not avail i^nfl: the fteady valour of tbe ^ji&nimt vk^ drov« back tlie afllilantt with immeafe (laughter* Tlic Frencky however, being in poffeflipniof the country of the Grifcu: the invafion of the Engadine and the coiinty of Bonnio« by a divifien of tbt arn|y> of Jtaht) cantoned m. th^^jValfaeline, vhder the orders of general Cafa. biiinca waa mcilit Aed. "^ The Auftnana, tod we^k ia that quarter to rdift ^riidD,, retreated utt» the Tyrol* whither they vfefc purfued bv the French, who, with confiderable lofs, forced (bn>eofthe,fl|^f by whiahtAf entrance of "tlftlft/ponjipPf WM defended, a^ extended tbfiir deftcuftiwe> inourfioas ai far a» Glurenz and Vauders. Meanwhile, the van-guard of th« main army of the tmperialifts, puHied forward to meet the enemy, and on the zift. of March attacked the centre of Jourdan'a army, a^ien it compelled to retreat from Sulgau to Engen, a diftance of about twelve leagueSi The Fttoch then occupied the line irom Schaifhaufien through Engen to Dutlingen j and on the approach of the Aullnans, Jour^ attacked them with his whole force on the 25th, but after gaining fome advantage on hia left wing, was completely 'defeated Jn his right and in hia centre and compelled to retreat with precipitation. ^ ' ThefefuccelTes were follov l|»irin?tbeen«mieaof the French with confidence, and ia^ng the mindt of their own troops with difmay, are incalculable ; every attempt to appreciate tkeiBf]^nce,whichit is calculated to have on the general afikira of Europe, would at this moment be ia vain^ What wil) be thr, final event of the contelt tio man 'Can preAime to detemune ; but the late brilliant fucceffes of the cop. |>ined powers, of Suwarrow in Italy, and the archduke Charles in Germany, fcndcrit probable that the enemy may be expelled from moft of the countries, which they have plundered and opprelTed ; an evoit to which, every friend of fociql dead and:thc,«ag^ecDr had no ifiiie by hiakiicoafort. .-J .,'-.■•'■> .,*',!: - ^y-\i:u'. .. .^.y-i Peter>Leopold, the late emperor^ fucqeede4' his btio^hAr as king of Hun- gary and! Bbheoaia, on F^b. I Or 1790,. and wa|^ crowned: king o£. the Ro- mans oh'tbc vjoth of Sept. ipUowing. HcS waabofa Maiy5« 1747 ; married lF*eb. 16, 1765, Maria Louifa of Spain, and died March Iy>i79a,nat withoot fttfpicton lofpoiCbn.! '>HU emprefa difd the t^th of May foUowing* > Francis-Jofeph-Charfes^ emperor \of Genn»nyf «mI grand, duitt ofTuCr cuny. He'was bom t^i, 3<,'l^6il$ mmriiA Jatii ^« ftf^ £I»tobetb, prin- ■ - ■ ^ , ■ -' ; '■■^- '■ ;: : ; '-*■■■' ' ■^' '' '"' ■''<■ .,ttW.'' iG E R M A N Y: l# cefi of Werteniberc, who died 1790. He married iSji Sqit 171 1790» Maria Therefa of Naples^ his coufla. On the death uf hn father Peter- Leopold, late emperor, March ift. fjga, he fucceeded to the «rown of Hungarf add Bohemia, and July <4» I79>twai ele^ed emperor of Germany. He had no iiTue tiy his ^rll marriag;e. By the Ifetter he has two daiigh* ten Maria Iherefa, bom Ded. i2, 1791. TheUte emperor Peter-Leopold had 15 children, the cldeftof whbmisthe prefent emperor ( the others ari, Ferdinand' JoiepH, borti M«y5, 1769^ married dept. 17^ t790> MariM Amelia of Naples. Charles LeVris, bom Sept. 3. 1771. ' ':^**^>?^' Akxander-Leopold-Jolcph, born Aug. t, 1771. , Maxiihilian, born Dec. at, 1774, died May 9, 17781- Jofeph- Anthony, born Ktay. 9t 1776. Anthony-Vi£tor, bbrh Aug. ji, 1779. .^ Afbn.bornjan. 20, 178a. r7.>''^ ^^/^y • . !(egnier-Jerom, born .Sept. 30; 17^3. , f ., Therefa- Jofepha-Charlotta- Jane, bom Jfaii. 1 4J 1767. . , ., Maria, bora Jan. 14, 1767 { m^lrriedOA. 18, 1787; Anthony brother td the eleftor of Saxotty. •;■*•;> ' Mary Ann>Ferdinanda-Jofepha, borii April jti, 1 770. Marf-Clementina-Jofephai bom April 24, I77'jf ; married Septl 1700.1 Francis- Jannarius prince royal of Naples. Haa iflitej Not; 1798, a toil. Maria- Jofepha-Therefa, bom Oft. I5i ^780. „^ .i A princefs, bora Oft. as, 1784. .»■;,-,; Muria-iintoniettaiborn anddiedir. l7iBi5. ... 1 The late emperor has living two fitters, and dne brother mtmrriied, ThoJb Maria •Chriiliana-Jofepha, born May 13, £741 { mtoried April S» 1766^ to prince Albert of Saxony, Died 24 June 1 798. Maria-Aihelia-Jofepha, born Feb. 26, k 746 ) married t6 the reignihg doke of Parma, June 27, 17(59. Mary-Caroline-Louifa, bora Aug. 13, 1752 ; mati-red AipHl7', 1768^ to the king of the Two Sicilies Ferdinand-Ch.-Antonihe, bora June !» 1754 i married tb the l^rinceft Maria- Beatrice of Modena, and has ifliie. Maria-Antonietta, bom Nov 2, 175^ i married to Lewis XVL the late I'nfortunate king of the French, murdered. Oft. 1793. Electoks.] Three Eccleiiaflical Eleftors, called El'o^oral HighheiTes } and five fecularones, moft Serene Eleftoral Highneiles. . , )'i ''Pv^r Ecclesiastical Elbctors.J i. Fred'eric-Charles-Jofeph; bahitt of Erthal, archblfltop and eleftor of MentZjborn July ih^ 1774. 2 Prince Clement of Sakony (fan of Aug. Ill, king of Poland) born Sept. 28, 1739, archbiihop and eleftor of Treves, Feb. lo, I7f>8> alfo bifhop of Trefingen and Aug(burg, by di^ienfatioK^^rom the pope. 3. Maximilian-^Francia, brother to the late emperor, grand matter of thd ' Teutonic ord^r, la^Bhbittldp and eleftor of CologiU^ and bifllop of Munfter* bom Dec. 8,^1756.' • ' , Secular £LB<:TOiti.'] i. Francis^Jofeph-Charles^ empcibr of Germany^ king of Hungary, Rnbimiaj j:c-bcrts Feb. S, 1768. i. Frederic*AuguftttB^ IV. aleftor and duke of Saxony, bora Dec. 23, 1750 ; married Jan. 17^ 1769, to the princefa AmeliaAogufta^ de Dews Ponti. * T!^ f H V d,S I A. 5. Chtrlo^Frcdicric, eleftor ind marquit of Brandenburg^. 1 ' 4. The prince of Deux Fonts, eleftor Palatine, dec. If. Geoi^ III. king of Gveat Britain, eleAor of Hanover, fte. 8axi-Ooth««} Emeft Lewis, duke of, nephew to the hte princeff dowager of Wales, born Jan. 30, 1745 ) married May ai, 1769, to Man* Chamtte of Saxe-Meningen, by Whofti he has, I. Emefl,bornFeb. 37, 1770. ' . i. Emilius-Leopold, bom Nov. 24, 1772. His brother Auguftu8,bom Auf. 14, 1747. MiCKiiMBuaaH.3 The houte of Mecklenbtirgh is divided into two bran. cfaes, via. '1. MecklenburghSchwerin— Frederic, reigning v'uke, bom No*'. 9, 1717 ; married in 1746, Louifa FirMerica, daughter ot Frederic Louis^ hereditary frince of Wertemburg Stutgard, bom Feb. 3, 1722 ; they have no iflue— flue of the late Prince Louis, by the princefs Charlotte Sophia, of Sne. Coburff'Saaelfield. Freaeric-Frikucis, bom Dec. 10,1756. ' . r Ptincefs Ulrica Sophia, filter to the reigning duke, bom July i, 1733, govemefs of the convent of Ruhne. n. Mecklenburgh Strelitz.— Adolphus-Frederic, reigning duke (knight of the garter), born May c, 1738. — His brothers and fifters are, 1 . Cnarles Lewis Frederic, a Lieut, general in the Hanoverian fervice, bomO£i> 10, 1741 } married Sept. 18, 1768, to Frederica-Charlotte-Louifa, ofHeire>Dannftadt,by whom he had iflue, l.Carolina-Georgina-Louifa'Frederica, born Nov. 17, 1 769. 2. Therefa.Matilda-AmeUa, born April 5, 1778. 3. £rneft.Gotlob* Albert, major-general in tlw Hanoverian fervice and {o. yemor of Zell, bora Aug. 7. 1^42. 4. Chriftiana Sophia-Albertina, born Dec. 6, 1735. died 1794. 5. Charlotte, queen confort of Great Biitain, born May 19, 1744 ; mar- ried Jept. 8, 1761 ; crowaed Sept: 22, 1761) Th^KINGDOM OF PRUSSIA, PORMfiRLT DUCAL PRUSSIA.,, « Lat 52°-40— 55''-50 N. *" Long, id^-oo— -to23''-23 E. Containing ?^,..;f fquare miles, with 67 inhabitants in each.-»-The yihok r ii;) dominions 60,000 fquare miles, with 104 inhabitantt to each. Situation, BOUNDARIES, 1 'HP* HIS country is bounded to theNortk AND EXTENT. J X by part of Samogitia } to tKc SouTH, by Poland Proper and Mafovia ; to the £aft, by parx of Lithuania ; and to the Weft, by Polifh Pruflla and the Baltic. Its greateft length is about 160 miles, and breadth about 112. Name. «;»; soil, r&osucE,! Thename of Pruflia is probably derived AND Rivt.'RS. 3 from the Borafli, the ancient inhabitanti ^^e country. The air, upon the whole, is wholefome, and the foil fruit- ful in corn and other commodities, and affords plenty of pit^rcoal and fuel. Its animal produ&ions are horfes, fheep, deer, and game, wild boars, and foxes. Its rivers and lakes are well ftored with fifhes ; and amber, which> i| thought to^ be fornsud of ^w oil ccagulatcd with vitriol, is fuutid oii its coam towards the Baltic. , fthe. woods furaifh the inhabitants with wax, honey, and pitch, befldes <}us^|{M|e8,of pot-afbes. iPhe river<^ here fometimes d» d9iw)i6» by inundati(%i|pm^ik(e principii are, the Vtftula^ the Pre£el,tht Vaad or J^ktamel, tli{i>||^'it ftodthe Elbe* 1511 P R "^ 8 S 1 A. J7* PorUlATION, INMABITANTI^ MAMNIRI,! -A» PruflU* fiOOC the bf cuiTOKff, AND DivmtioNt. J ginning of the prcfent oenturv' hu become » moft refpedable power upon the continent of £arope» I fliail Cur the information of my: readen, deviate from mj aifual plui, that I mar bring before their ejes the whole of his Prulfian majefty'i territrries, which lie mattered in other divifions of Germany, Polandf SwitzerUndi and itbe northern kingdoms, with their name* } all which they will find in th« fol- lowing table: ProuiUnu. Couotrict Nunet. iPucal Pruflia Royal Pruflia r Brandenburg < Pomtrania CJSwed Pomerania Magdeborg Halberftac Glati Silctta Minden r Raveofborg I liiagen [ii.J Clisvet I Meura « EaQ Friciland Liope Oul'ch T»y be traced in the map. ' } I (liall here confine myfelf to Pruffia as a kingdom, becaufe his Pruffiaa majefty'a other d* )minion8 fall under the defcription of the countries where tic »!.*. The inhikb'iatitjl of this kingdom alone, were« by Dr. Bufching* computed to amount to 635,998 perfons capable ^f bearing arms: and if fo {fatBti . greatly dotibt that, this computation is exaggerated) it muft then be more populous than id generally imagined. Since the year 1 7 ( 9, it is computed that about 34,00a colonics have removed thither from France, Switzerland, and Germany; of which number 17,000 were Salt«burghers. Thefe cmi* grants ha^e built 400 fmall villages, 1 1 towns, 86 feats, and 50 new churches ; and hd^i: founded looo Vilkge fchools, chiefly in that part of the country- named Littfc Lithuania. " The marniers of the inhabitants differ but little from thofe of the other inhabitants of Germany. The fame may be faid of their cuftoms and di< terfions. > ' „' ' , '' RELicidi), scHbois^^ *! The religion of Pruffia is very tolerant. The AMD ACAotMiKs. J eftablifhed reUgions are diofe of the Lutherans and Calvinifts, but chiefly tl^e former ; but papifts, antipoedo^baptifts, and ftlidoft M otl^cr f«as| «re here t^cmted* The countr^i^ w well a» the towov^ Tt* 9 IL u a 8 I Ac MMoaditqr^ditebi ^'jAa'toit^y! #wffb«iidid at Kaniagflierf ia 1544 , Init «rd knbwof ■• f«rf r««i«rkahkr)0wncd'«(iai that it liu praiiueed. •'■j lOif <|ia. JiV(Uf)Ae4 intb the . Mt fisty the ypm 1 fSt, beiidet t^t ■tiat^tn i •t4 3 73 €c«taiof 4iaDbcr'Vi«roilh»ilie oompaiii 6f thht yfear, brought v la pn the Pitgd<i « towntboufe, and exchange ; not tSflWatiiBa gardens aa4 aAer'dmh^UiAnientk It has a good harbour and il^cttadri, which i« oalIt<)l Fiadeneih|irg,.i regular fquarct ^^L^ 'li i >Vin:liniltOaaL AH»ik)kTlflOtAtt. i'jivi '.- ''^^.n, ' <.; vfu.dii'jM CoiaMBiicB AM* miaIr uV4<'<'VA'**] "^hc prc&nt king of Pnjia haa en. 4cavoutc4 to' enlrekle' the dommerce 'af hia kingdoih i hut the deTpotic na- ture of his govtrnment is' hot favourable to trade and maauTadures. The Fhiffian manuftdUreS) ho4incver» ate not inconllderable } £hcy eonlift of glafg, tron-wovk| ^aper« gijiitpdwder* boppav aad'hrtift 'iniUJi 1 nuinufa&ures of cloth, CMiblety linen, lUk» ftochingSy and other articlM.> iTbc inhabitanta export Variety of naval ftones, amber, linleed, and hcfiipfeedi daftmeal* fifli, mead, tal. low» and caviar {and it isiaid that 50J ihips ara loaded every yeair yrilhthofe commodities chiefly from Koningiberg. 'Constitution aho GovsaJitiEi^T.]}' >|jia4Rruffiait majefty is abfolute through' all hit'd0'ninion^>&nd he avails himfelf- to the full of his power. The government of this kingdom is by ii regency of four chancellors of ftatCtivijE. I. The great aoaftidr; 2. The gredt burgrave; j.iThe' great chan- ccHbr i tadf 4* The great miirftial.' i There arc alfo fome other councils, and J7< bailiwicks. TheHatesicoofiil, i. pf'Qoan&llaM of ftate; x. Ofdepu. ties from the aobility ;$ and 3.: Froiog the< Commons. Betides thefe inftitu- fidlla^hia majefty has erefteda bo^rd for cbinmerce and nAvigatiuo. ' iJt.>viKvta.<3 His iPruflntpim^ftyti by means of ;the happy ! fituation of ' lUa^ ootmf ry, itt tahnd afftigation) /and! his own fki^ul political regulations, Otfxveaiaibamaxiivg'revtinMftbm this cduntry-^wbicA, about !» century and a !half iigoi was the ftat bf boors and bai;barifni. i fit ia faid, thajt amber alone brings hipt in ^6,000 dollars asmiaUf. .liHisnOther. revenues 'ari£e from his deioeibes^his'duiies;of coil»mAiatadfioVsi''and)thefubfidtes yeai4y granted by the federal iftates (.but the eaaiAt font aa nutikuovrni'thDughivvemay conclude ^>iB ivery^oniiderable > from thei ttaiheafie ch^URges of ^ the late w&r. The re- trenpn. whkh the' king drawsi from >^ikfia,«ndune» adnuaUy chiefly compofed of provincial regiment* 1 the whole Pmffian dd- minioni being divided into oiralea or cantons » \u each of which, one or more regiments, in proportion to the. iiee and populoufnefs of the divi. iiona, have been originally railed, and from it the rccniitl continue- to be taken ; and each particvlar regiment ia always quartered, in the time of peace, near the canton from which its recruits are drawn. Whatever number of fona a peafiuit may have, they are aU liable to be taken iolo the ttnice except one, who is left to aifift in the management of theiana. . The reft wear badges from their childhood, to nwrk that the|V are deftined tOiAe ibldiers, and ohliged to enter into the fervice whenever they are called apop. But the maintaining fo large an army in a country naturally fo little equkl to it, has oecaiiohed fuch a drain from population, and fuch a vrithdrawmg of lirength from the labours of the earth, that the ^refent king baa endeav- oured in fome degree to fave his own peaiantey,' hf drawing as many r«- cruiti as he could from other countries. Th«£e foreign recruits remain continually with the regiments in which they are placed ( but the native Pruffians have every year fom^ months of furlough, during which they return to the houfra of their fathers or brothers, and wont at the bufinefs of the faros or in any other, way they pleafe. Asms, and oaoEas o* kniohtmood.] The royal arms of Pruifia are argent, an eagle difplayed fable, crowned, or,, for Pruffia. Azure, the imperial fceptre, or, for Courland. Arsent, an eagle difplayed, gul^, with femicircular wreaths, for the marquifate of Brandenburg. To thefe are added the refpeAive arma of the Ceveral provinces fubjeA to the Pruf> fian crown. V/Liij^kj , ii. , There are four orders of knighthood. The ** Onler of Cvnnrdt ** in- ftituted by Chriftian £rneft, margrave of Brandenburgh, in the yctar 1660, to diftinguiOi the part he had a£led in refloring peace to many,orlKe ' pifinces of Europe. Frederic 111. ele£lor of Brandenbnrgh, and afterwards king of Pruflla, inftituted in 1685, the ** Order ol Genv^j" The knights wear a crois of eight points enamelled blue, having in the eentre thi« hiotto, ** La Generofiti" pendent to a blue riband. The fame prince inllituted the ** Order of the Black Eagle" on the day of his corunatili at Koninglberg, in the year 11700) the fovereign is always grand-mafler, and ihe number of knights exdufive of the royal family, is limited to thirty whoi' niuft all be admitted into the order of ** Geturo/itj" previous to their receiving this, unlefs they be fovereign princes. The Order of " Merity* was inftituted by the lat^ king in the year 1 740 to reward the merit of perfons cithernditidir df having, sa • Kwtrd, the pro* ■li> ■ V m P R t! S S I A. fcVty «f' his family, gives us no high idea of this tirft king's talents for government, but expatiates on thofe of hit own father, Frederic- William, who fucceided in 1713. He certainly was a prince of ftrong natural parts, and performed prodigious fertrices to his coun- try, but too often at the expcnce of humanity, and the magnanimity wliich ought to adorn a king. At his death, which' happened in 1 740, he is faidto || havfe left feven millions fterling in his treafury, which enabled hia fon, by hii |l wondei'ful viftories, aiwl the more wonderful refources by which he repaired II hi»'dt:fiiats', to become the admiration of the prefent age. Hte improved the / 1 ^ns of fieaceas well as of wikt'^ and dillingnifhed himfelfas a poet, philofophcr,/ 1 And legiHator. Some of the principal tranfa£tions of his reign have already/ I Jjeen related in our account of the hiftory of Germany. In the year 17M I he publifhed a refi^ripti filgnifying his pleafure that no kneeling in futuri IhOUld be ptiAifci ih honour of his perfon, afligning for his reafon, that ths a£i of humiliation was not due but to the Divinity : and near 2,000,000 ^i crowns' were expended by him in 1782 in draining marflies, el^ablifhing f/c torieft^ : fetthng colonie^j relitvifig diftrefs, and in other purpofes of phil tkvof^itfod policy. • ^ / The prefent king of Pruflia, who fucceeded his uncle Auguft 17, 1/86, Iiath made many wife and ialutar/ regulations for his fubje^ls, and^ath cftfioJinitd a'oourt'of-honottr'toiprevent ^he diabolical praidtice of dueling is The esjertions of PrtilBa. agaifift FMnoe^ have Been already related^in our ficcount 0f that nation, If wccifdit the Fffn^h i^couatB}.- the «UipFe bf PRUSSIA Iff urMirPrufim and Auftrii ii conde king mtrmj of 30,000 men, which he ordered. JcaloLtles certainly prevail b*> iween the courta of Berlin and VieiMUi.. • , trpn h 1., j, , Tbe condu^ of Pruflia with regard to Poland we can IJfirdl|r enpU^i* | nd it would apparentlfi have been morcfor ..tie intereft of the foqner to have CTcded the latter a« a formidable indc^ndcnt barrier againli. Rulfia and Auf* tri*, than to haye cxpofed itfclf to the enormous and increafed power of Ruf« fia. Pruflia is no longer guided by the great Frederic t and (bould that kingdom continue to purfue an impolitic fytlem of condud, the inferioritv of its extent and refourccs will caufe it tu vaiu(b atifuddenly as it arofe. < . The king of Pruflia joined the coalition againll France of wh-'ch howevea beiton tired, and would have withUtawii, if he h$il not had a very ma^ ttrial objeA in view, and that was the reimburfeoxent of CKpenccs. In the month of January the kin^ had attempted to cxa£t a fum fi r the provifioiiiag of hit army from the fix frontier circles. Being difapp' <'ited in U'it quar- ter, however, he refolvcdto apply to the Britlfli miniilry, Forth! purpof be paid, befides the fum of 300,009, which was paid i ime^latcly. Having' j;;ained the end, for which he had adcd with fuch duplicity, the king of PruiTu at kngth threw off the malk, made a -peace with the Froch, and i%- cttled all his troops into his own dominionfi. ^ , From this period the king of Pruflia has remained an unconcerned fpedla* tor of the French ufurpations ; inltead of making any attempt to fupporttlic emperor in the dreadful conteit in which he was engaged, lie took adv.ant^e of his diftrefles, and by an »&. of complicated bafeneis, feized.upon part of his dominions. Whether he will ever awake from that falfe fecurity in which he has hitherto remained, whether he will rife above the mean iutereft-d views by which all his motion^ have hitherto been dircftcd, whether, animated by the glorious fuccefles of the combined powers, and their gallant exertions, be willat length unite againll the comr ^^ enemy, ia a point which can only be determin^ by his future condu£}t ;, '.;:. vripd mult be woefully blind, if, he ' canf for a tfliono^at imagine that Pruflia will remain pn independ(;nt nation^ amid the fad wreck of every thing, great and venerable in the world, the fall of thrones, the violation of altars, an^ the dcllrui^ioB of governments ; if he an for a moment Imagine that by any human prud^nc^,!^ veflcl of ilate can" be fafely guided through the innumerable perils which threaten her, that any^ ,lkill of the jiilot caii prcfervc Her from being fwiallowied up in \h^ troubled ocean, which roars around. 10 Frederic IV. king of Pruflia, and Eledor of Bratjdcnbwrgh, born Sept. 25,1744; married, July, 14th, 1769*10 the Princeli t lizabcthrChriftiana Ulrica; of Brunfwick, Wolfcnbuule. 2. On July I4, I749. t j»,( .,^-,,..r|^^.j,a)l<. t. Ftjtderic WiUkm, bow Aug, 3i ifOp*', if.*«i*,ii#?; (.\*4}.?a m^^^ ■ it., ,'^y n^ BOHEMIA. s. Fraiitle-LoKMCIiailHu bora Aug. 3» 1773. ' 3. Ffcderiok-Sophia* Wi&dmim, born Nor. 18, 17741 n^iirie^ Od. 1.^, 1791, to tbe Hereditary PHacc of Oraogc. 4. FVederic-Cbriftiao Ai^guftm* bora May i, 1780* 5. Another prince* born Dec- fo, 1781. 6. Another prince born July* 1783. , Queen Dowager* Elizabeth Chriftian of Brunfwic WoUcnbuttlc, bocn, IvoT, 8* 1715. Brother wid fifter to the king. ?. FredcricCharlet-Henry* born Dec. to* 1747. S. Frederiea-Sophs».WiIheUntna* born in 17;! } and msifricd in 1767, to the prelient prince of Orange. V The K I N G D O M of B O H E M I A. Situation and Extent. Milew Degrees. •jk^'My^ ' ir9t *^H ^^^ €48 ~»d ja north latitude. Breadth 32x3 |_ 12 and 19 can longitude. Q - "nOUNDED by Saxony and Brandenburg, on the SovNDARiBB.:! JJ jj^,^ . y^^ p^,|^„j ^^ Hungary, ou the Eaft; by Auftria and Bavaria* on. the South ; and hj the palatinate of Bavaria on the Weft ; formerly comprehending* i. Bohemia Proper ; 2. Silefia ; t^d* 3. Moravia. DivifioM. ChiefTowni. Miles. I. Bohemia Pro> r* W. moftly 9. Silefia* Eaft* moftly fubjcA to the king of Pruiiia. ( Prague* £. Ion. 14-20. N.' lat. 50. par.^. momy i , Koningfgratx* E. ^bjea to the . Q^ » I, f„y^ ^ ^y^ HoufeofAu. kingofPruflSa. *"*• J lEgra.W. fBreilaw* £. Ion. 17. N. iat. 5i-i>. Glogaw, N. Crollen* N. , ^ Jagendorf* S. Tropaw, S. fubjed to the ' " " ftr Length ^Breadth 1 162 \ Sq.M. I3,o6« ; ■- '■ • IjKO^ 196 BrcMth 9a • IO,25t 3. Moravia, 8. l f Olmutz, entirely fubjea M N lat. 49.40. tu the houfc of I I Brin, middle. J .J 7 ) (Length i2o( r Breadth 88 f houfe of Auftria. Tefchen, S. fubjcdl to the houfe of Auftria. * J E. Ion. 1 6-45 '_ Brw?th'««>' ^'^'^ Auftria JLlgl«.S.W. Sort, 4MD Aia.3 The air of Bohemia Proper is not thought fo wholc' (bme as that of the reft of Germany* though iu foil and produce are prettj much the &v^* MouM TAINS AND alvBai.] Bohcffiia, though almoft furrounded with mountains, oontaint none of note or diltinCUon : its woods arc many, and the chief rivers art the Elbe* Mukkw* and Eger. ^ -M^TAis AND MiNBftALs.3 This kingdom' tooAains rich mines of filTcr* tquick^vcr, copper* iron, lead* fulplMdr* andialtpetrc. Its chief manufsflurn '" I copfCTi iwA Md gWs. . * , ' 1 1 :1b ;o iH^tEfM'J.lA- iff itrj^ow*, AND DiTERkio«Hk<. IV- v.,e<^nt^of ihe.^eiiBt ]io{ijala» tion of Bohfmia.^ about,Ji:5o ye9IWagQr<)i^WW;^«ttanti } but atr^r«fen% npUTliboiirwi 9vIo^oqo.\" ^Tbe fio» hemiant^ m the»7perfon6, habit»'and maiifwr9tpfo^<«c■y;klrd i»,9«jlbT«reigD,raad (very tenatifa-ilave. i But' the emperpr Jofeph II. generoufly difchtrged thf Bohemian peafants, on the Imperial demefiucS) firpm the ftate or "illainage in which theji had;been'.'ibiBngand4fo wnjl^fUy ycu^mediV aiollit^ wili b* bs^py if his example ftwuld be faQow^ by tbe^ohemian: tohtU^]^ aad.tbey be' thcrie- by led to cca£s to deprivettheir. vafials of the' rights bf huimfi jM^tiiit^ ..iAl^ though ihd Bdhemiatisf at pre&nt» are not remarkable either for art« or arms, yet they, formerly dil^iag^tlhcd tbamfe^<^!8^«'ti|||p ciefli/tntrenkl affiitfors of civil andreKgiouS'Iibmyul 'Europe; witnefs the early iatrodu£(;jion of the itformed- religion iiito |h(;nc coi^ntrj^*^ wlun it .W9^ fcarcely known in any other ; tfae^matiy glorious cTefeals they^gavetotheAuftrTan power, and their generous ftruggles fotindqp4&)ddrtcy. Their virtues insy-A>e confidered as ^thscaufei df .thttn decay fiasuKi^migaAs vc^leftuneipplofed by tbeir defpotic mafters fbtibrijaltMg tkeiftfpiliit'.>lii6|igh it i» certain tteeieintenudj^oufies and difleniioiisgreafly contributed to their fubjedion' Their cuftoms and diyerr it(in8are'|hfl^MHe-a9-in6«Rliati«^;<'' ■ ViJsj;^,,, >jf,| . _.;..;.:.„ 1 n' t ICtLiQidi^.i}! '''.Tb9rtf^!;pQ^tf k tbrdlafaAtflied rHiiiofi ot Bobemid, Vet thspe 4re ma4^ «ri»tf ftafits .lHRoag< the'' mbiibitaiitti who afe> ndw tolerated itithe^ee excnme of their t«tigi6n,;n;iry' unintelligible- proteitantifm, if it defesvesthataMunej^^rbi^thfey iaT«' propagated, >b^itheir zealous miffioharie^f'in-feveral parts of^Aie-gl^be ; jbmeof ^hnn a fpv yeab'!ngo«tnide'profel^te3'iii> Great Briti^.; .tbey'Jiav^ ftiU 8"meB^r||aiq«nt^|i>r li iettlement iB!th«JpiBa(taitioh8.r;: ;: :;-i •.'■•'•;' >.^r'0--i..*. j H^'f, ^ '-is, ..%/i'r.\' • Aiix:Htt«»orkiiCft ah'p 'h^^hx^vkioI.^] ' I^giii^4rtb« otily. J^ol|i;n^\lU|cH- bifliopric). ^his bifhoprijcs are Konih^^gV^lti^^ BMaAaw^'aad Olmut^b. "<; ! y,.. Lanoxtage;;} ' The* prober language of tKe'Boli'miatis is a dialed^ofrjthe . Sclavoniart, but they generally fpeak German aftid High Dutch* UnIveiisity.] The ^nly univerfity ii( Bohemia is chat of Prague. Cities and TOWNS.] J Prague, the capital i6#/iol»efiiaf, iflooe of th^ linefl: , and mod magniiiceat oities in Europe, and failtdM foH its nobl^^lprIdg(|^,^ Its circumference is ftj^ree;, that the grand PrdlliaWtiiltny^ it its )Al^jrie|f| never could completely invefti. ' *For this rcafoft it^blabll; o tnak^a vlgoimustdc- fencc In cafe of a regulaf fi?ge'. Th^ liihabitwiW'kre i holught not to oe pro- portioned to its capacioiffi%feibei?>frV:dm^ut:mcrcb AN0HA«V.FAC]FVRl^]|i}f^9G£n9i^y.; .,* *"i*x,?".».M of the pli ^Bohemian cpn{litut)«^< liiU flid>iiA>{.ri>ub the .^[^vj^no^^t, unditr tlie eraperor ia defj^oti*, Tb«";.^t|!8 are cojnj6*j[«d pf(t}vc clS'f Yf/ 1*!^-» Wity, gentry, , and ' rcprefqntative% of-townj. Their foyereigra fjill Jg# ' '^iB'S*' '**,.-*>;'' .*■ >7l M 0I.N :d :A h r. , kave noibcmfdndbf {^dvoking thtm'bj.^ iitagc* asthey ktve* geii{y ml avcrfion towards the Anftrians. TJii» kiagdoin is freqiieatly defcribed as pavt of Germany, but wttfa littre n»fodD, for it i» not » any of the aide eiiclesy nor docs it eoatributfr any thing towards the fbrceaior revtnuea of the empire, nor is it fubjeft to any of its laws. What giveifome colour i» tbi»miftake,r8,thatth(r king of Bohemia i8.the.iirft.ieculMr«lc£torofthe empire, and their kings have been eleAed emperors of .Gcmanry for many years. H^TXWuts.] The revenues of Bohehiia are Whatever die fp«. iembledat Prague. They may perhapa amount to ^oo,ciooL a y«ar. /. Arm S.J The arms of Bohemia are^ argent, a lioH gules^ :^,:,.^( (v .^m^ -t<:^- -" .YT !.■■> ■ .C V "■♦ "'H'VU'' N GAR ^'a^^'>:^iv-!^i'^-yj -~'ndfd'\.,, '- SiTVATioN AND Extent^ j,,._, ,., ^ h"i. Miles. M>^4.jil.ength 300 1 ij.^_ C 16.35 and «4'iiiAjBre«Jth »o©J . |_44-5a and 49-53 North lat Containing 87,575.fquare miles, with 57 inhabitants toeach* Degrees. bq. Mifct. and z6 Eaft long. t^^^^^ '..*■:!; _ « T~» HAT 'part of Hungary which belongs to the liosTe Boundaries. J J|_ ^^ ^^^^^.j^^ ^^^ it formerly included Tranfylvania, ^cfovonia, Croatia, MorUohia, Servia, Wallacbia, and other countries), is . . • • -n t 1 -. -i-, VT^.it_ . i— rri r_.i ;_ ... j Tir_ii_ Ji_ .•- 17-/1. poimoea oy ruuuiu, en- mc x'^unu ; itj i. raiuyivitiiiM aiiu vvtuicicuiiit.j^iiu > * b>T Sclavonia. South ; and by Auilria and Mioraviay WeiL ;/ .'Tjr-.-^tsi,-, vr^"^'^- s*5 if ' .i^W^h'-^-' <'. HUNG. A/H j^. I»» TKe kingdom 6f Hungary is ufuaHy divided into tiw Upper and Lo^mf Hungary. UrrsR HUNGARY, North ob T«E DAMOlIt^ ft-We**; i3#J '^yi/i;iJ lf# THE DaNUBI. Chief Towns. ' Freiburg, fituate on tlie Danxibef £.. Ion. 17*30. N. lat. 48-to. r'Wi'Ti Kewhaufel, N« W, -^ ; '-w^^'W' Leopolftadt, N. W. -^iW^Kih" w Chrcmnits, N. W. ^^t^fp^ Jn^i? Schcrmnits, in the middle.. T ' f ?ii«*iv JLowBa HU^JGARY, South o» 194 CkiefTowna. Buda, on the Danube, £. Ion. 20. N. iat. 47-40. Gran, on the Danube, ab^ve Bvda., , Comorra, oq The Danube, in the iiknd 6f Schut. ; Raab, on the Danube, opposite to* the tfland of Schut. Atlenburg, W. oppoilte to the ifland of Schut. WeifTcnbinrg, cr Alba Regalis, fitu^ ' ated E* of the lake, called the Flatten Tea. Kanifba, S. W. of the Hattea fea. * Fjye Churches^,. Jb^ ei.HiS mex Drave. ■ ■*'rr/' • ^s-vi;'' '^ •v(»i*n»t'fii*'f Efperies, N. Ciifchaw, N. .!.„■, 'iv^i.j.:?>ife»*?iis.'}' !;■;. Tokay, N. KT ^4^;m^fiti;^yvff Zotmar, N. E. ■iM^hi'^it^^ m^^,. Unguar,N.E. -iKi-l-l'^i'iV^-vi^-lr ?« Mongats, Ni E. ■■■ •; s>'5^f)''i<'lrr'! •>F Waradin, Great, E. M :> -'f- . ■' fiegedin, S. E^ ' '•f'^-'^ll ;^^ Agria, in the oiiiidle. ' ■'- '^ • ' - Ftft, on the Danube, oppofite to Budt. To which may be added Temefwar, which has been conHdered a> diftin^ from Hungary, becau£s it was formerly governed by an independent king t and it haa feveral tinges been in poffeiEoA of the Turks ; but the Auftriani gaming poffcflion of it, it was incorporated into the kingdom of Hungary in 1776. The prorince of Teinefwar is 94 milea long, m,^ 67 bvoad, coot' tjjiningiiboot 3850 fquare miles : it has been divided into four diftri^s, Cfa* dat, Temefwar, Werfchez, and Lugos^ Temefwar,. t)ie prioctpal townt, i| CtuatedE. Ion, 32-15. if''^t.^\.$-§^^^.m''f.'M'<^t(ii:i^!--''iu^^^ .• P''-'-"ii^^'^' Air, soil, and fkooucs.] The air, and conCequendy tlie dtmtte of the fouthem parts of Hungary, is found to be unhealthful, owing to its mime* rous lakes, ftagnated waters, and atarflies ; but the ncathern parts, being mountainous and barren, the air is fweet and wbolefome. No country in the world can boaft a richer foil, than that plaic! which extends 300 ratli.* from Prefturg to Belgrade, and poduces corn, grafs, eiculent planttt, tobac- co, faifron, afpatagus, melons, hops, pulfe, millet, buck-vi^at, delicioit^ wine, fruits of various kinds, peaches, muiberry-trces, cheihuts, and wood ; corn is in fuch plenty, that it fells for one lixth part of its price in £ng>- land. Rivers.} Thefe are the Danube, Drave, Save, Teyffe, Meri(h, and the Temes. Water.] Hungary contains feveral lakes, particularly four among the . Carpathian mountains, of confiderable extent, and abounding with tifh. The Hungarian baths and mineral waters are efteemed the moft fovereign ' of any ift Europe ; but their magniHcent buildings, raifcd by the Turks when ia j'pofleiTion of the country, particularly thofe of Buda, are fuffered to go to decay. . 1 MouHTAiNS.] The Carpathian mountains which divide Hungary AroiB Poland on the north, are the chief in Hanc-arr. though manv detached ntMUiil- tains are found in the country. Their tops arc generally covered with woocaps, their clofe-bodied coats,' girded by a fa(h, and their cloak or mantle, which is fo contrived as to bqckle under the arm, fo that the>right hand may be always at -liberty,' give them an air of mi- litary dignity. The men ^ihave their beards, but prefcrvc their vhiflccrs on their upper lips. -Their ufual arms are a broad fvvord, and a kind of pole-ax, befides their fire-arms. The ladies are reckoned handfomer than thofe of Auftria, and their fable drefs with fleeves ftrnight to their arms, and their ibtys faftened before with gold,, pearl, or diamond little buttons, ari: well known to the French and Englifli ladies. Both men and women, in what they, call the m\r\s towns, wear fur, and even fhcep-lkin dreffes, The inns upon tile roads arc mc-ft mifcrable hovels, and even thofe feldom to be met with. The hogs, which yield the chief animal food for their peafants and their poultry, live in the fame apartment with their owners. The gout and fhe fever, owing to the unwholefomencfs of the air, are the predominant difeafes in Hungary, The natives in general arc indolent, and leave trai^.: and manufaAures to the Greeks and other llranget's fettled in their coun- try, the flatnefs of wjhich renderB travelling commodious, either by land or water. The divej-fions of the inhabitant's are of the warlike and atii- letic kind. They ai v. in general a brave and magnanimous peopic Their SnCcixcrs, c»CtJ fincc the beginning oi the prciciit cciitur), vvt-Vv io jtaiou! of their liberties, that rather than be tyranilifed olrcr by.the houic of Auf. tria, ihey often put thcmfielvcs under the protedion of tbe Ottoman court; in U N O^ A R Y, su rcftuijj. ith plenty (if ia* and terra vats, between : ^of Aiiftria, ind produced nd iilyer em* the (iontirent thdr valyc, :vcr, ftill fub- ;markiible for cfteemed by There 18 a Its e with thofc n wiiics, how- :r cQuntry at the northern Lomans out of CCS are ftill to Be that as it lave rcafon to rful kingdomi ler ' encourage, fene* itniigh^ la, at prefent, bout two mil' rs pecuh'ar'to heroes, who .their .perfons ,' ffirded by a rkle under the n an air of ml* irvhillccrs on ind 6£ pole-ax, haji thofe of ms, and their ttons, arc well men, in what :8, The inns jtn to be met r peafants and The guut and : predominant nd leave tra<^.: in their coun- ilher by land like and atii- »eopit'. Their •reio jtiuoui louic of Auf« tomau: court ; \)X\t their fldeiitv'tO' the 'late enriptrerB-quoient notwithllianding ' the pnovoca- tiuns they received frdnvbcr hour*;, wiU' be alx^ays remmbered to their honour. , i. . ■ The inhabitants of Temefwarr, a province lately incorporated into the kingdom of Hungary, aVe compxted at 45o,cop. There are in this couji-r try many fai^on8,'Or gy^iev, fuppofed to be real defcendantii of the ancient Egyptians. They are faid-to refemble the ancient Egyptians in tKeit- fcaturesi in their propenfity to ntelaht'h'dy, and in many of their manners and culloms } and it is aflerted, that the lafdvious dances of llis, the worlhip of onions, many famous Egyptian fuperllitions and fpe(;iiicR, and the Egyptian method of hatching eggs by means of dung, are iliU in ufe among the ft^male gy^ie* in TemefN^'ar. '< '^ ■ ; - I'J ^ ',•'•' • . Religion.] The eftabliflicd religion of the Hungarians is the B-oman ca? thoiic, though the major p,art of' the inhabitants are protcttants^ or Grcf ks f and they now enjoy the full cxercife of their religious liberties. i« Archbishoprics AND bishoprics.] The archbiflioprics are Prefburg, Gran, and Coloc/a. The biflioprice arc> Great Waradin, Agria, Vefprin, ' Raab, and five churches.- . ••.;.. J i";ni!ri?.")r)' •./!•• H Language.] As the Hungarians are' mixed^-ilh Germans, Sclavo* nians, and Walachians, they have a variety of dialeds, and one of them is {aid to approach near the Hebrew. The better and the middlemoft rank fpeak German, and almoft all even of the common people fpeak Latin, either pure or bar)}aro)t8, fo that the Latin may be faid to be here ftill a living language. ' Vft i^hiti^^iil: -iviji'T! j^u ly^t^n-i i>f;^?*|*^'^s^rv' ■ UwivfRSiTiEB.] In the tmiveriitie^ (if tliey ciin be properly fo called) of Firoan, Buda, Raab, and Cafchaw, arc profieiTors of the feveral arts and fcienccs, who ufed generally to be Jefuits ; fo that the Lutherans, and CaU yiniils, who are more numerous than the Roman Catholics in Hungary, go to the German and other univerfities. Anti<^;ities ANp cui^TosiTiEs'^ The artificial curiofities of thi« NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. J couut^ confiil of its bridges, baths, and mines. The bridge of EiTeck built over tlie Danube, and Drave, is, properly fpeaking, a continuation of bridges, five miles in length, fortified with towers at certain diftances. It was an important pafs during the wan between the Turks and Hungarians. ' A bridge of boats runs over the Danube, half a mile long, between Buda and Peft ; and about twenty I lun- garian miles diilatit from Belgrade, are the rcmaii - of a bridge ercfted by the Komans, judged to be the moft magnificent of , : in the world. The hatha and mines Ivre have nothi.ig to diitinguiih them irom the like works in other countries, One of the moft remarkable natural curipfitieR of Hungaiy, is a cavern, in a mouutain near Szelitze ; the apirture of this cavern, which fronts the fouth, is eighteen ftvl, sns high, and eight broad ; its fubtdfraneous paf- fages confift entirely of folid rock, ftrc-hing away farther fouth than has yet been difcovered ; as far as it is prac -ible to go, the heig" ;.• found Ut Df fifty fathoms, and the breadth 26. Many other wonderL ' ^'articular* are related of this cavern, which is an article of great curiofity iittoniftiir.g rocks are common in Hungary, and fome of its churches are cf admi '■)h arcliiteifture. Cities, towns, forts, and other "(^ Thefe are greatly decayed EDIFICES, PUBLIC AND private ; J from their ancient magnifi-' cence : but many of the fortifications are llill very ftrong^^nd kept in good fiti^a^. Prjefbuig is fortified. , In it the Hupgariaa regalia wcr£ kept, but ^Jr,, . X;.f>-f '*werdL- iH H U! N G A R Yi M'£?rc lately removed to Vienna, the crown \m fent: in the year- io6o i# 'fope Sylvetter II. to Stephen, kins of Hungaty» and wai» made after tliat of tiie Greek emperors ; it is of fohd gold, weighing nine marks and thret ounces, ornamented with 55 faphires. i|0 nibieo one Urge emerala, and 33^ peails. Berules thefe ftones, are tht/ iriagCM oi die apoftles and the patriarcht. T'le pope added to this tttjwn » filver p»tri:/r( hal- « viifs, which was after, wards infertcd in the arms of ionigcy. At die < ttri'nwny of the coronA. ttoi) a bifhop carries it before Mv. km-. From tht « "• ia derired the title c apoftotic king s the n^>^ of whi'.b wa» v^i cwc' uu«5c* t' ;:nreiirn of the em. p! cffl Maria Thercta. "j ite fcep o; and iue fjloue of '.?i , kingdom are Ara. bi;Ei dh is of fine linen, is faid to i>e the work of Gi. fflc, fpoufe t(( .Sv. Stephen, who, tliey fay, embroidered in gold the image of JefiB Chrift ♦ the greateft powers in Europe, have troops that go by the fame name. Their foot are called Hcydukcs, nrxi wear feathers in their caps, according to the enemies they pretend to have killed : both hi>\ 'H and foot arc an ex. celient militia, very good at a purfuit, or ravaging and plundering a country, but not equnl to regular troops, in a pitdied battle. Coin S.J %][ungary was formerly remarkable for itJ coinage, and there are ilill extant, in tha cabinets of the ciiriaus, a complete feries of coins of tlieir former kings. More Greek aiid P man- medala have been difcovcred in thii country, than perhaps in any oth< ; -1 l?,nrope. Arms.} The emperor, as k i i Hungary, for armorial enfigns, yean quarterly, barwife argent, and f.!: " eight pieces. HisTORV.] The H • a' iubtiiiing this country in the middle of thr third cintury communv leir name to it, being then part of the an- cient Pannonia. The^ -.:■.• iuccecded by the furi«j'. Goths; the Goths went expelled by the i. mbards ; they by the Avari j and the 'ochn worQ planted in their fteatf ht.i'j.^ 'r^.-gianiog of the 9tK cieuiutry. At the -: . . '. . ' «. clofe l ^'^tfi- •riUJBLVANtA, SCLATOUtA, ker 5«l the year- looo \f made after tliat of marks and thret cmeralo, and 33I and the patriarchy , whicti was after* ! the work of Gi. 1! gold tile iniiige uriarchs and apof, it^fd, and rounded 'euina little ofiti and the fame tnay Danube. Raab it has been already itioned the natural :hief mainufa^lurei t. irJans difli(ie the Therefa. Their > the regal power, lich refembles our r'a council, which licipal jurifdiAion, the Gefpan chaft» ave an exchequer the field at any m draws out of it tnown to modem he German horfe ; when they ftrike. able in war, tV-» the fame name. caps» according id foot arc an ex- dering a country, age, and there are of coins of tlieir difcovcrcd in thii rial enfigns, uart in the middle of n part of the an- Goths 1 the I and tiie vickvi JBtury.: At the clofe ;jk ^.^ tlofe qUU the AnigovniiCBnifl; rated firoin the banks of the Volga, and took poffelfion of the countiy. : Hungaty wa« formek-lv an aflbmblagc of diffe* lent llutea, and the ^itwkp afFumed the title of king, waatStwpbiui, in t)i£ .far 997* when he enoibraced Chriftianity. > In hit i*etgn» the form' of go- vernment was eftablUhed^ Mid ibe crown rendered ete^ive. Aboaitthe year i4io, king Cliarlei Robert »foended the throne, aitd fi»bdued Bulgaria, Serviut Croatia, Delmaitia, Sdavonia, and many other provinces : but many of thofe annida were afterirarda reduced bjr the Venetians, Turktif and other nuwers. In the 1 5tli. . centul-y , Huniadei, who' was guardiaft to the infant king LadiOaus, bravely 'repulfed the Turks, Wlien they invaded Hungary ; and upon felie deathlof Ladiflau»r the 'Hungarians, in 1438 rbiCed Matthias Corviiiua, fun of Huniailei»i to their -throne. 'Lewis, king of Hungary, in ie%6, was kilUsd in a battle^ fighting agaiiift Solyman, e:npet«r of the Turks. Tbii battle almulL proved fatal to Hungary ; but the archduke Fevdinand^ brutlier to the empecor Charle« -V* :having married the fifttn- of LcMiit, he claimed the title af'Hungaryr in which he fucceeded, Wtth feme difficulty, and that kingdom has ever itnce belonged to the houfe of AuAria, though by its conititution its crown ought to be elective. For the reft of the Hunga> rian hiflory, fee G«rma»y. . • ;. tt-'iV-A,'^.;' *''V ;.J_,^*5<;.^v,.ii ^lij »:m|u :j j'.j.:,»,j , 4 j; i> i J iiriitlii ' ; !t r- n r -rftr ir^> TRANSYLVANIA. SGLAVONIA, CROAtlA, and .HUNGARIAN DAL M ATI A. ■ ili;.!' I HAVE thrown thoic: countries under one divifion» for feverd htafont, and, particularly bccaufe we have no account fuffieiently exai£t of their extent and boundatica. . The beft account of them is as folhtws ; TaANSv l- vAttU belongs to the hdule of Auftria, and' is bounded on the- north by the Carpathian mountaias* which divide it from Poland ; on' tli4'eaft> by Moldavia and Wallachia ; on the South by Wallachia ; and on the Weft 'by Upper and Lower Hun{p;ary< It lies between 22 and 26 degrees of eaft longitude, and 45 and 48 of north latitude.; - -Its leagth is extended aboiut 180, and its breadih 120 miks ; and contains nearly 14,400 fquare* mile", but is fur- rounded on all fides by high mountains. Its produce, vegetables, and ani- mals, are almoft the ume with thofe of Hungary. The; air t» wholefome aadt .jiperatc ; but their wiiie, though gpod, is not equal to the Hungarian. Its chief city is Hcrman^dt, audits Interior -government ftill partakes great- ly of the uncient feudal fyftem^ being compofed of many independent ilatea and princes. They owe not mtich more than a nominal fubje^ion to the Auitrians, who ' leave them in poifeifioa of moil of their privilegca, PapifU, Lutherans, Calvinifl:8, Socinians, Ariant, Greeks, Mahometans, and other fe^^aries, here enjoy their feveral religions. Tranfylvania is thAght to add hut litlk t< the Auftrian revenue, though it exports fome metals and fait to ill! 'gaiy- I'he other large places arc Sagefwar, Millenbflck, and Ncwmark. All funs 0' provificr.B are very cheap, and excellent jn their kinds. Herman- Iladt, is a lar^ .:, ftrong, and well built city, as are Claufenburg and Weiifen- burg. The feat of gover ment is at Hermanftadt, and the governor is alTiH- ed by a council made up of Roman Cathoh'cs, Calvinills, and Lutherans. The diet, or parliament, meets b) fummons, and rec*eives the commands of the fovereign, to whom of late thfy have bee" mors dfvotcd'than foimtrly. They have a liberty of making remoi.ltrauce* and veprcfentalicns in cafe of grievaacci, -• ■ ■■■ • ,■. ■ • . , '-■ Tran- ^C^ ■lift. .■ i.M.'^iV.* j< ■ .'*»■'".> . w ... .•■t.^'-i.i'^'J.'WR ., ,: 584 TltA^aYL-VANXA, ,SCLAV0IOA^ ttc. V TiinfylviinU ia part o( charat^ivi! The population of the cuuiitry is not afcvrtaiav'd« bub tfTe may call a loyal aridoctacy, which their fovereigns do not think proper to invade. In October 17H4, on account . of the real or feign, ed oppremona of the nobility, near 10,000 affembled, and committed great depredations on thofe whofe condoft had been rcfeutcd. Several had tlieif palaces burnt, and were glad to efcape with their lives. The revolten were diPappliint'cd in their attempt on Claufcnbui'j^ ; and afterwards offered to fepavate, and go home in peace* on. the terms of a ffenei'al pardon, better treatment from the nobility, and a freedom from vaualage. In the .pirefeot &tuation of the AUltriaiiB, lenient termS'haVe been granted to them, and With the punifliment of u few, the infurrediionjwas.fupprcifed. SckaVoN va lies between the 17th and aid dcgrecsiuf ead longitude, and tlie- 55th and 46l,h of north' latitude. It is thought to be about 200 miles •in length* and:r)Q in breadth, and contains about lo,co6 Iquare mils.. It it bounded' by thto Drave on the Nbrth, by the' Danube on the Ead, by the Save on the South, and by Kiria in Audria on tl^ Wed. Thercafon why Hungary, -Tranfylvania, Sclavonia,. and the other nations, fut^e^ to the ,])uufe of Audria in thofe parts, contitin a i'urpriiing variety of people^ dif* .leiing in name, language, and nu: tiers, is becaufe liberty here made its lad daud againd the Roman arms,, which by decrees forced the remains of ..the different nations they had cbnquered into thole quarters. The thicknefs of the woods, the rapidity of the rivers, and the drength of the country, favoured their relidance ; and their defcendants, notwithdanding the powor of the Turks, the Audrinns, the Hungarians, and the Poles, dni:retain the fame fpirit of independency. Without minding the arrangement made by the fovereigns of Europe, they are quiet under the government that leaves thenH mod at liberty. That they are generijus, as well as brave, .'.appears from their attachment to the houfe of Audria, which, till the lalt ..two wars, never was fcniible of their value and vadour.; infomuch that it is well knoyvn, that t;hey preferved the pragmatic fan^Ion, ; and kept the imperial c»-own in that family. The Sclavonians formerly gave fo much w»rk to the Roman arms, that it is thought the word JIave took it 3 original from them, on account of the great numbers of them who were carried into bondage, folate as the reign of Charlemagne. Though Sclavonia yields neither in beauty nor fertility to Hun^.ir^ and Tranfylvariu yet the ravages of war aire dill viable in the face of the rountry, which lies m a great meaf- uhc unimproved. The Sclavonians, fr m iheir ignorance perhaps are zciil- m ji 1 ":?:■ TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, »<;. m country, the pownr (ini : retain nent made ment that as bravt, tilltheiail that it is kept tk fo much ,t3 original arried into nia yields he ravages reat meaf- are zc»l- •us Roman Catbol».'B, though Greeks and Jews are tolerated. Here we meet with two hifhoprict ; that of Pofega, which is the capital of the coun- try, and Zagrab, which lies t>M tlie Dravc ; but we' know of no univerfitiei. Efleck is a Targi; andjlrong town, remarkable, as. before noticed, for a WQod- rn bridge over the Dtave, and adjoining marfhes, five miles long, and fifteen pa(;cs broad, built by the Turks. Waradin and Peterwaradin are places noted in the warH between the Auftrlans and Ttirks. TKc inhabitants are compofcd" of Servians Rad/.i,ingf CroAs, Wallachians, Germans, Hunga- rians, and a vaft number of other people, whofe nann's were never known even to the Auihians themfclvcH, 'but from the military muftcr-rolls, when tht'y poured' their troops into the field during the laft two wars. In 1746^ Scalvonia was united to Hungary, and the tlates feud rcpreCentativeg to the diet of Hungary. , J'\ ' ■' ■';-;'■;.'.-_ '■■■''-■■ 'y' , Croatia lies between tnc 1 5th and 1 7th degreei of eaft Ibngitude, and tlie 4;th and 47th of north latitude. It is 80 miles in length, and 70 in hreadth, and about 3,500 fquare miles. The manners, government, religion, language, and cudoms of tlt^; Croats, are fimilar to thofe of the Sclavoniana and Tranfylvaniaiis, who arc .their neighbours. They are excellent irregu- lar troops, and as fuch are famed it) modern hiftory, under the name of Pandoins, and various other deligna^ions. ' The truth is the houfe of Auf« tria finds its intereft in fuffcring them and the neighbouring nations, to live in their own nranncr. The towns are blended with each other, there fcarqe- ly being any diiUndlion uf boundaries. Carollladt is a place of fome note^ but Zagrab (already mentioned), is the capital of Croatia. All the fovereigii- ty excrcifcd over them by the Auftrians feems to confiil in the military arrangements for bringing them occafionally into the field. A viceroy prt- fides ov£:r Croatia, jointly with Sclavonia, and Hungarian Daknatia : this lic« i.i the upper part of the A.driatir. fea, and confifts of five diftrifts, in which the moll remarkable places art to fol- lowing : Segna, which h a ioyal free tftvvn, fortified both by ni .. . -ind art , and is fituat^d near the fea, in a bleak, moimtaitious, and barren foil. The bidiop of this place is a fuffragan to the archbiihop of Spalatro. Here alte twelve chiirchcs, and two convents. The gdverndr rcfides in the old palac^y called the Royal Caflle. 2. Ottofchatz, a frontier fortification qn the river Galzka. That part of the fortrcfs when the governor,' and the greateft part of the garrlfon refide, is furrounded with a wall, and fome towers : but the itllof the buildings, which are mean, arc erefted on piles in the wattr j fo that one neighbour cannot vifit another without a boat. Near Segna dwell the Ufcocs, a people, who being galled by opprefllon, efcaped out of Dalmatia, from whence they obtained th of Ufcocs, from the word'Scoco, which fignilies a deserter. They ar< . o ^alled fpring- ep, (ji Icapcrs, from the agility with which they leap, rather than walk, a- kng this nigged and mountainous country. Sonie of them live in fcatteved houfes, and others in large villages. They are a rough, favage people, large bodied, courageous, and given to^ rapine ; but their vifible cinployfticnt ia glazing. They ufe the Wallachian language, and in their religious fen- timents and mode of woi-fhip approach neargil to the vOreek church ; but iimeof them are Roman catholics. A part of Wallachia belongs alfo' to the emperor, as tvell as to the Turks* which lies to the call of Tranfylvania, and its principal towns are Trcga- nitz. Bucharcft, and Ssvcvin, t' • r - ' ■' -, . /• 58< fOLAND iNCt.ftiMG LFTHUANIA : p6LAND including LITHUANIA. v^ Wiles. Length 700 Breadth 680 Situation and Extent, } between Contati " Degrees, gitude. and 57 north latitude. .800 fquare miles, with 55 inhabitants to each. f 1 6 and 34 eail longitude. I46 BoVNDAKir.8.] T^EFORE the late extraordinary partition of thi'i fLM country, the kingdom of Polai.:^ with the great duchy of Lithuania annexed (inciently called Sarinatia) was bounded on the North by Livonia, Mufcovy, and the Baltic Tea ; on the Ead by Mufcovy ; on the South by Hungary, Turkey, and Liitle Tartary ; on the Weft hr Gernnany ; and had the form of ita government been as perfc6l as its fituati .a was compaA, it might have been one of the moil powerful kingdoms in the univerfe. Its grand divifions were, /r ■ ' ■.' * r' f w- Poland 1 • 1 ■ 'M Chief Cities. • Miles. Miles. Protcf. t;|nts. 'Courtland, fub- ■ • Mittaw * jta to "luffia. '74 80 ' r Great part oi this (\'d-, Lithuania, 333 310 Wilna K trift is now pofleffed b\ C. Ruffia. Podalia, 360 120 Karfinleck r»- ' V olhinia, 305 150 Luckb I rreat Poland, 308 180 Gnefna Red Ruffia, 232 18^ Lemburg f Now chiefly fubjccl Cracow to Auftria. Papifts. ' Little Poland, 23Q 130 , P lefia, 186 . 97 Brcffict Mafov'a, 152 90 V,,. f E. Ion. 21-c. Warsaw |j^j^^^^.5^ Sai.iogitiaj »55 98 Rafiem . ij ■V' P ffian Royal, or 118 104 Elbing r Now fubjeA to Pruiri;;. Pui.fhPruffia, /Polachia, '33 42 Bielh Dantzic, Thorn, and Elb ing, in Pruflia Royal, are ftyltd free cities, and were u inder tht proteAi jn of Poland ; the two lall have been feized by - theki Jig of Pruffia, am i molt of the privileges o't the firll. ■\ ' * . ■ • ■ . " Nams lach. ion of th!i \i the great iinded on tlic y Mufcovy ; :hc Weft hi t iU fituati n rdoms in the f.«^''/:^^f<>^^^ f *t/ ■ 'V -^ tl^. t i \' n this dif-i (•it ! : «. 'it Mv •*»'A- ■*:i> ,i'v.'..«.X\*'Nj f 01 u:#h '^ ■ <'^. V fly fubjccl ria. 11.5. [215. to Prufc.l cities, and ;n feized by NaUE POLANt>, wttwBiMo LITHUANIA. 5«7 Kami.^ It is generally thought thut Poland takes it name from Pblut •r Pole, ^ Sclavonian word fignifying a coiititnr tit fur hunting, fur which none was formerly more proper, on account of its plains, woods, wild bcaftii, and game of rvery Isind. Climate.] The air of Poland (■ fuch ai may be expeAed from foes* tenfive but level a climate. In the northern parts it is cold, but healthy^ the Carpathian mountains, which fcpnrate Poland from Hungary, are co- vered with eveHading fnow, which hat been known to fall in the midl^of fummer. Upon the whole, howercr, the climate uf Poland is temperate, and fv from being fo unfettled, either in winter or^ fummer, as might be fuppof- (dfrpm fo northerly a fituation ; but the air is rather infalubnous by reafoa of the numerous woods and morafles. SoiL,*PRODUCB, AND WATERS. J PoUnd I's in general a level country, and the foil is fertile in corn, as appears from the vail quantities that tire fent from thence down the Viftula, to Dantzic, and wliicii are bought up by the Dotch, and other nations. The paftureo of Poland, efpeciatly in Poc vegetable produfliona of Poland MAL PRODUCTIONS. J have been already mentioned under the article of Soil, though fome are peculiar to itfelf, particularly a kind^of manna (if it can be called a vegetable), which in May and June the inha- bitants fweep into fieves with the dew, and it ferves for food drefled various ways. A great quantity of yellow amber is frequently dug up in Lithuania, in pieces as large as a man's Ail, fuppofcd to be the produdion of a refinout pine. The forefts of Warfovia or Mafovia cohtain plenty of ujs, or bufifalccit whofe flerti the Poles powder, and elleem it an 'excellent diflu Horfe9, wolves, boars, the glouton, lynx, elks, and deer, all of them wild, arc %». cota tM Ivtcinir i9 Knuifi'o tUiftVitif ^\ ■■■Hr'iMk'i^i ^^ h'ltif. Jutrt /nmi i.«-mmn.. y \ 3U > ' , 1 11 1 r ■^l l«« PQLANO, tirnvbiWo {^ITHVANIA. ptimlAon In the P<^fli Core^s ; tnd there U % fprcics of wild horfes and aflet, juid wU4 oxeii) that the nobility of the. Ukrafne, aa well a& natirel^ ar^ JFond,ef> A kind of wolf, refembling a hart^. with fpota oa hi» helly and legs* is found here, and affords the heft furs in the country ; but the cU; which is corbmon iq Pbland» as well as in fotne other northern countries, is a very extraordiaary aaih)al. The flefh of the Polifh elk forms the moft delicious parts of their greatefl feafts. His body is of the deer jnake, bi^.^uch thicker and longer ; the legs high, the feet brooo,ooo of fouls fcparatcd from their ancient kingdom. The Poles, in their prribns, nhike a noble appearance j their complexion is fiar, and their (hapes are well proportioiicd. They are brave, honeft, and hofpitable ; and their women fprightly, yet modeft, and fubmilTive to their hiiibands. Their mode of falute, is to incline their heads, and to ftrlke their breaft with one of their hands, while they ftretch the other towards the ground f but when a coinmoti ptrfon meets a fupfrior, he hov/s his head near ^thc earthf tai with hie head rouches the ^cg near to the he<^ of tlie perftn K)LAND, iNctuDrno LITHANIA. 5h to whom be pcyt obet(ance. Their divi^riknw aife Warlike and ntatil^ ; yault- ingt 4iincing, and riding the. great horfe, hunting), llkaiting, bull ftud bear baiting. They ufually travel on horfeback ; .a Polilh gentlea\an will npt travel a ftone's throw without his horfe, and they are fo hardy, that thej • will flecp upon the ground, without any bed or covering, in fr-odt and faow* The Poles never live above flairs, and ihcir apartments are not united: "the, kitchen is oq one fide, the ftable on another, the dwelJing-houfe on the thit4» and the gate m the front. They content tbemfelvea with a few /mall b^d«, aijd if any lodge at their houfes, they muft carry their bedding; with theidi. Wiien they lit down to dinner or fupper, they have their trumpets and otheC biific playingt and a number of gentlemen to wait oil them at table', aU ter- ving with the moft profound refpetl ( for the nobles, who are poor, frequently fii)d themfelvca under the necefiity of ferving them that are rich ; but their pa- tron ufually, treats them with civility, and permits tlic eldeft to eat with bim at his table, with his cap off ; and ^very one of them has his peafant boy to wait on him, maintataed by the maltcr of the family. At «" entertaiit- meni;, the Poles lay neither knives, forks, nor fpoons, but every gueft brings them with him ; and they no fooner fit down to table, than all the doors arefhutrand not open till the Company return honle. "It is ufual for a no* Ueman to give his fervart part of his meat, which he eats as he ftands be- hind him, and ID let him drink out of the feme cup with himfclf ; but this is the lafs extraordinary, if it be be confidered that thcfefervants are elleem- ed his equals. Bumpers are inuch in fafhion, both here and in Rulfia $ nor will they eafily excuie any jjerfon from pledging them. . It would ex,ceed the bounds of this work to defcribe the grandeur and equipages pf the Pqjifh nobility ; and the reader may figure to himfelf aii idea of all that is faftidious, ceremoiiious, expenfive* and fhewy in life, to have any conception of their way of living. They carry the pomp of their attendance when they appear abroad, even to ridicule ; for it is not unufual to fee the lady of a Po- lilh grandee, belides a coach and fix, with a great number of fervants, at- tended by taxes, are fubjedt to noHc but the !• >',i;, may cliufe whom they will for their king, ' and none but they, and the bu;-ghev8 of fome particular towns, can purr' «Te lands. In fbort, they aie almolt entirely indep^iident, enjoying man; thef- privilegi^s entirely incompatible with a well regulated ftate ; but if they en- ■ gage in trade, they forfeit their nobility. Thefe great privilegcti mak«f the Polifli gentry powerful ; many of them have large territories, with a defpotic power pver their tciiints, whom they cru their lubjccts, and transfer or af- SOO POLAND INCLUDING LITHUANIA. 1 1.. W' ftgndver with tKe lands, cattle, and furniture. Until Cailmir the Grrat^ytfi^ lord could put his peafant to death with i)|ipunity, and wHen the latter had , no children, confldcred kimtfelf as the heir, and Icized all his efle£^s. In 13^7, CafimiV prcfcribeda tine for the murder of a peafant, and ena(5ted, that in cafe of his deceafe without iiTue, his next heir Ihould inherit. But thefe and other regulations have proved jnefTedtual, againil the pov^er and tyranny of the nobles, and have been either abrogated or eluded. Some of thcin Itavc cllates from five to th'rty leagues in extent, and art; alfo hereditary fovereignt of dties, with which the king has no Concern. One of tlie(r nobles poiTelfet above 4000 towns and villages. Some of them can raife 8 or 10,000 men. f The houfc of a nobleipan is a fecure afylum for perfons who h«^e committed any crime ; for non«j muft prefumc to take them from thence by force. They have their horfe and foot guards, which are upon duty day and night before thei)- palaces and in their anti-.chambers,' and march before them when they go abroad. They make an extraordinary figure when they come to the diet, fome of them having 5000 guards and attendants ; and their debates i)i the fenate are often determined by the fword. When great men Iwve fuits at law, "the. diet, or other tribunals, decide them j yet the execution of the fentencc mutl be left to the longed fword, for the julUce of the kingdom is commbnljr tod weak for the grandees. Sometimes they raife 6000 men of a fide, plun- der and burn one another's cities, and befiege caftles and forts ; for they tliink it below them to fubniit to the fentence of judges, without a H Jd battle. If one lord kills the peafant of another, he is not capitally onv^ . ..I, but only obliged to make reparation, by another peafant equal in value. A noblenun vho is^ defirous of cultivating a pieCe of land, builds a little wooden houfe, in which he fettles a peafant and his family, giving him a cow, two horfes, a certain number of geefe, hens, 5:c. and as much corn as is fulficient to main- )J^iri him the >irlt year, and to improve for his own futut-e fubfiilence and the advaoipge of his lord. Tne clergy have many immunities ; they are all free men, in fome in- ftanccs Itave their own courts of iuilice, in which the canon law ispradifed. A biil^op is entitled to all the privileges of a fenator : was ufually appointed by the king, and confirmed by the pope, lut is now nominated by the king cut of three candidates chofen by the permanent council. The archbilhop of Gncfnais primate, the firft fenator in rank, and viceroy during an interre- . giuim. The burgheis ftlU enjoy fome freedom and privileges ; they chufe their own burgomaller and council, regulate their interioi police, and have theit own criminal courts of juiUce, and when defendant againlt a noble, he jfe muil b«* cited before the magiilrate of his own town^ from whence uu appeal lies only to the king in his aifefrorial tribunaL \yithout this exemption from t!ie jurildidliou of the nobles, they would loag fuice have been reduced tu a ftate of vaffalage. The peafaiits of the crown, if opprefTed, may lodge a complaint in the royal cor.rt of juil.ce, which is fome check to injullice ; but pealants belong- ing to iiidividuals are at the abiolute difpofal of their mafter, and aU their ac- quifitioiis ferve only to enrich him. They are indlfpenfably obliged to cul- tivate the earth ; they are incapable of entering upon any condition of life that might procure thtim freedoni, without the permiflion of their lords ; and they arc expofed to the difmal, and frequently fatal effefts of the caprice, cruelty, and barbarit/ of their ty^rannical maftcrs, who op- prcfs tliem with impunity ; and having the power of life and property jn their handsf too often abufe it in the moil grofs and wanton manner. their wives and daiiglitera b?!!?g" er.pofcd to th Siuiv bi'vitcU liiliiLiueiiV* ON v;. POLAND, tsciuDiNO I^ITHUANIA. 59« One bleflingt howevcrt attends the wretched fituation of the Poh'fli pea^ {anti, which is their infcnlibility^liorn (Idvcs, and accuftomed from their infancy, to hardfhips and fevere ■Dur, the gerierah'ty of them fcarcely en- tertain an Idea of better circumftances and n>orc liberty. They regard their matters as a fuperior order of beings, and liardly ever repine at their fevere lot. Cheerful and contented with their condition, they are rcady;upon every occafion, to facrifice themfelve< and their famiUcs for their matter, ■ "pe- cially if the latter takes care to feed them .well. Mott of them feem to think that a man can never be very wretched while he has any thing to eat. There are fome ftyled German peafants, whofe aacettors were indulged in fettling in Poland, in the life of the perman laws, who enjoy feveral privileges not poffeffed by the generality of Polifh peafants : their villages are better boilt, they poffefs more cattle, pay their quit rents better, pnd are cleaner and neater in, their perfons. I have been the more circumflantial in defcribing the manners and prefent ftate of the Poles, as they bear a near refemblance, ia many particulars, to thofe of Europe in general during the feudal ages, but their tyranny over their tenants and vaflaU ftems to be carried to a much greater height. Lately indeed, a few nobles of enlightened undcrftandings, have ventured to give liberty to their vaflals. The fidl who granted this freedom, was Zamoiflci, formerly great chancellor, who in 1760, enfran- chifed 6 villages in the palatine of Mafovia, and afterwards on all his ettates. The event haih fliewcd the proiecl to b? «o lefs judicious than humane ; friendly to the noble's own interetts as well ?8 the happinefs of the peafants, for it appears, that in the dittrifls in which the new arrangement has been intruduccd, the population of the villages is confiderably incrii:afed, and the revenues of their eftatca augmented^ in, a triple proportion. Prince Staniflaus, nephew of the king of Poland, hath very lately enfranchifed four villages near Warfaw, and had not only emancipated his peafants from flavery, but condefcends to di\x& their affairs. &o that better times in that diilrcffcd countr)' may be expcAed. . ''^ ? Torture was abolifhcd in Poland in I776 by an cdift of the, diet, under***' the influence of the king. Atrocious crimes, fuch as murder, &c. are p.u- .«^" niflied by beheading or hangfng ; lefier delinquencies by whipping, impri> ' fonment, and hard labour : the nobles never fuffer any corporal punifhmcnt, but are liable only to imprifonment and death. ■ The inns in this country are long ttablcs built with boards and covered with ilraw, without furniture or windows ; there are rhambers^ at one end, but none can Ipdge tliere, becaufe of flies and other vermin ; fo that ftran- fcrs generally chofq rather to lodge among the horfes. Travellers ar«^ obliged to carry provilion with tliem ; and when foreigners watit a fuppl7,^V they apply to the lord of the village, who fcilhwith. pjovidcs them witli^^ neccfTaries. Dress.] The drefs of the Poles is pretty fingular. They fliai-e their' heads, leaving only a circle of hair upon the crown, and men of all ranks generally wear large whilkers. They wear a veft which reaches down to the middle of the leg, and a kind of gown over it lined with fur, and girded with a (afh, but the fleeves Ik as clofe to theii; arms as a waiftcoat. Their breches are wide, and make hut one piece with thtir ilockings. Th• 594 POLAND MOLtiNM&i^IflnJA-dlA. ; ekhera Vmrt. Undei^ the mount* adjoining to Kiow, in the dcTevta of%4 doliat are Teveral grottos, where a great nufl||er of human bodicaire frtferved, though buried a vaft number of years fince^^Ring neither fb hard nor fo black «& the Egyptain mummies. Among them are two princes, in the habits they ufed to wear. It is thought that this preferving <||}ality is owing to the nature of the foil, which t« dry and fandy. Poland can boaft of few antiqui* ties, as old Sarmatin was never perfc£Uy known to the Romans themfclves. Its artificial rarities are but few, the chief being the gold, filver, and enamelled ▼eflels, prefented by the kings and prelates of Poland, and prcferved in the cathedral of Gnefna. Cities, towms, roara, and OTHsal Warfaw lie« on the Viftula, itdU'icBS ^VBUC AND patvATB. J and almoA in the centre of Poland. It is the royal reftdencc ; and contains many magnificent palaces and other buildings, befldea churches and convents. It ia faid to contain near 70,000 inhabitants, but a neat number are foreigners. The ilreets are fpacious but iU paved» and the greateft part of the houfes, particularly in jhe fuburbs, are mean wooden hovels. The city exhil^its a nrong con. traft of wealth and poverty, as doth every part of this unhappy country. It has little or no commerce. The fame may be fald of Cracow, which is the capital (though that honour is difpoted hy Warfaw) ; for we'are'told, that notwitbftanditig it lies in the neighbourhood of the rich falt>mines, and is faid to contain fifty churches and convents, its cmnmerce is inconfidenible. The city flanda in an extenfive iJain watered by the Viftula, and with the - fuburbs occupy a vafl fpacc of ground, but sill together fcarcely contain l whereof 1014 ar- rived ; . .*•,■■-■ .t.--';;''v,«H'' ''1 POL'AND, tNGLVBiMo LITHUANIA. i%9 lived there in the ycftr 1752 { in which yctr alfo it88 PuUHi vefl«ls c«me ^own the Viftula, chlcflv ]aden*«iirith corn, for its mttchlcfs granariei j from whence that grain it diftributed to man/ foreign nations ; bcftdei which, JDaatzic exports great quantities of naval ftoreS) and vajft variety of other ar- ticles. T)r. Bufching affimw, that it appeaia from ancient necordig, as early at the C' ■- 997 f that Dantzic was a large coi»m«roi«l city, and not a village or inconliderable tpvim, as feme pretend. The inhabitanu of Dantzic have often dtonged their nufters, and have fometimes been under the prptedtion of the En^ifti and Dutch j but gene- rally have Hiewn a Kreat ; predilcAion for the kingdom and republic of Po- land, as being lefi likely to rival them in their trade, or abridge them of their immunities, which reach even to the pirivilege of coining money. Though llrongly fortified, and pofleiTed of 150 large brafs cannon, it could not, through its fituation, fland a reigular fiege, being furrounded with eminences. In 1 734, the inhabitants difcovered a remarkable attachment and fidelity towards Staniflaus, king of Poland, not only when his encnucs, the Ruflians, were at their g^tes, but even in poflcflion of the city. The reafoh wijy Dantzic, Thorn, and Elbing, have enjoyed privileges, both civil and religious, very different from thofe of the reli of Polahd, is becau£e not be- ing able to endure the tyranny of the Teutonic knights, they put themfelvea under the protcAion of Poland, referving to thcmfetves large and ample pri> vileges. This city, as well as tiiat of Thorn, were exennpted by the king of PruT&a from thofei claims which he lately made on the neighbouring coun- tries ; notwithllanding which, he fgoii after thought proper to feize on the territories belonging to Dantzic, under pretence of their having been former- ly part of Polilh PrufliS. He then proceeded to poffefs himfeft' of the port- duties belonging to that city, and ereaed a cuilom-houfe in the harbour, where he laid arbitrary and infupportable duties upon goods 'exported or imported. To complete the fyilem of opprelGon cuilomhoufes were erected at the very gates'of Dantzic, fc that no pcrfon could go in or out of the town, without being fearched in the Itrid^eft manner. Such is the treatment which the city of Dantzic has received fr-.^: the king of Pruffia, though few cities have ever e lifted, which have beet omprehended in fo many general and particu- lar tr' aties, and whofe fights ana .ibertie^s have been fo frequently fectired and j^uar«r.t:.;a b}- fo many great jjowsrs, and by fuch a Iqng and regular fuccef- (vm of public aAs, as that of Dantzic has been, in the year 1784, it was blockaded by his troops, on various pretences : by the interpoiition of the emprefs of Ruffia, and of the king of Poland, they Were withdrawn, and a jiegociation carried on by deputies at Warfaw ; which was concluded on the ^ 7th of September ; by whic. , as :iow acceded to "by the citizens, the place and trade of the city are to be rellored to its former liability. The city of Thorn was alfo treated by the king of Pruffia in the fame unjuft and oppref- five manner with that of Dantzic, and is now added to his dominions. Commerce AND manufactures.] The chief exports of Poland are all fpecies of^grain, hemp, flax, cattle, malts, planks, pitch and tar, honey, wax, potafh aud talluw ; its imports ^:t foreign wines, cloths, ftuffs, manufactured filks aud cotton, tine linen, hardwa'-e, tin, copper, hlver and gold, giafs ware, furs, &c. Some linen and woolen cloths, iilk, ftuifs, camlets, lace and hard wares, are manu^^-fcured in the interior parts of Poland and Lit)Hiania, bvt commerce ja chiefly confined to the city of Dantzic, and the other towns on the Viaula and the Baltir. Constitution ak* dk.' i^tsMfiMT.] Whole volumes have been written this fubjeft. 4i y are fufficiently ftrong, a civil war en. fues. Immediately after his eledion, he figns the fafta convtnia of the kinjr, dom, by which he engages that the crown (hall be •led^ive, that his fucceflflr fhall be appointed during his life — that the diets (hall be aflemblcd every two years — that every noble or gentleman in the realm (liall have a vote in the diet of eleAion, and that in cafe thb king (hould infringe the lawu and privi. leges of the nation^ his fubjetls (hould be abfoWed from their allegiance In laA the king was no more than prefident of the fonate, \vhich ufcd to be com- pofed of the primate, archbi(hop of licmburg, (ifteen bifhopH, and i ja laymen, confifting of the great ofEcera of (late, the Palatlrtes and Cailcllans. The Palatines are the governors of the provirces, who hold their offices for life.-i- The Caftellans omce in time of peace is almoft nominal, but when the mili. lary or feudal fervices are required, they are the lieutenants of the Palatines, and command the troops of their fevcral di(lri£l8. The diets of Poland are ordinary and extraordinary : the former merl; oace in two and fometimes three years ; the latter is fummoned by the king, upon critical emergencies^ and continue no longer than a fortnight ; but one diffenting voice renders all -their deliberations ineifeftual. Prcvioiu to a general diet, either ordinary or extraordinary, which can fit bnt fix weeks, there » are dietines, or provincial diets held in different diftrifts*. The kuig with the advice of the permanent council, fends them letter's containing the heads of the bufmefs that is to be treated of in the general diflc. The gentry of each palatinate may fit in the dietine, and chuTe nun- cios or deputies, to 'carry their refolutions to the grand diet. The great diet conftfts of the king, fenators, and deputies from provinces and towns, viz. 178 for Poland and Lithuania, and 70 for Pruflia ; it met twice at War- law 'and once ut Grodno, by turnsj for the conveniency of the Lithuanians, ;who made it one of the articles of: their' union with Poland ; but fince the prefent reign, they have been always fummoned at Warfaw. The king for- merly nominated the great offices of Hate and to other places, but by the new conftitution, for the ekAion of fenators, as biihops, palatines, caftellans,, and minifters, the permanent council nominates by ballot, three candidates, one of whom the king mull appoint — the fame- rcfpefling the coinmiffionera of war, and of the treafury, &c, Sec. The king was alfo forced to renounce the right of difpofing of any of the rbyal d^mefnes and ftarofties. When the king is abfent • from' Poland, or dead, his place is fupplied by the arcli- biihop of Gnefua, as viceroy, and if that fee is vacant, by the bi(hop of Plo- fco. The ten great officers of ftate in Polartd, who are fenators, are the two great marfhals, one of Poland, the other of Lithania, the two chan- cellors, the two vrce-chancellors, the two treafurers, and the two fub-mar- Ihals. . ' . ; Such are the outlines of this motley conftitution, which was new modelled with almoft every new king, according to the pa8a conventa he is obliged to fign. There hath, been lately a total diffolutibn of all order in Poland, through the influeitce of fome of the neighbouring powers, interefted to foment anarchy and - confufion in the. Polifh' councils ; and many of the firft nobility do not blufh to receive perifion from foreign courts. However, in this impcrfeft Iketch, we can difcern the great outlines of a noble and fipce tJC'Vernment. The precautions taken to- Mny'it tVic kind's UDVi'tVi fi-^** ari(J vM inveft JPOLAND, iNCLUDiwo LITHUANIA. 591 I'nveft him with an ample prerogative, werr w orthy a wife people. The in* Aitution of the diet and dictincs arc favourable to public liberty, as are many othfr provifions in the republic : but it bboiirfJ even in itn bell ftatc, un- der incurable diforders. The excrcife of the veto, or the tribunal negative, that is veiled in every deputy or nuncio, cxdufivc of the king and fenate, at I diet, mud always be dellruftive of oiler and government. It is founded upon Gothic principles, and that ui\Liulted jnrifditllon which the great lordg in formeir ages ufed to enjoy all over Europe. Acairding to Mr. Coxe, th< privilege in queRi' n i» not to be found in any period of the Polifh hillory. antecedent to the reip that in the year 1652, wl faftioiis of the utmolt inrjpc that Sidnfki, nuncio of ccedinga." Having uti. ,, pairing immediately to th propofed and carried contrary Ml Cafi ir. It was under his adminidration f^iet i)t Warfaw was dtbatir.g upon tran- which required a fpcedy determination, .,urhuania, cried out, " I ftop the pro. v()iu.s, he qiu'tted the aflembly, and re- -, protefted, that as many adts had been contUtution of the republic, if the diet continued to fit, he fhould conhuc; it as an infringement of the laws. The members were thunderlliuck at a protell of this nature, hitherto unknown* Warm debates took place about the propriety of continuing or tiidblvingthe diet ; at length, the venal and difcontented fadtion, who fupported the pro- tell, obtained the majority ; and the aflembly broke up in great confulion. The want of fubordination in tlie executive parts of the conltitution, and the rendering noblemen independent and unaccountaljle for their condudt, is a hlemifli impradticable to remove. After all, when we examine the bed ac- counts of the prefent conditution of Poland, and compare them with the ancieilt hillory of Great Britain, and other European khigdoms, we may per- ceive a wonderful fimilarity between what thefe were formerly, and what Po- land is at prefent. This naturally leads us to infer, that the gevernmcnt of Puland cannot be othrrwife improved than by the introduction of arts, ma« fiufaftures, and commerce, which would rendert he common people indepen- dent on the nobility, and prevent the latter from having it in their powejr to annoy their fuvereign, and to maintain thofe unequal privileges which are fv hurtful to the community. Indeed the partitioning''po>vers, bcfide difmembcring the bed provirtces of Poland, proceeded to change and hx the conditution and government, un- Att pretence of amending it ; confirming all its defefts, and endeavouring to pei-petuate the principles of anarchy and confufion. The executive powerj which was entrullcd to the king and fenate, is now veded in the pcramnent council, compofedof the king, fenate, and the equedrian order. The king as prefident, the primate and three bidiops, nine lay fenatora, four from the minidry of the republic, the marflial with 1 7 counfellors of the equedrian order, in all 36. Of the 18 fenators, fix from each province of Great Po- land, Little Poland, and Lithuania. They infidcd upon four cardinal laws to be ratified, which was at lad obtained. By the^r/f, " that the crown of Poland ftiall be for ever eleftive, and all order of fucceflion profcribed ;" thus the exclufion of a king's fon and grandfon, removes the profpedl of an here ditary fovereignty, ''and entails upon the kingdom all the evils infeparable from an eleftive monarchy. By the second, " that foreign candidates tb the throne (hall be excluded, and no perfon can be chofen king of* Poland, ex- cepting a native Pole of noble-origin, and poflefling land in the kingdom :** the houfe of Saxony, and all foreign princes who might be likely to give Weight to Poland by their hereditary dominions, and rcltore its provinces and liberties, arc fct^afide.. By the »*i'r«, '- the govcmniBnt 91 Vq'mA inaU '^ i-i ■m for IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i.O 1.1 ^ lift 14.0 I 2.0 IL25 i 1.4 III 1.6 6" 0% /: >^ '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation m m 23 WiST MAIN STRfET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) 173-4903 5y« POLAND, iHCtvDiNO LUTHAKIA. fbr erer frce« independent, and of a repabltcan form ;*' the Gharum v«f», aA4 all the exorbitant privileges of the equeilrian order, aie confirmed ia their littnoft latitude. And hy x\it fourth^ *< a perm^ent council IhaU be cftabiiAi- ed, in which the executive power fliall be vefted ; and in this coiHiciltbc equeftrian o^der, hitherto excluded from the adminiftration of affairs in tke interval of diets, (hall b$ adimitted ; fo that the prerogatives of the«rown are ftill fiirthcr diminiflied : but this change of the conlittution was intended by the partitioning powers to ferve their '>wn purpo£eS| and give 4 large fco^ to influence and fa£Uon over that part of the kingdoms they had not fei^> «d. Hbyemues.] Though the k'ng of Poland is limited in the p(diticalei< erifife of his prerogative, yet his revenue i« fufficient to maintain him andhii hottfehold with great fplendor, as he~pay6.no tioopr,.or officers of (late, nor even his body guards. The prefent king had 1,000,000 and a half of flol rins fettled upon him by the commiifion of ftate ; and the income of hispre- deccflbrs gencni^ly amounted to 140,000!. fterUng. The pablic revenue) aroie chiefly from th^ crowiiJands, the (alt-mines in the psbtinate of Cra- cow, now in Auftrian Poland, which alone amounted to nearly ioo,oool ftcTUng ; ancient tolls and cuftoms, particulu-ly thofc of Elbing and I>antzic, the rents of Marienburg, Dirlhau, and Rogenhus, and of the govemmeatof Cracow and diftrid of Niepolio-^icz. Weftem Frui&a wi|s the greateft lofs to Polt^nd, aa by the difmemberment of thatjprovince, the navigation of the Vi Hula depends entirely upon the king of. Prdua. Thii was a fatal blow to the trade of Poland, for Pruifia has laid fnch heavy duties on the merchandife paifing to Dantzick) as greatly to di< minifli the trade of that town, and to transfer a confide, ible |>art of it toj Mcmel and Konigfburgh.' , ., , By the difinemberment, Poland loftnear half her Ili^.^vC^^'^^jssr&iwfert annual income. To (apply this deficiency, it Vt'-P- A^i^fJJ'^^^V f^*=^t^n ; became necefiary .to new*model and increafe 'I'^^iiii^rr^sM'i^^ ... the: taxes. ^ .^.i.:&ui= <»-^:/:; ■ In 1775, all the impofts amounted to '*-v it-(fiiHi;i'--:ii The net revenue of the king is - >ikL,itv;i Out of which he only pays his houfehold ex- pences, and menial Xervants. It arifes from his royal demefnes, flarofties, and 74,074!. out ofthetreafury - ^,i,-., ..,,.,»-4 ■yVhole revenue ?:.%' V v't 443,938 o * Deduft the king's revenue for privy pnrfe - , 1^4,500. o 323.01 » l95,;oo o o For apny, ftate officers, and all other charges ■.««< 249,438 o MitiTiiRY STRENGTH.] The innate pride of the. Poliih nobSity it fuch, that they always appear in the field on horfeback ; and it is faid that Poland c^n rfu£e with eafe ioo,boo, and I..ithuania 70,000 cavahyt but it inoft be underftood that (ervants are included. As tu their infantry, they «re generally hired from Germs<"y, but are foon difmiiled, becaufe they mutt be maintained by extraor^'aiary taxes, of which the PuUfli grandees are by no means fond. As to the ordinary army of the Poles, it con^fted, in 1778, of 10,310 men in Poland, and 7,465 in Lithuania, cantoned inlo crowa>*.and». The emprefs of Ruffia mauntains' in the country 10,000 foldiers, and every ^nrriAm is ctfmpofed of Ruffians and nat4V«» : xpoo of the former vre ftation- ^OtANj3» tkivi»»o IntTAfriA. m list WiuUw. Thefe hold the Bobin in fubjn, and the king Maifctf !» little nM>re than t viceroy, while tht Rufllan ambafib^Jor regulates the'?dfialirB of the ktngdKMB Under the diredion of bis court. The pofpoUte conTifts of afl th# nobifity of ih< kin^^dom and their followers, excepting the dianccUor, and tke ftarofts of fipontier places; and they may be called by the king into, the field upon eictraordinary occafiotis } but he cannot kept them above f% weeks in arms, neither are they obliged to march above three leagues' liut ofthckingjJora. The Pmifli huflars are the ilifieft and moft Ihewy bpdy of cavahry ia^ Europe ; next to them aie the-pancems ; and both thufe bodies -rtar de^ fenfire armour of coata of mail and iron caps, l^e feft of their cavalry are amed widi muflcets and heavy fcymetars. After all that has been fiud, the Polilh cavalry are extremely inefficient in the Beld i for though the men art brave, and theiir horfes excellent, they are ftrafigers to all ducij^e-) and vieit drawn out, notwith^lkndiHg air the authority their crown-gencral* their other officers, and even the king himfeU, nave ov^ themj they arc op- preiTtve and (leftruAive to the court. It is certain, notwithftanding, that the Pc4e6 may be rendered excellent troops by difcipline, and that on various oc* cafions, -partid^Iarly under John Sobiefki, they made as great a 6gwe in arms as any people m Europe, and proved the bulwark of Chriftendom againii thetnfideb. . It did not fuit the Saxon princes, who fucceeded that hero, to encourage a martial ^int in the Poles, whom they perpetually overawed with their ekiftoral troops ; nor indeed. to introduce $ny reformation among thenii either civil or military } the elTe^U of which condu£ii have been 6acc Mvorely -feUinthat cbuntry. OnDERS.] The " order of the fVhite E^gie** was firft inftituted bf Uladiflaus in the year 1325, but revived by Auguftus I. in the y6ar 1705*- to attach to him fome of uie Poli(h nobles who he feared were inclined to StaniflauB, his competitor : it wau conferred alio on the ciar Peter the Great of Ridfia. The prefent king inftituted the ** order ol St. Stem^/latu,** iioon after his eledion to the crown in 1 765. The badge is » gold crofe enamelled red, and on the centre of it is a medallion with the image of St* Stanklaus, enamelled in proper colours. It is worn pendent to a red- riband edged with white. Theilarofthe order is filver, and in the cen« tre, is a cypher of S. A. R. (Stanifkus Auguftus Rex} encircled with th« motto ** Premendo inctlat** History.] Pbland, of old, was poiTcffed by the Vandals, who were af- terwards partly expeUed by [the Ruis and Tartars. It was divided into many fmall ftates or principalities, each almoft independent of anotheri . though they generally had fome prince who was paramount over the reft. In the year 700, the peoplie, trhough the- oppreffion of their petty cliief«| "* gave the fupreme command, under the title of duke, to Cracus, the founder ^ of the city of Cracow. His pofterity failing, in the year 830, a peafiintf one Piaftus, was eleAed to tfa« ducal dignity. He lived to the age of lao years, arid his reign was fo long and aufpicious, that every native Pole who has fmce been> eleaed hipg, is called a Piaft. From this period, till the ac*.. ceflion of Miciflaus II. in 964, we have no very certain records of thet hiftory of Poland. The title of duke was retained, till the year 9991 when Boleflaus aflVtmed tUe title of king, and conquered MWravia, Pk-uffia, ^nd Bohemia, making them tributary to Poland. BoleHaus II. added Red: Riiiria to Poland, by marrying the heirefa of that duchy, anno, 1059; }a- gello, who, in 1394, mounted the throne,, was grand duke of Lithuania, and a Pagan ; but on his being de^cd king of Pdand) he not only became ft Cfariii' &6 POLAND, iNCLVDiNo LrTHUAJtiA. Chriftian, but Was at paius to bring over his fubjedls to that rchgioii. H(i United hia hereditary dominions to thofe of Poland, which gave fuch influ. eince to hia pofterity oyer the hearts of the Poles, that the crown was preferV- .cd in his family until the male line became extin<^ in Sigifmund Auguftus, !" I57> ; who indulged the reformed, with the Greeks and all other fef^s, tp a feat in the diet, and to all thi( honours and privileges before confined to the cathoUds.. He gave fuch evident marks of favour to the proteftant confeflion, that he was fufpeAed uf being inclined to change his religion. ^At this time two p&werful competitors appeared for the crown of Poland, ffchefe were, Henry duke of Anjou, brother to Charles IX. king of France; and Maximilian of Aullria,' The French . interell: prevailed, by private bribes to the nobles, and a ftipidation to pay an annual penfion to the republic fromi the re;venues of France ; but Henry had not been four qionths on the throne of Poland; when his brother died, ai^d he returned privately ., to France", which kingdom he governed by the name of Henry III, They party who had efpoufed Maximiliim's intereft endeavoured once more to revive his pretenlions ; but the majority of the Poles being defirous to, chufe a prince who might refide among them, made choice of Stephen Batorl pvuce of Tranfylvania, who^ in the beginning of his reignj meeting with jfome oppofition from the Aultrian fa£iion took the vi£^ft . method to eftablifh himfclf on the throne, by marrying Anne, the lifter of Sigifmund Auguftus, and of the royal hou(e of the Jagellons. ijtephen produced a great change in the military affairs of the Poles, by eftablifliing a 'nev«r militia compofcd of Coflacs, a rough and barbarous race of men, on whom he bellowed the Ukraine, or frontiers of his king> dom. Upon this death, in 1586, the Poles chofe Sigifmund, fon of John king of Sweden, by Catharine filler of Sjgifmi;ind II. .u)r their king* Sigifmund was crowned king of Sweden after bis father's death ; but be- ing expelled, as we have feen in the hiftory 'of Sweden, by the Swedes, a bug vrar enfued between them and the Poles, but terminated in favour of the latter. Sigifmund being fecured in the throne of Poland, ^'' ' 'd to that of Ruflia as well as Sweden ; but after long wars he was defer. both views. He was afterwards engaged in a variety of unfuccefsful Waa;, ,'kth rhe Truks and Swedes. At laft a truce was concluded under the mediation of France and England : bi;t the Poles were forced to agree that the Swedes (bould keep Elbing, Memel, Branufberg, arid Pillau, together with all they had taken iu LiTonia.- In 1623, Sigifmund died, and Uladiflaus his fon fucceeded. This prince Wc^s fucccfsful both againft the Turks and the RuiHans, and obliged the Swedes to reftore all the Polifh dominions they had taken in Pruflia. His reign, however, was unfortunate, by his being inftigated, through the avaiice of his great men, to encroach upon the privileges of the Coflacs in the Ukraine. As the war which followed, was carried on agjunft the CofTacs upon ambitious and perfidious princi]>lc8, the Coflacs, naturally a brave peo- ple, became defperate ; and on the lucceflion of John II, brother to Uladif- laus, the.Coflac general Schmielinflci defeated the Poles in two great battles; and forced them to a difhonourable peace. It appears that, during the courXe of this war, the Polifh nobility behaved as the word of ruffians, and their. eondudk was highly condemned by John ; while bis nobility difapprov- cd of the peace he had concluded with them. As the jealoufy hereby occaf- iioned, continued, the Ruflians came to a rupture with the Poles $ and being joined by many of the Coflacs, they in 1654, took Cmoleniko. This was followed with the taking of Wilna, and other places ; and they committed qiod horrid r;ivages in J^ithuania. Next year, Chiirlei X> of Swedenj after i.:: »v«' . '"■''■& POhAU^ tNCtoMMO LFTkUAmA. ^ •ver-runnlnr OrMt Bod Littl« Poluid) mtertdiHta Polifh Pntib, aH^th^ tovfos of which recadii4 than a haniUlit of hia anny. It was during thh espeditior^ that the Dtktch and Snglini protefted £>an(Eio, and the cttAaf of feraiidciriiiirghacquir^ th« fovereignty of Diic^ Pruffiai which had Submitted to Chiufesl . Thai the latter loit Poland, of whibli he had made an atntoft complete' conqueft. The treaty 6f OUva> warlMgwi after-the dwedes had been driven out df Cracow and Thotv^ by #hi^ Royal Phiflia waa reftored to the Pole^i They were, hitwever, foroted to quit aU pretenfiona to Ltvoniaj and to ^t. 'Smmdko, Kiow, and the duchy of- diveria, to the kuflians. ' ii' During thofe tranfeAibns, the Fofini jiobllity greyr viery uneafy ijrith th<|r king. 8ome of them were difijrtiafied with the conceffionf he ha4 made ttf . the Coflaes, rtiaiiy of whom bad thrown off the PoL'lh -yoke ; others taxf:d him with want of capacity : and foase with an inteotion to rule by a, aumeiti. ory army of Germans. Cofflmir who very polfibly had no fucn intintjohs, and was fond of retirement and ftudy>. fading that cabals and fi>6Hdnaincreaf« cd every day, and that he himfdf mig^t- Ml a facrifice to the public difeoinf- tent, abdicated hia throne, and died abbot cS St, Oermaias in Pra^te, eqt^ ploying the.remaiader of his days in Latin poetical cdmpoiltions, whidt are far from-jseipg defpiceUe. • The moft remote defcendants of tht ancieht kings tttdiiig in John Cff- fimir, many foreign eandidatet prefented themfelvet fo^'the crown of Po- hnd; but -the Pdws chofe for their I,lng a private gentlemui, of little inte- reft and Ie£s capacity, one Michaft Wiefnowiflci, becaufe he was , defcended horn a Piaft. nis reign was difgraceful to Poland, large bodies of the Cof- facs had put themfetyei under the p^otefUon of the Turks, who tsonqtierfd ^ all the provinces of Pedolia, and took KaoMnicck, till then-thought inipreg- nable. The grealeft part of Poland was then raviihed, and the Poles were obliged to pay an annual tribute to the Cultan. Notwithftanding thofe ,'dif- graceM events, the eredit of the PoUHi arms was in fome meafure maiotilin'ed by John Sbbieiki, the crown^general, a brave and a£ktve'conuiiand but while he thought the election almoft fure, he was difappointcd by the intrigues of the queen do^wager, io favour of her younger fon, prince Alexander Sobieiki, for which Ae w;aa driven frpm Warfawto Dantuc. All of a fudden, Auguftui,e. leApjr of Saxony, ftarted up at a candidate^ and after a (b>in eie^ion, beutg prooUimed by the bifliojp of Cujavii, he took pofleflioa of Cracow with a oaxoaarniy, and aAually waa crowned' in that city in 1697* The prince of Conti made feveial unfMccefafuI efforts to re-eftablilh bis intcrefl, and pr^ tended that he had been actually chofen ^ but he was afterwards obliged to veturn to ]Franc«, f nd the other powers of Europe feemed to acquiefce in the ^i^ooof Auguftui^ The manner in whkh he was driven from the throne, .«Qy Charles XILof Sweden,, ^who procured the advancenntei^ of Staniliaui) and afterwards rt(\ ed by the qzar, Peter th« Qitat, has been already related in the hiftory of Sweden. It was not till th^year 17x3 that AvjBruftui wai TuUy confirmed on the throne, which he held upon precarious and difagrceable terms. The Poley were luturally attached to Staniflaus, and were perpctu. .aujr forming confpiracies and plots againft Auguftus, who was obliged to maiotatri , his authority by means of his $axon guards and regiments. In . 1 7'5t his natural fon, prince Maurice, afterwards the famous count Saxc, wu ^choten duke of Courland ) but Auguftus was not able to maintain him in fhat dignity, againft the power ofRuflu and the jealoufy of the PcJck ^Auguftus died, after an unquiet reign, in 1733, having done all he could to ijjUK the fucceffion of Poland to his fon Auguftus II. for as he is called .jfagrJune, III.) This occasioned a war, in which the French king maintain- ..id the inter^ QC.hjs father4n-law Staniflaus, who was a£kually re-eleAed to the throne by iconlBderaible party, of which the prince primate vas the head. JBut Auguftus, entering Poland with a po#krful army of Saxous and Rufliank, compelled his rival to ixtreat into Dantzic, from whence he efcaped with Seat difficulty into France. I have, in th^ hiftory of Germany, mentioned e war between Auguftus II. as ele£lor of Saxo""'- or rather as the ally of Ruftia and Auftria, acd his prefent Prulfian majefty. It is fufficient to fay, that though Auguftus was a mild, moderate prince, and did every thing tb fatisfy the Pules, he never could gain their hearts ; and all he obtained ployments of the ftate. The different feAs of Chriftians, although they differ 1:1 opinion:am9ng themfelves with re%e£t to fome points of doctrine, agree aQ .in one point, that of. being faithful to their fpveneign, and obedient to hit •rditi; aUtbc Cbriftian cpurts are ^vioced of this truth; and therefore, * ' ' -' . - . having; *- POLAND, iNctoBnio LltHUX^tA. SO) kavi ring always thii principle in view, and without having my regard to the religion ther profefs, Chrifttan princM oug|ht only to feek after th'ofe whoft mrnt an»* talents make them capable of ferving their country properly '' The kiitg g>ve no anfwer to the petition of the- diifidents } but the matter was referred to the diet, which was held the following year, when the minift^s of the courts of Ruflia, of London, of Berlin, and of Copenhagen, ftippoh- ed their pretenfions. The diet appeared to flatter the complaints of the dif- fidents with great moderation, as to this free exercHe of their worflnii, which gave fome flatteritig expcAations that the affair would be happify terminated. -But the intrigues of the king of PrulTia appear to* have pre- vented this : for that prince, though he openly profefled to be a zealous defender of th< caufe of the diffidents, it was manifeft frtim the evA hr its very cxlitencc. Thcfe Hhrca flUifed {iowerst ading in doncert» fct Up thci# fofn»al ^^etcn^on» to ,^1^ re(p«aii«!« dj^rf^t,wh!ch they had allotted for sad guartateed to each <^her : -Ptth'^ 01^ WeAem Praifia, aad fome diftrids boirdeKftg Upon Bnn. i4ftibttrgiH fat the king o^ PruAia } «lnK>ft all the ibath<>eaft parts of the JtHigdom bordering, npoa Htragary* t6geth«r wkh the rich Mt-worls «f the CrowMt for the emprCfs^aeen t>f Hungary and Bohemia * ; and a Urge diftri^l of ^atyy about MobtlOiIrt \ipo* tat ianks of the Pnteiier» for the cmpnls of Ruflia f . - Bvt thoUgh eabh 6f thofe pitf^ers pi«teAd«d to haVe |( lM;al t!itkt«» the territories v^ich were allotted thefn refpeAively> «itd .|>l^lMhcd'mani£eAoeliin jaftifieatipn of th% aaeefui^ which they had taken, jret M they w^re confcious that the fsUacie^ by w4kielwthey' fiip^ortcd their prtteiiiftBS were tt)6 ^fs to iifepofc upon Mnkind, thcy fdrecd the ? tirr ttnn ; but the king under the thrditening of de|)ofiti6n and iMprifonment, was prevailed u);>on tofign thisaA> and hir example wai followed by miinyof his ittbjefb* ■ ' i, ' The kihg of Pruilia's tondud in Poland was the moft tyrannic^ that can be. conceived, lit the yeail*i77l his troops entrred into Great' Poland, and Anting ^he f|fice of that year he calmed off' from that province, and ' .■ ;;■ ''•.•■ ^.. ••■■■, ■ ■ \ ■ ■ ■ ' , neigh- * ThediftriA daiAlDd by Anftri*, was - all that trad af knd Ifing «n dK rifrht fiiwof fhe Viiafei from Silefia aWv» AMdomir to thenottth of the San, and from tlietue by Itaaipokt Zsmoife. and Rabitfisw, to die Bog { fr«m the Bog ahiag the fronticra of Red Raffia .to ZtbiM, on the borMrs of . Volhioia nd Podviia, Mid from Zabrai in a ftraight IfaM ta'thsMieptr, whsreit^lecfeitca the Sbrvta^ taking io a par; of P«d«]^ik,aod tiieBl< IsBg the bowiflSjtritsliipBfMiaa^odoiia and MSldavia. This Bovntty is tioir incorpor»t(i with Aoftrla, imdEr tmapfielwtioD of the kiagdoon of Galieia and Lddlainetis. . I The kufliaa claims rumprife Polifli Liveois, that past of ^he palatinate of Polorft • la tkyt saft of the Dtite. The palatioatea of Vitepft, Misiflaw, and two pertiooi of the ■ilaillaate of Mielb Thw traa of had (PirfilhLivoais excepesd) it fitnitisd in While Ruf- pa« arid ineledea fail ooe third of Lithimaia* It is new divided int» the two goArernaieilfi •f Fohtttk and Mohikfi . ' . ,-'vL.i!iiii.V.'aS;? ■.,- -;' . POLAND, ttrc^wM MTUANl:^. ' opt and comtmfltUnes. This m6fif HoUand. With thi« b*fe m6ney he bought up com and forage enough, not bhiy to fupply his army fot- two «4ole ycat'i, biit to ftock mk* M^es in the country itfelf, where the inhabitant* were forced to come and reeen bchdd by the oiher nations of Europe with the moll aftoniik^ ine indifference and unconcern. The colif|s of London, Paris, Stock< hoim^ and Copenhagen,.. remonftrated againft the ufurpations, but that {nraa all. - Poland was forced to'fubmit, and the partition was ratihed \)j their diet, heki under the bribes and thrieats of the threi' powers. In the fenate there was .a majority of 8ix,2but in the lower houfe, or aflem- t>ly of nuncios^ there wtu but one in favour of the meafure,~54 againft 53. This is a very alarming circumftance, and ihi^s that a moft im- portant, though not happy chatfge, has taken place in that general fyf- teia of policy, and arrangement of power and dominion, which had been for fome ^es an objeft of unremittiiig attention with moil of the ilaites of Europe. Our anceilors might, perhaps, on fome occaGons, difcover rather more anxiety about preferring the balance of power in Eu' rdpe than was neceffary ; but it has been wel) remarked, that the idea of coflfidiering Europe as a vaft commonwealth, of ' the feveral parts being dtftia£i and feparate, though politically and commercially united af keeping them independent^ though luifqual in power^ an4. of prevent- :■■■■■ ;■•-,•"■•■ »««,■ 6o6 POLAND, meivDiMo LITHUANIA. ing any one, by any meani, from becoming too )>ov^erful for the riL mm great and liberal, and, though the reftdt of barbarirm, wai fouiMcd upon the moft enlarged principIcB of the wifeft policy. It appieara to be owing to thii fyftem, that thia fmall part of the weftem worla liai acquiitd fo alloni(hing a fuperiority over the reft of the globe. The fortune and glory of Gh;ece proceeded from a fimilar fyftem of policy, though formed upon • fntaller fotle. Both her foKune and gloiV expu-cd with that fyftern. ' The revolution, which happened in tbia country on the jd of May 1791 deferredly enjniged moch of the public attention, as it cftablifh^d a free and appnrently wrdi balanced conftituttun in Poland, founded upon the genuine principle* of liberty. The evils of eledive monarchy were indeed the chief cwife that Poland had almoft ceal'ed to be confidered as a nation. The dvnafty of future kings of Poland was to cgmihence in Frederic Auguftui a^Aor of Saxony, with the right of inheritance to liis male dcfcendanti : m cafe the prcfent ele^Uir ihould have no nuilc ifluie, a huiband chofen by him for his daughter, with the confent of the Polish reprefenfatives, ihall begia the dynafty. Uut after this boafted change, Poland would only have advanc> «d to that degree of civilisation which other European countries enjoyed la the 1 3th century. Here hundreds of citizens would have been ^e, here millions of peafants flaves { at the utmoft, not above live hundred thoufaod out of fifteen millions would have been free. After a fhwt and unequal ftruggle with Ruflia, this unhappy county has been forcea to abandon the new conftitutiun, and may again be (regarded as • Ruflian province. The conftitution, which had been eftablifhed in i*oland was not of long duration. Although the king had joined* moft cordially id its fupport as it feemed calculated to promote the happfnefa of hia people, he had negle^ed every means of defending the newly fettled go- vernment. Neither the ' ftanding force of Poland was propeirly OTganiaed» ; nik the militia embodied. Not a magazine was ereded, not an entrencH- ment thrown up to oppofe the entrance of the enemy. It was all a dead calm and the Auftrians appeared upon their frontiers before the diet had recovered from its furprize at the fttli hoftilcr declaration of the emprefs. It was on the at ft. of April that they received the fir ft notification from the king, of the inimical and unjuft intentions of Ruflld. The diet and natioa Tofe as one man to maintain their independence. AH private animofitici wvre obliterated, all private intercib were facrificed. On the 1 8th. of May, the Ruffian amtKiiTador delivered his declaration, which was immediately fol- lowed by the appearance of the 'Ruflian troops on the frontiers. Many ob- ftinatk-,, engagements were fought, and the Poles bravely- refifted the progrefs of the enemy. Notwithftanding their exertions however they were obliged gradually to retire before a more numerous and .better difciptined army. Niefuez, Wilna, Minik, and feveria other places of lefs confequence, fell inta their hands one after another. The unequal conteft was however {irematurely terminated. The king inftead of putting himfelf, according to his firft rcfolve, at the head of his army fur- rendered at difcretion. On the zd* of Auguft, a confederation was formed at Warfavv, whofe tt&a were evid«ntly the defpotic dilates of Ruifia, and were calculated to reftore ancient abufes, and to place the country under the aggravated oppreffion of a foreign y6ke. ' Meanwhile the king of Pruflia obferying with how much facility the em- prefs had fei^cd part of the dominions ofPoland determined to join in tlie robbery. On the ^th. of January he publiftied a declaration, which wasin p fhiort time followed up by a body of troops. Thorn and Dantzick were in a very (hort time completely fubj^dcd to the Frufluns, and a garrifon of POLAND, tNCLvoiNo LITHUANIA. 667 {,700 men wu iquartered upon the inhabitMta. The further piirtition of t^M unfortunate country wa« now rapidly approaching. It waa terecede^ by nunifcftoea from the combined potentates, all attempting to iuiCifv their riroceedtDgi. The Poles w^re now, however, driven tlmoft tg dciperaiion by oppreflioii. . Tlie peafants were compelled to lodge and board the itullian fokliert».ind tranfport them from oUce to place, without receiving the lead rcmunertftbn. Roufed into aAion \j tbefe exceflca general KofciuflcD, early in February appeared at the head of a confiderablc body of infurgentt, at* ' tacked the Pruwani, who had taken pofleflion of their country, forced them to ittreat, and purfued them to a confiderable'diftancc. During the fum- mera number of battles were fought with various fuccefs. Early ui Septem- ber the Ruffian grand army arrived in Poland, and on the lotb of Onobett a dreadful engagement took place between the Ruffians under geiieral Ferfen, pad the troops under Kofciuiko. The Ruffians advanced twice to the sttack, but were repulfed by the Poles, who, not contented with thic sdvantages they had |;ained, abandoned their favourable pofition on the heights, and preffisd on to tlie attack in their turn. This movement threw the troops into confufion ; and the Ruffians forming themfeLvcs anew, the rout fpofl became general. The battle, which began at feven in the morning, did pot end till noon. Kofciuflco flew from rank to rank, and was continually in the hotteft part of the engagement, in the courfe of which he had three horfet killed under him. At length he fell ; and a CofTack, who did not know him in tlie peafant's drefs which he conllantly worefKroundcd him from behind with a lance. He. recovered, and advanced a tew fteps, but was again knocked down by another Cofla^k, who was preparing to give him n mortal blow, when his arm was flopped by a Ruffian officer, wht> isfaid to have been general Clirnuzazow, to whofe wife Kofciuflco had a ihort time before politely given leave of departure from Warfaw to join her hufband. The unfortunate Kofciuflco implored the officer, if he wiflied to render him afervice, to allow the foldier to put an end to his exiilencc ; but the latter chofe rather to make hip a prifoner. The Pulifli infantry defended them- felveswith bravery proportioned to that of their general, and fought with a deme of valour almoft approaching to fury. The Ruffians foon afterwards fummoned Wurfaw to furrender, and an being refufed, they proceeded on the 4th of November to attack the fuburb of Prague. Suwarrow, commanded his fuldiers to :mount to. the aflault in the lame manner they, had done At Ifmael, over the dead bodiesof their comrades and enemies. His further ^lilcrs were, that they (hould fight onlv'with the fabre and the bayonet. The Ruffians fprung to the charge with almoft inconceivable impetuaHty. They eagerly began to climb the works, and^^ the fix Ruffian columns prefented thcmfelvcs at the fame mo- inent before the lines at Praj^ue. .Thus fuirounded the Polifh geiieralii found themfelves unable to oppoie with 10,000 foldiers, which wati the whole of their force, the united attack of 50,000 men ; and, to ^dd their diilrefs, the ■re which they immediately commenced, from the darknefs of the tiight wa» fo ill dire^ed as tc) pafp over the heads of the atTailnnts. , . i The cry raifed by the fucccfsftij colunina penetrated to the etttrtiichmcnta on the othcc fide the Villulfi, and added to. the conllernaiion 9f the Poles engaged with the other part of the Ruffian fyrcf: j and they endeavoured to find Tafety by retiring into Warfaw, over ^.bridge. In their retreat, they were met , by another bu4y , of Ruffians, and a dreadful carnage enfued, in whiA a 'gfcat part of the garrilon of Prague was mifcrably flaughtered. After a fcvcrc conflift of eight hours, the' jcSiUngepn the pau of tht Pole* ceaC*- /Ji=f di pt^ - °H%-^*^ UmifiMd P4lw.w«r« oMmutcd t« bavt Im^ flvnia tUu. findli'lil Itmmnitt wnt cither impntaBtd or di£p«rfie4 Tlw citistai wtn». aad repaired 'to their bead <}uaitcii witb pfopofitJoiaa oiipeac^ in the name of the rapaUia H« vaa received flilhevuaiaa haugblinela bf Suwanow, who inttaatadt that ha flwidd not iNBt with any inCiuifent, but oaly wiUi fuok at* inYcAed with kgitimati aatboriiyt^uld coafe taipeak ii) tlw iumb«> aadonthe paift of, be folifli tai|}ei|fi Uiputiee were tkea dtfpatched (torn ihe magifttacy of War&ar to tHMk Rulian oooimaader, who returned, after having beea oonAraUed to Iwranderthe city «! dtfcretion, under the- fiagple coadmon of f wac another^ article amich without doubt they h|ui forgottrti to alk, but which k« woald accede' to them, which was pardu^/tr tke fafi. In confequence of this arrangement, the iuing whiclv bad been kqpt up in the fuburb of ]|ragii«iKafed» apd all the iakabitantaof'Wantawwaia rcquef. %id to furrender. their arine. Thie was refufed hj the foldiera in the city, ^aadtWiff ahiefWawraacki, with mauyiotheira of the> fupreme council, n* IMedto take aavfeinlhc capitwUtion. Thie impeded tk« cnfe of the aeootia. aion I bat thll«f ilkary, who refoM.to by down tkfir anal, were allowed ta IteTc Warfiur, not however without »deckratioa.'froa Suwawow that Ikey might be Iture of not efcaping^ aadthfta when takep» no quarter would ^ ke granted. »0n tkainorain|^ of the 7th the foprcnie cpandiwitk thegenc> nliiimo Wawrccki reautted into tkf hands o^ thff king the authority they IumI exercifed. On the 9th the Ruflnn ^eiieral made hie triuniphal entry in* %> Warfaw, *ia wki(^ the ftreeta were lined with hi» tsoopa. Ma the iahabi- taote, ftnit up io t^eir boufee, obferved il^nelancholy iueaoe. The chief [iftrate delivered him the keys at the bridge of Pmga^; after which he mai igii redetvedkke complimente-of the ktne, andontHc lotk went witb much pomp to the caftle to pay hie refpcAs to nit esajefty. Sack waa the fate of thi* unhappy country- f tkougk brave and enthuSaftick in defence of their liber- tiee, the inbi^itaota are ^leompeUed to bow beneath the opprefltve yoke of forei|p potentatcn. -S WIT Z E R I A N D. Sl^tirj&^lON Ai J EyTBMT. Bi Miles th 260T th 1 003 Degrees. bctweeU' r 6 and 1 1 ealT longitude. |^4^ahd 48 Dpr^ .latitude. Containing^ ,13,000 fquare miles, with 13! ioliab!,tan|k to each. fiouNDAaias.^ll Til bounded by Alfaee and Swabta' ^ Germany, on the itii: North ; by the lake of Conftaijce, Tirol, and Trent, on t$i' SIR: ; b^Uay, on the South ; and by France, on the Weft. Dff'fsibiike^l Switzerhmd is divided into thirteen cantons, which ftand in jaoin^ of jpretiCitaiicy as lollows ; i., Zurich f 2. Berne; $, Lucenu^; 4. Uri ; f.SdiWeftz ; 6. Underwalden ; 7. Zug { 8. Claris ; 9. Bafil ; 10. Fribourg; ti, Soleurc ; il. S^MfHiaqfen : 1.3. Appenzel. SWITZERLAND. •^ Thf beft Mcount we have uf the dimenftoiti tad prftfdpil towiU ot Mch Mnton« i« M foUowt t CoUatriei Namei. Switzerland. Calvidilii; I Milet Length. I ^ Breadth. Chief Citiei. f Berne Zurich Schaffhsiuftri Bam Papiftt; CalTinifti and Papifti; The fuhjeai of the Svntzen, Calvinifti and Papifts. i Lucerne . Underwal^eii Uri Suifle Friboorg Zug Spleure AppenjEei Claris Baden Bremgarten Mellingen Rheiiithal Thurgau Lugano Lucamd Mendris Maggi'a } I tii 34 <$ 21 3S «3 48 a? »4 18 V «3 «4 16 20 18 S* 87 33 S> 18 21 »? 21 10 «4 2t i8 12 3 II S^ ■iy'vii Berne Zurich 9chailhaiifen Bafil, 47.40 N. 1 Lat. 7>4o£.Ion.3 Lucerne Sunte Altorf Suiffe' Fribourg Zug Soleurt, or Sblo- thiim Appenzel Claris Biden Bremgarteli Melllngeri Rheineck Frpwanfield Lugran^ Locarno " Mendrii Maggi'a ^ hill. Countriei Naaaes. Miles Miles Allies of the itt in Chief CiUei. , Switzcrs. . yr J !>iy(. Length. Breadth. .. Calvinifts. Orifons ICO 6i Coirc Subjedsof the')Chiavanna 1 34 Chiavanna Grlfons, Cal- f Bormio and 4* 19 Sbndtio vinifts & Pap. J Valtelioe 27 - '1 f 8 Liechtenfteg Tockenburg 27 II Cerifvin Calvinifts; ■ Ceaeva 13 20 Neufchatd ;Neufchatel U 30 Sfoii rValiiis 16 Delfperg Papifts;, ". -IBafle »3 10 St. Gall .".•^5l.St.Gall 20 ; Mulhaufen»in Al- . . . face, is alfo unit' ■ ed.tpthem ,./ ..., - - ---^ 4K t.- fi4 SWITZERLAND. , AilL» ei'iwATf, 8(»iV« AND FACB? Thi's b«iiig a nM>ttnt«aouk cdnif OF THE COUNTRY. J try, lying upon the Aip» (v.hich form an amphitheatre of more than loo miles), the frofts are confequently bftter tr» winter, the hills being coveted with fnow foihctimea all lie yea: long» In Cummer the inequality of the foil renders the fame jxrovince very unequal in its feafons ; on one fide of thofe mountains the inhabitants are often reaping, while they are fowing on another. The vallies, however, are vrarm and fruitful, aad well cultivated, and nothing can be more delightful Ihan the fummer months in this charming country. It isfubjedt to rains and tempells ; for which reafon public granaries are every where eredted to fup* toly the failure of their crops. The water of Switzerland is generally excel* leikt,. and often defcends from the mountains in large or fmall calara£^8, which have a delightful effeA. There is, perhaps, no country in the world wherein the advantageous d- ft&.s of unwearied and perCevering induftry are more remarkably confpicu* ous than in Switzerland. In pafllng over the mountainous parts thereof, the traveller is llruck with admiration, to obferve rocks that were formerly barren, now planted with vines, or abounding with rich pafture ; and to mark the traces of the plough along the fides uf precipices fo fteep, that a horfe could not even mount them without great dimculty. In (hort, the in* habitants feem to have furmounted every obilrudliun which foil^lubation, and climate had thrown in their way, and to have fpread fertUity over variuut fpots of (he country, which nature feemed to have conligned to everlailing barrennefs.^ The feet of the mountains, and foroetimes alfo the very fum- mits are covered with vineyards, corn-iielda, meadows, at. < pafture grounds. Other parts of this ccuntry are more dreary, confiiling almoft entirely ofbar« ten and innccelTible rocks, fome of which are continually covered with fnow or ice. The vallies between thefe icy and fnowy mountains appear like fo many Smooth frozen lakes,, and from them vail fragments of ice frequently fall down into the more fruitful fpots beneath. In fome parts, there is a regular gradation from extreme wildnefs to high cultivation ; in others the tmnfitions are very abrupt, and very ftriking. Sometimes a continued chain of cultivated mountains, richly clothed with wood, and ftudded all over with hamlets, cottages above the clouds, paftures which appear fufpended iu the air, exhibit the moft delightful landfcape that can be conceived ; and in -' .-'./ tt '.> *- ■'^^.T* '"■.■<■-■ '* ' « W I T Z E R L A M D. tit fmaU htAoi ir^ ) protided with (cm fnMdl fptket of the (ame meftf. At other tiniet iikftmd vtieramfoHt^ w« had large natls in our (hoei, which mort cfl^^^ually anfwered our purpofe. 'The drmcuhy of CTofltngthefe vntteys of ice, arifes from th« immenfe charms. W« rolled down large ftonea into fe-' ' veral of them : and the great length of time before they reached the bottoM, gave ua fom« conception of their depth ; our guides affured ua, that in fome places they' are not lefs than five hundred feet decp^ I can no otherwife convey to you an image of this body of ice, broken into irregular ridges and deep chafms, than by comparing it to a la^e inftantaneouuy frozen in the midft of a violent ftorm." In Ipeaking of an unfuccefsftjl attempt of fon»e gentlemen to reach the fummit of Mont ^anc, he prefents to his readers a mod horrid image of the danger of thefe chafms. ** As they were return, ing in great hafte, (owing to the day being far advanced) one of the party flipped in attempting to kap over a chafmof ice. He held in hisharfdti loi^ pole, fpiked with iron, which heftruck into the ice ; and upon this he hung dreadfully fufpended for a few moments^ until he was reieafed by his companions." Mountains.] In this mountainous country, where nature is all upon « grand fcale, Mont Bland is particularly diftinrv.iOied from other mountains^ , by having its fummits and fides clothed to a Cr^r'klerable depth with a man- tie of fhow^ almoft without the intervention of the leaft rock to break tiie glare of the white appearance. - According to the calculation of Mr. I)^ Luc, il^by whofe improvement of the barometer, elevations are taken wibh'a dsgree of accuracy before unattainable), the height of this mountain abi *e the level of the fea is 2, 3915- French toifes, or 15,304 EngliCh feet f or a6> cording to Sir Qeorge Shuckborough, 15,662 reet, which gives a diiferenoe of only 358 feet. The Peak of Teneriff and jEti\a have been frequently fuppofed to be the higheft points of the globe, but from the mod accurate obfervations it will be found that Mont Blanc is of much more confiderable elevation, and jthat there are no mountains (except thofe in America, par* ticularly Chimbcraco, the higheft point of the Cordilleras, the elevation of which according to Condaminc, furpaiTes 3,000 toiifes, or 19,200 feet» but according to others, 20,608 feet ), which are equal to the altitude of Mont Bhinc. RiVEAS AND LAKES-] The chicf rivers are the Rhine, which rifesin the chain of mountains bordering on St? Gothard, the Aar, the Reufs, the Tefwr the Oglio, and the Rlione. — The lakes are thofiq of Geneva, ConllancC} Tbun, Lucerne, Zuriche, Biel, and Brien. Metals and minkrals] The mountains contain mines of iron, cryf« tal, virgin fulphur, and fprings of mineral waters. Vegetable and animal productions.] Switzerland produces (heep and cattle, wine, wheat, barley, oats, rye, flax, and hemp ; plenty of apples, pears, nuts, cherries, plums, and chefnuts ; the parts towards Italy .abound in peaches, almonds, figs citrons, and pomegranates ; and moft of the cantops abound in timber. Befides game, li(h, and fowl, are alfo, found, (p fome of the higher and more inacceifible parts of the Alps, the bouquetin and the chamois, whofe aiftivity in fcouring along the fteep and craggy rocks, and in leaping over the precipices, is hardly conceivable. The blood of both thefe animals is of fo hot a nature, that the inhabitants of fome of thefe mauntains» who are fubjeft to pleurifies, take a few drops of it, inixed with water, as.a remedy for that diforder. The flerti of the chamois is efteemed very deUcious. Among the Alps is likewife found a fpecies of hares, which in fummeria (^id perfe£ily to refemblc other hares, but in whiter become all over whitey (o . :.- , : . . 4li^ . . , . . V ' that y^.\: 4f* SWITZERLAND. that the7 are (careely diftinguifhable among the fiidw. But this idea h«tk -|>cen htely exploded, nor is it certain whether the two fpecies ever coupl« together. The white l^are feldom q.uitB his rocky refidence.— Here are sUq yellow and white foxes, v^hich in winter fometimes come down into the Tallies. Popui.AT(ON, INHABITANTS, MAijNBas,'] According to the beft ac> CUSTOMS, ANP DIVERSIONS. J count«, the cantoHS of Switzer> land contain about, a, 000,000 of inhabitants, who are a brave, hardy, in< duftrious people, ren^arkable for their fidelity, and their zealous attachment to the liberties of their country. Like the old Homans, they are equally k. ured to arms and aupriculture. A eeneral fimplicity of manners, an open and unaife£led franknefs, together with an invincible fpirit ^>f freedom, are the noft diftinguiihing chara£teriftics of the inhabitants of Switzerland. A very ftrilung proof of the fimplicity and opennefs of manners of this people, and of aftonilhing confidence, is mentioned by Mr. Cox?, who fays, upon the autjior- ity of general Pfiffer, that, on each fide of the road that runs through the valley of Muotta, in the canton of Schweitz, there arefeveral ranges uf fmitll (hops uninhabited, yet filled with various goods, of which the prices are mark. pd', aqy paflengers who wifh to become purchafers, enter the (hops, take •way the merchandize, and depofit the price, which the owners call for in tl\e evening. They are in general a very enlightened nation ; their common people are far more intelligent than the fame rank of n\en in moft other coun- tries ; a tafte for literature is very prevalent among tbofe who are in better circumftances, and even among many of the lowed rank ; and a genuine and Vdartful good breeding is extremely confpicuous in the Swifs gentry. On the jirft entrance into this country, the traveller cannot but obferve the air of coo. tent and fatisfa£tion which appears in the countenances of the inhabitants. The cleanlinefs of the houlc^; and pf the people, is peculiarly (Inking ; and in all their manners, behaviour, and drefs, fome ftrong outlines may be traced, which diftinguiih this happy people f?<>m the neighbouring nations, who labour under the opprefliui^s of defpotic government. Even the Swifs cot* tages convey the liveUell image of cleanlinefs, ealc, and fimplicity, and can- pot but ilrongly impreis upon the obfervera mo{l pleaiing conviction of the peafant's happinefs. In fome of the cantons, each cottage ha? its little ter- ritory, confiftmg generally of a field or two of fine pailure ground, and fre- qiitcntly fkirted with trees, and well fupplied with water. Sumptuary lawi are in force in moft parts of Switzerland : and no dancing is allowed, except upon particular occafions. Silk, face, and feveral other articles of luxury, are totally prohibited in fome of the cantons ; and even tlie head-dreiles of the ladies are regulated. All games of hazard are alfo ftridly prohibited ; and in o,ther games, the party who Jgfes above fix florins, which is about nine lliil- ings of our money, incurs a conllderable fine. Their diverfions, therefore, are chiefly af the a£iive and warUke kind ; and as their time is not wafted in games of chance, many of them employ part of their leifwe hours in reading, to the great improvement of their underftandings. The youth are diligently trained to all the martial exercifes, fuch as running, wrellling, throwing the hammer, and fhooting both with the crofs-bow and the muflcet. GoiTBM AND Idiot9*] The inhabitants in one part of this country, particularly in the republic ftf Vallais, are very much fubjedt to goilers, or large excrefcences of fleih that grow from the throat, and often increafe lo> a moll enormous fize ; but what is more extraordiiiar/, iUiotifm alio rcinaikabiy aboimds among them. " I faw," fays Mr. Coxe, " many inftances ol" both l(i*dt, as I pafFed through Sion : fome idiots were baiking in tbc S W r TZ E R LAND. ^t« lun with their tongun biit, . their heads hanging down, exhihitiag the mod affeAIng fpedtacle of in:cue£tual imbecillity that can poffibly be coricei** ed. The caufes whidt produce a frequency of thefe phajnonena ia^ibk country! form a very curious queftion. :<"* /.■•»/ The notion that fnow-water occafions thefe rxcrefcences is totally void, of ' foundation. For on that fuppofition, why are thenatives of thofe places that lie moft contiguous to the glaciers, and who drink no other water than M hat defcends from thefe immenfe refervoirs of ice and fnow, free from • this malady t And why are the inhabitants of thofe countries in which there is no fnow, «fflifted with it ? For, thefe guttural tunhours are to be found in, the envirom p{ Naples, in the ifland of Sumatra, and at Patna, and Purnea in the £alt Indies, where fnow is unknown. - The fprings, that fupply drink to the natives, are impregnated with, a calcareous matter, called in Switzerland /u/*, neaHy fimilar to the mcrufta- tions of Matlock in [Derbyihire, i<> minutely diilblved as not in the leaik to ' aSeO. the tranfparency of the water. It is not improbable, that the impal* pable particles of this fubftance, thus diifolved, ihould introduce themfelvea , into the glands of the throat, and produce goiters, for the following reafons: becauffc tuft or this callcareous depofition, abounds in all thofe diftrids, where goiters are common. There are goitrous perfons and much tuf in Dcrbyfhire, in different parts of the Vallais, hj the Valteline, at Lucerne, Fribourgh, and Berne, near Aigle and Bex, in feveral places of thc^ays'de Vaud, near Drefden, in the valleys of Savoy and Piedmont, near Turin and MUan. But the llrongeil proof in favour' of this opinion, fays our author, is derived from the following fa£ts. A furgeon whom I met at the baths of Leuk, informed me. that he had not unfrequently extra£t6d concretions of tttff-Jlone from feveral goiterb ; and that from one in particular, which fup- purated, he had taken feveral flat pieces, each about half an inch long. He added that the fame fubftance is found in the ftomach of cows, and in the goitrous tumors, to which even the dogs of the country are fubje£fc. He had diminifl^ed- and cured the goiters of many young perfons by emollient liquours, and external applications ; and prevented them in future, by re- moving, his patients from the place where the fprings are impregnated with tuf\ aiirl, if that could not be contrived, by forbidding the ul'e of water which wiis not purified. Children are occafionally born with guttural fwellings, but this' may ante from the ailment of the mother. It is to be prefumed, that a people accuf- t«med to thefe excrefcencv.'e, will not be fhocked at their deformity ; but it does not appear, as fome writers afiert, that they-ci^nfider them as beauties. To judge from the account of many travellers, it might be fiippofed that the natives, without exception, were either idiots or goitrous ; whereas, in fa^, the Vallaifans, in general are a robull race ; and all that with truth can be affirmed, is, that goitrous perfons andndlots are more abundant in fome dif« S'ds of th^ Yailais, tl>an perhaps in any other part of the globe. It has en alTerted that the peop'e very much refpeft thefe idiots, and even con- ,■ ^er them as bteffngs from Htaven. The common people, it is certain ef- ' ^teem them fo, for ihey call them *■* fouls of God without sin ;" and many pa-' rents prefer thefe idiot children to thofe whofe underllandings are perfe^ bccaufe as they are incapable of intentional criminality, they coniider them ascertain of happinefs in a future Itatc. Nor is this opinion entirf!y without its good eifedt, as it difpofes the parents to pay greater attention to fucK pv». t* ««if S W I TZ E R LAN D. '■■ • helpleTs^ beings. Thef^ idiots are fuffered to mrry) aa wcQ amoMg the* iiehr^, as writn others * . RsLiGtoN.} Though all the Swifs cantons form but one political t^. public, yet they are not united in religion, as the reader in the ta)tfe pr(. fixed, may perceive. Thofe difierences in religion fornjerly created many public commotions, which feem now to have fubiided. Zuinglius was the apoftle'of protellantifm in Switzerland. He was a moderate reformer, and differed from Luther and Calvin only in a few fpeculative points ; fo that Calvinifm may be faid to be the religion of t,he proteiUnt Swifs. But this muft be Underftood chiefly with refpedt to the mode of the church govern. mCiit ; for in ,fome dodirinal points they are far from being univerfally Calvin iftical. There is, however,, too much religious bigotry prevalent «mong them ; and though they are ardently attached to the iotereits of ci. vih liberty, their fentiments on the fubjeft of religious toleration are in gc. neial much lefs liberal. I^''';' UNircaspriEs.] The uniTerTity of Bafil, which was 'fotiaded in 1459, hat a very curious phylk-garden, which contains the chofeeft exotics ; and adjoining to the library, which contains fom^ valuable mami&ripts, is s mufeum well fumiflied with natural and artificial' curiofities, and with a _ " great number .of medals and paintings. In the cabinets of Erafmns and Amerbach, which alfo belong to this univerfity, there are no lefs than twen. ty original pieces of Holbein ; for one of which, reprefenting a dead Chrill, a thoufand ducats have been oflered. The other univerlities, which in. deed are comntonly only ftyled colleges, are thofe of Bern, Laufanne, and Zurich. Ant»qjtities AND CURIOSITIES 7 Every difln'A gf a canton in tlii» NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL, j mountainous country prefents the tra- veller with a natural curiufity ; fometimes in the (hape of wild but beautiful profpe£ts, interfperfed with lofty buildings, and wonderful hermitages, el'pe- iially one, two leagues from Fribourg. This was formed by tHe itands) of a fingle hermit, who Inboiired on it for 25 yeais^and was living in 1707. It is the greateft cunotity of the kind perhaps in the world, as it contains a chs- pel, a parlour 28 paces in length, 12 in breadth, and 20 feet in height, a tabinct, a kitchen, a cellar, and other apartments, with the altar, benches, flooring, cieling, all cut out of the rock. At Sffauffhaufen is a very extraordinary bridge over the Rhine, juftly admired for tlis fingularity of its architevlure. The iivcr tii eatrcmciy ra- * Coxc't Travels throagh SwiuerlAnd, vol, i. p. 38J, &c. . . Vw. »v; _. >t.. t^.j^ . i i,-*,:,^.. 'V, ; SWITZERLAND. 6iji immig theil ! political rf. he lajfiit pr«. :reated manj ;lius was the ■eformer, and nta { fo that b. But this urch govern, g univerMy ry prevalent terelta of ci- le is fo well of Geneva, ry. ,The in- have received 1 gave a force eceiving. In ''rench admire »ir is much ef- deferve to be >8 (hall be na led in 1459, exotics ; and ifcripts, is a and with a Erafmns and than twen- dead Chrilt, which in- iufanue, and nton in thi> eats the tia- ut beautiful itageS) el'pe- Ke liandi) ui in 1707. It ntains a cha- in height, a ar, benches, Lhine, juftly trcniciy ra- pii^ vd.ftiul hsd already deftroyed feversi ftone bridges of tKe 'fth^ngdli ooa- > i:£lion, when a carpenter of Apf dozel offifcred to throw a, wooden bridge* ii[ a fiBgle arch acrob the river, which is near four hundred f^t wide. The li^giftrates, however* required, that it (hould confift of two ardies* and that tie fhould for that purpofe employ the middle pier of the old bridge. Accordingly the architedt was obliged to obey; but he has contrived .- to leave it a matter of doubt, whether the bridge is fupported,by the middle pier, and^ whether it would not have been equally as fafe if formed fold/ of one arch. .The fides and top are covered, and it is what the Genaana catt a hM^ev/erhf or hanging bridge { the road which is almoft level, is not canied, as ufual, over the top of the arch ; but, if the expreflioa may be allowed, is let into the. middle of it and there -fufpended. A man of the fltghteit weight feels it almoft tremble under him, yet waggona, heavily laden pafs over without danger. It has been compared to a tight rope* which U-embles when ftruck, but ftill preferves its firm and equal teniion. On confidering the gpxatnefs of the plan, and the boldnefs of the conftru6Uon* it is matter of aftoniftunent that the archite^ vras originally a carpenter* without the lead tin^ure of literature, totally ignorant of mathematics, and not verfed in the theory of mechanics. His name was Ulric Grubenmam. The bridge was finiflied in lefs than three years, and coft about 8000I. flerling. At the famous pa& of Pierre >Pertmst the road is carried tlwugh a foHd rock near 50 fiECt thick, the height of the arch 26, and its breadth 25. The SKirchalltes* falfe diamonds, and other ftoaes, found in thofe mountains* are junly ranked among the natural curiofities of the country. The ruins of Cxfar's wall, which extended \ 8 miles in length, from Mount Jura to the Banks of l^ake Lemaa, are ftiU difcemible. — Many mcmuments of an- tiquity have been difcovered fiear Xht baths of Baden, which were known i to the Roman! in the time of Tacitus. Switzerland boafts of many noble religious buildings, particularly a college of Jefuits; and niany cabinets of' valuable inai)i)fcri|>ts, antiques, and coriolities of all kinds. At Lucerne (fays Mr. ^Qwe) is to b^ feen a topographical rq)refentation of the moft mountainous part of Switzerland, by Genend Pfiffer, a native^pf this town, and an officer in the French fervice. It is a model ia rdief, and welt deferves the attention of the curious traveller. What was finiihed in 1 776* comprized about 60 fquare leagues, in. the cantons of Lucerne, Zug,u Berne* Uri, Schweitz, and Underwalden. The model was twelve feet long, and nine and a half broad. The compofition is piincipally a maftic of charcoal^ lime, cky, a little pitch, with a thin coat of wax ; and is fo hard as to be tiud upon without receiving the leall damage. The whole is painted with different colours, reprefenting the objeAs as they exift in pature. It ia worthy of particular obfervation, that not only the woods of oak, beech* pine, and other trees are diftinguifhed ; but alfo that Itrata of the feveral locks are marked, each being fhaped upon the fpot, and . formf-d with gran-< ite, gravel, calcareous ilone, or fuch ether natural fubftances as compofe the original mountains. The plan is indeed fo minutely exad, that it com- prires not only all the mountains, lakes, towns, villages, aTtd forefts ; but every cotti^e, every torrent, every road,- and every path is diflinftly and accurately reprefented. The general takes his elevations from the level of the lake of j^^upeirne, which, according to Mr. de SaufTiu'e, is about fourteen huTiujcu and eight feet above the Mediterranean. This* m(^del, exhibiting ^ the moft mountainous parts of Switzerland, conveys a fublinre pi6ture of im- mexiit Alps, pikd one upon another ; as if the llory ef the Titans war ' • . ■ ' realized <9itf i W ITZ £ RL AND. fftalized, and they had fucceeded (at leaft in one fpot of the glob) iii httpiHg Ofla upon Pelion, and Olymput upon Offu From the account of this officer^ it appears, that there are continued chains of moiuntains of the fame eleva:;, v. /^.^ Cities. 3 Of the moil confiderable is the city of Bern, ftandine on the river Aar. This city and canton, it is faid, fprms almoft a third of the Helvetic confederacy, and can, upon occafion, fit out 100,000 armed men. AH the other cities in Switzerland are excellently well provided with arfenals, biidges, and public edifies. Bafil is accounted by fome the capital of aU Switzerland. It is fituated in a fertile and delightful country, on the bai\fe of the Rhine, and the confines of Alface and the empire. It contains twd hundred and twenty ftreets, and fix market-places. The town-houfe, which fiands on the rivtr Birfec, is fupported by very lar^e pillars* and its great hall is finely paiiited by the celebrated Hans Holbein, who was a native of this city. The fituation of Bafd is pleafing : the Rhine divides it into tke upper and lower ipwn, and it is confider^ as one of the keys of Switzer* land. Baden is famous for its antiquity and baths. Zurich is far leig confiderable thah Bern, but in the arfenal is fhewn the bow of the famoui William Tell, and in the liberary is a manufcript of excellent letters, written by the unfortunate Lady Jane Grey, to the judicious reformer Bidlinger, iri elegant Latin and German. To prevent a repetition, I (liall here mention the city of Geneva, which ii an aifociate of SwitzerUuid, and is under theprote^ion of the Helvetic body,' but within itfelf is an independent ftate, and republic. This city is well built and well fortified, and contains 24,000 inhabitants, moft of whom are Calvinifts. It is fituated upon the afflux of the Rhone from the large fine lake of Geneva. It is celebrated fot the kerning of the profefibrs of its univer. Tity, and the good government of its colleges, the purity of its air, and the politenefs of its inhabitants. By its fituation, it is a thoroughfare ^m Ger< many, France, and Italy. It contains a number of fine manufadures and artifts ; fo that the proteftants, efpecially fuch as are of a liberal turn, eftcem it a moft, delightful place.— But the fei-mentation of their politics, and par- ticularly the ufurpation of the fenate, hath divided the citizens into parties,' and the late ftrugglc of patricians and plebeians had nearly ruined all. Many 4)f its valuable citizens have accordingly left the place, and fought refuge and proteAion in Ireland and elfewhere. ' CoMMER.CE AND MANUFACTURBs.] The produ£lions of the loom, lineiT, dimity, lace, ftockings, handkerchiefs, ribands, filk and painted cottons, and gloves, are common in Switzerland, and the inhabitants are now beginning, notwithilanding their fumptuary laws, to fabricate filks, velvets, and woollen manufa^ures. Their great progrefs in thofe manufadlures, and in agriculture, gives them a profped of being able foon to make confiderable exports. CoNSTiTUTioM AND GOVERNMENT.] Thefe are very Complicated headi, though belonging to the fame body,- being partly ariltocratical, and partly iemocraticah Every canton is abfolute in its own jurifdiAion, but thofe of SWITZERLAND. 617 •-^« Berne> Zurich, and Lucerne, with other dependencies, are ariftocratical, with a certain mixture* of democracy, Berne excepted. Thofe of UnV Schweitz, Underwald, Zug, Giari*, and Appenzel, are democraticaL Bafil, though it has the appearance of an ariftocracy, rather inclines to a demo- cracy. But even thefe ariilocracies and democracies differ in their particu- lar modes of government. However, in all of them the real intereils of the people appear to be much attended to, and they enjoy a degree of happioefa not to be exjpeAed in defpotic governments. Each canton hath prudently reconciled itlelf to the errors of its neighbour, and cen^^nted on the baiis qf aifeAion, a Ij&etn of mutual defence.' The confederacy, confidered as a republic, comprehends three divifions. The firft are the SwifTes, properly fo called. The fecond are the Grifons, or theilates confederated with the SwilTes, for their common protetEb'on. The third are thofe prefedures, which, though fubjed to the other, two, by purchafe {or otherwife, preferve each its own particular magiftratcs. Every canton forms within itfelf a little republic ; but when any controveify arifes that may uSed the whole confederacy, it is referred to the general diet, which fits at Baden, where each canton having a vote, every queftion is decid* ed by the majority. The general diet confifts of two deputies from each canton, befides a deputy 'from the abbot of St. Gall, and the cities of St. Gall and Bien. It is obferved by Mr. Coze, to whom the public have been in- debted for the bed account of Switzerland that has appeared, that there is no country in which happinefs and content more univerlally prevail among the people. For whether the government be arifiocratical, democratical, or mixed, a general fpirit of liberty pervades and aduates the feveral con« ftitutions ; fo that even the oligarchical ftates ^ which, of ail others, are ufually the moit tyrannical) are here peculiarly mdd { and the property of the fubjc£i is fecurcly guarded againft every kind of violation. A harmony- is maintained by the concurrence of their mutual felicity ; and their fum* ptuary laws, and equal diviiion of their fortunes among the children, feem to enfure its continuance. There is no part of Europe which contains, withia the fame extent of region, fo many independent commonwealths, and fuch a variety of different governments, as are colkdled together in this re- markable and delightful country ; and yet, with fuch wifdom was the Helvetic union compofed, and fo little have the Swifs of late years, been aAuatedby the fpirit df conquell, that flnce the firm and complete, eilablifh- ment of their general confederacy, they have fcarcely ever had occafioq to employ their arms againft a foreign enemy ; and have had; no hoRile com- motions among themielves, that were not very foon happily tertniiiated. Revenues AND TAXES.} Tlie variety of cantons that conftitute the Swifs confederacy, renders it difficult to give a precife account of their re- venues. Thofe of the canton of Bern are faid to amount annually to 30o,coo crowns, and thofe of Zurich to 100,000; the other, cai^tons in proportion to their produce and manufa6lures. Whatever i» faved, after defraying the neceflary expences of government, is laid up as a common flock ; and it has been- faid, that the Swiffesare pofTefTed of 500^0001. fterling in the Englifh funds, befides theit- property in other banks. The revenues arife, i. From tl;te profits.. of the demefne lands; 2. The tenth of the produce of aU the lands in the^country ; 3. Cuftoms and duties on inerchandife ; 4. The revenues ariling from the fale of fait, and fome cafu- «1 taxes. ' > Mju-tahv ftTRBNGTH.] ' The internal flreugth . of the Swi'fs cwjtons, in- dependent of the militia, confifls of 1 3,400 men, raifed accordiQ|( to the 4L f^ «18 SWITZERLAND. ' population and abilities of each. The aconomy and wrifdom with whicli thii Force is raifed and employed, are truly admirable, as arc the arrangemcnti which arc made by the, general diet, for keeping up that ercat body of militia, from which foreign Hates and princes are fupplied, lo as to benefit the ilate, without any prejudice to its population. Every burgher, peafant, «ndfubje£^, is obliged to exereifc' himfeln'n the ufe of arms ; appearonthc Aated days for (hooting at the mark ( furpilh himfelf with proper clothing, accoutrements, powder, and ball ; aiid tp be always ready for the defence of his country.. The. Swifs engage in the fervicA of foreign princes and ftates, either merely as guards, or as marching regiments, in the latter cafci the government permits the enlifting volunteers, though only for fuch ftatcs, as they are in aUiance with, or with whom they have entered into a previous aercement on that article. But no fubjc^t is to be forced into foreign fer* vice, or even to be enlifleJ without the concurrence of the magiftracy. History. 3 The prefcnt Swifles and Grifons, as has been already men- tioned, are the defccndants of the ancient Helvetti, fubdued by JuUui Cxfar. Their muuntuiuous, uninviting fituatiun, formed a better fccu- rity for their liberties than their forts or armies ; and the fame is the cafe at prefent. They continued lung under little/jbettcr than a nominal fubjeftion to the Burgiindians and Germans, till about |^he year 1300, when the emperor Albert I. treated them with fo much rigour, that tbey petitioned him agaitift the cruelty of his governors. ThiH ferved only to double the hardfliips of the people ; and one of Albert's Auftiian gover- nors, Grefler, in the wautonnefs of tyranny, fet up a hat upon a pole, to which he ordered the natives to pay as much refpefl as to himfelf. Tin- famous William Tell, being ubfcrvcd to pafs fn^quently without taking no- tice of the hat, and being an excell(:nt markfman, the tyrant condemned 'him to be hanged, unlefs he cleft an apple upon his fon's head, at a certain diftancc, with an arrow. Tell cleft the apple ; and Grefler aiking him the meaning of another arrow he faw iluck in his belf, he bluntly anfwered, that it was intended t,o his (Grcfler's) heart if he had killed his fon. Tell wai condemned to prifun upon this ; but making his efcape, he watched hit opportunity, and (hot the tyrant, and thereby laid the foundations of tk Helvetic liberty. It appears, however, that before this event, the revolt of the SvvifTesfrom the Auftrian tyranny had been planned byfome noL'.e patriots amouK them. Their meafures were f«> jull, and their courfe fo intrepid^ that they foou ef- fe£led a union of feveral cantons. Zurich, driven by opprciuon, fought firft an allian(:e with l^uceme, Ur!, Suifle, and Underwald, on the principles of mutual defence ; and the fre- quent fucceffcs of their atms agauill Albert, duke of Aullria, infenlibly formed the grand Helvetic union. They lirll conquered Glaris and Zug, and admitted them to an equal participation of their rights. Berne united itfelt'in 1353 ; Friburg Ri.d Suleure 130 years after ; BaPil and ScaiFhaufen in 1 50 1 ; and Appenzel in 1513 completed the confederacy, which repeat- edly defeated the united powers of France and Germany ; till, by the treaty of Weilphulia in 1648, their confederacy was declared to be a free and in* dependent Uate. .; , Neufchatel, lince the year 1 707, had been under the dominion of the king ff{ Pruflla, but the inhabitants are free to ferve any prince whatever, and by no means bound to take an adive part in his wa^s. The king h»th the powtr of recruitlnor smang theRi, md of naming a governor, but the reve- 1 i ' nue «;-V.«i :.-;-. ->■ SWITZERLAND. 619 tat he tlerives Is n6t above 5000I. yearly, great part of whicli is laid oat on ihe roads and other public works of the country. With regard to tliemili- tirv ctiaraAer, and great anions of the SwlIH^s, I muft refer the reader en the hiftories of Europe. » Before the French revolution Switxcrland exhibited a pifturc of liVdnftry, ofcompetence, and of happincfs. A general content that pervaded th-j iowcft . clalTes and a love for the conlUtilliQn> manners, and Uwi of tlicir iir.celtors, checked the fpirit of innovation. No allurements of, public Ihews relaxi^a tbeir virttic ; no incitements of luxury inflamed their dclires. 'I'he abl'ence of commerce dellroyed the means of corruption ; and the advancement of knowledge extiiiguiftied the flames of that religious zeal which fullicd with bsrbarifm the manners of the ancient Swiis. '^''^f- '^ In the years 1793 and 1794. which in France was jliftly termed the rdgn of terror, Switxcrland wore all the appearance of fplendor, affluence, and gaie- ty. The principal towns were crowded with ftrangers from all nations ; as tliia country was then the only one upon the continent left open for the tranfartioni of commerce, the negociations of peace, and the afylum of fugitives. Out it was only an apparent ftate of profperity and happincfs, the r' ■-fti^i k •;■! i Bd BoUNOAR the Bay France, o South. It is n( nneaiu Cou Spain. c fi. c t A I ( I c S P A I M. ^f Thai, in the fl»rt fpioe of four dtyt, this b^ave and ^^rll'ke nation, which IMmI fflwntained its independence fur 500 years wai Aitircly crufhcdby thd HfAdioiM machinatUMM of artful and defignin^ mcu. SPAIN. •I n ,w '°°1 between Brtaetlh 500 J Situation and Extknt. ") Degrees. ^ f 10 and 3 caft longitude. \ 56 and 44 north latitude. Containing 150^763 fquare milei* with 69 inhabitants to each* OouNDAaifis.] Y"^ '* hounded on the Wt(t by Portugal and the At< X huitic Ocean ; by the Mediterranean on the £aft | bf the Bay of Bifcay and the Pyrtnean Mountains, which feparate it from France, on the North | and by the ftrait of the fea at Gibraltar on ' the South. It is now'divided into fourteen diftri£ts, bendei iflanda in the Mcditkr* ranean. Countries Names. * Square Miles. r f P4 Chief Citiea. (Spain. • Caftile, New 22c • ,180 27,840 ^"- [^!a°i.z Andalufia 16,500 273 135 Seville Caaile, Old 14,4C0 193 14c Burgos _, Anragon I3.«i8 19c 105 Saragofla •'• ^^ ' * Bajados Eftremadura 13,600 180 "3 Galicia 12,0O0 i6f 120 Compoitella • < Leon ^^ / 11,200 167 96 Leon < Catalonia 9000 172 no Barcelona ^'ranada 8100 iOC 45 Granada Valencia . 6800 180 75 Valencia .;:; '•; ;-''h Bifcay and Ipufcoa 4760 14U SS Bilboa ' .' . '■' ' % Afturia 4600 124 55 Oviedo 'ir':''-. ' • Murcia ' 3600 87 65 Murcia -"r^^^- ,1 ■3 • 1. Upper Navarre 3000 92 45 Pampeluns . H/* • Si 1 Majorca I. 1400 58 40 Majorca* ;- '. Yvica '* ^ 2" Yvica I. 625 37 *5 •s s Minorca I Total— 510 4» 20 CitadeHa • •>■."''*■■•.'■ ■ 150.7^3, '— The town and fortr efs oF Gi !>raltar, fub cA to Great Britain. AMCitIT -JiifS^SvS;,.^ -V ^4' I Hriti^ A'tiiitift Att'Atr. XI lhfn>iint _ li-rii-ni ffiX,//)'!/ kt/n/>nt/>" /'■f'"'^5i? w 5 ili N ?/ poirnuiAi./l 'vlnnn III' Ih-U Ainlini-itiV.s.y /TO i f Kl terior part of it, we know lefa than that ot Spain. -* "l;t ««»»r'' i Climate, soilj and water.] Excepting during the e'qUtH6dial ram*, the air of Spain is dry and ferene, but excemvcly hot in the foatbern pro- vinces in June, July* and Augull. The vaft mountains that run through Spain are, however, very '^enefiqial to the inhabitants, by the refrefhing breezes that come from them in the fouthernnioft parts j though thofe to- wards the north and north-eaft are in the winter very cold, and in the night mvik,f: a traveller fhivcr. ' " '. ' Such is the moiilure of the hills, bounded on the florth by the Bay <^ Bifcay, and to the iouth by fnowy mountains, that no care' is fufficient to prcferve their fruits, their grain, their initruments of iron, from mould, from rot, and from ruft. Both the acetous, and the putrid fermentation here make a rapid progrefs. Befules the relaxing humidity df thf ch'mate^ the common food of the' inhabitants contributes much to the prevalence of mtfft difeafea whichaffe6)l the principality of Aftiiria. Yet, although fab* ytdi to fudi a variety of endemical difeafes, few countries can produce mows inftances of longevity ; many live to the age of a hundred, fome to a hundred and teij, add others- much longer. The lame obfervation may be extended to Gallicia, where, in the parKh of St. Juan de Poyo, A. D. 1724, the cu- ntte adminiUcrcd the facramentto thirteen perfons, whofe ages together made one ihoufand four hundred and ninety-nine, the 'youngeft of thefe being one hundred and ten, and the oldeft one hundred and'twenty-feven. But in « Viila de Fofinanes, one Juan de Outeyro, a pooi' labourer^ died in the yeat 1726, aged more than one hundred andfurty.rix years. . The foil of Spain was formerly vciy fruitful in corn, but the natives have lately found fome fcnrcity of it, by their difufe of tillage, through their indolence } the caufes of which I (hall explain afterwards. It produces, in 'many places, almod fpontaneoufly, the richcft and 'moll delfcious fruits that are to be found in France and Italy, oranges, lemons, prunes, citrons, almonds, railins and figs Her \vines, efpccially fack and (herry, are in high rcqaeft among foreigners. Thcreare, in the, diftriit of Malaga, (according to Mr. Towniend, the latell traveller) fourteen thoufand vine prcffes, chiefly employ- ed in making the rich wines, which,'if, white, from the nature of the country, it called mountain ; if red, from the colour vino tlnto, known in England by the name qf tent. Good mountain is fold from thirteen to fixteen pounds the }iutt, of one hundred and thirty five gallons, according to quality and age. It is reckoned that from eight hundred to a tiibufand vcfiels enter this port jtyery year, which, about onc-tcnthare Spanifh, and the exports in wine, fruit, oil and fiili, are computed at about ;^ii75iOOO per annum { but there have been times wlu;n it has bsen cunfiJtrably mor^. Spain indeed ofi\;r3 to the traveller large trafts of iinpromifing, bccaufe nncnltivated ground ; but no country perhaps maintains luch a number of inhabitants, who neither toil nor work for theii' food, fuch are the gene- rous qualities ot its foil. Even fugar canes thrive in Spain ; and it yields ialTron, honey, and filkv in great abundance. A late writer, Uuariz, a (>p»alai^d, computes the number of Ihephcrdu iu Spain to be 4.0,000 ; and ''■■■■ •-••;>;>- .•r;";--.^?:>^ " ' ^'^^ ?;^•^■ ■..■■'-- ^ ^^ tm '.%, ■y.':^'' SPAIN. l^s given ui « mod cuHous detail of their oeconotny, their chanfres of paf^ ture at certain times of the year, and many 'other 'particulars unknown tfli btelVi to the public. Thoie (heep- walks afford the fineft of wool, and ar^ a tKtfure in themfelves. Some of the mountains in Spain are doathed with rich trees, fruits, and herbage, to the tops ; and Seville oranges ai% noted all owcr the world. No country produces a greater variety of aiw matic herbs, which renders the. talle of their kids and (heep fo cxquilitely delicious. The kingdom of. Murcia abounds fo much with mulberry treea^ that the produdt of its filk amounts (b 200,oobl. a-ycar. Upon the whole few countries in the world owe more than Spain does to nature, and lefs to induftry. ... ' ' The waters (efpecially thofe that are medicinal) of Spain are little known } but many falutiferous fprings are found in Granada, Seville, and Cordovsy -: A)l over Spain, the waters are found to have fuch healing qualities, that thef' are outdone by thole of -no country in Europe ; and tbe inclofing, and efi« couraging a refort to thena, grow every day more and more in vogue, ef- pecially at Alhamar in Gr&nada. -Mountains.] It is next to impolfible to fpecify thefe, they are fa numerous : the chief, and the highcft, are the Pyrenees, neijr too miles in length, which extend from the Bay of Bifcay to the Mediteminean, and divide Spain from France. Over thefe mountains there are only Hve narrow paiTages to ' France, and the road over the pafs that feparates Rouffillon from Catalonia, reBe6ls great honour on the engineer who planned it. It formerly required the ftrength of 30 men to fupport, and nearly as many oxen to drag up, a carriage, which four horfes now do with cafe. The Cantabrian mountains (as they are called) are a kind of continuation of the Pyrenees, ' and reach to the Atlantic Ocean, fouth pf Cape Finiilerre. No Englimman ought to be unacquainted with MouM Cidpe, now called %hc Hill of Gibralur, and, in former times, one of the pillars of Hercules ; the other Mount Abyla, lying oppofite to it ia Africa. , Among the mountain* of Spain, Montferrat is particularly worthy the attention of the curious traveller ; one of the moll lingular in the wotld, for fttuation, (hape, and compolition. It .ftands in a vaft plain, aboat thirty miles from Barcelona, and nearly in the centre of the principality of Catalonia. It is called by the Catalonians Monte*ferrado, pr Mount *''Scie, words which fignify a cut, or fawed mountain ; and is fo called from its fiiigular and extraordinary form ; for it is fo broken and divided, and ib. crowned with an infinite number of fpin'ng cones, or pine heads, that it lias the appearance, at a.diilant view, to be the work of man j but upon a nearer approach, to be evidently the produdlion of the God of nature. It is a-fpOt fo admirably adapted fur retirement and contemplation, that it has, for many ages, been inhabited only by monks and hernuts, whofe firll vow is, never to forfake it. When the mountain is firll feen at a dillance, it has the appearance of an iufiuite number of rocks cut into conical fornis, and buik one upon anotlier to a prodigious height, or like a pile of grotto work, «■ Gothic ipires. Upon a nearer view, each cone appeals of itfelf a^inuur..- tain ; and the whole compofes an enormous mafs about 1 4 miles in circuin. ference, and the Spaniards compute it to be two Ifagues in height *. As it is like no other mountain, fo it Hands quite unconuetEled with any, though * nor * Mr Swiuuiirni; cuiiiiaiei its Iici^hc at only 3,,^C9 icet, andwbferve* that the arait of (lie csnvmt are, the Vir|^in Mary tiitiog at tuc luuc ul a ruck lv4i cut ihruu^b bjr a Urn. ■'■'•■' . " . ) ; J'fir ■ ' .^> 6h SPAIN. Bor fitf (iiftant^ froaXome that are very lofty. A coBTCnt is ereaed on the aiounuin, dedicated to our Lady of Montferrat, to which pilgrims refort from tiie fartheft parts of Europe. All the poor who come here are fed gratis for three days, and all the fick received into the hofpital. Sometimes, on par. ikular feftivaUi fevea thoufand perfons arrive in one day ; hut people of condition p>i^ reafonable price for what they eat. On different parts of the mountain ard^^mber of hermitages, all of which have tkieir little chapeli ornaments for faying^afs, water cinems, and moft of them little garden*! The inhabitant of one of thefe hermitages, which is dedicated to St. fienif^' has the privilege of making an annual entertainment on a certain day, on which day all the other hermits are invited, when they receive the (iicrament from the hands of the mountain vicar ; and after divine fervice dine together. They meet alfo at this hermitage, on the days of the faints to which their feveral hermitages are dedicated, to fay mafs, and com. mune with each otaer. But at other times they live in a very fulitary and reclufe manner, perform various penances, and adhere to very rigid rules of abftinence, nor do they ever eat flalh. Nor are they allowed to keep within their walls either dog, cat, biro, or any living thing, left their attention (hould be withdrawn from heavenly to earthly affections. The number of profeiTed monks there, is 76, of lay brothers 28, and of iinging boys 25, bc^des phyfician, furgeon, and fervants. Mr. Tldcknefie, who has published a very . particular defcription of this extraordinary mountain, was informed by one of the hermits, that he often faw from his habitation, the iflands of Minorca, Majorca, and Yvica, and the kingdoms of Valencia and Murcia. Rivers, and lakis.^ Thefe are the Duero, formerly Durius, whicb £|Il8 into the Atlantic Ocean below Oporto in Portugal ; the Tajo or Ta. gus, which falls into the Atlantic below Lifbon ; the Guadiana falls into the fame ocean near Cape Finiilerre ; as does the Guadalquiver, now Turio, •t St. Lucar; and the Ebro, the ancient Iberus, falls into tlu Mediterra* nean fea below Tortofa. The river Tinto, the qualities of which are very extraordinary, rifcs in Sierra Morena, and empties Itfelf into the Mediterranean near Huelva, hav. ing the name of Tinto given it from the tinge of its waters, which are as yel- )ow as a topaz, hardening the fand, and petrifying it In a moft furpriflng manner. If a ftoaC happens to fall in, and reft upon another, they both be* come in a year's time pcrfedly united and conglutinated.— This river withers all the plants on Its banks, as well as the roots of trees, which it dies of the fame hue as its waters. No kind of verdure will come up where it reaches, nor any fi(h live in its ftream. It kills worms in cattle when given them to drink ; but in general no animals will drink out of this river, except- ing goats, whofe flefh neverthelefs has an excellent flavour. Thefe ilngular properties continue till other rivulets run into it, and alter its nature ; for when it paffes by Niebla, it is not different from other rivers^ and falls iiits the Mediterranean fea fiK leagues lowct down. <. .' « Several lakts in Spain, particularly that of Benevetita, kbound with fiflies, articularly excellent trout. The water of a lake near Antiquera is made into t by the heat of the fun. I? '; Bays.] The chief bays are thpfe of Bifcay, Ferrol, Corunna (commonly catted the Groyne«) Vigo, Cadiz, Gibraltar, Carthagena, Alicant, Altesi Valencia, Rofcs, Majorca in that ifland, and the harbour of Port Mahon, in tile iiiaad of Minorca. The ftrait of Gibraltar diyidea Eurnne ft om Africa. MtTALS f S FA t Vf jSif MbtAIS Awo minika^sO Spain abounds in liotli) anid In 98 gr<^t varietf* and of the fame kinds, as the other countries of Ei^pe. CorAelian, agat^ loadftones, jacinths^ turquois ftones, quickfilver, copper, Ic^ad, fulphur, ^unv cilamine, cryftal, marbles of feveral kinds, p<^hyry, the fined jafper, and even diamonds, emeralds, andamethyfts, are found here. . The Spanifk iroq, nest to that of Damafcus, fi^rniflies the belt arms In the world ;. and, in former times, brought in a vaft revenue to the crown } the art of working it being here in great perfe6tion. — Ev«n to this day, Spanifh gun barrels*, and fwords of Toledo, are highly valued. Amongft the ancients, Spsii^a was celebrated for gold and fiWcr mines } and filver wa^in fuch plenty, that Strabo, whp was contemporary with Auguftus Caefar, informs us, that when the Carthaginians took poiTefllon o^ l^paln, their domeftic and agricultural utenfda were of that metal; The.fe tnines have now difappeared : but whe? ther by their being exhaufted, or through the indolence of the iphab tants in not working them, we cannot fay ; though th( latter caufe feems to bc the moil probapie. Animal pHoouCtionsI The Spanifli horfes, efpecially thofe of An^ BY SEAANOLAKD. J dalufia, art thought to be the handfomeft of any in Europe, and. at the fame time very fleet and (erviceable. The king does all he can to monopblife the fineft breeds for his own ftables and fer- vtce. Spain furnifh^s likewife mules and blatk cattle ; and their wild bulls have fo much ferocity) that their buU feafts were the moil magnificent fpec- tacle the court of Spain could exhibit, nor are they now di&fed. Wolves are the chief beafts of prey that pefter &pain, which is well ftored with all the game and wild fowl that are to be found in the neighbouring countries ah-eady defcribed. Thq Spanifh feas afford excellent fiih of all kinds, efpeci- ally anchovies, which are here cured in great perfediion. This country ia much iiifefted with locufts ; and Mr, Dillon obferyes, that in 1754, La Man- dia was covered with them, and the; horrors of famine aiTailed the fruitful provinces of Andaluiia, Murcia, and Valencia. They have fometimes appear- ed in the air in fuch numbers as to darken the iky ; the clear atmofphere ot Spain has become glooniy ; and the fineft fummer day in Eftremadura, beea rendered more difmal than the winter of Holland. Their fenfe. of fmelling is fo deh'cate, .that they can difcover a corn field,br a garden, at a confiderable diftance; and which they will ravage almoft in an inftant. Mr. Dillon is of opi- ion,that the country people, by timely attention and obferyation, might de- ilroy the eggs of tbefe formidable infe£U, and thereby totally extirpate them. Population, inhabitants, mj.nners, 1 Spain,, formerly the molt: ciysTOMS, DIVERSIONS, AND DRESS. ) popubus kingdom in Europe, is now but thinly inhabited. This is owing partly to the great drains of people fent to America, and partly to the indolence of the natives, who are at no pains to raife food for tl^r families. Another caufe may be aifigned, and that is, the vaft numbers otecclefiadics, of buth fexes, who lead a lite of celibacy. Some writert have given feveral other caufes, fuch ^ their wars with the Moors, and the final expulfion of that people. The pre- fent inhabitants of this kingdom have been computed by Feyjoo, a Spaai.ib writer, to amount to 9,250,000, fo that England is three times as populouaaa Spain, confid^ring its extent. _ ^,i The perfons o? the Spaniards are generally tall, efpecially the Caftiliayjsj their hair and. complexions fwarthy, but their countenances are very ey preffive. The court of Madrid hasof late been at great pains, to cl'earj th^ upper lips of muftachoes, and to introduce among them the French drei's, ia- ftead of their black cloaks, their fliort jerkin, ftrait breeches, andlong Toledo 4 M fworis ■.•>*•* 'v& $%» * p^ A r Nt {vrorda, which dref»f« now ehiiiy con^ecl to th« Iow«r titik*. The SjNUii Md«^ before the accefl)orf of the Koufe of Bourbon to their tlirone, aiFef^ej tiMt aatiquateddrefa, in hatred and contempt of the Frenich ; and the go. vemment, prohabl^i wiU iind ibkne difficulty in aboUfhinsf it quite, as the fiime i^irit is far from being extinguifhed. An old Caftilian, or Spaniard, whofees none above hiitr, thinks himfelf the moft important being in nature ; and the fame pride is commonly communicated to hi» "defcendants. This Mth«true.teafon why many of them are fo_ fond of removing to America, where they can retain all their natire importiince, without the danger of feeing a fnperior. Ridiculous, ho«^eTer,a8 this pride is^ it is produAive of the moft exalted qua- lities. It infpires the nation with generous', humane, and virtuous fentiments ; it beii^g feldom found that a Spanlfh nobleman, gentleman or even trader, is ' guilty of a mean adtion. During the nipft embittered wars they have had with England for near 70 years paft, we know of no inftance of their tak« ipg advantage (as they might eafily have done) of conBfcating the BritifFt property on board their galleons and Plate Aeet, which Was eqoitlly fecure in . time of war^s peace. This is the more lurpridng, as Philip V. was often needy, and his minifteri) were far npm being fcrupulous of breaking their good faith with Great Britain. '*■"'' ■■ By the beft and moft credible icebunts of the late wars, it appears that. the Spaniards in America gave the- moft humane and- noble relief to all Bri.^ tini|^e£ls who were in diftrefs, and fell into their hands, not only by fup. plyi^^ fhem with neceflaries, but money ; and treating them in the moft ' bofpitabk manner while they remained among them. Hayii^ faid thus much, we are carefully to dtftinguifh between the 8panil1^ nobility, gentry, and traders, and their government, which is to be put on the fame footin'g -with ,the lower ranks df Spaniards, who are as mean and rapacious afr t)xme of any other country. The kings of Spain of the houfit of Bourbon, have feldom ventured to employ native Spaniards of great fami-. lies as their minifters. Thefe are generally French or Italians, but moft commonly the latu^r, who rife into power by the moft infamous arts, and of late times from the moft abje£^ ftation8.>->— Hence it is that the French kings of Spain, fince their acce'ffion to that monarchy have been but very indiftierently ferved in the cabinet. Alberoni, who had the greateft genius among them embroiled his mafter with all Europe, till he was driven in. to exile and difgrace ; and Orimaldi, the laft of their Italian minillers, hazarded a rebeUion in the capital^ by his opprefHve and unpopular inea< furts. The common people who live on the coafts, partake of all the bad quab'tiei that are to be found in other nations. They are an aflcmblage of Jews, French, Ruflians, Iri(h adventures, fpd Englifli fmugglers ; who being un- aMe to live in their owrt country, mingle with the Spaniards. — -In: time of war, they follow privateering with great fuccefs ; and whfcn peace returns, they engage in all illicit praAices, and often enter into the Irifti and Walloon guards m the Spanifh fervice. There are about 40,006 gypfies, and who, befldes their fortune telling, are inn keepers in the fmall towns and villages. The charadler of the Spaniards, is thus drawn by Mr. Swinburne after hit late travels through the country : " The Catalans appear to be the moft ac- . tive ftirrihg fet of men, the beft calculated for buHnefs, travelling, and ma- nufa£hires. The Valencj..n3, a mortf fuUen fedate race, better adapted to the occupations of hufbandmen, Icfs eager to change place, and of a much more "#«-•■ -.V SPAIN. :^i1 timidi furpkioui G«ftx>f mind tb«n the farmer The ^ndaluTi^nl (eem to he the greateft talkers aod rhodomontadun of Spain, "nie CaftUians hfure % manly fratiknefs, and lefsapiie&rance of cuaning and deceit, The New'Caf- lilians are peiiiapa the leaft indullrious of the tvhoU nation ; the Old Caf- Ijlians are laborious, and retain n^or^ of ancient ftmpUcity of manner ; both Ik of a firm determined fpirit. The Arragoaefeiire a mij^ture of the Caf- tilian and Catalan, 'rather inclining to the former. The ^tlcaynerp are acute and diligent, fiery and impatient of contiol, more refembting h Colony of re- publicans than a province, of ah abfolute monarchy ; and the Galicians an a plodding pains-taking race of mortals, that roam over Spain in fe^roh of an kardly earned fubfittcnce." ^._.,'. j-: ,K-f...5^ The ~ beauty of the Spanifli ladies reigns moftly in their novels and Ro- mances ; for though it muft be acknowledged that Spain produces as fine women as any country in the world, yet beauty is far from formitig their . general character. In their perfons, they are commonly fiiull and (lender ( but they are faid to envploy vail art in fupplying the defe£is of uaiture.— If we are to hazard a conje^\ure, we might reafonably fuppofe that thofi: fiv tifices rather diminish than i'ncreafe their beauty, efpecially when they are turned of 25. Their indifcriminate uft. of paint, not only upon their facesi, but their necks, arms, and hands,, undoubtedly disfigures their cbmi^ekions and (hrivels their Ikln. It is at the lame time univerfaUy allowed, that'they h^ve great wit and vivacity. Alter all I have liaid, it is more than probable that the vaft pains taken by ihe government of Spain, may at ,lait eradicate thofe cuitoms and habits a- mong the Spaniards that feem.fo^ ridiculous to foreigners. They are uni- verfally known to have refined notions and excellent fenfe ; and this, if imr proved by ftudy and travelling, which they now (land in'great neied of, would render them fuperior to the French themfelves. Their flow, deliberate man" ner of proceeding, either in council or war, has of late years worn oSUt fuch a degree, that during the two lad wars, they were found to.be as quick both in refolving and executing, if not more fo than their enemies. Th^V fecrecy, conftancy, and patience, have always been deemed exemplary ; a^d infeveral of their provinces, particularly Galicia, Granada, and Andalufia} the common people have, for iomc time, afliduoully applied themfelves to agriculture and labour. Anjong the many good qualities poifeiTed by the Spaniards, their fobriety in eating and drinking is remarkable. They frequently breakfaft, as weU as fup, in bed ; their breakfail is ufually chocolate, tea being very feldom .'drank. Their dinner is generally beef, mutton, veal, pork, andbacon^ greens. Ice. all boiled together. They live much upon garlic, chives, fallad, and radiflies ; which, according to one of their proverbs, are food for a^enileman.^ The men drink very little wine : and the women ufe water or chocolate. Both fcxes ufually fleep after dinner, aftd take the air in the cool of the even- ing. This is the common pradice in warm countries, fuch as Italy, Spain ^ and Portugal, where, generally fpeaking, the weather is clear, and the inhabit- ants are moftly in the habit of rifing much earlier 'h'an in England. • The human body cannot furnifh fpirita fumcient to reTift the cfFeAs of the violent hfi^t, through the whol'* day, without fome fuch refrefliment ; it is therefore the univerfal praftice to go to fleep for fome hoars after dinner, which ia thcfe countries is ovei^early, and this time of repofe, which lafl;p for two or three hours, is in Spain called the Siejla, and in Portugal the Sejla. Dancing j» 10 much their favourite entertainment, that you may fee a grandmother, Motb^r, and daughter* all in the fame eountry-dauce. Many of their theatri- 4M 2 ^ 6s8 8 P A I K. cal exhibitions are infipid and ridiculous bombaft. The prompter's hetH fometimeti appears through a trap door above the level of the ftaee, and he reads the puy loud enough to be heard by the audience.- GaUiintry is « ruling pafliorf in Spain. Jealoufy, fince the acceifion of the hou(e of Bow^ 'hoxif has ilept in peace. The nightly mufical ferenades of miftrefles by their lovers are ftill in ufe. ' The fights of the cavaliers,^ or buUfealla, are almoft Peculiar to this country, and make a capital figure in painting the genius and mariners of the Spaniards. On thefe occafions, young gentlemen have an . opportunity of (hewing their courage and adivity before their miftreffai ; and the valour of the cavdier is proclaimedt honoured, and rewardtd, according , to the number and fiercenefs of the bulls he has killed in thefe encounters, Great pains are ufed in fettling the form and w^eapons of the combat, fo as to give a reh'ef to the gallantry of the cavalier. The diverfion itfelf, which is^ attended with circiimfUnces of great barbarity, is undoubtedly of Moorifli original, and was adopted by uie Spaniards when upon good terms with that nation, partly through cotpplaifance, and partly through rifaUhip. » , ' . There is not a town in Spain but what has a large fquare for the purpofe of exhibiting bull-fights ; and it is faid that even the poorelt inhabitants of the iinalieft villages will often club together in order to procure a cow or an ox, and fight them, riding' upon affes for want of horfes. Religion.] The horrors of the Romiih religion, the only one tolerated • in Spain, are now greatly teifened there, by moderating the pena^^ies 9f the inquifition, a tribunal disgraceful to human nature ; but though difufed, it is not abrogated ; only the ecclefiallics and their officers can carry no fentence int« execution without the royal authority : it is Itill in force againft the Moorifh and Jewiih pretended converts. 'The Spaniards embrace and pradife the Roman cathoh'c religion with all its abfurdities ; and in this day they have been fo fleady, that their king is diftinguirtied by the epithet of Mojl Catholic. It appears, however, that the burning zeal which diftinguifhed their anceftors above the reft of the Catholic world- hath loft much ofits ac< tivity, and feems nearly extinguiftied, and the power of the clergy has been much reduced' of late years. A royal' ediA has alfo been iiTued, to prevent the admiflioa of noviciates iifto the different convents, without fpecial per* minion, which has a great tendency to reduce the monaftic orders. It it computed that there are now, in the kingdom of Spain, 54,000 friars, 34,000 nuns, and 20,000 fecular clergy, but as little true moral religion aa in any country under heaven. In Catalonia, the confidence of the people on the interceffion of faints has at all periods been a fource of conlblation to them, but upon fome occafions, has betrayed them into mifchief. Every eompany of irtifans, and every fhip that fails, is under the immediate protct^ion of fome patron. Belides folio volumes, which teftify the innumerable miracles performed' by our lady in Montferrat, every fubordinate (hrine is loaded with votive tablets. This has been the parent of prefumption, and among the merchants has brought many families to wai^t. The companies of infurance in the laft war, having each of them its favourite faint, fuch as San Ramon de Penaforte, la Virgen de la Merced, and others, liffociated in form by the articles of partnerfliip, and ;^amed in every policy of infurance, and having with the moil fcrupiilo^s ex< aflnefs allotted to Uiem their cbrrefpondent dividend, the fame as to any other partner, they concluded that with fuch powerful affociates it was not pOiubw for them to fuuer lofs. Under this perfuanon they ventured about the y«uf 1779 to infure the Fcench Weft Indiamen a( fifty per cent, whea %■:- 8 P A I N. 6ff9 tht EnglHh a well verfed in tht oriental languages, and poffeffed great crudiuon. His works ahc comprifed in three volumes, 4to, two of which confill of poetry, and the third ofpiccti in profe. As a poet be excelled both in the ferious and burlefque llyle, and was happy in a turn of humour fimilar to that which we admire in Butler and Swift. ^ Poetry was cultivated in Spain at an early period. After the Saracem Kad fettled themfelves in this kingdom, they ifitroduced into it their own , language, religion, and literature ; and the oriental ilyle of poetry very ' generally prevailed. Before this period, thitSpaniards ha'd addi6^cd them- felves much to Roman literature ; but Alvara of Cordova complains, that, ' in his time, the Spaniards had fo totally forgotten the Latin tongue, and £ivcn the preference to Arabic, that it was difficult even amongll a thou. «ihd people, to find one who could write a Latin letter. — The attachment of many of the inhabitants of Spain to oriental literature wa? th<*n fo great, that they could write Arabic with remarkable purity, and (^ompofe verfes with as much fluency and elegance as the Arabians Ut^nifelves. About this time the Spanifh Jews made a confiderable figure in Ifter^turc^ which was promoted by matters from Babylon, where they had academies, fupported by themfelves. In the year 967 Rabbi Mofes, and his fon Rab- bi EnQch, having been taken by pirates, were fold as flaves at Cordova, and redeemed by their brethren, who eftablifhed a fchool In that city, of whick Rabbi Mofes was appointed the head : that learned Jew was, however, de- firous of returnir^ back to his own country ; but the Moorifh king of Cordova would not give his confent, rejoicing that V.r^ Hebrew fuhjefts had mafters of their own religion at home, without btiig under the neceflity of receiving them from a foreign univerfity, and every indulgence wai granted them with refpe6t to their worfhip. In 1039, Rabbi Ezechias wat put to death at Babylon, and the college over which he had prefided was transferred . to Cordova, from whence a number of Hebrew poets iffued forth, , who have been noticed by various learned writer^. The Spanifh Jews had alfo Hourlfhing fchools at Seville, Granada, and Toledo, ai>d from hence arofe the nui.ierous -Hebrew proverbs, and modes of fpeech, that have crept into the Caftillian language, and form a confpicuous part of its phrafeology. To thefe Jews the Spanith language is indebted for a curious verliou of the Hebrew books of the Old Teftament, which was afterwards printed at Ferrara, in 1553, in a Gothic Spanifh letter. The Spanifh writers alfo boafl of their Troubadours as high as the twelfth or thirteenth, centuries, the Provencal and Galician dialefts being then very prevalent. The marquis of Villena, who died in 1434, was tht author of that famous work tlie y///« ile la Gaye Sckncla, which compre- hends a fyftem of poetry, rhetoric, and oratory, befides defcribing all tht ceremonies of the Troubadours at their public exhibitions. — ^That noble- man was alfo the author of a tranflation of the ^neid of Virgil into Spanilh verfe- Juan de Mena, of Cordova, was alfo much celebrated as a poet in his own time ; his poems have paffed through a variety of editions, the firft of which was printed at Saragoffa in 1515. Juan de la Enciii was alfo a poet of confiderable merit : he tranflated fome of the Latin ' -J.-* /->f T\nA*rv anA Athfr Bofcan, ErciUa, Viilegas and rkQPmo inff\ f^i-kfiriifK, irorics which were printed at Saragoila in 15 16. W 1^ A f ft. w wdotlier.Spanlft potHiIfo obtained grett rqnitatKm In tbeir own eountrf,' , But the mon diftinguiihed dramatic foet of this nation was Lopez deVefrif who was contemporary with our Shakefpeare. He poffefTed an imaginatioa aftonifhingly fertile, and wrote with great facility ; but in his dramatic works he difregarded the unities, and adapted his works more to the tafte of the age, than to the rules of criticifm. His lyric compofitions, and fugi- tive pieces, with his profe eflays, form a colleftion of fifty volumes, befidea hii dramatic works, which make twenty-fix volumes, more ; exctufive of four hundred fcriptural dramatic piecesi called in Spain j4u/o Sacramentalet. CaU dcron was aHb a dramatic writer of conftderable note, but many of his playa art very litfcntious in their tendency. Toftatus, a diviw, the mod volumnious perhaps that ever wrote, waa i Spaniard; but his works have been long diftinguiftied only by their bulk. Herrera, and fome other hiilorians, particularly De Solis, have (hewn great abilities in hiftory, by inveftigating the antiquities of Ameri- ca, and writing the hiftory of its conqucft by their Countrymen. — Among the writers who have lately appeared in Spain, Father Feyjoo has been one ofthemoft diftinguiihed. His performances difplay great ingenuity, very extenftve reading and uncommon liberality of fentiment, efpecwlly when hit fituation and country are confidei-ed. Many of his pieces have been tranf- lated into Engli{h,-and publiflied in four volumes, 8vo. Don Francifco Perez Bayer, archdeacon of Valencia, and author of a diflertation on the Phenician language, may be placed in the firft line of Spanifti literati. Spain has likewife produced many travellers and voyagers to both the Indies, who are equally amufing and inftnidUve, If it fliould happen the Spaniards could difengage themfclves from their abftrafted metaphyfical turn of think- ing, and from their prefent tyrannical form of government, they cer- tainly would make a capital figure in literature. At prefent, it feemi, that the common education of an Englifh gentlemen would conftitute a man of learning in Spain, and fliould he underftand Greek, he would be quite a phxnomenon. Some of the Spaniards have diftinguiftied themfclves in the polite arts, and not only the cities, but the palaces, efpecially the Efcurial, difcovcr ma- ny ftriking fpecimens of their abilities as fculptors and architeds ; Palo- mino in an elaborate trcatifes on the art of painting, in two volumes, folio, hai infcrted the lives of two hundred and thirty-three painters and fculptors^ ■who flourifti^d in Spain from the time of Ferdinand the Catholic to the. conclufion of the reign of Philip IV. Among the moil eminent Spanifti painters, were Velaujue, Murillo, who is coifimonly called the Spaniftt Vandyke, Ribeira, and CI audio, , Coello whofc ftylc of painting was very.. filnilar to that of Paul Veronefe. ')':■', ':•'..- . '.■. Universities.] In Spain are reckoned 24 univerllties, the chief of which is Salamanca, founded by Alphonfus, ninth king of Leon, in the year 1200. It contains 21 colleges, fome of which are very magnificent, Moft of the nobility of Spain fend their fons to be educated here. The reft are, Seville, Granada, Compoftclla, Tolido, Valladolid, Alcala, Sig- uenza, Valencia, Lerida, Hiiefca, SaragofTa, Tortofa, Ofluna, Onata, Candia, Barcelona, Murcia, Taragona, Baeza, Oriucia, Oviedo, and Palencia. ANTKji'iTiES AND CURIOSITIES,! The foniicr of tliefe confift chiefly .jAfiTlFiclAL AND NATURAL. . j of Ronuin and Moorifli antiquities. ■ Near Segovia, a grand aqueduft, ercdted by Trajan, extends over a deep valley bctwctn two bills, and is fupported by^a double row of 159 arches. ;'-V-> ; fit « * A I M. Other Roman tqueduAi, theatre*, and circl, are to be Ibund at Terrago, and difTcrrnt parts of Spain. A runittun watch-toMrer near Cadiz is vu). Srly, but crruncuuOy thought tu be one of tiie pillars of Hercules. Ne«r i city of Salamanca are the remains of a Roman way, paved with Urue flat ftonca ; it was continued tu Merida, and from thence to Seville. At Toledo are the remains of an old Roman theatre, which is now converted into a church, faid to be one of the greateft curiofitiea of antianity. h u 600 feet ill length, 500 in breath, and of a proportionable height ; the roof, which ia amatingly bold and lofty, is fupportcd by 3;o pillars uf fine marble, in ten rows, funning eleven alles, in which are 366 altars, and 34 gates ; every part being enriched and adorned with tlic mod noble and luftTy ornaments. At Martorel, a large town^ where much black lace is manufactured, h a very high bridge, built iu 1768 out of the ruins of a decayed une that had exiftcd 1985, years from its eredtion by Hannibal. At the north end i& 4 triumphal arch or gateway, [aid to have been ralfed by that general in hoa<>ur of his father Hninilcar. It is almoft entire, well proportioned and fimpk, without any kind of ornament, except a rim or two of hewn ilone. Nt>Ar Murviedro (once the faithful Saguntum) Je- ftroycd by Hannibal, are imnc Roman remains — as the ruins of the theatre, an cxadl femicircle about Si yards diameter, fome of the galleries, arc cut out of the rock, and 9CX)0 perfons might attend the exhibitions without inconvenience. , The Mooridi antiquities are rich and magnificent. Among the moil diftinguiihed of thefe is the roy»t palace of the Alhambm at Granada, which it one of the mod entire, as well as the mod Itately, of any of the edifices which the Moors crcded in Spain. It was built in 1280, by the fecoiid Moorifh king of Granada, and, in 1492, in the reign of their •ighteenth king, was taken by the Spaniards. It is fituated on a hill, which is afcended by a road bordered with hedges of double or imperial myrtles, and rows of elms. On this hill, within the walls of the Alham- bra, the emperor Charles V. began a new palace in 1568, which was never finiflied, though the (hell of it remains. It is built of yellow ilone : the outfide forms a Iquare of one hundred and ninety feet. The infide is a grand circular court, with a portico of the Tufcan, and a gallery of the Do- ric order, each fupportcd by thirty-two columns, made of as many fingle pieces of marble. The grand entrance is ornamented with columns of jafper, on the pedeftals of which are reprefentations of battles, in marble baflo relievo. The Alhambra itfelf is a mafs of many houfes and towers, walled round, and built of large (lones of different dii. ^nfions. Almoin all the rooms have lUicco walls and cielings, fome carved, fome painted, and fome gilt, and covered with various Arabic fcnten^cs. The moll curious place within, that pei^ haps exifts in Europe. Here are feveral baths,, the walls, floor, and cieling of which are of white marble. The gardens abound with orange and lemon trees, pomegranates, and myrtles. At the end of the gardens is another palace called Ginaraliph, fituated on a more elevated (lation than the Alham- bra. From the balconies of this palace is one of the fincft profpcdls in Europe over the whole fertile plain of Granada, bounded by the fnowy mountains. The Moors to this day regret the lofs of Granada, and Hill of- fer .up prayers to God for the recovery of the city. Many other noble mo- numents, ere^ed in the Moorifh times, remain in Spain ; fome of them in tolerable prefervatibu and others exhibiting fuperb ruins. * Among the natural curiofities, the medicinal fprings, and fome noify lakes, form a principal part ; but v'e muft not forget the river GuadiaiiS) • p A I M; ^ hi .... '^ VKich like the Mole In ftngUind, runs under groundi «n ^500!. per ann. but as the bilhops cahoot devife by ^iUj alt thfy 4ii poneffed ^f| eJicheattto the king. 8ev31e, th» Julia of the l^pinane,^ it nfxt to Madrjidf the largest qityin 3paia, but is £preatly decayed both vs qches and population. Th? (h9p« is icircul^, and thy, whf n deferted lOth by ]£ngland aqd tbie Emperpr, for whom they had't^ikep i^p arms. trhe number of inhabkaiits is fuppoiipd to be nearly 1 50,00.0, and they fupply Spain with moft of the cloathing add. a^-ms,ior the troops. A fm. guW cuftom prevails amqi^ them on tpe ift of Nov^mtier, the eve of AH po\M ; they run about fcom houfeto houfeto eat cbefnuts, believing that fcr every chefnut they fwaUow., with proper faith and undion, they fhaU delivery :(bul out of purgatory. ' ' " Valencia is a Urge and almoft citcular city, yrith lofty walls. The ftreeti are crooked and narrow, and not pav«d, tlte hpufes ill built - ^d filthy, and inoft of the churches tawdry. iPneftF, nuhs, and friars, of every drefti fwarm , In tk^ city, whofe inhabitants are computed at 80,000. Its archbifliopric it one of the beft in Spain, to the airtount of 40,000!. fterling t^ year. ~ Ciurthagena is a large city, but has Very few godd ftreets, and fewe^ r^ marl^ble buildings^ The port is vary complete, formed by nature in the figure of a heart, and. tbe anenal 19 a fpacious fquare fouth-wcfl. of the towis ifvith 40 piece; of cannon to defend it towiurds the Tea. "When Mr. Swinburne viilted it, in. 1775, there were 800 Spaniih. criminals, ai. '. 600 Buibary ilavet working at thejpumps to keep the docks dry, &c. aud treated with great ifihumanity, Tlie crimes for which the Spouiards wqre fent there, deferred Ipdeed exemplary puniflunents. Granada ftands on two hills, and the ancient palace x^ the Alhambn trowns the double iummit between two rivers, the Doujo, and the Xenil S P A I N. «^7 yhe fofmw glbrica of tUi okf tre paifed away with its old kAMumiM i ibe (ireeU are nonif fHthy, aatf tha aquedufla citunfaled to daft, and its t^tde loSL Qf 5»,ooo inhabitants, qnilf iSipooaie reckoned ufeful ; the furplua ia madi; iipofclciig^, lawyers, chiklrea, and beggars. The araphitheatre for faidl JFeafts is built of ftone, and one of the bcft in Spain^ and the cnviroaa ofxhc fsity are ftiU jplcafing and healthful. Bitbaa ia fituated on the banks of the river Ybaizahal, and is ahqut two leagues fWun the fea. .It contains abou( tight hundred houfes,, with a krge (quareby the water fide, trell ihaded with pleafant walks, which extend to the outlets, on the banks of the river ; where' thfcre are great numbcrr of houies an4 gardeds, which icarm a moft pleafing proipe^, particularly in (ailing up the river ; £Eir, hcfides the beautiful verdure, numerous ohje&s opea gradually to the eye, and the town appears aa an amphitheatre, which ea- Svtns the h^^^pe, and compktea the fccnery^ The ho^fin are folid and jofiy, and the Areata well paved and levd ; and the water is fo conveyed i»> ta the ftreets, that they may he walhed at pleafure | which renders Bilho^ ane of the neateft towns in Europe. ' '^ ^yaga ia an ancient city, and not le& remailcaUe for ita opnkn^e ttad, Mtenfive commerce than for the luxuriance of its foil, yielding in great abun- dance the. moft delicioos fruits j whilft its rugged movintaus alford thofie lufcious grapes, which give fuch reputation to the Malaga mat, known in England by die name of Mountain. The city.is lai^e and populous, and of a circular form, furroitnded with a double vvaU, ^rengthencd by lUitely tQWCta, and haa nine gates. A Moopfh caftle on the point of a rock com- mands every part of it. The fkreets are :aarrow, and the moil remarkable hMilding in it is a ftupendous cathedral, begun by PhiKp II. faid to be «( large as that of St. Paui^ in London. The bifhop's income is x6,eooL ^erling. - , ,' The city of Salamanca is of a ctrcuiaf form, bnikon three hills and twat vallies, and on every fide funounded with profpcdaof fine houfes, noble feats, * gardens, orchards, fields, and diftant villages } and is ancient, hrge, rk:h,aui populous.' Ther( are teu gates to this city, and it contains twenty'fivc fhurches, twenty-five convents of friars, and the fame number of nunneriea. the m(^ heautiful part of this city is the great fqtiare, built about forty years ago. The hoi^es are of three flories, and all of equal height and cf>' adifymmetry, with iron balconies, and a ftone baluftrade on the top of them : the lower part is arched, which forms a piazza all round the fquare, one of two hundred and ninety-three feet on each fide. tOver fume of the arches are medallioaB, with bufts of the kings of Spain, and of feveral eminent men, .in ftone bafTv relieve, among, which are thofe of Ferdinando Cortez, Frauds Pizanro, Daviia, and Cid Ruy. In this fquare the buU-ftghts are exhibited for three days only, in the -month of June. The river Tormes runs by thi| city, and has f bridge over it of twenty-five arches, buik by the Romans, and yet entire. Toledo is 6ne of the, moft ancient cities in Spain, and during feveral cen- turies it held the rank of its metropolis. But the neighbourhood of Ma*, drid has by degrees ftripped it of its numerous inhabi^ts, and it would ' have been almoft entirely deferted but for its cathedral, the income of which being in great part fpent here, contributes chiefly to the maintenancM of the few thoufanda that are left, and aififts, in fome degree, thofe fmalji nianufa£^ures of fword blades and filk-ftuSs that ai-e eftabliflied in thia «ity. It is now exceedipigly ill-built, poor andfx^n, and tht: .%feU, v^' f S PA I .N. 5, fist Burgoi was the tnclent capital of the kingdom of Caftile, but nowr in oik fcurity. The cathedral is one of the mod magnificent ftruAiim of the Go* thic kind, now in Europe : its f9rm is ekaAly the fame as that of York min* fier, and on the «aft end is an o^agon building exaAly hke the chaper houfe at York. Gibraltar, once a celebrated town and fortrefs of Andalufia, is at prefent In poffeflion of Great Britain. Till the arrival of the Saracens in Spain, which took place in thear, 7 1 1, or 71 2, the rock of Gibraltar went by tht lameof Mons Calpe. , On their arrival a fortrefs was built upon it, and it obtained the name of Gihl-Tarif, from the name of theiif general, and thence Gibraltar. It was in the poflelnon of the Spaniards and Moors by turns, till (it was taken from the former by a combined fleet of Englifli and Dutch' fliiips, under the command of Sir George Rouke, in 1704 ; and this rather through accident than any thing elfe. The prince of HeiTe, with 1800 men, lande4 oi^the ifthmu8,but an attack on that fide was found to be impra6licable, 'oa account of the ftecpnefs of the rock. The fleet fired 15,000 ftot' without making any imprcmon on the works, fo that the fortrefs. feems to be equally impregnable both to the Britifli and Spaniards, except by faiAine; At laft, a party of failors, halving got merry with grog, rowed clofe under the New Mole in their boats, and as chey faw that the garrifon, who confifted only of IQO men,did not mind them, they were encouraged to attempt' a landing; and having mounted..the mole^ hoifted a red jacket as a fignal of pofleffion^ Thisvbeing. immediately obferved from the fleet, more boats and failofSwetc fent out, whb, in like manner, having afcended the works, got pofTeffion of a battel^, and foon obliged the town to furrender. After many fruitlefs attempts to recover it, it was confirmed to the Englifh by the treaty of Vtrpcht, "in 171 3. Repeated attempts have been fince made to wrefl it from England, bpt without fuccefs : the latl war hath made it more famous than ever, when it underwent a long fiege againfl tl^e united forces of Spain and France by land and fea, and Wds gallantly defended by general Elliot Ind his garrifon, to the great lofs and difgrace pf the aifailants : though it n\uft.be granted, the place is by nature almoft impregnable^ Near 30a pieces of cannon of difrerent bores, and chiefly brafs, which were funk bet tore the port in the floating batteries, have been raifed, and fold, to ^be dif* tributed among the garrifon. It is a commodious port, and formed naturally for commanding the paiTage of the Straits, or, in other words, th'<; entrance in- to the Mediterranean and Levant feas. But the road is neither fafe againft an enemy por ftorms : the bay is^about twenty'Ieagues in circumference., The flxaits are 24 miles long, and i§ broad ; through which fets a current from the Atlantic ocean into the Mediterranean, and for the ftemming of it a briflv gale is required. The town was neither large nor beautiful, and in thelallfiege was totally deftroyed by the enemies bombs, but on account of. its fortifications, iselleemed the key of Spain, and is always furnifhed with a garrifon well provided for its defence. The harbour is formed by a mole, which is well fortified and planted with guns. Gibraltar is acceflible on the land' fide, only by a narrow paffage between tlie rock and the fea, but that is walled and fortified both by art and nature, and fo inclofed by high fteep hills, ■ as to be almolt inacceflible that way. It has but two gates'on that fide, and as many towards the fea. Acrofs this Ifthumus the Spaniards have drawn a fortified line- chiefly with ii IIIC gaffiiun oi Gibraltar trom having any intercOurfe with the country behind them : notwithftanding which they carry pn a cl^ndcftine trade, particularly in tobacco, of which the Spani- ards are exceedingly fond. The garrifon is however confined within very QarK SPAIN. 49# {{giJta ; and» ab the grotind produces fcarcely any thing, all their provifiona avfl. biought them either frpm England or from Ceuta, on the oppofite coaft oft Barbary^ Formerly Gibraltar was entirely under military government } but that power producing thofe abufes which are naturally attendant on it» the pirUament thought proper to ereft it into a body corporate, and the civil power is now lodged m its magiftrates. The chief illands belonging to Spain i« Europe, are thofe of Majorca VaA Yvica, of which we have nothing particularly to fay. Minorca, which wii» taken by the Engliih in 1708, under general Stanhope, and confirmed ^tO Great Britain by the treaty of Utrecht 1713* was^retaken by the Spaniardls the lail #ar« February 15, 1782,'but has Utdy fallen again into ^he polTelDoK < of Great Britain. It contains about 37,090 inhabitantSt Commerce and manufactures. 3 The Spaniards, un]^appily for them^ felves, make gold and iilver the chief branches both of their exports and im« ports. I'hey import it from America, from whence they export it to other countries of Europe. Cadiz is the chief emporium of this commerce. Hi- ther (fays Mr. Anderfon, in his Hiftory of Commerq:) other European na- tions fold their' merchandife, to'bie fhipped off in SpaniHi bottoms for A- merica, inJStered (or, as our old English phrafe has it, coloured) undec the .names of the Spanifli fadors. Thofe 'foreign nations have here their agents and corre(pondents ; and the confuls of , thofe nations make' a confiderable figure. Csidiz has been faid to have the fineft ilorehoufes and magazines for commerce of any city in , Europe ; and to it the fl6ta and galleons regularly the treafures of Spani(h America. The proper Spanifh merchan- m exported from Cadiz to An^erica lare of no great . value ; but the duty oh the foreign merthandife lent tnither would yield a great revenue* (and confequently the profits of merchants and their agents would ftnk}> -were it not for the many iraudulent pra^ices for eluding thiolie duties.'' At St. Ildefonfo the glafs manutadture is carried on to a degree of per* fe£lion unknown in'Englaiid. The largeft mirror»are made in a brafs frame* 162 inches long, 95 wide, and fix deep, weighing near 9 tons. Thefe are defigned wholly for the royal palaces, and for prefents ' from the king. Yet even for fuch purpofes it is ill placed, and proves a devour- ing monfter in a country vvhere provifions are dear* fuel fcarce, and car- riage exceedingly expenfive. Here is alfo a royal nianufa£^ure' of linen, employing about 1 5 looms ; by which it is faid the king is a coiifiderable lofer. In the city of Valencia there is a very refpeftable filk manufadure, ia . viinch five thoufand looms, and three hundred {locking frames, give empldy- nienf to upwards of 20,000 of the inhabitants, without enumerating thofe . who exercife prufefliohs relative to the manufad^ure, fuch as perfons whs prepare the wood and iron work of fo gr^at a number of machines, or fpin* wind, or dye the filk. At Alcora, in the neighbourhood of Vsiencia^ a maimfadture^ of porcelain lias been fuccefsfully eftablifhed ; and they very mucm excel in painted tiles.' In Valencia, their beit apartments are Boorea w|th . thefei and are remarkable for neatnefs, for coolnefs, and for elegance. 'They are ftr6nger and much more beautiful ,than thofe of 'Holland. At Carthagena they make great quantities of the etparto ropes and cables, fomeofthemTpun 11!.; hemp* and others platted. Both operations arc per. furmed with fingular rapidity. Thefe cables are excellent, becaufe they float < on the furface of the water, and are not therefore liable to be cut by the rusks «j) a ft^ulcoaO;. The efpart* ru(h m^kes good matt for houfes al^argates L'A 8 P* A I k. «i>ffaMt IrtyvHiert M>du6tibil of alt the high and un. cultivated mountains of the fputh. ^ f; x miwtfcii^rtijiett cordigife whi0i.i| mi#iii ${ialti^ fijv lihe ufe of the I9pi if$i*yf Mn j^' Bouir^diiiine 6bi«fv«f * Uiilt it it, better and diore dnr- i||efk}(ikh (hat d^ike principal jlock-yarda aiid m^gazinca itl Europe) be. imfti ia (!otnb{n| tfit hetnp, jkV'thb to.Vy ^rt vre leai^eih it Wat takeil yafdt) which the BpAnlards have avoided adopting, it the tar. finl^the'cdi^e And keepihg It a long time piled up» In this ftate the tai^ ftl^iMti, aUd <(ata the hempt and the cordagt h extremely apt to breaii iRir beit)^ nfed but a (hort (pace of Hme. The SpAnialrd^ foaripierly obtained thieir^hemp from the north } at prcftnt th<>y are ibfe to do without the ftffiftance^ in thit artide, of any other nation. The kihgdbm 6( Granada alKady fUmifliea them with the gtcateft part bf the hemp they ufej arid, iu caft of need, they may hare recourfe to Arragbn ilihd ^iaVtrre* All the /aildoth and bOrdage in the tnagazinet at Cadiz ari! mide wkh SpatiiiK hemp ; the texture of which it evcn^cldfe^ andfolidk _ • - > I'he fhoft inkportitttt j^todu&ion of thi^ country,' and the moil ^^AUi Micl« of commferigli} it barilk^ a fpeciet df pot^idi, procut-ed by burning a kt«ni^ variety 6^ plants almpft peculiar to the klngdomi of Valencia, atid l)(for6ia, fii6n aa /diai\ atg^iuU JUiUHt fayoitnett faRcotrHia^ with barilku It Is ufed for mtUufig foapi for bleaching, and fOr glafs. All the tiatibni lit^l^tttqpe, by the combuftiop of various vegetable fubAanceti make fome kitld of pet-afh | but the fuperior eXbeB^nce rtant artide of cOhitnerde. The account of this furprizing n^nufa(^ur« m fWdl Ibridge from Mr. Townfend. «♦ I obferted," fays he, " a large fhckifure, with a number of mounts of about twenty feet high, at regular dlftt^ces from each other. Thefe were collected from the rubbifh of the city of Madrid, and the forapings of the highways. They had remained ill' the winter piled up in the mamner In-which I found them. At thin thikt nttn. were employed ia wheeling^ them away, and fpresttting abroad the earth to the thicknefs of about one foot, whilft othert were turning what £^d beeen previpufly fexpofed to the iniluende of the fun' and air. The preceding fummers ^thefe heaps Irad been waihed, and being thus ex* pofed, would yield, the fai|ie quantity of fait 'again, and as far as appears, the produce would never rail |. hut, after having be^ ivafhed, no falt-petre cak be obtained without a fubfequeot expofure. dome of thil earth they can lixiviate once a year^ fome they have wafhed twenty timet in the lail fevett ydii^, and fome they ha^e fubjoEted to thit operation fifteen timet ill ooiipycar) judging »lw»yt by tfaalr p«i', Md hard* ^N. GreM alhnt ha^e been lAidtty th« j^overtftneMtb prevent theotb«ir Eufopeiin nAtibns from iWj^g^ tlM'ehiel adnwMM of the'AnieiieaD comi nercie t but thejfe ii^ct mm W;ifttte«lflifM, till VrpTtkofkidufb^ iimrilunlM BiiK)ngthentttilf their AjftwriCMt fkofleffioM inth their own cominodhiM ahd^eithWM!Uu>;> Klbttw|itfei» the j^fbvd fi^^ andfactlitir with whieh'the Eftigliih, Frmrfii Dutdi( and otfa^ hatioaf^ ctrry on this contrftbind ttade> render tbeffi greMer giliifer« by it than ilic Spaniards themfelves arei the cieM*. profits feldoMi'iRieUMtiig to left than lO per cent. Thie endetTily Hi«k««. It an imjKiTtant concern, thnt'tluyfe' ita- mcnfe riches Ihopld belong to the ?■ Mmtirdtt'i > rtther than to ally >a£itfr« Enrbpcatt niitioh t bttt I AmH have o»;i.^ion ttf' t'tfUeh dnthii falje€l iii the account olArtieriea. , (. . CoNSTiTvTioii AMD oottfiMMtMTO Spaii^ frofft being the mo|b ft«eyia now the moft defpotie hiflgd whether his liathplie msjefty may not bequeath his cttfwh^ opMi hib demife, to «iiy bmwth ^f thie royal mnily he pleaies. It is at le*ft eertftin, that the ho^ie 61 Bouiboft mounted the throne of Spdin in virtue of the laft wfll of Charles ll;i > The cortes or parliaments of the kingdom« which formerly, eteceiitty- In Caftile, had greater power ahdjtriiittk^S than that bf England jiare now aboKfhed ; but (bttne fikilH! lemains of thejr conftitutibn arc ftlil dSb«raible i» the provemment though all of them are ineife^lual, and under the control of the king. '- ; ' The privy^oUncS which is com|)olRfcd of a' number of noblemen ongrandeesy nominMed by the king, fits odly to |ireptnre thatters, and to digeft ptiperlfer the csbtiictedttncil or jtinto, whrcb odnfllb tif the lirft fecretary of ftate, and three or four moire named by' ihe king; and ikt them refides the dlre^lion of 1^ the executive part of government . The council of war takes cogaifimee of military affarrs only. The council of Caftil SeviUej Majorca, thfr Canaries, Saragoife^ Valencia, and Barcekma, Thefe judge primarily in aU caufes within nfteen miles of thcnr refpeftive cities Or capitals^ and receive appeals from' iuferior jurifd{6tIons> ikfides. th(fe thiere are many IvboHiMate triburtals^ for the pdlice, the Anatiees^ and other branches of boflrefs. ' Thegoyctrnmenf of BpiiiTifh America fomiS a fy item of itfelf, and is dele* gated tdviceti^ys,' and dther magiftrates, who iire in ^eir.reA>^^e diftrite almoil abfotute. A council for the Indies is eftablifhed in Old' Spain, and conflKs of a gAveynur^'four fecretaries, and twenty-two counfetttJKi, befidcs officers. Tlveir dticifioti ia final in matters relating to America. 'The mem* berli are generally chefen fireim the viceroys and magiftrates who have fenr< ed i^thal cMiitry. 'Hie two- great yiceroyaltics of Peru and Mexico are fo cotliidtr jlJei that they arefetdbtn tnjftrd loose perfon for if>crt thari throe years ; but they are thought fufficient td make his fortune in that tiflSe*' The foreign pofleifibns ^ the crown of Spaint befides thofe in Amertcft •fC the t*wiia (if C«ttt«i OitW, and Mafulqtaivir, ott the coaft of Baibary-, 4 Q 4 '■ ■ ■■ ' Ml i4ir P A I N. in Afirioi t'Md thc|0Midi(«fi,8t. L^zuo, the PhiUppinei, and^I^a^nHief^ » Aflh; • ■ ■ ' y '«./■ ,-'"■■ -i RsTiirvKi.] The rc^ieliuca arifiag to the.kiig Iront Oid Sp»in, yearly UBount to (»ooo»0O0L ilerUng thottgh^ome Ciy eigM»«ad;they (o/na the fureft f upport' of hit gomnnMnt , , Hit American iBcomey, it^ it, liru«k <• immcob, but it MgMpfraU«in«ftMiiin«rA'i4cMl«4Hbr,<«oiipipated,ticf^ CHd jSpua. The kmg hM vfifth of *'l,thc filKcr qMnof thi^ are wrorhed ; but Uttkof it come* into hif coiitM. .Kct Mi* iipon meaoi, hmreyer, ia ca(e itf a war* or aiVpuhUc ein«w«nc)% to fcqueft^r into his own hand) great part of the American; treuitreabebnging. to. hi* fub^edawho ner^r ^mpUlin* bceaufe they are alwaya pundualiy lepaid with intereft. The l^aancea of hit prcfent catholic majeft) hefore tbcFrcaich revolution, wane in excdknt order, and oa a hetter, footing} both for himfelf and hia people, thah. tholie of any of hit predecciTora. . At to the taxes from whence the internal reyenuea arifc, they are various arbitntry, and fo much fuited to conveniency, that we cannot^ thcro,ata^y oertaTniy. > They fallupOn aUkinda of goods, houfea, landa,tinaberraad pro. tifiona I ^ ckfgy and military orders are likewife taxed. Miuraar AND MAaiNx aTaat^^TH.] The Und forces of the citowa of fipain, in time, of peace, are never fewer than 70,00* ) but in cafe of war, they antottnt, wiiliout fwi^odicc to the kingdoo), to 1 10,000. The great depeadcntee of the king, however, is upon his Walloon or foreign guards. Hia p«4&nt catholic majafty has been at great care and expencc to raiiea powerful aaaHoe ; w^ich baa b^en coniidcrably diminiihied fince the war witk Great Britain. They have however a| pnffeBt,.(J(dy tg 1799,) in thcMt^ tftertwiean a$ fliipa of the h'ae. AHakuig Ihf^coatt of Spain are watch>toFeis fioan mile'to mSe^ with lighta #ad«Murd» 9t|M|^t* fo that from Ca^z to Ba^ cekina, akid from Bilbo to Ferrol, the whole h^pgdom may be (oon ahurmed ia cabof antanfioB, '-■■ :■*. '.a. •'■.-, ;■ -.('.lb' ', .i/?*! ■•-•■ir... > t- / i.< Ro\At aaiis, titles, mo>7 Spain £annerly compreheoded twelvt BibiTV, AMD ORDERS. J kjngpdoma T all whicb. With. iipvenal othcn, were by name entered into the r6yal titles, fo that they amouqtBa their name, v but, I rut XING. Their eldeft fon la called prince of Afturiaa, and their younger ohiidrcn, of both fexea, are by way of diftinfUon called infanta or in&ntUi that ia, children. ... 1 ■• The armorial bearinga of the kings of Spain, like their titles ,\i ]a»M %ith' the arms of all their kingdoms. It is now a ihield, divided, in ti{t,fqur <|uarters, of which the uppermoit on the right hand a^d the.lpwstt oa-the left contaip a caftle, or, with, three, tov|rers,< for Caftile:, and jn,,the u]ipe> aooft'ton: (he left, and the Joweil on the r^rht,. aifxth^^^ , lions gu^ei,,'k liCon. J with three liliea in ;tbe centre for Anjoa.'.- . vi, , < TJm general name for thoie Spaniih nobility and gentry, who ar^.VD' ;lttixed with the Moorilh bloodk- |siiHidaIg(r. They ar^- diiyided yito priucef, vvkes, iiarquiflea, counts, , vi(countSt and Othv in^HftT tfj^e^. 3udi u are cneored grandees, may ftan4 covered bc^rft th<^. kiRgirjand^are :Ucateii with priBecfy* diftin^ons. A grandee cmnot, be ^^prftj^udej^ without ihc aUBg's isrdcr; ssd cardissls/ archbiO^po^ 3mb3(I»|of!, I^igbts of^tbe Golden Flaece, aitd certain other grcaV dignitaries, both in church and ftate, hiave Uie privilege, as wcU aa the grandees, to appear covered, be* iira the king.' Tbt a ? A I N H9» ' Thi ** Ordef of the €hl^ FUttt\** pfirticvhflf dcfcrifaed befdre nr th^ crdersofGermaiiT, ii generallv conferred on princes and rovere^dulM/ Vl . :h^ 9pamfh lyftnch df it Kiih'ihany FPetioh iinftd itilian nobility i )h^ >re noCdm«lnd«iet^it*tnf*etintlAt«dt^it.' •♦^ •' i^>v v ofViiM The **OtMriSSiyiuM/*-dt'Shyti»AOompf/kih^wtht ricbefto^nir/ the otdetB of Spgfaii 'ft irWdflMM'mCd^two brandHee/each undcDa grand:! natter, but fhe dficeofbbtb 'Mlipfiii'yfpoptiA\ttaailmii*VL to »heAiM» of Spain and Fbrtiijgtii Via grind^iifte^'in theitii rei^xtftife dominiona.'i lfh4 •td«r is highly 'eft«emed in StUain, and' only ct>nf which was taken from the Moeta^ and here htgun tiM order* which bcc»m< Ttty powerful, lltdr nttmbef, influence^ and poflcffiooi, were fo confiderr able as to excite the jealoufy of the crown, tb wlueh, at length} their neveoWoa an ithe office of grand maftet wiere annexed by ]kipe'InnoceiiitVlIL .The ectbrated "Order of Aktmlaref' derived its origin from the order of St. Julian, or of ^e Pear tree : but after Alcantara was. taken (roni the Moorsj and made the chief fnt of the order, they afTumed the name of Knights <^ the order of Alcantara, iand:laid afide th(| olci device of a pear-tree. Thi* «td:r is highly «fteemed, and conferred only on perfons of ancient and illuf> tnotts fomiUea. The ** Order of the La^ if Mirey" is^iaid to have be■! ■■ ' ^-Vti .;< \ Thefe, iif their turn^ ^ei^-invaded hy the Saraccnsy whe«t tfboijt the en^of th^fevent^ teMtwryi had'tKtffirfTed themlclv«s «f^the flneft kingdoms of Afik Land'Africa>^ iattd'titift co«tetet>«rith the. immenfe regions that fbrmerly cbo»> pvfcdgreaVpart ^fthe^AiyriiR^^reeki and Rwum empires, they 4»o£itha " *( 't^ S P A. I N. MMtcmncnn^ nr^ge S||»i^ i|))4 eftahlifh thenfelvei in the foutlurlf pr». vip^f•pftlttt^^j^gdo|n,i:^.'rijl ,-, h ' pton P^go ia pneationed m the firft did 6p«n((h prince who diftinguidied hiinfclf igainft thefe infidelt (who wcte tftcr wards hnown bf the name of>lffoqr«i thegrcittcrpeit of them iMving come from Maurit«i)i«)» and he todk the title of king of Afturin, about the year ^to. Hie fucceffe« tmi. nattd other CbriftMin prince* to take atma iikcwife, and the two king. db^ of Spain anji Portugal for many ages were perpetually embroiled » blo0dy wars. The Moors in Spain were fupcrior to all their cotemporaries in srti tad arms, and the Abdoulrahmaa line kept poflftiSon of the throne acar joo years. Learning AourUhed in Spain, while the, reft of Europe wat buried in ignorance and barbaritvi But the Mourifh princes by degreei became weak and effeminatc» and their chief minifters proud and infolent. A fcries of civil war« cootiourd, which at latt overturned the throne of Cordovat and the race of Ahdoulrahmaii. Several p^tty- i-.incipalitiei yr«rc lormeden the ruins of tins empire* and many cities of Spain had wch an independent ibwcraign. Now, every adventurer was entitled to the coiiquetta he made upon the Moors, till Spain at laft was divided inte 14 or 11 kingdoms} and ^bout the year 1095, Henry of Burgundy wai deckred by Uie king of X«eon, count of Portugal } but his fon, Alphonfo, threw oifJbiB dependence -^a J^eon, and declared himfelf king, A feriei of bfve princes gave the Moors repeated overthrows in Spin, till about the J car 149^, vhvnallthe kingdoms in Spain* Portugal ex«epl«d, were united y the. marriage of Ferdinand, king of Arragon, and Ilabelhi the heirefi, •od afterwards queen, of Qdlilr, who took Granada,i and .cKpelled out of Sppiifl the Moors and Jews, who would not be converts to the Chrittian faith, |o the mimber of 1 70,00c families. I (hall in their proper places, mention the vaft acquifitions noade «t this time to Spain by the diioovery ot Ameria, luid the firft expeditions of the Portuguefe to the LaH' Indies, by the difcovery of the Cype of Good Hope ; but the fucceifes of both nations were attead«d SPtadiCu^ecabkconfequencea. / , •- The expuUion of the Moor* and Jews 'in » manner depopulated Spain of artifls, labourers, and manufaAurers-i and the ditbovery of America not only added to that calamity, hut rendered the remaining Spaniards moll deplorabl/ indolent. To complete their misfortunes, Ferdinand and IfabeUa introduced the popifli inquifition, with AX its horrors, into tlicic dombions, asafafegard againft the return of the Moors and Jews. (pbaitles V. cf the hau£e of Auftria, and emperor of Germtny, fucceedcd tp the throne of Spain, in jight of his mother, who was the daughurof Ferdinand and IfabeUa, in the year 1516- The extenfive poiTefBons of the houie of Auftria in Europe, Africa, and, above all, America, from whence Iff^ drew immenfe trcffures, begin to alarm the jealoufy of neighboimog ■nncea, but could not fatisfy the ambition of Charles ( and we find him con- nantly engaged in foreign wars, or with his own proteftaut fubje^s, whofshe in vaia attempted to bring back to the catholic diUrch. He alfo reduced the power of the nobles in Spain, abridged the privSeges of the comntont, and grottly extended the.rego} prerogative. At hift, after a long aodtur- bukntrsign, he caaoe to a rafolution that filled all Europe with altonilhrnDt, |hi;w|MH}i^inghinifc^ entirely from any coacera in the v&iisQf this world, :»/»<■.• 1 :.uii ■ .,. ^•ii uily. ■U .i S p. A I N. Hi jBor^ tlttt be might fpend the reoiainder of .bi)(.49]n in rctIreneAt,«|d i^ tttde *• ■ . . • • . Agreeably to thii rcfolution, h< refi|[ned Spain asd tbc HcthfrUndir «i(^ nctt formality in tbc prefence of bit prindpal nobility* to hia fun Philip it* ^ut could not prevail on the princct of Cermapy to dc^ him empao^t ^hick they conferred on Ferdimnd» Charka't brother* tbcrcby dividing the daog^ne- out power of the iioufc of Auflria into two branphea i Spiju* with all ita pod* fcAoniin Africa and the New; Wodd* alio the NetbcHands, and fooie Italian ilattii remained wit|i this elder branch, whilft the empire • Huugary, and Bo- bcmitt fell to the lot of tht vouoger, which they ft!U poITeft. Philip II. inherited all l}\% fathct'ti viq<», with few of hia good ^vuij^tici. He w»3 auUere* haughty, immoderately ambitiooa* and tbrotigh bis whoU life a cruel, bigot in the caufe of popery. His. marriage with queeo JMlarf of England, an unf«cling bigot like himfelf, hit unfucccUful addmtca to hfir • Chartei, pf all hU vaft pftfleflioDf , reicrvc^ nvtliiag (or hiavelf l>»t ap •nnoal Mnfiaa of 100,000 craWni fead A om for ih* place of bii ratreat, a vale lo Spain, of no great n> t«it,wMcrcd by a fmlU brook, BDdmrrcMidad bf rilng frmn^*, c«««r«d with lottj tr««. He gave in^ ordtti, tbat ihc ftylt of tbe biilliUaK arbick be aceded ibara flkonld be lutb at luittd hii )ireCmt fltuation, rather tban feia former digaitv. It copuUUd eplf^f fix loonti {oor of them in tbe fprm of fritre ceUi, witb naked walU t and tbe other two, CKh rwcf.ty feet fqaare, wore hang with brown clotb, and fnraHbed ia tbl atott fiatplr all leirel with the vrouDd, wkh a door eo mm Ade into a garden, *f BiaDMr i they were okitb Ctorles bbntcif bed given the p&n, and had fiUcd it with okitb curies nimtcu neo given tne pian, and had flUcd u with WMMoa piama» wmcA ac sropowd to cultivate withhisown baodi. ^er Ijpeodiaff foMe tioieia the city of OtMWt foFlsoden, the place of bitoaUvity. he fctootfor Zealand in Holland, where b« prepardd to embark (or Spain, aceoaapanled by bitsoo, and a nnmeroos retinue ofpriaeet and nobil- iij I after taUaj an affK lionate and la* fuewel of Philip art hie attaiMaatt. b« 4* oak, eo the 17th of September, 15^6, wader ■ eonvoy ola large iect of Spaailh* famUk, a«i EogUih ihipe. Aa foon as he leaded lo Spain be fell jproOrate opi tbe grpud 1 and eoa- fideriog bifflHlf sow as deadio the world, he kilTed the earth, and bid, " Naked caane 4 eat of my mother's womb, and naked I now return to thee, thieti common nfiothcr el' maii- Und." Some of the Spaniih nobiHcy paid their eoun to htm at be paflsd aloag to the {b«« of his retreat i but they, were so lew in niiml>ert Md their auendaoee was fo nef gint, that Charles obCsrved it, aod felt, for the firft time, that be wu no lo«Kar a aioo- utb. But be was more deeply affeAed with bis fen'i Irgratitude , who, Jorgetttag a|> leidy huw maefa be owed to Ma father's bonnty, obliged him to remain feme wceke 00 tbcroad, before he paid hiai tbe firft mmtj of that ioMll portion, which was all that b« had rtferved of To anany kiag4«ai«. At laft the naoney was paid { aod Cbarlee, haviog dirmiilcd a great niunber of bit domeftic«, wnouc atteiidaate be tboaght wonldbc faper- fluui, he entered into bis haoible retreat with twelve dbmeftia Quiy. Hera be baried {■ wlitDde and filencc, bisgraadeur, bit amUtioo, together with allihofe vaftprojodls which, during half a (cntnry, had alarmed and agitated Europe, iitiog every tUDgdom in it, hy tMroi. wiih the terror of hit arms, and the droid of being (ubje^cd to hit power. Hare ho cojcyed, perhaps, more complete fatitfadUon than all his grandeur ifad ever yH-icd him, Vtr from tailing any pert in the political' transaAions of the princes of Enrt ;.v.,he rdkrain* cd hii egrkifity even trom.any en^^iiry «sncerntng them ; and h» teemed to trmw the bUfy fceoe wl)i(h he had abaodonedi with all the contempt and indiffcreuee ariiiog ffom lua tbsrough e^oerience of iu vanity, as ireii aa irfi^ the plea^ag refledieo of having diien- gised bimieU from its cares. , Newaateteaenu aodnewobjeAs ootif oceopletf his mirid; sometimes he cultivated the plactt in hit tardea with hit own hands { eometiiBet he rede out to the n«ighb«or> lag wood on s littk boTK ; the oniy one that he kept,; attended by. a iingle (etysot on iboi. When his inirmities confined him to his anwtment, he euher admitfe4 ■ ^^ gcatlemea who rcrid«di|i the nelghboHrhood, moL entertained them familiarly at hit ttble ; or he employed timMlf in fttodying tjie principles and in forming euHvut Worbt of aeebattlfaH of which be bud ahraya'beeii eemarkahly fted< Hii ' was pMrticnhirly eueioua with regard to the cohOcttAiaR otxioeks and watchea { and hanog fowvi* afta repeated triali, that he c^uld not bring any two of them to go txa<3W aliice, be n^ded. it t« faid, Witbamisture of eurprite and regret, on! hit own lollv. m havins biaitowcd to much time and labour on t|ie mdte Vain attempt b( bringing tnanlclnd 6a^recise unifiBrmity eC scatiatoD(eeMerni^g A I k ain, j\ tj^itp^vear j/)4p;, tb? nobflii ' welUonduAcd (;pn%rfycyf,i(xi>cllcq M^eir tyrants, ai Mrfycyi.KxpcUet; ^eir tyrants, and placed the dulie of Braganxa, b;r tht2oii,,and fefiug roaAy liy^ were forced tq rctiit without doing it much injtur. .^ .1, WiMn the w,ai» between Great Britain and ner American cotonief 1i^ fttbdfted for fomc timer »nd France had takeo p»r( with the UMcr* the court, of Sp«in w** »tfa piflvailed upooio conuncoce boftiutietf againft^Gieat Brt tiit, In particular, the Spaniards clofelf b«fl«g«d Qibra^tfil-, both; by fe» s»d land: it having been alwayfa gr((at, mortmcation to thcni| tHat^ this foftrcfl NuU be poiteffied by lhc;E<^^' 'I'l*f En»'<^ *tX*ck on tlie , Ut^i of September, .1 782, under the con^iawM^f^ the d^ke do Crilion, by ten &(•< uring ihipSt from 600 to 140O ttfnf biirdfln» carrying in.aJl aia bn0V «uni entirely' ,new, and difcharging. (hot of a($ pounds weight. Thfe ftiowen of inot and (hells which were direfted from them, from their land* bau'erics, and on the other hand from the various worlis of the gam'foi), ex^ lubitpd^;Ail WBlbais of df:- ftwaion. ■CM',"' ;>-'*"^v.:.v' '''^.>' -'■■'■' ^ '\ ■/"''*" J y The inrefiftible impreflion of tl^e >ed h6t balls, which w^iie i^tit' ff6^ oit ginifon in fiioh nunbers and in fuch dircdlioHs, iw4* foon con/jpicuous ] 0i ia the afternoon fmoke was. perceived to ilTue ' froip, the admiral's ](h(p.'^^j another, and by one b the morning feveral were ^n, flames, ^nd W&mbln b£ rockets were thrown up 'from each of their (hips as Hjihala of diftms. , I'ti r((cue from the flames thofe who were now incapable of a^g as e^emi^ii^ ^uld mt be done w;ithAut the grejiteft hazard, by reafon of th^ hlp«ring u| of the (hips } and the previous; difcharge of the gUni. as the f^eJ^iKtij t|ie9i ; yet in defiaocc m «ver^ danger St ^{»diejr Curtis, diftijigoi^edlli^ felf'in an eminent manner in this hur uodertaltiog, and with twc^e |^|i<* boaU (aved nine officers, two prteil», and 334 men, all Spaniard^ } befidet one oftcer, and eleven Frenehrnea, who had floated in the preceding even^i^^ Thus ended all the hopes ol the Spaniards reducing the fortrjC^ of Gib> ralur. But great as was the bravery of the ]^rtti(h garriAin, which de£»rvel every encomium, the (ball tmmbersof the killed and wounded ar]e abne fuf* ici^nitoi(hew that they mull havc.bee^a(fifted by very ftrong fortification^ prit was impoffible tli*t any (kill, wh^tpycr cduld have refifted fuch m trc^ i|S^ndout ppw«r. SoBve trifling operaitions continued on the (ide oi the Spi. aiards till, the reftoration of peace in '178 «(, ' ' atter J, <}ayt, ^^"hegajrrilori.Cdhljltedot noTOoreAaf Joyarfafp, while tht f<^rfii#thc Wtauiij ,'■■.'' '% w^r^ ^ P A I N. '"% Uifet the S^ilh general allowed th«m «o miNh' but wicfi their wni ftduldered, dfUlfas beating, and coloara %ing, trbile the difctnfoUte 8>j. tjm foldieps protefted that ihtj fttrrendered their M-iiki jt^ IiN fubijeiS^i to dtfift from their ancient drefs and iMMtfhcn, and carried hit codeavoura to f»x, that it occaflontfd fct dattffefbu* an thrHrreAkn al Maidridy' ai ot^ved him to put with his mhrifter^ (he marquis of SquiHaee i tkatcfaed narrowly th^fe v^lfK^kefti favour «f its prinetplea. 'Cht tiMktian of all political patni^hl^ta frowi France was fevcrely prohibited, l^hey publilhed a prdclantatidtv 'aglahift tinkers and knifc-glrindars, imn. ductng fcditioits papers ihto the kingdom, ttid « rescript conctrttitiB ftrtngers. ' • ■' •"•'■i" hv'~:.':'y>/ .jt-M:i» JJvy. ;-ua.,w^Mji< ^^^^^ A (hart war aroTe ^et#c^n'tHe Sj^itiwrds'irti^ tlie' eflMpeiw '«f Morocco. The emperor befibged Cfcutft, bttt f^Acc is linde teftored' tt \W8 tin/u(Uy fiij-rtiled tlrjit this war v«S ertterc tf of Frince, fucceeded to bis emplovmentB, tiiU fetnc other airangement could B^ fornne^. It i* fpani«rds, ereat part of which he added to hin military (lores. Shortly afterwards he defeated the Count tfe rUnion who bad made a bold attempt ibr the relief of BeUegarde, which Was at thi» time clofely prefTed. The Spaniflt general had been reinforced by feveral foreign bataUions lately arrived from Africa, whofe innpetitority a^lig^ the republicans at tirft to give way. They foon rallied, however, regained the heights from which they had at firft been diilodged \ and tb( Spaniardl were completely defeated, leaving two thoufand five itundred dead wn the field of battle. ' BeUegarde being thus deprived of every chance of fUriieff fubmitted tQ general Dugoniniicr un the zotn of the following month, 'The garrifon confilted of 6000 men. On the day after its furrender, tht ^imt it rUnioB made another fpiritcd attempt t« diOodgc the' French, bat p ( ''7 .' "' rV was - ' ■ w . t V k t n^: '^ m* completdy repulfed with tkelp(« of of the famr month his great opponent the Count de rUnion was killed, ifith three other Spaniih generals, near St. Fernando de Fiffueresi For the ^nce of this poft, the Spaniards had fpent upwards of fix months iri fftSiine; from eighty to one faundred'batterics mounted with heavy cannont (Htetr force amounted to forty thoiifand men ftrongtyentreBchtd^; and yet they were put to flight, and the^tteriesxarried by the repubKfcans inthree tooum. "'' The Spaniards were equally unfueeefsfut 4n the a£lions, which were fou|^ht It the Weftern Pyrenees. SevewH redoubts were ftormed and carried 'by the republican general Delaforde. Grrnt numbers of the Spaniards were killed^ and three hundred and twenty prifoners were taken, with feven pieces of cannon, two hundred tents, and ^reat quantities of ammunition and fmall arms. On the ilk. of Auguft fifteen thoufand Spaniards fled before mbo^ of fix thoufand French. By this retreat, ithmenfe mfagazines, two thoufand mulkets, ^x ftand of colours, two hundred cannon and howitzers, tents. for twenty f thoufand men, and two thoufand prifonets, among whom were two enti . regiments, who grounded thetr arms, fcll into the hands of the conqueror*. On the fame evening Fontan^ia, which guards the entrancCardlre>Louifa, After to Joleph II. late ^ emperor of Germany. a.. Anthony Pafcal* born Dec. 3 1 > 1 755. PORTUGAL. Situation AND axTKNT. Miles. Degr^ei. length 300I u-twMn I37«»>«l4» North latitude. %eadth looj "**'««" I 7 and 10 Weft longitude. Contitkug 3 stooo, fquare miles, with 7 2 inhabitants to each. ^•v' 4m ItTt* ia UnnnAuA U-,p C.In n^ *1. XT .U J 17-A .-.t _ '^^ **'"'-' 1 the South and Weft by th* Atlantic Ocean, being the lasil wefterly kingdom on the cpntiafot of Europe. Alh '.; T O R T V O A L. tfji AjiciiNt mami« jfMO 1 .Thii kioffdom wm, ia the time of tke K^ sivKiONi. -3 mini, calico Lufitanit. The c^nlQlogy of Hie liiodern nameia uncertuik tt moft probably itiiMfti fiKMn (omt taotedhar« |)ouror}ui;, to which the OauU( tor fo ftraagera are'cdled inthe Cdtk) (cforted. By the form of the country, it ia oatunll)^ dit ided into tturct p«rti } the northern, middle, and fouthem provinces* ■. s ♦'■.■ r ., 'Province!. > a; i Chirftowna. Sq« M. the Northek DI« vifion contains The Middle Divi. fioD contains 'Eftremadura f Entre Tajo The Southern Di- I Ouadiana vifion contains j Alentejo XAlgarva \ {EnCre Minho< 'I.C-Bvaga' Douro^ and ' kI Oporto and Vi*n« Tralos MontesiJ (.Miranda an^ ViUa Real — pCoimbra I I Guisrda Cauel Rodrigo J ^St. Ubes and Leira 'Ebora, or Evora Pbrtalegrci E^vas, Lagos .Faro, Tavora, and Silvts f>Bdra Hi 1 1 lilvtsj 6814 12540 v. 8397 Soil, AIR, ioduction«.] The foil of Portugal is not in ee- Dcral equal to Spain for fertility, efpedallv in cofii, which they im- port from oUier countries. Their fruits are the fame as in SpaiA, but not fo highly flavoured." The Portuguefe wines, when old and g«iuine» are efteemed to be very friendly to the human conftitution^ and filfe to drink*. Portugal contains mines, but they are not worked } variety of gems, mar- bien, and miiUftones^ a'd a fine mine of fait petre near Liibon4 Their cattle "and poultry are but indiiFerent eating. The air, efpccialiy about L!(bon, .is reckoned foft and beneficial to confumptive patients { it is not (o . fcarehing as that of Spain, being refreflied from the fea-breezes. Mountains.] The face of Portugal is mountainous, or rather rockyt foi' their mountains are generally barren : the chief are, thofe whieh «« vide Algarva from Alentejo ; thofe of Tralos Montes, and the rock of Lilbon at the mouth of the Tajo, .; Watbr and aivns.] Though every brook in Portugal i| reckoned a river, vet the ohief Portuguefe rivers are mentioned in Spain, all of them falling into the Atlantic ocean. The Tagus or Tajo was celebrated for its golden fand. ' Portugal contains fe/eral roaring kkes and fprings 1 fomruf them are abfo^bent even of the lighteft fubttances, fuch as wood, cork, and feathers ; fome, particidarly one about 4$ miles from Lilbon, are medicinal and fanative ; and fome hot baths are found in the little kingd .>m| or ratfier province of Algarva.' ' ; Promontories aUj* bays.] The promontories or capes of Portugal are Cape Mondego, near the mouth of the river Mondego } C^e Roca, at the Rorth entrance of the River Tajo; Cape Efpithel, at the fouth entranet pf the river Tajo { and Cape St. Vincent, on the fouth*weil point pf Algarvi||( 4 P a /' V5.l]>.a t'.. ., ). ' .(i * Thtt pori.wiBM are made it^ tju dillriiili; raand Qporto, which 'doeiMt.pr«4tce:Mie half the quantitf thit ii confumed, under tbaiosmei ui'thf Britilh dominiooi'oiHi 'TV| Merchintt io thiu citjr have fpacioui win« Vahltt. c«^»le 0f l»tdiBg't or ^QeOfOwNMa it kftidthSt 29,000 arc yearly txfKMtcd from 0|ronSit ' ' iii^ fl» ? O It T U G A %» foutk of LiAoa, md Ligoi T^)ucftt»t \haft ot QtAouft oi St Ubet, 'Jllfi^ in" AlginmU' ■•> ' i )• AkimaliT Tbe fca»fift» on the coaft of Fortngal, are rcekonird cieck IfM I on the faiid»> the hogi iMid liids are telrrablff eating» Thdr males art lurcf . and'fcnHccable \toth fat drUigbt aad cat riage i and their/ horfes, though flight, are 'lively.^ ''^'> ,; :>jH<.- ■,.>','iA!%..tiKi. ^iQh JLATION, tMHABiTANTt,') Acrordmg to fhc beft catcalation, Pott< T»,l Acrordmg I. ( ugal contami in tbe year 17321 t ■fw r. Mxrsasy Aa» dovniMa. f ugal contamt near t^vo millioni of inhi. Aftanta. ' By a fiurr^ made in tbe year 17321 there were in that kingdom Sf344 pariihea, and i,74x',3ao lay pcffona (which ia but 5^2 laity to ead terilh on a inedhim)( oefidei above jdOfOOOy ecclefiaftieB of both fexcs. ' The niodam Portugneie retaifi aot^g df that ad«enturoua enterprifing fpirii; that' rendered their fonfaihera fo illuftridna 500 yeara ago. They have» ever itnc^«thii!4u)iaf« of Braganza mounted the throne^ degenerated ia «U their vihuea I though fo(ne noble exceptions are ft'ill remaining among (hem, aiid no p^(e are lb little obliged aa the Portiiguefe are to the reports df hift^rians and trarelkrt. Their ttegeneracy ia i^dcntly ow^itig to the weakoefl of their monarchy, which rendera them inaAive, for fear ofdif. obliging their powerful neighbours) and that itiaAivity haa prbved the fource of ptidA, and ether unmatily' vices. , Treachery has been laid to their charge, aawtitt'M>'in|[ratitiide, and above all, an intemperate paflion for re- venge;' -They a/r, if poflible', mors fuperftitious, and, both in high and com- iaon life, affcA more iute than the Spaniards themfehrca« Among the lower people, thicviAg ia commonly- pradited ; and all ranka are acculed of being tM^irjllfthcirdealil^tefpccially with ill angers. It ia hard, however, to fay 'Wmt dtetHtion may be made in the charafter of the Forttrgiiefc, by the tSpulfieii of ihe Jcfuita, and diminution of the papal influence among them j blR' above all, by'thalfpirit of independency, with regard to commercial •filing upon Great Britain, which, not much to the honour of their gratitude, dMNigh ttfihe iiftereft of thdr own country, ia now lb. much encouraged by tiler eourt'rndminiilry.' ' ■" - • '■ ■• i>--Tbe Pbrtugucfe aire neither fo tallnorfu well made aa the Spaniards, wbofe tiabita and cuftotita they imitate, only the quality aifeA to be more gaily and riehly dreifed. - The Portuguefe ladies are thiri ar>d fmall of ilature. Tiieir toraplcxion is t^c, their eyes black and cxpreifive, and their features general* ly regufaur. They are efteemed to be generous, modeft,- and witty. They flrefa like the Spaniih ladies, with much awkwardnefs and affeded gravity, but ia general more magnificently ( and they ar^ taught by their hufbandn to exad^ from^'their fervantsair homfigc, that in other countries is puid only to royal perfonagea. ><' The furniture of the houfes, cfpecially of their grandees, is lich •nd fupierb to excefs ;'and they maintain an incredible number of dunieftics, ta *l^f never difcbarge any' vrho furvive, after ferving their anceftors. I'he eooter fort havefcarcely' any furniture at all, for theyj in imitation of- the Moors, fit always crofs'legged on the ground. The Portuguefe peafant hat ttever reaped any -advantage from the benefits nf foreign trade, and. of the fine ttid.vaft countries the kings of Portugal pt^i^fled in Africa lur in the £ail ; or of thofie ilin remaining to them in South America. ' The only foreign luxury he ia yet arquainted with is tobacco ; and when his feeble purfe can reach it, he purchafea adried Newfoundland cbd-iifh.; but ihh i" a regale he dares fcl* dbta afpire to. A' piece of bread inade of Indian cor;;, snd s fslted pilchard, IW^i httd of gatljick, to give that bread a flavour, compofe ^i8 ftanding dilh ; and if, he can'get a bit ot the Hog, the ox, or the calf, he himfelf fctttens, to iegHe his wretched family at Chriftm&s or Eafler, be has reached :h<: pinnacle »;.. ,,.,.; . - - ■ . , . of P O R T U G A Li ^i% •f htppiocf* in tUfi world i and indeed whatever he poiTefled beyond this ha* liitoiu p«nuryi according to the prefent ftate and exertions of hit inteUeda» Dould quickly be talien from hioi, or rather he would willingly part with it» being taught by his nnmberlefs ghoftly comforterii with which his country (vrarms, to 'look forward for cafe and happinefs to another ftate of exiftencci to which they are themfelves the infaUibl^ guides and condiiAors.' RiLiOioN.} The eftabUnied religion of Portugal is popery in tiie ftrifteft {«•(«:. The Portuguefe hare a patriatch, but fornwrly he depended entirely apon the p^e, unleft when a quarrel fubfiited bttween the courts of Rome and ' X^ilbofl. The power of his holinefs in Portugal has been of Ute fo much cut- tailed, that it is diificult to defcribe the religious Hate of that country : all we luiow ist that the royal revenues are greatly increafed» at the expence of the religious inftitutions in the kingdom. The power of the inquihtion is now taken out of the hands of the cccreriafticR^ and converted to a ftate-trap fur the beaefit of the crown. AacHBisHopaics a.nd aisHoraics.] The arcnbiihoprics are thofe of-- Bnga, Evora. andLiibon. The 6rlk of thei'e hasten O'^ragan bifhops ; the fecond two ; and the la^ ten, including thofe of the ^'^.ttuguefe fettlemaita abniitd. The patriarch of Liibon is generally a CMrdiaiil, and a perfou of the higheft biitli. La^ovaob.] TRe Portuguefe language differs but little from that of Spain, and that provincially. Their Patenioiler runs thus : Padre noffo qut ejlat nos CeoSt f^n&ificado /tio o tu name ; venhn a'not tua reyno^ftia feita a tua vctade, ajjji ho/ CeoSf eommo na ttrra. O^paotuffa de cadadiat dano lo ot't neftra ' dm. Eptrdoa nos fenhoTt at noffas dii>idM, ajlfi como natferdoamo/ a not noffot ieoidora. E nao not dextt cahtr om tentatht tnat liira not do tnal. Amen. Learhino and LEAaNKD Msn.] Thele are fo' few, that they are men* tioned with indignation, even by thofe of the PortugueCe themfelvea who hare the fmalleft tinAure of literature. Some eiforts, though v^ry *weak, have of late been made by a few, to draw their countrymen from this de* plorable Hate of ignorance. It is univerfally allowed that the defeA is not owin? to the want of genius, but of a proper education — ^The anceftors of the pi ''"nt Portuguefe were certainly poifeired of mure true knowledgCf with regard to altronomy, geography, aad navigation, than all the world beiidei, about the middle of the i6th century, and for fome Ume after Camoens, who himfelf was a great adventurer and voyager, was poffeifed oC. a true, but negledled poetical genius. UNivBassTiEs.] Thefe are Coimbra, founded in 1291 by king Dennis } and which had tifty profeifors \ but it has been lately put under fome new regulations. Evora, founded in 1559 ; and the college of the nobles at Li£> boo, where the young nobility are educated in every branch of polite learn- iog and the fciencc . All the books that did belong to the banilh(;^d Jefuita, are kept here, which compol'e a very large library. The Englifli language is likewifc taught in this college. Here is alfo a college where young gentle^ men are educated in the fcience of engineering, and v/hen qualified ge|K comroiflions in that corps. Curiosities.]. The lakes and fountains which have been already men* tioned, forin the chief of thefe. The remains uf tome calUes in the MooriHi tafte are ftill ftanding. . The Roman bridge and aquedud at Coimbra are iuijoit entire, and defervediy admired, i'he w^ails of Santareen are iaid to he of Roman work . likewifc. The church and monaftery near Liibon, 'inhere the kings of Portugal are buried, are inexpreflibly magnificent, and feveral , fDuuafteriei in Portugal are dug put of the hard rook. The chapel of St. P ^R T U G A L. Rbch, |b probably one of the fine ud richeft in the world | 'the paint. - Jnge are mofatc work* fo turioufly wrought, with ftonei of all coloun, as to i(toni(h th« beholder*. To there curioatiel^ we may add, that the king it poffcfTcd of the hrgeft dlaanond (which vraa found in Brafil), that ever wai . ^erha^B feen in the world. Chief ,ci.ifis.3 Liibon is the capital' of Portugal, and is thought t* contain 200,000 inhabitants. Oreat part of it w«8 ruined by an earthquake, yhich alfofct the remainder on fire, iJpcn AU-Saints-day, 1755. 'ItftillcAn. tains many magnificent palaces, churches, and public buildings. Its fituation (riitng from the Tagus in the form of a crefcent) renders its appearance tt once ddightfal and fuperbr and it is defervedly accounted the ffreateft port in Europe, hext to London and Amfterdam. The harbour is Tpacious aod fecure, and tiie city itfelf is guarded from any fudden attack towards the fea by forts, though they would make but a poor defence againft (hips of war. All that part of the city that was deniolilhed by the cartliquake, is planned but in the moft regular and commodious form. Some* Urge fquares and many (Ire'ets are already built. The itreets form right angles, and are broad and fpacious. The houfes are lofty, elegant, and- uniform ; and being built ef white ftone', make a beautiful appearance. The fecond city in this king. dom is Oporto, which is computed to contain thirty-tboufand inhabitantt. The chief article of commerce in this city is wirie ; and the inhabitants of half the (hops in the city are coopers. The merchants aifemble daify in the chief Kreet, to tr|infa£k bufinefs ; and are protected from the fun by. faiUclotht hung acrofs from the oppolite houfes. About thirty £ngli(h families reiide here, who are chleflv concerned in the wine trade. Commerce and MANyrACTURBs.] Thefe, within thefe feven or eight Jre*8, ^ave taken a furprifing turn in 'Portugal. The miniftry have pro- eAed many new companies and regulation;, which hav been again and again complained of as unjud and oppreifiye, and inconfiftent with the iprivileges which the Britiih merchants formerly enjoyed by the moft foleroa treaties. The Portuguefe exchange their wine, fait, and fruits, and moft of thtir own materials for foreign manufactures. They miike a little linnen, aod ibme coarfe (ilk, and woollen, with a variety of flraw work, and are excel- lent in prcferving and candying fruit. The commerce of Portugal, though feemingly extenlive, proves of little folid benefit to her, as the European na- tions, trading with her, engi'ofs all the produAions of her colonies, as well as her own native commodities, as her gold, diamonds, pearls, fugars, cocoa- nuts, (ine red wood, tobacco, hides, and the drugs of Braiil ; her ivory, ebony, fpices, and drugs' of Africa and Eaft-India, in exchange for the almolt numberlcfs manufadlures, and the vaft quantity of corn and falt-fi(h, (up. ' plied by thofe European nations, and by the Engliih North America^ coloiiiel'. -irr;^-!. I • • ' ;' The Portugefe foreign fettlcrtierits are, however, not bnly of immenfe value, but vaftly improvcable ; Brafil, the ifles of Cape Verd, Madeira, and the Azores. They bring gold from their plantations on the eaft and well coaft of Africa, and likewilc (laves for manufaftunng their fugars' and tobac- CO in Brafil, and their South American fcttlements. What the value of thefe may be, is unknown perhftps to thcmfel»ft»» •••*•*■ *••*-! ^v«**»i«»»j MiL^wvAtav* «ta M*a «ia«W Lil\.WA\/UU k^UlikOy ail\l I lyia ••■J»«iW» v» g^*** |ind filver, and othb commodities that are produced in th' ''^amounti ■ ■-■■■:;-.''", J '■ . ■:> P O R T ,U' G Al L. Hi to themfeW«t iiK)unt« annusUy to three hundred thoufand pounds fterl!ng» BOtwitbjUtlndr iag the vaft contraband trade. The littW uipptng the Portugiiefay'jhMC^ ii chiefly eiuployed in carrying on the ftave trade, and a corn^fpQQfden^c , ^th Goa, their ch|ef fettlement iu the £atfc»Indiei», and tlvein .qthei* {M^e(« fiont there« ai Du» Danvan, Macao, &c. ^ ■ ' ■!' ' CoDSTtTUTioN AND GovcaNMBiiT.] i Tile crown of • PoTtugal Is ab^ folate ; but the nation ftill preferves an appearand;. of itt ancient free conlti* lution, in the meeting of the cortes or lUtes, con&ftfng, ' like our parliaQientta of clergy, nobility, and commons. They pretend to a tight of being uoa- fulted upon the impofition of new taxes i but the only real power thev have, it, that their aflencis neceiTary .in every new regulation, with regard to the fucceflion. In this they are indulged, to prctent all future difputes on that iccoant. _ .^^ The nature of t!us government nnay be fairly pronounced the mod defpo-, tic of any kingdom m Europe. I'he eftablilhed . law is generally a dead litter, excepting where its decriees. are cavried into execution by the fupple- mentary mandate4 of the fovereign, which are generally employed in defeat' ingthe purpofes of fafety and prote£Hon, whtch^law Is calculated to eK* tend equally over all. the fubjefts. i. . . Here the people have no more Ibare in the direftion of government, in enafting of iaws, and in (he regulating of agriculture and commerce, than thty have in that of Ruflla, or China. The far greater "part Jknow nothing of what is done in that refpedl. Every man, has no alti<:niatiye but to yitiU a blind and ready obedience, in whatever concerns himfelf, to the decrees and laws of the defpot, as promulgated from time to time by his fecretaries pf ftatc. How would an Englilhmao, alive to all the fcelioj^s pf clyii liberty, tremble at reading the preamble of every new law publiihed here , and which runs thus : •• /, the King, iti virtue of my own certain km-wledgtypf mf royal will andpleafuret and of my full fupretne and arbitrary potuert wkuh f hold only of Goa, undfor which. I am accountable to no mat^uu earth, I do in confequtu / or* Jer and command, isf^. i^c. li' ;''-iV .',,- All great preferments, both fpiritual and temporal, aredifppfed of in the councilof ftate, which is compcfed of an equal number of the clergy at^ BobiUty, with the fecrctary of ftate. A c\>uncil of war regulates all mili- tary a^airs, iis the treafury courts do the finances. The council of the. pa- lace is the higheft. tribunal that can receive appeals, but the Cafa da Suppli> cafao is a tribunal from which no appeal can .be brought. The laws, ofoPor-* tugal are contained ip three duodecimo volunies, and have the civil law for their foundation. < Revenues and taxes.] • The revenues of the crown amount to above three millions and a half fterling, annually. 'The culloms and duties on goods exported and imported are exceflive, and farmed out ; but if the Portugucfe miniftry ihould fucceed in all Iheir projcAs, and in .eftablifhipg exclufive companies, to the prejudice of the Britifti trade, the inhabitants will be able to bear thofe taxes without murmuring. Foreign merchandife pays 23 per cent, on importation, and fifh frortt NewfouudUnd 25 per cent. Fifli tahtn in the neighbouring feas and rivci-s pay 27 per cent, and the tax upon landt and cattle that are fold is lo per cent. The king draws a cenfiderable re- venue from the feveral orders of knighthood, of which he is grand- maftcr. The pope, in confideratlon of the large funis he draws out of Portugal- |;ive8 the king the money ariGng from indulgences and licences to eat fleih at times prohibited, &c. The king's revenue is now greatly increafed by the fupprcffioa of the Jeftiiu, and other rebgiou? orders and iniUtutions. Hill' M PORTUGAL. 1.1 The Portagoefe gyf^nmat I England ; tnd therefore, for mior MltlTARV iND MARtNl aTRINOTH. vfed to depend diiefly fory the French and Spaniardu, his Moft Faithful Majefty judged it expedient to rajfie a eonfiderable body of troop*, who were chiefly qi^qplined by foreign oficen : but fince that period the army Iim • been again negleded, no proper encouragement being given toforeirn oJnccri, and little attention pid to the difciplinte of the troops, fo that the militwy V Ibrce of PoKu^ is now a|[«n inconnderaUe, amounting it isfaid to.twentf- fivethoufand men. The naval force of this kingdMi is about Seventeen (uipi of w^r, including fix frigates. ^ Royal Titi.Ea and arms.J The king's titles are, King of Portu&;iiI and the Alffarves, Lord of Guinea, and of the navigation, eonqiieft, and ow ■ mercc of Ethiopia, Arabia. Perfia, srd Brafil. The laft king was coinpli< . mented by the pope, with the title uf His Mjft l^aithful Majefty. That of bis fideft fon is pnnce of Braiil. The arms of Portugal arc, argent', five efcutclieons, azure, placed croft, wife, each oharved with as many befants as the firft, placed falter-wife, and pointed, fable, for Pottunl. The (hield bordered, gules, charged with (Seven towers, or thwe in chieC •ikI two in each flanch.— -The fupporters are two winged dragons, and the crdl a dragon, or, under the two flanB of their nobility are murh the fame as thofe of Spain. Their orders of knighthood are three ) J., That of yfvii, or ^i>(«!b, nrft inftituted by Alphonfieua Henriquez, king «f Pt >rtagal, in the year 1 147, as a military and religious order, on account «f his taking Evora from the Moors. In 1 2 1 3, it was fubje£k to the order of CalatraVa in Spain, but when Don John of IV>rtugal feized the crown, he made it atrain independent. 2. The '* Order of St. Janu$** inftituted by Dennis L king of rortugal, in the year 1 3 1 o, fuppofing tiiat under that faint't .proteAion he became viAoriousover the Moor«,aad he endowed it with great privijiegcs. The knights profeb rh«ftity, hofpitality, and obedience, and •none are admitted till they prove the gentility of their blood. Their enfign is a red fword, the habit white, and their principal convent is atDalmela. 3. The "Order of ChriJP* was inftitut^ in the year 1317, by Dennis 1. of Portugal, to engage the nobility to alfift him more powerfuUy agaiuft the Moors. I'he knights obtained great poiTeffioos, and elcAed their grand matter, till 1523, when pope Adrian Yl. conferred that office on John in. and bit fuccefTors to the crown of Portugd. Thefe orders have iVaall conmnanderics and revenues annexed to them, but are in fmall eileem. The *' Order king of Caftik and Lcooh rewarded Henry, gokodfioa of Robert king PORTUGAL. «57 ff Tranccy for hit bravery and affidance ag^ind the Mdors, with hit daUghtcC^ and that part of Portu);al then in the hanjc qI the Chriftiani. Henry ww rage and Ipye of leamipg.---HiB defceitdanta maintained themllelves op the throne for fome centuries ; indeed Sdncho II. was expeUe4 from his dprnini* ons for cowardice in the year 1340. Dennis I. or Dionyfius, was called the Father of hit Country \ he built and rebuilt 44. cities and towns in Pprtugt^l, founded the military order o? Chrill, and was a very fi)rtunate prince. He reigned 46 yearB.-~Under hia fucceffpr, Alphonfns IV. happened feveral earthquakes at Lifl)on» which (hr^w (Itiwn part! of the city and deftroyed many lives.— John I. was iUuf> ' tn'oiis for his courage, prudence, and conquelts in Africa.} under him Ma« deira was iirft difcovered in 1429, and the Canaries ( he took Ceuta, and af* ter arcign of 49 years, died in the year 1433. In the reign of Alphqnfo V* about 1480, the Portuguefe difcovered. the coa(l of Guinea ) and in the reiga of bit fucceffor John II. they difcovered the Cape of Good Hope, and the kingdom of Moni>Congo, and fettled, colonies, ^nd built forts in Africa^ Guinea, and the £a(l Indies. Emanuel, furnamed the Great, fucceeded biin in 149 J, and adopted the plan of his predeceiTors, fitting out fleets for nevr difcoveries. Vatco de Gama, under him, cruifcd along the coaft of Africa and Ethiopia, andhinded in Ind»lUn ; and in the year 1500 Alvarez difco- vered Brafil. John III. fucceeded in 1521, and while he loft fome of his African fetf tlements, made new acquifitions in the Indies. He fent the famous Xavief a> a milTionary to J^pan, and in the height of his zeal, edabliihed that infer- nal tribunal the inquifition, in Portugal, anno 1526, a^^ainit the entreaties and remonftrances of his people. Sfbailian his grandfon fucceeded him in I5!f7, and undertook a crufade againit the Moors in Africa. In 1578,1a a battle with the king of Fez and Morocco, pnthe banksof the river LiiccOf he was defeated, and either (lain or drowned. Henry, a cardinal, and uncle to the unfortunate Sebaftian, being the fon of Emanuel, fucceeded, but died without ifl'ue in the year 1580 ; on which, Anthony Prior, of Crato, was choftn kr.)g, bv the llates of tHc kingdom ; but Philip II. of Spain, as hath been obferved in our hiftory of that count y, pretended that the crown be- longed to him, becaufe his 'uc^her was the cldcft daughter of Emunuel, and fent the duke of Alva with a powtrf>;I force, who fubdued the country and proclaimed his mailer king of Portugal, the I2th Sept. 1580. The viceroys under Philip and his two fuccelfors, Philip III. and Philip IV. behaved towards the Portuguefe with great rapacity and violence. The Spanifli minifters treated them as vaffals of Spain, and by their repeated adla of oppreiTion and tyranny, they fo kindled the hatred and courage of the Portuguefe, as to produce a revolt at Lifbon, the firft of December, 1 640. The people obliged John duke of Braganza, the legitimate heii- to the crown, to accept it, and he fucceeded to the throne by the title of Jdhn IV. nlmoil without bloodfhcd, and the foreign fettlements alfo acknowledged him as their fovereign. . A fierce war fubfiiled for many years between the twc kingdoms, and all the ciForts of the Spaniards to reunite them, proved vain, fo that a treaty wa^ concluded in February, 1668, by which Portugal was declared free and independent. , , The Portuguefe could not have fuppbrted themfelTcs under their revolt, - 4^ fr''"* §59 > O R T ir G A L, SkV ttom Satin, Im^ noi tke latt«r power been engaged in wio with England •od HolUnd I »Mt upon the reftorition of Chtrles II. of England, that prince haring mvricd • prtncefs of Portugal, prevailed with the crown of Bpnttto frive up all pretcnfiont to that kioglom. Alphonfo, fon tc Jotin IV. Wta then King of PbrtugnL He had the milfbrtune to difagree at once with hit wife and hit brolher Peter i and thej uniting their intereft*, not only forced AMionfo to fefign his crown, but obtained a difpenfation from the Spe for thetr marriagCf which was aAnally confnnunated. They had a ughter ; but Peter bv a fecond marriage had fons, the eldeft of whom Wu John, his fucceffor; and father to the late king of Portugal. John, like his rather, joined the grand oonfederacy formed by king William i but neither of th^m were of much fervice in hun)bUng the power of France. On the contrary! he dmoftiwned the nllles, by occafioning the lofs of the battle of Almansa in l707.-«-John died m f 750, and wasfucceeded by his fon Jofeph, whofe reign was neither htppy to himfelf nor fortunate for his people. The fatal earthquake', in 1755 overwhelmed his capital, and ihook his kingdom to the centre. His fucceeding adi n iiiiftr ation was not dillinguiflicd by the af« feAien that it acquired at home, or the reputation which it fuftained abroad. It was deeply ftaincd with domeftic blood ( and rendered odious by exceflive and horrible cruelty. In September, 1758, the kinx was atUcked by afiiil- fin9, and^anowly efcaped with his life, in a folitaiy jmce near hia country pa- lace of Bclem. odme of the iirft families of the kinapdont were heroipon ruin> cd, tortured, 'and nearly cut off from the face of the earth, in confequence oTan accviation being exhibited agalnft tKem of having confpiircd againft the .king's life. But they were condemned without any proper evidence, and their innocence has fince been authentically declared. From this fuppofed Cqnfpiracy it dated the expulfion of the Jefoits (v.'ho weve conjeAurcd to hare been at the bottom of the plot) from dl parts of the Portuguefe do< minions.^ The marquis de Pombal, who was at this time the prime minifter of Portugal, governed the kingdom for many ,«ears with a moft unbounded authority, and which appears to have been foraetioics dir^jfted to the moft aval «nd aihitrary purpofes. . : > III 1762, when a war broke out between Spain and England, the Spa- ■niards and their allies the French, attempted to force his iakhful Majetlj into their alliance, and offered togarrifoa his fea4owns againft the Englilh with their troops. The king of Portugal itjeAed thiu propofal. and de< dared war againft the.Spaniards, who, without refiftance, entered Portugal with a confiderable army, while a body of French threatened it from ano- ther quarter. Some have doubted whether any of thefe courts were in eaf- neft upon thisoccafipn, and whether the whole of the pretended war was net concerted to force Enghind into a peace with France and Spain, in con* lideration of .Portugal's apparent danger. It is certain, that both the French and Spaniards carried! «ii the war in a very dilatory manner, and that had they been in eameft, they might have been mafters of Liibon long before the ar- f*^ of the Enifliih troops t« the ailtftance of the Portt^^uefe. However, a itfr Englifh battalions put an effe6lnal ftop, by their couxa^ and manoeuvres, to the prt^efs of the invafion. Portugal was faved, and a peace was con- cluded at I^irtainbleau in 1 765. Notwithft^nding tliis eminent fervice perfor- med by the £ngli(h to the Portuguefe, who . often had been faved before in the iiks niaiincr, the latter, cviT Sacc that period, cannot be faid to have be- held their deliverers with a friendly eye. The nx^ ,captioas dillindioni and frivolous pretences have been invented by die Portuguefe miniiters for '^ramp'niff the £nc^ trade, Mwhiq^riving them ,ef their ^privileges. / >n tn hase he- t^ '■hi] m m M m T 4>meniioci } or» accon r . 'V '^'''^^^^^^1 '^^^^1 . -' . .i"''.J^^^^I W ^;^^^H ita exteoty '>i^H -i •*I0I- :9s^tib»-^- ■ bf e fi t< m pf fcdd their ddtvereri with a Irwndiy «yB — nie uiua ,c»pnu i»«w.t...^^.»". - «nd frivolous pretences have been invented by the Portuguefe minifters for ^ninpmff the £ndt^ tn^, andf^rmiw mem iof their privileges. ■ ?-• ... -A' ' * HiH §■ I T A L Y» '^ H9 « ill* Perti%ncic tajOcftY diffKii&noa firoarthciNl kivinf BO fo«, hi* cUeft d«ttghi;cr WM mrrk^ lif 'diffKiifiitioa froorthc piM, to Don Pidro, her own oaclc^ ti» prevent th« <:rawn (torn AUigg ijoto « tordgn family. The late king died on the J4th «fFebruar7» 17771 *"^ ^** fucceeded by hie dK'f^trtcr the prefent quees. Ofcof tile fir ft t&» of l|er oMJ^y'e reign wm the rtmoTal from power of thenurquia de Pombal; anetitat which excited general joy throughout th« kiogdom, u might naturally be exueded from the arbitnry and opprefiti nature of hie adnsiniftration 1 fhough it hai \fctn aUedged in hie fav art tt# kf adopted fundry public meafurea, which were calculated to promote tot r(fl interefta of Portugal. ' ^ patl« loth of March, 179a* the prince of Brafil, aa prefumptive bdr |o the crpwn* pi|bU(hed «n edi^ dephiriilg, that as hia mother, from her ua- happy' fituation, waa incapable of managing the affaire of government^ he would phoe h!a fignature to public papera, tul the return of her health ; and that no other chanse fliould be made in the forma. The queen ia difordered by reUgioua melaincholy ; and Dr. Willia hai been called to evat her ; but her recovery, remaining hopclefi, the govern* ment of the country refts witji the prince of BrafiL , The government of Portugal joined the coalition againft France, but mn never aUe to afford anv effieaual afliftapce. At prelcnt, with a difaif^fied army and an inert people, (he ia ill calctdated for a vig0ro\ia refiftapce if aft- tacked. The French feem at prefent, however, to he in no fituation to at* tenpt the conqueft' of Portugal. ,.. .. ... <^p' Maria>Francea>Ifabella, queen of Portugal, bom Pec. 17, 1743 ; roarrijed J^e 6, 1760, to her uncle Don Pedro Clement, F. R. S. born Jolf 5» 1717, who died May aj, i786» Began to reign Feb. 24, 1777. Theirlflue. John ' The Iffuc by the late fftng. 1. Her prefent majefty. 2. Ann|-Francc8-Antoin' SiTVATIOH AMD ExTENT. Milea Degrees. ^Length <^ool . f 38 and 47 north latitude. Breadth 400I ''"^"" | 7 and 1 9^ eaft longitude. Containing 1 16,967 fquare milea, with 70 inhabitants in'eacht renders '•n Italy ^ dimcnfiona ; or, very acco difficult aciiountS; fome afcer^in ita ex( it ill (roipt^ ,j.. *B?V '.■^■' 'f':^;' "j^mm^v- •■'}j0^^ *.' 6tfo ITALY. ^^: 4*.* of Switzerland to the extremity of the kingdom of Naples, about ycomllci in length { and from the frontier! of the duchy of Savoy, to thofe of thedw minions of the itatcs of Ven(cc» which ia its gr.eateil breadth, about 400 miles^ though in fome parts it is Ccarcely too. B0UNDARIK8.] Nature has fixed the boundaries of Italy; for toward} the Eall it is bounded by the Gulf of Veniee, or Adriatic Sea ; on the South and Weft by the Mediterranean Sea ; and on the North, by the lofty mountains of the Alps, which divide it from France and Switzerland. The whole of the Italian dominions, comprehending Corfi^a, Sardinia, the Venetian and other iflands, are divided and exhibited in the following table: ■ » • x-' "\ ' ' ■• '. ' • ■ '" ' " - Countries Names. Square Miles. i • •a J Chief Cities. Italy. a J f* Piedmont 6619 14' 98 Turin Savoy 3573 87 60 Chamberry Cafal To the king of Montfcrrat 446 40 22 Sardinia, Aleffandrine 204 26 2C Alexandria Oneglia 132 34 7 Oiifgh'a 1 .Sardinia I. ' 6600 '35 57 Cagliari To the king of ' Naples 23,000 275 2Q0 Naples Naples, Sicily I. 9400 180 92 Palermo ToU,.E.pe.fMiU;-, '■°'"' (.Mlrandola . 5431 700 155 47 70 27 Milan r- Mantua 120 '9 IC Mirandola ' Pope's dominions. I4»348 ns 143 '^-{&Lli:i! y 'Tufcai'y ' 6640 "5 94 I ion-nce ■ T« their rt- fpeftivc < Mafia ; Parma «2 1225 16 48 uli'^aira - 37 {Parma Modcna 2560 65 39 Modcna princes, Pimbino 100 22 18 Piombiuo Monaco 24 12 4 Monaco r Lucca v„..» '.'■♦'■'" 286 28 '5 Lucco Republics, J St. Marino ' H St. Marino ,, J Gcti^a 2400 160 55 Genoa < *" '' To France, (, Corfica 1. 1520 - 90 3« Baftia ( Venice .8434^ '75 95 Venice Totherepub-j Tftria 1245 6, 32 Capo d'Iftris lie of Venice, j l/alnTatia 1400 135 20 Zara •' ^. L Ifles of Ualmatia 1364! v., -: ''i ' Cephalonia 42» 4 18 Cephalonia > Iflandti in the Corfu,orCorcyra 194 3' 10 Corfu JLamn«*o III Vll\> Venetian dom-< Zant, orZacyn St. Maura 120 5(> 23 12 1 2 'Zant 71 St. Maura. minions, Little Cephalonia Ithaca olim U 7 3 ''-.'■".ii^t^i0'" ' , Total- 75»056 ■ Soil and air.] The happy foil of Italy produce^ ihe comforts and luicuric) of life in great abundance j each diftridl has its peculiar excellency and ITALY. Ut and commodity tal produftion*. ■', ■ ^^ mia ,.' * . irtU . ■ 4. '" -' ' S' • winf 9, the moft delicious fruitRt and oil, are the m A» much corn grows here" ns fervcs the inhabituntf j^_^^ might export it to tnlw^ Parmefans, and their There Ib here a great variety of air ; and', fome parts of Italy bear melancholy proofs of the altera- tions that accidental cauies make on the face of nature ; for the Campagna di Roma, where the ancient Romans enjoyed the moll falubrious air of any place perhaps on the globe, is now almoll pedilcntinl, through the decreafe of inhabitants, which has occafioned aUagiiation of waters, and putrid exha- lations. The air of the northern parts, which lie among the Alps, or in their neighbourhood, is keen and piercing, the ground being in many places co- vered with fnow in winter. The Appenuincs, which are a ridge of moun- tains that longitudinally almoft: divide Italy, have great effects on its cli- mat ; the countries-on the fouth being warm,thofc on the north, mild and temperate. The fea-breezes refrefti the kingdom, of Naples fo much, thnt no remarkable inconveniency of air is found there, notwithftanding its foutliern fituatiou. In general, the air of Italy may be faid to be dry and pure. Mountains,] We have already mentioned the Alps and the Appen- nincH, which form the chief mountains of Italy. The famous volcano of Mount Vefuvius lies in the neighbourhood yf Naples. Rivers and lakbs.]' The rivers of Italy are the Po, the Var, the Adige, theTrebia, the Arno, and the Tiber, which runs through the city of Rome. The famous Rubicon forms the fouthern boundary between Italy and the ancient Cifalpjue Gaul. The lakes of Italy are, the Maggiore, Lugano, Como, Ifco, and Garda in the North ) the Perugia or Thrafimcne, Bracciana, Terni, and Cclano, in the middle. Skas,gulphs, OR BAYS, capes,*) Without a knowledge of thefe* PROMONTORIES, AND sTRAiTsJ neither the ancient Roman authors* nor the hiftory nor geography of Italy, con be underi^ood. The feas of Italy are, the gulfs of Venice, or the Adriatic fca j the feas of Naples, Tufcany» and Genoa ; the bays or harbours of Nice, Villa Franca, Oneglia, Finu» Savona, Vado, Spezzia, Lucca, Pifa, Lcj^horn, Pionibino, Civita Vecchia, Gacta, Naples, Salerno, Policallro, Rhigio, Ouilace, Tarento, Manfre- donia, Ravenna, Venice, Trieile, Illria, and I'lume ; Cape Spartavento , del Alice» Otranto, and Ancoua ; the Itrait of Meiruia, between Italy and Sicily. ^ The p,nir< and bays in the Italian iflands are thofe of Fiorenzo, Baftia* Talad rto Novo, Cape Corfa, Bonifacio, and Feiyp, iu Corfica ; and the ftrait ot i5onifacio, between Corfica and Sardinia* The bays of Cagliari Sardi- ard Alef- Jla, in Sicily ; and the bays of Porto Feraio, and Porto Longone, in the illand of Elba. Metals and minerals.] Many places of, Italy abound in mineral fprings ; fome hot, fome warm, and many of fulphursous, chalybeat and medicinal qualities. Many of its mountains abound in mines that produce great quantities of emeralds, jafper, agate, porphyry ,{,!api8 lazuli, and othet* valuable ilunes. Iron ani^ coppCr mines are found in a few places; and a mill for forging and fabricating thefe metals is ereded near Tivoli, in Naples* Satdinia is laid to contain mines of gold, Giver, lead, iron, fulphur, and alum. 6$* ITALY. bough they are now negleded ; and curious cry (laU and coral are found on the coalt of Corfica. Beautiful marble of all kluds is one of the chief prodtiiElions of Italy. Vbgetable Aiio ANIMAL PRO-") Befides the rich vegetable produc- oucTioNS, BY SEA AND LAND. J tioHs mentioned Under the article of foil, Italy produces citrons, and fuch quantities of chefnuts, cherries, plums, and other fruits, that they arc of little vahie to the proprietors. 'Hi (.re land or c is little difference between the animal produftions of Italy, either br lea, and thoft of France and Germany already mentioned. Population, inhabitants, man-1 Authors are greatly divided on NERs, CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. J the head of lallan population. This may be owing, in a great mcafure, to the partiality which every Ita. llan has for the honour of his own province. The number of the king of Sardinia's fubjefts in Italy is about is, 300,000. The city of Milan itfelf, by thelied accounts, contains 300,000, and the duchy Is proportlcnably popul- ous. As to the other provinces of Italy, geographers and travellers have paid very little attention to the numbers of natives that live in tht country, and inform us by conjcAure only of thofe who inhabit the great cities. Soms doubts have arifeu whether Italy is as populous now as It was In the time of PUny, when It contained 14,000,000 of Inhabitants. I am apt to believe that the prefent Inhabitants cx.eed that number. The Cam- pagna dl Roma, and fome other of the moil beautiful parts of Italy, are at prefent in a manner defolate ; but we arc to confider that the modern Italians are In a great meafure free from the unintermitting wars, not to mention the tranfmIgra:ion of colonies, which formerly, «ven down to the 1 6th century, depopulated their country. Add to this, that the princes and ftates of Italy now encourage agriculture and manufac- tures of aU kinds, which undoubtedly promotes population ; fo that It may not perhaps be extravagant. If we affign to Italy 20,000,000 •f Inhabitants 5 but fome calculations greatly exceed that number *. The Italians are gener- ally well proportioned, and have fuch meaning In their looks, that they have greatly aflifted the ideas of their painters. The> women are well-fhaped, and very amorous. The marriage ties, efpecially of the bettei fort,^are faid to be of very little value In Italy. Every wife has been reprefented to have lier gallant or cicifbeo, with whom (lie keeps company, and fomctlmes cohabits, with very little ceremony, and no offence on eithjir fide. But this praftice is chiefly remarkable at Venice j and Indeed the reprefcntations which have been made of this kind by travellers, appear tohave been much exaggerated. With regard to the modes of life, the befl quality of a modern ItaUan Is fobriety, and they fubmit very patiently to the public government. With great taeitur- nity they difcover but little rcfleftion. They arc rather vindldlve than brave, and more fuperftitlous than devout. The middling ranks arc attached to their native cuftoms, and feem to have no Ideas of improvement. Their fond- neis for greens, fruits, and vegetables of all kinds, contributes to their con- tentment and fatisfa(S):Ion ; and au Italian gentleman or peafant can be luxur. ious at a very fmall expen«e. Though perhaps all Italy docs not contain many defcendeats of the ancient Romans, yet the prefent Inhabitants fpeak of them- felves as f.ucceffors of the conquerors of the world, and look upon the reft of mankind withcontempt. The dixtfs of the Italians is Utile different from that of the neighbouring ' countries, and they affed a medium from the Freuch, volatility and the folem- * Mr. Swinbune faith, that in 1779, the number of hijiltHltants in the kingdom cf Slapleit timouatcd to 4,a49i430, exciutivc of the irmy tad DtTal (Uablifltmeut. oity ^'■^ 1 T A L V. C6i t. are faid to be nity ofthe Spanitids. The Neapolitans are commonly dreft in black, In' compliment to the Spaniards. It* cannot be denied that the Italians excel IH fine arts ; though they rake at prcfcnt but a very inconfilerable figure in the chickens and fowls are fo ftringy, you may divide the breaft into as many filaments as yoy can a halfpenny-worth of thread. Now and then we get a little piece of mutton or veal; and, gtn'irally fpeaking, it i l.e only eatable morfel that falls in our way. Tlie- bread all the way is exceeding bad : and the butter fo rancid, that it cannot be touched or even born within , ' c reach of your fmell. But what is a jri eater evil to travellers than any ofthe above recited, arc the infinite numbers of gnats, bugs, fleas, and lice, which infeft us by day and night. Religion.] The religion of the Italians is Roman catholic. The in- quifition here is little more than a. found ; and pcrfons of all religions live unmoleftf^d in Italy, provided no gfofs infult is dff'ered to their worfliip. In the Introduftron, wc have given an account of the rife ana eftabliftimcnt of popery in Italy, from whence it fpread over all Europe ; likewife of the ♦.aufel 6d4 ITALY. r. S-., *■ .^ •■ * . /aj jnd lymptoms of iis decline. The ccclefiafti'cal fl;overnment of tfii Wiv:i:-f hiu employed many volumes in dcfcribing it. The cardinals, who )ii,. rxt in dignity to his holincfs, arc feventy : but that number is k\io'\\ or iicv^r complete ; they arc api,ointed by the pope, who tikc:.^ c^cc to lav at majority of Italian cardinals, that the chair may not 'n nmov.d f;vr,i JR.ome, as it was once to livignon in France, the then pr ^k- bti!^^ a FrciuH. man. In promoting forvr^jn prelates to the cardinalflii;>, llv<» j.i»pe rtr-u, latcB himfelf accofling tc ilic nomiliation of the princes who pr^f-fs til^* religion. His ch.' f miniilcv is ihe cardinal pat ..'i, gen "i^lly hir. ucp'^ew or near relation, who impi'ves the t'ne ef the pope's reigii by amafling ivbat he can. When met n a confillor} , the canUi^.als prd nd to control the pope, in matters both Ijjintual and t.^vporal, ami i. kve been fomellmes known to prevail. Tht reiijn o<~ a pope u i-idom of long duration, beinj' generally old men at the ti\ue of their cktUon. The coiK-lave is a Cv.iic \>vhere the cardinals principally endeavour to tlifplu thc'V parts, and where many tratd'aftiovts pnfn which hai<.'»y fhew their iripiiH^ion to b*" feo •, rtit Holy G hull, Dwiiii the cU-iVion of a pope in ?7as,thc auitnolitii. an lo htgh. 'h.it thr^y caiiie to blovn with both their hundnand (ev\ and threw ■ ti.e ink .''.iniiliv;s at tach of)\er. We (hall here give an exiraft from the crcv'f^ of jupt ?i(. . 1 V. i$()c, before his elevation to tlieEchair, which con- t.air\8 the piii! iea! pL)ii;ts vvhcrtin the church gf Rome differs from the pro- teiUnf. chrrci tf , Aftev tk'c'uring his belief in one Gud, and other head* whfiixjii Chi ift'iin* in gene al are agreed, he proceeds as follows. ' I m>>il iirtiiiy admit and embrace the apoftolical and ecclefiaflical trar^i. linns, and all other coniUtutions of the church of Rome. " i do admit the holy fcriprures in the fame fenfethat holymother-church dot}*,, whofe bijfincfs it is to judge of the true fenfe artd interpretation of then* ; and I will interpret them according to the unanimous confcni of the fathcf^'t. *' I do profefs and believe that there are fevcn facraments of the law, truly and properly fo called, inftituted by Jefus Chrift our Lord, and neccflary to the lalvation of mankind, tliougb nut all of them to every one ; namely, bap- " tifm, confirmation, euchan'ft, penance, extreme unclion, orders, and marriage, and that they do confer grace; and that of thefe, baptifm," confirmation, and orders, may nqt be repeated 'vithout facrilege. i do alfo receive and admit the received and approved rites of the catholic church in her folemn admini- ftration uf the abovcfaid facraments. *• I do embrace and receive all and every thing that hath been defined and decbrt'd'ity ^^"^ ^^°^Y council of Trent* concerning original ini and juftifica- tion. '';";'''.!•■' ,,■••' ■ ' " I do alfo profefs that in the mafs there is offered unto God a true pro- per, and propitiatory I'acrifice for the quick and the dead ; and that in the moft holy facrament of the eucharill thtre is truly, really, and fubftantially, tlie body and blood, together with the foul and divinity, of our Lord Jefus Chrift ; and that there k a converfion made of the whole fubilaiice ' fthe bread into the body, and of the whole fubftance of the wine into the lAi.^i ^ which con- verlion the catholic chi'.rch calls Tranfubflantiation. I - :5a that under one kind only, whole and entire, Chrill and a true facri, j; is taken and received. •- ' ••" .^--'.^ •■■-',. ' ;.' ■tivJ- ,•■■ ' • A convocation o' :. nm catholic c^rdiniU, •rchbi(ho;:v, Vtii;^!, and divines, wli" afTcniblcd at Trent, by virtue of a bull from tbc pope, anoo »i« .. -nd devuted to him. to determine upon cer.Rin points of faitb, snd to (upprcft whit (<:«. i ' v'^B^'-^ CO term the Riffs Hercfieiin th« chuich. :-' ,~- - . , t T A L Y 6ii « 1 do finnly ibelieve tW ih«pe it a pnrg«toiy } tnd ihat tlie Couls kept wlfoners th're do receive help by tke funragea otthe fatthfnl. « I do liucwift believe that the faintR retgding together with Chnftare to be worshipped and prayvd unto i and that they do eifer prayers jiittO'Ood for us, and that their relics are to be had in veneration. « I do mod firmly aflert, that the imAges of Chrift, of the blefled Virgin \\c mother of God, aind of other faint«i ought to be had and retained^ and u *■ due honour and veneration ought to be given 4)nto them *. ^' I do Ukewife affirm, that the power of indulgences was left by Chrift lo the church, and thai 'the ufe of tliem is very beneficial to chri^an peo«> plef. ^ . '< I do acknowledge the holy, catholic, and apoftoUcal Ronian jcfaurch to I'*:' the mother and tniftrefs of all churches t and I do promife and fwear * An B^'clifli traveller, (peaking of areiig■, ..•■^, I -r * ABSOLUTIONS. for him that Bole holy or eoofiicraled thinga out of a holy place, ici. (d. . ' -^ for bim whs lies with a wanan in the chord), 91. F«r a laynun for«r«c4l«r■-i>^!i^J;;ir,'ti:^ii^%?«-v''■ For him that fotgecu itton apoftoUcal, ll. y«. * S '■"':.; ;''^:;''* * For hihithat iake«tWD»»l^orderain«geday, sl,6«. '."i^,:^^^ 01^ . fora king for going .10 the holy fepuldirc without licence. 7I.' tuL • ''^M^^)^-*" OISPEM8ATIOMS. < V r? W For a bafiard to enter all holy urdeta, t8« For a man or woman that li found banged, that they may have Chrifiian bnrUl, f L j$, fid. . . \ " ■ • „ LICEMCE8. '.v.'.;''.^ iV c:>.joy fuut idulgencea, at if thry went to Rome, ijL For a qticj^fl to adrn ■: child, 300I. Tomarryin tim«^ . ''•ihibttedi'al.ja. ■ ' .-r->:f^y .' r, <. ».;ii,L/ .-Ai' » y\.:;''-^f - To eat fielh in tir,!..:" r< , .^ ' . ■ "i'o dilfcnlTc wUh it«enc« to the hi(hop of Rome, the fucceflbt of St. Peter, the prince of the applUeii, and vicar of Jefu» Chrilh . '* I do undoubtedly receive and profefs all other thing! which have btw (lelivered, defined, and declared by the facred canons and cecumenical coun- cils, and efpdally by the holy fynod of Trent. And all o^her things con- trary thereto, and all hercfics condemned, reje^ed,' and anath'ematifcd by tbe •burch, I do likcwife condtmii, rejeft, and anathematifc.** Archbishoprics.] There are thirty eieht archbifhopricB it Italy, but the fuifrAgaiis itnucsied to them are too indeAnite and arbitrary for the reader to depend' upon, tho popo creating or fuppi-cffuig them as he plmCes. Languaou.] 1 he Italian language is remarkable for its fmoothnefs, and the facility with which it enters into mufical compofitiona. The ground work of it is Latin, and it is eafily maltered by a good clafl)cal Icholar, Almoft every Hate in Italy has a difl'crent dialect ) and the prodigioui pains taken by the literary focieties there, may at laftfix the Italian into a ftandard language. At prefcnt the Tufcan ttyle and writings are moil in rcqueft. * , The I^ord's priycfmns thus : Padre nojlr^^ che feu net e'ulof/ia fanB'f Jicaio ill tuo nvme ; ill tuo regno vftiga ; la tua voluirta Jiafatta^ Jtc come in eielo (ofi anche in terra : dacci oggi ill ndjlro pane cotidiano f i rimeUici i tiofiri deblta, fie come noi nncora riincttiamo a' nnjlri dehitori ; e non inducici m tenta- tioni, ma liberaci dal maligno ; percioche tut e il rigtto' t la potenza, e la glorit iti/empitertto. Amen. I.EARNiNd AND LrARNED MEN, paIntsri,') In the introdu£lion , STATUARIES, ARCHtTECTs, AND ARTISTS^ f we fiavc particufarifed fomc of the great men whj^h ancient Italy has produced. In modem timet, Jihat is, &ice the revival of learning, fome Itah'ans have (hone in controver. fial learning, but they ^rc chiefly celebrated by bigots of their own perfuafion. The maihematics and natural philofophy owe mUch to Galileo, Tdrieelli Malpighi, Borelli, and feveral other Italians. Strada is an excellent hifto- rian ; and the hiltory of the council of Trent, by the celebrated father Paul> is a ftnndard work. Guicciardin, Bentivoglio, and Davila, have been much commended as hiilorituis by tiieiir feveral admirers. Macbiavcl is equally famous as an hiilorian, and as a political writer. His comed-Vf have much hierit ; and the liberality of his lentiinents, furthe-age in whjcA he lived,' i» amazing. Among the profe writers in the Italikn language, Boccace hai been .thought one of the moft pure and con-eft in . point of ftyle : he was a very natural painter of life and manners, but his pr^duftions are too licenti- ous. Pclral'ch, who wrote both in Latin and Italian, revived among the moderns the fpirit arid genfus uf ancient literature : but among the Italiaa poets, DanteV Ariollo, and Taflb, are the moft dillinguifhcd. There are f^Id to ^e upwards of a thouQtnd comedies in the Italian bnguage, though not many that are excellent : but Metaftafio has acquired a great rcputatioa b/ writing dramatic pieces fet to mulic. SaUzarius, Fracaftorlns, Bembo, Vida, and other natives of Italy, have diftluguifhed themfelves by the ele- gance, correftnefs, and fpirit of their Latin poetry, many of their compofi- tions not yielding to the claflics themfelves. , Socinus, who was fo much dif- tinguKhed by his oppofition to the doftrinc of the Trinity, vras a native of Udy. ^ ^,,i. ;, The Italian painters, fculptors, architefts, and muficians, are unrivalled, cot only in their numbers, bnt their excellencies. The revival of le.:;ii:v'.g, after the fack of Conftantinople by the Turks, revived tafte Hkewilf , and gave jgMOkiod a relifh for truth and beauty in dcfign and colotnring. T aphel, from ". ■ hit I y A L y; 0tfy Ih'i d«n UleMi alAfted by the ancientt, (Iruck odt A new creation with his pencil, and ftill (lands at the head of the painting art. Michac-l Aiigelo Buonaroti united in his own perfon, painting, fculpture. and architecture'. The colour- ing of Titian has perhaps never yet been equalled. BramanUr, Bcrniiri, and many other ^Italians, carried fculpt'ure and architecture to an amar-ing height^ Julio Ronnano, Correggioi Caraccio, Veronefe, and others, arc, as painters unequalled in their feveral manners. The fanne may be faid of Corclli, and other Italians, in mufic. At prefent Italy cannot juftly Uoalt of any pata- mount genius in the fine arts. . .. . 'i UHivERSiTtES.] Thofc of Italy arc, Rome, Venice, Floreitce, Mantua^ Fadua, Parma, Verona, Milan, Pavia, Bologna, Ferrara, Pifa *, Naples, Sa- lerno, andPerufia. ' Antk^iitics AND cuaiosiTiES ") Italy .18 the native country of all NATURAL AND ARTiFiciAt. J that is Itupendous, great or beautiful, sither in ancient or modern times. A literary maybe filled by defcriptions dnd delineations of all that is rare and curious in th(» arts ) nor do tlic bounds of this \vork admit of enlarging upon thii fubjeft. We can give but a very brief account of thofe objeCla that arc moll: diUinguiOicd cither for antiquity or excellence. ' . The amphitheatres claim the firft rank, as a fpecies of the mod ftriking migniiicence : there are at Rome conUdcrable remains of that which wae ere^ed by Vefpafian, and finiAied by Domitian, called the Coliflb. Twelve thogfand Jewiih captives were employed by Vefpafian ia this building ^ anti it is faid to have been capable of containing eighty-feven thouliind fpct^atora feated* and twenty thoufand Handing. The architcClure of this amphii- theatre is perfe&ly light, and its proportions arc fo juit, that it docs not ap- pear near u> large as tt really is. But it has been Itripped of all its magni- ^cent pillars and ornaments, at various times, and by various er-jnies. The Goths, and other barbarians, began its dcllru£iion, and popes and cardinab have endeavoured to complete its ruiiu Cardinal Farnefe, in particular, robbed it of fpme £ne remains of its marble cornices, friezes, &c. and, witu infinite pains and labour,, got away what was praClicablc of the outfide eating of marble, which he employed in building the palace of Farnefe. The anq^ phitheatre of Verona, ere^ed by the conful Flaminius, is thought to.be thle inoll entire df any in Italy. There are forty-five rows of Heps carried aU round, formed of fine blocks of marble about a foot and a half higa each, and about two feet broad. Twenty-two thoufand perfons may be feated here at their eafe, allowing one foot and a half for each perfon. This am- phitheatre is 4uite perfect, and has been lately repnired with the greated care at the expcnce of the inhabitants. They frequently give public fpe£lacl«s in it, fuchas horfe-races, combats of wild beafts, &c. The ruink of theatres and amphitheatres are alfo vifible in other places. The triumphal arches of Vefpafian, Septimius Severus, and Conllantine the Great, are Hill ftandii^g though decayed. The ruins of the baths, palaces, and temples, anfwer ^1 the ideas we can form of the Roman grandeur. The Pantheon, which is at jjrcfent converted into a modem church, and which from its" circular figure ia commonly called the Rotunda, is more entire than any other Roman temple which is now remaining. There are ftlU left feveral of the piches which an- ciently contained the :'' : .'• o( the Heathen deities. The outfide of the building is of Tivoli fr . -e, and within it is incrufted with marbl^ The. roof of the Pantheon is » round dome, without pillars^ the diameter df'tirhich f Ua hath 46 f rofefforC ■-,.T . f *' i* i« rs Ml I ^f ALT. tea hundred •nd forty-four feet ; and though it hat no wlodowtt htit on]« | vouml aperture in the centre of thia dome, it is very light in every part.. The jpavement confifta of large fquarc Uoneii ainl porphyry, floping round to< ■wards the centrct where the rajn-water, fining down ihrougli the aperture ^un the top of the d.mei is conveyed away by a proper drain cavered with » Aone full of liolcit. The c^lonr-de in the frDnt, which confifn of futetn columns of granite. ' '' - f«et hfgh, exdiifive uf tlie peddUU and ca^ pitalsi each cu^ out oi a *.o,,, -. block, and which are of the Corinthian w der,can hardly be vi*. w»,iac ,3 to the heigh* of fixty-eij 'at feet above the tops of the latttT, and in others one hiindied and ten feet. This lava is now of a confiftency which renders it extremely difficult t'> oe removed or cleared away: it is cotnpofed cf bit- " lous particles mixed \. iUi cinders, minerals, metres, and^vitrifie'l mdy ibftances, which all rOgethci form %■ lofe and heavy niafs. In tl; )hit m of fo many ages, the Ipot it ilood Upjn was entirely forgotten ; b. u ti year 17 13, upon digging into thefe paits, fomewhat ot this unforti.iatecu was difcovcrcd, and many antiqui' iies were dug out : but the iearch was afterwards difcontintied, till tk year 1736, when the king of Naples employed men to dig pcrpcndiculaily eighty feet deep, whereupon not only the city made its appcaiance, but alfo the bed of the river which ran through it. The temple of Jupiter was then brought to light* an4 fiie ivhole of the theatre. In the temple was »"• yfe I T A L y. 669 found a llatue of ge (ragmcni ol a gilt chariot of bror.xe witlt liurfes of the fame in6tal, likewifi; ^tlt : thit had been placed liver the principal door of entrance. Tl^cy likewife found among the ruins of this city mnltttiules of iUtuei, bultoSi pillars, piintings, tanA« iiufcrlotB, furniture^ and vuriouH uteniiU, aiul the fciirc-i\ is fiill cu(itinii«d< The Itrcets of the to\^n appear tu have been quite ilraight and regular, and the houfes well built, and ihuch aKko ; foine of the rooms paved with mo« faic, others with Bne marhlr, others a^aiii with brickR, three ft-ct lon^ and fix inches thick, li appears that the town was not filled up fo unex.- pededly with tlic Riehed lava, as to prcvunt the greatell part of the intta- bitauts from efcaping with many of tlieir riehcft effeda .• for when the ex- cavations were made, there was not mure than a do/en li^clctons found, and but little gold, SAytt, or precious ftor.efl. Tlie town of Pompeia was drftroyed by the fame eruption of Mount Vefuvius, which occaiioned the deltni^tiun of Hrrculai»eum ; but >l waa ji' t clifcovcred tiU near forty years after the difcovery of Hercvilaneunl. I' . One llrect, and a few detaebed buildinc;s of tliis town, have been cleared : the (Ircel is well paved with the fame kind of ftone of which the ancient roads are made, and narrow caufewaya fxe r have been inhabited by tradei -people. The traces of wheels of carriages are to be fecn on the pavement, llie boofcs are fmall, but give an idea of neatnefK and crniveniency. The ftucco on the walla ia Imooth and beautiful, and as hard as njarble. SomC' of the rooms are or« (lamented with paintings, moftly fiiiglc figures, reprefenting fomc animaU iT are tblerably well executed, and a little water being thrown on ther the colours *ppear furprifingly frefti. Moft of the houfes are built on I fame plan, i\i\d havr one fmall room from the pa{lag<;» whiclf is conjcLttired to h;tTc been the (hop, with a window to the ftreet, and a place which •' 1 to have been contrived for Ihewing the goods to the grcakcft advantage. In another nait of the town is a re6^^anj';iilar building, with a colunade, tova^ 'i the court, fomething in the llyle of the Royal Eiir change at how but fmaller. At a confiderable diltaace >ron:) ihis, is ft temple of the god-iefs Ii>., the pillars of wlu'ch are '^f brick) ftucceed like thofe of the gtiard roou. ; but there is nothing very in^tgnificent in the ap- pearance of this edifice. The beft paintings, hitherto found at Ponnpeia, are thofe of this temple ; they have been cut out of 'he walla, and r^ ' moved to Portici. Few lltree8, and viitcB } and the upper part is aimull the whole year cover- ed with fnow. Its iiery eruptions have* alwayn rendered it famous s in one of thefc which happened in 1669, fourteen towns and villages were dcltroyed, and there have been feverai terrible eruptions fincc that time. There is generally an earthquake before any great eruption. In i^y3, the port town of Catania was overturned, and 18,000 people perifticd, Between the lakes Agnano and Puzzelli, there is a valley called iSolta- fara, becaufe vail quantities of Sulphur arc cuntimially forced out of the, difts by fubterr^nean fires. The grotto del Cani is remarkable for its puifunouB ilreams, and is fo called from ^heir killing dogs that enter it, if forced to remain there. Scorpions, vipers, and ferpcnts, are faid to be •, common in Apulia. Among the natural curiofities of Italy, thufc vail bodies of fnow and ice, which arc called the Glaciers of Savoy, deferve to be pnrticulaily mentioned. There are five glacicta, which extend almull to the plain of the vale of Chomouny, and are fcparatcd by wild forells, corn-fields, and rich meadows : fo that immcnfe tradls of ice are blended with the highcil cuhivation, and perpetually fucceed to each other, in the molt fingular and llriking vicillltude. All thefc fevcial vallica of ice, which lie chiefly ia the hollows of the mountains, and are fome leagues in length, unite together at the foot of Mont Blanc ( the higheil mountain in Europe, and probably of the ancient world. According to the calculations of Mr. de LuCj the height of this mountaiji, above the level of the fea, is 23 alled the Janus, or keeper, againil the French. His capital, Turin, is* ftrongly fortified, and one of the finell cities in Europe ; hut the country of Savoy is mountainous and barren, and its natives are forced to feck their bread all over the world. They are elleemed a fimple, but very honefb people. The king is fo abfolute, that his revenues confid of what he pleafcs to raifc upon his fubjefts. His ordinar}'- income, befides his own family provinces, cannot be lefs than 500,0(^0). iicrling, out t)f whidi he maintains 15,000 men in time of peace. During a war, whtii afiitledby foreign fub- fidies, he can bring to the field 40,000 men. Thv' aggrandizement of- his rn. ^'■: • M.Ji- -:*^; refcnt Savdinltn nittjeRjr ti djicfly owmjf to England, to whont^ljy hit ritdn* tion, he w«(i clloemcd a natural ally, for the jirdcrvation of the balance of bower in liiirope. The Md.ANisp,, licloti|i(iitjj tn tlu' hmifc of Auftria, is u moft forinidal»l« por^, on ihs nth of Miy, 1756, ^^ ni!.\ by a Uogc l^liuduvlcu Mjiiaui, whj w.is,elCwtcd 011 March 9, (789) a^'^djc uoDili }'. icrts i I T A L yJ m fcem to have luil their ancient tafte for painting and arctiitc^liire, and to bd returning to Gothicifm. T^Jcy have had liowcver lately Come {Spirited dif« fercncca with the court of Rome, and fcc»n to be difpofcd to throw off their obedience to its head. Ab to the conilitution of the republic, it was origin nally democrat ical| the magillrates being chofenby a general aifembly oftTie people, and I'o continued for one hundred and fifty years ; but varioud changes afterwards took, place ; doges, or dukes were appointed, who were inveltcd with great power, which tlicy often grofsly abufed, aud fome of them were aflaifuiated by the people, liy degrees a body of hereditary Ic* gifl.it!ve nobility was formed j continued, and progrcflive encroachments were made on the rights of the people, a complete arillocracy was at length eilnbliflied upon the ruins of the ancient popular government. The nobility sre divided into fix clufruH, amounting in the whole to 2500, each of whom, wlicn twiMity.five years of age, has a right to he a member of the grand coun- cil. Thefc cleft a dogt or chief magiiWate, in a peculiar manner by halloty wlilcli is managed by gold and fdver balls. The JJoge is invellcd with great ilatc, and with cniblema of fuprcmc authority, but has very little pQwer* and is not permitted to llir from the city, without the permiflion of the ^raml cuitncil. Tiie govcrnmeut and laws are managed by different councils of the nobles. The college, othcrwife called the feigniory, ia the fuprcme cabinet couii' cil of the ftate, and alfo the rcprcfentative of the republic. This court give* audience, and delivers anfwers, in the name of the republic, to foreign am- badudorH, to the deputies of towns and provinces, and to the generals of the army. It alfo receives all requclls and memorials on ftate atl'airs, fummoni the fenatc at pleafure, and arranges the bufinefs to be difculfed in that aflem-* biy. The council often takes cugnifance of Ibte crimes, and has the power of feizing accufcd pcrfons, examining them in prifon, and taking their an- fwers in writing, with tlie evidence againlt them. But the tribunal of (late ' inquilltors, which Confiils only of three members, and which 'is inthehighcll degree delpotic, in its manner of proceeding, has the power of deciding without appeal, on the lives of every citizen belonging to the Venetian Hate { ilie higliell of the nobility, even the doge himfelf, not being excepted. To thcfe llnec inquifilors, is given the rigljt of employing (pies, conlidering fe- crtt Intelligence, ifluing orders to felze all pcrlbna whole words o^ adtions , thty think rtprclienlible, and afterwards trying them, and ordering them to lie executed, when they think proper. They have keys to cvciy apartment of the ducal palace, and can, whenever they pleafe, penetrate into the vcvf bed-eliHmher of tli» doge, open his cabinet, and exann'ne his papers : and of toiirfe, tliey may command acccfs to the hoiifc of every individual in the llato. They continue in olKce only for one year, but are not refponfible atiiiiViuds for their conduit whilll they were In authority. So much dillnill and jealoufy arc difplayed by this government, that the noble Vcne- llans are afraid of having any Intercourfe with foreign ambaffadors, or witli fprii^ners of any kind, and are even cautious of vIHting at each other'a houfcH. All the oiders of Venetian nobility arc dreffed in black gowns, large wigs; «nd caps which rhey hold in their hands. The ceremony of the doge's mar-' ryiiig the Adriatic once a year, by dropping into it a ring, from his bucen- Uur or Ibte-barge, attended by thofe of all the nobility, is the moft fuperb exhibition In Venice, but not comparable for magnificence to fi lord mayor's (liew. The inhabitants of Venice are faid to amount to aoo,ooo. The vva>Tfclilvw«.« Wl fcttw btl.^, jf CU bA%M«M. «> 43 tresf' '^'t^ iTSjCfc/itiii w ITALY. trcafuryj. and the tttf'.' f T A L T. •«^ |n«ial. The infcription on its bafe niQitiont its being mftdt hj CleOBMinM an Athenian, the fon of Apollodorue. It is of white marble, and furround^ (dby othei- tnaiterpieces of fculpture, fome of which are faid to be the miriKs of P/axiteles, and other Greek mafters; Every comer of this beauti* &1 city, which ftands between mountains covered with olive-trees, vineyardSf •nd delightful villas, and divided by the Arno, is full of wonders in th« arts «f psinting, ftatuary, and architecture. It i« a place of fome ftrength, and cobtains an archbilhop's fee, and an univerfity. The inhabitants boaft of the improvenientfl they have made in the Italian tongue, by means of their Aca* dcmia delia Crufca ; and fcveral other academies are now ellablinicd at Florence. Though the Florentines affeft great Hate, yet their nobility and gentry drive a retail trade in wine, which they fell from their celli|r-window8» and fometimes they even hang out a brokjjn flatk, es a fign where it may be bought! They deal, befides wine and fruits, in gold and filver (luffs.— —, upon the accelBon of the archduke Peter Leopold, afterwards the emperor of Germany, to this duchy, a great reformation was introduced, both into the government and manufaftures, to the great benefit of the finances. It is thought that the great duchy of Tufcany cqirid bring to the field, upon occafion, 30,000 fighting men, and that its prefent revenues are above ccx),0ool. a year. The other principal towrts of Tufcany are Pifa, Leg- horn, ^and Sienna; the firft and laft are much decayed; but Leghorn is a very handfome'city,, built in the modem taile, and with fuch regularity, that both gates are feen from the market-place. It is wtll fortified, having two forts towards the fea, befides the citadel. The rampartb afford a very agreeable profpeft of the fea, and of many villas on thi: land fide. Here all nations, and even the Mahometans^ have free accefs, and may fettle. The number of inhabitants is computed at 4c<,doo, among whom are faid to be 20,OGO Jews, who live in a particular quarter of the city, have a handfome fynagogu^, and though fubjedl to very heavy imp^fts, are in a thriving condition, the greateft part of the commerce of this city going through their hands. The inhabitants of Lucca, which is a fmall free commonwealth, lyinw on the Tufcan fea, in a moll delightful plain, are the mo^l: iiiduftrioue of all ,the Italians. They have improved their country into a beautiful gar- den, fo that though they do not exceed 120,000, their annual revenue amounts to 8o,oool. Jlerling. Their capital is Lucca, which contains about tit ooo inhabitants, who deal in mercery goods, wines, and fruits, efpecially olives. This republic is under the proteftion of the empefor. The vicinity of the g'-and duchy of Tufcany keeps the people of Lucca conltantly on their guard, in order to preferve their freedom ; for in fuch a fituation, an univerfal concord and hannony can alone* enable them to tranftnitto pofterity the biellings of their darling Liberty, wliofe name they bear on their arms, and v.'hofe image is not only impreffed on their coin, but alfo on the city gates, and all their public buildings. — It it* alfo obfcrvabltf, that the inhabitants of ibis little republic, being in pofieffion of freedom, appear with an air of cheerfulnefs and plenty, feldom to be found nmong thofe ol the. neighbouring countries. . The republic of St. Marino -is here mentioned as a geographical curi- otlty. Its territories confift of a high, craggy mountain, AVith a few~ emi- nences at the bottom, and the inhabitants boafl: of having prefarve^ th'^ir libmies, as a republic, for 1300 years. It is under the piote6tiori of the pope ; and the inoffenfive manners of the inhabitants, who are nut above 5O00 JD all, with the fojall value of their territory, have preferved its cooftitution. ^7^ I T A L Y. .Tke Buchy and cjty of Parma, together with the duchies o£ Placentia an^ Cuaftalla, now form one of the moft flouriihing ftates in Italy of its extent! IThe foils pf Parma an^ Plac6ntia are fertile, and |>roduce the richef^ fnilti and paftarages,' and contain conOdentble mnhufa&uris of fiik> It is the feat pf a bi/hop's liee, and an univerfity ; and fome of its magfiificent churchet arc painted by the famous Correggio. The prefcnt duke * of Parma is a pribce of the houfe of Sourbon, and fon to the Utt Don Philip, the king of Sixain's younger brdther. This country was, fome years p:^, the feat of a ^loody. war between the Auftrians, Spimards, and Neapolitans, Tht citiei of Parma and Placentia are enriched with magnificent buildings ; biit his catholic majefty, on his acceflion to the throne of Naples, is faidto have car< vied with p>n^ thither, the moft remarkable piftures and moveable^curio^ fities. The duke's court is thoi^ht ^o be the politeft of any in Italy, and it is faid. that his revenues exceed ioo,odol. fterling a ye«r, a' fum ra- ther exaggerated* — The city of Parma is fuppofed to contain 50,000 in. luibitants. - ■ • , ^ Mantca, formerly a rich duchy, bringing to its own dukes 500,000 crowns a year, is now much decayed. The government of.it is annexed td that of the Milancfe, in pofleffion of the houfe of Auftrla. The carjilal it one of the ftrongeft fortreffes in Europe, and contains about 16,000 inhabi- tants, who boaii that Virgil was a native of their country. By an order of the emperor in 1785, this duchy ,is incorporated with that of Mikn into one provinicCj and is now called At^ftrian Lombardy. The duchy of Modem a (formerly Mutina) is ftiU goyerned by its own duke f, the head of the houfe of Efte, from whom the family of Brunfwic defcended. The duke is :abfolute within his own dominions, which are fruit- ful. The duke is under rhe' proteftioJi of the houfe of Aullria, and is a vaf- fal of the empire. His donr.inions are far from being flouriihing, though very improveable, they having been alternately waited by the late belligerent powers in Italy. ■ ■ ■ The ecclesiastical state, which contains Rome, formerly the c*. pital of the World, lies about the middle of Italy. The bad effed^s of popifh tyranny, fuperftition:, and oppreiGon, are here feen in the higheft perfeftion, Thofefpots, which under the matters of the woidd were formed into io many terreilrial paradifes, furrounding theii' magnificent villas, and en- riched with all the luxuries that art and nature could produce, are now converted into noxious pei^ilential marflifs and quagmires : and jhe Cam- pagna di Roma, that formerly contained a million of inhabitants, would afford at prefent cf itfdf, but a miferable fubfiftenc^ to about five hun- dred. Notwithftanding this, tae pope J is a conliderable temporal prince, and fome fuppofc that his annual revenue amounts to above a milllirn fter- Ifng ; other authors calculate it to be much higher. Wlien we fpeak com- paratively, the fum of a million fterling is too high a revenue to arife from Jiis territorial poffeiTions : his accidental inr ivne, which formerly far exceed- ed that fum, is now dinjinifhed, bj the fupprcffion of the order of the Jefuits, from whom he drew vaft fuppl-es, and the meafiires taken by the popilh powen, * Ferdinand duke of Parma, born Jan. 30, 1751 , married to the arehduchels Marit Ainlriajorcpha, June 3^,176^. Their ifTuc are. a prince aud two princelTej. f Herculus Rcnaud, ijij i ucated a caidiaal 1773 ; and bledcd Pspc, Feb. 1^. ;; 75. ~, s'.. •■..ft ^ :T. .* ■ '.. • - . -■>ty"' ..<•-# • • ., I T A L Y. «»T powers, for preventing the great eccleftaftical tfliiea of money t# Rome. According to the heft and latell accounts, the taxes upon the provifions and lodgings, Turnifhed to foreigners, who fpend immenfe fu|n> in vifiting his do-, minions, form aow the greateft part of his accidental revenues. From what has happened, within. thefe thirty years pall, there is reafcin to beh'eve that the pope's tei-ritories will be reduced to the limits which the houfes of Auf- tria and Bourbon- fhall pleafe to prefcribe. S*me late popes have aimed at the Improvement of their territories, but their labours have had no great ef- feft. The dlfcouragement of induftry, and agpriculture feems to be interwo- ven m the conftitufion of the papal government, which is veiled in proud, lazy ecclefiaftics. Their indolence, and the fanaticiffti of their woWhip, infecl their inferiors, who prefer begging, and impofing upon ftraiigers, to mduftry and agriculture, efpecially as they mnft hold their properties by the pre- carious tenure of the will of their fuperiors. In (hort, the inhabitants of many parts of the ecclefiadical ilate mail perilh through their floth, did not . the fertility of their foil fpontaneoufly afford them fubfiftence. However, it Hiay be proper to make one general remark on Italy, which is, tthat the poverty and (loth of the lower ranks do not take their rife from their natural idifpofitions. This obfervation is not confined to the papal dominions. The Italian princes affe> but thofe of prayen snd fupplicationh #^ I have under tbe head of religion mentioned the tcqlefiaftical ggvcminent of tile papacy. As t6 the rota, and other fubordinate chambers of thi* ^^6inplicated jurifdiAion, they arc too numerous 'to be even named, *and d* not fall properly ^mder my plan. Under a government fo conftitutcd, it c^MiQt be^fuppofe^ that the commercial exports of the ecclefialllcal itttc •re of much va' \ ' ^ » . Next to Rome, Bologna, the -capital of the Bolognefe, is the moft confi. derabie city in the ecciefiaftical ftate, and an exception to the' indolence of its other ii^bitants. The government is under a legate a latere, who ii ahfaiys « cardinal and changed every thc^e years'. The people here live lyre' focfably and comfortably than the other fultjefta of the pope ; and perhaps their diitan<^8 from Rome, which is 195 niiles north.wefl, hw contributed to their eafe. The reft of the ecciefiaftical ftate contain Jh«ny towns celebrated in ancient htftory, and even novr exhibu^ng the moft ftriking vcftiges of their flourifliing ftate about the beginning of the 1 6th century ; but they are at prefent little better than defolate, though here and there a luxurious magnificent church and cunvciU may be found, which is (upported bythe toil and fwcat of the neighbouring peafantt. ' The grandettr of Ferrara, .Ravenna Rimini, Urrino (the native city of the celebrated painter^Raphael), An con a, and many other ftatet and cities, illuftrious in former times, arc now to be feen only in their ruins and ancwnt hiftory. Loretto, on the other hand, an obfcui;e fpot never thought or heard of in times of antiquity, is now tlie admiration of the world, for the richep it contains, and the prodigious rtlort to it of pilgrimSi ■and other devotees, from a notion induftrioufly propagated by the Romifli clergy, that the houfe in which the Virgin Marj' is faid to have dwelt at Na« zanfth, wascarriedjhither througti the air by angefe, attended with many other miraculous circumiFancM, fuch astha;. all the trees, on the arrival ofthefacred manfion, bowed with the profoundeft reverence j and great care is taken to prevent any bits of the materials of this houfe iVqpi beiyg carried to o'ther places, and expofed as relics, to the prejudice of Loretto. The image of the Virgin Mary, and of the divine infant, are of cedar, ghiced iua f aall apart- mciit^ feparated from-'Ae others by a filver balliidrade, which has a gau- of the fame metal. — It is impofllble to deferibe the gold chains, the rings and jewels, emeralds, pearls, and mbies, wherewith this image i i or was load- ed ;vand the angels of folid gold, who are here placed on every fide, are irqually enriched with the moit precious diamonds. To the fuperftition of Roman catholic piiuccs, Loretto itijdebted for this raafs of treafure. It has been a matter of furprife, tliat nolnempthasyet been made by the Turk* pr Barbary Hates upon Loretto, elpecially as- it is badly fortified, '""^ ftands near the fca ; bAit it if now ^l||||terally fnppofed, that the real trea- fure is withdrawn, /arid metals and ftones of lefs value fubftituted in iti place. ii ' The king of Napiies and Sicily, or, as he is more properly called, the Ring of the Two Sicilies (th^name of Sicily being common to both), is polfefled of the largeft dominions of any prince in Italy, as they comprehend the ancient countries of Samnium, Campania, Apulia, Magna-Grecia, and They are |he iiland of Sicily, containing m |U about- 32>QOO fauarf: miles. ' ITALY. -^« €^ bounded on all IMn ^y the Mediten|inean and the Adriatic, except en th« north caftt where K^]^e(l terminates on the ecclefiaftical ftate . The Apen* nine rum through it from north to fouth, and it* furface, is eftimated at 3«50a iijuare leagues. The i^r.is hot, and it« foil fruitftii! of eveiy^thing produced in Italy. - The wines 'c^ed Vino Grrco, and Lhchrym* Chrifti, are excel* lent. The city of Mlpfes, its capital, which ie extremely fuperb, and ad#rAed . with all the profuflon of art- and riches, and its neighbourhood, would be one of the moft delightful pUceB in Europe to live in, wercit not (or their vicinity*- to the Tqlcanp of VeUivius, whieh fomelimes threatens the city with deftrfc* tion, and the fo4 being peftered with in{e£h and reptiles^ fome of whith are veoomous. The houfes in Naples are inadequate to the population^ but i|i general, are five or fix ftories in height, and flat at the top ; on which arte placed aumbers of flower vafes, or fruit tret;s, in boxes of earth, producing a very gay and agreeable effedl. Some of the ftreets are very handfctme t no ftreet lo Rome equals in beauty the Strada di Toledo at Naples ; and ftilllefa can any of them be <:pmpared with thdfe beautiful. ftreets ^at lie .open to the bay. The richril. and nioft comAiodious convents in £urope,' both' for male and female votaries, are in this city ; the moft fertile and beautiful hills of the environs are covered with theni : and a froall part of-their revenue is fpent ia feeding the p^or, the monks diftributing bread and foup to a certain number every day before the doors of the con v^jts. Though a))ov|^two*third8 of the property of the kingdom are in thfthaiida ofthe eccleflailics, the proteflants live here with great freedom ; and though his Neapolitan majcfty prefents to his holinefs-cvery year a palfrey, as an ac«> knowledgment that his kingdom is a fief uf the pontiiicate, yet no inquifition ii ellablinied in Naples. -The prefcnt revenues of that king amount to above 75e,opol. Iterling a year ) but it is more than probable that, %y the new et tablifred police purfued by the princes oflhehoufe of Bourbon, of abridging the influence and revenues of the clergy, his Neapolitan majefty's annual in- come will confiderably exceed a million ilcrling. The exports of the king* dom are legumes, hemp, aruiifeeds, wool, oil, wine, cheefe, Elh, honey, wax, manna, faffron, gums, capers, macaroni, fait, pot-a(h„ fla)f, cotton, filk, and divers manufaAui-es. Thp king has a numerous but generally poor nobility, cbitfifiing of princes, dukes, marquifTes, and other high founding titles ; and his capital, by far. the moft populous in Italy, contains at leall 350,000 in- habitants. Among thefe are about 30,000 lazaroniv or b!ack-gi»ard3, the greater part of which have no dwelling-houfts, but flccp every night in fum« mer under porticos, piazzas, or any kind of fhelter they can find, and in the winter or rainy time of 1 he year, which lafts feveral weeks, the rain falling by pailfulli, they refort to the caws under Capo di Monte, where they fleep in crowds like iheep in a pinfold. Thofe of tht;m who have wives and children,, live in the fuburbs of Naples, near PaufiliDpo, in huts, or in caverns 'or cham- bers dug out of that mountain. Some |^m a livelihood By filhing, others bf eaii-ying burthens to and fiom the (hipping ; many walk about the Itrects ready to run on errands, or to perform any Jjaj/Hfur in their power for a very fmall re» «ompence. As they do not meet with conftant employment, their wages are not iulficient for their maintenance ; but the deficiency ^ in fome degree fup- plicd by the foup and bread which are diftributed at the doors of the conve^its. Jiut though there is fo much poverty among the lowei; people, therein^ * grtat appearance of wealth among fome of the great. The Neapolitan! nobility are ex'"cflivcly fond of ihovr and fplendor. This appears in the arilliancy of their equipages, the number of^ their attendants, the richncf* - There are ftill traces of the memorable town of Canns, as frannents of altr''}, cornices, gates, walls, vaults, and under- ground granaries | and the fcene of aAion between Hannibal and the Romans, is ili|i marked out to pofterity by the name bf f)e%»o di faiiguf, *' field of blu«d." .Taranto, a city that was once the rival of Rome, ii now remarkable for little elfe than its fiflierieq. Sorenlo is a city placed on the brink of fteep rocks, that overhang the bay, and of all the places in the kingdom, had the \noft .delightful climatel Nola, once famous fur its amphitheatres, and as the place where Auguftus Caefar died, is 'now hardlj worth obfcrvation. Brundufium, now Brindiii, was the great fupplier of oyfters for the Roman tables. It hath a fine port, but the buildings are poor and ruin. OU8 ; and the fall of the Grecian empire under the Turks reduced it to a ftate of inactivity and poverty, from whicnTit h^th not yet emerged* jBxcept Rome, no city can boail of fo many remains of ancient fculpture as Benevento : here the arch of Trajan, one of the moll magnificent re. mains of Roman grandeur out of Rome, erected in the year 114, is flill in tolerable prefervation. Reggio had nothing renaarkable but a Gothic cathedral. It was dellroyed by an earthquake before the Marfian war, and rebuilt by Julius Czfar ; p^it of the wall dill remains, and was very roughly handled by the earthquake in 1782, but not deiltoyed : only 126 loft their livt» out of 16,000 inhabitants. The ancient city of Oppido y,'9» entirely ruined by the earthquake of the 5th of Febrnary, and the greateft force thereof feems to have been exerted near that fpot, and at Calal Nuova, and Terra Nuova. From Trupea to Squillace, moil of the towns and villages were either totally or in part overthrown, and many of the inhabitants buried in the ruins. To afcertain the extent of thie rava^res, Sir William Hamilton, who furveyed it, gives the following deCcription : *' If on a map of Italy, and with your compaffes on the fcalc of Italian miles, you were to meafure off 22, and then fixing your central point in the city of Oppido (which appeared to me to be the Ipot on which the earthquake had exerted its greateil force), form a circle (the radii of which will be, as Ijulifaid, 22 miles) you will thtra include all the towns and villa^i that have been utterly ruined, ami the fpots where the greateil mor- tality has happened, and where there have been the moil vifible altcratiuiu on tike face of the earth. Then cxtftid your compaiTes on the fame icale to 72 miles, preferving the fame centre, and form another circle, you will include the whole of the country that has any mark of having been afTeded by the earthquake.". The ifland of Sicily, once the granary of the world for corn, flill con- tinvies to fupply Naples, and other parts, with that commodity ; but itt cultivation, and confequently, lertility, is greatly diminifhed. Its vegeta- l>le, mineral, and animal prsdudlions, arc pretty much the fame with thofc oi Italy. , . . V ' ■ Both I T A t Y. 6ft ' Both the ancients and 'modern!! have niaintaSned, that Sicily waa originally jbined to the continent of Italy, but gradually feparated from it by the en« croachnents of the fea, and the' (hocks of earthquakes^ fo as to become a perfc£t ifland. Thq climate of Sicily is'fb hot, that even in the beginning of jsniiary the (hade 19 refrefhing j and ' 'ling Ixrinds are only feji a fe# days in March, and then a fmall lire is fufficKr to banifli the cold, Th« only ap* pearance of winter is found to>v:^^t)ie funimit ^f Mount ^tna^ where fitow falls, which the inhabitants have a contrfvance foir pniiciving. : Churche<» convents, and reltgidtts fuundatipfis are extremely numerous here : the build« infTi are handfome, knA the revenues cbhiiderable. If this IQand were better cuhivated, and its government niore equitable, it would in many rcfpeds be a delightful place of refidence. There are a great number of fine remaina of antiquity here. - Some- parts of thin iflartd are remarkable' lor the. beauty of the female inhaljitants. Palermp, the capital of Sicily, ii cbmputiedto contain 120,000 inhabitants. 'The two principal llreets, and which crofs each other, are very fine. This is faid to be the only town in all Italy which is lighted at night at the public eifpence. It carries on a confiderable trade | as alfo did Meffina, which, before the earthquake in > 785, was a large and welUbiiilt city, containing many churches and convents, generally elegant ftrufiarcs. i5y that earthquake a great part of the lower dillrio: of the city and of the ; jport was deftroyed, and confiderable damage done to the lofty uniform Buil^jags called, the JP^i/mxz^i/a, in the ihape of a crefcent ; but the force of tne earthquake, though violent j vVas nothiug at Medina or Reggio/ to what it was in the plain, for of 30,000, the Tup- pofed population of the city only 700 is faid to have perifhed. •* The greatelt mortality fell u,pon thofe towns and countries iituated in the plain of Calabria U'ltrai oh the wcftern fide of the mountains Dcjo, Sacroi and Caulone. At Cafal Nuovo, the princefs Geracc, and upwards of 4000 of the inhabitants, lod their lives ; at Bagnara, the uumbet of dead amounts to 301 f ; Radiciiia and Palmi count their lofs at about 30CO each | 'Perra Nuova about 1400 ; SeminaW. ftill more. The fum total of the mort* ality in both Calabrias aiid in Sicily, by the earthquakes f 1< e, according t* the returns in the fccretary of ftat;:'* office at Naples^is ;; ;; ''17 ; " but fir- William Hamilton faith" he hap good -eafon to believe, Hat, in eluding ilrangers, the number of lives loft muit have bfich confideraliy greater : 40,000 at leall may be allowed, he believes, withou: exaggeration. The ifland of Sarp'sia, which givef> a royal title to the dukie of Savoy* lies about 150 miles well 6f Leghorn, and hath feven cities or tovns. Its cwpital, Cagliari, is an univerlity, an archbifhopric, and the .'"'at of the viceroy, containing about 15,000 inhabitant?. It is thoughi. that his Sardinian ma- jefry's revenues, from iliis ifland, do not exceed 50001. ftcrl'iga yeari though it yields plenty of torn and wine, and ha? a coral fifliery. Its air is bad, from its marfhes and high mountains on the North, and therefore was a place of exile for the Romans. It was formerly annexed to the crown of Spain, but at the peace of Utrecht it was •given to the ernpcror, ari<' in s 7 1 9, to thes lioufe of Savoy. On the 1 6th. Septr. 1792 war was declared by the natior al afTembly of ¥rar.(;e againfl the king of Sardinia, and about the 20th. general Montef- quieu entered the territories of Savoy. He defcribcs his march as a triumph. A deputation from ChamBerry waited on him air .oft r.s Toon aS h" paifed the boundary, and on the nil he pn)cceded w-t'i a detacVierit to take poffeffion •f that city, Th« municipality waited for him ai -^ ^. ;*• in their drefs of 41 cerco- ^ ITALY. Mnmoiiy to Oliver up the kcyi, and tcAificdt in warm termi, the eflcem ia which th« pMpIe of S«vov held the French nation. At the Hotel de ViUc he rMKived the h< .. ^-r ;tt »11 iheir citucos* and invited them aU (o an catcr< tlinncoi he had (/repared for that purpofe. With "cotber body pf troop* general Anfelm croflied thf ''.'■• \ and on the i9th. ot' Septemher, beiiMr fupported hj admiral Trnguet with nine (ail of the Unc> took poffefiioa at Nice, which w« evacuated hy the Piedmootefe l^^n on the appearance of the French. With the city of Nice the for treil of MontalbaOt and Villa Fsanoa* and indeed the whole country of Nice fiihoHtted to the conquesors. General Anielme wa» extremely jpopular on iua firft arrivtal, among the Piedmontefct and thry appeared difpokd in every refpeA cordially tovnite witl\ the French repuhlit. But in a (hort time the feldien began to commit t^ grofleft exceffea, and the name of the French MtioB hecanae odious in that quarter. The experiment of r.'<.ifing the people in a mafa was tried by ^he king of Sardinia in Pieda>ant in the month of July 1 794 } but in fuch a manner a fully juftifies the king of Pruffia'a cenlure of this mode of warfare, in a re- gular government, where the people are not aftuated by enthufiafm. Ten thouiimd of the£e raw and undisciplined recruits were difpcrfed by a few French battalions. On the 14th. of September the Fiedmoatefe army w«re again defeated with coniiderable (laughter by the army of the Alps. Id the fame month a grand plan was (brmed for attacking the French pofts in the vidnity of Genoa. The French anticipated this plan, carried the Auftnan and $aidinian po(b with the. bayonet, purfu^d them to Alexandria, and forc- ed them to evacuate le Caife with confiderable lofs. During the followmg iQOOths of the year 1794 the war on the part of the Auftrians and Sardini- ans .was defc.;nvt ; and in (bme inconliderable attacks they wei^ fortunate enough to rq:>v>i)'e ;he Republicans. The ec<. ny h^ang repeatedly failed in their attempts to pafs through Fiedmoat mxv liflyt in 1796 recruited their aroueB and datcrminiid once moK to att<^^ipt the conqueft of Piedmont. The iirft aflion terminated h favour of the Aaftrian and Sardinian forces, but they were fliortly after de* ftHt^i in a deciflve battle fought at the village of Mille(imo« Buonaparte, , vdao had received the command of the French army, taking advantage of the d^iordnr. of the Auftrijlns, pulhed forward and gained polTeffion of Cairo, a pod on the Bormida, which commanded the roads leading to Turin. The dpfil^ ofMillefimp wene forced by general Angereau on the |.ith. of Aprili vrho furrounded a dividon of 1500 grenadiers, commanded by the Au&iaa Speneral Provera, who threw himfcif into the ruins of an old caille. After a evere cannonade for feveral houn;, a general attack was made in four co- lumns on this poll,' in whjch the French were repulOed, . with the lufs of tw9 of their generals who commanded the aifault ; vtd Provera keeping firm to his pofition, flopped the progreTs of the enemy for (ive days. On the fifth day the two armies prepared for a general a&ion. Angereau, who contntanded. the left wing of the French army, ftill held Provera blockaded in the ruins of the caiUe. The Auftrians and Piedmontefe, attempting to force the centre, were repulfed with great lofs ; and their left wing which Yas flanked by the village of Dego, v acre they were ftrongly entrenched was turned by funeral M^ena. General Xt| ■od geiMvtl Prover^ with ail garrilbat furrenderc4 thetnfelvet prifonen of war. the poft of ^eouB pofi» '.Ik M\kn of able. The lupcriotity dr«;w durii\g On the foUowiag day, whilft the Frendi were Indulgiog themMvet in &• curity after the fatigues of the hsitk they were furpnzed at the village of Dego by general Beaulieu, at the head of (even thouUnd mco v^hom be had rtltied. The AuArioA* diflodged the French fromtbii poft, an! repulfed them three tines in their attempt to retake it. The AuAn'ana Inng maintaia- ed their poft with obltinate valour, but prcfled by the I'^rench troops, they were at laft compelled to retreat after lofing twc the ^'''d tacn fourteen hundred of whom were prifonen. ' After the defeat at Dego the Piedmontefe array evi Montefimo, and in retreating towards Turin, had t 'r, tions at the confluence of the rivers Cunaglia and ' which thry had placed batteries, fo as to render their t; - Fiedtnontere general, however, count Colli, fearing Ivii b of numbers the enemy might be enabled to furround him, the night. At break of day he was attacked at the entrance of (he viUage of Vico ; the redoubt which covered the centre of the Piedmoi)t«:ftf army was taken, and Mondovl fell into the hands of the French. The Pif eifeAive defence, fur the capital, count Colli, on the 23d. of April, propofed a fufpenfiun of arms ( fko conditions of which were diflated by Buonaparte. Having put the French in poficflioh of the fortredcs ftipulated in the annifti^e, his Sardinian m^y^fty fent his minifters to Paris, who concluded a treaty of peace with the repuh« lie on the { 1 7th. of May 1 796 ; a peace in every point of view in which it can be regarded, moft humiliating and difgracefuL The ifland of CoasiQA lies oppofite to the Genoefe continent, let^cfn the gulf of Genoa and the ifland of Sardinia, and is better known by the noble Rand which the inhabitants made for their liberty, againft their Of. noefe tyrants, and afterwards againft the bafe and ungenerous efforts of > ^j^e prench to cnflave them, than from any advantages they enjoy, from natu/b or fituation. Though mountainous and woody, it produces com, wine, 6g^, almonds, chefnuts, olives, and other fruits. It has iiiSo fon^e cattle and horfes, and is plentifully fupplied, both by fea and rivers, with fi(h. The inhabitants are faid to amount to 120,000, ^aftia, the. capital, is a place of fome ftrength ; though other towns of the ifland that w^ re in po^i]Son of the malecontents, appear to have been but poorly fortified. In 1794, Corfica was reduced by lord Hood, who, after leaving Togj^n cruized fome time off Hiercs bay; and early in the month of May proceed* cd for Corfica, which was in a ftatc of revolt againft the authority of the Convention. The tower and garrifon of Mortella furretidered on the loth of that month ; the tower of Tortielli was abandoned by the republicans on the 17th and in two days after, they evacuated 3t. Fiorenao, and retreaj^d to Baftia ; whither they were followed as foon as pofllble by lord Hood. The number of perCons bearing arms in Baftia originally amounted tO' no more than 5000 men. The fortifications were not in the bcft ftate, apd the garrifon but indifferently provided ; yet tiiey made an obftinate dtfencst. and refifted till the j 9th of May, when lord Hood •' in confideration of ^ very galhmt'defence made by the Karrifon of ^lifti^* fl^ ^S^^Wf^^^ 'i&A. „ '1 . ilkj :> ^. ^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TAillGET (MT-3) 7 ft .^* n:^^ % ^ 1.0 I.I »i)ii |22 ^ Ijfi 12.0 u HA ':;>■;■, ■•■ ■,_ [1.25 ||.4 1^ ^ 6" - » '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WtST MAIN STMIT weBSTiR,N.Y. useo (716) •72-4503 .**5^ 6l4 I'T A L y; < of humanity,^* offered Konourable terms to tbe commandant GentUa, wh]^ in the fituation of thb garrifoa it vwidd have be^n deifiente to reje6^; U confequence of this negoclation the earrifononthe 24th niarched out witk ^e honom« of war, and Baftia was taken fodTefnoa ofby ' the Englifh. In confequence of this fuccefs the whole iOand fubmitted to the Briti(}i arms, except the town of Calvi, which rer'ftedtill \he lothof-Auguft, when it furrendered on terms of capitulation. vThe ganifon marched out with the honours of war, and were tranfpbrted at the expence of Great Britain to Tcukm. ■ " • • ■■'.■'.-<' ■ • ..,': , '.(^rfica did not, however, long ren^ain in poiTeilion of the £ngl!(h. In 1796 the directory planned its reduAiort > nor could the vigilance of the' viceroy hinder ,fuch Communications, or his avithority-fupprefa fucn tendencies to infurrefUon, as were fuificient td mark the 'dtfpofition of hft iaewly acquired fubjefits. Whde the French were 'forming plans, the exc. cution of 'whfch'was checked by the fuperiority of the En^ih naval force, the Corficans were emptdyed in finding means now to co-operate with their form^' countrymen, s^nd ihake off their "new allegiance. The viceroy whs knew how to.eflimate the alternately fubtle and ^Aubborn pf^ittcsof thefe iflandera, did>not wait the exploiion, but gave notice that he was groing to i^thdraw his troops, and along with thtrnrthe kingly government -he was going to eftablifh.- The Corficans fr arcely i>"Bited the withdrawing, of the £nglifh. troops, before they formed themfelves' into primary afiembUes to**! fend deputies tO' the -commiffioners in Italy to dived tbemfelvea of their ti. tleoffubje^s^o the- king of England. Capri- the ancient Caprba, is an ifland to which Auguftus Caefar, often caMeforbis health- and recreation j and which Tiberius' iniade a ^seue of tht noft- infantoas pleafures. - Xt lies three Italian miles from that part of the mam land which projects fertheft into the fea. It extends four r\ile8 in length froni Eafl to Weft, and about one in breadth. The weftern part is, for above two miles -a continued rock, vaftly high, and inacccflible next the fea ; ■ yet Ano Capri, the largeft town of the ifland, in fituated here ; and in this part ate feven^l places covered with a very fiwtful foil. The eaftem end of the ifland alfo rifes up in precipices that are nearly as high, though not quite folong as the weftern. . Between the rocky mountains, at each end, IS a flip of lower ground that ruo^crofs the ifland, and is one of the pleafanteft' fpots that can eafil/ be conftived.> It is covered with myrtlei, olives, aln|ionds, oranges, figs^ vineyards, and corn>fields, -which look ex. tricmely frefh and- beautiful^ and afford a mofl delightful little landfcapfi when viewed from the lopis of- the neighbouring mountains. Here is fitua. ted .the town of Capreat two or three convents, and the biihop's palace. In the midft of this fertile tra^ rifes a hill, which in the reign of Tiberiiis was probably covered with^buildings, fome rrmains of which are flill to be feen.-— But the moft confiderable ruins are at the very extremity of the eaftem promontory. . From this place there is a very noble profpe£t ; on one fide of it, the fea extends farther than the eye caij«^l$^ ; juit oppofite is the green promon- tory of Sarentum, and on the^jfcKer fide the bay of Naples. IseliiA, and forne other iflahd* ^Mi'n# coafts of Naplee^and Italy, have nothing to difUnguifti t^em b**: the ruin's of their ^ antiquities, and their be. icg now beautiful fuffiiA}!^.^ retreats for their owners. I'lba hath been re- fiowned for its miniil&m^ a period beyond the reach of hif^oay. Virgil, and Ariftotle lAentioh iu , Ita. fituation ia about ten miles fouth weft from * * Tufcany, ^fe .»<;*■ I ^ i X Y, %< l!ufcany» and. 80 ipilet in circumference, containing^^n(;ar,700O inb»bitants, It is divided between the king uf Naples, to whom Porto Lon^onie belonHr^ and the great duke of Ttifcany, who i« mafter of Porto flerraio, and toe prince ofrio/nbinot The fruits ahd wine of the ifland arc very good, and the tunnery, filheries, and fait produce a good revenue. l.fballhere mention the ifle of Malta, though it is not properly ninkt^ \nth It'ilian iflands. It was formerly called Mi^lfl^ and is Situated in 15 degrees E. Ion. and 36 degrees N. lat. 60 miles wuth of Cape,Pal{kr6 i* Sicily, and is of an oval figure, 20 miles long, and 12 broad. Itslt^r is cle», but exceifively 4iot : the whole ifiand feemsto be a whi!:e rock covered with a thin furface of earth, which is howevei' ama^iiingly produAive of exccUehi fruits and vegetables, and garder.-ftuff of all kinds. This ifland *, or rather rock, was given to the knights of St. John of Jerufalem in i^jo, by the emperorj Charles V. when the Turks;; drove them out of Rhodes, un- der the tender of one falcon yearly to the viceroy of Sicily, and to acknow- ledge the kings of Spain and Sicily for their prottftors : they are now known by the diftindion of the knights of Malta. They are v, nder vows oi celibacy and chaftity ; but they keep the former much better than the lat- ter. They have confiderable polTeffions in the Roman Catholic countries oa the continent, and are under the government of a grand mafter who is elec- ted for life. The lord.prior of the order, was formerly accounted the prime baron in England. The knights are in number 1000 : 506 are to rcfide on the iHand, the remainder are in thdr leminaries in other- countries, but at any fummons are to make a pe^fonal appearance. . They had a (eminary in England tiQ it was fupprefled by Henry VIII. but they now give to one the title of Grand Prior of England. They are confidered as the bulwark of Chriftendom againft; the Turks on tliat fide. They wear the badge of the order, a goldcrofs of eight ppinta enamelled white, pendant to a black watered ribband at the breaft, and the badge is decorated fo, as to diftiii- !ruilh the country of the knight They are generally of noble families, or uch as can prove their gentility for fix defcents, and are ranked according to their nations. There are fixteen called the Great Crofles, out of whom the officers of the order, as the' marfhal, admiral, chancellor. Sec. fure chofen. When the 'great :nafter dies, they fuffer no vcifel to go out of the ifland till another is chofen to prevent the pope from interfering in' the eIc£tion. Out of the fixteen geeat croifes, the .great mailer is cle£ied, whofe title is^ V The moft illuftrions, and moft reverend prince, the lord friar A. B. great inafter of the hofpital of St. John pf Jerufalem, pnnce- «f Malta and Gaza." All the knights are fworn to defend the church, to obey their fu- pjriors, and to live on the / revenues of their order only. Not only their ^hief town 'Valletta or M^ha, and its harbour, bt^t the whole ifland wasf* well fortified; as to be deemed impregnable. Qn the 1 8th of -September |here is an annual proceflion at 'M,aliA in* memory of the Turks raifing the fiege on that day 1563, after fotir months ^iTault, leaving their artillery, ice. behind. - • :• ' ■ • ' ' No event of any importance has happened at Malta till the year 1 798, when the whole ifland \yas conquered by the French. Their fleet command- ed by Doonaparte arrived thereon the qth at day ^reak, within fight of tlie illand of Gcfe. On the fame evening, an aid>de-camp was fent by Buona- parte, to aflcliberty of the grand mailer to water in the different anchorages ill the ifland ; this requeft being refufed, admiral Brueys was ordered to pre* * The ifland of M«lu is goTerned by a Oiand MaAcr, l»«^ /i , ./I f-) t^ I T A Is V. put far mtiskg a ikfctiit He fent rMr-admiral Bbn^et wkk lik &uft. 4mih «nd the convoy fioai^CtviU Vecchia, to effeft a dercont'm the bi* ofMnfa Siroco. Oathe iQ|h at^y.brcak the Fmich ttoopi were land. «d at aUjpoinji, ootvithftandipg the oppofition of a heavy jpaiuranadc. U the evening (he fortrefi was fliveftea on all fidett and the reft of tlie jiiland ftibmittcd. The Uafoitunate inhabitants being alarnoed beyoBd |t&y thing that can lyj^fauigincd, took refuge in the town of Maha* which wLiMn, car, ytiih a label of five points, . guleS. Thfe French after the concjveft of Italj Inid for their arms the figure of Brutus rifing out of the tomb an^ itt ftandanl tricoloured, with white, and red, and bladc^ The *• order of .%. Janutuiutt^ was^lj^tnted by the prefr * king itf Spam, when king of Naples, in July 1 75^.'* The numtrer ofkn j Imjit. cdto 30, and af^er the prelent fovereign, that office of the ord'i. . i be pof- iicfied by the kingaf of Naples. All the knights mulb prove the nobility of their defpent for four centuries, and are to be addrefltd bv the title ^f excel. lency. St. Januarlus, the celebrated patron of Naples, is the patron of thfi order. The ** order al jiimunciatHm*' was inftituted in the ydur I3;5, by AiMtdeus V. count of Savoy, iii otemory of Amati«us I. who bravely defend* cd Rhodev againft the Turiis, and won thofe arms which are qow borne tiy the dukes of Savoy, " Gules, a crofs argent.'* It is counted aaoong the moil refpeV I T A L Y. ^ r^ tkki '* Knigbtt ^Sh iUrh" t» inertly hoiic|0ki7 t th^y hate ao retdMt^ ^ rjivc thet iiader utf obUgakieo b/. tow* » jfiier Ofrdcrt. Abdut tke jnr 1460, Frederick III. emperor f,i 0 g«,jv," andiledicated it to S0 Gkaa^» tjAelar laint and patroii of Oenit^ The dbgc it perpcturi gtand- jsften ^XV badge» a plaid crofi enantttri^ ndei, pendaat t«> a |^Id ckav aad woi« about tkdr necka^ The «ro& is «I1(» oibraidered' on thttr diMdct, In the jtu \^6it Cafinur of3l!ei&icMi flrft jrnid duke laairy, and diieir two principal cooTentoal koufes are at Pifiu k i« a tieligiooi ■ tisnA at mflitarf order, but tke knigbts of JolHce and the Ecdefiaftici ai# obKged t* make pnwf of nobility of four deicenta^ l^^y ^^*^ * *^' crofs with right aagleti ocltd» or,, on the left fide of their habit, and>n t^jtir^ nunde, . ■■ . .,-. -v.^' Tlie ** order of the Hvfy Gha^ wat founded with tbeir chief fittt, th« hofjpiul of that name in Rome, by pope Innocent' IIL idxmt the year 1 1 98k' Theyhavd * orand mailer, and profeft obedieilGe, chaftity, and povdMtr^ Thnr mremte it cftimated at 24,000 ducats daily., witk which thef enteniuit ftrangers, rdieve the poor, tnki up deferted children^ Ate. . Their eBfign it t whitt patriatebial ordSt wftb rx pttiats, fiewed on tJkcte bread ea the ieftfideof sbbck aiantkk The *^ order oiJefusCht^t**, iaftkutcd \ff igas^c Johti' XXIL wat reformed and impmTed by pope Pkul V. The; reignin ?' ponejmM>- tobetlwayt fovereign of it, and watdefiffned at a mark of-diftiaAion tor the ipufd Italian nobility* but on accoufit ofits frequent proftitutaon, hadlifaikii. into discredit. The ** order of tke GoUe» S'Jmr" is &id to>ha«c been in- ftitutedbr pope Fiua IV. 15^9, and to have been conne3«d wick the " artue ot the quadruple alliance concluded in 1718 *. ■ In lygi the eitiperorB of Germany,' vho governed it bv deputies 'to the veaf 1240, when the fanious diftin^ tidnt of the Guelph8> who were tne p'artixans of the pope* -and the Gftielliaes, who were in the emperor's tnt«reft, tdoli plaice. The popeg then perfuaded the imperial govembrs 19 Tufeanf to,- p«t themfelvcs under the protcdion of the chtirch 1 btit the Florentine^ in a'fhort time, fonned themfelves into a free commonwealth, and bravcity defended 'their Ubertiei ■gainft both parties by turn. Fadion at laft: ihook their freedom ^ and the family of Medici, ' ig before they were deSclared either princes or 4uke«» in fadt govicrned l^lorence, though the rights and privileges of the people feemed ftill to exiit. The Media, particularly Cofn\o, who wat defervedly called the Father of his Country, being in the fecret, (hared with the Venetians i(i the'immenfe profits of the £aft*Tndia trade, before the^ difcoveries made by the Portuguefe. His revenue,' in ready money, which exceeded that of any fovereigii prin<;£ in Europe, enabled his fuc< eeflbrs to rife to fovcreigo powtr ; and pope Pius V. gave one of his de- fcendants, Cofino (the great patron of the aits), the title of Great Dnke •f Tufcany in 1570, ivhich continued in his family to the death of Oaf. ton de Medi^is in 1737, without iiTue. The great duchy was then « XVI. iht law UDtortunaic king of the Freoeb. ' Brother* and iiflera of the king. I. Marhr>JufepHa-Louifa,bofU Sepumbcr a, 1753 s married to the cotint de Provence, vid. France. 1 a. Marla-Therefa, born Jjn. 3». »7j6 ; married to the Count d'Artoii, vid. France. 3. Anna- Maria- Carulinii, born D-'ccmber 17, » 757. 4. Vi^<>r- Emanuel Cijetan due c'Aofte, born, July 94, 1759: married April ij. 178;, Maria'Tfaerefa, niece t»the present cnnperor. 5. Maurice Jofej^h-Maria, due de MoBtferrat, bom September, la, 17611 6. Maria>CharloMa, born January i7, 1 764- ^ 7. Charlea-Joftpht due it G^nevoSi, born April 6, 1765. I. Jofeph Bwedid, co«»tc de Maarirtttie, born OAobtr, J,i7$5. ^ . . ^. -t^ ,*feftjui i T^ A t: t. m ^guealbroken into the fd^ceffion of Tincr«d'* Une^ aiid NMid the houfe of Anjou» with fome interruptivds ond tragicat revolotioni, held it till the Spwiiard* drove them out in i jfo4, arid it was then annexed ta the crown of Spain. The government ot' the Smmiardt' under theAuftrianh'tae* waifo op|i|ref'' Cve, that it (j^ve rife ta the famput retok, headed by MaflanicUo« a fottte filherman,' without fhoes orftockingt, in the year 164^. • Hit fuoce&^nuito furpriliWt (hat he obh'ged the hausrhty Spaniard* to 4boli(h 'the oppnffive taxcf, aM to confirm fM lihertie«*of the fcopk. ■ Befoee,^the£e could ^bt re- eftabh'fhed perfeAly, he turned dcliriouii Uirough hiicondntial igitatioi|aof body and mind, and he was put to death at the head of his own mohi ' 'Na- ples and Sicily ccntinued with the Spaniards till the vear i7eo» wbeathe e]ctin between the houfes of AuQ^ria and BourbMi^ about the ^iTeffion of Naples ; andpon Carh^ wlis received into the capital^ where hewaiipre* fckimed king of both Sicilies 9 this wis followed by a very bloody campaign, but the farther eifufion of blood was ftoptby a peace betweeti France and the emperor, to' which the courts of Madrid and Naples at firft demurred, but afterwards acceded in 1736, and Don Carlos remained king of Naples. Upon his acceifion to- the crown of Spain in I759t it being found, by the inlpcAion of phylicians, and other trials, that his eldeft fon was by nature .incapacitated for reigning, and his fecond being heir>apparent to the Spanifli inonarchy, he reiigbed the crown of Naples to his thlird foa/ Ferdinand IV. vho married an archduchefs of Auftrik.'*. . The king of Naples joined the coalition which vras formed by the prineja of Europe a^inft the French Republic ;, but terrified by the rapid atad iin- paralleled fuccelTes of his enemies, h^ was forced'to requeft im armiltiee, which was granted to hint, togcthier with the pope ; and on the ajth of OAbber J 797 a definitive treaty, was concluded lijpoQ fuch conditions A^ the FHsnch vere pleafed to dictate. . ,' - . • It was impoflible, howevifer that a peacrercrc«ii>pre.r«1>f Qanuny, 6 >rlb June 6, I77». . I'j L 'n*'^' Clenaeatioe^ fcorn Novcn>^)w «, tJJTi niarrjed Sbpcember 17, 1790, the vcndukc Ferdinand, t ■ . ^ A^ /■^;n/'»J»nMrinii, ^tince km\,.h6ta Autafi I7i 1777 ; married Mat5a-Cl«»ehtliHi, the Archdndkcfc Sepwmbei; j;^©. Hwitfu^ Nov, g. 1758, a fon, :' 4U NeUott!* ■*■*•-■ ;--*j ^ I r A. L Yi ««« prkcM AJbnrt dMd tbroiujii ^cje$ye A^Mltl* »ad fm^gue. It i$ t» •be 1iopM,>wiiiev!ttrithafc x^c Mfn>f pit he /imi«Uc4 irom tJ^'jM )Nr41 «• from att thdr other poffallonHm4M«. ' i^iK MilMUBfe»tk» (MmA poition jn I^lgr. went tbraiiu|li £t«rfi;il bndi; ftyifc«■ii■ iprt« iOfoeqe^M) ky ti^ Otkm^rmitvd |he SnHrMfil>Mlt fell « iatA dv budi oftliactnffror C)Nirj|fli V, .4))p«t (he fcwr <5li|» awho niK it tadu^fen PhAi^ II. kiw of ^V»in. U r««»i«cd vritji t)i9l jorovn tfll tb ifi^Hidi JNK 4BitnB»«iM* of .Ua}]r, ir tj«A,i)Y%hc impmrjiUiAi. iCbey wcne di^aBcfl«d<''it<>B'J94l« M by .«« Mvpcror** neflfi^n of NH»lfaM4 Sidy • Uhthev|TCr«n»n by the Freochi mhA ImcIv re. (Bnpqvared.'fiwm «faiti» W.fbr.^ powar«» wbA* »i|iNift[4 «i^ )»ft to » fcnfe of . thiik daagarf bfive«oaikM^4 a qis4«r ti»h(i»bk :U»ofe aiUqmnti who hmie u(ufhid and«B«de part af tbe dMah)t of Pa>BW. , VFbe firftdukc (tfl^t«ia waaiiataral fon to pop(eP#vi ni*.ib9diichyhav lag been af^iekcd totW heds (ce, in i54;^» by pppe Juliua II. The dcfwa- 4lanta.ufttteb9u£e 4f F^inefe terminu^ed in the J^te qivsen dowager ^fSpaii, mhofk fcn,ijm Dttfent catboli^ nmefty. . obiained ^ dMChy» and hia nephew iWMr Inlda it witik the dudiy of ^aoeoUa. The yenetiaoa.wiire fqrmeflif tbc i^aft formidable, pMNNtioie power in £i}. rofie. In 11941 ^^^ conquered CopfMtihqple it£dft and bpid it for Ibme twif , tpgaW with grieat p«rt oftbs coatincnt of ^i9p« and Afu. They W«M n»0re than ce brc^i^ to the bnnb of denruaicuiy by the Konvt^mfim ^nnod »ga^nft ihcaaaoMnK the other ppwsn of Fdvope, cfpe- cwfly by the kag«e wT CMiVVi >«i ^fop" ^ f*'* P* «!***»» fe^«d by the difvpipn of the iMmMftnl^ The 4il'«ovry 9f a.pa^ge to India, by the Cape of Good Hope, gave the firft blow to their g^atnefp^ aa it loft them .^ {jB^i^ trade* 3y de^eea tbft Turka topk |(eo them 4teir moft valua- ble poQeflpni on the opiMinent 1 and ib l^itc a^ the year 1715 they loft the t/hmy In 1 7,93 wiv:* the French banditii bfkd pver*run Italy, having con- trifed ietfral accj^ionp-againft the inhabitiants of Venicfit they ^dreffed a QiaBifeftpto the d(w^> ccynplaining of the hoftilc difppQti^n thaic government lud always mapUlfted jtqwarda jT^nif «nd demaadiBg ialtant (ati«&£iioD for Um: repent iiyHriea> Cpi^reiflatiesiwere a|ppovBted» to wait on Buonaparte, and a treaity viu c;QncIud«4* the terms of which were the ce/Gpoof the whole of the Terra Firma to the French; the port of Venice "fQ be occupied by Frjench trcqp^ ; aqid topay 80 millioaa of llvrci ( and Liftly the govern- ment to be changed. The hdt artjcle was almoft immediately put in execution. The.fenate and council often were alfo abolifhed ; and three ' ila^e inquifitors put under aneft. A proviflonal adminiftratioh w:>a appoint- I ed, and 'a municipality of 50 members was chofen, under the prefiJency of | fix commi0aries appointed by the commander of4he French army, "p^^ Venetian territory was filled with their troops, and the only article ot the .treaty the/ took care to fulfil was the levying of the contributions. •' The Gfnocfe for Jbme time difputed the empire of the Mediterranean fea vrifh the Venetians, but were feldom or never aWe to maintain their own in- dependency by land| bicSng gerverally prote^ed, and jiwtetimes fubje^d^by ' ■ " I tke ,» V. , I *T A L V. Ht A« Ti^fU^sndMmpniiliftK Tlwir duge,o»iirft msgiftMltf, uCtd telM erbiiw.' ti kkiff of CbrfiMOy tkooak it daw itet ckaribf appMv by wlui t)kl« y thit iflindiiii«wfl«dedtt>'tlMFremklMr-tUrG€iieDrc. ThefcoocfiMeftMnttlM^ nwde i» diijviiifl: the vtAorious Aawiim oak olthdv w^feal, daring the ««r whifiit wwtcnMnittd 1^ the pcMc ^f Aix-h-Chipdlfa inp 17^4^ ha*id the other caufct that operated to thejtg^ grandizement of the papacy, previous to the Reformation. Even Hnce that'^ ten the ftate of Europe has been fuch, that the popes have had more than once great weight in its pubHc alffiurs, dhiefly through the' weaknefs and bigotry of temporal princes who have bng ago recovered from their religi* ousddufioasi ^' The Papal power even before the French revolution was.reduced very low ; bat that dremul event ftruck the finifhingbbw ; the order of Jctus h^d bcenocterminatefdout of France, 8paia» Naples, and Portugal. On the refum- ption of Avignony and the Comtat Venaiflin by the national aaembly tl^ pontiff Cent a memoriidto mdft Euroftean counb, in which he vehemently and juftly remonftrated againU this nefarious a£t of robbery. In confequenceoF this unprovoked injury, the Pope joined the confederacy which was rormed a> gainft France; butwas'compelleaby tlie iniilbrttinesof wartofeekai^ltc&npor- ary enjoyment of his kingdom' in a hlimiliating and difgnifcful peace. His hiJinefs agreed, without re(ienrei to the annexation of Avignon, and the cotin> ty of Venaiifln to Franoe^ and aUo transferred to the republic the tbgations of Bologna, Ferrara, and Itomaena. In conclufion^ he canfcntcd'to pay the tonquerors the fam of 30 millions of .Uvresy^ ao pf them in fpecie, and the reft in diahiondi and othei' valuables, with i6;otto horCes, as the ranfom of that remnant of hio dominions of which he was ilKl permitted to enjoy the f>recarious poiTeffion. This treaty, however, le ^e^'ly purchafed, was not of ong continuance. Pretehdihg that the brother or Buonaparte, the Frendi envoy at Ronadehad beeii ihfultcd by the populace, tbcy declared' war ^gainil the Pope and ii|nmei£a£ely .commenced their operations. As the'fovereign Pontiff was in no lituatfon tg refift, they were'n'ot interrupted in their /narcH by hoftile troops, and;in a fbort tim« they entered Rome in triumph, and f)laced their lre«s of liberty on the eapitnl. Immediately on their arrival, tfaey aid a contribution on the city ^of four millions in ready money, twomillioiia j;) prQvif^tis, and three tboubnd in horfck; 1%^ 4iA>iiB(led' t&e lAilittk, <>V % m^ '" • ftl»Asfl^|fc;. ^ TURKETmEtJUOP*. Md^AifiMied th* Pkpal troopt* tbty pbttderad the city, Ukctrife of all thofc monqmcnH of tlic tftfbT: whieh H wm adorMd, iad removed them to P«rk Tiie Pope hiriirelf afker bein| confiaed ud treated whh the utnoft indignitv wae permitted to embark for Spain in a Spaaifli frigate^ Such waa the iiw| orerthrow of the Papal power, which at one penodi had rifcn to fuch t towering height, that' it made the greatcft monarch of ]^ttrope trenblc OB the inrone. .'..•v John Angelo BrafchI, born in 1717, w«t elefted pope in 1775, and too)^ upon him the name of Pitta 'VL- . T U R K P'Y, / . ■-■,,,,■• , . The Grand Signior*! dominion! are divi4ed into» , Sq. MHek I. T U R K E Y iM E U R O P E. 1 t T U,R K E Y IK A 6 I A. f 960,06* f. T U R K £ Y i> A F R I C A. 3 ♦ , TURKEY* in EtJROPE. )fi:TVATIOII NND ExTIMTt, Milca.. ' Deffreei. Length icbo 7 u.»„,.^ r 17 and 40 Sift long. Breadth 900} "^'^^ I j6 and 49 North lat. Containing 1 8 1,400 fquare milei, with 44 inhabitant! to eael^ 1 fiovMDAaua.]Y)OUNDED by Ruifia, Poland, 'and tcUYonia. on the pi North} by CireaflfHl, the Black S^a, the Propontii. ^Hdkrppnt, and Archipebgo, on the Eaft ; by the. Mediterranean, on the SoDth} by the fame fea, and the Venetian and Auftrian territorie!, on the 'Weft.' : ■....■.:.. r-:^' ■■ ■■■ • 1 - . ' ' ' ' f ' ' ' Dinfiotii. Subdivifions. Chief Towni* Sq.M. |.Cnm and little Tarta-| fPrecop Ot: the north coaft of I ry and the 'itideht f 1. Braohifcria. a6,}oe • the Bhck Sea- we{ TaiuicaCheToi$ertt8^H ^.ithe.pravinceaof ■■^■\ '•' •■• • ;.-l I- ' • <. . VBod»iacTaitarys''..i«|;VOc«acow NmH of'tke Danube «cthepft>yin<^tiof ' Beflkrabia> i . .'■ •■•,"■'' MoldAvia^ blim Par. ■ cia — Walachia, another <>«irt'of the indent Daci* — ■' '" H Bender Belgorod Jazy Ghoczim f alexin .; I2»000 8,ooa 36,000 io,5Cfi Tergovifc lh>Bl»tt8e». ;.^ TV R KEV'tv E U R^ P E. pJvifioM* 3ouih of the D«nube we SttbdMfioM. -' Chief townl. 80.' K'''' Bttlgirb, the e«ft I [Widin ' t irt of the.andeiM Serria, the weft uiit of 'Myfia » < Boftua, ci'ent part IU71 of the an* ricum NieopoU Saiftria Scopia Belgrade Semcnidria Niffa Seraio !•» '»00^ < 8,640 n rConft>ntinopIe» ?"»?5 K''"'^""'* J^°™«i-» o"" Thrace j \ N.L4i.E.L^29'ii,ao« Hellefpont | ) lAdrJnopIe South of Mount Rho' dope Of Argeatum, the north part of the incieat Greece ' Nfacedonia — Theflaly, now Janua • < Achioand Boeotia, now ^tradia Epirua •— - pn the Adriatic fea or ' Gulfof Venjce, the. ancimt IHyticum ■Albania --r Dalmntia r* Id the Morea, the an> ' cient Pelojponnefus, being the fouth divi- fion of Greece are ^ Ra^fa Republic * Corinthia — > Argos ' Strymon Contefla > i Salonichi Larifla Athena Thabei .Lepanto 'Chimera Burtinto Scodre Durazco Dulcigno 1 Zara Nareoza Ragufa 'Corinth 18,980 7.951 4.5^ 4S» tKtgW Napoli de Ro> •> *Th« republic of Rtgofi, though reckoned bjr KtMripheri firl'of Turker ifi B*nKt !i sot under the Turktih goveroment. It 1* ao trifiocrttical Asie, formed pearlj amc tte model of that of Venice. The gowronieot ii in the lupd* of the nobility | and the tbicf of the republie, who it flfylpfd redkor, is changed every montk, and eledUd by fcrailny or lot. During hit flwrt adaiiiiiftrationi he Uvea in tbe paUce, and wcart a dotal habit. At tb« Ragofuiaro unable lo proted tbemfelToa, they malte ofe of their wealth to pro- core then proteAorfi the. fbief of whom, for many year*, vat the grand iSgoior. They endeavour alfo'to liaep them upon gOod termi with the Venetians, and other neigbbonr- iog ftaut. But in the yealr 1 783 a difpttte arore between them and the king of Naplet, re- i)wAing a claim of right 10 hia appointing a commander of the Ragubo troops It waa terminated by the republic'* pt^ttragitfelTunder that k^'« protect ion. The city of Ra^ gufa it not aboye two nuilct in circumferebcc, bvt it it well familt, and conuiat fome handrome ediflcet. The aodeni! Epidanrua wattitnated not far frnm. (h(« city. Tbe R»> gufani profefs tbe Romiih' relijgiont b«t Greek*, Artnehiant, and Turk*, are ttriertted* Almoil all the citi^eai are Ir8dera,aiid they keep fo watchful an eye over their freedoa^ that the gat^t of the city of fUgnia are allowed to be open only a few honra in th« .. ».b~. ^ th(t rcp^Uiei a^d M^cre vttJfWt Ive tfm ifland^ f^|Mf .t iH T U R K E T i« E U R O P E. IMtifioatt III the Mom» the an« eient t^eluponncfui) being the fouih divU . fion of Greece wt SubdiviAoM. Chief Town*, • iMnia Spam .- Licedvinon« now Mifitnr on the riyer Eurotv» I 1 1 i Olytnpii, where the Olyinpist or ! Longinici, on Gamca were held ' the river AU •-■ ■ '. *^' i pheus Modon* Arca4>a — Corqn PirtM . 81m Elit, or Eelvi. dcre on the riv. . Pcneui. S^.M. 7.«»o 8m the rtnloteft times of antiquity. The Turka are invited ta freauent bathingi, by the purity and wholefomentfa of the water all ova thctr dominioM. MouNTAmt.} Thtffe are the moil celebrated' of any in the world, an4 at the fame time often the moft fruitful. Mouni! Athos lies on a peninfuh, yuanftig into the Kgean fea ; the mounts Phdus and Olympus, celebrated is Grecian fable*, feparate TheiTaly from Epirur. PamaiTus, in Achaia, fo ft. mous for being confecrated to the mufes, is well known. Mount Hxmus ii liUBwtfe oftenntcNCioned by the poets : but moft of the other mountains have changed their name } witnefs the mountains Soha, Witoika, Staras, Plamina, and m«ny others. Even (he moft celebrated mountains above mentioned, bave m«dem names impoied upoi) them by the Turks, thei^ new mailers, ani others in their ndghbeurhdod. Sbas.]) The Euxine or Black fea ; the I^lus Mzotis, or (ea of Afopb; Ike fea of Marmora, which fepanrates Europe from Afia ; the Arehipelaj^o ; the Ionian fea, and the Levant, are fo many evidences that Turkey in Eu- rope, particularly that part of it where Conftaotiaople ftands, of all other ^duatnea, had th^beft daiin to be the miftrefs of the world. StkaiVs-^ Thofe of tbt HeMefpont and Bofphdrus are joined to the fea of\ Marmora, and are remarkable in modem as well as ancieni hiiVory. The former viz. the Helle(poat« or DardaacDea, u only two miles and as Judf in iMTcadth, and is fciBOus far the paifage of Xerxes over it, when about to iiiTade Oitece, and of Alej^mder in his expeditiiM atrainft Aiia. The fCi|inci^, far the more eafy tWkt\{ponatIon-of his nunaeroua forces, laid abridge of boaip ever it. It is alio celebrated by the poets in the ftory of two lovcn^, .Hero and Leandor, of whom the latter fwatB' aCrof»it to his miftrefs ; but «rie tright was unhappily drowned. The Bbfphonis is about the fame V^dtli^liUt has not been fo much celebrated by Jiiftorians and poets. , ..HivMa.] TbeBanub^the Save, the Keiiler, the Neiper, and the Coo, fsk the bctt 'known tiven'in this ttQtiDffjr} tftovgl^ ttufxty othcis have been "cckofiiica oy poets aod lu^aHtMit ' ' ' * ' Xmoo«CTioN».3 Tki£e we cKccUcnt allover the European Turkey, cfpeciaUy whetf aflftad by th* foulkft degrce4>f iaduftry. Befidet pot aod gardea herbi.of ahnoft every kind* this country producea in great a • buadaacc and perfcAion, oraagea» temonaf cttrona* pomegranatea, grapca of an uoconMioo fwacta«£i* evccUeiit tiga« alinonda« OM«ca» and cotton. BeTidoa tbcCct many dnigii aot contBDon in other parta of Europe* are produced here. Amimalb.] The Theilalian or, Torkiih horfea an excelkat both for (heir beauty and fervice. The black rattle are large, efpcciaUy in Greece. The goata are a moft valuable part of the animal ^reatioo to-the inbabitantit » for the nutrition they afford* boith of milk and fleflu The brge eaglta which •boaod in the net^bbourhiiod of Badadagi, fumifli the b4ft feathen ibr ar*- lowi for the Turl^lh arahcra, and they (eil at an uncommon price. Part* ridges are very ^ntiful in Crc«ce { aa are all other kinds of finrla and qaad* rupedi all over Turkey in Europe i but the Turks and Mahometans in gen- ml are not very fond of animal food. AaTiayiTiEs AMP cuaiostTiBttl Almofteveryfpot of ground* every HATuaAL AND AaTinciAL. J rivcr* and every fountain in Greece* * prefents the traveller with the ruins of a celebrated antiquity. On the Iilh> niN of Corinth* the ruins of Neptune's tcmtdc* and the theatre where the Ifthmean games were celebrated* are ftill vifiUe. Atliens* whidi conuins at prelitnt above 10*000 inhabitanti* is a fruitful (burce of the moft magaific- eat and celebrated antiquities in the world i a minute account of which would exceed the limits of thia work : but it will be proper to mention fomc of the moft confidcrabk. Among- the antiquities of this once fuperb city* are the remains of the temple of Minerva* built of white marble* and encompaflcd with forty-fix fluted columns oF the Doric order* forty-two feet hi^* and feven feet and a half in circumference : the architrave w adorned wnh bafll relievos* admimbly executed* repriefenting the wars of the Athenians. To the fouth eaft of the Acropolis* a citadel which defends the town* are feven> teen beautiful- columna of the Corinthean onter, thought to be the rcmaina of the emiieror Adrian's palace. They are of fine white marble* about fifty feet high, iocludiog the capitals and bafes. juft without the city ftands the temr pie of Thefeus* furrcund«d with fluted columns of the Doric order { the port' ico at the weft end is adorned with the baule of the Centaurs, in baflb •relievo ( that at the eaft end appears to be a continuation of the fame hiftory | and on the outfide of the porticos* in the fpacei between tl^ trigliphs* are reprcfented the exploits of Thefeua. OiT the fouthAveft of Athenaf is a beautiful ftruo-« • ture, commonly called the Lantern of Demofthcnes ; this is a fmall round edifice of white marble, the roof of which is fupported by fix fluted columns •f the Corinthean order* nine feet and a half high ; in thr fpace between the «t)lumn9 are patinels of marble ; and the whole is covered with a cupokt* carved with the refemblaHcc of fcalcs ; and on the frieze are beautifully re^ prefented in t-elievo the labours of Hercnks. Here are alfo to be feeathc ttmple ofthcVVind»i the rcmair.o of the theatre. of Bacchus j ofthe_mag- ' I -rifictnt ^6 Tir.^ K E Y IN E ir R 1? E. vificeht aquedud of the enuteror A4rijn} and of the templet of Jupittr Olympus, Md Auffuflua. The ren ains of the temple of the oracle of Apo!t(» are ftill viiible at Caftri, on the fouth fide of mount Parnaffus, and the mar. Ue ftepa that delcend to a pleafant nimniDg water* fuppofed'to be thicre* nowned Caftalian fpring» with the niches for ftatues in the rock, are dill dit Aernible. The famous cave of Trophonius is ftitt a natural tfuriofity in Ltv^ d!«» the old Boeotia. , Mot^nt Athos, which has been already mentioned, and which is commonly •ailed Montd Santo, lies on a pcninfula, which extends inlo the Mgnn in', and h indeed a chain of mountains, reaching the whole len^h of the penin. fula, feven Tufkifh mile^ in length, and three in breadth : but it is only a finglr moulatain that is properly called Athos. Thiais fo lofty, that on the top, as the ancients relate, the fun-rifing was beheld four hours fooner thait hy the inhabitants of the coaft ; an4» at the folftice, its (hade reached into the Agora or marketplace bf Myrina, a town in Lemnos which ifland was diftant ftighty-feven miles ea((ward. Tiiere are t\venty-two convents on- mount Athos, bcfides a great number of celU and grottosi with the habitations of no lefsthati ' fix thoufand monks and hermits ; though the proper hermits, who live in Grottos, are not above twenty : the oth.tr monks are anchorites, or fuch al live in cells. Thefe Greek monks, who call themfelves the inhabitants of the holy mountain, are fo far from being a fet of flothful ple, that, befidei their daily offices of religion, they cultivate the olive and vtpeyards, are car- penters, mafens, ftone*cutters, cloth-workers, tarlors. Sec. 1'h«.y alfo Uvea Tery auftere life ; their ulual food, inftead of flefh) being vegetable:, dried olives, figs, and other fruit ; onions, cbeefe, and pn certain day »r Lent ex. cepted, fi(h. Their falls are many and fevere ; which, with the healthfulnefs of the air, renders longevity fo commdn there, that many of them liv« abovr an bundred years. It appears from ^lian, that anciently the mountain in general, and particularly the fummit, vras accounted very healthyj and con- ducive to long life i whence the inhabitants were called Macrobii, or longr lived. We are farther' informed by Fhihiftratus, in the life of Apolloniust that numbers of philofophers ufcd to retire to this mountain, for ttie better contemplation of the heavens, and of nature; and after their example tht monks doubtlefs buih their cells. Cities.] Conftantibople, the capital of this great empire, is fituated on the European fide of the Bofphoruo. It was built upon the ruins of the ancient Byzantium, by the Roman emperor Conftantine the Great, ai a more inviting fituation than Rome for the feat of empire. It became 'afterwards the capital of the Greek empire, and having efcaped the deftniAtve rage of the barbarous nations, it was the greateft as well at the moft beautiful city in Europe, and the 'only one, during the Gothic ages, in which thfre remained any image of the ancietit elegance in manners and arts. While it remained in the poiTelTiui of the Greek emperors, it was the only mart in Europe for the commodities of the Eaft Indies. It derived great advantages front it^being the rendezvous of the cruladers ; and being then in the meridian of its gloryi the European writers, in the ages of tht crufades, fpeak of it with ailonifhm^ht. " what a vaft city is Conftan- tinople (exclaims one, when he firft' beheld it), and how beautiful ! How ,many monafteries are there in it, and how many palaces built with won- ^derful art ! How many manufaflures are tlere in the city, amazing to b> hold i It would be aitonifhtng to relate how it abounds with all good things, with gold, filver, and lluiFs of various kinds ; for every, hour (hips "rh'c at this port with all things ncccffarjr for the nfe of man." Conftat^ ■ tlnoflt -WSi">w»«"- TURKfiYmEUR OP E; 641 .} linople U at this day one of the fineft cities in the worjd by its fituation arid in port. The profpeft from it is noble. The mo ft regular part is tlys Be- feftin, inclofed with walls, and gates, whef"e the merchaut« have tlieir ftops excellently ranged. In another part of the city iif the Hippodrome, an oblong fquare of 40O paces by 100, where they exercife on horfe- back. The Meidan, or parade, is a large fpacious fquare, the general re- fort of all ranks. On the oppofitc fide of the port, are four towns, but confidered as a part of the fuburbs, their diftance being fo fmalf, a perfon may eafily be heard on the other fide. They are named Pera, Galata, Pacha, and Tophana. In Pera the foreign ambafladors and all the Franks or ftrangers refide, not being permitted to live in the city : Galata alfo is mottly inhabited by Franks or Jews, and is a place of great trade. The city abounds with antiquities. The tomb of Conilantine the Great is ftill preferved. The mofque of St. Sophia, once a thriftian church, is thought in fome refpefts to exceed in grandeur and avchitedure St. Peter's at Rome. The city is built in a triangular form, with the Seraglio Handing on a point of one of the angles, from whence there is* a'profpeft .5 the delightful coait of the Lefler Afia, which is not to be equalled. Wht • we fpeak of the fe- raglio, we do not mean the apartments in which the grand fignior's women are confined, as is comnionly imagirfed, but the whole inclofure of the Ot- toman palace, which might well fuffice for a moderate towp= The wall which furrounds the feraglio, is thirty feet high, having battlements, embra^ fares, and towers, in the ftyle of ancient fortifications. There are in it nine gates, but only two of them magnificent ; and from one of thefe the Ottoman court takes the name of the Porte, or the SuhJime Porte, in all pub- L'c tranfa^ions and records. Both the magnitude and population of Con- fti(ntinople have been greatly exaggerated by credulous travellers. It is fur- rounded by a high and thick wall, with battlements after the Oriental man- ner, and towers, defended by a lined but fiiallow ditch, t?he works of which are double on the land fide. The fite forms an unequal triangle refembling a harp, and the total circumference may be twelve or fourteen Englifli miles, in- chiQir.g afurface of about 2000 acres, furrounded by walls, and defended on two fides by the fea, and the harbour called " the Golden Horn." Not lefa than 400,000 inhabitants are numbered in the whole capital ; but in this ef- timation mud be included the fuburbs of Galata, Pera, Tophapa, and Scutari. Two hundred thoufand are Turks, one hundred thoufand Greeks, and the remainder Jews, Armenians, and Franks, of all the European nations. A- mongft the former, it is aflerted that population is much on the decline ; for there are few cities in which can be found fo many young men unmarried. The inhabitants are frequently changed, and the ravages of the plague are re- fuppKed by fettlers from other parts of the empire. With no people is lon- gevity more common or extended, nor health more conftant, than with the Turks. The city hath been frequently aflailed by fires, either owing to the narrownefs of the ft.-eets and the ftrudture of the houfes, 01' the arts of the Janizaries. In Auguft 1 784, a fire broke out in the quarter fituated towards the harbour, and fpread into other quarters, and about 10,000 houfes, (moft of which had been rebuilt fince the fire in . 1 7 8 2 ) were confumed. Oppofite to the feraglio, on the Afian fide, and about c mile and a half diftant acrofs the water, is Scutari, adorned with a royal mofque, andaplea- far.t houfe of the grand fignior On the brow of an adjacent hill ia a grand profpeft. In one view are the cities of Conftantinople, Galata, and Pera, the fmall feas of the Bofphorus and Fropontis,^ with the adjacent countries on each Ihore. X :.t' Af ^^ f dMtiVrtiltJtdP^* r>^ itrSUtarf ftren^th, ccmmerce, and iHtriaftid.ures of the Turks, thefc ftvtni heads depending on the fntne principles all oter the etnphe, fl»U be men. Cloned uAder Ttirke; in Afia. CitiM-TARtARr of the Crim«a^ !s the ancfent Tattrica Chetf6nefuiy and is a prninfuh, lying on the Euxine, or Black fea, bv which it is bound- ed on Che weft and fouth, and on the eaft and hoith«dlft, by that of Afopb. It is between 44 and 46 degrees of north latitude } ttai 34 and 37 degit<» of eaft longitude. This peninftda was efteemed a parr, of Tnrkey in Surojpe, until it xn» ce^ed to Rv(Ra,«in confeqnence of the peace in 1784. Many cities wete bufit on jt by the Greeks, partjcidarly thofe of Kherfon, Theodofia, hinti. capeum, and fome others, which catried on a gre^t trade with the Scythian, M well as with the Greek cities on the continent. The moft confiderable rivers in the Crimea are thofe of Kai^fu and Sala^, both pf which take an eafteiiy courfc. Of the towns in this pait of the world we hav£ but very flight defcrlp., iions ; and indeed where the country has been fa often the feat of Waf , and the inhabitants are ftill fo rude, very little can be exMded from their build. ings. Lady Craven, now the margravine of Anibach, who, without doubt, had accefs to the beft lodgings in Ute country, informs us, that ** a Tartar^ home is a very flight building of only one ftory. Without any ch^ir, tablic, ' or piece of >^ooden furniture. Lflrg^ cdhiont are ttuiged round the roolh far featsf and what is extremely convenient, there is tabrt than doubte th^ fpace of the room, behind the wainfcot, which draws back in mait places ( fo thait iii a place wlrere the room . appears exceedingly fmall and con£Aed, there is yet every conveniency to be met witlh'* Among the curiofities in this cottntry, we may ftckon the Cborce of tbt liver Karafii, which is fituated among rocks,, in a very romantie manner, and rifes in a confiderable ft*«am. ' It Was vifited by lady OaVenin 1786. No kfs wonderful are thofe lakes which receive the rivuletfi withoOt any viftbte outlet. This celebrated female traveller mentions a houfe near Sebaftopool fitoated in a very romantic manner at the foot of fome rocks, f^om which UTae many clear (brings that amply fupply the houfev and baths with water. On the fummit of thefe rocks, there are places where immenfe cables havt fceitainly pafled and been tied. The Taitars infift that the fea was once clofe to the foot of them, and (hips were £iftcned there. Near Bacztferia there is a mine of earth, exadly like foap, which is reckoned very goo4ifor the ikm, and vaft quantities of it are confumed^by the women at Conftantino. pie. Lady (j.^en beftows the greatcft encomiums on the (heep, wliich is this peninfula are innumerable; and afford the moft beautiful and coiHy fleeces. ' The fteep are aR fpotted ; the lambkins very beautiful, and they kill the etreS to have them before birth, when their {kins have fmall foots, and arc fmooth h'k« the fineft and lighteft fattins. C!oats lined with ^hefe fkins arc called Pdiffes { and as a great number of thefe fmall animals mnft be killed to make ,^hntng of one caat, this is one of the fineft prefentsthe empreiVcan makfr to an air^afl'ador. The peninfula of the Crimea has a confiderable trade in what is called Morocco leathery of various colours, which is to be had very cheatp, andL'ke &ttin. At Bacziferia there is a great tratlc of fword-blades, knives, and hangers, many of which are not to be diiUnguiflied from fuCb as are made at I>uwcu>» ^ . ISLANDS 1t^ » RE t S |I.It C> B E. «99 ISLANDS belonging- to TURKEY in EUROPE be- ing part of Ancient Gre8c«. ISIutU mention thefe iflands chiefly ior the ufe of ftlch readers as we converfiat with ancinQt hiftory, of which l;hey .make fo diftinguiweft part of the ftrait $ and Csftel Rofib, the ancient Carvftus.^ Lemnos or Stalimbne, lies on the north part of the Egean fea or Aiu ehipelago, and is almoft a fquare of 2f miles in length and breadth. Tkou^,it prpduces corn and wine, yet its principal riches arife fropn its mt> peral earth, much ufed Itt medicine, fometimes called terra Lemnot o>it fi^jhiOt becaufe it is fealed up by the Turks, who receive from it a coivi fiderable revenue. Tenboos is remarkable only for its lying eppofite to old Troy, and it« ^ing mentioned by Virgil as the place to which the Greeks retired, and left the Trojans in a fatal fecurity. It hath, a tower of the fame name. ScYROs is about 60 ibilesin circumference, and is remarkable chiefly for the remains of antiquity which jt contains; about 300 Greek families ii^ kbit it. LisBOs, or Mytelene, is about 60 miles long, and is famous for the number of philofophers and poets it prodaced. The inhabitants were im^> merly noted< for their prodigality. Scio, or Chios, liesabout 9o miles weft of Smyrna, aftd is about loomOia ' in circumference^. » This ifland, though rocky and mountainous, produces ex~ ttUent w^, but no com. It is inhabited by i qo,ooo Greeks, 1 0,000 Turks^ andaMyi»3,ooo Latins. It hath 300 churches, befides chapels and monaf- teries^md a Turkic garrifon of 1400 men. The inhabitants have rsaimfac- turcs of filk, velvet, gold and filver ftuifa. The ifland likewife produces oil and filk, and the lenti(kcio. Many of thefe were fitting at the doors ah4 windows, twifting cotton or flik, or employed in fpinning and needle>work} and accofted us with familiarity, bidding unwelcome as we pai&d. The ftreets on Sundays and holidays are filled with them in groups. They wear &ort uetticoatt. reaching only t* their l'n< Their head'drcfs, which is peculiar to the iflani, is a linen i^ white and thia it feemed fnow. Their flippe ^H" with white f:lk or cotton hofe* 4X1 chie^ yelkqr. 700 t l/R K E y i» E l> RO PE. with • knot, of red fringe Rt the heel'. Some wore them fadened with i thong. Th^ir garmtnta were (lllc of various coloum \ and their wholn «m)car> ance To fantttdic and lively, na to afford iir much entertainment. The Turlm Jnhttbit H fcparati* qu»rter, and their women are concealed." Among the 8oet8 ttndf hiilorians faid to be born licre, the inhnbitaittH rcckou^lomcr, and tew a little fquarc houfc, which they call Homer's fchpol. ' Samos lies oppoiite'to EphcfuR, on the .conil of the Lcflcr Afm, about fe. ven mijcs from the continent. It ii 30 inil«« long, and 15 broad. Thli ifland gave birth to Pythagoras, and is inhabited by GiCek ChriUiniiH, who are well treated by the Tttrks, their mailers. The mufca;dine Suntiun wine is in high rcquell ; and the ifland alfo produces woo], which they fell to the Fhsnch } oil, pomt^granatcs, and filk. Th$s ifland is fuppufed ,tu have been the native country of Juno ; and fome travellers think tnpt the ruins uf ||er tetV>ple, and of the ancient city Samos, are the finell rdmahis of antiquitjr in the X-^vant. To the fouth of Samos lies Fatmos, about ao miles in circumfei'ence,l>tit fo barren and dreary," that it may be called a rock rather than an ifland. . It 'has, however, a convenient haven ;, and the few Greek monks who are upon the Idand (hew a cave where St. John is fuppofed to have wt'itten the Apu. calypfe. The CYCL^DBs iflands lie like a circle round Delos, the chief of them, .li^tch is fuuth uf the iflandd Mycotic and Tirfe, and almofl; midway between the continence of Aiia and Europe. Though Delos is not above fix mileo in cittumferencc, it is one of the motl celebrated of all the Grecian iflunds, as beinv the birth.place of Aurollo and Diana, the magniiicent ruins of whufc temples are ilill vifiblc. This ifland is almoii deftitute of inhabitants. Paros lies between the iilandu of Ltixia and Melos* Like all the other Greek iflands, it contains the moil Uriking and maniflccut ruins of an* tiquity ) but is chiefly renowned for the beauty md whitenefs of its jwarble, ^ ' .. | " CE.aiao, or Cytherea, lies, fouth^eaft of the Mev^a, aiM is about 50 miles in circumference, but rocky and mountainous, anii chiciiy Kmarkabk 4Rk b^ing the favourite refideuce of Venus. .$ANTORI^4 is one of the moil fbuthernmod iflands in the Archipelago, 4||i 'Was formerly called Califta. and afterwards Thera. Though fecniingly q|Kred with pumice-tiuucs, yet, through the induilry of the inhabitants, .vnmpare about io,ooo, it produces barley and wine, with f(M||^licat. .One*third of the people are of the Latin Church, and fubjed ^^^Bopifh bllhpp.^ Near this illand another arofe m£|A5 (ante name, Irom MVotium of the fea, in 1707. At the time of^Hnitth there was an earthquake, attended with moil: dreadful lightnings anVrnundcrs, and boilings of tiic fea jTor feveral days, fo that when it arofe out of the fea, it was a mere volcano, but the baming foon ceafed. It is about 200 feet ab^v* the fea ; and at the time of its lirll emerging, it was about , a mile broiWttind iiye miles in .circumference, but it has iiitciiincreafcd. Several b'ther iflands of the Archipelago appear to have ma ^the like original } but the fea in their neighbourhood is fo deep as not to^ fathomed. The famous ifland of Rhodes^ fituated in the 28th degree of call | longitude^ and .36 degrees 20 mm^tes north latitude, about 20 miles' ' " fouth-weft of the continent of LeiTer Afla,« bfiug abji^ut 60 miles long, arid •ac . broad; This iflsnd is healthful and plcaiant* and abounds in wine, many of the neceifaries pf life ; |>ut the idhabitants import their com the Dcigitbourihg country. The chief town of the fange name ilandl TURKEY 1/ EUROPE. 701 nc iiae ot a niii irontiiig tne leoi ma, is tnree miie* in ciccuinte- ' rfpcrfcd with ganlens, ininarctt, churchcH, and tOMrcrt. Th« har> grand fi^niur'B priiicipal arferinl ' for (hipuingi and the place is cf« onrg the ftrongcK fortietrcft belonging to the Turks. The colufTua (lando on the fide of a hill fronting the fea, and is three miles In ciccumfe- uncc, interfpc hour is the gri teei^rd among the ilrongeft tortieiics belonging ufbmfi)| whicli anciently ftood at the mouth, of its harbour, and Was^50 fni^ thorns wide, was dcferv(i;dly accounted Qfic of ihe ,wondf the vallics of this ifland produce wine, fruits, and corn ; all of them '' ar« remarkably excellent in their kind. The fiege of Candia, the capital of the iCand, in modern times, was far more wonderful and bloody than that of Ti-oy. The Turks inveiled it in the beginning of the year 1645, and its. Venetian garrifon, after bravely defending iti'clf againft 56 ltormsy>till the lat- terendof September 16A9, made, at lalt, an honourable capitulation. Thb fiege colt the Turks-i 80,000 men, and the Venetians 8o,oco. ' Crj>RUS lies in the Levant fea, about 30 miles diitant from the coafls oi^ ^ydiuind PaleUine. It is 150 miles long, and 70 broad, and lies at alm6(t aj^equal dillancc from Europe and Afri6^ It wau formerly famous for the j^rfln'p fii Venus, the Cyprian goddcfs ; Ind, dut^g the time of the Cm- fades, was a rich flouriuiing kingdom, inhabited by Chriitiana. ' It efpecially that which grows at the bottom of the cel^rated Mount < is the mod palatable and the richeft of all that growb in the Gre titles of grapes, frpm which excellent wine is made ; and alfo cotton of a very fine quality is here cultivated, and oil, filk, and. turpentine. Its female inhabitants do not degenerate from theif ancellors as devotees to Venus ; and Paphos, that,aticient feat 6f pleafure and corruption, is one of the dl» vilions of the ifland. Kkhard I. lung of England, fubdued Cyprus, on aecount of its king's treachery ; and'its royal title was transferred to Guy Luligntin, king of Jerufalem, from whence it pafled to the Venetiaj^ wIk> ftiil hold that empty hpAour. , ' ^K The iflandsin thri Ionian fea are, Sapien7,a, Stivali, Zante,'^^8pha- tOMiA, Santamaur,a, Corfu, Fannu, and others of fmaller noti;, paiti- cularljr Ifola del Compare; wbicl^ would aot deicrve mention} baid it not been ^ ■ '■■' ' "the ?o* A « I A. ^^iHiii tKe ^QCient Uluc«* the birth place and kingdom of UlyfTcs. TbeCs i(kok iQ gwtral wcf fruitful, and Bflong to the Veaetians. - > ^ Zante h^M, piqpulous capital of the fame nanie, and is % place of confijcN •"Ue tr^dei iroecially io culkants, grapes, and whe. The citadel is ere^ti 411 the toj^^Dta large hill," ftrong by nature, but oov little better than ^ Ke^p of niins. j^erc is' a garrifon of 500 men, but their chief dependenct is on their fleet and the ifland of Corfu. The inhabitants of Zante are about 30,000, moftly Greeks, and friendly to ftrangers. Corfu* which is the capir ipi of that ifland* and the refidence of the governor general over all Aif pther iflands, is a place of great ftrength, and its circumference about foor miles. The Venetians < are faid to' concern 'themfelves very little about xhf welfajfe or government of thefe ifland;* fo that the inhabitants, who are gc< nerally Greeks, bear a fery ipdiiferent charj|^er. Their nuniber at Corfii , is eftimated at 50*000* and their mannq^ more fevcre thaa at Z^nte. i.u.jm '» . 1 . i | i' iH ' " '^'^"r^^rr , A S I A* ^ A S Afi» exceeds Europe^^and Africi^ in ^e extent of its terntories, it || x\. aUb fuperior to them in the ferenlty 'RF its air, the fertility of its foil, the delfciou()||«f9 of its fruits, the fragrancy and balfamic qualities of it| olants, fpices, and gums; thefalubrity of its drugs ; the quantity, variety, beauty, and value ofits genos* the riphn^(| of its metals, and the fincnefs of iti filks and cottons. It was in Afia* accoraing to the facred records, that thf {dj'^wife Creatortplanted the garden of Eden* in which he formed the firft nn and fir^ woman* from whom the race of maokmd was tp fpn'ng. iifia ht Caincie again the nwfery of thelrorl^ ^ter the delude, Irtience the defcendginti . of Noa^ difperfed their various colonics .in(o kll the other parts of the glottc. Jt was in Atia that God placed his once faviburite people, the Hebrews* wh^w be enlightened by revelations delivered by the prophets, and to whom be gave the Oracles of Truth. It was here that the great and merciful work of ow tion was occomd^'flied by his divine Son i and it was froix) hcitce th^^ |t of his glorious gofpel was earned with amazing rapidity into aS giwn nations by his difciples and followers. Here the flrft Chriftiaii . I es were foiuioed, and the Chriftian faith miracuioufly prop^igated eriflied even with the bloo^i of innumerable martyrs. It was in A% that the firft edifices were reared, and the firft empires founded, while the other parts of the globe were inhabited only by wild animals. On all theie accounts, this quarter claims a fUperiority over the reft j but it muft be owne(|< that a sreat change hatjJPhappened in that part of ii called Turkey, whicli hath IpK^lhuch of its ancient fplendor ; and from the'nioft populous and heft cultivated fpot iii y\fia* it become a wild and uncultivated defert. The . other parts of Afia oKtinue much in their former conditic^n* the foil bein^ as remarkable for its fertility, as nioft of the inhabitants for their indolence* cffemini^cy, and luxury. This effeminacy is chicil;^ owing to the warmth of the climate* though in fome meafure heightened l^ cuftom and education ; and the fymptoms of it are more or lels vifible* 9S the feveral nations ace feated marer or farther from the north. Hence the Tartars who live ncv . the fame latitudes with us, are a% brave, hardy* ftnftig, and vifforoue, as any OHUropciiu nation. What is wanting in. the xobuft frame ot their bodi^ iai>Pidity into al Srft Chriftiaii y propagated [t was in Afi^ led, while the On all thefe uft be owned, urkey, whi<^ ilousandM defert. The , he foil being sir indolence, hewai-mthof 1 education ; [ nations ace tvho live near iroufi. as an* ' ~-' "- ~"/ th^ir bodiei moft foutk' Is^'^'a .i\M^ ^^ O t^ ■,\y - l\Cr C E A ./:n Zong.JBatti jfif iffif ^?- - --i M' Kifcfci twvtr p, *ffyi/fw ^t-t'/ff //ft- sc-\ B«»t Anthuritte* -~r; A 4« o N r Lout. Satt JPi) fhrm- Jumdpi. ^ X ^/^*6. *Jhu fAjrg -^•■ ,BAr 'if. ApaiAr *fiB^^I e ^ A Eqvatok i lA ■4: .:- ** 4? Ji4 ^ ^1 TBe. Gfvdn 4#;. at- o^ '^Ml, :.,. '-'V.' V'':^' '■;./■■._. -^ . tii-i'.'.^ i. :^-:' -).4-.^j^'hk^-^. %*■ :z;lz.ilx:ml- af^} N efi' ) T or N »iB**, fr. A r*^ 5 5 >*,. ^ \ \ ^A y..Jk- OmtSi^ h c J Qeai0» "tttl^ [)«»- ;■ . ,»;. :«« ■( a. C ^ 5*-.' <**^ yYva r tonvMo #-A^ ^^'' Jip tr ^I>A or E A ISl » "*t: m^- ..'.«! .U-.E.1.V...1I i ■ t '\ ... I. J -'-"^ . \ ' r , ( '.■nVi I > of ri'v A 8 t A. m ft regions, is in a greet nteafure mtde up to them by the viracity of their iBuid(» and ingenuity /in vacious kinds of wurkmanfliipj which our moft ikil- fi)i r.icchanicsliaTe in vain endeavoured to imitate. This vaft extent of territorr was fucceffivcly governed in paft times jsy the Aflyriaps, the Medes, the Pcrfians, and the Urceks ; but the immenie rc- nons of India and China were Mttle known to Alexander, or the coiiquelx>ra of the ancient world. Upon the decline of thofe empires, sreat part of AHa fubmitted to the Roman arms ; and afterwards, in the mfddle ages, the fuc* •eflbrs of Mahomet, or, as they were ufuully called, Saracens, founded in Afia, in Africa, and in Europe, a more cxtenfive empire than that of Cyrus^ Alexander, or even the Roman, when in its height of power. The Sara- cen greatnefs ondcd with thp death of Tamerlane ; and the Turks, conquer- ors on every fide, took pofleflion of the middle regions of'Afia, which they ftill enjoy. Befidestfae countries pofTcfied by the Turks and Ruffians, Afia contains at prefent three large empires, the Chirfcfe, the Mogul, and the Ferfian, upon' which the lefler kingdoms and fovereignties of Afia generally depend. The prevaihng form of government in this diviiton of the globe i» abfqlute tnotiarchy. If any of them can be faid to etijoy fome mare of liberty, it is the wandering tribes, as the TartaCs and Arabs. Many of the Afiatic nations, when the Dutch (it ft came among them* coudd not conceive bow it was poflible for any people to live under any other form of govern- ment tfftn that of a defpotic monarchy. Turkey, Arabia, Perfia, part of Tarta^ and part of India, profefs Mahometanifm. ^he Periian and Indiaa Mahometans are of the {e&. of Hali, and the othe^ of that of Omar $ but both own Mallomet/cr their lawgiver, and the Koran for ll^eir rule of faith and life. In the other parts of Tartary, India, China, Japan, and the Afi- atic Iflands, they are generally heathens and idolaters. Jews are to be fottnd tvery vvhere in Afia. Chriftianity, though planted here with wonderful ra- pidity by the apoftles and primitive fathers, fuifered an almoft total eclipfe by the conquefts of the Saracens, and aftenyards of the Turks. Incredible iiftked have been the hazards, perils, and fufPerings ofpopifli miflionaries* to propagate their doArines in the moft diftant regions, and among the gtrofi^ idolaters; but their labours have hitherto failed of iuccefs, owing in a great toieafure to their own avarice, and the avarice and profligacy of the Europe* ans, who refort thither in fearch of wealth and dominion. The principal languages fpoken in Atia are, the modern Greek, the Tutlt* . ilh, the Ruilian, the Tartarian, the Perfian, the Arabic, the Malayan, the Chinefe, and the JajAnefe. 'The European languages are alfo fppken upoB the coaft J of India and China. The continent of Afia is fituated between 25 and 180 degrees of eaft longitude, and between the equator and 80 degrees of north latitude. It i** about 4740 miles in length, from the Dardanelles on the weft, to the eaf- tern fliore of Tartary ; and about 4380 miles in breadth, from the moft fouthern part of Malacca, to the moft northern cape of Nova Zembh. It is bounded by the Frozen sOcean on the north ; on the weft it is feparated from Africd by the Red Sea, and from Europe by the Levant or Mediter* ranean, the Archipelago, the Hellcfpont, the fea of Marmora, the'Bofpho- tus, the Bhck Sea^ the river Don, and a line drawn from it to the rivet Tobol, and from thence to the river '-by, which falls into the Frozen Ocean. On the eaft, it is bounded by the Pacific Ocean, or South Sea, which fepa- rates it from America j and on the Jouth, by the Indian Ocean; fo *' 1 M»tlon« 'l.iDgth. Brea h RMdian Chmcf* Monulcan i Chini Ind. bvyoiid (be OtDKC* Perfi« I'^rc 0f/«->b iyrii 1 he tiouiid* of theU parti arc ur.limited, cadi power pufhing onhii comjiicfta at far athecan. Sqnare 3,050,000 644000 1 85. 5 JO ^COiJOO ' 440 aooo aooo 1.^00 ».loo a 70 Holy Lina Natolit Diarbeck of Mefopotam I>ac or Chaldea Turcomania or Armc'ia Cirnrni.i CurdiUau or Adyria a o ISO 940 410 360 »40 aio 1000 IjOO 1600 ' 711500 IlOO t%o6o S.E. 9 56 bel 9940 i86oa.£ » 44 bci 1910 C. 9»io E. 3 — bef 9 94 >>el I 48 bet i 04 bi I. 3 10 hef Religlaa( Ch &Pig H*(;-4n« Pagani Pagani P.I liana Mah.&y Mihom, ■vlahoin . Ch.acMi Ch.&Ma. Mah.xn. Miho- mctioi with > feme few ChriQ- lant. IVIahom. All the iflandi of Afia f except Cyprus uieady defcribed in the Levant belonging to the Turks 1 lie in th« Pacilic or Eaftern Oceap, and the In- dian Seas ; of which the princlpul, where the Europeans trade or have fcttlements, are, Iflandf. The Japaoefe iflei The Ladroaci Formofa Anian The Philippines The Moii.:ca, or Clove ifles TheBanda. or Nutmeg ifle> Amboyaa ") furrouodiug Ceiebet > the Molucca ailoIo,&c.3 & Baoda ifles J Barneo The Sunda ifl:sV Sam&tra, 3 Java, ate. rh« Andaman&Nicobar ifle« Ceylon ~ — The Mald3^£:f TOWBI. Jeddo, Mtaeo Ouam . ■ Tai-ouan-foH Kinntcheow Manilla — — Vi(ft( ria Fort, Lantor ■ Amboyna ■ 1 Macaflar — — Gilulo — .' Uorneo, Caytongfc Achen Bcncoolen dttavia, Bir.tam Audaman, Niccbar Caody ■ - ' Caridon ■ Bdtabay rernate Bombay -— The Kurile ide*. ^ ' ''(or« in the fei of Katncfchatka, covered by '^>3 H ;•. *>•» •■ "-«— ... ' - Sq. Milei 138,000 Dutch Spain 17,000 11,900 33.700 400 6S,400 Trade with or belong tr Jch Spain Dutch Dutch Dutch Dutch una _'jj^i''. to,40o Dutch 998.0.10 199000 38,950 47.730 lately dif All nations Englifb and Dutch Dutch ail nations * Dutch All nations Englilh ,^ ; Rnflia Owi<»L ha>h lately put if ".If uadcr the ptotedion of RulTia. TURKEY r.s;r,:... -■■-;.^>;- ■.. ^W^' M t U R K B Y IN A S I A.! TUR KEY iN AS*! A. 10$ \ StTl/ATION AND ExTINT. «4 be( P-iuann i?* Mile*. Length 1000 Breadth 800 } between Degrees. * Sq. Milcg. {27 and 46 eaft longitude. \ . 28 and 45 north Utitude. J 5»o.»ao. B„.,«n...«. ill O U N D E D by the Black Sea and Circaffiaon th« BouMDAaiui.jj) No'th; by Perfia on the Eaft } by Arabia" and the Lcvint Sea, on the S< 'ii , and by the Archip rhaicus. Tyre, Sidon, Tripoli, Scanderoon, , and Jcr^ralem. Mountains.] Thefe pre famous* in (acred as well as profane writingty The moft remarkable are, Olympus, Taurus and Anti-taurua } Caucafua and Ararat i Lebanon | and Hermon. Rivers.] The fame may be obferyed of the rivers, whickare the Euph* rates; Tigris, Orontes, Meander, Sarabat, Kara, and Jordan. Air AND CLIMATE.] Tbough both^'are delightful in the titmoft degree, and naturally falubrious to the human conftitution, yet fuch is the equah'ty with which the Avthor of nature has difpenfed his benisfits, that Turkey, bothi '^ ope and Afia,is often vifited by the plague ; a frightful fcourgs to mankind wherever it takes place, but here doubly deilru^live, .from tnb native indolence of the Turks, and their fuperftitious belief in a predellna* tion, which preveuts them from ullng the proper precautions to defend them- felves againft this calamity. SoiLAifD PRODUCE,] As this couHtry contains thetnoft fertile provincea of Afia, I need fcarcely inform the reader that it produces all the luxuries of life in theutmoft abundance, nutv^ithflandingthe indolence of its owners. Raw filk, corn, wine, oil, honev. frutt of every fpecies, coffee, myrrh, franL* .incenfc, and odoriferous plants and drugs, are natives here almoft witht^u^ 4 Y . culture. * ' * il .u. 7. Totf .-r' •TUfeKEY If) EUROPE and A^IA. culture which {8 pra£^ifed chiefly by Greek and Armenian Chriftlans. %f olives, citrons, lemensi oranges, figs, and dates, produced jn thefe provincet, are highly delicfous, and in fuch plenty, that they coil: the inhabitants a mere frifle, and it is faid, in fome places nothing.. Their afjparagus is often as large as^ man's leg, and their grapes far exceed thofe ofother countries in lavgenefs. In (hort, nature has brought all hef produ£Uon» here to the hif^ielt petfe6Uon. Amrfii- fRODtrCTioNS by! The fame may be faid of their animali, SEA AND LAND. J The breed of the Turkifli and Arabian hprfes, the latter efpectally, are valuable bryond any in the world, and have confidcrably improved that of the Enghfh.' We know of no quadruprds that are peculiar to thefe countries, but they contain all that are neceflary for the ufe of mankind* Camels are here in much requeil, from their ftrength, their agility, and, above all, their moderation in eating and drinking, which greater than that of any other known animal. Their manu&£lure, 18 known by the name of candets, was originally made by a mixture of camels hairand filk, though it is now often made with wool and filk. Their kids and (he'ep are exquifite eating, and are faid to furpafs, in flavour and tafte, thofe of Europe ; but their, own butchers meaty beef particularljr, is not fo fine. , • As to birds, they have wild fowl in vaft perfection ; their oftriches are well known by their tallnefs, fwiftnefs in running, and ftupidity. The Ro- man epicures prized no fiih except lampreys, mullets and oyfters, but thofe ^at were found in Afia. Metals and mtnerals.] This country contains all the metals that are to be found in the rich^ft kiogdoms and provinces in Europe ; and its m^ dicinal (prings and baths exceed thofe of any in the known world. r-.:^' Op the TURKS in EUROP^ and ASIA. :U- FOPULAI^N, INHABITANTS, MAI^NERS, "J 'TT' HE population sf CUSTOMS, AKDDiTERStONS. . 3 . JL this |^eat coUDtry i> by no means equal either to its extent or fertility, nor have the beil geogra' phers been able to afcertain it, becaufe of th^ uncertainty of its limits. It certainly is not fo great as it was before the Chrillian xra,or even under the ' Roman emperors ; owing to various caufes, and above all, to the tyranny under which the natives live^'and their polygamy, which is undoubtedly an enemy to population, as may be evincel from many reafons ; and particular- ly, becaufe the Greeks and Armenians, among whom it is not pradlifed, &.-c incomparably more prolific than the Turks, not withftanding the rigid fub- jeflidn in which they are kept by th£ latter. The plague is another caule of depopulation. The Turkifh emperor, however, has more fubje£ts than any two Etiropean princes. , As to the inhabitants, they are generally well made and robufl: men ; when young, their completions are fair, and their faces handfome ; their hair and eyes are blacl^or dark brown. The women, when young, are common- ly handfonie, biit they.generally look old at thirty. In their demeanour, the Turks ar£ rather hypocondriac, grave, fedate, and paflive ; but when agitat- ed by paflion, furious, raging, ungovernable' ; big with diifimulation, jealous, fuf|}icicus, and vindic^'vc beyond conception ; in nutters of religion, tenacious, fuperftitious, and morofe. Though the generality feem hardly capable of much benevolencei or cvea humanity with regard to Jews,. Chriftlans, or any , ■ .. " ... ,. ■•...,. ■ vbo k:^. TURKEY IN EUROPE akd ASIA. 7CT' who differ from them in religious mattelfs, yet they are far from being devoid of focial affe^ons £or thofe of their own religion. But intereft is their fu- preme good* and when that comev in competition, all ties of religion, con« fanguinity, or fnendfliip, are with the generality fpeedily diflblved. The morals of the Aiiatic Tur^s are far preferable to thofe of the Euh^pean. They are hofpitable to Grangers ; and the vices of avarice and {uhumanity Kign chiefly among theirgreat men.» They are like wife iaid to bC'<4iaritabk to one another, and punctual in their deaUngs. Their charity andwiblic Ipi- rit is moft'confpicuous in their building caravanferas, ^r places ofcntertam- ment, on roads^that are deftitute of accommodations, fur the refrefliment of poor pilgrims or travellers. With the fame laudable view they fearch out the bell fprings, and dig wells, which in thofe countries are a luxury to .weary travellers. The Turks' fit crofs-legged upon mats, not only at their meals biit in company. Their ideas, except what they acquire from opium, ar^ iimple and cpnfiued, feldom reaching without the walls of thdir own houfes ; where they fit converfing with their womvn, drinking coffee, fmoking tobac« CO, or chewing opium. They havQ little ouriofity to be informed of the ftate of their Qwr., or any other country. If a vifier, baihaw, or other officer, ia turned out, or fti-angled, they fay no more 06 the occafion, thaif that there will be a new vifier or governor, feldom enquiring into the reafon of the difgrace of the former mihiftcr. They are, perfect ftrangers to wit and agreeable converfation. They have few printed books, and feldom read any other than the Koran, and the comments ilpon it. Nothing is nego* elated in Turkey without prefents ; and here julUce may commonly be bought and fold. The Turks dine about eleven o'clock in the forenoon, and they fup at five in the winter, and fix in the fummer^ and this is their principal meal. A- noag the kj^at people, their diihes are ferved up one by one ; but they have neither knife or fork, and they are not permitted by then* religion to ufiq gold or filver fpoons. Their viftualrare always high feafoned. — Rice is t^e common food of the lower fort,- and fometimes it is boiled 'Up with gravy ; but their chief difh is pilan, wiijch is mutton and fowl ^^iled to tags, and the rice being boiled quite dry, the foup is high feafoned, and poured upon it.* They >^-ink water, (herbet, and coffee ; and the only debauch they know is in opium, which gives them ienfations refembling thofe of ihto^iication. Gucfts of high rank fometimes have their beards per- fumed by a female flave of the family. They are temperate and fober from a principle of their religion, which forbids them the uf$ of wine ; though in private many of them indulge themfelves in the ufe of ftrong lir quors. Their common falutation is by an inclination of the head, and laying their right hand on their breaft. They fleep in linen waiftcoata and drawers, upon mattceffes, and cover themfelves with a quilt. Few or none of the confiderable inhabitants of this vaft empire have sjny notion of walking or riding either for health or diverfion. The nwft religious among them find, however, fufiicient exercife when they conform themfelves to the frequent ablutions* prayers, and rites prefcribed them by Mahoniet. ,,1,} ' Their aftive diverlions conj^it in Ihooting at a mark, or tilting it with dartt|( it which they are ver^xpeh. Some of their great men are fond of hunting, and take the field with numerous equipages, which arjf joined by their infer- iors : but this !8 often done for nnlitieal pumofes, that they may know the flrength of their dependents. Within doors, the chefs or draught-board are their ufual amufements } and if they play at chance game? they never bq| fflOiiey, that being prohibited by the Kor!^n, ^.., ,. , .; ^';^ss^.: ,-, j - 'm 7o8 TtJRREY IN EUJLOPE ANP ASIA. Drbss.|] The meii (have their heads, leaving a lock on the crown, and wear their beards long. They cover thtir heads with a turban, and never put it off but when they fleep. , Their fhirts are without collar or wrift- band, and oyer them they throw a long veft, which they tie with a fafti, and over the veft they wear a l6ofe gown fomewhat /horter. Their breeches, or drawcts, are of a piece with their ftocl^ngs ; and inftead of fhoea they wear flippers, which they put off when they enter a tepnple or hoiifc. They fuffcr no Chriftians, or .other peeople, to wear White turbans. The drefs of the w»lnen differs little from that of the men, only they wear ftiffened caps upon their heads with horns fomething like a mitre, and wear tlieir hair down. When they appear abroad, tliey are fo muffled up as not to be known by their neareft relation. Such of the -women as are virtuous make no iife of paint to heighten ther beauty, 'or to difguife their complexion; but they often tinge their hands and feet with hennas which gives them a deep yellow. The. men make uie of the fame expedient to colour their beards. ' ' \ Marriages.] Marriages in this country are chiefly negociated by tht ladies. When the terms are agreed upon, the bridegroom pays down a fum of money, a licence is taken out from the cadi, or ptoper mag;(lrate, and 'be parties' are njarried. The bargain is celebrated, as in other nations, witH mirth and joUity ; and the money is generally employed in furnifhingthe houfe of the /oung couple. They are not allowed by their law more than four waves, biit they may have as many concubines as , they can' maintain. Accordingly, betides their wives, the wealthy Turks keep a kind of feraglio of women ; but all thefe indulgenfes are fometimes infufficient to gratify their unnatural defires. T^^^^^; ^ ^ "^ : ' • Funerals.] The burials of the Turks are decent. The corpfe is, at- tended by the relations, chanting paffages from the Koran ; an<|-4fter being ^Bepofited in a mofque (for fo they call their temples), they are buried, in a ' field by the iman or prieft, who pronounces"^ a funeral ferrnon at the time of the interment. The male relations exprefs their forrow by alms and prayers ; tiie women, by 4ecking the tomb on certain days with flowers and green leaves j and in mourning for a hufband they v^ear a particular head-drefs, ^nd leave off all fmiry for twelve months. ' Religion.] The eftablifhed religion is the Mahometan, fo called fiom Mahomet the author g4% ; fome account of whom the reader will find in the following hiftbry of Alicia, the native country of that impoftor. The Turks profefs to be of thefeft bf-Omar; but thefe are fplit into as many fcftarlesas their neighbours the Chriftians. There is no ordination among their clergy ; any perfon may be a prieft that pleafes to take the habit, and perform the fun6tions of his order, and may lay down his office when he pleafes. Their chief prieft, or mufti, feems to have great power in the ftate. "'^Ecclesiastical institutions! The Turkifli govcrriment having ^ ' OF christians. 3 formed th^fe into part of its finances, they are tolerated where they are moil profitable ; but the hardfliips impofed upon the Greek church are luch, as muft always difpofe that people to favour •any revolution of government. Conftantinop^^ Jerufalem, Alexandria, and Antioch, are patriarchates ; and their heads arrf indulged, according as they pay for their privilege, with a civil as well as an ecclenaftical authority over their votaries. The fame may be faid of the Neftorian and Armeiuan patria- rchs ~i and every gre3t,city that can pay for the privilege, has its archbifhop or bifliop. AJl male chriftians pay alfo a capitation tax from feventeen yeart .old to fixtV) according to their ftations. - ,«• --- ■'"-■'.. ■ ■ ; j.i^^^'U / ' '^:-^ /.'■'■•'.■;: .'.• , J^an: ."•■ I>T ■,'-•■ •■ , •.'■'■.■ ■\,'l . '.h.' -' •••' ■' .■.•-'.-..■■«»•■ TURKEY in EUROi»E and ASIA. 709 Language.] -THe railjcal latigiiages of this erapJte are the Sclavonlart, which feems to have been the mother-tongue of the ancient Turks ; the Greek ramleinized, but ftill bearing a relation to the o\A language ; the Arabic and the Syriac, a dialed of which is ftill fpoken. — A fpecimen of the modern Greek follows in their paternoftef. Paler l^mas, opios ifo tes tos ouranotu .• hagiafthito to onotpafou : tin eti he haftl'ta fou : to thekmqfou na genetez it-zon e^ te ge, os Is ten oiiranin : to ptfomi htmas doze hemas femoren : kaji chorafe hemos ta crimata hetnon itzone^ id- hemas juhorafomen eltinous opoit : mas adikounka men ternes hema'ts it topirafmo, allafofoH htmas abo to kaxo. Amen. .,^ '" ''.'',■..£' »' ;.^:' i-' • -I' :i« ';-:'ii .;'f'.'.,'.»>i,'.*"- . , , ■ ■ I . Learning and learned men.]. The Turks, till of late, prof^flcd a fovereign contempt for our learning. Greece, which was the. native country of genius, art's, and fciences, produces at prcfent, befides Turks, numerous bands of Chriftian bifhbps, priefts, and monks, who in general are as ignorant as the Turks themfelves, and are divided into various abfurd fefts of wnatlhey call Chriftianity. The education of the Turks feldom extends farther than rcad> ing the Turkifh langu^e, and the ^Koran, and writing a common letter. Some of them underftand aftronomy, fo far as to calculate the time of an c'clipfe ; but the number, of thefe being very fmall, they are looked upon as extraordinary perfotis. Antiquities and curiosities, 7 Thefe are fo various, that they NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. J havc fumiflicd matter for many voluminous publications, arid others arc appearing- every day. Thefe countries contained all that Was rich and magnificent in architecture and fculpture } and neither the barbarity of the Turks, nor the depredations they have fufFered from the Europeans, feem to have diminilhed their number. They are more or lefs perfeft, aceording to the air, foil, or climate, in which they ftand^ and a^ of them bear deplorable marks of neglcft. Many of the lineft temples are converted Into Turkifti mofqubs, or Greek churches, and are more disfigured than thofe \yhich remain in ruin. Amidft fuch a plentitude oC curiofities, all that can be done here is to iiAtSt fome of , the moil ftriking ; and I (hall begin with Balbec and Palmyra, which fprra the pride of all antiquity* ' • Balbec is fituated on a rifing plain, between Tripoli in Syria, and Damaf- cus, at the foot of Mount Libanu^, and i« the Heliopolis of Coelo Syria. Its remains of antiquity difplay, according to the belt judges, the boldeft ' plan that ever was attempted in architefture. The portico of the teKiple of • Heliopolis is indipreflibly fuperb, though disfigured by two Turkifti towers. The hexagonal court behind it is now known only by the magnificence of Its ruins. The walls were adorned with Corinthian plaillers and ftatuea, and it opens into a quadrangular court of the fame tafte and grandeur. The great temple to which this leads is now fo ruined, that it is known only by an entablature, fupported by nine lorty columns, each confifting of three . pieces joined together, by iron pins, without cement. Some of thofe pins, are a foot long, and a foot, in diameter ; and the fordid Turks' are daily ?.t work to dellroy the columns for the fake of the iron. A fmall temple ' 18 ftill ftanding, with a pedeftal of eight cohimns in front, and fifteen in flank, and every where richly ornamented with figures in alto ixlicf, cxprcffing the heads of gods, heroes, and emperors, and part of the ancient my- thology. ■ *To Jthe weft of this temple is another, of a circular form, of the Gbrinthian and Ionic order, but disfigured with Turkifti mofques.and • ' ' w :■:'.. J <^r ■•.- houfes, '■ ♦ -.5. •:\ "jk: vf . 4 710 / TURKEY iM EUROFIJ avo ASIA* ^ houftk The other parts of thia ancieat city are proportionaUy beautiM and ftupendoas. Various have been the conjedures concerning the fonnders of thefe im« menfe buildings. The inhabitants of Afia afcribe than to Solomon, but fome make them fo moderti as the time of AntoninusiPius. Perhaps ther are of different seras ; and though that prince and his fucceflurg may have f ebuilt fome part of them, yet th^ boldnefs of their architeAurct the beauty of their ornaments, and the -ftupendoua execution of the whole, feem to fix their foundation to. a period before the Chriilian sera, biit without mounting to the ancient times of the jews or Phoenicians^ who probably knew little of the Greek ftyie in buQding and ornamenting. Balbec k at prefent a little city, enconwaiTed with a wall. The inhabitant^, who are about 5000 in number, chieny Greeks, live in or near the circular temple, in houfeg built out of the ancient ruins.— A free-ftqne qqarry, in the neighbourhood fiirnifhed the ftones for the body of the temple; and one oftb^ftones' hot quite detached from the bottom of the quany, is 70 fcef'long, 14 broad, knd 14 feet five inches deep, and leduced to.our meaftire is 11 35 tons. A cparfe white marble quarry, at a grea,ter diftance, furniihed the ornameif tal-parss. Palmyra, or as it was called by the ancients, Tadmor in the Defert, it lituated in the wilds of Arabia Petrsa, about 33 degrees of N. lat. and 200 miles to the fouth-eaft of Aleppo. It is approached thnsugh a narrow plain ^lined as it were with the remains of antiquity { and,. opening all at oqcc the eye is prefente4 with the moft (Iriking objeAs that are to be. found in ' the, world. The temple of the Sun lies in ruins ; but the acceis to it is through a vaft number of beautiful Corinthian columtis. of white marble, the grapdeur and beauty of which cp.n only be known by the plates of it, which have been^rawn aiid publiihed by Mr. Wood, who with his friends^ pai4 it a vifit fome years ago, purpofely to preferve fome remembrance of fiich acu. riofity. As thofe drawings, or copies from them, are now common, weinuft r^er the reader to them, efpeeially as he can form no very adequate ideas of the ruins from a printed Elation. Superb arches, amazing columns, a colonade extending 4000 feet in length, terminated by a noble maufoleum, temples, fiqe 'pt>rticos, periftyles, intercolumniations, and entablatures, all of them in the higheft ftyle, and finifhed with the moft beautiful mate- rials, appear on all hands, but fo difperfed and disjointed, that it is impof> fible from them to form an idea of the whole when perfeft. Thefe (Iriking ruins are contrafted by the mtferable huts of the wild Arabs, who refide in or near them. Nothing but ocular proof could convince any man, that fa fuperb a city, formerly 10 miles in circumference, coAld exift in the midft of what now are tra^ of barren uninhabitable fands. Nothifig however is more' certain .than that Palmyra was formerly the capital of -a great kingdom ; that it was the pride as well as the emporium of the eaftern world, and that its merchants dealt with the Romans, and the. weftem nations, for the merchandifes and luxuries of India and A^^hia. -Its prefent altered fituation, therefore, pan be accounted for only hy natural eaufes, which have turned the moft fer- tile tratSls into barren defcrts. The Aliatics think that Palmyra, as well ai Balbec, owes jts original to Solomon ; and in this they receive fome coun- tenance from facred hiftory. In profane hiftory it is not mentioned befott, the time cf Marc Anthony : and its moft fuperb buildings are thought to be of.the lower empire, about the time of GalUenus : Odenathus, the iaft king of Palmyra was highly careficd by that emperorj tuxd- even decli/eil ■ • , ^ . - " Au. ifiong, cj b great years ps a: I., UlilUB U( fromth %:: f' TURKEY ^EUHOPE Am ASIA. in Augifttt** H!» widow Zenobia reigned in great glory for fome'tiinef and Lopginus* the celebrated critic was Her fecretary^ Not being able to brook thC' Koman trranny, (he declared ^nur j^gainft the emperor Aurelian, who twk her priioner, ted her in (riumph to Rome* and' butchered her prii\- cipsl nobilityi and among others the excellenf Longinus. He afterwards delhoyed her city, and maflacred its inhabitants, but. expended large Aims out of Zeno^ia's treafures in repairing the temple of the fun, the majeftic ruins of which have been mentioned. This it muft be acknowledged is but a very lame account' of that celebralfcd city ; nor do any- of the Palmyrtne infcriptions reach above the Chnilian aera. though there ban be QodQubt but the eity itfelf is of much higher antiquitv. The emperoir Juftioisn made feme efforts to reftore it to its ancient fplendor,, but without effeft, for it dwindled by degrees toitS'pfefent wretched ftate. It has|been *'* obfervedvtryjuftly, that its architedure and the proportions of its columns are by do meana equal in purity to thofe^of Balbe'c. Nothittgrcan be more nitile, than the boaited antiquities (hewh by. ^he Greek and Am^nian prieiU in and near Jerufalem, which .is well known ts have befA fo often razed to the ground, and re-built anew, that no fcene of bur Si^our^s Mfe end fufTerings can b<: afcertained -, and yet thofe ccclefiaftics fubfi^ by their forgeries, and pretending. to guide tra- . ' vellers to every fpot mentioned in the Old and New Teftament. They are, it is true, und^r fevere contributions to the Turks, but the trade iUu goes on, though much diminiihed in its profits. The church of the Holy Sepulchre, as it u called, laid to be built by Helena^ mother to Xon> ftantine the great, is Ibll ftanding, and of tolerable good architoijfcure ; but its different divifions- and the difpofitions made round it are chiefly ctdculated to fuppoit the forgeries of its keepers. Other churches bmk by the fame lady are found m PaleiliiQe : but the country is fo altered . in its appearanee and quahties that it'^ is -me of the moft defpicable of anj in Aua, and it is ita vain for a modem travellh' to attempt to trace in it , any veftiges of jthe kingdom of David aud Solomon. But let a fertilie country be under the frowns of heaven, aiid abandoned to tyranny and wild Arabs, it ^vill'in time become a defert. Thus oppreffion foon thinned the delicious plains of Italy ; and the noted coXintries of Greece and Afia the Lefs, once the glory or the world, are now nearly deftitute of learnings arts, and people. Mecca' and Medina are curiofities only through the'fuperftition of the Mahometans. "Their, buildings are mean when compared to European houfet or churches ; and even the temple of Mecca, in point of archi- tefture makes but a forry appearance, though erected on the fpot where the great prophet is faid to have been born. TKt fame maybe uid of the mofque at Me^na, where that impoftor was buried : fo that the vail fums fpent yearly by Mahometan pilgrims, in vifiting thofe places, are undoubtedly converted to temporal ures. I fhall not amufe the reader with any ac- counts of ^he fpot which is faid to have formed Paradife, and to have been fituatcd between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, where there are fome traAs which undoubtedly deferve that name. The different ruins, fome of them inexprefiibly magnificent, that are to, be found jn thofe immenfe re- i;iQns, cannot be appropriated with any certainty to their original founder : great is the ignorance in which they have been buried for tbefe tlioufand years paft. It is indeed eafy to pronounce whether the ftyle of their buil- uingB uc vrrccf, xvuDMui, Of OHraCcri j uUt all Other infvi tuatton luUSt wQmc from their infcriptions. . .. The 7it tVRKEY tN EUROPE AHb AStA. '; The neiglibourhood, b( Smyrna (now called Ifr^if^jMnfdni many w luable antiquities. The fame may be faid of Aijtp& and a number of other phicci celebrated in nntiquity* and now kiu}wi(|^9H^ by ffcographicai obfervations. 'Hie feat of. Old Troy, cannot be f dilUngui/hed by the fmallj;ft veilige, and is known 6nly by its being oppofite to' the iHe of Tened68, anid the name of a brook, .which the i)oeta magnified into a wonderful river. A temple of marble )>uilt in honour of Augullus Cxtii, •t'MilalTo'in Caria, and a few itruf^urcs of the fame kind, in the neigh* bourhood, arc among the antiquities that arc fliU entire. Three thea- tres of white marble, . and a noble circus near Laudicea, ' now Latichcai have filtered very ' little from time or barbarlfm ) and fpme travellers think that-they diic^ni the ruii'is pf the celebrated temple of Diana near Ephefus. . * t ^ Chief cities, Mosqyss,') Thefe arc very numerous, and at the HER BUILDINGS J fame AND OTt time very infignificaat, becjiufe they have little ot no trade, and are greatly decayed from their ancient gran- deur. Scanderooh ilands Mpou the fite of Old Alexandria, bflt it is now almoft depopulated. /Superb remains of antiquity are found in its neigh- bourhood. . Alepbo, however, prcfervcs a refpedtable lank amoag the cities of the Aliatic Turkey. It is ftill the capital of Syria, and is Cupe< 9or in its buildings and conveniences to moil of the Turki.fli cities. Its bouCes, as ufual in the Bail, contiA>of a large court, with a dead wall to the fti>:et, an arcade or piaz/a running round it, paved with marble, and an elegant fopntain of the fame in the middle. Aleppo and its I'uburbt are feven miles, in compafs, Handing on eight fmall hills, on the higheft «ff which the citadel or cadle is ere^ed, buC of no great ftrengtli.. An old wall and a broad ditch, now in many places turned into gardens, fur> rounded the city, which contains 335,000 inhabitants, of whoi|i 30,000 are ChrilUans and 5000 are Jews. It is furniihed with moll of the con\t. nienc^ of life, excepting ^ood water within the walls, and even that it Aipplicd by an aquedu^l diiiant about four miles, faid to have been ereded by the emprefs Helena. The ftreets are narrow, but well paved with large fquare iionea, and are kept very clean.. Their gardens are pleafant, being laid out in vineyards, olive, fig, and piftachio trees ; but the country round is rojugh and barret). Foreign merchant^ are numerous here, and tranfa£t their bu|^(a in caravanferas or Urge fquare buildings, containing their warehbufes, Ibdiing rooms, and conipting houfes. This city abounda in neat> and fome of them magnificent mofques, public bagnios, wliich are v.:ry refreniing*, and baza|^, or market-places, which are formed into long, narrow, arched or covered llrcets, with little (hops, as in other parts of the Eaft.' Their ;CO(fee is cxcellcut, and confidered by the Turks as a high luxury ; and their Cweetmeats and fruits are delicious. European mer- chants, live here in greater fplendor and fafety than in any other city of the Turkifli empire, which is .owing to particular capitulations with the Porte, Coaches or carriages are not ufed here, but perfons of qualify ride on horfeback with a number of fervaiits before them, according to their rank. The Engliflw French, and Dutch, have ccnfuls who arc much refpcded, and appear abroad, the Englidi efpecially, with marks of diftin^lion. The heat of the country makes it convenient for the inhabitants to deep in the open air, here, ov;er all Arabia, and tt\any other parts of the Eaft, for which reafon their houfes are flat on the top. This praAice accounts, for the early acquaintance thofc nations had with aftronomy, and the motions •f the heavenly bodies, and explains I'ome parts oif the holy fcriptute. As . - ■ ' ■ the TUftSEY IN EUROPE anb ASIA. 741 ^ Turtu*are vciry tMrifi»nn In their way of Uvingf, this aceonut of Alfppo our give thi: mder in idea of the other Turkiih dtiet. ^ Bagdad, buihf upon the Ti^i% not far it it fappofed from th« fit« of encient Babyloni is the capital of the ancient Chaldea, and waa the mttropolit of the calijphate* under, the SaraceM,- in the twelfth century. Tbituity retaina but few marks of 'its ancient grandeur. It it in the form o^in irregular fc^uarc, and rudely forti£ed, but the coavenieucy of ita fituati()ii renders it one of the feats of the Turkiflt gAvcrmnent, and it hi ftill a confidei^ble trade, being annually vifited by the Synyna, Aleppo, andwellcrn caravans. The houles of Bagdad are generally 'large, buut of brick and ceynent, and arched over to admit the freer circulation of the air t many of their windowa are nude of elegant Venetian glafs, and the ceilings ornamented with chequered work. Muft of the houfes have alfu a coiirt-yard before them, in the middU of which is a fmall plantation of orange^trees. , The number of houficB is Qimpiitcd at 80,000, each of which pay an annual tribute to the Baihawi which is calcufated to produce 300,oooh ftcrlipg-. Their bazars, in wh»ch their tradefmen have their /hops, are tolerably handfome, large, and extenflve, filled whh (hops of all kind* of merchandifej to the number of i a,obo. Thefe were creded by the Perfians, when they were in pofTeflion of the place, as were alfo their' bag^os, and almoR every tliiag here worthy the notice of a traveller, la this city are five mofques, two of which are well buill^ and have haudfome domes, covered with vamiihed tiles of feveral colours. Two chapels are permitted fbr thofe of tho Romifh and Greek pei^fuafions. On the north-well comer of the . city .ftandd the calUe, which is of white -ftone, and commanda Uie river, oonfifting of curtains, and baftions, on which fome large cantioa are moimted^ with two mortars in cach^battion ; but in the year 1779 they were fo lK>n(y>.cofflhed .and bad, as to b« fuppofid not to fnpport one firiay. Below the caAle, by the water-fide, is the palace of the Tiirkifli governor | . •nd there are feveral fummer-houfcs on the river, which make :i fine appear- ance. The Arabiana* who inhabited this city under the caliphs, were re- markable foi the purity add elegance of their dialea. Ancient Aifyria is now called the Turkiih Curdlftan, though part oC it is fubjed to the FerfianB. The capital ts Curdiltan. the ancient NiN<^ veh, being now a heap of ruins. Curdiftan is faid to be for the mod part cut out of a mouotain, and is the refidence of a viceigjir, or beglerbeg. - Orfa, formerly EdeiTa, is the capital of the fine province of Mefopotamia* It is now a mean place, and chiefly fupported by a manufaAure of Turkey leather. Mouful ir tMo in the fame province, a large place fituated on the weft fhore of the Tigris, oppohte where Nineveh forhierly flood. Georgia, or Gurgiftan, now no longer fubjedt to the Turks, is chiefly peopled by Chriftians, a brave, warlike|race of men. Their capital, Tenis, is a handfome city, and makes a fine appearance ; all the houfes are . of ilone, neat and clean, with flat roofs, which ferve as walks for the wo-. men, but the flreett are dirty and narrow ; its inhabitants being about 30,000. It is fituated at the ibot of a mountain, by the fide c^ the river Kur, and is furrounded by ftr«ng ws^s, Except on the fide of the rivet'. It has a large fortrefs on the dechvit/ of the mountain, which is a plaCe of refufe for criminals and debtors, and the garrifon confids of native Per- fians. There ate thirteen Greek churches in Teflis, feven Armenian, an4 Roman Catholic «hurcbs ; th? Mahometans who are here have no )ues. In the neighboiuhood of the city are many pleafant houfes, and gardens. Tb . Georgians rn general are by fume travellers faid to be th*^ ^ . ^ ! one 'ji^^tafctiAffl .^i*-'-,-:,«*t*), y»4 TURKEY IN £UROP£ tANb ASIA. hdndfomeft people in the world) and.fooe think that they early received the praAice of inoculation for the fmall-pox. They make nofcruple of fcU ITng and drinking winai in their capital, and other town* ) aifll their valour hit Jtrocured them many diitinguiiking liberties and privileges. Lately they have brmed an alliance with RuiTia, under the brave prince Heraclius ; at hath the caar or priaoe Solomon, fovereign of Immlretta, a diftriA between the Caf[^n and. Black Seas, who is diftinguiflied from his fubjeAs (all of thcGreik rc-^ lighn) by riding on an afs, and wearing boots. The ancisnt cities of Damafcus, Tyre, and Sidon, ftill reuin^rt of their fbrmcr trade. Damafcus is called Sham, and the approach to it by the river is expreflively beautiful. It contains a line nolque, which wit formerly a Chriftian church. It ftill is famous for its.ftccl works, fuch as (word blades, knives, and the like ; the excellent temper of which ii &id to be owing to a quality in the water. The inhabitants manufa^ure alio thofe beautiful filkt, called .damaiks, from their cky, and carry on t confiderable traffic in raw and workdd filk, rofe-water, iextra^cd from tbe famous damaik rofcs, fruits, and wine. The neighbourhood of this city is ftiS beautiful, efpcciallV to the Turks, who dcligKt in verdurcand gardens. Sidon, now Said, which likewife lies within the ancient Phoenicia, has ftill fom: trade, and a tolerable harbour. Tyre, now, called Sur, about 20 miks diftant from* Sidon, fi» £unou^ for. merly for its rich ^ye, is now inhabited by fcarcely any but a few. miferable fiitiennen^ who live in the ruius of its ahciept grandeur. Tbetc arc ftrong walla on the land fide, of ftone,' eighteen feet high, and fevea broad. The circumference. or the place is ndt more than a mile and^.half, andChriflisns ifii Mahometans make up the number of about coo. Sorat. of the ruint of ^uieient Tyre are ftill vifible. The pavement^ fffthe old cityi Mr. Bmcetelb i,M| he faw, and o^fervet that they were 7^ feet lower .than Uie ground upon which the prefent city ftands. Faffing by Tyre (fays our author, who d^ ierves much praife for foroe happy elucidations of fcnpturey I came to bes mournful witnefs of the truth of that prophecy,. That Tyre the Queen of Nations fhould be a rock for iiftiers to dry their nets on *. Two wretched ' iUhermen, with miferable nets, having yon given oyer theia occupation with very little fuccefs, I engaged them, at the expence of ttieii; sets, to drag is thofe .places, where they faid fliell-fifh might be caught, in hopes to have brought out one|Of the famous purple fifh. I did not jfticceed, but in thii I' was, I believe, a8l!ucliy as the old Aftierahad' ever fieen. Thctpurple-fiflnt Tyre feems to have been only a concealment of their knowledge of cochineaL as, had thqr depended upon the fifh f6r their dye, if tRe whole city of Tyre applied to nothing elfe but fifbing, they would not have coloured twenty yard* of cloth in ayearf .' Natolla, or Alia Minor, comprehenrling' the ancient provinces of Lydia, Pamphylia, Pifidia, Lycaonia, Cilicia, Cappadocia, and Pontus, or Amalia'; all of them territories celebrated in the Greek and Ron\an hiftory, are now, (through the Turkilh indolence and tyranny, either forfaken, or a theatre of ruins. The fites of ancient cities are fUll difcemible ( and fo luxurious is nature in thofe countries, that in many places fhe triumphs over her for* . lorn condition. The fel6(h Turks' cultivate no more land than maintaini themfelves, and their gardens and fummcr-houfes fill upi the circuit of their moft f^ourifliing cities. The moft judicious travellers, upon an at. • I^s»k: k tare has as')t were thrown under (he feet of the inhabitants by their fitua- tion, are here totally negleded. The advantages of Tyre, Sidon, Alexan- dria, and all thofe countries which carried Ai the commerce ^f the ancient vorld, are overl(|pked. They command the navigation of the' Red Se&^ which opens a communication Jo the fouthem ocean, and prefents them with all the riches of the Indies. Whoever looks on a map of Turkey, muft, adinire the fituation of their capital, upon a narrow ftrait that feparates Eu- rope from Aiia, and communicates on the fouth by the Mediterranean fea, thereby opening a palTage to all the Euik>pean nations as well as the coaft of > Africa. The fame ftrait, communicating northwards with the Black Sea, opens a paiTage, by means of tlie Danube and other grea^t rivers, into the . interior parts of Germany^ Poland, and RuQIa. * The late reverend Dt. Shaw, profeflor ui Greek at Ozford, who feemt to have ' ..ethic moft jnft obfervationt, fayt, that were tiie. Holy Land at well cultivated a* \m former timet^ it would be more fertile than the very beft parti of Sjriaand Phoeaicia, becaufe the foil i« generally much richer, and, every thin); conGdercd, . yieldi larger cropi. Therefore tbe barrennefi, fays he, of whicb fome authors com^laio, (intt not proceed from th« natural ufifroitfulneft of the country, but from the vfani of in- habitants, the indolence wMch prevails among the few who puffels it, and the perpetual Hiirafdi^iDii depredations of the petty princes who uiirc ihi> uRS csSKtry. !sdssd tbs las ' habttan' ^d havla but little iacUnatian to cultivate the earth. « In Palcftine, ^ya Mf. Wqo^ .«ve often Teen the hofbandman (owing, accompanied by an armed friend, to jreveot hitbeing robbed of tbe feed". And, after all, whoever lows, it anccrtain whetlMt - it fluU ever reap tkc banteft. .4 ftS TURKEY IN EURORE amd ASIA/ In this extennvt cmpiret whtre all tUc cAmtnoditica nep^ilkfy for the largeft phn of induilry wad commerce are produced » the Turki content theptfelven with manuGi£turing cottons), carpeti, leathtt'. Mid foap. Th« iroft valuable of their commoditiea, fuoh aa lilk, a variety of drug«, and dying ftuffd, they generally exr; figned by N;jihometboth as a political code and as a religious fyftem.' The laws there enabled, having all the force of religious prejudices to fupport them, are inviolable.: and by them the civil rights of the Mahometans are regulMed. Even the comments on this book, which explain the law where it is obfcure, or extent! and complete what Mahomet had left im- perfe^, are conceived to be of equal validity with the firlt inilitutious'of tli; prophet ; and no member of the fociety, however, powerful, can tranfgrefs them without cenfure, or violate them without puniihment. , The Aiiatic Turks, or rather fubjctls of the Turkiih empire, who hold their poffeffions by a kind of roilitai'y tenure, on condition of their fening in the field with a particular number of m£n, think theinfelves, while they perform that agreement, almoft independent of his majefty, who feklom caHa tor the head or the eftate of a fubje6t, who is not an immediate fervant of the court. The moft unhappy fubjefts of the Turkilh government, are thofe who approach the higheft dignities of (late, and whofe fortunes are conilant' ly exp«fed to fudden alterations, and depend on the breath of their mi^xr-. There is a gradation of great ofRcers in Turkey, of ■^lom the vizier or pnme minifter j the chiaya, fccond m poorer to tbe vizier { the rds effendi,or • • ■ ■,• .1.- • : , •'/"»;,■■; " ,' , kof.- TURKEY IK EVROI^E aio ASUi 7«7 fictetary of ftite, and thi aga of the janixariet, arc the moft conflderablc. TbJe, at well aa the tnuftii or high priettt the bafhawa* ur governor* of pro> »incei, the citU iildgci, and nyiny othen, are cuminouly raifed, by their ap« Ration and affiduity> from the mcaneft Ibtiuna in life, and ait often the ^Idrcn of Tartar or Chriftian flavca taken in war. Tutored in the fchool of adverfity, and arrtvihg at pre-eminence through a thoufand diificuhici and dangers, thefe men are tenerally aa dittinguifl»ed for abilltie«, aa deficient m firtue. They poffefs aU the difiimulatiuu, intrigue, and corruption, Which often accompanies ambition in an humble rank* and they haveamthcr reafon fur plundering the peopie» becaufe they arc^uncerta^n ha\y long they may pof- icfi the dignities to which they are arrived. The admintitration of juftiee, therefore, i» extremely com pt over the whole empire ; but this proceeds frumthe mannera'of the judgt!B,andnot from |he laws of the kingdom, which ve founded upon very equiubhi principles. RsvkNUls.] The riches drawn from the various provinces of this empire, muft be immenfe. The revenues arlfe from (he culloms, and a va- riety of taxes which fall chiefly on the Chriilians, and other fubje^its, not of the Mahometan religion. 'I!he rich pay a ci^iitation tax of 30 (hil- irngs a year ) tradefmen 15 fhillings, and common labourers 6 (hillinga and ten-pence half-penny. Another branch of «he revenue arifes from the annual tribute paid by the Tartars, and other nations bordering upon Tur- lieyv but governed by their own princes and laws. All th3e, however, ue trifling, when compved with the vail fums extorted from the gover- nors of pr6vinces, and t>fficer8 of ilate, under the name of j^efmtr, Thefe harpies, to indemnify themfelvcs, as we -have already ohfcrved, esler- ait every fpedca of opprefnoo that their avarice can fuggeit, till, becoming wealthy from the vitals of thecountiies and peopUthey arefent to gDfem« dieir riches frequently ^ive rife to a pretended fufpicion of diDoyaliy or fflifcoadudHand the whole fortune of the offender devolves to .the crowif. Tlie devoted Vidim is feldom acquainted with the nature of the offence, or the names of hit accufers ; but without giving him tlie lead opportunity of making a defence, an officer is difpatched, with an imperial decree, to take oif his head. The unhappy baib receives it" with the hig heft refpefl;* putting it on his head, anil.afler he has read it, (Uyri, *< T/te tvill tfGodand the mferor be erlane, a Tartarian prince, who was juft then returned from his eatiern conquefts, to declare war againft him. A dccifive battle was fought between thofe rix'al conquer(|rs, in NatoHa, in the plain where Pompey defeated Mithridates, when, Bajazet's army was cut in pieces, and he himfelf taken prifoner, and fhut up in an iron cage, where he ended his life. The fucceifors of Tamerlane, by declaring war againft one another, left the Turks more powerful than ever : and though their career was checked by the valour of the Venetians, Hungarians, and the famous Scanderbcg, a prince of Epirus, they gradually reduced the dominions of the Greek en^- perorsj and, after a. long fiege, Mahomet II. took Conitantinople in 1452., Thus, after an exiftence of ten centuries, from its lirft commencement under Conllantine th* Great, ended tlie Greek empire ; an event which had bcen- long forefeenj and was owinar to manv caiifts j the chief was the total de- generacy yfiV 7*0 TURKEY iM EUROPE and ASIA generacy of the Greek emperors themfelves* their courts and families ; and the diflikc their fubjcds had to the popes, and the weftcm church, one of the patriarshs declaring publicly to a Ruinifh legate, *' that he would rather fee a turban than the pope's tiara upon the great altar of Conilantinople." But as the Turks, when they extended their conquefts,: did not exterminate, biit reduced the nation, to fuhjcdion, the remains qf the ancient Greeki ftill exiil, as we have already obferved, particularly in Conitantinople, and the neighbouring illands, where, though under grievous opprefllons, they prpfefs Chrillianity under thei^own patriarchs of Conilantinople, Alexandria, An> tioch,and Jerufalemj and the Arijieniars have ^hree patriarchs, who are n'fthcr than thofc of the Greek church, on account of tlu:ir people being richc-r and more converfaitt in trade. It is laid that the modern Greeks, though pining under the tyranj^cal yoke of the Turkifli government, iliU preferve fomewhat of the exterior appearance, though nothing of the inter* n,^l principles which diilinguifhcd their ^nceilora. . The. conqueil of Conuantiiiople ^s followed by the fubmiffion of nil Greece ( and from this time the Turks have been looked upon as an £u. ropean powerJ Mahomet died in 1481, and was fuccceded by Bajazet IK who carried on • war againll the Hungarians and Venetians, as well as the Per^ans apd Egypt. ians. Bajaiset falling ill of the gout, became indolent, was harraHcd by family differences, and at lall, by order of his fecond fon, Selim, he was poif .led by a Jew phyfieian. Selira afterwards ordered his eldeft brother, Achmct, to be firangled, with many other pnnces of the Othman race. He defeated the Perfians and the prince of Mount Taurus ; but being unable to penctrute into Perfia, he turned his arms agaioft Egypt, Which^ aiter niany bloody battles, he ahaext-d to bis own dcmmiona, in the year 1517, as he did Aleppo, An> tioch, Tripoli, Damafcus, Gaea, and many other towns. He was fucceeded, in lS>Oi by his fon, tioliman the Mpgniiicent ; who, - taking advantage of the differences which prevailed among the ChrilUan powhuv, took Rhodes, and drove the knights from that Ifland to Malta, )vbich was given them by the emperor Cluirles V. The reign of Soliman, after this,. was a continual war with the Chriftian powers, and. generally fuccefsfiil, both by fea and land. He took 13uda the metropolia of Hungary, at that lime, and Belgratle, and carried off near 200,000 captives. A, I). 1526,3^1 'AWO years afterwards advanced into Auftria and bcfteged Vieana, but retired on the approach of Charles V. Hemifcarried alfo in an attempt he made to ' takc^the ille of Malta. This Soliman is looked upon as the grcatell prince that ever tilled the throne of Othman, He was fucceeded, in 1566, by his fon Selini II. In his reign, the Turk- ifh marine received an irrecoverable blow from the ChrilUans, in the battle of Lepanto. This defeat might have proved fatal to the Turkifh power, had the blow been purfucd by the Ctirillians, efpeciaUy the Spaniards. Selim, hov> ever, took Cyprus from the Veneti ns, and Tunis in Africa^ from the Moors: he was fucceeded, in 15 7 5,. by his fon Amurath III. who forced the Ptr- lians to cede Tauris, Teflis, and many ojther cities, to the Turks. Ho like- wife took the important fortrel's of Raab, in Hungary ; and in 1593, he fWas fucceeded by Mahomet III. The memory of this prince'*is dillinguifh. ed by his ordering nineteen of his brothers to be ftrangled, and ten of hii father's concubines, who were fuppofed to be pregnant, to be thrown into the fca. He was oiten unfucccfufui in iiU wari with.the ChrittianR, and died of the plague in 1604. Though his fuccefTor Achmet was beaten by the Perfians, yet he forced the Aullrians to a treaty in 1606, and to confent thut be TURKEY IN EUROPE AUt ASIA. 7«i lie (hould keep what he was peffeffisd of in Huneary. Ofmim, a prmci^ . of great fplrit, but no mdvt than ftxteen years of age, being anfucQeiT- ful 8|rainll the Poles, was pat to death by the janiKaries, whofe power tie iotended to h9ve reduu^d. Murad IV. fucceeded, in 1623, and took. Digdad from the Perfians. His brother, Ibrahim, fucceeded him in 164Q1 a wurthlcfs inactive prince, aAd {trangted by the janizaries in 1648; ;Hii fjcceffor, Mahomet IV. was excellently well ferVed by his grand vizier^ Cuperli. He took Candia from the Venetians, after it had been befieg^d for thirty years. This conquell coflthe Venetians, and their allies, 80,000 men,, and the Turks, it is faid, iBo,ooo. A bloody war fucceeded between the Imperialiits and the Turks, in which the latter were fo fuccefaful, that they. laid fifiTC to Vienna, but were fqiced (as has been already mentioned) to raifeit with great lofs, by John Subiefki, king of Poland, and other Chriiliaa generals. Mahomet was, in 1687, (hut up in prifon by his fubjedls, and Aic-* ceeded by his brother, Soliman 11. The Turks cuHtinued;unfuccef8ful in their wars .during this reigo, and that of his brother and fucceflbr, Achntet II. but Muftapha II. who mounted the throne in 1 694* headed his armies in perfon, and after fome brifk campaigns* he was defeated. by prince £ugeue : and the pettce of Carlowitz, between the iRiperlalilU and Turks, was concluded in 1709. Soon after, Muftapha was ' depofed, his mufti was l>eheaded, and hia brother Acbmet III. mounted the. throne. He wils the prince .who gave flielter at Beinder, to Charles XII. of Sweden ; and ended a war with the RuiCans, by a peace concluded at Pruth« When the RuiGan army was furrounded without hope of efc^pe, the Czarina iiftlined the gr^iiid vizier to the peace, by a prefent of all the money, plate^ and jewels that ivere in the army, but the Ruffians delivered up to the Turks, Afoph, Kaminieck, and Paiganrog, and agreed to evacuate Poland. He had afterwards a war with the Venetians, which alarmed all the Chrillian powers. Thefccne of a^ion was trandated to Hungary, where the Imperial general,- prince Eugene, gave fo many repeated defeats to the infidels, that they were forced to conclude a difgraceful peace at Paifarowitz, in 171 8. An unfor* , tunate war with the PcrQaus, under Kouli Khan, fucceeding, the populace demanded the heads of the vizier, the chief admiral, and fecretary, which were accordingly ilruck off; but the fultan alfo was depofed, and Mahomet V^ advanced to the throne. He was unfuccefsful in his wars with Kouli Khan» and at laft obliged to recognife that ufttrper as king of Perlia. He was, after that, engagdd in a \varwith the Imperialifts and RufTians; againil the former he was vidorious ; but thfi^fucccffcs of the latter, which threatened Copftantin^ ople itfelf, forced him to agree to a hafty treaty with the emperor, and after that, another with thie Ruflians, which was greatly to hia advantage. Maho* met died in 1754. He was Aicceeded by his brother Ofman III. who died in 1757, and was fucceeded by hisbrothfr, Muilaphalll. who died on the 21 It of January, 1774, whilil engaged in an unfuccefsful war with the RuiTians, of whicK fome account has been already given in the hiilory of that country. In the courfe of thil war, a confidercble Ruflian fleet was fitted out, which fet fail from the Baltic, with a view of fliaking the remote parts of the Archipelago* This fleet having arrived at Minorca^ departed from thence in the beginning of February 1770, and fhaped its courfe for the Morea. Count Orlow, hav* ing debarked fuch land forces as he had with him at Maina, which lies a little to the weltward of cape Metapan, and about 50 miles to the fouth weit of Mifitra, the ancient Sparta ; the Majnotes, the defcendants of the Laceds* monians, and y/ho ftill poffefTed the country of their ancellors, under fubjec- >io( to the gtioii iigoiori immediately flew to their arms in every quarter, a^d V 5 A joined fi'M TURKEY IN EUItOPE and ASlAi jbined the Ruffians by thoufands, from their averfion to the tyranny of tW Turka. The other Greeks immediately followed their example, or rather oiily waited to hear of the arrival of «he Ruffians, to do what they had lonv Intended ; and the whole Morea feemed every where in motion. The open country was quickly over-run, and Mifitra, Arcadia, and feveral other places, as fpeedily taken, while the Ruffian (hips, that had been feparated, or that put into Italy, arrived fucceffively, and landed their men in different quarteri, ^here every fmall detachment foon fwelled into a little army, and the Turks were every where attBdT.J or intercepted. In the mean time, the Greeks gave the iftnvoft loofe to their revenge, and every where flaughtered the Turks without mercy ; and the rage and fury vrith which the inhabitants of the continent were feized, extended itfelf to the idands, where alfo the Turks were maifacred in great numbers. They were, indeed, unable to make head againft the Ruffians and Greeks in the field : their only proteAion was found within the fortrcffco. The malcontents had fo much increafed fmc» the iirft debarkation of the Ruffians, that they invefted Napoli de R,omania, Corinth, aod the caftle of Patras, with feveral other places of lefs note. But whilft they^yverc employed in thefe enterprizes, an army of thirty- thoufand men, compofed chiefly of Albanians and Epirotes, entered the Morea, commanded by'Seralkier, fiafha of^Bofnia. This Turkifb general recovered all the north* em part of the peninfula, a's foon as he appeared in it ; and all the Greeks that were found inarms, or out of their villages, were inftantly put to death. The Ruffians were now driven back to the^r (hips ; but about the fame time, another Ruffian fquadron, commanded by admiral' Elnhinflioine, arrived from Engbmd to reinforce count Orlow's armament. The Turki(h fleet alfo ap< peared, and an obflinate engagement was fought in the channel of Scio, which divid^ that ifland from Natolia, or the LeiTer Afia. The Turkilh fleet was confiderably fuperior in force, confifting of fifteen fl^ip" of the line, from fixty to nipety g^ns, befides a number of chebeques "r d galliei, amounting in the Whole to near thirty fail j the Ruffians had only ten fhipgof the line, and five frigates. Some of th^Oiips engaged with great refolution, while others on both fides found various caufea for not approaching fuffici> ectly near. But Spiritof, a Ruffian admiral, encountered the captain pacha, in tbC Sultana, of ninety guns, yard-arm and yard-arm ; they fought with the gretk^eft fitry, and at length run fo dofe, that they locked themfelves to< gether with grappling-irons and other Cackling. In this fituation, the Rut flans, by throwing hand-granades from the tops, £|t the Turkifh (hip on fire, and as they couhJ not now b( difentangled, both fliips were in a little time equally in flames. Thus dreadfully circumftanced, without a poffibility of fuccour, they both af length blew up with a mod terrible explojion. The commanders and principiil officers on both fides were moftly faved ; but the crews were almoft totally iloft. The dreadful fate of thefe (hips, as well as the danger to thofe that were near them, produced a kind of paufe on both fides ; a^er which the action was reneweid, and continued till night without any toaterial advantage on cither fide. When it became dark, the Turkift fleet cut their cables, and run into a bay on the coaft of Natolia : the Ruf- fians furrounded them thus clofely pent' up, and in the night fome fire fhipi were fuccefsfuUy conveyed among the Turkifh fleet, by the in epid beha* ^idur of lieutenatit Dugdale, an Englifhman in the Ruffian fervicc, who, thotigh abandoned by his crew, hmifelf direfted the operations of the fire.ftiips. The fire took place lo eftettualjy, that in five hours the vfhok fleet, except one man of wir and a few gallies that were towed off by the Ruffians, was totally deftroy^d ; after which they entered the harbour, tvi ^(UDbuxted and cwaonsded the towo^ aod » caftle that pret«ded it, with \, * . fwh ■ ff\f.\ •>4: TURKEY m EL ..OPE amd ASIA. m Ittch fuccefsy thftt a (hot having blown up the powder magazine in the lat^. tcr, both were reduced to a heap of rubbiih. Thu« was there fcarcely a -vejT- tige left at nine o'clock^ of a town, a caftle, and a fine fleet, whi^ bad been aU in exiftence at one the fame morning. Some of the principal military tranfadions br I;md, in the war between Ruflia and Turkey, having been already noticed in our account of the former empire we (hall here only add, that after a mod unfortunate war on the fide of the Turks, peace waa^ at length concluded between them and the Rulfians, on the aift of July, 17)4, a few months after the: acccffion of Achmet IV. The emperor, MulUpha III. left a fon, then only in bit 1 3th year ; but as he was too young to manage the reins of goveri^ jnent in the then critical fituation of the Turkifh affairs, Muilapha ap. pointed his brother, the late emperor, to fucceed him in the throne : and to this prince, under the ftrongeH terms of recommendation, he confided the care of his infant fon. The perfeverance of the . Turks, fupplied by their numerous Afiatic armies, and their implicit fubmiflion to their oiHcers, rather than an ex- cellency in military difcipline or courage in war, have been the great fprings of thofe fucceifes which have rendered their empire fo formidable. The extcnfion, as well as duration of their empire, may indeed be in fome meafure owing to the military inllitution of the Janizfaries, a corps originally compofed of children of fuch Chriftian parents as could- not pay their taxes. Thefe bemg collefied together, were formed to the exer> cife of arms under the eyes of their officers in the feraglio. They were generally in number about 40,000 ; and fo excellent was their difcipline^ that they were deemed to be invincible > and they fttll continue the fllpwer of the Turkifh armies ; but the Ottoman power is in a declining (late. The political ftate of Europe, and the jealoufies that fubfift among it« princes, is now the fureft ba(is of this empire, and the principal reafon* vhy the fineft provinces in the world are fuffercd to reiaain any longer iq- the poiTefiion of thefe haughty infidels. - , Notwithftanding the peace which was eftablifhed in 1774, betveeen RulHa and the Porte, various fources of difcord h;iving been left open, very little tranquillity could fubfift between them. For an account of thefe we refer our readers to our hiftorical narrative of the former empire. Towards the latter end of the year 1786, the Turks feem tp have adopted a regular fyft- cm of indirect hoftility «gainft Ruflia, who was continually making fuch en- croachments, as made the Turks refolve to tempt again the fortune of wan Scarce had the emprefs returned from the fptendid journey which (he made to Cherfon, beford a declaration of Turki(h hoftilities was announced at Peterlburg. What part the emperor of Germany would take in this war was not at firft known. The capricioufnefs of hia^hara£ler kept the fpirit of curiofity in fufpence for fome little time, but ne foon declared himfelf determined to fupport all the claims whidkRuifia had upon the Porte. Inftead of being di(heartened at the ■^idablenef* of the confederacy that had broken out againtt them, thwlTurks applied themfelves with redoubled ardour to prepare for refillance. But an event that feema pwtly to have contributed «b the bad fuccefs, experienced by the crefcent in the year 1789, was the death of Achmet the Fourth, grand fignior, on the 7th %[ April. » .. This prince, if we make fuiUble allowances for the difadvantages under which he laboured, as a. defpotic m(>iBarch and the prejudices of his countryt may be allowed to polTefs fome claim to tolemioHi. He filled the throne of CoDfUntinople without reflcAing difgracc upon human nature. 1^» temper S Aa , . appear! / »H TURKEY tH EUROPE and" ASIA. i^pears to have been ini|d and humane. He not only permitted ^eli'm his nephew, fon of the late cmperof, to live, but even publicly acknowledged Intn for his fucceflbr. His reign was not ftained with fo many arbitrary murders, as thofe of his predeceiFors, nor did he think it at all necefTary that a difgraced minifter fhould part at once with his office and his life. He fuf. fered his countrymen to improve by the arts and military difcipline of £urop«, Yflbuf, his prime minifter, during the three lail years of his life, though by DO means confi.lcntly great, mult be allowed to deferve oiir applaufe ; and will be bettdr known to pufterity as the patron of the Turkifh tranflation of the £ncyclopi£die, than as the victorious and ficilful rival of the Aullrian arms inthe Bannat ofTranfylvania. Achmet died at the unenterprizing age of Hxty-four, and Selim the Third fpcceeded at twenty-eight. In the vigour of youth bethought it necefTary to diftinguifh himfelf by fomething extraordinary, and at firft purpoied.to put himfelf at the head of his forces. He was eafily, as might be cxpcfted from his effeminate education, diflu^ded from this rafh and ridiculous prujefl. But he conceived that at leaft it became him to difcQuntenance the minifters of his predeceffor, to confound their plans, andreverfe all their proceedings. Thefe miniilers had acquired in fome degree the confidence of thofe who 1i£led under their command; and it appeared in the fequeKthat the fantaflic fplendour of a new and juvenile fovereign, could not compenfate for the cap. ricious and arbitrary changes with whicn his accefiion was accompanied. • In the year i7e8,ChoGzim furrendered to the arms of Rulfia, as will be found in the hiilory of that country and Ockzacow was taken by Itorm ; on the 1 2th of September, 1789, the Auilrian forces fat down before Bel* gra<^e, and with that good fortune -which feemed almoft conflantly to attend their prefent commander marfhal Laudohn. The place, together with iti numerous garrifon, furrendered, after a vigorous refiltanCe, on the 8th of O^^ober. The reft of the campaign was little elfe than a fucccflion of th« moft important fucceifes ; and a circumft^^r.vc ihat did not little contribute to this, was the fyftem adopted by the Auftrians asd Ruffians, of fufFering the Turkiih troops to march out of the feveral places they garrifoned without anolcftation. Buchareft, th^ capital of Walachia, fell without oppofition in- to the hands of prince Cobourg ; while Akerman on the Black Sea was re* duced by the Ruffians ; and Bender furrendered to prince Potemkin, not Without fufpicion ml fmifter pradices, on the 15th of >iovtmber. One only check prefented itfelf to the allied arms. The garrifon of Orfova difplayed the moft inflexible conftancy, and marftial Laudohn was obliged to raife the lieee of this place in the middle of December, after having fat down before •h for a period of fix weeks. In a (hort time after the fiege was renewed, and Orfova -was rcdudcd the 1 6th of April, 1790. After the reduAion o^O/fova, the warVvas carried on with languor on the pait nf Auftria ; and in the month of June a conference was agreed upon at Reichenbach, it which the minifcrs of Pruffia, Auftria, England, and the United Provinces affifted, and jKvhich alfo an envoy from Poland was oc- cafionally prefent. After a nil|Bciation, which continued till the 17th of Auguft, it was agreed that a peiice fliould be concluded between the king of Hungary and the Ottoman Porte ; that the bafis of ;ois treaty fhould be a general furrender ofall the conquefts made**} lOe former, retaining only ^hoczitn as a fecurity till the Porte fliould accede to the terms of the agree* nvjnt, when it was alfe to be reftcrcd^ On the other hand, the king of Pruf- fia gaTC up the Belgic provinces, and even promifed his affiftance in reducing ihem to the Auftrian doiQinions.- The kiiig of Priiflia vm lefs fuccefsful In his me4iatIon with Ruffia. Ca- / ' - • w ■ X '■■ therias TtJRKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. m tljffinehad not, like Leopold, in imperial crown at ftake, which^ unfubfbn- tial as it is, has always its charinfr^ with thofe vfho are educated in the halStual idoration of rank and dignities. Her conquefts alfo, on the fide of Turkey, wtre too important to be eafily relinqniflied j and (he conlidered her dignity attacited by the infolent llyle of Pruflian mediation. The fubftancC of her anfWer to the Pruffian memorial was therefore. " That the emprefs of Ruflia would ^nake peace and war with whom fhe pleafed, without the. in- terference of any foreign power." The campaign of 1791 opened, on the part, of Ruflia, with the t'aking of Mac«in,on the 4th of April, by prince GaUitzin ; and in a fubfcquent vidtory, on the 1 2th, by the fame general, in the neighbourhood of firtiilow, the Turks loft not Icfs than 4000 men, and upwards of 106 officers belides many- pieces of cannon. On the 14th the Ruffian arms experienced a check, by wliich they loft about 700 men, and were obliged to relinquifh the intentioa of befieging Brailow. After reinforcing this place, the vizir proceeded to the banks of the ParfVibe near Siliftria ; and by means of a bridge, which he threw aorofp the river, his advanced pofts were enabled to make incurfions on the oppofiteifide. The ability of the vizir, and the valour of the Turks, were however exerted in vain againft the discipline and experience of £ur6- ^ pean armies. In the month of June, 1 5,000 Turks were defeated by a party of cavalry under general Kutufow. On the 3d of July the fortrefs of Anape was taken by general Oudowitfch, and the garrifon, to the amount of 6000 men, made prifoners. This event was followed on the 9th of the fame month byaftgnal viAory which prince Repninvobtained near Maczin over a body of 70,000, the flilwcr of theTurkifh army. The Ottomans left upwards of 4000 diad upon the field of battle, and loft their entire camp equipage, col- . ours, and 30 pieces of cannon. The Ruffians are faid to have loft only 150 men killed, and between 2 and 300 wounded. ft*-.';^;': While the war was thus vigoroufly carried on, the mediaung powers were noit inaftive. Great Britain and Pruffi^, in particular, declared themfelves determined to fupport the balance of Europe, and to force the emprefs to peace upon the bafis of a ^atus quo. Of the interference of Britain in this difpute, we have treated more largely in another place. To the firft ^appl"- cations of the Englifh minifter, the emprefs anfwered in nearly the fame terms in which fhe had before replied to the memorial of Pruffia — " That the Bri- tllh court would not be permitted to diftate the terms of peace." In the courfe of the negociation, however, her demands became more moderate ; and as the northern powers, and particularly Denmark, began to exert thenv., felvesfor the prevention cf hoftilities, fhe confined her views to the pofTcilidiii of Oczakow, with the diftriA extending from the Bog to the Niefter, and even then providing for the free navigation of the latter river. The negocia- tion was protra6^ed to the nth of Auguft, when at lerigth peace was con- cluded between the Czarina and the Porte, nearly upon thefe terms ; — terms which, confidcring the ill luccefs of the war, cannot be accounted very dif- advantageous to the Porte, who have loft a fortrefs more ufeful for the purpofe of annoying Ruflia, than for defending their own territories ; but certainly of confiderable importance to Ruflia, which, by thisceflion has fecured the peaceable enjoyment 0* the Crimea. Peace was probably niOre defirable to KulTia tit this period as the Poles had taken an opportunity of emandpating themfelves froni^fte ignominious yoke vhich Ruflia had inipofed upon them. It is computed that in the iaft war Turkey loft 200,000 foldiers ; Ruffi;^ Aufllrians, who fell in battle, or in the unliealthy marfliee, are fuppofed^to exceed 130,000. ^Mi i-iL .A SeU|» 1*€ T ART A R V m A 8 I A. M Selim in. grand fignior, born in 1761 ; fucceeded to the throne of Tui« key on the death of his uncle, the late fultan, April 6, 1789. No event of any conrequence lias iince happened in the Turki(h empire till the year 1 79H when the French among c ther mad and uinbitious projects add< cd to the number the plan of invading Egypt. T^\a unprovoked inlult raufcd the Turkifh government from the indifference and unconcern with which they had regarded the conted of tlie European powers, and they determined to make vigorous preparations for repelling tiiis attack. A proclamation of war waaiflued Aug. 18 with the ufital folemnitiea. I'he itahdard of Mahomet was hoifted, and the declaration of war difpatched on the fame day by courien through the whole empire. It calls upon all Muflfulmen, in the name of the mofthigh and of the prophet, to affemble and range themfelves under the banners of the Ottoman empire, in order to fupport and vindicate its juft caufe. Orders have been iflued for forming immenfe magazines to obviate any embarraflVncnt which might arife from want of provifions ; infhort warlike preparations are carried on upon all fides with vigour and aftivity. The French minifter likewife together with his legation was fent to the Caftle of the feven Towers, and feveral merchant (hips in the harbour of jCon* ftantinople were taken poflefllon of. The grand Signior partook of the joy which the memorable victory of ad. miral Nelfon nccafioned through all Europe. Immediately upon receiving the news, he directed a fiiperb diamond, taken from one of the imperial tur^ bans to be fent to the gallant admiral, together with a piece of fable fur of the fineft quality. He direded alfo a purfe of 2000 fequins to be diftributed nmong the Britifli feamen wounded at the battle of the Nile. Confidering the hoftile difpolltion of the Grand Signior to the Hfench, -ihe deftrudtion of their fleet, and the dangers of the climate, we may venture to predict that very few of them will ever fee theirnative country. TARTARY in ,ASIA, '^■PS'^'^l, ,^|^^; BlTUATIOM NMD ExTEKT^ .,*„*;. Miles.*;'' ;I Degrees. Length 4060I ,,gt^,j„ J 5° ""^l ^~5° ea^ longitude. |^, v,,r Breadth 24003 (^30 and 72 north latitude. . Boundaries.]] TT would be deceiving the reader to deflre him to depend J. upon the accounts given us by geographers of the exy tent, limits, and fituation of thefe vaft regions. Even the emprefs of RulSl aI and her miniftry are ignorant of her precife limits with the Chinefe, the Peril, ans, and othei' nations.. Tartary, taken in its fulled extent, is bounded by th& Frozen Ocean on the North, by the Pacific Ocean on the £aft, by China, India, Ferfia, and the Cafpian Sea,'on the ^outh ; and by Mufcovy on tk yreft. . Grand divifions. Subdivifiona. 'Chief towns. Sq. M. ;f. w.t fBratlki I' Jakutflcoi fBratfki * Thibet A- ^:"^i :■**'. '', I J Thibet f J Poion J LKudak Giui T A R T A R Y im ASIA. Grand diviA^i. North-weft divifion South weft divifion Middle divifion SubdivifioM. ' Samoieda — ' Oftiack '_ Circaffian and ,A&n» can Tartary {Siberia Kalmuc Tartary Ulbeck Tartary Chief tovtat, J Mangafia ■ iKortlkoi ' jTerki |Aftracan ■| rTobolik V < Bocharia 3 LSamarcand Sq.M. 850,000 339.840 Kamtfchatka ii a great peninfula, which extends from North to South ibout feven degrees, thirty minutes. It is divided into four diftrids, Bol- chenik, Tigilfkaia Krepoft, Verchnei or Upper Kamtfchatkoi Oftrog, and Niftnei or Lowe* Kamtfchatkoi Oftrog. MouNTAiMf.] The principal mountains are Caucafas in Circafliai and the mbuntains of Taurus and Ararat, fo cou' !guous to it, that the^ , appear like a continuation of the fan^e mountains, which crofs all Afw from Mongalia to the Indies ; and the mountains of Stolp, in the North. SiAs.] Thefearethc Frozen Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and the Cafpian Sea. ^ RiVRts.] The principal rivers .are, the Wolga, which runs a courfe of . two thoufand miles ; the Obey, which divides Afia from Europe ; the Taba!, Irtis, Genefa! or Jenika ; the Burrumpooter ; the Lena, and the' Argun, which divides the Ruflian and Chinefe empires. Aia, CLtMATb-, SOIL, AND PRoDuci.] The air of this country is very diifcrent, by reafon of its vaft extent from north to fouth ; the northern parta reaching beyond the arftic polar circle, and the fouthern being in the fame latitude with Spain, France, Italy, and part of Turkey. Nova Zembla and Ruflian Lapland are moft uncomfortable regions ; the earth, which is covered with (how nine months in the year, being ex- tremely barren, and every where incumbered with unwhoiefome marfhes, uninhabited mountains, and impenetrable thiclcnefses. The climate of Si- beria is cold, but the air pure and wholefome ; and Mr. Took obferves, that its inhabitants in all probability would live to an extreme old age, if they were not fo miich addiAed to an immoderate ufe of intoxicatmg li.< , quors. Siberia produces rye, oats, and barley, almoft to the ioth degree of iiorthern latitude. Cabbages, radifties, turnips, snd cucumbers, thrive ' here tolerably well ; but fcarcely any other greens. All experiments to bring fruit-trees to bear have hitherta been in vain : but there is reafon to believe that induftry and patience may at length overcome the rudenefii ' of the climate. Currants and ftrawberries of feveral forts are faid to grow here in as great perfe<^ion as in' the Englifli gardens. Herbs, as well me* • dicinal as common, together with various «dible roots, are found very ge* • nerally hei'e : but there are no bees in all Siberia. Aftrachan and the fojithem parts of Tartary, are extremely fertile, owing more to nature thin induftry. The parts thaUtre cultivated produce excellent fruits of almoft all the kinds known in Europe, efpecially grdpes, which are rec- koned the largeft and fineft in the world. The fummers are very dry ; and from the end of July to the beginning of Oftober, the air is peftercd, and the foil fomelimes ruined, by incredible quantities of locufts. Mr. Bell, who travelled with the Ruflian ambafTador to China, reprcfents feme parts of Tartarv as defirable and fertiU nniintnVa. th(> orrafH ornvfintr fnnntanpnnnv' to an amazing height. The country of Thibet is the higheft in Afi8> and is a part of that elevated traft which gives rife to the rivers of India and China, aad thofi: of Kbcru^ and other parts of Tartary, '^^ • '-*:'' ■■ MiTAtlh :tii,- >^- "■'A. 7" TARTARY in AS I A. Metals and minerals.] It is faid that Siberia cpntain» mines of goU lilver, copper* iron, jafper, tapiii lazuli, and lc)adAui)ti» { a fort of large teeth found here, creates fomedifpute aoiung the n.ituralilU, whether they belonfr to elephants, or are a marine produ«^!on ; their appearance is certainly whim* fical and curious, witen poliflied with art and ikM. It is no\^ apprehended that they are real, and mud have been brouj^ht litre by. the waters of a deluge being found feparate as if they had been fcatitt d by the waves, covered with a ftratum of mud, and commonly intermixed vith the remains of marine plants and fimilar fublluuccs : which prove that thefe regions of Siberia were once overwhelmed with the fea. Animals.] Thcfe are camels, dromedaries, bears, woivcv, and all the other land and wnphibious animals th%t are com^'On in tht northern parts of Europe. Their horfes are of a good fize for tlic faddlc, and very hardy ; as th9y run yrild till they are irve or lix years old, they are generally headdrong. Near Aftracan there is a bird called by the Ruflians baba, of a grey colour, and foinething larger than a fw^n ( he has a broad bill, under which, hangs a bag that may contain a quart or more : he wades near the edge of a river, and on feeing a fhoal or fry of fmall iifhes, fpreads his wings and drives them to a (hal< low, where he gobbles as many of them as he can into his bag, and then goine aihore, eats them, or carries them to the young. Some travellers take this bird to be the pelican. The forefts of Siberia are well ftocked with a variety of animals, forae of which are not to be found in other countries. Thefe fupply the inhabi- ants with food ^and cloatha : and at the fame time furniih them with commo- dities for an advantageous trade. Siberia may be cunddered as the native country of black foxes, fables, and ermines, the fkins of which are here fu. perior to thofe of any part of the world. Horfes and cattle are in great plenty, and fold iX low prices. The bos grunniens of I^innseus, or grunting oXt which inhabits Tartary and Thibet, hath a tail of uncommon beauty, full and flowing, of a glolTy and.lilky texture. Thefe tails are a coiifiderable y- ' tide of exportation from Thibet. Ttie Indians failen fmall bundles of the hair to a handle which they ufe for fly Hups ; the Chinefe dye "^uftsof it with a beautiful fcarlet, to decollate their caps, and the Turks employ it a» Qinaments to their ftandards, and by forn^ erroneoufly calle .1 horfetails. ' rOPULATioN, INHABITANTS, MANilEK&,l We can iorm no probable ' DiviiasioNS ANU CUSTOMS. J gu^fs as to the nunr.ber of in- habitants in Tartary ; but from many circumliances we 9^u(i conclude, that they pre far from being proportioned to the extent of thA country. Thej are in general ftrong Inade, llout men ; their faces broad, their itofesflattiHi, their eyes fmall and black, but very quick ; their beards are fcatcely vifiblc, as they continually thin them by pulling up the hairs by the roots. The beauty oftheCircafilan women is a kind of ftaple commodity in that country; for parents there make no fcruple of felling their daughters to recruit the feraglivi " of the great men of Turkey and Perfia. They are purchafed when young, b/ '* merchants, and taught fuch accompliihments as fuit their capacities, t.orenl-r them more valurble againft the day of fale. . The Tartars are in general i wandeW'^'* fort of people : in their peregrinations they fet out in the fpringi their number in one body being frequently io,oco, preceded by their flocks and herds. When they come to an inviting fpot, they live upon it till ail iti graft and verdure is eaten up. They have little money, except what they get from their neighbours the Ruffians, Perfians, or Turks, in exchange for cattle; with this they purchafe cloth, ulki, iluifs, arid other apparel for their "'s- men. They have few me-....unic8, except thofe who make arms. They avoid all labour as the greateil flavery ; their only en^ployraent is tending their flocks, hunting, and managing their horfes. If they are angn; with aperfoD) thgf wlib E« may ItTc in one %ed place, and work like a l^ullian. TARTARY iM ASIA. 1*9 Among thcmfelves they are very hofpitablet and wonderfully fo to the llrangtrs and travellers who confidentially put themfelves under their pro- teftion. They re naturally of an eafy, chcarful temper, always difpofcd to bughtcr, and fcldom dcpreflVd by care or melancholy. The e is a lirong re- fcmblanctr between the north^n and independent Tartar.., ond fome nations ofCanad.i in North Amerirti : particularly, when any of their people are intirm through great age,'or feizcd with diltemper^ reckoned incurable, tliey make a Iniall hut for the paUent near fome river, in which they leave hint with fome prtjvidons, and fj^ltftm or never return to vifit him. On fuch oc- calions, they fay they do their parents a good office, in fending them to a better world. Notwithllanding this behaviour, many nations ofthe Tartars, cfpcciall)* towards the fouth, arc tradable, humane, and are fnfceptible of pious and virtuous fentiments. Their affediion for their fatherr, and iheir lubiniirioii to their autlu»nty; cannot be exceeded ; and this noble qunlity of filial love has > The defcelidants of the old inhabitants of Siberiii are ilil^moft 5)fUiem,ido-._. laters. They confiil of many nations, ennrely different from. each jjther in their manner pf living, reUgion, language, ai»d couritenances. E^^ "" this they agree, thas ^oiic of ^icin follow agriculture, wjhkU is carried^ en ^, i*s^L ;.s ": . ^-- ■'. 5B t;:- - ':>'.• "'^y /.. w T A R T A R T m ASIA. by ibme Tartan, and fuch as are converted to Chriftianity. A few of them breed cattle» and others follow hooting. The population of Sibcrit has been much, increafed ftncc it became a Ruffian province ( for the RuiR. ant bare founded therein a number of towns, fortreifes» and villages. Not- withtUndine whichi it prefents but a void and dcfert view ) fince, by its extent, it is capable of feversil millions moreUhan it at prcfent contaihi. , For the manners and cuftoms of the other Tartars belonging to the Rufliaa «mpire, we refer to our account of that countn| ^ Rblioiom.]' The religion of the Tartdrs (bmewhat refembles their civil government, and is commonly accommodated to that of their neigli. boura : for it partakes of the Mahometan, the Gentoo, the Greek, and even the popifh religions. Some of them are the groiTeft idolaters, and worfhip little rude images dreifed up in rags. Eatfh has his own deity, with whom they make very free when matters do iiot go according to their own mitid. ' But the religion and government of the kingdom of Thibet, and Lafiii, a large tra^ of Tartary, bordering upon Chma, are the moil .remarkable, and the moft worthy of attention. The Thibetians are go. vtirned by the Grand Lama, or .Dahi Lama, who is not only fubmitted to, and adored by them, but is alfo the great obJeA of adoration for the various tribes of Heathen Tartars, who toam through the vail trad of oontipent which ftretchcs from the banks of the Wolga, to Correa on the fea of Japan. He is not only the fov reign pontiff, the vicegerent of the Deity on earth ; but as fuoerftition is ever the ftrongeft where it is moil removed from its objeA, the more remote Tartars abffJutdy regard him at the Ddty hknfelf» They believe him to be immortal, and endowed with all knowledge and virtue. Every year they cOMe up ftom different parti to worfhip and mi^e rich offerings ai his (hrine ; even the emperor of China, who is a Manchou Tartar^ do6b^ not fail in acknowledgements to him in his religious capacity, though the Ltota is tributary to hiiifi ; and aAually chtertaint at a great expense, in theetilaee of Peking, an inferior Lama de. ptit^d as his nuncio from Thibet. The opinion of thofe who are reputed tlM moft orthodox ainong the Thibetians is, that when the Grand Lama feems to die, either of old age or of infirmity, his foul iii faA only quits a crazy habitation, to look for andther younger or better, and it is difcovered again in the body of fotne 'child, by certain tokens knovm only to the ^UiMAs. Of priefts, in which 6t>def he always appears. In ^774, the Grand LiuMa was an infant^ which had been difcovered fome ^mkt before by the IViyfhoo Laitaai who in authority atitl fanClity of chartflRr is next to the Gtand Lama, and during his minority a^s as chief. The Lamas, who . form the tnoft nomerbUS) m well as the mofl powerful body in the (late, have the priefthood entirely iil their hands ; ahdbefides, fill up manymonaf' tib ordert, which.' are held in grfcat veneration ampng theti/i. The refidence of the Otahd Lama is at Patoli; a vaft palace on a mountain nedr the banks of BoiTonrtpOoter, about feven mites from Lahafia. The Englifh Eaft India Conn^dy made a trefaty with the Lama in 1774. The rdigioii of Thibet, tkpagh in many refpe^ it differs from that of the Indiiin Bramitn, jret in othart it Ins a great afRnity to it The Thibetians have a. great.venenition fortlir cow, and ^fe highly refpcd the waters of the Ganges, the fourceof which they believe to be in heaven. The funiafTes, or Indian pilgrims, often vtfit'Thibet is a hbly place, and the Lama always entertains a body of two of three hundred in his pay. Befides his religious influence and authority, tht wf«Rd Lititia la pouciicu of uiiliniitcu pOwcr throughout his dominioni Wfaicfi We -rery cxtenfi vr, and border on BengaL ■'\'4..,,. - . . , ADS' TA&TARY m ASIA. Wt Another rdifrioiit which is vaj prevalent among the Taftan* Ii that of gchunanifm. The profefforB of thi* religious igA bcUeve in one Supreme God, the Creator m all things. They bedevc that he loves his creation, indall his creatures ; that* he knows every thing, and is all-powerful i but that he pays no attention to the particular actions of men, being too great for them to be able to oi&nd him, or to do any thing that can be merits- rioui in his fight. But they aUb maintain, that the Supreme Being has dt> Tided the goTemment of the world, and the deftiny of men, among a great . number of fubaltcm divinities, under his command and control,. but who ne- vcrthelefs generally a£l according to their own fancies ; and therefor* man> kind cannot difpenfe with nling all the means in their power for obtaining their favour. They Jikewife fuppoCe, that, for the moil part, thefe inferior deities abominate and puniih premeditated villaipy, firaud, and cruelty. They ire all firmly perfuaded of a future exigence ; but they have many fuper- i&ious notions and prafkices. Among all the Schamanes, women are con- fidsred as beings vaftly inferior to men, and are thought to have been created only for their fenfual pleafme, to people the world, and to look after houfchold aibirs } and in confequencc of cheCe mrinciples, they ate tt^ted with much feverity and contempt. Jty.v'n '■*W"Mr' LEAaMma.] The reader may be furpri/ed to find this article among a sation of Tartars ; yet nothing is more certain, than that under Zingis Kluin and Tamerlane, and their early defcendanta, Aftraean and the nelghtwur- ing countries were the fieaAs of learning and politenefs, as well as empire and msgniiicence. Modem luxury, be it ever fd fplendid, falls ibort of thlit sf thofe princes ; and fbme re:' Aajns of their t«(le in arehhe^lure are iUU " extant, but in fpots fo defolate, that they are almoft inaccelBble. The cultivation of leaming^ was the firft care of the prince, and generally attb eommitted to the care of bis own relations or princspal grandees. They wrote in the Perfian and Arabic tongues ; and their hiuories, many of wliieh are flill extant in nianufcript, cairy with them the ftrongeft marks pf authenticity. CvRiosiTtEs.] Thefe- are comprehended in the remains of the buildings, left by the above mentioned- great conquerors and their fuccefTDrs. Remains of ditches and ramparts are mqdently met with, which heretofore either for- ronnded fmall towns, noWx_quite demoliOied, tit were defigned for the 4P' fence of camps, forts or caftles, the veiliges of which are often to be dif- covered upon tfattfpot, as well as other traces of decayed importance. Matty 4f them are in flRrablc prefervation, and rtuke foine ligare^vcn at prefettt. The Slabode, or Tartarian fuburb of Kafimof j on the Oha, feems to tutve been the refidence of ibme kKan. In the midfl of the ruins of that -city is s round and elevated tower, called in their language Mifquiry a fort' of tefi- ple, or building dedicated to devotion. Here are alfo the remttna of die walls of a palace } and in one of the mafarets or bKrial places, ik a very^con- fiderable maufbleum : all which edifice are built of hewn (lone and briehs. From an Arabic infcription we learn, that the khan of Schagali was btiried there in the 962dyear of the hcgira,g|r the 1520th of the Chriftian «ra.. Near mount Caucafus are ilir very confiderable remains of Madfehar, a «e- kbrated city of former times. In the environs of Aftraean the tBins of ap- eient Aftraean are vary vifible $ and the rubbifh and ramparts of another fe- fpe£table town ftill cxiitjiear Tzaritzin, on the left ihore of the Wo^. A little below the mouth of the Kama, which empties ttfelf into the aboi^e- ffieutioucu river, arc nijifiy lupcfb 'morMiuiciits of the ancient city Bslgaris^ Mofiftingef towers, mof(|ue8| houfes, and fepulchres, i4|l built of i^one or 5 B a \ ^ hrick. 7S» TARTATlYmASIA. brick* The oldeft epitjona .tare been ther« more than eleven centuries, mnd the moft modern at lead lour hintdred years. Not fur from hence, un the T fcheremtlcliam, a Ihtlc river .iiat rum into the Wulga, are found rntns iibmcwhat more injured by the depredations ot time : tbcy are tliod- of Boulyincr, an ancient .and very conlidcrable city of the Bulgarians. The Tartars have e reded upon its nnna the Imall town ofBilyairlk. In the for. tref* of Kafan' is a monument gf tlic ancient Tartarian kingdom of that name. Its lofty walls arc fo broad, that they ferve at prefcnt for ramjparti ; the turrets of which, as well as the old palace of tlie klian, anf built of hewn -ftone. Afccnding the river Kafanha, we meet with epitaphs, and tlic Urong ramparts of the old Kafan. Near the Oufa arc cemeteries full of innumer. able iiifcriptions, and fcveral fepulchral vaults. Th». ramparts of Sihir, the ancient ciipital of Tartary, .are ilill feen about Tobollk upon the Irtifch. The lofty walls of Tuntoura appear yet in the .Baraba, a little gulf in tlic rivci' Om ; and near the mouth of the Oural are the ditchea of the city 6a- ratichik. Not to mention a great number of other cities and ruins uf8i. .beria ; and efpecially all thofe that arc to be met with in the defcrt of Kir- iguis, which abounds in the relics of opulent cities. Some gold and filv^r coins have likewife been found, with fcveral man ufcripts neatly written, which have been carried to Peterfburg. In 1 720, there were found in Calmuc Tar- .tery a fubterraneous houft of ftone, feme urns, lamps, an^ ear-rings, an - equeftrian ftatue, an oriental prince with> a diadem on his head, two wumcn feated on thrones, and a roll of manufcripts, which was fent by Peter th( . Great to the Academy of Infcriptions tit Paris, and proved to be the lan- guage of Thibet. The quantity of gold omaitients found in the tombs of Siberia ; and of elegant wurkmanfhip, as bracelets, collars in the (hape of iCerpents, vilfes, ct-Qwns, rings, bucklers, fabres, figures of animals, Tartar idi^s, ^c ia fvrprifing. It Js.fuppoled that thefc burial places were made abiout the time of Zinghia Khan, and that the fuperftition pi'evailed in thofe parts, of departed foiUs &lU)wing the fame kind of life they did in this world, ' and therefore on the dcHth of a prince, they facrificcd his favourite wife, &c. , «nd bvried with him. his arms and other valuable things. , CitiBS AND TOWNS.] Of tlicfe wc know little but the names, and that ;tJ>ay.iaw iQ general no better than fixed hordes. ... They may uc faid to be - |tlacda of abode rather than towna or cities, for .we do not tind that they are under any. regular government, or that they can make a defence againlt •n i;B,.the firft cpntainiiig 15,000, and the lattc : 70,0^0 inhabitaiiu. i Forts, villages, and towns, have alio lately been eredcd in diiferent parts uf Sibeiia, fc civilizing the inhabitant :i, and rendering them obedient to the Ruffian government. ;^CoMM£ftCE ANU MANUFAcii K bs.] This head makes no figure in the hiftory of Taitary, their chief iraiuc conliilijg in cattle, fine ox tails, fkius, j, beaverf, rhubarb, mufk, and filh. The Altracans, notwithftanding their in- ten-uptiuna by the wild Tartars, cMry on a confiderable traffic into Pcrlia, to which they export red Ualhi r, Tvoollen and linen cloth, and fome Euro- . pean Jinanufadlures. The Iliichari^ns alfo arc a very commercial people : . their .caravans tiavtl through a great part of x\fia, and traffick with Thibet, 'Chiya» India, Pcrfia, and RulCa. Tlie'f principal marts are Tomlk and • Orenburg. Gold dull is often found in the fand of the rivers of Bucharia. Though it is .Ccrtoiu tyut Tartary, formerly known by ik name UicrriDv 1 , ,^.1 ^':i''s:^'^::; TARTARY ihASIA. 7S3 name of Scythia, peopled the northern parta of Europe, and furnlflicd thofc ama/.iiis numbcf •«' who, under various names, dcllmytd the Roman empire, yet It i< now but very thinly inhabited ; and thofc fine provmces, where learning and the art* rcfided, arc now fcencs of horror and barbarity. Thu rrull have been owing to the dreadful maliacrea rnadc among the tiutiono by the two above mentioned conqu.-rors and their dtfccndan'a ; for nothing it more c(^raon in their hilloricN, than thfJr putting to the fword thrfc or four hundred thoufand people in a few day9« The country of U(bcc 'I artary was once the feat of a more powerful em- pire than that jf Rome or Greece. It was not only the tiativc country, but the favourite refidcnce of Zingis, or Jtn^his Khan and I'amcrlane, who en- riched it with the fpoils of India and the eaitern world. liut Tome authors have ^bfurdly quciUoned the veracity of the hillorians of tliefe great con- uuerors, though it be better elilabliftied than that of the Greek or Roman ffritcra. The fame may be faid of Tamerlane, whofe memory has been more permanent than that of Zing'i Khan : his defeat of the Turki(h emper- or Bajazet, hath been noticed in the hillory of that nation, and great were hijeunqueds. His defcent ia claimed not only by all the Khans and petty princes of Tartary, but by the emperor of Indollan himfc-lf. The capital of this couhtry is Bokharia, which was known ^o the ancients by the name of Bucharia , and it is fituated in the latitude of 39 degrees 15 minutes, and 13 miln dillant from the once famous city of Samarcand, the birtb-Jilace of Tamerlane the Great. The prefent inhabitants of this imiflenfe common compofe ionumerable tribes, who range at pleafure with their flocks and their herds, in the old pa- triarchal manner. Their tribes are commanded by feparate Khans or leaders, who, upon particular emergencies, eled a great Khan, who claims a para- mount power over ilrang^rs as well as natives, and who can bring into the fitld from 20 to 100,000 horfemen. Their chief rcfidence is a kind of mi- litary Hation, which is, moved and fhifted accordlni^ to the chance of war and other occafions. When the vafl domini(>> 1 Zin^is Khan fell to piece* under his fuccefTors in the 1 6th century the Mogul and Tartar hordes who had formed one empire, again fcparated, ind have fince continued diftin£i. They are bounded on every fide by the Rufaan, the Chinefe, the Mogul, the Perfian, or the Turkifti empires ; i jch ot whom are pufhing on their'con- quells in this exteufive, andin fome puces fertile country. The Khans pay a tribate, or acknowledgment of tht n dependency upon one or other of their ' powerful neighbpurs, who treat them with caution and lenity ; as the friend- ihipof thefe 'barbarians is of the utmoft confequence to the powers with whom they are allied. Some tribes, however, afFeft independency : and when unit- ed they form a powerful body, and of late have been very formidable to their neighbours, particularly to the Chinefe. The method of carrying on war, \ai walling the country, is very ancient among the Tartars, and pradtifed by all of them from the Danube call ward This circumftance renders them a dreadful enemy to regular troops, who mull thereby be deprived of all fubfiftence ; while the Tartars, having al- ways many fparc horfes to kiU ^nd eat, are at no lofs for proviQonj. The ■^i ::f,^, ■:■ C 734 3 The empire of CHINA. SiTUAxroN IND Extent. MHeB. Degrees. Sq. Mfles., £ bered with forefts or wood, though no country is better fitted for producing timber of all kinds. They fuffer, however, none to grow but for ornament, and ufe, or on the fides of mountains, from whence the trees when cut down can be conveyed to any place by water. Air, soil, and produce.] The air of this empire is according to the fituation of the places. Towards the north it is fliarp, in the middle mild and in the fouth hot. The foil is, either by nature or art, fruitful of every thing that can miniftei^ to the net-effitics, convenicncies, or luxuries Of Ufe. The cuhure of the cotton, and the rice fields, from which the bulk of the inhabitants are cbthed and fed, is ingenious alnioll beyond defcription; The rare trees, and aromatic productions either ornamental or medicinal, that abound in other parts of the worl 1, are to be found in China, and fome are ^ ■ . ■ ,■■•.■',.■ V^^' n^ C H I N A. peculiar to itfdf 5 but evin a catalogue of them would forni a little volurpe, Some however, muft be mentioned. - The tallow-tree has a rtiort trunk, a fmooth bark, crdoked branches, rtd leaves, (haped like, a hearty and is about the height of a common cherry-tree. The fruit it produces has all the qualities of our tallow, and When manufaitu- red with 01), ferves the natives as candles ; but ihey fmell ftrung, nor is their light clear. Of the other trees peculiar to China, are fome which yield a kmd of flour ; fome paitake of the nature of pepper. The gum of fome is poifonous, but affords the finefl varnifli in the world. After all4hatcan be,faid of thefe, and many other beautiful and ufeful trees, the Chinefe, not- withltanding their induilry, are To wedded to their ancient culloms, that they are very little, if at all meliori. ?d by cultivation. The fai^e may be faid of their richeft fruits, which in general, are far from being fo delicious as thofe of Europe, and indeed of America. This is owing to the Chinefe never pra6tiring grafting, or inoculation of trees, and knowing nothing of experimental gardening. I It would be unpardonable here not to mention the raw-filk, wKch fo much abounds in China, and above all the /fa plant or fhrub. It- is planted in ' rows, and pruned to prevent its luxuriancy. Notwithflanding our long in- tercourfe with China, writers are ftill divided about the different fpecics and culture of this plant. It is generally thought that the grfien alid bohea grows on the fame fhnib, but that the latter admits of fome kind of preparation, which takes away its raking qualities, and gives it a deeper colour. The^ other kinds, which go by the names of imperial, congp, finglo, and the like, t| arc occafio^ed probably by the nature o^the foils, and from the provinces in which they grow. The culture of this' plant feems to be very fimple ; and it 13 certain that fome kinds are of a much higher and more delicious flavour than otlJ^rs. It is thought that the finefl, which is called the flower of the tea, is imported over land to Ruflia ; but we know of little difference in their effe£ls Clothe human body. The greatefl is between the bohea and the gi-een. It IS fuppofed that the Portuguefe had the ufe of tea long before the Englifh, but it was introduced among the latter before the Reftoration, aa mention of it is made in the iirfl a6t of parliament, that fettled the exc!'"e on the king for life, in 1660. Cathariiie of Lifbon, wife to Charles II. rende- red the ufe of it common at his court. "^Che gh/eng-, fo famou? among the Chinefe as the univerfal remedy, and monopolized even by their emperors, is now found to be but a common root, and is plentiful in Britifii America. When brought to Europe, it is little diftinguiihcd for its healing qnalities ; and this inflance alone ought to teaCh us with what caution the former ac- counts of China are to be read, .^he giufeng, however, is a native of the Chinefe Tartary. ■^^••'•■I^- Metals and miner A^*^ft^.€nni» (if we arc id believe fome naturalifis) produces all metals and n^ roffl s'^tliat are known in the world. White copper is peculiar to itfelf, but vv^Swtiw of no extraordinary quality it pofTeffes. One of the fundamental maxt*;i of the Chinefe government is, that of not in- troducing a fuperabundaiicy of gold and lllver, for fear of hurting indullr}'. Their gold mines, therefore, are but flightly worked, and the currency of "that metal is fupplied by the grains the people pick ly^ in the fand of rivers and mountains. The liiverllg«cie in furnifned from the mines of Konau. Population and inhabitants.] According to fome accounts, there are fifty-eight millions of inliabit^ats it) China, and all between twenty and •pr i y.'^h t \* t H r N aI 73t titty years of age, pa^^ an annual tax. Notwithftanding the induftry of the people, their amazing population frequently occafions a dearth. Fafents, who cannot fupport their fcrnale children ar^ allowed to caft them into the river ; but they fa,lten a g >aid to the child, that it may float on the water ; and (here arc often compi.lIionate people of fortune, who are moved by the cries of the children to fave them from death. The Chlnefe, in their perfons, are middle •fized, their faces broad, their eyes black ^nd fmall, their nofes' rather fliort. The Oiinefe have particular ideas of beauty. They pluck up the hairs of the lower part of their faces by the roots with tweezers leaving a few draggling ones by way of beard. Their Tartar princes compel them to cut ofFthe hair of their heads, and, like Mahometans, to wear only a lock on the crown. Their complexion towards the north is fair, towards the fouth fwarthy, and the faster a man is, they think him th ' dfomer« Men of quality and learning, who are not much expofed to the itn, are deli* cately complexioned, and they who are bred to letters let the* naits of their fingers grow to an enormous length, to^ ftiew that they are not employed in manual labour. The women have little eyes, plump, rofy lips, black hair, regular fe^ures and a delicate though florid' complexion. The fmallnefs of their feet is reckoned a principal part of their beauty, and no fwatHmg is omitted, when they are young, to give' them that accomplifhment, lb that whjen they grow up, they tnay ^ " faid to totter rather than to walk. This fanci- ful piece of tHauty was ^.- - / - invited by the ancient Chinefe, to palliates their jealoufy. ' To enter into all the iiurcn ridiculous formalities of the Chinefe,, 'efpe- cially of their ^men of quality, when paying or receiving vifits, would give little information, and lei^ amufement, ' and very probably come too kte, as the manners of the Chinefe, fince they fell under the poWer of the Tartars, are greatly altered, and d-''ly vary. It is fufEcient to obferve, that the legiflators of China, looking upon fubmidion and fubordination as the comer ftones of all fociety, devifed thofe outward marks of refped, ridiculous as they appear to us, as the tell of duty and rcfpe^l from inferiors to fuperiors ; and their capital maxim' was, that the man,^ho was deficient in civility, waft void of good fenfe. The Chinefe in genera^ have been reprefented, as the moft difhoneft, low, thieving fet in the wjorld : empldying their natural quicknefs only to improve the arts of cheating the nations they deal with, efpccially the Euro* peans, whom they cheat with great eafe^ particidarly the Englifh ; but they obferve tliat none but a Chinefe can cheat a Chinefe. Tlfty are fond of law difputes beyond any people in the w.orld. Their hypocrify is without bounds; and the men of property among them praAife the mofl avowed bribery, and the loweft meanneifes to obtain preferment. It fhould, however, be remembered, that fome of the late accounts of China have been drawn up by thofe whowere little acquainted with any parts of that empire but the fca-port towns ; in. which they probably met with many knayifh and deflgning people. But it feems npt juft to attempt to charadlerife ^ great nation by a f*.w inilances of this kind, fhough well attelled ; and*we app^r not to be fuiEciently acquainted with the interior parts of China to forraan accurate judgment of the manners and charaAcr of the inhabitants. By fome of the Jefuit miffionavies the Cliinefe 'fecm to liave been too rfluch extolled, and by later writers too much degraded. » ' - Dress.] This varies according to the diftinAion of ranks, and is intirely vnder the regulation of the law, which has even fixed the cgloun that diilinguifh ' \i \- n« CHI N A; .(-. the diiFerent CDmiUions. The emperor, and princeB of the bloodi hti^ alone' • right to wear yellow '; aertain mandarins are intitledto wear fatlin of are4 eroimd, but only upon days ^r ceremonv : in general, they are clothed ia black, blue, or violet. Tlic colour to whieh the cofnmon people are confined, is blue or black ; and their drefs is alw&ys coinpdfed of plam cotton cloth. The men w^ar cap^on their heads of the fafhion of a bell ; t^ofe of quality a^ ornamented with jewels. The reft of their drefs is eafy and loofr,confifting of a veft and ih , a coat or gown thrown over thtm, filk boots quilted with cotton, and a pair of drawers. The kdies towards the fbutli wear nothing on their head. Sometimes their hair is drawn up in a iiet, and fometimes it ' is difhevelled. Their drefs dHfers but little from that of the men, 'only their gpwn or upper ^rment has very large open fleeves. The drefs both of men and women, varies, howtver, according to the climate. Marriages.] The parties never fce each other in China till the bargain is concluded by the parents, and that is generally when the parties are per. Se&. children. Next to being barren, the greateft fcandid is to bring fem^es into the world : and if a woman of poor family happens to have three or jt^ur girk fucceffively, it not unfrequently happens that flie will expofe them AH the high roads, or caft them into a river. ■ Funerals.} People of note caufe their coffins to be made, and their tombs to be built in their life-t'-me. No perfons are bilHed within the walb of a city, nor is a dead c'orpfe fuffered to be brought into a town, if a perfon died in the country. Every Chinefe keeps in his houfe a table, upon which are v^ritten the names of his father, grandfather, and great grandfather, b^ fore which they frequently bum incenfe, and proftrate themfelves ; and yrhen the father of a family dies, the name of the great grandfather is taken away, and that of the -deceafad is added. Languaoe.] The Chinefe language contains only three hundred and ^thirty words, all of oge fyllable : but then each word is pronounced with ' ftich various modulations, and each with a different meaning that it becomei more copious than could be eafiiy imagined, and enables them to exprefs themfelves very well on the common occafions of life. The miffionaries, who adapt the European <:hara6t?rs, as well as they can, to the exprefiiun of Chinefe words, have devifed eleven different, and fome of them very compounded, marks anannihg and the like fede iry trades is amazing, and can be equalled only by tHeir labours in the fu. ., in making canals, Icvellinj; ibountains, raifing gardens, and navigating their junks and boats. AHTKiyiTiEs AND CURIOSITIES. J Few natural curiofities prefent thera- felves in^ China, that have not been compre)iei>ded under preseding articles. Som-j volcanos, and ri^'ers and lakes of particular qualities, are to be found in different- pirts of the eihpire. The volcano of Linefung is faid fome- times to n;ake fo furious # difcharge of fire and afhes, as' to occaiion a tem« peft in t\^ air ; and fome of their lakes are faid to petrify lifhes when put into them. The Great Wall feparating China from Tartary, to prevent the incurfions of the Tartars, is fuppofed to extend from i2CX3 to 1500 milei. It is carried over mountains and vallief), and reaches, according to M. Grofier, from the province' of the Shenfito the Whang-Hay, or Yellow Sea. It is in moft places built of brick and mortar, which is fo well^ tertipered, that though it hasftood for 1800 years, it is but little decayed. * The beginning of this wall is a large bulwark of fton4 raifcd in the lea, in the province of Petelieli, to the call of lacking, and aimed in tht fame latitude j it is built likethe walls of the capital city of tht' empirc,butmuch wider, being terraffed and c-ifeH with bricks, and is from twenty to t\venty-five feet high. P. Regis, an J the other gentleman, who took a map oT thefe provinces, often ftrficheda Ijne onthe top, to meafure the bafis of triangles, a^d to lake diitant points with an inttrumeut; They always found it paved wide enough for five or fix horfemen to travel abreaft with eafe. Mention hns been already made qf t^e prodigious canala and rpads that are ciit through this empire. , .io-^xiy-ry'r i:^^^viif/lar'^':Vn:.'f^ The artificial mountains pfefeAt on their tops, tentples, rnonafteries, and , other edifices. Some part, however, of what we are told concerning the cavj. ties in thefe mountains, feems to be fabulous. The Chinefe bridges cannot ^e fufficiently admired. They are built fometimes upon barges ftrongly chained together, yet fo as to be parted, ai)d to let the veffels paw that fail up and down the river. Some of them run from mountain to mountain, and confift only of one arch j that over the river Saffrany is 400 cubits long, and 500 high, though a fingle arch, and joins two mountains and fome in the interior parts of the empire are faid to be Hill more ftupendous. The trium- phal arches of this country form the next fpecics of artificial curiofities. Though the^are not built in the Greek or Roman ftyle oi architefture, yet they are fuperb and beautiful, and erefted to the memory of their great men, with vaft labour and expence. They are faid in the whole to be eleven hundred, two hundred of w^iich are particubily magnificent. Their fepul- chral monuments made likewife a great figure. Their towers, the model* of which are now fo common in Europe under the name of pagodas, are vail embelliihments to the face of their country. They feem to be conllrufted l^y a regular order, and all of them are finilhed with exquifite carvingsi and gildings, and other ornaments. That at Nanking, which is 200 feet high, and 40 in diameter, is the moft admired. It ii called the Porcclane Tower, becaufe it is lined with Chinefe tiles. T^cir temples are chiefly reinarkable for the difagreeable tafte in which they are built, for their capacioufnefs, their whimfical ornaments, and the uglinefs of the idols they contain. The Chinefe are remarkably fond of bells, which gave name to one of their prin- cipal feftivals. A'bell of P'-.king weighs 1 20,000' poundK, but its found is faid 'to /be difagreeable. The laft curiofity 1 fliall mention, is their fire- yrorksy which in China exceed thofe of all other -nations. In Ihort, eve^ ..... _ , - ^ , '• yro. .J ■■■»» 4 . . r CHI "N A. / 74f mrovince in China is a fcene of curiofities, their buildings, except the pagodas, being confined to no order, aiTd fufceptible of all kinds of ornaments, have a wild variety, and a plcafing elegance, not void of magniricence, agreeable to the eye and the imagination, and prefent a diverlity of objeds not to-fac found in Eurppean architcAure. CiiicF CITIES.] Little can be faid of thcfe more than that fome of them are imtnenfe, and there is great reafon to bcHeve their population is much ex- aggerated. The 'empire is faid to contain 4,400' walled cities } the chief of which are Peking, Nanking, and Canton, i^elttng, the capital of tlie whole empire of China, and the ordinary refideuce of the emperors, is fituatcd ia a very fertile plain, 20 leagues dillant from ^he Great Wall. It is ah ob- . iongfquare, and is divided' into two cities : that which contains the emper- or's palace is called the Tartar city, becaufe the houlcs were given to the Tartars when the prefent family came to the throne ; and they reiufing to fuffer theChinefeto inhabit it, forced them to'live without the walls, where they in a fhort time built a new city ; which, by being joined to the other, renders the whole of an irregular form, lix leagues in compafs. The walls and gates'of Peking are of the furpriHng height of fifty cubits, fo that they hide the whok city ; and are fo broad, that centint-j.are placed upon them on horfeback ; for there are dopes within the city of confiderable length, by which hurfemen may afcend the walls ; and in feveral places there are houfes built for the guards. The gates, which are nine in number are neither em- bcUiflied with itatues, nor other carving, all their beauty confiding in their prodigious height, which at a diitance gives them a noble appearance. The arches of the gates are built of marble, and the reft with large brigks, cempnted with excellent mortar. Moft of the ftreeto are built in a direft line; the largell are about 1 20 feet broad, and a league in length. The ihops where they fell iilks and china-ware generally take up the whole ftreet, aud afford a very agreeable profpedt. Each (hop-keeper places before hjs/liop, on ?. fm'all kind of pedeflal, a board about twenty feet high, painted, vamifhed, Slid often gilt, on whjch are wi-itten in large charafters the names of the feveral commodities he fells. Thefe being placed on each fide of the ftreet, at nearly an equal diftance from each other, have a very pretty appearance ; but the ' houies are poorly built in the front, and very low, moft of them having orily a ground floor, and none exceeding one ftory above it. Of all the buildings in this great city, the moft remarkable is the imperial palace, the grandeur of which does not confift fo much in the noblenefs and elegance of the architect ture, as the multitude of its buildings, courts, and gardens, all regularly dif- pofed ; for within the walls . are not or.ly the ^emperor's houfe, but a little tov,n, inhabited by the officers of the court, and a multitude of artificers era- ployed and kept by the emperor; but the houfcs of the countiers and arti-' iicera are low and ill-contrived. F. Attiret^ a French Jcfuit, who was indulg- ed with a fight of the palace and gardens, fays, that the palace is more than three miles in circumference, and that the front of the building ftiines with gilding, paint, and va-nifti, while the infide is fetoffand furniftied with every thing that is moft beautiful and precious in China, the Indies, and Europe, The gardens of this palace arelarge trafts of ground, in which are raifed, at proper diftances, artificial mountains, from 20 to 60 feet high, which form a number of fmall vallies, plentifully watered by canals, which uniting, form lakes and meres. Beautiful and magnificent barks fail on thefe pieces of water, and the banks are ornamented with ranges of buildings, not any two •f wliich are faid to have any referablance to each other j which diverfity pro- ' Aucca .- ..''Ni 1 '**•_ \ ' 74« CHIN A. « duces a vciy plcafinff eflfdl. Every valley has its houfe of (tlesfure, large iv ough to lodge Qne of our greateft lords in Europe with all his retinue : many of Qiefe houfcs are built with cedar, brought at a vaft expence, the diftance of 500 leaguea. Of thefe palaces, or houfes of pleafure, there are more th^n 200 in this vaft enclofure. In the middle of a lake, which is near half a League in diameter every way, i* a rocky v/land, on which is built a palace, cont^ning more than an hundred apartments. It has four fronts, and is a very elegant and magnificent ftnidure. The mountains and hills are covered with trees, particularly fucltf as produce beautiful and aromatic flowers ; and the canals are edged with ruftic pieces of rock, difpofed with fuch art, as ex. a^y to referable the wildnefs 01 nature. The city of Peking is computed to contain two millions of inhabitants, though Nanking is (aid tO- excevjd it both in extent and population. But ■ Canton is the greateil port in China, and the only port that nas been much frequented by Europeans. The city wall is about five miles io circumfcN «nce, with very plcidaRt walks around it. From the top of fome adjacent hills, on which forts are built, you have a fint ;}rofpe^ of the country. It is beautifully interfper&d with mountains, little hills, and vallies, all green ; and thefe again pleafantly diverfified with fnoall towns, viUages, high towers, (•mples, the feats of itiandarii^ and other great men, which are water. «d wUh delightful lakes, canals, and iinall branches from the river Ta ; on which are numberlefs boa^ and junks, failing different ways through the .^noil fertile parts of the country. The city is entered by feveral iron gates, and withiu'ude of each there is a guard.houfe. The ftreets of Canton are very Qiraight, but generally narrow, and paved with flag ftones. There are many pretty buildings i^i this city, great numbers of triiunphal arches, and temples well ftocked with images* Thie ftreets of Canton are fo crowded, that it is .difficult to walk in them ; yet a woman of any. kfhion is feldom to l)e feen, unlefs by chance when coming out of their chairs. There are great numbers of market places for fi(h, flefli, poultry, vegetables and all iiait of proviilons, which are fold very cheap. There are many private "^ walks about the Ikirts of the town, where thofe of the better fort have. their Itoufes which are very little frequented by Europeans, whofe bufinelii lies chiefly in the trading part of the city, where there are only fhops and warehoufes. Few of the Chinefe traders of any fubftance keep their fam. ilies in the lioufe where they do bufmefs, but either in the city, in the more remote fuburbs, or farther up in the country. They liave all fuch a regard ^o privacy, that "no windows are made towards the ilreets, but in (hops and places of public buQnefs, nor do any of the-r ."'ndows look towards thofe of their neighbours. The fhops of thofe that deal in fillc are very neat, make a fine fhow, and are all in one place ; for tradefmen, or dealers in one kind of goods, hetd together in the fame ftreet. It is computed that there are in this city, and its fuburbs, i,zco,ooo people ; and there are often 5OCX) trading veflcls lying before the city. TraO£ A.NO MANUFACTURES.] China IS fo happily fituated, and pro. duces Aich a variety of matei ials for manufaiSiures, that it may be faid to be tbe native land of indulf ry ; but it is an induftry without taile or elegance, '' '''.i.:^ carried on with great art and neatnefs. They make paper of the <». of bamboo, and other trees, as, well as of cotton, but not comparable, for records •or printing, to the European. Their ink, for the ufe of drawing, is well known in England,, and is laid to be made of oil and lampblacL I have already mentioned the antiquity of their printings which they flilldo Vy cutting thoir chara&ers on blocks of wood. The manufadure of that earth. C H t 'N. A. 14S Urthen ware, generally known by thf name of China> was longHt (ecitt in Europe* and brought immenfe fums to that country. The ancients knevf and efteemed it highly under the name of porcelain, but it was of much l)rtter fabrick than the modem, lliough the Chinefi affedl to keep that inanufa£^urc ftill a fecret, yet it is well know that the principal material is a prepared pulverized earth, and that feveral European countries far exceed the Chiiiefc in manufa£turing this commodity*. The Chincfe filks are gene- rally plain and flowered gaufes, and they are faiS to have been originally fa- ' brlcated in tlttt country, where the art of rearing filk Worms was iirft difco- Tcred. They manufadure filks likewife of a more durable kind, and theif cotton, and other cloths, are famous for furniihing a light warm wear. Their trade, it is wdl known, is open to all the European nations, with whom they deal for ready money ; for fuch is the pride and avarice of tlie Chinefe, that they think no manufadlures equal to their own. But it is cer- tain, thaf fince the difcovery of the porcelain manufaftures, and the vaft im- t .ircments' the Europeans have made in the weavi'ng branches, the Chinefe commerce has been on the decline. ' Constitution and government.] This was a moft inftruftlve and entertaining article, befoie the .conqueft. of China by the Tartars ; for though their princes retain many fundamental maxims of the old Chinefe, they obliged the inhabitants to deviate from the ancient difcipline in many refpeds. Perhaps their acquaintance with the Europeans may have contri- buted to their degeneracy. The original plan of the Chinefe government was patriarchal, almoft in the ftrifteft fenfe of the word. Duty and obedi- ' tnce to the father of each family was recommended and enforced in the moft rigorous manner r but, at the fame time, the emperor was confidered as the father of the whole. His mandarins, or great ofKcers of ftate, were lookedi upon as his fubftitutes, and the degrees of fubmiflion which were due from the inferior ranks to the fuperior, were fettled and obferved with the moft' fcrupulous precilion* and in a manner that to us feems highly ridiculous. The fimple claim of obedience required great addrefs and knowledge of hu- man, nature to render it elFeftual ; and the CHinefe legiflators, Confucius . particularly, appear to have been men of wonderful abilities. They enve- loped their di£Ute's in a number of myftical appearances, fo as to ftrike the people with awe and veneration. The mandarins had modes of fpeaking and writing>•■..,'^,-vx'J ..■*.'■:. CHINA! 741. Hetp on a plkin mtti Governnitnt rcquir«s of thofe who inhabit them t^ ffive lodjjing only to thofe who aik and pay for it. We meet with many tunreti, (fays Mr. Bell) called poft'houfei, ere^d It certain diftancei one from another, with a 6ag-ftaff, on which is hojfted the imperial pendent. Thefe pkces are guarded by fuldiers, who run from . one fo& to another with great fpecd« carrying lAtere which concern tli« emperor. The turrets are in fight of one another, and by fignals thejr an conTcy intelligence of any remarkable 'svent. By thefe means the court is informed in the fpeedieft manner of whatever dillurba,acc may happen in the moft remote part of the empire. Revinues.] Thefe are faid by feme to amount to twenty, or, accord* ing to the abbe Grofier, to forty-one millions Uerling a year ; but thi| cannot be meant in money, which does not at all abound in Chiuit. The taxes colUded for the ufe of government in rice, and other commodities, jire certainlv very great, and may eafilv be impofed, as an account of every man's family and fubftance is annually enrolled) and- very poflibly may amount to that fum. ^ Military and marine aTRENOTH.3 China is, at this time, a far nofc powerful empire, than it was before its conqueft by the eaftem Tarii tar$ in 1644. This is owing to the confummate policy, of Chun*tchi, the Hrft Tartarian emperor of China, who obliged his hereditary fubje^s tQ conform themfelves to the Chinefe manners and policy, and the Chiiiefc to wear the Tartar drefs and arms. The two nations were thereby incor* porsted. The Chinefe wire appointed to all the civil offices of the em^ pin>. The emperor made Peking the feat of his government, and the Tartars quietly fubmitted to a change of their country and condition, which was fo much in their favour. This fecurity, however, of the Chinefe from the IVtars* takes, from them all military objects ; the Tartar power alone being formidable to that empire. The only danger that threatens it at prefent, is the difufe of The Chinefe land army is faid to confift of more than fevcn hun* arms. dred thoufand men ; but in thefe are comprehended all who are employed In the eoUe£tion of the revenue, and the prefervation of the canals, the great roads, and the public peace. The imperial guards amount tp ' about 30,000. As to the marine force it is composed chiefly of the junk< we have already mentioned, and other fmall (hips, thati trade coaft-ways^ or to the neighbouring countries, or to prevent fudden defcents. A treatife on the military art, tranflated from the Chinefe into the French language, was publiihed at Paris in 1772, frpm which it appears that the Chinefe are weU vcrfed in the theory of the art of 'w^r : but cau- tion and care, and circumfpedion, are much recommended to their ge- nerals { and one of their maxims is, never to tight With enejnieik either inure numerous or better armed than thenifelve^ ,5' . History.] The Chinefe pretend, as a nation^ to an antiquity beyond att ' mcafurc of credibility ; and their annals have been Carried beyond the pe- riod to which the Scrift||ure chronology afligns the creation of the wprid.. Poan-KTou iiT faid by them to have been the iirll man, and the interval of time betwixt him and the death of their celebrated Confucius, which w^s in the year before Chrill, 479, hath been reckoned from ? 7 6,000 to 96,961,740 years. But upon an accurate inveltigation of this fubjedjk i^ appears, that all the Chinefe hiftorical relations of events, prior to. th>: reign of the emperor Yao, who lived zojj ycsurs befofc Chriit, ^re eo- «v- ■,■"■■' ■ ■■ /• . i^iia... A^'i^w*.. . ■^J^^SSkS: n* CHINA.' tirclj r«bu!ou«, compofed in modern timet, unfupBcrted by autboitlc records and full of contndiAions. It appears alfo, tnat the origin of the Chinefe empire cannul be pUcod higher than two or three generatiom before Yao. But even thii i> carrying the empire of China to a very high antiquity : and" it it certain that the materials for the Chinefe hif. tory are extremely ample. The grand annals of the empire of China arc comprehended in 668 volumes, and confift of the pieces that have bten compofed by the tribunal or department of hiftory, eiUblifhcd in Chini for tranfoutting to poftcrity the public events of the empire, and the livn, diara^lers, and tianfadions of its fovere^gns. It is faid that all the fa^s which cxincern the monarchy fince its foundation, have been depolitcd ii this department, and from age to age have been arranged according to the .order of times under the infpe^ion of government, and vrith all the pre. cautions againll iUufiqn or partiality that could be fuggelted. Thefe pre cautions have been carried fo far, that the hiftory of the reign of eavh imperial family, has only been publiflied after the extinction of that fa. mdy, and was kept a profound fecret during the dynafty, that neither fear nor flattery might adulterate the truth. It is aflerted, that many of the Chinefe hillnrians expofed themfelvcs to exile, and cen to death, rather than difguife the defers and vices of the fuvcreign. Biit the em- peror Chi-hoang-ti, at whofe command the Great Wall was built, ia tlie year 213 before the Chriiiian sera, ordered all the hillurical books and re. cords, which contained the fundamental laws and principles of the anciviit government, to be burnt, that they might not be employed by the learned to oppofe his authority, and the changes he propofcd to introduce into the monarchy. Four hundred literati were burnt with their books ; yet thii barbarous edid had not its full cfTed ; fevcral boolis were concealed, and efcaped the general ruin. After this period, llrid fearch was made for tlie ancient books and records that yet remained ; but though much induftry was employed for the purpofe, it appears that the authentic hiflorical fources of the Chinefe, for the times anterior to the year 200 before Chrift, are very fevir, and that they are ftill in fmaller number for more remote periods. But notwithftanding the depredations that have been made upon the Chinefe hif- tory it is Hill immenfely voluminous, and ^as been judged by fome writen fuperior to that of all other nations. Of the grand annals before mentioned, which amount to 668 volumes, a copy is preferved in the library of the French king. A ' chronological abridgement of this great work, in one hundred volumes, wias publimed in the 42d year of the reign of Kang.hi ; that is^ in the year 1 703. This w«rk is generally called Kam-mo, or th» abridgement. From thefe materials the abb^ Grouer propofed to publifh at Paris, in the French language, a General Hiftory of China, in 12 volumes 4to. fome of which have been printed, and a fmaller work in i d volumes 8to. by the late Father de Sfailla, miflionary at Peking, hath been jull cun- eluded and publilhed. But the limits to which our work is confined will not permit us to tn* large upon fo copious a fubjed as that of the Chinefe hiftory ; and which, indeed, would be very uninterefting to the generality of European readen. A fuccelfion of excellent princes, and a duration of domeftic tranquillity, united legiflation with philofophy, and produced their Fo-hi, whofe hiftory is wrapped up in myfteries, their Li-Laokun^, and above all their Confucius, at once the Soten and the Socmtcs of Chinas After a!!} the internal re- volutions of the empire, though rare, produced the moft dreadful effefts, in proportion as its coniUtution was pacific, and they were attended with the moll CHINA. 747 nod bloody exterminationt, in fomc proviucet ; fu that tliongh tht Cliincfe empire is hertditar}', the imperial fticcciriun was more tlinn uncc broken in« to, and altered. Upwardi of twenty dynaiUes, or different tribet and fa- nilicB of fiiccefl|on> are enumerated in their annals. Neither the great Zinghin Khan, nor Tamerlane, tkough they often de- feated the Cbinefe, could fubdue their empire, and neither of them could keep the conqueiU they made there. Their celebrated wall proved but a f«blc barrier aguinft the arms of thofc famous Tartari. After their inmw liona were over, the Chinefe went to war with the Manchew Tartartf while an indolent worthlcfs emperor, Tfong-ching,, was upon the throne. In the mean 'while, a bold rebel, named Li-cong-tfe, in the province of Sc* tchuen, dethroned the emperor, who hanged himfelf, as did muit of his cour- tiers and women. Ou-fan-quey, the Chinefe general, on the frontiers of Tar- tary, refufed to recognife the ufurper, and made a peace with Tfongate, or Chun-tchi, the Manchew prince, who drove the ufurper from the throne, and took pofleflion of it himlelf, about the year 1644. The Tartar maintained himfelf in his authority, and, as has been already mentioned, wifely incor- porated his hereditary fubie^ts with the Chinefe, fo that in effedt Tartar/ became an acquifition to Clnna. He was fuccecded by a prince of great natural and acquired aliilities, who was the patron of the Jefuits, but knew liow to check them when he found them intermeddling with the aiTatrs of hit governments. Abou^the year 1661, the Chinefe, under this Tartar family, drove the Dutch out of the ifland of Formofa, wlu'ch the latter had taken from the Portuguefe. Ill tlie year 1 77 1, all the Tartars which compofed the nation of the Tour" guuths, left the fettlements which they had under the Ruffian government on the banks of the Wolga, and the laick, at a fmall diftance from the Caf* pian fea, and in a vaft body of fifty thoufand families, they paffed through the country of the Hafacks : after a march of eight months, in which they furmounted innumerable difficulties and dangers, they arrived in the plains that lie on the frontier of Carapen, not far from the banks of the river Ily, and offered themfelves as fubje^^s to KienJong, emperor of China, who was theii in the thiity-iixth year of his reign. He received them gracioufly, fumilhed them with provitions, clothes, and money, and allotte4 to eacK b- milya portion of land for agriculture and paflnrace. The" year following there was a fecond emigration of about thirty thouiand other Tartar familiest who alfo quitted the fettlements which they enjoyed under the Rufl»«T government, and fubmitted to the Chinefe fceptrc. The emperor cav.i»'i the hiilory of thefe emigrations to be engraven upon ftone, in four diifereiii languages. ' With a view tq promote a greater degree of focial and commercial in* tercourfe betwixt the countries, in 1 792 Lord Macartney was fent as ambaf- fador from Great Britain to China ; the embaflTy was peculiarly fpleiidid, the prefents fent to the emjeror noble and magrilicent, fiitft as were calculat- ed to imprefs the Chinefe with a high opinion, of our fupcricr advance- ment in fcience' and the arts, and alfo with a view to create a tafte for the eleg-rfit produftions of Great Britain in that immenfe Empire. A variety ef adventitious and adverfe circumftances contributed in a great meafurc to render abortive the purpofes of the embaffy ; from the ill fuccefs of this at- tempt on the part of Great Britain to be received on terms of mutual friend- Ihip in this great empire, it appears that a confiderable period mull yet elapfe before they relinquifh the cautious and forbidding policy by which they iave always been guided in their intercourfc with foreign nations. 74« INDIA IN OCNBtAl.. INDIA IN OBNKRAL ^ ^ fill ir|-iiliSv«A ntry ia ntuatrd between the 66t|i iegrccs uf Eall longitude, niid Ik- twecn I and 40 of Korth latitude. It is liounded on the Norths by the Stuntrics of Uftiec Tartar/ and Thibet » on the South, by the IndiiiM ccan ; on the Baft, by China ccid the Chincfc Tea ; and on the Well, by Perfia and the Indinn fia. Division.] I iholl divide, ai others have done, India at lar^^c into iliitc (i;reatei' parts } Hrft, the Peninfula of. India beyond the ClangcB, called the I i .her Peninfula $ fecpndly, t1)e main land, or the Mosv^'h empire ; tliird. '| h Me Peninfula -.vithin or on thin fide the Ganges 1 all of them vail, po- pulous, and extended empires. But it is necelTary, in order to fAve many repetitions, to premife on account of fome particulnrs that arc in common to tltofe nnmcrou!) nations, which Ihall be extracted from the moil etiHii^htenrd of our modern writers who have vifitcd the country in the fervice ofthe Eall India Company. Population, inhaditaWts, 1 Mr. Orme, nn excellent and an autlicn- RELioioN, AND covERNMKNT. r tic Itilloriaii, Comprehends the two li who derive their dcfcont from the old princes of India, and cxercife Jnitfhts of fovercignty, only paying a tribute to the gr«at rviogul, and obfervnig the treatiaiby which their ancellors recognifcd his fu- penority. In other refpe^ts, the government of Indoftau is full of wift checks upon the overgrowing greatnefe of any fubjeA ; but (as »11 precau- tions of that kind depend upon the adminiflration) the indolence and bar- barity of the moguls or emperors^ mi^ ,^^*^^^ great vicerajB) hav(; rendered them fruitlefs. ^ ;»,!>•'" .C^lL?:^^! ( . The original inhabitants of India are cdled Gentoos \ or, as oilers call them, Hindoos, and the country Hindoollan. They pretend that l&rummn, who was their Icgidator both in politics and religion, was inferior only to Cod, and that he exiilcd many thoufand years bcfiire our account of the crea- taofn. This Urumma,. probably, >vas fome great and gtHtd genius, vvhofc beneiiccnce, like that of the pagan legiduturs, Ud his people and their poftcrity to pay him divine honours. The Bramins (for fo the Gentoo prieils are called) iprctcnd that he bequeathed to them a book called the Vidam, containing his dodri^es and inliitutions ; and that though the ori> final is loft, they are ftill jpoflcflcd ofta commentary upon it, called the hahftah, which is wrote in the Shanfcrite, now a dead language, and known only to the Bramins, who ftudy !t. The foundation of Brumma's doftrine confifted in the belief of a Sapreme Being, who has created a regular gradation of beings, fome fuperiur, and fome inferior to man ; and in the immortality of the foul, and a future Hate of rewards and punifhments, which is to conftih of a tranfmigration into dif- ferent bodies, according to the lives they have led in their pre-exillent (late. From this it ar>pear8 more than probable, that the Pythagortan mctem. ' ^ " took Its rife in India. The necelfity of inculcating tliis fublime, but ■(■ .■■... r men tlic fifiili itudc, Hiid Ik-. Norlli, by the >y the liidiuH the Weil, by ir^C into lliitc gc», called the empire ; third. I tlicin vail, p(j. to favc many in common to aft cnl^'ghtcmd ice oPtlic Eall ind »n nuthcn- H the two Ut> (%» hf) who I milliotiH, and )ire i« fiibjtft ftccH of India, to the grem jgnift'd his fu. iR full ofwiff (an uM prccau. cncc and bar- lavc rendered as otl.ers call hat finimmn, ferior only to nt of the crca- jcniui, whofc pic and their > the Gentoo ok called the oiigh the ori- it, called the e, aiul kuuwn of a Sapreme lupcrior, aii4 a future (late Ation into dif- exiilent Hate. )rtan incttm. tliis fublime, but Hs, r ,-■ 'tm^^: INDIA IN ^^iMiitiu 74^ aiii but othervrife comiplicated dodnne, into the lower ranks, indaecd'theBiim* ini, who are by no ineanB unMimoue in their doArineB, tofaatc recoUlfeto Icnfibk reprefenUtions of the "D.lH and hit attrihutes i fo that the ot^Aal ' do^bines of Brumma have degenertned to rar.k' ridictdoii* tddatry,* in the frotdup of different animah, and various images, and of the moft hideoui figures, either delineated or carved. The Hindoos have, front time immemorial, been divided into fcur great tfibe?. The firft and moft m>h)e tribe are the Bramins, who alon« can of'* ficiste in the ptiefthood, like the Lfcvites among the Jews. They att not} however, excluded from ti^vciniment, trade, or agricidture, thongh they are fai&.\j prohibited from all menial offices by their laws. The fecond in or^ der is the Sittri tribe, who, according to their original inftitBtion, ought t« be all military men ; but they frequently follow other profcffioBS. The third ii the tribe of Beifc, who are chiefly merchants, bankem, and bam'as or (hop« * ke^ers. The fourth tribe is that of 8udder, who oueht to be menial fernints i and they ar^inca^able of raifing thonfchrte to any tuper ior rank. If aiiy one of them (hould be excommunicnted from any of the, four tribes, he imd hii pofterity are for ever (hut out from the fociety of every body in the nation, excepting that of the Marri caft, who are held in utter deteiUtion by all the ether tribes, and are employed only in the meaiieft and vfleft o6^es, - Thw circumilance renders excommulnication fo dreadful,^ that any Hindoo will fuffer the torture,. and eVen death ttfelf, rather than deviate from onb article of hll Befides thisdivifion Intotrlbet, the Gentoos are alio fubdivfded into caftv . of fmall claflies sind tribes ; a^nd it has been computed that there are eighty- {bur of thelie cafts, though ibme have fuppofed' there ' was a greater ttum* bar. The order of pre-eminence of all the cafts, •in a particularcitj.br province, is generally indifputably decided. The Indian of ^n inferior would think himfelf honoured by adopting the cutems of a fuperior caftf bst this wculdgive battle fooner than not vindicate its prerogatives ; the in- ferior receives the viAuals prepared by a fuperior caft with r«fyc&.t but the fuperior will not partake of a meal whi<^h has been prepared by the hands of an inferior caft. 'Their marriages are circumfcribed by the fame bartikr* 18 the reft of their intercourfes ; and hence, -befides the ntitional phyik>g' ' nomyithe members of each caft preferve an air of ftilVgreater refemblance . to one another. There are fome cafts rem'arknble for their b^uty, and others as renurkable for their uglincfs. The members of each caft, fays Dr. Robcrt-fon, adhere invariably 't« the profefHon of their forefatberu. From gen-.. alien to generation, the fame families have followed, and wih always continue to fottow, one ovi- form line of life. To this may be afcribed that high degree of perfcftioi^ confpicuouB in many of the Indian nanufadures ; and thoug:h veneration for. the pradtices of their anceftors may citeck .the fpirit of iii. .iition, y«^ by adhering to thefe, they acquire fuch an expertnels and delicacy of hana« that Europeans, with all the advantages of fuperior fcience, and the aijl of more complete inftruments, h>»ye never been able to equal the exqwTite execution of their workmanihip. While this high improvement of their more curious manufafturea excited the admiration, and attrafted the commerce of other nations, the Reparation ' of profelfions in ^ India, and the early diC> tributisn of the people into clalTes, attacued to particular kinds of labour. fecurcd luch abundance of the mort commo!) and ufeful commodities, af not only fupplied their owa w^mts, but mii^ftcred to thofe of the couQtiJd "round them: ' . MO i U D J A IN OENIRAL. To 'di. ^^ -rc'iy divilion of the people into caftsi we muft Ukemfe afcribe , iMiriki:..^ ievviiarity in th< lUte ot India) the pennanence of ito inftita.| liensy ano *^w immutabiUty in the marners of ita inhabitants. VfhzX ..w ;« ifk In'lii', always ytw there, and is ilill likely to continue : neitii. ? lUvU tocious violence and illiberal fvratictfin of its Mahomedan eoivCMUM'.^, /sn the jiower of its i^ucopean maftv'}, have effected any confiderabU' alter jav ! The fame di(Un£iions of oonditii>n take placci the fame arntngemoits in civil and domcllic fociety renii u, the 1 vmc maicinaa of riAigion ; re heli'; .»• verier,.. tion, tudthe fame £cience« and an^ are culti- «ted. Hc.tct, in ail 4;^», tite trade with India has ,bi^en the fame - gold and fil «! have u.rTormly i>' wwd» it) md t»v ji v'thich it never titMxnt ' ■i'lf ;-»iiL/i- .{j A'\ thefe calls ccknowk !ge the-Bifamine for their prirfts, i:nH irom ihn 'frti^ietha\ btiit.i v? ihe trarJuigratioa ; which lends man. af tiienr to a!JJtl *^UemIv'>'es ned by inadvertence.— But the jjt'catei juraSisr • * <:ifta nn lefs fcrupuloust and eat, although very i^rin^jly, iMSthofliiK a)»; /-.•f?; ; ba?, Ukethe Jews, not of all kinds indiffer. «t\tly, .?.'h.iirdie'f jsc' ,% licsao.dvogelftblcs.dreffcd with ^inj;er, turmeric, and ttthcf bv-Htfr tplci*, vvlkjch .^row almbU fpontan'ioufly in tlieir gardeiij. They c|^( fT. s:51k tl**: puteil ot" foods, becaufe they think it partakes of fome »£lhe proj&c)'i.)t:s<>f the nedar of their gods, «nd becaufe they cikt-m the cow itfelfalxnotT like fc divinity. . ' .. ; The.V n^enncra are genUe ; their happincfs confifts ia the folacea of a do. ' meflic life ; and they are taught by their i-eligion, that matrimony is aii in> difpealable iUi'.y in every man, whodoea not entirely feparate himfclf from the world irom a principle of devotion. Their religion alfo permits them to have f::veral wives ', but they feldoin have more than one ; and it has been obfery* ed, tli.1t their wives are diitinguidicd by a decency of demeanour, a folicitude kr thdr families, and a fiddtty to their vavro, which might do honour to humao BiciVTc in the moll civilized countries. The amufements of the Hindoos con. fill ill going to their pagodas, in aiMin^ at religious fliewtt, aimI in fuhillinga varHty of ceremonies prefaribed to them b/ the Bramins. Their religion for* bids thei.i to quit their own fhorrs-f ; n6r do they want any thing from abroad. Tiiey might, therefore, have lived in much tranquillity and happmefs, if others h^i looked on them with the fame indifference with which they re<4;ard the IC I of tlie world. The Toldiers are commonly called Rajah-pootB, or perfons defcended from riiahs, and refide chiefly in the northern provinces, and are generally more £tir-complexioned than the people of the fouthern provinces, who are quite black. * Or. Ruhettfon't hiflorica! difquitition concerning Ind'a, Append x p. *(>t, 7^1. f The'Oeatoot are perfujdeJ, that the waters of the three great riven, Ga >.',, Klftni, and Indui, have the facred virtue of purifying thofe who bathe in them, { ; ^ moIIu* tidda and (ins. Thiareligioc* idea frjmi to be fonnded on a principle of polii rtend* «d to tc&rrn th« native* ftoiu csicrating into diftant countries : lor it it re i ' , diat the facred rivers arefoiiti.ated. that there is not any part of Indir mherp i.tbitsDti may n6t have an opportunity M «fhin« away their fins The Gaiig. h ■■■'h rifri io the moontains of Thibet, with it* .mt braaches riiu^ through the ' ",;•• i of Bfoxal, Bafiar, and Grixa, and the u^ . ovinaMof Gude, Rojiilciind, Ag> r, Tici> U *Dd Lahore. The Kinna ^.rides the C&rnstif 'ron Guiconda, and runs t!)roug^ vac Vipure into the iiiterior parta of the Deccan. And tha Indus^undiag the Caaiurat ;■>, .'cparatn ladoftao frrqi the dcminioos of Ifeiiia* INDIA IN OtNIRAl. Mi folaoes of a do> ' black. Thefe ralali-^ooti are a robuftt brave, faithful peoplei and enter int* the fervice of thole w.to will pay them : but n^hen their leader folia in battle* JkY think that th«ir engagcmente to him>are fitiifhed, and they run off tht ;„i^ wit^ -it any ftain upon their reputation. The :ii!V>(n of women burning themfdve8> Qpon the death 6f their hutbatid^ :>ij cc'tiVvca to be pra£tifed, thoiueh much lefs frequently than formerlV; Th Gc"i w are as careful of the cultivation of feheir lands, andtheii^ public ,vw:ic8 :\r4 '. .ivenijincies, as the Chinefet and th<;re fcarcely is an iuAaoce of arobbir,y in all indofi'an, though the diamond merchants travel writhout de- fcrfivc weapons. Religium.'J The inftitutions of religion, publicly eftabliflied in att die atenfive cftnutvies flretching from the banks oithe Indus to Cape ComoTin« ^/,',rfcr '. to ^ .ew aii afpe^l nearly fimilalr. They form a regular and com- plfu V/ftem of fuperftition, ftrenglhencd and upheld by every thing which "ail cKcitc the reverence and fecure the attachment of the people. The .mpie?, confecrated to their deities* are] magnificent, and adorned not •nlv with rich .o^rings, but with the moft exquifitc works in painting and Icuipture, which the artifts, higheft in eftimation among them, were capa« ble of executing. The rites and ceremonies of 'their worihip are pompoua and fpktidid, and the performance of them not only mingles in all the tranf- aftions of common Uk, but conftitutes an eflential part of them. The Brahmins, who, as minifters of religion, prefide in all its fundions, are el'nrated above every other order oiment by an origin deemed not only mure noble, but acknowledged to be facred. They have eftabUihed amofig thetnfelves a regular hierarchy and gradation of ranks, which by fecuring fubordination in their own order, adds weight to their authority, and gives them a more abiblute dominion in the minds of the people. This domi- nion they fupport by the command of the Immenfe revenues, with which the liberality of pmces, and the zeal of pilgrims and devotees, have dk> riched their pagodas. It is for xrom my intention to enter into any minute detail with refpeft to this vaft and complicated fyftem of fuperftition. An attempt to enti- fliente the multitude of deities which are the objects of adoration in ^ia ; to defcribe the fplendour of wor(htp^in their pagodas, and the immenie varieties of their rites and ceremonies: to recount the various attributes. and funAions which 'the -.r ft of priefts, or the credulity of the people* have afcrlbed to their divinities ; efpecially if I were to accompany all this with a review of the numerous and often fanciful fpeculations and therrif . of learned men on this fubjed, would too much fwell this part of our work. The temples or pagodas of the Gentoos are ftupendous but difguftful ftone buildings, ere£ted in every capital, »n<\ under the direction of the Bratnins. To this, howt-verj li f( ,i^? foine e\. options ; for In proportion* fsys Dr. Robertfon, the philr)'>4^ iical hato'iaii of India, to the progrCfs of the different court ries of Ui.ua m opulence an.; .--^finemcnl, the ttrufture of their temples gradually .inproved. From plain buildings thc^' became highly ornamented fabrJ :j, and, both by., their extent and m; j^nifictnce, arc Wnuments of the power and taftc of the people by whom they were ered- ed. In this highly finiOied ftyle there are pagodas of great antiquity in different par'' of Indoftiui, particularly in the fouthem provinces, "hich were not expofed to ':he deftriiftive violence of ft^ahomf dan zeal^ T'» order to afllft my rc:kder8 in forming, a proper idea of thei'e buildings, I fliall briefly defcribe two, of "hich we have the moft accurate accounts. ^ The - 7- ., ; ■.. *e«try \-? ^\: fe-: w« f N D I A in GINBlLAb. I, r. T. ; . 4 f I ■ ' •nttrto the pagoda of Chillunbrum^ near Porto Noya, M the Coromandt) coaft, hdd in high v«neradoa on accouot of its anti^uit^, it, by a (lately guc ^ luder a pyramid an hundred and twenty two feet in height, built with large ftonea above forty feet long, and more than five fee^ fquare, and all covered with plates of copper, adorned with an immenfe Variety of figures neatly executed. The Whole ftrudture extends one thoufand three hundred and thuty-two feet in one direction, and nine-hundred and thirty fix in anQthcr. Some of the ornamental parts are finiihed with an elegance entitled to tlie admiration of the moft ingenious artifts. The pagoda of Seringham, fuperior in fan£tity to that of Chilhimbruin, fufpafles it as much in grandeur} and fortunately I can convey a more pencil idea of it, by adopting the words of an elegant and accurate hillorian. This pagoda is fituated about a mile from the weftem extremity of the iflaad ofSeringham, formed by the divifion of the great river Caveri into two channels. ** It is compofed of feven fquare indofures, one within tli« other, the vralls of which are twenty-tive feet high, and four thick. Thefe cnclofures are three hundred and fifty feet diftant from o^e |nother, and each has four Urge gates with a fquare tower ; which are placed, one in the middle of each fide of th^ enclofure, and oppofite to the four cardinal points. The outward wall is near four miles in circumference, and iti Steway to the fouth is ornamented with pillars, feveral of which are fingle ines thirty*three feet long, and nearly five in diameter } aad thofe which iatm the roof an ftill hurger ; in the inmoft inclofures aire the chapels. Hen, u in all the other great pagodas of India, the ^rahmins live in a fubordination which knows no refiiUncc* an^ . flumbf in a voluptuoufhefs which knowi . oo wants*." ■ r":9v.'«^y^>:'^^^" '^'^ If the Bramins are mafters of iny Meoihhion art or fcience, they frequent. ly turn it to the purpofes of profit fixim their ip;norant votaries. }fix. ScraftoB fays, that they know how to calculate ecbpfes ; and that judicial aitrology is fo prevalent among them, that half the year is taken up with un. lucky days ; the head aftrologer being always confulted in their councils. The Mahometans likewife encourage thefe fupetftitio'ns, and look upon ail Ike fruits of the Gentoo induilry as bebnging to themfelves. Though the Oauwos are entirely palTive under all their oppreifions, and by their il' tc of CKtftence, the praftice of their religion, and the fcantinefs of their food, have nothing of that reicntment in their nature that animates the reft of man- ' kind i yet they a^e fufcrptible of avarice, and fometim^s bury their money, and rather than d^Gcover it, put themfelves to death by poifoo .or otherwife. This practice, which it feems is not uncommon, accounts for the vail fear- city of fdver that till of late prevailed in Indoilan. The reafoQs above mentioned accotint likewife for their being lefs under " the influence of their 'pafliona than the inhabitants oi other countries. The perpetual ufe of rice, their' chief food, gives them but little nourtdiment) and their marrying early, the males before fourteen, and their women at ten or eleven years of age, )(.eeps them low and feeble in their perfons. A caaa is in the decline of l^e at thirty, and the beauty of the women is on decay at eighteen : at twenty-five they have all the marks of old age. \ft are not therefore to wonder at their being foon ftrangers to all perfonal ex- ertion and vigour of mind ; and it is with them- a frequent.4)aying, that it it better to fit than to walk, to lie down thao to fir, tafleep than to m^': and death is the bed of all. * Oroie's Hift. ol MtUt Traiiba«or ladafbm. vol. !. p. i7t. ' V I HPii^ A' >" OtT/IMKkW 71* Tlie Mikometans, who m tndoftan are called M/)ot8, ire of Perfiant ' Turkidit Arabic, and other AxtrtidioiiB. They early began, in the reig;n8 i ^' he califs of Bagdad, to invade Indoftan, They penetrated as far as Delhi, which they made thfir capital. They fettled colonies in feveral I places, whoCe defcendants are^ called Pytant } but their . empire was over* I thrown by Tamerlane, who founded the Mogul government, which ftill fubfifts. Thofe princes being duiQi Mahometans, received under their proteAIon. all that profeifed the fame reUgion, and who being n brave, a^ve people, counterbalanced the numben of the natives.'' They|ar&.faid to have introduced the divifion of provinces, over which they appointed foubahs ; aud thqfe provinces, each of which might be fl:yled an emi^ire, ' were fubdivided Into, nabobfhips ;> each nabob being immediately accountlble to his foubah, who in procefs of time became umoft independent of the emperor, or, as he is cidled the Great Mogul, upon their paying him an ap> niul tribute. The vaft refort of Perfian and Tartar tribes nas likewife ftrengthened the Mahometan government ; but it is obfervable, that in two or three generations, the progeny of all thofe adventnrers, who brought nothing with them but their hurfes afad their fwords, degeperated into a]I '^ ejftern indolence and fenfuality. Of all thofe. tribes, the Mahrattas 91^ pr^fent make the greateft figure. They are a kind of mercenaries, who live on the mountaii)s between In- Man and Periia. Th^ commonly ferve on horfeback, and, when. well commanded, thay have been known to. give law even to the court of Delhi. Tjiougb they are originally Gentoos, yet they are of bold a^ve fpirits, and pay no great refpedl to. the principles of their religion. Mr. Scrafton fays, that the Mahometans ot Moors are of fo deteftable a chara£ter, that he ne- ver knew above two or three exceptions, and thofe' were among the Tartar and Perfian officers of the army. They are void, we are'' told, of tydry principle e.yen of their own religion ; and if they have a virtue, it is an ap- pearance of hofpitality, but it is an appeararice only ; for white they art dn'oking with^ and embracing a friend, they wnll ftab him to the heart. But , ' it Is probal^e, that thefe reprefent^tions of their moral depravity are carried beyond the bounds of truth. ' , The people of Indoftan are governed by no written laws ; nor is there a lawyer in their whole empire ; and their courts of judice are dire£ted -by precedents. The Mahometan inftitutes prevail only in their great towns and their neighbourhood. The empire is hereditary, and the emperor fa heir o(dy to his own officers. All lands go in the hereditary line, and conti- nue in that fta^e even down to the fubtenants, while th.: lord can pay his taxes, and the latter their rent, both which are immutably fixed in the.public books of each diftrift. The itnperjjil clemefne lands are thofe of the 'great " rajah families, which fell to Tamerlane and his fuccefibrs. Certain portions of them are called jaghire lands, an4 are beftowe4 hy the crown on the great lords or omrahs, and upon their death revert to the emperor ; but the rights of the fubtenants, even of thofe lands, are indefeafible. Such are the outlines of th^ government by which'this great empire loiig fubfifted, without almoft the femblance of virtue amone Us great officers^ either civil or military. It wasi fHuK-n, however, after tne invafiph of Ma- homet Shah, by Kouli Khi^nr v< >'icii was attended by fo great ii diminution of the imperial authority, that .e foubahs and nabobs became abfolute m their own ta' rnmenta. Though they could not alter /the fundamental laws of property, yet they invented new taxes* which beggared the people!, '5 ^ '■•>to , lX ti^bilh -tvi Ka^ioii. to pay thefr trmiea add lupport ^dr pof er ) fo that latnj of tft« people; a few years ago, after being onmercuuDy plundered by coUedorB and tai. inaftera, were left to perilh through want. To fum up the mii!ery of tht inhabitants, th'ofe fouDahs and nabobs^ ahd other Mahometan govemon: en^iloy the Gentoos thetnfelv ,. . < onu even of the Bramins, as the minif. ters of their rapadoufneU ..i . <: '..<». Upon the wholc^ ever fince the inVafion of Kouli Kh . . !;ido*ti i, lom bang a well regulated government, js became ft fcene of mcc anarchy or ftratooraqr ) every great man protcdt kimfelf in hb tyraiury by his foldiers, whofe pay far exceeds the naturkl riches of his guvernnient. As private aiTaffinationi and other murden are here committed with impunity, the people, who' know they can be in no wode ellate, concern themfelvea very httle in the '•rvolutions of govern, ment. To thi above caufes are owing tl- '•'. »v..*;v»e8 t'' the Enprlifli in Indoftan; The reader, from this repteicntation, may perceive, all that the £ngU(h hpve acquired in point of territory, h-M been gafaied from ufiitpen and -robbers ; and their poiTeiiion of it being gaarantied by the prefent law. ful empc.i, I , ih fiud to be founded upon the laws and conftitutionsoof that cxiuntry. *^e are, however, foiry to be ohUged to remark, tha^ the conduft of many o' the fervants of the Eaft India Company towards the natives, ahd not pr pcrly punilhed or checked by the direAors, or the British legiflatiue, .has m too mariy inftahCes been highly difhonourable to the Englilh name, and totally inconfiftent with that hunumity lyhich was formerly our natioa- al clkHi-afieriftic. Ii miiy be h(te ^ roper juft to ob£ei've, thiat the comi^ezioti of che Gentcoi ia. bhck^ their hair long, and the fefttures of both fexes regular. At court, however, the great families are ambitious of intermarrying with Perfians Tantrs, on account of the fairnefs of their complexion, refemhiUng thatbl ihehr cdn4|ueror Tamerlane and his great gefitnds. The Pbninsola of INDIA beyond the Ganges cal- led tlic FARTa£R Peninsula. Sttuatiom ahd E imt. Miles. Degrees. .^....^«. Degrees. Length 2000 7 la™..^ Jf ' «>d 30 north latitude. '~ '* J i. 9* and 109 ^i) iongitude. x.engui 2000 Breadth 1000 Sq.Iililei. 741, 5o« -, rip HIS peninfulais bounded h^ Thibet and Chinia, "n JSnuHDARiSf. J^ ^jj^ j^^^ . ^y Cr=na a., the Oincfe fea, 0.1 the fiiaft : by the' fame (ba and the ftraitsof -laccn, dti the South ; and by the Bay of Bengal and the Hither India on V The fpace between Ben- gal and Chfna, is now called the Provbc' ot i fcklus, and other diftriftt lub]e£i to the king of Ava or Burmah. Grand divif. Subdivif. Chief Towite. On the rAcham 7 f Chamdara • liorth- \ Ava }■ \ Ava weft, tAracan 3 lAracan I. i Sq.M. iSooos Grand Ooiuldtvif. Subdivif. * ChicCTowni. I J Mhrubin fi!* ^ f SSuUn fouth. weft; f"' 1 8iam ?"} Si'mh, £. ion. roo.55. N. lot. 14. 1 8. ' (.Maltcci J (^Malacca, £. lon.^oi. N.4it. 2-ia. Oa the rTonouiQ *! rCachao, or Kccdo, E. bn. i05rN. north -j v •! lat. ai.30. caft* (.Laos y (.Laacbang On there. China *) TTlioanoa feuth- 4 Cambodia !> -I Cambodia 1 Mtft, (.Chiampa j (.Pidram.^ - j m 50«ooo 170,000 48,000 litjooo 59,400 61,900 60,200 Name.] The name of India J» taken from tbe river Isdua^ which of aU •then wair tbe bejft known to tbe Perfians. Tbe whole of this penbiula was ttoknpwn t'^ tbe ancien'cs, alid is partly fo to the moderns* Am ANp CLtMATB.] Authors differ concerning tbe air of tbia country, fome preferring that of tbe foutbem, and fiome that of the northern parts. It is generaDy agreed, that the air of the former is hot and dry, but iin ibme pbces moift, and confequenr ./ unhealthy. The dii ite is fubjeA to burri- csses, lightnings, and inundations, (o that the people build their houfcs upom high pilurs to dc *cnd them from floods, and they have no other idea of fea£ons» but wet and dr/. Eafleriy and weftcrly monjboiu ( whicK is an Indian word) prevail in this country. MouHTAiNs.] Tbefe run from Nuith to South almoft tbe whole length of the country • but the lands near the fea arc low, and annus^ overlowed 19 the rainy feai" ' ' . ' Rivers.]'* the AND DIVERSIONS. ) fair traders; but greatly opprefled by their king and great lords. His ipajefty engrofles the trade, and his fadurs fell hy retail to the Dutch and other nations. The Tonqttinefe are fond of lacker. houfes, which are unwholefome and puifonous. The people in the fouth are a favage race, and go almoft naked, with large filvcr and gold ear-rings, and £oral, amber, or (hell bracelets. In Tonquin and Cochin China, the two fexei are fcarcely diilinguilhable-by their drefs which refembles that of the Perfiani. The people of quality are fund of Engliih broad-cloth, red or green : and others wear a dark-coloured cotton cloth. In Azem, which is thought one of the beft countries in Afia, the inhabitants prefer dog's flelh to all other an> imal food. The people of that kingdom pay no taxes.- becaufe the king is fule proprietor of al| the gold and filver and other metals found f n his kingdom. They live, however, ealily and coYnfortably. Almoft every houfekeeper hai fen elepnant fbr the conveniency of his wives and women ; polygamy being praf^ifed all over India. ' ' It is unqueftionable, that thofe Indians, aa well as the Chinefe, had the ufeof;tunpowder before it was known in Europe ; and the invention isgener- rally afcribed to the Azemefe. The inhabitants of the fouthem divilion of thia peninfula go under the name of Malayans, from the peighbouring coun- try of Malacca. Ijphough the religious fuperftitions that prevail in this peninfula are rx- tremely grofs, yet the people believe in a futt^^e ftate ; and when their kingi are interred, a number of animals are buried with them, and fuch veflcli of gold an4 filver as they think can be of ufe to them in their future life. The people in thi* peninfula are commonly very fotjd of (how, and often make an appearance beyond their circumfla'nces. They are delicate in no part of their drefs but in their hair, which they buckle up in a very agree- able manner. In (heir food tliey are loathfome-; for befides dogs, they eat rats, rsice, ferpents, and'lHnking 6Au The people of Aracdn are equally indelicate in their amours, for they hire Dutch and other foreigners to confummate the nuptials with' their virgins, and value their women moil vrhen in a ftate of pregnancy. Their treatment of th^ fick is ridiculous be- yond belief, and in many places, when a patient i^ judged to 'be incurable, he is expoied on the bank of fome river, where he is either drowned or devoured by birds ot beafts of prey. The diverlions common in this country are fifhing and iiunting, the ce- lebrating of feftivals, and a£ting comedies, by torch-kglit, from evening to morning. il^ANGUAGS.] The language of the court of Delhi is Perfian, but in tlii$ paninfylft it. i* chiefly, Malayan, as we have already obferved, interfperfed with other dialedts. L&A&NiiiG AND iSARMBQ MEN.] The Bramlns, who are the tribe of ..T, ' ^ .■/-,*■ . . ■ the INDIA I1TON0 THI GANdtl* 731 tb't pritffthood, dcfcend from thnf<; Brachmint who ore mentioMcd to tu with fo much reverence by anttquity ) and although much inferior, either M philofophen or men of learning, to the reputiition of their anceflort, m pricil*, their religious do^ilrines are ftill imph'citly followed hy the whole nition ; amf aa preceptor*, they arc the fource of all the knowledge wbiob fxilli in Indoftan. But the utmoil ftrctch of their mathematicnl know- |ed{;e feems to be the calculation of eclipfr*. They have a good idea of bgic ( but it does not appear tliat they have any treatifes on , rhetoric | their ideas of mufic, if we may judge from their practice, are barbarous ) and in medicine, they derive no afliilnnce from the knowledge of anatoMyi fince difTeAions are repugnant to their rcltgiont The poetry of the Afiatics is too turgid, and full of conceits, and the diftiun of their hiftorians very diffiifc and verbofe : but though the man- ner of uftem compoiitiops diners , from the corre£^ taile of Europe, there m msny things in the writings of Afiatic authors worthy the attention of literary men. Mr. Dow ob^rves, that in the Shanfcrita, or learned lan- guage of the Bramins, which is the grand repoiHory of the religion, phi- lofophy, and hiftory of the Hindoos, there are in particular many hnn- dred volumes in pniie, which treat of the ancient Indians and th^ir hiilory. The fane writer alfo remarks, that the Shanfcrita records contain ac- counts of the affairs of the Weftern Afia very different from' what any tribe of the Arabians have tnnifmitted to poflerity ; and that it is more than probable, that, upon examination, the -former will appear to bear the marks of more authenticity, and of greater antiquity, Aan the lat- ti . The Arabian writers have beien generally fo much pr^udiced againfl tl.e Hindoos, that their accounts of them are by no means to be impli« citljr relied on. ' ' Mr. Dow obferves, that the fmall progrefs, which corre^nefs and ele- nnce of fentiment and di£iion have made in the Eaft did nutr prdce^ irom a want of encouragement to literature. On the contrary, it appears, that no princes ia the world patronized men, of letters with mois genera- fity and refpeA, than the Mahometan emperors of IndoiUn. A literary genius was not only the certain means to acquire a degree olP wealth which muft aftonifh Europeans, but an infallible road for ri(i«g to the firit of^cea of the ilate. The charader of the learaed was at the lame (ime fo facred, that tyrants, who made a paftime of embruing their hands in the blood of their other fubjedls, not only abflained from offering violence to meo of genius, but ftooid in fear of their pens. Manufacture* and commerce.] Thcfe vary in the difFeVent coun-- tries of this peninfula ; but the chief branches have been ' already men- tioned. The inhabitants, in fomc parts, are obliged to manufadure their fah out of afhcs. In all handicraft trades that they underlland, the people are more induilrious, ^nd better workmen, than moft of the Europeans ; and in weaving, fewing, embroidering, . and fome other man ufadiures, it is faid, tliat the Indians do as mtich work with their feet as their hands. Their painling, though they are ignorant of drawing, is amazingly vivid in its colours. The finenefs of their linen, and their frllagree .works In gold and fdver, are beyond any thing of thofe kinds to be found in other parts of the world. '. The commerce of India, in fhort, is courted by sdl trading nations in the worldt'-zand probably has been fo froni the earlielt ^S" ■ 't was not unkncwn sVcn m boicmon s time j eHu ti>c.«_*r£C&5 Siiu Romans drew from thence their higheft materials of luxury. The great- eft fhare of it,.thrdugh events foreign to tLia part of our work, is now ' centered 7i» INDIA BEYOND THS GamOB*. centered in England, the Du.tch, together with< the Frendi, having loft their poflefliohs in that part of the world; nor is that of the Swedes and Danes of much importance. Constitution, government,! This article is fo extcdiive, that ^ PARITIES, iiND CITIES. J it requires a flight review of the • kingdoms that form this peninfula. In Azem I^have already obferved, the king is proprietor of all the gold and filvcr ; he pays little or nothing to thp * Grtat Mogul; his capital is Ghergong, ur Kirganu. We know little or nothing of the kingdom of Tipra, but that it was anciently fubje^ to (he kings of Arracan ; and that they -fend to the Chinefe gold iuiid filk, for which they receive tiiver in return. Arracan lies to the fouth of Tipra and is go* vented by twelve princes fubje£k to the chief king, who' refutes ip his cap], tal. His palace is very large, and contains, as we are told, feven idok call , in gold, of two inc£e8 thick, each of a man's height, and covered over with diamonds and otber precious llones. Pegu is about 350 Engliih miles in length, and almoll the fame in breadth. In the year 1 754. jPegu was re.< I duced to the ilate of a dependent provmce by the king of Ava^ Macao is the great mart of trade in Pegu. We know.little of the kingdom of Ava, It isfaid the honours the king afl'umes are next to divine. His fubjeds trade chie% ' in muflt and jewels,, rubies and fapphires. In other particulars, the inha- bitants refemble thofe of Pegu. In thofe kingdoms, and indeed in the greater part of this peninfula, the do£krines of the Grand Lama of Thib^i prevail, as well as thofe of the Bramins. The kingtiom of Laos or Lahos formerly included that of Jangoma or Jangomay ; but that is now fubje6i to Ava ; we know few particulars of it tha^ can be depended upon. It is faid to be immenfely populous, to abound in all the rich commodities as well as the grofs fuperilitions of the £aft, and to be divided into a number of petty kingdom^, all of them holding of one fofereign, who like his oriental brethren, is abfolutely delftotic, and Uva ip incxprellible pomp and magnihcencc ; but is of the Lama religioir, and often the Have of his prieils and miniliers. The kingdom of 61am has boen often defcribed by miffionaiies and pre< tended travellers in the molt romantic terms ; and therefore we can pay little other credit to tbeir.accounts, farther than that it is a rich and flouriihing kingdom, and that it approaches, in its government, policy, and the quickneii 'and acutenels of its inhabitants, very near to the ;Chiqere. The kingdom of v>iam is furrounded by high mountains, which, on the ealt iide, feparate it fron^ tlie kingdoms of Jamboja and Laos ; on the welt, from Pegu ; and on the north, from Ava, or., mure properly, from Jangoma ; on the fouth it iu walhed by the river Siam, and has the peninfula oif.'!Mala<;ca, the north-well part •wiievcof is under its dominion. The extent o^the country, howcvey, is very uncertain, and is but indifl'erently peopled.. The inhabitants of both fexesare more modelt than any found in the relt of this peninfula. Great care is 'aken of the cduration of jfore their matters in a kneclinur uoilure : and the mandarinB «. c i. '^ratt ^eioK T N D J A »«YOitB tME Ganqes. m Ae king, SUm, the capital, is represented as a large city^ but fesireely k fixth part of it is inhabited ; and the palace is about a npile and a half in cn> (lU't. Bankok, which Hiancl^ about i8 leagues to the foutli of Siam, and 12 miles from the fea, is the only place towards the coaft that is fortified with waDs, batteries, and b-jfs cannon ; and the Dutch have a faftory at' Ligor, which ilands on the eaft fide of the pehinfola of Malacca^ but belonging t* Siam. , ' The peninfula of Malacca is a lurge country, and contains feyeral kuig'- doma or provinces. The Dutch, however, are laid to be the real mailers and fovereigns of the' whole peninfula, being in poifefllon of the capital (Malacca). Tne inhabitants differ but little from brutes in their manner of living ; and yet the Malayan language is reckoned the pureft of any fpoken in all the In«- dies. We are told by the lateft travellers, that its chief produce is tin, pepper, elephants' teeth, canes, and gums. Some miffionaries pretend that it is the Golden Chsrfonefus or Peninfula of the ancients, and the uihabitants ufed to tneaf ure their riches by bars of gold. The truth is, that the excellent fitua- tion of this Country admits of a trade with India ; fo that when it was firil dif- . covered by the Portuguefe, who were afterwards -expelled by the Dutch, Malacca vras the richeft city in the Eaft, next to Goa and Ormus, bcin^ the key of the China, the Japan, the Moluccas, and the Sunda trade. The country, however, at prefent, is chiefly valuable for its trade with the Chinefe. This dsgeneracy of the Malayans, who were formerly an induftribus, ingenious people, is eafily accounted for, by the tyranny of the Dutch, whofe intercft it is they fliould never recover fromtheir j)refent ftate of ignorance and flavery. The Euglifli carry on a fmuggling kind of trade in fheir country ihipSf from the coaft of Coromandel and the bay of Bengal to Malacca. This •ommerce is connived at by the Dutch governor and council among them, who little regard the orders of their fuperiors, provided they can enrich themfelves. " . Cambodia, or Comboja, is a country little known to the Europeans ; but according to the bell information, its great^^ft length, from north to fouth, fsaboHt 520 Enj^lifh miles : and its greateft breadth, from weft to eaft, about 398 miles. This kingdom has a fpacious river running through it, the banks if which are the only habitable parts of the nation, on account of its fultr^ air, . and the peftiferous gnats, ferpents, and othei animals bred in the woods. Its foil, commodities, trade, ai^'mals", and produ£ts by fea- and land, ar^ much the fame with the other kingdoms of this vaft peninfula. The betel, a treeping plapt of a particular favour, and. as they fay, an excellent remedy for all thofe difeafes that are common to the inhabitants of the Eaft Indies, is the higheft luxury of the Cambodians, from the Jking to the peafant ; but is very unpalatable and difagreeable to the Europeans. The fame barbarous magnificence, the defpotifm of their king, and the ignorance of the peo- ple, prevail here as throughout the reft of the peninfula. Between Cambcdia,, and Cochin-China, lies the little kingdom of Chiampa, the inhabitants of which trade with the Chinefe, and feem therefore to be fomewhat more civil- ized than their neighbours. Cochin-China, or the weftern China, is fituated under the torrid zone, and extends, according to forne authors, about 500 miles in length ; but it is much lefs extenfivetin its breadth from ea(t to weft. Laos, Cambodia, and Chiampa, as well as fome other fmallcr kingdoms, "arefaid to be tnbiitary to Cochin-China. The manners and religion of the people feem to be on'ginaily Chinefe ; and tiiey are mdch given to trade. Their king is laid to i^;-*-v f^ I KD I 'A WITHIM THE Ga^NGBS* to be Immenfely rich, and his kingdom .enjoys all the advantages of coni' merce that are foudd in the other parts of the Eafl Indies ; but at the fame lime we are told that this mighty prince, as well as the king of Tonquin, are fubjeft to the Chinefe emperor. It is reafonable to fuppofe, that all thofe rich countries were peopled from China, or at leaft that they had^ feme time or otheri been governed by one head, till the mother-empire became fo large, that it might be convenient to parcel it out^ referving to itfelfa kind of feu- dal Superiority over them all. \ Tonquin has been already mentioned, and little can be added to what has been faid, unlefs we adopt the fiftions of the popifh. miffionaries. The go- ,.wemment of this kingdom, however, is particular. The Tonquinefe had revolted froTi the Chinefe, which was attended by a civil war. A compro- mife at laft took place between the chief of the revolt and the reprcfentative of the ancient kings, by which the former was to have all the executive powers of the government, under the name of the Chouah ; but that the Bua, or real king, (hould retain the^oyal titles, and be permitted fome in- conliderable civil prerogatives within his palace, from which neither he nor any of his family can flir without the permiHion of^ the chouah. The chouah refides generally in the capital Cachao, which is fituated near the centre of the kingdom. The Bua's palace is a vaft ftruAure, and has a fine arfenal. The £nglifli have a very flourifhing houfe on the north fids of the city, conveniently titted'up with ftore-houfes and office-houfes, a no- bH dining-room, and handfome apartments for the merchants, fitdlors, and officers of the company. The pofleffion of rubies, and other precious (tones of an extraordinary fize, and even of tvhite and party-coloured elephants, convey among thofe credulous people a pre-eminence of rank and royalty, and has fometimcs oc- cafioned bloody wars. After all, it muft be acknowledged, that however dark the accounts we have of thofe kingdoms may be, yet there is fuificient evidence to prove, that they are immenfely rich in all the treafures of natur: ; but that thofe advantages arc attended with many natural cfilamitiea, fuch as floods, volcanos, earthquakes, temp efts, and above all, rapacious and poifonous animals, which render the polTeflion of lifei even for an hour, precv.-ious and imcertain. •ji «■;■•; O'hK INDIA within the Ganger, or the empire of the GREiiT Mogul. Situation and Extent, including t)ic Peninfula Weft of the Ganges. Miles. •'••/' Degrees. ; 5^;;7iv^l, Sq. Miles. :i^ Length 20007, J 7 and 40 north latitude. 1 « Breadth 1500 J \66 and 92 eaft longitude. J ' >" ■o -■ '' I ""HIS empire is bounded by Ufbec Tartaryand Tlii- J50UNDARIES.J j^ ^^^ ^^ ^,^^ j^^^j^ . ^^^ Thibet ^nd the Bay of Beii- fal, on the Eaft ;, hy tlic Indian Ocean, on the South } by the fame and 'erlia on tiie weft. The main land being the Mogul empire, or Indoftan properly fo called. .-. , ^„.. ..^„,, . x. j_- ,- .. .-' ; I M 1 A Hn-MtlN THB YtANOB^. t*t Grand DIvifipns. 4^.^*4'' Provihccs. ' Bengal proper The north-eatt divlfion I cf India, containing the provinces of Bengal on the mouths tf the Ganges j ' and thofe of the moaa- uiasG^Naugracut. * . . ".' The north-weft^Uvi- fion on the frontiOT of Perlla, und on the river of Indus. X i % V / The mictdle divlfion m/ NaugracUt.'^* 4 Jefuat - Patna Necbal *v { Gore i Rotas S^ret Jcffelmcre - Tata, or Sinda Bucknor - Moultan - Haican - Cabul fCandlft - . Berar Chitor Ratipor Navar Gualeor Agra Delhi Lahor or Pencah Hendowns' - CaJiimere Jengapour Aftncr or Bando ) \ i . Chief Towns, r Calcutta Fort WiUiam ) Hugley > ilngliflt Dacca J « Malda,Englifh and Diitdt Chatigan < Caffumbazai: Naugracut Rajapouir Patna Necbal Gore Rotas -y ■Jaganal Jcffelmer* Tata Bucknor Moultan Haican Cabul 'Medipout Berar Chitor Ratipor Navar Gualeor Agra Delhi, E. Ion. Tj'^9i lat. 29. Lahor Hendowrni ' • :, Caffimcre -. • V;;''* Jengapour |.Afmer -'^^. ,5** V .%. V\? ■ih- *v ^ ^ The Britifh nation poflefs in fdll fovereJgnty, the whoL foiib'jh of Ben- gal, and the greateft part of Bi.har. In Orifla or Ot ixa, only the difttifts of Midnapour. The whole of the Britifh pofleflions in this part of indoft^, contain about ij;o,ocx> fquarc Bnt«(h miles of land ; to which, if we add the diilrift of Benares, the whole will be 162,000, that is, 30,000 nore than are contained in Great Britain and Ireland : and near ekven raillions of inhabitants. The total net revenue, including Benares, is about 287 lacks of Sicca rupees, which may be reckoiled equal to 3,050,000!*. Rentid. With their allies and tributaries, they now occupy the whole navigable courfe of the Ganges from its entry on the plains to the lea, which by it3 winding courfe is more than 1350 miles. ~ . / Air AND SEASONS.] The winds in this ch'mSte ^Inerally blow For fix month* from the fouth, and fix from the north. April, May, and the be- * A confiderebte addition boph to the ria and Diu. Inhabitants.] I have already ifiade a general review of thii great empire, and have only to add, to what I have faid of their religion and fefts, that the fakirs are a kind of Mahometan mendicauts or beggars, who tra. Vei about, pra(Sil«ig the greateft auiteritiss ; but many of them are impof- tors. Their number is faid to |jc 800,000. Another fet of ipendicants are the Joghis, who are idolaters, and much more numerous, but moft of them are vagabonds and impoltors, who live by amufmg the credulous Gentooj .with foolifh fiftions. The Banians, who are fo called from their afFefted innocence of lifr, ferve as brokers, ai.d profefa the Gentoo religion, or fomewhat like it. The Perfees, or Parfes, of Indoftan, are originally the Gaiirs, defcribed in Perfia, but are a moft induftrious people, particularly in weaving, and architedlure of every kind. They preteud to be ponefTed of the works of ijoroafter, whom they call by various names, and which fome Europeans think contain many particulars that would throw light upon ancient hit tory both facred and profane. This opinion is countenanced by the few parcels of thofe books that have bec'i publiflied ; but fome are of opinion that the whole is a modern impoftor, founded upon facred, traditional, and .profane hiftories. They are known as paying divine adoration to fire, but It is faid only as an emblem of the divinity. The UDbility and people of rank delight in hunting with the bow as well z?. the gun, and oftei ttain the leopard 1 to the f ports of the field. They aifeft fliady w^lks and cool fountains, like other people in hot countries. Thry are fond of tumblers, inountebaiiks, and jugglers ; of barbaro\js niufic, both in wind and ftring inllruments, and jplay at cards in their private par- ties. Their houfcs make no appearance, and thofe of the commonalty are poor and mean, and generally thatched, which jjenders them fubjeft to fire; but the manufa 4uce of its foil confifts of rice, {ufffjXi'f»ne8, com, fefamum, frnall mulbeny, and other trees. Its calicoes, filk(r,,^ilt-petre, lakka, opium, wax, and civet, go all oyer the world : and proviiioas here are in vaft plenty, and incredibly cheap, efpecially pullets,^ ducks, and geefe. The country is interfe£^(d by canals cut out of the Ganges for the benefit of commerce, and extendi pear lOO leagues oin both ildcs the Ganges, full of citiesi towns, calUei, aid Tillages. In Bengal, the worfhip of the Gentoog is pradifed in its greatcft purity, and their iacred river ' Ganges) is in a" manner lined with then magnificent pagodas or femplcs. ue women, notwithiiaudiug their religion, are faid by }paie to be lafcivious and enticing. . The principal Englifli faftory in Bengal is at Calcutta, and is called Fort Wijliam : it is fituated on the river Hugley, the nyll wefterly branch of the Ganges. It is about i db miles from the fea ; and the rivcv is navigable up tp the town, for the largcft (hjps that vifit India. The foit itfelf. is faid to |>c irregular, and untenable againll difciplined troops , but the fervants of the company have provided themfelves with an exccUeni houfe, iu-' mod convenient apartments for their own accommodation. As the town iti- It ha^ been in fa£i for fome time, in poifeiGon of the company, an Engliih civil go> '^'rnment, by a mayor and aldermen, was^ntroduced into it. This wa» im^ j.icdiatcly under the authority of the company. But, ivi 1773, an aft of parliament was paiTed to regulate the affairs of the £a(i India company, ag weU in India as in £urope. By this a£t, a governor-general and four ccun- fellor« wer^ appointed, and chofen by the parliament, with whom was veiled the whole civil aqd military government of the prefidenc^ of Fort William 5 and ^e ordering, management, and government of all the territorial acqui- f^tionsand revenues in the kingdom of Bengal, Bahar, and Orifla, fo long as |he Company fhoald remain pofTefTed of them. The governor-general and i^Hincil fo appointed, are invefted with the power of fuperintending and con- trolling the government and management of the prefidencies of Madras, Bom* bay and Bencoolen. The governor«gcneral and council to pay obedience to the orders of the court of directors, and' to correfpund with them. The go- vemor-gefteral and counfellors are likewife empowered to eflablilh a eourt of judicuture at Fort- William ; to conlift of a chief juftlce and three other, judges, to be named ffom time to time by his majelty : thefe are to exercife 141 criminal, admin^lty, and ecclefiaftical jurifdiftion : to be a coujt of re- cord, and a court of oyer and terminer for the town of Calcutta, snd fac- tory of Fort- William, and its limits ; and the fadories fubordinatc thereto. i^ut the eiiablifhment of tliis fupreme court does not appear to have promoted either the interefts of the Eatt India company, or the felicity of the people of the country. No proper attention has been paid to the manners and cuf. toms of the natives ; afts of great opprcfhon and injultice have been com. naitted ; and the fupreme court has been a fburce of great diflatisfaftion, diforder,,and confufion. For the fublequent regulations of the Eall India territories and company, we refer to our account in the Hillory of England. In 1756, an unhappy event tcok place at Calcutta, which isioo remark- able to be omitted. The India nabob, or viceroy, quarrelled with the com- pany, and invefted Calcutta with a large body of black troupe. The go- %etnor, and fome of the principal perfons of the place, threw thcmfelvtB, with their chief effects, on board the (hips in the river $ tliey who remained ^t fome hours, bravely defended the place ; but tlieir ammwution being ex- .,*• *. INDIA V»THtN THI GiiNGII. 'm penned, they furrendered upon temw. The fouhtih, a capriciouSi unfeeling tyrant, inftead ofobfervinglhe capitulation, forced Mr. Holwel* the go vet' oor't chief ferrant, and 145 Britifh {ubieAs, into a little but fecure prifon called the Black-hole, a place about- eighteen feet fquare, and (hut up from alffloft all communication of free air. Their miferies during the night were inexpreflible, and before morning no more thah twenty-three were found alive* .. the reft dying of fuffocation, which was generally attended with a horrible chrenfy. Among thofe faved was Mr. Holwel himfelf, who haa written a moft aifefting account of the cataftrophe. The infenfible nabob returned to hit capital, after plundering the place» imagining he had routed the Eng- Ijihout of his dominions ; but the fcaionable arrival uf admiral Watfun and colonel (afterwards lord) Clive, put them once more, with fome difficulty, in poffeifion 6f Calcutta ; and tlie war was concluded by the battle of Plaffey^ gained by the colonel, and the death of the tyrant Surajah Dowla, in whofe ' place Mhir, Jaffcir, one of his generals, wito had previoufly figned a fecret treaty with Clive to defert hia niaiter, and amply reward the Eoghfh, was advanced of courfe to the foubahihip. The capital of Bengal, where the nabob keeps his court, is Patna or Moor- Itedabad ; and Benares, lying in the fame province, is the Gentoo univeft* ty, and celebrated for its fanctity. Chandenagore was the principal place poITefled by the French in Bengal ; it lies iiiglier up the river than Calcutta. But though ftrongly fortified^ fiirnillied with a garrifon of 500 Europeans, and 1200 Indians, and defended by 123 pieces of canjion and three mortars, it was taken by the EngUih ad'* miralsWatfon and Pococke, and colonel Clive, and alfowas taken the laft wart but reilorcd at the peace. Since the beginning of the prcfent war it has bec» taken poiTeflion of by the£ugli(h. Hug ley, which lies fifty miles to the north of Calcutta upon the Ganges, is a place of prodigious trade for the richeft of all Indian commodities. The Dutch had here a well fortified faftory. The fcarch for diamonds is carried on by about 10,1 00 people from Saumelpour* which lies thirty leagues to the north of ^ugley, for about fifty miles farther. Dacca is faid to be the largell city of Bengal, and the tide come) up to its walla. The other chief towns are Caiiumbazar, Chinchura, Barnagua, and Maldo ; befides a number of other places of lefs note, but alt, of then) rich in the Indiann maiifadtures. We know little concerning the province or foubah of Malva, which bes to the well of Bengal, but that it is as fertile as the other provices, and that \t» chief cities are Ratifpor, Ougein, and Indoor. The province of Candifli in- cludes that of Berar and part of Orixa, and its capital is Brampur, or Bur- hampoor, a flonirifhing city, and carries on a vaft trade in chintzes, callicoes^ and embroidi-red fluffs. Cattac is the capital of Orixa, The above are the provinces belonging to the Mogul's empire to the north of what is properly called * the Peninfula within the Ganges^ Thofe that lie to the fouthwaid fall into the defcription of the peninfula itfelf. History.] The firft invader of this country, worthy to be noticed* was the famouii Alexander of M^cedon, Zinghis Khan alfo diredled hi«> force theix in the year 1221, and made the emperor forfake his capital ; he la laid to have given the name of Mogul to India. Long before Tamer-. lane defcended in the female line from that conqueror, Mahometan princes had entered, made ci n^jnifts, and eftabliflied themfelves in India. Vahdh, the fixth cf t !e ca.ipi.:*, named Omn.ades, who afcended the throne in the 9o8th year n{ the Cluiiliiii uar3^ sad ia the ^Qth ef ths hegira^ made? 1 • . COB* ^66 INDIA WITHIN THB GANaBtT conquefts in India { fo that the Koran was introduced very earty into tKii country. Mahmuud, fon of Sebegtechin, prince of Ga;£na, the capital of a province feparated by mountains from the north-well parts of India, and fttuated near Kandahar, "cai-ried the Koran with the fword into Indoftan, in the year looo or looz of the CUrilUun "aira. He treated the Indians with all the rigonr of a conqueror, and all thp fury of a zealot, plundering treafures, dernolifhing temples, and murdering idolaters throughout his route. The wealth found by him in Indollan is reprefcnted t» be immenfe. The fuccefforg of this Mahttioud are called tlie dynally of the Gaznavides, and maintained themfelves in a great part nf the countries which h.e had conquered in India until the year 1155, or 1157, wlv:n Kofrou 3chah, the 13th and laft prince of the Gaznavide race, was depofedby Kul&in Gauri, who found- ed the dynafty of the Gaurides, which furnilhed five princes, who poflelTed nearly the fame dominions as their pfedccefTor's the Gaznavides. * Scheabbcd- in, the fourth of the Gauride emperors, during the life of his brother and pre- deceiTor Gaiatheddin, conquered the kingdoms of Moultan and Delhi, and drew from thence prodigious treafures. But an Indian, who had been ren- dered dcfperate by the pollutions and infults to which he faw his gods and temples expofed, made a vow to aflaflinate Scheabbedin, and executed it. The race of Gaurides fini(h'.'d in the year 1212, in the perfon of Mahrtioud, fucceflbr and nephew to Scheabbedin, who was alfo cut off by the fwords of anafllns. Several revolutions followed till the time of ranry;rlane, who en- tered India at the end of the year 1398, defcendiug more terrible than all iti former inundations, from the centre of the norihcrn part cf the Indian Can- cafus. This invincible barbarian met with no retiilance fufficient to jiillify, , even by the military maxims of Tartars, the truekics with which he mnrked bis way. But alter an immenfe (laughter of human creatures, he at length rendered himfelf lord of an empire which extended from Smyrna to the bauki of the Ganges. The hiilory of the fucceflbrs of Tamerlane, who reigned over Indoftan with little interruption more than 350 years, has been varioufly re- prefcnted, but all agree in the n^ain, that they were magnificent anddifputic prince^} that they committed their provinces, as has been already obferved, to rapacious governors, or to their own fousj by wli'icii tneir empire wa« •fteilg^iferably' torn in pieces. At length, the famous Aurengzebe, ia the year 1667, tlioujfh the youngell among many fons of the reigning em- peror, afterv defeatirfg or murdering all his brethren, mounted the throne of Indoftan, and may be conlidcred as the real founder and kgiilator of the empire. He ,was a great and a politic prince, and the firll who ex- tended his domimon, thonji;h it was little better than nominal, over the Penlnfula witliin the Ganges, which is at prcfent fo well known to the Englifli. He lived fo late as the year 1707, and it is faid'that I'ome of hii great ofilcers of (late were alive in the year 1750. From what has beei) al- ready faid of this empire, Anrengzbe feems to have left too much power to tlM! governors of his diilant provinces, and to have been at no pains in pre- Tenting the cffeftsof that dnadful defpotifm, which, while in his hands, pre- fcrved the tranquillity of his empire ; but when it delcended.to his weak in- djient fucceflbrs, occafioned its overthrow. In. 1713, four of his grandfons difputed the empire, which Jifter 1 bloodyftruegle, fell to tlie oldelt, Mauzoldin, who took tiie name of Jehander Shah4 This prince was a fiave to his pleafures, and was governed by his mif- t«*fs fo abfolutcly, that his great omrahs conl'pired againlt him, and raifed to the throne one of his nephews, who llruck off his uncle's head. Ihe new emperor, whofe name was Furrukhlir, was governed and at laft en- f N D I A wiTHiM TUB Ganobi. fSf Hated by two brothers of the name of Seyd, who abufcd his .power fa grofiilyt that being afraid to puni(h tbem publicly, he urd.;r4H them both, to be privately afl'aflinated. They diicovered his intcntio;!, and dethroned, the emperor, in whofe place they raifed a p dfon of Aurcn^zebc, by his daughter, a youth ,of feventeen years of age, *. r .- imprircning and ftrangling Furrukhfir. The young emperor proved difagreeablc to (the brothers, and king Toon poifoned, they raifed to the throne his elder brother, who took the title of Shah Jehan. The rajahs of Indoftan, whofe anceftors had entered into ilipulations, or what may be called paHa convenU, when they admitted the Mogul family, ^ook the field againli the two brothers ; but the latter * were victorious, and Shah Jehan was put in tranquil puflcfiion of the empire^ but died in 1 7 19. He was fucceeded by another prince of the Mog il race» who took the name of Mahommed Shah, .and entered into private meafure» tvith his great rajahs for deflroying the Seyds, who were declared enemies to Nifam al Muluck, one of Aurengzebe's favoun'te generals. Nizam, it is faid, was privately encoimiged by the emperor to declare himftlf agaiult the brothers* and to proclaim himfelf foubi \ of Decan, which belonged to one of the Seyds, who was afl'aflinated by the r-uperor's order, and who immedialeiy advanced to Delhi to dcftroy the other brother, but he no fooner underftood whatt had happened, than he proclaimed the fultan Ibrahim, another of the Mogul princes, emperors. A battle enfued in 172Q, in which the emperor was vie- , torious, and is faid to have ufed his conqueit with great moderation, for he remitted Ibrahim to the prifon from whence he had been taken ; and Seyd, being likewife a prifoner, was condemned to perpetual confinement, bulo the emperor took poiTc-nion uf his vaft ridies. Seyd did not long furvive his confinement ; and upon his death, the emperor abandoned himfelf to the fame courfe of pleafures that had been fo fatal to his predeceflbrs. As to' Nizam, he became now the greiat imperial general, and was often employed againll the Mahrattas, whom he defeated, when they had almoil made themfelves mailers of Agra and Delhi. He was confirmed in his foubah(hip» and was confidered as the fir 11 fubjc6t in the empire. Authors, hrv. ■ ver, are divided as to his motives for inviting Nadrr Shah, otherwife Kc i.« Khait, the Perfian monarch, to invade Indollan. \t is thought, th^ h.; had intelli- gence of a ftroiig party formed againll him at court but the truth pedklf^s is, that Nizam did not think tliat Nadir Shah could liave fuccefs, and at firft wanted to make iiiinfelf ufeful by oppofing him. The fudcefs of Nadir Shah is well known, and the iinnienfe treafure which he carried from Indoftan in 1739. Befides thofe trealurea he obliged the Mogul to fu.'-ender to him all the lands to the well of the rivers Attock and Syud, coi.iprehend- ing tlie provinces of Peyflior, Kabul, and Gagna, with niany ither rich and popidous principalities, the whole of them almuii equal in value to the •rowu of Perfia itfelf. < " >., .Vv4'; .•!* This invafion coll the Gentoos 200,000 lives. As to the plunder made by Nadir Shah, fome accounts, and thoi'e too llrongly autheiilieatc' , make it amount to the incredible fum of two hundred and thirty-one •.lillions fterling, as mentioned by the London Gazette of thofe times. Th moft moderate Jay that Nadir's own ihare amounted to confiderably above fcventy millions. Be that as it will, the invafion of Nadir Shah may be" confidered as putting a period to the greatiicfs of the Mogul f npire in the hnute of T;uiK'ilane. Iiowc\cr, when Nadir had raif.' all the i^^inev he cottld in Delhi, he re-inilated the Mogul, Mahommed Shah, i '*^i. r.vereignty^ and returned into his own country. A general defeftiou . •» provinces H pliuCc iq)rivcd ?*ou after eafHcd i noae beina' williiis to yield a / ■ ;_i. ^.^■i.j^.l.t. ^.^i^ ^SbL ■>?■:.• ^ /^ -^ INDIA vtTttiN THt Cakoii. (depnTcd of the power to enforcf h. The pirovincei to the north-wtft'l «f the Indts had bet ?n d to Nadir Shah, who being aflaflinated in 1747, Achmet Abdallah, hit treafiirer, an unprindpled man, V noflcfltd «f great intrmidity, found means, in the general 'confufioi, .N-.afiontd ^y the tyrant'* death, to carry off three hundred cumels loaded with wealth, ■whereby he wat enabled to piJt himfelf at the head of an army, md jnarch Lgainft Delhi with iifty t|ioufand horfe. Thus 'was the wealtir, idrawn from Delhi made the means of continuing thofc miferies of war which it had at firft brought upon them. Prince Ahmed Shah, the Mogul's • eldell fon, and the Tidier, with othef leading men,' in this extre> jnity took .the field, with eighty thoufand horfe, to oppofe the invader. The war was carried on with various fuccefs, and Mahammed Shah died before its termination. His fon, Ahmed Sfiah, then Mounted the imperial throne at Delhi ; but the empire fell every day more into decay. Ab- dallah creAed aji inder/cndent kingdom, of which the Indus is the genenl boundary. The Mahrattts, a warlike nation, poflefllng the fouth-weftcm peninfulj of India, had, before the invaiion of Nadir Shah, c)c»£led a chout or tribute from the empire, arifmg out of the revenues of the province of Bengal, which being withheld, in confequence of the enfeebled Rate of the empire, , the Mahrattas became clamorous. The empire began to totter to its foundation j every petty chief, by couirterfeitrag grants from Delhi, laying claim to jaghires * ^and to diftrlfts. The country wis torn to pieces ^y civil warB» and groaned under every fpecies of domeftic confufion, Ahmed Shah reigned only feven years, after which much diforder and ■ confufion prevailed in Tndoilan, and the people fuffered great calamitiej. At preCant, the unpcr'al dignity of Indoftan is veiled in Shah Zadah, who is univerfa 'v i{(;L:iOwledged to be the true heir of the Tamerlane race; but hi;; ;>(>'?(?> in feeble: 'the city -of Delhi, and a fmall territory round it, is ail that h left remaining to the houfe and heir of Tamerlane, vho depends upon tlic prote6lioti of the Englifli, and whofe intereft it is to fupport him, as his authority is the heft legal guarantee. We fliall now conclude the hiftory of Indoftan with fome account of the Britiih tranfadlionsin that part of the world, fince 1765, when they were Kquietly fettled in the poffeffion of the provinces of Bengal, Bahar, andOrixa; tiot indeed as abfolute fovereigns, but as tributaries to the emperor. This ftate of tranquillity, however, did not long continue ; for in 1767 they found themfelves engaged in a very dangerous war with Hydcr Ally the fovereiga ' of Myfcre. This man had originally been a military adventurer, who ^ learned the rudiments of the art of war in the French camp ; and in the year 1753* had diftingutlhed himfelf in their fervice. In 1763, having been advanced to the command, of the army of Myfore, he depofed his Sovereign, and ufurped the fupreme authority under the title of regent. la . a fliort time he extended his domliuuiis on all fides, except the Carnatic, -.J" tmtil at laft his domlftiona equalled the ifland of Great Britain in extent, with a revenue of not lefa than four millions fterling annually. The difcords . - which took place in various parts of Indcitan, particularly among the Mah. tattas, enabled him to aggrandize himfelf in fuch a tnannt:r, that 1 is power foon became formidable to his neighbours 1 and in 1767 he found lumfelf . IB danger of being attacked on one fide by the Mahrattas, and on tHe otiii. •f. * Ja^hire metu a [{raot of Usd from i. fovereign to a KhjeA, revokable|t pleafurt; hutg/eautMj, ar alaauft aluayn for > liftt>r«at< INDIA WTTHIM VHI OAflOtl. 7^ ^ the BritlA. The' former were bought off with a (\im of moneft «n4 the latter were in confequence obliged to retire. Having foon, kowevea, aJTembled all their forces, feveral obninate engagemcuta took place t and the Britilh now, for the iirft time, found a fteady oppofition from an Indigo jm'nce. The war continued with various fuccefs during the years 17^7^ 1768, and part of 1769, when Hyd^r, with a ftrong detachment of his irmy, paffiug by that of the Britiftt, advanced within a little diftance o£ .Madras, when he intimidated the government into a . peace up< his ovm loU hj terms. The advantages gained by this peace, however, wcrt ^ui an unfortunate war with tl|e Mahrattas, from whom, in tic he received a moll dreadful defeat, almoft his whole army killed Hyder was now reduced to the neceflity of allowijig his enen -> * > the country, till they retired of their own accord ; after 4Vhii e4 bis affairs with incredible perfererance and diligence, fo ti> 9 yean he became more fonnidable than ever. In 177a, the ^ • nade feme attempts to get pofleifion of the provinces of Corah aii^i .le othera, but were oppofed by the Britiih ; who, next year, defeated and drove them acrofs the river Ganges, when they had invaded the country of the Rohiilas. On this occafion the latter had a6led only as the allies of Sujah Dowlaw, to whom the Rohilla chiefs had promifed to pay 40 lacks of rupees for the protection offered them ; but when the money came to be paid, it was under various pretences refufed ; the confequence of which wai» that the Rohilla country was next year (1774) invaded and conquered by the Britifh, as well as feveral other large trails of territory ; by which Beans the boundary of Oude was advanced to the weftward, within 2C piles of Agra ; north weftward to the upper part of the navigable courtt of the Ganges ; and fouth-wellward to the Jumna river. In 1778, a new war commenced with the Mahrattas ; on which occaAon a brigade, confiding of 7000 Indian troops, commanded by Britifh ofiBcerai traverfed the whole empire of the Mahrattas, from the river Jumna to the weftern ocean. About this time the war with France broke out, and Hyder Ally, probably expedling auiilance from the Frenca, made a dread* ful irruption into the Camatic, at the head of 100,000 men. For Tome, time he carried every thing before him; and, having the good fortune tb defeat, or rather deflroy a detachment of the Britifh army under colonel Baillie, it was generally imagined that the power of Britain in that part of the world would have foon been annihilated. By the happy exertions of Sir Eyre Coote, however, to whom the management of affairs was now committed, the progrefs of this formidable adverfary was flopped^ and he foon become weary of a war, which was attended with incredible ex- pence to himfelf, without any re'afonable profpeA of fuccefs. By the year 1782, therefore, Hyder Ally was fincerely defirous of peace, but died before it could be broughit to a conclufion ; and his rival Sir Eyre Coote did iiot furvive him above fiv» months ; a very remarkable circumftancc, that tl.« commanders in chief of two armies, oppofed to each other, (hould both die natural deaths, within fo fhort a fpUce of time. To Hyder Ally fucceeded his fon Tippoo ' Sultan, whofe military piowefs is well known. Of all the native princes of India, Tippoo was the moft formidaUe to the Britifh goventment, and the moil Uftile to its authority .^ The peace of Mangalore in 1784 had, it was fuppofed, fecured his fidelity by very feeble tics ; and the fplendid embaffy which, not long after that event, he difpatched to France, alfordal l^ttck K9foa \» apprehfod that fome plan wa« coac6rt«d between the old ^ X: ^ N^ ,*»•; ,.'*■ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) •*»- 1.0 1.1 11.25 1^128 1^ m m 1^ u Kfi U& 1.4 ■ 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation r their accommodation,, where they were mci by Sir John Kennaway, the ''^^^'it^^ii'iind "bfizam's viikeels, and from thence accompanied by them to head qiiarters. 1 The pnnces were each mounted on an elephant richly car4rifoned,ind feated in a' filve^ canopied fe&t and were attended by their father's vakeeli) and the ^perfons already mentioned, alfo on elephants. The proceiGoa was led by fevefal camel harcantii) [meifeogerQ and fevea ftandardbear< 1 N D I A wiTRiR Thi GMdtii.- n^ m, carrying fmall gi^en fla^gs fufpended from nx:kets *, foHowed bj one iHindred pikeinen» WtKfp^rt^nlaia with filver. Their gu^rdnif two hundredi* (tpoyst and a party of horfct brought up the rear. . Ih this ordor thqr apw •nnched'head quarters, where the battah'on of Bengal fepoyf, commanded $7 optain Welch, appointed for their g^ard, formed a/'ftreet to rece&re them.> ' Lord Comwallis,. attended by his ftaff, and fome of the principal ofiBkert of the army, met the princes at the door of his large tent, as they difinount-; (d from the elephants ; and, after embracing them, led them in, on^ in eachr ' liatid, to the tent ; the eldetl, Abdul Kalick, was about ten, the youpgeftftt' Mooza-ud-Deen, about e'ght years of age. When they were Mated on tach fide of lord (Jornwalhs, GuHam Ally, the head vakeiel, addreflied hi% lordihip as follows : <* Thefe children were this morning the fons of 'the fultan my ^nailer ; their iltu,ation is now changed, and they iftift now look;- up to your lordfhip as their father." Lord Comwallis, who had received the boys as if they had been his own lbn8, anxioufly aflured ttte vakec^ and the young princes themfdves, th^ti every attention poffible would' be (he>Mi to them, and the g'reateft care tan ken of their peribns. Their little faces brightened up ; ^e fcene became highly interefting ; and not only thtir attendants, but all the fpe£tator« were deUghted to fee that any fears they might have harboured were remov- ed, and that they would foon l^e reconciled to theii: change of fituationt and . to their n< w friends. The princes were dreiTed in long white muflin gowns, and red turbans. They had feveral rows of large pearls round their necks, from whicb was fufpended an ornament coniiftmg of a ruby and an emerald of considerable ftze, furrounded by large brilliants ; and in their turbans, each had a fprig of rich pearls. Bred up firom their infancy with infinite care, and inftrudled in t^eir- manners to imitate the referve and politenefs of age, it aftomihed all prefcnt to fee the corre£lnefs. and propriety of their condud. The cldefl boy,, rather dark in his colour, with thick lips, a fmall flattifh nofe, and a long thoughtful countenance, was lefs admired than the youngeft, who is remarkably fair, with regular features, a (mall round face, large full eyeSt and a more animated' appearance. Placed too, on the right hand of lord Comwallis, the youngeil was faid to be the fiavourite fon, and the fultan's intended heir. His mothar (a filler of Burham-ud-Deen's, who was killed at Sattiniungulum), a beautiful delicate wojnan, had *[ hai vindicated the honourof the nation, hat gi. yen the additional pioA<)fBon« and fecimtyto the fetticnienta in India, which they re(|uircd { ha* e&£ted the ^i(h«d«fbr balance amongft the native powen on the peninfida; has, beyond all &rmer example, raliJed the cfai. nBter of the Britiih krms in India ; and has afforded an inftance of good finth in tdliancc and moderatioa in coriquett« fo eminent, as .ought to confii. tute the Englifli arbiters of power j worthy of htdding the fwordand ^ala ^juftice in the eaft." tiowerer different oar opiniona may be with regard to the jnftice of ths wnr, njMK cfti withold their approbation from lord Comwallis in ever* thing that refpe£b the condu£k of the military operations ; and his modenu lion and found policy in the condndfi^ fcencs. cannot be too highly extol. ted» and we lineerely hope that by hi% wifdom, firmnefs and humanity he SMy be enabled by the l^eSng of providence to eftabliih tranquillity in a jieighbottring kingdom,^ely entrufted to hisgoYcenmentf of infinitely moQ ilbpdrUnce tq Bntain^han India. * It is utterly tmpoi^le foys Major Rennel, in the prefent inperfeA ftate of aw* kno^edgc m the mograpby of the northern part pf the peninfda (notwithftanding the ^cdien^ improvements), to defcribe, with any degree •f accftra^i the boundarica of the new ccffioms to thit Mabrattas aiid.Niaam { M ev0i At ^fitions of all the pnncipal pbices fituated within thenu Th? peninsula within the Ganges. divifioni. Provinces. Madura Tanjour Eaft fide of Bifnagar,or Camatic The fbiitK. aA c«aft of India, iituate pn t^bay of< B«n|^> ufu. lyOy caU«d the ioaftof Cars- ■II ■^\ Golconda brifla Chief Toj»na. \ fMadura — 1 ' Tanjour ^ .'ranquebar, Danea i^fegcpatanit Englilh Bifnagar Porta»aova Dutdi Fort St. David, 1 Pondicherry, > Engliih Conyqiere, j Coblon Sadraipatan, Dutch . 3t* Thomas, Portugqefe Fort St. George or Madras, £. Ion. 80-35. N. lat. 13-5. Engliih. Pellicate, Dutch. -^ Golconda > • . Gani» or Couloi^ diaiiaond mines Mafoh'patan, EngUih and Dutch . Vizieapatan, Englifli Bim^ntan, Dutch Cattack .Ballaitre, EngUih 16,40a ms* 6t,l09 Graai Thk ?£NIN8UZJl «itHt« tm GAifOki. nt judges^ In, defend this war, ; nation, hasgi. in India, whick ingjft the native raiCed the cfask iftance of good jught to confti. fword and £ealci be jnfttce of tbi iwallh in every and bis moderii m highly extol. 4 humanity he ranquillity in a ftn&utelymoq aperfeft ftate of f the peninfttla Nrith any degree tas aiidMiaami in them. NOBIS. Sq.K 16^09 Ufli ii'SS* adras, kit. ilaond and 62,10a The foath- India, ufually l^oUedthecoaft' •f Malabar. Provincea. Weft fide of) BifisagBTtor Camatie Deccan or Vifiapour ■ Cambaya, ^ or Guzarat. . Clveftowpt. f Tegapatant Dutch Anjcpgo, Eaglifh -\. Cochin, Dutch ^^ ■}»«««,• .Gananuone, Dutch Monffuelore, 1 Dutch and Baflibre, J Porti^ueje Raolcdnda» dianond ninca Cawac, EiigUflt . , Goa, Fortugueft Bombay, ^ and town, Eng- h'lh, 18-58. N. hit. 71. 49. E. Ion. Baflaim, Portuguefc Salfettei Eitglifli Danton^ Portugiiefe Surat, £. Ion. 71. 50. N. bL, 'Walley Barak, Englifli Ameda^bad ' Cambaya |,Dieu, rbrtngtiefe. 8j,04a RiT.Eis.] The Cattack or Mahanada, the Soane and Nerbndda, tint Pbdder, and the famous Kiftna. Clim<.te, sEAaoNs, AMD Fao6vcB.] The chain of mountains alredftir pientioned, running frmn north to fouth, renders it winter oh one fide of thur r peninfula» while it is fu^naer on the other. Ab()ut the end of Jmiej'a fouth* weft wind begins to blow /rom the fea, on the coaft of Malabar, which, with continual rains, lafts four months, during which time all is ferene upon the coaft of Coromandel (the weftern and eailem cbafts being fo denominated)* 'Towards the cud of-0£iober, the rainy-feafon and the change of the mon^ fooiu begins on the Coromandel coaft, which being deftitute of goodhatv bcurs, rendera'it extremely dangerous > for (hips to remain there, during that time ; «nd to this is owing the periodical returns of the. Engliih ^pping t» Bombay, iH>Qn the Malnbar coail. The air is naturally hot in this peninrali^ but it IB rrfreflied by breezes, the wind altering every twelve hours $ that is, fi{)m midnight to nbon it blows off the land, when it is tolerably hot, and during the other twelve hours from the fea, which laft proves a great re- fFeihment to the inhabitants of the coaft. The produce of the foil is thii &me with that of the other part of the Eaft Indi^. The likie may be find of their .quadrupeds, fifti, fowl, and noxious creatures ind infects. ' . Inhabitants.3 iThc inhabitants of this pait arc more black in. com- plexion, than thofe of the other peninfula of India, though lying nearer t» the equator, which makes fome fufpe£t them to be the deteendants of an m|. ficAt colony iirom Ethiopia. The grcateft part of them have but a faint no- Gru4. 774 Thk peninsula Within tus GAROMk. , tion of any allegi^iu^ they owe to the emperor of Indoftan, whofe tribot^ from hente has been, ever fincc the invafion of Shah Nadir, intercepted U their fpubahs and nabobs, who now exercife an independent! power ii) the go. vemmetit i but befides thofe foubahs, and : other imperial viceroys, many ciUtes ii> this peninfula belong to rajahti, o« lords, who are defcrndanti of their old princes, and look upon themfelvei as , being independent on the Mogul, and his authority. On the fubje£l;of eaftern manners, we cannot pafs over the dreadful aufterities pradifed by the Hindoo-devotees that thty may obbain a certain and fpeedy admifiion into the delights of para(^ife. Anu mated by the defire of obtaining that glorious reward, the patient Hindoo fmiles amidft unutterable mifery, and exults in every variety of voluntary tprture ; he equally braves the raging flood and the devouring fire, his cqur> age is not to be fliaken by the (harpen pangs of torture or by the approach o? death in itai ihpll ghaftly and appalling form. In the hope of ekpiatiiig former crimes by adequate penance, and of. regaining fpeedily that fancied clyfium, he binds htmfelf to the {Performance of vows which n^e human na> tore (hudder and human reafon ftagger. He pafles whole weeks without the fmalleft. noftriihment, and whole years in painful vigils. He wanders about naked as he came from the womb of his parent, and fuffers, without repining, every viciffitude of heat and cold, of driving ilorm and beating rain. He ftands with his arms croflied above hisheaJ, till the finewB (hrink and the flefh whithers away. He fixes his eye upon the buniing orb of the fun, till its ligh^ be extinguiihed and its moifture entirely dried up *. PaoviNCES, CITIES, AND OTHE& BUILD-') From what has been Uli INOS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. -J above, this peninfula is rather to bfc divided into great governments, or foubahihips, than into provinces. One foubah often engrofles feveral provinces, and fixes the feat of his go. vernment, according to his own conveniency. I (hall fpeak of thufe pro. vinces, as belonging to the Malabar, or Coromandel coail, the two great objects of Englifh commerce in that country ; and firft, of the eaitem, or Coromandel coaft. -V v. Madura begins at Cape Comorin,'the fduthemmoft point of the peninfula. It i* about thebignefa of the kingdom of Portugal, and is faid to have been governed by a foVereign king,' who had under him feventy tributary princes, each of them independent in his own dominions, but paying hint a tax ; itow the cafe is much altered, the printe being Icarcely able to protect bimfelf «ud his people from the depredations of his neighbours, but by, a tribute to buy them off ; the capital is Tritchinopoli. The chief value of this kingdom ieems to confiil of a pearl fiihery upon its coaft. Tanjour is a little kingdoiti, lying to the call of Madura. The foil* is fertile, and its prince rich, tifl ]uuj)dered by the nabob of Arcot, and fome Britifh fubjeds conneded with ' biin. -Within it lies the. Daniih Eaft India fettlement. of Tranquebar, and the fortrefs of Negapatam, which was taken from the Dutch thelaft war, and confirmed to the Engliih by the- late treaty of peace ; the capital city it Tanjotir. ^ The Carnatic, as it is now called, is well known to the Englifh.. It it bounded on the eaft by the bay of Bengal ; on the north by the river Kiftna, which divides it from Golconda, on the welt by Vifiapour ; and on the I'outh by the kingdoms of Meflaur and Tanjour ; being in length, from fouth to .liorth, aboiit 345 miles, and 276 in breadth from eaft to weft. . The capitalof ' ^he Carnatic is Bifnagar, and of our ally the nabob, Arcot. The country ia JMDffnl..M eftecm^d healthftil, fertile, and populous.' Within this*^ country, ' |4>^ice, lodiaa Anti^uitif v »po» Thi PENINSULA witmim thB CAMdzi. 77$ l^the Coromandel coaft, lies tort St. David's, or Cud<^alore, belonging to the £ngli(h> with a diftriA round it. The fort is ftrong, and of great import- ance to our ttade. Five leagues to the north lies Pondicherry, onctt the em- porium of the French in the Eaft Indies, but whis:h hath been repeatedly taken by the Englifti, and as often reilored by the treaties of peaqc. Since the beginning of the paefent war it vyras again taken ))y the EngUfli, and hat fioce reotained in their poilc^on. ' « ■ Fort St. George, better known by the name of Madras, is the capital of the £ngliih Eaft India Company's dominions in that part of the Eaft Indies^ and and is diftant eaftward from London, about 4,800 miles. Qrcat com* plaints have been made of the tituation of this fort ; but no pains have been [pared by thci company, in rendering it. impregnable' to any force that can be brought againil it bv the natives. It protects two towns, called* from the conwlezions of their feveral inhabitants, the WKij^ and the Black. The White Town is fortified, and contains an Englifli corporation of a mayor and ' lldennan. Nothing has been omitted to mend the natural, badn^fa of iti ^tuation, which feems originally to be owing to the neighbourhood of the ' diamond mines, which are but a week's journey diftant, Thefe mines are under the diredion of a Mogul officer, who letf theittout by idmeaftirement» (Dcloiing the contents by pallifadoea ; all diamonds above a certain «;cight originally belonged to the emperor. The diftriA bielonging to Madras, «»* tending about 4.0 miles round, is of little value for its produd ; 8q,ooo in- ' habitants of various nations ar? faid to be dependent upop Madras ; but it* lafety confifts in the fuperiority of the Engliih by fea. It carries on a coo-t fidenble trade withChma, Ferfia, and Mocha. The reader needs not be informed of the immenlTe fortunes acquired by tb i coaclnfioii of the ww. He is fiud to be a native of the province of Meirv /r Mtfinv, which lies to the Ibuth weft of the Camatic | and the Chriftiui |>f the ^poftlc St. Thomas live at the foot of the arauntains Oetti, that f^ parate Meflar from M>^b«r. . PelUcate, lying to the north of Madnu, be. lon^ to the Dutch. I have alMiidy mentioned the kingdom of Gulconda, which, befides its diamonds, is famo'us for the cbeapnds of its provitioni, and for making wHite wine of grapes that are ripe in January. Gol. conda is fubjeA to a princcj called the Nizam, or Soubah of the Deccia who 'k rich, and can raife 100,000 men. The capital of his domioiont ii - taHed Bagnagur, or Hyderabad, but the kingdom takes its name ^om the ' city of Golconda. Eaft-fouth-eaft pf Golconda lies Mafidjoatan, where tb« Englifh and Dutch have h&met, ' The EngliAi have alio htAories at Gan. jatn and Vi^igapatan, M this coaft ; and the Dutch at Narfipore. The province of Orixa, /rom whence the £ngli(h-«)mpanjf;'dni¥r fomc part of , their revenues, lies to' the north of Golconda, eatendiiig in length from call to weft about 550 miles, and in br«idUi ^ut a^ ^It is governed chiefly by Moodbjee BooHah, and his bfother, allies to the Midiratt|St In thii intMrince roinds the temije of Jagaryunt, which they fay is- attended by 500 Ipriefts. The idol is an irregular pyramidal black ftone, of about 4 or 509IK weight* with two rich diamonds near the top, to reprei^M the eyes, and the '^ «iofc and mouth painted with vermiUion. The coun^ of Deccan * comprdiends feveral large provinces, and font* kingdoms ; pnrtioda^ thofe of Baglana, Balagat«, Telenga, and the king* domof Vifiapour. The truth is, ifut names, dependencies, and government of thqfe provinces, are extremely unfettled ; they having been reduced bv AuT«ngTebe, or his &ther, and fuhjedt to almoft aitnual revolutibn* and al- terations. Modem gec^i^raphenr art not agreed upon their fituation and n< ' tent, but we ait told, twt the jH^iicipal towns are Aurengabad, and Dolta* %ad, or Do#let-abad { and: the hitter is the ftrongcft plaoe in all Indoftan, kfear it lies the famous pagod of Elora, in a plain.about two leagues ftmit. The tombs, chapels, temiMesi piHars, and many thoufand. 6gure8 that fur* Hbund it, are faid to be cut out of the natural rock,, and to furpafs all thi , other eftbrts of human art. . Tetenga Ues on the eaft of Golconda ; and iti capital, Beder, contuns a gamTon ^f 3000 men. The inhabitants of thii ^ ,Ff(>^'*M^ fpciik a language peculiar to themfeKres. ' BaglMi lies to.the weft of T^en^, and forms the fmalleft province of tiM ' tmpirci its capital is Mouler. Tbe Portuguei« territory beguis hcie at thi '■ ' • •'port * This num DaceA n fiKOifiet tbe 8«vth, and in its moft ettcBfim flgnlficAioo, iotiu la H* wbftto pruiafnb feuth-of ladioftaa Proper. Howevtr, fai* itsordiury figuiticitioa, it aaoat oalf tb« comtricifitnaied l^ecwcM IndiMUu Proper, dit Caraatk, and Oriflt ; dia ih the Dfov-ucet of Candeifli Amednagur, Viii«pu«r, and OrUEt. ^ ' «eaner*latMdBatoat«thcM«B«tKsrbvtnce» thd ' veftern pitt it qdled Concan, wjtlich U internungled with the Portuguefia polbffions. Th^ rtijah of Vifiapour is (aid to have had a yearly revenue of ft mjllioM ^rling, and to < bring- to the field 1 50,000 foldien. The capital ii'of the fame tMunet and the country very fruitful. The pdncipal plkceaoii thisooaft are, Daqian, Baflaim, Trapar, or Tarapor, Chawl,^Dandi, Rajahr ^ur, Dabul Rajupur» Ghiria. and Viogurla> The Portuguefe have loft feveral vaUiable poU^pffions on this coaftj and thofe which Ferttain, are on the decline. ^ '_ ^ ^ . ' Guzerat is a maritime pro,vince on the gulf of Cai^baya, and one of th« - fineft in India, but inhabited br a fierce rapacious people* It is faid to coU' uiiu 3> cities. Amed-Abad. is tfce capitid df the provi^ice, where there it la Englilh fa^ory, and is faid, in Wealth, to vie with the richeft towns in £uiope. About 41 French leagues diftant lies Surat, where the Engliih hare a flourifhing faoory. Among the inlands lying upon the Dune eoaft is that of Bombay, bdongintr to the Engliih Eait Indu company. • Its harbdur can conveniently hold ' lOQofltips at anchor. The ifland ttfclf is about feven miles in length, and twenty in circumference ; but its fituation and harbour are its 'chief recoin- mendationa, being defUtute of ;dmoil all the convenienciesOflife. The towti ii about a .iiile long, and poorly built ; and the climate was fatal to X\xt Englilh conftitutions, till experience, caution, and temperance^ taught thena prefervatives againft its unwholefomenefs. . Th(il>eft water there is preferved mtanlu, which rect^ive it in the rainy feafons. The fort is, a regular quadr ' nngle, and well built of ftone. Many black merchants refide here. Thia ifland was part of the portion paid with the infanta of Portugal to Charl^i II. who gave it to the Eaft India company ; and the ifland is Itill divided in- to, three Rom^n catholic pariflies, inhabited by Portuguefe, and what are called popifli Meftizes and Canarins $ the former being a mixed breed of the natives and Portuguefe, and the Other the Aborigines of the country. The Englilh have fallen upon methods, to render this' ifland and town, under all thar difadvantagcsi ^ fafe, if not an agreeable refidenc.:. The reader fcarcel^f needs to be informed, that the governor and council of Bombay have lucra- tive polls, as well as the officers under them. The t' ivps on the ifland ar« commanded by Englifli officers ; and the natives, wheu ' .irmed Into regular (ompaniei^nd difciplined, are here, and all over the Eaic Indws^ called Se- poys. Tne inhabitants of the ifland amount to ne8r,6o,odO| of differeiii uatiQns ; each of .whom enjoys the pradlice of his religion unmolefted'; Near Bombay are feveral other iflands, one of which, called Elephanta^ contains the moH inexplicable antiquity perhaps in the world. A figure of an elephant^ of the natural fize, cut coarfely In ftone, prefents. Itfelf On Ihc landing place, near the bottom of a mountain. An eafy flope thed leads to a ftupendous temple, hewn Out of the folid rock, eighty or ninety feet long, and forty .broad. The roofj which is cut flat. Is fupported by regular rows of' pillars, about ten feet high, with capltols, refembling round cuihions, as if prefled by the weight of the incumbent mount;ain. Ax the farther end are- three gigantic figures, which have been multiplied by the blind zeal of the Portuguefe. Befides the temple^ are various imagies* and groupes on each hand cut In the ftone; one of the latter beari^ a rude refemblance of the judgement of Solomon ; befides a colonnade, \ 1 a door of regular architeAure ; but. the whole bears no oiaaaer of reftja* Uaoce to any of the Geotoo works. fl9 Tni KNINSU'LA within ths Ginoii. The iflind and city of Gov, the c«viul of the Ponaguefe fcttlementi^ fa the E»ft Indies, liei about thirty mues fouth of Vittgaria. The iflmd ia aAmut ttfenty-feaen miles in compafs. It has one of the fineft and bcft fcrtificd ports in the Indies. This was formerly a moft fupcrb fcttlement, ind was furpaffed either in fafulk or beauty by few of the £ur6pean citits. It is faid that^the revenues of -the Jafuits upon this jHand, equalled thoft of thechiwn of Portugal. Goa, as well as the reft of the Portuguefc pofleffions of thTs coaft, is under a viceroy, ^vho ftill ^cp* up the r^ maii^ of tlie ancient fplendour of the government. The rich peninfula of SfdCstt is dependent on Goa. Suhda lies fouth of the Portueucfe tenv j tories, and is igovemed by a rajah, tribntary to the Mogul. The Englilh fa£tory of Corwar is one of the moft pleefant and healthy of any upon the Malabar coaft. Kanora lies about forty miles to the fout}i of Goa, ud | 'reaches to Calicut. Its foil is femous fbr producing rice, that fupplies many ^nvts of £^arope, and feme of the Indies. The Kanorines are faid generally to be governed by a lady, whofe fon has the title of Rajah { and her fubjedb mre accounted the braveft and moft civilifed of any in that peninfula, and re. knarkably given to commerce. Though Malabar gives name tothc whole fouth- weft coaft of the peninfuli, yet it is confined at prefent to the country (o calkd, lying on tjhe weft of I Cape Comorin, ' and called the Dominions of the Samorin. The Malabir luiguage, however, is common in the Camatic ; and the country itfelf it rich tendfetiule butpeftered with Ween 'ikdders, whole ppifon is incurable. It wai formerly a l^rge lungdom oTitfelf. The moft remarkableplaces in Malabar -ate Kannamore, containing a Dutch hAory and fort ; Tellicherry, where I the Englifli have a fmall fettlement, keeping a conftant gUrrifon of thirty or | "forty foldiers. ' Calicut, where the French and Portugude have fmall faftor- its, befides various other diftind territories and cities. Cape Comorin, which is the fouthemmoft part of this peninfula, though not above three leagues in extent, is famous for uniting in the fame ga^en the two feafons of the year ; the trees being loaded with bloflbms and fruit on the one lld(| while on the other fide they are ftripped of all their lea^s. This furprifing phenomenon is owing to the ridge of mountains fo often mentiotied, which . traverfe the whole .peninfula from fouth to north. On the oppofite fidei ^^ of the Cape, the winds are coiiftaiitly at variance { blowing from the weft on ^ the weft iide, and from the eaft on the eaftetn -ftde. >It may be proper to obferve, that in the dmri£t of Cochin, within Ma> labar, are \q be found fome thoufands of Jews,' who pretended to be of tbe tribe of Manafleh, and to have records engraven ou copper-plates in He-' brew chara£ters. They are faid to be fo poor, that many of them embrace the Gentoo religion. The like difcoveries of the Jews and their recordi kave been made in Qhina, apd other places of Afia, which have occalioned various fpeculations among the learned. ' Before we clofe our account of Indoftan, it may be proper to defcribe jti prefent divifipn according^ to the different powers among whom it is (har(fd, and this is the more.necefTary as it may ferve to .give the reader a clearer ' idea of thefe exteniive regiom, and at the fame time fhew him how very con< fiderable a portion belongs to the Britifh and their fillies. The celebrated Perfian ufurper Thamas Kouli Khan, having in the year 1 7 38' defeated the emperor^Mahomed Shaw, plundered Delhi, and pillaged the empire of tred^e to the amount -of more than 70 millions fterling) reftor- Tni PEKINSUliiA wucHix. riii Ganoii. 97f^ (d the unhtppy prince tiii dominiona^ but anoexed to Feriia all the countriet weftwau^ ot the Indui. Thi*. dreadful inpurfion fo weakened the authority «f the emperor, that the viceroy! of the different provinces cither threw off their allegiance* or ac« knowledged « very precarious dependence { and engaging in wars with each other, cSled in as allies the Eall India comp^^niea oi, France and Eoglancl, who had been originally permitted asatraders, to form edahL'ihment^ oa the coafts : thcfe, from the grea( fuperiority^ of European difcipline, from allica became in a (hort time pcincipals in an obftinate conteft, that at length ter- fflinsted in the expulfion of the French from Indoftaa ; and thus a compan^r of Britifh merchantsJKave acquired, partly by ceflions from the country powers, and partly by injuftice and ufurpatiun, territories equal in extent, . ndiuperior in wealth and population to moil of the kingdoms in Euippe. The Mahrattas originally poffeffed feveral provinces of Indoilan, from ' vhence they were driven by the arms of the Mogul conquerors ( they went never wholly fubjedled, but retiring to the northetn part uf the Gnuts, made frequent incurlions from thefeinaccMlble mountains : taking advantage of the anarchy of the empire, they have extended their frontiers, and are at preiJeai polFeiTed of a traft of country looo Britiih miles long, by 700 wide. Hrder Ally *, a foldicr of fortune, who had learned the art of warfroQ^ the Europeans, having, poifeflcd himfelf of that part of the ancient Carnatic* called the kingdom oi Myfore, has within a few years acquired, by continual conquefts, a confiderable portion of the fouthem part of the Peninfula. This able and a£live prince, the moft formidable enemy that the EngltHi ever ex- perienced in Indoftan, dying in I78i,lefl to his fon Tippoo 3aib the peaceful poirciTion of his dominions, fuperior in extent to the kingdom of England. Thefe extraordinary revolutions, with others of lefs importance, tender the ~ folbwiog account of the prefent divilion of property, in this unhappy eoipire, abfplutely neceflary, in order to underlland it^, modem hiflory. PRESENT DIVISION of I N D O ., T A N. Such is the inftabllity of human greatnefs,.that the prefcnt Mogul, Shah Allum, the defcendant of the Great Tamerlane, is merely a nominal prince, of- no importance in the politics of Indoilan ; he is permitted to reilde at Delhi, which with a fmall adjacent territory, is aU that remains to him«of that "vstSi emmre, which his anceilors govamedfor more than 350 years. The principal di. I Qojg of this country, as tltey l^ood at the peace with . Tippuo m 1 792, arc as follow, viz. The firitifh pofleflions i States in alliance with Britain ; Tippoo Saib's territories } Mahratta ilates and their tribut%-~ lies; and the territories of the -Subah of the Deccan.. ' ' • The cbiraaer «' the late Hyder Ally appewing to we (ftys Major Renaell) to h» bat little underfiood. in this part cf the world, 1 Jiavc ventured to attempt an/outlioli of it. H.I n'lilury fi|ece>«, i'suoded oiv thr tuBprovement of 4i(cipiiii< , attentir.n tp roei^it of every Itiod ; conciliation of the d.flercnt ttibes r^at ieryed under his bf rtMcrs^ cqu* tempt of ftate and ceriijnoiiy, :xtept A?hAt nMurtlly arofe'frotn the dignity of liis cM""*'- ter ; aod h:« car)feqiient occono-ny in peifonzl expeaces (the different lubice • if which farm the chief diftindliop of what is called character among ordinary princes), together ^i(h hitminate attcotion to matters of finance, and the regulir payoieot of blaaroiy^^ «j hefe together tajfed Hydec a* far above the prince|,of Idduftsn as the great qualities of the latf Praflian moaanti railed hlni above the Keoerality of European jiriotea ; and hence I h^ve cv r cbnfidcred Hyder at the F R E D U R I C ol the Eafr. Crutity wa* the vice ui Hyder ; but we ar* to cobfider that H/d-^r's ideas cf mercy were regulatod by an Afiitic lUndard ; and it is not improbable that he might rate his own charaAer for ma> derution and clemency, as far above thofe of Tamerlane, Nadir Shah, and AbdAHacb,as M rated bis difcipline above theiri. ; * ' ^ rSnt PXNIKSULA vrriiiN tni G4n«i». BRITISH POSSESSIONS. The Brftlfti poflcflioos contain about 1 77»374 fquare Britifli milca *. Tbqj nnfift of three dittinA govcrnmcnti) VIE. ' Ooternmei ' outta or govcrnmcnti) ^8^^'** 7 ^'^^•'4 P*rt of Orida [ on the Gangei. GCvernment Madras. 1 Benares Northern Circan Thejaghire *) Territbry of Cuddalore ( ofDevicotta i" of Aegipatam J ] oq the coaft of Orifla 0(1 the coaft of Co- rpmandeL (GrovemmeM of Bombajf , / on the Gulf of Cambay, To thefe \rt have now to add the diftriAi ceded by Tippoo Suhan in hii bte treaty, figned fit SeringapataiQ on the 1 8th of March, 1793, vix. Calicut and Palgailt-cherry, y{eldin|(a revenue of Dindigul, Pyalny, and Verapachrv Salim^ Kooh, Namcool, and Sunkaghernr Ahtoor, Permuttce, Shadmungul^ and VanAoot' iBarra Mohul, Raycotuh, Darampoury, 5cc. Koooteary p>((odii, : • 9»36»76S r ' 90,000 88,000 ? 68,000 , ' ».34»ooo ■■■■■* ^ «H«M^^^B ' •13,16,765 Ai the rate of 3 rupees to each pagoda, and the rupees reckoned at 21, |d. each) the annual value of the late Bn'tifh acquifitions will de £. 41 i,4ca According to Major Rennell in his Memoir of a map of the Peninfula of In. dia, p. 33. For the revenue of the other 'Britifli pofleflions, fee this Gram. mar, p; 677. . GovsaNMENT of Bengal.^ This government was rich) flouriftiing, and populous, before the late ufurpations in Indoftan. It is finelv watered by the Ganges and'Burrampooter with their numerous navigable channels, and the Several navigable rivers they receive : it is fertilized by their periodical inun* dations ; and by its natural fituation is well fecurcd againft foreign enemies. But for a more particiilar defcription of this^province, we refer our readers to the account we have already given of it. ' ' GovEaNMBNT OF Madras.] The great defefls of this government, •re not only the want of connection between its parts, which are fcattcred along an exteniive coaft, and feparated' from each other by ftates frequptty hoftue, but being totally devoid of good harbours. Hopes, however, have' been entertained of removing this laft defeat, by removing the bar at the jnouth of that braqch of the Caveri called Coleroon, which falls into the fea at D^icotfa. ^h^'capital and[ feat of govemmeint. is Madras in the Jaghire, called alfo Fort St GeorgjC. It is ill fltuated, without a harbour, and badly fortified, yet contains upwards of 200,000 inhabitants — Fort St.' David, in the territory of Cuddalore, is rich^ flourifliing, and containi 6o»00b in^bitants.— <-MAsvLirATAM, in the northern Circars, at oneoftbc '♦•• * Sec pige 7(rt nouthi Tmi PENINSULA WITHIN thi'Dan*!!. 7»l iBoathi of the Kiftmu waa fbnnetly the raoft iourifliinsr and c^mmercU cky qn this coaft, and though much decUncd, ii ftill confiderabk. The northern Circan* which are denominated from the towna of Cibacolc* Rtjamundry, Elore, and Condapily, are defjnided inland hj a ftroota; harrier . ' of mountaini and extenfive foreftt, beyond which the country it toMUy un* ' known for a confidcrahle fpace. » GovBRNMiNT or BoMBAT.] Thi( ffofemmcnt '!• watered by the Tapct indNrrbudda. Its capital and feat of government is Bombat. in a finall ill«nd,and an unhealthy fituation» but it it well fortified and hat a fine haroo.666' In Gooty, the diftrific of Sun4oor . -I^^v^ *> « , ' - io,oo» Territories of the Nizam, an ally to the British. '■ The pofTeffiohs of the Nizam or Soubah of the Deccan^. (a younger fon | of the famous Ni%am-al Canoul, affording a revenue of - «• i- ' /. /^ • y In Adoni (Mooka) - "i- .. " -^ In th« DoC^ab, being parts of Rachore, and Mo - 7 97i»390 51,782 12,161 2,81,331 f .'■ , ultan ceded to P W K 8 I A. B.I K A R M A H ft A f T A >. n This <»untryi8 very, little knowp,to Europeans.] 1,1. : 1.-; .-.- -,'!-• ■ -i - Nagpour is the capital. 'Balafore has cenfiderabl^ trade. ' ; Cuttack, on the Mahanada, an important poA^ which renders this nation a formidable enemy to the Britifh, as it cuts off the communicv* tion. bMween the i^ovemraents of Bengal and ^Madras. ■ l>h i\%, f K o It f'N %>li » P o o N A H Man r a np^ii. *rhey are gdvemed at f^Ougein, Sindia's capittd prefent by Sindia, Hoi- J Indcior, Holkar's capital kar, and fome other lefs 1 Calpy, Gungdar Punt's capftal confiderable printies. L^'^gu''* Ballagee's capital. .;-^%v TifPOO '*iULTAH*S TEaaiTORIB s. • ■i/lk' / Have been diminiflied one half inconfequenceof the late treaty of peace. His remaining donmhians are, '"'''i^""**'^,'-'/ Provinces. - ■ .-..^iH;^ irf.:^\.:: ' -'' Chief town*. ' Kingdom of Myfore •:*';,>»;''♦ /^%^^v. , Seri gs^atam on theCaveri^ Bednore */' ^{a;/^/V ^v^^^^ir^dE^ft: Bednore, or Hyder Nagger. Canara - • .^ Mangalore. Chitteldroog, H&rponelly» Roydro ug^ &c. are the capitals of territories of the fame name. " • . ■?'-»'«-^ «^:;v/P> Countryofthe Abdalli-; This govemmfnt, which includes the foubah of Cabul, and the neighbouring parts of'Perfia, wasformed by Abdalla, one of the generals of Thamas Kouli Khan, when on the death of that ufurper, his empire was difmetnbered : its capital is Candahar in Perfia. . Country of the Seiks : They are faid to cunfift of a number of iiaiall fbtes independent of each othet-, but united by a federal union. \ Country of the Jals or Gets, very little known to Europeans, Country of ZabedaCawn, an Afghan Rohilla. , ^ Territoryof Agra on the Jumna. Ferrukabad, or country of the Patau Rohillas, OQ the Ganges, furrounded by the dominions of Oude. ■:?^:W''-t-' ^ai- - >« ' 4« i-vc .i Bundelcund. '-■■■■'•y,:i.y^:■f.^,yi■>.K;y,y^■^ ./ .. Travancore, near Cape Comorln. ^^vi'-y ?v ,. . 't f| ''l^ ■ ./i-^;^, . ,■- ..:--h-H:/-^ 'P- E R S I Ai'^^;%^, -.V- 0ff" Vv'.,^^::^- Sq. Miles. Length I3CO j ^ \ 44 and 70 eaft longitude. | g n..-_j.t. t Dciwccn |^^ ^^^ ^ north latitude. J °""»""" y ,*T1 /rODERN Pcrfia is bounded by the mountaiaa of Ararat) or Daghiftan, which divide it from Cir- , , . caffiaii I ■*:«'>■ -. I' ^ ^84. '^'F E R S 1 A. calBan TarAry, on the North-Weft ; hf the Cafpian fea, which divides Jr from RuiGa«n the north ; by the river Oxus, which divides it from Ufbeg Tartary, on the north-Eaft j by India, on the Eaft ; and by the Indian ocean, and the gulfs of Periia and Ormus, on the South ; and by Anbia gnd Turkey, on t^e Weft. (hO V' -i/ii^ ' , , • This kingdom is divided into the following provinces i on the ^ontiers «i£< India are Chorafan, part of the ancient P^rcania, including Herat and Bfterabad ; Sableuftan, including the ancient Badriana and Candahor ; and Sigiftan the ancient Drangiana. The .ibuthem divifion contains Makeran Kerman, the ancient Gedroflia, and Farfiftan, the ancient Perfia. The fouth-weft. divifion, on the frontiers of Turkey, contains the provinces of Chufiftan, the ancient Sufiana, and Irac-Agem, the ancient Parthia. The north-weft divifion, lying between the Cafpian fea and the frontiers of Tur< key in Ada, contains the provinces of Aderbettzen, the ancient Media ; Oangea, and Dagiftan, part of the ancient Iberia and Colchis ; Ghilau,part of the ancient liyrcania .; Shirvan^ and Mazanderan. Name. Periia, according to the ^oets, derived its name from Perfeiis, the fon ^of Jupiter and Danaae. . Lefs fabulous authers . fuppofe it derived irom Paras, which fignitics a horfeman ; the Perfuns, or Parthians, being always celebrated for their /kill in horfeman (hip. Air AND CLIMATE.] ' In fo .extcnlive a cduntry as this the air and cli. mate is very difFereat. All along the coaft of the Perfian gulf, from Weil to Eaft^ to the ver]^ mouth of the river Indus, the heat for four months is fo exccffive, that even thofe who are born iii the country, unable ro bear it, are forced to quit their houfes and retire to the mountains. . The eaftern provin. ces of Perfia from the river Indus to the border of Tartary are fubjeA to great heats though not quite fo unwholefome as on the coafts of the Indian ocean and the Periian gulf. But in the northern provinces, on the coaltof the Cafpian fea, the heat is full as great, and though attende!!! with moifture,' is as unwholefome as on the coaft before-mentioned. From October to May there is no country in the world more pleafant than this, but the yellow com. plexions of the inhabitants are melancholy proofs of the malign influence of lummer. The reft of Perfia enjoys a dry air, the Iky being perfeftly ferene, and hardly fo much as a cloud feen to fly in, it. In the night, a briik wind fprings up, which gives fuch a coolnefs to the air, that ft man can bear a tole- rable warm garment. The ^eafons in general, and particularly in the middle of this kingdom, happen^th^s, the winter beginning in November and lading until March, is very (harp and rude, attended with froft and fnow, which left defcends in great flakes in the mountains but never on the plains. ' ;^ Sort., VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL PRODUCTIONS.] Thefc vary like the air. The foil is far from being luxuriant towards Tartarj' and the Cafpian fea, but with cultivation it might produce abundance of .corn and fruits. South of Mount Taurus, the fertility of the counti7 in corn, fruits, winC) and the other luxuries of life, is equalled by few .countries. It produces wine and oil in plenty, fenna, rhubarb, and the fineft of drugs. The fruits are delicious, efpecially their dates, oranges, piftachia-nuts : melons, cucumbers, and garden ftufl^, not to mentioi) vaft quantities of excellent filk ; and the gulf of Baflbra formerly" fumiflied great part of Europe and Afia with very fine pearls. Some parts, near Ifpahart efpecially, produce almoft all the flowers that are valued in .'Europe ; and from fome of them, the rofes efpecially, they extraft waters of a (alubrious and odorlfic kind, which form a gainful commodity in trade. In fliort, the fruits, veget- ables, and flowers of Periia. are of a moft exalted flavour ; and h^ tl>< n^«s the art gi hprticulture to as great pecfe^Uoq as fomc nationi i" V ■■•*>> . P E ft S I. At. ftj ^i>rope> / tflinfplantbg, eagrafting, and other mdioratiomrtliqF wSvAA «dd &^'ii7 *o ^ »atural riches of the country. The BerflMi m*-fifiid$. ^i from a phmt oalled'hStot, andtkrnftiato a,gum. Some of it is «rjiite» jifi4 feme black.) but the foTtmer ia fo much redued, that the natives make- very rich fauofis of it, and fometinoes eat it as a itrky. ' ;" No place in the world produces the neceSaries of lifie in greato- abundance sod peHfe6;ioB than Shirauz ; nor is there a more delightful fpot iifi'iiiatifre' to be eonceiTelS, than the vale mwiu'ch k is fituated, either for th^'f^iAlfty: of the ftir,or for the prt^ufion of every thing neceiiary to render life^com^ fortAle and agreeable. The fields yield plenty of rice; wheat, and barley, which they generatty begin to reap in the month of May, and by the mid^e of July thehArveilis coiBpleted> Moftof the European fruits at-e pii^uced here, and n^any of theih are fuperior in fize and fUvour to what can be raiCsd Europe, {particularly the apricot and grap^. Of the grape of Shirauz jn tkre are feveral forts, aU of them very good, but two or three more parti- 'cul»'ly fo than the rdft ; one is the large white gnpe, which is extremely hifqious and agreeable to the tafte ; the fmall white grape, as fweet as fugar ; ^ the black grape, of which the celebrated wine of Shirauz is made, which i» really delicious, and well deJerving of praife ; fo much fo, that peo^e who have drank it for a fpace of time, leldom care foi- any Other, though at thie £rfttaile it U rather unp^e^tfant to an European. It is prefled. by the Ar- moiiaas and Jews, in £he q^onths of 06lober and Novetm>er, and a va^deal i« exported aanually to Abu Shd:r, and other part's in the l^erfian Gulph, for iujtply of the l^ndi^n market. The pomegranate k goOd to a proi^e^ ; the F«Wian8 caU it the fruit of Paradife. The breed of hor&s in the province of Fars is at prefent very indifferenif, < «w|»g to the ruinous ftate of the country ; but in the province of Dufhtif- taao, lying to the fouth»weft, it is remarkably good. The-'lheep are of a fu^erior flavour, owing to the exceUence of the paflurage in the neighbour- IkkkI of Shiraitz, and arealfo cdebrated for the finenefsof their fleece ; they bave tails of aa extraordinary iize, fome of which I have feen weigh (fays Mr. Francklia) upwards of thirty pounds ; but thofe which are fbm in the maikets donet weigh above fix or feven. Their oxen are large and Ih-ong, hot their flefli is feldom eaten by the natives, who confine themfelves chiefly , ts that of flieep aud fowls. s - ' Proviftons ot ^ .kinds are very cheap ; and the neighbouring mountains - affording an ample fupply of fnuw^throughout the year, the meaneft artificer of Shirauz may have his water and fruits cooled withoht any expence worthy coafideratioUi This fnow being 'gathered on ihhe tops of the mountains, and broug))t in carts to the city, iis uild in the markets. The price of providons it regulated in Shirauz with the greateil exai^nefs by the Darogaorjudgeof the police, who fete a fixed jirice upoti every article, and no fhop-keeper. dares to demand more, under the fevere penalty of lofing his nofe and ears ; fuch bciog the puniihment attached to a crime of this nature ; by which meana the pooceft inhabitants are eifedlually fecuredfrom impofidon, info capital a poiut as the neceffMries of life. , Mountains.] Thele are Caucafus and Ararat, which are called the mottutains of Daghiftan ; and the vail colle6lion Of mountains called Taurus, apd their divifioaa, xUu through the middle of the country from Natolia to" India. ; :■ (t *■ Rivsaa.] :it has becnVoicrved, that no country, of fo great an extent, has fo few navigabU^ ^yei^ as'^Perfia. The mo:ft confidera^le are thofe of Kur, aocieotly Cyti^ ;- tod Ariis, anciently Anucef, whichxifeinor nMtf-the ■^^"^ }«- _£ mwn- ». •» ' ^ » > ■»• '>».>' ^86 PERSIA. mountains of Ararat, and, joining- thA'r ftreami, fall into the Cafpian (tt, Some fnnalt rivulets falling from- the mountains water the country { but their ftreams are fo inconiiderable, that ftw or none o^hem can be navigated even by boats. The Oxua can fcfurcely be called a Periian river, 'though it dividei PeHia from Ufbec Tartary. Periia has the river Indus on the eaft,and the Euphrates and Tigris on the weft'. . Water. J^> .The fcarcity of rivers, in Periia, is joined to a fcarcity of water ; but the defe£l, where it prevails, *s admirably well fupplied by meani of refervoirs, aqueducts, canals, and other ingenious methods. Metals AND minerals.] Perfia contains mines of iron, copper, lead, and . above all, turquoife (bones, which arc found in Chorafan. Sulphur, falt> petre^nd antimony, are found in the mountains. Quarries of red, white, and black marble, have alfo been difcovered near Taurjs. PopVLATioN, iNHAHiTAMTs, MAN-7 It is impoiCble to fpcak with any HERS, CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. V Certainty coticeming the popuhktioa of a country fo little known as that of Perfia. If we are to judge by the vail armies in modem as well as in ancient times, raifed there, the numbers it coni tains miift be very great. The Peifians of both fegces are generally hand- ' fome ; the meri being fond of Georgian and Circaflian women. Their com. plexions towards the fouth are fomewhat fwarthy. The nven (have, their heads, but the young men fuffcra lock of hair to grow on each iide, aadthe beard of their chin to reach up to their temples j religious people wear long beards. Men of rank and quality/wear very magnificent turlnns, many of . them coft tvienty-five pounds, and few under nine or ten. # They have a nai- im to keep their heads very warm, fo that they never pull off their caps or their turbans out of refpefl; even to the king. , Theii drefa is very fimple. Next to their (kin they wear callico ftiirts, over tl'.env a veft, which reaches below the knee^ girt with a fafli, and over that a loofe garment' fomewhat Ihorter. The materials of their cloaths, however, are commonly very ex- penfive ; confifting of the richeft furs, filks, muflin, cottons, and the^Uke valuable ft(>ff8> richly embroidered^ith gold and iUver. They wear a kind of loofe Mbots on their legs, and flippers on their feet. They are fond of riding, and very expenfive in their equipages^ They wear ^ all timoa dagger in their fafti* and linen trowfers. The collars of their fliirts and clothes are open ; fothat their drefs upon the whole is fkr better adapted fqj , the purpofe both of. health and adiyity than the long flowino; robes of the Turks. The drefs of the women is not much different ; their wear, as wdl «s that of the men, u very coftly ; and they are at great pabs to heightes Jtlieir beauty by art, colours, and waflies. "', *The Perlians accuftom themfelves to frequent ablutions, which are tlje more neceffarv, as they feldom change their linen. In the morning early they drink coffee, about eleven go to dinner, upon fruits, fweetmeats, and mill. Their chief meaLiS ?t night. . They eat at their repafts cakes of rice, and others of wheat flour ; and as they efteem it an abomination to cut either Uread, or any kind of meat, after it is dreifed, thefe cakes are made thin, that they may be eafily broken witK the hand ; and their meat, which is gene* | Tally mutton, or fowls, is fo prepared, that they divide it with their fingers. When every thing is fet in order before them, they eat faft, and without any ceremony. But it is obfervedby a late traveller, that when the oldeitraan in the company fpeaks, though he be poor, and fet at the lower end of the , room, they all give a ftri£i attention to his words. They are temperate, but ufe opium, though not in fuch abundance as the Turks } nor are they veiy , ddicate ia thcjr entertainmeats of eating and drinking. They are ~^* P E tl S I A. 191 yuAers of ceremony towards th^ir fu^ Tiors, and fo polite, that they accom- Bodate Europcaas who vifit them with ftools, that they may hot be forced tp fit crofs-legged. They are fo iptimoderately fond of tobacco, which they {noke through a lube tixed in water, fo as to be cool in the mouth, that when it has been prohibited by their princes, they have been kriowp to leave their couMry rather than be debarred from that enjoyment. The Perfiana ire naturally fond of poetry, moral fentences, and hyperbole. Their long wan, and their national revolutions, have minted tl^ie native PeWians with barbarous nanpns, and are faid to have taught them^diflimulatioii ; but they ire ftiU pleafing and plauiible in their behaviour, and in all ages have been re- markable for hofpitalityl The Ferfians write like the Hebrews, from the right to. the left ; are neat , in their fei^s and materials for writing, and wonderfully expeditious in^ the art. The num&er of people employed on their manufcripts (for no printing is ^wed there) is incredible. ' Their great fnible feems to be oftentation in their equipages and drefles ; nor ai-e .they lefs jealous of their women than the Turks, and other eaftern nations. They'are fond of nuific, and take a ■pleafure in converfing in large companies i but their chief diverllons are thofe of the field, hunting, hawking, hotfemanlhip, and the exerrifeof arms, in all which they are very dextrous. They excel, as their anceltors the Parthiana 4id, in archety. They are fond of rope-daocers, jugglers, and fighting of Vild beads ; and privately play at games of chance. There are places in iShirauz (Mr. Francklin obferves) diftingruiihed by the name of Zoor Khana, the houfe of llrength or exercife, to which the Perfians tefort for the fake of exerciiing themfelves. Thefe houfes cbniiift of one room, with the door funk abouf two feet below the fiirface of the earth, and the light and air are admitted to the apartment by means of feveral fmall per- forated apertures made in the dome. In- the centre is a large fqyare terrace of (aith, well beaten down,, fmooth and even 4 and on each (ide are fmall alcoves, nifed about two feet above the terrace, where the niuficians and fpedtatord are feated. When all the competitors are aflembled, which is on every Friday morning by day^break, they immediately ftrip themfelves to the waift ; on which each man puts on ^ pair of ,thick woollAi drawers, and takes in hit hands two wooden club^ of about a foot and a half m length, and cut in the .ihape of a pear.; thefe they reft upon each fhoulder, and the mufic ftriking up, they move them backwards and forwards with great agility, ftamping i^th their feet at the fame time, and llraining every nerve, till they produce a very profufe perfpiratipn. After continuing this exercife about half an hour, upon a fignal given they all leave off, quit their clubs, and joining hanijkin a circle, begin to move their feet very brifkly in union witii the mi^i^ which is alt the while playing a lively 'tune. Having continued tlria for feme time, tliey commence wtellling, iu which the mafter of the houfe is always the challenger;, and being accullomed to the exercife, generally proves conqueror. The fpeitators pay each a fhahee in money, eqi.s^l to three pence Englifl), for which they are refreflaed wit^ a calean to fmoke» and coffee. This mode of exercLfc muft contribute to health, as well as add ftrength, vigour, and a manly appearance to the frame. It feefns to bear fome refemblance to the gymnaftic exercifes of^the ancients. In attemptiqg to fay any thing of the charader of the modern Perfiana (lays Mr. Francklin) I am.fenfible of the difficulty of the undertaking ; yet as during my ftay in Perfia^ from the fituaticn I Was pl<^ccd in, by living in a native family, I h^d an qpportuaity of feeing more of the naturnd of enquiring aftfcr the man. ners and cuftoms of Europe ; and in return very readily afford any infortnatioa In refpcft to their own country. The pradice of hofpitalny is with themib grand a point, that a man thmks himfelf highly honoured if you will anter his houfe and partake of what the family affords i . whereas going out of a houfe, without fmoking a calean, 6r taking any other refreihnKnt, is deemed, in Perfia, a high affront ; ,they fay. that every meal a ftranger partakes with them brings a bleffing upon the houfe. The Perfians, in theiir converfation, ufe fuch extravagant and hypfrboli. c«l compliments on the moft tricing occafions, that it would at firtl infpire a ftraager with an idea, that every inhabitant of the place wlis willing to lay down his life, fhed his blood, or fpend his money in your fervice ; and thit Inodeof addreft (which in fad means nothing) is obferved not only by thofe of a higher rank, but evenamongfl the meanett artiiiMrer^, ihelowefi ofwhicif ,^will make no fcruple, on your arrival, of offering you the city of Shirauz and all its appu^kenance8, a^ a peithkuth or prefent. This behavbur appeart at 6tik very rennarkable to Europeans, but after a fhort time becomes equally familiar. Freedom of converfation is a thing totally unknown in Perfia, as ' that Uds with the black powder of antimony (called furma) which adds an in* eortpaivble brilliancy to their natural luflre. Marriaoes^'] When the parents of n young man have detertniiied ilpoi marrying him, they look out amongft their kindled and acquaintance fori iuitsbk si^vh I they then go tp rhf houfe whete the fenoale, they intend to ■J * PERSIA. fH im^f^if ^c'' I' ^^ fMhei* of the womaii approtet, hr I'mmediatdjr 0K4ed ^efentt on the part of the bridegroom ar^madcy wbiitt, tftheperfon be in oiiddifAg dfcaifillancest genenilly cAnfiftof two oempletc fuits (n appafrel of the beft fart, a'ring, a hooking glafs, and a fttiall fttrtt in ready tmtj, of about teii cv ttreWe tomoAtf^ tvhieh is to provide for the wife in ca(4! of divorce. Therein aMb provided a quantity of houfehold-ftuf of aU-fort9| foch as carpets, mats, bedding, utei^flls for drefling vidtuiAsy kc. The coatra£l juritncfsed by the cadi, or magiftrate. The wedding-nigKt beinig come, th« bri^ is bi^obght forth bovered from head to foot in a veil of red &\k, or painted tnuOin ; a horfe is then prefented for her to mount, which ii Amt thither ex' pftfsly by the bridegroom ; and whert fhe i» mounted^ i^ large lookiog gtofl it held before her by one bf the biidemaids, all the way to the heu^ of her )iufband< as an admonition to her, that it is the laft tim« fhe vrill look into the glais as a virgin, being itow about to ^ntcr into the cares of the Riarried Hate* The procelDon then fets forward in the following order j—firft, the mufic and dancing girls, kfter which the prefeniS in traya borne upon men's ftionldera t next come the relations and friends of ^he bridegroom,-all {kouting,.and mak^ ing a. great noife ; , who are followed by the bride herfelf, fttrtDunded by all her female friends and relations, one ot whom leads tlte horfe by thfi bridk» and fereral others on horfeback clofe the proceilion. Rejoicings upon thil occafion generally continue eight .of ten days. Men may marry for life, or kt any determined time, in Perfia, as well as through aU Tartary ; and traTellers, or merchants, who intend to ftay feme time m any city, common* ly apply to the cadee, or judge, for a wife during the time he propofes to ftay. The cadee, for a ftated gratuity, produces a number of girh, whoift lie declares to be honeft, and free from difeafes 5 and he becomes furety for theih. A gentleman who lately attended the Ruffian embafly to Perfia d<* ckfes^ that, amongft thbufands, there has not been one inftanc^^ of their diftonefty during the time agreed .upon. Funerals.] The funerals of the. Perfians are' condufted in a manner fmrilar to thofe in other Mahomedan countries. . On the death of a Muflol* tnan, the relations and friends of the deceafed being aiTembled, make loud 'lamentations over the corpfe ; after which it is wafhed and laid out on a bier, and carried.to the place of interment without the city walk, attended by B Mullah, or pried, who chaunts paflnges from the Koran all the way to the grave. If any Mufltilman fliould chance to meet the corpfe during thtf ■ proceffioh, he is obhgedby the precepts of his religion, to rurt up to the bier, and offer his affiftartce in carrying it to the grave, cryirtg out at the fame time, Lah Jllah, JU Ltltdh ! Thera is no God, bnt God. After iflterment, the relations of the deceafed return home, and the women of the family make a mixture of wheat, honey and fpices, which they eat in memory of the deceafed, fending a part of it to their friends and acquaintance, that they alfo may pay him a like honour. This cuftom fcems to be derivad from very great antiquity, as we read in Homer of facrifices and libations being frequently made to the memory of departed fouls. ' Religion.] The Perfians are Mahometans of the fcA of AK ; for wKich reafon the Turks, who follow the fuccelTion of Omar told Abu B«kr, call them heretic* Their religion is, if poffible, in fome thing$ more ian- taftical and fenfual than that of the Turks ; but in many points it is mmgkd with fome Bramin fuperftitions. When they are taxed by th$ CHl^ass icm do, they anfwcr v^ fenfiblf , nking ftrpng jiiquours, ^ many < 'Im''^ }i Viw 79© >P £ , R S I A. ** You Cbridians whore and get drunk, though you know you are commit, ting AtiB, which is the very cafe with us." Having mentioned the Bramiu the comparifon between them and the Periian guebres ur gaurtf who pHetend ,,to be the difciplcs and fuccefluis uf the ancient' Magi, the tullowera of Zo- ' roafter, may be highly worth a learned difqirifition ; that both of them hcM otigtnally pure and funple Tdeas of a Supreme Being, may be eaflly proved; but the Indian Bramins ^nd P^i-feA accufc the GauVs, who Hill worlhip the tire, of having fenfualized thofe ideasi and of introducing an evil principle into the government of the world. A combullible ground, about ten miki diftant from Baku, a city iii the ndrthjof Perfia, is the fcene of the Guebrci devotions. It mull be admitted, that this ground is impregnated with verr furprifing inflammatotry qualities, and contains feveral old little temples ; ja one of which the Guebres pretend tp preferve the facred flaitie of the uni. verfal fire, which riles from the end of a large hollow cane ituck into the ground, refeqibling a lamp burning with very pure fpirits. The Mahometaoi are the declared enemies of the Gaurs, who were bauiflied out of Perfia by Shah Abbas. Their f eft,. however, i< faid to be numerous, though tolerat. ed in very .few places. The long wars between the Perfians and the Romans feem early to hav^ driven the ancient Chriftians into Perfia, an^ the neighbouring countries. ^Evea to this day, many fedts are found that evidently have ChrilUanity for the groynd-work of thei)* religion. Some of them, called Soufle^s, who are a kind of quietifts, facrifice tlieir pafllons to God, and profefs tlic moral duties. The Sabeau Chrillians have, in their religion, a mixture of Judaifm and Mahomotanifm ; and are numerous towards the Perfiau gulf. I have al. |re»dy nientioned the Ara>enian and Georgian Chriftians,- who are very nurne* rous in Perfia. The prefent race of Perfians are faid to be very cool in the do^rit'ies of Mahomet, owing partly to their late wars with the Turks. The Perfians obferve tlie fait duripg the month of Ramazan (the 9th month of the Mahomedan year) witl^ great Aridnefs and fever^ty. About an hour .before daylight, they eat a hi^ which is called fehre, and from that time until the next evening at fui/-fet, they neither eat nor drink of any thing whatever. It is even fo rigid, that if in the courfe of the day, the fmoke of a calean, or the fmallell 4rop of water, reaches their lips, the fait is in confequence deemed broken, aV^^d of no avail. From fun fet until the next morning, they are allowed to refrefh ^hemfelves. This faft, when the month Ramazan falls in the middle of fummer, as it fometimes mull do, (the Mahomedan year being lunar) is extremely fevere, cfpecially to thofe I who are obliged by their occupations tp go about during the - day>time, and is rendered ilill more fo, as there are alfo feveral nights during its ex. iftence, which they are enjoined to fpend in prayer. The Pcrlians parcicu* larly obferve two ; the one bein^, that in ft^hich their prophet All died) from a wound which he^ received trum the hands of an aflaiTm three duys be* fore ; which night is the 2 lit of Ramazan, the day of which is called by the natives, the day of murder. — The other is the night of the 23d, iu which they affirm that the^Koran was brought down from heaven by the hands of 'I the angel Gabriel, and delivered, to their prophet Mahomed: wherefore it, is denominated the night of power. v^,^ 1 • Language.] It has been difputed among the learned whether th; Arabs had not their language from the Perftans ; but this chiefly reils on ^ the gwat intermixture of Arabic words In the Perfian language, and the deduon fssms to be in favour of the Arabs. The common people, eipecial* .- -. - .- ■ . ,- - >T ■fc.\- *K P E R 8 I A. . . f|< b towards tfid foutKern coaftt of the Cafpian Sea, fpeak Turki'fn ; and the Arabic .probably- w|i8 introduced int« Perfia, under tb^ <;aliphate» whent liearning flourilhed in thofe tountriei. Many of the learned PeHians haye written in (ihe Arabic, and people of quality have adopted it as the modifh language, as we do the French. The pure Pcrfic is faid to be fpoken in the fouthem parts, on the Coaft of the Perfian Gulf, and in Ifpahan ; but many of thi provinces fpeak a barbarous mixture of the TurkiA, Ruffian, and other languages; Their Patcmoller is of the following tenourji Ei Padere ma kih tier ofmoni \ pak bafihed mam tu ; bayaytd padfehahi i\i t fehtuad chw^afte iu henfjunaauilh der ofmdn n't% derxcrniii s teh Mara jmrou% nan iefdf rouz mara ; wadargudfar mora kondfjan ma *junaniilima m nigfarim ormati mara ; nvador o%maj}fch mineddzzmara i likin chalat kun mara ez efeherir. Amen. Learning and learned men.] The Perfians, in ancient times^ werr famous for both, and their poets renown' i all over the Eaft. There is a manufcript at Oxford, containing the Inres of an hundred and thirty-Aye x>f the fined Perfian poets. Ferduu and Sadi were among the mod c'eiebral- ed of the Perfian poets. The former comprifed the hiuory of Perfla in ji feries, of epic poems, which employed him for near thirty years, and which are faid by Mr. Jones to be ** a glorious monument of eaftern genius and learning." Sadi was a ^lative of Shirauz, and flourifhed inthe thirteentU' century, and wrote many fine pieces both in profe and verfe. Schemfedi^ was one of the moft eminent lyric poets that Afia has produced ; and Nfikhflieb wrote in Perfian a book, called the Tales of a Parrot, not, utilik« the Decameron of Boccace. Jami was a moft animated and elegant, poet, who flouriflied in the middle of (he fifteenth century, and whofe beaotiful compofition, on & great variety of fubjedts, are preferved at Oxford in twenty two volumes. Hair!, compofcd iu a rich, elegant, and flowery ftyle, a mo- ral work, in fifty differtations, on the chifhges of fortune, and the varioUB conditions of httmaa life j interfperfed with a number of agreeable ad^en- tAres and feveral fine pieces of poetry. Of the fprightly and voluptuous bard of Shirauz, the name and charaAft are fufficiently known to orientaliib. It may, however, excite the curiofitjr of the Engliih reader, that the poet Hafez, here introduced to his notice, con- ciliated the favour of an offended emperor, by'the delicacy of his wit,, and the ■ elegance of his verfes : that the moft powerful nionarchs of the Eaft fought in vain to draw him from the enjoyment of literary retirement, and to put^ chafe the praifes of his MuTe by all the honours and fplendour of a couit : and that his works were not only the admii-ation of the jovial and.the gay, but the manual of myftic piety to the i'upcrllitious Mahometan ; the dracl^, which, like the Sortes Firgiliaria, determined the councils of the wife, and prognollicated. the fate of armies and of fiates. Seventeen odes have al« ready been tranflated into Ehglifh by Mr. Nott, with which he has publifh- e4the originals^ for the- purpofe -of promoting the ftudy of the Perfiait language. The I2th ode has alfo appeared in an Euglifh drefs, by the elegant hand of Sir WilHam- Jone,s. J' The tomb of this celebrated and defervedly admired poet, ftands 'about two miles diftant from the walls of the city of Shirauz, on the north eaft fide. It is placed in a larjre garden, and under the fhade of fcjTiC Cyprus trees of extraordinary lize'arid beauty ; it is compofedof fine white mtlirf hie from Tauris, eight feet in length and four in . breadth '} this wat built '^v-g ^r. i*,-?t- n^ J» E R S I A. hj Kerim Kh»B» and covpn the Ofiginil one : ga the Itop ««4 TuUi of tin tomb* MC i^ic^ pMc«» frvro the pcwt't omtb w«iIm« iH^ Jbe«Mtifitily c)K ia the PcHiib NuiUleck chvaOo-'r. DMrttgthe /prmg Kod fumincr feafaiMJ th« iDhabi(i»ts vi(U here, ««4 atnuite themTelv^ w«tb fotokiiig. playing ^ cbeft «iul othtr garnet, twadvig iv!fo the ivorki 4>f Hsfcx, who u i» greater i eftoeoi with them th«n any other of their poeti, and thtty venerate hiai almott to adoi» and ^vicewia* Add to this, tfiat the plague is. but little knows in |]ps coiiBtry i as eifu^y rar« are nmny other difeafes .tiut atx: &trl in other j |d«ces { fu.eh as the gout, the ibone, the fmaU^pox^ conlunip^oDs, and apopVsxiea. The Perhan praiStice of phvPr is there&re pretty much cir- cunucribed^ and they are very ignorant in iurgery, iriiich is exercifed by ibarhers, whofe chief knowledge of it is in letting blood ; for they trull the healing of gceen wounds to the exceileney of i;hc air, and the good habit .of the patiea^'s body. ' . Aiitii}yiTi£S ANp cvaiosiTisa,) -The ntonumsnts «f antiquity in NATuaAL AND ARTIFICIAL. } Pcrfia, are more celebrated for .their magnificence and expence, than their beauty oVtaft^ No more than wneteen coliui^.8, which forinerly bclonged-to the famous palace of * Per- (cpoha, are PiOw r^naainiug. Each is about fifteen {act higli, and compo- fed of i(QeUent Pariaa marble. 'The ruins of other ancient buildings ace found in many parts o^ Periia, but void of that elegaitoe and beauty whidi ane difplayed in the Greek architedure. The tombs of the kings of Per- fia are ftupendous wonks ; being cut out of a rock, and highly ornamented with fculptures. Tlie cluef of Uie /nadern edifices is a pillar to be feen at Xbahaq, iixty feet high, confifting of the fktdls of beads, erected by wShah Ai>bas, after .the fuppreflion of a rebellion. Abbas had vcwed to ered fueh a column of human ikuUs ; but upon lihe fubBtiifilon of the rebels, he ^performed his vaw by fubiUtuting tkofe of brutes, communication but with the hall ; the kitchens and oiltce-houfes being built apart. Few of them have ' cbimnies, but a round hole in the middle of the room. Their furniture chiefly confifts of carpets, and their beds are two thick cotton quilts, which I ferve them likewife as coverlids, with carpets under them. Ifpahan or Spahawn, the capital of Periia, is feated on a fine plain, within I I mile of the river i^enderhend, which fupplies it with water. It is faid to be, twelve miles in circufnference. The ftreets are narrow and ^rooked, and the chief amufement of the inhabitants io on the flat roofs of their houfes, where they fpend their fummer evenings t and different families aflbclate together. The royal fquare is a third ofa mile in length, and about half at much in breadth ; and we are told, tHat the royal palace, with the bafldi ings and gardens belonging to it, is three miles in circumference. There I are in Ifpahati i6o mofques, I800 cartivanferais, 260 public baths, a prodigU oas number of fine fquares, ftteets, and palaces, in which are canals, and trees planted to fliade and better accommodate the people. This capital !• faid formerly to have contained 650,000 inhabitants ; but was often depopu* lated by Kouli Khan during his wars, fo that we may eafily fuppofe,' that it has loft great part of its ancient magnificence. Jn 1744, when Mr. Hanway was there, it was thought that oot above 5000 of its houfes were iahsbited. Shirauz lies about 225 miles to the fouth-eaft of Ifpahan. It is feated at the north weft end ofa fpacious phiin fHrrounded with very high mountains, un- der one of which the town ftands. It-'is an open town, but its neighbourhood is inexpreflibly rich and beautiful, being laid out for many miles in garden^, the flowers, fruits, and wines of which are incomparable. The wines of ShirauK are reckoned the beft of any in Perfta. This town is the capital of Farfillan, or Perfia Proper, and had a college for the ftiidy of caftern learn- ing. It contains an uncommon numbel: of mofques, tiled with ftonei of a bluifli green colour, and lined within with black polilhed marble, and is adorned by many noble buildings, but its ftreets are narrow and inconvenient,' and not above 4000 pf its houfea are inhabited. Shirauz has many good ' bazars and caranvenferais : that diflinguiflied by the appellation of the Va- keel's bazar (fo called from its being built by Kherim Khan) is, upon the auiiiority of Mr. FranckUn, who lately vifited it, by far the handfomeft; It is a long ftreet, extending about a quarter of a mile, built entirely of brick,' and roofed fomething in the ftyle ctf the piazzas in Covcnt Garden ; it is lofty and well made ; on each fide are the fhops of the tradefmen, merchantti'- and others, in which are expofed for fale, a variety of goods of all kinds :' thefe ihops are the property of the khan, and are rented to the metcHanir at a very eafy monthly rate. Leading out of this bazar is a fpaciouu car- avanferai, of an o6^agon form, built of brick ; the entrance through a hand- feme arched gate-way ; in the centre is a place for the baggage and miercfa- andize, and on the fides above and below, coihmodious apartments for the iflcrchants and travellers ; thefe are alfo rented at a moderate monthly fum. About the centre of the above-pientioned basar, is another fpaciou» ca(a- m l» E A 8 I A. vtnfflvi of a fqutre form, the front of which !• ornimented with a blu« tni white enamelled work, in order to reprefent China ware, and hai a pleating effeft to the eye. The citicH of Ormut and 'Gombroon, on ^.he narrow part of the Perfun Gulf, were t irmerly pUces of sreat^ommerrc and importance. The Engljlh and other Europeans, have fadtories at Gombv.H-ii, where they trade with the Perfuina, Arabians, Banyans, Aroienians, Turks, and Tartan, who come hither with the caravans which h% out from various inland cities of Afia, un. derthe mvoy of guards. Mosques and aAomos.] I thought proper to place them here under* Seneral headi^as their form of building is pretty much the fame all rrfri'^ fahometan countries. Mof(}ues Iff religious buildings, fquare, and generally of (^,oi health, lu public bagnios, the men bathe from morning to four in the afternoon ( when all male attendants being rc« moved, the ladies fn «'ed, and when coming out of the bath difplay their Ineft clothet. I might here attempt to def'"rlbe the eaftern feragil"* orharamt, the wo- men's apartments t but from tlic mod credible accounts, they are contrived according to the tatte and conveniency of the owner, and divided into a cer« tain numwr of apartments, which arc felAbm or never entered by Grangers { and there is no country where women are fo ftridly guardt^U wad connned« ai among the great men in Perfia. •^ . PoLicB.] The police in Shirauz, as well as all over Perfia; k very good. At fun-fet, the gates of the city are fliut i no perfon whatever is permitted either to come m or go out, during the night ; the keys of the diffierent gates being always fent to the hakim or governor, and remaining with him until morning. During the night, three tiblas, or drums, are beaten at three diiTerent times ; the firft at eight o'clock, tlie fecond at nine, and th« third at half pail ten. After the third tibia has found ■•d all perfons »h$U foever found in the ftreets by the daroga, or judge of tl e police, or by any of hit people, are inilantly taken up, and conveyed to a pi ce of confinement, where they are detained until next morning, when the) are carried before the hakim ; and if they cannot give a very good account of themfelves* are^ puniihed, cither by the baftinado, or a fine. Civil matters are all determined by the cazi, and ecclefia ^ical ones, (piir- ticularly divorces) by the (heick al Sellaum, or head of thi faith, an office anfweiingto that of Mufti io Turkey. Juftice is carried on in Perfia in a Tcry fummary manner ; the fentence, whatever it may be, be ig always put into execution on the fpot. Theft fs generally punifhed with ihc lofs ofnofe and ears ; robbing on the road, by ripping up the belly of tltc criminal, in which fituation he is expofed upon a gibbet in one of the mofl public parts of the city, and there left until he expires in torment. The onal laws in this country are fo varied, fanguinary, and cruel, that the bare recital of them mud excite horror in the minds of thofe who afe born in a land of freedom, where the high are prote^ed from the fpoliatiorts of rapacity, aid the lo«r frt»m the iron hand of opprefTion, and where the awful brow.oi juftice is crowned with the milder attributes of lenity and compallion. MANUFActjTRE AND COMMERCE.] The Pcrfians equal, if nc t exceed* all i he manufactures in the world in fdk, woollen, mohair, cai ets, arid If s' her. Their works in thefejoin fancy, tafte, and elegance to richne'fa,' Vatnefs, and Ihew ; and yet they are ignorant of painting and th r draw- ings are very rude. Their dying excels that of Europe. Their iiiver and gold laces, and threads, are admirable tor prcferving their luftre. Their embroideries and horfe furniture are not to be equalled ; nor are they igno- rant of the pottery and window-glafs manufad ires. On the other hand^ tlieir carpenters arc very indifferent artifts, which is faid to be owing td.tbc fcarcity of timber all over Perfia. Their jewellers and goldfmiths are cliimfy workmen ; and they are ignorant of lock-making, and the manufaAi re of loo^ing-glalFes. Upon the whole, they lie Under inexprefiible difadvau'-ages from the form of their government, which renders them flaves to their krngs, who often cngrols either their labour or their profits. PcrfiauSi wbu have little or no ihipf itig of tbeir ovmt it . ,*-v'f' 5,K 2 ^- '■.__.rv..^.y^.^jB;:- '■Car* Th^ trade of the »e6 P E R ' S I A. called on in foreign bottoms. That with the £ngU(h and othar rtat!oni,bf ih« gul^of Ormus at Gombroon, was the moil gainful they had; but the perpetual wars they have been ehgaged in have ruined their commerce. A trade was alfo not many years Hnce opened by the Englifh with Perfia through Ruifia and the Cafpian fea ; but that is now difconfiinued, having been prohibited by the court of Rufiia, who were apprehenfivc that the £ng. |l(h would teach the PcrHans to build fliips and difpute the navigation of the Cafpian fea with them ; this Sea is about 680 miles long and 260 broad in the wideil part. It has no tide, but ia navigable by veflels drawing from 9 to I o feet water, with feveral go«d ports. The RuiTian ports are^ Kiflar and Gurief. , Derbent and Niezabad belong to Perfia, as alfo Einzellce and Aftrabad* with", Baku, the moft comiiiodious haven in this fea, and which hath a fortDcTs furrounded with high walls. As the manufactures and illic of Ghilati are clleemed the beft in Perfia, Refchd on the Cafpian is one of the'firft commercial towns in this part of Afia, and fupplies the bordering provinces with European merdhandize. CoNSTiTUTioT* AND GOVERNMENT.^ Both thcfc are, extremely preca- rious, as reding in the breaft of a dcfpotic, and often capricious monarch. The Perfians, however, had fome fundamental rules of government. They excluded from tlieir throne females, but their male progeny. Blindnefs like- wife was a difqualification for the royal fucceflion. In other refpeds the king's will was a law for the people. The inttances that have been given of the cruelties and inhumanities pradtifed by the Mahometan kings of lPcrfia» are almoft incredible, efpecially during the laft two centuries. The reafon given to the Chriftian ambaffadors, by Shall Abbas, one of their mod celebrated princes, was, that the I'erfians were fuch brutes, and fo infenfible by nature, that they could not be governed without the exercife of exempbry cruelties. The prime minifler fuilains the whole weight of the adminillra. tion. His chief Iludy is to pleafe liis mailer, t6 fecure to himfelf an afcen< dant over his mind> at^d to avoid whatever may give him uneafinefs or urn- brage. The favourites of the prince, female as well A male, are bis only counfellors, and the fmalled difobedience to their will is attended witii im- ' mediate death. There 13 no nobility in Perfia, or any refpeft (hewn to anr man on account of his family, except to thofe who are of the blood of their greiit prophet or patriarchs, but every man is cfteemed according to the pol he poflefTes i and when he is difmifled, he lofes his honour, and he is no longer diitingutihed from the vulgar. . '^ Revenues.] The king claims one third of the cattle, com, and fruits of his fubjeCls, and likewife a third of filk and cotton. No rank or condition of Perfians is exempted from fevere taxations and fcrvices. The governors of provinces have particular lands alTigned to them for maintaining their retinue! find troops j and the crown lands defray the expences of the court, king's houfliould, and great officers of date. After faying thus much, tlie reader cannot doubt that ^he /evenues of the Pcrfian kings were prodigious ; but nothing can be faid with any certainty in 4h« prefcnt didraftcd flate of that country. Even the water that la let into the fields and gardens is fubjc(£\ to a tax* and foreigners, who aie not Mahometans, pay each a ducat a head. Military strength.] This confided formerly of cavalry, and It is now thought to exceed that of the Turks. Since the beginning of 'his* century, however, their kingp have ,raifed bodies of infantry. The regular troops of both brought to the field, even under Konli Khan, did not ex- ceed 60,000 ; but, according {to the modern hidories of Perfia, they are ckfdy recruited in cafe of a defeat. The Peifians hrve few fortified towns; •' ' nor P E R S T A. 79T I nor had they any- (lilps of wat, until Kouli K(ian built a royal navy ; but 6nce ' hii death we hear no more of their fleet. Arms AND TITLK8.] The arms of the Perfian monarch are a lion cou- chint looking at the riling fun. His title is Shah, or the " Dtfposer ofking- iwtu." Shah or Khan, and Sultan, which he aflutnes likewife, are Tartar titles. To adl« of ftate the Perfian monarch does not fubfcribe his name { but the grant runs in this manner : " This aft is given by him whom the un- iverfe obeys." History.] All ancient hiftorians mention the Perfian monarchsfand their grandeur ; and no empire has undergone a greater variety of governments. It ' i« here fufficieut to fay, that the Perfian empire fucceeded the A0yrian.or Babylonian, and that O^rus laid its foundation about 556 years befere Chrift» and reilored the Ifraelites, who had been captive at Babylon, to liberty. It ended in the pcrfon , of Darius, who was conquered by Alexander 329 years before ChriA. When Alexander's empire was divided among hit great gene- ral cfficerc, their pofterity were conquered by the Romans. Thcfe laft, howc- ' wr, never fully fubdued Perfia, and the natives had princes of their own, by the name of Arfacldes, who more than once defeated the Roman legions. The ifuccefljurs of thofe princes' furvived the Romaa empire itfelf, but were fubdued by the famous Tamerlane, whofe pofterity were fupplanted by a doctor of law,* the anceftor of {h<: Sefi or Sophi family, and who pretend^ ed to be defccnded from^ Mahomet hiihfelf. His fuccefibrs, from him fome- times called Sophis, though fome of them were valiant and politic, proved in general to be a difgrace to humanity, by their cruelty, ignorance, and in- dolence, which brought them into fuch a difrcpute with their fubjefts, bar- barous as they were, that Haflein, a prince of the Sefi race, who fucceeded in 1694, was murdered by Mahmud, fon and fu^ceflbr to the famous Miriweis ; a Mahnoud himfelf was by Efref, one of his general officers, who ufurped'the throne. Prince Tahnr«|, the reprefentatlvc of the Sefi faniily, had efcaped from thV rebels, and Klembling an army, t .ok into his fervice Nadir Shah, who defeated and killed Efref, and reannexed to the Perfian monarchy all thie places difmembered from it by the Turks and Tartars during their late rebel- lions. At lail|the fecret ambition of Nadir broke out, and after affunfing the name of Tahnlas Kouli Khan, and pretending that his fervices were not fuf- liciently rewarded, he rebelled agamlt his fovercign, made him a prifoner, and* it is fuppofed, put him to death. This ufurper afterwards mounted the throne, under the title of Shah Nadir. His expedition into Indoftan, and the amazing booty he made there, has been mentioned in the defcription of that country. It has been remark- ed, that he brought back an inconfiderable part of his booty from Indian hfmg great part of it upon his return by the Mahrattas and accidents. He next conquered Ufbec Tartary ; but was not fo fuccefsful againft the Dag- hiftaii Tartars, wKofe country 'he found to be inacceiTible. He beat the Turks in fevcral engagements, but: was unable to take Bagdad. The great principle of his government wa» to ilrike terror into all his fubjefts by the mod cruel executions. His coiiduft became fo intolerable, and particularly liis attempt to change the religion of Perfia to that of Omar, and hanging the chief pritils thnt refilled, it. was thought his brain was touched; and he wa» aiTaffiiiated in lilsown tent, partly in fclf-defence, by his chief officers, and his relations, in the year 1 747. Many pretenders upon his death, ftarted up ; 2r.d it may riulurdUy be fuppofed, that a chronological and accurate account of thefe various and rapid revolutions is very difficult to be obtained. The Fonfufion which prevailed through the whole country, from the death of Nadir, until 79« P E R S I A. •ntil the fettlement of Kerim Khan, prevented all attempts of literature, attLl . and fciences. During this interval, the whole empire ot Perlia was in arnN.1 and rent by commotions ; different parties in different provinces of the ^ff.l dom fIniffgKng for power, and each endeavouring to render himfelf indepcn.! dent of the other, torrents of blood were fhed, and the muft fhocking crimetl were committed with Imptinity. ■ The whole face of the country, ftouf Gombroon to Ruffia, prefents to the view thoufands of inftances of the ntifenl and devaftation which has been occafloned by thefe commotions. The piol ture is ntelancholy, but juft. From the death of Nadir Shaw until the final eflaUifhment of Kerim Khan'il government, there ware no Icfs than nine pretenders to the throne including hioi. I itlf-; from this the reader may form fome notion of the troubles which conTiil fed that unhappy country. Kerim Khan Zund was a mod favourite officer «f I Nadir Shah, and at the time of his death was in the'fbuthern provinces. Shi. I muz and Other places had declared" for him. He foUnd means, at h&A after various encounters, with doubtful fuccefs, completely to fubdue m his rivals ) and finally to eflablifh himfelf as ruler of all Perfia. Hewn I ia power about thirty years, the latter part of which he govefned Perinl under the appellation of Vakeel, or regent ; for he never would receive I the t:*le of Shah. He made Shirauz ilTe chief city of his refidence, ingnt< itude for the afliflance he had received from its inhabitants, and thofe of tb^l (buthorn inhabitants^ He died in the year 1779, in the eightieth year of hii ( age, regretted by all his fubje^ls, who efteemed and honoured him as the gioiy <>f Perfia. His charafter is mofl delervedly celebrated for the public buBd. mgs which he erefted, and the excellent police which he maintained, fo that during his whole reign there^ was not in Shirauz a fnigle riot produ^ive of bloodfhed ; betides thefe, hh averfion to fevere punifhments, his liberality and kindnefs to the poor, his toleration of people of different perfuailons, hlB, partiality for Europeans, and. his encouragement o|JUade, together with hit great military abilities', and perfonal courage^ rcndffed him not only b^ ] ^ved by his own fubjedts, but greatly refpe£ted by foreign powers. From the death of Kerim Khan to the prefent time, a variety of coni]» titors have been detirous of filling the throne of Pertia. Akau Mahomet Khan keeps pofleflion of the provitltes of Mazanderan and Ghilan, as weO, I as the cities of Ifpahan^^ Hamadan, and Tauris, where he is acknowledged as fovereign. Jaafar Khan has pofTeffion of the city of Shirauz and the provinces of Beaboon and Shufler ; he alfo receives an annual prefent from the province of Cannania, and another from the city of Yezd ; Abu Shebr and Lar alfo fend him tribute. * Jaafar Khan is a middle aged man, very corpulent, and 'has a cail in his right eye ; in the places where he is acknowledged he is well beloved and relpeAed. He is very mild in his difpofition, and jull. In Shirauz hi keeps up a molt exccllentpplice, and good governmant. He is very kind and obliging to ftrangers in general, and tb the Englifh in particular. Of the two competitors, Mr. Francklin from whofe excellent obfcrvations theft particulars are moftly extracted, fays, that Jaaffar Kaw'n " is the moft likely ^n cafe of fuccefs againit his opponent, to reitore the country to a happy and reputable ftate ; but it will require a long fpace of time to recover it from the calamities into >vhich the different revolutions have brought it :— a cduntfy, if an Oriental metaphor may ibe allowed, once blooming as tiK garden of Eden, fair and flourilTiing to the eye ; — now, fad revcrfe j def* poiiea and ieaUeis by the cruel ravaaes of war, and defolating contention." , ^*r: ^ ; " ** ARAPIA u I 799 1 A R A B I A. Situation and Extent. MileSi Degrees. Sq. Mflei. ~ Breadth -n TjOUNDEDby Turkey* oo the North; by the'gulf* BouNDARiES.j JQ ^f p^^g^ ^^ Baffora, and Ormus, which feparate it l(rom Perfia, on the Eaft ; by the Indian ocean, fouth ; and the Red Sea* I which divides it from Africa, on the Weft. Divifioqs. Sub-divifions, Chief Towns. |i. Arabia Pctraea, N.") ___^ \ CSuez, E. Ion. 33.27 I W. ^-i! *J . J I N.lat. 29.50. .Haggiaz or Mecca -^|~ Mecca, ,£. Ion. 43-20 1 2, Arabia the middle. rxxt'it '• I ' II N. lat. 21-20. . Dtfcha. m » ,.,,,. U siden ''' J * - W Medina ^Tehcma - -J*- Dhafar 'Mocha - -1 -f Mocha, E. Ion. Hadramut ' — I3. Aribia FeUi, S. a^Caffcen' — - Segur — Oman or Mufcat Jamama [_ Bahara " 1 1 Dhafar 'Mocha, E. Ion. 44-4 N. bit.i3-4c. Sibit ^^ Hadramut .t \ \ CalTeen Segur Miifcat i"- "■ . Jamama Elcalf Name.] It is remarkable that this country has alwap preferved it»' [ancient name. The »»rord jlral, it is generally faid, fignifies a robber, or |fre«booter. The word Saracen^ by which one tribe is called, -is faid to- [■fignify both a thief and an inhabitant of the defcrt. Thefe names juftly ] belong to the Arabians, for they feldom let any merchandife pats through Ithe country without extorting fomething from the owners, if they do pot Irobthem. MoirsTArNS.] The mountains of Sinai and Horeb, lying in Arabia iPetrsea, eait of the Red Sea, and thofe called Gabel el Ared, in Arabia 1 Felix, are the moft noted. Rivers, seas, gulfs, and capes.] There are few mountains, fprings,, [or rivers in this country, except the Euphrates, which wafhes the north-caft ItimitBof it. It is almoft furrovinded with feas ; as the Indian Ocean, the I Red fea, the gulfs of Perfia and Ormus. The chief capes or promontoriesi [are thofe of Rofalgato and Mufledon. Climate, air, soil, and produce.] As a confiderable part of this I country lies under the torrid zone, and the tropic of Cancer palTes over. [Arabia FeKx, tlic air is exceiTiTely dry and hot, and the country it fubjedk t« ^■/ 1 .c - »■ «00 A R A i^ I Ai to hot polfonous wuidsy like thofe on the opnoftte fliores of FerHa, whict often prove fatal, ^fpcdtlly to ftrangers. . 1 h« foil, itf fome parts, is no. thing more than iinmenfe fandB, which, wheii, agitated by the winds, roll like the troubled ocean, and fomctime^ fonji mountains by which whole caravan* have been buried or loft. In.thefe deferts, the caravans^ having no tracks, are guided, as at fea, by a compafa, or by the ftars, for ther travel chiefly in the night. Here, fays Dr. Shaw, aife np paftures clothtd with floska, nor vallies iknding thick with corn ; here are no vineyards or olive yards ; but the whole is a lonefome defolate wilderneb, no other wait diveruiied than bv plains covered with fand, and fountains that are made up of naked rocks and precipices. Neither is this country ever, unlefi fometimes at the equinoxes, refre(hed with rain ; and the intenfenefs of the cold \n the night is almoil equal to that of the heat in the day time. But the fouthcrn part of Arabia, defcrvcdly called the Happy, is blcffcd 'vitb an excellent foil, and in ?cneraf^ is very fertile. There the cultivated landi, ^ which are chiefly about tne towns near the fea coaft, produce balm' of Gilead, inanna, myilh, cafftMi aloes, frankincenfe, fpikenard, and other valuable gums; cinnamon, pepper, cardamom, oranges, lemons, pomegranates, fig), and other fruits ; honey and wax in plenty, with a fmall quantity of ' corn and wfnc. This country is famous for its coffee and its dates, whicli laft are found fcarcely any where in fuch perfedtion as here and in Perm, There are few trees fit for timber in Arabia, and little wood of Siiy kind. Animals.] The mofTufeful animals in Arabia are camels and dro. medaries ; they are amazirtgly fitted by Providence for.traverfing the dtj md parched deferts of this country ; for they 'are fo formed, that they ain 'throw up the liquor from their ftomach into their throat, by which meani they can travel lix or eight days without water. The camels ufuaily carrj 8oolb. weight upon their backs, which is not taken off during the whok journey, for they naturally kneel down to reft, an4'in due time rife witti their, load. The dromedary is a fmall camel that will travel many mileu day. It is an obferviition among the Arabs, that wherever there are tr«i, the water is not far off; and when they draw near a pool, theii; camels fmell it at a diflance, and fet up their great trot till they come to it. The Arabian horfes are well known in Europe, and have contributed to im- prove the breed of thofe in England. They are only fit for the fadlf, and are admired for their make as much as for their fwiftnefs and hii mettle. The fineiV breed is. in the kingdom of Sunnaa, in which MocI is fituated. Inhahitants, manners,! The Arabians, like moft of the natiunsofj « CUSTOMS, AND DRESS. J Alia, are uf a middle llature, thin, and oft fwarthy complexion, with black hair and black tyes. They are fwiftol foot, excellent horfemen, and are laid to be, in general, a martial brave peo- ple, expert at the bow and laucc, and, Itnce they became acquainted witi fire arms, good markfmen. The inhabitants of the inland country liveii tents, and remove from place to place with their Hocks and herds, as thcfi have ever done fince they became a natioii. The Arabians in general are fuch thieves, that traveller» and pilgriiii§ who are led thither from all nations^ through motives of devotion or cm' iity, are ftruck with terror on their approaches towards the deferts. Theij K^VL/^ioy «avw«^^\« Mjj M \*uwkcaiia| biu-«v<*v* ^tiv ^v#usi%a j aaa Witiiuvacaui^ t.i\j* horfeback, and aflault and plunder the caravans ; and we are told, that.lij late as the year 1750, a body of 50,000 Arabians attacked a caravan i^rcUants and pilgrims returning from Mecca^ killed about 6o,ooD perfoi ^ «/ B t A. »k ^d plundered it of^veiy ttiing valui^blf, though cfcortedby a.Tivrkifh army. On the fea coaft *hey are'ii^ere pirateaik,and make pcUe of every velTel th«y ctn maftcr, of wliatever nation. . " . ^ The habit 'of the common (dafs of Arabs is a kind of blue (hirt tied about I them with a white fafh or sirdle } and fome of them have a veil of furs or Iheep-ikins over it ; they alio wear draweip» and fomutimes flippers, but no ftockings ; and have a cap or turban on their head. Many, of them go alffloll naked ^^but, as in the eastern countries, the women are fo wrapped up^ that nothing can be difcemed but their eyes. Nothing can be more incon- iTcnient and expehfive tha^ the headdrefs worn by Arabians of f^ihion. They I wear fifteen caps, one over another, of which fome indeed are of linen, but the reft of' thick cloth or cotton. That which covers all the reft is ufually I richly embroidered with gold, and has always fome fentegce of the Koraii embroidered upon it. Lik^ other Mahometans, the ,Arabs eat all manner of flefli, except that of hogs^ and preftf that of camels, as we pre- |f«r veiiifoii, to pther meat. They take care to ^rain the bluod {from the fleth, as the Jews do, and like them r<;(ure fuqli filh as have no fcales. As the Arabians fqu^t themfelves Upon the ground wheii [when they iit, fo their manner of eating at meals is conformable to their way lof fitting. They'4pread a large cloth in the middle of the room, put upon I this cloth a fmall table only one foot high, and upon the' table a large ■round plate of tinned copper. Upon this are fet different copper diflies neatly I tinned within and^without. Inuead of table .parkins, Arabians of ra!nk ulie la long linen cloth, ^hich thofe at^Aable put under their knees. Where [this linen cloth is wanting, every one ufes a- fmall handkerchief of his Owi^ iThey ufe no knives nor forks, but ufe their fingers with great dexterity^ land eat all difhes with the hand. Coffee and tea,, water, and fherbe^ Imade of oranges, water, and fugar,' is their ufual' drink : they have no jftrong liquors. • - j ItiLiGiON.] Of this the reader will f^id aii accouni in the following Ihlftory of Mahomet their countryman. Many of the wild Arabs are ftill ■Pagans, but the people in general profefs Mahometanifm. Learning and lanouagiu] Though the Arabians in former ages Iwere famous for their learning and (kill in all the liberal ■ arts, there is Ifcarcely a country at prefent where the people are 'fo nniverfally ignorant. iThe vulgar language ufed in the three Arabias is, the Arabefk, or corrupt lArabian, v^hich is like wife fpoken, with fome variation of dialeft, over Igreat part of the Eaft, from Egypt to the court of the Great Mogul. The pure old grammatical Arabic,. which is^faid to be a dialeft of the Hebrew, and by the people of the Eaft accounted the richeft, moil energetic, and ■copious language in the world, is taught in their fchouls, as Greek and La- is anu)ngft Europeans, and ufed by Mahometans in their worfhip : for bs the Koran was written' in this language, they will not fufter it to be rea^ Tfn any other : they look upon it to have been the language of Paradife, and think uo man can be a matter -of it witliout a miracle, as confifting of [everal milllijas of words. The books which treat of it, fay, they have ho Kwer than a thoufand term« to exprefs the word eamei, and Ave hundred lor that of a lion. The Paternofter in the Arabic is as follows : .' Mutia ellaJhi fi-Jfamioat : jetlndJai- tftnac ; Watlc tail malacutuc i taoufi maj- ^ 'dhale,: ala lardh aating ch«p%ena kefattut iaum beiaiitn t. 'oehatainat cama nog for nachna lemen oca doina ; tvilli meyinfi me nnefch$rirt Amen CHIBi V ' 8o> ARABIA. Chibt citibs, cvRiosiriBSy > What m adle4 the Defert of ^iiuu,! AND AKTS. J 18 a beautiful plain ^ear nine milci long, and above' three in breadth ; it lies open to the north-eaft, but to the | fouthward u clofed by fome of the lawer eminences of mount Sinai ; and other parts of that mountain make fuch encroachments upon the plain at to divide it in two, each fo capacious a»to be fufficient to recelvje the whole iCamp of the Ifraclitcs. ' From Mount Sinai may bc^ic w^cn Mahomet was taken to her bed. This mook was perfeAt Iv qvtlified» by his great learning, for fupplying the defc£ls which his mafter, lor want of a liberal education, laboured under, and which, in all probabili< ' ty, mull have obftruAed the execution of his defigii. It was neceflary, how* ever, that the religion they propofed to eftablifh fhould have a divine fan£Uon- and for this ji'urpofc Mahojmet turned a calam^y, with which he was afflid^ed, to his advantage. He was often fubjeft to fits of the e[)j}epfy, a (iifeafe which thofe whom it aflli£ls are defirous to conceal ; Mahomet gave out therefore that thefe fits were trances, into which he was miraailoufly thrown ' ^ by God Almighty, during which he was inilru£ted in his will, which he was commanded to publilh to the world.' By this ftrange ftory, and by leading a retired, abilemious, and auftere life, he eafily acquired a chara£ler for fupen'or^ fan^tity among his acquaintance and neighbours. When he tbou/ht himfelf fufficicntly fortified by the numbers and the enthufiafm of hn followers, he boldly declared himfelf a prophet, fent by -God into the world, not only to teach his will, bu( to compel mankind to obey it. As we have already mentioned, he did not lay the foundation of his fyilem fo narrow as only to comprehend the natives of hi» own country. Hii mind, though lude and enthufiaftic, was enlarged by travelling into dillant lands, whofe manners and religion he had made a peculiar lludy. He pro* p^fed that the iy&^m he cilablifhcd fhould. extend over all the neighbouring . nations, to whofe doctrines and prejudices he had taken care to adapt it. Many of the inhabitants of th^: eaftern countries were at this time much aj. ■ 'dialed to the opinions of Arius, who denied that Jefus Chrift was co-equal with God the Father, as is declared in thd Athanafian creed. Egypt and Arabia were filled with* Jews, who had fled into thcfe comers of the world fi-om the perfecutiou'of the emperor Adrian, who- threatened the total ev " tin£tion qf that people. The other inhabitants of thefe countries were Pa. gans. ' Thefe, however, had h'ttle attachment to theii* decayed and derided .idolatry; and like men whofe religious principles is weak, had given them- selves over to pleafurc and fenfuality> pr to tn< acquiiition of riches, to lit the better able to indulge in the gn^tifications of fenfe, which together with thedo£lrine of predellination^ compofed the Xole principles of their religion and philofophy. Mahomet's fyftem was exaAly fuitc^d to thefe three kinds of men' To gratify the two former, he. declared that there was one God, who created the world and governed all things in it ; that he had fent va- ^ rious prophets into the world to teach his will to mankind, among whom Mofts and Jefus Chrifl were the moft eminent ; but the endeavours of thefe had proved, ineffetlual, arid God had therefore now fent his lall and groatelt prophet, with'a commilHon more ample than what Mofes or Chrift had \etn entrufted with. He had commanded him not only to publifhhis laws, but to/ubdue thofe who were unwilling to believe or obey them } and for this . end to eftablifh a kingdom upon earth which fhould propagate the divine law throughout the world; that God had defigned utter ruin aiid dettrudion to -|tfiofe who fhould refufe to fubmit to him ; but to his faithful followers, he . iiad given the. fpoils and pofTelTioni of all the earth, as a reward in this h'fe, Und had provided for them hereafter a paradife of all fenfual en! yments, ' efpecially thofe of love ; that the pleafurcs of fuch as died in propagating the faith, would be peculiarly intenfe, and vaftly tranfcend thofe of the reih Thefe, together with the prohibition of drinking ftrong liquors (a rcllraint not very fevere iii warm climates) and the doftrine of predeftinatlon, were the capital articles of Mahomet's creed. They were no fooner publiflied than a vail niany of his countrymen embraced tl .with implicit faith. They ^rc written by the prieft we formerly mciiL.onedi and compofe a i.. • "." • ■ , ' . '' . . - bQok Indian and Oribntax TslaWdi. 805 book called the Koran, or Alkoraji, tiy 4ray of emmenm - we lay the ]6tble> which tnean* the book. The perfon of Mahomet, he /cr, WM &• f miliar to the inhnbitantt of Mecca ; fo that the greater |)art of them weW fuiBciently convinced of the deceit. The more enhghtened and IcadSng men entered into a defign to cut him off ; but Mahomet getting jiotice of (heir intention, fled from his native city to Medina Tahmachi, or the City ofthe I^rophet.4 The fame of hia miracles and dodrine was, according to cnftotn, gitatcft at. a diftance, and the inhabitants of Medina received him with open arms. From this flight, which happened in the 62 2 year of Chrlll, the fifty-fourth year of N«»homet|s, age, and the tenth of his minillry, his follower!), the Mahometans, cotnpute their time, 4nd the xra is called, i(i I Arabic, Hegira, i. e. the Flight. Mahomet, by the afliftance tof the fnhabitants • of Medina, and of others I ffhom his infinuation and sddrefs duly attached to him, brought over all, hit countrymen to a belief, or at leail to an acquiefcence in his doArinee. The focedy propagation of his fyftem among the Arabians vvas a new argument in its behalf among the inli^bitants of £gypt and the Eaft, who w'ere prcvi- oufly difpofed to it. Arians, Jews, and Gentiles, all forfook their ancient &ith, and became Mahometans. In a word, the contagion fpread over Arabia, Syria, Egypt and Perfia ; and Mahomet, from a deceitful hypocrite, I became the ntoft powerful monarch in his time. He was proclaimed king at' Medina in the year 627, and after fubduing part of Arabia and Syria, -he died I jn 6j2 leaving two branches of his race, both efteemed divine among their fubjefts. Thefe Were the caliphs of I'crfia and of Egypt, under the laft of I vhich Arabia was included. The former of thefe turned their arms to the Eaft, and made conqueils of. many countries. • The caliphs, of Egypt and Arabia direAed tlteir ravages towards Europe, and under the name of Sa- racens or Moors '{whicK they obtained becaufc they entered Europe from Mauritania, in Africa, the country of the Moors) reduced moll of Spain, * France, Italy, and the Lflands in the Mediterranean. In this manner did the fucceflors- of that impoftor fpread their religion and conquefts Q?Bcr ithc grcateft part of Afia, AfricaJ'.and Europe ; and they lini give law to ^a very conliderable part of mankind. The INDIAN and ORIENTAL INLANDS. THE JAPAN ISLANDS, J^pan or Niphon, Bongo, Tonfa, and l^ezima, form together what has been called the empire of JAPAN, I and arc governed by a moft defpotic prince, who is fometimes called emperor, andfomctimes king* They arelituated about 150 miles eaft of China, and ex- tend from the ^-bth to the 41 tl degree of north latitude, and from the 130th to the 147th of eaft longit,ude. The chief town is Jeddo, In the 141ft de- gree of eait longitude, and the 36th of north latitude. The foil and produAions of the country are pretty much the fame with thofe of China ; and the inhabitants are famous for their lacker ware, known by the name of Japan. I have already mentioned the circumftances of the Dutch expelling the Portuguese from this gainful trade.' The iflands' themfclves are very innaccefliblei. through their high rocks and iempeuu- 18 feas J they are fubjeft to eaitljquakes, to which tj^e inhabitants are - V ^ •- Cpy 1 io6 IhIMAII AMD OsilNTAL ItUlllOS. to icciiftomecl that they are fcarcety alarmed at any, unlefs they be tq*| t^rible indeed, and lay whole towui in ruins, which very often proves tl^l inje. Their feas, lakes, and rivers abound with fiih ; and their mountainil woods, and fore Its are well Hocked with hurfes, elepliants, deer, oxen, buffi).! oes, fhecg, hogs, and other ufcful animals. Some of their mountains arj iUm enriched with mines of gold, filver, and copper, cxquiAtely fine,: ofthcltl mountain* fome may be jultly ranked among the natural curiofities of tiuil country | ooie, in particular in the great iflaiid of Niphon, is of fuch a pn>l (ftigious height as to be eafdy feen 40 leagues off at fca, though its di(Unc(| /rom the ihure is 18. Some authors think it exceeds the peak of Tenerii^ I but it may rather be called a cluflcr or group of mountains ameng which art! nolefs than eight dreadful volcanueR, burning with incredible fury, and nftaj laying waite the country round them. The many brooks and rivers that I have their fources among the mountains form a great number of delightiid| cafcadet as well as fome dreadful catarads. Among the great variety of I trees in the fordls here, the cedars exceed all of that kmd through India fori Anu'ghtncfs, height, andbeaaty. The jnpancfe arR the grofleft of all idoli'l ters, and fo irreconcilcable to Chrilti 1 ity, that it is cortimoftly faid thel I>utch, who arc the only European people with whom they now trade, I ^pretend themfelves to be no Chriitian,., r.nd humour the Japanefe in the moil abfurd fuperilitionsi Notwithilandinjr all this compliance, the natives an very fliy and rigorous in all their dealings with the Dutch, and Nagafacd,! ia the idand of Dezima, is the only place where they arc fuffered to trede, I The complexions of the Japanefe are in general yellowifh, although fome few, chiefly women, are almoil white. Their narrow eyes, and high m brows, arc like thofe of the Chinefe and Tartars ; and their nofes are Ihott and thick. Their hair is univerfally black ; and fuch a famenefs of faihioa reigns throughout this v i >le empire, that the head-drefs is the famefroatl the emperor to the peafuiit. The falhion of their cloachs has alfo remained I the fame from very high antiquity. They confift of one or more loofe gowni, tied abfout the middle with a fafh. People of rank have them made of iili^ but tlie lower clafs of cotton fluffs. Women generally wear a greater mini, berof them than men| and much longer, and have them more ornamented,] often with gold or filvev flowers woven into the fluff. Their houfes are bulk j with upright pods, crofled and wattled with bamboo, plaillered both without and within^ and white-wanied. They generally have two flories ; but tlie | uppermoil is low, and feTdont inhabited. The roofs are covered with [ tiles, large and hcavy^ but neatly made. The floors are elevated two feet I from the ground, and covered with planks, on which mats are laid. They have no furniture in their rooms ; neither tables, chairs, llools, benches, caf- boards, or even beds. Their cullom is to fit down on their heels jipon the mats, which are always foft and clean. Their viftuals are ferved up to them on a low board, raifed but a few inches from the floor, and one dilh only at a time. Mirrors they have, but never fix them up in their houfes as ornamen- tal furniture : they %re made of a compound metal, and uftd only at their I toilets. Notwithftandihg the fe verity of their winter which obliges them to warm their houfes from November to March, they have neither fire places nor fioves ; inflead of thefe they ufe large coppc pots (landing upon legs. Thefe Arc lined on the infide with loam, on which alhcs are laid to fome depth, and charcoal lig,li(T^d''Upoo them, which fecms to be prepared ia fuch a manner The firft compliment of- icdi and a pipe of tobacco. - * . fani I '' ■'I- '^ \' '■■■ y •'*! ' that th« funifc s of it are not ;jat all dangerous. ferc4 to-a ftrsnger, i.i their houfes, is a drfh of 1 y- lianXW AND O&IUTAI. IlbAkOI. •07 IFiM *i^ uCcdbyboth kxtM cquaHy ; and are, within or without doora, their liofeptrable companionB. The whole nation are naturally cleanly ; cvcrr Ihouie* whether public or private, has a bath, of which conftant and daily im I ii made by the whole family. Obedience to parents, and rcfpeA to fupert^ I on, 're the chara£leri(lic* of this nation. Their falutatious and converfationt I between equaU abound alfo with civilhy and politenefu ; to this children are I ^y accunomed by the example of their parents. Their penal laws are I wTf (ievere ; but pumHiments are feldoni infli£^ed. .Perhapd there ta vp I country where fewer crimes asaintl ibciety arc committed. Commerce ana I oanufaAures flouriOi here, though, at thefe people have few wants, they I ire not carried to the extent which we fee in Europe. Agriculture is fo I wdl underftood, that the whole country, even to the tops of the hills, is cul- I tlvated. They never ude to trade with any foreigners except the Dutch and I Chinefe ; the Dutch exported thither annually, before they declared war I igiinll Britain, goods ta a great amount, but their trade to the £aft Indies I has been fince ruined by the conquells of the Englith in thofe dillant coun* I triei. The merchandife they exported from thefe iflands, both for Bengal land Europe, confilled in 9000 chefts of copper, each weighing 120 poundsy I and from 25 to 30,000 weight of camphor. I The LADRONE ISLANDS, of which the chief town is faid to I be Guam, call longitude 140, north latitude 14: they are about twelve in I number. The people took their name from their pilfering qualities. We I know nothing of them worth a particular mention, excepting that lord I Anfon landed upon one of them (Tinian), where he found great refrcQiment I for bimfelf and his crew. I FORMOSA is likcwife an oriental ifland. It is fituated to the eaft of IChiaa, near the province of Fo>kien, and is divided. into two parts by a I chain of mountains, which runs through the middle, beginning at the fouth Icoail, and ending at the north. This is a very fine ifland, and abounda I with all the neceflfaries of life. That part of the ifland which lies jto the weft I of the mountains, belongs to the Chinefe, who confider the inliabitants ■ of the eaftfm parts as favages, though they arc (aid to be a very inoffienflve Ipeaple. , The inhabitants of the cultivated parts are the fame with the I Chinefe, already defcribed. The Chinefe have likewife made themfelves maftera I of feveral other iflands in thefe feas, of which we fcarccly know the names ; I that uf Ainan is between fixty and fevcnty leagues long, and between fifty I and fixty in breadth, and but twelve miles from the province of Canton. The original inhabitants are a fliy, . cowardly people, and live in the molt unwhokiome part of the ifland,. the coall and cultivated parts, which are very valuable, being poiTeifed by the Chinefe. To our defcription of Fci-mofa we flmll add an account of the dreadful difafterthat lately befel this unhappy ifland. On the 22 May 1782, a, mod furious wind accompanied w|th heavy rain and a fvvell of the fea greater than ever remembered kept the inhabitants under continual apprchcnfion of being fwallowed up by the waves, or buried in the bowels of ^e earth. The buildings, where the tribunals were held, the public granaries, the barracks, and other works were totally deltroyed, and prcfented nothing to the eye but one continued profpc A of rufi) and dcfolation. Of 2 7 fliips of war, which' were in tlic harbour, 12 difappeared; two were daflicd to pieces, and lO were (battered in fuch a roanntV that they were rendered totally unfit for fmice. As the whole iHaod was covered with water the proviCoUs were either fn-cpt away or fpoiled ; the crops were totally deUroycd, The '«. ,-4v/ — '-'i*. «wd iNOrAN A«D OkllNtAfc IllANOI. ' ^The PHILIPPINES, of which there are i lOo in number, Ivinf; intlitL Chincfe Sea (part of the Pacific Ocean,) 300 milet fouth cad of' China, of I which Manilla, or JLnconIa, the chief, is 400 miles lung and lOo l)ro»d,| The mhabitants conlili of CKincfc, Ethiopians, MaUyH, Spanianh, Por. tuguefe, Pintadors, or painted people, and Mcftes, a mixture of all tlicfc. The property of the iflands bclongt to the king of Spain, they having b«n difcoVCred Ly Magellan, and nftcrtvards conquered by the Spuniardi in the Tfign of Pliilip if. »from.whom tliey take their name. Thoir lituation J fach, between the eaftern and wcltern cuntint^nts, that the inhabitants tndc with Mexico and Peru, as well as with all Ih':; iilands and places of the Eaft Indies. Two fhips from Acapulco, in Mexico, carry on tiiis commerce far the Spaniards,- who make 400 per cent, profit. The country is fruitful in all the necefTaries of life, and beautiful to the eye. Venifon of all kiwlt, buffaloes, hogs, fheep, goats, and a particular large fpecies of munlccyi, ire found here in great plenty. ■ The ueil of the bird faligan aftords thit diffoUivg jelly, which is fo voluptuous a rarity at European tables. Many European fruits aiid floweru thrive turprifingly in thefe iflands. If a fpring of an orange or lemon tree is planted here, it becomes within the year a fruit-bearing tree ; fo that the verdure and luxuriancy of the foil arc almoft incredible. The tree amet fupplies the natives with water ; and there is alfo a kind of cane, which if cut, yields fair water enough for a draught, of which] there is plenty in the mountains, where water is mofl wanted. In thofe iflanda are monkeys and baboons of a monflrous bignefs, that will defcid themfelvea if attacked by men. When they can find no fruit in the muun. tains they go down to the .fea to cati^K crabs and oytlers ; and that the oyfters may not clofe and catch their paws, they firll put a (lone betwixt their fhell to prevent their (hutting clofe. They take crabs by putting their tail in the holes where they lie, and Vhen the crab lays hold of it ther draw him out. The city of Manilla contains >about 3000 inhabitants { its port is Cavite lyiAg at the diilance of three lea;rues, and defended* by the calUe of St. Phihp. In tlie year 1762, Manilla was reduced by the Engliih undet gen- eral Draper and admiral Corniih, who took it by llorm, and huinaneljp fulfered the archbifhop, who was the Spanifh viceroy, at the fame time, to ranfom the place for about'a million llerling. The bargain, however, was ungeneroufly difowned by him and the court of Spain, fo that great part of the ranfom is ftill unpaid. The Spanifh government is fettled tnerej but the Indian inhabitants pay a capitation tax. The other iflands, par. ticula 'y Mindanao, the largcll next -to Manilla, are governed by petty princes of their own, whom tliey call fultanti. The fultan of Mindanao ii a Mahomtean. Upon the whole, though thefc iflands are enriched with all the profufioa of. nature, yet they are fubjeiSl to mult dreadful earthquakes, thunder, rains, and lightning ; and the foil is peilcrcd with many noxious and venomouii creatures, and even herbs and Howers, whofe ffotfons kill almoU inftaiit' aneoutly. Some of their mountains are volcanoes. The MOLUCCAS, commonly called the Sfice or Clove Islands, Thefc are not out of light of each other, and lie all within the compaft of twenty-five leagues to the fouth of the Philippines, in 125 degrees of eafl longitude, and between. one degree, fbuth, and two north latitude. They are in number five , viz. Bachian, Machian, Motyr, Ternate, anJ Tydore. Thefc iflands produce neither corn nor rice, 10 that the inhabi' ..lasts ii7C upon « bread made of fagoo. Their chief produce conlilU of INDUII ANO OailMTAL TsLAMDt; •o» clovrii mace, and nutmeg*, in vaft quantities i which the Dutch fomncrljr NDonopoli/cd %v!th fo much jcaluufy, that they dellruyed ihe plants, left tni 1 nitivcii (hould fell their ftipernumerilry fpices to othdr nations. Thefc iflands, iftii ba% fubje£^ to various powers, fell into the hands of the Dutch who I ipnoiiited three kings to govern them fubordiiiate to their authority. They liavr ^' iCe the revolution efFed^ed b^ the French in Holland, been re(\uced to the dominion of Great Britain with alrooft all the other poiTclfions o{ the Putch in that qiiarter of the world. Ternate is the lai^eft of tnefe illands^ though no more than thirty nales in circumferience. The Dutch had her^ I fort called Vi£loria ( and another called Fort Orange, in Machiaii. The BANDA, or Nutmeg Islands, are fittiated between 127 and laS degrees eall longitude, and between four or Ave fouth latitude, comprehend- iflg the iflaitds of Lantor, the chief town of which is Lantor, Polerongj Rofinging, Fooloway, and Gonapi. The chief forts on thefe iilands, are tbofe of Revenue and Naflau. The nutmeg, covered with mace, grows on thefe iflands only, and they were formerly entirely fubjc6t to the Dutch. li feveral iflands that lie near Banda and Amboyna, the nutmeg and clove would grow, becaufe, as naturalifts tell us, birdi, efptcially duv^ and pige- btti, fwalluw the nutmeg and clove whole, and void them in the fame ftatc : which is one of the reafons why the Dutch declare war aninft both birds iii their wild plantations. The great nutmeg harveft is in June and Augull;. AMBOYNA. This ifland, taken in a large fenfe, is one, and tlie moft conliderable, of the Moluccas, which, in fad, it commands. It is fituated in the Archipelago of St. Lazarus, between the thii-d and fourth degp-ee of Ibuth latitude, and 120 leagues to the eaftward of Batavia. Amboyna ia about feveuty miles in circumference, and defended by a Dutch garrifou/of 7 or 800 men, befides fmall forts, which prote£l their clove plantations. It it well known, that when the Portuguefe were drivert off this ifland, the trade of it wa» carried on by the Englifli and Dutch ; and the barbarities of the Utter ill firft torturing and then murdering the Englifli, and thereby engrofs- ing the whole trade, aiid that of Ban4a, can never be forgotten ; but will be tranfmitted as a memorial of Dutch infamy at that period to all pofterity* This tragical event happened in 1622. The ifland of CELEBES, or Macassar, is btuated under the equator^ between the ifland of Borneo and the Spice Iflands, at the diflance of 160 leagues froni Batavia, and is 500 milei long, and loo broad. This ifland, notwithftanding Its heat, is rendered habitable by breezes frbm the north, and periodical rains. Its chief prodiiA is pepper and opium ; and the natives are expert in the ftudy of poifona, with a variety of which nature has fiirniflied them. In this, and indeed in almoft all the Oriental iflands, this inhabitants live in houfes built dn large pods, which are acceflible only by ladders, which they pull up in the night-time, for their fecurity againft venemoiis animals. They are iaid to be hofpitablc and faithful, if not provoked. They cany SD a large trade with the Chinefe. Their port of Jampoden is the inofl; capacious of any in that part of the vrorld. GILORO and CERAM, two other fpice iflands lying under theequator« were fortified by the Dutch but have been flnce reduced by the Englifli. The SUNDA ISJ.ANDS. Thefe are fituated in the Indian Oceaii, be- tween 93 and 1 20 degrees of eaft longitude, and between eight degreed Borth, and eight degrees fofith latitude, comprehending the iflands o£ Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bally, Lamboe, Banca, &c. The tliree firil, froiii their irreat extent and i»nportan«*i BORNEO is faid to be 8c Holland it the iargeft j0»od , require to be feparateli ' utiCriucu. miles long, and 70b broad, and except New s¥ the wi>rld. The iolaod £«t of the cciuow «r ,...'*, :; S'Mrl* m- iHbUN AMD OaiENtAL tsLANSi. fry J8 maWhy'jihd unhealthy ; and th^ inhabitants live in town» built ipoi " floats in the middle of the rivers. The foil produces rice, cotton, canes, ptppef, camphor, the tropical fruits, gold, aiid excellent diamonds. The famuus ouraiig-QUtang ,one of wl'jch was diffedled by Dr: Tyfon at Oxfdrd, is a native of tlils country, and is thought, of all irrational beings, to refemble ^ man the moft. The original inhabitants flill remain in ^he mountains, an() are ftyled j?f^ux,. which fignifies a wildman. The beafts are oxen, buffalo^ 4eer, goats, elephants^' tygers, and monkeys. SUMATRA has Malacca on the north, JSome'o on the eaft, and Java on the fouth-caft^ from which it is feparated by the Straits of Sunda ; it is divided Into two equal parts by the equator, extending Bve degrees and upvvardi north-weft of it, and five on the fouth-eaft ; and is 900 miles long, and from I op to ICO broad. Its chi^f trade with the Europeans lies in pepper. The Englifh Eaft. India company have two fettlements here, Bencoolen and fort- Marlborough ; from whence they bring their chief cargoes of pepper. The king of Achen is the chief of the Mahometan princes wha poflefs the fea coafts. The interior parts are governed by pagan princes ; and the natural prdQu&s of Sumatra are pretty much the fame with thofe of the ^.djacent iflands. This ifland is reprefented by Mr. Marfden as furpaffed by few in the beauti- ful indulgences of nature. A hain of high njountains runs through iti ivhole extent. Betweeii the ridg<^s of thefe mountains the air is cool ; and from this advantage they are the mod cleared from woods, w))ich elfewhere cover both hills and-^alleys with an eternal fliade. Here too are found many /large and beautiful lakes, that, facilitate inuch the communication betwixt dinerQit parts of the country. The inhabitants are below the middle fize i their limbs for the moil part flight ; but well (haped, particularly at the vrifts and .ancles. Th?ir hair is ijbrong and of a (hining black'. Some of the inhabitants of the hilly parts are pbierved to have a fwelling in the throat, about the fize of an oftrich's egg. The cuftoms of the Sumatrans allow polygamy-; but it is extremely rare that an inftance occurs of their having more wives than one. The Caflia country is inhabited by Battas, who dif- fer from all the other inhabitants in language, cuiloms^ and manners. Thejr eat the prifoners whom the^ take in war. They prefer human flcfh to all others, a^id fpeak with pwuliar rapture of the palms of the hands and the fbles of tha f«et. They lortify their villages very ftrongly with double fences of camphor plank, pointed, and placed with their points projeding out- wards ; and between thefe fences they place pieces of bamboo, hardened by fire, and likewife pointed, which are concealed by the grafs, but which will run quite through a man's foot. The people who inhabit the, coaft are Malays, who came hither from the peninfula of Malacca. Their language and charat^er differ much from the inhabitants of Malacca, who ufe the Arabic charafter. The people between the diftriAs of the Englifti company ' and tlidfe of tlie Dutch at Palimban, on^the other fide of the ifland, >vrite on long narrow flips of the bark of a tree, with a piece of bamboo. They begin jit the bottom and write from the left hand to the right, contrary tp . the cuftom of. other Eaftern nations. It is from this country that raoft. of caflia fent to Europe is produced. The caflia tree gttjws to 50 or 60 feet in diameter from a beautiful and regular trunk. The wild- beafts of Sumatrj are tigers, elephants, rhinocerpfefi- bears, and monkeys. The tygers prove to the inhabitants both in theirjournies and even in their domeftic occupation* Vnoft deftriiftlv^ encroies. The fize and ftrength of the fpecies, which pre- tails en this ifland, is prodigious. Thej are laid to break with a ftroke of thcv ;v^/^'- InOJAM and oriental IsLANM. * 8ljL liuk fore-^aw the leg of a horfe or buffalo?. Within about ninety miles of Sumatra is^the ifland of ENGANHO, which i^ very little kndjwn, on account of the terrible rocks and breakers which entirely furround it. It is inhabit- {d by naked faVages^ who are tall and well made, and who generatly appear armed with lances and clubs, and fpeak a different language from the in* , habitants of any of the neighbouring iflands. . The greateft part of JAVA formerly belonged to the Dutch, \yho here trefted a kind of commercial monarchy, the capital of which is Batavia.'a noble and populous city, lying in. the latitude of fix degrees fouth, at th« mouth of the river Jucata^ and furniflied with one of the fineft harlwurs in the world. $ince the revolution in Holland it has been reduced by Great Britain together with all the other pofleflions of the t)utch in the Eaft' In- dies. The town itfelf is built in the nlanner of thofe in Holland, and is about a league and a half in circumference, with five gates, and furroundtd by regular fortifications ; but its fuburbs are faid to be ten times more po-^ pulous than itfelf. The govcmmept here was a mixture of eaftern magni- . ficence and European police, and held by the JJutch governof-gencral'of the Indjes. When he appeared abroad, he was attended by his guards and ' officers, and with a fplendor fuperior to that of any European potentate, ^;f- cept upon fome folemn occafions. This city is as beautiful as it is ftrong^ aud its fine canals, bridges, and avenues, render it a moft agreeable refidence* The defcription of it, its goveminent, and public edifices, have employea ' whole folumes. The citadel, where the governor has his palace, commandi the town and the fuburbs,- which are inhabited by ;nativcs of almoft every nation in the world ; the Chinefe refiding in this ifiand are computed at 100,000; . but about 30,000. of that nation were barbaroufly maflacred, wifH- put the fmalleft offence ever proved upon then\, in 1740. This maflacre was too unprovoked and deteftable to be defended even by the Dutch, who, yhen the governor arrived in Europe, fent him back to.^bc tried at Batavia ; but he never has been heard of fince. A Dutch garrifon of 3060 men con* ilaiftly refidcd at Batavia, Ind about 15,000 troops were quartered in 4he illand and the neighbourhood of thff city. ' The ANDAMAN and NICOBAR iflands, are Ctuated on the eaftern fide of Bengalj extending from north latitude 10°. 32' 10.13° 4°'* U"til of late years thefe iflands have been veiy little known, probably on accdurit of the wild appearance of the country which 4ias deterred navigator^ from frequenting them. The Gseat Andaman is about 140 Brilifh miles in length, , but no more than 20 in the broadeft part. Its coafls are indented by feveral deep bays, interf«fi£i:ed by many vaft inlets or creeks, one of which bs been found to run quite through, and is navigable for fmall vefTcls. The fhoresof the main ifland, and indeed of all the reft, are in fome parts rocky, and in a few places are lined with a fmooth and fandy beech,' where boats may eafily land. The inland parts of thefe iflands are covered with a variety oftall. trees, darkened by the interinixture of creepers, which form altogether . a vaft and impervious foreft, fpreading over th(^ whole country. The fmal-, ler iflands are equally covered with wood ; they moftly > contain hills of a moderate height, but the main ifland is diftinguifhed by a mountain of pro» digious bulk, called from its fhape' the faddle feak ; it is vifible in clear weather at the diftance of 25 leagues, being nearly 2400 feet in perpendi- cular height. There are no rivers of any fize upon thefe iflands, but a num- , ber of fmall rills pour down from the mountains, affording good wat^, and exhibiting m their defcent over the rock* a variety of little cafcades, which we werfhaded by the fuperincumbent woods, Ijilany of the tJFee9 affoi'd tl« InOUN AWD OmiHTAb IsLANM* iW" tiB^bcn aod planks for the conilru£tion of fliipi. A partiVuUr tree •vowt 'hen to«n enormout fize, one having been found to meafure 30 fed m Qircumfcrence, producing a very rich dye. The quadrupeds are wild hdgSf monkeys, and rats. . 'Guanas and various reptiles abound ( among the latter it the green fnake, very venomous } centipedes of ten inches long and icorpions. The inhabitants of the Andaman iifca are perhaps the' Icalt ci. itiliited in the ytrorld. Their colour is,of the darkcft hue, their ftature in g' eneral fmall iind their afped uncouth. Their limbs are ill-furmed and ender^' fcir bellies prominent, and like the Africans they have wool heads, thick Ups and flat nofes. They go quite naked, the women wearing only it timea a firihge or taflel rouiid' the middk which i; merely for ornament ai they dp tiot betray any (hame when feen without it. The men arc cunninj^ crafty and revengcfur ; and frequently exprefs their averfion to ftrangersiii •iloud and threatening tone of voice. At other times tliey appear quiet and ilocilie with the moft hoilile Intent.' '. On the appearance of any veflel they frequently lie in ambufli among tl\e trtfes, and fend one of the uldeft amoiig them to allure the ftrangers by irieni Ij ligns to theihure. ' Should the crew venture to land without arms, they iih itantly rulh frpm their lurking places to attack them.. About 15 miles to the eeftward of tbefe iflands lies an iflaiid julUy ftylcd, Bt^rren, on which is a dreadful volcano. "The following account is given of this tfland by Capt. Blair in his report of the furvey of the Andaman iflands See Afiatic Re. fearch. vol. 4. p.412.' ' " I left that coalt March 21. and landed on Barren j^nd on the 24th. The volcano was in a violent ftate o( eruption, burfting out immenfe volumes of fmoke, and frequently fliowers of red hot ftones. Some were of a fize to weigh three or four tuns, and had been throvirn fome hundred yards from the foot of the cone'. ' There wer • f wo or three eruptions, while we were clofe to k ; feveralof thcred ttot ftones rolled down the fides of the cone and bounded A confiderable way beyond us. The bafe of the cone is the loweft part of the iflaiid and very little higher than the level of the fea. ' The mountain rife: in the form of a cone with an acclivity of 1800 feet which is alfo' the eleT»- tioR of the other parts of the ifland.^' ' CEYLON. ' This ifland, though not the lai^eft, is thought to be, by na« /ture, the richefl; and fitieft ifland in the world. It is fituated in the Indian Ocean, near Cape Cumorin { the fouthern extremity of tht Hither Peninfula of India, being feparated from the coaft of Coruroandel by a narrow ilrait, iuid is 250 miles long, and 200 broad. . The natives call it, with fome (hew ofreisfbn, the terreftrial paradife ; and it produces, befides excellent fruits of all kinds, long pepper, fine cottop, ivory, filk, tobacco, ebony, muik, cryllal, laltpetre, fulphur, lead, iron, fteel, copper ; befides cinnamoai gold and filver, and all kinds of precioUs iflones, except diamonds. ' All kinds of fovl and fiih abound here. Every pait of the ifland is well wooded and watered; and befides I'ome .curious animals peculiar to itfelf, it has plenty of cows, buf. fidoes, goati, hogs, deer, hares, dogs, and other quadrupeds. The Ceylon dephaiUs are the largeft and beft in the worl(), and their woods are infcited by tygers, the moil terrible a'' aW ravenous beafts.' They abound alfo with fnakesof a monftrous fize, 6ne of which has been known to devour a tyger at one meaL The chief commodity of the ifland, is its cinnamon, which is by • far the baft in all Afia. Though its trees grow in great profoiiun, yet the 4>s& isifossd is the neigubuuifhoon pi Coiumbo ; the chief lettlement of the vDutch, and Negambo. The middle of the country is mountainous and ' woody y^ but the btautUttl vaUiea wene fabdued and taken poflcifion of hy the Dutch, s.^-^r-; '^■,^':L ;,:.,'.;:^-: :*>--■ vAs^; Imdum and Oribntal Iilacji. 8l| Dutchf who after a bloody war drove the Cey'onefe monarch from hit capi- tal cityi Candy; which ftands on * mountain in the middle of the ifland, fo. that he has fcarcely any communication with other nations, or any property in the richea of hia.Own dominions. The defcendants of the ancient Jn« habitants are called Cinglafles, who, though idolaters, value themfelvct upon maintaining their ancient laws and cuftoms. They are, in eeneral, a fobef, inoffenfive people, and are mingled with Moors, Makibars, Portuguefe, and ' Dutch. It may be here proper to obferve, that the cinnamon-tree, which is a na^ live of this ifland, has two, if not three barks, which form the true cinnamon ) the trees of a middling growth and age afford the beft ) and the body of the tree, which, when ftripped, is white, ferves for building and other ufei* This ifland was conquered by the Portnguefe, who tyrannized over the in- . habitants in fuch a manner that they aflliled the Dutch in expelh'ng them from the ifland, and by their united efforts this was accomplifhcd in 1658. la January 1782, Trincomale, the chitf fea-port of the ifland, was taken b|| • the Englifh, but toon afterwards retaken by the French, and reflored to the Dutch by the lafl treaty of peace. It has Tmce been taken by the Englifh and is at prefent (1799) in their pofTefllon. The MALDIVES. Thefe are a vaft clufter of fmall iflands or little rocks above the water, lying between tho equator and eight degrtes north latitude, near Cape Comorin. They are chiefly reforted to by the Dutch, who carry on a profitable trade with the natives for couries, a kind of fmall (IicUb, which go, or rather formerly went for money upon the coafls of Guinea and other parts of Africa. The cpcoa of the Maldives is an excellent com- modity in a medicinal capacity : ** Of this tree (fays a well-informed author) / they build veffeU of twenty or thirty tons ; their hulls, mafls, fails, rigging, anchors, cables^ provifions, and firing, are all from this ufeful tree." We have already mentioned BOMBAY, on the Malabar coafl. In {jpeak- ing of India. With regard to the language of all the Oriental iflands, nothing certain can be faid. Each ifland has a particular tongue4 but the Malayan, Cbinefe, Portnguefe, Dutch, and Indian words, a.'e fo frequent among them» that it is difficult for an European, who is not vtvf expert ia thofe matters to know the radical bnguage. The fame may be almofl faid pf their religion ; for though its original is certainly Pagan, yet it is intermix- ed with many Mahometan, Jewifh, Chriflikn and other foreign fuperflitions. The fea which feparates the fouthern point of the peninfula of Kamt- fchatka from Japan, contains a number of iflands in a pofltion from north- north-eaft to fouth fouth-weft, which are called the KURILE ISLANDS. They are upwards of twenty in number, are all mountainoua, and in feveral of them are volcanoes and hot fprings. The principal of thefe iflandl it inhabited ; but fome of the little ones are entirely defert and unpeopled. They differ much from each other, in refpeft both to their fituation and natural conftitution. The fprefls in the more northern ones, are compofed of faryx and pines ; thofe to the fouthern produce canes, bamboos, vines, &c. In fome of them are bears and foxes. The fea- otter appears on the coafls of all thefe iflands, as well as whales, fea-horfes, feak, and other amphibious animals. Some of the inhabitants of thefe iflands have a great likenefs to the Japanefe, in their manners, bnguage, and pecfpn^l appear- ance ; others very much refemble the Kamtfchadales. The northern iflands jtcknowledge the fovereignty of the empire of Rultla but thofe to t^e fouth pay homage to Japan. The Kurilians difcover much humanity and probity |n their conduct^ w^ ar^ courteoui and heritable { but adverfity renden „^: -M. .' .l,'o;; AFRICA, Xht third grand divifiqn of tfa« globe, t« generally rcprefentej as bearing f0]me rcfemblan<:e to the ferm of a pyramid, the bafi being the northeffi patt of it, which runs along the fliores of the MediV erninean, and-^ potnt or top of. the pyramid, the Cape of Good Hope. Africa is a peainfiila of a prodigious extent, joined to A&X only by a neck •f land, a^ut ilxty mi|e8 over, between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, ufually ^^ed the Ifthmus of Suez, arid its utmoft length from north to ^£^b, from Cape Bona in the Mediterratiean, m. ^*] degrees north, to the Cape of Cobd Hope in 34-7 fouth latitude*, is 4,300 miles j and the broad- eft Tpart from Cape Verd, in 17-3^0 deg» W. Ion. to -Cape Guardafiii, Iteit the ftraits'of Babel- Mandel,- in .5^1-20 eaft longitude, .ns 3,500 mlle» fixim eaft to weft< It is bounded on the north by the Mediterranean Sea, which feparatea it from Europe ; on the e''aft by the Ifthnvus of Suez, the iRed Sea, and the Indian Ocean, which divides it from Afia ; oh the fouth by the Southetn Ocean ij: Iki^ on -th^ weft by the great Atlantic Ocean, which feparates it from America^ As the' equator divides this Atenfive Country almoft in the middle, knd the. far greateft part of it is within the tropics, the heat is ih many places almT>ft ipfupportable to an European ; It being there ittcreafed by the **ys of the fun, from vaft deferts of burning fands. The coafts, however, and banks of rivers, fuch as the Nile, are generally fertile ; and moft parts of this region are inhabited, though it ij tar froth being fo populous as Europe and A&jl. Froyn what- has been faid the reader cannot cxpcft to find liere a variety of climates. In many parts of Afw'c;, xnow feldom falls in the plains: and it is generally never found hut on the tops of tlie higheft mountains. The natives, in thefe fcpiching regioms. Would as foon -expeft that marble fliould liielt, and flow in liquid ftreams, as that wattt' by freezing (hould lofe its fluidity, be arreftci by the cold, and ceafing tolibw, become like the folid rock. • ^ . The molt confiderable rfVib in Africa, arc t^e^ Niger, ^hkh falls in5i 5* S\o -■■ 'J'-'U. 1 1 vnjt carric •bferre^. The depi the ff uth twenty thn Its widtl found of tfa where the that of the only flood) - Ihartiightt ,_ Thatth* it* Davigatl when he fi offered to people to t tliAurbed p A F'Tl^ 1 C A. •H. tlie Atlantic or weftTfi ocean at Senegal, after a courfcbf afloD miles ♦. It increafes find 'decreafea as the Nile, rertilifes the country, and has grainft of gold in manyjpairts ■->"' \ The Gambia and Senegal are only branches •f this river. The I^^e, which dividing Egypt into two parts, difchargea itfelf into the Mcditorraneah, after a prodigious courfe from its fource in AbyiTinia. The. moft confiderable mountains in Africa are the Atlas, » ridge extending from the weftcrn ocean, to which it gives the name of At- lantic Oc^an, as far'as E^^ypt, and had its name from a king of Mauritania, a great lover of aftronomy, who ufed to obferve the ftars from its fummit ; on which account, the poets reprefent him as bearing the heavens on his (houl- ders. The mountain; of the Moon, extending themfd^es between Abyffinia and Monomotapa, and are ftill higher than thofe of Atbs. Thofe of Sierm Leona, or the Mountain of the Lions, which divide Nigritia/rom Guinea*^ and extend as far as Ethiopia. Thefe were ftyled by the andents the Moun* tains of ^God, on^ account of their being fubieft to thunder and lightning. The Peak of Teneriffe, which the Dutch n>w:e their firft meridian, is about two miles high, in the form of a fugar-loaf,andi8 fituated on an ifland of the fame name near the.coaft. The moft noted capes, or promontories, in thi» country, are Cape Verd, fo called, becaufe the land is always covered with green tree^^and mofly {ground. It is the moft wefterly point of the continent, of Africa. The Cape of Good Hope, fo denominated by the Portugucfe» when they firft went^rbund'it in 1498, and difcoveredthe paifage to Afia. It is the fouth extreniity df Africa, in the country of the Hotfentots j at pre- fent in the poifeil^on of the Englifh, and the general rendezvousjof (hips of every nation who trade to India, b^ng about halfway from £utopq. There is but one ftrait in Africa, which is called Babel-Mandel, and joins the Red Sea with the Indian Ocean. The fttuation of Africa for commerce is extremely favourable, ftanding ai it were in the centre of the globe, >nd having thereby a much nearer com- munication with Europe, A6a, and America, than any of the other quarten. has * Ihii is extremely difficult Knot impoflible, toafcertuo. .For, (according to Mis*. Lucai't coniBumntioni to the African Aflbciation) both the ^ and termioation of th« Niger are unknowo, but the courfe is frbm cad to weft. So ercat is its rapidity, tfcaC; no veCTel can afcend its ftreani : and fuch is the w^nt of flcilT, or fuch the abfence of cotameccial inducenetiti amangitht nation* who inhabit its borders, that even with the current, neither. 'vcffels nor boats aK leen to navigate. In one place. Indeed, the tra- vfUer find* acco m s s adattons for the paflage of himfelf and of bis goods; hi\t even tbtttt though the ferrjrmrn, by the indulgence nf tbe.fuitan of Caihaa, are exempted frpqa ' all taxes, the boat wbich ctMitaina the merchandize is nothing more than an ill-conftrudte^ raft, for th'e planks are fattened to the titnbei a witii rnpes, and the feams are fl)o(Ml both within and without, by a ptaifler of trugh clay, of which a large p^ovifion is aW ways carried on the raft,^r the pufpofe of excluding the Qreatn wherever its enuance k • •bferred. ^ . . The depth of tht river at the place of pafTage, which is more than a hundred miles t« the fruth of the city of Caflina, the capital of the empire ot that name, is eAimated at twenty three or twenty*four feet Englifli. Its width is fuch, that even «t the Ifland of Goiigbo, where the ferrymen refide,^e found of the loudcd voice from the northei n fliore is fcarcely heard ; and at TonbomAi', > where (he name of Gnewa, or black, is given to the (Ire^n^ the width ia defcribed aa betng that of the Thames at Weftniinller, In the rainy feaOth it fwells above its banks, and t ot only floods the adjacent lands, but often fweeps bef«re it the cattle Aft^jS^^i^tftM fiiart iighted, or too contideut, inhabitants. ^. , ''-■£ , That the people who live in the neighbourhood of the Niget fhouM mnfe to profif *%/ itn navigation, may mftly furprife the traveller ; but much Kreaier is bis aftoniihmeor, when he finds that even the food which the bounty nfi>S* ^i ^< Africao Affociaiion, p. i8j«- ku wHli the reft. Th»t it aboandi with gold, we hare not only the tefti. mony of the Portun^efe, the Dutch, the Englifh, and the French, who have fcttlementi on the coaft of Africa, but that of the moft authentic hiftorians. It ii, however, the misfortune of Africa, that, though it has 10,000 miles of fea>coaft, with noble, Urge, deep rivers, it Oiould have no navigatiuh, nor re- ceive any benefit from them ; and that it (hould be inhabited by an innumer- able people, ignorant of commerce, and of each other. At the mouths of thefe rivert are the moft excellent harbours, deep, fafe, calm, and flieltered from the wind, and capable of being made perfe^Iy fecure by fortifications • but quite deftitute of flu'pping, trade, and merchants* even where there is plentv of merchandife. . In (hort, Africa, though a full Quarter of the globe, . nored with an inexhauftible treafure^ and capable, under proper improve' nenti, of producing fo numy things delightful, as well as convenient, within itfrif, feems to be almoft entirely negtened, not only by the natives, who are quite unfolicitouB of reaping the benefits wh>ch nature has provided for them but alfo by the more civilifed Europeans who are fettled in it, particularly the Portuffueie. Africa once contained feveral kingdoms and Rates, eminent for the liberal arts, for wealth and power, and the moft extenfive commerce. The king. doms of Egypt and Ethiopia, m particular, were much celebrated $ and the rich and powerful ftate of Carthage, ihat once formidable rival to Rome it- felf, exiendod her commerce to every part pf the then known world : even the Britifli fliores were vifited by her fleets, till Juba, who was king of , Mauritania, jbut tributary to the repubHc of Carthage, unhappily called in the Romans, who, with the affiftance of the Mauritanians, fubdued Carthage, and by degree^ all the neighbouring kingdoms and ftates. After this the natives, conftantly plundered, and confequently impoveriflied, by the go- vernors feat from Rome^ neglected their trade, and cultivated no more of their lands than might ferve for their fubfiftence. Upon the decline of the Roman empire, in the fifth century, the north of Africa was over-run by the Vandals, who contributed ftill more to the-deftruAion of arts and fciences ; and, to add to this country's calamity, the Saracens made a fudden conqueft of all the coafts of Egypt and Barbary, in the feventh century. Thefe were Succeeded by the Turks ; and both being of the Mahometan religion, whofe profeflbrs carried defolation with them wherever ther caitie, the ruin of that ence flouriihing part of the world was thereby completed. The inhabitants of this continent, with reipeft to religion, may be divided into three forts ; namely, Pagans, Mahometans, and Chriilians. The firll are the more numerous^ poiTeifing the greateft part of the country, from the tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope, and thefe are generally black. The Mahometans, who are of a tawny complexion, pclfefs Egypt, and almoft all the northern (hores, of Africa, or what is called the Barbary coaft. The people of Abyfllnia, or the Upper Ethiopia, are denominated Cbriftians, but retain many Pagan and J||a^'h rites. There are alfo fome Jews os the north of Africa, who managelU the little trade that part of the country it pofTeflcdof. ' ^ ^ There are fcarcely any two nations, or indeed any two of the learned, that agree in the modern divifions of Africa ; and for this very reafon, that (carcelj any traveller has penetrated into the heart of the cpuntry ; and confequent- ly we muft acknowledge our ignorance of the bounds, and even the names of feveral of the inland nations, which may be ftill reckoned among the unknown ■and undifcovered parts of the world ; but according to the beft accounts and Cpnjedures, Africa may be divided according to tke fallowing table i /■•:.;* AFRICA. >>* Jfti7 iDift. and'Diff. at ChiafCitiei.ibear.fr time from iLondon. |Liondoa> HtiioDf. Miifotco, 7 Tifilet, 5(c.S At|{ier« Tuai* Tripoli Barca Eirrpt BiledulKerid Zaara N'^jfroland Giriica Nubia AbyiTir Abex 9- at 700 400 600 ajop .^400 aioo 1800 940 900 540 480 100 170 »40 300 IE 660 840 600 Square Mile*. 419,400 54.400 7Sfoo 66.400 C40.700 485 ,000 7.19.100 1,016 OflO 510,000 164030 .1 78,oo:a 160,000 Fes Algieri Tunia r;ip8U Tnlemeta C> anil Cairo Uira l'e;(iU'a Madinfta Benin Nubia O >ii(lar Doncaia 1080 .3. 91*9. 990ii.£. 1460 S.£. 1440 s.c ipto S.K 15^5 3, 18403. 4jao j. l-FOO S. o 34 aft 013 hef. o 39 btf sP bf(. 1 46 bef. RellgiMla. Mahom. Mahom Mthom Mah^m 1 41 tici, 034 it* O 44 Att, o 38 ait. 4418.S. K. r88j.f >., jj8o )i. E o 40 bef. 4 14 bef, I 10 bef. 4 .;6 bef. M*hoin Ma.AHa, Ch Hiiu. Ch.dc.l'a. The middle parti, called Lower Ethiopia, are verf little koown to tiie £u. ropeana, but , are, computed at 1,400,000 iquare m U^ . Loango Coii|;o Aneola Benguela M-'f^man Al.T> Zanguebar Monomotapa 410 5iO 360 410 450 900 1400 960 Mo.ieiaui;! Sofola Terra de Nat- Caffraria or 7 Hottentot. \ 900 480 600 708 .■;oo 66c 49,400 Loan no 4'40 174,800 .ajo 38,400 TJo 64 600 »40 144000 30c •34,000 350 660 a7J,ooo 4as,joo 6«o 310,000 30c 97.500 3ic 184,900 Sc. Salvador 400 540 Loando BanitueU Mo I'owni Bra^a Melinda' or Moiamhiq. Monornotapa Ofaicova Sofola No Towni Cape of Good Hope. •,300 S. ■48 $. 37io_a. .^900 s. o i8 bef* 3704 8.E 4440 S.E. 4500 8. 4*60 S. 4600 s, E. 54C0 S. 44 feet 1 o bet. o 38 bef Ch.et Pa CMtjPa. Ch ft Pa. 4 40 bef 4 38 bef. I 18 bef. t 44 bef . 4I8 bef. I 14 bef Pagaai Parana Pairana Parana Parana Moft tta ' pidPijr The principal iflands of Africa lie in the Indian feas and Atlantic Ocean ; of which the following belong to, or trade with, the Europeans, and ferve ta refrefli their (hipping to and from India : ...„ p ■„.;... ," : . Iflanda. <.«*>:„( Sq." M. 1 ^wni. Trade with or be long to. Babel Mandel, at the eitrance of ^e Red .Sea. Babel Maodel .'VII Nations Zocotra, in the jndian Q^eaa 3.'!oo Calagfia ,,;' ., Ditto The Comora \fle»,' ditto 1, 00c Joanna Ditto Madapafcar, ditto 168,000 •it. Auftin Ditto ■' '''''*■ Mauritius, ditto 1,840 Mauritius — Eugliih «tf ffj ;) Buurbon, ditto 2,100 Sourbpn Ditto r, : , ,-y*.» St. Httena in {^e Auntie Qccfo St. Helena — Enxliih Afcetiiion, ditto — Cainhabitfd St. Mittthew, ditto — . Ditto St.Tbomiff, Aoaboa, Piin- 7 ..,. ce«.,iQandi ^ernan^opo J- "■ Cipe yerll laaA(ii,^it^o St. Thpmai^ Apaboa Portuguefa < appo :it. Domingo Fort St. Kfichatl French Gorqe.diw --, ' v , ' p.V •. French ' Canarien.ditt* t^ ■ ' "•* ' t • ' r J' Palma, St. Chriftorher!> Spanifh "^ ' Madejrai, diUo 1,500 Sauta Cruz. Funchal l^nrtuvuefe The Axiirei^or W.:Uern Ifle»_ ■' lie nearly at an MUjdf jv diftance frfibi Europ^H'*" Africa, and Amei-ica. -* ' »,00i;.'»-,fc'^\"s;ovU':«v',f>^.'!;,.\ ±u. ^I» EGYPT. Harfng given the reader fome idea of Africa, in general, wftli the princi- l%\ kingdomn, and their fuppefed dimenfionti we (hall now conftder it un- der tbr three grand divifions : firft, Egypt ; fccondly \he ftates of Barbary, ftretching along the coall of the Mediterranean, from Egypt in the eaft, to the Atlai'tic Ocean, weft ; and laftly, that part of Africa, between the tropic of Cancer and the Cape of Good Hope ; the lad of thefe divifinni, indeed, is valllv greater than the other two ; but the nations, which it con-^ tains, are fo little known, and fo barharout^ and, like all barbarous nations, fo fimilar in moil refpedls to one another, that they may, without impro> 'priety, be thrown under one general head. t ., • I ■ »?'J'?.; EGYPT. Situation AND ExTBNT. ("^ Miles. • * .'"''c'* Dcgrecf. ,.,-.. pv. /•••'^.•. (, ''••. X- 8q. Milas. Length 600 1 1 . 7 20 and 3» North lat. 1 Breadth 250 K"^^'^" J 28 and 36 Eailj long, j H°'70o „ , T T is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea, North ; by the BOUNDARIES. J 1^ Red Sea, Eall ; by Abyffinia, or the Upper Ethiopia, on the fouth ; aad by the Defett of Barca, and the unknown parts of Africa, Weft. - ^. .,v' , ' ^ ^ u^ ■ ; ' ■ ■ . Divifions. Subdiviflons. ■; :;n3' Chief Towns. ' Grand Cairo, £. Iun. 32. N. lat. 30. Bulac - Alexandria Rofetto \ Damietta 'Sayd or Thebct ' Cofliar. Northern divifion contains • Southern divifion contains ■ Upper Egyp , •v7,i:^7'f•■';'v Lower £gy^ it < Am AND CLIMATE.] The air and climate of Egypt are txtremclytiiot, both from the height of the ftm, and from the vicinity of burning and fandy deferts. From March to November the heat is intolerable. During the whole >>f thia feafon the air feems to be inflamed, the fky fparkles, and every one fwt at» profufely when covered with the lighteft drefs. Egypt is liki- wife Mifefted b) thofe deftruftive blafts commonly called the poifonous winds. Of thrfe travellers have' given various defcriptions. Mr. Volney compares ' the violence of their heat to that of a large oven at the moment of drawing Mnit the bread. When they begin to blow, the fky lofes its ufual ferenity, and aHumcs a dark, heavy, and aJarming afpe<^, the fun himfelf laying afide his ufual fplendor, and becoming of a violet colour. The ftreets are deferted, the inhabitants retiring to their hoyfes for flicker till the deftruftive blaft i» over. Mr. Bruce defcribea a blaft of this kind with which he was over- taken in a ftiH more terrible manner. The fandy pillars raifed in the de- fert were oMcrvcd by ci:r travellcif ia all their terrific appearance. Some- , tiroei ^' ■■■- ^-..K^'---- ■"■■■■■'■ EGYPT. ««#. timet they appeared to move flowly : at other timet with incredible fMriftnefa, fu that thcf could not have been avoided by the flectell hurfe. Sometime! they came fo near, that they threatened deftru^lion to the whole company. Frequently the tops, when arrived at an immenfe height, fo that they were lofl in the cloudt, fuddenly feparated from the bodies, and difpcrfed them- felvei in the air ; and fomctimes the whole column broke oiT near the middle, u if it had received a oannon (hot ; their fize was fuch, that, at the dillance of about three milet, they appeared ten feet in diameter. Next day they appeared of a fmaller fize but more numerous, and fumctimei approach- ed withm two miles uf the company. The fun was now obfcured by them« and the tranfmiflion of his rays gave their a dreadful appearance, refembling pillars of fire. On the guide calling out that Simoom, or poifonous wind was coming, Mr. Bruce turned fur a moment to the quarter from whence it came. It appeared like a hazy fog, of a purple colour but lefs bright than the purple part of the rainbow. It "moved with i'uch rapidity, that, jfore he could turn about, and fall upon his face, he felt the vehement heat of its current $ Mr. Bruce had unfortunately infpired fome part of the pernicious blafl by which he ahnoit entirely loli his voice and iwcamc fubjeft to an ailhmatic complaint from wlrich he did not get free for two years. The third time the Simoom appeared, it was preceded by fandy pillars ftill more magnificent, the fun (hining through them in fuch a man- ner as to ffive thole which were nearelt a refemblance of being fpaiigled -with (lars of gold. '^'~IL AND PR0DUCB.3 Whoever is in the lead acquainted with lite,ra- II So, ture, Juiows that the vail fertility of Egypt is not owing to rain (little falling in that country,) but to the annual overfljuwing of the Nile. It begins to rife when the fun is vertical in Ethiopia ; and the annual rains fall there, viz. from the latter end of May. to September, and fumetimes ■Oftober. At thehei^'-ht of itsflood in the Lower Egypt, n(> aing is to befeen in the plains. ' a the tops of forefts and fruit-trees, their lowns and villages 'being built upon eminences either natural or artificial. When the river is at its prupt ' height, the inhabitants celebrate a kind of jubilee, with all forts of ieftivitici. I'he banks or mounds which confine it, are cut by the Turkifh bafha, attcnrded by hit grandees ; but according to captain Norden, who was prtlcut on the occafion, the fpeftacle is not \cry magnificent. When the banks are cut, the water is led into what they call the Chalis, or grand canal, which runs through Qairo, from whence it is dittributed into Ciits, for fup" jilying their fields and gardens. This being done, and the waters beginning to retu-e, fuch is the fertility of the foil, tliat the labour of the husbandman is next to nothing. He throws his wheat and barley into the ground in Odlober and May. He turns his cattle out to graze in November, and in about fix weeks, nothing can be more charming than the profped which the face of the country prefents, in riling orn, vegetables, and verdure of every fort. Oranges, lemons, and fruits, perfume the air. The culture of pulfc, melons, fugar canes, and other plants, which reqt^ire mojfttiver i* fup- , plied by fmall but regular cuts from cifterns and refer voirs.^ Dates, plvir^ tanes, grapes, figs, and palm trees, from which wine is mad^, ^nURvoflfBtiftlr^- March and April are the harveft months, 'and they produce three crops ; one of lettuces and ci'.cumbers (the latter being the chief food of the in- habitants,) one of com, and one of melons. The Egyptian pafturage is equally prolific, moll of the quadrupeds producing two at a time, and the meep fsur lambs a year. t AHiMiai.] Effypt abounds in black 5Na 016 Y P T. bubi'tantt' employ every day Jtoo.ooo oxen in I'aifing water for their Rronnd*. They have n fine large breed of aneii, upon which the Chrillinns ride, tlmfc people not being fuftered by the Turks to' ffdc on any othcj* bcail. Tlie Egyptian horfca are veiy fine j they never trot, but walk well, and g-alhrp with great fpecd, turn fhort, ftop in a moment, and are extremely trac- table. The hippopotamtm, or river horfe, an amphibionii animal, re- fcmbling an ox in itH hinder parts, withj^e iicad like a horic, Ih com. mon in Upper Kgypt. TygcvR, hyenan," ttmelH, nntoloptH, apiH, with the head like a dog, and the rat, called ichneitmon, are native* of F.gypt, ' V The camclion, a little nninial fomething rcfembling a lizard,. th»t cliangcn colour aH you Itand to look upon him, i* foinid here uh well an in otlicr tountrlcs. The crocodile was formerly thoiij>ht peonliar to this country ; but tiiere docs not feem to be any material dittereace lictwccn it and the .illi- {j;ntors of India and Arherica. They arc both amphibious animals, in the orm of a li/.ard, and grow till they are iib(nit "^twenty feet in length, and ' * have four fhort legs, with large feet armed wi** * " "' ' f . , E G Y P T. 8m They urc all hated by tlic TurlcH to whom they are fluvon, and by the pcaf- antit whom they oppicfs. Tl»c ,'l'urk» have the title of mailers of Kgypt, but are chicHy to bcttnet with at Cairo, where tliey poffrfrt the re- lij^ioiiH and military cmploymciitti. ,Tliey vlio ulUle iii Kgypt, ri> t;iin all their Ottoman pride and infolc'^ce, and the Tiirkifli habit, to dit litif^uilh thcmfclvcH frotn tlic Arabs and the Coptin, who drcfii very plaiti| their chiuf fmcry being an ttpjg^ garment of wliile hnen, and linen drawers^ but their ordinary drefa is Isp^ltnen with a long clotli coat either over or under it. The.. Mam}otiRfl, are all horfemeii, ,the priHcipal i)ody of tlicni refide at Cairo, bat many uf them are dilperfcd through the eoinitry m Older to keep up their authority, colleft the tribute, and opprcfs the people. The ChrillianB and Arabs of tlie meaner kind content themfelveH with a hnoit or woollen wrapper, which they fuld, blanket-like, round their body. Th< JcW8 v^car blue leather flippern, the otiier native» of their coiuitry wear red, and the foreign Chrillians yellow. Tiic drefa of the women h tawdry and iinl)eeoming } but their ch)thc(» are fdk, when they can afford it ; and f».ch of them as arc notexpofed to the fun, have delicate complexions and features. The women are not admitted to the /ociety of men, even at table. When the rich arc defjrous of dining with one of their wivcH, they give her prcvioua notice, who accordingly prepares the moll delicate dilhes, and receives her lord with the greatcit attention and refped. The women of the lower clafi iifiially .remain Handing, or fcated in a corner of tiie room, while their luiiband is at dinner, and prefent him with water to wadi, and help hiin at the table. ... Kelioion.] To what 1 have already fiiid concerning the religion of E^ypt,it is proper to add, that the bnjk of the Mahometani< arc cnthuliaila, jind iiave among them thciry««/w, or fellows who pretend to a fnperior de-* ^iTC of holineis, ar.d without any ceremony intrude into the bell houfes,' where it would be dsngerous to turn them out. The I'Igyptian Turks mind uligious aHaira very little, and it would be hard to fiiy what fpccies of Chri^ liiiiiily h profell'ed by tiie Chrillian Coptia, who are liere numerous, but tlity profcfs themfclvcH to be of the Greek church, and enemies to that of Kdnie. In religious, and iiideed in many civil matters, they are under the jurit diction of the patriarch of Alexandria, who by the dint of money gcucrallj' pmchafcH a protection at the Ottoman court. Lancuagk.] The Coptic is the moll ancient lan,",uage of Egypt. This waji fuccecded by the Greek, about the time of Alexander the Great ; and that by the Arabic, upon the commencement of the C^lif^te, when the AiahBdilpoHcired the Greeks of Kgypt. The Arabic, or Arabcftpie, as it k called, is ilill the current language, but the Coptic and niodci'n Greek con- tinue to be fpoken. Learning and leakntd mkn.] Tliougii it Is pall difpute that- the Creeks derived all their knowledge from the anci(;iit Egyptians, yet fcarcely a vellige of it remains among their delecndaiits. Tliia m owing to the bigotry and ignorance of their Mahometan mailers ; but here it is proper to maki; one oblerviition, which is of general ule. The ealifit or Saracens who fubdu* ed Egypt, were of three kinds. The In 11, who were the immediate fucceflbra of Mahomet, made war from confcience and principle, upon all kinds of lite- rature, excepting the Koran ; and hence It was, that when tlicy took poffef- llon of Alexandria, which contained the moll niagniricent library the world ever beheld, its valuable manufcripts were applied for fomc months in cooking their vidluals, and warming their baths.^The fame fate attended upon tlie . other, niagnificeot iEgyptij^n libraricsi. The califs of the fccond nice were WW 'V ifeii lit E G Y P .T. rnen of Uifte and learning, but^of a peculiar ftrain. They bought up lU tli^ manufcnpts that furvlved the general confli^pration, relating to aftronomy, inedictne, and feme ufelefit partaof philofophy ; but they had notafte for the Greek arts of arc^itcfture, fculpturc, painting, or poetry, and lea ..'ag wa» confined lo their own courts and colleges, without ever finding its w^.y back to Egypt. The lower race of califs, cfpecially thqpe who culed themfelvei «alifs of Egypt* difgraced human nature ; and the Turks have rivetted tht chains of barbarous ignorance which they >impofed ; enemies to human knowledge they have ftifled wifdom and learning throughout their whole em- pire. Their only ftudies at prefent are theology, while their innumerable com. mentators have made a chaos of the Koran ; grammar, which is neceflary to read this book correctly } and aftrology to which ignorant nations are always «ddi£ied. ■ CuRiosiTiis AND ANTiQyiTiBS.] Egypt abouuds more with thefe thai perhaps any other part of the world. Its pyramids have been often defcribed. Tlitir antiquity is beyond the refearches of hiftory itfclf, and their original ufes are Hill unknown. The bafis of the largeft covers eleven acres of ground and its perpendicular height is upwards of 500 feet, but if meafured oblique!" to the terminating point, 700 feet. It contains a room thirty .four feet lonv, ^nd feventeen broad, in which is a marble cheft, but without either cover or contents, fuppofed to have been defigned for the tomb of the founder. In ihort, the pyramids of Egypt are the moil ftupendous, and, to appearanc: , the moft ulelefs ftruAures that ever were raifed by the hands of men. M, Savasy thus d'efcribes his vifit to the pyramids, ^< We left Giza about an he mftcr midnight, and fcarcely had proceeded a quarter of a league, before wo perceived the tops of the Pyramids. .We were about three leagues from them and the moon (hone on them with full fplendour. They appeared like two pointed rocks with their fummit^ in the clouds, and the afpe£t of thefe antiquti .monuments which have furvived nations, empires, and the ravages of time in- fpired veneration. The calm of nature and the filence of night added to their najefty ; and the mind calling a retrofpedlive glance over the ages that havt pafTed by thefe mountains, which time himfclf cannot fhake, (hudders with involuntary awe. Peace be to the laft feven wondetsof the world ! Honour* td be the people by whom they were raifed.— At half pad three in the mor. ning we found ourfelves at the foot of the greateft ; we left our clothes at the ■door where it is entered and defcended eadh with a torch. We proceeded till we were obliged to crawl like fnakes, to pafs into the fscond entry, which correfponded to the firlt:. We fired a piftol about the middle, the fearful noife of which was long reverberated among, the cavities of this immenfe edi- fice, and which awakened thoufands of bats, much larger than thofe of Ebrope, that darting up and down, beat againft our hands and face, and extin aftronomy, • taftc for the leS'uAg wag its way back :d thetnfelvei rivetted tht 8 to human ir whole cm- nerable com- > ncceffary to IS are always th thcfe thai tn dcfcribed, their original 28 of ground, red obliqued lur feet long, ther cover or •ounder. In appearanc:, men. iyi , bout an he it before wq :8 from them ircd like two thefe antiqu« 8 of time in- Ided to their es that havt idders with 1 ! Honour- in the mor-. othea at the e proceeded intry, which the fearful nmenfe edi- of Elirope, xtinldeil are the moft ftupendous, but the more modern the mcft hitltlfK Cleopatra's needle, and its fc\ilpture8, are admirable. Pompey's pfllar is a iine regular column of the Co'tinthia^ order, the ihaft of which is one (lone, being tighty-eight feet nine inches in height, or ten diameters of the column ; the whole height is 114 feet, includ> ing the capital and the pedeft^l , '* ftill preferves a perfe^ polifh. Nothing can equal its majefty. At a d luct it is ieen predominant oyer the city, and. at fea ferves as a fignal for mariners : near, it creates aftonifliment mingled ' with awe ; the fpeftator is never weary of admiring the beauty of the capi- tal, the length of the (haft, or the grand fimplicity of the pedeftal. Th<; Sphynx, as it is called, is no more than the head and part of the fhouldera «f a woman hewn out of the rock, and about thirty feet high, near one «(f. the pyramids. ' The papyrus is one of the natural ,curiofities of Egypt, and ferved thif ancients to write upon, but we Jinow not the manner of preparing' it. Th« f ith of it is a nounftiing food. The manner of hatching chickens in overrt 16 common in Egypt, and now pra6lifed in fome parts of Europe. Th; conftrudlion of the oven is very curious. Cities, towns, and) Alexandria, which liae on the Levant coafl, PUBLIC EDIFICES. J was oucc the emporium of all the world, and hj ltiean3 of the Red fea furniihed Europe and great part of AHa with th^ riches of India. It was a league and a half in length, and one third aa yiride ; fo that its walls were about four leagues in circumference, ahd werft walhed , by the lake Mxrotis on the fouth, and the Mediterranean on the north. The ftreets lengthwife, ran ftraight, and parallel to each other ; thus, giving a free paflage to the north wind, which, alone, is healthy and tei»« perate in Egypt. A ftreetzooo feet wide began at the marine gate,, an4 ended at the gate of Canopus, adorned oy magnificent houfes, templetr, and public edifices. Through this extent of profpeft the eye was never fatiated with admiring the marble, the porphyry, and the obelifks. Thit ftrett, the fineft the world ever faw, vi-as crofTcd by another of equal width, thus forming a fquare, at the' point of interfe£tion, half a league in circum- ference from the centre of which the two gates were feen, and velTels under fail, both to the north and fouth. A mole was thrown up from the con» tinent to the ifland of Pharos, which divided the harbour. On this ifland was built the light-houfe called Pharos. This tr.iraculous tower was near 400 feet high $ on its fummit was a mirror of vaft polifhcd fteel, fo difpofed as to pre£ent the image of diftant veffcls before they were vlfible to the eye. Modem Alexandria is a place of fmall extent fcarcely containing 6coo inhabitants. Yet are not all the tokens of its ancient magnificence effaced ; ' itscifterns vaulted with great art, which were built under all parts of the , city, and its numerous aqueduds are almofl entire ; though they have re- mained 2000 years. In many places not only temples but the walls of citie* ■ buih before the time of AJcxander the Great, are ftill entire and many of their oraamcr.ts, particularly the colours of the paintings arc ai frefh and 1 as when drll laid on. The inhabitants are quite funk in ignorance, ■■f,'; ^V-'' '■:"■•' .''""■■ ' '" ' '■ ■'' ''' ' ' ' *♦ " V «"' ,■/ "■■'►'. • .- ' ■' . ■ ... • ' • I . , _■ . .» • V. ■ • ■ ' I I /*. ■ !:ce. The only remarkable public edifices are •the mofques, the lofty minarets of which are built in a light bold ftile, and produce a piAurefque eft'cA, in a town where the roofs are all flat, by -throwing a variety into the pifture ; moft of the houfc!^ have a profpeA- of the 'Nilfcand the Delta, a truly magnificent one ;'veflels and boats, fome row. iqg fdme under fail, continuaHy cover the river ; while the tumult of the port, the mirthof the mariners, and their noify mufic prefent a fcene, ever •moving, ever alive. Cairo the capita^ of Egypt) is a large and populous, but a difa^reeaEle fefidence, on account of its peftilential air and narrow ftreets. In the iuterefting letters of Buonaparte la^ly publifhed, it is defcribed by him as '•* an execrable ^og-hole of a city, inhabited by a lazy fet of wretches, wha ** fquat all day before their filthy huts, fmoking and taking coffee, or eating •*• pumpions, or drinking water. It is easy enough to lofe one's felf in the ,*• llinking narrow ftreets of this illujfr'tous capital." It is divided into iwo .towris, the Old and the New ; the ftreets are fo naiTow and winding, that it is impoflible to f-illow their dire£):ion, amidft the multitude of houfes, which fcind crowding on each other. The caftle of Cairo ftands on a fteep rock and is furroun<'ed by thick walls, on which are ftrong towers. This caftle includes the palares of the fultans of Egypt, now almoft buried under their own ruins ; domes overthrown, heaps of nibbifh, gilding, and pi6lures,the colours of which have defied corroding time, ftatcly marble columns ftill ftanding, but in gene- «l without capitals ; fuch are the tokens of its fornier magnificence. Jofcph'e iwell is among the things the moft curious the caftle contains. It is funk in the rock iSoTeet deep, and forty^two in circumference. It includes two ex- cavations not perpendicular to each other. A ftair cafe, the defcent of which is exceedingly gentle, is c^f ried round ; the partition which feparates this ftair-cafe from the well is part of the rock, left only fix inches thick, with windows, cut at intervals, to give light ; but as they are fmall, and feme of theni low, it is neceffary to defcend by the light of candles. There is a re- ' fervoir, and a level fpace at that part of the well where it takes a new direftion ; ■and orxen which-turiia machine which draw^ from the well. Other oxen, above, raife,;'it^. IV(«n this refervoir by a fimilar machine. The memory ' "'of the pafriafch Jofeph is ftill revered in :Egypt,/ where they (hew gra- naries and many other works of piiblic utility, \hat go under his name. They are certainly of vaft antiquity ; but re is very queftion- able whether they were eretted by him. On the bank of the Nile, facing Cairo, lies the village of Gizie, which is thought to be|||fc ancient Memphis. Two miles weft, is Bulac, called the port of Cairo. Tne Chriftians of Cairo bradlife a holy cheat, during the Ealler holidays, by pretending that the fimbs and bodies of the dead arife from their graves, to which they return peaceably. The ftreets of Cairo ire pellercd with jugglers and fortune. of their favourite ex.iibitions is their dancing camels, whicii, atcd floor : the iotcnfe heat makes the .^CltVI Oa One jplwn young, they place upon a large! ,>>»■ E O.Y P T. Bi$ the poor creatures caper» and being. plied all the time with the found of idrums, the noifc of. that inftrument fetB them a dancing all their lives after. The other towns of note in Egypt are Dsmietta, luppofed to he the ancient Fclufmm } ^eyd, on the weft banks of the Nile, zoo miles fouth of Cairo and CalTianon the welircoaft of the red Sea. Damiettais larger and not lefs agreeable than Rofetta ; it forma a femicircle, on the eaftem ihore of .the Nile, two leagues and a half from its mouth. Th^s city carrMS on a great trade to Syria and Cyprus Multitudes of boat.8 and fmall teifels inceitantlt pitsport^ and befpeak it a commercial place. The flip of land on. which Samietta is built^ is painted with all the luxuries of nativft. . Iroagime all the delights that running brooks and frefli verdure, all the odour that orange- ' flowers, all that a mild fuavity, a balfamic air, and a moft enchanting horizon * can impart., and you will then have but a feeble idea of the fmall flip of earthy Licluded between this expanfive lake and the ever-flowing Nile. Seyd, by the few who have viiited it, is reported to be the moft capital aii^ tique curiofity that is now extant.. 'JThe general praftice offtrangers, whd vifit thofe places, is to hire i- janizary, whofe authority commonly prote£li them from the infults of tl.e other nativen. Suez formerly a place of great trade:, ts now a fmall city, and gives name to the Illhmus that joins Africa with Afia. The children of Ifraci are fuppofcd to have marched near thii city, when they left Egypt, in their waf towards the Red Sea..-., In. our di:& cription of Alexandiia and the other towns, we have made conflderable ad" ditions, ou account of the celebrity which the French invafion of Egypt has given them ; but we have no doubt that the additions in this and in other articles will to the. curious reader prove agreeable and interefting. . .. , Manufactukes and commerce.] The Egyptians export great quanti-< ties of unmanufadlured as well as prepared flax, thready cotton, and leather of all forts, callicces, yellbvr wax, fal ammoniac, faifron, fugar, fena, and caifia. They trade with the Arabs for coflee, drugs, fpices, callicoes, and other merchandizes, which are landed at. Suez, from whence they fend them to JEiirope. Several European ftates have ccnfuls refldent in Egypt, but th& cuftoms of the Turkifli government are managed by Jews. A number of Englifh veflels arrive yearly at Alexandria ;. fume of which are laden on ac- count of the owners, but moft of them are hired and employed as carriers to the Jews, Armenians, and Mahometan traders. CoNsTiTUTioH AHD GOVERNMENT.] The govemmcilt of Egypt is both monarchical and republican. The monarchic^r ii executed by the pafhd, and the republican by the mamalukes or fangiacks. The pafliaisap'- pointed by the grand fignior as his •viceroy. The republican, or rather the ariliocratical part of the government of Egypt, confifts of a divan, compof(;4 of twenty-four fangiacks, beys, or lords. The head of them is called the theik biellet, who is chofen by the divan, and confirmed by the paflia. -Every- one of thefe fangiacks is arbitrary in his own territory, and everts fovercignt power : the major part of them refide at Cairo. If the grand flgnior's paflia Z&.3 in o^poiltion to the fenfe of the divan, or attempts to violate their pri* vileges, they, will not fuffer him to continue in his poft j and they have an authentic . grant of privileges, dated in the year 15 17, in which year fultan 8elim conquered Egypt from the Mamalukes. Revenues.] Taefe are very incoufidernble, when comp^"ed to the na- tural riches ol the country, and the defpotifm of its governmeuc. Some fay that they amount to a miUicM fterling, but that two thirds of the whole ii fpent in the country. Military Strength.] The military ftrength of Egypt confifted for-- nerly in two cores of Januarics and Aflafs, who were once very forcfadable* ,.., -.-, . * .7^ 50 Ther' M «16 EGYPT. They tnrt I ever degraded by the Mamlouke, who are at prefent the real flMfftert of E^;pt. Their nuriiber amounts to 8oao men " all cavalry, un- ** der the command of 34 Bey> ; every Mamtonk is purchafed ; they are all ** from Georgia and mount Caucafus ; there are a great number of Ruflians " among them . and even fome l^rench. Their religion ia Mahomctanifm. •♦ Exercifed from their infancy in the military art, they acquire an cxtraordi- W ,nar]r degree of dexterity in the management of their horfea, in (hooting f<>with the carabine and piltoU in throwmg the laiice and in wielding the ■* fabre. There have been inftances of their fevering at one blow a head of •* wet cotton. -Every Mamlouk has two or three .and fometimes four fer- w vants, who follow him on foot wherever he goes, nay even to the field. •* The arms of the Mamlouk on horfeback are two carabines, carried by *f his ffcrvants ; .thefe are never .fired but once ; two pair of piftols ftuck h ■<* his girdle ; eight lances in a kind of quiver, which he flings with admi- ** rible dexterity { and an iron headed mace. When all thcfe are difcharged, . ** he comes to his lail rcfource, his two fabres ; putting then the bridle of ** his horfe between his teeth he takes one of them in each hand and runs !* full fpeed upon the foe, cutting and flalhing from right to left ; woe be '* to thofe who cannot parry his blows, for fome of them have been known " to cleave a man down the middle." See Buonaparte's Correfpondince. History.] It is generally agreed, that the princes of the line of the Pharaohs fat on the throne of Egypt, ih an uninterrupted fiicceflion, till Cam- by fes ri. king of Pcriia, conquered the. Egyptians, 520 years before the bhth of Chrift ; and that in the reign of thefe princes, thofe wonderful ftruAwres, the pyramids, we're raifed, which caimotjjje viewed without aftoniihment. Egypt continued a part of the Perfian empire, till Alexander the Great \'anquiihcd Darius, when it fell under the dominion of that printe, w^ho foon after built the celebrated city of Alexandria. The con- quells of Alexander, who died in the prime of life, being fe«ed upon by hit generals, the province of Egypt fell to the (hare of Ptokm^ by fome fup- pofed to Itave been a half-brother of Alexander, when it again became an in- "dependent kingdom, about 300 years before Chriil. His fuccelTors, who fometimes extended their dominion over great part of Syria, ever after re- tained the name of Ptolemies, and in that line Egypt continued between two and three hundred years, till the famous Cleopatra, the wife qnd fider of Ptolemy Dionyfius the lait king, afcended the throne. After the death of Cleopatra, who had been miftrefs fucceflively to Julius Csefar and Mark Anthony, Egypt became a Roman province, and thus remained till the reign of Omar, the fecond calif of the fuccefTors of Mahomet, who expelled the Romans, after it had been in their hands 700 years. The famous 11* brary of Alexandria, faid to confill of 7(X>,ooo voluntes, was collefted by Ptolemy Philadelphus, fon of the (irft Ptolemy j and the fame prince caufed the Old TelUment to be tranflated into Greek : this tranflation is known by the name of '-he Septuagint. About the time of the crufades, between the years- 11 50 arid 1 190, Egypt was governed by Noreddin, whofe fon, the fa- mous Saladine, was fo dreadful to the Chriftian adventurers, andretook from them JerUfalcm. He inftituled the militaiy corps of Mamlouks, who, about the year 1242, advanced one of their Own officers to the throne, and ever after chofc their prince out of their own body. Egypt, for fome time, made a figure under thofe illuilrious ufurpers, and made a noble (land againfl the pre- vailing power of the Turks, till under Selim, who. after giving the Mamlouks fcvcrai bloody defeats, reduced Egypt-^to its prefent (late of fubje6lion. While Sehm was fettling the government of Egypt, great numbers cf the wcient inhabitants withdrew into the deferts suid ykiins, uoder one Zinga* ->. ■• • " -, ,■ - ^ '.■..- r" neui- ,4 J, X EG Y P T, •»» iwui, from whence they attacked the cities and village* of the Nile, and plundered whatever fell in their way. Selim and his officers percewing that it would be a matter of great difficulty to extirpate thofe maraudery, lefc them at liberty to quit the country, which they did in great numbers, and their poilerity is known all over Europe and Afia, by the name of Gipfles. An attempt was made a few years fxnae, to deprive the Ottoman Porte of Its authority over Egypt, by All Bey, whofe father was a pried of the Greek church. Ali having turned Mahometan, and being a man of abilities andaddrefs, rendered himfelf extremely popular in Egypt. A falfe accufa'^ tion having been m'ade^gainft him to the Grand Signior, hia head was^or.^ dered to be fent to Conllantinople ; but being apprifed of the defign, he feized and put to death the meitengers who brought this order, and fooa found means to put himfelf at the head of an army. Being alfo affilled by the dangerous fituation to which the Turkifli empire wan reduced, in con- fequence of the war with RuIIia, he boldly n)ountcd the thro.'.e of the ancient fultans of Egypt. But not content with the kingdom of Egypt, he alfo . laid claim to Syria, Paleftin;, and that part of Arabia which had belonged to the ancient fultans. . He njarched at the head of his troops to fupport thefe pretenfions, and adlually fubdued fome of the neighbouring provinces, both of Arabia and Syria. At the fame time that he was engaged in thefe great enterppxfes, he was not lefs attentive to the eftabli/hing of a regular form of government, and of introducing order into a country that had been long the feat of anarchy and confufion. His views were "equally extenditd to commerce ; for which purpofc he gave great encouragement to the Chriilian traders, and took off fome ihameful redraints and indignities, to which they were fubje£led in that, barbarous country. He alfo wrote a letter to the republic of Venice, with the greatcft affurances of his friendfhip, and that their merchants (hould meet with every degree of protcftion and fafety. His great defign was faid to be, to n- .ke himfelf mafter of the Red Sea; to open -the port of Suez to all nations, but particularly to the Euro- peans, and to make Egypt once more the great centre of commerpe. The condudt and views of Ali Bey (hewed an extent of thought and ability, that indicated nothing of the barbarian, and befpoke a mind equal to t^e founding of an empire ; but he was not tinally fuccefsful. He was, how- ever, for fome time extremely fortunate ; he afTumed the titles and date of the ancient fultans of Egypt, and was ably fupported by Sheik Daher, and fome other Arabian princes, who warmly efpoufed his intereds. He alfo fucceeded in almod all his enterprifcs againd the neighbour5r.g Afiatic go- vernors and baflias, whom he repeatedly defeated ; but he was aJterwards deprived of the kingdom of Egypt, by the bale and ungrateful conduA of his brother-in-law, Mahomed Bey Abudahap, his troops being totally de- feated on the 7th of March, 1773. He was alfo l.imfelf wounded and taken prifoner ; and dying of his wounds, was buried honourably at Grand Cairo ; Abudahap afterwards governed Egypt asSheik Bellet, and marched into Paleltuie to Subdue Sheik Daher. After behaving with great cruelty to the inhabitants of the places he took, he was found dead in his bed one morning at Acre, fuppofcd to be drangled. Sheik Daher accepted the Porte's full amnedy, and tniding to their affurances, embraced the captain pafha's invitation to dine on board his fliip, when the captain produced hia orders, and the bravi; Daher, Ali Bey's ally, had his head cut off In the liftk.- been torn by a civil war, between the adhe* princes, who rofe ou hia ruiosn Of liiefc 5 Q * / >i'' ^ lad % 6 Y ? T, the principal are Morad and Ybrahim, yho having driven their enefhies into banifliment, began to quarrel among thennfelvcs. Alternately expelled froiii Cairo, they finally agreed to a compromire, March, 17^9. From thi» time nothing of importance occurs- till the late invallon of Egypt by the French ; «a enterprize eiqually unprecedented and unjuft ; equally chimerical and ptrfidious. The potentates of Europe in their mutual wars made' ul'iially feme oretence to juftice ; they never fo far infulted the common feelings of mankind, as to attack without the fmallell provopation, without the fmallell colour or pretence, a neutral power w1k> had never done them the fmalleft iniui7 ; this public contempt of all mord obligation, this open violation of all principles human ^nd divine was refcrved for that bloody, atheiftical, and impious ra^on who have fo long opprefled Fr: ace, and who*wifh to in- troduce their bafe and degrading dot^rines into every quarter of the world. • The views of the French in this expedition have been variouQy reprefent- ed ; in one of the letters from Buonaparte's army lately pnblifbed, a very plauHble and apparently true objeft is dated as th*- notive of this expedition. <♦ To indeiVini'y herfelf for the lofs of her colonies, (fays the writer) France turned her attention towiirda Egypt and Syria ; countries which by their climate and fertility are capable of being made the ftore-houfe of France ; and in procefg'of time the riiart of her commerce' with India. It is certain, that by feizingand organizing thefe countries, we fhaH be enabled to extend our views ftill farther ; to annihilate, by degrees, the Englifli Eall ^ndia trade, 'enter into it with advantage ourfelves, and finally get into our hands, the whole commerce df Africa and Afia." ' For this purpofe a fleet of 13 (hips of the line and 4 frigates, together with a great number of tranfports were fitted out. The command of the fleet was given to admir?l Brueya, that of the land forces to Buonaparte. After making themfelves mailers of Malta, and leaving a garrifon to defend it, they fet fail* for Egypt and arrived on the firft of July before Alexan- dria, and in -the night landed 2000 men' to the weft ward of the town. Some divifione of Arabs and Mamlouks attacked the rear-guard of the French and muvie about 100 rtfien^fifoners.' At 9 in the morning Buonaparte was un- do* the walls of Alexandria, which he took after a fire of fmall arms for about an hour ; the inhabitants made but a feeble refiilance, and by eleven the French wers mailers of the town with the lofs of 300 men killed and wounded. ' On the 7th all the troops arrived at Rofetta ; and on the 9th they halted within ten leagues of CairOj which foon after furf«;ndered td them. The French army is eftimated at 22,000 men, befides marines. They are xoT^^^'ntly harafled by the Mamlouks who dech'ne engaging in any general afiion. Buonaparte's letters which .have beeh lately publiihed, give a dreadful account of their miferable fituation. 'Rear admiral Perce (aye, " we vvert fix days without any thing' but, water-melons to eat — water-melons for our dinner, and water-melons for our defert ! The peafant- ry of the country kept up & firing all day about our ears. I can affurc thee that if thefe people knew how to level a mufket,. not a main of us would re- turn alive." The other letters give the fame account of their diftrefs. Buonaparte, in a lettei* to IQeber, thus defcribes their journey to Cairo; *• Thou haft i)Ot an idea of the fatiguing marches we made to get to Cairo ; never halting'till 3 or 4 o'clock in the afternoon, after broiling in the fun all day ; the greateft part of the time without food } obliged to glean what the divifions .which preceded us had left in thofe deteftable villages, which they had frequeim^'pillaged : and haraffcd dunng the whole march by thofe hotdet ofrdbb/i^'^iaiitd Bedouins, who killed not only our men, but ,;:i-' • . - ' , gur i' -lii , ^' ,■■' ' ■ '. . '^ " • .^•'■•'»^'f ^ ~' .-,.%■ X'-'n ■■■■'■• ' ;, • . V,"3i> The States or B A R B A R Y. •<* •ar'officerit at 75 paces from the main body. — It is a more deftruAive yrwr, on my foul, than that of La Vendue. ' There is a general relaxation in the fervice } I do all I can to preferve unity among the parties ; but all goes very ill ; the troops are neither paid nor fed ; and thou mkyft eafily giiefs what ifnurmurs this occafions : they are loudell perhaps among the officers." From thefe letters it evidently appears, that Egypt has not proved that land of prom'tfe whicl) the French were taught to expcft. The fcheme in- deed always appeared perfcftly chimerical, and as they are precluded from the poflibility of returning to France, by the ever memorable viftory of admiral Nelfon, it is probable that they will be obliged to furrender them- felves prifoners of war, or be gradually exterminated by famine and difeafe. .■4< yet they arc liill fertile ) nut only in the above mentioned commodities, but in dates, tigs, raifins, al. monds, applcH, peai^, cherries, plums, citrons, lemons, oranges, potnegra* nates, with plenty of roots and herbs in theiv kitchen gardens. Excellent hemp and flax ^(row on their plains ; and by the report of Europeans, who have lived tliere for fome time, the country .abounds with all that can add to the pleafures of lite ; for their great people find means to evade the fo- briety pp icribed by the Mahometsn law, and make free with excellent wines, and fpirits ot their own growth and maiiufafture. Algiers produces falt-petre, and great quantities of excellent fait; and lead and iron have \teen found ni fev^ ral places of Barbary. ' Neither the elephant nor the rhinoceros are to be found in the ftates of Barbary j but their deferts abound with h'ons, tigers, leopards, hyxna!<, •wolves, wild boars, and monftrous fcrpents. The Barbary horfes were formerly yery valuable, and thought equal to the Arabian. Though their breed is flow faid to be decayed, yet fome very line ones are occafionally imported into England. Dromedaries, afTes, mules, and kumratis, a moft ferviceabk creature, begot by an afjj upon a cow, are their beads of bur^^n. But from the fervicesof the cameFthey derive the greateft advantages, both on account of the great fatigue he is capable of undergoing, and the fubfiftencc he requires. This ufeful t^uadruped enables the African to perform his long and toilfome journies acrois that continent. The camel is, therefore, (fays Mr. Bruce) em^ihaticaWY caXhd thcjhjp of the Jtfert. He feems to have been created for this very trade, endued with parts and qualities adapted to the office he is employed to difcharge. ' The dried thiille, and the bared thorn, is all the food this ufeful animalrcquires, and even thefe, to fave time, he eats while advancing on his journey, without dopping, or occafioning a moment of delay. As it is his lot to crofs immeufe deferts, where no water is found, and countries not even moldened by the dew of heaven, he is endued with the power at one watering-place to lay in a ilore with which he fupplies himfelf f(»r thirty days to come. To contain this eitormous quantity of fluid, nature has formed large cillcrns within him, from which, once fiUecP, he draws at pleafure the quantity he wants, and pours it into his domach with the fame tiTeA as if he then drew it from a fpring, and with this he travels, patiently andvigoroufly, all the day long, carrying a prodigious load upon him, through countries infeded with poifonous winds, and glowing with parching and never cooling fands. . Fowls and pigeons are remarkably plenty and good in the empire of Morocco ; but ducks are fcarce, and geefe and turkies (fays Mr. Lemprlcre)- 1 never faw tiiere. Tne ii'oHntry abounds with the red-legged pirtndge, llkewlfe with 'quails, eagles, and hawks. In the proper feafon the frankolin, a bird of the partridge fpecieS is found here ; alfo a few wood cocks, fnipes in great num- bers, all kinds of water-fowl, and a variety offmall fmging birds; of thei'ethe 7cni»rkable for the fweetnei3 of i^ notC) which is thought to sao'fa-frarrow is Trti Statis of B a R B a R" Y. «li ttdeeA that of any other bird, but it cannot Ine out of its own clntmte. The oxen and flieep of thia -country are fmall ; but their flefti is well favoured. Hares, rabbits, antelopes, porcupines, bears, fcrreta, weafcls, moles, foxea^ wild cat8,^and cameleons arc all natives of this empire likcwife all kinds of J, "I Morocco was certainly for- 3 mcrly far more populous than reptiles. Beridei vermin, fays Dr. Shaw (fpeakmg of his travels througK Barbary), the apprchcnfions we are under, in feme parts at Icaft of thia coun> try, of being bitten or ftung by the fcorpion, the viper, or the venomoua fpider, larelf- failed to interrupt our repo(e ; a refrefhment fo very gratefu^ and fo highly neccflary to a weary traveller. The feas'- and bays of Baibary «bound with the fineU and moft delicious fiih of every kind, and were prefer- red by th^ ancients to thofe of Europe. forULATION, INHABITANTS, MANNERS, CUSTQMS,' AND DIVERSIONS. _^ ^ it is now, if, as travellers fa/, its capital contained 100,000 houfeSy whereas at prefent, it is thought not to contain above 25,000 inhabitaata ; nor dtek we think that thf other parts of the country are more populous, if it is true, tha^ their king or emperor has 80,000 horfe and footi of foreign negroes, la his armies. The city of Algiers isfaidto contain 100,000 Mahometans, 15,000 Jewf, and 2000 Chriftian flaves ; but no eftimate can be formed as to the populouf- refs of its territory. Some travellers report that it is inhabited by a niendly hofpitable people, who are very different in their manners and chara£ler £rom thofe of the metropolis; , Tunis is the moft polifhed republic of all the Barbary ftates. The cripital contains 10,000 families, and above ^000 tradefmens' ihops ; and its fuburbs confift of 1000 houfes. The Tuninnes are indeed exceptions to the other ilates of Barhary ; for even the moft civilifed of the European govenimenta night improve from their manners. Their diftindlions are well kept up, and proper refpe fent to-be, well acquainted with the various labours of the loom. The women are handfome in their perfons ; and though the men are fun-burnt, the conk, plexion of the ladie* is very delicate, nor are they lefs neat and elegant in their drcfj ; but they Improve the beauty of their eyes by art, particularly the powder of lead-ore, the fame pigment, accoi:ding to the opinion of the learned Dr. Shaw, that Jezebel made ufe of when (he is faid ( 2 Kings, chap. ix. verfe !?o'.) to have painted hcrfac\ ; the words of the original being, thatihe fet oft" her eyes with the powder, of lead-ore. The gentlemen in general arc fober, orderly, and xlcan in thefr perfons, their behaviour com][^aiiant, and a * wonderful regularity reigns through all the city. 1 Tripoli was once the ricbell, moft populous, and opulent of all the ftates on the coall ; but it is' now much reduced, and the inhabitants, who are- faid to amount to between 4 and 500,000, have all the vices of the Algerines. Tiielr manners are m)^h of a piece with thofe of the Egyptians already defcribed. Tlie fubjefts of the Barbary lUtes, in general fubliftiiig by piracy, are allowed to be bold iuCrepid mariucis, and will hght defperatcly whe»thcy meet with a prize at igb'; they are, notwitliftanding, far inferior to the Eng- lilh, and other European ftates, both in the conftruAion and management r'i their vcflels. They are, if we except the Tunifines, void of all arts and l'\ei- ?!ture. The mifery and poverty of the inhabitants of Morocco, who are not tomediately in the emperor's fervice, are beyond all defcription j but thofe t • . wh» ^it Tm» Statu or B A R B A R Y. who inhabit the inland part* of tlie country are an hofpitablc inufTcnfive nra. pie I and indeed it in a general obfcrvatigii, that the more dilUiit the inhabit,. fenti of thofe Kates arc /mm the feats of their government, their manners are the more pure. NotwithiUnding their poverty, they have a livelincfs about them, efpecially thofe who are of Arabic dcfcent, that vivcs them an air of ' contentment t and having nothing to lofe, they are peaceable among thvnirdvei. They are naturally of a grave difpolition, fervid in profefGons of friendlhip but very iniincere m their attachments. They have no curiolity, no ambition of knowledge. When in adverfity they manifeil the moll abjeft fubmiflion to their fuperion, and in profperlty their tyranny and pride is infupportable. The Moors are fuppofcd to be the driginal inhabitants, but are now blended with the Arabs, and both are cruelly opprefled by a handful ofinfolcnt do- nincering Turku, the refufe of the llrects of Conitantinople. Da ESI.] The drefs of thefe people is a linen fljirt, over which they tie a -flk or cloth veilmcnt with a fafli, and over that a luofe coat. Their draweii •re made of linen. The arms and legs of the wearer are bare, but they have flippers un their feet ; and perfuns of condition fometimes wear buikina. They never move their iurbans, but pull off *hcir flippers when they attend reb'gious duties, or the perfon of their fcvereign. They arc fond of ftripcd and taiici- cd filks. The drefs of the wouien is not very dilFerent front that of tlu; men, b«t their drawers are longer, and they wear a fort of cawl on their heads in- ftskd of a turban. The chief furniture of their huufes confiUs of carpets and mattrefles, on which they they fit and lie. In eating, their Hovenlinefs i» dif. gufting. They are prohibited gold and filver veffels j and their meat, which they fwallow by bandfuls, is boiled or roalled tu rags. Religion.] The inhabitants of thefe dates are Mahometans ; but many fubje^s of Morocco follow the tenets of one Hamcd, a modern fedarill, and an enemy to the ancient doftrinesof the califs. All of them are very fond ' of idiots ; and in fome cafes their proteAiun fcreens offenders from puniihment for the moft notorious crimen. In the main, however, the Moors of Barbary, aa the inhabitants of thefe Hates are now promifcuoufly called, (becaufc the Saracens firft entered Europe from Mauritania, the country of the Moors) have adapted the very worll parts of the Mahometan religion, and feem to have retained only as much of it as countenances their vices. Adultery in the women is puniflied with death ; but though the men are indulged u(ith a' plurality of wives ^nd concubines, they commit tike moft unnatural crfmes ' with impunity. All foreigners are allowed the' open profeffion of their religion. Lam Gu AGE.] As the ftates of Barbary poffefs thofe countries that for- merly went by the uame of Mauritania and Numidia, the ancient African .language is ftill fpoken in fome of the inland countries, and even by fome in- habitants of the ciQr of Morocco. In the fea-port towns, and maritime countries, a baftard kind of Arabic is fpoken ; and feafaring people are no ftrangers to that medley of living and dead languages, Italian, French, Spau- ifli, &.C. that is io well known in all ports of the Mediterranean, by the name of Lingua Franca. £hw . . k-'o ANTK^nriKs AND CURIOSITIES, ,1 Thfs'.afticle Is well worth the -' NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. j lludy of an antiquary, but the fub- k^ of it are difBcult of accefs. The reader can £(jarcely doubt that the countries which contained Carthage, and the pride of tne Phoenician, Greek, and Roman works, are replete with the molt curious remains of antiquity, but they lie fcattered amidft ignoraiit, barbarous inhabitants. ' Some me- moriait of the M»uritaniaa and Numidian greatnefs are ftill to be met with, aad THt Statu or B A R B A R V; i^ ind niany nitiM v!uch bear evidence of their auciciit grandeur and populou£> nefi. There point out the old Julia Cxfarea of the Rumana^ wnirh waa little inferior in magnificence to Carthage itfclf. A ftrw uf tlie^aqueduda of Carthage are ftill remafnintr, particularly at Mauuba, a country hjufc ai the Bey's, four miles frtim Tunis ; but no veilige of its WiUls. Thu fitmc ii the fate of UticM, famous foi* the retreat and death of Cfito ; and many other renownrd cities of antiquity { and fo overrun is the country with bar« birifmi that their very fcites are not known, even by their nuns, amphU theatres, and other public buildings which remain Hill i.n tolerable prcfurva- tiun. Befides thofe of clafllcal antiquity, muny Saracen moniuincnts, of the moll (lupendous magnificence, are likewife found in this vail trad^ : theftf were er^Aed under the califs of Bagdad, and \\\e ancient kin^^s of the coun< try, before it was fubdued by the Turks, or reduced, to its prcfent form. of government. Their walls form the principal fortifications jn the country, both inland and maritime. We know of few or no neural curiolities b<- longing to this country, excepting its faltpits, which in fome places take up an area of fix miles. Dr. Shaw mentions fptiugs found l^ere, that are fo hot at to boil a large piece of mutton very tender m a q>' ''ter of an *iour. CiTiis AND PUBLIC BuiLDiNOs.] Mention has already I on made of Morocco, the capital of that kingdom, but now almoll in nti" , the court having removed to Mequinez, a city of Fe*z. Incredible thin, sure recorded of the magnificent palaces in both '-'ties : but by th. b<-ft accounts the eojtw mon people live in a very flovenly manner. The city of Algiers is not above a mile and a hal in circuit, though it {§ computed to contain near 1 20,000 inhabitants, i5,oro houfes, and I07 moC« ' ques. Their public baths are large, and handibmely paved with marble. The profpe6l of the country and fea from Algiers is^very beautiful, being built on the declivity of a mountain ; but the city, though for Icveral ages it has braved fopne of the greatell powers in Ckrifl^ndom, could make but a faint defence againft a regular fiege ; and it is faid that three Englilh iifty-gun fhips might batter It about the ears of its inhabitants from^ the harbour. If fo, the Spaoi^ds mui> have been very deficient either In courage or condu6l:. Tliey attacked It in 1775 by land and by fea, but were repulfcd with great lofs, though they had near 20,coo foot and 2000 horfe, and 47 king's {hips of different rates, and 34^ trani'porte. In the years I1783 and 1784, they alfo rei .■^<1 their attacks by fca to dettroy the city and gallies, but after fpen'd'- ^' quantity of ammunition, bombs, &c. were forced to retire without either its capture or extindion. Thip mole of the harbour is 500 paces i\\ length, extending from the continent to a fmall ifland where there is a caJ^V* and large battery. The kingdom of Tunis, which is naturally the fineit of all thefe dates, con- tains the remains of many nol.le cities, fome of them j^lk in good conditirtn. Tunis, built near the original fitt of Carthage, hath a wall and fortifications, and is aliout three miles in circumference. The houfes are not magnificent, but neat and commodious : as is the public exchange for merchants and their goods ; but, like Algiers, it Is diftreffed for want of frefli water, but that of rain, preferved in citterns, is chiefly ufed by the Inhabitants. The city of Tripoli confiftsof an old and new town, the latter being tht, moil ilourlflung ; butiSkgreat inconveniences, attend its fituatiun, particularly the want of fweet water. Tht city of Oran» lying upon this coall, k i- bout a mile in drbumferencct and is fortified both by art and nature, ft was a place of confiderable trade, and the obieft of many bloody Ailput.ejB between the Spaniarda.jmd the Moors. Conft«Rti()a wM the aitcient Cirta, ^oors. 5P Ui7 .f •-*«* sfiA '■A «34 Tub States op B' A Ft B A R Y. •nd 6oe of the ftrongeft cities of Numidia, being inacceflible on 'all fules, e». , cepting^ the fouth-weft. Befidesthe above towns and cities, many others, formerly of great renown, lie fcattered up and down ^his immenfe tra£t of country. The city of Fez, at prefent the capital of tlie kingdom fo called, is faid to contain near 300,000 inhabitants, befides merchants and foreigners. Its mqfques amount to 500 ; one of them magtitiicent beyond defcription, and about a mile and a half in c'^umference. Mequinez is efteemed the great emporium of all Barbary. Sallee was formerly famous for the piracies of its inhabitants. Tangier, fituat- cd about twojniles \^thin the Itraits of Gibraltar, was, given by the crown uf Fortugill Bt part of the dowry of queen CatheVine, confort to Charles II. of England, it was intended to be to the Englifli what Gibralta. i. now ; and jt«muft have been a ntpil noble -acqulfition, had noi the mifunderftandings be- tween the king and his parliament occationed him to '■^'^w up its furtiiicationR and de'moliih its harbour ; fo that from being one of the fineft cities in A- frica, it is now little better than a fiihing town. C(i:ut8, upon the fame ftrait, almoft oppofite to Gibraltar, is ftill in the hands of the Spaniards, but often, if not always, befieged or blocked up by the Moors. fetuau, which lies within twenty miles of Ceuta, is now but an ordinary town, containing about 800 houfes ; but the inhabitants are faid to be rich, and tolerably civilized in their manners. The provinces of Suz, Tafilet, and Gefula, form no part of the dates ' of Barbary, though the king of Morocco pretends to b« .their fovereign ; nor do they contain any thing, that hi particularly curious. Zaara, is a defert country, thinly peopled, and almolt deftitute both of water and provifionst^ 1 Ma«ufactur£s and commerce.] The lower fubjefts of thefe ftatei know very few imaginary' wants, and depend partly upon their piracies to be fupplied with neceiTary ute^fils and manufadtures ; fo that their exports confift chiefly of leather, fine mats, embroidered handkerchiefs, fword-knots, and 'ifarpets, which are cheaper and fofter than thofe of Turkey, though not fo good in other refpe£ts. As they leave almoft all their commercial affairs to the Jews and Chriitians fettled among them, the latter have eftabliihid fillc and linen works, which fiipply the luNjher ranks of their owh fubjeds. They have no fnips, that, properly fpeaking, are employed in commerce ; fo that the French andEnglifh carry on the greatcft part of their trade. Their ex- ports, befides thofe already mentioned, cunfifl; in elephants' teeth, oftrich fea- thers^ copper, tin, wool, hides, honey, wax, dates, raifins, olives, almonds, gum arabic, and fandrac. The inhabitants of Morocco are likewife faid to carry on a confiderable trade by caravans to Mecca, Medina, and fome inland parts of Africa, from whence they bring back vaft numbers of Negroes, who ferve in their armi^^||nd are (laver. in their houfes and tields. In return for their exports, the Kuropeans furnlfh them with timber, artil- lery of all kinds, gunpowder, and whatever they virant, either in their public or private capacities. The duties paid by the English in the ports of Morocco, are but half of thofe paid by other Europeans. It is a general obfervation, that no nation is fond of trading with thefe ftates, not only on account of their capricious defpotifm, but the villainy of their individuals, both natives and Jews, many of whom take all opportunities of cheating, and when detec- ted are feldom punifhed. » It has often been thoiight uirpriang, that the Chriftian powers fhould fuffer their marine to be infulted by thefe barbarians, who take the ihips of all n«- ti«jit with whom they are at peace, «r ratlier, who dQ not pay them n fubfidy , , c « i " eitlur *,. Thb Statis ov B a R B a R Y. 99S either in money of commodities. We cannot account for thibv'fi»rlieirancr otherwife than by fuppofmg, flrft, tbat a breach with them might pro* yoke the Forte, who pretends to be the lord paramount ; fecondly, that no Chriftian power would be fond of feeing Algiers, and the reft of that coaft, in pflfleilion of another } and, thirdly, tnat nothing could be got by a boni» barJment of any of their towns, as the inhabitants would inftantly q^ny their eifcAs into the deferts and mountains, fo that'the benelit refulting from the conqueft, muft be tedious and precariousr-i-Indeed, expedtiionb againfb Algiers have been undertaken by the Spaniards, but they were iH-oonduAed and iinfuccefsful, as before noticed. . -^ Constitution and government.] In Morocco, government cannot befaid to exift. The emperors have for fome ages been parties, judges, and even executioners with their own hands^ in all criminal matters ;.no:- is their brutality more incredible than the fubmiflion with which their ftibjcds bear k. In the abfence of the emperor, every military officer has the power of life and death in his hand, and it is feldom that they mind the form of a judicial pro- ceeding. Some velligcB, however, of the califate government fftill cuntiuue ; for in places where no military officer vefides, the mufti- or high-prieft is the fountain of all juftice, and under him the cadis, or civil officers, who a£l as our julUces of the peace. Though the emperor of Morocco is not immediate^ ly fubjeft to the Porte, yet he acknowledgtes the grand fignior to be his. fuperior, and he pays him a diftant allegiance as the chief reprefentative of Mahomet. What I have faid of Morocco is applicable to Fez, both king« doms being now under one emperor. Though Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, have each of them a Turkifh pafha or dey who governs in the name of the grand fignior, yet verj' 'Ittle regard ia paid by his ferocious fubjedls to his authority. He cannot even be faid to be nominated by the Porte. When a vacancy of the government happens, which it commonly does by murder, every foldier in the army has a vote in chooling • the fucceeding d^y ; and though the election is often attended with blooddied, yet it is no fooner fixed than he is cheerfully recognifcd and obeyed. Itis true, he muft be confirmed by the Porte ; but this is feldom refufed, as the divan iH no ftranger to the difpofitions of the people. ' The power of the dey is defpotic ; and ihe income of the dey of Algiers amounts to about 1 50,000!. . a year, without greatly oppreffing hisfubjefts, who are very tenacious of their property, l^hcfe deys pay flight annual tributes to the Porte. When the grand fignior is at war with a Chriftian power, he requires their affiftance, aa lie does that of the king of Morocco ; but he is obeyed only as they think proper. Subordinate to the deys are officers, both military and civil ; and in all matters of importance the dey is expcfted to take the advice of a commoa council, which confifts of thirty pafhas. Thcfe paflias feldom fail of fonning parties amongft the foldiers, againft the rf.gning dcy^piom they make no^ Icriiple of alfeffinating, even in council ; and the ftrongeft candidate then fills liis place. Sometimes he iS depofed ; fometirnes, though but very feldom, he rcligns his authority to fave his life, and it is feldom he dies a natural death upon the throne. The authority of the dey is unlimited ; but- au unfuccefs- ful expedition, or too pacific a conduct, feldom fails to put an end to his life and government. ^ Revenues.] I have already mentioned thofe of Algit^rs, but they are now faid to be exceeded by 1 unis. They confiit of a certain propeirtioti of the prizes taken from Chriftians, a fmall capitation tax, and- the cultoms paid by the Englifli, French, and other nations, who are fuffered to trade with thole ftatcs. As to the king of Morocco, wc can form no 5l'^ ide» 8s6 T«k States or B A R B A R Y« idea of hts KTenue^t becaufe none of his fubje£ls can be faid to poOefs anf property.. From the manner of hk living, His attendance, and appearance! vft may conclude he does iiot abound in riches. The ranfoms of Chriitiah flaves.Tire his perquifites. He fometimes (hares in the veflela of the other ^ates, which entitles him to part of their prizes. . He claims a tenth of the g^oods of his Mahometan fubje£^s, and fix crowns a year' from every Jew inerchan't. He has likewife confiderable profits in the Negfoland and other caravans, efpecially the Have trade towards the fouth. It is thought that th6 whole of his ordinar)- revenue, in money, does not exceed 165,000!. a yfcar. ' A detachment of the army of thefe ttates is annually lent into each jtrovince to collet the tribute from the Moors and Arabs ; and the prizes they take at fea, fometimes equal the taxes laid upon the natives. MfLiTARY STRENGTH 1 . By the beft accounts we have received, the ' AT SEA 4NDLAND.' C king of Morocco can bring to the field' 100,000 inen ; but the ftrength ofhis army confifts of cavalry mounted by bis negro (laves. Thofe wretches are brought. young to Mprocco, know.no other Ihte but fervitude, and no. other mailer but that king, and pove the firmeit fup« port of his tyranny. About the year 1717, all the naval force of Morocco bbnfilledonly of three fmall (hips, which lay at Sallee, and being full of men, fometimes brought in prizes. The Algerines maintain about -6500 footj ccnfifting of Turks, and cologlies, or the fons of foldiers. Part of them ferve as marines on board their veflcls. About 1000 of them do gari ifon duty, and part arc Employed ia fometitiiTg differences among the neighbour* - ing Arab princes; Befides thefe, the dey can bring 2000 Mooriih horfe to the field; but as they are enemies to the Turks, they are little truRed. Thofe troops are under excellent difcipline, and the dcys of all the other Barbaty ftates kee^ iip a force in proportion to their abilities ; fo that a few years ago they rcfuJed to fend any tribute to the Turkifh emperor, who feems to be fatisfied with tlK Ihailow of obedience which they pay hinr. ' It is very remarkable, thai^though the Carthaginians, who inhabited this vdl^ country of Barbary, had greater fleets and a more extenfive commerce than any other nation, or than all the people upon the face of the earth, when that ftate flourilhed, the prefent inhabitants have fcarcely any merch* ant ihlps belonging to them, nor mdeed any other than what i^allee, Algiers, Tunis, and Tii^joli fit out for piracy ; which though increafed fince the lad attack t>f the Spaniards, are now but few and fmall, and fome years ago did not exceed fix (hips, from thirty-fix to fifty guns. The admiral's fhip be- longs to the government ; the other captains are appointed by private owners, but fubjeA -to military law. With fuch a contemptible fleet, thi fc intidels liot only harrafti the tiations of Europe, but oblige, them to ^ i kind of tribute by way of- prefcnts. , _ . > HisTORy.] ' TWe perhaps is no problem in hiftory fo unaccountable a» Ac decadence of the fplendor, power, and glory of the ftates of Barbary ; which, when Rome was miftrefs of the world, fornhed the fairelt jewels in tiie imperial diadem. It was not till the feventh century that, after thefe lUtes had been, by turns in poiToflion of the~ Vandals and the Greek emperors, the califs or Saracens of Bagdad conquered them, and from thence b^. Wh0| ABYSSINIA. »3f who, after breaking the Spani(h yoke, irapofed upon the Inhabitants of all thofe ftates (excepting Morocco) their 'owflr Some attempts were ni^de by the emperor Charles V. to rtduce Algiers and Tunis, but they vkM un< fttccefsful ;and, as obferved) the inhabitants have in fad (haken oif the Tutk' iih yoke likewife. ^ ^ ^ The emperors or kings of Morocco are the fucceffors of thofe fovereign* of that country who are called xtriffs, and whofc powers refembled that of' the califate of the Saracens. They have been in genend a fet of bloody tyrants ; though they have had among them feme able princes,' particularly Muley Moluc, who defeated and killed Don Sebaftian, king of Portugal. They have lived in alinoll a continued ftate of warfare with the kings of Spain and other Chriiliaii- princes ever fmce ; nor does the crown cf Great Britain funictimes difdain, as in the year 1769, to purchafe their frisndfliip with prefcnts. The empire of Morocco has been greatly difturbed by inteftlne commo* tious ; a battle was fought Ivetween the emperor and his 'brother Ben Afler^^ in which the latter Was defeated and flain. La^e accounts fay that the Spa- niards had aflifted another brother againil the emperor, and that |he con* Aid proved fatal to the latter. The prefent emperor is Muley/Yazid, who falling under the difpleafure of his father was obliged to take refuge in a re- ligious fanduary. ^ His father was preparing to drive him, by rorce from this landluary, when he was overtaken by death. Immediately upon this event Muley Yazid came, from his (itnduary and quietly afcended the throne.' '•W'/ A B Y S I N I A. re commerce SlTUATIOl^ AND ExTENT. < '.r*-.-. . ■ *■'-«*■ Mil es. JLength 900 Breadth 800 J- between > Degrees. 6 and 20 northJatitude.l 26 44 eaft longitude. 3 Sq. Mi'es. 378,000 iV^ P T T '^ '* bounded on the north by the kingdon^)f Sennaar, W CouMDAfciRS.J J^ Nubia; on the eatt, partly by the Red S?a, and part.ly by Dancala ; on, the well, by Gorham ; and on tlie f<|Uth, by the kingdora of Gingiro, and Alaba. It cuiitains, the following provinces, viz. 1. Mafuah ; 2. Tigre ; 3. Samen ; 4. Begemdcr ; 5. Amhara ; 6. Wa- laka ; 7. Goj&m ; « Damot; 9. Maitftia ; 10. Dembea '; 11. Kuara-f 12. Nara. In this divlfion, according to Mr. Bruce, from whom this account" is taken, there is neither geographical nor hiftorical precifion. Air and seaspns.] The rainy feafon continues for fix months of the yeatt ni April .to September, which is fucceeded, without interval, by a doud- y, and vertical fun ; and cold, nights, which as immediately foUoW'thefc ling days. The earth, noiwithi^anding the heat of tljcfe days, is yet Uidly cold fo as to feel dilagrceably to the foles oitKe feet ; partly W it ■-•ti .»='' m ABYSSINIA. i»wi*ngto the fix months rains, when no fun appears, and partly to the per- petual equality of nights and days. QoXdrupeds.] There is no country.in the world which produces a greater number or variety of quadrupeds, whether tame or wild,, than Abyf. finia. Of the tame or cuw-kind, great abundance prefent thctr.felves every where, differing in fize, fome having hoins of various dimenfions, fome without horns at all ; diflfering alfo in the colour and length of their hair. Among the wild animals are prodigious numbers of the gaze]^ or ante- lope kind ; the bohur, fafla, fceho, and madequa, and many others. The hyaena is (till more numerous. There are few varieties of the dog, or fox kind. Of thefe the moil numerous is the deep, or, as he i^ called, the jack- al ; this is precifely the fame in all refpefta as the deep of Barbary and Syria, who are heard hunting in great numbers, and howling in the eveni.ig and morning. The wild boar, fmaller andfmoother in the hair than that of Bar- bary or Europe, but differing in nothing clfe, is met frequently in fwampa or banks of rivers covered with wood. The elephant, rhiaorceros," giraffa, and camelopardalis, are inhabitants of the low hot country ; nor is the lion, leopard,' or f aadh, which is the pan- ther, feen in the high and cultivated country. The hippopotamus and cro- codile abound in -jll the rivers, not only of AbyfTmia, but as low down as Nubia and Egvpt. There are many of th.. afs kind in the low country to- wards the frontiers of Atbara, but no zebras ; thefe are the ii;babitants of Fazuclo and Nurea. But of all th : other quadrupeds, there is none exceeds the hyaena for its ' nicrcilefs ferocity. They were a plague, fays our author, fpeaking of Uiefc animals, in AbyfTuiia in every fituation, both in the city v.nd in the field, and I think furpaffed the fheep in number. Gondar was full of them from tlie time it turned dark till the dawn of day, feeking the difffcrent pieces of flaught^red carcafes which this cruel and unclean people expofe in the ItreeU without burial. It is a conflant obfervation in Numidia, tlijit the lion avoids and Aies from the face of a man, till by fome accident they have been brought to engage, and the beaft ha? prevailed againft him ; then that feeling of fuperiority imprinted by the Creator in the heart of all animals for man's prefcrvation, feems to forfake him. The lion, having once tafted human blood, relin- quiflies the purfuit after the flock. He Yepairs to fome high-way or frequent- ed path, and has been known in the'kingdom of Tunis, to interrupt the road to a market for feveral weeks ; and in this he perlifts till huuters or foldiers are fent out to deflroy him. Birds.] The number of birds in Abyfllnia exceeds that of other animals jjeyond proportion. The high and low countries are equally flored with ,them : the iirft kind are the carnivorous birds. Many fpe«;ies of the eagle and hawk, many more flill of the vulture kind, as it wete, over-flock alt parts of the country. That fpecies of glebe, called Hadd^ya, fo frequent in Egypt, comes very puuftually into Ethiopia, at the return of the fun, after the tropical rains. The NifTaa, or Xroldcn Eagle is not only the iar- gett of the eagle kind, but furely one of the largefl birds that flies. From wing to wing he is eight feet four inches. The black eagtit, Rachamah, Erkeom, Moroc, Sheregrig, and Waaha, are particularly defcribcd by the hifloria'n of AbyfiSnia, to whdfe celebrated work we refer the reader who. is defirnim of information concerning them. ' There is no'great plenty of water-fowl m AbyiUnia, efpccially of the web- fop^d kind. Vail variety of ilorka cover the plains in Mayj when the * ' , laiin f A B Y S S IN I A. •*» nm become cidnftant. - AIL the deep and grafTy bogs h?.ve {nipes in them | and fwallov^s there ar« of many kinds unkn'own in Europe $ thofe' that are common in Europe appear in paflage at the very feafon when they take their flight frorn thence. TheiC^^are few owb in Abyffinia ; but thofe' arc of an immenf^ Cue and beauty. .There are no geefe, wild or tame, exceptmg what is called the Golden Goofe, Goofe of the Nile, or Goofe of the Cape, com- mon in all the fouth of Africa ; thefe build their nelts upOn trees, and when not, in water, generally fit upon them. . . Insects.] From the clafs of infeds, we (hall-feleA the mod: remarkable, viz. the Tf^tfalya or fly, which is an infect that furnifties a ftriking proof how fallacious It is to judge by appearances. If. we confider its fmall fize^ its weaknefs, want of variety or beauty, nothing in the'crcation is more con* temptible or infignificant. Yet pa{||uig from thefe to his hiftory, and to the account of his powers, we mutt cOntefs the very great injuilice we do him from want of confideration. We are obliged with the grcatelt furprize to acknowledge, that thofe huge animals, the elephant, the rhinoceros, the lion, and the tyger, inhabiting the fame woods, ^ijre ttill vaftly his inferiors, andthpt the appearance of thisfmall infeft, nay, his very found, though he is not feen, occafions more trepidation, movement, and diforder, both^in the human and brute creation, than would whole herds of thefe monftroiis ani- mals collected together, though their number was' in a ten-fold proportion greater than it really is. ' * This infeA has not been defcribed by any naturalift. It is in fize very lit- tle larger than a bee, of a- thicker proportion. As foon as this plague ap- pears, and their buzzing is heard, all the dattle forfake their food) and run . wildly about the plain, till they di^, worn out with fatigue, fright, and hun- ger. No remedy remains but to leave the black earth, and haltendowntc the fands of ^tbanr, and there they remain while the rains laft, this cruel enemy ne\er daring to purfue them farther. Though the fize of the camel is immenfe, his ftrength vaft, and his body covered with a thick fkin, defend- ed with ftfong hair, yet ftill he is not capable to fultain the violent punc- tures the fly makes with his pointed probofcis. He mutt lofe no time in re- moving to the fands of Atbara 5 for, when once attacked by this fly, his body, head, and legs break out into large bofles, which fwell, break, and putrify, to the certain deftruAion of the crcatute. Vegetable productions.] • The Pupyms, which is a plant well known in Egypt, appears to have been early I - ight thither from Ethiopia. It 18 alfo found-in Abyfl:nia. Baleffiar, Balm, ovBal/am, is alfo a native of Abyfliuia. Tlie great value fet uj on this drug in the., ealt, remounts to very early ages. We know from fcripture, the oldcft hidory extant, as well as moll infallible, that the Iflmiaelites, or Arabian earners and merchants, trafficking with the T -?la commodities into Egypt, brought with thenv ,balni as part of the cargo. — The Enfde is an herbaceous plant, which grow* and comes to great pcrfedion at Gon. .. but it moft abound ;.. that part of Mait-ftia and Goutto weft of the Nile, where there are r .e planta- tions of it, and is there, alniott exclufive of every thing elfc,'the food of the Galla inhabiting that province. When loft, like a turnip wed both' . 'f eat with milk.bf butter, it isf the bell of all food ; wholefonie, nourittu.g, and eafily digetted. The Teff is a grain comn.only fown all over Abyf- finia,*where it feetns to thrive co^ual'y on =il! forts of ground ^ from it. is made' tlie bread which is conimonly ufcd throughout this country. The Abyflinians indeed have plenty of wheat, and foine of It of an excellent ^uality^ They likewife mivkc as fine wheai-brewd as any in the worldi both for •j>^!^ t^' ABYSSINIA. icv colour and taftc i but the ufe oF wheit*brei|d ia chiefly confined to people of the firft rank. The acacia tree is very common in Abyflinia, as are feveral other ciiriout produAiont qf the vegetable world, man) of which •re d.Tcribed in the Appendix of .or ft'iil'or, and illiiilratvKl by many «l(^ant engraving*, which will ^nilWd a '•ery great ':ntcrtainraent to tlw curious botanift. s .?t ';:> merticn tho''^ of'Oooderoo, and C'->urt Ohha) is by much the lar^'eil eicpanfe of wiirt: iviiovvn iii thfa couh- tif. Its e^ttent, howe ;-, has hvtu. g-rditly ; »ag;i;i, r .«d. Its greatdl bu'adth is 3^ milen and u» entcnt i^ leiiw^th in 49. i'v Nile, by a current alvays viliblet ciaiies the ?; d of it. In the dry monUis," from Odober to M«»cch, the hfct i'ifinks crt,«i.' in fixe ; but after that all thofe rivers are full which are i>a i.'vry fide of it, a<>d fall into the lake, like radii drawn to a center | then if. iwelle, sind extends itfclf i^t Mit ptai^ country, and liai of courle a much hr^rtr tVirt'ac;;'. Th»*t an; about clcrr^ in't^ibUcd iQ-mAs '■f the lake. All thcfe ifltudi wcK! formerly ufed as prrf .'ns for die rn-tat pt ■_ ic, or for a voluntary rcir at, on accuiint of fome difj^ult or ^';teat tnii; nunc, or bh places of fecurity to dc* pof i their valuable eifedis during troublcfoine times. ^ Cataracts or ths Nilk] Omitting* thofe of inferior nhte, we fliall 4ieregive the reader' fome account of tiic great catarait of Alata, *• which, '.Vvs Mr. Bruce, was the moll magnificent light that ever I beheld. The 'i^-.^- height has been rather exaggorated. The miffiunartes fay the fall is about i'tx^.een eJls, or <^fty feet. ' The meafuring is, indeed, very dililicult ; but, by the pofition of lung ftic)-!), >md poles of different lengths, at diti'crcnt heights of the rock, from the w m er's edge, I may venture to fay that it is nearer forty feet than any other meafure. The river had been coiifidi^iably increafed by rains, and fell in one Jh>::et of water, without any interval, ahuve half an Engh'lh mile in breadth wifii a force and noife that was truly ter- rible, and which Ihvnned, and made mr.de nie, for a time, perfedly di/.zy. A thick fvnie, or haze, covered ?he fall all round, and hung over the courfe of the icream both above and-bclow, marking its traft, though the wata is not I'cen. ''The river, though fwelled witlf rain, preferved its natural cleanicfs, and fell, a« far as I coold difcern, into a deep pool, or bafon, in the-, iolid rock, which was full, and in twenty different eddies to the very foot of the prtrlpice ; the ftream, when it fell, feeming part of it to run back with great fury upon the^ rock, as well as forward in tli£ line of its courfe, railing a wave, or violent ebullition, by chaffing againft. each other. • ** Jerome, Lobo pretends, thit lie has fat under th' curve, or arch, made by the projectile force of tlje water milling over tl'.a precipice. He fays he fat calmly at the foot of it, and looking through the curve of the Itream, as it wan falling, faw a number of rainbows of inconceivable beauty in thii exti-aordin^ry prifm. This however," continues Mr. ' Bruce, " without kefitation, I aver to be a downrit^ht falfehood. A deep pool of v atur reaches to the very foot of the :>.>;k. and is in perpetual agitation. No' allowing that there was a feat ' -i ch, which there is not, iw the v. ' -fi of the pool, it is abfolntely imy ' > by any exertion of human lire: gth, to have arrived at it. • A)rhoi h „ very robuft man, in the prime and vi- gour of life, and" a hardy • jd, indefatigable fwimmer, I am pcrfe&Iy confident Ke could not 1;.- - ..' to that feat from the -Ihc .- through the duietall part of that baf'j.-^ nd, fuppofmg the friar pLccd in Insifaag.= nary feat under the curve .-' ' . ■ TiTVfnfe arch of water, he muft have had a pottioa of firmncfs more tUiui < . ' o the .{hare of ardiaary ai«B,and vrhich t] A ^ 'Y S a 1 N I A. 84^ it not likely to be acqiiii^ed in a monaftic life, to philufopluxc upon opticp ill fuch a fiti4attuii, whcre.every iliiiig v^ould (can in \m dazzled eycR to be in motion, »nd the ftrcatn, in a noife like the luudell thunder, to make the folid rock (at Icaft as to Tenf*;) (hake to ita very foundation, and threatea to tear every nerve to pieceu, Hiid to deprive one of other fei)fefrbefid.:8 tlutt of hearing. It was a moll magnificent liji^ht, that ajes, addc(i to the great- ell length of human l{fe, would not efface or eradicate from iny memory ) it Itruck me with a kind of ftupor, and a total oblivion of where I wai, and of every other I'ublttnary concern. It \ya8 one of the moll llupendoui Hghts in 'tli( creation." SouacES OF THS NiLB.] The Agows of Damot pay divine honour to the Nile ; they worlhip the river, and tlioufand^ of cattle have been o(f;;red» and ilill arc offered, to the fpirit fuppofcd to relide at its fources. Th|e village of Geefh, thoush not f irther dillant than Cioo yardi*, is not in fight of the fources of the Nile. The country upon the fame plane with the foun- thefe iflaudi H tains, terminates In a cliff about 300 yards doep d.)wn to the plain of Afia, which flat country continues in the fame fubultern degree of elevation, till it meets the Nile again about 70 miles foulhward, after it has made the circuit of Gojam and Damot. In the middle of ^ marfh, about 80 yards in breadth, and Ibmething lefs than 40 yards from the bottom of the mountain of Geefh, arifes » hillock . of a circular form, about three feet fr(jm the fiirface of the marfh itfelf, though apparently founded much dyeper in it. The diameter of this is fomething (hort of twelve feet ; it is furrounded by a (hallow trench, which collects the water, and voids it eallward ; it is firm* ly built with fod or eartheni turf, brought from the fides; and conftantly kept in repair, and this'is the altar upon which all their religious ' ceremo- nies 'are performed* In the middle of this altar is a hole, obvioufly made, or at lea(l enlarged, by the hand of man. It rs kept clear of grafs, or other aquatic plants, and the water in it is perfcdly pure and limpid, but has no ebullition or motion of any kind difcernible upon its furface. This mouth, or opening of the fource, is fome parts of an inch letu than thre^ ftct diameter, and the water Hood on the 5th of N »vember, when Mr. Bruce vilited it, about two inches from the lip of the brim, nor did it increaie oi< (limiuiili during all the time Mr. Bruce remained at Gecfli, though he raade plentiful ufe of it. Thi^ fpring is about fix feet (in inches deep. Ten feet dilbnt from the fird ot thcfe fprings, a little to the weft of fouth, is the facred fountain, about eleven incheti in diameter; but this is eight feef three inches deep. And about twenty feet diftant from the firft, to the S. S. W. is the third fonrce, its mouth being f )mething morp than two feet large, and it is five feet eight inches deep. Both thefe lall foun* tains Hand in the middle of fmall altars, made like the former of firm fod, but neitiier of them above three feet diameter, and having a foot of lefs ele- varion tin 11 the firft. With a bral's quadrant of three feet radius, he found t'iu b.titut!^ to be 10" 59' north $ and by 10° 59' 25'' in round numbers, til- exo6t latitude of the principal fountain of the Nile, though the Jefuita f\ \ it 12° N. by a random guefs. The lojg'tude he afcertained foi havefuppr: to be 36° 55' 30" enft t.'the meri'lian of Greenwich, Causks of the iNi' .4JAT10NS OF Till. Nii.E.] Tlic fun being nearly llationary for fome days in the topic of Capricorn, the air there becomes fo much rarefied, that the heavier winds, charged with watery particles, rufh in upon it fnpm the Atlantic on trie wcit, and from the Indian Ocean, on the eaft. The fouth wind, moreover, loaded with heavy vapours, con- licnfcd in t^at higjli ri^ge of mountainii, not far fouth of the Linc^'whicb '--^■i' - v' \ . - c Q- «.. . ".v ,-,,.' ..,■.,•:■ :^ -, •/•• fbrmS' np A B y S i l' N I A. I r4 forms I fpine to the peninfula of Africa, and running norttivrard with the oihtr two, fumilh wherewithal to reftqre the equilibrium. Having thus gathered fuch a quantity of vapours as it were to a i -'^'is, the fun now puts them in .. motion, and drawing them after it in its rapid progrefs northwards, on the 7th of January, for two yean together, feemed toliave extended its power , to the atmofphere of Gondar, when for the firil time, there appeared in the fky, while, dappled, thin clouds, the fun being then diftant 34" from the ze- nith, without -any one cloudy or dark fpeck having been feen for feveral months before. Advancing to tha line with increaied velocity, and defcri- bing hrger fpirals, the fun brings on a few drops of rain at Gondar the ift of March', being then diftant 5" from the zenith ; thefe are greedily ab- forbed by the thirity foil, and this leems to be the fartheft extent of the fun's influence, capable of caufing rain, which then only falls in large drop«, and lafts but a few minutes ; the rainy feafon, however, begins molt ferioufly upon its arrival at the zenith of every place, and thefe rains continue conftant and increafing after he has palfed it, in his progrefs northward. Before thii;, green boughs 'and leaves appear floating in the Bahar el Abiad, and (hew that about 5° from the line, the latitude where it rifes, the rains are already abundant. In April, all the rivers in Amhara, Begemder, and Lafta, firft difco- loured, and then beginning to fwell, join the Nile in the feveral parts of its courfa neareft them ; the river then, from 'the height of its angle of indinatioo forces itfelf through the ftagnant lake without mixing with it. In the beginning of May, hundreds of Itreams pour themfelves from Go- jam, Damot, Maitfha, and Dembea, into the lake Tzana, which had become low by intenfe evaporation, but now begins to Bll infenfibly, and con- tributes a large quantity of water to the Nile, before it falls down th^cata- radt of Alata. in the beginning of June, the fun having now pafled all Abyflinia, the rivers there are all full, and then is the time of the greateft rains in ,AbyflinlU, while it is for fome days as.it were, ftatioqary in the tra« pic of Cancer. Immediately after the fun has pafled the line, he begins the rainy feafon to the fouthward, dill as he" approaches the zenith 'of each place; but the fituation and necefliiies of this countr being varied, the manner of promoting the inundation is changed. A high chain of mountains run from about & fouth all along the middle of the continent towards the Cape of Good Hope, and interfects the fouthern part of the peninfula, nearly in the fame manner that the river Nile does the northern. A ftrong wind from the fouth, flop- ping- the progrefs of the condenfed vapours daflies them againft the cold fum- mits of this ridge of moHntain8,-and forms many rivers which efcape in the di- reAion either eaft or weft; as the level prefents itfelf. If this is towards the weft, they fall down the irdes of the mountains into .the Atlantic, and if on the eaft, into the Indian Ocean! Cities and towns.] GONDAR, the metropolis of Abyfliiiia, it lituated, upon a hill of confiderable height, the top of it nearly plain, on which the town is placed. It conlifts of about ten thoufand families in time of peace : the houfes are chiefly of clay, the roofs thatched in the form of ^ones, which it* always the conftruflion within the tropicrf rains. On the weft end of the town is the king's houfe, .formerly a ftrufture of confider- able confequence. It was a fquare b»''!''ing, flanked vdth fquarc towers. ' It was formerly four ftories high, and Troni 'he top of it n;. a magnificent tiew of all the country fouthward to ' .»e lake Tzana. Great partoft1ii» Huufe is now in rtiins, having been burnt at diiferent times j but there ii • - . ftili I I ABYSSINIA. *4^ me manner 1 filH tmple lodging iathc twoloweft flooriofit, the aud!eiice>chiiml>er bdn^, above one hundred and twenty feet long. ^^ The paUce and all its contiguous buildings are furrounded by « fulv ftantial ftone wall thirty feet high, with battlements upon the odter wall, and a parapet roof between the outer and inner, by which you can go along the whole and look into the ftreet. There appears to have been never any embrafures for cannon, and the four fides of the' wall are above aa Engh'fh mile and a half in length. Gondar, by a number T oblerva- tions of the fun and (Urs, made by day aud night, in the uourfe of ihrci rears, with aa agronomical quadrant of three feet radius, and two eXceU lent telefcopes, and by a mean of all their fmali diifercnves, is in N- lat* It" 34' 30" ; and by manv obfervitions of the fatellites of Jupiter, clpe- cially the firft, both in their immerfions and emerfions during that penod, Mr Bruce concluded its longitude to be ^7° 33' o" eaft from the meridian uf Greenwich. • DIXAN Is the firft town in Abyflinia, on the fide of Taranta; It is built on the top of a hill perfedly in form of a fugarloaf ; 'a deep valley furrounds it every where like a trench, and the road winds fpiraHy up the hill till it ends among the houfes. It is true of Dixan, as of molt fruaiier towns, that the had people of b'J^h contiguous countries refort thither. The town confifts of Moors and Chriilians, aud is very well peopled ; yet the only trade of either of thefe fe^ts is a very extraordinary pne, that of felling children, The Chrittiaus bring fuch as they have llolen^in Abyf- finia to Dixan as to a fure depoiit ; and rlic Moors receive them there, and carry them to a certain market at Mal'uah, whence thty are fent over ta Ara- bia or India. The priefts of the province of Tigre, ef, *^cially thofe near the rock Damo, are openly concerned in this infamouti, ;)radice. iJixan is in lat. 14° 57' 55" north, an^ Ion. 40" 7' 30" eaft of ti"! tn- Hian of Greenwich. AXUM is fuppofed to have been once the capital of Abylhins, and its . ruins are now very extenfive ; but, like the cities of ancient times, conlift al- together of-public buildings. In' one fquare, which feems to have been the center of the town, there are forty obelifks, hone of which have any hierogly- phics upon them. They are all of one piece of granite, and, on the top of. that which is ftanding, there is ^patera .xceedingly well carvea in the Gr(;ek tafte. There is a great deal of carving upon the top of the obeliflc in Gothic tafte, difpofcd rudely, and without order. Axum is watered by a frnall liream, which, flows all the year from a fountain in the narrow valley, where Hand the rows pf'qbelifks. The fpring is teccived into a magnificent befon of 150 feet fquare, and thence it is carried at pL , water the neighbouring gardens, where there is little fruit excepti..g pomegranates, neither are thefe very excellent. The l&titude of this town is 14° 6' 36' north. MASUAH, is'a fmall iiland immediately on the Abyfiinian ihore, having an excellent harbour and water deep enough for (hips of any fize to the edge of the idand. The houfes of this town, are in general built of poles and bent grafs, as. in the towns of Arabia ; but betides thefe, there are about twenty • r llone, fix or eight of which are two Itojies each. ^'. lat. 15°'35' 5" E. ')n. 39" 36' 30". Traou AND COMMERCE.] Mafuah Continued a place of much 'refort as ^ long as coVnmerce flouriflied and iiutwithltanuiiig the opprcifion of the Turk? is Hill a place of confiderable trade. Uut it is all done in a (lovehly manner* and for article^ where a fmall capital is invelled. Property here is too pre- ' ' ^ (^a canouu «44 FE35ZAN, BORNOU, awb cAsHNA.V Ctrious to rifle a venture in valuable cbmnjodi'ties, wh«#thc hand' of power enters' into cvc^y traiifad^ion. GoiuUr atid nil the ntiplibouring country depend for the neccflariei of Jifc, cattle, honey, butter, wheat, hides, wax, and a nnmbcr of fiich articles, >y. . 'he Aginvs, who inhabit a province in which the I'ourccB of the Nile ai'- i'l.und, and which province is no where 60 miles in length, nor half r«. in brtiidth. Thcfe Agown come conilanMy in fucceflion, a thoufand or fifteen hundred at a time, luadtrd with thei'e commoditt< t to the capital. It may naturally occur, thdt, in a long carri&^e, fuch as that oi a hundred fftiles' in Inch a climate, butter mull melt, and be in a tiate of furunijconfe- quently Very near putrcfnditm : this is prevented by the nmt of an herb, cal- led Moc moco «"" 'V in colour, and in fhape nearly rcfembline a carrot ; this they bii. «•>».• m»x \> Ith i: .ir butter, jind a very fmall cpiantity pitifeives it frefli for a confn'crable time. - Rkliqion.] Mr. Bruce informs us, from the annals < f Abyfltnia, that in the time of Solomon all this coimlry was converted to Judarfm, and the go- vcrrmcnt of the church and ilatc mudelled'according to what was then in nk at Jcrufalem. ' Some ecclefiaillcal writers, rather from attachment to particular fyften,*, than from any conviction that the opinion they efpoufe in ^rnth, would per- fuade us that the converlion of Abyfiinia to Chriltianity happti d in the days of the apottles ; but it appears that this was efTcftcd by the labours of l'\ii- mentiuB (the apoftleof the Abyflinians) in the year of Chrift 533, according to our account. Their firll bifhop, Frumentius, heUi^ en^datned about the year 3;?^. wreferved Abydinia untainted with hclt^ ' ill the day of Ins \th, and !)■ n' inftrudcd in the religion of the Greeks of the church of Al' ■•ndria, by S Athar^ufius, then Titling in the chair of St. Mark, it follows ti the tvoc . ligion of the AbylHaians, which they received t)n their convtrilon to Chrif- tianity, is that of the Greek church. They receive the holy Ta. -ament in both kinds, in u'' evened bread, and in the grape bjruilcd with ihc 1 iifl< to- gether as it grows, fo that it h a kind of marnjalade, and is given in ;! i' jpoon. Large pieces of bread, are given to the communicants in pro])oi; to their quality, whicli they chew as indecently and with full as much nwiic CB they eat ;r table. They obferve alfo circumcifion. ritsTOK ' As t^c accounts of kings and princes of remote ages arc not alwavH iitcrt.nining, and a"s the hillory of l"o barbarous and untiviliitd ;, people will, we prefume, afford but fmall amuf'rment to our readers, what- ever fatisfadtiort ilicy may have received from furvoying the manners and cuf- toms of the ,Ko;)le, and the natural hillory of the country; we ihall there- fore make uo farther* apology for c\iitting the account of the annals of Abyf- finia, but rcf'T taofc, wlio have any iefire of information upon this fub- jctt, to 'le itv.iiid voluirc of the Tiavils of our adventurous author, where he wi!' •{ a very ample detail through more than ^700 pages of a ponder- ous m, , . • - . . >. * ■ ( ^v ) .---■•■• FEZZAN, BORlNOU, A^D CASH N A. TTT having been long a fubjeft of lamentation that Eurcpears know vtiy X little, if any thing, of the interior (lijiriP.t of Africa, wc arc happy to l.inl ' •*. ttSy. .aN,BORNOU, awbCASHNA. 84f that an Inbciation Imb been entered ihto for the purpofe of exploring thd« duary regions. This Bifociatiun took plart on ilif ytli of Jvnc, 1 788, and coiifift* t'l 95 mcmbiTB \ out of wh'icli number the following perfont were ekded a committee, viz. /orri Rcrwdon, the l»Jhop of Landaff, Sir Jofeph Banks t Mr. Bemifoy, and Mr, Siuart, To thclc gentlemen were conTigned the direction of its funds, the management of its i orrefpondence, and the choice of tlic perfon to whom the );eograpliicHt1 miflion was to be afligned. Pcrfuadcd of the importartcc of the objtdl which the airociation had in view, their committee loft no time in ( xtrcnting the plan wivich it had forMed. Two gentlemen were recommended to them ; and appearing to be eminent* ly quHlificd for niukiiig the projcftcd rcfeanrhcfe, they were chofen. One was a Mr. Ledyard \ tht other a Mr. Lucas. Snch a perion aa Mr, Ledyurd was formed by nature for the objeft In con- templation, and weie we unacquainted with the fcquci, we fliould congratu* lute the fociely in being fo fortunate as to find fuch a \. an for one of their millionaries ; but the reader will foon be acquainted with the melancholy cir- cuinllance to which we allude. ' From two 'ich geographical miflionarics (obfcrves a very refpe6l?,1ilcH- tcrary journalii. ** ) much information was no doubt txptfted ; and, though liic views of the locicty arc not yet fully aulwcred, the communication* vrliich it has received, arc of a nature W-ltich will excite, though not fully gratiiy, the rnriofity of geograpliers. • Mr. Ledyard undertook, at his own defire, the diffictiU an^^l perllouft taflc of travcrfing from eait to weft in the latitude attributed to the Niger, the wfdcft part of the continent of Africa. On this bold adventure, he left Lon- don, June 30, 1 788, and ari^ivcd at Cairo on the 19th of Auguft. • Hence, he tianfmitt(|d fuch accounts to his employers, as manifeft him to have been a traveller who cbferved, reflcAed, and compared ; and fuCh was the information ^hich he colleded here from the travelling flave-mcr- chants, and from others, refpc qA8HNA» •rag tho loterioc of the continent | v\i tq retarn hf th^^y |f Olgibia, or tHc co^^ of Guinea. * InAlrudtions tu undertake great enterprfRNf are more eafily given than rx- fcuted. So Mr. Lucas frcfeiited to hint by the bey, the balhjvt'ii eldcil fon, in company with fhereefs, or the kingdom of Fv;/.A8i>;'refolvcd, wc will fuppofe, to penetrate from Tripoli even unu> Gambia : but his purcgriuationi, which began Feb. I. 1789, terminated at Mclurata, on Feb. ';. ♦ Dcurived of vifuiug Fc/zaii, and thrs looked /orvvaid to that joyful period when, by the influence of the company's mcafures, the con'i-e'it of Africa fhould be refcued from her i(jk- fent Rate of fljarkhefsaud mlfer> .id exhibit a fcene of light and knowledge, of civilization and ofde •, *" peaco'^ul iiidullry and domellic comfort. I)nt liiii 1 1 i; ■■-''^' 0» TME S 1. A V E C O A S t, &c. ^f ihischeatful fccrie wcis foori overcaft, and this beautiful and profperoua colo-' ny overwhelmed with ruin. The French Convention (a nanie inf»^^ mou8 and ever to be execrated) having violatedj every principle of trutll''' and juftice in Europe, determined by the fame means to give light and Ui! berty to the Africans. They arrived at Sierra Leone, on the 28th of Sepi' tember 1794, fired upon the town and, did much damage. The inhabitants' being in no refpeft provided for their reception Were forced to fubniit. In the afternoon the enemy landed, finding the town almoft deftitutd^ of people, but rich in provifions, clothing, and other ftores. They began' immediately to break open the houfes and to plunder. What they dia' not want, they deftroyed, burnt, or threw into the river. They killed all' the cattle and animals they found in the fields or ftreets, yards, or elfe- where, not fparing even affes, dogs, and cats. Thefe proceedings they con«' tinued the whole fucceeding week, till they had entirely ruined this beau- ' tiful and profpering colony ; and when they found nothing more worth' plundering, they fet fire to the piiblie buildings and all the houfes belonging to the Europeans; and burnt, as they faid, by miftake nine or 'ten houfes of the coloniits. It was thus that the French Convention executed their purpofe of fpreading light and liberty through the world. The Sierra Leone colony vas eftablifticd for no other end than to aboliih the flave trad*?, lO enlighten the Africans, and to render them rational, virtuous, free and happy ; and thofe powerful patrons of the rights of man deftroyed that colony with many ciroumftances of the moft wanton cruelty. It is with ^leafure, how* ever, that we learn from the proceedings of the general court held on the 25th of February 1 795, that the direftors do not yet defpair of the colony j and that they have adopted prudent mc^fures to avert all fuch calamitic* in future. ; A fettlement ofafimilar nature was formed upon the iflandof Bulam^' on the fame coaft, to the eaftward of the ifland of Bifagos, under the direc- lion of Mr. Dalrymplc. But this is now entirely relinquifhed. A great part of tie colonifts has been maffacred by the natives of the fliore at the' mouth of the river Gambia, who were accuftomed to make annual planta* tions of rice in Bulam ; and it was certainly a grofs error that this clrcum- llance was not before difcovered, and a formal bargain of the ifle made with the Africans. The furviving colonifts have taken refuge among their coun* trymcn at Sierra Leone j and Mr. Dalrymple, the governor, has returned to England. , ^ -■•^H %' Of AFRICA, from the Tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope. See the Table and Map. >^ THIS Immenfe territory is, comparatively fpeaking, vety little known ; there is no modem travelltr that has penetrated into the iu"_er!or parts ; fo that we are not only ignorant of the bounds, but eyen of the nimes of leveral inland countries. In many material, circumfttnces, the 5 R inliabi* -r^r S 8/0 Or T«E S L A V E C O A S T,&e*-^ inhabitants of this extenfive continent agree with each other. If we ex« cept the people of Abyfllnia, who are tawny, and profefa s mixture of Chrillianity^ Judaifm, and Paganifm, they are all of a black complexion : in their religion, except on the fea-coafts, which have been vifited and fettled by ftrangers, they are pagans ; and the form of government L every where monarchical. Few princes, however, pofTefa a veiy extenfive jurifdidtion j for as the natives of this part of Africa are gi'ofsly ignorant in all the arts of utility or refinement, they are little acquainted with one another ; and ge- nerally united in fmall f cietics, edch governed by its own prince. In Abyf- flnia, indeed^ as well as in Congo, Loango, and Angola, we are told of pow- erful nionarchs ; but, on examination, it is found that the authority of thofe princes Itands on a precarious footing, each tribe or feparate body of their fubjefts being under the influence of a petty chieftain of their own, iiyled Nfgus, to whofe commands, however^ntrary to thofe of the negajcha nfgafcht, or king of. kings, they are always ready to fubmit. This indetl muft. always be the cafe among rude nations, where the art of governing likejill others, is in a very fimple and imperfect Hate. In the fucceflion to the throne, force generally prevails over right; and an uncle, a brother, or other collateral relati«)n, is on this account commonly preferred to tlie de- fcendants whether male or female. The fertility of -a country fo prodigioufly extenfive, might be fuppofed more various than we find it is : in fadt, there is no medium in this part of Africa with regard fJO' the advantages of foil ; it is either perfeAly barren, or extremely f/rtiW. , This arifes from the intenfe heat of the fun, vvhicli, where it meets with fufficient moifture, produces the utmoft luxuiiancy ; and in thoTe countries where there are few rivers, reduces the furfiice of the earth to a barren fand. Of this fort are the countries of Anisn and Zaara, which for want of water, ^iid confcqucntly of all other neceffaries, are reduced to perfeft deferts. as the name of tlie latter denotes. In thofe countries, on the other hand, where there is plenty of water, and particu- larly where the rivers overflow tlie land, part of the year, as in Abyflinia, the produftions of nature, b(jth of the animal and vegetable kinds, are foniul in the higheft perfedion and greateil abundance. The countries of Man- dingo, Ethiopia, Congo, Angola, Batua, Truticul, Monomotapa, Cafati, and Mehcnemugi, are extremely rich in gold and filver. The bafer metal* likewife are found In thefe and many other parts of Africa. But the per- fons of the natives make tlie moft confiderable article in the produce and traf- fic of this miferable quarter of the globe. On the Guinea or weftcrn coaft, the Engllfli trade to James' Fort and other fettlcments near and up the river Gambia, where they exchange their woollen and linen nianufa6tures, their hard ware and fpirituous liquors, for the pcrfons of the natives. Among the negroes, a man's, wealth conliils in the number of his fiimily, whom he fells like fo many cattle, and often at an inferior price. Gold and ivory, next to the flave trade, form the principal branches of African commerce. Thefe were carried on from the fame coaft, where the l^utch and French had their fettlements for the puriiofe, moft of which have been iince reduced by the Engliih. The Portuguefe arc in pofrclftun of the eafl and well coall of Africa, from the tropic of Capricorn, to the equator ; which immenfc tradl they became mailers of by their fucceflive attempts and happy difcovery and navigation of the Cape of Good Hope. From the coall of Zanguubar, on the eallern fide, llity trade not only for the articles above-mentioned, but likewife for fevera! ♦ others. COUNTRY or thb HOTTENTOTS. Hsk •tliers, as fena, and aloes, civet, ambergrlfe, and frank incenfc. The fet- tlcment of the Dutph towards the fouthern parts of the continent, in the country called Caifraria, or the land of the Hottentots, particularly Cape Town, which is well fettled and foriilied -are in pofleffion of the Eng» lilh ; where their (hips bound for India ufually put in, and trade with the natives for their cattle, in exchange for which tliey give them fpirituoiu^ liquors. _^ , COUNTRY OF THE HQ.TTENTOTS. iV'V ', 5; DURING the thir;y fix hours that I pafled (fays Vaillant) among the Gonaquai Hottentots, T had time to make iome ufeful obfcrvations on their mauners-and fpeech. - I remarked that they clucked with their longuas like the other Hottentots. The affinity of cuftonis, manners, and difpofitlons, the ntiglibourhood of Caffraria, and the infight that I afterwards received, convinceil me thut the Hoords of the Gonaquals, which refemble equally the Caffrets and Hoitentot% muft have been originally the produce of thole two nations. Thi.- d"- •'sot the men, though better contrived and arranged, has the fame form with that of the Hottentots, but as the firft are of a more elevaied llature, it is not with the (kins of (heep, but with thofe of calves they make their cloaks, which are 'tailed, Krofes. Some of them wear on their neck a bit of ivory, or verj' white fheep's bone, which contraftcd with the colour of their flcins has a very good effeft. When ihe neat is exceflive, they lake oil' all their covering but \.\\ve fuid fcattered fettlcmentg, the people few, living on the fruits of the eartHt 5 K4 ftp* li- ! -b;- ■^. ' t . i^t ' -XOUNTRY OF THE HOTTENTOTS. fnd the produce of their cattle, and ever a long way froni one horde -to another. The heat of the climate, the tten'Uty of the foil, the fcarcity of Vrster, mountains almOft impgffable, favage beafts to cope with, or wlAt is poflibly worfe, the phlegmatic temperament of .this people may be a fiiffici. cut reafon, why a Hottentot is fcldom or never the father of fix children. ,'j The country of th^ Goiiaquais, which I was exploring, might reckon 3060 people, on an extent of thirty or forty leagues. They were not here degenerate and miferable Hottentots like thofe who languifh in the neighbour- hood of the Cape, defpifmg, and defpifed, remembering of their origin but the empty name j and enjoying, at the price of their liberty, a little peace bought dearly at the expence of excefllve labour. Here I could contem- plate a people brave and free, poffcfling only independence yielding to the impulfe of their natures. The form of their huts is the fame with thofe of the Hottentots of the colonies, and meafure about eight or nine feet in diameter. Some of them ire covered with the hides of oxen or fhcep, but more with mats. They have but one aperture, which is very low and narrow ; the fire is ma*" -n the centre of the hut, fo that the thick fmoke which dcfcends from it, mingled with the fetid fmells from innumerable caufes, would fuifocate an £uropean, who ftior.ld have the courage to remain in it two minutes. Yet cuftom has rendered this bearable perhaps comfortable to favages. It is true they are always in the open air during the day, but when m'ght approaches, '.^veryone gains Jiis habitation, where ftretched on his mat, and covered with A fheep's &in, he r^fts as content, and flecps as foundly as if repofing on a ))ed of down. When the night happens to be more cold than ordinary, they cover themfelves with larger ikius, fuch as they put over their mats to Jleepon. I have before obferved that the female Gonaqua'u have an appearance of care and finery in their ornaments unknown to the Hottentots of the cola- Dies. Their aprons defcend almofl to their knees, and it is in the ornaments, I might fay.in the prodigious effufion of embroidery, that is lavilbf d on them, thatconfiAs the richnefs, the magnificence on which they prjd^e thenifelvep. The flourifhes and compiartments, tlie art, with which the diffeient colours are mingled and contrafted, in flrort nothing is neglefted which they think will render them pieafing to the eye. They take the greateft care in the de- coration of their perlons ; bracelets, girdles, necklaces, nothing is forgotten, when ♦hey mean to appear full dreii'ed, which they think can add to their embelliftiment. ^ Though fo much habituated to th? fight of thofe Africans, I could never reconcile myfelf to the cuftom they • have of painting themfelves with a thoufand ridiculous marks and figures; to the lalt it appeared to me hidfous and difgufting. • The two colours in greateft eilimation among them arc red and black. The fu-ft is an ochre, which is found in a number of places in this country, and is prepared for their ufe by bcirg ground up vvitli a quan- tity of greafe. The black colour is nothing more than foot or cliar<.():il, and 18 prepartd in the fame manner. Some women, indeed content themfelves with painting theiv cheeks only, but the genciality divide their faces into feveral diftintt compartments, and this article of embelliftiment thty are ? coufidernble time of completing. Thefe favourite colours of the Hottentots are always perfumed with the powder of Bticlu, which doea not ftiike the fmell of an European with any agreeable fenfation ; but perhaps our iiTences, odours^ ^nd perfumes, would be equally infupportablc to a Hottentot. At leaft> the iuciu has one advantage over our palles, wafties, and rouge ; it is . ■ . n«t part, if COUNTRY OF THE HOTTENTOTS. f^Si not pernicious to the (kin, and never reduces thofe who ufe it to confumptiona. The Hottentot who knows nothing of muflt, ambergreafe, or benjamin, is likewife unacquainted with megrims, fpafms, and vapours. The men never paint their faces Uie th6 women, but they frcqntntly make ufe of a mixture^' to daub their upper lip j by which difpofition of it they hp/ie the fatK -"adion- of enjoying the fmell inceffantly. The young girls fometimes fuffcr their lovers to apply this delicate mixture under their nbfes ; this is confidered as a great favour, and gives the girl fo decorated ^n air of fmartnefs, which ren- ders her extremely mtertfting in the eyes of a young Hottentot. 1 would not have my readers infer from what I have faid, that the female Hottentots are fo intent on decorating their perfons, as to negle£l thofe daily and necef' fary occupations which their mode of living requires; it is only on certain holidays which occgr but feldom that they fpend fo much of their time in drefs. Separated from Europe by an immcnfe ocean, and from the £uro^ pean colonies by defcrts, mountains and dangerous rocks ; they are out off from all • communication with other people, and if they have not ar' rived at our improvements, they have eqr.ally avoided th.e excefs of our de- pravity. When women here have the happinefs to become mothers', they apply thcBifelves more intenfely than in more poliflied countries, to the duties of their fituation ; nothing can poiTibly exceed the tendernefs and folicitude with which they rear their infant offspring. They are fond of hunting, and have great fliill in it ; independent of the fnares fprcad for large game, they lay vvait for, and attack them with tlieJr /IJfagay, (a kind of lances) or (hoot them with empoifoncd arrows. Th4 firll time I Infpedied their arrows, I did not fuppofe tncm fuch deadly wea- pons ; but even their fmallnefs renders them dangerous ; for, when (liot, it is Impo(rible for the eye to perceive their flight, confequently there is no means to avoid them, and the fmalleft wound is always mortal, if the poifori reaches the blood j the only remedy is a fpeedy amputatipn of the wounded part, if in the limb ; but if the wound is in the body, it is inevitable death. Thefe arrows are made of reeds and very curioudy formed ; they are not above 1 8 inches, or at moft two feet long ; at the end of the reed thty (ix a fmallbit of bone, three or four inches long, which they have previoufly round- ed, this is fmaller In diameter than the reed, and fo (lightly hxed in it, that when the arrow lias entered the flefh the reed may be drawn away, while the hone dill remains in the wound. To make it more deadly it has a fmall barb of iron on one fide which en the Icaft motion, continues to lacerate the flefli, and renders every attempt to extrad it abortive. This bone they a* noint with a polfon, that has tlie confillence of mjiHic ; and it Is ufually point- ed with a little angular head, which altogether renders this weapon very ter- rilile. In each country, they have a particular manner of preparing their poifon, according to the different noxious plants their foil produces, and fmm which they extraft the juice. A partlcuhr fpecles of ferpcnt Hkewifc fiipplles them with another kind, which the favages prefer, as being the molt fubtil. It is ImpolTible to gain the lead information of their manner of pre- paring the venom cxtrafted from thefe ferpents, it being a fecret which they inviolably preferve. '.''he qffagay, in the hand of a Hottentot is not a very certain weapon, even the length reriders itlefs dangerous, as its courfe througl^ tiie air may be readily leen, and eafily avoided. Such are the means ufed (or attai-k.-ind defence by fomc of thefavage nations of Africa ; a European will perhaps look on them with difdain, and tax them with ferocity, forgetting that before thofe tlilmdering engines were cn.^jicycd, which io a moment mafec - *h 11 .€- *^S4 COUNTRY OF THE HOTTENTOT^. /*. ^ make fo many ruins and fill fo many tombs, his forrfathers j^ere obliged like him to make ufe of fimilar, and content themfclvcs with lefs dcftruftive vreapons. The Hottentot is unacquainted even with the firll elemai|t8 of agriculture ; he neither fowa, plants nor reaps ; all that has bein faid of cultivating the earth &c. can only regard the colonifts ; if they had any tafte for agriculture, T.t would certainly begin with tobacco and the vine ; for drinking and fmoak- ing are the. darling pleafures of both young and old. They fometimes make «n intoxicating liquor compofed of honey, and a root which they leave to fer- ment in water ; this liquor is not their ordinary drink ; they never make any referve of it but drink it up at once. They fmoke a plant which is called iiagba ; t^is plant is not indigenous, it is thj hemp of Europe. The pipes that comd*from Europe are held in lefs eftimatioii'than thofe they fabricate •themfelves ; the former they reckon too fm'all ; theirs is compofe^ of bam- boo, and the bo'^l of baked earth, or of a foft kind of ftone, which they make very capacious. Though they have prodigious quantities of (heep and oxen, it is very* uncom- mon for them to kill any of the latter, unlefs they meet with fomc accident, or old age has rendered them ufeic? s ; their principal food is the milk of COVV3 Rud ewes, with the produoe^ o." the chace and now and then a flieep. When they wifli to fatten thefe animals tlicy have a cudom which is not the lefs efficacious becaufe unknown in Europe ; and it has this peculiar *dvantage over our method, that it requires no care or flcill in the operation. Inftead of caftrating thefe animals, they bruife the part vyith a couple jf flat ftones, which anfwers the fame purpofe ; in -^ fliort time after, they get extremely fat, and when killed, are verj' »)od eating. The beafts fet apart to carry burdens, are trained very early to this work, otherwife they would be perfcftly unmanageable. While the atn'mal is young, thi y pierce the griftle that feparates the nollrils, through which they pafs a ilick of about eight or ten inches in length, and one in diamL*ter ; to pievent this from coming out, a leather ilrap is fallened to each end. The taik of milking the cows belongs to the wotjien, and' the animals are fuprHiijgly tradable. Of their flieep and kine each vrllage hath one common herd ; evtr)' in- ' habitant taking it in his turn to be hcrdiman. This charge requires many precautions, very different from thofe whicih are taken by our herdfmen, beads of prey- bting much more numerous and fierce in the fouthern parts of Africa t!ian in jiurope. Lions, indeed, are not very common ; but there are elephants, rhinocerofes, leopards, tygers, hyaenas, and feveral kinds of wolves, more Jeitruftive than oiiri, together vv'tii many other furious animals that abound in the forelb, and pccalioni^Uy nuike cxcurfions towards the Ciipe, and deflroy the tame cattle. To prevent thefc misfortunes, it is the buli:.cf! of the herdfman to go, or fend, every day round his diltrift, in order to dif- cover if any heuil of prey be lurking in that c[uarter. In which cafe, he af- leinbles the whole village together, and makes his report ; when a party of tiic iloutefl among them arm themfelves with javelins and poifoned arrows, and fol'ow the perfon who may have difcovered the heart, to the cave or covrrt where he is loclged. Here ?hey arrange themfelves in two lines ; the lurdf- man entering the cave, and en»leavouring to provoke the beaft to follow Mm ont.Vvhere he is inevitably deflroyed., The Hottentots divide? the year by the wet raid dry fcafons, which u t^ic general cuitom among the inhabitants of the tropics : they fibdiviJe it !iy moons, never counting days when the number exceeds that of their fingers ; a longer jJeriod of time is marked by fome particular occurrence j fuch as a liuuu, COUl^TRY OF THE HOTTENTOTS. 8J5 i o follow fiim lorm, the killing of an elephant, or. fome fuch circumftance. They count the time of the day by the fun ; for example, pointing with their, finger they fay, " It was there when I departed, yonder when I returned." Though this method 18 not very exaft, it anfwers well enough for people, who, have no amorous rendezvous which requires a fcrupulous exaftitude ; no lawfuits to attend, no fcandal to publifli ; wTio make no mean defpicable court to patrons, nor have any theatrical pieces either to hifs or commend ; with calm tran*. quilllty they behold the riCng or the fetting of the fun, unknowing and re^ gardlcfs of the pointed hour on the time-piece ; which is ever bringing joy to fome few, but- forrow to the greater number. An idea of propriety among thofe favagcs, ever keeps thofe who are in- difpofed at a dillancc from the healthy ; and it certainly never entered the imagination of a Hottentot to expofe his diitreffes from a vieiV of exciting commiferation ; indeed it would be ufelefs in a country where every one is naturally companionate. As foon as a Hottentot dies, he is wrapped up in his worll Irofiy his legs being bent in fuch a manner as to be entirely covered with it ; his relatives then carry him to a certain diftance from the Hordcy and lay him in a hole (lug for that purpofe, which is never deep ; covering him with earth, and then with rtones, if it happens to be a place where theic can be procured. It is not to be imagined that fucii a tomb can withftand the efforts of the jackal or hyena, and the body is often rooted up and devoured. The children, or in de- fault of thofe, tile next of kin take poiTeflion of whatever a perfon ftiay hap- pen to have at«the time of his death : but the quality of chief is not heredit- ary. He is always ele -^i f ^- $s6^ COUNTRY or trit HOTl'ENrOTS. i" horror Which fets bounds to the paffions among near relations. It is tnie« that thefc fsvaees confined to what is ftriAly neccflary have no idea of con. Cealing a monftruus inclination under an outward appeal ance of fcnipuluus decency. The wiiole family inhabit one fcanty hut, the father fleeps with his daughter, the brother with his filler, th« mother with her fon ; but on the return of Aurora every one rifcs with « pure heart ; without having caufe to blufh before the father of beings, or any of thofe creatures whom he faais fealed with his divine image. The favage is neither a brute, nor is he Unnatural. The horror of uniting with his own bloody is one of the moft ftrilcing traits of charader by which the creator has been pleafed to mark the difference between the human and the brute creation ; and nothing but the moft glacjng depravity can induce them to break down this almoft infur< mountable barrier. It is neceflary in this narration' to take notice of that difgufttng apr6n of Hottentot women, which has long made a figure in hiftory. It is ftill ftifliionable among a certain horde. I fay, it is fafhionable (obferVes our author), for, inftead of beine the gift of nature, it ought to be coilfidercd as one 'of the moft monftrous refinements ever invented by I know not what Coquetry, altogether peculiar to a certain fmall corner of the world. Thir fingulanty is nothing elfe but a prolongation of the nymphse, occafioned by weights fufpended mm them. They may hang down abonf nine inches more or lefs, according to the age of the perfons, or the afliduous care which i» beftowed on this ungubkr decoration. A phyfiognomift, or if you will, tf modem wit, might divert himfelf, and companions of a' fitn^r dilipofition, By giving the Hottentot a place, in the fcale of being, between a human creature, and an Ourang-Outan^t but I cannot confetit to do him tliat Wron^, being fenfibie that he does not deferve to b.i fo degraded. I have found his perfon agteeable, becaufe I knew his foul to be refpcdtable. I muft own his features are different from thbfe of other men, the prominence of his cheek bones makes his face appear very broad in that part, this con', traded with the narrownefs of his jaw, which gradually leiTens towards the chin, gives him an appearance of meagrenefs that makes his hejd feem dif. proportioned and too little for his body, which is in general fat' and- bnlky. His nofe is broad and flat, his noitrils very open, his mouth large, but filled with fmall teeth of an amazing whitenefs, his eyes large and fine, inclining a little towards his nofe, like the Chinefe. His hair both to the fight and touch, refembles wool, is black as ebony, and in no great quantity ; yet they are continually thinning of it. His eye-brows, which are very fcaiitily fet, do not require that care. The beard only grbws on the upper lip, and on the extremity of the chin ; this they never fail to pull out by the roots, which gives them an air of effeminacy that, joined to the natural fofthefs of their charafter, tends very much to deprive them of that haughty afpeiS which has prosured men in general, the title of lords of the creation. The HatteHtot is perfeAly well made, his carriage graceful and aftive, very dif- ferent from the favages of South America, who appear* only the rough draughts of nature. The women, though more delicate, have the fame features, are equally well made, their necks beautifully formed^ their hands fmall and their feet well (haped ; though, in general, they wear no faiidals. They have a foft tone of voice, and their fpeech is not unpleafing*. They make ufe of an infinity of gefture when xhey talk, which ihows their avmi to great advantage. The natural timidity of the /^o«*«/, A. I* P ^ A R 1 A, »«T even in VU bou" of joy and r«l»xiuion j wben, opthe contrai^, all the other, black, qit X^ffttj natiqiif, ^t^ way to lively pleafur?^ apd the njofl^^xpfnid^d gaiety rqurel'ttfa to' vnaiftiop hnd lazineft, tending his flocks an^' prOcsming ihou-' 3: but he i^ good, generoua "and hofpitable >" thofe who trawi MrtODg j^j.'' , W lure tp; find meat and lodging ; ikey wiD receive you wkji, If the traveller has far. to' 9* i>pd, jii^riih^t never exad k recompenfe. 11 me traveller bas tar.tov^o \Siimttp0U knows he FJH encounter no Hoord* by the, viray, he wilf ^u, him with a» much pro,virion as hi? mean? wiU permit, and enable W^ih to coij tinue Iji/i, journey to the ' pUcc qf deftination, , Before the auival 'yf . the Europe^uji at the Ca|>e,,c9n^;nerce was unknown to the /A;;«n^^/jr, perhaps tjjiejr ha4;»9t evea.ail idw.pf exchange ; but the appearitncp of tobacco and beadt» iuitsated them into mercer tile myfteriea ; thne new luxi^r^'ei^* 'P time bpcanife >yant8, whiqb the Hottentots, of the polonies procure for them ; fur I mu^ obferve, tba< fond as they ,are of tWe ^rifles, they win rather do without, than ftir a ftttp j^o jR^tch them : a ufefu^ leJKon to thofe who drag through lif* ia.fear<;h 9h S^^di a«>^cd by chimeras. Such were tKefe peopIe» QT at leaft fuch they appfand to. me, in all the innocence of paf Oral hfe 1 and they yet offer to my iniagination t^ie idea of human nature id its xof ,i.».f. >,■.■..,-, ^,- , , . ■ 7Y ■ ^ i«fc||il ' n V 11 ^ - ■ I 11 I 1 f l * II till JMWiAMU C A F F R A R I A. ■ , . , ' ■ ■ , ' ■ ■ : 4 ■ . THE country kiiowu by the general denomanatkin of Cafiraria, » a very extenfiVe regibn, bounded on the north by Negroland and Abyf^ ftnia; on tl^e wcirhiftle. When they wiih their ^ttle to 'return home, they go * IlttL* way ftom tVe houfe, and blow thia fnnaQ inibrument^ which ii itiad^ of Irory or bone, and fo c '^rafted a* to be heard at a Kreat diftance, «nd in thia manner bring all tl . . iluck in the hair, but this .igti One part of the daily occup.. or ci^ k of calf or ox (kin, divetled of the rainy feafon^hat cither fex wear it. the hneft liuffs. Let the weather or u women cover their heads. Some? ot a Caffree adorned with a feather no means common. , if the women is making earthen ware» which they fafliion u dexteroufly as their huibands ; they Tikewifc make a curious kmd of bafkets, ofa texture fo compa£l as to contain milk t Aod they alfo prepare the fields for feed, (cratching (he earth, rather tlian digging it, with wooden pick axea. The huts of the Caffrees are liigherand more commodious than thofe of the Hottentots ) it is abfiolutely a perfect henoif^here ; they are compofed •f wooden work^ very ftrong and compact, covered both whhin oitd without,- with a mixture of earth, clay and cow dung. The opening pr door-way is fo low, that to enter the dwelling you muft.%rawl on your hands and knees, which m^es it eafier to defend themfelves againft animals, or tihe fudden attacks of an enemy. The hearth or hre-pkice is in the centre furrounded ky a circular rim which rifes two or three inch^. The lands of Caifraria, either from their fituatioa, or the number of fmaU rivers that refrefh tbena, are more fertile than thofe <;^the Hottentots. The CafFreea prai£Ufe agricidture, which proves they are not naturally wanderers. I have made a remark (continues moniieujr Vaillant) which^ though it may appear ftrange is no lefs> certain, that notwithftapding the beauuful forefts that adorn 4ila£fraria, and the deUghtful pailures which fpiing up and almoft cover the animals who feed on them, with the numerous rivulets and )>rook8 that meander m a thoufand different dire^ions, the oxen, cows, and almofb all other animals in this country are fipaller than thofe of the Hottentots. This peculiarity certainly arifes from the properties pf the fap which gives the grafs a different quality ; and I remarked in my travels^ among the Namaquais, who inhabit the mofl rocky and fteril fpot of all Africa, that the oxen were the fineft I had feen, and that the elephants and hippopota* qiufes were larger and ftrpngerthan eUewhere ; which proves that the fcanty paftures of this country muft be falutary. Induftry is a leading trait in the charadter of the Camves. Some arts, taught indeed by neccfllty, a love ff agricultuie, with a few reh'gious dogmas, djfUnguifh them aa a more ci* vilifed people than thofe towards the fouth. Circumcifion, which is gene-* rally pradifed among them, proves that they either owe their origin to an ancient 'people, dt havcf fimidy imitated the inhabitants of fome neighbouring country, of .whmn they have no longer any remembrance, neither do they ufe it (at they fay) in any religious or myftical fenfe. They entertain a very high opinion of the Supreme Being, waA of hia f 9wcr ; bdievc ia a futore ftate, where the good will be rewarded^ andihe wicked 'M m a IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) #-0 ^./ .%" 1.0 I.I |jo ■^" UHi ut 122 122 Its lU u L£ 12.0 IMI III 1.25 1 U , ,.6 < 6" ». I ;i.,:- ;.A- ^ v/// '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation Z\^ 23 WIST MAIN STRiET WfBSTER.N.Y. MSSO (716) S72-4S03 'v- ^itfo & At F R' A" iL t A< VitM liiiniflttd ; l^ut h!|ir(eino\{ whomthey m^tly'idftihguffliandiwtlrt';- '- ' ' ' ■''•>:• fcf";' •• ■>«.*«■■*■?; '-is-'ry I " - t^e^CiiffiP^ ire golfed % a chief fit king, Wltofe ^#er fit t^^ litfiit. c^.'^t'diiVlftg do tax, ^vnag h6 fra<>ite at iii« ^MiAitiJdV «ut beiti^ th^ ikfher of a fi^e peoplfc' , neither attended nor Cetfrcd, but ref|)e^ect iand bdoved, •tid' fi«quently pQoriET tftihn'isiiifty of hirf fdUjeda.'- Bt^iifg 'p|!rmitt)eio^g'tO'hfiM,'{t is , fiece&rf tbafr he ^6tAi^]hyik'\irgetpoTtim of. laMd to cttHivate»'; and a . greaternuMber of cattltf (o Un^ and feed ;' ^e(t beiiig hla only refouirdes for the nAkiM^nanteof hJa-nvnii^ is' frequently in danger «^ being ruined, liia cabin flii>«it^ higher, ifor btittet* rdMdVated than th^ r^ft • hk-' whole iahiily and (ieragtid five round hintj ootnpi^fing a group of a dozen or fifteen huts : the adjbiniog land ib generally of l^8'0<^n c^tivatibTh It ia a euftom among the Cufkttafor each to g«th^ hUs own eraiW, which is their fa^iaurtte nourifhrni^nt, and whiph they gnWyst^ crufh between two ^ftonefe ifci- which reafon, tbe:niiiliU(ia tivitrg' feparatety^*iht«it) by the kin^. When tWert^i* any thingta (cc?nniutaiinie,> hie fendl for and giiFep themi»rd«rii Qr irath^ Inforfnation, which the \;1^8 bear to their feverid ioni£iP< ••' ' . The principal weapon of th«. Gaf'Free »: the lanid» ttt aflkygay, v^hieh ihtm iui4lifiMfitiiMi to be at once -ybtrepid -and noble, deipffing, as below his cour- •gi^i'tMiii^nvenomed dartj fo much^ h. ufewtiong^ his neighboiira) feektng his enemy face to face, and never throwing his lance but openly. - In'wai- he ctaAies a fliield of s^ut three £e«t in height^ made of the thickeft part of the hMc of a buffalo tthis'defimdfr hinrfrom^ the aivowbraffay gay,' but ii vorpi^twif againft a mui^uet k(aB« The Caffres alfo msinagies with great /kill adubef aU>tittWo feet tad akalflong,i)nide of ^Xolid piece tifwmid^ three iar •four inches thick, in the la^geft patt,' and gradually ditninifhing towards dnedf the enids. 'When,-in a'Clofe engagement, theV ftHke with this weajiibn, or frequently throw it to the dManet of ^een W twenty paces^ in which cad it feldom-fiiils of the intended effed. t >'»;/ ' • Theibvereigntyherc ishertdttaryi iheeld^ fonever fucceedlng. In de< fiiultof male^eirs, it is ncft the ling's brothetthat'fucceeds, but the eldeft ^ephew $ and in cafe the kingf flioald have neither chil^en nor, nephews, the diiefs of the differMt-hbt^seloEi a king. PQlygartiy is cuftomary among the Caffirees } -thair marriages are eVenmore fiApl6 thaii thofe of the Hottentots, the parenGi^of the bridcgrobrn being iilwatys COnteet with his- choice; the friends of' the bride are hither more dtficidt, but feldpm refufe the^r confent ; after which they • rejoice, drink and dance for weeks together, acoyrding to the^wvaltk of the faittilies ; but thefi^'feaftii are never hdd but oa -the ivCbefpoufbiS;^^): They bavie no^mufical inftr'V^c:;*'- Imt Cuchas ah>^e in proponrtion to the wealth of thefr father. The dead are feldom Jsaried, but Carried away frOtit the Kraalby their family, aitdf^depofitcd in a dri^p trench comnnon to tbe' whole horde on fuch Occa^ons, vtfhvrethe'vril^ bcaftt repair at leifiire, which preferves the air from tfaofe noxious ^vapoui^ Whith dtherwife the pUtnijfadtion would occaiion. ' ThebonoMn of burial are onlydueto thcking orehief'of a horde; they poverthefebodiel -with piletf of ftbiies in the form of a dome. ' '• ' v. ;..,.,; :. I am Unacquainted with the difpofition of the Gaffre^«,.ipefpe6tin^love and jealoufy, but believe'that they, otiy 'feel the latter f«nration in regAtd to their countrymen } voluntarily giving^ up their 'vomen for <^ fmall conltderatiou t(|. the firS: w^iite man -that exprcifes ail inclii'iatibn for thenu ^ History.] The hiftory of the continent of Africa is,little known* and probably affords no materiab which deferve to render it more fo. We know from the .ancients, v/ha fs^iled a qonfideraVle way round the coaits, that the inbabttAnts were in the f^me rude iUuation near 2000 year^t ago inW which t)iey> are at' prefent, th tt is, they had little o^ humanity a];K)ut them but the foicm. This may i^ither be accounted for by Aippofing that natur^ )ias placed J[ome infiiperable barrier between the natives of this divifioa pf America and the inhabitants of Europe or that the former, being fo long atxu^fmed to a iavag^* manner of life, and degenerating: from one age to another, I at length b^^came hardly capable. »t making any ^yo^e&rin iciyility:pr Jpi^nce. ; It is very certain that . all . the attempts of Euro- peaoB, pajrtfcuiarly of the Dutch, a|t the Cape 9ff Ooo4 Hope, have been hitherto 4ncffe£tual for making the leaft impr^i&in on. thefe lavage mort^y or giving tnem the leaft inclination, or even idea, of (he Europsau manner pf life. t • • • • ' The Portuguefe are foverdgns of the greateft part of the coaflt, 4n4 have i numt>er of black princes th<;ir tributaries. There are fome independent princes wLo have exteniive, dominio,n8, particularly the kings If !Dafaptny' and Widab, the moft noted,of any for the iniaroous ilaive trade, l^pwarda of 200 years have the Ei^opean nations traded fvy:i(tb Afric*^ in human Kefl^ and encoujri^ed in the Negro countries, wars, -rapine, defolation, and mur- der, that t))e Weft India iflands might be./upiuied with that cQminodity. The annual exportation of poor creatoresfrom Africa hath exceeded iOQ,oix>, jmny of whom -are driven a thoufand mile& to the fea coait, their yillagea having been furrounded in the- night by an armed force, and the inhabitants dragged into perpetual captivity. ^ A fea officer lately vifited tdl the chiefs ot the negroes in our,rettlementB from Santa Apo^^nia to Athera, an extet^t of more than 250 mifes, and found the police and punifltment of all crimes regulated by the Have trade. Thofje who conimit crimes or trefpaifear againft their la^s, are, at the decifion of twelve elders, .fvid for flaves for the u£& of their government, and the fupport of their chtcif«i Theft, adultery^ and murder,- are the higheft' crimes, and, whenever they are detcfted, fubjeifkthe whole family to flavery. 3ut an'y individual condemned to flavery for the- crime: of his relation,, jpnay redeent hi^'own perfon, by fumiflilne two flaves in his room. Orwliena man commits one of the. above cardinu drimes, all the male part of his family ^rc forfeited to flavery ; if a woman, the female part is fold. *' Tht^ traffic iii crrmes makes the chiefs vigilant. Nor do our planters^ who purchafe them,, uie' any pains to inftnid them iq ,re%ion, to make them amisi^s' for fhq pppreJEiion thus exercifed on taiem» I am forry to fay ^ey are unna> turaliy averf« to every thing that tends to it; yet the Fortuguele,, French, and t^piiard?, ia their fetUements^ fucceeded in their attempt* to jnft|ii£t ■^ ^1 VM«Ifl Uf A F It 1 C A K I 8 L A N'C 8. theoit (ifM BUicte to the advuiuj^e of commeitKt m o£>eligioa. It i» for tU fake oC C^nftiuutyt and the advaatagcs accompanying it, thatEngUft OtLrtt iHBlmM* evcrj occafion of defertiag to the fett)emcnta of tlofc Mtioni." ' . ; • It ill high tioM for the Icfpilature to iatetfere and put an end to this moft lofamotu of vU tradci» (o difj^cwfnl to the bhriftian namet and fo nqpuffnant to the pruiciplea of ^ur coailitution. Let the n agafcat, tKe Coniora Iflands, Bourbon and Mauritius. Ste tbi Mi^. ZPCOTRA. Thi« ifland 18 fituat«d in eaft long. jfj. north, lat. it. 30 leagues eaft of'Cape Guardafui, on the continent of Africi; it is 80 mihis idnff/and 54 broad, and has two good harbours, where the Eturopean ftrips lifjed formerly to put in when they loft their paflage to India. It ii a populous plentinil country,- yielding mOft^ of the fruRs and plants that arc ufually found within the tropics, together #ith firankt'>cenfe, gum ragacanth, aid ^oes. Iljj inhabitants are Mahometans, of Araib eztnc* tioii, and we under the^oiSwriibent of aprfhce offtidk whb is probably tri- butaiy ti> the Pbrte; BABELMANDEL. The Ifland of Brbelmandel gives namjC to the liniit Jkt fstiifflfonxitt bf ,tlt« Red Sea/ where it is fituated in Eaft long. 44>p n f 2> about fottr miles both froita die Arabian and Abyffi. nian (hbresT^'^ The AbyffiAkns, or E^opianS, and the Arabians, formerly contetided wkh great hhy'fer the pnfleflion of this ifland, as it command the entiraiiife into the South Sia^ oreferveis t communication with the ocean. This ilrait Wa? fttmefiy » ly paflage through' which the com- modiUeS of ^ndJa found thKr vray tc Eurbj)^; but fince the difcovery of 'the Cajpe 6f Good Hopej the tride by'thc Red: Sea is of little importance. The fflahd 18 of little Vaiftje, being a barren fandy fpot of earth not fire mileB round. COMORA. Thcfe iflands arp fiv« } Joanna, Ma^otta, MohiQa Angazeia, and Comora, fltuated between 41 and 46 eaft bug. and between i»and 14 foutK bt. at aifequal diftantfe firoin Madagafcar and the continent of Africa. Joanna, the chief, suid which exacts tribute ^m the others, is about 30 miles long and 15 broad, irtd affords ]f)lcnty of prorifions, and futh, fruits at are produced between thC tropics. Eaft In4ia fli^ps, bound to Bbmbay, ufuaUy touch here for refreflunents. The inhabitants are liegroes of the Mahometan peirfuafion, and pntirtain odr Teamen (with great humanity. MADAGASCAR. Thi? is the largeft of the African iflatids, and ii fltuated b(Etween 43 and 51 deg: eaft long, and between 10 iind 26 fonth lat. 300 miles fouth eaft of the continerit of Afiica ; it being near 1000 miles in length from north to fouth r and gitneraUy between a and 300 a^'^ b^ad. The fea rolls with great rapidity, and is extremely rough between this ifland and the continent of the Cape of Gbod^Hope, formia^ a channel or pifl^e, through v^hich all European flups/in'^UuMr toyaee to and from India, generally fcit, unlefs preirehtcd by ftohni '• ■ '^ ^ A F ll^ e A N IS LAN D S. •<% Mkdf^dir is 1 idhb«&nt» ddinble) and fertile cobntiy, aboudding ^* (tpi» noncf, ymt»t &uk tr^, Tegctablei, valuable gumt, corn^ , cattle, fowli, prcaoua ftoncfi: iron, fome filver, copper, fteel, and tin. It afibrds an agreeable variety of billB, vallies, woods, and cbampaign : entered «^tb numeraiw rivers, -and well ftored with fifli. The air i« ge« nendly temperate, and (kM to be very hcakhy, though in a hot cli- mate. Tlue-Inhabitanta ar^ of different complektons and religions |fomc white, fome fiegroes, fone Mahometans, fonfe Pagans. The whites and tho&of a tawny compleyioii, who inhabit the coaftsj'are defcended from the Afdjs, a* >> evident froih their language, and their religious rites' ; but here are no mofques, temples, nor any ftated worfliip, ie«cept that they offer facrificekof beafts on particular occaiions ; as when fick, when they plant yams, or ritee, when they hold their aflemblies, circumcife their ihildnen, de- ^ elare war, enter into n^w-buHt houfes, or bury their dead. Manv of them obfenre the Jewifli fabbath, and give feme account of the iacrol hiftory, the , creation and lall of man, as alfo of Noah, Abraham, Mofes, and David ; from wfaenceit is cohnjeAured they are defeeaded from Jews who formerly fettled here, thoogh none know^ how, or when. This ifland was difcovercd by the PortugucK, and the French took poiTefEon of it in 1641 ; but the pecmte difliking their government, they were ^nven out in 165 a } fince which Uie aatives have had the folf poifeffion of the ifland,, under a number of petty princes, who make war upon one another for flaves and plunder. • MAURITIUS, or, Maurice, was fo called by the Dutch, vrho firft touched here in 1598, in hopour of prince Maurice their ftadtholder. It is ftuatcd in eaft long. 56, fouth lat.'20, about 400 miles- eaftiof MadagafcaT'. It is of an oval form, about 1 50 miles in circumference^ vWith a fine harbour, apable of holding 50 large (hips, fecure againfl any wind that blows, an4 100 fiathoms <^*ep at the entrance. The climate is extremely hii^thy and pks&nt. The mountains^ of which there are many, and fome b'hign that . their tops'are covered with fnow, produce the beil ebony in the wond, be* fides various other kinds of valuable wood, two of which' greatly refemble ebony in quality ; one red, the other vellow, as wax^ The ifland is watered with fevenil pleafant rivers well ftockeo with fifli } and though the foil is nope sf the moft fraitiid, yields plenty, of tobacco, rice, fruft, and feeds a great ntnnher of cattle, deer, goats, i^nd (heep. It was formerly fubjeA t(x the Dutch, but is now In the poifeffion of the French. BOURBON. The ifle of Bourbon is fituated in eaft long. 54, fouth bt. XI, aboirt: 300 miles eaft of Madagafcar, and is about 90 miles round. There are^nmny good roads for fliipping round Bourbon, particularlv on the north and fouth udes ; but hardly a hngle harbour where fliips can ride fecure againft thefe hurricanes which blow during the monfoons. ~ Indeed, the coaft is fo furrounded with blind rocks, funk a few feibt below the water, that;, eoafting along fhore isat alltiines dangerous. On the fouthern extremity is a volcano, wnich continually thVows out flames, fmoke and falphur, with a hideous roaring noife, terrible in the night to mariners. The climate here, though extremely hot, is healthy, being refreflied with coolins gales, that blow morning and evening from thefca and land ; fometimes, however, ter,- rible hurricanes fhake the whole ifland ahnoit to its foundation ; but gctie< rally without atiy other bad confequente than frightening the inhabitants. The iflaifd abounds in brooks and fprings, and in fruits, grafs, and cattle, with excellent tobacco (which the French have planted there), aloes, white pepper, ebonyijfpalm, and other kinds of wood, and fruit trees. Many of tke trees yidn pdotiTerauagums and reflns, particularly benzoiaof an excel* ■v.; 96n. A F R/I ^ A N 1 ft i^4iMPS' lentifqft in grttX plenty. ^MritK land And fea tortoifesi •I well M liQgt and goats, are fouwl updn the fhore. The Mrood^ arc ft4)i t;^ tjirtl^ 4of«f^ F!^''^^tt| pif^nsp and a great variety of other bjf^if, beijiutitul tp. tlui cye,«|^|i)i^aat to the ft^^te. The; French firll ((U^ledjliere pr the y^ar i072» After they were dnvjcn from th( iflahd of M^dagafcaf. Th|ei]r ^ave ppw, lome ;eonfuleri, able towni in the ifland, with a governoi: } a^id ^firq th«ir, ^afl , India jhipa touch and take in refrelhmenta. -, ^ There are a great'many morc,fawIl cilands, about Macjbigafi^r^ an^.ipn the c^ftern cpaCt of Afrlc8»1iaid down in maptir but no where defcribccaving therefore the eaftern world and ,th^^ li^es, we npw ti^ ropnd the Cape of Good Hopei which openi to our view ^he AtUn^, an immenfe ocean* lying betweei]t,the two grand diviiions of the globci havjng Europe,, Afia, an4 Af>^i9i'» o'' ^^^ ^^*^ :world, on the eaft ; and America, of the new world, on the weft ) towardii which dlvifiont'we now fteer ourcourteVtoucli* ing in our way at the following iflands npon-the African ooaft,;tW have not - yet "been *d«fcribed» vl'4. St. Helena* ACcenfiQn, $t* Mitt^ew, S^ Thoituw, Ice. Goree, Cap^Verd* the Camuy and. Madeira inlands. iS'Soo eaft of Sojith America. The ifland>Ji-a rock . iJbottt ai, miles in circumferencei velry.high' and very fteet|, and dnl^ ,acceffible ait the kidding place> in a fmaU valley at the eaft fide of it, which is defended hy %tterit»i.qf g)ins planted level with'the water } and as the waves are per" Mtuaily daihii^g on the ihore, it Is'^nerally difficult hnding even here. Ther^ >* 99 P^her anchorage about the liland but at Chapel V^ey Bi^y » add ••.the wirld always blows from, the (puth<yhic|i they /upply the failor?, taking tn exchange mirts, drawers, or any light clothii, pieces of calico, filks, muOih, arnuik, fugar, &c. St. Helena is f^id to have been 6^ dtfcovered b»y the Poittigiiere oii.the fe(iIvaIof the ^prefs Helena, mothet of the emperor Coni^antinethe Great, whofc name It ftill be^rs. tt does qot appear that the Poxtttg^efe ever pl»nt< «d a colony iiere : and the iEngllih Eail India Company took pofieffion of it lb 1690, and held it >ivithout 'interruption till the year 1675, when ^^ ' I>utch took it by furprize. . However, the English, under the con^mandof captain Mundeii, recovered it aeain within the fpace of a year, aqd at th^ fam^ time took three Dutch Eait India ihips tliat lay in the roa^^ There are about 200 families in the iHand, molt of them* defcended from En; parents* The Eait India (hips take in water and fre/h provifions here ia their way homej. but the iflaivt ia fo CnaU, and the wind fomuch agsin^ them outward bound, that they then very feldom' fee^t. Thecotupany'safeirs are here mai)^ged bv a 'governor, deputy-governor, mi, ftqrc>kceper, who have landing falarles allowed' by Hie company, be&dci A F Kl t A ir 1 S L A KiD-a. ; ASCBKSiON. Tkti {flaiit it GtmuA 'm i ^g. ^6 nun. Jwtit 1ii|^ loo miUt itovth-weft of St. iHdctiii it' rtoantA.iu.m^ftoak iti^fccfog difcoTcrcd' br tb* Pbrtugnde on 'AfenlWda* i and it tnMntifo0ut. ,ht>r ttn iikuidt about i» milet voand* and lininhabited i bttt k, fiat ji All wt^ venient liariMttr, «rii«re the Eaft Ijijdja flript gmcf a&jr tokoh. to: fufriiiii themMtct 4»kh.turtle« or tottotfei, ivhtch are very p]entif^,iiert> and vMf* large, fotne of them weighing ab«ve lOO, poundt eack. The lUkm goinjj' •IhoK in the iright fimef f rtqiicntty tura a or 3 hundred of then qn ' t^i^ baclEi before ttunaing ) and wk femetiihci fq croel, M to turn tbuaj nnwi ^ tlnn they vie, leafing them tadie on tbf thofci ._ > > St. MATTHEW. This ii « fmaU ifland, Iring ip 6.1 weil !<«. W i<30 fouth lat. job milet toMfae aoMthMvaft of Aweimon, and wai ilfn'di^ covered bf the Portoguef«y who phntcd and kept pofleffioa- of it for foiife time I but Afterwards d«t^djt. ^Tfaii ilhuid'4ibw remaiat uninhahhedil" htving Httk to^invite other natioM to lettle thclv» esoepka fmall lake «f frefh water. . ■ ■ - . •"'■ , ^ ■. .'' The lour foBowine iA«ndt» vis. ^. THOMAS, ANA6O A> PRINCES ISLAND^ and F£kHAI>H)0. PO/ are fitnatA in the gulf of Ouinear b^ twetR Congo fend B«ntn i tSi dP theni.were firft difcoirered by the Portugoeic^ and are Atuin the poiTeffion eif that Ration, avdiumi/h ihii^nng vnth^reOi water, and pr«vifioint at they pait br. CAPE V£RO ISLANDS. Theff iOand* arc S9 called from a cape^ that name; on the Afric^ coaft, near the river Gambia, overt againft whi4h they lie, at the which in ibthe years amoimt'to an hundred or more. The fait cofts nothing, ex- cept for rahtng k t^ether, wheding \. out of the jpond, and cacnrlng it on aitei to the bMta^ wSk^ it dmie^ »wkry cheap- n|te. Several of our fhqat- stale hither fora freight of aSor which they cany to Barbadoes and other , ■ ' ■ 5T ' , \ , ... r*n»>fl»i^ A ^ 1^ AFRICA NIB LAND S. JhStifli ]^nutieni4 The Inbabtttnti of this ifland, even thejravcrnor ud , ;||rl^8» an ill Qwrdra, and fpeak the Portugacfe language. The negro e&. iMKovr exptfAs vTn^dl PK&nt from every comthande^ that loads fait, and ii ^klfed'to be ihfked aboard their, (hips. ' The fea vrater is (b clear on thii «Mf|,tlwt in Enghlh failor who dropped his watch, perceived it at the hot* ^^m, ifbough maay fathoms deep,«nd had it brought up by one of the na- . iMves* wh6 aire la'ffenenil expert i^t diving. - i ' The ifland of fOOO vf renunable for being a volcanb, continui|Uy kni. fbft ut falphureous eaiiail^trans } > and fometimes the flame breaks forth like JEt la, in a terrible muiner, throwing out pumice ftoncs that annoy aU)|the ad. jp^nt parti. . ' GOREE Is fituated within oanAon ihot of Cape Verd, N. lit. 14.43. -^. long.* 1 7*30, and watrfo called b^ the Dutch from an ifland and town of the fime name 'in HoIUmd. It is a {mall (pot not exceedli.^ two milei ' i& dfcumficitonce, but its ' importance arifts from its fituation ,f<^r trade fo hear Cape Verd, and has. been therefore a bone of contention between Surbpean' hilions^ ^Jt was firft poifeiTcd by thtf Dutch, frbm whom, fn 1663, it was taken by the EngUfli, but in 166 j; it was retaken by thcL Dutch, «nd in 1667 niSdtied by the French, iu whofe pofleffion it remained till the year 17594 when the Britifli arms, every where triuoophant, again reduced it, but it was reftored to the Frei^ch at the treaty ot peace in 1763. It was retaken by fhe Englifli the hSt wv,- but given up again by ihejpeice gf 1783. ' cTaNARIES. The Canaries, lanciipntly. called the Fortunate Iflands, 4re (even in nambdr,«nd fituated between, 12 and 19 deg. weft long, and ^^betw^en 17 aad 39 deg. north hit. about 150 miles foutb-weft of Morocco. "Their particukr names are, Falma^ Hiero, Gomera, TeneriiFe, Grand Canaria, Fu^eveatura^ and Langarote.. TheTe iflands enioy a pui^e tem- pierate air, and' abound ,in the moft deUqioua fruits, efpecialfy grapes, which p/oduce thofe rich wipes that obtaiii the name of the Canary, whereof the gttiateft part is exported to England, which in time of peace is computM at 10,000 hogflieads annually. The Canaries abound with thofe little beautiful birds that bear their name, and are now fo common and fo much ad- mired in Europe i but their wild notts in theif native land far excel thofe ' in a (2age or foreign clime. . Grand Canary,. which communicate its name to the whole, is about 150 miles in circumference, aiid fo extremely fertile a^ to produce two harvefts !n a year. Teneriffe, the largeft of thefe iflands next to that of the Grand Canary, is about i 20 miles round : a fertile couner|r abounding iu cori), wine, :«nd ou ; though it is pretty much encumbered- With mountains, particuhrly tfie peak. Captain Glafs obferves, that in coming in with this ifland, iu clei^r weather, the Peak may be eafi'y difcemed at izi) miles diftance, andii failmg from it t^ i$ci. The Peak is an afcent in the form of a fugar loif, abottt ij^ miles in circumference,, and according to the acdount of Sprat, bifltop of Rochefter, publiflied in the < Philofophical Traafadions^ nearly three miles perpendicular-— btely ^certained to. be only 13,265 Feet. Tbii mountain is a volcano, and fometimes throws out fuch quantiti^uf fulphur and Melted 4^re, as to convert the richeft lands into barren diefevts. ^ Thele iflandi were firft difcdvered and planted by the Carthaginians ; but the -Romans de- 'ftfoying that ftate, put a ftop to the nayrgation, on tjhe weft coaft of Afri. °ca, and the Canaries lay concealed .from Voyage, in a fine>climate tn ja^ay, oeirfch '■ lat. and from 18-3010 19*40 wcft'biig. about too milet aorth ofthe Cimib<. ties, and aa many weft oii Sallcei ii| Morocco. The largeft, from Iwrhic^ the reft derive the general name of Mii^ras, nr rather Mattera, oh apcoftat of iti being fbrmerfy almoft cowered with wodd» ia about 75 miktilosgy 10. broad, and 180 in circumfeitike. It iaxompofed o£onc.ci)ntinuedhiir^«i confiderabl» height, extending from caft to weft : the' dedivity 6i- w.hi9h» .4M> the fouth fide, ii cultivated and viiitetrpeHed with vjheyarda } and ii^ fehti nidftof thta flope the merchants have fixed their country feats, whi«hf fMrha* a very amiable profpeft. Thereis buV one'confiderablie tdwn in the,Hrhole ifland, n^ch it named Fanchal, feated ca the fouth JNut of the, ifladd, at, the bottom of a large^ bay} towards the fea^ it is defended by a high'Wtfll*: with a battery of eannon, and is the only place wheret it is pd0}blc;fw. at boat to t&nd ;, and even h^re the beach iti covered with large lionet ^4 W violent furf continually beats upon it. ^ ,.^ Wu.j ■' Though this idand feems to havebcien known to the ancient^ y«ti i^vhy . concealed for many derations, and was at length' difcovered by .th^Fvnio- guefein 1519: but others aiTertthat it wM firft difcovered by an £ngl((h«. man, in theyear 1344. Be that lu it may, the Portuguefe took pfiffrj^ai. •f it, and are itill atmuft the only people who inhabit it. .The lPortu|||[ucf|pia at their firft landing, finding it little better than a thick fortft, fr«)idered thit nound capable qrcultivation by ietting fire to this wood.} fti)^ j( i6 fi9k)8r,>ie>T' fertile, producing in great abundance the riche'ft wine, fugar, the moft de« lidous fruits, efpecially oranges, lemons, and pomegranates ; together with eom, honey, and wax-; it abounds alfo with boars and other wild beafts, and with all (brts of fowls, befides numerous groves of cedar trees, and thofe that yield dragon's blood, niaftic tn4 other gums. The inhabitants of this ifle make thelicft fweet meats in the world, and fucceed v ! ^^l^rfully in preferving citrons and oranges, and in making marmalade and pi.r'.jmt.-d paftes, which exceed thofe of Genoa. T^e fugar they make is extrtmely beautiful, and ' fmells naturallv of violets. This indeed is faid to be the firft^ place m thi weft, where that manufadure was fet on foot, and from thence was carried to the Brafils in America.- The Portuguefe not fipding it fo profitable as at iirft, have pulled up the greateft part of their Aigar-canes, and planted oineyards in their ftead, which. produce feveral forts of excellent wine,Mpo ticularly that which bears the nao)e of the ifland, Malmfey, and tent } of 411, which the inhabitant's make and fell prodigious quantities., No'lefstl^? 20,000 hoglheads of Madeira it is faid, are yearly exported, the greateft parjt to the Weft Indies, efpecially to Barbadoes ; the Madeir<(V|ne not only enl^ during a hot climate better than any other, but eyen biping improved whea cxpoied to the fi^i in barrels after the bung is taken out. It is,laid no vencf mous animal can^live here. ■ Of the two other iflands, one is called Porto Santo, which Hes at a fmall diftance from Madeira, is about eight, m*' i\^ compafg, and extremely fertile. It has very good harbours, where (hips j ride with fafety againft all winds, except the fouth weft ; andis fre^et ied by Indiamen outward and homewkrd bound. The tther i0and isan iitcdttf i^erable fearren ro<;k. . , ' 5T1 AZORES, A^ik «« eontMc oiwaiMpfe mtlnmAwhiiA4liikmwm^MV «ft Af KevriiMMdbiMl, lying $1 mmhm niA'^ htiimmi Jb^ wul AixHeti' They are nine in iiM«jhp,lliM|M iihm)«>9Mli Mliii, 81. Mklnlpr St. MichMi, Terocra, 8tt.^&pttc, OiicM'tt FiivtU, rk»; Fhm WA Corvo. They wer« difcover. t# i«4lM pMM* 9f the fiftceMCh «nittr]F/br JoOlliiVandcr Bew, • mcrehaiit of; iM««fo flM^dk flM. w • «Q^«6 tiAo^ #n>, Iry ftrtAof weather iW««Mo M i4«iuk%hich he Mtad ddUeiieof inhnlNtMita, tadcaUtd tMr fIfM inti»iniKM« On hkvrhdil nt JbiAoa he bonftnd of thia dif. ttMMT]^ M *hi^ Um FoitetfWe let W^ MMe4|si*lr. end look poflUQon of tMiyip#*^ whM« t^j.ftfllbebwi Mil Him «6rm WiiM«»ad a tiiietf offhiita, aUb cattle, fawl> and Bfli. 5 |l«M»t^^iM» ft^ifoitowovMinouaaminalbrecdtan^^ that H^ifPti thithei^ they will cspifie in a itw houw. ■ ... "liiiyitfibhi^ being-aear roo mjlcata circumference, s«a'«»l||illMg Ifo^ waa t#ice tnvadc^md pKindered hy the SMifliot U expofed to the feutb-ieaft madit. lt» capttrit town, Angra, ""•*"* *"^''*M(dm and iw cWchea, and ia the tefideacc of the governor MwtUM ofthebiftop. ., %^' k. U E Vi I C A,. a-y.'. -nf^i^'^- tr iTS DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST. . f are t9^ to treat of a eoiuitry of vpft extent and fertaity, an^ whidi, ^ugh Utde eidtimed by the hand of art^ owea in many .^.^rr^ «>ore to thlt «f natore than aiy other dtviffon of the globe. The |iltiOHlai> 'dfeom^ancer of duf coootry require that we* (hould in feme **»^ *«"Tiwr pUn, and befoi« defieriblhg »ta pf^fent *ate, aflbrd fuch wfejiWttirti itkh re^rd t«iUdifcovcry*«iiaaieil aeoeffiuy forfatisfying owr . .^^ IVw yda ^ do^B'Of the I5tb oentWy; Veoioe and Genoa were the only ' T&^ ^ EKJO^ who owed tlieir fupport to coauijerce. An kitcrfereiice ^WjOM^miktA a rtiiitaal HvftUbJp} but in tr^ffia Venice waa much '^^peeimu " She ifi|(^ffed dM whdte eommeree of India, then, and indeed lUi^a,. tine «!^va|KtbIelp the naortd/bot bijibcrto eatuely carried on ■ " ' 1 ,. ^. . .-■ .■ ,r^v,: " - ''■•■'■■ '•■>"^'':''--:::^'^: through' ■safSiZJrtfaaHiEraiggBfcatgfcf&at *r.--- is i '|kr ' 'l^^^ud^^^^. mmmm^ lilt fecottot tC, t'' >nrJ. ft K'^y y%j^ ..^'««lll.v 'V, '<»* "•^^ ^^^^mT; ''•'.V ^^^. ^*«rf, "•'«/•. •^tftHH- i^-^^*-.* H •'^ ''*»»^^ (•isu-^nroKKS %: ./MO V «' 1 V III ,t |ji^»i«s>/i ■ ^^ >J* Sirf, "^'^^M'-^l VV» i'^ JViVH*»Jv 15 1 Texas . JK^« Ml /•*f^/> ^ 'JV«E P- X^' iNORTH AMEM€A ^Skv DiscovrjuRR 75 C.SJ«rai '"^— ^— ^•— ~.r -.^_.^ LfiCa; .>''/tm,inl G VI. y ^r /^ J.V mtKlirnj^iuuL' nij, J w /?»/r Ifmt^it . I •v fl'' fiuaHf^" .fHK." ao c WPOKf.J Kantti'' ndait. liriiti « j;*' ,-/'''a iwihagriuf 'i9 I Otcamphiati fm/nv. f1 -I'^iii k'^^ Ixitix^ Km ■i?- ' a*f»-'^iuu*»wi'.--if«>ji5, A M £ R I A, '^ UiN^igk tl^ tf^md rtrti oi Afi* ; or Vf tfaie way of Egy]^lmd t^ IU4 fa. In tiiit ftateoC.aAin, Columbus, a aativt o£ Genoa, whofis loNrtr* ledge of the true figure iiiiiiha earth, however attained, «|aa nuich fiipeffbr- to the general notiont of die agie in which he lived, ^Ibnceived a projei^ pi failing t^ the Indies by a bold and- unknown rodte, and cf opening' to ^ country a new fource of opulence and po^er. But thu pn^fid of fajjUog weftward to the. Indies was reje£lcd by jthe Genoefe as chqgscr^ad, and tba principles on which it was founded were condemned as abfurd* . 3iung wiij^ dtfappoaattncnt and indignation, Cdumbus 'retired fi^om his cofintry, -hod hit fchemd before the court of France, where h^ reception was^tiUmOie motv tifjring, and where, according to the ma£Uc« oT that people, he washughed at aim ridiculed. Henry Vll. of £ngla<)d was his next refort i but the cautiouk'poEticsof ihat prince were the au}ft oppofite imaginable te^a- great but uotieTtain : defign. Jn Portugal, where the fpirit' of aidventure and ^ ' covery about this time bene to operate, he had reafon to expeA better fMC^i| oefs. But the PortugueTc contented themfelves with creeping wmg tha qpaft of Africat and dttcovering one c^te after another ; they had no notioit qI venturing boldly into the open fea, and of rifquing the whde at once* Such repeated difiippoiatnients would have broken th; fpirit of iny man bti| ColwnitVue* The pt^'?dition reqiured expence, and he had nothu^ to d^ fnj Ht. His iiUDd, ;.'-vever, ftiU remained &ln ; he became the :8aore en- . amoutid of hit tfefiga, the more difficulty he found in accomplifliing it,: and he waa inipired with that noble entbufiafm which always animatet f n advea* turoua. and original genius. Spain was now bis only refbure^' and there» after eight years attendance, he fucceeded, ani. chiefly througkthc intcreft of queen lubeUa. Columbus now fet iail» anno 149a, with a fleet of thne fliipst upon the moft adventurous attempt ever undertaken by man^ and ii|, the ^te of which the inhabitants of two worlds were intereued. In thia voyage ha had a -thoufand difficulties to contend with; the-moft H^kkig' was uie variation of the tompafs, then firft obf(hnred, and whiciifrP'^mcd'^.- threatenihat the laws of Aature were altered to anMnknown ocean, and thtuc- thconly guide he had^left was ready'\o forfake him. "Hh faik>», sd^v« difcontented, now brake out into open mutiny, threatening to i^^Mtiw iwft bverboard, and infifted on their return. But the firmntfs of th$ 4SottiqMMWll|ti» and much more the difcovery of land, after a voyagi of SS^^^I^^t 19 end to the commotion. Columbus firft landed on one of the Btmui^ JipMl«| , but there, to his furprife and forrowf, d'fcovercd, from the jpoverty mM^iiht habitants, thai thefe could not be the indies he was inijueft of. . ^.n^jjj fouthward, however, he found the ifttnd called Hifpanio]a, abbuneBflTg ^^'i , the neceffaries of life, inhabited'by a humane and hotpit^ble peopk, ai)<|1iJirK£iL was of ftiD greater confequence, as it infored his favourable r«ccptioii% home, promtung, from fome fartiples he received, confideraUe qti^ntities of . ffold. This iflaod therefore |^e propofed %i> make the centre of his difonrer* les : and having left upon it a few of his companions, as t^ groui{;d>woiv of« ■'' colony, retilimcdto Spain to procure the neceiTary reinforcements. ^ The court wfs then at Brrcelona : Columjjus travelled thither .lroA'$h ville, amidft theacchunatrons of the people, Attended by fome ol the inpi^i- tants, the gold, the arAis, utenfils, and ornaments of the countrj^he had"d{r« cQvered. This entry into Baficelona'was a fpecies o^ triumph more glorioua- _^ than that o^ conquerors, more uncommon, knd more innocentu^ In thia " voyage he hMd|K:quired a general kipowledge of aU the ifiandt in thtt great fea which tilvides North and South America ; but he had no idea tlajt^oere was an ocean betweep him and China. The countriea which4i«lu4 di6 6» $7^ A M £ R t C A. ltd were cotifidered as ft part oF India. Even after the errdr, which gave* tik lo thifl opinitin was dete^ed, and the true pofition of the New World iha afbertained, the, nAme has remainedt and the appellation of H^e^ Inditi is given tiy ttll the people of Etirope'to the country,, and that of Jndiam to ' its Inhabitant!!. Thus were the Weft Indies difcovered by feeking a paflage to the Eaft { and even after the difcovery, ftill conceived to be a part of thV etiftem' hemifphere. The prefent fuccefs of Columbus, his former dif- •ppolntment4, and the glory attending fo unexpeAed a difcdvery, rendered the court of Spain as eager to formu^ his defigns now, as it had been dilatory before. A fleet of feventeen fail was immediatelyprepared ; all the neceflaries for cpnqueft or difcovery were embarked } and 1500 men, imong whom were fevernl of high rank and fortune, prepared to, accom* pany Columbus, now ' appointed governor with tke> moft ample authorjty. It IS impoilmle to determine whether the genius of this great^man in flHk conceiving the idea of thefe difcoveries, or hid fagacity in the exectitiqn of tKe plan he had conceived, moft defcrve our admiration. Inftcad of hurry* ing from fea tofea, and from one idand'to another, which, coniidering the ordinary motives tO' aftion among mankind, was naturally to be expected, Columbus, wuh (ucb- n field before him, unable to turn on either hand with* ottt finding new obje^^s of his cu'riMfity and his pride, determined rather to tnm to the ad'vantage of the court of ^pain the difcovertes he had aheady ,made, than to acquire fot himfelf, the unav^Hiog applaufe of vifiting a number of unknown countries, from which he rei^d no other benefit bi^t the pleafure of feeing them. With this view he made for Hifpaniola, where he eftablifhed a coloiiy, and erected forts in the moft. advantageous crou^ids for fecoring the dependence of the natives. Having fpent a con* fiderable' time in this employment, and< laboured for eftabiifliing tliis colony with as much zeal ancl aflidiiity as if his views had"' extended no fai^her, he tiKt proceeded to afcertain the importance of his other difcoveries,' and to ex* amine what advantages were mod likely to be- derived from them. He had llready touched at Cuba, which, from fome fpecimens, feemed a rich difcovery; but whether it was an ifland, or a pAft of fome greal continent, be was'al* together uncertain. To afcertain this point wa) the prefent objei^ of his at- tention. In coafting along the fouthern fhore of Cuba, Columbus was en* taagkd in a multitude of Idands, of which he reckoned 160 in one day. Thefe lilands, which^were wdl inhabited, and abounding in all the neceiFaries , prtif^gave hlipfi an opportunity of refl^i^ing on this fertility of^nature wliere .4he world fxpeded nothing but the b^nen ocean ; Ke called them yardin dt la Re'ina, or the Queen's Garden, in gWitude to his royal benefaArefs, who was always upperniolt in his memory. In "the fame voyage Jamaica was dif* leOvered.' But to fo many difficulties was Coluinblis expofed, on an uiiknown £ita, among rocks^ ihelvesj, and fands, that he returned to Hifpaniola, without learning any thing more certain with regard to Cuba, the main-obje£^ of this eiiterprize. -- By the firft fuccefs of thift great man, the public diffidence was turned into adrftiration ; but by a continuance of the fame fuccefs, their admiration dcpt' n^VJrccd into envy. His enemies in Spain fet every fpring in motion ag^jinft him ;^and there i^ no difficulty in finding fpeciou^grouiidsof acciifation a* gainlii'fuch as are employed^ the execution of Airextenfive and complicated plan.* An ofRcer wns dti^tched ft^omfi^in,' fitted by his charaaer to ad. the pari of a fpy and informer, ahd whqfi^refeiice plainly demondrated to Columbus the neceffity of returning to Europe, for obviating the objections •r calumny of bit encoues. A M £ R I C A. *f|. "^i. f^ not without great difiicuUy that he was eaabled to fet out on a tlur4 expedition, ftill more famom ,,th^a a^y he had hitherto fAidertiiken. He deli^ned to ftaiid to the fouthward of the Canaries untU ht cttbe undcf the cquinoAialUncritndthen to proceed diredly weftwai'd'tliat he might di&over what opening that mi^ht afford to India, ot what new iflandi, or what cow- tihent might reward his kbouc In this navigation, aftejt being long buried in a thick fog, and fuffering n'umberlefs inconveniencies fn)m the exceffire heats and rains between the tropics, thev were at length favouvtd with s. fmart gale, and went before it feventeen days to the weftward. At the end! of this tjtne, a feaman faw land, which was an ifland on the coaft of Goiana» now called Trinidad. Having pafled this ifland, and two others which. lie in the mouth uf the great river Oronoco, the admiral was furpriled W>di, aii appearance; he had never feen before : this was t)ie frightful tumult of die waVes, obcafioned by a conflid between the tide of the fea and the rapid cur- rent, orthcimmenfe river Orinoco. But filling forward, he pkunly (mopvcF* ed that they were in frefh water i and j.udging righf ly that it was impcobable any ifland fla with 600 men, 18 horfei, and ft fmall number of field pieces. With this inconfidcrablu force, he pre pofes to fubdue the moft powerful flate on the continent of Amorica ; this was. the empire of Meicico : rich, powerful, and inhabited by millions of Indians, paffionatcly fond of war, and then headed by Mootezuma, whoie £une :n arms itruck terror in the neighbouring nations. Nerer liilory, to be true, was more improbable and romantic than that of this war. Tlie empire of Mexico had fubfiiled for ages : its inhabitants, it is faid, were not rude anfl .barbarous } every thing announced a poltflud «nd intelligent people. TlMfjr knew, like the £gyptiaiH of old, wboie -wifdom is ftill admired in this partitadar, that the year cpnfiiled neariy «f $$5 days. Their fuperiority ia miU Vy affairs wa( the object of admiration and terror over all the continent f and tlieir govdnsment, founded oa the fare bafis of If ws combined with religion, (eemed to bid dcnance .to time.itfelf. Mexico, the capital of the empire, fitdated in the middle of a %H|tcio\i8 I||ke, was the nobleil monument of Ai»&rican.induftry: jt communicated to the continent by immcn£e caur<:ways, which were Carried through the lake. The city was adrrlred for its buddings, tU of ftone, its fquares, and AMrketpkces, the (hops which glittered Vfith ffold and filver, and the fumptuous palaces pf Montezuma, focne erected on coTumnB of jaiper', and containing whatever was moft rare, curious, or ufcful. But ail the grandeur of this empire could n6t-defend it againft the Spaniards. Cortezj'n his. march, met with feeble oppofition from the nations alOBg thecoaft of Mexico, who were terrified at their firil appearance : the watitke animals, on which the Spanifh officacs were mounted, -the artificial tfeoinder which iiTued from their hands, the woode;il caftles which had wafted them oyer the ocean, ftruck a panic into the oativcs, from which Chey did not -recover until it was too late. Wherever the Spaniards marched they fpared !Bo a^e or fie^, nothing facred or profane.^ At laft the inhabitants of TlaJlIcala, md tome other ftates on the coall, defpairing of being able to oppofe them, entered iqto their alliancct and joined armies with thole terrible, and, as they Itelieved, invincible conquerors. Cortez, thus reinforced, marched oi^ward to Mexico : and, in his progrefs, difcovers a volcano of fulphur and ,falt-petre, whence he could fupply h}mfelf wkh powder. Montezuma heard of bi« pro- grefs without daring to oppofe it. This fovercign ia reported by the boatting Spaniards^ to have cOmctanded thirty vaffals, ot whom each could appear ct the head of 1 00,000 combatants, armed with bows and t^tows, and yet he dare* not refill a handful of Spaniards aided by a few Americans, whole allegiance would be fltaken by the firft reverfe of fortune. Such waa the difference be- tween the inhabitants of the two worlds, and tlte fiiBic of the Spaniih viAoriei, which always marched before them. By fending a rich prefent of gold, which'Salywhjetted the Spanifti svartce, JM onteauma naftencd the approach of thi cawf. Ko opp9fitioa is made to " • . ' their A II £ R I C A. i7i ihclr entry jato his capital. A p lace is fet aoMrt for Coctts aad hk eoi^p^ piu, who ave already treated as thcjpafters otthp aeir wortd. He bad gM^ reason, ,)u>wetf«r, to diftrpft the a/fl^Bfted pQlltetfafadf this e«iperor, tender whMk hefufpefied feme |dot; for liIs deftvwftion to be oonccalca'} but l«e bad no pretence for violeace i MonteEi^ma loaded b|«i with lundnefi, and ^th gbM m gi^ater quantilMs thaa hedeiaaaded, and Iiiii palace, was fuirooi^ed wii^^ illery, the anoft fv^htfol of all tngiace to the Amencans. At Uft a cj^unw ftance fell out vrhSm ailbrd«d Qvtitxm pretext iuv bc^innipg heft|Utiie«. ii order to lieeuM a communtcation bf fe^ to receive the nceclwry ieinfeineiiWDt<| lie had tM^d a forti and left a fmaK gartifon behind him at Vera CnlHi which peatw «ie^ fanaoiktst. Upon r«ee|vii>g> this intelligence, Cortea went in peiw i(>n to^the emperor, attepded by a few of hi$ meft experienced offieeii.'* MontfluiiM pleaded ianoccn^, in which Cortex feemed extremely ready tui believe him, tlieu£^, Mi the'-^Nne time^ he alledged that the Sji^niards^ f encbil^Mbld never be jpM^hiaded of it, unIefB>he rctaraed idong with theml- which' would rcmo«e aft Jealoufy' between the two natioM^l Tlie fticdefii of tbU interview (hewed the (liperiority of the Europeaa ad^fiu^ A-fownrfildflloaarch, in the midcHe ^f his own pakce, and lurroilnded byJtk guardi^ gave himfelf up a prtfopcr, to be di^p to th^ mellnation of a few c^tlemen'who came to de had now'' got into his bands an engine by which eVcry'thing might hp accoQ^IMied. The Americans had the bigheit refpe^, or. rather a fuper^ ftitioHV vtaenntlon for theit< citiperor, Cort^z, therefore, by Iteeping him ft| his power, idleMvia a him to enj^ every mark of royalty but hiis (reedom, am^ at the famclinc < and the tropic of Capricorn, which vntibid to abound in gold and filver, and precious ^ftones, and to be governed by a prince more maffidficcnt than Mon* tezums. This was the empire of Peru* which extendeain length rnear 30 ^gprees* and was the qnly ujther country In America, which qwferved the name of a dviUzed kingdom .^ Whether it happened* that the Spantih govern, nent had not received certaia intelligence concerning Peru* or thait* hdlpg engaged in a multiplidty of other concem8*Hhey did not chofe to'advefliiuire Ota new enterprizcs | certain it is, that this extenfive country* inovi important than Mexico itfelf, was teduced by. the enddivbuts, aUd at thcifxpence, of thKc private perfons. The names, of thefe were* Frances Pizarro* i^^hnagro, and Lvcques* aj|rieft* but a man of oon^derable fortune. Th^ tfro 'former were natives orPariama* men of doubtful birth and of fow educaUoic. Pizarro* the foul of the enterprize, could neither read nor wtlte; . They iail- cd-over into Spain* and without difficulty obtained a ^nt of What they fltoujd Conquer. Pizarro then fet out for the conqu^ft of Peru* with iij^p foot, 60 Jiorfe* and twelve ihudl pieces of cannon, drawn by (laves from the conquered countries. If we refleA that the Peruvians naturally entertained the fame djodices with 'the Mexicans, in JEaVo^r of the Spanifli: aationy ayod were die, of a chktader ftill more foft and^'un warlike*, it need iu>!t furprifeui al^er what has been faid of the conquefl of Mexico* that with this incou. fiderable force* Pizarro ihould tnake a deep impreffion on the Peruvian em- pice. . There were particular circumnauces fikewite which confpired to . i^fthim* and which, as they 'difirove/* fomewhit 'of the -hiftory* religion, Md ftate of the bu'nan mind in this iini^enfe continent*, it may Q0jt,,bc fmprope/ to relate. ,' ■• ..'" %■- •«■■ . -Mango Capac was the founder of the Peruvian empire. He was one of thofe uncommon men, who, c^lni 'and difpaffionate themfelvefi, caa obferve the paffions of their fellovv-cjreatures* ana turn then^'.tp their own profit .Off glory. He obferved that jthe. p^ple of Peru HrfW naturally fu* "^j^^l^tious* md l^d a particular vei|cftition. 'for the fuoc'tntHe pretended themore t^be defcended (ttim that luminary* whofe worflitp he was fcnt to eftabliihsijraAd whofe authority he was entitled to bear, of this ftonr, romantic as it appears* he eafily deceived a credulous people and brought a large extent of territory under his jurifdi£tion : a Urger ftill he fubdued ^ his arms; but both the force and the deceit he employed for the moft laudable purpofes.. He united and cIviliKed ^he diftreBTsd bsrbsrc»3- pco^ |ile ; he Sent them to htws and arms ; he foftened them by the inititution «f a btilKvoleot letfgiQB j ip Ihort* thc^ wit na part of America* where agriculture A MB R r C A. «n rSculturcr tncl the arts war fo gociadon, by which he propofed, without releafing the emperor, to get into , jbii pofleflidn an immenie quantity of his beloved gold, the arrival of Al- inagro caufed fome embktraffment in his affairs. The friendlhip, or rather the external fliew of friendihip, between, tliefe men, was folely founded on the principle of avarice, and. a bold enterprizing fpirit,to which nothing appear- ed too dangerous, thi^t might gratify their ruling pafBon. When their io- terefts, therefore, happened to interfere, it was nut to be thought that any uieafures could' 1m; kept between them. Pizarrc expeded to enjoy the tao^ confiderabk fltare of the treafure,, arifing from the emperor's ranfom, be- , ' caufe he had the chief hand in acquiring it. Almagro infilled an being upop an equal footing ; and at length, left the common caufe might fuffer by liny rupture between them, this difpofition was agreed to : the ranfflft 1:1 puid in without delay ,^a fum exceeding theii* conception, biit not capable to gratify their avarice. It exceeded !,5CC,ccgL ftaiiag, and cuuudering the valuJ of money at that timef*<^tra^ prodigious ; on the dividend, after de- i^\'.auld ftSl ^etaiti a number in his army) atid that thofe who ntarned With fuch magnificent fortune«i wouM induce new adventurers to pniiue the Ikme |riail for acqul^in* gold. Thefc wife refl^Aions were abundantly verified ; it wis impt^Ue to fend out better "rtcruittitg oflieetVi than 'thofe whb had theMifelrei ft> iiiuch profited by the field ; heW Ibldien cooftantly arHved^ iuid the Amvrican armies never wanted reiilforcenientai ". ■' This immenfe tahfbm was only a filrther itafon for detaining Athbalipg b cohflnemcnt^ ttntil thef difcorered whether He had anotheih treasure td gratify thdi^ avhride. But whiether they believed he had no more to eive, •nd were uriwillina to emphvy their troops in guarding a |iHnt:e, from whom they ezpefted no farther adVahtegCf or that Piz^rro had cbnceived an aven ^ofiagamft the Peruvian ethperor^ on account of foihe iniUnces of craft and jpolicy which he obferved irt his cBdiaAer, arid which he conceived hiighii pMvc diingei:oU8 tp his afiairs, it is certain, thst, by his command, Atabalipa Was pat to death. To juflify this cruel prdcecding» a (ham chane was exhibited ag^nft the unnappy princt^ in which he vriB accufed of idolatry^ of haviaj^ flSkny ^oniciibines, and other.'cirq|toiftance8 of equal impertinences The oplv juil ground of accufation agahtirmhi watt, that hui brother Htte& efur had been put to^^ath by his command ) ahd even this vras cbnfiderably prajated, becnufe Huefcar Ijikd been {dotting lus deilruftion, tint he migbt ^bliih himfelf jMi the throne. Upon the deiith of the Ynca, a number of eandi^tes app<^d for th^ tfatonfr. The pHncipal nobuity' let up thi: I^U oHither of Huefcar ; Pixarro fiit up a fon of Atabalipa i and two tfiMtanUs of the PcruviauB endeavoured' tb eftablifh th^nlfelves bi the af* aftanee of the artny^ Thefe diftra£Uons^ which in anotluer ^nqhre wbutd 'bKve been extremely faurtftilt and e«en beh; at yiother tidK, were at pntfent rather advaUtagCous to the Peruvian affairs. Tbe candid^tca tought agafaift one amythcr; their battles accuftokned the harmlefs people tij blood} Tand fooh is the prefvencc of a fpirit of any kind raifed in a nation to , ii totsd ktharay-^ that in. the cburfe-of thofe quarrels among themlielves, the' Ibhidiitxnts ofPeru ailhmed fome courage againft the Spaniards, whom they regarded as the ultimate caufe 0f all their cabmities. The Ipffes which the Spaniards met with in thefe quarrels^ though iAconfiderable in themfelves, vrere render^ dangerous by leflening the opinion - of their' invincibility,' which they were careful to preferve among the inhabitants of the new world. Thisconlideration eiigaged Pizarro to conclude a truce: and this interval he employed in laying theTOUndation's of the famous city Lima, and in fettling the Spniards- in Uie country. But as foon as a favourable opportunity of- hitdt he renewed the war againft the Indians, knd after many difBaulties, madc^ himfelf tnaftet' of Cufco, the capital of the empire. While he was en- , nged in theffe' conqueftsi new grants and fupplies arrived from jSpaim Pizarro obtamcd aoo leagues along the fea-co%ft, to the foi)thward of what * had beeh before grantcd> and Almagro 200 leagues to the fouthward of Piiiarro's govcrtament. This divifion oocalioned a warm difpute between them,, each reckoning Cufco within his own ditlri£t. ' But the dexterity of Pixarro brotwb^ idiowt a reconciKatiofk He peirfuaded hia^ rival, that the e^wiSwx Wuira really bctotigcd to him, iay^to the foothwaitl of (Julco, ari J ^ lAmi jc ^ijr^ to way inferior in riches, and m^ht be ^as eafily conquered as i»'..i :..-»••; ,•■'-•■•■ , •■• Peru. AH R 'R I C A. m Peru. He oftred fatm hu affifttnce in the expeditiohi the fiMceft of whidi he did not erepciO in ^ucftJcn* ' Alimfrro^' that h^ might hare the hohoHr 6f fubdulinr i kipgdom fak hiiofelfj fiftetaed to hit advice ) aid joining ib mahy of nailrro't trboak1» hia town it he Judged, nleteiGiry, ^enettited.^with gheat danger ana diEi iiculty into Chih } lofing naihy of his 0wn nUen a> he {Nlfled dvcr moiintaini. ef an iminenfe height^ add alwayi. fcoyired with fiiow. He reditcbd) how-i CTcr, a yttj cnnuderahle part of thia (country; But jhe, PeruviiHt w^ now become UM mueh aeqttainted with war< not to tidcie adVarttage of the diviflon of the Spanifh ti^pa. They madfc an cffoM for r^gaininl; thei^ capital, in ^hich* Pitatip being in^fpofed^ and Ahnagro removed at m diftftnce» they were wefl nigh fucceftfuL The htter^ h6wevei> ho Cdonit gbt niitioe of the ficgc of Gufco, tha*« t-cKnquifliing aU Views of diifauik d)nqiieftfl« he reiumea to fccure the giAnd objeAs of their fisrm^labburflt He raifed the fiege with incite flaughter of the aflkilgits ; but, havinij obtained j^oiTelfibh of the citytlie was utawiUin^ to. five it up to Pitartoj ^ho now approached Wilh an army, atid knew of nb other eneniy- but the Peruvians^ This difputo dccaiiened along and bloody ftru^te bt^ tween them) in which the turns of fbrtiine were various, and the refeiltA ment fierce on both fides, becaufife the £ite of the vanquiihcd was cerr*ttil S^th. This was th(i lot'of'Almagro, who^ in ah a During; (he courle of this civil war^ many- Piintviana ferved in the Spanifh armies^ stnd learned, from the pradice df ChriiUans, to ^utcher one another. That blinded nation, how'ever^ at kngth opened their eyes, and took a very remarkable r^lution. They law the ferocity 'of the Europeans^ tluir un^xtinguifliable refenti^erif and •varied, and tltey coiije^ured thai ihele paifions would* never permit thet^ ^tefts to fubfide. Let us retire^ faid they, froin among them, let' us fly ~ ttf our mountains j thev will fpeedily dettroy one another, and then we vcacf teturn in peace to our former habitations. This refolution ^s inilAntly [tut in prafticb } the Peruvians difper&d, and left the Spaniarda-in their c^itaL Had the force on each fide been exadly equals this fingular policy of the mtives of Peru lihight h^ve been attended^with fuecefs. But the vidtor^^ of Pizarro put an end to Alpiagro's life,' and to the hope» of the Peruviana, vAn have never We ventured to make head againft the Spaniards; * , Pizarro, now fole mafler of the field, and of the ncheft empire in the woridi was Hill urged bn, by his atnbitjon, to undertake nevyr enterpri^^tk The fouthem countries of America,' into which he had fome time'beiore difpatcir- ed Almagro, offered the richeft conqueft. Tovrards this quarter the inbxmh id\tA of Potofi, compo&d of entire iilver, had been difcovered, the (helT of'^ which only remains at prefent. He therefore followed the track of Alma- gro into Chili, andt reduced another part of that coiintry. Orellana, one' of his commanders, pa&ed the Atides, and failed down to the mouth of \h^ river of Atna^ont : an immetife navigation, which difcovered a rich and de^ hghtful oovntryt but as it is melUy flat, and the^fore not abounding in mi^ uerals the Spaniards then, and ever fmce, negledted it. Pizarro meeting with repeated fuccefa^ and having no fuperibr to pontrol, no rival to keep him within bounds, now gave loofe reihs to th^ natural ferocity of his temper^ and behaved with the bateH tyranny and cruelty againii sM who had not cuii~ curred in his defiens.^ This conduct fpiracy he fell a facrifice in his own palace, and in the city of Lima, which he hiqir felf had founded; The partifans of old Almagro, now declared his^ fpn dT •■ , " '■ ■ ^ ' ^ ■' - * • . the =»«> AM E R I C X the faijw ntme their viceroys But the vreater ptit of the nation, thoiwh extremely «veU fatiafied with the fate of Pizarro, did not concur with tbit dechuration. They waited the order* of the emperor Charies V. then Itin^ of Spain* who feot over Vaca di Caftro to be their governor. • iThii man, by hit integrity and wifdom* was admirablv well f^ftcd to heal the wounds of .theoolony, and to pkce every thing on tlie moft advantageous footing, both for it and for the mother country. By his prudent management, the mines ^JLa PUta and Potofi, which were formerly a matter of private plunder, be- came an objeA of public. utility to the court of Spain. The parties were tilenced or cruHied ; young' Almagro, who would hearken to ' no terms of accommodation, .was put to death ; and a tranquillity, lince the arrival of the Spaniards unknown, was. reftdred to Peru. It feems, however, that Cafhro had hot been fufficiently (killed in gaining the favour of the Spanilh ntHiftryt'by proper bribes or promifes, which a mmiftrv would alwfiys expcA ffotethc governor of fo rich a country. By th^ir advice, a council was fent over to control Cafts%,and the colony was again uhfettled. Thi; parties but juft exUnguiftied, began to blaze anew ; and Gonzalo, the brother of the fiUkious Pixarro, fet himfelf a^ the head of his brother's partifans, with whom many new malcontents had united. It was now no longer a difpute between governors about the bounds of their jurifdi^kion. Gonzalo Pizanro only paid a nominal fubmiflion to the king. He ftrengtheucil- daily, and cvM went fo far as to behead a govcmoi^who was fent over to curb him. He guned'the confidence of the admiral V the Spanifh fleet in the South Seas, by whofe mtans he propofed to hinder the landing of any troops from Spain, and he had a view of uniting, the inhabitants of Mexico in ius revolt. Such w«s the fituation of aflaira, whe» the tomt pf Spain, fenfible of their milUke in n6t fending iq,to AoMrica men whofe chara£ler and viitue on* ly» and not importunity and cabal,' pleaded in their behalf, difpatched, with unlimited pow*er8, Peter de la Gafga, a nwn differing only from Caftro by ' being of a more mild and inihiuating behaviour, but with' the fame, love of juAice» the /ame greatnefs offoul, and ?the fame difintcrefted fpirit. All ' thoffr w^o had not joined in Pizarro's revolt, flocked under his i^andard ; many of his friends, charnied with the behaviour of Gafga, forfook their old connexions * the admiral was gained uver by infinuatiun to return to ]us.vduty.j and Pizanro himfelf was oifered a full indemnity^ ptovided he Ibould : .turn to the allegiance of the Spanifli crown. But fo mtoxicating lire the ideas of royalty, that Pizarro was incliiiedv fo run every hazard, rkther than fubmit to any officer of Spain. With thofe of his partizans, therefore, who ftill continued to adhere to his intereft he determined to venture a battle, in which he was conqvered^and taken prifqner. Hi^ ex* ecutibn followed foon after ; and thus the brother of him, who conquered Pei^ for the crown of Spain, fell a facrifice fpr the fecurity of the Spani(h (iominion over that country. , The conqueft of the gretit empires of Mexico and Peru, is the only part •fthe American hiftory, which deferves to be treated under the prefent head. What relates to the redu£lion of the other parts of the continent or of the iilandsi, if it contains either inftru£tion or entertainment, fluU be handled under thefe particular countries. We now proceed to treat of the manners, government, religion, and whatever compofes the charadtei of . the natives of America ; and as thefe are extiemely iimilar ill. oyer this part j»f the globe, ve ihall fpeak of them in genera)) iu. order to favi eontinuai V A M E R I C A. •«7» r<)ictHu)tn*» notidng.attbc fiunc timer when we enter upon the defcriptlan of the particular countrieii whatever ia peculiar or remarkable io tW inhaU' tanttofeach.. Ofthe Original inhabitants of Ami sic A, THE dlfcovery of America tiM not only opened a new fource of wealth to the bufy and commercial part ' of Europe, but an exten- Cvc fifj^ of (peculation to the philofopher, who would trade tlie charTiAer of man under van'pua degrees of rehnemient, and obfi^rve tjbe moTementa •f the human heart* or the operatiotfa of the human underftanding, when' untutored by Ccienc^ or un|t|iinted by corruption. So ftriking feeqied the difparity betMreen the inhabitants of Europe, and the natiTes of'Am^- r!c8, that tome fpeculative men have ventured cb affirm, th^t i^ia impof> fible they fhoiild be of the fame fpecies, or derived from one common ' fource^ This condufion, however, ia eytremely ill founded. The cha- racers of mankind may be infiiAcly varied accprdmg to the di£(erent de- Sees of improvement at wbic? they' are arrived, the manner in which ff acquire the neceflanes of life, the force of cuftom and habit, and a'mal- tipUcity of otber qrcumf^ances too particular to be mentioned, and too va- rious to be feduced under any general he^d. But the greft outlines of hu- manity are to be difcovered among them all, notwitlmanding the various Andes which.ijharafterire nations^and Alingulih them from each other. ' When the tnirft of gold , earned the inhabitants of Europe beyond the Atlantic, ttey found the inhabitants ofthe new world immerfed in what they reckoned barbarity, but' which, however, was a date of honeft indepen- dence, aind JipbU ilmplicity. Except the inhabitants of tht great empiric of Peru aod liexico, j^'Ik), cbmpaqitively fpeaking, were refined nations, the natives. of America were unacquainted with almoft every European art } even agriculture itfelf, the melli ufeful of them lall, >vas hardly known, or cultivat* (Q very {jMingW. The only method on which they depended for acquiring the necenants ol life, was by hunting the wild animals, which their mountaiha and fore^s fupplied in great abundance. This exerdfe, which among them is a inoft ferious occupation, ^ves a fWength and agility to their limbs, un- known among other nations. The fame caillc.- perhaps, renders their bodies, m general, where the rays of the fun are not too violent, uncotaiponly ftraight and well proportioned. Their mufcleS are firm and ftfong ; their bodies and heads flattifh, which is the effect of art ; their features are regular, but their countenances fierce, their hair lpi)g, black, lank, and aS ftrbng as that of a hoife. ' The colour of their fkin is a reddilh brown, admired ambng them and heightened by the conft«nt ufe of bears fat j^nd paint. The charader of the Indians is altogether founded upon their ctrcumftan'c|» and way of life. A people wha are conttantly .employed in procuring the "means of a precarious fubiiftence, who live by hynting the wild * animals, and who arc generally engaged in war with their neighbours, cannot be fuppofed to en* joy jnuch gSety of tempef, or high now of fpiritfi. The Indians therefore are, in general, grave even to fadnefs ; they have nothiiig of that giddy vi- vacity peculiar to foKK nations «o Europe, and they defpife it. 'Iheirber / ' kaviour ■y'r i^ A M S t 1 e.A. haviour to Aafit dka^ then i$ r«giilw» Modcft, ap4 rarpcAfuL Igaannt of ik« irU of «mo(iB|Beot( of Jthkh t)iM offiyisg Vnia •giecably* u one of tKc muft confidenUct thev never (peak, but when they Imtc. (mncthtng im. portant to' ' Terve f and all their aaiotat, woidi, ind rven look*,4ire attend- ed with ibmc mraning. IThu A extremelv nttural to men who are almoft ooiitinvally engaged in ptirftiiti, which to' theiu &re of the fugjI^H Importance. Their (ubGfteDce dependa entirely on what they procure with (heir handi ( Md their VyC»,)^eur ]^01^wr^fad «^^ t|png def|r $9 f^^mj^ipajr l^e loft by the MuiJeft !b«ttent(9Q to the de^ha of their eneaies. Aa they have no partioN^r obje^ to attack them to one pbce rather than another, they hj r miitd with oivfflzed (bci^tiea, in which iqduftry, a^a, agrct ^ re, » id con • an^Cfhave ap!t ''. Ivxary rendcM u^i^ to qne anotberr The fm^U trfbcs Hve at Mi iqHnCQtt; iiftance ; ^HmH Ve ftjpiHited t?y a defert fronUer, and hi^'S). tf)r ^ \ of impeuctral^e fiiff iMnv><('t»andlefh forefta. : 1 ^ There ii eftab^i^ed iq eadl (bclety a (...tpin iV>ec;'^9 of g^^epiment, ^i^ch sf\vt the wl|ol);- coAtibent of America previija wkh very liitle%v yjatioO'} V *>f fab)e£|;}on. in po{ifhpd {I;»ci|;tir9, ai^ American his tab me^iMd by-.wnich he can ifender himfetf coQ^fidtrablfc amoag hio com .MnloDa, b^t by a fuperioWty in- perfonal qua^iea of body or miul. ^ut aa natu^ bn PQt been very Iati(h in hc> pv ii^ vnder the influence £f thia rei1timcnt,i# better feared thap by the wiiefl: noH^ical regahtiona. They are^ery. f^r, hpw^er,,nbm defpliii^? dl (orta of authority ; they are attebtive tb the voice of i^dpm, whiqn experience Haa conferred on the aged, and they enjift under J||Kft banners of, the chief, in whofe vidour und ml)itarv addrefa they have ImWd to reoofc their confid^aee. Xi> every- fociety therefoi;o thett ia to be confidered the jmwer of thjb chief and of th« eldera : and accqtwg 98 the government* in- ^^pea more tp the one or to the other, it ma]» t^e regarded as monarchical, or a^ a fpeciei of aiiftpcracy. Among thofe tribes which are n\oft engaged in war, the power of the chief \% naturaUy predominant^ txfcaufe the idea of having a miutary leader, was the iirft fourcie of his fuperiopty, and the cot)< ^ual exigencies of the ftate rer • 'np: "'ich a leader, will contim-.e to fup- port and'"'*" to enhance it. hi» ;i3v.'r, nowevejr, »i '^'^her pcrtu^Ove than icoer^ve: ue is reverenced as i . '>', \. vhan feai . iiS a monarch. He h^ .no guards^ no prifont, nc // ..s oi juftice, and one aft of ill-judged /^o]i^ce would put him fropi the throne. The eldora, 'in the pthef form of fov^rament, which may be cpnfidcred as an ariflocracy, have no jnore power. n fome^tribea indeed tnefe are a kind of hereditary nobility, whofe influence |)eing conftaD^iy augmented by t|mq, is more confiderable* ^ut thi^ fource of power, ^which depends chiefly on the imagination, by which we annex to ^le. merit of our contemporaries, that of their forefathers, is too refined t.i 1^ very common among the natives of America. In moft countries therefore 9r>t;aldoe is fulj^cicnt ^r acquiring refpc^^ influence, and a^ority. it is «ae which tcs^ches experiences and experience is the only fourfie of knowledge A tt « ft t A. m * , ■ ■■■'•. Itnonjf i biTfetroiw people. Atnong thofTe pcrfoni burmeft ii cbnJtiAed mith. the utmoft fimplieitv, and whffh rtiay recall to thofc \Vho «t« acquainted ♦I'ftik •nttqiikjr « piAure . '^^ maft «arly ag«. Thr headi of fiimiliM mcrt to- rether in a houfc or cabin, appointt-d for the pnrtmfe. Her« th« buKnrft li diTcufled, and h< e thofe of i ; latioti, di^liiiguiflied for thcit eloquence at wirdom, htte an opportimhy of aifpliiy itig thofe talchts. Their yntt.ra, lik^ thofc of Hotoer, cxprefs thrmfdves in a bold figu'^ive ftyle, ftroijrct than refined, or rather foftened n 'ions can well bear, anJ .vlth gellurts tqnsHf violent, but often extremely natural and txprcffite. When the bufinefs & over, «nd they happen to be weH provided in food, they appoint a feaft upon the occafidn, of which alnr.oft the whole nation partaken. The fcaft {a ao> cotnptnted with a fonjf, in which the real, or fabulous exploits of their fore- fathers are celebrated. They have danccH too, thongh, like thofe of tha Greeks and Romans, chiefly of the military kind, and their mufic and danc- log kccompanies every feaft. It often happens, that thofe different tnbes or nation), fcattered as they >rett an immenfe diftance from one another, meet in their excuKlons aftet ))rey. If there fubfifts no animofity between them, which feldom is the caf(i they behave in the moft friendly and courteous niannrr. Bui if they hap* pen to be in • ft^te of w«r, or if there has been no previous intercourfe be- tween them, all who are not friends being deemed encn 'n, they fight wttK the moft favagc fury. « Wari if we except hunting, is the only employment of the men ^ as td every other concern, and even t1ie little agriculture th. v enjoy, it is lefl to the womcti. Their moft comnfton motive for entering into a war, wheil it does not artfe from an accidental rencounter or interfer nee, is either tb revenge themfelves for the death of fome loft friend, or to acquire pri* foners, who may alTift therti in their hunting, and whom they adopt into! their foeiety. Thcfe wars are either undertaken by fome private advent turers, or at the infiance of the whole community. In the latter cafe, alt the young men, who are difpof«:d to go out to battle, for no one is com<* pelled corftrafy to his inclination, give a bit of wood to the chief, H a token tit their defign to accompany him. For every thing among theft people is tranfafted with a great deal of ceremorty and many forms. Thd chief, who is to cond6A them^ fafts feveral days, duiing wh'ch he con« verfes with no one, and is particularly careful to obferve his dreamt^ which the prefumption natural to favages, generally renders as favourable as he could defire. A variety of other fuperftitiuns and ceremonies wH ohCerved. One of the irtbft hideous is fetting the vv^ar-kettle r t the fire»* as an emblem that they are going out to devour their enernic!), Wh ch amon^ fome nations muit fbritierly have been the ciife, fince they ftil. continue to exprefs it in ckar terms, and ufe an emblem fignilkant of tf e ancient ufage. Then they difpatch a porcelane, or large fhfcll, to th Thus does the battle coatiaue »l : ji't^Jh^ fii i ,t •■'■•iifvi »,,. ji V-yii' vgl K> ■ ^'":. ■,w ^^. ■'■.■■,;:; f A M £ R I C A. m psrtT is fo muck weakdied as to bip incapable oi htthm : -if the force on eack fide continues nearly equal, the fierc* until the one putj refiftance. But*" fpirits of the favages* inflamed by the lofs of their friends,' caln no lofig^ be reftrained. They abandon their diftant war, they ru(h upon one attbtl|er» with clubs and hatchets in their hands, magnifyiDg their own courage, and infulting their enemies with th^ bittereft reproaches. ' A cruel comoat en* fues, death appears in a thoufand' hideous forms, which would congeal the blood of civilized nations to behold, but which roufe the fury of the favagea. They tratnple, theyinfidt over the dead bodies, tearing the fcatp from tlMl head, wallowing in their blood like wild beafts, and fometimes devouring their fleifa. The flame rages on till it meet with no reriftance ; then the prifoners are fecured, thofe unhappy men, whofe fate is a thoufand timei more dreadful than theirs who have, died in the field. The conquerors fee up a hideous howling to lament the friends they have loft. They approach in a melancholy and fevere gloom, to their own viOage>; a meflenger is fent to announce their arrival, vand the women, with frightful (hrieks, come out to mourn their dead brothers, or their hufbands. When they are arrived, the chief relates in a low voice to the elders, a circumttantial account of every particular of the expedition. The orator proclaims aloud this account to the people, and as he mentions the names of thofe who have fallen, the (hrieks of the women are redoubled. The men too join ia thefe cries, accorc^.ing as each is moft connected with the deceafed by blood or friendihip. The laft ceremony, is the proclamation of the victory | each individual then forgets his private misfortunes, and joins in the tri> umph of his nation ; all tears are wiped from their eyes, and by an un* accountable tranfition, they pafs in a moment from the bitternefs of forrow to an extravagance of joy. But tlte treatment of the prifoners* whofe fate all this time remains undecided, is what chiefly charaderifey. the favages. . ■ - - We have already mentioned the ftrength of their affef^ions or refent« menti. United as they are in fmall locielies, conneded within themfelvet by the iirmeftties, their friendly afieftions, which glow vrith the mfift ia- tenfe warmth within the walls of their own village, ieldom extend beyond them. - They feel nothing for the enemies of their nation ; and their re- fentment is eafily extended from the individual who has injured theM to all others of the fame tribe. The prifoners, who have themfelves the fame feelingSf know the intentions of their conqtierors, and are prepared for theou The perfon who has taken the captive attends him to the ' cottage, wheniy according to the diftribution made by the elderg, he is to be delivered tO' fupply the lofs of a citizen. If thofe who receive him have their family weakened by war or other accidents, they adopt the captive into the family} of which he becomes a ihcmber. '"But if they.haVe no pccafion for him, or their refentment for the lofs of their friends be too high to endure the fight of any conne£led with thofe who were concerned in it, they fentence him to death. All thofe who have met with the fame fevere fentence being collef^ed, the whole nation is aflembled at the execution, as for fome great folemnity. A fcafFold is erefted, and the prifoners are tied to the ftake, where they commence their death fongj^ and prepare for the en- fuing fcene of cruelty with the moft undaunted courage. Their enemies, the other fide, are detcrrrtined to out it to ilie oroof. bv the molt re- on uie proor, Dy fined and exquifite tortures. They begin at the extremity of his body, wi gradually aj^roach the more vital parts. One plucks out his naiU bf; •v^:^-; Xa tN m A M E R ! C A. jlli^ n)!Qt%,o»e by oQe } appther t^^es « 6nj^ ipto, his mouth/ a^d tcfirs o$ |he fleih With Itis UcU^ i a third thrults thi? fingpr maogM as it i», inta the hawl of a pipe II^t4e if«4 hox,^ which he Oi^ho iike tobacco $ then, <^$y pound the toea V^ fingers to pieces between, twio (Iftoea ; they pjuU c^ {h« dteih fV(|(i^ the teeth* aa4 9ut , circles igibout hia joiftts* and gaOiei iff the leAiy parts of his Iiinbs». which they (gax ixQuiediatcly with led hot ironat cuttin^a' burning, and pinching them alternately $ they puU; tM thia ftsft, thm q^ngled^and.vpauedk bit by bit, devouring iil; with jpreediiwfis, and Co^earing their £ji|C«8 with the blood in an enthuAafm of norfor and ^uy* When ^hey have thua tocn off the fleih, they tWyiil the ktre nerves and randoms aibpwt an iron,, te^in^g. and Ouipping them,, whilll Qthers arc enjplpycd >a puUing aild e](tendiq^ tbeir linihs ia every way. that QBO incF^^fe the tormqnt^ Thi^ <;oritinu.ea often, five or fix houra'; and |G9i9etinie8, fuch is thP ftrength of the favages, dsiy^ together. Then> th«y frequently iinbind him, tff give a, brcatt1|king to, their l^ry, to thinly what JKW tonnenta they fliall inflfl^« afid to, vefreftaMe» and a< gain they renew tbeir cruelty ; they ff^ck him aU P^er with ftnaU naatches o£ w0Qd^ that eaGJy tak;4 ^re, but ii urns Jlowly ;, they c^nAiuUaVy run Jbaqi r(edt intgt. ev«ry; part qf, his body, ^ th(;y dfag out hia; teeth with pinceot* and thruit out his eyes ; and laiUy, 4tef . having, burned; his flefli Kom tht bonea wi|h Qqw fires, i ai^r having fb otangM thc^ bo(^ that it ia all but one wpiuid ) after l;>aKing mutilated hisi ^e in ijich ^ manner at ta carry nothing human in, it ; aftei; having peeled, the ikin from the head, Vid poured a he^ of r«d hot oo4>t or boiling water oii the na^qd, fkull, they ionce more unbind the Wretch,j who» bh'nd and ftaggering with pain and, we^nefs, aiTaulted and pelted on every fide with clubs and ^nes, now up, now" down, falling into, their ^e& a^ every ilep, runs hither and ' thither, until one of the chiefs, whether oiijt, of compaflion, or weary of cruelty, puta an end to hi^ life with a club or a dagger. The body is thea pit into tht kettk* and this barbarous employ n>ent is, iucceed(;d by a fe»ft. lu barbarous. ' The women,, forgetting the htiman W, W«U as, the female nature, and tranafbrmed- into fpmething worfjc than furies,, even put-do the men in this llcene of horror ; while the principal perfpnd of the country fit round the i^ahe, fmpking and looking on without the leait emotion. What iii molt Vttraordinary, the fufFerei; himf^lf, in the Uttk intervals of. his torments, (mokes too* appears unconcerned, and converfes with his torturers about <'n-> 4^erent matters. Indeed* during the VKhole tin^e of his execution, tbere feema a conteft which (hall exceed, they, in; inflifiing thf moft hor* ijd pains, or he in induring them, with a firmnefs and conllancy almoU above human ; npt a groan, not a figh, not a diftortion of countei\ance efcapes tlim i he poilefles his: mind entirely in the midll of his torments ; he re- counts, his own expbits ( h« informs them what cruelties be has inflided upon their countrymen, and. threatens them with the revenge, that will at- tend hit death ; and, though his, reproaches exafperate them to a perfed ifiadnefs. of rage apd fury, he continues his infults even of their igno- xanctf of the ait of tormenting, pointing out mqre exquifite methods, juid iBorc fenubte paria pf the body to be^ atHi&ted. The women, have ^ua part of courage as well ai> the.m^nj'apd it is as rare fur' any In- iim to bebavs otherwife^ as.it Would; t(e for any European ^o fuiFer as ^ M £ K I C iu Mff pn ^oduui. Such fs the wond^ul power of an eatly inftttudoa^ and a 'Ceruciout thuft of glory. / am bravt and intrtfid, exclaims the favage ift. yie hc^ with< dt^ fpalr and rage I Ob I that I could devour tbemt. and drink their hitod tm> the tfjjl dfoj^ Thci'e circumftances of cruelty, which fo exceedingly degrade human na«> ture, ought not» ho>ivever, to be omitted, becauiie they I'erve to fhew, in the ftrongeft. light, to what an inconceivable degree of barbarity, to what a. pitch the patfiona of men may be carried when untamed by the refinements pfpolilhed fuciety, when let loofe from the government of rea£(nk-and Dnipfluenced by the di^tes of Chriilianity ; a t-eligion that teaches compaC* fion: tp our enemies, which is. neither known nor praftifed in other inftitur - tjons; and it will. make. us more fenfible, than fome appear to be«. of th6< value of commerce, the arts of a civilized life, and tlie Ught of literature;;.- >yhich, if they have abated the force of fome of the natural virtues, byr the luxury which attends, them, have taken out likewife the fting'of our nac tural vices, and foftened the ferocity of the- huftian r^e. Nothing in the hiftory of mankind, forxna a ftrunger oontrafti than this ciuelty of the favages towards thofe with whom they are at w^, andthe^ varnith of their a^Aion towards their friends^ vvho confift of a^ tho£e who live in the fame village, or are in- alliance with it ; among thcfe alt things are common ; and'this, though it may in part arife from their not poflelling very diftin£l notions of feparate property, ' is chiefly to be attri- bated to the .ftrength of their attachment ; becaufe in every thing clfe^. vith their lives as well as their fortunes, they are ready to ferve their mends. . Their huufes, their provifion, even their young, women, are not enough tO' * oblige a guelL His any one of thefe fucceeded ill in his hunting \ Has bis barvell failied \ oti is his houfe burned \ He feels no- other efiedl of hi* misfortune, than that it gives him an opportunity to experience the benevoU ence and regard of his fellow citizens ; but to the enemies of his country*, or to thofe who have privately offended, the American is implacable. He conceals hia fentiments, he appears reconciled, until by fome. treachery or fur* prife he has. an opportunity of executing an horrible revenge.. No length of time is fufficient to allay his refentment ; no *diftance of place great* enough to protect the obje^; he croiTts the ileepeft mountains, he ' pierces the moft impracticable forefts, and traverfes the moft hideous bogs. and defarts for feveral hundreds of niiles ; bearing the inclemency of the feafons, the fatigue of tne expedition, the extremes of hunger and thirft, with patience and cheerfulnefs, in hopes of furpriiing his enemy, on whom he exercifes the moft. fhocking barbarities, even to the eating of hia ilefh. To fuch extremes do the Indians pulh their friendihip or their en-' mity ; and fuch indeed, in general, is the chara£^cr of all ftrong and unculti- tated minds. But what we have faid refpef^ing the Indians would be a faint pidure, did we omit obferving the force of their friendfhip, which principally appears, by the treatment of the dead. When any one of the fociety is cut off, he is, lamented by the whok : on this occafion a thoui'and ceremonies arvprac- tiled, denoting ♦>'£ moft lively forrow. Of thefe, the moft remarkable, ai it dilcovers both the height and continuance of their grief, is what they call the feaft of the de<^d. or the feaft of fouls. The day o\ this ceremony .^''■ 'k'^^ .'%i-'\ . ■ ,va ,fi-;!-«4; iMp" 'M *-v m AM E R I C A. n appointed by public order j and nothing la amitted, that It may be celeb^ted with the utmoft pomp and magnificence. The neighbouring tribe* are invited to be prefent and to join in the folemnity. At thia time all who have died fince the laft folemn occafion (which is renewed every ten years among fome tribes, and every eight among others), are taken out of their ^rvrtt ; thofe who have been interred at the greateft diilance from the , villages are diligently fought for, and brought to this great rend- ezvous of carcafles. It is not difficult to conceive the horror ot this general difinterment. I can- not defcribe it in a more lively manner than it is done by LaBtau, to whom we are indebted for the moft authentic accobnt of thofe nations. Without queftion, fays he, the opening of thefe tombs difplays one of tite IBO^ ftriking fcenes that cah he conceived ; this humbling, portrait of humad mifery, in {o many images of death, wlierein fhe feems to take a pleafure to paint herfelf i» a thoufand various (hapes ot horror, in the feveral carcaifes, according to the degree in which corruption has prevailed 6ver them, or the manner in which, it has attacked the^. Some appear dry and withered; others have a fort of parchment upon their bones; lome look as if they were baked and fmoked, without any appearance of rottennefs ; fome are juft turn- ing towards the point of putrefa^ion ; while others are all fwarming with worms, and drowned in corruption. I know not which ought to ftrike us mo[^ the horror of fo -ihocking a ilght, or the tender piety and affe£lion of thefe poor people towards their departed friends ; for nothing deferves our admiration more than that eager diligence and attention with which they difcbai'ge this melancholy duty qf their tendemefa ; gathering up carefully even the fmalleit bones ; handling, the carcaifes, difguftful at they are with every thing loathfome, 'clcaniing them, from the worms,>and carrying them upon their (houldersi through tirefdme journeys of feveral days, without beirig difcouraged from the ofPentivenefs of the fmell, and vrith- out fuSering any other emotions to arife than thofe of regret, for having Idft perfons who were fo dear to them in their live?, and (b lamented in their 4cath. ' They bring them into their cottages, where they prepare a feaft in honour of tHe dead; during which their great ad^ions are celebrated, and all the tender intercourfes which took place between them and their friends are pioudjr called to mind; The ftVangers, who have come fometimes many hundred miles to be prefent on the occadon join in the tender condolence ; and the women, by frightful (hrieks, demonilrate that ^hey are pierced with the fharpeft forrow. Then thedead bodies are carriedfrom the cabins forthe general re-interment. A- great pit is dug in the ground, and thither, at a certain time, each perfon, attended by his family and friends, marches in folemn filence, bearing the dead body of a fon, a father, or a brother. • When they arc con. ycned, the dead bodies, or the dull of thofe which were quite corrupted, are depofited in the pit: then the torrent of gfrief breaks out anew. What- ever they pofTefs moft valuable is interred with the dead. Tlie llrangers are not wanting in their generofity, and confer thofe prefents which they have 'brought along with them for the purpofe. Then all prefent go iiown into the pit, atid every one takes a httle of the earth, which they afterwards pre- fcrveiwith the moft religious care. The bodies, ranged in order are covered with entire new furs, and over thefe with bark, .on whi to whom we 8 one of tlie it of humail i pleafure to ral carcafles, them, or the id withered ; if they were are juft turn- arming with rht to ftrlkc r piety and for nothing tention with I ; gathering difguftful at e wormst^and feveral days, 1, and with* t, for haviH? :nted in their ;aft in honour and all the [d8 are pioufly lany hundred ice ; and the :cd with the [or the general certain time, llemn filence, Ithcy arc con. lorruptcd, are |iew. What, llrangers are [ch they have ro jdown into lerwards pre- Ir are covered Ithrow ftone efLch to hii '' , 'i '" ■ . 18 prefents to •in N A M E if I C' A. 8S7 the dead, whtterer th«y '»lue moft highly. This cullom, which is univerfal among them, arifes from a rude notion of the immortality of the fonl. They believe thiadodirine more firmly, and it is the jprinciple tenet of their religion. When the foul is fepatrated from the body of their friends, they conceive that it dill continues to~ hover around it, and to require and take delight fii the fame things with which jt formerly was pleafcd. After a certaic^time, how- ever, it Ibrfakes this dreary manfion, and departs far weftward into the bnji of fpirits. They h^ve even gone fo far as to make a diftindion between the inhabitants of the other world ; fome, they imagine, particularly thoGe who in their 'ife-time hu^e been fortunate in war, poffefs a high degree of hap- pinefs, have a place for hunting and fifliing, which never fails, and enjpy all fenfual delights, without laboui-ing4iard in order to procure them. The foul* of thd)re» on the contrary, who happen to be conquered or .flain in war, areex* tremely miferable after death. . Their tafte for war, which forms the chief ingredient in their charaflefy gives a ftrong bias to their religions. Arefkoui, or the god of battle, it revered as the great god of the Indians. Him they invoke before they go into the field ; and according as his difpofitiou is more or lefs favourable tt> them, they conclude they will be more or lefs fuccefsful. Some nations worfl^p the fun and moon ; among others there are a number of traditions, relative to the creation of the world, and the hiftory of the gods : tra- ditions which refemble the Grecian fables, but which are ftill more abfurd * and inconfillent. But religion is not the prevailing charadler of the In- dians ; and except when, they have fome immediate occafion for the affift- ance of their gods, they pay them no fort of worfhip. Like all rude na- tions, however, they are flrongly addi£ted to fuperftition. They believe in the exifteiice of a number of good and bad genii or fpirits, who inter- fere in the affairs of mortals, and produce all our happinefs or mifery^ It is from the evil genii, in particular, that our difeafcs proceed ; and it is .tp the good genii we are. indebted for a cure. The minifters of the genii are the jugglers, who are alfo the ooly phyficians among thesfavages. Thefe jugglers are fuppofed to be infpired by the good genii, moft commonly in their dreams, with the knowledge of future events ; they arje called in to the afliftance of the fick, and are fuppofed to be informed by the genii whether they will get over the difeafe, and In what way tliey mult .be treated. But thefe fpirits are extremely fimpU in their fyftem ofphyfic, and, in almoft vety difeafe, direA the juggler to the fame remedy. The patient is incloftd in a narrow cabin, in the midft of which Is a ftone red hot ; on this they throw water, • until he is well foaked with the warm vapour and his own fweat. Then they hurry him from the bagnio, atid plunge him fuddenly into the next river. This coarfe method, which colts many their lives, often performs very extraordinary curesi The jugglers have likewlfe the ofe of fpfne fpecifics of wonderAil efficacy ; and dl the favages are dexterous in curing wounds by the application of herbs. But the power of thefe remedies Is always attributed to the magical ceremonies with which they are admlnlftcred. ' , It (hould be obferved by the reader, that the partlculurs which have jnfl been mentioned conceriyng the manners of the Americans^ chiefly relate to the Inhabitants of North America. The manners and general charac- teriftics of great p^rt of the original Inhabitants of South America, were very differenti On the firit appearaince of the inhabitants of the Nevr World, their rdifooverers found them to be In many particulars very unlike the generality of the people of tli% Kncicut hemlfphcre. They were'^dlf- lereot; --/»,^ 8M A H E*R I C A. felnent in their fettures and complexions ; they vreit not tttAj averfe To toil,' hut fecmed incapable of it t and when roufed by fbrce mtra their jiative indolence, and compelled to work, they funk vi»der taflis Which the in< habitants of the other continent would have performed witheafe. This leeblenefs of conftitution feemed almoft anirerfal amongr' fhe inhabitants of South America. The Spaniards were atfo ftruck with the fmallnefs cX their appetite lor food. The conftltutional temperance of the natives far exceeded in their opinion, the abftinence of thif mod moftilied hettnits; while, on the other hand, the aj^tite of the l^aniards appeared to thfc Americans infatiably voracious ; atid they affirmed, that oAe Spaniard de^ voured more food in a day than was fuificient for ten Americans. But chough the demands of the lutive Americans for food were vefy fparing^ £q limited was their agriculture, that they hardly raifed what was fofiklent for their own confumption. Many of the inhabitants of South America confined their induftry to rearing a few plants, which, in a rich and warm climate, were cafily trained to matbrity | but if a few Spaniards fettled in any diftri6t, fucl^.a fmall addition of fupernumerary moutiM ibon exhaufted their fcanty ftorea. and broueht on a nimine. The inhabitants of South America, compared with thole of North America, are generally moit feebk ift their frame, lefs vigorous in the efforts of their minds, ef a gentle but daftardly ^irit, more eaflaved by pleafure, and funk thij> the ^onrid ^pqe, they s^re con(^ajf4y cpv^M with fnow. Chimborazo, the higheft of the Andes, is 3Q,6o3 feet ; ^f thii abou^ 2400 fe«t from the Onomit Me (dv^ays covered with (now. Canuxon J u.- .!._ IT u _ji a:. r.:j *_ 1 . «--!<• .1? 1 "iiS-^Ci that loog ridge which lies on the hack of the Amenq^w Stf»tes, fep^^ting them from Canada and Louifiaqa, ^hich we call the Apah^hian or AUiranV mountains ; if that may be coniidered as a roountaio*. which upoft one fipe if extremely lofty, but upon the other is aearty on a Mv^jiri^h ^he ^eft 9f ^ cowntry, , . ', " - ' ■' ' -^ America is, without queftion, that part of the globe which, is ^ft^y tered ; and that hot only for the fuppprt of life, and all the purpofes of fertility, but fpr the conreaicnce of tifide, and the intercourjCe of each part with the Qtheis. In North America, fuch is the wifdom s^nd ^ot^ hefs of the Creator of the uniyerfe,^ thofe vaft traAs of country, iituated beyond the Apalachian mountains,, at an. immenie and unknown diftanc^ from the ocean, are watered by inlatid feas, called the lakes of Canada, which not only communicate with each other, but give rife to feveral grc^^ rivers, particularly the Milhfippi, running /rora north to fouth till it faU|| into the gUlf 6f Mexico, after, a oourfe, incWding its turnings, of 4500 miles, and reosiving in: its i prognrfs the vail tribute of the Illinois, t^ Mifaures, the Ohio, and other great rivers, fcarcely inferior to the Rhine^ orthe Danube ; and on the north the riv^r St. Laurence, running a con- trary cour£e from the Miffifippi, till it empties itfelf into the ocean n^r Newfoundland ; all of . them being ahnoft navigable tO th^ir heads, laf open the inaaoil receifes of this^g^eat continent, and aford f^ch an inlejt for commerce, as muil produce the greated advantage, whenever tjiie coun^: try adjacent (hall come to be fuUy inhabited, and by an induftrious and cir> viiized people. The etftem fide «f North America, befides the noble rivers Hudfon, Delawar, Sufquehana, and Potpwmack, fupplies feveral others of great depth, length, and commodious navigation : hence many parts of the fettlementa are fo advahtageouily interfered with navigable rivers and creeks, that the planters, without exaggeration, , may be (aid to have each a harbour at his di«)r. South America is, if pofiible, in this rcfpe£keven more fortunate. It fup- plies much the two lai^eft rivers in the world, the ri^er of Amazons, and tpf Rio de la ^lata, or Plata River. The firil rifing in Peru not far from the South Sea, paflesfrom WeR to £aft, and falls into the ocean between B'razjEt and Guiana, after a courfe of ntore than 30OQ miles, in wl^ch it receives a pro- digious number of great and navigable riven. The Rio de la Plata rifes in the heart of the country, and having its ftrehgth gradually augmented, by ah Acceffionofmany p in honour of his miitrefs queen Elizabeth. • , 'i The French, indeed, from this period until the conclufion of the war in ^r7(53, laid a claim to, and actually po(fe(red Canada and Louifuina, compre- Iiending all that extenfive inland country, reaching from .Hadfcn's Bay on the north, to Mexico, and the gulf of the fame name, on the fouth : regioin f4a«k all Europe «euid not peo{^e ia thecgurfc r ' tiany ages { but no ter. •; " • ritory AMERICA, r ntoryi nowever e](teoriV|e» no crnpirci hoWcver boundlcfr uld gratify the ambition t>f that afpiring natioti : hence, under the nio.. Solemn tiieities, thev continued in a ftate of hoftility, making gradual advances upon the bacK of our fettlements, and rendering their acquifitionit more fecure and permanent by a chain of forts, well fupplied with all the impkmentfl of wai'.' At the fame time they laboured inceflantly to gain the friendlhip of the In> , dians, by various arts, even by intermarriages, and whom they not only train*" ed to the ufe of arms, but infufed into thefe favages the mod unfkvourable notions of the Englifli, and the ftrength of their natioi). The Britilh culoniel thus hemmed in, and confined to a flip of land «long the fea-coaft, by,,Ab ambitious and powerful nation, the rivals and the natural enemies of Gre^i: Britain, began in 175^ to take the alarm. ThCrBritifli empire in AmeriCAt yet in its infancy, was threatened with a total diflblution. The colonies, ia their diftrefs, called out aloud to the mother country. The bulwarks, aind the thunder of England, Vrere fent to their relief, accompanied with power- ful armies, well appointed, and commanded by a fet of heroes, the Saipioat of that age. A long war fucceeded, which ended . glorioufly for Great. Britain ; for after oceanA of blood were fpilt, and every inch of ground waa bravely difputed, the French were not only driven from Canada and its- de- pendencies, but obliged to relinquifli all that part of Louifiana, lying on the. caa fide of the Miffifippi. . , ^ v - Thus at an immenle expence,^aRd with the lofs of many br^ve men, owe colonies were preferved, feciired, and extended fo far, as to render It difficult^, to afcertain the precife bounds of our empire in North Amerife, to the northern aAd weftem fides ; for to the northward, it fhould feem. th^t wis. might have extended our claim quite to the pole 'itftdf, nor did any nation' feem inclined to difpute the property of ^his northcmmoft country with us. But our flattering profpedils refpedting our American . podeflions, have boeiV annihilated by that unhappy conteft between the mothor-counti^, ahd the. colonies, which, after eight years continuance, with gr^^at expence of, treafurc'and blood, ended fin the eftablifliment of a new Repnbnc, ftyled "The Thirteen United States of Amierica." The territory oftheUrf-! ited States containa by computation a milUon of fquare miles, in which «iiik.' AcK. 640,000.000 'it^^'V -, • --^i^^i'^^ DeduA 5 1,000,000 of witer i '] ; .V/^ -M '^-o jit-iuX -J : , • •) , ••..: ;n .>5'?0 '• ^ 589,000,000 of land of the war k The -jxtent of unappropriated weftem territory, containing 22^,000,000- of acres, is transferred to the federal government, and is pledged as a fund for finking the national debt. It is in contemplation to divide it into new ftates with republican conititutions fimilarto the others. The tpultitude of iflands, which lie between the two continents of North and South America, are divided amongft the Spaniards, Englifh and French. The Dutch indeed poflefs tliree or four fmall iflands, which in any other handa would be of no confequence : and the Danes have one or two, but tTiey hard- ly defcrve to be named among the proprietors of America. We fliall now proceed to the particular provinces, beginning, according to our method, with the imrth ; but Labrador, or New Britain, and the country round Hudfon's Bay, with thofe vaft regions towards the Pole, are little known* [Y? -m #t»».«j.'<:A** m's ■ p^^-'-^'»^r ''^ H^ A M B It I ff «. Afiumnny VInr oftSie BkA 6 « . iCnitttdt^r • -, - yeniK{iit • • • yemW N. W.«f1 Pfaio River f \. •* ftttkd By i6o6 By the Fteteh* 1609 By Lord de la War. 1610 By Governor John Gay. 1614 By tike iDutdu 1610 S^' I***^ °^ ^' '^^^"^*''' eoagrega* t^«'« J ^ * ^"^ E«gliib ctJoiiy, B«ur the '°'' I nwutk of Pttcau^oa river. i6a7 dythe SwedciftfKl^>)*« 1 6a 8 By Caut. Jolm £ndicoC and company m I By L c^ Baltimr«c> with a cobny of Ro« '^«3 I 'b,k„ CirthoKcs. ifiar 'B)r^« Fcnwickk at Saybrook) Mar the ** I nwK.th of ContieAicat iriv*. »«35 1664 'By Mr. Roger yfiiimmtt and hi« perfe> cuted brrthren. f Oimnt^l to the Duke of Yoi>khy Charlei J It. and made a diflinA govemmentr I and iiettkd foau UhM before thiiby the ij, Etigiifc. 1!^ ' 9f Goveroot'Si^ i6ali Bjr Williato Penn^witb a eolony of Quaken. . V..A 1 Ertfted into a fcparale govetament, fet^ '7'^ I tfafdMreby&eEhgUh. lysa*' ByOwberal Ogkth&rfi6 * 1 7^3 By Cd. Diiinel Boon^ * 777 1 'piru fiff New Engbnd 1 7^7 9y the Ohio and ethif (iditnpaniet. rBy emigrants from Conne£Ucut» and othcB P •X Tl« :l i MERIGA. 0H*» COOgMgl- 9ii7i adur the r. :omp«n7 colonjrofRo* 'oidki tocfM' the tee, ind kit perie- M^kky Unrlei govemmentr bre thisby t)« f ttQMken. etttmcnti f M 3o & ' I c^ '*'?^>-..:, '.^ f> ■-^'^ Col« >Uw Bit Pr»vlM« Me* 5eo New Bra New Bn New Yor V.rifiii t>eni Guiua Bratil C'tiili "m E I . A AMERICA. •n The Gntid Ditifioni of NORTH AMERICA* Colonic*. LeiJK j Brca.l Sq. Mil. Chief Townt. i»m London: B«I«»1«W j Mew Bruaiu Pr.i«iM«'itfY Q«ib.e. \ 80 7J0 3»f.7Jo, OreAt' Britain 600 3JO 550 .^'^ 160 300 M« >oo i«o 1100 MOO «oo •50 "to?" ».»o 60 J140 440 "645" (000 100,000 37.000 «7.o«> Qnebec Dtito Mtfw New ftotUod \ New Brnnfv. J HaHfoi Hbelburna New England Bolton •760 W. Uni«Bd .<)rat«i New York 14.000 MewVork " DiMO New Jerf«7 10,000 Pf«l> Amboy VhIo Peaufjilvnia «»».ooo!Hfcil»del|.h« DiMo Mj ryiand ia,ooc|AMapoUs b»C(* V'trj^iniu (to,ooo Williamfb. rf OltM NortlvQaro. i South Carow V Georgia 3 1(0,000 fc-danion Charlei towo Savannali Ditto '" DItro bitio Eafl Florida Weft FTorida 100,000 It. AuguftiiM Pcnfaeola 8pata Oiito Luuinana , 5i6/}oo N I 1400! 460 335.000) >«gonia. 311 } The Spaniard* toolc pofieifioa of it, bn- 335.000) di4 not tbink it worth wbik to fettle there. <*K -'■■''.■.^.' 1^^'. ». 1 ' ■■^l^ »H A M E R I C A. The principal Islands of NORTH AMERICA bs- longing to the Europeans are ->. P St •2 1, ■s 1 u ? i .3 f ISLANDS. Length Breadth Square Mi1f«. Chief Towns. Belongs to Great Britain ^ Newtoundland iso 100 33>5«20 platerttia j 1 Cape Breton . tio 8o . 4.OC10 L'iO'rtjurg Ditto 1 rSt. John's J Tbe Bermuda Iflea 6o 30 500 Cfiarl'tteTown DtUo «o,030 acre* 40 St. Georae Ditto (.The Bahama ^tto , Jamaica trery numerous Naffaii Ditto no 60 6,000 K>(|gfton Ditto Diito Barbadoea at «4 MO 80 Brt<]getp«IO> Biffe-'crre St. John's Ci'arieii;Town Plrmouth St. ChriftoplKr'i to "7 Ditto Antigua - »o /•«d 100 D.t;o iDitto DirtO Netii and ? Mftnteferrat J each of thete it i8 circum. Barbuda Au«uill» 30 lai 60 60 Ditto |10 Dit-.i , D(N»j[nica St. Vihccnt Oranada 48 <3 150 Rofleau Ki.igfton "~" St. Georee's ' Ditto .**, - >8 - 150 Ipitto • .^0 15 150 108 Din TobafO , 3* 9 Hawannsh France i^ Cuba 700 90 .^8.400 3^>ooo Spairt y Hrfpanioia [ 4jo »iO St. Domingo Fi-ancc porto Rico •30 49 • 3,400 a.897 P'*to Rico - St Joieph Spain Ditto 'innida4. Marpirita 90 60 < ,'40 »4 6«4 St Peter's Ditto Britain Ditto Mariinico 6o 30 300 450 . Giiadaloupa . 45 *3 38 Baffe tcrre St. Lnda 90 1 Ditto - if. Bartitolomew y Deffeda, and V Marigalanta 3 all of them in. coafiderable , ; iV.- . .: Ditto Ditto Ditto St. ]^uftatia Curaflbn - »? cirenm. The Bay Dutrh 30 10 34> Ditto St.Thomat L 8t. Croix '5« cirtnm. Dinniark SO '0 ' B^iic Eud DittdP Briftlh IflaixUin NORT and ihe WEST INDl HAMEI ES UCAJ^ 6,930 fn oar* mile*. « ^■i ( 89S. ) LRICA bs^ I\t. Belongs to ■ y« 'JreM Briuin " Ditto wn ^ Diuo " Ditto " Ditto \ Ditto Diito -m^ Ditto rn D:t'.0 Ditto Ditto Ditto Dii-i Ditto V.i pifto • ^, D.» H France ,-. , . 8pw»* > F'lncc S^in D'.tto IMtfo Bntain Ditto - Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Dutrh Ditto Dm murk DittJP .' BRITISH A M E R I C i^ N E«W 1^ K i T A I N. Maes. Situation and eztsnt. Degree*. ;' , ^°5fl^?«l between £)readth 7503 {50 antt 70 north latitude. 1 jpo and 100 weft longitude. J $q. Milel. 3'8,75t NEW BRITAIN,. or the country lying round Hudfon's Bay, and cominonly called' the country of the Efquimaux, comprehending Labrador, now. North and South Wales, is bounded by unknown lands, and frozen feas, about the pole, on the North ; by the Atlantic ocean ou the Eaft ; by the bay and-rtver of St. Lawrence and Canada, on tfie So>^th, and by unknown lands on the Weft. Its length is computed at 850 oailes, and 750 broad. Mountains.] The tremendous high mountains in this country towiS^rds the north, their being Covered with eternal fnow, and the winds blowing from I thence three quaiters of the year, occaAon a degree of cold in the winter, ovef all this country, which is not cJ^perieitced in any other part of the World ill tke fame latitudJ!. Riv^as, BAYS, STRAITS, 1 Thefe , are numerous, ^nd take their AND CA»fis; J names generally from the Englilh^ na?, > yigatovs an4 comnianders^ by whom they were firft difcovered. The piiav cipal bay is that of Hudfon, and the principal ft -aits are tho£e of Ihxmon^ Davis, 'and Belleifle, ' Soil aho paooucB.] This country isexttemt^v barren ;^ to tiie uortik^ ward of Hudfon's Bay, even the hardy pine-tree is It eh no longer, and the' cold womb of tbe ^arth has been fuppofed mcapable of any better' produAios than fome miferaUe ihrubs. Every kind of European feed, which we have committed to the earth, in this inhofpitable climate, has liitherto periflved ; but, in all probability, we have not tried the feed of corn 'from the northern parts of Sweden and Norway; in fuch' cafes, the place 'fro0 whence the feed comes ^is of great moment. All this feverity, and long aontinuance of winter, and the barrenriefs o5 the eftrth vhich comes from thence,, is experienced !i) the latitude of lifty-oue; in the temperate lat" itude A Cambridge. Animals.] Thefe are the moofe d^er, ftags, rein deer, bears, tygera, bvC& faloes, wolves, foxes, beavers, otters, lynxes, martinsj fqtiirrels, errpins, wild cats,. and hares. . Of the feathered kind, they have gecic, liuftarde, ducks, partritjgeS, and all mannerof wild fowls. Of fiih, there are whales, morfest leals, cod-tidi, and a white Mi preferable to herrings ; and in their rivers and frelh waters, pike, perch, carp, and trout. There have been taken at Port Nelfon, in one feafon, ninety thoufand partridges* which are here as large aa hens, and twenty.five thoufand hares. Ail tlte animals of thefe countries are clothed with a clofe, foft, warm fiir. In fummer there; is here, as in other places, a variety in the cdiours of the Ceveral aninaals. When tha^ feafon i( over, which holds only for three moutlit, . \ v N/E W B R IT A IN, they aHalTumc the livery of winter^ and every fortof beafta» and moil of thet'r fowk, Are of the colour of the fno«L : ewry thing aninpatc and inanimate is white. This is a iurprifing pKsnomenon. But what is yet more fur- prifing,' and what is indeed one of the mod ftriking- things, that draw the moft inattentive to an admiration of the wifdom and goodnefs of Pro- videnoe* is, that the dogs ^nd cats from England, that have been carried into Uudfon's Bay, on the approach of winter, have entirely changed their appearance, and acquired a much longer, fofter, and thicker coat of hair, than they had originally. Before ire advance Arth^' in the defcription of America, it n^ty be proper to obferve in general, that all the quadrupeds of this new world are lefs than thofeofthc qU; even fuchasare carfied froA) hence to breed there, are often found to degeferatei but are never feen to improve. If >yith refpe The tyger •f Iwngal has bect^ known to atieafure fix feet in length, without including the tail ; while the congar, or American tyger, as fome afiedt to call it, feldom exceeds three. ' All the animals, therefore, -ip the fouthem parts of America, mre deferent from thofe in the fouthem parts of the ancient continent ; nor doea there aj^ar to be any conamon to both, but thofe which, being able to l>car tiie oolds of the north, have travelled frop one aentinent to the other. Thus the beair, the wolf, the rein deer, the-ftag,«ndthe beaver, arc kiiown as welt by the inhabitants of New Britain and Canada, as Ruffia ; while the iioti, the leopard, and the tyger, which are natives of the fouth with us, are 4}tteriy unknown in Southern America. But if the qitadrupcds of America he fmaller than thofe of the ancient continent, they are m much gneater abund- ance ; for it is a rule that obtains through nature, and evidently points ' «ot the wifdom of the Author of it, that the fmalleft animals multiply in the gneatcft pvoportion. ' The goat, exported from Eurppe to Southera America, in a few gen<;^ration8 becomes much lefs } but then it alfo becomes taove prolific, arid inft^ad of one kid at a time, or. two at the taaSif gener- dlly- produces five, fiy, and fometim^s more. The wifdom of Providence in making formidable animals' unprolitic is obvious : had the elepfa^, tlie irti^oceros, and the lion, the fame degpree of fecundity with the rabbit, 4aiMhe rat, aU the arts of man would foen be unequal to theconteft, and we -Ihould feon perceive them become the tyrants of thofe who-call themfelves the •Mifters of the creation. . ' ' PehsoiM add habits.] The men of this country fhew great ingenuity ill' their man;'':, of kindling a fire, in clothing themfelvea,,ano in preiervine *heir ^jcs trom the ill eiSe^s of that glaring white which every where furrounds them, for the greateit part of the year ; in o^er insfpedls they are very favage. In their Aiapf » and &ees they do not refemble the Amtncsns ^hoiivc to th; fouthward : they are much more4ike the Laj^andq^a and the Saraoeids of £tinM>e, ahcady dcfcribedr NE W B ft I T A i N. * igi DiscovsRY AND coMMBRCB.] The knowlcdee of thcfc northern feas nd Countries was owing to a projeS ftarted in Engfand fgr the difcovery of ii nort)i-weft paflage to Chin» and the filait-Indies) «s early w the yuaud8, it may be adroiiit||^ among tiie Indians.' On the odier haod» the. fkina and fura wt bring UcHii/* Hudfon'a Bay, enter largely into our upsufaAurts, and afford u» imtiiiBl*' fur trading with noany nationaof Europe, to great advantage.^ ' i' $Z- ^CANADA Jii^ ( «98 ) CANADA, or tLe Province of Quebec. SlTVATION AND ExtENT. ^'"' Miitt.' Degrees. Sq. Milts. Length 6ool . . , ("61 and 81 welt longitude. 1 ..^ ^ - Brefdth zooi *»**«'**" Us and 52 iiorth latitude.) »*«'°^* %»^ .-«*- ,. ^T|OUNDED by Ne\f Britain and Hadfon's Bay^on thr .Udu«0AMi8.j JI3 N6rtb and Eaft ; ^y Nova Scotia. New England, and New York, on the South : and by unkn^vf n lands on the Weil. ''■':' AtK AKi> CLIMATE.] The climatc of this province is not very different from the colonies mentioned above' ; but as it is much further from the fea, and more northerly than a great plart' of thefe provinces, it has a much fe- verer winter, though (he air ^s generally clear } hut like inoft of thofe Ame- rican trafks, that do not lie too far to the northward, the fummers are vety iitit and exceedingly pleafant. > ' Soil AND produce.] Though the ch'matc be cold, and the winter long Huid tedious, the foil is in general very £;ood, and in many parts both pleafant ahd -^fa|t3^ jxroducing wh^t, barley, rye» with many other forts ofgrains; ^l^^ftti"' ^ind^ vegetable^ ; tobacco, in particular; thrives well, and is much ciJditraited. The ifle of Orleans near Quebec, and the hnds upon the river St; Lmirence and other rivers, are remarkable fgr the richrtefs of their foil, 7he 'meadow grounds in Canada, which are well watered, yield rtcccUetit 'givfs, afad breed vaft numbers of great and fn^all cattle. As we are now cntesiu^jipoi) the cnldvated provinces of Britifh America, and as Canada iii^iiriBiieaft, waihes Montreal, where it receivea die Outtauais, and forms many fertile iflaods. It continues the fame courfe and Aieetsthe tide upwards of 400 miles from the fea, where ft is navigabia for large veffelrir' and below Quebec, 320 miles from the fea, it becomea broad, and fo deep, that ihips of the line contributed, in the war before, the hft, to reduce that capital. After receiving in its progrefs innumerable ftreams, this great river falls into the ocean at Cape Rofieres, wh^re it is 90 miles broad, And where the cold js intenfe, and the fea boifterous. In its' mogrdk it forms a variety df bays, harbours, and iflands, many «f them fruit< nil, and extremely pleafant. ^ Lakbs.] The great river St. Lauttnce is that only upon whicl) (he* Fiench'(ndwfnbje6t8 of Great Britain) have fettlements of any note; .^if if we look forward into futurity, it is nothing improbable that Canadttj, ^^ijiv^ thdfe vaft regions tb the weft, will be enabled of themfajves to carry W^ confiderable trade upon the great lakes of frefti water, which thefe co^ntriei^ snviron. Herfc are five lakes, the fmalleft bf which is a piece of fweet water,. ' greater than any in the other parts of the world ; this is the lake OrttariO|' which is not lefs than 200 leagues in circumference ; Erie, or Ofwego, longer, but not & broad, is about the fame extent. That of the HiXrdn fpeads greatly in width, and is in circumference not lefs than 300, as is that of Michigan, though, like lake Erie, it is rather long and comparatively^ narrow. ' But the lake Superior, which contains feveral large iPands, is ^oo ' kagues in the circuit. All of thefe are navigable by any veffels, and they all communicate with one another, except'tbat the paflage between Erie and' Ontario is intierrupted by a ftupendous fall brcatarad, whibh is called -the^ Falls of Niagara. Tlie water here is about half a mile wide, where the n>ck' croiTcsjt* not in a dire£l line, but in the form of a half moon. When it comes to«the'fnpendicular fall,- which is 150 feet,, no words can exprefs the con* Rernation of travelleta at feeing fo great a body of water falbng, or rathef Yiolently thrown, from fo great a height, upon the rocks below j from which' it again rebounds to a very great height, appearing as white as fnow,' be*" in? all converted into foam, through thofe violent agitations.. The noife of this fall is often heard at the diftance of 1 5 miles, and fometimes much farther. The vapour .jarifing ftom the fall may fometimcs be fecn at a great diftanie,. appearing like a cloud, or pillar of fmoke, and in the appearance of a rain-' bow, whenever the fun and the pofitiqn of the traveller givours. Many b^ail^ and fowls here iofe their lives, by atteiiipting to fwim, or crofa the llrcamitt the rapids above the, fall, and are found daihed iii pieces below } and fomC'* 5 Z 2 , tj«!i« f«« U JR I T I 3 H AM^ R I A, tifOAthc ladiiM, tliiH>Hgk carelcflhlfB or 'ditMikennefti hpve metwi'tb the - iCuBC l^%c i f nd pei^KiM j»9 place in th< n^rld is frequented by (uch « puin< . )^ of caglM «• «re/ihvi^4 bither by the carnage o. latf, t\k», J>ffU«* &c. on whkh theyiieed. The riva"fit.«L«ureacr» as we have alre»dy ob(ervtfd|i» i!bc outlet of thefe kkes j by this they 4i(d\vrge themfelvcfe into the ocean. "X^^t ^French, when in potTcflion of thefprovincc, built forU at. the f^yeral Aiiitfl, )>y wl)r^:h thefe lakes conimunic»te with each otlier, as well i$ yvherc tii;e iaft of them contmunicates with the rivt-r. By the^ they efF*£ktially ^b6ur«!4 to themfelTes the trade of the lakes, and an influence upon all the natiorfs cf- America which lay near them* ' A-HiMALi.] Thefe make the moOr curious, and hitherto the moR. inte> veiuug part of tho patug^ hiftory of Canada. It in to the jfpcils of thefe. that \)pre <»we the iiuterials m many of our manufadurcs, and molt of the c^m* mcive aayet earned on betyreea us aqd the country we have beer, dcfcriblng. The animals that 4nd OieHer and nouTi(hment in the immeofe forcfts of Ca> yada, and which indeed traverle the uncwitivated parts of all this continent, •fe ftags, elks, deer, bears, foxes, martins, wild cats, ferretfl, wcafels^ Iquir- rels of a large fize and gteyifh hue, hares, and rabbits. The foutheiin parts in particular breed great numbers of wild bulls, deer of a fmall lize, divers forts of roebucks, goats, wolves, &c. The mardies, lake% and pools, which in this cmintry ai« very numerous, fwarm with otters, beavers or caftorg,of which the white we highly valued, being icarce, as well as the right black ' kiud. The American heaver, though rcfemblin^ the creature l^nown ia Europe byithat name, has many particulars" which render it the njuift curi- ous animal we arc acquainted with. . It is near four feet in l(;n^h, and veighii fixty or feventy pounds { they live from fifteen to twoity jrears, agd ^ (he Kmaka geafcrally bring forth four young ones at a time. It is an am« . phibiou^ qiMdruped, that continues not loiig at a tim^ in the water, but yet'cannot live MoSiout irequently bathing in it. ' The favages, who waged a continual war with this animal^ believed it to be a rational creature, that - It lived ia'fociety, and Was governed by a leader, refembliisg their own fachem, or {Hince— — It'muft iudced be allowed, that the curious accounts ^ivenof this animal by inganioua travellers, the manner [» which it contrives its habiCation, provides food to ferve during the winter, and always an pr6por< taoQ to< the continuance and fe verity of it, are fufficiant to (hew the near atoroaches of bftind to.reafqn, and eveu in^ (ome in-ftances the fuperioritjr of the former. ' Their colours are different ; bla^k; brow^i, White, yellow, •nd ftraw colour t but it is obferved, that the lighter their colour the kh atugttity of fur they are cloathcd with, and live in wanner -cliiiiates. The ttirs of the beaver are of two kinds, the dry and tlte green } the dry fur ii the fkin before it is applied tu any ufe ; tlie green arc the furs tiiat are worn, after being iewed to one another, by the Indians, who befmA^ them with un&uoua fubftances, which not only render them Qiore pliable, but give the fine ' down, that is rasnufadured into hats, that oily quality which tenders it proper to be worked up with the dry fur. Both the Dutch and the EngUfti have of iate found the fecret of msdtikig excellent cloths, gluvei', andiftochingB, as well asliats, from the beaver fur. Befides the fur, ihi« ufeCidianimal produces theuuc cailoreum, which is contained.in bags in the lower pii,rt of the h«Uy> different from the tefticles ; the' value of this drug isVDcU knowni , The deftt of the beaver is a moft delicious food, but when l^oiled it has a difagreeable relifh. The !!iuik^rsii±£.H±s!:n'j£:v£ ^sd of hfavc'r 'weiuuinfir alxNit uvc or lii pounds (weiguing aoout uvc B R I T r 8 H A M E & I C A. •©• :.|lfp4»)»wKickitrefcablM in erev^ thing but its taili and it tiBvti$%nrf ' , ;SC!|i^«Uk is, of the fiEc of a horfe or mule. Many extraordinary me^ttSU flal'#ivUt''^ particuljirly for curing the.faUtn^'ikknefs ar^afcrtbe^ to tlfil^ hoof of thb lett foot of thfs nnimal. Its flcfli ii vrry agreeable and Rouri0l« ' ingt nod ita colour « nusture of light grey and dark red. They love the coldoouDtriea ) and when the winter anorda tbcm no gl^fs, they gawrtlM hark of treet. U ia dangerous to approach very near tt^is anunal wluro he ' i» huntedi aa lie foinctimea fpringa furiouily on his purfucrs* and tniH)plM ' th«m to pieces. To prevent this, the hunter throws. h?6 clothe* to fitti, and while the deluded animal fpends bis Itiry ai thfefe^ he takes proper meafuret to difpatch him. ^ TbciK ijB a carnivorous animal here» called the cai&jou» of ^ feline tnr oat kind, with a tail fo bng, that Charlevoix fays he twifted it fevdvt times round his body. Ita body is about twio feet in kngtb, from the end of the £ao«it tp the taiL It is iaid» that thif 'anima), winding himf(df about » tree, wiB dart from thence upon ^e elk» twift his ftrong tail round his body, and cut his throat in a moment. The bu&loe, a kind of wild ok, has much the fame appearance with thof^ of Europe { his budyis covered with a black wool, which is highly cfteett* ed.* The flefh of the femrk is very good ;. and thebuffaloe hides are as foft sod pliabk as chamois- leather, but fo very ftrong, that the bucklers whirli th*: Indiana lAke ufe of are hardly penetrable by a tnuiket baJl. The Qana* diui roebuck is adomeftic animal, but differs in no other refpeA fiom thofe of Europe. Wolves are fcarce in Canada, but they afford the fineft fura in sll thecountKy ; tlieir fleih is white, and good, to eat ; and they poriuethiir prey to the tops of the talleft trees. The black foxes are greatly efteeoiet^ and very fcarce ;■ but thofe of other ccloura are more common x andfemt on the Upper MiiGGppi are of a filver colour, and very'bfnutiful. They Uvesipon water-fowU, which they decoy within their clutches by a thoofiu^ antic tricks, and then fpring upon, and devour themi The Cai^adian pole* fat has a moft beautiful white fur, except the tip of his tail, which is in black as jet. Nature has given this animal no defence, but its urine, th^ fmell of which ia nauDeous and intolerable ; this, when attacked it fpntakki pkntifully on ita, tail, and throws it on the afiailant. The Canadian wochI rat is of a beautiful filver colour, with a bufhy tail, and twice at big as tha European t the female carries under her belly a bag, which ihc opens and (huts at pleafure { and in that ihe places 4ier young when purfued. Here are three forts of fqtiirrels ; that called the flying fquicrel will leap forty paces and more, from one tree to another. This little animal ia eafily tam- ed, and is very lively, except when afleep, which is often the cafe ; and he- put(|kip wherever he can find a place, in one's fleeve, pocket, or muffj he firft pitches on his mailer, whom he will diftinguifh among twenty perfons* ' The Canadian porcupine is lefs than a middling 'dog ; when roafted, he cat^ full as well as a fttclung pig. THe hares and rabbits dlSSer little from thofe in Europe, ODjly they turn grey in winter. There are two forts of bear|l^ here,, one of a reddiih, and the other of a black colour ; but the former i§ the moil dangerous. The bear is not naturally fierce, unlefs wl>en wounded* or opprefled with hunger. They run themfflves very poor in the montbof July, when it is fomewhat dangerous to meet thenri ;. and they are faid to fupport themfelves during the winter, when the fncw lies from four to tax i(et deep, by fucking their paws. Scarcely any thing ampng the Indiana fo» BR IT I S H A M E It I C A. ii tRt4«rtt1ieii with grfifitcr foknnity than hunting the bear ; and an aQI. •nee with a noted bear-huntrr, who hai killed fcveral in one day, ii mor* eagerly fought after, than that of one who hat rendered himfelf famous in war. The rcafon ii, bccaufe the chace fuppUea the family with both food and ralfnent. ' Of the feathered creation, they have eagles, falcons, gofltawkr, tercoit, P^ridgct, grey, nsd, and black, with long tails, which they fpread out as > • ha, and make a very beautiful appearance. Woodcocks are Tcaroe iii 'Canada^ but faipes, and other watertwo different fpeciet of ducks, and a areat number of fwans, turkeys, geefe, builasds, teal, watcr>he««» oranes, ana other large water-Towl ; but always at a diftance from houfes. The Canadian woodpecker is a beautiful bird. Thnifliet •nd goldfincKet are found he<^ ) bnt the chief Canadiin bird of melody is the whit<^*bird, which is a kind of ortohin, very (hewy, and remark, able for announcing Itlie return of fpringi The fly«bird is thought to be the moft beauii^l of anv in nature ; with all his plumage, he is no big> ^jger tlMn a €ock-chafery,and he nukes a noife with his wings like the hum> mingof alarge Ay. Among the reptiles of this country, the rattle-fnake chiefly deferves at- tention. Some of thefe arc as bi? a^ a man's leg, and they Me long in E portion. What is moft remarkable in this animal is the tiif^ vHiich ii y Ukeo coat of mail, and on which it is faid there grows every year one ring, or row of fcales $ fo that they know its age by its taili fts we do that of « horfe by his teeth. In moving, it makes a rattling noife, fix>m which it has its name. The bite of this ferpent is mortal, if a remedy ia not apjdied ionnediately. In ill places where this dangerous rebtile it brrd, there grows t plant which is called rattle-ftiake herb, the root of which (luds is the goodneUof Providence) is a certain antidote againft the venon\ of this ferpent, and that with the moil finiple preparation ; for it requires only to be pounded or chewed, and apj^ied like a plafter to the wound4 The rattle-fnake feldom bites paflfengers, unlefsit is provoked, and never dart^ kfelf at any pcrfbn withotit firil rattling three times with its tail. When pur> fucd, if it'has but a little time to recover, it folds itfelf round, with the head in: the mid^, and then darts itfelf with great fury and violence agtfihft its pur* foers ( neverthelefs^ thefavages chace it, and find its flefti very good ; and bdng aHc of a medichial quuity, it is ufed by the American apothecaries in particular cafes. , • Some writers are of opinion that the fifheries in Canada, if properly improv- ed, would be more like to enrich that country than even the fur trade. The river St. Laurence contains perhaps the greatelt variety of any in tht' world, and thefe in the greateft plenty and of the beft forts. Befidcs a great variety of other fi(h in the rivers and lakes, al% fea -wolves, lea-cows^ porpoifes, the lencornet, the goberque, the fea plaife ; falmon, trout, turtle, lobilers, the chaourafou, ilurg^on, the achigau ; the gilthead, tunnv, A ' iHrkc^ tercoiif , pretd out at are Tcaroe in tnadian raren etter. Here two different Hiftavds, teal, at a diftance i. Thnifliet rd of melody and remark« t' thought to he is no big« ike the hum- y deferves at- y an long in tiil; Which ii W8 erery year ts taili &s we ig noii'e, (irom , if a remedy roue retotilc i| root of which nft the venon\ "or it requiitl the wound* nd never dartai When pur- with the head pSti^ its pur- -y good ; and x>thecarie8 in perly impror- r trade. The in tW world, te fea-wolves, nfalmon, tront, jthead, tunny, [ichov. ;«, and amphibioui their flelb ii [r for burning Ir trunks, and llbr.cfs better, and iimI are Iff* U«blc to crack*. Tha ihoca and boou njMule of Ikofc fkimttt ig ' no water, and, when properly tanned, make excellent and IsltinB cotttn for fcati. I'he Canadian fea-cow i« Urger than the fea>wo!f^ but rc&mblea it jb figure ! it haa two teeth of the thicknefi and length of a nlkn'c arm, tliit* when grown,, look like homt, and are vury fine Ivory, as well as jtSi other teeth. Some of the fmrpoifes of the river St. Laurence arc faid to yields hogfbetd of oil ; and of their ikins waiftcoats are made, which ^rc excdCvely ftrong, and muflcet proof. The kncornct is a kind of cutUc-fiih, quite rouaid* or rather oval t there are three forts of them, which differ only in lize ; foae being as large as « hogfhead, and others but a foot long { thi^y cateh only the laft, and that with a torch ; they are excellent eating. The goberquc ha* the tafte and fmell of a fmall cod. The fca-plaife is good eating i they are takea with lonv poles armed wjth iron hooks. The chaourafou is an arnk«4 fi(h, i^bout five feet long, and as tiiick as a man's thigh, refembling a pike | bat is covered with fcales tlut are proof agaioll a dagger t its colour is a htvec grey ;'Bn4 there grows under bis mouth a long bony fubftance, ragged at tile edges. One may readily conceive, that an animal fo well fortified is a ravacer . among the inhahitapts of the water ; but we have few inttances of fifh, nukmjr prey of the lea^fbered creation, which this fifh doesy however, with mudv.aalk'.'* He conceals himlelf amdng the caues, and reeds, in fuch a manner that nodM w"'. ing is to be, feen befides ^is weapon, which be hoUis raifed perpendicularif at^vc the fuiface of the water : the fowh, whiclx come to taiie red, imftgia* ing the weapon to be only a withered reed, perch upon it ; but they are no fooner alightbd^ than the tiih opens his throat, and m^^^es fuch a fuaden.ino. tion to feize his prey, that it feldom efcapcs him. This fifh is an inhabitant of the lakes. The fturgeon is both a frcfh and falt-watT fifh, taken on the coafts of Canada and the lakes from eight to twelve feet long, and proportion- aMy thick. There is a fmall kind of ilurgeon, the flefh of which is very tender and delicate. ' The adiigau, and the giltbead, af« lifh peculiar to the river St. Laurence. Some of the rivers breed a kind of crocodile, tliat dificra bvt little from tbofe of the Nile. Inhabitants ai^d principal tovhs<] Before the late war, the banka •f the river, St. Laurence, above Quebec, were vailly populous ; but we cao- not.precifdy determine the number of French and EngHfh fettled in thispro- vince, who are undoubtedly upon the increafe* In the year 1 783, Canada and Labrador was fuppofed to contain about 1 3o>oop inhabitants *. The difTerent tribes of Indians in Canada are almoft innumerable ; but thefe people are.obferved to decreafe in populatio-v where the Europeans are moll numerous* owingchieBy to the immodefatw ufe of fpirituous liquors, of which they ar^ cxcenively fond. But as liberty is the ruling palfion of the Indians, we nay naturally fuppofe^ that as the European*' advance, the former will retreat to more dw^nt tcgipBs. Quebec, the capital, not only of this province, but of all Canada, is fituat- • c4 at the confluence of the rivers St. Laurence and 8t, Charles, or the Little Kivcr, about 320 miles from the fea. It is built on a rock, paitly of marble^ and partly of flate. The town is divided into an upper and a lower ; the Ipoufcs in both are of ftdne, and bwlt in a tolerable manner. The fortifioa- tlons.are (bong, though not regular. The town is covered with a. regular K«l bca^tiful citadel) law^ch ^he governor rcfides.' The number of ith ■ ■ ■ .1 "-1 .i . •-. ■■''- !' ■>• ' .•;J^iU!'.Wd>.: * Id 1 784, f^eneral Haldtmlnd ordered a ctiir4i8oftheiBfeabitaDttcatelak«a.wki!n*!;'-y ampuoted to 111.011 Eovlifh ss4 Ffca:!., ixgluMvc 01 locpoo loyaliftiifjBureJT in iha oppit '|iru ol the province. ■ \ ' • ' hiibittot* » \2 ^» BRITISH AMERICA habfcfH havt been computed at txor i5,ocx>. Tiw rifer* which fifwn tht in hither it four or five leagues brood, narrows all of a fucklcii to about a mile %iie. The haven, which Tictopputite the towa i«.ikfeaud commudiuut, and •bout 6ti fnthbnu decpi. The 'harb<>ur ii flanked bj two baftioni, that are ' tailed tf fcto be underftot. jin the fummer months. • The town called Trois Rivieret, or the Three Rivera, is about half way between Quebec and MontreiJ, and hat itt name from three rivets winch join their currentt here, and fall into the nver St. Laurence. It it .iBOoh reibrted to by federal nations of Indians, who, bv meana of thefe ' rfrert, come here and tr&^ with the inhabitants in varibut ktndt of furs and flcint. The country it ^eatant, and fertile in corn, fruit, &c. and grest w w abe rt of handibme houfct ftand on both tides of the tivera. Montreal Uandt on th« ifland in the river St. Laurence, which is ten Icaguefl in length and ftuir in breadth, atth the city and ifland of Montreal be- longed to private propriet«t«, who had improved them -fo well that the whole ifland was become a moll delightful fpot, and produced every tiling thaC'codd adminifter to this conveniences of life. The city forms an ob< ibng iiquare, divided by regular and welUfurmed ftreett } and when it fell into the hands ^f the Engufli, the ^oufes were built in a very handfome munner ; and 'every houfe might be feen at one view from the harbour, or from the fouthernmod ikie of the river, as the hill on the fide of which the town ftands falls gradually to the water. This place is furrounded '^v a wall and a dry ditch ; and its fortifications have been much improved by the Englifh. Montreal is nearly as large at Quebec } but fince it fell into t\e hands of the Engliih it hath fuifered much by Bret. Government.] Before the late war, the French lived in afflnencet being free from all taxes, and having full liberty to hunt, fiih, fell timber, .and to fow and plant as much land as they could' cultivate. By the capi- filiation gpranled to the French, when this country was reduced, both in- dtridualt aod communities wc.e entitled to all their former rights and pri- TiJeg«*t. in the year -1 774, an aA was pafTed by the parliament of Great Britain, for BMlfciag more ene^ual proviiion for the government of the province of Quebec. By this it was enacted, that it ihould be lawful for his majcity, hit heirs, and fuccelTors, by warrant under his or their fignet or ilgn manual, and with the iMce of the privy •council, to conftitute and appoint a council for the fe&Bt of the province of Quebec, tu confift oCfuch perCoot refident there, ■ . ~ ■ " * not BR I T I 3 H A M £ R j[.C A. IPX 9ot excecdiog twenty-three, nor lc(^ than feYfnteen» «• hUjna}«flf|^hit J)tirt« and fucccflbn, fhall be pleaied to appoint | and upon the, 4vath» retnoTalf oi^ abfence of any of the memberB of the faid counciVin' hkc manner to conftl* tute and appoint other* to fucceed then.. And this council^ fc ■'ppointca and nominated, or the maioritv of .theni, are vefted with power, aim. autho<- rity to m^ke ordjnauceii tor the .pea<)«« welfare, and. good govfrnpnent ,o^ the province* with the bonfent Qf the, governor, or, in hji ai&cnc^ . of, thf lieutenant-governor, or commander ii) chief for the time bjEing. The^^n- cil, however> are not impowcr<;d to lay taxes, except for the purpofe of mM>* ing roads, reparation of public buildings, or fuch local conveniencles. |£w this aA, aH matters of controverfy relative to property and civil righta«r« to be determined by the French laws of Canada ; but the crin^inaT^w'iol England is ta be continued in. the province.^ The inhabitants of Canui^ are alfo allowed by this aA not only to pfcfefs the Romifh r^Ugiori;^ ^xA the popith clergy are invefted with a right to claim and obtain thcic ffou^ tomed duc<.(TQm thofe of the fAm religion. This aft occafioned §l'g^i^ alarm both In England and America,. and appears to have C9ntr2|}ute'd nuicjp, towards fpreading a fpirit of difaffedion to the Brtttih government in tK^' coloniea. Tht city )f London petitioned againfl the bill before it receiv|;cf the royal ^c<>^ ; declaring, thi^t, they, apprehended it,. to be entivelyCubvi'h five of the great fundamental principles of tHe Drih'lh coiiftitution,^ as we^ at of the authority of. various' fqkmn.a£ks of the; legiflature. An^'*^'?"^ of the petitions of the American 9ongrefs to the king, the^ comptauied* that. by thcOuebec a£l, the limits of that province were extended, the £ng« h'(h laws abuli?hed, and the French laws reftored, whereby great R(HRb«r« of Briti(h freemen were fubjeAed to the latter ; and that an abfolutc govern- ment, and the Roman cathqlic ^religion, were alfo eilablifhed by that iStt throughout thofe vaft regiohs thatr border on the wefterly and northerly boundaries of the -Proteftant Englifh fettlements. , Trapi and commerce.] The nature of the climate, fevt^ly cola ler, and the people matiufa^^uring nothing, Ate ws what Canada prindp uiiiy wants from Europe ; wine, or rather mm, cloths, chiefly coanV lineup' kA wrought iron. The Indian trade requires rum, tobacco>,' a fort tkf duffii bankets, guns, powder, balls,, and flints, kettles, hatchets, toys, and trin«* kets of all- kinds; ;^ :.;",. , , ..,.,,• .1 -r, : ^m.. '; While this 'counitry was pofTcfled by the French, thie ^ Itvdiant. (bitolied them with peltry; and the French had traders, who^ in the manner bf the original infta^ants, traverfed the Vt:i1 lakes and rivers inf jfal^oes, wit^,ipfipQt dible induftry ^n^ patience, cr.rying their goods intQ^thfejrembteft parts ot America, and amongft nations entirely unknown to us. Thi^ againT brought the market home to them, as tht Indians ■^ei^ thereby kabitwtitf to trade with th;m. For this purpofe, people from.aH parts eVtn froov thtf diftance of iooo .miles, came to thf French fair at M<*trtal, which began^^' June, and fometimes lafted three months. On this occa(ion, many foleinaie, and llrheat, Mho'lhit to 1105,5001. Their ithpohs firotn Grebt ^Htain, in a variety cff MtddiM,' alt (MiMputed at neariy thd fame ^tim. It is unnfeceiflbiy to tnak^ 4'tiy .'rMa^ oh 'the Vahie and ihiportattee of this trade, whidi not only fimpili^.tis'trilih ;itiam){aft,ured materials, indtfpenfably neCefrary in nlUtriy fimc&8"bf oKr bonimef6e, but yfo tkk«a in exdhartge the manufaiftDKs of dib- oWn Cduht^y, oi' the tirbduftibj^ «^ t»tir6ther fcttleMeMsinthe fiaft iAtt-Wtftincfifes*." ■■ •"'.'■;• ■:'"■" >'%ficitVhift^vdr«tteiittoh be ^id to the ti<(rd« atad pedplihg of Canada, it i^'M>y:hai^y .lidffiMe td, wercpme ^rtftjn irtcdnVenSences, proceeding mM'tMttrA'twmi I ^ihian >the fe^tHty C,it-:ifiir;'^f i--v^*^y Length 350] ^^,^^^„ J43 Bot»^Aittss $^ Mjle*^ between ^ « l^ 1? }jSh?^!*S | ^ (,6<& wid, 67 Weft bngi^de; 57^0. ^'OOUNDED by the rirer St. Laurence on the North ', '■" JT j by -the gulf of St. Laurence, and the Atlantic ocean, B«ft.4 % the fame ocean. South; and by Canada and New England, Weft< in the yeftr' 1 7S4, this province was divided into /wtf jrovrmmm/x : lht'pro«ik)^ and govern^xkeivt, Dow ftyled New Brunswick, ia bounded on tiie .w«itward of t^e- river St. Croix, by tlie (aid river to its fource, and by a Uiie dra.wo due north from thence to the fouthern boundary of the province of Quebec, to the northward by the fame boundary as far as the Vteftem extrennity of the Bay de Chdeurs, to the cMlward by the faid bay tothe gulf of St. Laurence to --the bay called Bay Verte, to the fouth by a line in -the centte of the Bay of Fundy, from the river St. Croix afore-' £ud, to the mouth of the Mufc^uat River, by the (aid river to its fource, tixl fradi thence bfta due eaft hne acrofs the iiUhmus into the Bay Verte, -V •IktiaibiBaiit of tlie.ed,.inqlw4ing,4l ifl»»d8i yrit^ip. fi< Iwguea ofthccoaft,^ . Rivsr,s.1l Tbft riyet of St, Lf),urf nee. fprtns tl)fi nprtjiiern bQundtvyii T^e riven RiTgPMi^e an4 Nipifiguifi nin %oti^ Weft. tp/^^ft,, a^tdf^l] intq^tHtt bay of St, Laurence. ' The riyew of St. John, Paffamagnadi, PeoobfcQUj ^n4 St. Croix» whi<;h run' frqn) North, to Sputh, fall intp, ^updy Bikyj^pi thfl fea, a little to the eaftward- of it. • n. ' ■ • '-''.-. f ' '*i> •■) .-^Si-M^-^ SiA%t BAY V AID CAPB8.3 The (eas, adjpiniag to itC arei. the Ati^tio ocean, ^undy Bajir and the gulf of St. Laurenee. The teiiCet bays are, Ch<^* nigto and Green 3f>y uppn the ifthmus, whiffh joins the north part of Nova S<:otia to the fouth ; ftnd the bay of Chaleurs.on the nortbreaft i^ the bayi-pf Chedibu6))p on ^he foi»th-e?;ft ; the bay of the ifl^nds. t;he ports of ^ct* Chebudto, Prpfper, St.. Mvgaret, La Here,, port Maltois, port IittyflgnoU port Vertt mui poet Joly, on the fouth } port L^ Tour, on the fputhreaft ; port St., iifaaj^ AnnapoUs, and Mtnas, on, the fouth Qde pf f!undy Bayitand port Rolcwsyt now tiie n)oft popubus pf ^. -;: The chief capes are. Gape Pprtage, Ecpumenaci Tourmentin,. Cap^ Port and Epis, on the Eaft^ Cape Fogeri, and Cape Canceaq, on the fott^h-eaft. Cape Bianco, Cape Vert, Cape Theodore, Cape Dorc, Cape L* Heve, and Cape Negrp» 99^ rt»e |piith. Cape Sable»,^dL Cape. EouKche pn the ibuth- weft. ■iiif,-vv3.t'> , '.^'.-fiL-p.-^^/s^t :^;ii Lakes.] The lakes are very numerous, but haye not yet recetyei£^parf ticular names. CtiMATi.] The climate of this country, though within the temper rate zone, has been found rather unfavourable lo j^uropeai) conftjtuiioii% They are wrapt up in the gloom of a fog during gre^t part of the year, and for four or five months it is intenfely cold. But though the cold in winter and the heat in fummer are great, they, come on gradually, fp aa to prepare the body for enduring both. Soil 4SiND produce.} From fuch an unfavourable climate little, calk be expediled. Nova Scotia, or New Scotland, till lately was almo.ft a oont. tinued foreft i and agriculture, though attempted by the Eu'glifh fettkrs, made little progref$. In moft. parts, the ^oil is thin and barren, the corn it produces is of .a flirivelled kind like rye, 9nd the grafs intermixed with.a cold fuongy nxofs. However, i^ is not uniformly bad > there are tra&s in the peninfula to the fouthward, which do not yield to the .beft land in New England, and by the induftry and exertipns of the loyaUfts from theotherpxd. vinces, are now cultivated and likely to be fertile and flouriftiing. In general, the foil is adapted to the produce of hemp and flax. The timber is cr.tremely proper for (hip-building, and produces pitch and tar. Flattering accounts have been given of the improvements making in the new fettlemcnts and bay of Funtly. A great quantity of land hath been cleared, which abounds in timber, and ftiip'loads of good mafts and fpars have been (hipped from thence already. Animals.] This country is not de{iclent in the animal produAionaof the neighbouring provinces, particularly deer, beavers, and otters. Wild fowl, and all manner of game, and many kinds of European fowls and q^iadrupeda have, from time to time, been brought into it, and thrive well. At the clpfe ftt March, the fi(h begin to fpawni when they enter the rivers in fuch (lioal»i a^ are incredible. Herrings come up in April, ?,nd the ftr.rgeon and lahnoU iti May. But the nioft valuable appendage of New Scotland is the Cape Sabl^ coaft. along which is one continued range of cod'hftungbsuksi navigable riversi Infoqa, aad ej^cellent harbours. 6 A ai,/ Hl«« Hw xjv^i^ stTAit^or ymmk}j^i' ^ • 'IftiT^r •frfhuatnT, CHiiv T^ >7dtwithftattdlti^ t]b« fbfbCdduigi TOWMii* AND CQMMEKCS. }' appearance. of thitcountiy, it WM kiere tha^ fotte of thie firit Europoifi fetdefneiifs were vide. * T&e firft gmit •flanda in it was ^tca t>y James I.' to his fecretary fir WiUiaiiM Alexdnder» ficomwboMi it had the name of Nova Scotia, Or Nftw^Sk^)f^^tld^* Sincfe then ik-hu fitq||iieiitl7 ehinged hands, from one private proprietor to aiiother, and from the French to the Enclifti nation backward and forwSard. It> was not con^noied'to the Ehglifli, till the p^ce of Utrecht, andtheir defign in ac qnintor it,, does fiot Kern to hare fo nmch arifen from ail7;^rorpe£l of dired profit to be obtained' by it, a^ from an apprehenfion that the Frenbh, by pof* wBn0 Uua^rovinc^^ migb^ have had it in their power toaiiit^y Oi|r other feti tkfliients. ^ Upon this principle,. 3000 familieft were tranfported in 1 749/ at Um change df die government, into this country. The to«m fhe etu-l of that tiattte, to whofe wifdom and careWe ow« itirii 'fttdcmeat. " ' The town of Halifax ftands upon CbcbuAo Biiy, very qom* modioufly fiituated for the fifliery^ and hasi a communication with mo^ firti of ^be ph>vince,* cither by land carriage, the fea, or navigable mere, with a >i&ie'. harbour, where a finsdl ^uadron of flups of War lies during the wintep) and in fudimer puts to fca, under the contimand of a com^ modoiKt fW the ^ iroteAioa of the fiihery, and to fee tbat the alticles of the^ late peace, rdatiye thereto, are duly obferved by- the Frenchi ' The town ' has an intretkcbm«at» and is ftren'gthencd with forts of timber. The other towns of lefs note are Annapolis Royal, wliich ftands on the i^^ fide of tlie haj of Fuady, and, though but a fhiaU place, was formerly tit». 4 of the province. ' < It has one ofthe fineft harbours in America, capaU o.' < -< <;, tainin^ «i thoufimd veffieb at anchor, in the utmoft fecurity^ St. Jdhnu a a new, fet- tleinent at the mouth of the river of that name, that falls into the bay of Since the conclufion ofthe war, the emigration of loyaliib to this province £nm'.tb(i',United States^ hath beeik very great: by them new towns have ^ sea nu£ed» as Shelbume, which extends twro miles on the water>fide« and is faid to contain ahready 9000 inhabitants^ Ofthe oldfettlements, the moft fiourifli* iog'^d populous are Hallfiix, and the towaihips of Wiqdfbr, Norton, and Cornwalus, betweeh Halifex and Annapolis. Of the new fettlements, the nloft important dre Shelburne, Pair-town, Digby, and New Edinburgh. Xrfurge tra^ of land have been latdy cultivated) and the province is nov fikefy to atlvpicc in po|>ulation and feftiKty*-- : ' - UNITED STATES op AMERICA. OF the rife, progrefs, and tnoft remarkable events of that war, between Creat Britain and her American colonies, which at length terminated 'in the eibblifhment of the United, States of America, we have already given •n account, in our view of the principal tranfa£tions in the hiftory of Great i^ritain. It was on the 4th of July. 1776; that the congrsj^ publiihed a •■ .... ,. , , ■. folwn ivince 18 now f(Jenia dedaration, in wbtch they{affi|p[ied tbeirreafons for withdnwinjf their iiB«^ance from thjr king jof Great Bhtain. In the name, and by the. alithoiw ' Ity of theiohabitiuitiofthe united colonies of New Hampfliir^, Bftaiikhufett's Bay, Rhode Ifland, and Providence Plantations, Connefticut, New Yorka New Jerfey, Pennfylvania, Delaware, ^ryland, Virgfma, North Caroli^ South Carolina, «nd Georgia, they dedai^d, that they then werej and * the ^ United States of America;" and by which each of the colonies eontrac' - ted-a-'reciprocal t'f • of alliance and friendfliip for their common defence, for the maintenar ' ot their liberties, and for their general and ii[iutuaiad' . '" . ' Tit . . ■ . V .•^■ / - •t^'^ . I .VNn::g|^ ATATES or , AJ^^l^ , 'TiiOHA.S HUTCHINS, £fq. Geogtapberu^tk^ U-H^iSmet7^ '!];iiet«rntoryofthe United States (as before mentioned) contains ]ff cdmp'utat\on a mil- l^>p. of fqoiurc nulesn In whichare . - - • - I))e4ud for water - Acreeof land in the Uqitfid States - 64.o,poo»ooo of acrei. 5]^,00O,Q0P II M 1 .IJl , 1 I 5^9,opD,opo . , Ifhat part, of t^e United States conaprehended jietween the xireft te^ipcv iiaiy line of Pemtfylvanta on the eaft,'thc. boundary ^ne, h,etween Bri^ip anj .|(ue Un.itc4 States extending from the river Su Croix to the nortb-wreft ttf^ Iremity of the t^ake of the Wa|o<^8 on the north, the river Mi^(jppi, <)o tbe mouth Q^ Uie Ohio on the weft, and the .riv^ Ohip on the jCouth, to the aforementioqed bpunds pf Pennfvlvania, contains by coaiput%tip9 ?kbou^ four hundred and eleven thpm&nd iquare miles in which af e 263,040,0.00 of acrei '43,046,000 . ■ ' - ■ ' iC'o b^ difpofecl of by order of congrefs 220,QOO|,QOO The whole pf this immeitfe extent of unappiop^ted wefteni territory, cpnui^ine* as ^ve ftated, 290,000,000 of acre^has bet^q, by the cef- fioD of Jofi^ pf the origind thirteen liates, and by the treaty of peace tn^nsferred tp the federaf government* ^nd is pledged as ^ fund for Anlc ing the poiqtinental debt. It is in contemplation, to divide it into, new ftates, with republio^n cpaftitutions fimilar to the pld i^teti veftr the At* imtic oceap. ^^^ .1 ■ l^JtimaU of fie nifn^r 0/ aeres 0/ water, north and. wefiwar^. oftbt< river Okif, within the territory of t/)e United Sf0tai |ji Lake Superior • • , Lake of the Woods Lake Rain, &c. « •• )led Lake Lake Michigan < BayiPuan - f X^ike Huron • Lake St. Clair Lake Erie, weftern part Sundry fmall lakes and rivers 'tV, ■y. "'■ r Acres. 2 1, 9 J 2,78(0 I,i33,8cx) I (^5,200 551,000 10,368,000 1,416,000 5,009,940 89,500 2,?5?,8oo 301,000 43,040,000 1 1,000 of acKb >.9op •»opo syireft t«^^ :d Bnlt»ip and northpweft q< jfputB, to the Ul5lif 86 iStATfeg ii* AiAift'lC A. ' 9fr In L«ke Erie, W(6ftivit^ t>f the Hne extended ftotti thd north-lwtft toltitr of Pennfyjvania, due north to tbeboondalry between the Britifh tfcnftbiy ,000 *^,96o,ooo ■ J, • ■ * • ' 1. • 51^000,600 1 ■ ' '■ v ^Jv,, • < . 3,0.00 of acrei 0,000 ten^ territory, n, by the cef- reaty of peace ^ it into, new pear the At* ■the river Ohif, Acres. » 1, 9 J 2,7^0 i|i33»««> i(>S.»oo 551,000 10,368,000 I, »i 6,000 5,009,9^0 «9»5°° 301,000 43,040,000 S/mat( N B W E M Oi A N D. , .(.'-t .,..,,> . Situation and Extent, Mfles. Degrees. Sq. MOef. ; Length 350T u„*.^^.„ l4» «nd 46 north latitude. 7 q^' „, . tn. UreSth I Jo j ^''^'^«" 1 67 and 74 weft bngitude,=.4 -^* ' ;..,.., > , . '. ■ . ,.,;„ , (. BouMOAaiB8.]Ty(>UNDED on the North byCabadat on the Eaftby J3 Nova Scotia and the Atlantic Ocean ; on the Sonth by the Atlantic and Long-IHand Sound ; and on the Weft by New York*. V: ■'■ Divifions. Provinces.' Chief Towns. ^'l?.^h™5nl''^^"' I New Hampfhire - J Portfmouth. * iMan-achufetfsColont i^'^^r^ ^' ^^f 3 ' J 25. W. Lon. 70-37* : Rhode Ifland, &c. Newport. ' or governnnent The middle divifion The fouth divifion The weft divifion Face of the covHTai,! New England is a high, hilly, and, in ibaie MOUNTAINS, 5cc. J parts, a moiuitainous country. The moon* taina are comparatively fmall, running nearly north and fouth, in ridges pa« nllel to each other. M^cn thcfe ridges iiow the great rivers in maje&ia * Morfe's Ainerii;>A deogniphy. meanders »i» UWTEI> STATES ori^MfeltiqA. me^^den, neoftying the .iapumerable riruleU aa^'licgct, $re«ini .which |m): cee^ from the mountains on each dde* To a fpeftator on the^top oifa ncibouring mountain, the'V^ea betwven the rJQge«» vrhile in a iUteof naturei exhibit a romantic appearance. .They £e?in f^a ocean of woods^ fwelled and deprefled in i^s furface, li&C that of the S"^ ocean itfeU*. There are lour principal langes of mountains, papng. aearly from north. - eaft to fouth-weft, through Nevr England. They cpnlili of a multitude of parallel ridges, each having many fpurs, deviating from the course oi^ the general range J which fours are again brpken into irregular* hilly land.' > The main ridges terminate, lometimes in high bluff heads, near,(;liefea coaft ; and fometimes by, a gradual defcent in the interior part of (he cuuntry.— Thefe ranges of mountams are full of la^es, ponds, and fprii^gs flf watjcr, that give rife to numberlefs ftreams of various fizes. No country on Jthe globe is better watered than. New £ngUnd * *- " >> JJiin^RS.] Their rivers are, i. GonneAicut ; 3.. Thames ; 3. Patuxent; 4« Meittmiac; 5. Pifcataway; 6. Sacoj 7. Cafco { 8. Klennebeque ; and 9^ Penoblibot, or Pentag^net. ! r Bays and capes.] The mod remarkable bays and harbours are thofe formed by Plymouth, Rhode Ifland, and Providence Plantations } Monument Bay, Weft Harbour, formed by the binding of Cape Cod ; Bofton Harbour ; Pifcataway^ and Cafco Bay. The chief capes are. Capes Codt-M^rble Head, Cape Anne, Cape Netic, CapePorpus, Cape -Elizabeth, and Cape ^mall Point. ■ Air and climate.] New Engknd, though iituated almod ten degrees nearer the fun than the mother country, has an earlier. winter, which con* tinues longetr, and is more fevere than with us. The Summer again is ex« tremely hot, and mucli beyond any thing known in Europe, in the fame latitude. , The clear and ferene temperature of the (ky, however, makes .amends for the extremity of heat and cold, and renders the, climate of this country .fo healthy, that it. is reported to agre'e better with Britifli conftitu* tions thaii any> other of the American provinces. The iflnds are very boif- teroiis in the winter feafen, and natut'alifts afcrbe the early approach, and the length, and feverity of the winter, 'io die large freih water lakes lying t^ the north weft of New England,, which being frozen '0?ef fevend mouths, occj^ion (hofe piercing winds, which prove fg fatal to marinera on this cpaft. The fun rifes at Bofton, on the longeftday, at 26 minutes after four iq fhe momiag, ayd fets at 34 minutes after feven in the evening ; and on the fhort- eft day, it rifes at 35 minutes after feven in the morning, and fets at 27 minutes after four in the afternoon : thus their longeft day is about fifteen hours, an4 the fliorteft about nine. ■ Soil and produce.] We have already obferved, that the lands lying on the eailern (hore of Americ^ are low, and in fome parts fwampy, but farther back they rife into hills. In New England, towards the notth-eaft, the lands become rocky and mountainous. The (oil here is various, but bed as you ^approach the fouthward. Round Maflachufett's bay the foil is black, and rich as m any part of England ; and here the firft planters found the graft above a yard high. The uplands are lefs fruitful, being for the mofl part a mixture of fand and gravel, inclirting to clay. The low grounds abound io] meadows and pafturc land. The European grains have not beea cultivated, here with much fuccefs ; the wheat is fubjeSto be blafted-; the baurlcy ii a hungry grain, and the ost« are lean and cbafSy. But the ludian , ' " ' cora * Morfie'sAmeriMui Geography^ UNITED STATES o» AMERICA. pn i6m flbariHies in high perf«Aion, imd makes/the general food of the kiwer fort of people. They Vkewife malt and brew it intp a boer, which is not contemptible* However, the common table drink is cyder and fpruce beer : the latter is made of the tops of the fpruce fir, with the addition of a fmall quantity of molafles. Th^ likewife raife^ New England a large quantity of hemp and flax. The fruits of old England come to a great per^ feftion here, particularly peaches and apples. Seven or eight hundred fine peaches may be found on one tree, and a^mgle apple-tree- has produced fe* yen barrels of cyder in one feafon. ' But New England is chiefly diftinguiflied for the variety and value of ita timber, as oak, afli, pine, fir, cedar, elm, cyprus, beech, walnut, chefnot hazel, faiTafras, fumach, and other woods afed in dying or tanning leather, carpenter's work, and (hip building. The' oaks here are faid to be inferior to thofe of England ; but the firs are of an amazing bulk, and formierly furniflied the royal navy of England with mails and yards. They draw from their tniA connderable quantities of pitch, tar, re^^n, turpentine," gums, an4 balm ; and the foil produces hemp and flax. A ihip may here be built and rigged out with the produce of their fgreils, and indeed, flu'p-building forma a confid^rable branch of their trade. Metals.] Rich iron mines of a inoft excellent kind and temper,' have been difcovered in New England, which, if improved, may become very- beneficial to the inhabitants. . Animals.] The animals of this country furnifh many articles of New* England commerce. All kinds of European cattle thrive here, and muU tiply excee4ingly i the hoffes of New England are hardy, mettlefomc^ and ferviceable, but fmaller than ours, though larger than the Welch. They have few (heep j and the wool, though of a ihiple fuf&ciently long* is not nearly fo fine as that of England. Here are alfo elks, deers, hareSf rabbits, fquirrels, beavers, otters, nionkies, minks, martens, racoons, fabbs, bears^ wolves, which are only a ki'^d of wild dogs, foxes, ounces, and a variety of (fither tame and wild quadrupeds. But oqe of the moft fingid^ animalsv of this and the neighboi;ring countries, is the mofe or moofc deer^ of which there are two forts ; the common light gjrey moofe' which rsfem- bles the ordinary deer ; ^hefe herd fometimes thirty together : and the larger black moufe, whofe body is about the fize of a bull ; his neck rbfembles a (lag's, and his fleih is extremely gratefuL The horns, when full grown, are about four or five feet from the h6ad to to the tip, and have (hoots or branches to each horn, which generally fpread about fix feet. Whenthi^ animal goes through a thicket, or under the boughs of a tree, he lays his hems back on his neck, to place them out of his way : and thefe p'^odfgi* ous horns are filed every year. This animal does not fpring or rife in jo- injr, Uke a deer ; but a large one, in his common walk, has been feen to ftep over a gate (ive feet high. When unharb ured, he will run a courfe of twenty or thirty miles before he takes to a bay ; but jvhen cliafed, he gene- rally takes to the water. *'*'^T'"' « •; There is hardTy any where greater plenty of fovvfs; as turkeys, geefe,' partridges, ducks, widgeons, dappers, fwans, heathcocks, herons, ilorks, blackbirds^ adl forts of barn-door fowl, vaft- flights of pigeons, which come and go at certain feafons of the year, cormorants, ravens, crows, ficc. The reptiles are rattle-fnakes, frogs, and toads, which fwarm in the uncleared parts of thefe countries, where; with the owls^ la tke fummer evenidas* ' * 6B they make a moK hideous n6ir< **"t^ >«4. UNITEI> STATES o# AMERICA. The fcM round New England, u well as its riTcrs, abound with fiffi, and even whales of f«veral kinds, fuch as the whalebone whale, the fpermaceti whale, which yields ambergrifr, the fin-lMiclied whale, the fcrag whale, and the bunch whale, of which they take great numbers, and fend befidcs foma (h^every year to iUh for witales in Greenland, and as far as Falkland Jflands. A terrible creature, called the whale-killer, from so to 30 feet long, with flrong teeth and jaws, perfecutes the whale in thefe feas ^ but, afraid of his inonftrous ftrength, they feldom attack a full-grown whale, or indeed a young one, but in companies of ten or twelve. At the mouth oCthe river renc^fcot, ther^ is a mackarel fifhery ( they likewSle ii(h for cod in winter, which they dry in the froft. Population, inhabitants, andI There is not one of the colonies fXcb OF THB COUNTRY. j which can bc Compared in the abua< dance of people, the number of confiderable and trading towns, and the manufa^iUres that are carried on in them, to New England. The mod po< pulous and flourifliing parts of the mot*">r-couDtry hardly make « better ap> pjtai'>;.:ice than the cultivated parts of this province, which reach about 60 miles back. There are here many geptlemen of confiderable landed cftates ; but the great body of the people are land- holders, and cultivators of the foil. The former attaches them to their country ; the latter, by making 'them' i^rong and healthy, enables them to defend it*. Thefe freeholds generally pafs to their children in the way of gavelkiod y which keeps them from being hardly ever able to emerge out of their original happy mediocrity. In nd part of the world are the ordinary fort fo independent, ii - or poffefs more of the conveniences of life ; they are ufed from their infancy * to the exercife of arms ; and before the conteft with ^he mothep>country,'they had a militia, which was by no means contemptible } but their military ftrength is now much more confiderable. , The inhabitants of New England are almoft. univcrfally of Englifh def- cent ;" and it is owing to this circumftance, and to the great and general at< tention that has been paid to education, that the Englifh language has been preferved among them fo free of corruption. It is true, that frbm lazi- nefs, inattention, and want of acquaintance, with mankind, many of the people in the country have accuftomed themfelves to ufe fome peculiar phrafes, and to pronounee certain words in a flat, drawling manner. Hence foreigners pretend they know a New ' Englandman from his manner of fpeaking. But the fame may be faid with regard to a Peniifylvanian, a Virginian, or a Carolinian i for aU^have fome phrafes and modes of It. prenitnciation peculiar to themfelves, wh'ch diftinguifli them from thel: neighbours. '•^Thf New E^oglanders are generally tall, ftout, and well built. They glory, and perhaps with juilice, in poflefllng that fpirtt of freedom, which mduced their anceftors to leave their native country, and to brave the dangers of the ocean, and the hardlhips of fettling a wildernefs. Their education, laws, and fituation, ferve to infpire them with high notions of liberty — '.In New England, learning is more generally diffufed among all . ranks of people, than in any other part of the globe ; arifing from the ex- cellent e(labli(hment of fchools in etwry townfliip. A perfon of mature age, who cannot both read and tvrite i»-4rarely to be (bund. By means of "-yj^this general e llabliihment of fchooH, the extenfive circulation of newfpa* ^qf which not lefs than ^o,oc6. are printed every 'week in New Eng< ^^iAnWt AoKrlAn Geog'aphy. -:.*'■ ».:. ::r:A.'X hui) UNITED STATES o« AMEltlCA. ^«r land* tod feht to almoft erery tow» and vilbg« in the country), and the confequent fpread of learning, every townfhip, throughout this country, ife fumilhed with men capaUe of coiulnAing Oie aSairi <}f their town wilSi judgement and difcretion *. H New England, fliould any great and fudden emergency require it, conld funtifh an army of 164,600 men f . The inhabitanta of l^flachufett** Bay are elUmated at 350,000. Conne£Ucut it faid, in proportion to its extent, to exceed every other co* lony of Britifli Aaaerica, as well in the abundance of peopk as cultivatum of foil. Its inhabitants are about 206,000. The men, in general, througheofc the province, are robuft, ftout, and tall. The ^eateft care is taken of the limbs and bodies of infants, which are kept ftraight by means of a board t a pra£Uce learnt of the Indian women, who abhor aiU crooked people ; fo that deformity is here a rarity* The womqi are fair, handfome, and gen« teel, and modeft and referved in thenr manners and behaviour. They art not permitted to read plays, nor can thev converfe about whift, qi^aorille, or operas ; but it is iaid that they will talk freely upor the fuhjefls of hiftory, geography, and other literary topics. The inhabitants of ConneC< ticHt are extremely hofpttable to ftrangers. New Hamp(hire, of late years hath greatly increafed 'in population, fo that in 1783 the number of inhabitants was reckoned to amount to 8s,200 % and of Rhode liland province to 50,400. ' ' RtLiGiONr] Calvinifm, from the principles pf the firil fettler8,'ha8 been very prevalent in New England ; many of the inhabitants alfo foN merly obfefved the fabbath with a kind of Jewifli rigour {but this hath ©f ) late been much diminifhed. There '19 "at prefent no ellabiiflied religion in' New England j but every kSt of'Chriftians is allowed the free exercife of their re- ligion, and is equally under the protedion of law §. They annually celebrate faiU and thankfgivings. In the fpring, the feveral, governors iflue tlieir prd«. clamations, appointing a day to be religioufly obferved in fading, humination and prayer, throi',g;hout their refpeftive ftates, in which the predominating vices,' that particularly call for humiliation, are enumerated. In autpmn, afi;er harveft, that gladfome sra of tha^hufbandman's life, a day of public thankfgiving is appointed, enumerating the public blefllngs received in the pourfe of the year. This pious cuftom originates with theu venerable an- ceftors, the firH fettlers. A cullom fo rational, and fo Well calculated to cherifli in the minds of the people a fenfc of their dependence 011 the Grkat Ben EI ACTOR ;of the world for all their bleHings, it is hoped will ever be fac'idly prefervcd *; The ConneAicut province hath lately provided a liifhop for the epifcopallans among them, by fending one of their number to, Scotland to be ordained by the nonjuring biihops of the epifcopal church 7q that kingdom. Chief Towns.] Bofton, the capital of New England, (lands ou'a'^fh* • infula at the bottom of MalTachufett's Bay, about nine miles from- its mc\i1^. At the entrance of this bay are feveral rocks, which appear above water, and upwards of a dozen fmall iflands, feme of which are inhabited. There is'but cue fafe channel to approach the harbour, and that to narrow, that two fliips can fcarcely fail through abread ; but within the harbour there is room tdx *•• Morfc't American Ojojjraphy, f Morfe. '^ / 1 Sr a Ute arccunt thsrs srz 400 hiucpenucUi «ud Prcibyterito churches ia^tfaif ^4* .JtiucCi^i S4ptid,aa4 31 of orher deiiomina» • Mor(e*i American Geoerapby. " JppF^ 6B9 *' , . 5pbo -»-i«-: 9i6 UNITED STATES or AMERICA^ 500^iiiil to lie at anchor, in a good depth of water. On one of the iflandi o( the bay, (lands Fovt William, the mou regular fortrefu in all the plantation*. (ThucalUe i» defended by loo gyns, twenty of which lie on a platform level with the watec, fu that it is fcarcely pofllble for an enemy to pafa the callle. ^o prevent furprife, they have a guard placed on one of the rocks, at twt^ leagues diftance, from, whence they make lignals to the caftle, when any (liips come near it. There is alfo a battery of gufKH at each end of the town. At tl^e bottom of the bay is a noble pier, near iooo feet in length { along which, on the north lide, extends a row of warehoufcs for the merchants, and to this pier fhips of the greatclt burtlien may eome and unload, without the help of boats. The greatell part of the town lies round the harbour, in the fliape of a half moon ; the country beyond it rifing gradually.; and affording a delight- ful prol'pcA from the fea. The head of the pier joins the principal ftreet oT ihe j|;pwn, which is, like moil of the others, fpacious and well built. The trade of Boiloii was fo confiderable in the year 1768, that 1200 fail entered or cleared at the cuilom-houie there. < ■ ■ Oaxnbridge, in the fame j>rovince, four miles from Bofton, has an univerfity, containing two fpacious colleges, called by the names of Havard College, and Stuugbton Hall, with a well-furnifhed library. Itconfills of a prcfldent, five fellows, a treafuref, three profefTors, four tutors, and a librarian. The col< Jiege garter wasrilrll granted in 1 650, and rcilewed in 169a, and is held under the colony feal. • . * • Tkk other towns in New England, the chief of which .have already been inentiQned, jre generally neat, well built, and commodioufly fituated upon fine rivers, with capacious harbours. . :. Commerce. AND manufactures.] New England has no one Aaple commodity..' The ocean and the forelts afford the two principal asticles of export ; and therefore the trade is great, as it fupplies ^ large quantity of goods from within itfelf ; but it is yet greater, as the people inlhis country are In a manner the farriers for all the colonies of North America, and to the Weft Indies, and even for fome parts of Europe. The commodities which tlM| country yields are principally pig and bar iron, which were imported to Gitat j^ritain dutyfree ; alfo m»lls and yards, pitch, tar, and turpentine, for which they contradled .largely with the royal navy ; pot and pearl afhcs, ftajves, lumber, hoards ; all lort? of proviilons, which they fent to the French and Dutch fuorar iflands, and formerly ito BarbaOoeto, and the other Britilh iflcs, as grain, bifcuit, meal beef,' pork, buttqr, cheefe, apples, cyder, onions, mackarel, and cod-fifh dried. ^ They likewife feht thither cattle, horfcs, planks, hoop.Sf (hingles, pipe-flaves^ oil, tallow, turpentine, bark, calf- (kint;, and tobacco. Their peltry trade is not very conliderable. . They have a, moll valuable, fifhery upon their coafls in mackarel and cod, which employs vaft numbers of their people ; with the produce of which they trade to Spain, Italy* , the Mediterranean, and the Weft Indies, to a cor)fiderable; amount. Their whalc-fifhery has been already mentioned. The arts moil necefi'aiy to fubliftence, are thofe which the iuhabitfints of New England have been at the greateft pains to cultivate. They manufefture coarfe linen and woollen cloth roc their own ufe ; hats are made here, which find a good vent in all the other colonics. Sugar-baking, diftilling, paper-making, and falt-works, are upon the improving hand. The bufmefs of fhip-building is one of the moit con- fiderable, which Bofton, Newbury, or, tlie ether fea-port towns in New Eng- Ispd c^rry on. Ships are fometimes built here upon coinmifiion ; hut fre- ^Matlv the merchants of New England have them cunuruaed upon Uieir own - '■ ■- ^ _ .,,c. :X.j-f ■: -. .; ■ J ." '■ „ jr ■ I ■ ■«_'.'-•• .i ■ ■■.s:r UNITED STATES ot AMERICA. 9ir ! (flandi o( ilantationt. tforra level the caille. ks, at twt^ n any iliips own. At )ng which, and to this the help of b»e (hape of ( a delight- al ftreet oT luilt. The fail entered univerfity, [College, and -efident, five The col. I held under ■■J J.'.ffl'" ilready been ed upon tine t one (laple [ asticles of [quantity of .his country and to the ities which imported to pentinet for }earl afhcs, the French :her Britifli der, onions, fes, planks, (kinB, and lave a, moit mploys vaft to Spain, ic; amount, eceflary to leen at the lioUen cloth il the other I, are upon moil con- jNew Eng- It ; hut fie- liuieir own U ^count : and loading tKem with the produce of the colony, naval ftores, fiih, and fi(h-oil principaJly, they fend th^tn upon a trading voyage to Spiin» Portugal or the Mediterranean ; whcre^ having difpofed of their cargo, tbtjr make what advantage they can by fteight, until fucn time as they can fell the veflel herfelf to advantage, which they feldom fail to do in a reafonable (imc It was computed, that, before tlie late unhappy differences arofe, the »■ mount of EngUfli manufa^ures, and India gbods fent into this colony from Great Britain, wa» not lefs, at an avet^ge of three years, than 595,0001. Our imports from the fame were calculated at 370,5001. * History and dovERMMSNT.] New Enj^land is at prefent . divided into the fb«r provinces of New Hampfhire, MafTachufett's, Rhode I(]aiid« and CoflneAicut. Aa early as 1606, King James I. had by letters patent credled two companies, with a power to fend colonies into thofe parts* . then contprehended under the general name of Virginia, as all the nortii-^ eaft coaft of America was fome time called. No fettlemerits, bov^vcjry , were made In New England by virtue of this authority. The compiutiAS contented themfelves with fending out a (hip or two, to trade wi)|Q tbe Indians for their furs, and to tifli upon tbeir coaft. This continued to be the only^ fort of correfpondence between Great Britain and this part of America, till the year i6io. By this time the religious diflenfions* by which England was torn to pieces* had become warm^and furidus. Archbifliop Laud perfecuted all ftrts of .non ported by the vigour then pecuhar to Englifhmen, and the fatisfaftion of iinding themfelves beyond the reach of the fpiritual arm, fet themfelves to Cultivate this country, and to take the beft fteps for the advancement of their infant col'^''3'J New adventurers, encouraged by their example, and fi&din^ tl^emlelver, foi- the fame reafons, uneafy at home, pafied over into this tan of religious and civil liberty. By th^Urlofe of the year 1630, they had built four towns, Salem, Dorchefter, Cttarles Town, and Bofton, which lad has fince become the capital of New England^ But as necefiity is the natur::! fource of that aftive and frugal induflry, whicji produces every thing great among mankind, fo an uninterrupted flow of profperiiy and fuccefs ocrafiont thofe diflenfions, which are the baue of human affairs, and often fuhvert the bell founded cftabliihments. The inhabitants of New' England, who had fled from perfecution, b^fiao^t in a fliort time ftrongly tainted with this illiberal vicC) and Were eager to ♦•« UNITED STATES o» AMERICA. Introduce 111 uniformity in religion, among all who entered their tx^m'torict. The mitidt uf mm were not in that age fuperior to nniny prejudice! ; tkcy \hA not that open and generous way of thinkiag» which at prcfcnt dillin* guiihes the natives of Great Britain : and the doctrine of unirerfal tolera. tidn, whi^h, to the honour of th« firil fettlcra in America, began to appear from their owli. It was not the general idea of the age, that men might live comfortably together in tlic fame foclety, without maintaining the" feme religiout opinions ; and wherever thefe were at variance, the membert of dif. ferciit fe£ts kept at a diftance from each other, and cftabliftied ftfparate go< vemmentB. Hence fevcral (lips, torn from the original government of Nem England by religious violence, planted themfclvcs in a new foil, and fpread over the country. Such was that of New Hampfhire, which continues to this day a feparate jurifdtdion } fuch too wac that of Rhode Ifland, who that the government of Rhode Ifland, though fmall, became extremely populous and flourifhtng. Another coldny, driven out by the fame pcrfecutmj^ fpirit, fettled on the river Connefticut, •nd received frequertt reinforcements from England, of fuch as were diffatisfied ehher with the religious or civil government ot that country. America indeed was now become the main rcfource of all difoontented and cnterprifing fpirits; and fucii were the numbers which embarked for it from England, that in 1637 a proclamation wJis publifhed, prohibiting any perfon from failing thither, without an exprefs licence from tlie government. For want of this licenfe, it is faid, that Oliver Cromwell, Mr. Hampden, and others of that party, were detained from going into New England, after being on Ihip^ard for that purpofe. Thefe four provinces, though always confederates for their mutual defencr, yrtrt at firft, and ftfll continue, under feparate jurifdiAion^. They were all of tliem by their charters originally free, and in a great meafure independent of Great Britain. The ifthabitants had the choice of their own hiagiilrates, tht governor, the council, the aflembly, and the power of making fuch laws as they thought proper, without fending them to Great Britain for the approbation "pfthc crowii. Their laws, 'howeTer, were not to be oppolite to tliofecf Great Britain. Towaids the latter end of the reign of Charles Il.-^when he 9nd his miivirters wanted to deftroy all the charters and liberties, the Maf- jachufett's colony was accufed of violating their charter, ir like, manner is the city of London, and by a judgment in the King's Bench of England was deprived erf it. From that time to. the Revolntion, they remained with- put any charter. Soon after that period, they received a new one, which, though very favourable, wa« much inferior to the cxtenfive privileges of the former. The appointment of a governor, lieutenant-governor, fecretaryi and all the officers of the admiralty, was veiled in the crown ; the power of the militia was wholly in the hands of the governor, as captain-general ; all ■ . 1 -• t..n; :j /I la. »_ I *i,- .._-'..»;. _r iU- i_ ..„.-..ft. lUOt^CB, iuuiVCC,. ailU IIICIKIO, tu miuiii itic i.At.vuviuii ui- kii<: tavt was i.iiiiuu- «d} were nominated by the governor, with the advice of the council ; tlie j pcalable I magitlratc vernor's c to the kii Aill a gre fembly, bl cil, reicmb fembly for But th( ftquence o the origin place. It at Boilon, Colonies fi and indepei in that tow A conft fachufett's, by the inh the preamb tcnance, an body politit with the pt the blening the people - fary for the the great 1( of his provii violence, or with each ( for themfelv ^vcll as the worfliipthe or reftrained manner and for his religi lie peace, or It wan all bodies politi Hght of ck-a fupport and port of publ be uniformly own rellgioui tions he attc *cacher orte. -.1 UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 9*9 tfOTnmor had t negative on the choice ef counfellon, peremptory and un* Omited i and Ke wan not obliged to give a reafon fur what ne aid in thi* particular, or rcftraincd to any number ; authentic copies of the feveral adU paflcd by this colony, a» well as otheri, were to be tranfmitted to the court of England, fur the royal approbation; but if the law« of this coluny wire not repealed within three ycara after they were prcfented, they were aot re* pcalable by the crown after that time ( no laws, ordinances, elc^ion of roaj^llbates, or adts of govemmci t whatfoever, were valid without the go* vernor'i confcnt in writing { and appeals for fum« above 300I. were admitted to the king and council. Notwithftanding thefe 'eitraints, the peopk had i\ill a greaUfhare of power in this colony ; for they not oidy chofe the af* fembly, botThis aflcmbly, with the governor's concurrence, chofe the coun/ cil, refemMing our houfe of lords } and the governoi depended upon the af> fembly for his annual fupport. But the government of New England has been entirely changed, in con' ff quence of the revolt of the colonies from the aut'.tority of Great Britain ; of the origin and progrefti of wliich an account hath been given in another place. It was on the 25th of July 1 776, that, by an order from the council at Boilon, the declaration of the American V ngreiis, ; folving the United Colonies from thcir\illegiance to the Britiih crown, an* declanng them free and independent, was publicly proclaimcdfromthebaJi . 1 y of the lUte-houfe- in that town. , . A cbnllitution, or form of government, . > lie commonwca^r of Maf- fachufett's, including a declaration ofri{fhti wa. agreed to, and eftabliihed by the inhabitants of that province, and took place in October, 1780. In the preamble to this it was declared, that the end of the inltitution, main- tenance, and adminiftration of government, is to fecure the exillence of the body politic ; to protc6l it, ai>d to furnifh the individuals who compofe it, with the power of enjoying, in fafety and tranquillity their natural rights, and the blefllngs of li^e ; and that wlw-never thefr. great obje^s are not obtained* the people have a right to alter the government, and to take meafures necef« fary for their profperity aifd happinefs. They exprefled their gratitude to the great legiilator of the univerfe, for hstving afforded them, in the courfe of his providence, an opportunity, deliberately and peaceably, without fraud* violence, or furprife, of entering into an original, explicit, and folemn compaft with each oth«nr ; and of forming a new conftitution of civil government for themfelvcs and their poitei . . y They declared that it was the right, as well as the duty, of all men i\ ; icicty, publicly, and at dated feafons, to worlhip the Supreme Being ; and that no fubjedt fhould be hurt, molefted, or redrained, in his perfoii> liberty, or edate, forj|k'ordiipping God in the manner and feafon moft a'leeable to the ^iftatcs of his own confcience ; or for Ilia religious profeffion or fentiments : provided he did not dillurb the pub- lic peace, or obttruft others in tlieir religious worfliip. It was alfo enadlcd, that the feveral towns, pariflies, precinfts, and other bodies politic, or religious focietics, fliould, at all times, have the exclufive right of clcfting their public teachers, and of contradtlng with thcirt for their fupport and maintenance. That all monies paid by the fubjedl to the fup- port of public worihij), and of the public teachers, dmuld, if he required it^ ■ be linlfomily applied to tlie fupport of the public teacher "or teachers of his own religious feft or denomination^ provided there were any on whofe inftruc- tions he attended ; other wife it might be paid towards the fupport of the icocher or teachers of the parifh of precind iii which the faid mooies ihould '- be- .\ :^- % §20 UNITED STATES of AMERICA; he ralfed. That every denomination of Chriftians, demeaning themfelvef Seaceably, and a er the protedlton of the law : and that no fubordination of any itti or de< nomination to another (liould ever be eftablifhed by law. . It Was likewife declared, that as all power reuded .originally in the people, and was derived from them, the feVeral magillrates and offieers of government, vefted with authority, whether legiflative, executive or ju- dicial, arc their fubftitutes and agents, and are at all times accountable to them. That no fubjeA fhould be arretted, imprifoned, defpoiled, - or deprived of his property, immunities, or privileges, put out of the protei^ion of th^ law, exiled, or deprived of his life, liberty,, or eftate, out by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land. ' That the legiflature ihould not m'fke any law that fhould fubjeA any perfon to a capital or infamous punifhment, exceptin^^; for the government of the army or navy, without trial by jury. Th«it the liberty of the prefs is • eifential to the fecurity of freedom in a ftate ; and that it ought not, ):here*' fore, to be rettraincd in that commonwealth. That the people have a right to keep, and bear arms, for the common defence; but that as ia times uf peace armies are dangerous to'liberty, they ought not to be 'maintaia- ed without the confent of the legiflature ; and that the miUtary power (hould always be held- in an exa£k fubordination to the civil authority, and be gover* . ned by it. ' It was likewife enafted, that the department of legiflation fliould be form. ed by two branches, a fenate, and ^ houfe of reprefentatives ; each of which fhould have, a negative on the other. That the- fenatois, confifting jpf forty,' and the members of the houfe of reprefentatives, (hould be elefted annually ; and that every male perfon, being twenty-one ye:;* s of age, or upwards, who had refided in any particular town in the commonwealth,, for the fpace of one year, and having a freehqld efta^e, within the faid town, of the annual income of three pounds, or any eftate of the value of fixty pounds, fhould .lave, a right to vote for fenators and reprefentatives of the dillriet of which he was' an inhabitant. And that there (hould be a fupreme executive magiftrate, who fhould be flyl<^,' the governor of the commonwealth of Maffabhufet's, and alfo a lievtenant-governor, both of whom fhould be chofen annually by the whole body of eleAors in the commonwealth, and affifted by nine counfellors, chofen by ballot, out of the ienate. Tlie fegretary, treafurer, rece*ver-general, notaries public, and naval officers, to be chofx^n annually by the fenators and reprefentatives. The j,udiciary 'posyer to be feptennial, and the delegates to congrefs (hall be annually elefted' by and Out of the fenate and houfe of reprefenta* tives, or general court. The governor has a negative on bills fent to him for afTent from th e general court, but has no control in their choice of officers. The flate of Rhode Ifland admits their original charter as the rule oi their government. New Hampfnire and Cohnefticut have not yet finally eltablifhed theit forms of government, but have chiefly adopted that of >f afikchufet's bay. It is worthy of notice, that fince the commencement of the war between Great Britain and the colonies, and even while that war was carried on with great aiiimofity on both fides, an aft was paffed, on the 4th of May, I780, by the council and houfe of reprefentatives of Maffachufet's Bay, for incorporating and eiiablifhing a fociety for ilie cultivation and promotion of the arts andfciences. It is entitled, ** The American Academy of Arts and Sciences ;" the firft members were named in the a6t ; and they were aew Ul^ttBD S^AT5ES OP AMERIGAi r^' never to be more tlnn t«iro hundred, nor lefs tljian forty. It wa? ^declared in the aft, -that the eadand defign of the inftitution of the (aid acadcmj^ was to promote and encourage the knowledge of the antiquities of America, and of the natural hiftory Sf the country; and to determine the nferf to which its various natural prod'iftlons might be applied; tq promote and.en- counige medicinal difcoveries ; matheniaticd difquifitions } philofophical in- quiries . and exptriments ; aftronoraical, meteorological, and geographical obfervatioft^ } and improvements in agriculture, arf, oimded on th^'; SouiK and Soutfe "' l.\l weft by'Hudfon's and Delaware rivers, which dU, vide.it frpmt N,e«ir Jerfey and Pennfylvania ; on the £aft and NortlKaft by New England and the Atlantic Ocean ; and* on the ^drth«weft by Canada^ ■ , '" ■,■,,. , • ; Thia province^ inipluding the iiland of. New York, Long Ifland^ and Stat'en Ifland, is divided into the fiixte^a following counties : t Counties.- ^.,1 ;:^;„:'^. ^ Chief Towns. ^ N=. Yo*^ "Wrr . , :i ...Si> -:i J N.- Yo.i. } 4^:4^ ^^^^ Ulfter -^ ' - -^^-^^ Duchefs r^'i '^•:: Orange Wdl Cbefter King's Queen's Suffolk Richmond * Columbia Wafliington * Clinton , 'bjiJJ'ti* ^'<*■■• iSS;; <*. Albany Kingfton , ^ ' - Poughkeepfie-, ^^ ' /'V Orange ' ' " • Bedford, White plaing —r -r- ,J,-., , Flatbufh, Brooklyn — s.. — . Jamaica ■ — •.— Eait Hampton,. HuatiagdoK — :** , Hudfon, Kmderhook _ — . |V ; Salem — - , — .^.j, yjj^ Platlburg ♦ ;. ^ 55, ,.„ ■ . ■ * Thefe two coaotici were not conftitated in l?86, when the above enumeration was made, and were included in fome of the other coantiee. See Morfe. 6 C Countkl/ «,<''i?^-'r.: /• V ■.-•»■■:. p)« UNITED STATES of AMERICA. Counties. • , Montgomeiy ' ** Cumberland Gloucefter Chief Towns. Johnftown None None i A » Ririks.^ The principal of jthcfe are Hudfon's and the Mohawk ; the former abounds with excellent harbours, and is well ftored with great variety 'of fi(h ; on this the cities of New York and Albany are fituated. The tide flows a few miles above Albany, which is 600 miles from J«Iew York. It ia navigable for (loops j>f 80 tons to Albany, and for /hips to Hudfon. About 60 miles aooVfe New York the water becomei frefli. The river is ftored with a variety of filh, which renders a fummer paflage to Albany delightful and amuflng to thofe who are fond of angling f. On the Mohawk is a large cataraft called the Cohoes, the water of V'hich is faid to fall 30 feet perpendicular ; but including the defcent above, the fall is as much as 60 or 70 feet, where the river is a quarter of a mile in breadth. Capes.] Thefe are Cape May on the Eaft entrance of Delaware river} Sandy Hook, near the entrance of Raritan river j and Montock Point, at the Eaft end of Long Ifland. Climate, soix, and produce.] This province, lying to the South of New England, enjoys a more happy temperature of climate. The air is very healthy, and agrees well with all conftitutions. The face of the country, refe'mbling that of the other Britifli American colonies, is low, flat, and marfliy towards the fea. As you recede from the coaft, the eye is entertain- ed with the gradual fw^iling of hills, which become large in proportion as you advance into the country. The foil is extremely fertile, producinjj 'wheat, rye, indian com, oats, barley, flax, and fruits, in great abundance and perfieflion.. The timber is much the fame with that of New England. A great deal of iron "r Foiind here. CiTiES,^opuLAi:':oN, AND COMMERCE.] The city of Ncw York ftands on thefouth weft end of York-ifland, which is twelve miles long,. and near three in bjreadth, extremely well fituated for trade, at the mouth of Hud- fon's river, where it is three miles broad, and proves a noble conveyance from Albany and many other inland towns towards Canada, and the lakes. This city is in length above a mile, and its mean breadth a quarter of « tnile. This city and harbour are defended by a fort and battery ; in the fort fs a fpacious manfion-houfe for the" ufe of the governor. Many of the houfes are very elegant ; and the city though irregularly built, affords a fine profpe£l. A fourth part of the city was burnt down hy fpmc incendiaries in 1776, on the king's troops taking it. A grc irt of the inhabitants are defcended from the Dutch famihes, who remained here after the fur. render of the New Netherlands to the'Englifli, and the whole province in 1786 was calculated at 238,897, of which 18,889 were blacks. The po- pulation for every fquare mile, including the whole ftate is only five, fo that thli ftate is but a ninth part as populous as Cunnedticut. But it is to be confidered that ConneAicut has no wafte lands, and not half the State of New York is fettled J. The city of Albany contains about 4000 inhabitants, collefted from almoft all parts of the Northirn world. As great a variety of languages are fpokea * Thefe cooo'iet sre claimed by Ncw York, bat are within the limits and under th« |]arifdiAi«os oi Vernon t. ^- , . _ t Morfc, ^ Morfje'i American Geography. ^r^^^ UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 9«S in Albany, as in any town in the United States. Adventurers in purfuitof wealth are led here by the advantages for trade which this place affords. Si-' tuated on one of the finell rivers in the world, at the head of floop navi^a* ^ tion, furromnded With a rich and extenfive back country, and the ftc e- houfe of the trade to and from Canada, and'the Lakes, it muft flourifti, and the inhabitants cannot but grow rich. The city of Hudfon however is their great rival, and has had the moit rapid growth of any place irt America, if we except Baltimore in Mary- land. It is 1 30 miles north of New York. It was not begun till the autumn of 1783 *. ;;**'« ;,. I'v/ The (ituaiion of New York, with refpeA to foreign markets, has de- cidedly the preference. to any of the ftates. It has at all feafons of the year a (hort and eafy accefs to the ocean. It commands the trade of a great proportion of the bed fettled and beil cultivated parts of the United States. It^^has been fuppofed by gentlemen well informed, that more wealth is conveyed down Connecticut river, and through the Sound to New York, than down the Hudfon. This is not improbable, as the banks of the ConneAicut are more fertile aud much thicker, and more extenfively fettled than the banks of the Hudfon f . The commodities in which they trade are wheat, flour, barley, oits, beef, an4^ other kinds of animal food. Their markets are the fan\e with thofe which the New Englanders ufe ; and they have a (hare in the log-wood trade, ^d that which is carried on with the Spaniih and French plantations. They ufed to take almoft the fame fort of commodities from England with the inhabitants of Bofton. At an average; of three years, their ex^ ports were faid to amount to 526,0001. and theii* imports from Great Britaia to 531,0001. Agriculture akd manufactures.] New York is at leaft half a century behind her neighbours in New England, New Jerfey and renn- fyivania, in point of improvement in agriculture and manufa£turea. Among other reafons for this deficiency, that of want of enterprize ,ia the inhabitants is not the leaft. Indeed their local advantag AMERICA. i hatSt clotl^, watches, mAThematical and mufical inO:rainent8, (hipa, and cveiy tiling heceflary for their equtpment; a glafs work and fcveral iron works hare jbren tiftablidied *. .. Rkligiok, and learning.] It is ordained, by the hut conditutiun of New York, that the free exercifi; and enjoyment of religious jirofefTivn and iworfhip, without difcriniination or preference, (hall for ever be allowed, within that ilate, to all mankind. A college was erefted in New York, by aft bf parliament^ about the year I f^if I but as the affembly was at that time divided into parties, it was form- ed on a contracted pin,, and has for that reafon never met with the encou. ragement which might naturally be expected for a public feminary in io popul. ousacity. HistORY AND GOVERNMENT.] The Swcdcs and Dutch wtTc the firtl " Europeans who formed ^tlemeuts on this part of the American coafl. The traft claimed by the two nations extended frqi^ the 38th to the '41ft degree of latituie, and wa» called the New Netherlands. It coq> ' tinued in their hands till the time of Charles II. who obtained it from them by right ofconqueft in 1664; ^^^ '^ ^''^ confumed to the Englifh by the treaty of Breda, 1667. The New Netherlands were not long in our p'^Oeifion before they were divided into different provinces. New York took that name from tlij king's brother, James, duke of York, to 'whcm the king granted it, with full powers of governijlent, by letters pateat, dated March 20, 1664. Qn James's accelhon to the throng, the irigh t ,to New York became veiled in. the crown, and it became a royal government. . The king appointed, the governor and council ; and the people, once in feven years, eleded their reprei^ntatives to ferve in general alfemblies. Thefe three branches of the legiflature (anfwcring to thofe of Great Britain) had power to make any laws not repugnant to thofe of Eng- land* but, in order to their being valid, the royal ailent to them was firdto jbe obtained. " By the conllitution of the ftate of New York, eftabliihed in 1777, thefu- premc legiilative power was vetted into two feparate and diilinft bodies of inen ; the one to be called, "The Afiembly of the State of New York," to conilft of feventy members, annually chofen by ballot ; and the other " Thi ♦* Senate of the State of New T^vk," to confift of twenty-four for four years, who together are to form* the le|;iflature, and to meet .once, at leait, in every year, for the difpatch of buiinefs. ' The fupreme executive power is to be vefted in a governor, who » to continue in oiUce three years, afllfted by four counfellor?, chofieiTby and fron> the fbnate. Every male inhabitant, xf full age, who fhall poflefs a freehold of the value of twenty pounds, or hare vint* 4si a teneiuent of the yearly value of forty (hillings, and been rated aHd have i-pikid taxes to vhe ftate for fix months preceding the day ofeleftion, is (entitled 'Jo%ote for members of the adembly ; but thofe who vote for the govemo:, :.atu9|he members of the feaate, are to be poifeiTed of freeholds of the value of eneliandred pounds. The delegates to the congrefs, the judges, &c. are to be chofen by ballot of the £euate and aiFembly* Morfe'a AmericaQ G.ograj^hj. -{]'■ ./ :■*,'• NEW , ...1, .I,-. .iiii ' iii r n' i i I > ' I I i l iiii» > " ' " ' I f ' wtii i j ' " ' r;.-'. . '.. m^-^^i^:^i^i^^^ E ^ .. J E R S E JiT.; Situation and Extent. Vi'jii • * 'A •' ^ •*- ••, fj Mik«» ^ 1* • . ;'*./'.. A Degrees. ! flq. M3ei. ( . J . Length 1601 L^.,„„„„ fso and 43 north latitude.l . . > ; Bre4h eoj ^^^"° 174 and ^ weft^ngltude.i^°'°^- Boundaries.]!^ EW JERSEY is bounded on -the Weft and South- X\ weft, by Delaware river and Bay ; on the Sbuth- eaft and Eaft, by the Atlantic Ocean ; and by the Sound which fepai|ites •Staten Ifland from the continent, and Hudfon's river, on the North. ^ Divi^ons. Counties. <• 'v ■ Chief Towni. Eaft Dlvllion - contains ■i'%. ■V-.rto Weft DiviCon' contains !*JV^i-./ >*,! '.■>: Middlefex Monmouth Eflex Somerfet Bergen Burlington Gloucefter Salem ; fiC. Cumberland Cape May Hunttrdoii Morris Suffex . .'^■y'Kl v>>'':- r "j Perth Amboy and New Brunfwidc* j Sltfewfbury and Freehold 4 > Elizabeth and Newark ' -. I Boundbrook t J Hakkenfak -.. s T, r40.8 N. lat. ,, Burlington, -l 3, -ixr 1 ' (,75-0 W. Ion. Woodbury, and Gloucefter Salem , , -'^^^^.-.-.^-yM^j^^' ■ • Hopewell, Bridgetown i4 fw^f None .fi* ;"■• irenton ■■ •?•.«;, j Morriftown '" ^'■» '■',' '•!.;. ;.;v,, ' ' i. Newton ' •-■"'.• ^-i- ^'^'t^^^i-- » • , Rivers.] Tbefe are tne Delaware, Raritan, and Paflaick, on the J«ttcr of which is a remarkable cataraA ; the height of the rock from which the Water fails is faid to be about 70 feet perpendicul'T, and the river there 80 yards broa*^ Climate, soil, and i*' oduce.] The climat? is much the fam« with that of New York ; the .foil is various, at leai j-fourth part of the province is barren, fandy land, producing pines and c.'iars ;.the otL-r partv ■ in general are good, and produte wheat, barley, rye Indir.n en, &.,- 926 UNITED STf TiES or AMERICA. Gtprge Carteret (from which It received its prefent name, !)ecaure SiV George hadeftates in the ifland of Jerfey) and they again to others, whoia the year 1 702 made a furrendcr of the powers of governm ;nt to queen Anne, which fheaaccepted ; aftfcr which it b^c?-.ne a royal government. By an ac- count publiflied in 1 765, the :.>umbe<' oi uthabitnnts appears to have been about I0e,ooo ;' butia 1784, .' cerdiisot the uihah.:antH was made by orikrpfthe legillature, when they ainouni-jrl to 140,435, of which io,joi were blacks. Of thefe blacks, 1-939 ^"^y ^'-*'''' Aavcs ; fo tb; v the proportion of (laves to the whole of the inliabitsujtc imhc r.at > '■.iin war u (evf tity latioi5 for every iijuaren. it' is eighteen. *. Pcrth-A.'nboy dKii Burli'jnon were the leats of government ; the gover- rfor genv: ally refidt<). in the latter, which is pleafantly fituated on the fine river r'ei;".;ire, within twenty miles of Philad- Iphia. Both have beea lately made free ports for t\,.»nty-five yc^rs. The former is as good a port as moft ov> rhc c .atinent ; and tkc harbour is fafe, and capacious .^r ough to rontaw maiiy large fixips. — la Beigen county is a very valuable copper mine. By the rew ch irter fif rights ^'ftabhwied by the provincial congrefs, July 7, 3 776, the government of New xbrk is veiled in a governor, legiflative coun- cil, and general aiTembly. The members of the legiflative -council are to be freeholders, and worth at leait one thoufand pounds real and ^erfonal eftate ; and the members of the general affcmbly to be worth five hundred ppunds. All inhabitants worth fifty pounds are entitled to vote for reprefentatives In council and ^afTembly, and for all other public officers. The eledUon of the governor, l^giilative council, and general aflembly, are to be annual ; the governor, and lieutenanf -governor to be chofen out of and by the aifembly and council. The judges of the fupreme court arechofcn for fcven years, aqd the officers of the executive power for five'years. • . Religion and learning.] According to the prefent conftitution ot this province, allperfons- are allowed to worfkip God in the manner that it moft agreeable to their own confciences ; nor is any perfon obliged to pay tithef, taxes, or any other vates, for the pUrpofe of building or repairing any other church or churches, for the maintenance of any miniftel* or miniftry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or has deliberately or voluntarily en- gaged himfelf to perform. There is to be no eilablifhment of any one re- hgious fe£t in this "province, in preference to another ; and no proteftant in- habitants are to be denied the enjoyment of any civil right, merely '>n account of^heir religious principles. A college was eftablifhed at the town of Prhiceton, in this province, by governor Belcher, in 1 746, and has a power of conferring the fame degrees «3 Oxford or Cambridge. There were generally, before the war between Great Britain and the colonics, between 80 and 100 ftudents here,' wh» «anie from all parts of the continent, fome evea from the extremities of it. ' f > ii- >- . ' * J»*'''.V» American Oeography. -,,.>.;{/■-' '•''""*""* .«8^' . >-J-y ,,> ' Pen- m .Ui. .:*,< Ml, Ml; .T-^' rSfi' ^'-*. fM^m ^:;.^^k^.. ( 9*7 ■) >, Ibecaufe StV othere, whota :o queen Anne^ at. By an ac- lave been about by or^rpftbe M were blacks, ion of (laves to s. The popu> nt ; the gover- ted on the fine )oth have been :r is as good a and capacious a very valuable longrefs, July 7, legiflative coun- ouncil are to be ^crfonal eftate ; [lundrcd ppunds. ■eprefentatives in e eledlion of the be annual ; the the affembly and en years, aqd the ^t conftitution of manner that it obtfged to pay or repairing any ftef or miniftry, ir voluntarily en- of any one re- 10 proteftant in- icrely '*n account his province, by , the fame degree* Ihe war betweea Pents here,' wli» enuties of it. **•" Pen- PENNSYLVANIA awo DELAWARE. Miles. Situation and Extent. Ill i^' ^*v +°* ,' 1 W. long. 75.20. D'egrees. Sq Miles. Lenjrth «oo 7 u ^ f 74 and 81 weft longitude.! Breadth 240 r*'^"" 139 and44 north laUtude. j ^^.ooo BoiTNDAR,iE8.]'DOUNDED by the country of the Iroquois, or Tive Xj Nations, on the North ; by Delaware river, which divides it from the Jerfeys, on the Eaft ; and by Maryland, on the South and Weft. ^ ;. isiii^l :'^^^-'^'rPf'^f*^jTf}. ^ The ftate of Pbnnsyltania contains the following counties : 4; ^v ;-- Counties. J f^/V-g:^'; ' ' Chief Towns. Philadelphia __w*-tt !t — Philadelphi Chefter ';, is-l^ — Chefter ^J?-. Bucks — — Newton ;j >.;a i- ~ C Berks — Reading ysvi, ^iV?^/ ;; Northampton — — Eafton' k-j-: - ■• , .•^tii?!. Lancafter — — Lancafter ' " - w-4f )% York — . -- York ♦<-: Cumberland .-wij^- ...•-: , . — Carlifle s* Montgomery — — Norrifton -Dauphin — — Louift>urg Luzerne — — Wilkfljorough '.' ■ - . Northumberland u.-^^p , — Sunbury Franklin — — Chamberftowii Huntingdon — — Huntingdon >,<,'. -v '' Wcftmorchnd — — Greeniburg ^ ^ Fayette — — Union . ^ Wafliington — — Waflungton js*:%ir '^^r Allegany — — Pittfburg Bedford, a county wcftward of the mountains upon the Ohio, pur-' chafed firom the Indians in 1768, by Mr. Penii, and eftabliftied in ^77i-\ , ..-./ , ^, .;;^ .>..... . :. v.„-^.- , ...^v^ '^he Dblawaub ftate is di^lH| into three counties. ^ Counticii^ ■'-■'^'■-: - .\f. NewcaftlcT -iT^ .■ "1.- . ...>«' rJi^'i ^•v Chief Towns. r Newcaftle, Wilmington t:;, .,..i.*^- .*!» ,9;.: ■V r. %■ .« ^«.%v' 1 ;--.■■' M'.^:,■!^ -9>8 UNITEt) STATES of ANTERICA. which form a diftinA, ftate and government, having a prefident, Council of nine perfons, and houfc of affemhly of twenty-one reprefentatives : the judges and other officers of ftate, c'vil and military, are chofen by the prefi- deftt and general afTemhly. River.] The rivers arc, Delaware, which is navigable for vefTels of one fort or .other, more than 2co miles above Philadelphia. The Sufquehanna and Schuylkill are alfo navigable a confiderable way up the country. Thefe rivers, with the numerous bays and creeks in Delaware bay, capable of con- taining the largeft fleet*, render this province admirably fuked to carry on an inland and foreign trade. Climate, / ir, soil., and 7 The face of the country, air, foil, and pro- FACE OF THE COUNTRY. \ ducc, do not materially differ from thofe of New York. If there be any difference, it is in favour of this province. The air is fweet and clear. The winters continue- from Deceipber till March, and are to extremly cold and fcvere, that the rivet- Delaware, though very broad, is oftei> frozen over. The months of July, Auguft, and September, •re almoft intolerably hot, but the country is refrefhed by frequent cold breezes. It may be remarked in general, that in all parts of the Britifh plan- tations, from New York to the fouthern extremity, the woods are full of wild vines of three or four fpccies, all'different from thofe we have in Europe. But, whether from fonie fault in their nature, or in the climate, or the foil where they grow, or, what is muth more probable, from a fault in the planters, they have yet produced no wine that deferves to be mentioned, though the Indians from them make a fort of wine, with which they re- gale themfclves. , It may alfo be obferved of the timber of thefe colonies, that towards the fouth it is not fo good for (hipping, as that of the more northern, provinces. The farther fouth ward you go, the timber becomes lefs compaft, and rivea eafily, which property, as it renders it lefs ferviceable for fhips, makes it more ufeful for ftaves. .h. .. History, government, settlement, po-T This counfry, un- puLATiON, CHIEF ToNvNs, AND COMMERCE.) dcr the namp of the New Netherlands, was originally poffefredby the Dutch and Swedes. When thefe nations, however, were expelled from .New York by the Englifh, admiral Penn^ who, in ccvunftion with Venables, had conquered the idand of Jamaica (under tLj aUfpices of CromvVell) being in favour with Charlei ll. obtained a promife of a grant of this country from that mon- arch. - upoit the admiral's death, his Xon, the celebrated quaker, avail- ed himfelf of this promife, and, after much court folicitation, obtain- ed the performance of it. Though as an author apd a divine, Mr. Penn be little known but to thofe of his own perfualion, his reputation in a charafter no lefs refpeftable is univerfal among all civilized nations. The circumftances of the times engaged vaft numbers to follow him into his new fettlement, to avoid^ the perfccutions to which the quakers, like other fe£laries, were then expofed ; but it tvas to his own wifdom and ability that they are indebted for that charter of privileges, which placed this colony on fo refpedable a foi>ting^|j||Civil and religious liberty, in the utmoll latitude, was laid down tKipl^ great man, as the chief and only foundation of all his inftitutic^. Chitllians of all denpmiMi'.'^ns might not only live unmolefted, but have a fcare in the govei of the colony. No laws could be made but by th*confent of the in'iie \u.it3. —Even matters of benevolent. e, to V.'hich the 1 vs of few nations have extended, were by Penn fubje'^red to regulations. I'he affairs of widows fud orphaqa were to be inquir i into by t court conftituted for that pur- l.:'V, UNITED STATES p» AMERICA. 9X» pore. The oufes between man an^ man wece iio|t to be iMbleded tio-thp 4elay and chicanery of the law, but decided'' by wife and honeit arbiti«ton*< His benevolenccf and geperofUy cjxtcnded aJfo.to the Indian natin*. ) ioftead of taking immeoiate advantage of his patent, he purchaf«d of thefe, people the lands he had obtained by hict grenU jvidgipg th^it the oirigiiral property, and cldeft right, waa vefted in them. Wuliun Penn, ip inoftt had he been a native of G^eec?* would have ^ad hit ftatvie . placed nfXt to thofe pf Solon and Lycurgus. : Hia l^wp, foMndedi on,' the ^lid b It is probable they are no^ more numerous, perhaps 400,000. If wc fix them at thi;, the population for every fquare mile will be only nine} by which it appears that Pennfylvania is only one-dfth as populous as Conne£^icut. , But ConneAicut was fettled nearly half a century before Pennfylvania j- fo that in order to do juftice to Pennfylvania in the comparifon, we muft anticipate herprobable population nfty years hence . The people are h^dy^ induilrious, and moft of them fubftautial, tliougL hut ^"w of the landed/ people can be conddered as rich ; but before the comm ' ,:nt of the civil war, they were all well lodged, well fe ', and, for their v^njtiion, well clad ;■ and this at^tlie ipore eafy rate, as the inferior people manufactured moft of their own wear, both linens and woollens. This province contains many ver^ confideirable towns, fqqh as German- Town, Chefter, Oxford, Radnor, all of which, in any other colony, would deferve being taken notice of mt re particularly. But here the jcity pf Phi- ladelphia, which is beautiful beyond any city in ■ Americaj - aiid in regu- larity unequalled by any in Eutope, totally eclipfes the reft, and defervet r our chief attention. It was built after the plan of the famous Penn, the . founder and legidator of this colony. It is fituated 100 miles froni thei iea, between two navigable rivers, the Delawar ' it is above a mile in breadth on the north, and the Schuylkill, on ti 1 >uta, which it unites, as it were, by running in a line of two miles between them. The whole town, when the original plan can be fully executed, is in this manner : every quarter of the city formfeta fquare pf eight acres, and almoft mthe^ centre of it is a fquare of ten: acres, •Surrounded by> tbq'.town-houfe,,.^j|^]^ other public buildings. The jM||||^lreet is 100 feet widej and rufU.^p ' vyhole breadth of the town :ypBP* "^ which are croire4. by eight mA-e at and communicating with cairals fro t» the beauty,'. bu.t.j^p,,t^e>raolel^amei it run nineteen other ftre anglet, 9II of them 130 feet wi4he EngTifh, Spaniih, French, and Dutch colonies in AtAeWca ; with the Ar.ores, the Canarivs, and the Madeira iflands ; with Grrat Britain and Ireland { witli Spain, Portugal, and HoUand. Befidci the Indian trade, and the quantity of grain, pruvilions, and all kinds of tlie pvoduce of this province, which is brougiit down the rivers upon whicit thii cit^ is fo commudiouily filuatcd, the Germans, who are fettled in the in- tenor parts of this province, employ feveral hundred wagg ns, drawn each by four horfes, in bringing the produA of thtir farms to thin markrt. In the year 1749, 303 veflcls entered inwards at tLift port, and 291 cleared outwards ; but in the year 1.786, the number of veiTels jntered at the cuftum- boufe waa.910. The commodities formerly exported into Pennfylvania, at an average uf tliree years, amounted to the valUe of 61 i,oool. Tbofe exported to Great Britain and other markets, bef? ' s timber,. (hipH 'ini'*^ for fale, coppvi ore, and ixon in pigs and bars, confided .^f grain, flour, and 1 ny forts of a* nt .1 food; and at an average of three years, were calculated 705,500!, 6ince the colony's independence, the new duty upon imported triads of two and a hall per cent. aJ valorem produced from the lit March to lie firft December 1784, ' i,'oool. in Philadelphia, which correfponds tu an importation of 3,i68,:>ool. Theic was an academy c(labliii;ed at Philadelphia, which has en great- ly encouraged by contributions from England and Scotland, • d which, betore the civil war broke out, bid fair to become a bright icminary of L'^rning. It is-now ftiled an UsivEasiTY ; its funds were partly given by th (late, and partly taken from the old college. And in' 1787 a col- lege was founded at Lancaller, and, in honour to Dr. Franklin, called Frank- Un College. . !'i.;fidc8 fevera: other vry improving inilitutions in this city, there is one which defervLS a particular notic , which is The American Philosophical Society, held ArPmLADtLPHiA, for promoting useful knowledge. Thi^ iciety was formed Jauuaiy, 2, 1769, by the union of two" other litera' ) focieties that had lubfided for fome^ime in Philadelphia ; and were rea' d one-body corporate and politic, withfuch powers, privileges, and im- ies as are nrceHary for arifwerin|^h|||^able purpofes which the fuciety mun had originally in view, by a churter JMRa br the commonwealth of Penn- fylvania, on the 15th of March, 17^ ITiifcfociety has already publifticd t^ very valuable volumes of their tranfaftiona^ one in 1771, the other in 1786. In 1 77 1, this fociety confrftca of nearly 300 members; and upwards of V20 have fince been added ; a larcc proportion of which are foreicners uf " : " ' the ', the Britifli troopt retreated to N«vr York, md Philadelphia again became the refldenoe of the congreft. In S776, the reprefentativet of the freemen of Peanfylvania met in • general convention at Philadelphia, and agreed upon the plan i>f a iic«f 1 conllitution of government for that colony. They determined^ 'that the commonwealthi or Hate of Pennfylvania, (hould be governed hereafter by an aiTembly of the reprefentatives of the freemen of tlie fame, and a pre^ fident and council. That the fupremc legiilative power (huuld be veiled . in a h6ufe of reprefentatives of the freemen of the commonwealth or (late of Pennfylvania. That the ftipreme executive power fhoutd be veiled in a prefident and council of twelve. That every freeman of twenty-one. years of age, having refided iu Pennfylvania one year before the day of eleAion fur reprefentatives, and paid public taxes during that time, (hould enjoy *^e nght of an elector ; and that the Tons uf freeholders, of twenty- one yc.1i s of age, (hould be entitled to vote, although they had not paid . taxes. That the houfe of reprefentatives of the freemen of this common- wealth (hould confift of perfons moll noted for wifdom and virtue, to be ehofen by the freemen of every city and county of this commonwealth re- fpcAivelv. And that no penon mould be eledcd, unlefs he had telided in the city or county for which he (hould be chofcn two years before the cle£lion ; and that no member, while he continued fucb^ (hould hold w^e alfo contained m this plan of government } wherein it was like- 6 P 3 wife • ••*•••. V *■ > , • - . #J* . tJNiTEr .STATES or AMERICA* wft« ^etermincdi that the i^ iPf»of this commonwealth^ and their (otn, 'ihoulSf be trained and arin«!d for itt defence, under fnch reflation!, reftn'u tioni, and exoentioni, n the general iairembly (hould bV law dired, preferv^ ing dwayk to the people the right of choofing theiV colonel, and all commit floned officers nnder that>rank, in fuch manner and a* oAen aa bv the faid kws fliould b« diredted. Two pcrfons alfo are to be chofcn by ballot everv year forxach county and city, by the freemen, to be called the ** Counci) of Cenfori" who arc to examine into the condud of the legiflatiVe and executive power*. ... * • • V •• 'iii' V((!lJI' MARYLAND, Situation and Extknt. ,000 Milei. Degreer. Sq. Milei. '-' J3^ other part of Pennfylvania, a on the' North ; by an^ and the Atlantic Ocean pn the Eaft ; by Virginia^ on the South ; and by the Apalachian moun< taina. on the Weft. Maryland is divided into two parts by the bay of Clielapeak, viz. i. The taftem ; and 2. The -weftem divifion. Dlviiion. The Eaft divifion contains the coun-^ ties of The Weft divifipn contains Counties. ' Worcefter Somerfet « Dorfet i Talbot ^ Cecil I Queen Anne's felt {. Caroline St. Mary's Charles Prince George Calvert ' Arundel Baltimore Frederic Wafliington , Mohtgomepy Hartford H i* Chief Towns. Princefs Anne Snow Hill Dorfet, or Dorcheller Oxford ■ ■ '.-r ' 'i Queen's Town . ClTefter .., 1 r St. Mary Briftol Maftcrkout Abington ANNipoLis^ V/.lon. 76 50. N, lat. 39. Baltimore t •"•• i. .t ' RlVlRS.] M.- lA^ Vm^*,; UNITED STATES of AMERICA. eii' thetr fuftru6^. It will be confidered therefore under that head. HtSTORY AND GOVERNMENT.] It feems 83 if all the provinces of North America were planted from motives of religion. Maryland, like thofe we have formerly defcribed, owes its fettlement to religious confi> derations. As they however were peopled by proteftants, Marylam! was originally planted by jR.oman catholics. This fe£l, towards thi dofe of Charles the Firft's reign, was the objeA of great hatred to the bulk of the EngliHi nation ; and the laws in force agaiaft the Papilb were executed with great feverity. This in part arofe from an opinionj that the court was too favourably difpofed towards this form of religion. It is certain, that many tmirks of favour were conferred or" t' Roman tetholics. Lqrd Baltimore was one of the moft eminent, fa. 1 ., V ity ^ry, ar iiitnidion, em- vour with the cou>-t, and. on that accouht moft odit as /« t of Engliftimen. This nobleman, in 1632, obtained a ^ .i bf that 'country, which formerly was confidered as a but was now called Maryland, in honour of Quee> daughter to Henry IV. of France, and fpoufe to king ' following about 200 popifti families, fome of. confiderabic barked with lord Baltimore, to enter into pofleifion of this new territory. Thefe fettlersj who had that liberality and good breeding which diftin> guifh gentlemen of every religion, bought their lands at an eafy price from the native Indians ; they even lived with them for fome time in .the fame city ; and the fame harmony continued to fubfift between the two nations, until the Indians were impofed on by. the malicious infinuations of fome planters in Virginia, who envied the profperity of this popifli colony, and irulamed the Indians againft them by ill-grounded reports, fuch as were fufficient to ftir up the refentment of men naturally jea-, lous, and who from experience had reafon to be fo. The colony, however, was not wanting to its ovvh fafety on this occafion. Though they con- tinued their friendly intercouvfe with the natives, they took care to ereft a fort, and to ufe every other precaution for their defence againft fudden hoftilities j the defeat of this attempt gave a new fpring to the ^aftivity of tliis plantation) which was likewlfe receiving ' frequent reinforcements - •' , ' ■ ■■■■,-■■ ,^2r' K- ' ■- from * 934 UNITED STATES »r AMERICA. (twn Englind of thofe who found tkenftfelvel in danger by the tmromii- tttg TcvolutioAk But during the protedbrAtip of Crotnwr» Baltimore was reinftated in his rights, aad fully Uifcovcred how Vrell be dcferved to be fo. He eftablifhed a perfe6l toleration in all religi* ous matters': the colony increafed and flouriihed, and diiTenters of all dk- fiomiaationt, allured by the profpe£t of gain, flocked into Maryland. But the tyrannioil government of Jame? IL again depriwd this nobk family of their poffeffioa, acquired by royal Huunty, and improved by much care and cxpencK. , At the Revolution lot Baltimore was again reftored to all the profits of the govepment* though not to the right of groveming, which could not confiftently be conferred on a Roman catholic. But after the family chang- ed iheir religion, (hey obtained the power as well as the intereft. The go. vermnent of thia country exaAIy rrfembled that in Virginia, except that the ^vemor was appointed by the proprietors, and only coafu-med by the crowa^ The government of Maryland is now vefted in z governor, fenate of if, and houfe of delegates, all which are to be chofen annually. The governor is to be elected by ballot, by thefenate and houfe of delegates. AJJ freemen (above twenty-one years of age> having a freehold of fifty acres, or. property to the value of thirty pounds, have a right of fuffrage in the election of de- •legateS; which is viva voce. All peifons appointed to any ofice of profit lor itruft, are to. fubfcribe a declaration of their belief in the Chriitian re^ ligion. ''"'.iit'-j^fi" . In 1782, a college was founded at Chefter town in this province, under the name of Wafliiagtom Cvlk^e, in honour of j;eneral WaAiingtoa. V y "■> h{j^ ^Vl-i fj- ,- '"■■■ L ■ \ "i'''- -'^IB" ■•'.* i!.' '' " * " »^;>,^;v,y:. \ .■■ 1 - ■ I R G Situation 1 !*-,*> ■'••'■ 'J Ad^ Extent. . /■'■':*^ '■ Miles. ■r*- • ... .'*'•'■ .'■■■Degrtrt. 'jjf f Sq. Milcf. Length 750") t^. J75 «nd 90 wcfl Ibngitudel „ , . Breadth 2403 J^^^ ,|:f'^,*nd 40 north Utinidf J ^'^ 000 BocNi>ARiBS.]T>OUNDED by. the river Potovrmac, whiqh divides It J3 from Maryland, on the 'North-eaft| by th? Atlantic ocean, on the Eafl } by CdrolinBi cm the Soilth i and th: river MilTiiTippi, ontheWcft.- ,*. •.-■..r-,.. K.. ;.•,.'■■;..• f V . ' - *# ..--V-"-.-. .•<• ■.' '. ^JkJ.^r^ UNITED STATES or AMERICA. 9$* It in*7 be divided intQ 75 counties, of vtiy unequal fize znci nop^tion. bfthefe 3^ Are on the tide waters, or iti that panHel ; 23 &re in the mid* lands, betweeii the tide waters, and blufc ridge of mountains } 8 between the blue ridge, and tbe Allegany ; and 8 weftward of the AUegany. The fol- lowing table it taken from Morfe's American Geography. " Situation. Weftward of the Allegany. Between the Allegany and Blue Ridge. Between the Blue Ridge and Tide Waters. ■■:):> •*'/:>: Counties. 'Lincoln JefFerfon Fayette Ohio Monongalia Wafliingtoir Mbntgomery . Green-briar ' Hampfliire Berkley' Frederick Shenando Rockingham Augufta Rockbridge , Botetourt Loudoun Fauquier Culpcper Spotfylvania Orange Louifa Goochland Fluvanna Albemarle Amherlt Buckingham Bedford Henry J ->" Pittfylvania'* Halifax ' ^f Charlotte ' ; Prince Edwiird Cumberland Powhatan 4" Amelia 4' ■?' Lunenburg ^'* *^ Mecklenberg ^ Brunfwick Situation. *' V-.-, Between ^ James river & Carolina: Between James and York rivers. '<*' I Between York and Rappaha- noc. Counties. ''Oreenefville Dinvriddie ' Chefterfield Prince"Georgt Surry Sultex Southampt':•■ ' ' '\ Between Rappahanoc and Fatow- mack. H ji*^ Eaftem (hore ' Fairfax Prince Williant Stafford King George ' Richmond Weftmoreland Northumberlahd Lancaiter Accomac . , I ' Northampton Capes, bays, and rivers.] In failing to Virginia or Maryland, you pafs a llrait between two points of land, called the Capes of Virginia, which . •^ns a paflage iuto the b^y of Chefapeak, one of the Ur^f ft and fafeft in .%. «3fi UNITEp &TAtMB or AHERJijA- the whole w6rld ; fof it ententhf -^country near joajnpilcs &om the foi^ td the north, n about i8 ihDcs brpad for'a cef)fiderabie,,way, ^ind feyeir ^hereStia the narrowest, the waters n tnpft pkces being nine faUioms deep. This bay, dirou^h its whole . extent, {ecdves a rafti; lumber pf navigable livers from the fides of both Wtaryland-and Virginia. lVo|n the latter, be-. iSdai others of leffi note, it receites James River, York Rivcr^thc Rappahan- lAock, apd the Potowmac : thefe are not' only navigable for large fhlps into the heart of the country; buthsve fo many creeks, and receive fuch a number of fmaller navigable rivers, that Virginia is without all manncf'of doubt the country in the world of aU others otthe inoft convenient navigation. It hag been obferved, and tbe'obfervation is ni.« ^3« UNITED STATES or AMERICA. games. To thefe public-houfes the gambling gentry in the neighbourhood refort to kill time, which bangs heavily upon them ; and at this buAnefs they are extremely expert, having been accuftomed to it from their earlieft youth. The paflion for cock- fighting, a diverfion not only inhumanly barbarous, but infinitely beneath the dignity of a man of fcnfe, is fo predominant, that they even advertize their matches in the public papers *• This diilipation of inan> Iters is the confequence of indolence and luxury, which are the fruit of African flavery. History, government, popula- 1 This is the firft country which TiON, TOWNS, AND COMMERCE. \ the Engliih planted in America. . We derived our right, not only to this, but to all our other lettlements, as has been already obferved, from the difcovery of Sebaftian Cabot, who, in 1497, firft made the northern continent of America, in the fervice of Henry VII. of England. No attempts, however, were made to fettle it till tkc reign of queen Elizabeth. It was then that Sir Walter Raleigh applied to court, and got together a company, which was col, .fed of feveral perfons of diltin^lion^ and feveral eminent merchants, who agreed to open a trade, and fettle a colony, in that part of the world, which, in honour of queen Elizabeth, he called Virginia. Towards the clofe of the lixteenth century, feveral attempis were made for fettling this colony, be- fore any proved fuccefsful. Tiie three firft companies who failed into Vir- gjnia, perifiied through hunger and difeafes, or were cut off by the Indians. The fourth was rieduced to almoft the fame fituation .; and, being dwindled to a feeble remainder, had fet fail for England, in viefpair of living in fuch an uncultivated country, inhabited by fuch hoftile and warlike favages, But in the mouth of Chefapeak bay, they were met by lord Delawar, with a fquadron loaded with provifions, and with every thing neceffary for their relief and defence. At his perfualion they relurned : by his advice, pru- dence, and winning behaviour, the internal government of the colony was fettled within itfelf, and put on a refpeftable footing with regard to its e- fiernies. This nobleman, who had accepted the governm;nt of the unpro- mifing province of ViV"ginia from the nobleft motives, was compelled, by the decayed ftate of his health, to return into England. He left behind him, however, his £on, as deputy ; with Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Sum. A>er8, the honourable George Plercy, and Mr. Newport, for his couucrl. By them, James Town, the firft town buflt by the Engliih in the New World, was erefted. The colony continued to flouri(h, and the true fources of iti , vreakh began to be difcovered and improved. The firft fettlers, like thofe of Maryland, were generally ptrfons of confideration and diftindiion. It re- mained a fteady ally to the royal party during the troubles of Great Britain. Many of the ravaliers, in danger at home, took refuge here ; and under the governhieiit of Sir William Berkley, held out for tb''. crown, un- til the parliament, rather by ftratagem than force, reduced them. Aflcr the reftoration, there is noiKlng very interefting in the hiftory of this p'o- Tince. Soon after this time, a young gf^ntleman, named Bacon, ? lawyer, availing himfelf of fome difcontents in the colony, on account ofreftraints in trade, became very popular, and fet every thing in confufion. His ua- .tural death, however, rcflored peace and unanimity} and the inhabitant* - f f Virginia ceafed to deftroy themfelvcb. • A trivoHrr through Virginia ohtetvtf. Three of four matches were advtrtissd inth>', public prints at WllliaUitburg ; and 1 waa witncfi of five in the courfe of cut travult Irom itat to Port Rojal. . v . r .,,. H The \::.:j UNITED STATES oi AMERICA. "iJI ighb«urhoo<3 >urinef8 they irlieft youth. Tbarous, but It, that they itionofman- it of AfricaH untry which in America, lettlements, Cabot, who, le fervice of ,e to fettle it liter Raleigh coi.., . fed of who agreed if which, in : clofe of the 3 colony, be- iled into Vir- r the Indians, ing dwindled living in fuch irlike favaget, Oelawar, with fary for their advice, pru- ,e colony was gard to its C' f the unpro- pelled, by tlic )chind him, eorge Sum» couucrl. By New World, ources of iti like thofe of •lion. It re- of Great re here ; and crown, un- \em. After of this P".-- n, ? lawyer, of reflraints I. His na- ■c inhabitantt l»f rJised in th'. y travels Itom The The "government of this province was not at firft adapted to the principle* ve is a governor and privy-council of eight mciflbers, chofen annually by the joint ballot of the general affembly of the ftate, who alfo chofe the delegates to con- grefs, the judgciJ and other law officers, prcfider.t, tr<;afurer, fecretary, &c. juftices, meritfs, and coroners, commiffioned by the governor and council. The inhabitants of Virginia were eftimated in 1782 at 567,614; of whom 270,762 are negroes. So much do they increafe under the mild treatment they receive. In the very firlt feflion after th'.;ir independence on Great Britain, the affembly paffed a law for the perpetual prohibition of the importation of Haves. This will in fome meafure Hop the increafe of this great political and ^noral evil, while the minds of men may be ripening fora complete emancipation of human nature*. The inhabitants of Virginia . are a cheerful, hofpitable, and in general a well-bred people : fome of them. are accufed of vanity and oftentation. Here are only two towns which deferve that name ; the largeft of which, and the capital of the province, i* WiLLiAMSBua'G, 37-1* N. lat. ,76-48 W. long, containing about fixty houfes, and fome fpacious public buildings. It is about 40 miles fran» the mouth of J-jnes river, and feven from Jamestown, which was formerly the capital, and before the American war, contained many taverns and public hmifcs, for the entertainment of marinr rs. York-cown alid Glouccfter wiH ever be famous for the capture of Lord tornwallisand his army. -« i>1 » M' Ttf. 6 E? V It^ ;vjf::' t¥t IJNITED STATES' or' AMERICA. ' Id -the foUowihg; accoontofthe cbmincite of Virgimat M>aU<>indudl:d thu of Maryland. Thef« province were fuppofed to export, of tobacco aloA^r to the annuel value of 768,oOiOl> into Great Britain, lliis, at eight pounds per, hogib^d, makea the number hog/heads, were exported by our merchanta to the other countries^f Europe, and theit- value returned to Great Britikin. The advan* t&ges of this trade appear by the bar«: ijieation of it. It may not be impro< per to addy that this Angle branch ernploy€d 33.0 fiil of fhips, and 7960 fea- men.' Not. only oiir wealth, therefore, but the very finews of o^r national ftitngth we^ powerfuHy braced by it. The other commodities of tfaefe colonies, of which naval (lores, wheat, Indian com, irob in-pigs and bars, are tfaie moii confidenble, madc^ the whole exportation, at an average of three yeafs^ amount td 1,040,0001. The exports of Great Britt^ii^ t^e fame- as to our other colonieSj fit a like average, came to 1l6},oc)S>\. Here is a college, founded by xing William, called William and Mary col- lege, wVo gave 2000I; towards it, and ao,ooo acres 1 1 0,000 BouNDARiE8.]'OOUNDED by Virginia, on the North ; by the Atlan- J3 tic Ocean, on the Eaft ; by the river St. John, which feparates Georgia from Florida, on the South j and by the Miffilippi, on the Weft. "••-•• • '- ,. NORTH UNITEDi STATES of AMERICA. fH(» NORTH CAROLINA. Diftrifls. Counties. Diftri^ls. Couaticfc Edenton, 9 Counties. 'Chowan Currituck *" Cambden Pafquetank ^ Perquimins Gates . Hertford Bertie .Tyreel 'New Hanover Brunfwick Cumberland Wilmington, ^ Robinfon i 8 Counties. Duplin Beaden ,. . Wayne tf"*' Moore 'Craven Beaufort *^ ■ »; Carteret Newbern, Pitt 8 Counties. | Dobbs Hyde Jones ... ] Onflow - 4 '"^ The above- three diftrifls, of Eden- ton, Wilmington, and Newbern, are on the fea coail, extending from the Virginia line fouth-weft- war.'l to South-Carolina. Davidfon, CDavidfon 2 Counties \_ Sumner.^ '4 r ' ■;:' '" V. , .ft,. ■■ Hillftjoroogh 9 Counties." ^ Halifax NorthanptoD « L Franklia iNafti Orange Chatan Granville JohnlJton Cafwell i Sampfon . Wake Guildford ^ Randolph ( Rowan I' Mecklenburg Rockingham ^»...^„.^, , Surry 8 Counties. { Montgomery Anfon Wilkes Richmond ' f Burke Green ( Rutherford ^ Wafliington Sullivan Lincoln Hawkins. Morgan, 7 Counties. ...v SOUTH CAROLINA, hath feven diftrias, in which are 35 counties, as ., follows : , , . N.. - ' . ,Ji"" • ''[V.^ '* .IttS- •,/f#:n'S r^'^ Counties. Counties, Beaufort Dts- fHilton TRICT. V on the fea-coait, Lincoln between Comba- < hee and Savannah Granville rivers. Chief townBEAuvoRT ^_Shrewft)ury Orange Dis- fr •/!_ TRICT. Lewiiburg weft of Beaufort J Orange diftria. Chief' town Orange- burgh. Lexington Winton Coan^ie^ 94» UNITED STATES or AMERICA, Counti'etf r Charleston DisTutr. between Santee fend Combahee rivers. Chief/ town Charles- ton. W. Ion. 79-12. ' N. lat. George-town district. between Santee nver and North. - Carolina. Chief town George- town, Chbraws District, Charlcfton Wafliiiigton Marion "* Berkley Colleton , Bartholomew Winy ah Williamfljurg Kingfton . Liberty Camden Dis- trict, weft of George- town diftridt Chief towiiCAM- DEN. Ninety-six District. comprehends all other parta of the ftate,nocincluded ill the other dif- trift. Chief town Cambridge. weft ofT Marlborough, George^town diftriA, chief towns > lington. are . J CountivH, ''Clarendon Richland Fairfield Cleremont Lancafter York Chefter 'Abbeville iildgetield Newbury Union Laurens ' Spartanbur^k Greenville ChefterfidJ, Dar- Georgia. That part of the ftate which hath been laid out in counties ji thus divided : Counties. Chatham f.. ^'^V EiBngham Burke Richmond Wilkes Liberty Glynn Camden Wafhington Greene Franklin %- Principal Towns. 4j;' Savannah^ lat. 32-5. W. long, r 80-20 Ebcnczer Waynefburg and LouIfvtU^ . ',» • Augusta, "^ ;?/ ^ W-uihington ,. ,# * " Sunbury -'V'-« ,'5 Brunfwick ,;•, ^.S's-' ■t>--'-i -'^'U St. Patrick's a-.^_:-f.j.,.^,,^-^ :; Gelphinton .'«:,. Ih.'..'" ' •' Greeiiftjurg, •>'•/. i -Y-'.: ■■■■ -..V, Rivers. 3 Thcfe are the Roanoke, or Albemarle river ; Pamtlc* Ncu9 ; Cape Fear, or Clarendon river ; Pedee ; Santee ; Savannah ;' Al- ^tamaha, or George River, and St. Mary's, which divides Georgia from Florida ; all which rivers rife in the i\palachian mountains, and runninjr eait, fall into the Atlantic ocean. The back parts are watered by the Cherokees, Yafous, Mobile, Apalachicola, the Pearl river, and many other noble llreamsl which fjill into the MifBrippi, or the gulf of Mexico. Seas, hays, and capes.] The only fea bordering on this country i«l tliat of the Atlantic Ocean ; which is fo (hallow near the cqaft, that a fhipj of any great burden cannot approach it, except in fonie few places. There has not yet been found one good harbpur in North C uolina ; the beft ar thofe of Roanoke, at the mouth of Albemarle River, Pamtico, and Cap^ Fear. In South Carolina, there are tne hnrbours of Winyaw, or Georgj Town, ( vers Sav The I minutes '■■'rthcr f Clim the climi but wht fummers, winters a *w"M UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 941 'town, Charles Town, and Port Royal. In Georgia, the mouths of the ri« vers Savannah and Alatamah? form good harbours. The moll remarkable promontoncs are, Cape Hatteras, in 35 deg. odd minutes north lat. Cape Feor to the fouth of it, and Cape Ol|teret ftill *'?rther fouth. Climate and air.] There is not any conGderable difference betweeo the climate of thcfe countries. In general it agrees with that of Virginia { but where they differ, it is much to the advantage of Carolina. The fummers, indeed are of a more, intenfe heat ^han in Virginia, but the winters are milder and fliorter. The climate of Carolina, like aH Ameri- can weather, is fubjcdl to fudden tranfitions from heat to cold, and from, cold to heat ; but not to fuch violent extremities as Virginia. The win- ters are feldom fevere en lUgh to freeze any confiderablc water, afFcfting on- ly the mornings and evenings ; the frolls have never fufhcient ftrength to rellft the noon day fun ; lo that many tender plants, which do not Hand the winter of Virginia, flourifh in Carolina, for they have oranges in great plenty ne^r Charles-Town, and excellent in theh' kinds, both fweet and four. Soil, producb^ and faceI In this refped, too, there is a confider- OF THE COUNTRY. J able coincidence between thefe countries and Virginia ; the Carolinas, however, in the fertility of nature, have the advantage ; but Georgia bath not fo good a foil as the qther piiOvinces. counties 11 ■ "^^^ whole country is in a manner one foreft, where our planters have not cleared it. The trees are almoft the fame in every refpcA with'thofe produced in Virginia ; and by the different fpecies of thefe, the quality of the foil is eafily Known. The land in Carolina is eafily cleared, as there is little or no undt^rwood, and the foreils moilly confift of tall trees at a con- ' fiderable diftance. Thofe grounds which bear the name of the oak, the walnut, and the hickory, are extremely fertile ; they are of a dark fand« intermixed with loam ; and as all their land abounds with nitre, it is a long time before it is exhaufted ; for they here never ufe any manure. The pine barren is the word of '.:. ' ; there is an almoft perfcAly white fand ; yet it bean the pine tree, and fc t other ufcful plants, naturally yielding good profit in pitch, tar, and turpcii...ne. When this fpecies of land is cleared, for two '^r ch"ee years toget it:r it produces very good crops of Indian corn and .pcafe i and, when it lies low, and is flooded, it even anfwers f6r rice. But what is mod fortunate for this province is, that this worft part of its land . is favourable to a fpecies of the moft valuable of all its produdts, to one of the kinds of indig". The low, rich, fvvampy grounds bear their great ftaple, rice. The cc. intry near the fea is much the worft, in many parts little better than an unhealthy fait marfh ; for Carolina is all an even plain for 80 miles from the fca, not a hill, not a rock, not fcarcely even a peb- ble to be met with. But the country, as you advance in it, improves con- tinually ; and at 100 miles dillance from Charles-Town, where it begins to grow hilly, the foil is of a prodigious fertility, fitted for every purpofe of human hfe ; nor can aii; thing be imagined more plcafant to. the eye than the variegated difpofition '"f this back country. Here the air is pure and wholcfome, and the fummer heat much inore temperate than in the flat faiidy coaft. In Ca.' jlina, the vegetation of every kind of plaBt is incredibly quick. The climate and <"ail have fonicthing in them fo kindly, that the latter* when left to if ^owenns Ul \ irally throws out an immenfe quantity of flowers and ropean plants ariive at perfection here • . ' ■ ■■^; > beyond, '0^!:% :'Kiv4;t4 m UNITED STATES . AMERICA. t>eTond that in which their native country affords them. With proper culture aj^encoui-agcment, filk, wine» and oi|i might be produced in thefc colonies jBj^hc lirtl we iiavc feervfamples equal to what is brought to un from ItfljjHj^hat gs..^ > extremely well in the back partsi and yields a prodigioualficfeafe. Fi'om what we have ohfcrved of thefe valuable province!, their pro- «du£kions appear to be, vines, wheat, rice, Indian com, barley, oats, peafe, beans, hemp, flax, cotton, tobacco, indigo, oliveH, orange, citron, cyprefs, fafTafras, oak, walnut, caffia, and pine trees ; white miilberry-trecs for feed* 'ing fdk-worms ; farfaparilla, and pinea which yield turpentine, refin, tar, and 'pitch. There is a kind of tree from which runs an oil of extraordinary virtue for cuting wounds, and another, which yields a balrt thought to be h'ttle inferior to that of Mecca. There are other trees befides thefe that yield gnnrs. The Carolinas produce prodigious quantities of honey, of which they make excellent fpirits, and mead as good as Malaga fack. Of all thele the three great llapk xommodrties at prefent are, the indigo, rice, and the produce of the pine. Nothing furprifes an European more at firil fight thun the fize of the trees here, as well as in Virginia and other American countries. Their trunks are often from 50 to 70 feet high, wthout a branch or limb s and frequently above 36 feet in circumference. pf thefe trunks when hollow<^, the people of Charles-Town^ as well as the Indians make canoes, which ferve to tranfport provifions and other goods from place to place ; and fome of them are fo liarge, that they will carry 30 or 40 barrels of pitch, though formed of one piece of timber. Of thefe are likewife made curious pleafure boats. ^ Animals.] The original animals of this^ country do not differ much from thofe of Virginia ; but in Carolina they have a Hill greater variety of beautifnl fowls. All the animals of Europe are here in plenty ; black cattle' are multiplied prodigioufly : to have 3 or 300 cows is very common, but fome have 1000 or upwards. Thefe ramble all day at pleafure in the forefts ; but their calves being feparated and kept in fenced paftures, the cows return every evening to them. The hogs range in the fame man- ner« and return like the cows ; thefe are very numerous, and many nm <}uite wild, as well as horned cattle and horfes, in the woods. It is fur- prifing that the cattle fhould have increafed fo quickly fincc their being firll improved from Europe, while there are fuch numbers of wolves, tygers, and panthers, conftantly ranging the woods -and forefts. We have already ob- ferv^d that thefe animals are lefs ravenous than the beafts of Africa and Afia ; they very'feldom attempt to kill either calves or foals in America, and when Attacked, their dams make a vigorous defence. History, government, population, 1 The firft Englifh expedi- curEF TOWNS, AND COMMERCE. t tions iuto CaroHna were unfortunate. Nothing fuccefsful was done m this way till the year 16631. in the reign of Charles II. At that time feveral Englifh noblemrn, and others of great dittindlion, obtained a charter from the crown, invefting them •with the property and jurifdi£tion of this country. They parcelled out the l?nds to fuch as were willing to go over into the new fettlement, and to iilbmit to a fyftem of laws, which they employed the famous Locke to com' pofe for them. , They began their firft fettlement at a point of land towards the fouth- ward of their diftridl, between two navigable rivers. Here they laid the foundation of a city, called Charles-Town, which was defigned to be, what it BOW is, the capital of the province. In time, however^ the difputei between 1 1th proper ed in th«fo light to lis nd yieldd a their pro- )at8t peaftf, >n, cyprefj, C8 for feed- In, tar, and traordinary light to be ) thefe that honey, of [alaga fack. the indigo, can more at a and other ) feet high, cumfcrence. well as tlic other goods :y will carry r. Of thefe differ much :atcr variety lenty ; black r common, eafure in the laftures, the fame man- many run It is fur- ir being firll tygers, and already ob- :a and Afia ; a, and when i{h expedi- Urolina were year 1663, blemrn, and veiling them elled out the ent, and to eke to com- the fouth- hey laid the to be, what the difputei between UNITEp STATES or AMERIdaiV. 94^ hrtween thenphutch of Engbmdoiien .md diflenteri ctufed a total, confufioo 'm the €019117. , X^u was readcred ilill Bior< intolerable by the ituau^oMoi the Indiaiu^ yrU>m th§y had iiritat^d by thdr in|iDlcnce and {Q|Miie. In order to prtvei^ tUc fatal confequcncea (i|Mefe i|iteftiae dinAoMpad fgt^. cigQ wara» , aa a^^ of parliament was pafled, which put thia caj||y und«r the Immediate protcfUon of th< crown. The lords proprietors accepted • rccQdxpfqfe of abput 34,000!. lor both the property, and juri(di&ion } and the conftitution pf t^ia colony, in thofc relpeds in wnicit it differed At>m ti^e royal colqiiies, was Itered. Earl Granville, however, thought- fit to retain his ffveijkth iha , v '' contii. ed in the pofleffion of bis family. For th^ more cpnvjinlci ad tuoi iiffairs, too, Carolina was divided into tv" di(lri£t«, ^od two jiove . ^^This happened in 1718* aod from that tui, ' > peace being rclU ' rial government, as well as with the Cheroleei and other J[ndia % ^.ovinces began to breathe i and their trade advanced with woi. ty. The fettiko^nt of ( wasprojefted in 173a, when feveraTpublici fpirited noblemen : and ut-ucis, from compal&Qn to tne poor.of thefe king- doms, fubfcribed a confiderable fum, whicbt with lo^oooL from the govern' ment, was given toprovide ^^cefTanea for fiich poor perfuns as were willing to tranfport themfdvas into this province, and to fubmit to the regulatiooi jmpofed on them. In procefs of time, ne\y fums were raifed, and new in,' habitants fent over. Before the year 1752, upwards of 1000 perfons were fettled in this province. It was not, howcycTy to be cxpedled, that the in- habitants of Georgia* removed as they wer^ at a great diilance from their henefaftorSf and from the check and control of thole who had a natural in^ fluence over them, would fubmit to the magiftrates appointed to govern them. Many of the regtilations, too* by which they were boimd, were very improper iqi tnemfelves» and deprived the Georgians of privileges which their neighbours enjoyed, and which, as they increafed in numbers and opiilencCf they thought it hard they fhould be dq>rived of. From thefe corrupt fourcea arofe all the bad humours whi^h tore to pieces this conftitution of govern- ment. X^iffrnfions of all kinds fprung up,, and the colony was on the brink ofdeftru£kion, when, in I75;t,the government took it under their immediate care, removed their pAicular grievances, and placed Georgia on the faqte footing with the Carolines. The metliod of fettling in Carolina, and indeed in other provinces oF Bri- tilh America, was to pitch upon a void fpace of ground, and either to pur* chafe It at the rate 01 20L tor 1000 acres, one (hilling quit-rent foireyery 100 acres ; or.othcrwife, to pay a penny an acre quit-rent yearly to the pro- piietovs, without purchafe-money. The people of Carolina live In the fam]e ' cafy, plentiful, and luxurious inanner with the Virginians already defcribed. Faverty is here almoft an entire llranger ; and the planters are the naoli hof- pitdble people that are to be niei with to all ftrangers,' and efpecially to fuch as by accident or misfortunes are rendered Incapable of providing for themfelves. The general topics of conyerfation among the meii, when card^ the bot- tle, and occurrences of the day do not intervene are hegiroes, the pricea of indigo, rice and tobacco, &c. They appear" to have as little tafte for the fcien'ces as for religion. Political enquiries and philofophkasl difquifitions are attended to biit by a few tatn of genius and indufiryj and are too laborious for the indplent minds of VQe people at L^^^ Lefs attention and refped are paid to. the women here, than in tho^e parts of the United States> where the^ InhabitaQtl hai^'^made greater nm. e F , grcft IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i /q y^M A V. 1.0 I.I lU lU u 140 1 2.0 iil |{l-25 III 1.4 III 1.6 M 6" ► I- /a ^1 > ^ C/f -^ '^*^ <(^*>* Sdences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4903 rot>oi^tion to the aidlr»totiien be iitereifed: fe that t1ie tftoill^^f tiviHxftidi^ in eouatries, in (hrtei, in' towns wd iin fkm^a, ittl^^b^klia^kedlyytfh^ degree loyed, fpendthtir time in dritlkhijBft or gaming iit £ilrds Oil' dittf^tt coek-€ghting, orhorfb>mdn^;' Many ofdie iUteriud«s are iEfflM,u{: with a bo^i^l matdh s and thdfe aattd^s frequentljr 'become ilttembif^ble by f«ts of jjtWt]^^ in a country that t>rMen^ tb any degree of dviKiMltibn, one would liat^y expeft tdfiild 'a j^ei^ailag cilfiom of putting out the eyes of each btheri yet this more than barbaratts cuilom isv'pre^ent in.both the Ca- tolioas, and in Georgia, among the lower elafs of peOfde. 'X^f'tae origin of (bi^ feuftom we are not informed* W^. pr^fdh^e there are few competitori &ir the honour of having originated it j ai^d equally as few who are enviout toflhefba/ufe of thofe who have the ionotir to continue it. The only place in either of the Carolinas worthy of notice is Charles. TtWrU) W. Lon. 79- 1 2. N. Lat. 32-45. the metropolis, of South Caro. , fina, tirhich for fize, beauty, and trade, may be confidered as one of the &i in Britifh Atnerica* It is admirably fitu^ed at the confluence df two navigable H^^, one of which is navigable for fliips lo milet above the towm, and for boats and large canoes near 40. The harbour Is good ih tvetj refpdS, but that of a bar, which hinders veflels of more dum 260 tOM burthen, loaded, from entering. The town is regularly ind pretty Jlrongly fortified by nature and art ; the ftreets are well cut; the iKdiiAs are large and well built r fome of them are of brick, and others, of wood, but all of them handfome and elegant^ and rent is ex- tremdy high. The ftreets are wide and ftraight, interfe£ting each other - at. Hght angles; thofe running eail and w^ft extend about a mile from one nver to the Other. It contains about 1000 houfes, and was the feat of the governor, and the place of meeting of the affembly. Its neigh- bourhood is beautiful beyond defcription. Several handfome equipages tte kept here. The planters and merchants are rich and well bred: * Ttb I'^^^-rj St"* tuthtaiiiing dhttjtom, with proprictv called gMglag, it thus performed. ' '^licB '.•ro' tijtm are wtarjied witb fiaHttag and braifiiw eaeh other, they come, as it i^ call^t %9 elff* ^' : ^ y ':'■ ,"\ aadbeiiare A« war betwcm Gm^ ipiriuia ati4 tV «o)k)PMi^ Utt pfOft^ wjMI jfaflify and C9p«^ ip, tbcir drefs apd wav ojC llviipgi^. fi? tbM( ffiiT ^MDf oonfpired to vuuu thii by much the Uvdieft, the loveUefl; andpc4l||^ pUfCH^ aaivi* one of the ricfaeft tp<^ in «U Aipcriqi. It,4W|^f#Hti9-:^5|fb^[|rT^ for the honour of thcjpeople qf Carolina^; thi^ ffh«iai(in.>bt other colonMMi»:theT (eiplrM^ ipg^inft thi; qfeof cwtamluxi^jliMrJUiftJvciiilWr ceflane».Qf life }, tMe article* which iiqpr^« th^ ,iiu^, ml^rgv. ^^ Uf^ii^ ftandingr and Qorredtj^ta^. were excejUd: the iqap^f^l^iipf bWfA^^ pennitted as formerly. ^ ^ / .ijvu., North and South Carolina joined with the other coloniep in their revolt againft Britain ;- and in 1780, Charles Town being befieged by the kinff'a troopiiy iuRpeadcrad o»-< apitu l at ion> writh 6000 men in- ana* prifoncrsy oo-^e nth of.Majr in that year, after the fi«B(e had continued feven weeks. /U Sjouth Carolina has nfct witk infinitely more attention thfin the other p>oYincca»' the comoatrce of thia country sdofle employed 440 fhips, wmle .thai of the other two did not employ 60. Its exports to Great Britaiii ot native commoditieiy on an average of thrcie years, amounted to more'thaii •$95iOOoL annual Value ; and its importsi to 565,0001. Thecxpoftsofi }))Mn^; Carblioa were compufeed at dnrnt yotogol. and. its imports, at. 1 8^oL j^^ ttade o£ Georgia IS' lik^wife in its ia&|icy( tbee^orts ainouited:td.Cttk move than 74i^oooL and the import)) taj49,oool.S ->;; The tnule between Carolina. and>the Weft^Indlea was the lame in alleUh fpefts with thbt of the reft of the colorties, and was very large f tht^rltjeatk with the Indians was in a very flourishing condition ; and they formeriy carried Englifti goods on pack-hisrfes 5 or 60Q miles into the country weft of Charles«Town. - - i'- The mouths of the rivers in North Carolina form but ordinsuy harbours* and do not admit, except one at Cape Fearj veiTels qjf abqye 70 or 80 tons. This lays a weight upon their trade, by the, expencc of lighter-age* ' Edenton is the capital of North Carolina, but little more than a trifling village i they were lately projecting a town .farther foutb, which would be. more centriod. Georgia has two towns already known in trade. Savannah, the capital, is commodioufly fituated fok* an inland and foreign trad^, about ten mpeSi from the fea, upon a noble river of the fame name, which is navigtible -for 200 miles farther for large boats, to the fdcond town, calki Augnfta, v^hic^ ffands in a country of the greateft fertility, and carrt ii tfol tWubfind fevM le6unfeAdin t df ^«^th CMwUpii, lii i i^erfrtri fttnift of *}t^iiid'« h6uf* of reptdcAutivM of ioa Wi6(nfc(B» .' >ni4flitl oP G^rgit irt i govtm^r^ cSMittitc tmntSL of i a^ «nd UeHfe' bf alKnibty of f « 'MjMtfen ■Jj I' ■I .;ri. I , Mtf j» ii wi ij ii i' i | i < i I im m i> i ira ti if.np tm i^ n nt jn I ..V .1 ^^ill M^.^jiXE^ FORMBO iit NORT^AMfefel^^ 'ill J?I^H£ Nt*i> State of FranMnt vm lonnedby tfleunidnioCthivecoun* 'Jt tfei ip North Carolina.' B(tt«caltfr:inuch eoafy&dui aU. pretienfio^ to &i^peiuienafrh were at length rdiilK{uiflied» and it isiiio«r>n>ttliited«rith its parent iUte. Befides jthia» tw^^ other. ft|ktc»havi! ht^T JUvfent thofe of KENTUOKE,. and V£RMDNT»ri. Of thefii we ihkll gtvei fome account id tlii9place> - ."' '-* ■ J giw . ' 1 H'.wiXj- viiy .,.1 *>,; y ,(» i-r .'■^}:lSehHgMgatpretmtto* ^tate of f^rgiiiia.^ ' ' THIS country was firft difcovered by one Mc , ' Cotintiies. owns. ",i Jefferibn, at the falls of the Ohio' Loulfville Fayette . — .— . . Lextngtoa Bouibon — ; r— .^one Mercer ^— — — Harrodftowa : Kdfoa^ — ^, -r- - Bardftown j,. . Maddifon — — Nontf . -. Lincoln * — -' -7- None , ■ . — •>' ' . - ' ■ • - ■ ■ . In ailthiffe, ft well ^s in many other places, are hou^ for the infpeAlo|[ •f'tobac(io.' "■'.::■■'■' .','■. The Ohio bounds Keiitudce in its whole lensth. This date is watered ^ many rivef^, and the grea^eft part of the fofl ia amazingly fjjrtile, and is h-^l^^.^o .. * . • .^ ■ '.-v-i- .... „ - • more uk^ji##rATiil 'i^'^i^ttlliA; otnera entirely uitktiown to taem;; • in'tnemavttctiif tiniicwii.''indjp4in» (bmt. 'SaldMit; rbaefai'^rth, ed^ «ti^ all Unai^|M)1L^«(fa;'''!^^mtta |s com^uni here, i|S is ^he ivory-bill, wi;Qod-c«ck/«f a WUttiAlr'dildttt'; *i^^ vrhite tilimie. TfaebtUii pure {vbfy.' Herd^ if ati t6#|'Uke^mj bot'^ fet^ m Vcrdfehrtion. It nkkti a f4>^nzihg lio^ likVt ihaA'hi $ttxk& tii ingly-large, ini fome of which you mif tHtjf^l fiNtnl mile* iinder a fioe^e^ ftone rod, Ttipported hy curidus atchiis 'and t^arft. In'moftuif ti^emMrtM Areams of water. . Near Lexington are'tb be teeo curipus fepulcbrea, fi|tt^ huniah'flcelhpiiii^. lUere are tWe Iprings os ponds bfbfthmdi near (j^reea River,, which difchairge tHemfelves into a comiAon refervoir, and When uiS4 iri Mnips, anfwer all the purpofes of the fineft oil *. Ther^ .are many ijffiuii baaks, and^ different phkbes' abounding with copper, whfch whei^ refined ia equd to any in the woHd. At a fait fpring n found in. thefere^oJia; ti^"^ •adne litch now eiUft) «re 'very difficult qtteftions, and variottHy rifbl^^ The variety of cdtt}fcmires ferves only to prove the futaity^bf all. ThV MiiGfippi and Ohio, are the keys to the northern otuAi piF,tI|e weftem continent. ' The ufual route to Kentucke is from PhOBdebhiat^ •Baltimore, by»t^e'way of Peterfbui^h, From the mouth of thse OHiP io^ N^w Orifeans, (a "iftance not exceeding 46omilCs in a ftntght line) fiii $e6 by water. The moutii erttpties itfelf by feveral channdi into the gu»«f Mexico.;- • '•.•-•■■, An idea may be formed of the aftonifhing emigrations tirilus country, 'fntn ■ the following account taken by the adjutant of the troops ftationed at Fort Harmer,atthe mouth of Mulkingum. ' From the loth of O^dber, 1786, to the lath of May 1787, 1^7 b^ts, containing a 689' fouls, 1353 I'^ories, 766 cattle, 112, waggons and 4wo' phaetons, befides a very confiderable nundl^r that pafled in the night ttnobi« fcrved; ■<■■••■ -^ „' ■ ^ " ^_ ■ '■•' - • ■• • _.■;-•; ■ ■ ' It is at prefent peopled by above one hundred and fifty thdufiu^' fettleri. From the interior fettlementts of this vaft country, America will derive her future greatnefs, and eftablifti neW empires to rival, and perhaps outdo the ■ ancient woHd. •,. . ' • y E R. M ON T. - THE ftate of Vermont is a vaft country, fit;uated eaftward of New Hampflure, ibuth of MaiFachufets, and weft of NeW York.' It la , If 5 miles in length, and 60 in breadUi. The capital (^ the ftatcs is Benning- ton. ■"• ■■•■' ■"• •■ •■ ■. '■ ' •-■•.! V.-.' .^ .- " \ ■••' • " ' The Aliens are the chie&.pr head men of the country. It m governed ^ " ':"'"- • Morie'a American deopapbj, p 40*. " > ;'* ' t. itf fi^ ymtSp STATES or AMl^mCA. ittcM^ bwi, independent of copgteft mad. tU ftataiu Hillidto it hM bcw iui ot^|ib&«fj^tmi;KMi Jbetii^q Uie ftalM of Ne«Yor|( and New Hunp- (bif^* HXlio,DiM)pie; w4*hT « long; time* no other name tkan Green Mouur ^«n,QMi,!!iibth%v nJUdved i|i^ V andfince corrupted iiito the fi^pr^liiln^ifikgti^ot Vermont, i ,- T^'an^e fiutila* into whileh the arm of man it juft carrying the det jf^nftiTe, a^i ev^ where afcrd the mo^ grand and fablime pro^eoa. Liulc 54^ the land of thw ftate it yet dearedt but the emigrationa to it from other ^Utoi wc greatran^ it, will £0001 h^me well cultivated, and equal in fertility tothe j^t^ tt appioxtqutqt* Ita population i» laid already to amount to I50rfio(i. , , , , 1|^ declaration which they made by their reprefentativet in convention «t Wtndfoiv on the ajth of December, 1777^ and which maket a part of tV ur. confti>ution,.brenthe»' at high a fpirit of liberty, at that of any «f their neiKhboun. They aflert that all men are bofrn equally free— ^with equal nghti,and ought to enjoy liberty of confcience—-fr(edon^ ofthepreft— 4rial bjr jury--power to form new iUtea in vacant countries, and to regulate thieir own^ i^tqrnal |)Qlice<-*that l|l eje&iont ought to be free- that ali power it Oti^nally in the people— that government ofeght to be inftituted for the com< non benefit ;0f tb^ community-7>and that the community hav« a right to keform or a!)pli(hi g|avernni>:nt->that every member of fociety had a right ta protei£^iqik of lifi^ .liberty and property-*-4nd in return it bounjl to contri- j^utehU proportion of the expence of that pro^&ion, and yield hit pcifonal fefvice when^ neceflary— -that he (hall not be obliged to give evidence againft himsel f ■ " tha t .the people have a right to bear arwtr^ut no ftanding^ armiei ihall'be maintained in time of peace— that the people have a right to hold themfelvea, their houfet, papers, and pofleffiont free from fearcji or feizure, and therefore warrants, without oaths, firft made, affording fufficient founda* tion for them, are contrary to that right, and ought not to be granted--thtt no perfon (hall be liable to be tranfported out of this ftate for trial for any oSence committed within thia ftate, &c. *. Thf (latct of New York and Pennfylvania have large tra^t of fertile laad* astending to the khes prcper for the forming of fettlementt, and very capital onet have lately been made. > This country will in future prove ooe of the nfpftradtantageoua commercial (ituations in America, having in a man* Bier ^he key of Canada, and of all the northern Indian trade ; the navigation 4;xten<^ng from the weftern fea to the lakes, hat no other obftru£Uon than (mail portages, which in time will be converted into canals. The fur trade ^m chiefly centre in this coimtry. ' ' . In the inland «;oufltry of Virginia and North CaroUaa, the fettlementt in piany parts extend to the mountains. In the eaftern parts of Virginia, fet* tlemcnts have been made in the mountains themfelvea, where fope induf- trious Germans f wlu> found the lands in the valli^ taken up,) have eftabliik- fdconfiderable plantations. ' .South (^arolina has immenfe trads of fertile land unfettled. The' ftate of Virginia, poilielfing lands on the other fide of the mountains, (and having more immediate communication with the Ohio country on the rtVerj many thoufands have paffad over them, and fettled themfelvei in Morte't AmerictD Gcograihv,i;t 4x7. " .■:/:-■■ tbat { t7Nl¥t:l> StATES df AMERICA. w HMt traft which lies b^ti^cen the mountains and the river. It b &i4 tolae enuKtiiiti hmve crotTed tkit river, end fettled in th« country boidcriag 4tH the hkn. Bt i.hte fettiefflent, the country to the fouthwird of th^ iMmh indud- ied in the ftate of Virginig. AH the cotmtry to tht northwtfd of thli gittt river, extending from Pennfjrlvatiia to the eaft, the lake< on thie noith, and iheMiffifippi on the weft, are intended to be divided by congnfii^idto tea newftatei.. ' ■ ; i' , WASHINGTON, METROPOTAMIA, PE8ILIPPA, MICHIGANIA, ILLINOIA, CHERBONESUS. SARATOGA, SYLVANIA, ASSENIPI, POLYPOTAMIA. Tliefe 'ten ftates ffpreading over an immenfe tnOi of land,) are travefed by the great river Onto, in a coorfe of laoo miles, receiving into its watera the innumerable rivers which are fcattered bver the wholexountry. On the nortK they are bounded by the five great lakes, Soperior, Michigsiii, HutOn, Erie, and Ontario ; which empty themfelves into the river S. Laurence. On theeaft they have the dates of New York, Pcnnfylvania and Virgimay whofe navigation (as virell as the St. Laureiice) afforcb them adiicA, com- munication with the Atlantic Ocean. On thefoutl^ they are partly bounded by the mountains, and on the weft by the vaft river Mimfippi, (y^hbfe fource is unknown) and which after flowing through the great continent of AmCri> ca, (admittmg into itsfwelling waves the tributes of a thoufknd waters) 'bUa into the gulf of Mexico. : On the 30th Nov. 1782 thtf provlfional articles of peace and reconciliation (between Great Britain and the United States were figned at Paris ; thefe were afterwards ratified by a definitive treaty Sept. 3d. 1783. Thus was terminated a war equally ruinous to Great Britain and America, a war crafU- ly and vinfidioufly fomented by France,' the common enemy uf both. ' No' fooner was peace reftored and the Britifh troops withdrawn from the coun- try, than the United Siates began to experience the defers of their gene- m government, and findinc that the articles of the confederation woold hot enable them to furmount tnofe national embarralTments, which they experi- enced^at length recopimended to the feveral governments, the appointiia|r of delegates, who met at Philadelphia in June 1787. In this convl|n|t , if to b0 hoDcdi tnoKafit ia energy pnd ftabiUty i ao4 ^1^^ thf Britiih conftitu: tion of Mniohiit it the legitintat^oSiiprtBg, become tib|e pfp^nt of profperiiy •nd hapi^eii to every order of the people, r^i the bieaking out of the French rtvolution, while the terror and aUrm which it excited in all the nations of Europe i|ram.ed'thani to keep at a diftance from •the niighty nun, varioua clrcumftaiMMN- ferv«d ryther to cement the union of France America. They haa efpourfjtd her caufe during heir ftruggle w^i theand mothelr^ountry, by her afiftance tiiey had been enabled to fccure their independence, aod t))ou^U the principle^ of the revolutionary government of rrance were at inimical to tne American government at thev were to (every odMfa yet their diiUnce from the fcene of a^on and the little inter' taounc whioh the people of one country c^tuld have irith the other, removi «d an apprehenfion of danger} perhant the very name of republic, fjcryed to pt(emote theur union | another- realon vqay have operated a^ powerfally M'eithen the propagation of the perpiciout pijkiciplet of tbie French re- Toltttion amffng the people of Atnerica. But whatever. friendly difpoiition mieht exift in that country towardt France, or to the new order of ith>ngt eft*6U(hed there, flie wifely determined to nutke ufe of Ae advan* tagct of herifituMian, far rcinovcd from the contending powers, and to adhere to the ftri^ft neutrality { it it however impo0ibl|! but that neutral nationi muft experience roanr things from the conduft of the powen at war, giving . life to difofiiGon and negociation ; fubjcAs of this fort, frequently occurred ' betwixt Great Britain and America. The rules laid down by the former oountrr at the beginning of the war tefpeding the commerce of France and hoT' colonies, although ftri£klv conf6rmable to the law and pradtice of na- tions, and to the conduA obierved in all former wars, had been greatly mif- rcpreCented by the adivity of the French partizans who abounded In A^mcxi- cai thci^e roifreprefentattons were not without their effeAs there, info- much t^at at one time matters feemed to wear a very threatening appearance ; alt the nufchieft however which would have refutted from a commencement of hoftHities were prevented by the tinisly prudence and pacific difpofition of both countries : and a treaty of. mutual friendlhip and amity was figned at London in 1 794. by Lord Grenville and Mr Jay ", this treaty notwithtbnd' ing all the arts and influence of the French patty was afterwards ratified b}' oongrefs.^ From the beginning of the war the obje£k of France had been to prevail upon America to muce a^opomon caufe with her, and as the like- (isft oijsans to promote thefe views, every effort was made to foment jeal- .oufies and divifions betwixt Great Britain and America. It it not therefore to be wondered at, that her difappointment (honld break . out into ragei when by! this treaty (he faw all her profpe£^& of embroiling the two countn^ totally blafted, all their differences compofed, and the foundatfoa of a friendly .intercourfe (olidly laid. To this fource alone may be iirace^ all tjie cont- ..plaints <4 tht French government againit this treaty betwixt 0reat Britain and the vl^ted States ; for it contams not one article ci^ble, o( being con- ftroed iptp a yiolation, or even inconfifirency with any, fomter treaties \ff which America ftood bound to other nations ; nor can it ih any degree be Qonfideredju th^..fmalleft*dcparture from the principles 4^ that ilri£b neutriii- Kty, tf which from the lieginmng of the war> the (ccfllicd determined to > . ' . . adhere, 1 ings^'toV ag^ffioi 'Wt Bt >i»to its. m Bflhere^'unleTi driven ^onl it byBfti of vioUnc* on the part of •ither'vf the contendmg poiren. Soon after this Frpnce WA» razeed to throw ttdtf the Tcrf thin veil by which flie had endeavoured to cover all her proceed^ ings'toWardi the United States ) the confequencea ■ were fuch ads of aggrefllon, infult and outrage on her ^rt aa it .was impoffible for. anjf tieople to httir, without renouncing all tide to the charader of a hiave and ifldepi^nfdent nation. • • " Anxious however to preferveto their connttr the blaifings of peace* cmbaiTadOrs were fcnt to Paris, if poiBble to fettw thdr enfling dilRierencef by negnciatbu i they were treated bjr the Frendi n^crswith the utmoft contempt, they were not fo itauch as received in thdr public chara£keri and thev vrere given to underftand by fome private comfflunioationr that tbd huflnefs' of their iniflion could not even be entered upon without fubmiitinj^ themfehres to France t in the cdurfe of tfaefe private communications fuch « difcpvery was made of the infamOus duplicity and. unprincipled meannefa df the rrench rulers as is truly aftonilhingt.if any thine of this fort from fuch men could be aftoniihrng | but for^an account of this as well as of every thing that paiTed at Pans betwixt the agents of the diref^ory and the Ame* rican plenipoteiitarieS we mui| refer to the account publtfhedby therofelvaf sftcr leavirig^ France. This account was attended with the beft effedis in America i vxcht. appeared to be the infoletat views of France fo unequivocal and undifguifcd that every man of virtue and difcemment in the United States^ was'at once perfuaded that they had no alternative but either to re- fill the 'eneroachments of Fiance or tamely fubmit themfelves to her poweri They found themfelves therefore in the ftme dilemna in which all ^a kingdoms of Europe now ftaiWl } but here a bravc'people fprung from th« land of liberty could not long h^fitate which to chufe { one. principle feemed at once to annate aiid unite the whole country in a firm refolution to pre* ierve their liberty and repel the ur^utt aggreflions of an infulting foe ; and we cannot entertain a doiibtj bnt their vigorous efforts will be crowned witli fucccfs. € <-*?* ir^r * . r- .' *^., --f ■- ■ ■*'.'■ WE haye stlready.ohferved^that between the two continents of AmerU ca lie a. multitude ;of inlands which We call the Welt.IndieSi ai[p which, fuch j^ are. worth , cultlyatioii, now belong tQ five European powers^ as Great, Britain^. Spaiot, France, HoUand,/ and Denmark. .As the climat« at^dfeafonsoftheC^iflands* .differ widely from whatw^ can form any idea of| by what,'«ye..p wid MVr rflt\Mnii Vf)ii«h wphU bt tM«JMk» if . Ibe tnde trfwl. rifing m4ufdlf M ikt M gitbcri iMg^ J^d Mlt Woif hi vpon Aon frpfk tbc ui» »ad ttktfh iki •& i« (v«h« intnQ«r» •• t9 jmblt tbon ^t* attend to theii* ooac«ro( rnon up^ Um miiidiM futu Oik (be oUwr band, m tbe night advihcei, a biteie begini to be perccivf4 wbMb bfowa dfimif intf^ tM hnd» at it ink li»jn tbfl ctAtK, towanda -ibn fieit to all ^hta of th/e coa^M^ at oack. ' By the km reoMiltabU Rnoin^cf in the dKpoOng of thjngl* it i«^ that vbeq tbc ((in bai na^e a gneat pvogreTi t«e hail ) tl^eftoimsof hftl are, boweyer, very vioknt when they happen, and the hailftones very greet and heavy .——Whether it be owing tothia moifture, which alone does not feem to be a fuificient ' caufie, or to a greater quantitv of a fulphureoua acid, which predominttei ia the air of this country, metiUs of all kinds, that are fubjeA to the aAioi of fudi caufc8,ruft and canker in a very (hort time i and this caufe, perhipi as mudi aa the heat itfelf, contributes to make the climate of the Welt Indict unfriendly and unplealant to an Eurojpean conftitntion. It is in the rainy feafon (principslly in the month of Aijiguft, more rardj In July and September ) that they are afiaulted by hurricanes ) the moil ter- rible calamity to which they are fubjcA (as well as, the people in the Ball Indies) from the cUmate j this deftroys, at a ftroke, the labours of many . ytaxtf aiidpr ftratea the moftex)ilted hopes of thcplahter,andoftenjuftatthe moment when he thinks himfelf out of the reach of fortune. It is a fu^ And violent ftorm of wind, rain, thundery apd lightning, atteiided with a fiurious fwelltng of the fcas, andf fometiines with aki earthquidEe ; in flioit, <|nth every cireomAance, which the elements, can aflembie» that is teml>le ;tthd deftruAive. ^ Firft, they fee as tl^ prelude to the enfmng hitvock, whole I :fieMs of fuMrUanes whirled into the a]r,^d fcattered over' the face of tk^J country. The ft^ongeft trees o^the fdreft are torn up 1»y t|« roots, an^ driven abeut like ftubble i their windmills are fwept away in a i^onif|)t| Mdieir ut^ji^ffls, the fixttues, the -ponderous copper boikni and ft^ of &^] i| M VtfseV Jmki^ acrola the lAbaasef Dolsa, WS»T INDIEf. 'W nI liaaiR^MlgMk art ^n«neh«d fnm tM pawit md htikM. tt fUtw j tllttr houMraiv M ploMakiii } tlk fitofii wc torii o(f it doe bbft r wfaHi the fabii vrhidi ill «i ham rifc» f i^ feet^ cafAm in upon' llMik with u itrd»' MDH VMNtliiVi 4. Tila kitfridne-cdoMl on either m the q-arten^ or at the fliH or diMge i( the mobn. If it codiM at the fuU ntooa» obrcnri 'thef(tf %nat Tbct itf jbvtwik fie* the IcT itrf turbulent { toa will obferve the fmi matt red tKin «t other timet i 700 wiU perceive a dtad eafan, end the hilb elear of lit thoft doudi end aniftt »hieh ufuaUjr hover dwut theot. In the clefta of the ctr^ and hi the wctt^ voi| hea^ a hoUoir niMUiaKfound, lihe the rafldn^ of h grcatl irmd; M uffht the ftab feeM imich Hrger than ufuldi and finrrounded wifhatfariof botfli the ■octh»weft flcy haa a blade and meiiaeio|; bok 1 tkie iea emita a ftrong (meU» kiid rifca intind carried to NeW England to be diftilled there. The topt ot the canet, and the leiavet wlych grow upon the jointt, mikk very good prov6ndeir for their cattle, and the refiilc of the cane, After grinding, f«rv^ for tire ; fo that no part of this excellent plant ia without ittufe. • They compute that, when things are well mtnagecF,' the rum and. mi;|^ laffes pay th^ charades of tihe plantation,' aiid the fugars are clear gpin. now* ever, by the particulan we have feen, and by othera which we may eaiily imagine, the ocpeneet of a ptantatipni in the Weft-Indies are very great, afkl theprofita at the:firl|^,view precariout 1 for the chargekble arcidetof tht windmill,' the bailing^ oooling,*and diAiUinr houfet, and' the buying ana ifibfifting a fnit^ble munber of flaves afad cattle, will not fufcr any man to 'begin a fugar pUintation of any con&quence, not to mention the pUrchafe of the land, which it very high, under a capital of at leafl; 5000I. Neither ik the life of a plf^nt^, if he means to acquire a fortune, a Ufe of idleneft 4nd luxury ; at all times he muft keep a' Watchful eye upoii bfs overfeers, and even f|rcriee hitttf frugal men, loon make, good eftatet for themfelvet. ' - The negroes in the plantations are fubfifte d at a very ea(y. rate. Thiiii gefierally by allotting to each family of^hem a fmali portion^ uf land, and allowing them two days in the week, Satdpay and Sundays to' ciikivate it ; ibme are fubfifted in this manner, but others find their negroes a certain per tion of Guinea and Indian corn^ arid to tome a (alt hernng,'or a fmall por> Xioa;of bacon or fait pork a-day. All .the reft of the charge confifts in 1 cap*, a (hirt, a pair of breeches* and a blanket ; and the profit 6f their \t- bcAir yields 10 or 12L antiually. The price of men negrocs' upon their firlt arrivai is from 30I.- to 36I. women and grown buys 508. len ; but fucli negro families as are acquainted with the bufinefs of the iflands generally bnng above 40I. upon an average one with another ; and there »tt inftancu of a fingle negro man expert in bpfinefs bringing 150 guineas; and the wealth of a planter is generally, computed from the number of ilaves he pof* feffct., ■ To particularife the commodities proper for the Weft India market, would be to enumerate all the neceiTaries, conveniencies, and hiliunes of life ; for they' havc/nothing of their own but cotton, coftec, tropical fruits, fpices, and the commodities I have already mentioned. ■:i..^iim ' ^ Traders, there make a very large profit upon aQ they fell |but from the numerous ihipping conftantly anriving from Europe^ and a continual fucceifion of new adventurers, each of whom carry out more or leis as a venture, the Weft India market is frequently overftocked { ironey mjaft be ralfcd, and goods are fometimes fold at prime coft or under. Butthofe who can aflord to ftore their goods^ and -wait for a better market, acquire fortunes equal to sny of the {winters. - All kinds of handicraftfmen, efpecii)lly carptnten,' ^'fcrickhiycrs, braziers, and coopers, get very great encouragement. But it - is the misfortune of the V^tft Indies, that^phyficians audfurgeoes even out* ' do the planter iM merchant, in accumulating riches. • ': Before the Aificr^vanwar4 there wereaUowed toJ)eia'«ur Weft Indies at ...:.. .;..., . ■-'■ M BkrtsiH AMiKteiii IttAnfi. m id iMn wi^ night,) in tKt ijci ; add t« nd tiicn ion- of a.pbatcr, :e fti hit own luld never an- there are no : a 'timet frotai >r a few good u tlK f latiuir :ha»iii readier or chief 'Oya> ET* under him it 1 Jq negroci, eon at. a' fixed tit:. %i« tkc ^.ia^ to;kt. thr a tenant, Who jp rcpaira an^ t( half the neat i ■ frugal imcD, .rate. Thitii jrof land, and t'cukivaite it: I a certain pop sr a fmsdl pop E xonfiils in I fit 6f their la^ ipon their firft efs ; but fuch indi generally ■ealv inftancci leas ; and the (laves he pof> karket, would of life ; for lits, fpices, and |u«t to y>,'^*^^|f Thia t^pvoportioo between 4k freemen ^nd. negto«t^i|»lnch jgrovra iwve vifible every dayj»ibflM writeb h«it cndeavotrcd to accirant fur, >i>y alV^n^, tliat the. caterarUing fpirit, whIHi the no««lty of the pk^, ' and varioua • coticarreot , cautoif had. prpdoctd \tk the laft oeatucT,' hat decayed very muMh. !I?hat the difporition of the Weft Indiana ihemfclvea, wh6 fur che^tpntfa cboofe to do c'vry ^hing by negrbea whitilroa».poffibly bodoae by ttient, cootributea greatly tc^ the ftrMtO itumfiin- of white* of the lowwr ttatioos. tjuch indeed it the powerful,. idiflucac^tvT avarice, thiat tluiu||h the whitea an krpt in cunlUnt terror iofi[?4bn|gftioita and ploti, , many inmiliea employ 35 ur 30 ne^ct at' nidaial wltik are intinitely< tbe.n>oli dangeroua of the flavea, and tn.cafe.oCanyriafuniiAkai they havs it more'ia their power to Iknke a fuddcn and fatal tu6w-4 aadihe crutUy with which the negroea are.often ireutedrgivca.jtlie, white inhabt' tanta toot much reafon for their appitiheniioiia, that the negruftt ma)r eddtev- bur'to revenge themfelves upon their mailers. ; v. '. > m- The drft obicwation that has been mentioned, iin order, to account for'Uk pjreCont difproportion between the freemen and thencgrOca in^he Weft Ii|- iiiaktH^t ihLkft ja not well ^nded | that enter^ifmg fpirit which firft led Britona put to difcovery and colomzadon, itill animates iu a vtry confides-, ibk- degree. the. pe<^te of thia nation } but the .field lias been late / anomt ainplo uivleahrgcd^iand emigrants have had greater fcupe whereon to range. 3e■- ..::'. .- . , , \ .# : . Tbi* iAiiul h kteikfkii with' a ridge oC fteep rockk twnfalcd bj the fte- ^liMeiit eKitUqoakes in -9, ftiipenddua ^mkncr^poft one .anotbcn Thcfe rockl^ . tiMXigh cotitaifiMg no futi pn ihcir Curftce, are .covered withr a gt-ett varieti^ t^. In the plains Are found feve> nil f«lt fountain } and in the mountains^ op far from Spanifti Tdwn, is a hot baiifak of great me tuM: ; tlie iilldiogany, in fueh ufe-with our cabinet-makers, and Of the moft - valuable quality; but this - wood begins to wear out, and of late is verjr d^r. Excellent cedars, of a large iize and durable ; the cabbage>tree, re- kntirkablie for the hardnefs of its wood, which when dry is incorruptibla, and haiiAy yieids to any kind of tool ; the palnfta affording oil, much efteemed By the favages, both in food and medicine ; the foap-tree, whofe berriel •nfwer all ptirpofes of walhing ; the -mangrove and olive bark, ufeful to tan. itcta { the fuftic and I'edwood to the dyers ; and lately the logwood. The indigo phtit Was forincrly much cultivatcfd ; and the cottou'tree is llill fo. Ko fdrt of Earopean grain grows here ; they have on)y maize, or Indian com, Guinea corn, pe^s of various kinds, but pone of them refembling ours, iHth vaYi^ty of rOots. Fruits, ag has been already obferved, grow in great plenty ; citrons, Seville and China oranges, common and fwcet lemons, hmei^ ^hadocka, pomegranates, mamees, fuurfops, papas, pine-applesj cuftard-ap> ' ^pei, ftar'«p|>ie4, prickly pears, alljcada, pears, melons, pompions, guavas, $nd ieye:%f sinds of bernea, alfo garden iluua in great plenty, and good. Th« catttle bred on this iHand are but few ; their beef is tough and lean ; the mutton and Iambi are tolerable ; they hav« great plenty of hogs ; many '•'■ .,..,,- • planta* 8*«rilN ANSftlCiOl ISLAMD4. 939^ hj the fit- 'kcfc rockki re*t variety tottrlflicd by a the moun^ mckt» iaduf' vift nuihbd ktanftB»and bright ver* 111 UndTcape. Mf which di>i kntjr. The I ordiiitU7 iii if,ii^f >■•..■ e fliotteft ia in the Weft nd h ia iboft mA ; but the idev the heat te« pure^ and iinder# whiek inefst and the In Febmarj lafter. Dur* violent, and e found feve> 'bvni, is a hot ^.ach» whichi ible endemial andt Coool ginger, and nnamon-tree, -uit, though lifons ill na- of the rhoft late i» verf iage>tree, re- uptible, and ich eileemed hofe berriel ifeful to tan- 'ood. The ;c is Hill fo. , or Indian ibling ours, iw in great Imons, limrfes are (mtUt mettkfome, and hudy, aad whca wett_ Kiade, generaUy fdl ibr ■ ja at 40I fterliiag. Jamaica likswife (ii^es th<» iipothccary w'ith guaiacum,* far&parilla, dtiai, ca&a» aad tamaifada. " Amotig tM aoitnala ave the land and fe* turtle, and the aI%ator. H«r« are all forts of f«)wl, wild 4hd tiune, and in particular mote parrots than ui aoy of the other iflaiiids ; belides pazroquets, pelieans, (hips, teal, Gajnes hens, geeTc, ducks, an4 tutkiea ; the humqiing bird, and a great variety of others. The rivers W bays abouqd. with fidu The moudtai^a bned nuMi^ , berlefs adders, a^d other noxious animals, as the fienaand narfhesdo, the guana and gallewaf||i ; but thefe laft are not venomous. Amon^ the iiikAn ^re the ciror or chcgoe, which eats bto the nervous and membranoaa part* of the lefli of the oJegroes, and the white people are fometinnes jpl^fued with them. Thefe ime£U get into any part of the bo4y, but ohieiy the legs and feet, where they beeed in gieat Bumbecs, and (hut themfehrcs up in a bag. ^ As foon as the perfon reek them^ which ia not jxerhapa tiH a week a«er they have been in the body, they pick them out with « ntcdle|' ' or point of % penknife, taking care to deftroy the hag entirely, that none or the bre^d, which are like nits^ taw be left behind. They fometimes get in* to the t<)«s, and eat the fle(h to the very bone. This iflaad was originally '.-. part of the Spaniih empire in America. Se* Tcral defcents bad been maw' ipon it by the EnffUui, prior tQ 1656 ; but it was not till this year that Jamaica was reduced under our dominion.—- CromweH had fitted out a fquadcon under Penn and Venablea, to reduce Uie Spaniih ifland of Hifpaniola, but there this fquadron was uniiicceisful. f he commanders of their own accwd, to atone for tiiis misfortune, m^de a defcent upon Jamaica, and ha^Bg carried the capital, St. Jago, foon Com- pelled the whole ifland to furrenl^. ^ver fince it has been lubjefk to the' Engliih, and the government of it is one of the richeft places, next to that of Ireland, in the difpofal of the crown, the {landing fidary being 2,500!. per annum, and the aflembly commonly voting the gevernor as mucn more ; which, witli the other perquifites, make it on the whole little iafeiior to io,oool.per annui)r». Wchave already obferv'ed, that the government of all the American iflantls^ it the fame, namely, that kind which we have formerly defcribed UnO^er the aame of a roysd government. Their religion too is' univerfally qf the church of £ngland ; though they have no bilhop, the bifliop of London's commi£> fary being the chief religious magiftrate in thofe parts. '* About the beginning of this century, it was coniputed, that the liumber •f whites in Jamaica amounted to 60,000, aiid that of the negroes to 120,00c, It appears at prefent that Jamaica is rather on the decline, as is the num> her of inhabitants, the whites not exceeding 25,000, and the blacks 90,000. * tiefides thcfe, a number of fugitive negroes have formed a fort of colony among the Blue Mountains, independent of the whites, with whom they make treaties,"^ and are in feme refpedts ufeful to the inllabitants of the ifland, particularly in fending back runaway Haves. In4igq was once very much cultivated in Jamaica, and it enriched \he ifland to fo great a degree, that in the parifh of Ver :, where this drug was chiefly cukivated, they are faid to have had no lefs than 300 gentkmeA's coaches ; a num|>er perhaps ev,en the whole ifland exceeds not at this day |tV and there is great r.sfon to -believe, that (here were many more pcrfona tf property iajaooaica fyrtagxh t\im there arc now; though perhaps they ^ ^^.j.:K,:iv'0'<'-' -■-■J'-. ''"*: .f .-V;. fCo British -AMSsmCAir' IitiilDsI 1 ■ \ ha4 pot thbfe vail fortunes which .dazzle as' in £uch a- manner at pKefenf^ However, the Jamaicans were undoubtedly very numerous,' until reduced by earthquakes, and by terrlUe epidemical dtfeafes, which,- treading on the heels of the former calamities, fwept away vaft multitudes. ' The'4ificultie« to which their trade is expofed,' of which they do not failto •fldnipkin to the cpiurt o^ Great I)ritain : as that they are df late deprived of the nioft. beneficial part o£thfcir trade,, the carrying of negroes and dry good6 to the Spanifli coaft ; the lotv value of their produce, wmch they afciibe to .the great improvements the French make in their fugar colonies, who are eAabled to underfcU them by the lownefs of their duties ; and the trade carried on from Ireland and .the northern colonies to the French and Dutch iflands, where they pny 'no duties, and are fuppliied with goods at an eafier rate. Some of thefe complaints, which equally afie^ -the other iflaikds, have beerf h<^ard, and feme remedies applied ; others remain linredreifed. Both thelog. wood trade, and this doiitraband, have been the fubje^s of much contention, and the caufe of a war between Great Britain and the Spkiiiih nation. The former we always avowed, and claimed as our tight, and at the peace of 1763, it was confinned to us. The latter we permitted ; becaufe we thought, and very juftly, that if the Spaniards found then^felves aggrieved by any contraband trade, it lay upon ^hem, and not. upon us, to put a ftop to It, by 'their |;uarda coftas whiiih cruife. in thefe feas, purpofely to feize and confifcate fuch veflels and cargoes a^ are found in this trade. In this manner did the Britifh court argue, till the politics of this nation, in compliance with the court of Spain, thought proper to fend Englifli; cruifers to the American coaft, effectually to crufli that lucrative trade, of which the whole body of Britifh fubje^s i||America loudly complained, as it put a ftop to the priilcipal channel which mtherto enabled them to remit fo largely to Great Britain. i Port Royal was formerly the capital of Jamaica. It ftood upon the point •f ^ narrow neck of land, whicli, towards the fea, formed part of the border •f a very fine harbour of its own oapie. The conveniency of this harbour, which was capable of containing a thoufand fail of large (hips, and of fucK depth as to allow them to load and unload at the greateft eafe, weighed fo much with the inhabitants, that they chofcto build their cajpltal on this fpot, though the place was a hot dry fand, and produced none of the necefTariet , of lire, not even frefh water. But the advantage of its harbour, and the refort of pirates, made it a place of ereat contideration. Thefe pirates were called Buccaneers ; they fought with an inconfiderate bravery, and then fpent their fortune in this capital with as inconfiderate diilipation. About the beginning of the year j6gz, no place, for its fize, could be pompared to this town for trade, wealth, and an entire corruption of manners. In the month of June, in this year, an earthquake, whicn fhook the whole ifland to the foundations, totally overwhelmed this city^ fo as to leave, in one quarter, iiot even the fmalleft ^eftige remaining. In two minutes, the. earth opened and fwallowed up nine-tenths of the houfes, and two thoufand people. Tlie water gufhed out from the openings of the earth, and tumbled the people on heaps ; but foipe of them had the good fortune to catch hold of beams and rafters of houfes, and were afterwards faved by boats. Several ihips were <;aft away in the harbour; and the Swan frigate, which laV in the dock to ^areen, was carried over the tops of linking hobfes, and did. not ovtifct, but aftbrded a retreat to fome hundred^ of people, who faved their lives upon !Pf iTjf^H ^wi^mcAi^ IsLAx^ ^^ Ijer. An w ^own ^^ ihi's tloje, £^y9, the iearth opent^d ai ^ flmt very <;, in (oipe pj^es, and b£ faiw fcveir^ peAple fink down to tliC mi^?e» fWV:^ v,>her» 5^JU»):ar^ wjitl^ tlif ir hjCadf jiifl! afaove ^\jod, w* wf** fq\ieeze(^to dfi^h. At Savanqabt abpve ^ thpvi^n^ aeres ^eri: fqnk> vyitK the hpufcs 9nd people in ti^em ; tj^e plac^ appearing tor (oQie time UKe ^' l^ei w^s ^ter^ra^d* dne,d upi but no boi^es were ieeo* Iq {oi;nepar^pi tqquntaint M^ei:< ip]it ; ^d i^t on? I^f e a p^lantation was cemoved to the diJT- tar\ce of 9 n>lk» They ^gaio rebuilt the city ; but it y^? a |ecQi\d tiwe;^ tea years ijCter, 4?ft|r9y);4 by ? grea,t %c. The extraordinary copyenicr\cc Qjf the harbour tempted them to build it o|;\ce more ; and once niore^ iii i??^ > ^jrasit laid in Tubbiwx by a hurricane, the nioft terrible on record, ouch u^peated cajlamities {jeemed to tp^rk out thia place as a devoted fpot ; the; inbiibitAnt^, therefore, refolved to forfAk^e it for ever, and to rjcftde at the oppofite b^y* wl^ere they buiJLt I^ingilon, which is lately become the capital of the ifl(ii\d.. It iconfifts ojF upwards of one thouiand hpufes^ many bf them htUidigmely bj^iilt, ^nd in the tafte of thefe iflands, as well as the neighbour* ing continent, one ftory |tigh, with pqrticoa, and every cpiiveniency for a comfortable habjit^tion in that climate. " Not far from Kingfton^ Hands St* Ji^o de 1^ Viega, a Spaniih town which thq\igh at prefent iiifcrior to King* fton, w^ once the capital of Jamaica, and is 0ill the %at ^f gpvern^eiUa and the place .where l^e courts ojf jujftice are beld. ' v ' " , '*^ , './v^. ,.0n the 3d of jOAober 1780, was a dreadjTui hurricane, yvhich almoft bvei'* vhelm^d the little fea port town gf S^vapnah-la-Mer, in Jamaica, and part of the adjacent country. Very few houfes w.ere left ftandiog, and ^ greiat num- ber of liyes were loft. Much damage was alfo done, and many lives pe- riihed, in otlier paiTts of the ifland, In 1795, Jamiuca was not exed|pted frqm the calamities which afllifted the other Weft India Iflands^ On the J 4th of Juntf, a dreadful fire broke out at Montego bay, which coafumed an immenfe quantity of ftores, and reduced to afhes the greater part of the town. This was fuccceded by a calamity of a ftill more ferious^fpe£t, a war :Krith tl^c Maroons, ^fter £;- veral blpody jen^agements in wladh the Britiih had generally the advantage, the Maropns by the indefatig;^le Zeal of general Walpole were completely hemmed in. They wvhich thcj export about 'four thoufand puncheons. The rum of this iHafid is generally efteemed the be{l, and is the moft ii£<;d in Great Britain. Third, mplailes, in which they made a great part of their returns for New England, where there are vaft ^iftilleries. All th^fc are the produce of the grand^ftaple, the fugar-cane. ccordiiig.to the late teftimony of a refpeftable planter, in Jamaica, that ifland hath 2Ho,ooo (teres in canes of which 210,000 are annualiy cut, and '.I» BtrrisH Amikicam Itti'ittf; ,,.„.V ■.X.I,/,'' iii e^|iorted, wjtli i eohfiderable qunttty of ttepper, ginger, drugs for dyier$ i^nd apothecaricf f fwratmeats, tiiahoffany, and mandiinedplanka. 6f the moft coniidcrable article* of their trade are with the Sp But tome Spanifh conti* lient of New Spain and Terra Firma i for in the former dtey cut givat Quantities of logWood, and both in the former and latter, thejr carried on a i§&. and profitable trade in Negroes^ a^d ^ kinds of European goods. And even in time of war with Spain, this trade between Jamaica aid the Spatlilh Main goes on, which will beimpoffible for Spain to fto«, whnft It is- to pro* fitable to the Britifh merchant, and whilft the Spaniih officers, from the high< eft to the loweft, (hew fo great a refpeft to prefents properly inade. Upon the whole, many of the people bf Jamaica, whilft' they appear to live in fuch a ftate of luxury, as in moft other places leads to beggaty, acc^uire great for> tunes, in a^ manner, inftantlr. Their equipages, uieir clothes, their furni- ture, their tables, all bear the tokens of thc; greateft wealth and profufiort imaginable. This obliges all the treafufe they receive to make but a very ihort -ftay, being hardly more than fufficient to anfwer the calls of their ne- ceffity and lustury on Europe and North America. On Sunda'i^s, or court time, gentlemen wear wigs, and appear very gay in coats of fillc, and vefts trimmed with filver. At other times ihtf geiieral> ly wear only thfead ftockings, linhen drawers, a veft, a Holland cap,, and a hat upon it. Men fervauts wear a coaife linnen firock, with buttons at the neck and hands, long trowfers of the fame, and a check (hirt. The negroes, except thofe who attend gentlemen, who have them drefllcd in their own' li very, have once! a year Ofnaourghs, and a blanket for clothing, with a' cap or handkerchief for the head. The morping habit of the ladies is a logfe night. gown, carelefly wrapped about them ; before dinner they put off the difliabi!. ;, and appear with a good grace in all pie advantage of a rich and becom- pngdrefs. ■ - 1 he common drink of perfons in affluent circinnftances is Madeira wine mixed with water, i^le and claret are extravagantly dear ; and London porter fells for a fliilllng per bottle. But the general drink, efpecially amonff thofe of inferior rank, is rum punch, which they call Kill- Devil, becaiiie being frequently drunk to excefs, it heats the blood, and brings on feveni, which in a few hours fend i. tern to the grav^, efpecially thofe who are juft come to the ifland, which is the reafon that fo many die here upon their iirft arrival. .Englifh money is feldom feen here, the current coin being entirely Spanlfl). There is no place where filver is fo plentiful, or has a quicker circulation. You cannot dine for lefe than a piece of eight, and the com- moii rate of boarding is three pounds .per week j though in the markets beef, pork; fowl and fifli, may be bought as cheap as in London ; but niut* ton fells at nine pence per pound. Learning is here at a very low ebb ; there are indeed fome gentlemen ' Well verfed in literature, and who fend their children to Great Britain, where they have the advantage of a polite and liberal education ; but the bulk of the people take little care to improve their minds, being generally enga- ged in trade or riotous diilipatjon. The mifcry and hardlhips of the Negroes are truly moving : and though great care is taken to make them propagate, the ill treatment they rtceiv^ fo (hortens their lives, that inftead of increafing by the courfe of nature,] many' thoufands are annually imported to the Weft Indies, t place f f dit^fc wh« pine and die by the kiurdlhipa they receive. • * *■ ■ :. that if." . BtlTIf H AM»l(rAM IltAMM. that t|iey are ftubbom an4 ttntra^ble» far the «pft partt and that th«v. maft be ruled with a rod of iron t but taey ought not to be cru/hed wita: it, or to be thdught a fort of betftt, without fouU, as ,fom»of their aa^ ttri or Of er&iera do at prefenf,< though fonne of thefe tyrants are ^beinfclvei the dregs of this taatipn, and thetefule of* the jails of Europe. Maoy of the Negroes, however, who fall into the hands of j^enttemen of humi^ nity, find their dtuations eafy and comfortable ( and tt has been obfcrved, that ill North Amer^, where in general thefe poor wretphes are beuer ufed, there is a 4efs wafte of Negroes, they live longer, and propagate better. And it feems dear, from the whole cotirfe of hi dory, that tbofe nations which have behaved with the greateft. humanity to j their flave*, were always beft ferved, and ran.the.)eail hazard from their rebelHpn!^T«- The flaves on their iirfl: arrival from the coaft of Guiiiea, are expoied naked to falei they are then generally very fimple and ianocet)t creatures, ' but foon become rog^iih enough'; and when they -come to be:. whipped excufe their faults by the .example of the whites. They believe every Ne- gme returns tofhia native country after death. This thought is fo agree* able, that it cheers the poor creatures^ aud retiders the burthen ot li^jie eafy, which would otherwife, to many of them, be quitt intolerable.--.- They bok on death as a. blefling, and it is fnrprifing to fee wfth what courage and intrepidity fopie of them meet it ; they are quite transported to thiafc' their flavery is near at an ehd^ that they ihall revifit their native (bores, and fee their old friends and acquaintance. Wften a negroeis about to ekpir^'fais fieUow- flaves kifs him, and wifti, him a good journey, and fend thairt hearty good wiihca to their relations in Gutne?. They make no lamentation; but with a greiit deal of joy inter his body, believing he is gone home, aitd happy. A , U A RBADOES. ] This ifland, the moil eafterly of all the Caribbees, ,tB fituated in 5$ degrees wefl: long, and 1 3 degrees north lat. It is 2 1 miles ii^ length, nnd'in breadth 14. ^.Whcn th^ £ngli(h, fome time after the year i6a5,iurft landed here, they found it the moft favage and deftitute placet.hey had hitherto vifited. It bad not the -lead appearance of ever having beon peopled even by (avages. There was no kind of beads of padure or of prey, no iruitj no herb,, nor put, fit for fupporting the life' of man. Yet as the climate was fo good, and the foil appeared fertile, fome gentlemen of fmall fortunes in £n»and refolved to become adventurers thither. The trees were fo large, and of a wood fo hard and ilubborn, that it was with great di£Kculty they could clear as much ground as was neceffary for their fubfrilence. By unremitting perfeverance, however, they brought it to yte^d them a tolerable fupport ; and they found that cotton and indigo agreed well with the foil, and that tobacco, which was beginning to come into repute in England, anfwered tolerably. Thefe profpe£ts, together with the dorm between the king and parliament, which was beginning to break out in England, induced many new adventurers to tranfport themfelves into this ifland. And what is c\tisr?fiy remarkable, fo great was the increafe of people in Barbadoes, 25 years after its Arft fettlement, that in 1650, it contained more than 50,000 whites, and a much greater number of Negroes and Indiap flaves ; the latter they acquired by means not at all to their honour ; fur''.they feized upon all thofe unhappy men, without aii} pretence, in the neighbouring iflands, and carried them mto flavery. A praftice wiuGh has rendered the Caribbee Indians ifreconcileabJe to us ever flnce. 'I^hey had begun, a little befoi^ this, to cultivate fugar, >vhich foon rendered' them' extremely wealthy- — The number of the flavea IJierefore was ftiU augmented ( and in 1676, it i» fuppofed th}^ theb- nuniiber 6 H a «iaQunte4 ^ BfcitiifF Ammioaii InMMoi. lMbuntfc Kd^odo ^hite», anfid i ooA)o fla^et. THeir commeroe confifti ifi tlie ftfMe articles f< foriherly, Vti6agh they tleal iA them to le(« ex. ' 'l^t. The c^ltd ti dHdj^tttfwW, where the govertlor reHdes, whofc ^Ynptoy. iMIMlit !• frfd to be Worth 50ool..]^ct annum. ' They hare it colhigct Tdtnyded 'Md wiiU^hdoWed by et)lioiiel Codrttigton, who vrMs « nathrc of this Hland. BarbUdtMs, at wdlaa Jamaicib hasfuffehrd much fay hurriocthssf iirei, and the ]Bilil|[«ie. Oh th^ 16th of October r78o, a dwadfiri hiirridahe oedriioned vali mtnlftadott in' B&i^afdo^St great nambers of the hotkfev wnfe deftroyed, riot trae hottfe tA the ifland w«b Mrhblly free frbm daind^, fifaany pferibni Were Mriedln the rttihft of the bbildiAgs, and gi^eat nambefi «riredriVc«'i'nto(he fei, and thefe^ptfrifhed. ' - • ';•"'' r > St. GllRlSTdPHEii'i.} Thia ifland, commonly dlled % the &ilon Ht. Kftt*^1k fiCiiat^in 6a degi«e« weiilemg.'amd 1 7 deoreis nekHh^t. about t4leagtiMtfrbm Antigftfa, ahdh twenty niiles long ahd le^ l»6ad. It hu >t« fiaifie fh>m the faAioDB ChH'ftopher Colnrnfatit; vHio i|ifeoverftd it foir the 'Spaniarda. 'Ufat riation, hovvtvti*, abaildoned it, 'tjr thought ufelefs, has now got the llart of the reft of the EngUlh harbours, being the beft and fafeft as a dock-yard, and an elUbliihment for the royal iiavy I bnt St. John's is the port of gittateft trade ; and this capital, which, lil^fore th<> fire in 1 76$, v^as lavge and wealthy, is the ordrnaiy (bat of the 'f(oternor of the Leewatd iflands. Antigua is fvppofed to contain about 70CO vrhites, and 30,060 (laves. ' NEVIS *»!> MONTSERRAT.] Two fmall iflands, lying between St. Chriftopher's and AnCigvIa, heither of them exceeding 1 8 miles in cir> munference, and arefaid each to contain 5000 whites, and 10,000 flaves. The foil in thefe four iflands is pretty Aiuch ulikrj Kght and fandy, but notwith- ihmding> fertile in a high degree ; and their pt incipal exports are derived fix)m the fugar cane. Both tirere taken by the French iti the year I'jSij but re- ftored at the peace. BARBUDA.] Situated in i8 deg. N. lat. 35 miles north of Antigua, is so miles -in length, and iz in breadth. It is fertile, and has an inditfcrent toad for (hipping, bAt no direft trade with £ngh>id. The inhabitants are <;hiefly employed in hiribandry, andraifingfrefh provifions for theufe of the neighbmi-ing ifles. It bebngs to the Codrington family, and the inhabitants Bnidillit toab^t 151)0. ' i»v'-'j «■««"!»• ^ , AN- BRtTllR AmIMCAH I*ft4|lBl. 0* r^ooo tn Wn le .BsflMHioci their tndc. loiniteri wefhr jyAn-ir. 'But j< it to bt it- nd (lirtly to litters M pr^- ir cQfmiheroe m to ink ex- hofc ^Ynploy- ligCk founded rf this Hland. fireit ud the ietfioned valt sftroycd, riot igferfon* \Hre riVcn 'tnto f he ^d^e&ilon ir^itii sbout rbad. : It hii >kd kfolrtbe y-of 'their at- txohkmAly ; r.|i4g**^ and irMdoe^arld 6000 #hStel, >Frciich« but ■fHi*f;:f« ■ ' f. let. fsofa was former- iAi harbours, for the royal jital, which, ftat of the aboiut 70CO itg between miles in cir- flaves. The )Ut notwith- derived froni ^82j but re- Antigtja, is indifferent ibitants are : ufe of the 'inhabitants ■'' AKOUiLLA.] SJtiiited in ^9 deg. N. hU 60 tm'Iat nortl-wcft of at • jChrMtophet^i* is about )6 nrilce long and 10 bi^Mid. Thit ifktfid it f9tMAf U^^ and the diiiate rtcarly the htnt with that of Jainaica;— The inhaUo. int% who Are not ninnerotM^ *?Ph themifeWea to hiiAmmlry« and fecdiag «f cattle. i>0 N. lat. and in 61 W. loMk Kel about halfway between GuadalOupc Aitd Mattinico. It is near a8 miles :a lengthy and 13 In bfeadth 1 it rot its name ftxmi hcittk difcovercd by Columbufon n Sundiy. The foil of this ifliindia thin, and better adapteo to the rearing; of coffee than fibgair t but the fides of the hills bear the 6n^ trees in the Weft Indies, and the ifland is well fnppKed with riTuhets of fine water. The French hare always dppofed our fettlmg here, becanfe it mull: out oiF their com- mtinioation, in time of war, between Martinico and Giiadalotipe. However, )}y the peAce df Paris, in 1 763, it was ceded in exprefs ter.-nH to the Englifli ; but we have derived liitle advantage frdm this conquefl, the ifla;id beings till kitdjr» no better than a hxi1)otir for the natives of the other Carribbees, who being expelled their own fettlements, have taken refuge here. 9ut, On ad- coum>f itsfituationbetween the prindpal French iflaR(k,aind Prince Rupert's Bay being one of the moft capacious in the Weft Indies, it has been judged expedient to form Dominica into a governmeni of itfelf, and to declare.it t im port. It was taken by the Ftenbh in 1778 ; but was rcAored agaift to Great Britain by the Utc peace. A phtn wws concerted for the reduAion of this iflend in 1 793 by Victor Hughes ; the enemy were, however attacked by the inhabitants with fuch fpiht, that they were obliged to fubmic. St. VINC£NT.3 Situated in 13 deg. N. lat. and 61. degv W. Ion. ;o miles north, weft of Barbadoes, 30 miles fouth of St. Lucia, istibout Z4mties in length, and 18 in breadth. It is esctremely fruitful, being a black mould upon a ftrongloam, the moft proper for the raifing of fugar. Indigo thrives here remarkably well, but this article ts lefs cultivated than formerly thrtnighout the Weft Indies. Many of the inhabitants are Caribbeans, and many hti^ are alfo fugitives from Barbidoes and the other iflands. The Caribbeans were treated ^ith fo mfichinjitfticeand barbarity, after this iflaad cflme ibto pofleilion of the Englifh, to whom it was ceded by the peace in 1763, that they greatly cohtributed towards enabling the French to get pof- feflion of it <(gain in 1779; but it was rdlored to Great Britain by the late treaty of peacie, In 1 795 an infuiTe£lion broke out among the Carribbs, who rcpailfed the Brttifli troops in feveral fcrious confli£):8. They were obliged foon after to fubmit to the Britifli arms. GRANADA and thS GRANADINES.] Granada is fituated in is d«g. north lat. and 62 deg. weft Ion. about 30 leagues fouth-weft of Barba- does, and almoft the fame diftance north of New Andalufia, or the SpanKK Main. This ifland is faid to be 30 miles in .length, and 15 in breadth. Experience has proved, that the foil of this ifland is extrentely proper for producing fugar, coffee, tobacco, and Indigo ; and upon the whole it carries with it all the appearance of becoming as flourifhing a. colony as any in the: Weft Indies, of its dimenfions. A lake on the top of a hill, in the middle of the ifland, fupplies it plentifully with fine rivers, which adorn and ferti- lize it. Several bays and harbours lie round the ifland, fome of which may be fortified with great advantage, wiiich readers it very convenient for fhi^)- ping : and has the hsppincfs of not b(;ing fubjeci to hurricanes. St. George's bay has a fandy bottom, and is extremely capacious, but open. In its harbour, or careening place, 100 large veftcls may be moored with perfe^ fafety. This idand was long the theatre of blood}!: wars between •■^. ^ BfttTtllf AwitfeiN ItLAItM. the n»t!ve IfidMiM''iind thcFreiichi during which 'thefe handftil of Cim1i. Ifce* defended iChemt'elves with the mod refolute bravery. lathe kft wir butonr, when Granadf wae attacked by the £ngli(b, the Frendi inhabi< ]tanta,.who were not vti^ mimeAiiM^ were fo amazed at the rcdndioii of Qua* ' daloupe and Martinico» that ther'*Ioft all fpirit* and fnrrendered, without mak- ing theMeaft Oppbiittofn ; and the fall pft>perty of this ifland; together with ihe fmall iflandu on the norths* called the Granadines, which yield the fame prodtici, we^e cotiiinned to thecrown of Grreat 3i'itain by the treaty of Pnia in 1763. — l^ut in July 1779, the'Freoch made themfelves mafters of this ifland, though it- was reflored to Great Britain by the late treaty of 'peace. Granada in 1795 at th« fame time that the othei; iilands were m a jftate of tumult likewife fulfercd the calamities of an infurredion. The in- fufgents, 'were feconded by ViAor 'Hughes, who was difpatched' thither witn a fmall detachment ot French troops, but they were obliged at laft ta Ibbmit to the Britlfli. ,, NEWFOUNDLAND.] ExcluCve of the Weft. Indii^ fugar iflaods, ly. ing betweien the tvm continenta of America, Great Britain claims feveral otheo, that are feated at thediftuec of fome thonfand miles from each other, in this quarter ofJthe globe^ of which w:e ihall fpeak according -to our method, beginning with the north. / Newfoundland is litWed to the eaft of the gulf of St. Lawrence, betweea 46 and 52^deg. tiorth lat. and betweea 53 and 59 deg. weft long, (eparated from Labrador or New Britain by the Straits of Belleifle, and from Canada by the bay^'<^St. Lawreocf, being 350 miles long, and 200 broad. The coafts are' eilliremely fubj<£k t6 Togkt attended with almoft cOn^.inuiil ftorrat of fnow andifllKt,' the iky Mhig ufually overeaft. j From the foil of this ifland we are fat from reaping -wMr^rtfdden or great advantage, for the cold is long continued, aiidfeveref:< add- tM futnnner heat, though violent, waims it not enough to pi^uci: any^ibg valuable } for the foil, at leaft in thofe parti of the ifland With 'which we are acqdiainted, tarocky and barren. However, it .is wateredby- fisveral good rivers, and bath Qiany large and good harboura. This ifland, \(^never !Che contment fliall come to 'failof timber convenient to navigation (which on the fea>coaft perhaps is n6 very remote profped) it is faid, will3tff<'>fd a large fupply for mafta, yards, and, all forts of lumber for the Weft-India trade. But what atprefent it is chiefly valuable for, is the great fifliery of cod, carried on U^n thofe fliuals, which are called the Banki of Newfourtdland. Great Britain and North America, at the loweft com- putation, anriiially employ 3000 fail of fmall craft in this fifhecy ; on board of which, aiid en ihore to cure and pack the fifh, are upwards of 10,000 Karids ; fo that this fifliery is not only a very valuable branch of trade to the 'merchant, but a fource of livelihood to fo many thoufands of poor people, and a mod excellent nurfery to the rOyal navy. This fifliery is computed to in- , creafe the national ftock 300,0001. a year in gold and filver, remitted to ut for the cod we fell in the North, in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and the Levant. The plenty of cod both on the Great Bank, and ^he leiTcr ones, which lie on the eaft and fouth-eaft of this ifland, is inconceivable ; and not only cod, but ftveral other fpectes of iifli are caught there in abundance ; all of which are nearly in an equal plenty along the fhores of Newfoundland, Nova $cotia, New England, and the Ifle of Cape Breton ; and very profitable iifheries are carried on upon all their coafts, from which we may obt'erve, that where our colonies are'thinly peopled, or fo barren as not to produce any thing from their foil, their coafU make iis ample amends, and pour in' upon us a wealth of another kind, and no way inferior to that ariling from the moft fertile foil. Ill of drnh- the bft war ench inhibi- tion of Qua- vithoat male- ogether with ield the fame he treaty of es maften of tte treaty of it were in a »B. The in- ched' thither cd at laft ta If iflands, ly. laims feveral n each other, I our method, /' mcc, between \g. fieparated from Canada broad. The tinual ftormg of this ifland > cold is long wratms it not n thofe parti However, od harbouri. convenient prbfpeft) it lumber for le for, is the :d the Banki lo>«reft corn- on board 3 of 10,000 trada to the r people, and tputed to in- , mitted to us the Levant. which lie on ot only cod, all of which dland. Nova ry profitable nay obfent, to produce and pour in'j ariling from BtiTJiH AmaicAN Iblakoi. 9C7 This ititm^t after varioua difpt|te« about the prO|tertyy wa» entirdjr ceded, to England by the treaty of Utfecht in.1713 | but the French i0n left at liberty to dry their nets on the northern (liorei of thetfla^ t .adH by th« ttvalty of I762»they were permitted to fifli in the wM of St* |lnir*uce, but with this limitation, that they (hould not^approacTi within tlm«ftagues of anr of the coafta belonging to EngUind. The fmall iilahda pf fit. Pierre and Miquelpn, fituated to the fouth of Newfoundland, were alfo oedtd to th« French, who ftipula^cd to ered no fortifications on thefe illpnds, nor to keep more than 50' ioldiers to enforce the, police. By the lail treaty of peacci the French are to enjoy the fifltcriea on the north and WtA coail of the ifland. The chief tawna in Newfoundland, ari Placentia, BonaviiU,and St. John { hot not above 1000 families renuin here in the winter. CAPE BRETON.] This ifland, feated between Newfoundland an^ Nova Sjcotia, is in length abont 1 10 miles. The foil is barren, but it has good harbours, particularly that of Louifburgh, which Is near four leagues in circumference, and has every where fix or feven fathonu water. The French began a fettlement in this ifland in 17 14, which they con- .tinued to increafe, and fortified it in 1710. They were, however, difpof- fefled in 1745, ^f ^^ braverjr of the inhabitants of New England, yvith little afliftance from Great Britain } but it was again, by the treittfHif Aix la Chapdle, c\:ded to the f^rench, who fpared no exp^ncd to fbnt'fy and ilrengthen it. Notwithftanding which, it was again reduceditn 17^8, by the Britifli troops under gen^ Amherft and, Admiral Bofcawen,. together with a large body of N«Wr£^and dien, who found in that fVtci two hun- dred and twenty-one piecea^w!i|U>nQn, and eighteen mprtars, together with a large quantity of amm'^nitioQ .ayii^^ftores : and it was ceded td^ the crown of Great Britain by the pehce oti^6^ fince which the fortifiqitions have been blown up, and the town of Louifburgh difnaantlei^. ' '^ .y- 6t»' JOHN'8.3 Situated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is ahout 60 miles in length, and 30 or 40 broad, and has many fine rivers ; and though lying neL- Cape Breton and Nova Scotia, has greatly the advantage, of koth in pleatantnefs and fertility of foil. Upon the redudion of Cape Sreton, the in.> habitants of this ifland, amounting to 4000, fubmitted quietly to the Britifli arms ; and, to the difgrace of the French xovemor, there wer$ found in hia houfe (everal Englifli fcalps, which were Drought there to markw't by t^e favages ; this being the place where they were encouraged to cany on that barbarous and inbunoan trade. This iflahd was fo well improved by the French, that it was ftyled the granary of Canada, which it furniflied with great plenty of com, as.Well as beef and pork. , BERMUDAS, oa SUMMER ISLANDS.] Thefe received their Srft name from their being difcovered by John Bermudas, a Spaniard ( and were called the Summer Iflands, from fir George Summers, who was fliip- wrecked on their rocks in 1609, in his paflage to Virginia. They ate fitua* ted, at a vaft diftai;ice from any continent, in 32 deg. north lat. and 75 den grees weft Ion. Their diftancefrom the Land's End is computed to be near 1500 leagues, from the Madeiras about 1200, and from Carolina 300. The Bermudas are but fmall, not containing in all above 20,000 acres ; and ai-e very difficult of accefs, being, as Waller the poet,. who refidcdfome time there exprcifes it, * walled with rocks.' T|ie air of thefe iflandd, which Waller celebrateo in one of his poems, has been always cfteemed extremely healthful ; and the beauty and richnefs of the vegetable produflions are pei fc Aly delight- fol. Though the Toil of thefe iflanda is admirably adapted to the cdtiva- tio« 9U BftlTMH-AjfJMCAN IlVAMl. 0f rt»ut lOiOoOf it the hdl(V'itt and n^vigntipg io( ligbt Oftopd «im} bingin* tbci. wkwh thty cmdbjr dtiflf i» ihc bra^ff b«twMa NvRbK APWricji md Ifae WU.e,ta(lu 4(iendcd with (l»v««^ ejgjiiit jSwt«, ni foreritf (aeoes of caonov. It (mUim qfcovf ipoo kmhh B Mn^wnne cJiHMhtBnil ether dcnuitnubUe>b»ildjmn ' . liDCAY's M BAHAMA .ISI.AMP«»] Thfc Aib»m* Ff lkHltm pumber, fqiqe 9ffb^n> ojAy fiifitc imIm ; but It of them are birge, lertile* »nM in npthjiig different Crpqi t^e toU of CaroliM ; the^ are, howeiwr« jlinnll u»jnb»b«cd> ie«cc(^ Prpvidfcncc, which is iooituki*M&. of fUgridBs } :ikh]AnM^tiqB«. 9#tweep fiMm V^ the continent of Eterida is ^ (gulf of BaMiqwii.wr, iE^rJd^, ^^oMgh vvh¥^ tbe ^ntihgiUeonslail io their pifihge tp flMVppe.' ^hfiie iiUn^ were (he fyr& Iniitt of (CohiBduis'« difcoteriea } hutttb«^ were «oc kpowp to ithe £lng)iib lill i667« wdien jmitain Scyk, ^ing 'ddVflp 4agCQua' fit^ion of Iheife j'/Uods fpr hetpg .|i «h7 f(dy{w>4^> »f\.4 Ahrlfle of Ptovidence '.became a hatbaur ifor i.U)e buvcatMiers* pr pirMe>i V(h9 for a long time infeded the Aoierioan i^yiiaitipn> li^a obliged .the ^oyenv «iient,in t7.i€, :to fend out captain Woooa Rogcri .with a 9eet (tp d^Dp^ge 4he pirates, and for maktnga fetitlenKnt. Tbw thejQfipt^in.efEct^qd j a/qrt i«ru:ere<%«d» and an ind^endent company was (Utioned in lite iilan^* £ver ■fince thisikft icttlsnumt thefeiflands We beep improving, iibppghthey ad- •vantfeJboit flowly. In jtime of wai;, people g»in conndenthly by.the ea|l cpaftpf Amen<}a> 93 ^ir ^ -the 5ad. deg. of fouth lat. where .the reader, by loo^iug. into; the n^ip, will mer^eive the Falkland JilAnds fituated near the Stnits.of Magellan, at tl^ uOnoft extremity of. South America. Falkland Xflands were l^rli fllfcpyere.d ■by Sir Richard Hawkins, in 1.594, the princi^l pf which he Pftvwd tUwkii)t ■Itfaidcdland, in honour of queen ^li«abeth.' ^l^he.prefept ^Ep^ifh qapie I'alk- land, was probably given themby oiptain StrQn^,.in, 1639, .and being iKlppUd by Halley, it has from that time been^received into our oiaps. They have oc< cafioBedu)Rie coflteft between Spain and Gr«s(t.SriMii)fbut.be(ngof very lit- -tie worth, feeqn to have been filently abandoned by :thc,h»tter».in ,1774, k order to avoid giving umbrage to the Spanilh court. MARTINlGO.j Which 18 fituated between. 14. and 15 deg. of north lat. aodin 61 degrees weft Ion. lying ahnut 40 leagues Rorth=iWeft pf Earh^docs, ia about 6.0 miles' in length, and . hidf as . much, in breadth* .!< he. iQlai)d part of it ii hHUff from which are poured out, upon every fide, a number of agreeable '■ • .* and 9lllTI*il AnitlCAN IfLARDI. . f^ and orefolTmn^ which adorn and enrich- thii tfland in a hlsh deffrec. , Tk* (trod wee of the foil it fugar, cotton, indigo, ginger, and fuch fruiti at art ound in the neighbouring iflands. But fugar is here, at in all the Weft- India Iflanda, the principal commodity,of which they exporta confiderable quantitT annually. Martinico was formerly the refidence of the governor of the Frencn iflanda in thefe feaa. Ita bays and harbours are numerous, fafe, and commo' dious, and fo well fqrtified, that they ufed to bid defiance to the Engliib, who in vain, often, attempted this place. However, in the war oF 1756, when Uie Britiih arms were triumphant in every quarter of the globe, this ifland waa added to the Britifh empire, but it was given back at the treaty of peace. Since the beginning of the prefent urar ^799) it has been ttduced by thd Britifh arms and lUU remains in their pofTenion. St. LUCIA.] Situated iii 14 deg. north lat. and in 61 deg. weft lon^ 80 miles «urth. well of Barbadoes, 1835 miles in length, and 12 m breadths It received its namcirom being difcovcred on the day dedicated to the vir* fin martyr St. Lucia. The Englilh Qrft fettled on this ifland in 1637^ rem this time they met with various misfortunes from the natives and French t and at length i|: was agn;ed on between the latter and the EitgUflit that this iflaiiJ, together with Dominica and i^t. Vincent, Ihould remain neutral. But the French, before the war of 1756 broke out, began to fet4 ^le thefe iflands ; which, by the treaty of peac«, were yielded up tp Great Britain, and this ifland to France. The foil of St. Lucia, in the vallies, ia extremely rich. It produces excellent timber, and abounds in pleafant riverii and well-fituated harbours { and is now deelared a free port under ccrtiiin reftridiotn. The Englifh made themfelven mafters of it in 1778 ; but it waa reilored again to the French in 1 7 H3. The Britifh made themfclves mafl^ of this ifland in 1794, and it ftill remains in their poflieiHon. TOBAGO.] Th^s ifland is fituated 1 1 degrees odd min. north lat. itq miles fouth of Barbadoes, and about the fame diftance from the Spaoifli Main* It is about 32 miles in length, and nine in breadth. The clitnat^ here is not fo hot as might be expected fo near the equator ; and it is faid that it lies but of the courfe of thofe hurricanes that have fometirtles proved fo fatal to thc) other Weft'India iflands. It has a fruitful foil, capable of producing fugar^ and indeed every thing elfe that is raifed in the Weltrlndies, with the addit^a (if we may believe the Dutch) of the cinnamon,' nutmegi and gum copals It is well watered with numerpus fprings ; and its bays and creeks are fo difpofed as to be very, commodious for all kinds of fliipping. The value and importance of this ifland appear from theexpeniive gii on the North 1 by the Miffl%pi on the Weft } by the Gulf of Mexico •n the South t and by the Bahima Straits on th* Etfi. RiVKRS.] Thefe are the Milfiilippi, which is one of the fineil in the world, as well as the largeft { far, including its turnings and windings, it is fuppofed to run a courfe of 4J00 miles ; but its moutfts are in a Manner choalted up with fands and '^ >- .4, which deny accefs to veflels of any conflderable bur- den I there hvh^, according to Nfitchel's map, unly twelve feet water over the bar (cajit tin Pifnan fays feventeen) at the principal entrance. Within the bar there is 100 fathom water, and the channel is every whCre deep, and .the current gentle, except at a certain feafon, whien, like the Nile, it ove^ £ows and becomes extremely rapid. It is, except at the entrance alreadf mentioned, every where free from Ihoals and cataraAs, and navigable for craft of one kind or other almoft to its fource. The Mobille, the Apalachicola, tnd St. John's (ivers, are alfo large and noble ftfeams. Bays and capbs.] The pnncipal bays are St. Bernard's, Afcenfion, Mobille, Penlacola, Dauphin, Jofeph, Apalaxy, Spiritu San£to, and Charles Bay. Tiie chief capeft are, Cape Blanco, ^.i- iW>b; Anclote, and Cape Florids, at the extremity t ' 'he peninfula. Aix AND CLIMATE.] Very variraj vc'.a'^ti- :iave beei, jjitren of thefe particulars in this, country ; but that uil alt' of Florida is pure and whole- fome, appears from the fize, vigour, and longevity of the Floridian Indians, who, in > thefe rt(pe&9, far exceed their more fouthern neig{ibours the Me]^icans. Soil, PRODUCTIONS, and 1 Baft Florida, near the fea, and 4omilei FACE OF THE COUNTRY. Cback, is flat and fandy. But even the coun- try round St. Auguftine, in au appearance the worft in the province, is fin' from beir./ unfruitful j it produces two crops of Indian com a-year ; the farden .getables are in great perfection ; the orange and lemon-trees grow ere, without cultivation, to a Inrge flze, and produce better fruit that in 9aua and P^^tugaL Tk« ilaward cewiUj t«w«rd ike kSIt ii eitremely rich i an* SrAHIIH DaMtMIMIIIM NotTII AkMlltA. lUlph Aber* MERICA. L. • 1 I UO,000 'eat Britnn to unde4 by Oeo^ Glulf of Mexico ft in Ac world, I, it i* fuppofed ner choaked up onflderable bur* feet wattf over nice. Within 'here deepf and e Nile, it over* [ntrance already rigable for craft |e Apalachicola, rd'», Afcenfion, to, and Charlet Cape Florida, ^i>ren of thefe lire and whole- Indian Indians, (neigjibours the and 40 milci even the coun- Iprovince, is frr a-year ; the jion-trees grovr cr fruit thatia 1 ettttmely ricli #9i ■ad fertflt, produoing rptintaneonny the firuita, vegetablea, tnd guofi thai m «ominon to Georgia ai < the CaiuliuMi and ia Ukewife favourable to t)tt rearing of European pnxluttiun^ Thii country alfu prrKlucei rice, 'ndlgo, ambergrlfs, cochineaU antethyfti* turquoifea, lapiii laauli, td other Drcciuu* ftuoes; copper, cjuick-filrer, pit* coal, and iron-ore i pcarU are alfu round on the c>>«ft of Florida : nwhut^y gimvrk on the (buthem parta of tli'^ peninfula, bit ioferioi in fize and quality to that of Jamaica. The animal OMutiun are here fa numerous, that you may purchafe a good faddle-horfe, in exchange for goods of 6ve fhiUingt value prime 00ft | and there are inftancca of hone* being i of an oblong form, div'ded by four re- gular ftreeta, crdiung each other at right angles. The town ' fortitied with Baftiona, and endo^d with a ditch. It 11 likewife dcfem d by a caftle* which ii called Fort St. John t and the whole i» well furnifkt ' with cannon. At the entrance into the harbour are the north and foutU hrt alters, which form two channel*, wbofe ban, or low tidea, have eight feet water. NEW MEXICO, INCLUDING CALIFORNIA, Situation ahdExtbnt. Milea. Degre^i «. Sq. Mileii Length 2000 1 . • T04 and 1 26 weft longitucle. 1 ^„ ^^ Breadth 1600 j ^'''''*" 1 23 and 43 north latitude. |<5oco«a BouNDAKiES.j'nOUNOED by unknown landa on' the North; by J3 Louifiana, ou ^he Eail ; by Old Mexico, and the Pacific Ocean, on the South ; and by the fame ocean on the Weft. Divifions. North-eaft divifion Southeaft divifion South divifion Subdivifions. Chief Towna- ■I New Mexico Proper J- j ' VV ( crn divifion Santa Fe, \v. lor, 104. N.lati 36. Apacheira — — ~ St. Antonio, Sonora — — Tuape. % California, apenisfuk St. Jum. Soil and climate.] Thefe countries lying for the moft part within the temperate »oae; lutve a Ui ovate io many pbces extremely ayreeablej and a fo& $U pro- ^7» S P A N I S H A M E R I C A. H > ^ j|>ro(b>^ive of every thing* cither for profit or ilch'p;ht. In California, liow- «Vlr','they ci\)t } the face of the co^untry i» Hgrecably varied with ' plains, interleftcd by rivers, and adorned with [gentle eminences covered with varied kinds of trecr,, fome producing excellent fruit. 'With rcfpett to the value of the gold* miiu-a in iti6fc Ooimtries, nj)tliing pofitivc can be HfTcrtcd. They have undoubtedly enough of natural produdions, to render them ad- vantageous colonies to any but the Spaniarda. In California thenr falls in the morning a gr<*at quantity of dew, which, fettling, on the rofe leaves, can* dies, and becomes haid like manna, having all tlic fwectnels ofrellncd Ingar, without its whitenefs. There is tdfo another very fnigular initural produftion } in the heart of the country there are plains of fait, quite lirm, and clear at ci^ftal, whioh, confidering the vafl quantities of hlh found on its coalU, might render it an invaluable ncquifition to any,indullrious nation. ■ Inhauitants, history, GovEaNMENT, ! The Spanilh fcttlementi RKLiaioN, ANU coMMrRCK. J here ttrc Comparatively Weak ; though they are increallng every day in proportion as new mines arc difcover. «d. The inhabitants are chiefly •tVidiaris whom the Spanifli miflionaries have in many places brought over to (^hrillianity, to a civilized life, and to raife \ com and wine, whicl> they now export pretty largely to Old Mexico. Cali- fornia was difcovewd by Corteir, the great conqueror of Mexico ; our famous navigator, fir Francis Drake, look poIlcHion of it in 1578, and In's right was connrmed by the principal king, or chief in the whole country. This title, however, the government of Great Britain have not hitherto attempted t vindicate, though California is admirably lituatcd for trade, and on its coall has a pearl fiihery of great value. The niluibitauts and govtrnment here d« r«ot materially differ from thofc of Old Mexico. Firma, < tainiiig 1 1. Calic 2. Mext( 3. Guoti OLD MEXICO, ot)>i E \V S P A I N, VV V^cVtV^^'V,, .;•- :f.j Situation and extent. ■t- 1<. •t' Sq. Mil.s. '• ^* Miles. •**.«•■ Degrees.. Length 2DOo7 u. f 8 < and 1*1 o weft longitude. 1 ».o^„„ •D j.L /■ t between ■{ 'L , • ..u 1 v > c 3i",oo« Breadth 600 j^ \ H and 30 north latitude. J •' BotrNDARiES.3 TO OUNDED by New Mexico, or Granada, on the North ; *' *• JD by the Gulf lof Mexico, on the Norih-eaft ; by Terw 1 t'^VvW ,•/ „. ■ -■ • I'"'"'"''! 8 P A N I S H A M E R I C A. * p7| Firmn* on the South-cad { uuJ by the Paciific Ocean, ou the Soutb*wcft| fio^ <. tHiiiiiiit three audiences, viz. *' •[ •It > Audiencep. Chief Towni Galicia, or Gundulajarra -— Onadiilitjarra. _ Mi; XI CO, W. Ion. loo. N. bt i9'54. Mexico Pi f Micxico, \N Proper — — J At-apuko. C Vciii Cni7. 3. Guatimala — — Guatimala *, Days. 3 On the north fca are the giilfii or bays of Mexico, Campeachy, Vera Cm/, mid lioiuhuHH } in the Pucilic Ocean, or South Sea, are th»bayi Micoya and Atnapalln, Acapuleo and SaliiiaH.. Capkh.] Thcfe arc the Cape Sardo, Cape St. Martin, Cape Cornducedo, Cape Catociio, Cape Honduras, Cape Cameron, and Cape Graciait Dios, ia .tlic North Sea. Cape Mur(|ue8, Cape Spirito San6to, Cape Coricntes, Cape Gallero^ Cupe IManco, Cape 15urica, Cape Prucreos, and Cape Mala, in the South Sea, Winds.] In tlie gulf of Mexico, andtlic adjacent fcas, there are ftronj; north windH from 06tobcr to March, about the lull and change of the moon. Trade wiifda prevail every where at a dillance from land within the tropics. Near the cuall, in the iioulli Sea, they have periodical windu, mi, Moiifoons, and fee and land brvezcH, an in Afia. Soiu AN!) ci-iMATi;.] MexIco, lying for the moft part within the torrid' zone, iH cxceflively hot, and on t he callcrn coail, where the, land is I9W, marfhy, and conllaatly (looilcd in the rainy IcafouH, it ia likcwife extremely unwhole- fome. The inhmd country, however, allurnes a better alpeft, and the air it of a milder temperament ; On the wellcrn fiue, the land is not fo low as on the eallern, much better in quality, and full of plantations. The foil of Mexico in general In of a good variety, and would not refufe any fort'pf grain, were the induibry of the inhabitantii to correfpond with their natural advaotageo. Produce.] Mexico- like all the tropical countries, is rather more aliutid* ant in fruits than ingrain. Pine apples, pomegranates, orartges, Icmonii, cit- rons, figs, and cocoa-nuts are heie in the greateil plenty and perfedlion. Mexico produces alfo a prodigious quantity of fugar, efp ternal call for it, that a fmall garden of cocoas is laid to proctuce to the owner twenty thoufand crowns a year. At home it makes a piincipal part of their diet, and is found wholefome, nutritious, and fuitable to the climate. • This country likewiie produces (ilk, But not fo much as to make any remarkable part oft heir export. Cotton is here in great abundance, and on account of its lightncfsis the common wear of the inhabitants. PopuLATioK, INHABITANTS, J We (hall placc thefc licads Under onc GOVE'iiN WENT, AND MANNERS. J point of vicw, bccaulV tlic reader wjil foon be fenfible they are very neaHy connefted. We have already defcrib- ed the original inhabitants of Mexico, and the conquLll of that ci)untry by the Spaniards.' The prefcnt inhabitants may be divided into Whites, In- dians, and Negroes. The Whites are either born in Old Spain, or they are Creoles, i. e. natives of Sp?.nifh America. The former are chiefly employed in government or trade, and have nearly the fame charafter with the Spani- ards in Europe ; only a Itill more confidtrable portion of pride ; tor tliey t-'onfider themfelves as entitled to every high diftinftion as natives of Eu- rope, and look upon the other inhabitants as many degrees lieneath them. The Creoles have all the bad qualities of the Spaniards, from whom they are defcended, without that courage, firmnei's, and patience, which make the praifo-worthy of the Spariiih characler. Naturally ^'cak and effeminate, they dedicate the greatcll part of their lives to loitering and inaftivc pka- fures. Luxurious without variety or elegance, and expenfivc with great pa- rade, and little convenience, their general character is no more than a grave .,.,.)>■ .< ■?- SPANISH AMERICA. 97i t%A fptcious inflgnificance. From idletiefs and conftittttion their whofe bu- finefs is" amour and intrigue ; and their ladies of confeqtience are not at all . , diftinguifhed for their chalhty, or domeftic virtues. The Indians, whoj not- withftanding the devaftations of their firft invaders, remain fn great nurtiber«i are beqpme, by continual opprefllon and indignity, a deje6lcd, timorous, and miferablc race of mortals. The blacks here, like all thofe iu other part* of the world, are ftubborn, hatdy, and as well adapted for the grofs flaverf they endure, as any human creatures can b^. Such is the general charafter of the inhabitants, not only in' Mexico, but the greateft part of Spanifli America. * The civil govemtnent is adminiftef' ed by ttibunals, called Audiences, which bear a refemblance to the old par* liaments in France. In thefe courts the viceroy of the king of Spain pre* fides. His employment is the greateft. truft and power which his Catholic majefty has in his difpofal, and is perhaps the richefi government entrufted to any fubjcft ia the world. The greatnefs of the viceroy's office Is dimf* nifhed by the (hortnefs of its duration. For, as jealoufy is the leading fea- ture of Spaniih politics, in whatever regards America, no officer is aU lo'vved to maintain his power for more than three y^ars, which no doubt may have a good effedl in fecuring the authority of the crown of Spain, but it attended with unhappy confequences to the miferablc inhabitants, who be* come a prey to every new governor. The clergy are extremely numerous in Mexico, and it has been computed, that priefts, monks, and nuns of all orders, inake upvrards of a fifth of all the white inhabitants, both here and in other parts of Spanifli America. It is impoffible indeed to find ii richer field, or ont mpre peculiarly adapted to ccclefiaftics, in any pprt of the world. The people are fuperftitious, ignorant, rich, lazy, and licentious: with fuch ma* terials to work upon it is not remarkable, that the church fhoul4 enjoy one fourth of the revenues of the whole kingdom. It is more fdrprifing* that it has nbt a half. . • ' . Commerce cities ani>.shifping.] The trade of Mexico conOfts of three great branches, which extend over the whole knoWn world. It caf- ries on a traffic with Europe, by La Vera Cruz, fituaied on the gulf of Mexico, or North Sea; wit* the E^ft Indies, by Acapulco on the South Sea, and with South America, by the fame port. Thcfc two fea-poi-ts, Vera Cruz and Acaaulco, are wonderfully well fituated for the commercial pur- pofes to which tney are applied. It is by means of the former that Mexicox pours her wealth over the whole world ; and receives in return the numberlefs luxuries and ncCeffaries, which Europe affords to her, and which the indo- lence of her inhabitants will never permit them to acquire for tbemfelves. To this port the fleet from Cadiz, called the Flota, confifting of three men of 'war, as a convoy, and fourteen large merchant fliips, annually arrive about the beginning of November. Its cargoc confifts of every commodity and manufatlure of Europe, and there are few nations but have more concern in it than the Spaniards, who fend out little more than wine and oil. The profit of thefe, with the freight and romirlflion to the merchants, and duty to the king, is all the advantage which Spain derives from her American commerce. When all the goods arc landed and diipofed of at La Vera Cruz, the fleet takes in the plate, precious Itones, and t)ther commodities for Europe. Sometime in May they arc are ready to depdrt. From La Vera Cruz they fail to thellavannah, in the ifle of Cuba, which is the rendezvous where they meet the galleons, another fleet which carries on the trade of Terra Firma> by Carthagena, and of Feru by Fanama and Porto Bello. Whe« 11 f7fi SPANISH AMERICA. Whtfn all are (rolleded, and provided with a convoy necefTary for their (afc- ty, they lleer for Old Spain. Acapulco is the fea port, by which the communication is kept up be- tween the different parts of the Spaiiiih empire in America, and the £aft- Indies. About the month of December, the great galleon, nttended by a large fhip as a convoy, which make the only, communication between the Philippines and Mexico, annually arrives here. The cargoes of thcfe (hips, (for the convoy, though in an under-hand manner, likewife carries goods), confift of all the vich commodities and manufactures of the £aft. At the fame time the annual fhip from Lima, the capital of Peru, comes in, and is not computed to bring lefs than two millions of pieces of eight in filver, befides quickfilver and other valuable commodities, to be laid out in the pur- chafe of the galleon's cargoes. Several other ihips, from different parts of C'lili and Perui meet upon the fame occafion. A great fair, in which the commodities of all parts of the world are bartered for one another, lads thirty days. The galleon then "prepares for her voyage, loaded with filver and fuch European goods as have been thought neceffary. The Spaniards, though this trade be carried on entirely througli their hands, and in the very heart of their dominions, are combarativcly but fmall gainers by it. For as tlicy allow the Dutch, Great Jintain, and otKer commercial ftates, to furnifli the greater part of the cargoe of the Flola, fo the Spanifh inhabitants of the rhilippmes, tainted with the fame indolence which ruined their European anceftors, permit the Chiriefe merchants to fumifti the greater part of the car- goe of the galleon. Notwithrtanding what has been faid of Vera Cruz, and Acapulco ; the city of Mexico, the capital of the empire, ought to be con- iideredas the. centre of commerce in this part of the world: for here the principal merchants refide, and the greateft part of the bufinefs is negociat- ed. The Eaft India go6>ds from Acapulco, and the European from Vera Cruz, all pafs through this city. Hither all the gold and filver come to be coined, "here the king's fifth -is depofitcd, and here are wrought all thofe utenfils and ornaments in plate which are every y*ear fent into Europe. Tiie elty itfelf breathes the air of the highclt magnificence, and according to the belt BCCQuntB contains about 80,000 inhabitants. SPANISH DOMINIONS in SOUTH AMERICA. TERRA FIRMA, or CASTILE DEL ORO. ■f^%'>m *£-*■ - • '.t- '■^•' iSlTUATlON AND ExTENT. ■5=- i;*.' Miles. ;;' .-^C Degrees. ;, . Sq. Miles. Length Hooj ' ^^ ; j 60 and 82 weft longllude. ^ Breadth 7003 l_uie equator, and 12 rorth lat. \' ' _ -"iriOUNDED by the North Sea; part of the Atlanlic Boundaries. J J^ Ocean, on the North; by the f^xnc fte and Surinam ou SPANISH AMERICA./ m the Eaft ; by the country of the Amazons and Peni} on the Scmth ; and by the Pacific Ocean and New Spain, on the Weft; DIviHoni. Subdivifions. "i. Terra Finna Proper, 'or Ddrien The northern divi fion contains the < proyinoes of '■s\ :sm- '^'■W. .. ...... ... The fouthern divi- r fion contains the < provinces of \_ 2. Popayan 2. Carthagena '^ ■■ -— 3. St. Martha - — 4. Rio de la Hacha 5. Venezuela — 6. Comana •<— 7. Nevr Andalufia, or Paria I. New Granada Chief Towns. f Porto Bello PikitMA* W. Ion. 21. N. lat. 8-47. Carthagena St. Martha Rio de la Hacha Venezuela Comana St. Thomas 80. H Santa F6 de Bagota Popayan. Bays, capes, &c. The Ifthmus of Darien, or Terra Firms Proper^' joins North and South America. A line drawn from Porto Bello in thd mrth, to Panama in the South SeA, or rather^ a tittle weft of thefe two towns, is the proper limit between North and South America, and here tlie Ifthmus or neck of land, is only 60 miles over. . The principal rivers are the kio Grande, Darieil, Chagre, and the Oronoque. The principal bays in Terra Firma are, the bay of Panama, and thtf bay of St. Michael'ii, in the South Sea:, the bay of Porto Bello, the gulf of Darien, Sino bay, Carthagena bay and harbour, the gulf of Venezuela, the bay of Maracaibo, the gulf of Triefto, the bay of Guaira, the bay of Curiacv , and the gulf of Paria, or Andalufia, in th« North Sea. The chief capes are, Samblaa point, Point- Canoa, Cape del Agua, Swart point. Cape de Vela, Cape Conquibacoa, Cape Cabelo, Cape Blanco, Cape Calera, Cape Three Points, and Cape NalTau ; all on the north (hore of Terra Firma. , . Climate.] The climate here, particularly in the northern diviiions, is extremely hot ; and it was found by Ulloa, that the heat of the warmeft day in Paris is continual in Carthagena ; the exceflive heats raife the vapour of the fea, which is precipitated in fuch rains as feem to threaten a general deluge. Great part of the country, therefore, is ahnoft continually flooded ; and this, together with the exceflive heat, fo impregnates the air with va- pours, that in many provinces, particularly about Popayan and Porto Bello, it is extremely unwholefome. ^ Soil and produce.] The foil of this country, like that of the great- er part of South America, is wonderfully rich and fruitful. It is impolQble to view, without admiration, the perpetual verdure of the woods, the luxu- riancy of the pL'ins, and the towering height, of the mouhttins. This, however, only applies to the inland country, for tlie coatts kre generally barren fand, and incapable of bearing any fpecies of grain. The trees, rnofl: remarkable, /or their dimenfions, are the caobo, the cedar, the maria, and balfam tree. The manchineel tree is particularly remarkable. It bears a fruit reft;mbling an apple, but which, under this fpecious appearance, con- tains the moft fubtle poifoni agaioft which commoa oil is lound to be the .r:,x«„-.f,-,;fj*^,j(jr^.?.;,4^w*i'.v,. ..." (JR. •>*.-;!''^v'..i ♦ .. beft' u. 9r« $ P A^I S H AME RICA. beft aotidote. The mali^Ity of this tree is fuch, that if a pcrfop only fleepi under it, he (inda his body all fwellrd, and racked with the fevcrefl: tortures. The beafts from inftinft, always avoid it. The Habella de Car. thagena is the fruit of a fpecies of willow, and contains a kernel refembling an alinond, but lefs white, and extremely bitter. This kernel is found to be an excellent andj^ever failing remedy for the bite of the moft venomous vi* pers and ferpents, Which are very frequent all over this country. There were formerly rich mines of gold here, which are now in a {^reat . meafure exhaufted. The filver, iron, and coiner mines have been lince opeped, and the inhabitants 6nd emeralds, fapphires, and other precious ftones. Animals.] In treating of North America, we have taken notice of many of the animals that are found in the fouthern parts ; it is therefore unneceiTary to repeat them hereafter. Among thofe peculiar to this coun* try, the moft remarkable is the floth, or, as it .is called by way of derifion, the Swift Peter. It bears a refembUnce to an ordinary monkey in ihape and fize^ but is of a moft wretched appearance, with its bare hams and feet, and its flcin all over corrugated. He ftands in no need of either chain or hutch, never ftirring unlefs compelled by hunger ; and he is faid to be feveral minutes in moving one of his legs, nor will blows make him mend his {^aee. When he moves, every effort is attended with foch a plain- tive, aud at the fame time, fu difagreeable a cry, as at once produces pity and 'difguft. In this 6^ confifts the whole ddence of this wretched animal. For on the firft hoftile approach it is natural for him to be in motion, which is always accompanied with difguftful bowlings, fo that his purfuer flies much more fpeedlly in his turn, to be beyond the reach of this horrid noife. When this animal finds no wild fruits on the ground, he looks o.it with a great deal of pains for a tree well loaded, which he afcends with a world of uneafinefs, moving, andcryine, and ftopping by tumsl At length having mounted, he plucks off all the fruit, and throws it on the ground, to fave himfelf fuch another troublefome journey ; .and rather than be fatigued with coming down the tree, he gathers himfelf in a bunch, and with a fhrick drops to the ground. The monkeys in thefe countries are very numerous ; they keep together 20 or 30 in company, rambling over the woods, leaping from tree to tree, and if they meet with a fingle perfon, he is in danger of being torn to piecei by th,em ; at leaft they chattw, and make a frightful noife, throwing things at him ; they hang themfelves by the tail, on the boughs, and feem tt threaten him all the way he paiTes ; but where two or three people are toge. ther, they ufually fcampcr away. I Natives.] Befides the Indians in this country, who fall under our gene* ral defcription of the Americans, there is another fpecies, of a fair complex- ion, delicate habit, and of afmallerftature than the ordinary Indians. Their difpofitions too are more foft an4kfFeminate ; but what principally diftingui(h' es them is their large, weak, blue eyes, which, unable to bear the light of the fun, fee beft by moon light, and from which they are therefore called Moon-eyed Indians. Inhabitants, COMMERCE,? We have already mentioned how this , :i;; AND CHIEF TOWNS. ) country fell iuto the hands of the Spa- iklards. The inhabitants therefore do not materially differ from thofe of Mexico. To what we have obferved, with regard to this country, it ii only necefTa-V to add, that the oriirinal inhabitants of Spain are yariouflr intermixed with the negroes and Indians. Thefe intermixtures form va- ^•ui gradatioasy which are carefully diftinguiihed from eacJh other, he- -'■i 8EANIS itAMERICA. 919 aanfe evety perfon expe£k> to be regarded, in proportion as a greater (hare of the Spanilh blood runs in his veins. The flrft diftinftion, ^miglFroni the intermarriage of the whites with the Negroes, is that of the Mulattoee, which is well known. Next to thefe are the Tercerones, produced fruoi' a white and mulatto. From the intermarriage with thefe and the whitts, arife the Onarterones, who, though ftill near the former, are difgraced with a tint oTthe Negro blood. But the produce of thefe 'and t"e whites are the Quinterones, who, which is very remarkable, are ndt l!o be diitingtiiflied from the real Spaniards, but by being of a ftill fairer complexion. The fame gradations are formed in a contrary order, by the intermixture of the MuUatoes and the Negroes ; and befides thefe, ihtrt are a thoufand others* hardly diftinguiihable by the natives themfelves. The commerce of this country is chieilv carried on from the ports of Panama, Carthagena, and Porto Bello ; which are three of the moft confiderable cities in Spanilh Ame- rica ; and each containing feveral thoufand inhabitants. Here there are an- nual fairs for American, Indian, and European commodities. Among the natural merchandlfe of Terra Firma, the pearls found on the coail, parti- cularly in the bay of Panama, are not the leaft confiderable. An immenfe number of Negro (laves are employed in fifliihg for thefe, and who have ar- rived at woaderful dexterity in this occupation. They are fometimes how- ever devoured by fiih, particularly the (harks, while they dive to the bottom, or are cruihed aeainft the (helves of the rocks, 'the government of Terra Firma is on the |ame footing with that of Mexico. .^-0 i P E R U. SitVATION AMD EXTENT. . Miles. Degrees. ;;. !;'v. ■ J-, i-^ ,.iia/tx. ■ Length 1800 7 L-j „ Jtheequator and 25 fouth latitude. Breadth 500 J °"!*"° 16© and Bi weft longitude. Sq. Milei» \ 970,000 BouiJDA«ii8.]'DOUNDED by Terra Firma, on the North; by the ,rj mountains, or Cordeleirias des Andes, £aft ; by Chih'} South ; and by the Pacific Ocean, Weft. Provinces. Divifipas. The northern divifion ■ <-. The middle diviiion The fouthern <}ivifion -I Los Charcos V \ Chief towns. '\c\ •. ■? f Quito ;,-r . , HLiMA, 76.49 W. Ion. 12-11. S. let Cufco, and Callao. Potofi Porco. Seas, bays, and harbours.] The only fea ^hich borders on Peru W the Pacific Ocean, or South Sea. The principal bays and harbours are #lo SPA NISHAMERICA. Payta, Malabri'20, Cuanchaco, Cofma, Vcrmcio, Guara, CalUo, the port town to Lima, Ylo,. and Arica. , . -^ ^, Rivers.] There is a river whofe waters are as red aa blood. The rivers Granailrt, or Cagdalena, Oronoque, Amazon, and Plate, rife in the Andes; Many other rivers rile j\lfo in the Andes, and fall into the Pacific Ocean, be- tween the equator and ciglit iltg. S. tat. ' , ^Pktrifiku waters.] There arc fotnc waters, which, in their courfe, turn whatever they pafa over into Uune ; and here are fouDtains of liquid pnatter, cnlK;d*coppey, rcfembling pitch and tar, and ufcd by feamcn for the fame purpofe. , Soil AND CLi.MATB.] Though Peru lies within the torrid zone, yet having on one fide the South Sea, and on-the other the great ridge of the Andca, it is not fo ilifled with heat, as the other tropical countries. The fl mals on which it grows ; thefe they call Lamas and Vicunnas. The Lama has a fmall head, iu fome meafure jefembling that of a horfe and a Hieep at the fame time. It is about the fr/e of a ftag, its upper lip is cleft like that of a hare, through which, when enraged, it fpits a kind of venomous juice, which inflames the part it falls on. The fleih of the Lama is agreeable and falutary and the animal is not only ufeful in aHbrding wool and food, but alfo as a bead of burden. It can endure amazing fatigue, and will travel over the ftcepcft moi|ntains with a burden of 60 or 70 pounds. It feeds very fparing- ly, and never drinks.^ The Vicuona is fmaller and fwiftcr than the Lama, and produces wool ftill finer in quahty. ' In the Vicunna too is found the Bezoar Hones, regarded as a fpecific againft poifons. The next great article in their produce and commerce is the Peruvian bark, known better by the name of Jefuits bark. The tree which produces this invaluable drug, grows principally in the inountainovis p^ of Peru, and particularly in the province of Quito. The bcft bark is uUvnys produced in the high and rocky grounds ; the tree which bears it, is about the fize of a cherry tree, and produces a kind of fruit, rcfembling the almond. But it is only the bark which has thofe excellent qualities that render it fo ufeful in intermitting fevers, and other dif- orders to which daily experience extends the application of it. Guinea pep- per, or Cayenne pepper, as we call it, is produced in the greateil abundance in the vale of Arica, a diftrift in the fouthern parts of Peru, fr«m whence they export it annually, to the value of 600,000 crowns. • Peru is likcwife the only part of Spanim Am'trica which produces quick-filver ; an article of im- xnenfe value} caafiderjng the various purpofes to which it is - Ue,|^, and eiper '' ""-^ .1^ ,.*,.;, L . « cially f A '-C /-. ' •.■;•*•.•:■ SPANISH AMERICA. ^ Silver too u inea are con. flially t^e purification of gold and filver. The principal mine o. Ii fingular metnl in at a place called Guancavelica, difcovercd in 1 567, where it is round in a whitifh mafs icfentbling brick ill burned. This fubiUnce is vulatilifed by fire, and received in (leam by a combination of glafs veflelii, where it condenfes by means of a little water at the bottom of each vcflel, and forms a pure heavy liquid. V Manufactures, trade, and cities.] We join ihefe articles here be- caufe of their intimate conncdion ; for, except in tlie cities we (hall defcribe, there is no commerce worth mentioning. The city of Lima is the capital of Petu, and of the whole Span.ifh empire : its fituation in th'' middle of a fpacious and dehghtful valley, was fixed upon by the famous Pizarro, as the mull proper for a city, which be expedted would prefcrve his memory. It is fo well watered by the river Rimac, that the inhabitants', like thofc of London, com* mand a llream, each for hts own ufe. There are many very magnificent llruc- fures, particularly churches, in this city ; though the houfcs in general are built of (light materials, the equality of the climate, and want of rain, rendering Hone houCes unnece(rary ; and bcfides it is found, that thefe are more apt to fu(fer by (hocks of the earth, which are frequent and dreadful all over this province. Lima is about two leagues from the fea,- extends in length twa piiles, and in breadth one and a quarter. It contains about 60,000 mhabit- .^ ants, of whom the whites amount to a fixth part. One remarkable fadl^t fufliLient to demondrate the wealth of this city. When the viceroy, the duke de la Palada, made his entry into Lima in 1682, the inhabitants, to do him honour, caufed the llreets to be paved with ingots of lUverj amounting to fcventecn millions (lei ling. AH travellers (peak with amazement of the de- corations of the churches with gold, filver, and precious (tones, which load and ornament even the walls. The only thing that could jufiify thefe accoutits, is the immehfe richnefs andextenfive commerce of the inhabitants. The merch- ants of Lima may be fa'id to deal with all the quarters of the world, and that both on their own accounts, and as fa^^ors for others. Here all the pro- dufts of the fouthern provinces are conveyed, in order to be exchanged at the harbour of Lima, for fuch articles as the inhabitants of Peru (land in need of; the fleet from Europe, and the Ead Indies, land at the fame harbour, and the commodities of Afia, Europe and America, are there bartered for each other. What there is no immediate vent for, the merchants of Lima purcl^afe on their oWn accounts, and lay up in warehoufes, knowing that they muft foon lind an outlet for them, fince by one channel or other they have a communica- tion with almod every commercial nation. But all the wealth of the inhabi- tants, all the beauty of the fituation, and fertility of the climate of Lima, arc not fufficient to compenfate for one difaller, which always, threatens, and has fometimes aflually befallen them. In the year^i747, a mott tremendous earthquake laid three-fourths of this city lev^l with the ground, and entirely; . dcmoli(hed Callao, the port town belongin™t<) it. Never was any defiruc- tion more terrible or perfeft, not more than one of three thouiand inhabi- tants being left to record this dreadful calamity, and he by a providence the mod fingular and extraordinary imaginable. This man, whu happened to be on afbrt which overlooked the harb6ur, perceived In one minute the in- habitants running from their hcufes in the utmoft tenor and confufion ; the fea, as is ufual on fuch occafi«ns, receding to a confiderable diftance, return- ed in mountainous waves, foaming with the violence of the agitation, buried llie inhabitants foi ever in its bofom, and immediately all was (ilent ; but the fame wave wliich dellroyed the town, drove a little boat by the plaix '"''■-'" the man ftood, into which he liirow Ijimfclf- and was f^vcd. Cufco» whys ^» SPANISH AMERICA. N tlie gneient capital of the Peruvian empire, baa already been taken notice of. Aa it lies in the mountainous country, and at a diftance from the fea, it hat been long on the decline. But it is dill a very conflderable place, and con* iains above 40,000 inhabitants^ three parts Indiann, and very indufttious in imnufaAuring baize, cotton, and leather. They have alfo, both here and in C^ito, a particular tafte for painting ; and their productions in this way, fom« oC which have been admired in Italy, are difperfed all over South Ame< trica. Quito is next to Lima io popuknifnefs if not fuperior to it. It it, like Ci^co, an inland city, and having no minei in its neighbourhood, it chiefly famous for its manufadlures of cotton, wool, and flax, which fupply the confumption over all the kingdom of Peru. Inhabitants, mannirs, and 1 It would be in vain topretend faying oovlRNMENT. J any thing decifive With regardto thenum* ber of inhabitants in Peru. The Spaniards themielves are remarkably (ilent on this head. It has betin gueifed by fome writers, that in all Spanifh A. nerica there are about three millions of Spaniards and Creoles ,of different Coionrs \ and undoubtedly the number of Indiat.s is much greater ; thcugb neither in any refpedt proportionable t" the wra'tb, fcrtilixv, and extent of the country, i'he manners of the inhabitants 60 not remarkably differ over the whole Spaniih dominions. Pride and larinrfs are the two predominant paffions. It is agceed on by the mod authentic travellers, that the manners of Old Spain have degenerated in its colonies. The Creoles, ' and all the other defcendants of the Spaniards, according to the above diftinCtions, are guilty of many mean and pilfering vices, which a true born Cadilian couU not think of but with deteftation. This, no duul)t, in part arifet from the contempt in which all' but the real natives of Spain are Keld in the Indies, mankind generally behaving according to the treatment they meet with from others. In Lima the Spanifh p'^e has made the greateft defcents ; and many of the firft nobility are employed in, commerce. It is in this city that the viceroy refides, whofe authority extends over all Peru, except Quito, ^ich has lately been detached from it. The viceroy it as abfblate as the king of Spain | but as hit territories are fo extenfrve, it is neceflary that he ihould part with a fhare of his authority to the feveral audiences or courti eflablifhed over the kingdom. There is a treafury court eftablifhad at Lima, for receiving the fifth of the produce of the mines, and certain taxes paid bj the XndianA, which belong to the kipg of Spain. C H I L I. Situation and Extent. ■.;^;^v> Miles. Degrees. * ' k";- Sq. Miles. - Uii Length I2C07 , . 1 ze and 45 fouth latitude J ^^r „. ^ Breadth 500 i ^^^''^*" 1 65 and 85 weft tengitude I *°^»°°* Boundaries.] "QOUNpED by Peru, ort the North ; by La Plata, on JJ the Jtaft } by Patagonia, on the South j and by th{ Pacific Ocean, on the Weft. • Divilioju. .-•.,. c . SPANISH AMERICA. ^1 Ditifioni. Od the weft fide the Andck Province*. 1' Chili Proper *— — On the eaft fide of the Andei. Chief Towiu. *) rSr. Jaoo. W. Ion. 79. M s-ut. 34, r 1 Baldivia. J ^Imperial. •j Cuyoi or Cuti* i I St. John de Frontiera. La Kit.] The principal lakes ire thofe of Taffatagua near St. JigO) and that of Paren. Befidet which, they have feveral Ult-water Ukea, that have » •ommunicatiott with the fea, part of the year. In ftormy weather the fea forcet a way through them, and leaves them full of Hfti ;' but in the hot fealba the v^ater congeals, leaving a cruil of fine white fait a foot thick. Sbai, RiTias, BAYS, AND HARBOUAS.] The only featliat borders «po« Chili, is that of the Pacific Ocean on the weft. The principal rivers are the Salado or Skit River, Guafco, Coquimbo, Chiapa, Bohiu, and the Baldiviay all fcarcely navieable but at their mouths. The piincipal bays, or, harbours, are Capiapo, Coquimbo, Covanadore» Valparifo, lata. Conception, Santa Maria, La Moucha, baldivia, Brewer's- haven, and Caftro. Climatb, soil, and raoDucE.] Thefe are not remarkably different from the fame in Peru {- and if there be any difference, it is in favour of Chj^. There is indeed no part of the world more favoured than this is, withrefpcA to the gifts of Nature. For here, not only the tropical fruits, but all fpeciea •f grain, of which a confiderable part is expotted, come to great perfcdion. Their animal produ^ons are the fame with thofe of Peru } and they have goldalmoft in every river. Inhabitamts.] This country "is very thinly inhabited. The original aatives are ftill in a great meafure unconquered and uncivilized ; and leadintf a wandering life, attentive to no obje£t but their prefervation from the Spanim yoke, are 4^ a very unfavourable condition with regard to population. The Spaniards do not amount to above 20,000 ; and the Indians, Negroes, and Mulattoes, are not fuppofed to be thrice that number. However, there have lately been fome formidable infurreAions againft the Spaniards, by the nativea •f Chili, which greatly alarmed the Spanifh court. Commerce.] The foreign commerce bf Chili is entirely confined to Peru, Panama, and fome parts of Mexico. To the former they export annually torn fufiicient for 60,006 men. Their other exports ate hemp, which is rail- ed in no other part of the >South Seaa ; hides, tallow, and falted proviflons ; aitd they receive in return the commodities df Europe and the Ealt Indies, wkich are brought to the port of Callao. ., ■^,l;■;.r^:«f'f^^"> ( :> ;;'.;■ i^ -, ■V-:-. PARAGUAY, ■,■ ^■ -.'• •< . • t-V «;^^' '<'/ ''i t" [9*4 1 m^mmm^^mtm PARAGUAY, or LA PLATA, Situation and Extent* Miles. Length 15007 Breadth iooo> between Degrees. r I a and 37 foiith latitude, 1^50 and 75 weft longitude^ {'• Sq. Miles i00O,OOO. • SounBaiiibs.]Y>OUNDED by Amazonia, on the North; by Drafll, JiJ Eall s by Patagonia, ou the South) and Cape St. Chili, Wett. Divificni. £aft divIGon contains South divifion Provinces. {Paraguay Parana Guaira Uragi Chief Towns. Affumption %;^^:s.^^. Anne ^ •_ ivadad Real -, ,'' Los Ruyes St. Jago s AyRE3, W. loa. 54. S. lat. 34.35. Bays and lakes.] The principal bay is that at the mouth of the river La Plata, on which (lands the capital city of Buenos Ayres ; and Cape St. Antonio, at the entrance of that bay, is the only promontory. This country abounds with lakes, one of which Cafacoroes, is 100 miles long. Rivers. 3 This country, befides an iuBuite number of fmall rivers, is water- ed by three principal ones Paragua, Uragua, and Parana, which, united near the lea, form the famous Rio de la Plata, or Plate River, and which annually overflow their banks ; and, on their recefa leave them enriched with a flime that produces t! • greateft plenty of whatever is committed to it. Air, soil, and PROoucii.] This vaft tradl is tar from being wholly fubdued or planted by the Spaniards. There are many parts in a great de- gree unknown to them, or to any other people of Europe. The principal province of which we have any knowledge, is that which is called Rio dc la Plata, towards the mouth of the above-mentioned rivers. This provinct;, with all the adjacent parts, is one continual level, not interrupted by the leaft hill for feveral hundred miles every way ; extremely fertile, and produ- cing cotton in great quantities ; tobacco, and the valuable herb called Para- guay, with a variety of fruits, and prodigious rich paftures, in which are bred ■ fuch herds of cattle, that it is faid the hides of the beads are all that is pro- perly bought, the carcafe being in a manner given into the bargain. A horfe fome time ago might be bought 'for a dollar ; and the ufual price for a beaft. chofen out of a herd of two or three iiroa #^rtl.^ ♦irtui* .■I'lli! "m5 vr.l«\ .WM. .tMAti. Jliut contrary to the general nature qf Amertcai this country is deftitute of , ' .-> ', ,- : - • , woods. woods. Plata arc First Cir 1515, an cxcellcnr mouth oi tnoft con to the fo and Peril, America gular int< chiefly of vfho hare found it n cuntraban /ines for trade of P with thofe iiig farthe But we traordinar^ lerior pan ftrangers ii About court of S| fcandal wh to the hatr ever they c the empire the moft uii fubdued to force. Th marked out ', .^ .\ 'k'"/;» "* : :. \..fA.\.-,^L'"'~ SPANISHAMERICA. ^»l woodfl. Thf sir » remarkably fwcet and ferene, and the waten of La Plata are equally pure and wholcfome. First bettlemknt, cHiarl The Spaniarda (irft difcovcred this coun- CITY, AND coMMKRci. (try, by failing up the river La Plata ia I jf 15, and founded the town of Burnoa Ayrea, io called on account of the cxcelleiK < of the air, on the fouth fide of the river, fifty leagues within the mouth ot it, where the river ia feven leagues broed. Thia i« one of the moft confiderable towns in South America, and the only place of traffic to the fouthward of Braftl. Here wc meet with the merchants of Europe and Peru, but no regular fleet comes here, as to the other parts of 8pani(h America ; two, or at moll three, rcgiiler (hips, make the whole of their re« guhr intercourfe with Europe. Their returns are very valuable, confiftlng chie6y of the gold and filver of Chili and Peru, fugar and hides. Thole wr^o have row and then carried on a contraband trade to this city, have found it ntore advantageous than any other whatever. The benefit of thia contraband is now wholly in the hands of the Partugue{e,-who keep maga* }f Brafil as lie near this country. 1 he trade of Paraguay, and the manners of the people, are fo much the fame yines for that purpofe, in fuch parts of with thofc of the red of the Spartifh colonics in South America, that notli* iiig farther can be faid on thoie articles. But we cannot quit this country without faying fomething of that ^sCC traordinary fpecics of commonwealth, which the Jefuits eredlcd in the in^ lerior parts, and of which thcfe crafty pricils endeavoured to keep all ftrangers in the dark. About the middle of the laft bentury, thofe £ather^ reprefented to the court of Spain, that their want of'fuccefs in their millions was owing to the fcaiidal which the immorality of the Spaniards never failed to give, and to the hatred which their infolent behaviour caufed in the Indians, where- ever they came. They iminuated, that, if it were not for that impediment*, the empire of the Gofpel might, by their labours, have been extended into the moft unknown parts of Anr.erica ; and that all thole countries might be fubdued to his catholic majedy's obedience, without expehce, and without force. Thia rcmonljrancc met with fuccefa ; the fphete of their bbours waa marked out : and uncontrolled liberty was given to the Jefuits within thefe limits ; and the governors of the adjacent provinces had orders not to inter- fere, nor to fuffer any Spaniards to enter into thjs pale without licence from the fathers. They, on their part, agreed to pay a certain capitation tax* in proportion to their dock ; and to fend a certain number to the ktsg'l works' whenever they fliould be demanded, and the minions (hould become populous enough to fupply them. On thefe termi the Jefuits gladly entered upon the fcene of a£lion, and opened their f()iritual campaign. They began by gathering together about 50 wandering families, whom they perfuaded to fettle ; and they united them into a little towoftiip. This was the flight foimdation upon which they built a fuperftrufture, which has amazed the world, and added fo much power, at the fame time that it has brought on fo much envy and jealoufy, to their fociety. For when they had made this beginning, they laboured wth fnch indefaiigable pains, and fuch mafterly policy, .that, by degrees, they mollified the minds of the moft favage nations ; fixed the ihoft ram- bling, and fubdued thofe to their government, who had long difdainedto fubmit to the arms of the Spaniards and Poriuguefe. They prevailed upon tlioufaiids of variQus difperfed tribes to embrace their religioPi and thcfe foort . .--i; ^ .... ^..„w.--. v^ ■'«-' gL ;^;*.v:*^* »^*sr> ^y induced 9%i '\ Spanish IsANbs m America. induced others to follow their example, magnifying the peace and traaquiU lity they enjoyed under the direflion of the Fathers. Our limits do not permit ub to trace with precifion all the ileps which, were taken in the accomplifltment of fo extraordmary a conqueft over the bo> dies and minds of fo many people. The Jefuits left nothing undonct that could conduce to their remaining in this fubje^^ion, or that could tend to increafe their number to the degrees requillte for « well-ordered and potent (ociety ; and it is faid that above 340,000 families, feveral years ago, were fubjeA to the Jefuits, Hying in obedience, and an awe bordering upon adoration, yet procured without any violence or conilraint i That the Indians were inftruc- ted in the military art with the moft exz& difcipline, and could raife 60,000 men well armed : That they lived in towns ; they were regularly clad; they laboured in ag^culture ; they exercifed manufa^ures ; fome even &fpired to the elegant arts; and that nothing could equal the obedience of the people of thefe mtifions, except their contentment under it. Some writers have treated th^ character of thefe Jefuits with great feverity ; accufmg them of ambition, pride, and of carrying their authority to fuch an cxcefs, as to caufe not only perfons of both fexes, but even the magiftrates, who are al> ways chofen from among the Indians, to be correded before them with ftripes, and to fuffer perfons of the higheft diftm<5lion, within their jurifdic* tion, to kifs the hem of their garments, as the greateft honour. The prieili themfelves pofFeifed large property, all tpanufadures were theirs, the natu> ral produce of the country was brought to them, and the treafures annually remitted to the fuperior of the order, feemed to evince, that zeal for reli- gion was not the only motive of their fonning thefe mifllons. The Fathers Would not permit any of the inhabitants of Peru, whether Spaniards, Melli- Xos, or even Indians, to come within their miilions in Paraguay. In the year 1757, when part of this territory was ceded by Spain to the crown of Portu^l, in .exchange for Santo Sacrament, to make the Uragua the boun. dary of their poiTeiiians, the Jefuits refufed to comply with this divifion, or to fuffer themfelves to be transferred from one hand to another, like cattlr, without their own confent. And we were informed by authority of tlie Gazette, that the* Indians a£tually took up arms ; but notwithftanding the exadnefs of their difpipline, they were eafily, and with conliderable daughter, defeated by the European troops, who were fent to quell them. And, in 1767, the 'Jefuits were fent out of America, by royal authority, and their late fubjeftswere put upon the fame footing with the rell of ths in- habitants of the country, ., , L,j;.^, ;, ■t'j ,■ /• r^ vA' ' ul .;:' r Spanish Islands inAmerica, .,,•V'■■^^rf.^ J <-■/-■ ■l''\ .yi^U:^' CUBA.] The ifland of Cuba la fituated between 19 and 23 dcgreci north lat. and between 74 and 87 degrees weft long. 100 miles to the fouth oi Cape Florida, and 75 north of Jamaica, and is near 700 miles in AWUIC«>ii, ' vtaviaiiif III11E9 III UlCaULll. 4 J. kaaaiii ua ..iA.a «« through the middle of the ifland from caft to weft ; but the land near the fct is 19 general level *s4' ilo«^«4 ijo \Jbe rainy feiif«0| whea the fun is vertiaau traaquiV :p8 which er the ho- that could tncreafe It (ociety ; fubjea to ■ation, yet •re inftruc- life 60,000 clad} they 1 iifpircd to the people mters have ng them of ccefs, as to who are al- them with leir jurifdic- The pricfti 9, the natu- ires annually Bcal for reli- Thc Tatheri liards, MelU- nay. In tli« the crown of ua the boun- s divifion, or ■, like cattle, [ority of the iftanding the confideiable quell them, jthority, and ft of the in- •■■f ■ Spanish Islands in AMiRici'* <^^<«^^ • 9«7 I C A. Id 23 degree! I miles to thi Iroo mile* in \ of hills r'i'.« jand near the :a the fun i» vertiw vertical. This noble ifland is fuppofed to have the beft' foil, for fo large a country, of any in America. It produces all commodities known in the Weft Indies, particulariy ginger, long pepper, and other fpices, calfia fiftula, fuaftic,* and aloes. It alfo produces tobacoo and fugar ; but from the want of hands, and the lazinefs of the Spaniards, not in fuch quantities aa might be expe£ted. It is owing t6 the fame caufe that this large ifland does not produce, including all its commodities, fo much for exportation as •tur fmall ifland of Antigua. The courfe of the rivers is too (hort to be of any confcquence ; but there are feveral good harbours in the ifland, which belong to the princi< pal towns; as that of St. Jago, facing Jamaica, (Irongly (ituated, and well fortified, but neither populous nor rich. That of the Havannah, facing Florida, which is the capital city of Cuba, and a place of great IVrength and importance, containing about 2000 houfes, with a' great number of convents and churches. It was taken, however, by the coU'> rage and prefcverance of the Englilh troops in the year 1762, but reftored in the fubfequent treaty of peace. Beiides thefe, there is likewile Cumber- land harbour, and that of Santa Cruz, a confiderable town thirty miles eall of the Havannah. PORTO RICO.] Situated between 64 and 67 degrees weft Ion. and in 1 8 degrees north lat. lying between Hifpaniola and St. Chriftopher's, is 100 miles longy and 40 broad. The foil is beautifully diverfltied with woodS) valliep, and plains ; and is extremely fertile, producing the fame fruits as the other iflands. It is well watered with fpriiigs and rivers ; but the ifland is unhealthful in the rainy feafons. It was on account of the gold that the Spaniards fettled here \ but there ia no longer any conliderable quantity of this metal found in it. Porto Rico, the capital town, ihinds in a little ifland on the north (ide, forming a capacious harbour,- and joined to the chief ifland by a caufeway, and defended by forts and batteries, which render the town almoll inacceflible. It was, however, taken.by Sir Francis Drake, and afterwards by the earl of Cumberland. It is better habited than moft of the Spanifli towns, becaufe It is the centre of the contraband trade carried on by the Englifli and Frencli with the king of Spain's fubjetSls. VIUGIN ISLANDS.] Situated at the eaft end of Porto Rico, are ex- tremely fmall. MARGARETTA.] Situated in 64 degrees weft Ion. and 1 1-30 north lat. feparated from the northern coaft of New Andalufia in Terra Firma, hya ftraitof 24 miles, is about 40 miles in length, and 24 in breadth ; and hcing always verdant, a£fords a moft agreeable profpedl. The ifland abounds ■ in pallure, in maize, and fruit ; but there is a fcarcity of wood and water, ' There was once a pearl fifliery on its coall, which is now difcontinued. There are many other fmall iflands m thefe fefls, to which the Spaniards Jiave paid no attention. We fliall therefore proceed round Cape Horn in- to the South Seas, where the firil Sp^nifli ifland of any importance is CHILOE, on the coall of Chili, which has a governor, arid fome harbours well fortified. • JUAN FERNAKDES.^ Lying in 83 degrees wettlon. and 33 fouth- lat. 300 miles weft of Chili. This ifland is uninhabited ; but having foisse good harbours, it is found extremely . convenient for the Englifli cruifera to touch at, and water j and here they are in no danger of being difcovcred, un- lefs wheji, as is generally the cafe, their arrival in the South Seas, and their .motions, have been made known to the Spaniards by pur good friends in -.1' t,.«,f^ ffti rORTUGUESJR AMERICA- BrafiL Th» iOand is famous for having given rife to the celebrated romance of Robinfon Crufoe. It feems, one Alexander Selkirk, a Scotfman, was left a0iore in tlus folitary place by his captain* where he Uved fonoe years, until be vna difcovered by captain Woodes Rogers, in 1709 ; when taken up, he had forgotten his native language, and could, fcarcely be uoderftood, feeming to fpeak his words by halves. He was drefled in goats fkins, would drink nothing but-vvat«i^,and it was fome time before he could rel'ih t^c (hip's vi£)iual3. During his aboda in this i/land, he had killed 500 goats, which he caught by running them down ; and he marked as many more on the ear, wltich he let go. Some of thele were caught, 30 years after, by lord Anfon^s people ; their venerable afpe£l and majeftic beards difcovered ilrong fymptoms of antiquity. Selkirk, upon his^'fturn to England, was advifedto pubUfh an account of his life and adventures in his little kingdom. He is faid to have put his papers into the hands of Daniel D^efoe, to prepare ihem for publication. But that writer*, by the help of thefe papers and a lively fiincy, transformed Alexander Selkirk into Robinfon Crufoe, and returned Selkirk his papers again ; fo that the latter derived no advantage from them. They were probably too indigeftcd for publication, and Defoe might derive h'ttle from them but thofe hints, which might give rife to hit 6wn celebrated performance. ' ' f^iJ^'z-Uhtitm' :i ' f--'/;.,;-'''tf^'i-^t;''- The other iilauds that are worth mentioaiitg are^ the Gallipago Jfles, fituat- ed 400 miles weft of I^eru under the equators ; and thofe. in the bay of I'anaina ^tSlisd the King's or JPearl Iflands. .v4^2ti,^ Northern divifion con- tains' the captainfhips of ■■ n ,■ ........ Provinces. fpara — , Marignan Siara — - Petagues — "I Rio Grande o >.- Tamara Pcrnambuco .— . — f ^ . ... v.. »■■»•».' .' •^ ■' ^. -iVt'..y:t. ,.5, i.,.; Chief Towns. Para or Belim. Si, Lewis, oiara. 'j!,^ . St. Lue. Tignares. 1. ayrciUii. Tamara. Olinda. .•■• ;-"^ ■ Divllionj ated romance tnan, wae left : years, until en taken up» : underftood, i fkins, would liih t^e nitp'd goats, which morje on the ifter, by lord overed ilrong was advifed to ;domi He is e, to prepare papers aivd a Crufoe, and no advantage >n, and Defoe ive rife to hit ro ides, fituat< )ay of Panama i^;i!!,.^:^!^--i PORTUGUESE AMERICA. tA. ':'^: itude. Vmazon, and le'fame ocean a chain of azons on the Towns, elim. Divifions* Middle divifion con- tains the captainfhips of Provinces. ' Serigippe — Bahia, or the Bay of/ All Saints 5 Ilheos Porto Scguro Spirito Sanfto Chief Towns* ■ "] Serigippe. I St. Salvador. Southern divifion con. C Rio Janeiro tains the captainfhips 4 St. Vincent of ■ fe'S^v; (.DelRey 3 El Paya. Porto Seguro. Spirito Sandlo. St. Scbailian. St. Vincent. St. Salvador. Divilioru On the coaft are three fmall illands, where (hips touch for pnyvflloas m their voyage to the South Seas, viz. Ferj^ando, St. Barbara, and St. Catherine's. Seas, bays, harbours,! The Atlantic Ocean waflies the coaft of AND CAPES. f Brafil on the north- eaft and eaft, upwards of 3000 miles, forming fcveral fine bays and harbours : as the harbours of Per- nambuco, All Saints, Porto Seguro, the port and harbour of Rio Janeiro, the port of St. Vincent, the harbour of St. Gabriel, and the port of St. Salvador, on the north ftiore of the river la Plata. The principal capes are, Cape Roque, Cape St. Auguftine, Cape Trio, and Cape St. Mary, the mod foutherly promontory of Brafil. ' Face oi^ the country, air,! The name of Brafil was given to this CLIMATE AND RIVERS. ^ ^"""^''y> becaufe k was obA:rved to a- bound with wood of that name. To the northward of Brafil, which h'es al- moft under the equator, thie climate is hot, boifterous, and unwholefome, fub- jed to great rains and variable winds, particularly in the months of March and September, when they have fuch deluges of rain, witli ilorms and tornai> does, that the country is oNsrilowed. But to the fouthward, beyond the tropic of Capricorn, there is no part of the world that- enjoys a more ferene and wholefome air, re^eflied with the foft breezes of the ocean in one hand, and the cool breath of the mountains on the other. The land necr the coa^ is in general rather low than high, but exceedingly pleafa'nt, it beii^t; inter* fpetfed with meadows and woods ; but on the weft, far within laud, are mountains from' whence iflue many noble ftreams,. tliat fall into the great rivers Amazon and La Plata ; others running acrofs the country from e'aft to weft till they fall into the Atlantic Ocean, after meliorating the lands which they annually overflow, and turning the fugar-milla belonging to the Portuguefe. Soil and produce.] In geheral the foil is extremely fruitful, produc- ing fugar, which being clayed, is whiter and finer than our mufcovado, as we call our unrefined fugar. Alfo tobacco, hides, indigo, ipecacuanha, balfam of Copaibo, Brafil wood, which is of a red colour, hard and dry, and is chiefly ufed in dying, but not the red of the beft kind ; it has likewife fome place in medicine, as a ftomachic and reftringent. The animals here are the fame as in Peru and Mexico. The produce of the foil was found very fufficient for fubfilling the inhabitants, until the mines of Cold and diamonds were difcovercd ; thefe, with the fugar plantaUons, occupy* fo many hands, that agriculture lies neglefted j and, in confcquence, Brafill depends upon Europe for its daily food. , IsiiABiTANTS, MANNERS, AND cusTOMS-jj The portrait given us «f the manners and cuftoms of the Portuguefe in America, by the moft judicious travellers, is v?ry far from being favourable. They are defcribe^a" a people, i>*o;tiui^ji- ^'^ 'jay s Mii.K.i., 't- ,r .a^-Mii '^ .'Lrt^xi^rX^ '•. 4.;:-, who, S»fo F R T U O U E S E AMERICA. yino, yfihWCrink In the mofl effeminate luxury, praAife the tnoft defpersft crimes. Of a temper hypocritical and diffembling j of iktie (incerity in con- verfation, or hdnei]ly in deah'ng ; lazy, proud, and cruel. In their ~diet penu< rious ; ^for like the inhabitants of moft fouthern climated, they are much more fond of fhew, ftate, and attendance, than of the pleafures of free fociety, and of a good table ; yet their feafts, which are feldom made, are fumptuoui to extravagance. When they appear abroad, they caiife themfelves to be car- ried out ill a kind of cotton hammocks, called Serpentines, which are borne on the Negroes (houlders, by the help of a bamboo, about twelve or fourteen feit long. Moll of thefe hammocks are bhie, and adorned with fringes of th« fanic colour : they have a velvet pillow, and above the head a kind of tcfter, with curtains ; fo that the perfnn canied cannot be feen, unlefs he •pittvfcs ; but may either lie down or fit up, leaning on his pillow. When he^'Ws a mind to be feen, he pulls the curtains afide, and falutes \m acquaint^ Stfce whom he meets in the ftrects ; for they take a pride in comp'imenting each other in their hammocks, and will even hold long conferences in them in the ftreets ; but then the two (laves who carry them, make ufe of a (Irong well-made ilalF, with an iron fork at the upper end, and pointed below with iron : this they itick fall in the ground, and rell the bamboo, to which the hanrimock is fixed, on two of thefe, till their mailer's bufinefs or compliment is over. Scarcely any man of fafltion, or any lady, will pafs the ftreets withi> out being carried in this manner. ' ^Trade and chief towns.] The trade of Portugal is carried on upoi the fame exclufive plan on which the fcveral nations of Europe trade with their colonies of America ; and it more particularly refembles the Spanifli method, in not fending out finglc lhips,.a8the convenience ofthefeveral . places, and the judgment of the European merchants, may direft ; but by annual fleets, which fail at ftated times from Portugal, and compofe three floats, bound to as many ports in Brafil ; namely, to Pernambuco, in the northern part $ to Rio Janeiro, at the fouthern extremity ; and to thie Bay of All Saints, in th<» rriddle. In this laft'is the capital, which is called St. Salvador, and fometimes the city of Bahia, and where all the fleets rendezvous on their return to Portu> gal. This city commands a noble, fpacious, and commodious harbour. It is built upon a high and lleep rock, havings the fca upon one fide, and a lake, forming a crefcent, invefting it almoll wholly, fo as nearly to join the fea, on the other. The fituation makes it in a mauner impregnable by nature ; aiid they have befides added to it very llrong fortifications. It is populous, magnificent, and, beyond comparifon, the moll gay and opulent city iu i^ll Brafil. ■ The trade of Brafil is very great, and incrcafes every year ; which is the lefi furprifing, as the Portuguefe have opportunities of fupplying themfclvts with flaves for their fevcral works at a much cheaper rate than any other Europeaa power that has fettlements in America ; thty being the only European natioQ that has ellablilhed colonies in Africa, and from hence they import between '.40 and rpjooo Negroes, annually, all of which go into the amount of the cargo ot the Brafil fleets fur Europe. Of the diamonds there is fuppofed to be returned to Europe to the amount of 1 30,000!. This, with the fugar, the tobacco, the hides, and the valuable drugs for medicine and rtianufadlures, may givt fome idea of the importance of this trade, not only to Portugal, but to all the trading powers of Europe. The chief commodities the European (hips carry thither in return> arc not the fifyeth part of tlie produce of Portugal 1 they confift of wooU^i goods of all kindti, from England, France, and Holland } the linens and lacei ,1 («. ■, . fej^'K XS-: A. noft defperatfe icerity in con- eirdiet penu< ey are much if free fociety, ire fumptuoui Ives to be car- lich are borne ve or fourteen ?ith fringes of ead a kind of ;en, unlefs he How. When . hi» acquaint- omp'imenting ences in them ife of a llrong d below with to which the )r compliment le ftreets with. irried on upoa pe trade with s the Spanifli of the feveral lireA ; but by pompofe three nbuco, in the to the Bay of fometimes the urn to Portu. harbour. \t , and a lakc) jin the fea, on nature ; and is populous, nt city iu all u'ch is the left lemfclvcs with ler European ropean natiop )ort between mount of the e is fuppofed ith the lugar, hanufaftures, Portugal, but n return> are It Ol WOliUI," leus and laces PORTUGUESE AMERICA. 9m •f Holland, France, and Germany ; the filks of Frafice and Italy ; filk. and»thread ftockings, hats, lead, tin, pewter, iron, copper, ,and all forts of utenfils wrought in thefe metals, from England ; as well as falt>fi(h, beef, flour, and cheefe. Oil they have from Spain } wine, with fome fruit, is nearly all they are fupplied with from Portugal. England is at prefent molt interefted in the trade of Portugal, both for home confumption and what thij want for the ufe of the Brams. However, the French have become very dangerous rivals to us in this, as in many other branches of trade. Brafil is a very wealthy and flourifliing fettlement. Their export of fugar, within 40 years, is grown much greater than it was, though anciently it made almoft the whole of their exportable produce, and they werewithoi^t rivals in the trade. Their tobacco is remarkably good, though not raifed in uich large quantities as in the American colonies. The northern^ ftnd fouthern parts of Brafil abound with homed cattle : thefe are hunted for^beir hides only, of which no lefs than 20,000 are fent annually to Europe. The Portuguefe had been long in poifeilion of Brafil before they difcovered the treafures of gold and diamonds, which have fince made it fo confiderable. Their fleets rendezvous in the Bay of All Saints, to the amount of too 44)1 of large fliips, in the month of May or June, and carry to Europe a cargo little inferior in value to the treafures of the Spanifli fiota and galleons. The gold alone, great part of which is coined in America, amounts to near four millions fterUng ; but part of this is brought from their 'cobnies in Africa, together with ebony and ivory. History 'AND government.] This country was firft difcovered by Americus Vefpuito, in 149B, but the Portuguefe did not plant it till 1549, when they fixed themfelvcs at the bay of All Saints, and founded the city of St. Salvador. They met with fome interruption at firft from the coutt of Spain, who confidered the whole continent of South America as belong-* ing to them. However, the affair was at length made up by treaty ; and it. was agreed that the Portuguefe fliould polTefs all the country lying be- tween the two great rivers Aniason and Plata, which they ftill enjoy. " The French alfo made fome attempts to plant colonies on this coaft, but were driven from thence by the Portuguefe, who remained without a rival till the year 1580, when, in the very meridian of profperity, they were ftruck by one of thofe blows which inftantly decides the fate of kingdoms : Don Sebaftian, the king of Portugal, loft his life in an expedition againft the Moors in Africa, and by that event the Portuguefe loft their liberty, being abforbed in- to the Spanifh dominions. - The Dutch, foon after this, having thrown off the Spanifli yoke, and be- ing not fatisfied with fnpporting their independency by a fuccefsful defenfivc war ; and fluflied with the juvenile ardor of a growing commonwealth, pur- fued the Spaniards into the remoteft recefles of tlieir extenfive territories, and grew rich, powerful, and terrible, by the fpoils of their former matters. They particularly attacked the pofltflions of the Portuguefe ; they took almoft all their fortrefles in the Eaft Indies, and then turned, their arms upon Brafil, where they took feven of the caplainrtiips or provinces ; and would have fubdued the whole colony, had not their career been ftopt by the arfch- bifliop,at the head of his monks, and a few fcaltcred forces. The Dutch were, about the year 1654, entirely driven out of Brafil, but their Wtft In- dia company ftill continuing their pretenfions to this couniry, and haralTuig thv Portuguefe at fea, the latter agreed, in 1661, to pay the Dutch eight tons of gold, to relipquifh their intcreft in that country, which was accepted ; sad the Fortugueftf hi^ve rcniaiiied iu peaceable poflelfion of all Brafil from '•:;■', -<■..' I ;,• ' -L/ ^>.~"> 'i 1 ' •• ii!*"' . that ,iW. «« French American Islands. mat time* till about the end of the year 1 762, when' the Spapiih Governor of ^BnenM Ayres, hearing of a war between Portugal and Spain, took, after a month's fiego, the Portuguefe frontier fortrefs caUad St. Sacrament ; but, by the treaty of peace, it was reftored. FRENCH AM ERICA. ■ •". A. ; ' ;- • ' '' ' '■ \ .*■• , ■^■■■>~ ■ • _-...-.. -i . THE poffeffioiis of the French on the continent of America .arc at pre- fent inconiMerable. They were mafters of Canada and Louifiana ; but they have now loft all footing in North America ; though on the fouthem continent they have ftill a fettlement, which is called ■^■:ifi ":. '», ,>►?.' : CAYENNE, or E(^inoctial France.'- J-'Nlr/^ilifyJ IT is fituated between the equator and fifth degree of north latitude, and between the 50th and 55th of weft longitude. It extends 240 miles along the coaft of Guiana, and near 300 miles within land ; bounded by Surinam on the North, by the Atlantic Ocean, Eaft ; by Amazonia, South ; and by Guiana, Weft. The chief town is Caen. • All the coaft ii very low, but within land there aye fine hills very proper for fettlements ; the French have, however not yet extended them fo far as they might ; but they nrife the fame commodities, which they have from' the Weft India Ifland>, and in no inconfiderable quantity. They have alfo taken pofleflioa of the iiland of Cayenne, on this coaft, at the mouth of the river pf that name, vhich it about 45 mites in circumference. , The ifland is very unhealthy ; but having fome good harbours, the French have here fome fettlements, which raife fugar and coffee. ■ ^ ■ " -i ;>.«■•■■ itience defolatet HISI ftfl'ed by the han Spaniarc tween th Itiafi and 4th is 450 m Columbu lion, did they to fixty fents an allowed ,UiK ''S&thi.>: i,-^i':',W ■'«''?J^''''-T'--' . \.r ■ '•^■,^ri.iir.,.!>J,-\ y^-y ••<;'■- 'Tja;-%^/.'i'-vi :V' French Islands in America. .<--' r THE French were amongft the laft riations who made fettlements in the Weft Indies ;. but they made ample amends by the vigour with which jhey purfucd th.m, and by that chain of judfcious and admirable meafures which they ufed in drawing from them every advantage that the nature of the climate would yield ; and in contending againft. the difBculties which it threw in their way. The government of the French Weft India iflands was formerly under the moft judicious and excellent regulations ; their commerce flouriflied ; and they were daily increafing in riches and population, when the Revolution took place io the iqother country', and foon eomitiunkate^ its baneful in- fluence Croveraor of ook, after a nt ; but, by :a .are »t pre- ( Louifiana ; lUgh on the i-)-r-.ft},./.ii^',,«ii',j,.i L' ■ V, ■. ^ •• latitude, and ids 240 miles bounded by r Amazonia, 1 the coaft ii iements ; the ht ; but they ndia Iflands, eilion of the that name, lealthy ; but nents, which iments in the with which le meafures le nature of Ities which it Hy underthe triftied ; and Revolution baneful in- fluence iSpANisH American Ist.ANt>9> ^^| Baence to the colonies, where the moft dreadful diforderft took place an^ iklolated their moll flouriihing colonies* . HISPANIOLA, or St. DOMINGO.] This Jl«nd V^as at firft pof- ftfl'ed by the Spaniards alone ; but by far the moft confiderable part fell mtOi' the hands of the French. As that part of the ifland poffcffed- by the Spaniards w^s cedod to France by the treaty of peace lately concluded be« tween the two countries, it muft now be confidered as a French ifland. • ■< ' >/ It is iituated between the 17th and 2iftdeg;rees north lat. and the 6ftti and 4th of weft Ion. lying in the middle between Cuba and Porto- Rico, and is 450 miles long, and 150 broad. When Hifpaniola was firft difcovcred by Columbus, the number of its inhabitants was computed to be at leaft a miU lion. But fuch was the cruelty of the Spaniards, and to fo infamous a height did they carry their opprefiion of the poor natives, that they were reduced tofixty thoufand ir. he fpace of fifteen years. The face of the ifland pre- fents an agreeable variety of hills, vallies, woods, and rivers ; and the foil ii allowed to be extremely fertile, producing fugar, cotton; indigo,, tobacco* maize, and caiTava root. The European cattle are fo multiplied here, that tity run wild in the woods, and, aa in'South America, are hunted for theif hides and tallow only. In the moft barren parts of the rocks, they difcover- ed formerly lilver and gold. The mines, howeveri are not worked now. The north-weft parts, which are in the poftcflion of the French, confift of large fruitful plains, which produce the articles already mentioned in vaft abun* dance. This indeed is the beft and moll fruitful part of the belt and mod fertile ifland in the Weft Indies, and perhaps in the world. The moft ancient town in this ifland, and in all the New World, built'by Europeans, is St. Domingo. It was founded by Bartholomew Columbus* brother to the admiral, in 1504, who gave it that name in honour of Kitf father Dominic, and by which the whole ifland is fometimes named efpecially by the French. It is fltuated on a fpacious harbour, and is a large, well« built city,v inhabited, like the other Spanifli towns, by a niiixture of Euro- peans, Creoles, Mulattoes, Meftizos and Negroes. The French towns are. Cape St. Francois, the capital, which is neither walled or paled in, and is faid to have only two batteries, one at the cntratice of the harbour, and the other before the town. It contains about 8000' whites and blacks. Leogane, though inferior in pOmt of lize, is a good port, ' a place of conliderable trade, and the feat of the French gfovernment in that ifland. They have two other towns conliderable for their trade, Petit; Guaves, and Port Louis. • " , ■ ' ., It is computed that the exports of the French, fromi the above-mentionedf places, are not lefs in value than i,200,oool. They likewife carry on a con- trjband trade with the Spaniards, which is much to their advantage, as they exclange French maniifadures for Spanifli dollars. In the night between the 22d and 23d of Auguft, 1791, a moft alarming iiifurreftion of the negroes began on the French plantations upon this ifland. A fcene of the moft horrid cruelties enfued. In a little time no lefs than one hundred thoufand negroes were in rebeUion, and all the manufaAories and plantations of more than half the Horthern province appeared as one ge- neral conflagration. The plains and the mountains were filled with carna;je and deluged with blood. Two commiffioners were difpatched from France, while the Gironde party was in power, who afting upon the principles of the rights of man^ were rather apoftles of difcord «thau of peace : they feem to have united with the people of colour, and a feries of aflaffihations and pillage obliged the majority of the white colonifts to take refuge in Ameri- 9H DUTCH AMERICA. ca. In O^^ober 1793 the roya1!ft«offort Jereime, invited the Englifli to take pofreiTion of that part of the ifland, and Cape Nichols Mole fubnoHted in a few days after to the Britift) force*. .They were obliged, however, partly CM account of the difurders which deiblated the ifland and partly on account of that dreadful fcoiirge the yellow fever, f o abandon thii ifland altogther. Only one reAed ion we (hall make from the above fadls, ivhich is, that the fltuation of thei? tnhappy negroes, men ae well as their mafters, and who have an good a rigMt to the liberty of independence aa they have, will very ii|uch extenuate (uoie of the enormities which they committed, enormities 'which will not beai: a meiUinn with thdfe which thefe* poor fuFeren, have received from their tyrants in their firft captivity,4ind in the fubfequcnt hard treatment they have had. Let the proprietors of thefe ilaves aflc themfelves, wMl^her, had thefe negroes carried them as flaves into Africa* they would not have thought it a noble eiFort to endeavour to regnin their freedom ? Every man ieelp the anfwer which would be given : and that anfwer will place the conduA of thefe /Africans in its proper point of light. GUADALOUPE,] So called by Columbus, from the refemblance of its mountaind^ to thofe of that name in Spain, is fituated in 1 6 degrees north lat. and in 61 weft Ion. about 30 leagues north of Martinico, and almoft as much Jbuth of Antigua ; being 45 miles long, and 38 broad. — It is divided into two parts by a fmall arm of the fea, or rather a narrow .hannel, through which no (hips can venture ; but the inhabitants pafs it in a ferry-boat. Its foil is equally fertile with that of Martinico, producing fugar^ cotton, indigo, ginger, dtc. This ifland ws in a flourifhing condition, and its exports of fugar were almoft incredible. Like Martinico, it was formerly attacked by the Eng- liih, who gave up the attempt ; but in 1759, it was reduced by the Britifh arras, and wa« given back at the peace of 1 763. It was reduced in 1 794 by the Briti(hbut retaken by Viftor Hughes. V St. BARTHOLOMEW, DESEADA, I Are three fmaU iflands AND MARIGALANTE, . ' 3 lying in the neighbourhood of Antigua and St. Chriftopher's, and of no great confequence to the French; except in time of war, when they give (belter to an incredible number of privateers, which greatly annoy our Weft'India trade. The former wai given to Sweden in 1785. , The fmall iflands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, fituated neat Newfoundland have been already mentioned in our account of that Ifland, p. 967. "**^?f'^-^-^.''\:^-*v|?^?v;^^' i^ . -^^^:'t rM-,^"' •^i: j' '■■ DUTCH AMERICA. Containing;^ SURINAM, on the Continent of South America. AFTER the PortugUefe had difpofTcfled the Dutch of Brafil In the manner we have feen ; and after they had been entirely removed out of North America, they were obliged to confole themfelves with their rich polTeifions in the Eaft Indiis, and to (it down content in the Weft with Suii- nam ; a country once in the pofleiTion of Enerland, but of no great value wtwift we ItH^it} ifii which we ceded t« them ut.ejichange for New York; ■ -..,■■, ■\'' ' ■ ■ ■■..:^-.-. ■ .xv». r--.:x%': .-.X :-">.,''^ witJ» with two Spanifh n Dutch ing 100 to theriv is genera low, and built on a tations n and moft Ief8profp< caufes, to whom thi merous, colony in nam, Sara their formi among the frequent I upon their great deal fome valua who bring quantity of Conneft Demerary Enghfliin which woii India ifland for the col( frigate. Dr. Ban whites, b|ji( mifcuous ii intermedlat fanguinity Mulattoes, mediate fub fo great a i of their plui themfelves : preferving I The torpoi either by th fome partic fefr*.ly refem iety of fnak iencies. A longed to ] length, and 'ence. It h Ju WuiCll Vfi DUTCH AMERICA. m ormcr wai with two or three fmall a*d birren ifiandt in the north feS) not far from the Spanifh main. Dutch Guiana is fituate.l Viet ween five andfeven degrees north lat. extemf; ing lOO miles along the Loait from the mouth of the riVer OronoquCt north* to the river Maroni, or French Guiana, fouth. 'The climate of this couiitry is generally reckoned unwholefome ; and a confiderable part of the coaft is low, and covered with water. The chief fettlement is at Surinam, a town built on a river of the fame name ; and the Dutch have ex^^ded their plan- tations to leagues above the mouth of this river. This is one of the richeft and moK valuable colonies b(;lunging to the United Provinces ; but it is in a lefs profperous fituation than it was fome years fiuce, owing, among othcf caufes, to the wars they have been eneaged in with their fugitive Negrpesy whom they have treated with great b4rbarity, and who are become foifcj" merous, having increafed from year to year, that they have formed a kind*of colony in the woods, which are almoft inacceffible, along- ttte rivers of Suri- nam, Saraihaca, and Copename, and are become very formidable enemies to their former mailers. Under the command of cliiefs, whom they have clefted among themfelves, they have cultivated lands for their Ctibfiitence, and making frequent incurfions into the neighbouring plantations, revenge tliemfelvea upon their old oppreflbrs. The chief trade of Surinam conlilia in lugar, It ■ great deal of cotton, coffee of an excellent kind, tobacco, flax, fkins, and fome valuable dying drugs. They trade with the North American coloniesi who bring hither horfes, live cattle, and provifiuns ; and take home a large (quantity of mblafTes. Connected with Surinam, we fliall mention the two Dutch colonies of Demerary and Iflequibo on the Spanifh main, which furrendered to the Englifhin the year 1 781, and were reprefented as a very valuable acqnifition, which would produce more revenue to the croWn than all the Britifh Weft"; ; India iflands unhed. But the report was either not believed or fjigluco^ for the colonies were left defencclefs, and foon were retaken by a Frenc];! , frigate. Dr. Bancroft obferves, that the inhabitants of Dutch Guiana are either whites, b^jicks, or the redvlifh-brown aboriginal natives of America. The pro- mifcuous intercourfe of thefe difSerent people has hkewife generated feveral intermediate cafts, whofe colours immutably depend on their degree of con- fanguiniiy to either Whites, Indians, or Negroes. . Thefe are divided into Mulattoes, Tercerones, Quartcron^is and Q^uinterones, with feveral inter- mediate fub^ivifious, proceeding from their retrogade intercourfe. There are fo great a number of birds, of various fpecies, and remarkable for the beauty of their plumage, in Guiana, that feveral perfons in this colony have employed themfelves advantageoufly, with their flaves and dependants, in killing and preferving birds for the cabinets of naturalifts in ditl'erent parts of Europe. The torporific eel is found in the rivers of Guiana, which, when touched either by the hand, or by a rfad of iron, gold, lilvcr, copper, or by a flick of fome particular kinds of heavy Americati wood, communicates a fliock per- fe6*.ly refembling that of eleftricity. There are an immcnfe number and var- iety of fnak^s in this country, and which form one of its principal inconven- iencies. A fnake was killed fomie years linee, on a plantation which had be- longed to Peter Amyatt, Efq. which '^as upwar48 of thirty-three teet in length, and in the largeft place, near the middle, was three feet in circugafer- . 'ence. It had a broad head, large prominent eyt*. and a very' wide nvoulh, in which was a double row 'of teeth. Among the animals of Dutch Guiana ^ Vf the Laubba; which is peculiar to this counti7. It is a fmall amphibiou» 6B(|» ' creaturejt fp^ DvTCH Ambrican Islands. pr^itwe, a)>out the (tze of a pig four months old, covered with fine (hort hair ( tad fts flcfh, by the Europeans who rcfide here, is preferred to all othcf kindi oflMit. D y T c H Islands i^^n A'm e r f.c 4. St. UUSTATIUS,! QITUATED in 17' 29' N.lat. 63° 10' W. long. ' *or EusTATiA. J O andthrcelcaguca north-wcft of St. Chrillophers, Is bQly a mountain, about 29 mile» in compafs, rifing out of the fca lilce M pyramid, and almoU round. But though '' fmall, and inconveniently laid out by nature, the ihduHry of the Dutch has made it to turn to very good account; and it is faid to contain 5000 whites, and 15,000 ncgrocu. The fides of the mountaiinsare laid out in very pretty fettlements } but they have neither fprings nor rivers. They raife here fugar and tobacco ; and this ifland, as well as Curaflbi), is engaged in the Spuniili contraband trade, for which, however, it is notfo well fituatcd ; and it has drawn the fun)e ad- Vantagi: fn in ifi conllant neutrality. But when hollilities were commenced ' by Great Britain agaiuft Holland, admiral Rodney was fent with a cunfidcr. able land ai)d fea-force againil St. Eudatiua, which, being incapable of any .'l^efcnci, furrendcrpd at difcretion, on the 3d of February, 1781. The private ' jproperty of the inhahitants was confifcated, with a degree of rigour very un- common among civilized nations, and very inconfiftcnt with ihc humanity and gen'tfrofity uy which the Englifli nation were formerly character! fed. The reafon "afligned was, that the inhabitants of St. Euilatius h^d afliAed the re- volted colonies with naval and other ftores. But on the i7th of November, the fame year, St. Euftatius was retaken by the French, under the commantl of the marquis de Bouillc, though their force confiil;c|!l uf , ^t^v three frlgatei ?ind fbme fmall craft, and about 300 men. ''i^i, *;.'.;., CURASSOU.] Situatc4 in 12 degrees north lat. 9 or 'i deques from the continent of Terra Firma, is 30 miles long, and 10 broad. It feems as if It were fated, that the ingenuity and patience of the Hollanders (hould every Where, both in Europe and America, be employed in fighting agalnft an un- friendly nature ; for the ii'^and is riot only barren, and dependent upon the Tains for its water, but the harbour is naturally one of the worft in America ; yet lh»£)'Ttch have entirely remedied thatdefe'ft ; they have upon this har- bour oik wf till. !arg(^il, ;ind by far'one of the moil elegant and cleanly towni in the Weft Indies. Thi: public buildings are numerous and handfome ; the private liOuiVs commodious ; and fiie )rnga/.ine8 large, convenient, and well liilRd. All kind of hl'oiii 16 hire pcrfoiaied by engines; fome of them fo well contrived, that iliips arc at onci; lifted into the dock. Thoilgh this ifland is naturally baircii, tlie iiulullry of (he Dutch has brought it to produce a. confiderablo quatitlly'both of lobuoco and fugar ; it has, bcfidcs, good falt- woiks, for the produce of which there is a bvifk demand froTO' thfe Eiigh"(l» iflands, and Ihe cglonies on the continent, ImiI wluit renders this ifland 01 xnoft advantage to lh(; X)iiLch, Is the contraiiand trade which is carried on be- tween tiic inhobitanti and ^hc Spaniards, and their harbour being the rendez- vous to all natfona in time of war. liiips fioiii juuiqjjc touch at this ifiaud for intcriigcuce, or pilots» - " •■>"-",,: ana "Tk #t: Dutch Amkrican Iilandi. 999 and then proceed to the Spnnifh coafti for trade, which they force ^itW% ilrong hand, it being very difficult for the Spanifli jruarda colla* to take tHefe vefTcU ; for they are not only (lout (hip«, with a number oi gum, b#t are manned with large crews of chofen fcamcn, dk-cply intrrefted in the fafety of the vrfftl and.the fuccffs of the voyage. Tluy have each a fliare in the cargo, of a value proportioned to the ilation of the owner, fupplicd by the roetchants upon credit, and at prime coll. Thi« animates them with an un- common courage, and they fighi bravely, bccauf* every man fights in defence of his own property. Befidt-s thid, there is a i onftant intercourle between thii ifland and the Spunifh continent. CuralTou has numeroiis warehoufes, always full of the commodities of Europe and the £all Indies. Here are all forts of woollen and litten cloth, laces, filka, ribands, iron utenfds, naval and military (lores, hrandv, the fplces of the Moluccas, and the calicoes of India, white and painted. Hither the Dutch Wed India, which is alfotheir African Company, annually bring three ur four cargoes of (laves ; and to this mart the Spaniards themfelves come in fmall velfels, and carry off not only the beft of the Negroes, at a very high price, but great quantities of all the above forti of goods ; and the feller has this advantage, that the ref' fe of ware* houfes and mercers' (hops, with every thing tRat is grown unfalhtonable and unfaleable in Europe, go off here extremely well; every thing being fuf» ftciently recommended by its being European. The Spa^Nrds pay in gold and niver, coined or in bars, cacaoy vanilla, Jcfuits' bark, cochineal, ap'^ other va' table commodities. ' 4i -''he trade of CurafTou, even Jn times of peace, is faid to be annu^lly^ worth to the Du(ch no lefs than 500,0001. but in time of war the profit is- dill greater, for then it becomes the common emporium of the Weft* Indies ; it affords a retreat to (hips of all nafions, and at the fame time refufes none of them arms and ammunition to deftroy one another. The liitercaurfe with Spain being then inrerriipted, the Spanifh colonies have fcarcely any other market from vhcr.ce tlicy can be well fupplied, either with (laves or goods. The French come hither to buy the beef, pork, corn, flour, and lumber, which the Euglifh bring from the continent of North America, or which is exported from Ireland ; fo that, whether in peace or in war, the trade of this ifland flourlHies extremely. The trade of all the Dutch A him lean fcttlements was originally carried « on by the We(l-India company alone : at prefent- fuch (bip» as go upon that trade pay two and a half per cent, for their iicenccs : the company how- ever, referve to themfelves the whole of what is carried on between Africa and the American iflands. •The other idands, Bonaire and Aruba, are inconfidcrablc in themfelves, and fhould be regarded as appendages to CuralFou, for which they are chief- ly employed in raifing cattle and other provifions. The fmall iflands of Saba and St. Martin's, fituated at no great didance from St. Euftatia, hardly deferve to be mentioned ; they were both captur- ed Ky admiral Rodney and Gcneral'Vaughan, at the time when St. Eufta- tia ijrrcndeted to the arms of Great Britain; but wcre^ afterwards retaken by the French. . ' ^'."f i ■! 'h--'l "H'^'' Pahish xtK^-: «• NEW DISCOVERIES, ^ *-•■.*} \ Danish Islands in America. Br. THOMAS.^ A N inconfidcrable member of the Carrlbbeei, fitii. XjL ated in 64 degrees welt Ion. ami I^ nortli lat. about 15 miles in cifcuinfcreiice, and has a fafe and commodious har- bour. St. CROIX, OR SANTA CRUZ.] Another fmall and unhealthy ifland, lying about liv« leagues call of St. Thomas, ten or twelve league* in length, and three or four where it is broadell. Thcfe iflauds, fo bug ag they remained in the hands of the Danifli Well- 1 dia company, were ifl managed, and of little confequence to the Danes ; bjt that wife and bene- volent prince, the late king of Denmark, bought up ll»e company's (lock, and laid the trade open ; and fince that time the ifland of St. Thomas has been fo greatly improved, that it is faid to pruduce upwards of 3 hogfheads of fugar of 1000 weight each, and others of the Well- ' 8 in tolerable plenty. In time <»f war privateers bring e for fals ; and a great many veflela traUj from hence 3000 India cotimodi in their prizes ilong the Spanilh Main, and return with* money in fpecic or bars, and < Suable merchandife. As for Santa Cruz, from a perfect dcfert a few years fticp, it is beginning to fettle fail ; (everal perfons ttom the £ngh(h iflands, toinc of them of very great wealth, have gone to fettle there, and have riii^ved very great encouragement to dp (o. But, indeed, thefe two na- tions, the Dutch and Danes, hardly deierve to be mentioned among the proprietors of America} their JpolTeffions there being £0 inconfiderablej and yet the Dutch are faid to make their fliare of them worth at lead 6oo,ooool. a year. . fV,/-.> .?!A... ■'tt ».»■.) !■!);, 7,^y NEW DISCOVERIES. [•■■A' J.,'-';-*^-! - -^', ^ ■ \^'-- OITR knowledge of the globe ba's been confiderably augmented by the laU difcoveries of the Rufllans, and Hill more by thole that have been made by Britifli navigators in the prefent reign, which have been nume- rous and unportant : and of thcfe diluoveries we (hill therefore give a com- pemliutiii account. !;■ .^t'jti^^'^ 7'. l-«Ji NORTHERN ARCHIPELAGO. I HIS confifts of feveral groups of iflands, whicTi are Atuated between the Eallern coall of Kamtfchatka and the wellern coaft of tlie con- iiucnv .If ;:■*;:.:. I tinent of groups, group, I. Becri 5. Anak viz. I, guelek J and com Andrcan< ing namei 6. Anagi is a volcai fhunat group is c by the Rt I. A MC Tauagnla Agun Ah Semidit ; Som« t months in a grtat m Ifland rcc< coafti. T with ftron^ hair, and li part well n of their il which groi in catchinc the fea wii of fea-ottcri The Fox red foxes w a cap and ,1 wear cor m. of the wiiigi place a fmal and ornamei Ruflians, . fttfwy fort ( and general viftuals, the tUrein, the] • Mr. Coxe •M, which lu» ViiyuReg wirh ( whtn It was d nierchawn jnin of ten years, n »ate co-ft, thai; tion ot Msdul k liiiand the no ^en explored, •kicjj coufi^lerc NEW DISCOVEniES. 99> tlnent of Am«rica *. Mr. Muller dtvk)«« thcfc Iflmids into ftnir p^liicJpdl }(roupi, the firft two of which are ItyUd Uic Aleutian iflmtd*. Tbc tiift group, which it called by Utmt of the iflandetii SafignRn, cmnprehendt, I. Beering'* Ifland ; z. 'Copper Ifland ; 3. Otma ; 4. Samyra, or Shemyia y 5. Anakta. The fecood group it called Khao, and comnriKes eight iilandt, viz. I. Immak ; x. Kifka { 5. Tchetchia ( Ara t §. Wam } 6. T(chan< gtteiek { 7. Ulagama ; 8. Amtfchidga. The tli^ird general name i« Neglto and comprehenda the iflanda known to the Rufllnns under tke ntime of Andreanoflftki Oftrova t fixteen of n^idi are menlioiied under the follow* ing namet : i. Amatkinak { 2. Ulak ; 3. Unalga ; 4. Mivotflia ; 9. Unga : 6. Anagin ; 7. Kagulak : 8. Illaflo, or IHak ; 9. Takavaiiga, upon which is a volcano ; 10 Kanaga, which has alio a volcano : ti. Leg '( 12. Sket^ fhunai 13. Tagaluon \ 14. Gorleoi { 15. Otchu ; 16 Amla. The fourth group It called Kavalang, and conAprehendt fixteen iflands ; which are called by the Rufliant Lyfltc Oftrova, <^ the Feti JJiandi ; and which are named { 1. A 'Mchta ; '2. Tfchigama } 5. Tfchegula ; 4, Uniftia ; 5. Uhiga ; 6. Tauagutana ; 7. Kagamin ; 8. Kigalga ; 9. Skelmaga t 10. Umnak; i\i Agun Alafhka ; 12. Unimma ; 13. Uligan ; 14. Anturo-LeilTunie ; 15. Sennidit ; 1 6. Scnagak. Son)« of thefe iflandt are only inhabited occafionally, and for fome months in the year, and others are very thinly peoplt^d ; but others have a great number of inhabitants, who conftantly refide ii||them. Copper Ifland receives its npme fivm the copper which the fea throws upon it* coaft^. The inhabitants of thefe iflands are, in general, of a ftiort ftature, with ftrong and robiill limbii, but free and fupplc. They kave lank black hair, and little beard, flattilh faces, and fair (kins. They are for the moft part well made, of ftroiig conftitutiont, fuitable lo the boifterous climate of their ifles. Th^ inhabitants of the Aleutian ifles live upon root* which grow wild, and fea anirhals. Tliey do not employ themfelvea in catching fifli, th< ^h . x rivers abound with all kinds of falmon, and the fea with tui ' Their clothes are made of the (kina of birds, and of fea-ottcrs. The Fox i(kMd* are fo called from the great numfcer of black, grey,and red foxes wkK wiliich they abound. The drefs of the inhabitants cuiifills of a cap and a fur coat, which reaches down to the knee. Some of them wear coi"nH>n caps of a party-coloured bird-flciii, upon w'lich they leave part of the wings and tail. On the fore part of their hunting and-fifhing caps, they place a fmall b<.ard like a fltreen adorned vvitli -he jaw-bones of fea-bears, and oinamented with glafg beads, which they receive in barter from the Ruflians. At their feftivals and dancing partfis luy ufe a much moi-e ik'wy fort of caps. They feed upon the flcHi .)f all forts of fea animals^ and generally cat it raw. But if at any time they choofe to drefo their viftuals, they make ufe of a hollow ftonc ; having placed the fifti or flefii ticrein, they cover it with auotlier, and dole the iiitcrllices with lime or clay. • Mr. Coxe obftrvep,that " the firft projetfl for making difcoveriei in that tempefluoui M«, which \ie» between Kamtfchatka and America, wa« conceived and plenntd by Peter I." Viiyjpeg wirhtbit view were accordinifly undertaken at the expoicc of the cruwn ; bat when it w»* difcnverrd, that the iflands of the fea abounded with valuable fur* private inerchan'a imniediatdy enizaged with nrdour in fimilar expeditions; a.nd withio a prriod often years, more ioiportant di^cuvurie! were made by these individuriU, at their own pri- vate co-ft, thap had hitherto been effi;5led by all the ciTortu of tbe trowp. The inveftiga- tion ot useful knowJcdge has altu been greatly cr.cuuiagtd by th.e prc<>eiit enttresK of Ra»> Ca ; and the moft di&sn! pf.ris of her vau. iiun7ipioi»<, i\iA other countries and iUiodi, have been explored, at her expcnce, by persons of abiliiies ai:d learnirg, in coDtrqucnce c£ vkidi couij4crable^3covcrici have ocea vai^it. 1000 NEW DISCOVERIES. They then lay Jt horizdiUally upon two ftdnes, and h'ght a fire under itj The provilion intended for keeping is dri^d without ialt in the open aiiV Their weapous .confli^ of bows, arrows, and darts, and for defence tney ufe wooden fliieldii. . The moft pcrfeft equality reigns amdng thefc iflandcrs. They have nei- ther chiefs nor fup^ric^s, neither laws nor puni/ltments. They live together in families, and lociities of feveral families united, which form wh^t they call a race».who,. in cafe of ati attack, or defence, mutually help and fupport each other. The inhabitants of. the: fame ifland always pretend to be of the fame r9ce.;,and evfry perfon looks upon this iiland as a poflefllon, the property of. which is coiAm(>n to all the individuals of the umc fociety. Feails are very common among them, and more par- ticularly when the inhabitants of one iflitnd are viftted by thofe of the •thers. The men of the village meet their guefts beating drums, and S receded by the wgmen, 'vvho fing and dance. At the conciufion of the ance, the hofts fei^e up the beit provifions,. and invite their guefts tu partake of the feaft. They feed their children when very young with the coarfed fle(h, and for the nioft part raw. If an infant cries, the m<)ther '-'V' mediately carries it to the fea fide, and, whe'ther it be fummcr or wir. lioldo it naked in the water until it is quiet. This cullom is fo far from dc ig the children any harm, that it hardens them againft the cold, and they accord* ingly go barefoo^d through the winter without the leail inconvenience. They feldom heat their dwellings : but, when they are deflrous of warming them* felvcs, they light a bundle of hay, and (land over it ; or elfe they fet fire to train oil, which they pour into a hollow ftone. They have a good (hare of plaiti natural fenfe, but are rather flow of underftandmg. They feem cold and indifferent in moft of their adt'ions ; but let an injury, or even a fufpiciun only, roufe them from this phlegmatic ilate, and they become inflexible and furious, taking the moft violent revenge, without any regard to the confc- quences. Tlie.leaft affliction prompts them to fuicide, the app^rehenfion of even an uncertain evil often leads them to defpair, and they put an end tt their days with great apparent infenfibility. . . , . The discovery of an INLAND SEA containing A GREAT NUMBER.oF Islands IN NORTH America. FROM the obfervatlons made by Captain Cook on the inhabitants of the weftern parts of America, about the latitude of 64* north, it ap- peared that a ttrong fimilarity appeared between them and the Efquimaux on the eaftern coaft. Hence it was even then conjeAured that a communica- tion by fea exifted between the eaftern and weftern fides of that continent. In this part of America, however, a moft furprizing difcovery has lately been made, which, when pfoperly authenticated, cannot fail to be of the ut- moft utility, not only to Icience in general, but to the commeijcial and po- litical interefts of mankind ; not to fay that it will undoubtedly contribute, by giving an opportunity for the advancement of civilization, to Uieir moral interefts alfo. This, though not made by captain Cook himielf, took place in confequence of his difcovcrics op the north-weft continent of America. la - -^ ; iit'!-;'fc NEW i>l.S C O V fi R 1 E S. mi in thefe ](ianahef6«ndtliMt'fuch^ ed froiQthe inhab!tanta,,as promifed to t>e a v^fy, valuable artt(;|e of com- mefce, 'm-o^M6'd a^lr rfiMat 'c6ttne€L\on could be e^bnthed betWi^en that and th(^''lS|ianiard8 i thejottiitr ti^eter^Sing tha^ they bad 00 nglit to difitole of/uffl.ih the Baft Indies, yRddie^Iaftfr, tha^ tbey bad,ncln4 to i>rnig them, fif6rh k^c v4^erh toaft iuf >^laei'Ica. /By^he Mr. Etbbes, wfio fitted ouj,' fliipfi tot thi^ purpofe. It V48 difcov^^ed that aU the' weftern co»^' of Ame-|' rica froM la(.'49^ to 57^ hbrth, was no (^ntinued trad qf land, put a chaiii of illands Which hiad titVit becrt explored, and thaC thefe coric^ed the en- trance to avail iol^d fea like th^ Baltic or IVlediterra^ean ui Europe, and' wiiich feems like wide to be fiill of iflafiils*. Among thejTc^Mr. Etches' (hip. the Pjrtncei4 Royal, penetrated fevei^al huiidred leagues i|i the north- eaft dir, explc^e the Archfpcisigo, juft mentioned, nor did they firrive at the terinina* tloii of this new Mediterranean fca. From what they really did difcovcr^ it was fuppofed that there might be this way a communication with Hu^-'^ fon's Bay, in Which cafe, the north-weft paflage to theEaft Indies would be /ound through ^as much more navigable ttian thofe inf^hfch it had hi- therto been attempted. .With a view tq afcertain the exiitence of any navigable comtnunicatioh between 'the ^qrthT^ciflc and NortH \Ajtlanti? oceans, a voyage was undertaken by his hiaje^y's orders the conimand of wjiilch was given to Caj^ain Viyicoqtcr. Captain Varicouv« fct fail frbnj Dcptfbrd February, %. i/j^if iihd ai^ived in "England in 1795. "tTie'refult of his explorations, on the jp^ocip^l point of lus iniflion» is the co^^lete cer- tainty, that within the limits df his refearches on the continental Ihore- <^ North America, no internal fea, nor other navigable communication ekiftt/ uniting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. -,:,:^ ^i$^-.?- E I. E W,vXS L A. N D. S. • ,:7>r^^-V^,. . , ■ . : ■ '. ..^ ;.. ,. ■,, ;. , .;" • The! cxiftence anc( {livatior of thelc iflands were probably lEaovirp (0 ' the Spaniards at a diftant period ; but from a report amcrng the neighbouring iflands, of their being inhabited by a favage race of Cannibals, It appears that there had never been the leaft communicatiou between them and any of the Euopeans, till the Antelope Packet (belonging to the Eaft India Company) was wrecked on one of them, in Auguft, i^i^^. From the accounts given of thefe iflands, by captain WiHbn, who commanded the' packet, it ttppears that they are fituated between* the. <5th aiid ^th .degrvea north latitude, and between 1 30 and 1 36 degrees of Ealt longitude from Greenwich, and lie in a N. £. and S. W. d>re£lion ; they are long but nar- row, of a moderate height, and well covered with wood ; the climate tem- perate and agreeable ; the lands produce fugav>cane, yamsj cocoa niits, plan- * in our intp of North Amerira, sn Tiland » hu^ dntrn at the entrance of the rlvei^'af the weft, (Kirih;htitn4e /fjSand weft Imgitade 130", the place where thif difeovery (i MdtohsrtfbcuiaMd^. i N tains. ^^■v>.>^: ^5 loos NEW DIS60>|F RIES taiM, bunanaif eranmi and lemont } and the furroaBdipg feaa abound wi'tb the fincft iitd.greateR nricty of fifli; The nitives of thefeiflanolt are a ftout» ,wcll made,' people, above the mid- dBe ftatuK i their copiplexion* are of a far deeper colour than what is under> ftood by the Indian copper, but not black. The men go entirely na?:--, ai|id the women wear only two fmall aprons, one behind, and one befor .-, Aiade of thehuflcs of the cocoa>nut dyed with diflferent (hades of yellow. The ffoveroment Js Monarchical, and the king is abfolute, but his powev i^exercucd more wit^h the mildnefs of a father than a fovereign. In the language of Europeans, he ia tl^e fountain of honour { he occafionally ere* ate« bis nobles, called Rupacks or Chief, and confers a lingular honour of knighthood, called the OirJer of the BoMt the members of which are dif* tinguilhed by wearing a Bone on their arm. lite idea, which the account publiflied by captain Wilfon gives us of thefe mariders, is that of a people, who, though naturally ignorant of the arts and fciences, and living in the fimpleil itate of nature, yet poflcfs all that genuine politenefs, that delicacy, and chaility of intercourfe between the lexes, that refpeA for perfonal property, that fubordination to govemnfent, and thofe habits of induftry, which are fo rarely united In the more civilized focieties of modem tifnes. ' It appears that when the Englifli were thrown on one of thefe iflandi, they >Vere received by the natives, with the greatell humanitv and hofpitality, and till their departure, experienced the utmoft courtefy and attention. <* They fclt our people were diilreiTed, and in confequence wifhed they *' (hould (hare whatever they had to give. It was not that worldly muni- *• fibence that befto,ws and fpreads its favours with a diftant eye to retribu- ** tioR. It Was the pure enipttOn of native benevolcncct It was the love of **- man tii man. It was a fcene that pidures human nature in triumphant « colouring, and whilft their Uberah'ty grafified ^he feufei their vitl^uc Hruck « the heart." ■ ■ ' ■■T-^i^^'Vr-'-iA%'-'^\:^^^^^ T H E M A R QU E S A S I S L A N D S. ARE five in number, firft difcovered by Quiros, in 1595 } and their fituation better afcertained by captain Cook in 1774. St. Domi- nica is the largeft, about 16 leagues in circuit. The inhabitants, their lan- guage, manners, and cloathing, with the vegetable produ£Uon«, are nearly the lame as the Society iiles. OTAHEITEjQFKi^o George's Island. THIS ifland was difcovered by captain WaUts, in the Dolphin*, on the ipth of June, 1767.', It 18 fituated between the I7tli degree 28 mio. ■ .u. , . ; * The Dfilphin wa, Tcflt out, voder the conaMod of riptitn Wallis, with fbe Swallnw, eafiiuand-d by cmp ain C^rtcrrt, at the cxpcnce of the Britiih goTcrnmcnt, in AuKuft, l^A, ID or^er to mahe diieoveries in the fottthero hetnifiihiire. Thefe vcffflf p'l- cfe«<)<'d together, till they came within fight of the South S^U, at the weflern enti«nIao, and from thence retarocd by difierent routet to £n«* land. On the 6th of Jane 1767, captjiiu Wallate. difcoveied an Ifland, about tonr g^u. tony,, and three wide, to which hs gave il)e namt of iybitJim-IJU»i, it beiDf Ji''— .-sf-n ss WUitfaD-ei?: Its lati'sids !! 19" ntJ n a«i4 I: Tkracst day he dUccvaisd aaotjicr ifland, t« whkh he gate the aane of ^ttn Chathtu / )Hw^*^^.'^ ' : IJIaml. Tk, campicxion, well nudci matting, wl TouDd their in latitude difcoTered ft i/lo'J, Cumii On the 19 quitted that nilei long, taoDth, anotJ After having be arrived at febroary, ij Captain O Dolphin, ha« of Mafafeuei flffuaferenc* »5» IT 9. Ion cwtinant of > (0 which he I two other flat Bonth he dii; ChtrlaWi JJlm arid C..i^;.K ^w/, whicb ■bovt ten lea( ^odi, and pi ■I March, 171 NEW IFI 8C O V E R 1 E S. oundl with re the mid- It is undcN rely n*V.^-'t tne befor.> reUow. his jpowev Xo the ionally cre- r honour of ich are dlf> gives us of t of the arts fcfs all that letweet) the jovemnfent, lore civilized hefe iflandi, i hofpitality, d attention, wilhed they orldly muni- e to retribu- LS the love of I triumphant jvirtue Itruck DS. } and their St. Demi* Its, their hin- ,rfc nearly tkc ID. Ihin*, on the irrce 28 min- ^ the SwsUnw, Ent, in Aujiuft, fe vcfffli pa- iBern entiaiue lutct to Ens* ^(J, about lonr U«J. it beioK ■J 537" 56'^- 1003 and the 17th degree 53 min. fouth latitude; and between the I'Mth de|;teiB li min. and the 149th degree 39 minutes weft long. It coniiftsQf two peninfulas, of a fonnewhat circular form, joinrd by an ift^mns, and is furroluhd* ed by a reef of coral rocks, which form feveral excellei^ bays and bacboura* where there is room and depth of water for ahuoft any liumber of the largely (hips. The face of the country is very extraordinary* fur a border of loir land almoft entirely furrounds each peninfula, and behind this border the land rifes in ridges that run up into the middle of tbefe divifidni, and thcfe form mountains that may be feen at fixty leagues diftance. The foil, except upoji the very tops of the ridges, is remarkably rich and fertile, watered by a greajt fiiraiber of rivulets, and covered with fruit-trees of various kinds, forming the moft delightftd groves. The bordf of low land that lies between the r>dg<>i and the fca, is in few places mun ' a mile and a half broad, and this, to« gether with fome of the vallies, are the only parts that are inhabited. . Cap* tain Wallis made fome ftar at this ifland ; and it was afterwards vifited again by Captain Cook in the £ndeavour, in April 1769. That commander wais accompanied by Jofeph Banks, Efq. now Sir Jofeph Banks,. and Dr. Solan* ier J and thofe gentlemen, together with the captain,jnade a very accurate furvey of the ifland. " • , Some parts of the ifland of Otaheite are very populous { and captain Cook '^HtM o( opinion, that the number of inhab.itautti on the who!? iflaud amount- ed to 204,000, including i^romen and children. They are of a ^lear olive 10 , mplexion ; the men are tall^ ftrone, well limbed, and finely ftiaped : the l^ men are of an inferior ftze, but oandfome, and very amorous, and in- deed generally fomewhat licentious. Their cloathiog conlllU of cloth or matting of different kinds; and the greateft part of the food eaten here is vegetable, as cocoa-nuts, bananas,^ bread-fruit, plantains, and a great variety of other fruit. Their houfes, thofe which are of a middling fixe, are af an oblong fquare, about 24 feet long, and eleven vride, with a (helvtng ^aml. Tke inhabltaott of this i0and, ctsttln Wallii fays, were of a middle Ctarlu Saumitrt't ijiMit and on the .to(h of the fame BioDth, another abont ten milci long, and four brtkad, wtlich he called L»rd Frait Ifland. After having difcovered fome other fmall iflandi, one of wlucfa «rai naoied Wullu'i Jfljitd, he arrived at iPitavia on rhe 30th of November, at the Cape of Giod Hope on the 4th of ffebroary, 1768, and kii fliip anchored fafely in tl)e Down*, on th' 10 of May following. Captain Carteret, in the Swallow, after he had parted witli captain Wallit, i^ the Dolphin, having palled through the fkrait of Magellan, and made fome ftay at the ifland of Matafeuero, difcovered, 00 the id of July 1787, an iOind about five miles in ci^cuaference, to which he gave the name of PHcairn't .IJland, It Ilea in latitndo >j* VS. longitude 133" *l' W. and about a thoufand IcaKuea to the>eftward of th« conttneat ol America. The nth of thn fame month he difcovered aituthcr fmall ifland, to which h« gave the name otib* Bijhp of O/natuirft't IJmid, The nezi day, he difcovered two other fmaU iflandt, which he called tbt. Dute of GUuctfitr'i Iflandi. The foitawinig iim^t wo iiic 34111 ui [iio ■aiuG uiuiiiii, iic uiicuvcrra Ofr fjOarttl iiardy^ ^Ind, which l«|i in latitude 4" sofS.vni the next day mnth^ftmt IJland^ which ii difiaoc abotit ten leagjltes in the diredion of 8, by E. He afterWarda difcovered leverai other ifliodi, and proceeded roaad the Cape of Oaod Hope to England, where he arrived ^ March, 176J, v ,.M- m.\ ■■.-V . „^. ky" i«04' roptffuMoned otJ^t W Tffr frbu,, cKijj^Una. AS tnc n:^ .» «pj;»»,,i^ p^rt V«i«g^jiw«ilofc4 jyl^l* * "^^ Thb«tttm)»ib4ttBci^ wttb/^im-lc»ws«.andit^^flp^ «p«en^ roaK,40i«^«i deep i^tf. Ifon hav» over which thev lay mats j; i(p4 vtXin ^the^ .they fit p th«,4a7i ,Mlia tfe^ ui thie i^i^ht. ITheJi We op lQ(4a. RiOpM tbea^ aq^ ,of;;|n|it^k; fend ttioui they ufe are ma^c offlfpne, Or^ fcrne lund of ,bone«. "tife Miha- t^hanU bf p^Wite .are remarkable fo* thew deanlinefs; for boiti^Wfpn and Vrt^Oi «mftant|y waih !f^4i|r.iV|v:'k.1)0 iV iwnningjwater. ti^rfe tiiwts htty" ikf.^ Jbetr U^gftfifi^M:^^^^^ a^AjAoundf witli VowcU. Tt^ *^ no ,^to)nt ammi^ on, tfK^ iUfuid btA boj^ ^eg«, iukt Q$ti|trY i and ihe'^ (^jr^ ^ ajoiniaU ^ t^P>ci^ hird?,.^BMfl9mit», jl^i^imM^ i^cl(8t i(|>4 * ^vr othci:^^^^ rats^ apdi vei^ f(ew /«;c|«ats. T& Ce&t howr^V?r, &pp|i{^ Jihe intut^iMints irftlu a wcat wiety 9* W »oft < Zn oth^r coontnea, the i|en cut tjbetr Vir (hqft,, ana ihff m>l»*h,i9^di t^wmTetytti i^n ita length: bilft ^re^ht; ivontfn alw«^s cut jt;iP)#^: lOMod Ifheir earn the y,ou,th of Mth R:|:ea» when they>are ahoul tw^ve or. fourteen ycsara or agCj, on Myend Murta of tne-bdd^^ andin variotia figiires.^ I^ir pcindpal a^u&i^ure is flick cl<>th, 6f which there are three kin^Jaude. of Uicbafk«if three diti^ tsitt, 'tkt fincft and whlt«ft ia made of the Chtlilefe paper mulberry tree; mdthia ia^iefly worn by the prioa'|ial poo^.^ lAtnothef con^erablA mau^ l^duTjieia tnattirg, fome ofw^ch ia finer, yflid in every refpo^.bettertha^any l^e have iiit~£iTrope^ The coarfer fort &rve8 them to fleep iipon, and the fitbcr to; wear in wet weather. They ana likewife very dextsroua in making yn/^aumwmki thair hoikctaara of a th^&nd difibrent patronB> and many of tiic!iQ.«accedingly neat. The inhabitants of Otah'eite heHeve in oneSitpreme Jjle^ hut at the fante time acknowkdm a variety of fubordinate peities : ^iqroifar tiff their pt^yera without theutti of idola> and believe tkeexidcnc^ of thet ibul ui a., feparaite ftai«„ where there are iyfo fituationa, of different dcgreea of ba|^incft. Among thefe peophi a fubordination ia eftabliihed, ^^hich (bmewhat re&mblea the early ftale of the Europeaa natiooa, under " tfU! feudal (Vftern.- If a general attack happcna to be made upon the ifland, every diftiia ia^ obliged to'fumifh^ita propoHion of foldien for the common dcftneok Their weapons are flinga, which they ufe with gre^t dexterity, aoid cluibipf about fix or feven feet lnng« and made of a hard heavy wood. They have, A great aumbei of boa£8) many of which ace conftrwAtdi for war^ like ojperatiem. '.■;,' - ■ » ■ i -I e '0t"Minnut caafe|BcaK( OMiiBieia^, (0 be ift3d« >iti tttealbn jmm Cool GreMt,a ge ,pediti- ' ■ N 36 w i> #s < o y E » I IP s. «o?| Mi); a hau fth » waQ. Jbi^ .tu««8 nacooocts. V fei^ats. f tW noft i^bju^ oii if ^» kipdi of ixu&i^ure it iib«r^ tree ; krablAiaai^ xcrt}uM»anf on* and the » id making ind inany of ineSi'ipreme atf peities: leexiftcnc^ of different eftablifhed, lioiMtt under n th* iflaud, )m edmmon. t dexterity, kcavy wood. !di.£QC wat^ j -I T H B SO CI rr Y I g L AN © & lIP tttefeitni iflifad*fo catted; «td Wbiiih vro^ di(covM^ >y^ ^^liAl OtAHA, and :^t.AioLA. HvADfTNTt U aboot 31 letigtfM t the B«^^ «adbiE)r^ ilttt it^waoM :>?<.. *«r'AJMUir«Mtt,«cr« tfceprapefeft^^ IW artlb»it fath dh | i tl *> u l>il fc . la ori nbich bii ni»j«ft j SgaiflM «t the kvdi coomiftaiNv* ol dMa^aMmhr lib filiEafiirei that a (Hip ftauld be protMad i* Cair)f ttkb obrerver*, ii^.t.aA* etoUHaiJedhjrmpliin JamM Cook, who «»m feea ;>IMr>. ^. ««•* Koya) Sficiety, apfeutied^ «ridtniir. (^jN Greea, a gtatifxiun ivliobad been loog adiftaot to Or. Bratfity^'ac the Hoyat ObfiairanMty kt Oreclwich, toobftna thetranfit. But while thir.veAd'wa* cettiaff ready foe her es- feditien,'captabi Wallit lettamed ; and it haviug beeo recoKuneoded to bint by lord Mer> ton, irheo he went out, to fix on a proper plaeelor thi» afiroooBlical obCorvatioii, be, by lettjr, dated oa bo^ the OolyhU, tb« ^8tk eFMay 176ft Ihe dl^before be haded at .HtBiogi, .nentionod Port Royal harbovr, io the iflaod oT .Otabeite { the Royal Society, therefore, by letter, dated the bcginnlag of Juoe, is ahfwer to an mlieatlca firoL. toe Adatitaiqf, to be informed whither they would have their obfenrere. feat, ouule dioice «( that place; Captaio Cook fet foil from Plynouth^ in th«. Eodeavonr, on the ab of AagaSl 1768; tfe «to accodtfaaied ia oitvMage byJ^iWab Baaki^ tU^mi&tifiiibmb. fhtif taade Dt^dOeoeery till they gat witbib tk« tropic^ where thsy itU i^ witb u|^« uUnd',f «o Oronpa, Bird Ifland, and Chain Iflend i and they arrived it Ocatiaiie aa dk« ]|)ibb&i^prilt769. X>ut!actbeieAayat tbatilUa<^ tbey hadtbeappartaoi^Vv^kuK ^tty aipc a rate iuquitiea rd»t:ve t«r ita prodaee and Mwabitaate ; aod^Dath« 4tbef 2aM,ruary, 1773, arrived «t Mew 2Utiand, havia|f ioBght in yaln for a fouthera contuient. In that month the Reiolvuoo and tbe Adventi^e fepairated, in codfoqucnce ol a thick lesL but they joined compaay aga^ . ID Qgc'cn Chariotte'a IBoniid, oa tbe i8di Banks tneafimd one of the mh, •nd foiMid Hi !f they were to attempt U» the.fatjg^e would kiH th«n. ^E^ wdiiien are fairer than thofe of Otaheitfl* and hoth^fiexea appeiir l^a tf- ,. tnUtand Icfa ouriouf { though in their, di^efs« laagu^igCt and almoit every other ; tircumftance, th^ are the fame. Their houfea are oefit, and they hate JkgA^ h(»ui^th^ are remarkably Urge. l/St^a it about ijAven or eight jieaguei to l^he fouth-weftward of Httaheine> and is a much larger ifland, but appears .'Bieitlier: fi> fiertilenor fo populoul. The principal refrefhmenta to be proeur- «d here' are plantuns, cocoa nnts, yami, hogs, and fowls { but the two M. fji^ rather fe^r;^^^ Otaho is divided from Ulitea by a ftratt, that in the i^i-' fowiifl-tp^rt is poi above two mHes ta-oad. This iiland ^tfi^brds two good hat* iKNrtsii' And -its produce is of the fame kind as that of the other idandi. Ah6i|t fpur klgues ttv the tiprlb weft of Otaha lies Bolapolai which is fur- 'ii'di^^idhiy >( )reef\^l i^ks, and feveral ftrvall ifland4» all of which are na more than eigllit leagues in compafs. To tbefe iflandf, and t^fe of Mania, whjch lie about fourteen milesi to the weftward of b'*labola» containing iig ift •% obtain Cook gave the name of the Society J^n^i, ' ' O H ^ T E R O A. vnpHlS tdnidia fituated tn, the latitude of 22 deg. 47 min. foutb, and is '""jL ' the longitude of 1^0. deg. 47 min. weft from Greenwich.. It is tbir. "^Illidei^ fiiase of whkb were firft difeovered by bin. Aftek- iMvisg thefe idandv be fiecN :M-t0 thf foothwud s few days, xnd difcovprcd N:w Caledonu. Having fnrvejel ibcl^Vth we|l'eMft«ftbiiilUnd, Capuia Cook fteeicd again for Wew Zeahod, io ordw ' #'f«(refll hfsercW.'aad pat hir Alp into • tondttioD to cnceuncer (he danger fiiendin; rh< - •avijiadon ID the high fontbem Utitadci. OireAiog hii cnurw to the rontfa and eafi, afttr fcavof New Zealand. tiUhe arrived in the latitude of 5} degrees, fix nioates fouth, Ion* Ifitodc^ijS degreea jfl'tninntca weft, without itieettog with any cootiueot, captain Cook - gamt «p all h^pes df difcovering uy iQ thit ocean ; and therefore came to a refolution t* merdireAlyfbr t^erweft entraace of the firait of Magellan, witha view of cnafiiiig an4 flirveyingthe oiitermaft w foath fide of Terra del Fuego.' Kecptnyf tccordicgly in abtmt Shahtitaqeof 53 or 55, ahd fteeriag nearly eafi, he arrived olT the weftern mouth of the ftratta of Magellan, without meeting with aoy thing leanrk^bte ia hi* new route, in ]<• tiaary, I7;5ihe difcAvered a large and dreary iiknd, to which he gave the ni^e of S»iiti Gtvrglm. He afterward* difcovered vanoui capes and elevated foow dad coafia, to the aJKifrfoathcm part of which he gave the name of the Smtbtrn fhit, a* being the ne^reft kndtb that pole, v^hich ha* yet been difeovered. lii Febriiary he dircovered SanJuid Lemi, and feveral ielanda covered with fnow. He then proceeded round the Cape of Good Hope to Bngland, where he arrived on the jotb of July, t'J^$^ Captain Furnem had recnrned to Bngfamd* in the Adrentiire, a year before, having proceeded home roDid the Cape of Good Hope withont miking any remarkable difcovery. Ten ot hit Dieii,< ItpAl'a crew, bad been mnrdcred and eatei^ by tome of the iava^cl of New Zealand ; fo thae tl^i* voyage afforded a tnelaiuholy proof that cannibal* reaHy eaift { and, indeed, ii the conrf; of tnefe Voyage* of difcovery, other evidence appdared of this lad. As to Cap* sain Cook, in the conrff of his voyage in the Refohition, he had made the circuit of tbi iMthern ocean, in a Ugh latitude, and had traverfed it in fnch a manner, a* to leave net th^ laSf room for the poffibility of there being » foothern oontinent, oold'* near the pole, and out of the reach of navigation. It deferve* alfo to be remembered, in honour of that aoid'camiaaBder. cnpiilBrCook, that^ vrith a coinBany of > hundred ted siBh!!«Q ^^: lie perfonned tbi* vayilge of three years and eightcen'dsysa throogbout all the clinatei, ' frem fiftf'^wo degrees north, to i^eaty Me degreea fonth, with the lofa of only one mtk 1 hj fidtfleAt and thi* appear*, in a coofidenble degree, to havaarifea from the grekthv*',^ annity vf tiie coiamander, and hit unconoiott caro and attention to ad^'cvery methol* far pceferviflg the luslth of hfs men. t)R«nt?ul«a feftlie is i and well n pal weapo Skfthemai T a. THffS BCCd ants, aii4 1 man, «tf et amines to whole clttfi;< ilhndswhic ^ebiirg. r weft aQdi5 jnns, Who ^mis inter which provit The «hie when v>swe( ipe^ in nat whicha hein trees which able height, ] iaterfpeilied { Tcred with gi fruit and ot tivei. In on ca|p|;ain Cook ilftnd.' Fro which confiftc sf trees, and i li^htful profpi with the plcai tlon, behpld t »l»e-flujp» of E jpofe* ladepeni ««rity, that tufflanity. nnrr.ro .-.. 1A**a COH the year •W generally N E.W D I 8 e OVER I E' 3.' Mjgmy rthemAi^ : thcf are kili thm. ivcry other they hate {ht>agiKi tut appear! be pwcur- he two lajR: in the apur- > good hat;« her iflandi. rhich is fur* hich are iia t of ^f^rus, mtaining &« tl||^;i|ul<» in cLrcui^Bod rather Hgh Uian.low, but neithto fo popiuliHiakor . feirtiie as (bme «if the ath«r iflandi in tMp Teas. , The inhabiiaott are Ivftjft! «ad well made, but are rather brc-'ner tlian thofc of Otaheite. Their princu pal weapopi arc; long I|nce^ made of etoa>w^, which is veiy hard, and £one' «f tfaeqi are near twenty £pet long. THE FlidlENDLY I S L A N b i. THESE {(lands v^ere fo haised by Captain Coolcin iHii y^ei^-t773,'' m ■ccduut of th man, tiol tv^int Dutch navigator, firft toyched her^ in \ 1(^43 • ^adgtv^Y a^mes to th^ ptincipifd illands. , Captain Coqk tajsorioufly explored. the whole cluftcr, which he found to coRuft of' more than fixty. Tii^e three Utaads «rhtcU Tafman faw he named Mew Amfterdam, 'Rotterdam, and Mid- ^ebvirgl The iirft Is the largely, and extends about, 1 1 mile^ fr<»n eai| tOv weft and 15 from north to foutb. Thefe iflandsare bhabited by a race of lo- inns^yho cultivate the earth with great induilry. The ifland of Aedfter* 4ainiB ititerfi^fted by ftr%Ii;ht and pleafant roads, with firuit trees on each fidot < which provide ihadefrom the. fcorching heat of the fun. The chief ifknds' are Annamooka, Tongataboo, And Eooa. Thislaft when v>swed from the ihip at anchor, formed one of the moll beautiful pro- . {fit&» in nature { and very different from the others of the Friendly lues } . which, being low and perfefUy level, exhibit nothing to the eye but taei trees which cover them : whereas here, the land rifing gently to a confider* able height, preijeated an extenfive, profpeft, where gr/vtioftreei are only intetfpeTted at irregular diftanccs, in beautiful diforder, and all the reft is co« Tcred with grafs, except near the fhores, where it' is entirely covered witii Iruit and other trees : amongft whidh are. the habitations of the n»«. tivei. In ordter to have a view of as great a part of the ifland as pofliblct csp^in Coo^ sod fome of ,his officers walked up to the bigheU point of (he il^nd. From this place th^y had a vie^w of almoft the wlu^ i1a#]» which confiftf^ of heitutifuL meadows, of prodigious extent* adorned with tufta sf trees, fpd intermixed with- plantations. * While I was furveying this de» l!ghtful profpeft,' fays captain Cook, * I could not help flattering myfelf with the plcafing idea that,. 'fome future navigator may, from the fame fta- tioa, h<;Kpld thefe meadows ftocked with cattle, brought to thefe iflanda by thcihips of 'England ; and that the completion of this fingle benevolent pur- fc&it independent of all other confiderations, would luificiently ^uark to po» ftcrity, that our voyages had nqt jbeen u^slefs to the general intereils »f lumaoity. ^ ,.-,. .^..■.■- ;-; ,/ ■ - ■ • N EW Z E A L A N D. HIS couniry was firft'difcovered by Tafman, the Dutcli naivigator, in JL the year 1622, who ^ave it the name of Staten Land, though it Ea| Iksa generally diftingui(he4 in our maps and, charts, by the name of New ■ * ' Zealand, ipeA Ultvr j^i^cov t'Kiti^ ii^kmii mAym 'AippoMiobe part of«CMthcftf eotitifMnt t bat k-k^^ mamtit MUttUe Idtt dKoovttieiM etfikia Cook^, WHeliukd toata It,' to eoi^ Mof ti*o krge Hhndit 6hMteA from each other k^ * AMit ibUr tir f}ve lligwef/liniM. They are iiMMted between the ktlw4ci^ 34 ana 49 dcgreea (bttdi, and'^Mttween the longkudet tt i66 and »8o degrees dift' mm' . CQtveowtcli. Oa« of tbefe iflands U for the meft part mountainout, ra> Iher barrea» and but thinly inhabited; but the other i» much more fertile* and pf abetter i(ppe«rance. Iqlhe.opbioo.pf 3ir Jo£eph Banju», andof Dr.'8oli^440r» e#«ry' kind of £uiropciM> fruiu, grain^ana pliinti^ wontt flaw riftt here in gre«t luxurtaDce. From the vegetiSbles found here, it is fuppof- ed, that the winters are milder than thofe in England, and the fummers not hott^, thpugh niqre eqmdly warm i fo that it isVlbc vx^agined, tha^ if.tUs ■«4&inti^w(t;re,tq b^fektladbypteoplelrapfj^^^ woi}id,witfe mRocnle ih^vUbyr be J^fi'^ppKed, nqt only with the tiece0|rji^ but'tl* „lui|uries'of life| m'gr^ ^bubdahce. Here arc forefts ol' ;r^ft ««t9!i>itt^ ipd equalin 'fta^ Theifcol. ' oiir^ih g^rtt Is ^rpwn^ but in f , ;ivken tAptaia C<>ok cjA USSxA ronn^ New Zealand, and along ^ eaftern coaftefwew Hbttand, this bptnn^n was fully confuted.' On.jhis next vopge in the kelb^tibn, fa's refofved to explore thofe parts ^curately ; aAd ac* toadinglyv M I774;befide8 iifcertainrng th^ extent and fltuation of ihk iflands, h« difeovered feveral in the greup,.which were beftt^e anknown. The New Hebrideii arc fituated between |he latitudes of 14 deg. 39 nid. ; and 20. deg. 4 min. fouth ; andbeiween 166 dig. 41 min^ahd'iyodeg. 2t iipin. eaft longitude. They confi^ of tha fc^lowmK iflands, fome of which have received names from the different Surdpean navigators, and others r^ tain the names which they bear among the. natives, vij;. Tierra del Efpiritu Santo, M^nicatlo, St. Bartholomew, Ifle of Lepers, Aurora, Whitfuntidei Ambrjm* ImnUr, Appe^ Thr«i^ HilU, Saadwiebf Montag^ l^lncbinbreok, Shi^ihfii;^ sLsi^xSsssg'^t txx^uiMt Anu^jtomit and Tanoa* 'nSBB^^'' h ' fttOf K E W D r S C O V B R I £ fi. Not hr ^Aant firoM the fffw H^mie*, %nd (buth«wcftw«rd. of tl lln Niw Calboohu, a very large ii««d, fWft difcovered by Ci^tatn Coak*« ia 1774. It is «^«t cighty-leveii leaeaes loHg, but ito breadth n not coui^' fidcroblt, pot any where exceed* ten waguea. It m inhabited by a vace 'tf.~ &OVM, iaii, well proportioned Indhms, of a fwaithy or dark cheCbui urown* Afle«4leafaetd»ftant ate tww Onall idiandt called the iHand of Piae»i^aQd Bor taiiy Iflabd. ' ■. NEW a O L L A N D, TH£ Wfeft ifland in the wfarU, aiid formeHy Cufpofed to be a pv| of that idMgivwry oantiaenti called Terra AMftralit Incognita* Um between Ki $9 mm, eaft. losgitttde ; eakeoding in all aa (nwch t» th« w]wli> continent of Europe, the eaftern coafT running no lefs than aooo mile* in leogtll fn»m nortlv^aft to fotiih>weft. Its ^atnOoat from caft to ^eA Uvc Mt been fo «ii»SUy areeriained, aa we are obliged fo talw our iDficw- nafiiot QoncerBtog thcra from ikt account of «MrigRtora of diflkrient ^a* WHWt who vi/ked thia part of the world at a tiaie when the method of mak- ing obfqrTafekMkh aid nnding the latitudes and longitudes of ^kctfa ^W 1*^ •ecumbe than it it now. Differeat parts of the eoootry have bees Qifitd by the awnea of th«fe dUooverers aa Van Dieraea's land, Carpentaria, 5iCf 1 •nd thoteb the gotcral appellation of the whole n^ New Holbad, it if aov afUMcd by geeunapherB to the north and weft parts of tha cQUfftrjr*, The eaftern p)nt, called New South Wales, waa taken po&flkHi of is wa majefty^a oanie by Captb6vT t-^ cultivate it, is not yet difcovered. * One tktnfin we are aifurcd of by all ^iiba have ever viiited this country, that its coaft ia furraunded by very dangerous ihoaU'and rocks, fo that it is by no asmms eafy to e&fta kmding upon ic A fhoal called Houtmaa> Abrolhos, or ihoal, ^rom Frederick Houtman, commander of a fleet of ' Dutch Indiamea in t6iB, lies oa the weftern coaft, on which commodore Peiiart, a Du«^ aawigatocf was wiscked in 1629. When his (hip, the Bitavia, having 00 board 330 meri»;ftruck on this ihoal, there wks r^ luid in fight, excepting fome fm^-caticky iflands, and one confideraUy bigger, about three leagues di^nt. .A.11 thefe were explored in fearch w fnfh water, and noma bemg found, th^y were obliged to (atl in their ikiff to the oootiaent, which they foon fftsF uiKov^red. IJut on their ap# proach, they found the coaft fo exceifively rocky, that it W&s' impoiOSbl& ts land. Continuing their coarfie nonhward for two days they found 6 them. . loio NX W D I 8 CO V B p^'I E «. themiclves in ij degrees of fouth latitude )|^ bift ftiU tbe Aon waifo ex- tremely ileep, thtt there w«s no poiSbility of approaching it.^ It prtfent- •d thi! fame appearance a» far north at 34 degrees ) but the men Wing now refolved to get on ihore at any rate, fix of them who were expert fwim* mm threw themfelVea,. into tbc fea, and with much «do get io land. Here they' employed themfelves in fcarching fiMr frefli water, but finding none, they were obligad to fwim back again to their (kiiT. Next dxy they difcovered a cape, from the extreme points of which ran a ridge of rocks for about a mile into the fea, with another behind it ) l^ut ftill no palfage wao found to the contiitent. Another opening appeared about noon the fame day, into which they ventured, thougE the paflagtf was extremely dan. gerous, even for a (kiff, having only two feet water, with arugffed ftony bot- tonh < Here, however, they ciFelEted a landing, but though Ocy thade the moft. diligent fearobfor freth water, they could find neither rivulets, fprings, nor^>Ven wntT that could be drank by diggiiMr of wcBs. The (hoal on which commodore PeUait was wricked, is placed py Datnpier imj degreet fouth latitude. ' . , This navigator explored thecoaft ofNew Holland in i($88aad 1699. In thelaft: of thefe voyages be fell in with the land in a6 deg. fouth latitude) but could not land on ai^toont of t^ iteepnefs of the fhore,. In 23 deg. ■%t min. he found anoUter ihoal, which was the firft he had met with fince leaving the Abrolhos in a? deg. In 20 deg, 21. min. be fell in n^th fome Mcky Iflands, which^ from the nature of the tide«, he fuppofed to extend in • range a« far fouth as Shark's Bay, in ^25 deg. «nd nine or ten leagues in breadth fromeaft to Veft. In 18 deg. 11 mm. he eifeAed a landing, but the ihore here, as in all other places vifited by this navigator, .vrasexceffiveljr iDCky at low watery fo that it is then impoffible to land. At high water, Jiowever, the tides rife fo high, that boats may gft over the rocks to a fimdy b i^ min. eail'frora Greenwich. Several iflandi appeased to the north-weft, one of which was named by Captain -Cook, Eddyftone, irom its refemblance to the light houfe of that name } and he obferves that nature feems to have left thefe two rocks for the.. &mc putpofe thattlie Eddyflfbne ligh^ houfe was built by man, • viz. to give ncrigators warning oi their danger ; for they are Ihe coi^picuou» fummits of a ledge of rocks un- der water, on which the fea in many plaees brealUvery high< Their fur. hct is white with the dung of .fea fowls, whidi maket them confpicuous at a coniidierable diftance. '- This celebrated navigator Captain Cook^ fpent upwards of four monthi in furveying the enftern coaft, the extent of which,ashasaliieady been men. rioned, is nearly 2000 miles. The .bay in which he anchored, from the gltat quanrity of herbs found on ihore, was catted Botany Bay, and it Ihe place for which the convi6t3 were originally deftined ; though now they are fettled in another part of the Ifland, about fifteen miles to the nurth- ward, named by captain Cook, Port Jackfon, the principal fettlement being This wab not viilud or explored by Captain Cook } it wasieen at the , difUDce; NEW B I i C O V E R I E S. idii ^Iftakoe of between two «ikI thrie mUtt from the coaft) but m the fecond degree of fouth latitude to the twelfth, and ixxtm one hund- red and thirty-one to one hundred and fifty degrees eail longitude ; but in dAe part it does not appear to be above fifty miles broad. Tbe country con- fifts uf a (Aixtutc of very high hills and vallies, intcrfperfcd with groves of Mcoa-nut trees, plantains, breadfruit, and moll of the trees, fiirubs, aw plants, that are found in the other South-fca iilands. It affords from the Tea a 'variety of dc'Iiglitful prtSfpedls. The inhabitants make nearty the fame appearance as the New HoUanders on the other fide the ilraits. To the noith of New Guinea is New BairaiK, which is fituated in the 4th degree of fouth latitude, and 152 deg. 19 min. eail longitudi from Greenwich. It was fuppofed to be part of an imaginary continent till (!tpt. DamJ>ier found it to be an ifland, and failed through a firait which divides It irotoi New Guinea. Capt. Carteret, in hi's voyage round the world, in 17S7, found it was of much Icfs extent than it was till then imagined to be, by failing through another llraight to the north, which feparatcs it from a long ifland, to iirhich he gave the name of New Ireland. There are many high bills lit New Britain, audit abounds with 1arg« and {lately trees. To the caHward of New firitaio, and in both the above ftraits, are many iilands, moft mdft aad CO Nil abont aboum rookst the Ne weftwa »try n« One of OTSh, ; ItLANB BES , . *« uitjori ar fcarch of After th tV'Mce tt capt. Co< circuit, i leagues \ in oil cov tcrwards 1 they am* fituated li< of thcfc if] are the far are of a ni a brown o min. north continent, Sound, wh five : that ] ed, is in lai whole foui broken an{ Tlrcy foun( plcxioiiB ap] covered Sa * hich the f which was Americans* tJnalafchkaj American ( continent of ed and flat very deep. in lat. 70 de , aJmoft furrc NBW DISCOVERIES. lOff «rc not i*wf be- to New lrr«Kk» were on lUwidev* it'tn too tteir new o»e from {or theii as begun i latitude Holland. OBI, who nM found » that the ^ men and obabiybe m a gran' riy out of r our rea- bliOied by of an. ex- itain Cook which he lortheaft, one bund- le ; but in ntry con- groves of i^'plants, a'variety learance as ■ituated in llongitudt Itinent till lait which Ihe world, lagined to les it from lave many ;s. To iy iilands, moft iMft of which ire find to be Mtreimily feilite» and to abmihd mth plMUiM and coo(m<4)ut tree*. Uttf lHtLAi«D extend* in le»gth| from the Vortli^eaft to the foatb eaft* about two kuhdred and fertMf mile*, but ia in general very narrow. It abounds with a variety ^f iMf *"^ planii» «ud #tth many pieconi* parrota* rooktf and other birds. |flk{hh«bitant« arr blatk and woolly faeadrd like the Negroes of GuiuMf b^Mwrc not their flat nofci and thick h'pa. North. - weftwHid of New Irelnltd t duiler oi tflandt wu icen by vn^U Carteret» lyiog very near each oilier, aitd fuppofcd to coniUl uf twenty or thirty 5n ■umber. One of thefei whi<.h is of very conftaerablc extent, was named NbW Ham* oTSk. ; but tkc rcil uftlie cluftcr rectivcd the oamc uf tJi« . AuMiMitTir Islands. • SANDWICH ISLAN,DS. ' BESIDES the voyages of difcovery already mentioned, -tnother vw. Hgc was performed by capt. Cuok and capt. Gierke, in the F ('fo- lutioii and Dlftovery, Uuiing the years 1776, 1777, I79fi, and I"""', , ia fearch of a north-welt paffugc between the continents of Afia and A iciica. After they had arrived at the Cape of Good Hope they '>''ocecded from t^nee to New Holland. In their courfe i: ey difcovered t\ ; ... nds, which capt. Cook called Prince Edward's Ifles. The largeft aL(. t t^ leagues in circuit, is in latitude 46, 53 fouth, longitude ^7, 46; the other aboutp leagues in circuit, lat. 46, 40, and long- 3^> ^, £. both barren and al« inoli covered with fnow. From New Holland to New Zealand, and af- terwards they vifited the Friendly and the Society Ifles. In January, I777» they arrived at the Sandwich Ifles, which are twelve in numbefg and are fituated between 22 deg. 15 min. and iS deg. 53 min. N. latitude, llie air of theCe iflands is in general falubfious, and many of the vegetable pradudions are the fame with thofe of the Society and Friendly Ifles. The inliAbitanta are of a middle fize, (lout, and well made, and their complexions in general a brown olive. On .the 7th of Feljruary, being nearly in lat. 44. deg. 3J; min. north, and long. 235 deg. 36 min. eall, they faw part of the Amtricna continent, bearing north eaft. They afterwardc difcovered King George's Sound, which is fltuated on the north-weft cob.': v America, and is exten- five : that part of it where the flups under the ct.> .. ^nd of t^pt. Cook aipchor- cd, is in lat. 49 deg. 36 min. north, and long. 233 dcgJ 28 miu. ealL The whole found isfurrounded by high land,.whieh ni fome places appears very broken and rugged, .and is in general co red with wood to the very top. They found the inhabitants here rather below the middle fize, and their com* plexioiis approaching to a copper colour. On the 1 2th of May, they dif* covered Sandwich •'^ound, in lat. 59 deg. 54. min. north. The harbour in ^'hich the flilps anchored, appeared to be almod furrounded with high land | which was covered with fnow ; and here they were viiked by fome of the Americans* in their canoes. They afterwiards proceeded to the ifland of Unalafchka, andaftier their departure from thence, ftill continued to trace tHe American coaft, till ^hey difcovered the llrait which feparates it from th^ continent of Afia. Here both the hemifphci es prefented to the vievir, A tiak* cd and fiat country, without any defence, and the ka between them not They paflTed tbe.ftrait, and arrived on the 20th of Aujguft 177^1 70 deg. 54 min. long. 194 deg. 55 min. where they found fhemfetvirt , almoft furrounded with ice, and the far^mr they proceeded to the cafttRa^t tkc ■ '. ' -^ ■ . very deep, in lat. 'U TOI4. NEW DISC O V E R I E S. the dofer the ice became compared. They continued labouring among the ice till the 25thi w}jen a ftorm came on, which made it dangerous for them to proceed ; and a' confultation was therefore held on board the Refolution, ns foon as the violence of the' gale abated,' when it was refolved, that as thi» paflage was impra£licable for any ufeful purp^^^navigation, which was the great objed of the voyage, it'ftiould be prolMBl no farther ; andefpecial- ly on account of the condition the fhips were fl^ffw approach of winter, and their great diftance from any known place of refrefl»ment. The voyage, in- deed, aff-rded fufficieut evidence, that no pradicable paffage exifts between tlie Atlantic and "Pacific Oceans tow'ards the North ; and this voyage alfo' afcertainc^ the wellern boundaries of the great continent of America. On their return it unfortunately happened, that the celebrated and able naviga< tor, captain Cook, was killed in an affray with the^, natives, on the ifland of 0'*vhy'hee, one of the Sandwich ifles, onthe 14th of Febru*"y, 1779 ; not lb much by his own rafhnefsj as through the inadvertence and neglefk of fome of hiB own people ; his death was univerfallj' regretted, not only in Great Bri- tain, but alfo in other parts of Europe, by tUofc to whom his merits and pub- lic (ervices were known. In his lall voyage he had explored the coalt of America, frcm 42 deg. 27 min.to 70 dog. 4omin.^57 fee. north. After the death of captain Cook, the command devolved on captain xClerke, who died at fea on his return to the Ibuthward on the 22d day of Augult ^779. The two (hips returned home by the Cape of Good Hope, and on the 5th of Oftober 1780, anchored at the Nor e. ' ■:» ' We canno* conclude this article without inferting 'the following extrafl, to , perpetuate the niemory and -feryices of fo excellent a navigator. Perhaps no fcience ever receiv^ greater additions from the labours of a fiogle man than geography has done from thofe of captain Cook. In his firft* voyage to the South Seas, he difcovered the Society Iflands ; deter- mined tht infularity of New Zealand ; difcovered the ftraits which feparate the two iflfinds, and are called after liis nan^e ; and made a complete fu.rey oftioth. He afterwards explored the eaftern coaft of New Holland, hither- to unknown ; an extent of twenty-fevcn aegrees of latitude, or upwards of two thoufand miles. . In his fecond expedition, he refolved the great prjblem of a fouthern con- tinent having travcrf'^d that hemifphere between the latitude of 40° and 70°, in fucb a manncv as not to leave a poffibilfty of its exigence, unlefs near the pole, arid out of the reach of navigation. During this voyage he difcovered New Caledonia, the largeft ifland in the Southern Pacific Ocean, except New Zealand ; the ifland of Georffia ; and an unknown coail, which he named Sandwich Land, the Thulc oT the Southern hemifphere ; and having twice vifited the tropical feas, he fettled the fituations of the old, and made feveral new difcovcries. But the laft voyage Is diftinfcuifhed above all the refl:, by the extent and irapcrtancc of its difcovcries. Befides feveral fmaller iflands in the Southern Pacific, he difcovered,. to the North of the Equinodlial Line; the group ' called the Sandwich lilapds, which, from their fituation and productions, bid fairer for becoming an obje<£lof confequence in the fyftemof European na- vigation, than any other difcovery in the South Sea. He afterward explor- ^ ea what had hitherto remained unknown of the Wellern coaft of America, from the latitude of 43° Co 70" North, containing an extent of three thouf- ■!!d and five hundred miles ; afcertained the proximity of the two great continents of Afla and America ; pafTcd the ftraits between them, and fur- veyed the coaft on each fide, to fuch a height of northern latitude, as to demon* I. among the 8 for them llefolution, hat as thi» ich was the nd efpecial- winter, and voyage, in- its between voyage alfo lerica. On ihk naviga* he tfland of 1779; not left of fome I Great Bri- its and pub' :he coait of 1. After the e, who died 779. The th« 5th of g extraft, to labours of a lok. In his nd« ; deter- ich feparate ilete lu'.rey nd, hither- upwards of >uthern con- io° and 70°, '.h near the difcovered ;xcept New h he named laving twice jiiade feveral I extent and ite Southern the group jftions, bid iropean na- [ard explor- If America, Ihree thouf- two great 1, and lur- iide, as to demon* U N K N O W N C U N T R I E e: 401$ demonftrate the imprafticabfllty of a paflage, in that hemifphere, from the Atlantic into the Pacific Ocean^ either by an Eaftcrn or a Weftcrn courfei In (hort, ifwe except t\ie Sea of Amur, and the Japanefe Archipelago, wiiich ftill remain imperfeftly known to Europeans, he has completed the hydrography, of the habitable globe. As a navigator, his feryices were not perhaps lefs fplendid, certainly noj: lefs important and meritorious. The method which he difcovered, and fo fuccefsfully purfued, of preferving the health of feamen, jforms a new aera in navigation, and will tranfmit his name to future ages, amongft the fHecOs and benefaftors of. mankind. Thofe who are converfant in naval hiftory, need not be told at how dear a rate the advantages which have been fought, through the medium of loqg voyages at fea, have always been purchafed. That dreadful difordcr which is peculiar to their fervice, and whofe ravage.4 have marked the tracks of dif« coverers with circumftances-almoft too (hocking to relate, muft, without ex- ercifing an unwarrantable tyranny over the lives of our feamen, have proved an infuperable obftacle to the profecution of fuch enterprizes. It was re- ferved for Captain Cook to fhew the world, by repeated trials, that voyages might be protrafted to the unufual length of three, ur eyen four years, in un> known regions, and under every change and rigour /of the climate, not only without affefting the health, but even without dimipifhing the probability of life, in the fmalleft degree. . ^ . TERRA INCOGNITA, or Unknown Countries. NOTWITHSTAi^DING the amazing 'difcpveries of navigators, and the progrefs made in geography, fince the firft voyage of Columbus, anno I4fincft in the world. • . r;..«j. -' . - i I N A M E R I C A. IN North America, towards the pole, are Labrador, or New Britain, New North and South Wales, New l!)enmark, &c. very little known. The Inhabitants, h'ke thofe of Nova Zembla, Greenlan'd, Groenland, and the northern parts of Siberia, are few, and thefe favage ; low in ftature, and of an Ufflv aooearance-. They live upon the vsw ficui of whales, bears, oxen, &c. and go muffled up in fkins, the hairy fidts next theii bodies. In theffc i;^- hofpitablc regions, their nights (as may be fcen in the table of climates in the ' in* |0t6 U Nf K N O W N C O U N T R I E S. introduftion) are from one ta fix nontha, and the eartli bound up ia iiapciMk trable fimw ; fo that the miferahle inHabitasts live under gronnd part of the jvar. Again, wh«o |hc San makca hu appearance, thej have a d»y of tequal All that vaft tn&. on the back of the British fettletoents, frnm Caaada and the laktt to the Pacific Ocean, which wafncs America on the weft, ia per- fefUy uoknown to ue, no Eurapean having ever traveiled diither. Froin the climate and iituation of the coanif y, it h fuppeCed to be fvuitfql ; it is in- habit'td by ionameraUe tribes of Iiuiiane, oaony q£ whont u&d to refort to tlk great fair of Montreal, even fiom the diliance of tooo raiks« when tlut city was in the hands of the French. ]» South America, the oountty of Guiana, extending from the equator to the eight degree of north latitude, and bounded by the river Oronoque o* the north, and the Amazoncs on the fouth, is unknown, except a dip along the coaft, where the French at Cayenne, and the Dutch at Sovinaw, have made fame fettlcments ; whioh, from the unbeelthfuhtefs of the dunate^ dmoft ttn>- der the equator, 9nd other cauie3,'caa hardly be extended any oonfiderable way back. ' The country of Amaxonia, fo celled from the great river of that name, has iierer been thoroughly difcovcredl though it is fituated between th« European coiorfies of Peru and Brafil, and every where aavigafcie by means of that great river and its branches. Some attempts hav£ been made by the Spaniards and Portuguefe ; but being always attended with vaft difficulties, fo that few of the adventurers ever returned back, and no gold being f'tund in the country as they expected, no European nation has hitherto-made any fettlement there. Patagonia, at the fouthern extremity of Ame]ri<;a, ifl fomctimes defcribad ■■» part of Chili : but as neither the Spaniards, nor any other European nation, have any colonics liere, it is almoft unknown, aqd k generally reprefented as a barren, mhofpitable country. And here in 525 degrees fouth lat. we &U In with the Straits Magellan, having Patagonia on the oorth, arid the iflaudj of Terra de? Fuego on the foutii. Thefe Straits extend from eafl. to weft 1 10 leagues, but the breadth in lon^s places falls Ihort o* oae. They fitH difcovered by MagelUn, or Magelhaens, a Portuguefe, in the ferrice of Spain, who &iled tliruugh them in the year 1520, and thereby difcovpred a ^affage from the Atbiitic to th« Pacific or Southern Ocean. He has been fince confidored as the firft navigator that tailed round tl^e world, but haying loft Itis U6e in a iktrmiHi wuh fomi^ Indianf bPciB Dra^, ■ th Seas ; but the extvenvs long night, and the intenfe cold in thofe latitudes, render tliat paflage prafticable only in the months of January and February, which k tUtn'c the nuddle cif funvmer. ANEW # were fi^:^ 1 ■umi:0r.'f^-.-r^ ANEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE- mm^ Codtaininig the N*m€s and Sltjaations of the chi<;f Cities,.Town8, Sea$, GuUs, Bays, Straits, Capes, ami other remarkable places in the known World. Colleded from the moft autlientic Charts, Maps and Obfervations. -^ _ Names rf Places. Provinces^ Countries. ' Quarter. ABbeville, PIcardy, France, Aberdeen AberdecnihtreScotland, Abo, FJnfeuad, Acapulcp, Mexico, r^i^'cir-^'betwcen Gulf of Venice Acbem Snoutti^, Adventure Ifle Pacific Europe Europe Sweden, Europe North, Ai^erica Italy and Tur- Europe key, ' Lat. D. M. 50° 7 N. 57-22 N. 60-27 N. 17-10 N. Long,. D.M. i^S^ E. i'40 W. 22'l8 £. 101-20 W. Mediterranean S«a« Agde, Agcn, St. Agnes (lighfs) A^ra^ Air, Adrianople, Aix, Alby, Aleppo, .tUexandretta, Alexandria, Algiers, Albany, Amboyna, Languedoc, Guieune, Scillies, Eait India, Ocean, France, France, Ada Afia Europe Europe Atlantic ocea|;i Europe Agra, / Eaft India, Afla Airfliire, Scotland, Europe Romania, Turkey, Europe Provence, France, Europe Languedoc, France, Europe Syria, Turkey, Afia Syria, Turkey, Afia Lower Egypt, Turkey, Africa 'Algiers, Barbary, Africa New York,. North America Amboyna Ifle Eaft India, Afia Arabrym Ifle, South Pacific Ocean, Afia , Amiens, Ifte of France, France, /Europe AMSTKaDAM, Holland, Amfterdam, Ifle, Anconai March of An- cona, Agra, Terccra Ifle, Antigua (St. Antigua Ifle John's town ) Antioch, Syria, Antwerpt Brabant, Archipehgo, Iflands of Apa: (Ifle) Pacific Archangel, Dwina, Afcenfion Ifle, . Aftracan, Ailracan, N. A me. rica Afia Europe Europe Afia, Europe OceJin Afia Athens, Achaia, Turkey, Eutope i)t. Auguftin, Madagafcar, South Ind. fen, Africa Netherlands, Europe Pacific Ocean, Afia Italy, Europe Atlantic ocean Europe Carib. fea, Turkey, Netherlandsj Greece, Ocean, Ruflia, S. Atlantic 5-22 N. 17-05 S. 43.18 N. 44-13 N. 49-56 N. 26-43 N. 55.30 N. 42^00 N. 43-3 »^- 43-55 N. 35-45 N. 36-35 N. 31-11 N. 36-49 N. 42.48 N. 4-25 S. ii-09 S. 49-53 N., 52-28 N, 21-09 S. 43-37 N. 38-39 N. 17-04 N. 95-29 £^ 144-12 W. 3-33 E. 0-40 E. 6.41 W. 76-49 E. 4-35 W. 26*30 £• 5-3» 2-13 37-*5 3625 30.21 2-17 73-30 w. ^27-25 E. 168-17 E. a-^2 £. 4<-49 E. 174-51 W. »3-35 E« £. E. E. E. E. E. 2707 W, 62-04 ^• * Ruffia, Aurora Ifle, ijguth; Pacific Ocean, hM 6J^ 36-30 N. 36-40 E, 51-13 N. 04-27 E. Mcditerraiaean Sea. 16-46 S. 168-32 E. 64-34 N. 38-59 E. 7-56 N. 14-47 W. 46-c5b N. 51 -co E. 38-05 N. •23-57 E. 23-35 s. 43-f3 E; 15-0* S. l6»'22 £. 1 ioi8 A NEW GEO^RAPHIdAL TABIX Namit of Plates. ryovituet. ' CouiUrisi, Ata» Ava, £aft India, Avignon, Provence, ° France, ' T) A^dad, , £yracaArabia,Turkey, Baltic fea,between Balafore, Orixa, Bay ofBifcay.Coaftof Bay of BengalCoaft of Ger. and Swed. Europe Eaft India, AAa Suartir. LtS. D. M. ao-ao N. 43-57 N. 33-ao N. Afia Europe Afia Ltng. D. M. 95.30 E. 04 53 E' 4? 51 E. Baldivia, Balbec, Barcelona, Barbuda lile, Bafil, Baflbra, Baftia, Bath, Belfaft, Bender, Bayeux, Beklin, Bermudas, I Bern, Berwick, Belgrade, Bencoolen, . Batavia, BafTe Tcrre, Chili, Syria, Catalonia, Bafil, France, India, South Turkey, Spain, Europe Afia Atlantic Ocean. 3i-ao N. 86 05 E. Atlantic Ocean. Indian Ocean. America 39-35 S^ 33-30 N. 41 -36 N. Afia Europe Atlantic Jcean,N. Ame> 17-49 N. rica Europe Afia Europe Europe 47-35 N. 30-45 N. 4a-aoa2 N. Switzerland, £y raca Arabi8,Turkey, Corfica, Italy, Somerfetftiire, England Ulfter, Ireland, BaiTarabia, Turkey, Normaady, France, ' Brandenburg, Germany, Bermuda Ifles, Atlantic occan,N. Ame> 33-25 N. ^^ ' rica Behii .Switzerland, Berwickfiure, Scotland, . Servia, Turkey, Sumatra, Eaft India, Java, Eaft India, 4 Guadaloupe, Carib. fea. Europe ' 54-3ci N. Europe 46^40 N. Europe 49-16 N. Europe 52-33 N. Bourdeaux, Guienne, France, .Bayonne, GaCcony, France Borroughftoa> Linlithgowfli. Scotland nefs, Bofton, Lincolnfhire, England Boston, New England North . Balabola, Ifle, Pacific Ocean, Afia Bologncj Picardy, France, Europe Bologna, Bolognefe, I^^^T* Europe Bolfcherilkot, Siberia, Ruma, Afia Bombay^ Bombay' Ifle, Eaft India, . Afia Bridge-town, Barbadoes, Atlantic Qcean,N. Ame rica Bilboa, Bifcay, Bpain, Europe Birmingham, Warwickflitrf, England, Europe Bokhana, Ulbec Tartary, Afia Breda, , Brabant, -^etheiignds, Europe Breft, Bretahy, Frante, ijlurppc Bremen, Lower Saxony ,Germanyj xJurope Briftol, Somerfetfliire, England, ~ BaESLAW, Silefia, 'Bohemia, BniiTeie, Brabant, Netherlands, 81-10 W. 3700 E. 02-18 £. 61-55 W. 07.34 E. 47-00 E. 09 40 £. 03-I6W. 06-30 W. 39-00 E. 00.47 E. i3-3» E. 6^-23 W. 07-20 E. oi 45 W. 21-30 £. y 03-05 E. 106-56 E. 61-54 W. 00-29 Wi 01-35 Wi 03-44 w. 00-25 ^' 70-32 w. 16-33 S. iji-47 w. 5043 N. 1-31 E. 44-39 N. I i-a6 £. 53-54 N. 156-42 E. 18-56 N. 73-43 E, I $-05; N. 58-03 W. .'■ / 43-26 N. 03-18 W. 53-30 N. 01-50 W. 39 15 N. 67-00 E. 51-40 N. 04-40 E Europe 47-00 N. Europe 55-48 N. Europe 45-00 N. Afia 03-49 S. Afia 06-10 S. N^Atne- 15-59 N. rica Europe 44-50 N.- Europe 43-39 N. Europe 55-48 N. Europe' 53-10 N America 43-35 N Buenos Ayres, La Plata, Brafilf Europe Europe Europe I S. Ame- xica, 48.33 N. 53-25 N. 5 '-33 N. 51-03 N. 50-51 N. 34-35 S. 04-25 W. o8-20 E. 02-40 W. I i7-'S !• 04-26 £• 5«.i!6 W. I .u«' A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. D. M. 95.30 E. 04-53 E. 4VS» E. c Ocean. 86 05 £. c Ocean. I Ocean. 81-10 W. 3700 E. ox* 1 8 £. 61-55 W, 07-34 E. 47-00 £. 09 40 £. 02.16 W. 06.30 W. 39-00 E 00-47 E 13.31 E 6^.23 W. 07.20 E oi 45 W. 21.20 E. 702-05 £. 106-56 E 61-54 w. 00-29 W. oi-i5 Wi 03.44 W. 00-25 E. 70-32 W. 1 ji-47 W. 1.31 E 11.26 E. 156-42 E. r 72-43 E. 58-03 W. 03-18 VT. > 01-50 W. ' ' 67-00 E. t 04-40 El . 04-25 W. o8-2o E 02-40 W. 17.15 E 04*26 £• 5«.:.6Vr.| 1019 Vtlmet »f Pfacttm Promik'tv* Countrm, ^arttr. LaU Long.' D. M. D.M. Walachia, Turkey, ' Europe 44-26 N. 26-13 .i?. between Brit. & Gerin.£urope Atlantic Ocean. Turkey in Europe and Afia Bukareft, Britiih fca, Fack.orEux. ine fca» Bruget, Bruwwrtckf ButU, Burlington* Bourbon Iflc» CAbeUo (Port) Cadiz, Caen, Cahon, Cagliarif Cachao, Cairo, Calais, Callao, Calcutta, Calmar, Cambray, Cambletown, Cambridge, Cambridge* Flaviera, Low Saxony, Lower Jerfev, South Terra Firma, Andalufia, Normandy, Guienne, Sardinia, Tonquin, Lower Picardy, Peru, Bensal, Smaund, Cambrefis, Argylefliire, Cambridge- ihire New Netherlands, Germany, Hungary, North, Indian Ocean, South Spain, France, France, Italy, Eaft India, Egypt, Francei South Eaft India, Sweden, Netherlands, Scotland, England, 51-16 N. 52-30 N. Europe Europe 52-30 N. Europe 47-40 N. Americr 4008 N. Africa 20-51 S. America 10 03 N. Europe Europe Europe Europe Afia Africa Europe America Afia Europe Europe Europe Europe 36-31 N. 49 1 1 N. 44-26 N. 39-25 N. 21-30 N. 30 02 N. 50-57 N. 12-01 N. 22 34 N. 56-40 N. 5010 N. <;5-3o N. 52-12 N. 03-05 E» 10-30 E. 19-20 £. 75-00 IV. 55-25 E, 67-27 E. 906 nr, 0-16 w, 1-31 -E. 938 •£"• 10,-00 E, 31-23 E, 1-55 E. 76$3 »'. 88 34 E, 16 20 E. 3-18 E* 5-40 W, 0-09 E» England, N. Ame-42-25 N. 71-05 W» Canary, N. E.Canary iHes, Point, nca Atlantic occan,Africa 28-13 N. 3(5-33 W., Candia ifland. Nova Scotia, Cambodia, Kent, . Canton, Schoneu, Tunis, Candia, Canfo Port, Cambodia, Canterbury, Canton, Carlefcroon, Cartilage Ruins, Carthagena, Carthage aa, CarUfle, Cardigan, Ou»d, >; Calplan Sea, Calan, Caflel, Cif*fes, St. Catherine'sAtlantic, Ifle, Cavan, Cavan, Cayenne Ifle, Lftnguedoc, Mediter. Sea, North Eaft India, England, China, Sweden, Barbary, Europe 31;. 18 N. 25-23 lf» America 45-20 N. 60-50 W, Afia 13.30 N. 105.0©^. Europe 51-16 N. Afia 23.07 N. Europe 56,20 N. Africa j^-^b N. 1.15 E, 113-07 E, i5-3» -E' 09.00 E. Terrs Firma, Murcia Cumberland, Cardiganfhire, Ceylon, Ruffia, Cafan, Heffe Caflel, Linguedoc, South ^^ America Spain, ^, -- ; -Fuifope England, Europe Wales, Europe ir^hn Ocean, Afia Tartary, Afu Siberia, Afi< Germany, Europe ^'■ycnne, Cute, France, Ocean, Ireland, South Fnnce, «P| Europe South A' menca Eurone America Europe 10-36 N, 37-37 N. 54-47 N. 52.10 N. 7-54 N. 55-43 N. 51-19 N. 43-37 N. 27-35 s. 54-> * N- V56N. 43-23 N. 75-21 E, 1-0 J W. 2-35 »'. 4-33 W. 79-00 je, 9-54 2-19 E, 49-12 JV, 7-18 Ur. 52-10 IV* I6>«^ A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. * f;^/ Name: if Places. Prvutntet. Countries, ^ ^ifarttr. ' J[.««k/v'VjL«^. Chalbi!> ' Burgundy, Chandcrimgore Bengal) Charlton, Iflc. ChartTfn, Orleannois, CherfauNurg Nonnaodj, CbriftrK'ie Soun .. France, Europe jS-t^S N. i^^f E. Francer' 'V«P .i-*rope 49-3 S N< i'B^mW. •3^.'*^ A'dericii Jj-fisi >?. 69-5 7 W. •Mr»' ,•;'•■.: ' . • ;4'',K. Ar^e-j^i*! N.^ 63-38 W. "■■••" rica,- ' ■' • ■ ■ • Europe 42-05 N. 1 1-5 1 E. '.%uth A'fJ'O^fi'S, 34-2(17 W. ^ ' • .faicrkay ' •***.'. ' ' - ^vfBinope 43'..»5 N. ' 3-10 E. / Ji'Eu.oj' 48-c.!. N. ,7>27 E. •"/:ri^.urope S'i^'^5 ^'^' * 7-10 E. Italy, . Ocean, f'Tii^irope Afja ^A n^ 5»*i8 N. . 7.56N. Hopej — Florida, — Verd, —Horn, . > Europe 4e''5i N. '* Europe j7-o» N. Africa 34-39 S. Cattegate, Ceuta, Chefter, Eaa Florida, North, Ncgroland, Terra del Fu- South ego Ifland. between Swed. & Den.Europe Antjerica 24-57 N. Africa 1^-45 N. America SSS^ S. ii-ioW. 78-10 E. 9-12 W. .8.5.7 w. i8-£8 £. .:8o-3oW. 1 7-28 W. 66-21 w. Morocco, England, Fea, Chfiliire, C H A K. L E s-South CarolinaNorth TOWN, Cop EM H AG (^N, Zealand ifle, Denmark, Co^-sTANTs- Ilomania, Turkey,.^^ Africa Europe 53-15 N. America 32-45 N. Atlantic Ocean. 35-64 N. 6-30 W. Europe > Europe NOPLC:^ Cork» Ccventry, Couftance, Corinitb, ' il26wes, Cracow. 55-40,N. 41.CI N. 5»-53 N- 5>35 N. 47-37 N. Mohfter, Ireland, Waf W'ickflur*, England, Suabia, Germany, Morea, Turkey, IHe of Wight, Ei>gland, Little Pob\nd,Poland, Cremfmunfter, Arch-duchy^,ofGennany, Aufttia, Curaffou, Curaflbu ifle. Weft Indf Ci'fco, Peru, - South Cun-.niin, Ifle, Nonh Pb fV ,^fia *„»(.'. ar '-"'* ^ -AmafcusSvn'a. Tu-k.-y, Afis JL> DantzicPolifliPru0ia, Polaiici, • .Eurc^ 54-22 N. 18-38!". !Da«ca, Bengal, jjEaft h.'v..> ■ Afia 23-30 N. 89 20 E. pdhi, Pclhi, %ftLi4i.', Ato 29-00 N. 76-30 E. "'I'Eui^pe Europe Europie Europe 37-30 N. Euttjpe 50-46 N. Europe 50-10 K. Europe 48 03 N. America 11 -56 N. Xmerica 12-25 '^' 003 W. 79-1 2 W< 12-40 £. 28.58 E. 8.23 W. 1-25 W. 9-\2 E. 23.00 E. 1-14W. 19-55 E. 14^12 E> 68.aoW. 70-ooW. 31.40 N. 121-09 E. 53 M . •KT ,« V E ■?' A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. lots f. '\ Lmg. D.M. L 4^^^ E. r. 88-3^ E. fcif. 79-ogW. [. 1-53 E. h ,. 1-33 W. J. 69.57W. ,. ,,^'1 ,.'•■■• • ■■ ^■\i'St E. I"' - 3.10 E. ■ «I. 7-27 E. ^. , 7-10 E. »I. ii-ioW. ij. 78-10 E. JJ. 9-12 W. Sf. .8-5.7 w. 3. ..i8,«8 E. .. .'^ ■■fe':v N. .:8o.3oW. J^. 1 7-28 W. ' 66-21 W. Namet ef Places. Provhcn. Couatriu, garter. Lat. 'Ong» D. M. D. M. c Ocean. 6.30 W. 003 w. I. .79-1 2 W* \. 12-40 £. 1. 28.58 E. 8-23 W. 1-25 W. 9-12 E. 23-00 E. 1.14W. 19-55 E. 14^12 E. 68.ioW. 70-ooW. 1 3 1-09 E. . »- F 18.38 r. 8920 E. 76-30 E« Delft, ' . Holland, Netherlands, Europe 52-06 N. 4.-05 E* Dclfbent, Dagillan, Perlia, .^fia 41^41 N 50.30 E. Dax, Oafcony, France, . Europe 43-4^ N.. 0-58 W. Dieppe, Normaady, ' France, Europe 49-55 N. 0-59 E. Dijon, Burgundy, I*" ranee, , Europe 47.19 N.\ 4-S7 E. I>ift)ingcn, Suabia, Germany, Europe 48^30 N. 10-19 ^* Dol, _ Bretagne, France, Europe 48.33 N. 1-41 V/. Dominique, Wind. I«ands,Well India, America 15-18 N, 61 22W. D6v«ff, K,em, •, England, Europe 51-07 N. 1-13 E. Drcux, Orleannois, France, Europe 48.44 N. 116 E. Derby Derby flilre. England, Etk'rope 52.58 N. I -SOW. Dfcrry, Dltter, Ireland, Europe 54.52 N. 7-40W. Dieu,. Guzerat, Eaft India, Afia 2f-37 N. 69-30 E. Dresden, Saxony, Germany, Europe 51-00 N. 13-36 E. Dundee, . Forfar, Scotland, Europe 56-26 N. >.48W. Dublin, Leififter, Ireland, Europe 53-21 N. 6.00 Wi Dtirham, Durham, Enj^land, Europe 54-48 N. 1-25 W. Dumbarton, Dumbarton^ . Scotland, Europe 55-44 N. 4.ioW. Dungenefs, Kent, Fnglund, Europe 50-52 N. 1-04 £. Dunkirk, Flanders, Netherlands, Europe 51-02 N. :^.27 E.. Dunbar, Haddington, Scotland, Europe 55.58 k 2-25 W. Dumfrleg, Dumfriesfhire , Scotland, Europe 55-08 N. 3-25 w. jL' Nghfh between Ti , Channel, Eng andFran .Europe Atlantic Ocean. EaAcrn occan,betw.theN.W.of N. Ana. ai idN.E of Afia, N. Pacific Ocean* Ephefus, Natolia, Turkey, Afia 38.01 N. 27.30 E. Eaoowe Ifle, Pacific Ocean, -Afia ^ 21-24 S. 1 74.25 w. Eafter Ifle, Pacific Ocean, America 27-06 S. 109:41 Wi Edinburgh, Edinburgfli. Scotland, Europe 55-57 N- 3-07 w* Eddyftone, Eng. Channel,England, Europe 50-08 N. 4-i9Wi Encbrun, Dauphin^, France, ■Europe 44-34 N. 6-34 E. Enatum Ifle, Pacific Ocean , Afia . 20-10 S. 169-59 E. Eft>ii]g, Pruflia, Poland, Eui^pe 54-1 5 N. 20-00 £. Embdcn, Weftphalia, Germany, Europe 53-25 N. 7.10 E. En-amangaifle,Pacific Ocean, Afia /1 8-46-8. 169-23 Ei Erzerum, Turcomania, Turkey, Afia 39.56- N. 42-05 E. iLi-hiopian Sea,Coaft of Gufnea, Africa Atlantic Ocean. Euilatius, Carib. Sea, Weft India, N Amer.i7-39N. 63.05 W. Evereux, Normandy, France, Europe 49-01 N. 1.13 E. Exeter, Devonfliire, England, Europe 50-44 N. 3.29W. |.'Almoutb J; Falkirk , Cornwall, England, lEuwpe 50.08 N. 4-57W. ) Stirling, Scotland, , Europe. 55.58 N. 3-48W. iF'"«^ ■■■''" F..._, _ Morocco, \ Africa 33-30 N. 600W. r^'ui, GsHcia, Spain, Europe 43.30 N. 8.40 W, ayal Tovvn ,■ A/'.'^'es, Allan. Ocean, Europe 38-32 N. 28 36W. Ferdinand Na- ;*\ j^V'?^ : B afil, South A- 3.56 S. 32-43W. , ronka. merica Ferrara, FerraVefe, Italy, yiurope 44:54 N. 1 1-41 E, Ferro (Towr OCanaries. Atlan. Occan.Ai'riCa 27-47 N'. 1 7-40 W. l^ic fence. Tufcany, Italy, Europe 43.46 N. 11-07 E^ Florcs, Azores, Atlant. Ocean,Europe 39-34 N. 30-5 'W, St. Flour, Auverg«e, ' France, Europe 4J-OI N. 3-10 B, rr9ucc(Iilc f) Indian Ocean, Africa 'ao-oc) S. ii'ii E' w IMS A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE; NamttofPlaeei. Provinm* CowUriu. ^arttr. Lai. D. M. Franconia, Germiny* Europe 49*5 5 N. Francfort on the Main, Frawenburg, Fuego Iflc, Funchal, Furifeau Ifle, Polift, Cape Verd, Madeira, Pacific Fort St. Davtd,Coromandel, GA P, Dauphin^, Genes, Savoy, Geneva, Geneva, St. Gvorg. Ifle, Azores, GiNOA, Genoa, - Gibraltar, Andalufia, St. George To. Bermudas, St. Gerg. Fort,Coromandely Pruflla, Europe -5 4*2 2 N. Atlant. Ocetn,Af'>ca 14-56^ Atlant. Ocean, Africa 32-37N. Ocean, Afia ly-ii S. £aft Indiri, Afia 12-05N. France, Europe 44-33N. Italy, Europe 44-25N. Switzerland, Europe 4612N. Atlant. OceanEurope 38-39N. Italy, Europe 44-25N. Spain, Europe 36-05 N. Atlant. Ocean,N. Amer. 32-45^. Ghent, Glafgovr, Goa, Goat Ifle, Oomera Ifle, Flanders, Lanerk(hire, Malabar, Indian Canaries, Eaft India, Netherlands, Scotland, Eaft India, Ocean, Afia Europe Europe Afia Afia Good Hope,T.Hottentot8, Goree, Gottenburg, Gotteneen,' GranviUe, Gratiofa, Gratx, Gravelines, Gryphifwald, Guadaloupe, ,Gloucefter, ' Gombroom, Greenock, Guam, Gulf of BothniaCoaft of —of Finland, between —of Venice, between — ^f Ormus, between — of Perfia, between — ofCalifomia,betilireen —of St. Law, Coift of }f Mexico, Coaftiiof AGUE, Hollawt Atlantu Occan,Africa Caffres, Ocean, Sweden, Germany, France, Atlantic Gothland, Hanovier, Normandy, Azores, Stiria, Fr. Flanders, Pomerania . Caribean GlouccfieHh. Farfiftan, Renfrewfliire, Ladrone Ifles, Eali India, Sweden, Africa Africa Europe Europe Europe Atlant. Ocean^Europe Germany, Netherlands, Germany, Sea, EtiKland, Perfia, Scotland, Europe Europe Europe 1304N. 5103N. 55.5 1 N. 1 5-3 1 N. »3 55N. 28.05N. 33-55 S. i4-4oN. 57-42N. 51-31N. 48-50N. 3 9-02 N. 47-04N. 50.59N. 5404N. N. Amer.i5-59N. Europe 51-05N. Afia Z.Mf« D. M. 8.40 E. 20 12 E. 24-2 3 W. 1701W. 1 43-0 1 W, 80-55 E. 609 £. 8 4o£. 6-05 E. 27.55W. 8-30 E. 5-17W. 6^-3oW. 80-33 E. 3-48 E. 4.10W. 73-50 E. 1 20-07 E. 1 7-03 W. 18-28 £. 17-20W. I1-43E. 9-58 E. I-32W. 27-53W. 15-29 £. 2>i-3£. 1 3-43 E. 61-54W. *-i6W. 74-20 £. 4-22W. 140-30 £. ijrope Afia Europe Swed.& Rufiia,£urope Italy 8i Turk. Europe Perfia & Arab. Afia Perfia & Arab.Afia Calif. &MexicoN. Amer.Pacific Ocean. Scotlaqd,N. Amer.Ailantic Ocean. N. Amer.Atlantic Ocean 27-30N. 55 5 2N. i4-ooN. Baltic Sea. Baltic Sea. Mediterranean Sea^ Indian Ocean. Indian Ocean. H ^n^ico, Netherlands, liaftings, Halifax, Hblifax, fianovetj Havannah, HamburgHolfti^B»> ^ ^eiviany. Suffex,- Yorkfliire, Nova Scotia, ^axony, Cuba, tlavrede UraceMormandy, LaHeefe, D. Flanders, England, England, North Germany, Ifland, 1* ranee, Netherlands, Europe Europe Eurupe Europe America Europe 52-04N. 53-34N. 50-52N. 55-47N* 54.-40N. 52.32N. lidlcfpunt, iVled. SiSL Scsy^urope «td N. Amer.a3-nN. Eu.-ope 49.29N. Eu vpe 51-55N. Au4 4-22 E. 9^5 E. 0.40 E. 1-52W. 63-15W. 9-35 E. 8213W. CO*;. 4-50 £• ii >»i«i A iflEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. ip«S Karnes ofplaett. Provtncft, CoHntriet. ^artir. Lat. D. M. L9ng» D. M. 8t. Helena, South, Atlaet Ocean, Africa 15.55 S. 5.44 W. Ja. Town, Hernofand, W. Bothnia, Sweden, Europe 62-38 N. 17.58 E. Hervey'glfle, South ' Pacific Ocean, Ada 19-17 8. 158-43 w. Haerlem, Holland, Netherlands, Europe 52-20 N. 410 K. Hereford, Herefordfliire , England, Europe 5aro6 N. a.38 W. Hoai-Nghan, Kian-Nan, Cliina, Ada 33-34 N. 11854 E. LaHogueCapcNormandy, France, Europe 49 44 N. 1-51 W. Hood's Ifle, South Pacific Ocean, Afia 9 26 S 1 38.47, W. Hoogftraten, Brabant, Netherlands, Europe 51-24 N. 4^52 E, Howe'alfle, Soutk Pacific Ocean, Afia 16-46 S. 154 <« W, Huahine Ifle, South Pacific Ocean, Afia 16-44 S. 151-01 W. Hull, Yorkfhire, England, turope 53 45 N- ,0-12 W. Ifudfon's Bay,Coaft of Labrador, N. Anaer. N. Atlantic Ocean. TAkutflcoi, Siberia, «| Janeiro Rio, Ruflia, Afia 62-01 N. 129*52 £. Brafil, S. Amer . 22-54 -s 42-38 W. Jafly, Moldavia, Turkey, Europe 47.08 N. 27-34 E. Java Head» • * Java Ifle, Eaft India, Afia 6 49 S. 106 55 E. Jeddo, 1*?'" ^^^* Jenifalent, ' Paleftine, Eaft India, Afia 36-20 N. 139-00 E. Turkey, Afia 31-55 N. ^ 35-25 t'. Immer Ifle, South Pacific Ocean, Afia 19-10 S. 169-51 E, Ingnlftadt, Bavaria, Germany, Europe 48.45 N. 11-27 I^. St. John's To.Antieua, St. John's To.Newfoundlant Leeward Ifles, N. Amer. 1 7-04 N. 62 04 E. l,North America 47-32 N. 52-21 W. St. Jofeph's, California, Mexico, N. Amer 43-03 N .'09-37 W» Irraname Ifle, South Pacific ?an, Afia 19 31 S. 1 70-26 £. Iflannabad, Bengal, Eaft India, Afia 22-20 N. 9' : "• Ifle of Pines, South Pacific Ocean, Afia 22-38 S. 167 J .-. Ispahan, Irac Amm, Judda, Arabia Felix, Perfia, Afia 32-25 N. 5255 12. Arabia, Afia 21 29 N. 49- »7 E. Juthria, Siam, Eaft India, Afia 14-18 N. 100-55 E. Invemefs, Itrvernefsfliire, ^ Scotland, Europe 57-33 N. 4-0?, W. Ivica Ifle, Mediterr. Sea , Italy, Europe ' 38 50 N. I -4.0 E. can Sea. :an. can. can. cean. )Gean 4.22 E. 9-55 E. 0-40 £<> I-52W. 63-1 5W. 9-35J' 82I3W. c o Ji. 4.50 E. Ifthmus of Suez joins Africa to Afia> of Corinth, joins the Morea to Greece, Europe, of Panama, joins North and South America, -of Malacca, joins Malacca to Farther India, Afia. Afia 57-ipN, Irifli Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland, Europe, Atlantic ^'•-r, Jndian Ocean, Coaftof India, Afia. KAmtfch- Siberia, Ruflia, atka, Bengal. Eaft India, Roxboroughf. Scotland, Scotland, 163-06 E. Kedgere, Kelfo, Kilmarnock, Kinfale, Kl^fCiTOM, F'.:- Airfliire, Munfter, Jamaica, Ukraine, Lapland, jrruuia, T Ancafter,Lantafhire, JLjLevantfeaCoaft of L? »una, Teneriffc, Ia U\x, AlTace, ikCningiucrg, Ireland, Weft India, Kuflia. Ruffia, Poland, Ertgland, Syria, Canaries, France, Afia Europe Europe Europe America Europe Europe Euirope Europe Afia 21-48 N. 55-38 N. 55-38 N. 51-32 N. 18-15 N. 50-30 N. 68.52 N. 54.43 N. 54-05 N. 88-55 E. 02-1 2 W. 00-30W. 08-20W. 76-38W. 31-12 E. 21-35 E. 02-55 E. A. Ocean 28-28 N. Europe 49-11 N. Mediterranean fea.. 16.13W. c8 ot E. ' f I0S4 A NEW GEOGKAPHICAI^ TABL'E. Namti ^Placet, Provinces, Countrki. ^^tuitr. Lot* '/.*»/. D. M . D. M. Landfcrooni Schonen, Sweden, # Furope 55-51 N. .12-5 1 E* Lai funnc» Cant, of Vaud.Switzerland, I'll rope 46 31 N. 06-50 E, Lcfd8,> Yoritfhirc, England, Europe 53.48 N. 01-29 i^' Lr*^'?i',o-.;-.' ■ ^^icefterflilrei England, Europe 51-38 N. oi-ms fir. I -ripii V ^^axony, Germany, Europe 51 19 N. 12-25 ■£• .'*cp4 ilea Ifle St. Micbae! Ific Middleburg MiLAN, Mijcba, ■ -i ^^ dena, Montreal, Montpc'ier, Mcntrofc, "^ )iitague I lU'crrat J \occo, Moscow, Munich, Muiiiter, NArva, Nanci N-^iiking, Ji'ifmur, 'Nanirafacbi, Naples, Nantes, w Newport, Nieiipart, New York, Nineveh, St. Mich.M( Newcaftle, Ningpo, Norfolk Ifljj Norlton. tend. D. .ia-51 e: 06-50 E, 01-29 W. ia-i5 E. i(58-o3 JF. 04.36 ir. 00-51 /K. 04 3 a ^. 03-00 W. 75-30 £. 03-30 w, 00-37 ^. ,6-44 »". 05-40 E. 01-20 £. 13.57 £. 03-09 E. 09 04 W. 05-1 c W. 59 48 //. 08-48 ft*'. 01-04 IV. M-r^ i?. ill 07 100 ^ K. 04 49 ^:. II 41" /■- 60-46 /( . 13 tf) E. 0635^. 06 35 K. 04- 54 E. [1351 ^. 19 53 E. 17-01 ff. 80-33 ^• 03^20 E. [3844/-''. 03-53 ^,• 02- 34 E- I02-I0 E> .0433 ^' i6-i-i{ifE. 01-56 /K. lx-^^ E, 120 5S E, 1] 10 47 -fi* A NEW G Graphical table. 10S| /VaflM* of PUctJ. Provmu, Countritt. Marfeiyes, Provence, France, St. Martha, St. Martha, .. Terra Firtnt, St. Martin's lilcCaribean l{le«,Weft India, Martinico IHe, Caribean lAes* Weft India. St. Mary's lllt.Scilly IlleB, St. Mary's To, AaoTM, Malkclyne IdesSouth Maurltiui, Miurua Iflc, Mayencc, Mayo Iflc, M«:aux, Medioa, Mecca, Mediterr. fea, Mequinez, Messina, ' -er^ui, Mexico, M >4iitea Iflcs, St. Michael's Atlant. Ocean,Europe Atlant. Ocean,£urope Pacific OceanjAfia Ocean, Africa Pacific Occan,Afia Lower kl^ine, Gernnany, • Europe Cape Vcid, Atlant. Ocean, Africa Indian Sou^ Champagne, France, Arabia Felix, Arabia, Arabia Felix, Arabia, between Fez akUy ifla (1, Slam, Mexico, ford Haven Pembrokelbire Wales, South Azores, Europe and Barbary, Italy, Eaft India, North Sttarttr. Lai. D. M. D. Europ« 43-1 y N. America \i-z6 N. America 18-04 ^* America 14-44 N. 49- S 7 N. 3«^-5 Africa Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Afid Europe Pacific Oc.Afia Eufope St. Nich.Male,Hirpaniola; Newcaftle, Norilisi Ruflia, Germany, Germany, RuflTia, France, China, Netherlands, N. Italy, France, Italy, North Netherlands, North Turkey, In jr. 30-32 N. 55-45 N. 48-09 N. 52-00 N. 5; OQ N. 4«-4J W. 50-i8 N. 32-32 N. 40-50 N. 47.13 N. 43.41 N. America 41-35 N. Europe 51-07 N. America 40-40 N. Afia 36-00 N. 19-49 N Europe Europe America 1 74-29 W. 09-5^ £* 43.50 E. 11-17 £. 73" W. 03-37 E- 0-20 W. 168-36 E« 62-12 W. 06-jo W. 37.50 E. '1-35 07 16 27-35 o6.|0 118-30 0449 128-51 i4-i» £. oi-*8W. 07-22 E. 7 1.06 W. 02-50 £.. 7 4- 00 W< 45-00 £. 3-24 \y\ E. E. £. E. £i E. E. 'Nin po. Cheki Norfolk Iflj, South ang. Norit' on. Feuiifylvaaia^ North rl. England, Europe 55-03 N. 01-24WJ China, Afia 29 57 N. 120-23 ^* Pacific Ocean, Afia 29-01 S. 168-15 E« ^Q America 40-09 N. 75-18 W« iOi€ A KEW GEOa|tAPril< Ai. TABLE. Ntmet of Plaeeu Pravinett. Counlr'ut, Siiifarttr. Lot. Lmg, North Cnpc, Wardhui, Lapland, Nottingham, Nottinghamih. England, Northampton, NorthamptHi.* England, " ■ Norfolk, ~ ■ " Franconia, Moravia, Norwich^ Nuremberg, OLmutz, 040 N. 49-27 N. 49-3d N. 59.20 N. 09.40 S. 09-55 S. 46.02 N. 37.30 N. England, Germany, Bohemiat Ruflia, PaciBc Ocean, Afla Pacific Ocean, Afia France, Europe Turkey, Europe South America 08-13 ^* Pacific Ocean, Afia 09-58 S. Portugal, Europe 41-Jjo N. Ruflta, Afia 51-46 N. France, Europe 47-54 Nt •North America 29-5:7 N. Atlant. Ocean, Africa 28-23 ^* Ferfia, Afia 26-50 N. Ruflia, , Afia 51-12 N. Barbary Africa 36-30 N. Pacific Ocean, Afia 17-52 S. Netherlands, Europe 51-13 N. Europe 5i<45 N. England, Netherlands, France, Afia and Europe Europe America 5044 N. 47-45 N. .Padua, Paifley, Palermo, Palmyra, Panama, PalUfer's Ifle, Palma Ifle, Padiiano, Renfrewfliire, Sicily ifle, Syria, Darien, South Canaries, Pamerfton's I. South South Italy, Scotland, Italy, Turkey, Terra Firma, Pacific Ocean, Afia Atlant. Ocean,Africa, Europe Europe Europe Afia 45' 2 2 N. 55.48 N. 3«-30 N. 33-00 N. S. Amer.0847 N. J 5-38 S. 28-36 N. Paoom Ifle, Paris Obfer- Ifle of France, France, vatory, Patrixfiord, Iceland, Parma, Farmafan, Patna, Bengal, Pau, Beam, St. Paul's Ifle, South Ikflru, Pegu. ^Pefcing, Pctchi-H, St.P*tcr'sFort,Martinico, Pembroke, Pembrokcft)ire, Wales, Pgnjancfij Cornwall, F-!iglar4; Pensacola, Weft Florida, North Periguez, Gttienne, Frauc^ Pacific Ocean, Afia 1800 S. Pacific Ocean, A fia ' f 6-30 S. Europe 48-50 l^. N. _Atl. Ocean,Europe Italy, Europe Eaft India, Afia France, Europe Indian Ocean, Africa 65.35 N^ 44 45 N. 2545 N. 83 00 E. D. M. a6.oa E. oi-o6W. 00-55 W. oi'ij £. 11-12 £. 1645 £. >43-«7 E. 1 38 50 W. 139-01 W. 01-20 W. 22-00 £. 35-00 W. 1 38 40 W. 08.22 W. 55-14 £. 01-59 E- 89.53 ^'• 16.19 W. 57-00 E. 58-37 E. 00-05 E- 148-01 E. 03 00 £, 01-10 VV. 02.19 E. 03.20 W. 12-00 E. 0408 W. 13-43 E- 39.00 £• 8016W. 146-25 W. 17.45W. 162.52 W. 168.33 E. 2-25 E. 1405 W.' 10-51 E. Eaft India, China, W. India, 45-15 N. 0-04 W. 37-51 S. 77.53 E. Afia 1 7.C0 N. 97-00 E. Afia 39*54 N; 116.29 £. N.Amer.14-44 N. 61-16W. Europe 51-45 N. 4-50 W. t,* .^^OTkT •■ VJ America 30-22 N. 8 7-20 W. I £urope 45-11 N. 0-48 l>\ Pci^ldi, Perth Perth.ainboy St. Peter's 1 Perfepolis, * ?et^6pawloflt >TBK«BUR( Philodelbhia, St. Philip', *^'*' J Pickerfgill Ifl ?ines, Ifle of Pifa, jTacentfa, Plyrrtouth, Plymouth, Pollingen, PondicKerry,;! Ponoi, Porto Bello/ Porto Sandlo Ifle, Port Royal, Port Royal, Portfmouth Town, — Academy, Portfmouth, Portland Jfle, Portland Ifle, Prague, Prince of Wales Fort, Potofi, Providence, • Prefton, Prjffburg, ; Pula Candor . ; Ifle, -J Pulo Timor { Ifle, Pyleftaart ifle, { Quebec, ( St. Quin-] tin, Qjiito, ] Qncen Char- f 'Jotte's Ifles, "^ RAmhcrd, ( Ragufa,] L«nf. I. Nl. S.ot E. 1^6 W. i.a$ £. i-ia E. 6 45 E. 3.17 E. 8 50 W. 19^31 W. (1.20 W. ta-oo £. ;5-oo W. \\i 40 W. D8.2iW. 55.14 E. 01-59 fi. R9.53 W. 1619W. 5700 E. 5».37 E. 0005 E. 4801 £. 03 00 £. 01-10 W. 02.19 E. 03-20 \v. 12-00 E> I0408W. 1343 E- 39-00 £• 8o-i6W. 146-25 W. f,7.45W. 162-51 W. J 68.33 E. 2-25 B< 1405^.^ 10-51 E. [8300 E. 0-04 W. 177-53 |, 97-00 f"| 1 16.29 E. 6i.i6W.| ■4-50 W. w A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE, Naiif»fPlii^. Provhtcp. Connlrut. garter. 5 7-20 W. 0-4? M lulT. ScotUndi North Pci||*»td!, Genoa, Perth Pertbfliire, Perth.atnbov New Yorki St. Peter*! ipe.North ^erfepoli*! ' Irac Asero, Petr6pawlo(kol Kamtrchatka, RufliiT, pBTsaa auRO, Ingria, Rtiifia, Lai. D.M. Europe 43-53 N. Europe ^ %■» N. America 40 30 N. Atlant. Ocean,Amcrica 4('46 Nf.' Perfi^ Alia 30-36 N. Afia Europe 59-56 N. 1). M. 7-4 5 E. 3 ij W. y4*ao W. 56* i« W. 54,QC -E. 53-01 N- 158-40 E. Philadelbhiai PennfylvanUi North America 39 56 N. St._Phitip'i Minorca, Mcditcrr. Sea, Europe 39-50 Ni Fort, Pickerfgill Ifle,South Pico, rinet, Iflepf Pifa, placentfa, Plyrtouth, Plymouth! PoUingen, Pondicherry, l^onol, Porto Bello, Porto Sandu inc. Port Royal, Port Royal, Portfmouth Town, — Academy, Portfmouth, Portland Jfle, Portland Ifle, Prague, Azores^ N> Caledonia, Tufcany, Italy, Newfoundland North Ifle, Devonshire, England New EngUnd,N(>Tth Atlant. Occan,Americi 54-41 S. Atlant. Ocenn, Europe 38 28 N. Pacific Oceanj Alia 22-38 S. Europe 43 43 N. America 47-^6 N. Suabia, Corqmandel, Lapland, Terra Firma^ Madeira, Jamaica, Martinico, Hampfliire, Germany, Eaft India, Ruifia, South , Europe 50-32 N. America 41*48 N4 Europe 47 48 N. Afia 1 1 -41 N. Europe 67 06 N. America 9-33 N. Atlant. Oceatf,Afnca 31^58 N. Weft India, Weft India, England, America 18-00 N. America 14-35 ^' Europe 50-47 N. H^mpfhire, Englan*), New £ngland,North South North Bohemia, Prince of WalcsNcw N. Wale8,North Fort, Peru, South New Engl*)d, North Lancafhire, England, Upper Hungary, Indian Ocean, Eaft Indies, Europe 50-48 N. America 43-10 N. Pacific Ocean, Afia, 39.^5 S. Atlant. Ocean,Arrica, 63-22 N. Europe 50-04 N. America 58-47 N. 94-02 W. 30.34 E. ' 75 •9 W. 3-53 B. 36-53 w. s«-ti W. 1 67.-45 2. 10-17 .K. 5500W. 4.10 W. 70-45 W. 1048 £. 79-57 E. 96-28 E. 79.45 W. 1 6-20 W. 7640\V. 6104W. oi-ei W* i i.ioW 178.17 JS 18.49 V 14-50 1 Potofi, Providence, Prefton, Prjcfturg, Pula Candor ine, tulo Timor Ifle, Pyleftaart ifle, South QUebec, Canada, St. Quin-Picardy, tin, Quito, Peru, Queen Cliar- South 'Tottc's ifles, RAmherd, Cornwall, ^ Ragufa, Daknatia, America 2l.oo S. America 41^0 N. Europe 53.45 N. Europe Afia 48-20 N. 38-4I} N. 77.00 W. 7i-»i W. 2-50 W. 1 7-30 W. 107-25 £. GulfofSiam, Eaft India, Afia 3 00 N. 104-30 E. Pacific Ocean, Afia 22-23 ^' '75*3^^* North America 46-5 5 N. 6948 W. France, Europe 49-50 N. 3-32 E. South America 0-13 8. Paciiic Ocean, Afia 10-11 S. Eaii(bon, jBavariaj England, Venice, Qerman^t 77=50 W. 16435 E« ■ Europe 50-18"^ 4-15 W» Europe 42-45 N. 18-25 ^* Europe 48-56 N* 12 »j £^ ■'i-'*i \1 S^ .■fe 'kpi9 Names of Plauu Provmeesi A NEW OEOORAPHICAL TABLE. CouHtrus. Ke Ide^ Aun», Remtcs* Bi^etagncf Rtfolution IiI«,South ^« Rheiinit^' R&odes Lttl. D. M. Fnnce, Europe * 46- 1 4 N. flouth, America %Ao S. France, • Europe 4806 N. Pacific Ocean, Afia *i 7-23 S. Europe 40-14 N> Afia 36.^0 N, Eutqpe 56-15 N. Eftrope 44-o.'i N. Europ^ 46- o^^ N. Europe 46*02 N. Europe . 38 45 N. D. M. 1-39 W. 35-30 W. 1-36 V/. i4t-40 V/. 4-07 E. 38 00 £. . 14 00 E. 12 39 E. 1-04 W. 0.53 W. 9-3oW. Europe 44-21 N. Rtrtterdam, Holland, Rotterdam Iflc,SouLh Ro^n, Normandvj rf T. Auguf. Ball Florida, Champagne^ France, Jlhode Ifland^Levant fea, Ri^k ^ ^ JLrivcmia^ ^ Ruflia', Rln^iiiiji 7 Roroagna, Italy, ,, RodteUe, Aunis, France,- Rbchfort, Sfintonge, France, Roek of XAt. Mouth of Ta-Portugal, ■^ ■ JJaoot , g«8 river, Rooez, Guieniie, France, Rodriguez lile,South Indian Ocean, Africa 1040 N. Rome, (St. Pope's Terri- Italy, Europe 41-53 N. Peter*8) tdry, '* Netherlands, Europe 51-56 N. Pacific Ocean, Afia, 2016 N. Fragce,'.i>.r, Europe 49-26 N. Cf T. Auguf- Ball Florida, North j it;. 1 Anierica 2J-45 N.- O tinl, . • ^'/:^^i, Carib. Sea, Weft India, America 1 8-20 N. Chili, 8outh , America ;^4-oo S« Brafil, South America 11-58 S. Carib. Sea, Weft India, America 17*39 N. Silefia, Germany, , Europe 51-42 N. North Atlant. Oceaa,Africa 16-38 N. Macedonia, Turkey, Europe 40-41 N. North Atlant. 0cean,Afric8 30-o» N. Hifpaniula, Weft India, America I9'-C5 N. Ufbec, Tartary, Afia 40-40 N. Wiltfhire, England, Europe 51-00 N. Teneriffe, Atlant. Ocean,Africa 28-27 N. Sandwich Ifle, South, ^ Pacific Ocean Afia 17-418.168-38!;. Santa Fe, New Mexico, North America 36-00 N. 105-00 W. Savannah, Georgia, North America 31-55 N. 80-20 W, Saunders's Iflc,South GeorgiaS. Atlantic S. Ame-58-00 S. . - Ocean, rlca, Pacific Ocean, A iia i9-(2 S. Egypt, Africa' 27-00 N. -— Doramgo, —Jaco, •—Salvador, Saba Ifle, t Sagan, . •\SalUfie. Saloiiichi, Salvage Ifles, S^mana, ^ Saraai-canii, Saliibury, Santa Cruz, ■y- 2-39 E. 63-15 E. 12-34 E. 4-33 E. 1 74 24 W. . J ooW. .i}jrI2W. 7O-00 W, 77-00 w. 38-00 V,'. 63-1 2 \V. 15-27 E* 23-5I W. 23-13 E. • 549W. 69-11 W. 69-00 E. 14 J W. 16.1 iW. 26-53 W- South, Upper. 169-25 W. ^2-20 E, Savage Ifle, Sayd, or ■ Thebes, Samaria RuinsHoly Land, St. George's Between Channel, Scarborough, Yorkftiire, England, Europe 54-18 N. Scone, Perthfhirc, Scotland, Europe 56 24 N. Schwexingen, Lower Rhine, Germany, Europe 49-23 N. Sea of Afoph, Little Tartary,Europe and Afia —Marmora, Turkey in Europe rr*! Afij Black Sea. •— Ochotfk, between Siberia:, " KHmtfchatka Afia, N. Pacif. Ocean. »i-YeIlow, bctw. Eaftern '^. ••^ary^ChMaaud Corea N. Pacific Ocean. Sedan, Champagne, I'm^ Euiv^pc 49-44 N. yO* u. Senegal^ ,^ Ntiji<.,und, Africa 15-53 N. i6 36W. Turkey, - Afia England an(. Europe Ireland, England, Scotland, 32-40 N. 38-00 E. Atlantic Ocean o-ioW, 3-10W. 8-45 E. Names i Shephei Ifles, S:am, Si-gjian: Siftcron Shrewfb Shields ( Sheernel Sevilhr, Sidon, Smyrna, Southam Sombav£ Ifles. Solo Ifle Spa. SuuTud, ouez, Sunderland • Surinam, Sultz, Surat, Syracufe, TALIe Ifl.-md 1'anna, Tanjour, i auris, Taoukaa Ifl Tcmontengi TcnerifFe Pi "ercera, Thomas' Iffc, T ir«i«i A NW GOGRAPHICAL TABLE. D. M. 1-29' W. 35.30 W. 1-36 v;. 4-07 E. a8 00 £. , 24 00 E. l» 39 ^' '1.04 W. o-SjW. I l^'.rO-JO W. , u\t'i<^ E. 63-is E. , w-34 E. . 4-33 E. , 174 24 W. I ooW. .• 81-12 ^Y. . 70-00 \v. , 77-00 w, . 38-00 AV. . 63-12 w. . I $-21 t"- 83-51 W. 23-13 ^• .549W. 69-11 w. 69-00 E. 1.4s w. 16-1 »w. 168-38 li. lOj-ooW. 80-20 W. 26-53 W. 169-25 w. 32-20 E. 38.00 E. c Ocean o-ioW. 3.10W. »-45 ^' acif. Ocean. ific Ocean. Nanus of Placet. Provinett. Coantriet, ^arterk Pacific Oo^n, Afia Shej>hetd'8 Ides, Siani'i Si-gjiam-fu Sjftcro:!, Shiewfbuiy, Soutk Siam, Chenfi, Dauphiny, Shropfhire, ' Shielde ( South )'Dut-ham, '•/ . Sheeraeft, Seville, Sidon, 3inyma, ' Southampton^ Sombavera IHta, / Solo Ifle, Spa. Suuiul, Stafford, SterHngjIi Stralfund, Strafturgh, Stockholm, Kent,' Andsdufut, H^ly Land, Natglia, HauipOiire, Carib. Sea, Philip. Ifles, Liege, between .g - StafFordfhire, Sterlingfhire, Pomerania, Alface, ' Upland Eaftlndiai,^ China, France,* , England, England, England* Spain, Turkey, Turkey,' England, ' Well India, Afia . Afia £nft>pc Europe ;. Europe Europe Europe Afia Afia Europe N. Amc- D. M. D. U. 16-58 S* {68-47 £. 14-18 N. IOO-55 E. 34 16 N. 108.49 E. ij4-n ^ |a-43 N. 55-02 N. 37.15 N. 43-33 N. 38.»« N. 50-55 N. 18-38 M. Eaft India, Germany, 4 -Denmark and Europe Sweden, nca, Afia ' Europe 6-0 rW. »i46Wi 1-15 E. ,0-50 E. 6-05 W. 36- « 5 E. 27-24 E. i.»j[W. England. ScGtlana Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe 5-JV N, 121^30 E. 50-30 N. 5.40 E. Baltic Sea. ^ i-oo W. *^jt-5o'W. 13-22 E. 7-46 E 18-08 £ 52.50 N. 56.10 N. 54-23 Nt 48.34 N* $9-26 N. ■^W;' Germany France, Sweden, Straits of Dover, between England and France, Englifh Channel. Straits of Gibraltar, between Europe and Africa, Mediterranean Sea. Straits of Babelmandel, between Africtfand Afia, Red Seu. Straits of Ormus, between Perfiaand Arabia, Perlian Gulph. Straits of Malacca, between Malacca and Sumatra, Afia, Indian Oceaii. Straits of Magellan, between Terra del Fuego, and Patagonia, Sooth America i Straits of La I.Iaire, in Patagonia, South America, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. ., , ^ Straits of Waigats, between Nova Zembla and Ruflla, Afia. "%C. ^ Straits of Sunda, between Sumatra and Java. Indian Ocean, Afia, Strumnefs, Iceland, Suez, Sunderland, .Surinam, Sultz, Surat, Syracufc, TAble Ifland, Tanna, Tanjour, T; Suez, Durham, Surinam, Lorrain, Guzerat, Sicily Ifle, N, Atlantic Ocean, Egypt, England, South France, Eafl: India, Italy Europe 65 39 N. 24.24 W. New HebrideSjSouth Pacific Ocean, Africa Europe America Europe Afia Europe Afi^ 29-50 N. 54-55 N. 6-00 N. 47-53 N. xi-io N. 36-58 N. 15-38 S. 33-^7 E. ■i-ioW. 55-30W. 7-09 W. 72-27 E. 1505 E. 167-12 E. South, Tuhjour, Adcibcitzan, auns, Taoukaa Ifle, South Temontengis, Soloo, TcnerifFe Peak,Canaries, Tercera, Azores, St. Thoma»'i yii^n Ifle«, Pacific Ocean, Afia Eafl India, Afia Perfia, Afia Pacific Ocean, Afia Eail India, Afia Atlant. Ocean, Africa Atlant. Ocean, Europe Weft India, America 19 32 S. 169-46 E. II 27 N. 7907 E 38-20 N. 46 30 E. 14-30 S. i45'Oj{.W. 5-57 N. 120.58 £, 28-12 N. 16-24 W. 3845 N. 27-01 W. 18-31 N. 64.36 W.- ,^ 1# ^\ 1830 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. NametofPhcu, Provhwet. Countria. Timor, S. W. Point, Timoriknd, S. Point, Thorn, QTbtuan,' Teflig," Tobollki, Toinik, Toutori, Tokdo, Tonga Tabu Ifle, Trapefond, Treat, Troy Riiins, Tornca, Tripoli, Tripoli, T^nig, Turin, Tyre, Turtle ifle, Tyrnaw, ULiatea, Upfal, Uraniberg, Uftiant Ifle, Utrecht, Venicei Vera Cru'c, Verona, Verldllcs, Vienna (Ob.)Auaria Eaft India, Eail India, Regal Pruflih,' Poland, Afia Afia D. M. 10-23 S* Eeti Long, D. M. 124.04 B. 8-15 8. 131-59 E, Barbary, Perfia, Ruiliaf RuiSa, France, ' Spain, w Fez Georgia ' Siberia, Siberia, Proyfcncc, **' NewCaftile, South Natolia, Trent, Natolia, Bothnia, -= Tripoli, Syria, Tunis, Piedmont, Palelline, South Trentfchin, South Upland, Huen Ifle, Bretagne, Holland, Venice, Mexico, Vcronefe, Ifle of France, France, Europe ■^ Africa Afia Afia Afia Europe Europe Pacific Ocean, Afia Turkey, Germany, Turkey, Sweden, Barbary, Turkey, Barbary, Italy, Turkey, 'S^S^ N. 3^-40 N. 43-30 N. 58-11 N, 5629 N. 43-07 N. 39-50 N. 21-09 S. 41-50 N. 46-05 N. 39 30 N. I9oaW. 5-18W. 47-OQ E. 68-1 7 vt. 85.04%. 6-01 E, 174-4* W. Afia Europe Alia, Europe 65-50 N. Africa 32-53 N. Afid Africa Europe Afia Pacific Ocean, Afia Hungary, Europe Pacibc Ocean, Alia Sweden, Denmark, Fra.^ce, Netherlands, Italy .. North Italy (f- Germany Vigo, Galicia, Spain, Vintimiglia, Genoa, Italy, Virgin Gorda, Virgin Iflcs, Well India, Wurtzhurg, Franconia, Germany, Wakefield, Yorkihire, England, Pr. of Wales New N. Wales,Ndrth Fort,; Wardhus, Europe, Europe Europe Europe Europe America Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe America Europe Europe 34 30 N. 36-47 N. 45-05 N. 32-32 N. 1948 S. 4H 23 N. 16-45 s. 59-51 N. 55-54 N. 48-28 N. 52-07 N. 45- 2 6 N. J9-ia N. 45-26 N. 48-4^ N. 48-1 i N. 42-14 N. 4.3-53 >-• 18-J8 N. 49-46 N. 53-41 N. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. 40-30 11-02 26-30 24-17 13-12 36 '5 WO-OO 7-45 3600 1 78.02 W. «7-3« E. 15 1-26 W. '7-47 E. 12-57 E. 4-59 W. 5 00 E. 11-59 E. 97-2 5 W. 11-23 E- 2-12 E. ;6-22 I'.'. 8-23W. 7-42 e; 63-59 w. 10-18 E, I 28W. 94-02W. Warfaw, Norwegian Lapland, Mafl"ovia, Lapland, Poland, America 58-47 N. Europe 70-22 N. 31-11 E. Wettman Ifles, North Whitfuntide Ifle, Warwick, Waterford, Whitehaven, Williamfljurg, Wills, Wincbefter, South Europe Atlant. Ocean, Europe Pacific Ocean, Afia Warwickfliire, England, Munller, Cumberland, Virginia Somerfetfliire. Hampftyre, Ireland, England, North England. England} Europe Europe Europe America Eurone ■» Europe 52.14 N. 63-20 N. 15-44 s. 52-18 N. 52-12 N. 54-38 N. 37-12 N. 51-! 2 N= 5106 N. 21-05' E. 20-22 W. 168-25 E. I-32W. 7.16W. 3-36 W. 7648W. I-T5W. ifumes Worms Worcef Willes'. Wilna, Wittenl Wologd Wofla^, Yurkmii Grccnwi St., Paul :.;r..-. - ■*.'',.■ ''■■■'■ t ■• ' - •■■I ^ : , V; '. r VV 'U. O' .1 ■ ■■*■'% ,' A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. U^met of Placet. Provineei. Countriet, Worms, Lowei Rhine, Germany, Worcefter, Worceftcrfliire, England, Willes's IfleS) South Georgia Atlant-Ocean, Wilna, Lithuania Poland, Wittenburg, Upper Saxony,Germany, Wologda, Wologda Ruffia, Woflak, Ruflla, YArmouth, Norfolk, England, York, Yorkfhire, England, Yurkminfter, Terra del Fu-South ego, (Greenwich Obferv. Kent, England, Europe, St. - Paul's, liondta. ;■? ^^"^ ' garter. Lat» D. M. Europe 49-38 N. Europe 53-09 N. America 54 so S. Europe 54-41 N. Europe Europe Europf Eyrope Europe 51.4JN. 59- » 9 N. 61.15 N. 5 2 -45 N. 53 59 N. America 55-26 N. 103© Lont, D. M. SoTjf E. ,»f55W. 38-24W. 25-3* E. 12-46 E. 41.50 E. i-4« E. 1-04 W. 70.03 W. $1" 28'4o"N. o«>5'37"E.of ',' hm.' J '"; "' i;j,Vji;./-.., .1 ^-t ■ ■M'T .X' f'-t r %, » t . ;}r .-'* ^I > 0?^ ■7j\ siJ, ts- .' ■i'P ^-^ >•' ■■^ , -,5" . •>. If. '-' 4 •■,v/ .A ■ ■ _. 'f V !,n1>, v« ..■! !. .'■;/ ,.'..;!■,■<. J-^' *•■ •(.. ifci^-'stivvrtiif'';! ■ » 'S ' ;l ■•> *■ •<^J •411 vl ' ^^ V'-^^ ■1 ,' ■ ' . ■■' ■^. .' ^ . • . *f '■: K^ 'W. -■■■3;: ni ..:/'■ vy/^A '•■^t- C ioii 3 * MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE ; The inoft Cajriovs and Authentic ^at ever was publiflied of the prefeut Stat* of the Real aiid Imaginahy Monies of the World. Divided into fENk* Parts, viz. EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, and AMERICA; Which are fubdivided into fiftyilve PartSfjcontainiag the Names of th« moft capital Places, the Species whereof are inferted, (hewing how the Monies are reckoned by the refpeAive Nations ; and the Figures landing againlt the Denomination of each foreign Piece is the Engh'fli iutrinfic VaUie there- of, according to the bell AiTays made at the Mint of the Tower, of Lon* DON. ,^*, EXPLANATION. By real Mbriey is-undcrftood an EffeAive Specie, repreferiting in itfelfthe value denominated thereby, as a Guinea, &c. * This Mark is prefixed to the imaginary Money, which is generally made ufc of in- keeping Accounts, fignifying a fiAitious Piece which is not in being or which cannot be reprefented but by feveral Other Pieces, as a Pound Ster- ling, &C. , v:; • , ,^ All FraAions in the Value Englifh are Parts of a Penny. =: This Mark figniQfes, is, make, or equal to. / . Note, for all the S|)|inifli, Portuguefe, Dutch, and Danifh Dominions, either on the Coatinent, or in the Weil Indies, fee the Monies of the refpeftive Natljttlk ^y-- ; : ENGLAND and SCOTLAND. "* London, Br'tflol, Liverpool, Uc. Edinburgh, Glafgoiv, Aberdeen, ijj'c. 3 A Farthing ' i Farth'nga 2 Halfpence 4 Pence 6 Pence ^ I li Pence 5 ShilMngs io Shillings ?.i Shillings J^ u a« I £ s. d. — — o o o a Halfpenny — o o a Pcn^iy — o o I a Groat — . o o 4 a Half Shilling— o o 6 a Shilling 9 I o a Crown — 5 a^Pound Sterlirg I o o a Guinea — I I • A]ifobiftNt}Kr^ibAtTAit.£, ^ - iolJ reti-- J. o o I 4 6 o o o • A farthing 2 Farthings 2 Hafijptnce 64 Pence 12 Pence \l Pen«!e 65 Pence 20 Shilfiqgt 2 2^ Shillings I R i; L A N, D. DuiSn, Corkt-Lohdonddrtji l^e* . « Halfpettny •* Penny nHalfn^ing *s Shilling Iriih a ShjUiog , I Crown •is Pound Irilh ii Guinea 000 000 90 6 01 o o 110 7^ »5 5 I H H F L A N D E R 3 hw B R A B A Ghent, OJlendfUfc. Antwerp^ Brujeht^t. • A Penihg — — NT, 4 Peningens 8 Femngens 2 Grotes 6 Petards 7 Petards 40 Grotes I7i Scalins 240 Grotes an Urch« *a Grotc , ^'. a Petard *a Scalii^ a Scalin - PtL Florin a Ducat , *a Pound Flem. HOLL An^erdam, A *^ Pening 8 Penin|;ens . = 2 Grotes : 6 Stivers : zo Stivers : 2 Florins, 10 Stivers: 6e Stivers- : 3 Florins, 3 Stivers : 6 Guilders : 20 Florins : »5 Florins ^ AND AND Z £A L A N D. JRotttrdam, Middleburgt Flujb'mgt ^c. — b 6 = ' •a Grote — = a Stiver — ♦ ia Scalin -4* a Guilder \ ^— a Rix-doller -^ a Dry Guilder — a Silver. Ducattoon •a Pound Flem. — a Gold Ducat, or Ducatoon — a Ducatoon, aa* other fort, cal- led a Sovereign — '• O p o Q O b i '^i o o b b 4 5 5 lb 9 6 8 -t i 16 7 b H A M B U R G, Aheha, Lulec, Brmmt, Iffc, a. < u • A Trylirig 1 Trylings 2 S^xlings 12 Fenif»g« 16 Shillings 2 Marcs 3 Mitres it Marcs .129 Sibling* *a Sexlinjr .~- a Fening — . , ja Shilling Lub. — • •i Marc — a Sletch-dollar ~> a Rix-dollar -f. a Silver Ducattoon *a Pouml Flem* •»• tf R o o o o o o b « o o 3 4. 6 o I 6 o. 6 o n o n 3 KANOVEli '«>34 1 O s M o A MODERN UHI VERBAL TABLE. HANOVER, LuHffiburg, ZeUiilte. * A Fining 3 Fenings 8 Fenings la Fenings 8 Grofhen t6 Grofhen 24 Groflicn 32 Groflicn 4 Guldens =r aDreyer ., .•--. =: a Marien — = a Grofti — =: a Half Gulden _ = a Gulden — = *a Rix-dollar -— =: a Double Gulden = a Ducat — o O o o o p o o o d. o o I I 2 4 6 8 2 •T I TS a. S A X O N Y A N D H L S T E ^ N. Drtjitn^ Lei^Ct Wi/mar, KeU, ilfc. * An Heller •2 Hellert 6 Hellers 16 Hellers 13 Fenings 16 Groftien 24 Grofhen 32 Groflien 4 Goulds a Fening — a Drcyer — a Man'i'ii — fi Grofli — . a Gould — *a Rix-dollar -1. a Specie-dollar — a Du^t — "rV o o o o o o o o o o o o 2 3 4 9 o o o I I 4 6 8 4 rs 1 ITS I it + BRANDENBURG AND POME RANI A. * A Denier 9 Deniers 18 D-niers 3 Polchcns 20 Grofhen 30 Groflieti 90 Groftien 108 Grolhen 8 Florins Btrlin, Pot/Ham, Stetin» Ufc> a Polchen a Groih an Abrafs *a Marc a Florin *a Rix-dollar an Albertuu a Ducat O o o o o o ,0 o o o o o o o 3 4 9 1 ■rnr TS T ir 7 t* ». C O L O G N, Meniz, Triers, Liege, MuniJj, Mutijlur., PaJerborn, iifc. / , a Ctuitzer an Albua a Stiver a Plapart — ■:U(l^-4 , ; 2 a Copftuck — -?vvf V ' « a Guilder a Hard DoUar a Ducat A Dute y-' 3 Dutes,.. 2 Cruitzers 8 Dutes 3 Stiver* 4 Plaperts 40 Stivers 2 Guilders 4 Guilders ^ > s I 7 1 I 4 S ■ '■» 1 ■' 2 4 9 4 , BOHEMIA, ■^*v'lt:. f . =^ •i/W,'>'.' " ' Ah B w w Oh o w . i o ,>,,:a fe,ei.,^ J 3 yht 5 Gr 3 Coi 18 Grc SO Gix 90 Grc 8 Flo 5 RIx iff. i Ph e u I o w o SB -1 o A MODtREM UNIVERSAL TABLE. BOHEMIA, SILESIA, A Nt) HUNGARY. Prague, Breslaiv, Presburg, iifc. . ^i>ir A Fening z Fenings 3 Fenings 4. Fenings 2 Cruitzers 6o Cruitzers g6 Cruitzera i Goulds 4 Goulds 'a Dreycr a Grofli a Cnntzer a White Grolh ' a Gould •a Kix-dollar a Hard Dollar a Ducat ^to -ft. 9 4 AUSTRIA AND SWABIA. Vienna, Triejle, is^c. Augjburg, Blenheinxy i^c. 3 5 3 i8 3° 90 8 A Fening 2 Fenings 4 Fenings 14 Fenings 4 Cruitzers 15 Batzen 90 Cruitzers 2 P'lorins 60 Batzen ■^y.^i'j a Dreyer — d Cruitzer >,.■«>«*•- a Grofli ^.-- a Batsmen — a Gould — *a Rjxdollar — a Speci-dollar — a Ducat — '! rf FANCONIA, Franchfort, Nuremlurg, Detttngen, tsfc. A Fening 4 Fenings 3 Cruitzers 4 Cruitzers 15 Cruitzers 60 Cruitzers 90 Cruitzers 2 Goulds ';. ^ 240 Cruitzer* y,; ■i^jkr. ss a Cruitzer — a Keyfer Grofli a Batzen — an Ort Gold — a Gould — *a Rix doll — a Hard J' oUar — a Ducai. o o o . o o o o Q o o o o Of; 2 3 4 9 . .7 P O L A N D AND P R U 8 S I A. j i Cracow, or Warfanu, ijc. Dantzic, Koning$erg, ^c. I-' A Shelon Shelons Groflien Couftics Groflien Groflicn Groflien Florins Rix-dollars '■fe- . vt^-'f ■ _ ;?:", -*■ — z^ a Grofli — T-f a Couftic — 2 k a Tinfe 7 an Ort — b 8 % a Florin - I 2 J *a Rix-dollar — 3 6 a Ducat _ 9 A a Frederic d'Or __ 1-7 ././ ■If 6 R a ■ »i^, A- Liva t^ie C^. IO|tf i 14 o A Blacken 6 Blackens 9 Bbcken» a Grdnien 6 GreflicD 30 Grofhen 90 Grofhen 108 Groflien ^ MODERN UHIVERSAL TAtoE. LIVONIA. j?ira^ Rivtft Nan^, ^e. £• d. — T ;;s a Groih — n T^ S= ' a Vording .n-> T^ SC a Whiten -* n s* a Marc — ^ * 1 s? a Florin — I z &5 • a Rix dollar — & 3 6 ^ii. an Albertui ^ -^ 4 s tI b: a Copper-plate DoU^r 5 Q DENMARK, ZEALAND, anoNORWAY. Cafe»k0gen, Sound, t!fc. fitrgfift Dronibeim, &c. A SkiUmg ~; 6 Skittingt 16 SkiBingt 20 SkiUingt 34 SkiUingi 4 Marcs r 6 M*C8 • >^.a<'gK^;4>4V, Rlx^oUar II Marca ■ ^^^^''^^thtt a Ducat 14 Maici ; ^^ St a Hatt Ducat a D»>ggcn * a Marc ) a Rix-inarc a Rix ort f^y^'^ a Crown o o o o o o o o O O T 9 O II 1 I o 6 3 6 3 4 SWEDEN AND LAPLAND. ' Stoeihohn, UpfaU Thorn. O 10, , «■..■■ * A RuniUck 2 Runiticks a Ruafticks 3 Coppcf Marcs 4 Copper Marcs 9 Copper Marcs 5 Copper Dollars 3 Silver Dollars 2 Rix-dollars sz a Stiver — o te a Copper Marc o a a Silver Marc — o s a Copper D(dlar o ±s a Caroline — o s a Silver Dollar o ;s a Rix dollar — o 5S a Ducat — o o o o o o I I 4 9 o I 4 6 2 6 4 7 n 1 I 1 7 RUSSIA / Peterjhurgh^ AND M U S C O V Y. Archangely MofcoiU' ■f.f A Polufca 3 Polufcaa 3 Denufeas 3 Copecs ' s JO Copeca ^ . 35 Copecs , , -,, 50 Copeci viv-' . 100 Sopeca ivy i» a RublM ^ . =- * a Denufca a Copec an Altin a Grievener a Polpotin a Poltiu i: a Ruble a Xervowtz ;£,«' O O o o o o o o o o o o o o 11 I I 2 3 6 1 I r I 4 9 ;.% : ;::*' BASU-i 1 xl * m 1 i 1 p: . 1 E a 1 u m V-' 5 M O CO A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. BASIL, ZumbfZugtife: »917 A Rap 3 Rapen I a .Vainga J 5 Feoinga 1 8 Feninga 20 Sols 50 Cruitzera 108 Crultsen a Fening a Cruitzer •a Sol a Coarfe Batzcn a Good Batzca •a Livre a Gulden a Rix-dollar o o o o o o Q O O O o o o o o a 1 4 OTt e •5 CO o M CO St. G A L L< Afpmtal, fife. An Heller a HeHera '4 'Feninga 12 Feninga 4 Cniitzera 5 Cruitzera 20 Sols 60 Cruitzera 102 Cruitzers a Fening r*- a Cruitzer »» •a Sol -- a Coarfe Batzen -^ a Good Batzen •~> *a Livre — a Gould •>- a Rix doUar .— o o o o o o • O O O o o o a o a o 4 OH o I 2 2 6 6 3 I T « BERN, Z«(«rM, Neufcbateh A denier v ,., ^ — — —00 4 Deniera ts a Cruitzer ... o o 3 Cruitzera ::s a Sol -~ o o 4 Cruitzera = « Plapert •—op ', Cruitzera sr a !>ro8 ..^00 *> Cruln',er8 = a Batzen - — p o 2P Sols = *a Livre .— o 2 75 Cruitzera s= a Gulden .^^ p a 135 Cruitzers =: a Crown -~ p 4 o f VX 2 » 2 o 6 6 GENEVA, Pekayy Bonne, !sfc. A Denier Deniers 3? Deniers = Deniera current = Small Sols Sols current 10^ Florins i§ ^Fiorina 24 Florintj 2 12 12 12 20 — — a Denier current — p a Small Sol — o a --ol current — p = *a F'orin ^ — p iz •a Livre current — p := a Patacoon — p = a Croifade ' <**% P zs a Pucat — p Q o p o o I o I O 4 4 t 3 3 »» 9 o iOJ» A Mbbfe'REN UNIVERSAL TA^I V — •» 1 1 '" ' Luhf Cambrajt VaUnc'iennett ijfc. ', , £• *' / ) A Dem'cr ' '■-» o -^^ f 12 Dcniers :i: »! — ■fc r5 IXeniers rz. \. ..atard * — .0 6 i 15 Patardi isr "a Piette —0091 20 ScJls r= a LIvrc Toumoi* to 20 Petards ' S= •a Florin — I f 60 Sols = an Ecu of Ex. — 026 - lojLivres = a Ducat —.095 ^ 24 Livre» = a Louis d'Or — 100 • 2 ■i . . ,- • 'DwUirirS^, Omerty St. ^lintin, l^e. ■ 1 ■ A denier . .'''■ '-7- O ^J 12 Deniers ;fii»l-*! =r a Sol — t 'i ^ .0 t> Dtnicra =: 'a Patard — f T3 § J M ty Sols = 'a Piette — 7 i ■»• 5 io Sols = "a Livre T?onrno\|- — 10 '3 Livrc* = an Ecu of1E«i'Y' •— 026 24 Livres , ; • = aLouisd'Or — i 00 24 LiTrci ,\,vr'''^ = a Guinea — 1 i e * 1 •• 1 tj 1 2 B M III 30fLivres 'f^%- ■ = a Mocda 'ta^^-iiif >; i-*cv^'i! ,.(jt 1 U < W V Parity LyotUf Marftilkty l^ci. Bourdtaux^ Bayonru, tsfe. . w ■*^S Pu, A Denier — — •— » ^t ' R 2 Liaids ' ■^ =: a Dardene ' '- — ^000^ M ^ . 12 Deni'ert =: a Sol -— J , 20 Sola = * Livre Tournoi» ' 0010 60 Sols = an Ecu of Ex. — 2 6 6 Ltvret == an Ecu — 5 • 10 Livres = * a Piftole • — 084 * e . '■ ■■ ■ .' rl^ 1/' *• 24 Livres = aLouisd'Or — ,1 O - «k PORTUGAL. Lj/hn, Oporto^ t:fc. . , , , . ; ■Hvf-'tJ;''^' ■ • . . ,(•' ^'^ ■• '' ' • A Re '• ■■ -.-^rr o © OfJ? lo Rez '= aHalfVintitt ' o o o || '■:f^ ■ io Rfjz = a Vintin — o o i tt i .. 1 Vintin* ;•-:.'/. = a Teftoon — o 6 | 4 Tettoont ' ' '-^ ~ a Crufadc of Ex. 023 ' . * > 34 Vintiiis s= a New Crufade 028} 10 Tcftpuns = *a Milre -r- 5 7 t , «'>■ 48 Teftoons = a Moidore —.170 , ■ I 64 Tedoonek '■'H'Mj^ = a Joanefe , — . i 16 9 j '■ ■■ .... ■ t^- ■ ':^^ y^M^^: -^'.v:;- ; ^^^-V,S^-^lt^^l t/„'."'. r:-" ::; '>: '- . -"^ 'V -V . ■. ^:.' .;. ''*^^l2l • "^iii i- i. / o t4 o o t o b o 9 lO 1 o a 6 9 $ o o i o o o o 2 2 5 7 o,?; oil 6 i 3 8 f A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABI4E. **» ,i t 1 7 4 10 2 6 1 1 • 1 s CO J- 1 . w a, T 10 2 6 \ - 5 • 8 4 * o < w MaJridt CaJi; StviHf, ^c. A Manredie 2 Manivedies 34 Maravediei a Riali 8 Riali 10 Riab 575 Maravediea 3> RiaU 36 Riab , a Qnartjl — a RTal — = 'a :11c — » Pullre of Ex. a Dollar — , •a Ducat of Ex. •» Pi(! 4e of Ex. .'cw Plate, ' L, i— o o o o o o o o o 6 3 4 4 W i, o o 5 10 7 6 II 4 9 G'lhr altar t Malaga, Ife. FtloH, * A Maravedie 2 Maravcdi'es 4 Maravediea 34 Maravediet .i5Ri»U 512 Marnvedfea 60 Rials 2048 Maravedie* 70 Rial* = an Ockavo — =r a Quartil — = «a Rml Velon — 3c •« Piaftre of Ex. =: a. Piaftre — = •a Piftolcof Ex. = aPiftoleofEx. . = a Piftolc — o o o o o o o o o 3 3 o 14 ,0 14 16 9 o ,H o k 7 7 4 4 'I Barcelona, Saragoffa, Valencia^ isfc Old Plate. A Maravedio 16 Maravediei 2 Soldos 20 Soldos 24 Soldc3 16 Soldos 22 Suldos 2 I Soldos 60 Soldos :^i'n . a Soldo — a Rial Old Plate *a Libra *a Ducat *a Dollar *a Ducat *a Ducat a Piftole o o o o o o o o . o o o 5 io o 16 9 O T^ 4 6 3 i 7 i 9 6 2 t > .J 'J ■ .>i'!i tt= GENOA. Novi, St. Rcmo, ^'- CORSICA. Bajliay l^c. ilfc^: A Denari, ,' 12 Denari! 'M 4 Soldi. 30 Soldi 30 Soldi: ^^' '■' 5 Lires 115 Soldi 6 Teftoons 20 Lifes =: a Soldi . /-r = a Chcvaletil''. e jr" = *a Lire • — = a Teftoon — a Crufade of Ex. ^a Pe7./.i) of Ex. . a Genouine a Piftole O »o o o o o o o «;'ia.ttii o o o o I 3 4 6 tt V^i' ■■■ Orrli . rU I 4f 8 f t5 7 2 2 4 «■''; '~i;-:i^-- .-"■!f.., -!?-it^'*..' "t'' ^f^^-< '> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I tt&IM 125 ■it Hi lU S Hi ^" " 1^ 12.0 IL25 HI 1.4 I M I 1.6 "> r, 7: Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STRIET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 >7*^ *o^ M o ei " PIEDMONT, SAVOY, aw SARDINIA. Turin, Chamberrjt CatgStHipc* *■ ■ . '' £^t, iL . A Demri at ' i — i- 000 tJ . .1 3D«niri i» pettnA ^ ss AQuatrini — 2S |i:^di ^ <» tI • 1 •» •• U S0I4I . as •^^ Florin — 60 9 ' io Soldi ^'^^^Sl^^i'' '*** ^ ) 6 Florint ^ iSi>:^J^^idtf ' '•«-* 046 7 Florins ' =s "' M^imttoen >-* •55 15 Lire* ID I • H 1 ^ 8 Cracas ar » Qjiao — . 0054 ^ lo Soldi at ♦» Lire — .• 008 f • 1 6Lire« ±: « Piaftre of Ek. 043 > Ji Lifts aa Lires « ' s: mD<)cat' — . 05a 1 15 6 ' i '" ' '« ' ■ — • — -■ " — ROME, ChtUa Vetehia, Ancona, © a ,1 ■ • A v^uatnni 5 Qnatrihi s aBajroc — d i ■ 1 .■ 8 Baybc* as i". Jolio t— ' 006 ,1 1 ."is'l- to Bayocs s « Stampt Jnli* 1 I 24 Ba^ocs to J«lic« as « Tcfloon ^ 1 « 1 '''> ss a Crown. Current 050 ■ 0- 12 Julios ae a Crown ftampt , 060 ■ i ^^ 18 JuIioB 4! Julioa ST aChequm — at Piilole — ** • ? 1 15 6 ■ • * NAPLE s a O' o T* m o 4 4 S 1 o I I 5 3 d p o o 4 4 ,t i6 o o t! T 8 U a I 3 4 o 9 X » ■*•• O o o o Q o 4 5 »5 i 6 o .0 -#' t 5 6 9 lis 4 6 o o a 6 I ,r~«. :?0> i I NAPLES. G^0i Capttjn, tde. • ^H« A QuatriQi 5- Quatriai ' loGnint .40 Quatiint '20 Grain* 40 Gra'ot 100 Graiti» 23 Tarin* «5 Tarint - a* aCarlm* *- .;$;:.:: H,t Paulo -^ 5st a Tarin — =: aTeftoon -— rsi' a Ducat of Ex. — a: a Piftole — A . a. Spantfli Piftole o ,0 o o 9 o o o o' b O 1 o 3 15 1 10 <£ o o 4 i 4 4 4 9 rf f SICII^Yand MALTA. Pi^tmo,M^uia, ^e. A Ptchnt 6 Pichili 8 PichiU. io Grsini .20 drains ; 6 Tarfhi • .13 Tarint -^60 Marlins - 2 Ounces ■ 'SB < M jjjj'r, >>: -- O «! 6 a Grain' — o to o aPoAti " — ■ o p q a Carlin — o pi aTajrin .r- -P 'O 3 i Florin of Ex. 016 a Ducat of Ex. . -. o 3 .4 anOunt;e — "^'o 7 8 a Piftole —.0 15 4 ». '■ »,- TT TT •^5'*'^ 'AQuatrini 6 Quatrini lu Bayocs to Bajroca i. 5 JuBos 85 Bayocs ,105 Bayocs lOoBayocs ^i Julio* ,^ ,■ SoIogMf RamHn0t iife* a Bayoc a Julio — *aLire — a' Teftoon — i^ aSqudrofEx.^ — o — o — . o — 9 o a Ducattooiv -~- a Crown -^ a Piftole -r- I , V E N I C E, Bergham, iifc. ' • ■■ . ~ -- - ..*? A. A PicoU -^ -^ .0 12 Picoli k sr a Soldi .— !o 6i Sofdi =: ' *aGro« ' — o 18 Soldi =r ajule \ ?r- .0 20 Soldi a? ,L •a Lirg r^ ,. o-, . 3 Jules =s , a Teftoon ,\,»~'>lo.-. r24 Soldi sx- a Ducat current-— o • 24 Gros ftj. *aDucatofEx, — o 17 Lire* = a Chcqu^'n —.0 6'S * ; TUP.KEY I lAPLE S i Pi o ti TURKEY. A MiugAf 4 Mngan 3 AlJHen 5 "Awe™ 10 Afpcn 90 Af^n 6o A(^ien ICO Af^en to 'Solitu MonOf CmuBat Cjfmtt VSt» agf SB' ftn A^e; ••- a Pane — a Beftie i— an Oftic — • aSokpca — •■ •aPia&re -^ a Caingrouch ->s aXenff o o o. o. a o o. o ty o o' I o^ 4 9- -5 o o I 3 6 o 6 — » O, 10 o » A R A B i- A. MddimhMtnm, l/Mut^Ht. . 'A Glin«t ♦— — . 5 j: CarreU «i aCcneer 7 X^arrett a» •a Conaihec 9o Catfretr bb a^Larin 1 8 Coiaaflien :ft , an Atria 6o Gomaflieea^ - ^ . **■ Bisftre f o Caveeta . ss alMlar roo ComaflMf idr a Sei|ti{n So t^riiM aft *aTiMiond . • o b b o o o o o o o o o to 1 4 4 6 07 6 3 7 > i 4 < •10 €o» * fo 'Cat i$» Cob 4 ShAcet 5* Abafbe^ /1 2 Abriheei 50 Aba(hces SO' US ss- « fiifti aShahee a Mamouda a Larin «o Abafliec an^r a Bovello *aTemond o o id 60 I 004 o o 8 o o xo o ' 4 o € fr o s4 o 3 tf 8 G Z U R A T. ^Hr tfi^imi Qmmtt Cprnkrooih &*<. A Coz — — — o 4 Coz 1 I Bombay, ■v^ :rf- ; ,' t, d. o .^ o. o f I f P 3 - o 6 '■I. 4 5 <9 to o t * O 9 i o m O O T* O 10 \ J 4 T 4# « 4 6 7 6 7 , « y o o O I I • 04 08 > xo > I 4 » 6 ft > i4 6 S ■ix » *i 3 .0 ^ a I ^ 002 H , 7- 4 26 5 p 0. 1 9 1 15 Bomb»Si A IIODEiiR'UinyE>RftAis.#«pBLE. TTfp . "..) ■;■ :-• r ^^dji i^BMj ef«. • . ^ . \ 4*Bll4gtook — r-. p ^S* p % Badgroo^ ^ 9 *a-Ree -^ o .0 tM 5 R • 2p Pices as a Quarter p ^^ p '^ % i 340 Rez . ' cs a!!Ceraphim . p]'i' 4 7 c. ^QHarters ss aXtt|^ee — 0,2 3 14 Quarters s: a Pagoda 'O r!^ ^ 60 Quarters s aGudRupee, 1 jt5 '. ^ ,./' < 5" • «■■ ■J . GO0, Vifiiftmr^l^fc, .i^^: s ^ 'A Re- *■ -.., . p/p,\pij^ . . .2 Rez as a Bazarace — 6 '9,9 krw .2 Bazaracas as a Pccka — "b .t^^ 20 Rez a a,Vintin — bo; I ^ 4Vinlins a a Xaree [-^ >' V 5 ; f ,j Larfcs «K a Xeraphin b * 4 f 42 Vintins i= a Tangu — ,4 6 ■ 4 Tanguf B a Faru -p> 18 L JiTarigus if*;^ ||.,Gold Rupee 1-%,? ^ •» ^ ' . " •,...-. ^^ w 0- COROMAND£I«. Madr^ftp Pondiebtrry.,^e, 10 i A CalK -1- -^ p o* ^ •< ' 5 CaQi • cs a Viz — 6 6 8; 9 . * Msior B«niiftl%i^ilhat we miy with etfe rednctany large fnoi io tnpeeito'Aerliiig, ^ nktujtiog roandly at the rate of a Uck of rnpesi to tea t&oiiluid poiinda s and thmi & sr«f • w rspcfs w flf wi ts a aiUUiMt tteriior> Ml IBI AM 1044 CO < S I A M. A Con 8bo Con 125 Fetteet. iSO F(ttee« 500 Fetteet 900 Fctteci a Ticali ' 4800001 8 9italeera * . . A MdbERN UNIVfelWAl TABLE, r Pfgin Malaeea, CkkhotTta, SunuUrt^ Javot v a Fettee • Satalecr B Sooco aTutal a Dollar a Rial an Ecu a Crown ~^ -4 A Caxa 10 Caxa ID Candereena 35 Candereeni ' » Rupeea' 76 C«9dareena 7 Macea « Rupeet ^ 10 Maicea CHI "J N A, Pel'utf CantoHt ^c. h.V' a Candareen ' a Mace '*'* a^ Rupee a £)uUar a Rix 4oUar an lEcii ' a Crown a Tale j*A P A N. ftidoilitiaco, lie. APiU ao Pitis 15 Mac^a ao Macea 30 Macea. 13 O^ncea Silver a Ouncea gold a Japanelea a I Ouncea Gold = a a Mace all Ounce Sflver a I'ale ah Ingot • an Ounce Gold a Japanefe a Double Cattee 3 ■'= 3 • ' o . d! o 6 o ' 8 o a 6 4>6 4; 4 o. 5 o o 5.0 6 6; 8 o 9 o 4 4 10 6 8 98 3 o 6 o tx xa o; 66 3 o 3 6 < O \ An Afper 3 Afpcrc 34 Medint- 80 Afpers 30 Medina - 96 Afpera .32 Menina 2op Afpera 70 Medins a Medin- — an Italian" Ducat ♦a Kaftrc " — a Dollar "• ^— «n Ecu — a Grown — ; a liultanin ' -^ a Pargo Dollar s t T T EGYPT.- OldandNem Cmfo, Jkxandria, Sayd^ ^c. ST <3 o M in < A < M H ■a M » A R Y. t •- li d. . I t 8 6 6 % TT O T o 4 4 lo t 6 8 98 t 3 S la 0. 3 5^*' ) f > I 1 4 ■r p 6 A R Y. a M u M M A MGBIBRKUNIVIJIISAL tAfet^. > ^B A R B A R Y,j^fgih^it ^unhl TriptHt UM,(ift. i9H An AiTper 3 Afperi ro Afpen a Rials 4 Doublet a^ Medina 30 Mcdint 180 Afpera 15 Doublet a Medin -»• a Rial old Plate •'-> a Double -~ a Dollar ■ ~< a Silver Chequin a Dollar >~. a Zcqitin — a Piftole -^ L. Q •o o a o o a o J. o a o I •4 3 4 4. 6 8kio lflt'^9 1 . J. o I 6 I 6 4 ■*!*- NI.jC(^jR, P C C O,, Santa Cruzy Mtqulnatt F»t Tangier, ^ySallu ^c. A Fluce 14 Flucet 4 Blanquilt 7 Blanquilt 14 Blanquilt a Ouartot 38 Bliuiquilt 54 Blanquilt 100 Blanquilt .^ 9 IBlanquit ^^.. 'o ^ an Ounce — > s< an Q^vo ~- b t,. <4 a Quarto a Media ■ ■ •. 6' 4, 4 4 8 a Dollar '.4IM .4 $ a Xaquin —, -9 ■ a Pillole :«,- T t6 9 TT-r ENGLISH. Jamaua, Sw^a^oet, fsfc. H W • A Halfpenny a Halfjpence ^4 Pence It Pepce 75 Pence . 7 Shdlihga ao Shilllngt 34 Shiuingt 50 Sbillingt •Peony a Bit *a Shilling aDolUr a Crown *a Pound a Piftole a Guinea o o o o o o a o o 4 o 14 0A6 — I o . 3: , 9 9 ' '■' F R £ N C H. ^/- Domtngot MartitticortSft. { • A half Sol aHalfSolt 7iSoU '15 Soli « to Sols 7 Liyret 8 Livret a6 Livret ja lAyve* ^ <> i« •a Sol — ° \hi a Half ScaUn * tJ a ScaUfl* — 5 \ •a Livrc — • 7 T* a Dollar — b 4 '6 an Ecu — ■ 4 10 i a Piftole ^ 16 9 a Louit d'Or 1 ENGLISH IM u 1-4 AMODEKN UNIVERSAL TABLl. ~ •• Shining ar *• Pbun4 • — o o I — O I • 4 »2 Si I •A Penny U Peace aaBhtUingi . a PouoM 3 Pottodi * 4 Pound* '^ ; 5.Pouodi , " I 6 Pound* 7 \P«ttad« ♦ , ■ 8 Poundi 9 Pounds 1 10 Poundi Hie Vilue ,of Aie Currene|r alteM afceOrdl^g to the YU^tf orSdurctty of Gold and Silver Coins that are imported. (TwMuAb Florida^ C^ellMt fjftk 9t •aSol *a|4itre ..,:»» a: '-'^P'' % ,*A £>«nier lisDeiiiera iaoSoIa a LivNf 3 Lines 4 Livret $hm9$ . . .... .■■--?■'- o Iiivtrca ■ • ' ' ^ .. 7^LiTrei; _ ''■$:\ 8 Lines' > ' - ' ' ,, ■■^,. - :''''' 9 Line* ' ■»"./' '' '"' k '^' IQ Lines . ,:.^-.-,, J^^:' •' Th« Value titf the Curreaey alters- aceerdiaf to dib Plenty or .Scarcity of Goldor Silver Coins that are intpoitiid. JVblr. Tt all the Sptmjfik, Jt^rtia^t, Duiet, and i>M{^ Daminioi^, •ithcr oh the Continent or in^e Wss'^ Imdi88( fee the Mdatas of thsrr J^cAive nations. ■■ , -."<-r •'.■■;»si . ■ ' ' • ■ ■ :l . * ■ it -^ Nk *■'* I-..,.-' J??,- r-i -.j---*iv.v.;j,. .•■*.-k.<- C i547 3 NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OP ■ . . ■ * ,. ■ ' . , Rbmarkabli Events, Discovsribs, and ImvbhiIdni; AL8 0, The'JE&A| the Coontiiy, md WtiTiMOs o^ LiAiiNip Mtn i The wlxJetfompcehcodiof in one Vtewt the Analyfic oUr Otiilloci of (jkaeffi Hiftoryi from the Craittoo to the preCent Time. B«f. Chrill. 4004 'X'^^ crntkM •! Ike worid, audi AJam tM Em 4003 L ThelbinhWCaiB, theflrftwho wMboMforamaua. 3017 Enoch, far hit piety, ii-traaflated in Heaveo. .^ 9|48 The eld world h Mtnfti by a ddDM. which cantin«ad<59r dajM. «>47 Tka towaaofBabclitbutlt ahom thtt- tia* ky Noah'l nideajty. apoawhidiOoA miiMakafly coafoMda thair iaa(«ag«, and thwd^^arfin thcaaimtfdiffcreat' natiooa. • ' ; s AbMC tha fiMM dait, Maah it, withftaat prahabHJty.Aafrfid tfa.h««a pwiil fram hit rcbcllioai ofiipring, and to hiva led a colony of (oimi of ihaamra traAahIa '^ ioM the lafh Mi chara cither ha or ooa sf hit fckci .<» ItJflaavatilarantogolMoOinaaa, which tMmiaa tha 4s»yaart itjauminf. zS9f ThadiiatoCfcdcMBaiiidOomorraharedeftroyedfdr their wkkadMn,hy firafroai , Heaven. \ rt^i'tiniiigdom nT Ar|aatiaCf«ece,baxln« nndar Inachnc iSal lfMiMnttbeKgyM{an,lnv'!DUtliclettert. • v ' 171J Proonathciufirfl SfnckAreframBinit. ' i6m Jof(H>h dice in Bgypt| which coacludot the booktof Oeocflt, coMainlag n pei'fadjf ''-'' aidpyearta' tS74 AaiM Mni i» l^ps^; 1490. a^nted by GodfirB higfa'jprieil ortfae jNhaeliteai tjyl Moiet; brother to Aaron, born in Egypt, and adopted by rhanuA't daighteri who I5jt CaCMpo briogcfrcoloey of laite»from Bgypt imtf Attia, aadbcghiatkaldngdQm - ' of Athene, in Greece, tjjl HcamandcreooMtfrMa <>et«inhiPhrygla,uilb«giilsth«1rijMdcBofTMJr. «riojoon>iBg..- Ti^y mira«ak}«By pafii.tfarough «he Red St DefcKofiinai^ whata Mbiec icceiectfien God, aud deli«e '-Ki:.l- \' :<-,;■:■ 'V i#48 A Ntw C K OR e L« ^ ( C A L T A ■ fc •• ... .. Tn Comwrdaitnu, todtlra oth«r Itm* tRdbtivpnlwuibtraacltiutflBlc llii ark M ih« MwtBMt. I4S5 TbcCrft fliiptkit ippctrcd in O'ccctwubroiiffht from Bgf|>tkyD«a»u,wko «f ri'fti u RhddM lad broof hr with him hli Kfiy dtuKhitrt, >45J Tk« lr{| Oljnapic gMiict ccitbritcd atOlfinpiK, fBOtect. 14,1* Tka Pentateuch, or flwa IrA booki «f Mofat, art wriiwi b Um bod of Moak, wk«K ke di«d t V 7*ar followiari apad t«a t4|t "Ifka Ifraalko*, aftar fajinmif t io lht| Wildccneft tarty rara, art led wdcr Jofliaa - 1. bu* Ikaiand of aioaalr, WkcreUicy fix tftamfeif A, an* kavilkg fubdvtd ll>*iia> tivca I and tka pcri«id of the fibbaiical year commenceii I40dr iroo it foMid in Oraaca from tka accidantal karninK of tka wooda. 1198 Tka rapa of Hako ky I>irii, whichitn iT9]gatariretothaTr4jin war, aad ficfa •f Traj ky tka Ottcktj wkick coaciDand ten yeari| when thai city waa cakaa wi Jt9U itffoltkinvorifraaL ' ' «004 Tka Ttaipla.il roiaaanly dedicated ky Solomon. 896 Eli)ak,tke prophet, iitraofltted to heaven. 994 Money Irfk niada of gold and filver at Argoi. I69 Tke cftv«f,^tkBge,m Africa, founded ky «iuci;n Oido> .814 Tht kin^MBof lAcedon kcgtoi. 776 TkeMOlyauMMl kegint. -yjS JBra rf tka MitMing of Ronie in luly ky ILomolo*, Irll king of tke Romani. 710 Samaria takaoi after three yearn flega, and' the kingdom of Ifraal Bailked, ky Sal* manafarikiafafAflTyria, who carried the ten triMt into captivity. Tka Crftccliplb 01 the moon on record. C;8 fiyuniiuHfnowConftantinople) kuili kyacoloAy i^Alkaaiana. > 404 Mforfitt orNecko, kiagol Egypt, foona Phoiniciaoa fUlad from tka Red Sea round Africa, and rctferiMd by tke k4editertancan. 100 Tkalea of Milecai ttavelt into '■Egypt, coafultt the pricAc of k4empkf»,arquiretlho i > U' kiMiwIailce Of geo0Mtry, aOrooomy, and pkilofopky t returns to Oreccc, calca* lakoa ack^iiNi givm gcfw'al ootiona of the univcnc, and mainiaiaa that one fu- piame intelligence regalates all in raoiidat. . llaMglakaak awltkaflgiiaof tke Zodiac, invaated by Aaasimaader,tke f^holarof -.wi,- Tkalea' lipyiijabwpkio, kimolj|odi«k,ia carried away captive, ky MaknckadOcMar, to Baby ^iBisr'" taken, aft^r a iega of 18 montka. ady at Athens aAed upon a movciikla faffoM. ^ jM^QVnflkaflrftkingofPerfla. • ▼ ialTod kiogdoiB of Babylon finifkad ; tkat'city kaiiif taken ky Cyni, ttko, Itrjjdy r. \ . iffae an cdiA (or the return of the Jews. ■Si4 Tke Aift tttgady wta aAed at Atheni, on a waggon ky Tbefpia. 516 Learning tagraatly ettcooraged at Aikans, and a publtc library fitifonnded. 5ii"Thefecan4 Templf at Jerafalem isiitoiiked undier Darius.~ 5P9 Tarquin, tkelbvcntk. and tafi king of tke RiunaBs. ia cipelled^ aw^ Roma 3s go. .vafna4^<)|M>coBAiU, and other repukUcaamagUkntes, till tka kettle ffPksr* falia.keing a fpece of 461 >c«ia. 504 Sardis taken and kurnt ky tka Atkanians, wkick fOvo ocafloo to tka Ptrfian in> , vsfion of Oreec% 486 Efckylus, tke Greek poet, firft gain* tke prite of tregedy. M|8l Xertea tke Great king of Perfia, betins kis eipediiioo Bgaipfi G.*eece. .\5i Eiraiafent from Babylon to Jcruftlem, with the captive Jews and tka velTeliof . goldaad fllyervifca. being feveniy weeks of years, .or 49M1 year* before, tke ^u- nfixwn of oar Saviour. 454 Tke RomasB Tend tuA'hepa lor Soion'slaws. 451 TlicM>ece •6a The Romaniflrft ciMcani UunGtUaa la uval aftirt^— id afcuti w CanfeMiBiana at camber »5. fneiOioaM ti 'CflKnTliekftag the peaofr id the fcmpl^ ; and aiUiig •9 la baptikedin the nrHdetnefk by rohttr 33 ..^-d^iicrtteiltidi on yiid«y. ApiU a, at 3 n'cltick P. M. HU Refnrreftioc oB Spnday, Apru^ : hia AibeaAon, Thnrfdhy, Map 14. 36 8t. p^i;i rmsverted. 3^ 8c. &f ^uljw rrrltaa Ml Oofpeh ^ . Poittiai Pilate killthimfelf. • 40 The a«nM of ChriflSina firi ghreo m Andoch tttdie foUowen of Oh^ 43 ClMnmkiCaflir'ietpedidda tairo BKloin. ^ ,44 St. Mark write* hia Oofpel4 k, 49 London ii fenaded by die Romans; 3W, rnrroonded by ditto wldr a widl, (omrpara if which are M obfcrreble. it CMAitVi. dM BriefflTkhtf , i» carried In chaiai tO'Roate. S% The cdnndl of the apoftlca at )entfalem. 55 St. Luke writer hti Ooi^ 59 ^thc emperor Meropuu hia mother and bfothen to dcttlfe ' . r. I I PerfcCTtiwdi^DwiAlafBritaie. •*• 1 hare often thought (fayi fe" judicioui ComAenUtor) that it h^J^t iajtary to die. ihuafter of MT.BkflM Redeemer, to reprefent thitaory,whetli^ inp«ai dplai aboM tbi* lima. 64 Roma fat on Arc, and burned for fis dayi; upon which bagaa (aadar Man) tha flrll MrllKMioa aga'HAiba Cbriftlaoi. man RaaaraI,taMaJcruralain,;whichia rated to tba groand, and iMplMihaad* tAparaetarii. {I HaKoUnaun ovarwhalmed bjr an araMton from Monat Vafavlaabj J Tha philnfopheri etpalled Room by Domitian. 45 Jnlina Avriaok, nfarnor «f South Briuin, to protaA tha cifiliscd Brimna from thn IncurOont of inc Ciiedoniaiii, buildi a lina of fortt batwecn the rivari Forth and Clrda { dafeau tha Caledonian* andar OalMcu* on tha Orampiao hUla | and lift lUlt round Britain, which ha diKoveri to no an Idand. 9A ft. fAn the Bvangelift wrote hit revelation->hia Oarpal in 97. t4l The Caladoniaai reaonquar from the Romans all the fottthern parte of Scotland inpaa which tha emperor Adrian buildt a wall between Newcatlle aiid Carlifie | bw utia alfo proving iocfTeAual, Poltiui Urbicui^ the Roman general, about iha year 144. tepawf Apricola'i iMf which ha jolna by a wall four yarda thicli, flacaaalM Antoninui'a wall. aiS The fecond Jcwifli war eodi when t|iey were all buaiihcd judaa. IJ9 jMftin writai hitfirft apology for the ChriAjaps. 141 A nambcr of hrrcfica appear abont thit time. tja-Tba emperor AntoninuiPiuiAopi the perfiKution agalnft tha ChriAlaaa. •17 The Septnagint raid to be found in a caik. ta* About thia limn the Roaaan empire hegina to fink un^ar iia own weight. Tha Barbariani b^gin their eruptiona, and tna Ooihi have annual tribute not to moleit tha empire. - tte Valarioi 11 taken prifoner by Sapor king of Perfla, and flayed alive. ■ «fl4 Silk SrA brought from India 1 the manufaAory of it inirodaccd into Europe by foaM monka, j5< • fir A worn by the clergy in England, 1534. S9t Two emperori, and two Ciararc, much to defend tha n>or quartcra of the cmplra. J06 CinAantine the Great hegina hit reign. Jet Cardinalaflra began. ' * J13 Tha tenth perftcuilon end* by an edift of CwSantlna, who bvoara the Cbriftiaat, and fiv* fall liberty to their religion. JI4 Three bifli^i,or fatherr, are feot from Britain to afliA at the council of Arlee. ja| The ficik general council at Nice, when 318 fathert attended, againft Ariua, where Wucompofed the famoui Niccnc creed, which we attribate to them. itl Cooftantine removet the Teal of empire from Rome to Byaantiam, wU^ ia tkeoec* forwarda caOed Confiaadoopla. 311 ■■ . orden all the heathen templet to be deftroyed. J63 The Roman emperor Julian, fumamcd the ApoSate, endeavonra In vain to rebuild the temple of Jerufalem. J64 The Roman empire ia divided into the eaftem (Conflanttnople the capital} and wd^ tcin (of which Rome continued to be the capital) each being nbw under the government oi differeat emperori. 4be Balb invented by Kfliop Paulinnt, of Campagaia. 404 The kingdom of Caledonia or Scotland revi«e« under Fergna- 406 The Vandalt, Alant,aod Soevi, fpread into France and Spain, by aconccflioa of K^ nwlni, emperor of the WcA. 4to Rome taken and }ilundcred by Alaric, king of the Vifi-Ootha. 4i» The Vandalibesiii their kinadomia Spain. ''^^^•^.•r. 410 The kingdom of France begins upon tne lower Rhine, under Pharamand. 416 The Ronunt, reduced to cxtremltiea at hcae, withdraw their troopt from Britain, and never sretarn ; adviftog the Britons to arm in their own defence, and truft ta their own valour- 44$ The'Btitoot now left to themfclve*, are greatly harralTcd by the Scots and PiAi, upna which they ance more make iheir complaint to the Romans, but receive iioaifia- nnce from that quarter. 447 Attila (r«roamcd the Seotfrge of 0«J) ifith hU Kn'oi ravage the Roman empire. • •' 449Vortigefi 6. ll«»)tlMarA Titit»lbtft«> iMMfroa lb* r«n Portk aod 8«atUn4|V|W trliOe I W m% ck, flac«( A KtwCfitONOLOOlCAl. T A ■ I. »', l*ll wtight.. Tha • BK to molfit Enrapc b| feaa the taiplra. I tlM CbrifiitM, of Arfct. AriM, when i«in. rhkh i$ tkeocf valfl to rcbaiU •pitil) >Ddwc& now under the onceffioaofHt> lond. ron BritttB.and Bce, and truft M iaDdPiA(,upni receive Dotffift* Biaii empire. 449Vortigem »r i& 449 ▼•»!••?•, kifl| of the Brlioot^ invltci ihe 8mo«i Into Briiilti, ai^tlaft tha Scola aii4 45i Th« Saiom kaviBg reolAfcd the lenii and Pi<9t, iovlie over atera of their couHirpMtf, aod begin (o cftabltih tficmfclvciin Kent, andar Hentift. 47i The weflero empire iifloiftied. 513 vrart after the battle of Pb'arfaliaj apon the rthM of which fovcral new ftatci arife in leal* aod other pani,«ofliaiag of Obtb^ Vandalf, Hum, aod other barbariani, under wboan litoraiarc ia cktithtiflied, and the worba of the learned are deflroyed. 496 Clovia, kina of Fraoce, baptifcd, and Chriftianitjr begina in that klhgAiai foS Prince Artnvr begina hii reign over the Britoot. |ij ConaaotioopU baflegcd by Vitalianni, whofo fleet ie burned bjr a fptcolom of bub. t 516 Tbacoaiptiilagof tiotebxthe Chriftten araleintrodneadbyDloi^jflutbe monk. >< jtf Th« eodo of JalUDidn. the eaftem«cmperor, ii pablilheA is J A tarribJo plagna all over Europe, Afia, and. Africa,- which coDtinuei near to yeara. ... < •"• 481 Latin ceafod to be fpokeo about thii time in Italy. > < - ' Aogoftlne the oaonk eonif* into England With forty inork«> '-i ::-^' Here bcgiaa the po#er of the popei, by the concefBoiie of Phocai, iMMivor of the Eaft. , . "^ • . t- , i%% Mahomet, a falfe prophet, flieifrom Mecca to Medina, in Arabia, In the-44thJre)il'ol hit age and the loth of hit miniHry, when he laid th« foandation of the fcrocen •mpire, and from whoih the Mahomeian princet to thi» dav tiaim their dcfcent. Hit foliowere conptu their tine from thii iera,vrhich in Arabic ia called Hegira I. «. the Flight. 4j 7 Jcnifalen i» ukeu by the SaraceiVt cr followrri of Mahonci. 440 Alexandria in Egypt ii taken by ditto, and the grand library there blirnt by ord«Kof Omar, their caliph or prince. 4Si The Saracena now extend their conqnefti on every fide, and retaliate the barbaritieaof the Outhaand Vaodalaupoii (belr poAeritj. 1 -'4 i\':^ 464 Olafa invented in England bv Benalt, a monk. 485 Th« Britain^ aftar a wave ftrufrglc of near 150 yean, are totally espelled ^y tie KiiZ OM, and driven into Walei and Curnwalk 713 TheSaraceniconouerSpiiin. ' ' r Jti The controverfy about imagei begini, and occafioni many infurrcAlont in the ea&ern empire. . ; . : 748. The computing of yean from the birth of Chrift beg« n to be ufcd in hlflo^. ' fAO The race of Abbai became <*|iphi of the Saraccnn, and encourtgc IcaminA yot Thedty of Bagdad upon th« Tigrii, iimade thecapittil for thecaliphaorthohbtrfior- Abbaa. loo ChorkuiugiM, king of France, begina the empire of Germany, afterward* called tho weilern empire ; give* the prefent namei to the day* and month* ( endcavfeuH td reftore learning in Europe ; but mankind are not yet dilpofed for it,' being folely •ngrofled in military enterprise*. T . . 8t6 Harold, king of Oeomark, dethroned by hi* fubjeAi, for being a Chriftian. . ' ^ ' - 8>8 Egbert, king of Wcffes, unite* tl.. ^ieptarcby, by tbe name of England. ■' '^ -; 1 S36 The Fleaiinga trade to Scotland for filn. tj8 The Scot* aad Pida hav« a dccifive bittle, in which the former prevail, and both Ungdoou ate united by Kennet, which begin* the fiecoud period of the Scottiik hiflory. 867 The Dane* begin their ravage* in England. I94 Alfred the Great, after fubduing the Daniih invader* (againft whcm he fonght 54 battleaby feaandland},compofr*biibody of law*; ai vide* England into cbuntiei^ hundred*, and tythingi ; ered* county court*, and found* the univcrfity of Ox> ford about thi* time. 91 r The univerfity of Cambridge founded. 936 The Saracen empire i* divided by ufurpation into fevea kingdom*. 975 Pope BoniEace VI i. i* denofed and banifhed for hi* criitae*. 979 Coronation-oath* faid to be firftufed in England. 991 The figure* In arithmetic are brought into Europe by the Saracena from Anbla. Lettetaof the alphabet were hitherto ufed. 996 Otho III. makes the empire of Germany elective. 999 Boleflaa*, the firft king of Poland. 1000 Paper made of cotton rag* waiin ufe; that of linen lagab I170; the i^aovfadocj . introduced into England at Partford, i j88. 1005 Aill theriddutrcbetare rebuilt about thi* time in a new Dumner of arcMtednre. 4T» ' seiji. Children I in f IO17 Caniit«,kihK6f D«BiuHkigcupoireHiunofEpgIand. ' ^Ottp 'ik» Jiuut, %Upc ienai.wti^t^mtm with nxiom {»mfi,H»^^nt.\^mfie Conifflor. ,.' t< ■ pqii^ tbe Tutb i* A^Uoa of «dveDtuf<^^^ ir«9i Ta|t|ir]r. &nkm J^«f^ in tht 1054 Leo iX.;Kh9 |ba,pppe.t^at kept up M«rmT« . 1057 Malcolm III. kinti of 8cocl>ud» kil)« t))e tfrtax >lfodmh «t Oonfiawe, tpj^mfttf^ 1965 The Tnrklukt Jerttfalcnii from the SAraceni. lo6« TiMkMtk ci.H9Uiani«twiijr^9na)b« pqM< wrrfl^i&ptt,^ ypfflMni M* f.!r«ffl»ffiU .' * " endofjaniury. 1i07$^Ivifti«B»of<)ieB;^ice9rfIappoi|ited.iaEq9l»pd.- •' ^ loiolJiOMDldai bqoVl^gaq tp |bei»iit hr ditto, to cutt ^if pt^^ (»\nei^ i 4w^Vf "* *•"*" fly to Scotlaud, where tliey introduce the Saxon or Engliih l4P|pi^,«re protedked by Malcolm, ai>d )(&ve )xDdafiii^< IP9I Tbe $»raflcn»4p'8Mtp, deiiwitMd preffed by th^ S(>f^ard8. ci^l fp thtit agi^jpct Tofeph, kiiig of Morocco ; by which the M()m> ^^t ft^^elSQJi vf |\^ S^f^* *** ^^^ the infideU from Jcru. Acta, III9 Ed|*r:Atk«liP9. ibe l^i^ of tbc ^wn prjIoMf. 4i^ ^i Jlpgli^^, «lb(^|iJ^ i\l4 b^ permittrd to refide u a fubjcS. Iti8 The order of the Knighta TeBapla;* inflittited to defpii byHc«rriiato fuur«oit«>.fndiKft>iiei*4(fB5A(f^>/iun««nt ii9o Olafa windowa bcsan to be ufed in private >.,qfUi;i in ^gla^d* .,« ^^y''-'' ' I181 The iMTf of SnghMd are digefUd about fMtioKbTfi^ajtiJIV^ ', '3' ^ ii8a Pope Altmnder III. ciMapel^id^e kingpofMsUodiHid Kra|i^e tobnl^tbeAircniii . of hitfaddlewhenhemounteahithocfe. 1 18( Thejrc^i «qn)«B41oo of tbc fup and noap ind 4II the lijaq^a fa ,|<9>rj^ ,b<)p,|)p^d ia -fieptemMr. 119a The battle of Alcalan, in Judea, in which Richard, king of England, def^ati.SaUdine'i army, coofiftiog of 300,000 combataotfc 1194 Pi«iit mv XhHt &Sk ufed aka mqtto bj Ricbacd,sa,a tiAory wv^ tl^ frfBCl>' ^MO ChiPMiiei w«r« not kpomrs in Engbwd* ^tqii«tc».n«y begifi tp be wiql ; Jrft among the nobility. laoS London incorporated, and obtained their firflcbaner for elt^g ^^{|r,||^d'Mayor aud other magiftracea, from king John. I9IJ Magna Char^a^ dgni^M bT ll>i>| I^P |uid the bvroni of J^glf)«4> Court of common Eteaap^fbli^cd. IM7 The Tartars,anew race of heroes, fu:dfre Is* war John 1386 A comp Windl 1388 The bati edil 1391 Cards in 1399 Weftnin Order fiftit! 1^to Guildbal 1411 The uoii 1415 The hart I4a8 The flegi 1430 About tt - • » ■8S ^ Kit TiPjfc^. ifm to id thi ^cffioD of • •*> *>£N SvWJ 11 of all the ^1^ of whom reprotedkcd lir jJRfti^cp t^i SarMcn ic^, to drive !«'» • '"^ . - ,i'r o)r loro Ueu- T^ iuBcrint tbeftiruip mpjif^diu i.SiUdine'i rd-Msyot ■(^ J :«> t '. Lrtbcrn pfnti I fpogt^rott, I»63Acho, xii^{>,^lM»..Wl»j«f Www, ww^w 3»aiiP4 w«tf>;iAP fiMl,»«4 |a«d« «0ippp.9iea m th« ' ^ottth ul JM Qlyiei «h9 •'« $V» to FU^t^ \if. Ae>!mf¥' #>• WA« rf (overt tho ' " wejMr|i|i9f|. , 1164 According to fone writcri^ the commoq^ p{ ^D|lid4 W9f e.W\l fiippopftl ;|t9M)Ur menttll|jihjiysr}Qd» """'" >»7J Tm eroptreijrjijj/t w«W AvM^n ffimi^. b^^^ l%S% LewelWn, prince of Walea, defeated and hilled by Edward I. who nnitet that priiict- paiity to EngUnd. ' . ^'^ *^ ia84 Bdward II. boro at C»erDarTOD,Mtl)e Aril priiife pi !(^al;f. IxSf Alexander III. king of Scotland, d><(i^JP4l^Mlijpgdj()in^l4jfpwt^.^ rWfbw c^i^dL- , . _ d»^f, >T)w>:fu>i^it tKeir f]wn» to (h^ arfciuawn ,P.f iKlw4r?.h|M qt^Bflimi 1 jil ^ ''^ *»7» **"- foW^*t W "t.'' '!»» S^v ^ft»H««»jlf W ^et^ten ^tf> ^affona. ISffJ Thwe )» ung^v f>«V0 ff llnjisl'V pvlw*»fe<» WW ttla^cv. JxeWgihe s»d of Edward t. , . ^ 1198 The prefeiit Tur>ifl) BWWf l>«>fln»;P .P|£ljy4?i« Jip^erP Silver haftfd Mye«, Tf oou f»4 mf* # |7«t IWJVy. ' ""' ' ' rW?* WW P^wood Ti^^ infef fgr 4i|5^». ' '/»»«? fipr ;« jtwfc . n''4> »*«9 ifejWWi* IflPtoctf ^ eftal^]j|g|>cjl. I3i'4 The batt'c oi Baanockbnra between Edwardil. and Robert-Bruce, wt;i|c^ efbblifliea tbeAi».;-/patbf ti»rpv«qf Sicptl^n^. • > The cardinali fet fire to the concbve and fepi^yi;^, ^ v^(^cv JA fl^e.nMyi ^hair tottmjimtn. . ■ .;^^ 1336 Two Brabant weaVeri fettle at Yorjf, r'»isl>..fV» W?W<» "^ WlSlSm «< fMlf b«iu^t(o||i|ki|),corfHk<;(^«. ^ ' 1337 ^l^c fira comet whofe couile u defcribed with in aftronotnical euAo^fiu 1340 Ooopowder and guntfirft invented by Swarts. • PK^ pf^Scii^gm i^i^; Edtqrsrd Ul.h»d{»i|r jifcv 9f aonnp. ijr^ijib,WW»b»Wf».W*W,fr»9»ll»? biftff rf firffo i l34obombiandiiiartari were invented. ^' k- Herald* coilege ioaituted in England. h^i^'mifff.v^i 1344 The firft creation to titles b; 1346 The baitle of Durham » 1349 ri^ otdqr jof the Q«irter cbnfifts of a6 knight*. i3jaTh«TurJ«fi*ft.ept6r ^ijropc. i I J54 The money In Scotland till how the fame ai in B|igl||i^. 1356 T^e haqtlp »f Ppi^liejfcMwh'Jib kipj Jq||p qf f rAf^fjefp^lOf f^o^re t)|^fil>|(r^Q{U7| by Edward (he Black Pl^fMie. < - 1 35 7 Coahfirft brought fpLopsPQ.' ; 1358 Armi of England and iPrance firfk qoartered bj Edward ni. 13^)1 Tbe law nlMdingi^o Evgbnd cbapged fn>;u fceof h t*Ep|Ufiii j)<> iif.ypnr ^J4- ward III. to nii people. John Wickliffe, an Eogliflunao hcgilpa ab<»>t thi* tijpf to pnpofe the errors of the cbvt0 of R«m,e with great acintcqers apd fpint. fltafoUftwerpuccall^ f.i>lliwd*. 1386 A company of linen*weavers from the Metbeilfnds cfiablijBvd ih Loodo^. Windforcaftle bnt^t hy V4y»vA HI. 1388 The battle of Otterburn between Hotfpi^r ai)d the earl qf Q^qglfs; 01; tbi^ ■■ Ipf n^ edihebalMofCbcvyChace, ■ < 1391 Cards invented in France ior tbe kiqg's amuOtm^^ 1399 Weftmmtter Abbey rebuilt and enlarged*- Wcfimitifier ball ditlp. Order of the Bath inftituted at the coronation of nenry IV. renewed in lya^ ijCt^ll'. fiftine of 38 knight*. 1410 GuildhaU, London, built. 1411 The univerfuy of St. A|idrev»;«ic£icoilan^',foui)ded. . . I 1415 The bart!y |*eter j3cb^9enfri who wveatad ■ th« ^ itsk A Nlw C N RoiroLocie A t Ti t l'i^. tfie 'nw4«-«f-aiA}ng the types in mitricei^ , Frederic Co^Det begtnfiti |iriiK at Oxford, In 146^, with wooden typei; kut it wai Wiliian Ceitoo, wb» ifitrodaced into EagUod tlie art of print dig trith fafile tjft* it 1474. t!i|46 The Vad^Utt Ubraity fonnded at R,OBie. The lea breikt in at Dort, in Holland, and drotrtwjeo^eoo people. 1453 Cooftaotinople taken by the Turki which enda the ieaftern empire, xi»3 yean (r«m its dedicatioei by Con&astioe the Great, and ajo6 years firoB the fonndatioo of Rone. 1454 The aiu«erfity of G!argow, in Scotland, founded. 1460 Engraving and etchh^g. in copper invented. 1477 The dbli^Hh.:]^ of Aberdeen, in Scotland, fonndcd. UJii RidtaiVl 111. king of England, and latt^ of the Plaougenets,ls defeated and killed at the battle bfBorvorth, by Henry (Tudor) VII. which i^u^* >» e'«^ to the civil Wat's tetVeeo the hisuf A of York and Laocafter, after a conteft of 30 years, idd the iols of too 000 men. i486 Henry tiUblilhes fifty yeomea of the gnards, th« firft Handing ilrmy. ' 1489 Maps and fea charu firft broaght to Bnglaod by Sarth Coltimbtis. l4J|i^llltaiMOroeyhpabticly teaches the Greek language at Oxford. 'V The Moorsbitherto a formidable enemy ^to the native Spaniards, are entirely fubdn- ed b^ Ferdkiand, flod become fltbjeA to that prince ob certain conditions, which are ill obferved by the Spaniards, whofe clergy eaplov the jiowcrs of the Inqaif'tion, with all its tortures ; and in 1609, pear One million of the Mo6r«are ddven Iroai Spain to the oppofite eoaft of Africa, from whence ihey originally camei '•■-'•' ■"'; t49t America firft di(oTered by Columbut, t Oenoefe, in the feirtice of Spain. ]4f>4 A^ebra firft known in Europe, ■497 The PortDgnefe firft fail to the jBaft Indies hy the Cape of Good Hope. South .^mericv difcovered by Americos Veipnfips, from whom it has its name. 1499 N. America ditto, for Henry VII. b^ Cabot. 1500 Maximilian divides the empire of Germany into fix circles tod adds four iaotf, i« 1501 Shillinga firft coined in Bn|[li(nd. XJ09 Qarddling introduced into England from the Netherlapdt, fMm whence vegetables , were imported hitherto. 151^ The battle of Flowden, in which James IV; of Scotland is kilkd, with the flower of his nobility. , ' 1517 Mahin Luther began the Rerorontios. t Egypt is conquered by the Turks. $Sli Magellafr^itt Wt fervice of Spain, firft difcoviers the ftraiu of that namie In Senth America. Ijao Henry VIII. for his writings in favour of popery, receives the tiile of Defender of the Faith frotn the Pope. l5>9The naaiie of Proteflant ukes its rife firom the Reformed protcfting againft the church of Rome, at the diet of Spires in Germany. 1534 The reformation ukes pkce in England, under Henry VIIL 1537 Religion* houfesdiflolved by ditto. 'S39 The firft Eagli& edition of the Bible aothoriked ; the prefect tranflation finlflied 1611. ^ . About this time cannon began to be ofed in fliips. 1.543 Silk ftockings firft worn by the French king ; firft worn in England by qneen Eliza. betb, 156 1 ; the fteel frame for wekvingunvented by the Rev. Mr. Lee, .of St. ibhn% College, Cambridge, 1589. 'iui firft u(ed in England before which time the ladies ufed fltewers. 1544^ Good lands let in England at one Ihilliaff per acre. 1545 Thfe famous council of Trent begins and continues 18 years. 1346 Firft law in England, cftabliihiog the intereft of money at tea per>cent. _ 1549 Lords lieutenants of counties ioftttuted in England. -^ .' i 1550 Horfe guards inftituted in England. SSSS The Ruffian compny eftablifiied in England. 1559 Queen Hicabeth begins her reign. 1560 The Refosaaation in S<:otland completed by John Knox. 1563 Knives nm made in England. ^ ., 1569, Royal Eichaoffe firft built. l57l,The great maflacre of Proteftants at Paris. fJ7*9 The Dutch (hake off the SpaniOi yoke, and the republic of Holland begins. Bogiifit Stft India Company incor^rated—eflabliflied 160a ' T urkey | 1589 •&'V .X' A M»w Ch EOMOLOblCAI. TabIKI v»n :tttmt wb* 4* ,3 yem from boadation of «|id killed tt k! to the dvU 30 years, aai sndrelyrubda- i^tioat. whieli powcri of the ^heMoOrtat they origiodly ipiia. »pe. hai hi n^e. li {bar taotp, i« konce vegetablM |th the flower of '^ J- ■ niune In Soath of Defender of ing againft the ,nflatioa finlflied by qneen Elisa* Mr. Lee, .of St. ent.- ^%^,i'' >.-d'- ^j- -.-->*'- ?\<' 3j'w ■■. Torkey eoaptny incorporated. f ijte Sir Franeii Drake returai from bit voyage roaod thb w^ddibeiog thefittt En^i^ eirnin- navigator. . • . Parochial rogiuer firft appointed in England. 138s Pope Gregory introdncea the Hew Style in lulyt th« jtb •( OAobcr bcbgcoont* ediJF. i 1583 Tobacco firft brought from Virf^ia into Eoftbod. IJ87 Mary qneen of Scouia beheaded by order of £lt«abetb, after 18 yeara inprifoair' ment. fj88 The Spaniih Armada dcftroyed by Drake andothcr Englifli Admirals..' Henry IV, paffet the edi A of Naatx, tolerating the Proieftanti. ^ 1589 Coaches firft introduced into Enghnd ; hackney adt ligij : increafed to xooo^ ia 1770. * , . H90 Qand of penfioneraioftitated in England. 1591 Trinity Collcgo, Dublin, founded. IJ97 Watches firft lirooght into England from Germany. l6oa Decimal arithmetic invented at' Broges. stej Qaeen Elisabeth (the hft of the Todori), dies, and nominates Tames VI. of Scotland (and firft of the Stoarts) as her focceffor ; which onite? both kingdoms under, the name of Great Britain. 1605 The Gunpihvdcr plot difcovercd at Weftminfter ; being a projeA of the Romaa catholics to blovf up the kioR and both houfei of parlumtat. 1606 Oaths of allegiance firft adminiftered in England. i6q8 Galileo, of Florence, firft difcovers the fatetlites abont the planet Saturn,, by the tdc- fcope, tb^ jnft invented in Holland. l6to Henry IV. is murdered at Paris by Ravilliac, a prieft. 161 1 Barons firft created in ^^land, by James I. 1614 Napier, of MarcbefUm, in Scothnd, invents the logarithms. Sir Hugh MiddletOo brings the New River to London from Ware. 1616 The firft permanent fettlement In Virginia. ' 1619 Dr. W* Harvey, an Snglifliman, dilcotifers the do'Arlne of the cirenlation of the Renlar poftseftabhflied froin Lonidon to Scotland, Ireland, && 1640 King Charles difobliges his Scottiih fubjcAi, on which their army, tender general begins. x6>0 The broad filk manufaAory from raw Oik, introduced into England. l6ai New England planted by the Puritans. l6a5 King James dies, and is fuccceded by his fon, Charles I. * The iffland of Barbadbes, the firft Englifli fettlement in the Weft Indies is planted. 1631 The battle of Lutsen, in which Goftavns Adolphns king of Sweden, and head of the Proteftants in Germany, is killed. 163^ Province of Maryland planted by lord Baltimore, "egnlr — * ---•^•'-l ^ ,^ ^ — ^ » -Chi ilelley, enters England, and takes Ne'wcafile, being encouraged by the mslcoR* tenu in England. .The maffacro in Ireland, irhen 40,000 Englifli proteftants were killed. 1649 King Charles impeaches five members, who had oppofed bis arbitrary ^eafares, which begins tho civil war in England. 1643 Excife on beo-, ale, ttc. firft impofed by Parliament. 1646 fipircopacyaboUlhed in Eogland. 1649 Charles I. beheaded at Whitehall, January 30, aged .49. i6j4 Cromwell afl'ume* the prbte)^or(hip. 1655 The EngUOi, nndcr'admiral Peon, take Jamaica from the Spaniards. 1659 Cromsrel) dies, and is fucceefiedin the protedorlhip, by hiifon kichard. . 1660 King Charles II. is reftbred by Monk, commander of the army, after an ciile 01 twehre years in France and HoUand. Epifcopacy reftored in England and Scotland. 1660 The people of Denmark, bemg opprcffed by the nobles, furresder thisir privileges |b Frederic HI. who becomes ablolute. t66a The RopI Society eftabliflied in London, by Charles II. 1663 Carolina planted, in 1738, divided ipto two fcparate governments. 1664 The New Netherlands, in North Atterica, conquered from the Swedes and Dutch, bythcEnglitb. 1665 The plague fagea in London, and carries off 68,000 perfons. 1666 The great ^re cf LGnduo began Sept. a. and contiuued three days, in i^hich were dcftroyed 13/3CO houfes, and 400 ftrce'ta. Tea firft nfed in Eogland. 1(67 The peace ol Breda, which confirms to t))e Englifli the New Netherlands, now ' ■■■■■•. - ■ ■ ' ^ , known -Turkey ipf^ A Hi # C n ik c ti'O i 601 1 kt T a * t k. -A St. Jame*'* Ptrk piuted, and nadc a thorongh fare for bv^le dft ht Chirkt II. l6)po Th« Unghtk Hodroa'tBaj CoMIMDy hitm'piilifguj^. m6j% Le^flfXrV. ttlfti'fittMty^at imH «ir ttdllaind, *leti the IHltk ofen tfirir flrf^ . beiogrijeteniiiaedtoldrowa their conntrj, and retire to tbeirfettleiieitii in the Baijllplieh itrftkit cihAiMf eftiMMbed. ., : f V 1678 The peaee ef ffinaKnei), The hafistt etkpHi tA fiSa. 1680 A great cmict ^p4*ttA, AddfrtoOi in ae^fUak » oKT ^tti, alutttd Ai fafbiiitaiitk rtcdoiihe^viilBItf rrdOl AtfV. J, ttf Mih£ 9. WiUia* Khn, a Qnaher, receives a charter for piantiDf Pennfylvaifhi^ 168 j India aock Ibid from 360 to 500 per cent. 1685 Charles IL dies, aged SS i *i>(i >• fucceeded hr his brother ]aai«!t tt. The duke of Moomonth, liAtttral foil ti Chf fiei l(. NifM * ret^tw, boe ir4efc«e« ed at the battle of Sedgenoor^aod hebetded '' Tfi* edid of Itaflti ftt^MMaitf r«roKcd by Utrit XIT. ;|od the protcfhratviridf]^ peflecBted. 168; The paiac« of VerfaHlei, near Parity Sniihed by Le'trls Xf?. 1688 The Reirolnilon in. Great Biitiitt«{igiii|, ]^6¥. J. ^^Bg JUB^ tbdltftO^ add re^t toFraDce,DtceiitiDer3. '^ - 1689 Kinfi William and queen M*ry , datrghttr and t^ ia-h* to Jataa, »« pMttahiRcI ^ Fellrnart t6. Vifcount Dundee ftands out for Jaoset in Scotland, bat iilHIed bj general Mac< key^ at the battle of Ritlycntfkk, upon nAUH 0i Hij|bhmdert, wuiiii iMtli repeated misfortnoof, difocrfe. ;1 / The tondtM palled i* Eftgkild. v '. . -.n^ The toleratMhfdl paired ihditfd. " , Several iMlhopa are deprived for nit talteg th^ ^ todcltg "WlUVnr. '. ' ' \ 1600 "fhe battle of the tape, gtintfd bf WUKiii agiSnll JuAei, in Ai^Iiiftd. 160 1 The War in ircJnod finiflud. bjr the flirrender of Vutenek to WUIiaali. i69» The BagTiih ffid &a^ lUekii cottiliaiided by ".dtalrtf Roll^f, dtfett tM PMhcl fleet off LwHogue. , . ' • ' xtej BMoiMts Mthoead of loftded okuflecti flrQartftlbjr tSd Ffdtdt il|«iBft tbr CMff deratet in the battle of Turin. . The diichf of HanOvfr inale At ninth ^aotratb* B%nk (rfAigland eftablifhed by Uaf Wltliini. The firft public lattery Waa dra#A fhii yeaW Maflacre of Highlanders at OlenuM, byktaig WilIiMh*i (M«pt , ~' fedf33,and willimreignfalotte. J694 Queen M«rf ^di^Uthe egei ., atamp daUik'ioffltutedinEligtand 1694 T-he 'peace ofltyfwick. z^ > wti$ The Scot* t^tOkii « «Blony at ihe ifillaiils bf I^!e«» b Abieilfti, iikf i^al It Calc' dtaia. \, ' ' ' *• ' 1^09 Charba Xll. of Sweden begins his reign. Kint JanoiesIL dies at St Oerm8int,in the 6M y«U of hi* a^. lyol Piuffia erefted into a kingdom. Society for the propagfatioii of the Gdljptol in fote^ ptfU eftabllAcd. 170* King William dies, agol <(v and Is fucceeded by que«9 Ann, daughter t6 Jnc^i IL who with the emperor and Stattis General, renews the witr agaioA F/aneojiid Spaflt. ■:B704 ffibnhsr la&ea from the Spaniards, by adtnirnl Rooke. '.*. The battk of Bldttheim, #on by the dukft of Mulborotogh and alMer, ngftnS the French. ''. ' ,,„:./'■:.&, ■Thn coaet of Exchequer infiitot^ fa) EndaluL ItoS The treaty of Uaioo Betwixt Eneland and Scotland, flgtfed July %t The battle of Ramillies won by Marlborough and the allUs. < ^ 1707 The firftBritlfli ^parliament. . ^ f 708 Misemtidten from the Spaniards by general Stanhope. The battle of Qudenarde won by Marlbdrough and the •liie*. Sardinia eredrd into • kioedom, and given to the duke of 8a**by. 1709 Peter the Great, ciar of Mufiiovy, defeats Charles XIl- at Pulcowii, i»htf iltesto T«r* ki*- ' ' The battle of MalpUquet won by Mirlboroogh and the atfita. 1710 Qi»«>> Anne changes tbc Whig liiniftry for othelra more fM«aHbte tft thtf intereft of ibcrfitppofed brother, ch«Utc.Pret]|rhaiB', and tt^d* Ton** Bay, io North Aownca, wora yialdad to Or^t flritaio ; OiValtar and MI* norca,iu Barope, were alfo confirmed to the faid crown by this maty* ZX>4 QgecD Aane die*, at the age of joaad il fncceeded by Ocorgi; I. , Intareft reduced to fire per cent. . ! ' . 1715 Lewi* XIV. diet, cndtiiAlcceedad by hit greatgrandfon, Lcwii XV. '-V' ThorobellioB in Scotland bcniqi in jept; under the Karl of M«r,Jo favosr of th« Pretender. The aftion of ^erin-ihuir, and the fa/fender of PrelMiai both ioi ,.'iu- Navettbcr, when the rebicU difperfe. tyio The Pretender married to the princefi Sobiefliti, gnnd-danghter of J^tin Sdbieikl,' latekiaitof P<4aad. An aAptlGsd for fepteoniai ■atliamanta.' 1719 The MilGflippircbent at iti height in Prance. ^ ^^i^ Lonbe'* filb tbrawidg oiMhua containing t6,j86 wh'^elf, eroded it tyuVf itiimt vp one eighth of a mile ( obe watir wheel movet th6 re A ; and in i4 bonr^ \i work* 318,504,960 yards, of owanaioe filk tbretd. Tha Soath'Sea.fcbeme in Soglaodbqpin . AprU it wai at iti height at the and rf Jane, and quite fuok aboat Sdptenber 99. lyty Kfaw Oeorge die*, io the 6Sth year of hi* age { and K tucuddi by faSi only fdn, George II. Inocnlation flrft tried on crimioil* iKth fucdeft. Rnflla, formerly a dokadom, i* now eAabliflied a* an enpire. ^. SJi% Kottii EUuw, uforpa At Pcrfian throne, conqoer* tlte Mogul enpire, and return witlj twohnhdred uiirtj-onomiUiona fterliog. ^ Sararal, public fpiritedientlemen begin the fettleniient of Oieorgia^n North 'Ai^rles; I7j6 Captain- Portcon*, havuig ordered hi* foldicn to fire «pon the poj^Iace at ^ ex> eentlon of a fmvggier, it biofelf hanged by the mob at Edinburgh. t7|8 WeftaBiofter-Bri4ge,cpniifting of fifijeen ariehei, befnn 1 fliniihed in t7jo,tt the ex* pence of 389,0001. defrayed by parliament. 1739 Letter* of marque ilTaed oat in Britain againft Spab, Jiily %t, and war ^declared O^toberat. 1743 Th« battle of Oettingcn won by the BngUflli and alliei, in fatonr of thcqaeen qf Huogary. 1^44 Wsf decUred againft France, Commodore Anfoo rctumi from hb voyige nmpd tM world. 1745 The alUealbfe the battle of Fontenoy^ Tb" reballioa break* out in Scothuid,and the Pretendtr'4 anaf defsatedbf lh« ' aakeof Cumberland, at Calloden, April 16, 1746. 1746 Britiih' Liiten Company ereAed. I74t The pcan of Aix«la-Cbapeile, by which a rcftittition of all placet tiltdl AUiag the war waa to be made 00 all fidet. 1749 Hie intereft of the Britiih fund* reduced to uree per c«it'j . Britiih herring fiflicry incorporated. 1751 Frederick,prince of Walei, father to hi* prefent majefiy, die4i Antiqnarian fociety at London incorporated. :^' .' I73> Theoewftyle inuodueed in Great JBritaio j the third of S«fti^l^jf I^Bg^Gonntcd the fborleenth, • r - 1753 The Britiih mufeumereAed at Montagu houfe. / . Society of Artt, ManufaAure*. and Commerce, infiitated iiK LmdM. 1755 Lifboo dellroycd by ah earthquake. s 756 146 Bngliflimen are confined in the black hole at Calcutta, in vHe Baft Ia£<% by 91^ dt." of the nabob, and 113 found dead next ttoirning. Marine fociety eftablilhed at Londoi). 1757 Damien attempted to alTaifioate th S96j Hia Majefhr'a royal chuter pailed for incerperating tke focietj of Htift» An a A paflcd anaexing' the fovereigBtj of the illand of Maa 10 tin craara of Great' Britain. 1766 April 91. a fpot or aacula of the fan, nore thaa thrice dw Ugaaft of oar earth, paflBd the fon'a centre. X968 Acad«iny of paintiag efiablifliM in London, The Tnrki imprifon the RuiGan ambaftdor^ and declare war agidaft that eonke. i;^7l Dr. Solander and Mr. Baoki, io hia majefty't Slip the Badeavonr, lieot. QoSk, !•• tara from a voyage round the world, hatiag nade fevertf i«iMrta«dUiMTerict in the Soath Sea*. t]Ji The hing of Sweden changea the eoaflkatioo of that Uagdon. TbcVreieDdernariie* aprincela of Oerauny, grand>daoghtar of Tboaua» kte earl ofAylalbory. The emperor of Germany, etnprefa of Rnflia, and the king of Pnifia, ftHb the ktaf of Poland of great part of hia docainioni, which they divide ameiigtBeiplelTea, in violation of the moft folenn treatiet. tfj$ Captain Pbippeia fent to explpre the North Pole, bat baviny nade tt||htv- one de> greea, it (n dangerof being locked np by the ice, and hia atteaiff to ttftovera paifage ia that quarter provet frnideri. / V The Jefuita (Xpeded from the Pope'a doniniona, and Aipprcftbd by UabaN, Aag. 15. The Baglilh Baft India Company liaving, by conqneS or treaty, acqoired the catea* five proviocea <^ Bengal, Grin, and Baha, coouiaiag fifteen mliioa of inhaU> tantt, great IrrMokritica ire committod by thrir fcrvoata abraad, apoe which go* vemnae^t iotcrKcea, and fonda ont judgea. Sec for .the bettor adaiiaiftratloB of 'jnfticei The wa* between the RulBana and Turka provea difgraceftil to the latter, who loTe tbe-ifflanda ia the Archipelago and by fea are every whera^afaceifiilL Syy 4 Peace i« proclaimed between the Rufliana and Tarka. The Britifli. parliament having pafled an ad, laying a daty of ih f e a peae c per poOad apon ^ teaa importied into America ; the colonlfia, coafideriog thia ua griev* aace, deny the right of a Briiiih parliameqt to taxihcia. Depatiea firom the feveral An^wican cdoniea meet at Philadelphia, u the firft gent. raicongrefs,Sept.5. Pirft petition of Cjangrefa to the king, Kov. 1775 April 19, The firft ^aAionhappeaa ia America betweca thaUng'a tNapaandtkt provinciala at Lrxing'on. t775. May 10, Articlea of confederatioa acd petpetnal anion between dw Amerfcan fn« vincea. Jane 17 A bloody aAion'at Bunker'a Hill, between the rojal troopa aodlhc Aaetl' caoa. 1766 March 17, The town of BofioB evacuated by the Uog'a troopfc » • Aa unfaccebful attempt in July, made by commodoie Sir Peter Parker, and lieute^ otnt general Clioton, upon Charlea Town, in Sooth Carolina. The Congrefa declare the American coloiuea free and independent Aatca, Joly 4. The Aaaericana are driven inm ^ong Iflan^, Mew York, in Aogoft, with *Nat bTv and great numbera of them taken prifonera ; and the city oi Hew Voikia after* warda taken pofleflioh of 1>y the kiag'a troopi. December 35, General Waihingtop takeapoo of the Heffiaaa prtfoaera at Trentooi Tortnre abeuihed in Poland* '977 "OMiar^ H6we ukea pofleflioo of PMiadelphia. ; .-4, j^UMteaant-general Burgoyne ia obl|ged to fhnender hia arm]^ at Saratoga, in &»» T ' ada, by convention, to the American army under the comnand of the generali Qatea and Arnold, 0& 17. 1778 A treaty of alliance concluded at Paria between the French kin^ and thefbirteea abited American coloniet, in which their independence laackaowiedged oj^ tm coart of France Feb, 6. The remaiaa of the earl of Chatham interred at the public cspence ia Weflnuollcr Abbqf , Juae 9, in coamuenct of a Tott of pailiaracDt. IFhi ,A N't « C« aOMOI«0« Oraoadfe lakoi by the Freoch, July s. 1780 Tortare in coart t ol iaftkc ■holifliad ia France. Tbe tt^ifitian akoldhad io tba4ake of Madanal* daadalaai. Adaniral Rodaey takes twenty-two fail of Spanifh Otipt, Jan. 8. Tite fa«M adaiiral alfe eogatet a Bpknifli net andcr tha aooiaiaad of Dan Jato d» I^aapnra, near Cape 81. ViodeM* aad tafcet five fiiipi af the Une, «aa more driven oa ultre, aad another blown up, Jaaaary 16. Imiral Rodney aad tha 1 W 'W< da Ouldian, in tha Wefl !«• Tkne aAieaekat' oiee, ia the inonthf of April aad May ; bot ootte of them dedfivc. Charlet Town, Soatk Carolina, rnrrendvra to Sir Heary ClioMn, May 4. PeaiiMoiai aad the whole prMinoa of Weft Florida, furreader M tbe ama el die king of Spain May 9. " The pretended Proteftaai:Affocia«iettttti tha nnikar af jtfioojf ap to tke Hovik of ComaMMH, wiflf thek pttitioti for the repeal af ka aA pcCtd » favour d'' the Pa« pifla. fuaoSi. Thu event followed by the moil dariagf riot* ia the citv ef Loadoa and b Sonth> aaarkjlar Ctvaral fuecaffive dayv. in which fuae Po^iih chapcli are delUviyadi u- gether with the pnfoni of Newsate, the King's Bench, the Flait, fkvaral private Gndfca, dta. Thefit ahlrak-im i^t are at length fapprafled by tbe iatupofition of the nilitary, and tnaoy i f the rioters tried and executed for ftlaay. Fi%e Bnglilh Bsft indiantad, and fifty BoRKik narchant ftlpa bound for tkd Weft la- dia^ takkn by tha cew ki ned iecta of Fraacc and Spaia, Aug. t. Ball CorUvralUa obtains a figaal vfAory over general Oatet, near Oa«idea,ia South Carolina, ia which above looo American prifonert are taken, Auf. 16. Mr. Laareostlste prefident of ih« Mbgtels, takea ia an AaMrlcanpacket, nciar New* foaaAaadftept. j. .•cnaal Arnold defertt the fervice of the Coagrefi, efckpci to MeW York, and ia itaade a kilgadiar>gaB«ral ia dm royal fervice, Sept. 04. .jt ' Major Andr^adiaaat-getteral to the Britifli amy, haa|dd as a tpj at v^pao, io tbe province of ^ew York, O A. a. Mr. Laaraaa is aonnitced prifonar to the Tower, oa a akaltte of high treaibaf O A . 4. Drcadfal harricaaes in the Weft Indies, fay which great devaftatioa Is aiadeinja« ouka, Barbadoes, St. Lucia, Doaiiaiea,.aad other iflaads^ Oft. 5. aad Idi A deeluatiaa of hoftilitiei pabliflied agiinft Holland, D«c.'«q. 1791 The Dutch ifland of St. Euftatia uken by adaiiral Aodaay dkd geaeral Vaughan, Feb.s. Retakeb br (he French, Nov. ay. Bad Comwallis obtahis a viSory, but with confilcrable lofs, ottr the Americana under general Otaon, at Oaildford,in North Carolina, March 15. The iflaad of Tobago taken by the French, Juoe a. A bloo^ eaitageBant fought between an Baglifli &|aadraa imder Aa eomdiand of admiral Parker, and a Dutch fquadron andcr the conaauud of aoaitral Zoocoian, off tbe Dogger^baak, Aug. 5. -^JbriCarnwallia, with a ci»a(iderable Britifli army, furraadcrad ptffoaers of war to tha American and Frroch troops, under the command of Oeoeral WalhtngtOBn and count Rochambeau, at York town, in Virginia, OA 19. V7t> Triacdmale, oof the iiUnd of Ceyloa.takea by admiral Hoghes, Jan. If . Minorca furrendered to the arms of the king of 4paio, Feb. 5. Tha iiland of St. Chriftapher taken by the FreiKt), Feb. Si. The iSand of Nevis, in tbe Weft ladies, taken by the Fraatb, Feb. (4. MoDtftrrattakaabythe Preach. Feb. fta. mw boafe of conaoiu addrelt the king agalaft My ftfihar ^oAMtioli tlMMn ■;¥ ■;;; *?<9 .A'^Hiw CRaoN oir.o^^rC'^ » -71x41, f^ 1 )V«r (W rhf comiMstof North AiiMric*, March 4, tad rdUtna, that lb* houHi wmM «oald«c sII thaft •■ MMaicA t* hife ni*i«(ly,apth eleven fliip*, beat off, ntavthe iOaod of Cayioar'thei^rencll '^ «dBiinJ.$ttffr«in, with t«al«a fbipoof the lint, after a (tfM engagement, ia ' which both flwti loft a great nombcr of men, April 13. v 1 j .. 4 Thareroltttien of th4hottfaof comino*a«clatiogt»Joluii WiUt«8,cf^aadlha Mid« dlebg tleAi^n,si8cd Feb. 17,1769. rofcindM' May, |. . .1 •Tl^ bill to'repeal toe declaratory a^ of Ottegn 1. r«latiT«>to tbeleiiflaiion of Ireland received the royal affent June ipb Th« Fren^ took and dcftrdyed the fortaand fktilemeati in Httdfbn'a Bay Aug. 14. The Spaniard* defeated in their grand attack on Gibraltar, Sept. 13. ^ Treaty coo'clodcdbotwiit th« tepiiibli* of Holland and the UnitcdStniM of 'Ameri« ea,Qa. 8. . FroVtfianal'arciclta of poaca fignad at Pari* between the Bribih and Amettean com* miffiontra, by whicn the Thirteen United American colonic* aro acknowledged by hi* Briiaonie majcfly to bf free, fovoreign, and independent fUtaa, Nov. jq. 17I} PraliAiinary nrtide* of peace between hi* Brfaaook majefty, and th« klago of Franct ' andSpain, fignedat VerfaiUe*,Jait. 90. , - The yrdA of 8t. l^atrick bflitnted.FjBb. 5. ; TJircc eanbqnakc* in Calabria Uheiior and Sicily, daftroyiogiji great nomberof towna and inhabitant*, Feb. 5, 7, and, 48th. 1 , ' ;. AMiifUte betwivt Oreat Britain and Holland Feb. lOk -The ifirft ahf balloon let offin Pari*,b7 M. Montgtolfier, Aeg. %r. Ratificatiob of the definitive treaty of peace between Great Bntaiii,-Fntace, Spain, tindtbeUniteilSutctof America, Sept 3. '° : . The tttj of Londoti wait oo the king with «n addte^ of thank* for difinilfing'the . coal^ioaoiiBi^y, Jan. 16. m Tb^ great fcal fioleQ from the Lord IZhai^eUoi** honfe'ln Great Ormpnd-ftrcet March 14. . t The ratification of Ibepeecewitb America arrived, April y. The definitive treaty ol peace between Great Britidn and Holland, May. %4: The memory of Handel commemorated by a'gcend jebilett at WefimiafleriAbbey, May a6. Proclamation for a pnbiie than |tfg!v}og, Jeiy s. Mr. iLunardi alcended in a balodn from the ArtilIery>gtennd*MoorfieU*, tbefirfl at* tempt ef the kind ia Bnghwd, 3cpt. 15. ^U Vf5 »bail feafta abolifiied in Ipain, except for pion* or patriotic nfa by ediA» Nov. 14. ilencbard add Or. Jeffcnca went mm iMver to Calaia iii ap air beUooa, in aboat two hour*, Jaa. y. ' , ^ . A tr)^ty of confedmey to preferve the indivifibiiity of the Oermu empire, entered inteVy the king of Prutfie, the eieAor* of Hanover, Saxony, MeQte(Maf.S9. liL de lUmer end M. Romain decoded M Boulogne intending to crof* the channel ; in twenty minwteithe balloon took fire, nod the acronantf came to tbegroend and were killed on the iipot, June 14. The toll wa* taken oft filack>Friar » bridge, June si. \ !|rhe preliminarie* of peace figned between the emperor :end Holland, u Pari*, 6e»t.se. • The aboxe power* figoed the definitive treaty, and a treaty of aUiaace between France atidtbe Dutchon the i6tb. Nov. 9. Dr. 'Seabvry, an American iniffionary^ wu conftitpted biihop of ConneAicut by five ' noB'jnriiig Scotch prelate*, Nov. 17S6 The king of Sweden prohibited the ufe pf torture io hi* dominioni. Cardinel Turlone, highjoquifitor at Biype, wee publicly dragsied out of hi* karriagf by an incenfed multitudi* for his erue^, endhong on a guMt so feet high. Commercial ueat^r figned i)fNVecn Eogland and France, Sept %6, 41lfiP0 3 per cent, ftockt^iranef erred to the hndgrave of Heffe, for Heflian foldier* ' loft in the American vntrilt 30^1. a map; Nov. »i. ICr. Adam*, the American ambaffador, pjrefented Pr. White of Pennfylvaoia,*nd Dr. Prpveft of New York, to the archbiihopof Canterbury, to be confecrated mTnop* for the United State*. They were confecrated Feb.'4. 1787. M|t hU» Bttt|u,tt the bar of the boufi; of Lord*, in the name of tU the commoM of Gceat If t lb* hoar* »ho IhouM «r«r on the • co«iBaii4 ,'tlutfreacll igemcnti iQ' idth* Mid' . .'1 in tt Ireland J A«g. S4« • of 'Ameri* wrtcan corn* teowle^ged •,No». 39. ft*IFrMC« t mnbarof 'r^cc^ Spaloi libnifliog'th* mpnd'fireet iafleriAbbef, «,tiwfirAat« lia»Nov.t4> >,inaboot lire^ entered " If «9- the chtnnel; tbegrotod b4i at Parii, tween France Ucntbjfite AMiw CattM« t^o • 1 c A L T A ■ 1 1. 10^ Britalp, iapcacfacd Warml Haftinyi^ late gnrmor general of Bengali of high • crioieaMid laUiUBMwaourt, May tr. r, Xftj The king, hj letiera patfot, ercAed the proviiice of Mow Beoda iato • bifliop'a fet( and amoiottd Or. Chmrlci login to be the bilhop, Ang. 1 1. ' lytl lo t|M carif part of OAobcr, the ttrft iymptomi appeared of a lever* diferder, which afflMM onr graciona farereign. On the fixth of Norenber thejr were vcrv i> • Jarminff, and en the tUrteoflth a form of prayer for hi* recovery waa ordered by the privy council. i;f9 Hia niaiefty liraa pronounced to be in a Hate of Goovalefcence, Feb. 17. and to be fiori fromcompUint, Fib 9$. A general tbaakfgivinx for the king** recovery, who attended the ferviee at St. Paaltr with a great proceffion, April a j. Revohiiioa id mace, capjore of the baftiie, execntton of the governor, ftc Jely 14. (790 Orand confederation io the Champ de Mart, J aly I4< ^791 la coafcqoence of Ibme gentlemen oaceiing to commemorate the French revolotion !■ Binnitagham, on the 14th of Joly, the mob atofeary, 011 the part of Briuin termbatw uafucceiafttUy } Lord Malmcfbory ordered to quit Paris in 14 houra. 1797 Dreadful mutiny in thCiBritiih fleet at Portbaoutht is quieted by conciliatory meat- urea, again breaks out with greater violence at the Nore, and proreede to the moft defperate extremities; is fupprclTed, the ringleaders tried and ex'ecntOiJ. ](798 Dreadfol rebellion i« Ireland ; maKial law is proclaimed ; atfterthegr^^teftexertlMa the rebellion is quieted, and a great numbers of the rebels executed. One of the moft brilliant naval viAiwies which adorn the hifiory of 6rc8t Britaiti gained by adqiiral Melfoo off the mouth of the Mile t and the Ftooeb fleet t*« tally deitrayed. 1799 The emperor of Germany, provoked by the conduA of the French, declares war a- gainft them ( is joincid by RuSa { tne French defeated and compelled to retire frith prcdpintion fima their coaqucfit. [fhiskarriagf et high. leffianfoldiert ifylvania,snd confecrated tou of Gceat Brittil^ I .f i rJ i l i llS^r iU 'W i K* ! il l , iiii ' i rl I I wfrfl iilii ii i fcjMr i 'r i l i "u lr| - |lia»lMiMi4.4hw>tHl ( «t^ ) ME^I. of LEARNING and GENTas* - kiftm MtHtt lm»ym, $tt jIg* in wkiA ik— uiwr tad myphtf v 49r PjrtinfoMM, f ^mdw of tft* P/tkagorMo phiiofophy ta «gkM«u Fn$*r, 4U ViaiUtUMtatmklftUfmt. Irt/I.^, 4t i nmUmulitl OrwM, Um ftrft writer «! profttai hiaorv. Uulthrm, 407 AriflvffeditotdkOrMhCKmepMt.fl. Wtit*. larirM««tlMaffMktraKiepo«. IKMiMiL lOi SepliMk% ditto. FrmMim, Fptn. dMfldM. llM CWMfa philal a«inuMk«'iw fpndiref toorslphilafaphf, in OrMM. TiMKfdida«rd^OrMkUftariM. toM. HMm, Ii»Uh4. ttrmntii. ftii Hippocrttci, the Oreck phyflden. DlM»Ht»ii> the Or^ jikilafcpher. Ijft J(M<)|dio»^ M4 3bMM, fender ttf theAoie pkilof^hy io ditto. 4M CallttttdlM,tbe Oreek elegiac poet. Tjtbr. . mB ArcMawdM, the OMak gcoaetridaB. ^ 159 T4rcBC4ief€«rthafe, the Latin conic poet. CMom. . ^5 ^idgvMk, of Ba^lao, the ikoic philofopher. f «4 Ptdykiw. dPOreaco, the Oreek aod Roaaa hiikoriaii< H mmf l m, 54 Lvci^etiui, the Btoman peat. Crttti. 44 JaliM Ciirar, iIm lUMaa hilkoriaa aiid cooratcoutor, kilkd. Duntm, DiodoroaSkuiM, of Greece, the aiiiveri'al UAorian, tL Mttlhi Vitruviui, the Roman archited,fl. 43 Cicero, the Rotoan orator and vhiloropher, put to dulh. GuHrit, Mjmtiit C«E«nft>>Hiftorian.- Hay. Iff A»id,-lki»«riKM> elcKiac poet. Gtttb. >' t |irir|ttlli"w|lU^wit pnilofophet and phyficiao, fl. Grim, flJ5-|lerai|[fc^|||Mkeak geoarapher. m^ 1^ Pltslliu^^irRbounfabulia. Smmft.^ " 45 Pjtt(rcalii«, the Romaii biftorian, fl. Nrwemu, Alexaader fiXvi-t \ ^ QSiuoi Ci^^jlKittiabtf ^ -M Dify. Uw^ €4 ^M* 4|f LaAi 79 Winy 93 Jof«l»l p4Jipia( 9S Qoioi yd Statin 98 Lutiai . 99Tbdtt 104 Martii ▼alerj 116 Pliny I 117 Suetoi 119 Plnun 1*8 JuTena 140 Ptolen I/O JuOip, 180 Laciau Marcu 193 Oaleo, soo Oiogea AS9 DionC %S^ Origen • HerodJ tjS Cyprtai ft73 Longio 310 LaAani J36 Ariu% I 343 Bolitbhi J79 Bafil, hi 389 Orevorj i97 Anbrofi «i5MacrDbi 4*8 Emropei 514 Boating /as Ptocopft Hcre«oda ■Hskindarei wniew<>ber wu o«rintto fobrertedAc Saraftni, or I Btrbariant; \ •wingtbopn i«ral hiAorUn. Httltmi, 93 toftphvi, the Jcwifli kiftorhn. Whjfiui. 94^p!A*taSi the Orcck ftoic philofef li«r, i. Afn. £|«r«rw ^ 95 Quiotilian, the Roimli orator lad t^veooto. GaM»4f j. ^ A-C \ '.'„ ■ - *.■'■■" 713 Bede, ^jpn^tf Norlbamberland ; hiftory oithe BiiMki^ieolt, Ac 901 King Alntd ; nifiory, phOofophy, atid 'poetry. I»59 Matthew Paria,jDaoi^ of St. Alban'a} hifiory of England. •Ilyi Roger BacoD,3omer(«tfliires naturU phU^fophy. . 1308 John Fordah,.afpie&«f Memo-fhire, Hiltoty of Scotland. 1400 Geoffirr Cbawcer. ImmQoo j the fitther i68 Roger Al'cb|B| Torfcftiirc i phtl^log^ «01ip«dhe.literaTive. NSo,,-...'-! i>* "'«4ty *< " ?* * *' r ' ^-h- ..(?* ,.,*«^f«i<|jtei K> ».* fj. . hUbrv cf (N thwch •# I«mIm& 'lOd. •]3y; < A N tiw C N R.« N o 1. o I'e A ft ^-^ i .• » i. 19^ * 111* lUvvMi' JalM KncM. tk« ficotck rtfonaOT t Ik Kn Btmmt Backtaui, DMBbtrtwftIre i Hidory jitiet, lU. 1598 Bdmabd Sftattf, ImmIob | Fairy Qucm, u4 other poc«fc * S6i A t f BMimeni tad VlfKkar t j!l drtutmic pi««■ 6 Willitm Sfe»k«hy aod UMniara ta ■MtnL 16J4 Lmrd Ckid Jaftice Citkjh Norfolk t !•«• of BogUad. '^Jo VCD lokaftoa, London rj] dttaiqc piecM >^4l 8IrH«nnfpclinin, Norfolkt hwtamiantJfoitJofc ; >AJ4 Jolui ItldM, Saffex i antiqaidM and lava. 'if' *^' Willi^A Hif *ey, Kant ( difeoTuad tha drealation of Uw h' ■^7 AkrakawCowloy, London ; nlfcallaoeoua poatry. « >'74 .Jfoba MQtM, London ; Paradifa LoO. RcRainad, and varl .. . . . wrrfeand prob. * Hrd<, aarl of Clai andoo, WikikSrt | Hiaorf^pf cb^ r #il \ /.^ (a ^oglaad I6f5 Jamaa Or«inry Abardacn t mathamatica, gcuaatry, ar- >(' < 1677 Ravarand Or. Kaac Birrow, London t nat '/>: pkitoio|M , aaatkoniadca, ftrmoUa .fj, t6ta Samnal Butler, Worcafiarfliira t Hadibraa, <«'■'> If-' . m poan. '" l68i ThoBuw Otway^ London ; lo tragcd'ei and c< ae'dici, wUh other poaai. 1M7 BdMMnd Wallar, Boekit poem, t'p<.v«:h«:i, letien} &«. 16II Dr. Raipk Cndarorth, Somerfatfliira ; incellaAoaMyftew. ' 1989 Dr. Tkonaa Sydenhaa, Dorfentre; Hittory f f PbyQc. * . , 1690 Nathanial Lea, London; I (j^tragediei. 'L 'y Robert Barclay, Bdinbnrgk ( Apology for tna Qnakara. ' ' ' * S6)UI lleaoarabic Robert Boyle { natural and experimenial phUofonky ana flwWpgf. ,8irOcorm MTKeniie. Duttdeet Anttqukicturi Jawi of Scotland. 1494 tnkn Tillotlbn; arcbbilhop of CtBteroury, HiKfaK ; ai4 farnona. (697 Sir WiUiam IVmpIc, London ; politica. and polite literatnrb^ 1701 T af^AirejthcdicinelBioi, polht" r ?«« br. idonnd Hillc) « : i >v LMophy, ajbooffb-f , naviir Dfc RidMfd Bfttlky "^vi'A- - • > ^B?kr#^^ ' cHtkifm. ^^ . 1744 Alck^ide* Pope; ' -. . V , letterC t. . .uation of.2joln«^' . t74( Reverend Dr. Joi.«.> .«itt, i/ab|n ; poeoif, poiitici and letteri. I74f Odin M'Lparin, Argrleihire ; algebra, ^M <>/ Newton'a j^il^ophy* X748 Jamea TbomroD, RoiKaexbtbire t. SeaTonC^nd other poew8,WAifttagedi«9. 4948 Ravcraod Dr. Ifaae Watti Sonihanptoo ; logic, ph|Iof . .5 7 ; : • iSogUad* tlMmatio, vtA ft ^AMogy. r!e,poeim, Vir|> ■l ■■,'»■■ • smyt ttpji^ / ^J •gedics- and poL i» ciftrfj precep"