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Thoaa too l^ga to bo antiraly includad in ono axpoaura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand comar. laft to right and top to bottom, aa many framaa aa raquirad. Tha following diagrama illustrata tha mathod: Laa cartaa. planchaa, tablaaux. ate., pauvant Atra film4a i daa taux da rMuetion diffirants. Lorsqua la documant aat trap grand pour 4tra raproduit an un saul clichA. il ast fllmA i partir do I'angla sup4riaur gaueha. da gaucha k droito. at do haut an baa. an pranant la nombra d'Imagaa n^cassaira. Laa diagrammas suivants illustrant la m4thodo. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 r REPORT or ▲ itptrg, into THB CAUSE AND EFFECTS or TBI PROHIBITORY LEGISLATION IN TBI, NEW ENGLAND STATES. TOEONTO: PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THB GRAND DIVISION OP THESONS OF TEMPERANCE, C. W., J. DONOaH, PRINTIR, 57, KING "OTRKXT XAST. 1855. ^ m getic in op< beea if its appri ject a - 2. Alt ■ - oflat * altho the pi mean! ^ Engla before i&itte< 4'rh f'- T Pi- OF A Kingston, March 31, 1855. Sm, — I beg respectfully to submit to you, as the Head of tho Temperance community in the Province, the following Report of my visit to the several New England States, for the purpose of enquiring into the working and «flFects, of the Prohibitory Legislation there. I am not aware of having suppressed any fact, that might be considered as unfavourable to prohibition. I made it a point to ex^iminc into the cause. which, after many ineffectual struggles to chock the progress of iateiaperance and crime, led, ultimately, to the legal suppression. Those causes are also explained, they are the ten thousand immoralitiea ariting from the Lkerutd Trade in Liquors, The same cause is active in Canada ^ its effects are only evil and that universally and continually ; to re- move these etfects, toe cause itself must be removed Prohibition will remove the cause of these evils her$ «8 well «s there. , . >. I have the honour to be, Sir, Very respectfully and sincerely, Your obedient servant, , HANNIBAL MULKTNS. Hjlhilton R. 0'Rkii-i.y, Esq., G. W, P, S. T., &c. fee., Quebec. REPORT, ' I . 1. Introductory Remarks, For t;ome time past the subject of the legal prohi- bition of the traffic in intoxicating liquors has been, earnestly discussed in this Province. Indeed, since the iii'st enactment in the State of Maine for the sup- pression of the traffic, public attention has been strongly called to it in this country. It was a piece of Legislation so novel, so perfectly unique, that it could scarcely fail to attract the consideration of thoughtful men, or to engage the attention of other Legislators. The evils of intemperance are so open to view, so manifest, so numerous, so universal, and their ramifications so infinite, that all good men, necessarily, desire to see them lessened, yea wholly extinguished. It is nearly fifteen years since the doctrine of legal prohibition was first mooted and discussed in the public press in the United States, but it was not until 1851 that public sentiment on that snl^ect assumed a statutory embodiment, and became law. This was an experiment so singular And so important, it was hailed with such general admiration by the friends of sobriety, and was so vehemently denounced by those interested in the Traffic, that it became evident, that it would be watched with intense interest by all parties. On the one hand with the sleepless eyes of interested vigi- lance, and on the other by the watchful eyes of ener- getic philanthrophy. That experiment has now been in operation four years and upwards, and, if it has been successful, it is time that others should know it; if its effects have been baneful, tlte world should be apprized of the result, that ail illusions on the sub- ject as far as may be done, should be dispelled. 2. The Principle of Prohibition of British Origin. Although it is true that the doctrine of Prohibition of late years was revived in the United States ; and although the State of Maine was the first to embody the principle in a Statute, yet the doctrine was by no means new ; it was agitated in generations past in England, and so late as 1834 the question was brought b )fore the British House of Commons, when a com- mittee was appointed to examine and report on intem- perance. Sir RobertPeelwaschaJrman of that commit- tee, which drew up a most able report, and in conclud> ing their valuable labours, recommended ^nd unani- mously adopted, as a final measure for meliorating and removing the vast evils arising from the trafSc, the following resolutions : — 46.—" The Prohibition of the importation from any foreign country, or from our own Colonies of dis- tilled spirits in any shape. Al.—The equally absolute . prohibition of all distillation of ardent spirits from grain; the most important part of the food of man in our own country. 4«.— The restriction of distillation to the purposes of the arts, manufactures and medicine ; and the confining the wholesale and retail dealing in such articles to chemists, druggists, and dispensariea alone." Whatever merit or demerit may be due to the State which first carried the suggestion of " absolute pro- hibition," into effect, it is undeniably true that the principle, and even its initiation in practice, are of British Origin, and the conception of British States- men. 3. Importance of the Question. Since 1851, when the " absolute prohibition" sug- gested nearly twenty years before in the British House of Commons became the law of the State of Maine, the same question has been canvassed throughout the United States, and the British Colonies. Seven other States, beside Jtlaine, and one British Province, have passed severe enactments for the prohibition of the traffic; while eight other states, and two other Bri i It Colonies have had Bills for the suppression of the evil before their respective Legislatures. The ques- tion is therefore assuming a grave importance, not less politically than morally. The Parliament of Canada passed the second reading of a Bill for the suppression of the traffic by a great majority, and all parties seemed to vie with each other in desiring the destruction of the evil. It wa? natural that a ques- tion of such vast proportions, likely to affiect Societf to its very centre ; a question which would interfer* with the daily avocations of at least 10,000 families la. the Province, and which could be lookcid on only asoa. experiment among an earnest minded and resolute people, to put down intemperance, should be received by serioua men in very varying aspects. More par- ticular information was evidently needed, and it seemed only reasonable that the friends of prohibi- tion should afford evidence of the beneficial result of the experiment in those countries where the traffic had been suppressed, before they could fairly ask the strong arm of the law to interfere in this Province to break down the evil complained of, and instead of giving its sanction and shield to the traffic, to give it its ban, and society its protection. 4. Object of a Commission of enquiry to the State of Maine. The undersigned was therefore requested to visit several of those states, in which prohibition has be- come law, to ascertain its results, and to report thereon, and to state his convictions, after examina- tion on the spot, for or against a prohibitory law, and whether or not such a law would be likely to do good, and whether there was any probability of its doing harm. Those philanthropic people who sincerely de- sire the moral improvement of this young and rising country, and who justly attach great importance to the cause and success of Temperance in Canada, seek only for a salutary and just law, not one that shall outrage the feelings of Society, but a law based on the broad principles of humanity ; a law that respects the rights of every one ; that respects the health, life, purity, happiness, intelligence and morality of the people ; a law at the foundation of which lie those grand and divine prohibitions of all evil — " do unto others as ye would that others should do unto you :" " thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself." A law agitated in the spirit of faction, or carried in the spirit of faction, could answer no good end, would array society against it, would create dissatis- faction if not disgust, and would constitute itself a great barrier to the success of Temperance, since its basis would be unchristian and repulsive. A law must have the approbation of the moral feelings of Society or it cannot be enforced ; for hundreds would connive at its violation, believing it rather a virtue than a crime, for them to transgress. The question has been again and again asked, what necessity existed for Prohibition ? What has been the eftect of prohibitory legislation ? Are there any statistics touching these points, and illustrative of the benign agency of legal suppression ? Those who were not swayed by mere excitement, or by faction, have felt that it were better to have no law, than to have a law which the conscience of the people would not sustain; that it were better to wait a while and to diffuse information in the meantime upon the subject, than rashly to adopt a law that must prove a failure or cause a reaction : tnat in fine, if it were ascertained that the law in the neighbour- ing country had been useless, or had been productive of evil consequences ; if it had increased intemper- ance, if it had created vice and pauperism; if it had resulted in increased iniquity and crime; that, then it was not desirable to introduce the prohibitory ex- periment into Canada, as its effects were so sad and disastrous. Accordingly, the instructions of the un dersigned contained the following paragraph:— " The object of your mission will therefore be to col lect all such statistical and other information as shall enable us fairly to judge whether or not the law hats had the effect of lessening crime and the other evils of society, and generally of ameliorating the condi tion of the human family where the law prevails ; whether, in short, the law has proved itself to be a blessing or otherwise. Although our object and aim is to promote the passage of a prohibitory law, it is proper when collecting evidence on the subject that nothing should be concealed as to its working trhlcif shall come to your knowledge, even though facts may be ascertained which may fairly militate against such an enactment. In fact, I mean to be understood to take the ground that if it should be ascertained that a law is not calculated to produce happy results to society, we do not M'ant it ; and if it is calculated to produce, and does produce such results, we need not fear any facts in connexion with its working." Such being the Mission, it was expected that the Commissioner would proceed in the spirit of candour to gather statistics on the subject of intemperance in general, that its evils might be more generally known; that he should ascertain the. beneficial re- sults of prohibition if such existed ; or the evil ef- fects, if such had really been produced ; that he should visit such public institutions as Houses of Reformation, State Prisons, Jails and Asylums, and collect all the statistical and documentary evidence in his power ; and furthermore, that he should obtain the testimony of men of integrity and distinction, of professional men, of the heads of pnblic institutions^ of divines, of legislators, judges and governors ; as to the baneful influence or beneficial tendency of the legal prohibition of the traffic in ardent spirits. In the execution of the onerous and important tru£t committed to him, the Commissioner visited the states of New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New-Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine, collecting facts and evidence in the several cities and states through which he passed, and he begs now respectfully to lay the result of his commission be- fore you, in as brief a review as the nature of the subject will admit. In relation to the Legislative prohibition of the traffic in alchoholic drinks, the questions which had ' most frequently occurred to the undersigned and for which he sought a satisfactory solution in his later visit to the United States, were the following : — Division of the Subject. ' I. Whether the evils arising from the traffic in that country were so numerous, and of so gross and iniquituous a nature, as to create a necessity for its' absolute prohibition ? II. Whether the Prohibitory Legislation there, has had a salutary effect in diminishing the evils alleged to arise from the Traffic ? III. And, thirdly, if so, whether there exists in Canada a similar necessity for the absolute Prohibi- tion of the entire traffic in Alchoholic drinks ? Statement of the Question. •.,.<^.^, These three questions seem to comprehend all that is essential to be said on the subject ; for if there was no necessity arising from the evils of intemper- ance for Legislative interference, and if that inter- ference has produced only baneAil results, then, if this be the case, no one can desire the Legislature ^ of Canada to interfere in the matter ; but, if on the contrary, the evils arising from the traffic were of so terrible a character that all preceding and existent laws seemed powerless to repress them, and if the respective Prohibitory Laws have had a salutary effect in other countries in diminish- ing these evils, then, there can be no doubt that Legislative action will prove as benignant here as there, and will have the same salutary effect. If these three questions can be fairly answered in the negative, prohibition is by no means and in no sense desirable in this country or in any country ; but if they can be fairly answered in the affirmative, then there should be perfect unanimity among all parties and classes to obtain the Prohibition of the traffic hsre by Law. This is a simple issue ; it resolvas the matti does conti destr pines Itcxl is vlt tive ease insat then ity, Tfie Liqwr Traffie.-^IU ^etU. 3 matter Into right or wrong. Is the Traffic virtuous, does It promote virtue ? Then in the name of virtue continue it. But reverse the question — is the Traffic destructive to virtue, is it ruinous to health and hap- piness, is it demoralizing In all its phases, wherever it exists is purity destroyed, is innocence corrupted, is virtue ruined, are families desolated, is it produc- tive of pauperism and crime, is there multiplied dis- ease and premature death, are there idiocy and insanity, in fine, ia the Traffic a Public Immorality, then in the name of humanity, in the name of Moral- ity, prohibit thfl traffic forever. I.— THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC— ITS EVILS. There are several reasons M-hich would amply justify any Legislature in prohibiting the traffic in ar- • dent spirits or in prohibiting the distillation of grains used for food by man. Such prohibition has lately been enforced by the Emperor of France, as a pre- ventive measure against general want or famine which reight ensue from a scarcity brought on in a large degree by the vast destruction of grain by distillatioL When it is considered that upwards of 45,00(),000, bushels of grain are annually used for the purposes ot brewingand distillation in Great Britain, there can be no question that the prevention o' scarcity, would jus- tify the immediate prohibition of the manufacture of all kinds of intoxicating drinks. The amount of grains thus destroyed in Great Britain by its 43,000 Brew- ers and 600 Distilleries has been ascertained for ten consecutive years to have been sufficient to feed 6,500,000 human beings annnually ; while the poor Bud pauper populations, the classes that suflFcr indis- cribably in years of scarcity in England, do not ex- ceed half that number. If the traffic should be found injurious to the reve- Tiue of the state as it is destructive to the property of Individuals ; if instead of adding to the Government funds it should subtract from them, that also would be considered a perfect justification of its prohibition. If in Great Britain the public revenue should loose £15,000,000 sterling anually, instead of deriving that vast sum from the traffic — if in Canada from Distil lers and shops for the sale of liquors, and also for the duties and per centum upon liquors imported, a reve- nue of almost £100,000 were not realized, political expediency would instantly demand the prohibition of the Traffic in spirits of all kinds. If then, Prohi- bition could justly be demanded for such reasons, as a preventive against scarcity, as a protection for the ilevenue of a country, reasons that are undoubtedly sound and sufficient, how much more urgently might it besought, how infinitely more readily should the Prohibilion of the Traffic be eflFected for that far more important reason, on account of itj public im- morality f Countless facts, statistics, incidents and testimony ■of unquestionable veracity, demonstrate the whole business in the manufacture, in the adulteration of liquors, ia its sale, in its effects, in all its infinite rami- fications as a fearful immorality. The man that looks abroad with impartial eyes cannot fail to see the evil in all directions. There is not a grade, a rank, a phase of society, where he does not see its immorality. Take for instance, out of multitudes of evidences, and illustrations of its immorality, the ef- fects of the traffic in reference to Pauperism, Crime and Insanity. If the traffic can even in a small de gree be truly proved to be productive of these evils, vho can for a moment deny the propriety, the neces sity of its immediate Prohibition ? If such effects were produced by it in the neighbouring states, it ceases to be marvellous in our eyes that the question of prohibition is canvassed most energetically throughout the length aad breadth of that great Federatiojo. I.— PAOTIBISIC. 1. During the agitation of Prohibitionin the a^oiii' ing States much useful information on Pauperism, Asylums for the young, on Poor Houses and other charitable institutions, was collected and diffused abroad. It became thus ascertained beyond all doubt that the pauperism in that country, and the prodigious expense of all their establishments for the .relief or for the instruction of their inmatei, might be traced directly in whole or in a very great proportion, to intemperance. The collection and publication of these facts and statistics run back as far as 1830 and cover the whole period from that time to this. It may here be stated that each coun- ty in the several States supports its own poor, and builds and keeps its own poor-house. The following tabular statement has been constructed with great care and from returns certified by the keepers of the respective Poor-houses, and may be relied on as cor- rect, as they were published under the authority of the State. A TABULAR STATEMENT Of Patiperiam in the several Counties of the State of New York, showing that a vei^ large proportion thereof whs the pjoduct of Intemperance, PAUPERISM IN NEW YORK. Poor Bouce fur eacb County. Allegany . . Broome • • • Cayuga. . . Chautnngue, Cnenanijo .. Clinton. . . Columlila .. Delaware. . Dutchess . . Erie Essex .... Franklin . . fienesee . • . Greene . . . Herkimer. • Jefferson . . Kings Lewis Livingston.. . Madison.. . . Monroe .... Montgomery. Niagara .... Oneida .... Onondaga • . . Ontario .... Orange .... Ot leans .... Oswego .... Olsego .... Putman .... Queens .... Rensalaer . . . Rlchuiond • . . Swaga .... Schenectady, ^cholarle. . . Seneca .... Steabin. . . . St. Lawrence Suflblk .... Sullivan. . . . Tirga Tompkins .. . Ulster Wrtrren .... Washington . Wayne. . . . Westchester . Gates Cortland . . . Rockland ... Cataraqui. . . f 2 : og 1633 19:J« li-S} 1833 1833 183:) 1^34 183:} IS33 1833 IB34 '1634 1835 1833 1834 1834 test 1633 1833 1833 18tt3 1834 IH33 1838 1983 1833 1833 1833 1&33 1833 1833 1834 1834 1834 1834 1834 1833 lb33 1834 1834 IF34 1833 1833 1P33 1833 1834 1834 1834 1833 I 1833 IS93 Total. II 3 70 17 20 27 17 14 29 4-2 14 36 15 29 18 43 37 4 4 33 140 39 22 43 69 24 .57 It 20 33 10 2 23 6 7 3 7 18 14 5 6 4 9 13 \H 53 47 23 00 17 16 30 16 13 19 18 97 8 11 18 324 24 29 44 38 IS 49 8 9 5 29 31 6 40 20 13 80 3 19 17 19 33 15 19 70 3 ex -s c 34 10 14 32 74 IU7 136 60 364 176 63 55 03 68 88 126 261 9 39 70 650 98 113 120 178 87 121 26 85 152 33 29 628 14 144 94 16 67 90 36 99 06 i08 16 133 80 Its 60 11751335 5469 50 26 221 62 106 187 21'0 8' 443 235 94 111 124 110 135 187 396 31 60 120 1030 161 164 207 285 X>» 227 46 114 190 81 31 082 26 104 117 32 97 164 37 53 135 328 77 148 \m 205 67 £»>• 9 4.50U 8J0 4.634 1.074 4.510 1.200 3030 11.97i 4.737 3.8tiO 1.303 3.43 6.264 S.000 3.436 4.719 1.130 S.000 9.422 0.511 2.9041 S.324 6.610 3.950 3.086 11.613 3.264 L96« 5.100 S.140 1.610 8 690 1.036 4.162 3.373 1.096 1.697 6.392 7.702 145 9.03-i 3.313 3. 966 4.60(' 1.040 4.966 3.00ti 7.159 1.676 1.200 49« 7959 179.104 30270 17679 47948 34671 3i33b 19344 39007 33034 90930 36710 19287 11312 52147! 'sma 36660 48516 2(j8:J6 1496b 37719 4903; 40869 43594 18486 71326 58974 401417 46364) 18773 27104 3137£ 12626 3246C 49420 7oe2 38670 12347 379011 31041 33851 36354 «I78( 12364 37696 3«54J 3eS9t 11704 4263i 33843 36454i 194101 93791 9386 16734 165147t $49,0tO 8,300 4o;mo 10.740 46,1M 13,0W aO,800 110,790 47,370 38,00V 13,090 34,370 30,000 34,390 47,190 11,900 30,00» 34,330 66,110 99,000 22440 66.160 99.890 3D,89(» ii9.ia» 29.54». 19JB60: 61,0t« 21,490 16.O0O •6,900 lfr,SlO 33,730 1».«M 16.370 63,030 77,020 1,400 33.130 99,680 46,000 10.400 90.00ft 714M UloM 1.?91.040 By reference to the results ft-om the preceding tK ble it appears that, while out of the large number of 7959 thas reduced to pauperism, only about one in ■even was temperate, about one in six was doubtful, there were no less than five out of seven so reduced Id consequence of intemperance. The cost in these? counties in that State alone amounted to the large ■am of $200,000 a ycnr,and in ten years, in the same ratio, to almost $2,000,000, five-sevenths of which proceeded from the traffic in intoxicotin^ drinks. Shoald a business that leads to such results econo- mically and morally, be deemed an immorality and prohibited or not? It is to be observed that pau- perism, since the date here referred to, has increased in that State in a far greater proportion than the population. There must, therefore, at the present time be a very large number of paupers in that state as th^ population amounts to 3,097,394. Indeed it appeared from official returns in 1850 that the number of paupers supported in that State vraa not less than 5^,355, exclusive of those in the houses of reformation and refuge. In ISoO the cost of this pauperism exceeded $817,000 and assuming that, as much of this pauperism resulted from intem- perance in 1850 as in 1834 the traffic cost that State in one year $600,000, besides having reduced to wretchedness and want and suffering almost G0,000 of its population, sparing neither sex, nor age, nor race. 2. Pauperism in Mattaehuittta. It may just be remarked here that from the returns in other States it is evident that the amount of pau perismlsmuch in the same proportion, results from the same cause, and shews that the immoralities of the traffic are every where alike. Take one State, Mas sachusetts for example, and from the returns relating to the poor for 1854, by the Secretary of State, the following table will present, comprehensively, the expense and wretchedness arising from the evil com- plained of: — rn 4) "O »< 0) 13 03 m 9 ll J3 a 3 m 4) Counties. s -2 OS 2^ a t> 2 2 6 a s H 'Ji ^ ►2 « 2; a. ■? 129,732 Suffolk 9604 4 230 5094 7201 Essex - - - 2670 22 174 1536 1719 62,193 Middlesex - 2291 34 121 1676 2110 64,299 Worcester - 1607 44 165 632 502 43,384 Sampshire - 268 4 41 185 90 10,486 ifiampden - 439 8 29 163 198 11,395 JHnklin - - 403 11 56 307 128 13,787 Berkshire - 502 3 57 207 166 12,399 Norfolk - - 935 19 60 246 338 34,177 iBristol - - - 2584 17 94 1782 1654 40.732 Plymouth - 515 17 60 198 116 19,255 Barnstable - 333 10 41 199 41 11,721 Dukes - - - 52 9 32 2 2,354 .WAterokel - 357 1 9 301 165 1,156 22505 194 1146 12558 14320 487,070 It may be stated that the expenses here mentioned is merely that of the ^ms Houses ; a taxation f6r State paupers, of which in 1854 there were 23,125, is Mlnually collected. In 1862, according to the census of fh* United States, the state tax amounted to $392,000. The tat in 1854 must have been greater M the paupers were more numerous. But, as- •nmingit.the same, as in 1852 the cost for the year would be $350,221. The value of the Alms Houses is .Mtimated at $1,273,907. The vast number of 14,320 were reduced to poverty by the traffic in liquor. Among that number were no less than 1146 wretuhed beings, idiots and insane persons, seeking a scanty relief from charity and their country, afiei iaving most probably wasted their substance in riotous liv- ing and drunkenness, and lost at once their wealth of substance, of health and of mind. At the same rate Massachusetts will expend for pauperism, five- sevenths of which will be superinduced by the deal- ing in liquors, $8, 502, 210. Was it not time to adopt in its laws the prohibition of strong drinks? the traffic in which constitutes it may almost be said the tmmo- ralilg of the age. 3, Pauperism in other States. To shew that the traffic had the same evil effect in other States, an example will be given of one county or more in a few States only. States. yermont 2 Counties - Mas8achu3etts2 " - • Delaware 1 " - - fndiana 4 " - - Maine 8 "- - Ohio 5 "- , Pennsylvania 2 " - - m a> m ^^ a 3 * £1 t> S OJ .c 6 14 9 11 48 63 70 221 3 C O « ^. a 4 28 14 6 81 54 111 298 15 42 61 56 284 470 319 1247 Total. 25 84 84 173 413 587 500 1766 4. Pauperism in the United States. Census Returns. States. Alabama Arkansas Ciilafornia Connecticut - Delaware Florida - Georgia - Illinois - Indiana - Iowa Kentucky Lousiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts - Michigan Mississippi Missouri New Hampshire New Jersey - New York North Carolina Ohio Pensylvania - Rhode Island - South Garulina Tennessee Texas - Vermont Virginia - Wisconsin No. of paupers 363 106 2337 697 76 1036 797 1182 135 1126 423 5503 4495 15777 1190 260 2977 3600 2392 59855 1931 2513 11551 2560 1642 1005 7 3654 5118 666 Expenses. 17,559 6,888 95,624 17,730 937 27,820 45,213 57,560 6,368 57,543 39,836 151,666 71,648 392,715 27,556 13,132 53,243 157,351 93,110 817,336 60,085 95,250 232,138 45,837 48,337 30,981 438 120,462 151,729 14,743 The subject of pauperism in the United States need be pursued no further here ; each State would show The Liquor Traffie.-^1t$ EfeeU, 26 84 84 173 413 587 500 Birallar results from the traffic. The preceding table is intended to show the extent and expense of pau- perism in the United States, exclusive of those pro- vided for in houses of Refuge, and other benevolent institutions ; and even wore it, contrary to facts, pre- sumed that only one half of that expense were caused by alcoholic drinks, it should induce men of reflection and patriotism to stay, while it may be stayed, the progress of the same evil in Canada. A stronger proof than such facts assuredly cannot be required of the appaling injustice of the traffic: first, by reducing large numbers to distress and want : and thuH, in the next place, rendering it absolutely necessary to tax the sober part of dociety to support the victims of the traffic. It ruins its victims, and then throws them on the charity of others for subsistence. It would bo a just and righteous law to throw the support of the victims of intemperance upon those who encouraj^e the traffic, if its entire prohibition could not be secured. C. ItUemperanee the Catue of Pauperitm in England. Wherever the traffic exists, it must have the same effect in producing poverty and want, for it leads to idleness, negligence, wastefulness, neglect of busi- ness, and various dissipatory habits. In Great Bri- tain, in 1848, 648,591,096 gallons of intoxicatingliquors Were consumed ; while in the same year there were 469,251 retail licences issued ; there were no less than 51,802 engaged in its manufacture, and importers and shops for its sale without number : can it therefore sur- prise any rational person that there should have existed at the same time a prodigious amount of pauperism. Accordingly in 1848, there were 3,000,000 in the United Kingdom supported in whole or in part from the poor rates. There were no less than 150,000 mendicants. The Home Secretary declared in the House of Commons, " that every Tknth Briton was a pauper," and what was the cause ? The Rev. H. Worsley, M. A., of Oxford replies : — " Thus drunkenness at the present hour not only revels and exults, but is actually encamped in our land, there extends a long line of garrisoned forts from one end of the Unfited Kingdom to the other, each possessed of the demon intemperance, diffusing a baleful influence worse than the most deadly pesti- lence ; the leagued powers of drunkenness are in real occupation of a conquered country." And again : — '' The abject want and destitution are in the ma- jority of instances, the necessary product of intem- perance of parents. In the wide-spread, deep-rooted national habit of intoxication, will bo found the fun- damental cause, th ereal ' Cause of causes.' " 6. Cause of Pauperism in New York. Under the same ctfcumstances, the same cause pro- duces the same invariable effect. The wrecks of intemperance strew both sides of the Atlantic. A Massachusetts Divine says : — " We have had statutes by whose legal sanction the vilest men could deal out intoxicating drinks which legislators themselves acknowledged to be the cause of, at least, two thirds of all the pauperism that was in the land. In the btate of New York in 1854, were, Brewers, Distillers, - Innkeepers, Groceries, - 744 319 5195 7776 Total, 14,034 Thus not including the city of New York there were 14,034 places where liquors were made or sold in 1854. There was " prodigious sum o collected by direct taxation the panperi in the State, where all these establishmenta existed for the creation of poverty and want. What- ever Legislators may think of the matter, common- sense cannot view it as other than a gross absurdity, and as gross an immorality, to create by one set of laws thousands and hundreds of thousands of paup- ers, and then by another set of laws to Attempt a par- ti|il relief of their distress. Why not legislate against the Causb of the evil ? Why attempt to cut off the stream merely. Why not dry up the fountain itself? The pauperism arin'M^r from this traffic is deeper, more wide-spread and terrible than can be imagined. Thousands are robbri) of their hard earnings ; the fountains of wretchedness are ever open ; all forms of human wretchedness are its product ; all the benevolent societies in the world cannot reliere a tithe of the poverty which it causes. Physicians cannot heal the diseases which it produces; the voice of the pulpit is almost powerless against its monstrous catalogue of wretchedness ; it is there- fore that the axe should bo laid at th» root of this tree of evil, that the groat cause of the immoralitif should be up-rooted — that the strong arm of the law should be invoked for the protoctioi: of society from the immoralities and outrages of a traffic which is always pernicious, and in all the de- partments oflife, a constant process of demoralization. II. — Cbimk. If however, the immorality of the traffic were not sufficiently proved by the poverty, want, destitution and wretchedness, which it produces, the criminal results of the tritific stamp it as pre-eminently th* immorality of this age. The Rev. Dr. Wayland very properly asks : — " Can it be RIGHT for me to derive my living from that which is debasing the minds, ruining the souls, destroying forever the happiness of the domestic circle, filling this land with women and children in a far more deplorable condition than that of widows and orphans ; which is the cause of nine-tenths of all the crimes, and brings upon it nine- tenths of all the pauperism that exists ; which does all these things at once and does it without ceasing ?" 1. The Traffic in Liquors an Immorality. Can that traffic be justified by a moral people which holds out innumerable temptations to intemperance, which breaks up the very foundations of social hap- piness and purity, which broad-casts the land with paupers and criminals, and whose lamentations and wailings and utter wretchedness, cover the earth ? A business that produces such results is not barely an immorality, it is itself a crime against ^he wholfr community ; and among the greatest crimes which man can commit against man, or man commit against his creator,. To be a criminal involves a crime, but to make criminals, to lay hold of youth in its innocence, to undermine its virtues by strong drinks, gradually to demoralize and imbrute the feelings of the soul, to debauch the immortal nature, to lead on from vice to vice until reason is weak, virtue gone, hope lost and crime enthroned on what was once a pure hear^. this before God is the height of criminality ; and for a state to look on the ruin of its citizens, to appoint and pay men to enquire how many have been so lost, and still to sanction the process and throw the pro> tection of law around the cause of crime, the mighty maker of criminals, is not merely a strong delusion^ but it throws the responsibility of the crime thus com- mitted back upon the State itself. See Note No, 1, Appendix A. The Expansion of its immoralities is almost infi8 2328 3161 4. Caute of Crime, aa illnstrated in the State Conviett, in Auburn and other I'riione. This table does not include the numbers in the large cities in the State, and, therefore, can only exhibit the effects of the traffic in rural districts, and among an agricultural people ; and yet among them it shows that three-fourths of the crime committed arose directly or indirectly from the traffic in liquor. As a proof that the same cause produces the same effects there still, an examinati^ of the returns of the State Prisons will evince a similar result. In 1851, in the Auburn Prison, and the reports every year since have added yearly confirmation to the truth of the connection between crime nnd intemperance, — the inspectors stated that out of the whole number of 517, there were intoxicated when they committed the crime 185 ; intemperate, 371 ; and of the 303 convicts committed to Auburn during that year, the Warden made the following return : — " Temperate, . . . . 109 " Intemperate, . . . 138 " Moderate drinkers, . . 40 " Occasional drinkers, . . 16 "Total, . . . 303"^ The Chaplain of the Auburn Prison after minntely examining into the habits of the convicts committed in that year reports thus : — " Intemperate, . . . 371 " Moderate drinkers, . . 298 " Intoxicated when they com- mitted the crime . . 185 854" There are two other prisonsfin the State, namely Sing Sing and Clinton. The following is an impar- tial statement of the crime consequent on the traffic as far as the cases of the inmates of those three State Prisons disclose it for the year, 1851 : — PriaouB. Auburn, Sing Sing, Clinton, Temperate. Intemperate. pf^J^Jenf 109 170 35 314 138 129 79 346 56 56 Total. 303 299 114 716 Four hundred and forty-six out of 716 convictions are thus identified with the trade in ardent spirits, showing that more than one-half of the State crimi- nals were made criminals by a traffic which the law sanctioned. The Liquor Tin\ffie.—Itt I^eet$. Total. 303 299 114 T16 The lATne connection between the traffic and its nnfuilinf;; product — rrimf, ia pianifest from the returns of their city Penitentiaries. In 1854, the Wardnnof the Penitentiary at IMacltweltfl Island, report! 1085 coin- mitmentR, and8ay8*"A very large majority of the number were committed for intemperance." In the Albany Penitentiary the commitments, for 18,'i4, Were as follows : — Intemperate G34, jirofessing: thenijelves to bo temperate, 38. On this return the Chaplain of that admirably conducted cstrtblidhmeut remarks, " on the subject of Temperance by re(t'renco " to the statistics of the Superintendent, it will be " seen that it reveals a state of things of the saddest character. You will tearctly find there at any time the record of etrictli/ temperate." t). Cause of Crime as illuatrated by Police Retume, From the Police Reports for the city of New York, the results of the traffic may be learned in that city. The whole number of arrests in eight years preceding 1851 were 220,086 ^or disorderly conduct, . . 3 4,735 Intoxication and disorderly conduct, 48,277 Intoxication, .... 93,944 All other causes, . . . 43,130 Total, . . . 220,086 The prodigious amount of crime in the city of New York may result in part, as the American press affirms, from the fact that hundreds of thousands of the poor from Europe, and many of the criminal classes, there first touch American soil. But, when places almost without number, ure open for intem- perance, no other resultthan crime could rationally be anticipated. On the 30th of June last the arrests for crime in that city in the six preceding months were as follows : — Intoxication and disorderly conduct, 9,755 Crimes originating in dram shops, 7,025 AD other causes, . . . 5,330 Total, 22,110 At the same date the city possessed ample accom- modations for all whose appetites led them to indulgence. Unlieenacd houses where liquors were sold, 1,222 Disorderly houses where liquors were sold, 1,058 Grocery Shops, 3,789 Large Beer Shops, .... 1,088 Wholesale Establishments, . . . 183 Taverns, 336 Taverns with gambling accommodations, 930 Open on Sundays, . . , . 6,893 Kept by Women, . • . . 233 „ by Negroes. . . . i 22 Distilleries, not known, .... Breweries, do. . . . . ' Places for the adulteration of liquors 7,103 With such an array of agencies for corrupting society, and for the development of the criminal tendency of the depraved, it ceases to be a guHject of astonishment, that in one half year 22,110 were arrested. The returns made out yearly in each State by the Secretary, and published for the information of the people, exhibit almost universally the same resu'*, that a very large proportion of crime is produced by the traffic in alcoholic beverages. To this it is to be ascribed, that not only their county jails, but their City and State Penitentiaries are filled with criminals. — Appendix B. contains in a tabular view a full statement of crime in the United States, among the most fruitful causes of which, unquestionably must be ranked the traffic in ardyit spirits. The natirei and foreigners, the coloured andwhito nopulatiotl, all alike are the victims of this deadly trade. 0. Cauie of Crime in Great Britain. Nor can there be any donbt but that a larg* proportion of the 42,207 convictions in England and Ireland, for the year 1849, the latest returtu at band, arose from the same cause. The report of the House of Commons befyo mentioned ascribes the crime in Qreat Britain to the ruinoui effects of Intemperance, as follows : — " The spread of crime in every shape and form, " from theft, fVaud, and prostitution in the young, to burnings, robberies, nnd more hardened ofFinces in the old ; by which the jails and prisons, the hulks and convict transports Are fi.led with inmates ; and an enormous mass of human beings, who under sober habits nnd moral training would bo sources of wealth and strength to the country are transformed OHiBFLY through the remote or immediate influence of intoxicating drinks, into cxcresences of corruption weakness." The following statement nnd facts from the Edin- burgh Review, fur October, 1854, attest the existence in Great Britain of the same evils at the present day. " But whatever doubt maybe entertained cohcerning the effect of strung drink on the physical health of the population, its noxious influence on the moral health admits of no dispute. This will bo at onca allowed by every one who has the slightest know- ledge of the labouring classes. Yet, we confess that we were not prepared to find so overwhelmning a proportion of crime directly caused by intemperance ; and we think t)ie temperance society has done good service by the evidence which it has published on this branch of the subject. The testimonies of the judges are strikingly unanimous and conclasive. Thus Judge Coleridge says- crime comes before me that directly, caused by strong drink.' Judge Patterson observes to a grand jury — ' If it were not for this drinking you and I would have nothing to do.' Judge Alderson says — 'Drunkenness is the most fertile cause of crime ; if it were removed this large calender would become a very small one.' I find in this as in every calender, one unfailing cause of four- fiflhs of the crimes is the sin of drunkenness. Judge Erskine goes further, declaring (at Salisbury, in 1844,) that ninety-nine cases out of every hundred are from this cause." A more "recent testimony to the same effect has been invested with a mournful solemnity. It was given literally with the expiring breath of Judge Talfourd. In the charge with which he opened the last Stafford Assizes, after lamenting the unusual heaviness of the calender ; and the atrocity of the offences therein contained, he went on to say, that these might in most cases be traced to the vice of intemperance. He lamented the de- graded state which this implied in the working classes, and spoke strongly of the duty incumbent on the higher ranks to endeavour, by kindness and sympathy to wean their poorer neighbours from such sordid sensuality. He was still dwelling with great energy on this subject, when he was silenced by the stroke of death. Would that his' dying words might find an echo in the hearts of his countrj'men. " To thes3 statements respecting England, may be added evidence from Scotland, which shows that its case is similar or worse. One of the Judges of the Circuit Court of Glasgow, stated that out of eighty criminals, sentenced to punishment, almost every pne had committed his crime through the influence of intoxicating liquors. So the chaplain's report of the Glasgow prison, for 1845, affirms that to the ■' There is -scarcely a is not directly or in- habit of drunkenness majbe traced the offences of at least three-fourths of those that come to prison. The fjvernors of a large* number of prisons in ngland and Scotland and Ireland, give similar evidence." As io the crime growing out of this traffic, C. Cowan, Esq., M.P., bears the following evidence : — " No one could feel more than he did the degrada- tion, the sorrow, the misery, and the desolation which this accursed vice had been the means of entailing for so long a period on their beloved country, and earnestly did he desire that there were some appear- ance of some infant Hercules arisihg in his strength to attack this hundred-headed monster, and Iny it for ever in the dust. lie bad a blue book in his hand, the report of the committee on i public-houses in England ; and a more instructive, and at the same time more melancholy volunSe, it was never his lot to peruse. The pictures which it presented of the evils, the ruin, the misery, and the degradation to which their fellow-subjects of the humbler ranks iu England were exposed (by the license system) was one well fitted to appal the stoutest heart." That distinguished Jurist, Mr. Justice Talfourd, a person eminent for scholarship, and his many christian virtues, and more than ordinarily eminent for his abilities as a Judge, in his last address to the Grand Jury has left a faithful testimony against the IrafBc. There were upwards of 100 cases on the list, and these had been caused by intemperance. He died while delivering this last charge against this greatest English vice. Ho said, " No doubt that the exciting cause in the far larger number of these cases — the exciting cause that every judge has to deplore in every county of this land — is that which ■was justly called in the admirable discourse to which I listened yesterday from the Sheriffs Chaplain, ' the greatest English vice,' which makes us a bye- word, and a reproach among nations, who, in other respects are inferior to us, and have not the same noble principles of Christianity to guide and direct them — I mean the vice of drunkenness. No doubt that 'his in most of these cases, is the immediate cause, and it is a cause in two ways of the crimes which will come before you, and especially of the crime of highway robbery ; for whereas on the one hand, it stirs up evil, awakens malice, and kindles the slum- bering passions of the human heart, and puts the reason into a state of twilight, so, ou the other hand it points out the victim as the person to be robbed, by presentiug temptations to those who see him ex- posing his money in public house after public ^'ouse ; or in a state of drunkenness he finds himself a "..arer in a sin from which domestic ties should keep him, and is overtaken by his i^artner in that sin who adds to it another crime, or he is marked out by some of her wicked associates." 7. Amount of Crime in Great Brttain. From these statements of eminent Englishmen relative to the causality of crime, it is apparent that a very large proportion of the crime in Great Britain must originate in the traffic in ardent spirits. The number of arrests in Great Britain for crimes of all aorta have been estimated annually at 2,000,000 ; and out of these 1,800,000 have been ascribed to the nae of alcoholic drinks. But assuming that but one- half of the crime in England and Ireland results from the traffic, a proportion far below the real facts of the case, as evinced both by the testimony of unim- peachable characters, and by data of undeniable cer- tainty, what a fearful and n.onstrous evil is intemper- ance. The following retur is for England and Ireland exhibit the fruits of this traffic in our father-laud for three years: — Year. 1840 1843 1849 Total Convicted. England. Ireland. 31,124 29,T12 42,203 27,08T 29,581 27,816 23,821 20,126 41,989 103,039 84,494 85,936 Comnitlaia 50,908 49,nT 69,805 170,430 Total in 3 years After a careful examination of the facts, therefore, proving beyond all question the connection existing between the traffic and the crimes in community, it seems imposible to come to any other conclusion, than that so energetically expressed by B. P. Hood, of York, England, in his able work on the Age and its Architects : — " The conclusion is irresistible, and the conviction must fasten itself on every candid ^ind, that igno- rance and depravity, thieving and prostitution, pauperism and want, the vice of parents, the crime of their children, to an extent beyond what has been appreciated, or even surmised by the community, at large, are produced proximately or remotely, but really produced by intemperance. III. — INSANITY. • '• ,' ;' " 1. Cause of Insanity. " Leaving, then, the consideration of thceffects of this traffic on the morals of society, another question and one of great gravity arises, what effect has it on the mindf If it can be proved from its terrible produc- tion of want and crime to be the worst of immorali- ties, by what name shall it be catalogued among the demons of evil, if, on a fair enquiry, it is found not only to demoralize, but tp destroy the mind ? In the Report of the British House of Commons there is the following enumeration of some of the evils of the traffic in Great Britain. " That the following are only a few of the evils directly springing from this baneful source ; — des- truction of health, disease in every form and shape, premature decripitude in the old', stunted growth «>nd general debility and decay in the young ; loss of life by paroxysms, apoplexies, drownings, burnings and accidents of various kinds, delirium tremens, one of the most awful afflictions of humanity ; paralyses, idiocy, madness, and violent death." This statement, published under the sanction of the most august body on the globe, the British House of Commons, has been for twenty years before the public, and has never jet had its accuracy questioned. That idiocy and insanity result from intemperance may not be generally known, but it is an indisput- able truth. In Great Britain the number of insan^ persons have been estimated to be 39,896. Tlie number in 1841, as returned by the census of that year, was, — In England, . . . 16,896 In Scotland, . . . ^,000 In Ireland. . . . 16,000 Total, 39,896 Dr. Brown in his work on Hereditary Insanity, after collecting tlie preceding statistics, says of the 39,896 Idiots and maniacs in Great Britain, — " Three-fourths or 29,922 of which number, we may .safely assert, have been deranged by the use ot strong drinks — a number equal to the population of a good sized town." Dr. Ellis, Physician to the Middlesex Lunatic Asylum, being asked by the Parliamentary Com- mittee, if drinking spirits produced lunacy, replied : — The UqvLor Trajffle.—Ila Effectt. of *' The use of fermented Hquors and particularly of spirits is very conducive to bring on the disease. It first of all acts on the stomach, then on the nervous system it brings on diseased action — disorganization of the brain is the consequence, and all the dreadful results of insanity follow," Again 'he says: — " Of twenty-eight cases admitted last year as recent cases, nineteen out of those twenty-eight, were drunkards." The Bibhop of London having visited several in- sane hospitals a few years ago wrote as follows ; — " Of 490 maniacs in one hospital, 257 (being 24 more than one-half) were deprived of reason by drinking. And again, "Of 781 maniacs in different hospitals, 392 (b«ing again more than the half) were deprived of reason in the same way." Dr. Robinson inspected ninety-eight Asylums in England and Wales, and in his report states that more than one-seventh of the insanity was caused by intemperance. In 25 other asylums he estimated the proportion of insanity caused by the use of spirits to bo one-fourth. The following table showing the pro- portion of insanity caused by intemperance in several asylums in very widely separated places, was prepared by Dr. H. Williams : — Places, Total Insane. Proportion caused by liitemperance. Charenton, 855 134 Bicetream, 2212 414 Bordeaux, 15b 20 Turin, 1831, 158 17 Turin, 1836, 390 76 Gard, 209 4 United States, 551 146 Palermo, 189 9 Caen, 60 16 Dundee, 14 4 M. Paichappe, 167 46 M. Bottex, 288 54 5249 940 Lunatic Asylum at Worcester, in eight years, 156t patients were received, of which 226 were caused by intemperance ; and of the first 778 cases, 135 were produced by that agency. The Table below gives the per cent, of insanity by the most prominent causes for eleven years in thia Asylum : — Causes. IWJ iH 1835 1836 I8K- t&3» 1840 1641 1842 Ill iioallh 8. Ifi ■ii4 •iii TTj 261 28 214 "m Kelisiuiia esciti'iii'i 8< 0^ ei 61 «« a 41 3i 01 The affec- lionu, m !il Mi 10 16 25 ,161 17| 141 Proiierty, (ii 10| «* H fii 4i 3i 3J M;isturba- tioii. «* 'U 24 lOi lOi 7* m m 74 Iiitempcr- ancn 5 51 7! m 24 Bi H 6 34 1943 MIO-U 7 . •* The proportion of insane persons caused by strong drinks is more than one-sixth, or 940 out of 5,249. 2. Cause of Insanity in the United States. If from Great Britain, attention is directed to the United States, the traffic there in alcohol is found as productive of insanity as in the mother country. In 1842 an examination of eight asylums proved distinctly that a large per centum of insanitj'' was caused by intemperance. The result of that examin- ation is subjoined : — Asylums. Massachusetts Lunatic Hosp'l, Bloomingdalc Asylum Frankfort, Pa. Pennsylvania Western Lunatic Asylum, Ohio Lunatic, do . Ohio Asylum, for 3 years. Causrd hy Other Intemperance. Causes. 204 1288 26 181 9 67 16 144 14 102 7 69 21 312 297 2113 3. Additional facts. In 1843, out of 178 ca.o.is of insanity in the Boston Lunatic Asylum, 28 cases had been caused by ii\- temperance. The proportion of patients from the same cause has not materially differed since, as far as can be ascertained from the report's. In the In the eastern asylum in Virginia of 96 patients 18 had been reduced to insanity through stroag drinks ; and of 226 in the Ohio Asylum, 35 cases were produced by the use of intoxipating liquors. In the United States there are 31,397 Idiots and Luna- tics, according to the census of 1850, and if it be as- sumed that a proportion, such as the preceding state- ments would justify — and which statements are ra- ther below than above the real truth — there must then be not less than 6000 of these unfortunate crea- tures who have been, reduced to that most deplora- ble and pitiable of all earthly conditions by the traffic in alchohol. In Canada the census of 1851-2 returns no less than 2,802 Lunatics, and doubtless the same cause has operated to produce them. It is this traffic which most powerfully assists in reducing one out of every 657 of our Canadian population, to a state of utter and hopeless wretchedness and irrecoverable mania. But the evil does not stop here. The traffic con- verts innumerable sane persons into maniacs, and having once developed insanity in the parent it pro- pagates it in the offspring. " One drunkard begets ano- ther" said Plutarch. " Drunken women bring forth children like themselves," said Aristotle. Modern facts establish the truth of these sayings. On a re- port imade a few years ago on Idiocy to the Legisla- ture of Massachussetts, amongst other facts adduced by N. How, he states : — " The habits of the parents of 300 of the Idiots were learned, and 14.5 or nearly one-half are reported as known to be habitual drunk- ards." '4. Conclusion. The conclusion to which the mind is irresistably impelled by these facts, demonstrative and illustra- tive of the evils arising from the traffic, and its un- mitigated immorality, manifested in the destitution, want, wretchedness, vice, crime insanity, and idiocy which invariably, in all places proceed from it, is, that the morality of society, in fact the safety of society, from its pHysical, social, moral and intelec- tual evils requires its " absolute prohibition." This conclusion is one with which the great and good men in England and America with wonderful harmony sympathize. They see in this traffic, in the usages which it has generated, in the habits it has produced, and in the strength with which it has surrounded it- self, the monster evil of this generation. The men who have been converted into paupers, mendicants,, criminals and maniacs by this traffic, constitute a vast army in number, sufficient, had they never suf- fered from this relentless evil, to protect the civiliza-j tion. and liberty of the world. As it is, it requires an - arfny in point of numbers, to protect the world from their ravages, and such a commisariat as no army The Uquor Traffic'— It$ EffceU. ever yet possessed tosupply their wants. Were all the victims of this traSSc brought together, the poverty stricken, the diseased, the maimed, the Ticiou3, the criminal, the inebriated, the insane, the idiotic and the dead, what a pandemonium would it present I 1. The desire to put an end to the traffic exists strongly on the other side of the Atlantic ; the press in pow- erful quarters is advocating the doclrinc of prohibi- tion. The "Edinburgh Review" in an article on Tee- totalism and the Liquor Trade seems swayed by the evils of the traffic tow.Tfls Prohibition. "In these days there is more reason than ever to welcome every means which may tend to refine and elevate the de- mocracy of England. They who are carelessly in- different to the welfare of their brethren, and feel no Christian sympathy in their moral progress, should now promote it if only from selfish motives. The political changes which are looming in the distance, whatever shape they may take, cannot fail to give added power to the poor. As years pass on the sovereign people is likely to become more and more absolute in its sovereignty. If Lemuel was right it would be best for all parties that King Demos should be a water drinker, and in the prospect of his reign, tJie rich have assuredly every reason to desire an appeal from Demos drunk to Demos sober." The opinion of the Times, the most potent publication in the world was recorded as far back as 1853. " It is a peculiarity of spirit-drinking that the money spent in it is at the best thrown away. It neither supplies the natural wants of man, nor offers an ade- quate substitution for them. Indeed it is far too fa- vourable a view of the subject, to treat the money spent on it as if it were cast into the sea, yet, even so, there is something so exceedingly irritating in the reflection that a great part of a harvest raised with infinite care and pains on an ungrateful soil, and in an inhospita- ble climate, instead of adding to the national wealth or bringing the rich returns Avhich in this season of famine it could not fail to command, is poured in the shape of liquid fire down the throats of the nation that produced it, and instead of leaving them richer and happier, tends to impoverish them by the waste of labour and capital, and to degrade them by vicious and debilitating indulgence. A great portion of the harvest of Sweden, and of many other countries is applied to a purpose, compared with which it would have been better that the corn had nevergrown, or that it had been mildewed iil the ear. Ko way so rapid to increase the wealth of nations and the morality of society could be devised as the utter annihilation of the mamifac- ture of ardent spirits, constituting as thry do, an infinite vaste, and an unmixed evil." * * -sc- * * * * " The man who shall invent a really efficient anti- dote to this 'system of voluntary and daily poisoning will deserve a high place among the benefactors of his species. He will increase the riches of nations, and the morality of individuals without the demand of any extra labour, or the sacrifice of any healthful pleasure, but merely by the better distribution of those funds which the industry of a people has created, but which their folly dissipates in the consumption of these baneful compounds. Whether he be the occupant of a throne or a cottage — the King — the Preacher, or the Peasant — such a man is the great WANT OF THE DAY." Public opinion is awakening rapidly in England to the immoralities of this traffic. The London Atlas with great energy demands prohibition ; — " Instaed of beating about for objections to the legal suppres- sion of the liquor traffic, every patriotic citizen should enquire, what shall be done with this dire, this dead- tul cause of evil ? Suppose some monster had ap- peared in these lands ; and in one place, he seized a man's hand and made him cnt his throat ; in ano- ther he made one throw himself out of a window ; in another he instigated a women to murder her hus- band ; then he subjected a man to so much bodily and mental torture that he drove him out of his mind ; then he entered a happy family, and induced the parents to half starve the children, and to make their home most desolate ; then he got on the sea, set ships on fire, run others ashore, made the captain treat the men most barbarously, and committed all kinds of cruelties and excesses ; and suppose he car- ried on his depredations on so extensive a scale, that the victims whose death he occasioned, or whose character and circumstances he ruined, amounted to thousands in the course of a single year ; while at the same time he cost the British Nation, to prevent, detect, and punish the crimes he either attempted or effected, several millions of pounds annually : and suppose he had carried on these depredations for a series of years until he had brought myriads to dis- ease, poverty, and death, — what a sensation it would produce in the nation ! We should hear of nothing but this monster. Every newspaper in the kingdom, every railway and electric telegraph ; every judge, ma- gistrate, policeman, and constable would be laid under tribute to catch, convict and punish this wholesale criminal. Whenever the British Parliament met, the firstquestion, the all-absorbing topic would be: — ' The monster ! Who is he? Has he been captured? Where is he to be found ?' Yes, and in the destruction of such J, murderer of her Majesty's subjects, such a miner general, it would not be thought too much to employ both the Army and Navy." 2. Passing from the Press to the Judges of England Mr. Justice Park stated in one of his charges ; — " He had often had occasion to lament the existence of the great number of Public-houses and beer houses, which he was covinced were productive of the great- est demoralization and drunkenness, and he entirely concurred in the opinion expressed -by that great and good man and Judge, Sir Matthew Hale, more than a century ago, " that if all the crimes that were commit- ted could be divided into five parts, four of them would be found to have had their origin in a public house." 3. At the York Assizes Mr. Baron Alderson used the following language : — " If all men could be dissuaded from the use of intoxicating liquors, his office and that of the Judges throughout the kingdom would become a sinecure." 4. At Carmarthen Sir J.Oudney in hisaddress to the Grand Jury observed : — " that his experience con- firmed him more and more in the opinion that nearly every crime had its origin immediately or remotely in the prevelent vice of drunkenness." To another he also stated : — " That drunkenness was the most fertile cause of crime in England, and that if the of- fences committed by and upon drunken men were removed, the assizes of this country would be reduc- ed almost to a nullity." To which may be added the testimoney of Judge McClure of Pennsylvania : " I shall cease to prate any more to Grand Juries about this omnipotent parent of crime, alchohol. If a cen- tury of imbecile legislation has not sufficed to con- vince reasonable men ; if crimes and poverty before their faces have failed to convince ; if a ceasless drain upon their charity, from destitution caused by drink ; if their increased taxes ; if men's eyes and ears will not convince ; if the evidences of our senses will not enlighten our understanding, in this behalf and cause in the community corresponding acts, Bvompted by duty and common sense, then to talk on this theme longer is time thrown away." 5. Judge Pattison said to the Grand Jury :— " If it 7%e Liquor TVi^c— Jfa EffecU. were not for tbig drinking yon and I would Jiave no- thing to do." 6. At Salisbury Mr. Justice Erskine declared " that ninety-nine out of every hundred criminal cases were from the same cause." T. Judge Colbridge at the Oxford Assize said, he ne- ver knew a case brought before him which was not directly or indirectly connected with intoxicating liquors." If the testimonies of Divines be needed, they are in- numerable. 1 . The Rt.Rv. A. Potter, Bishop of Pensylvania,in his useful tract on drinking usuages and the adulteration of liquors very justly remarks : — " In the presence of facts like these I ask what is duty ? — Were nine out of ten of the coins or bank bills which circulate counterfeit,, we should feel obliged to decline them altogether. We should sooner despense entirely with such a medium of circulation than incur the hazard which would be involved in using it. And even if we could discriminate unerringly ourselves, between the spurious and the genuine, we should still abstain for the sake of others, lest our example in taking such a medium at such a time should encourage fabricators in their work of fraud, and lead the unwary and ignorant to become their victims." 2. The Rev.Dr.Matthews, the great Irish Philanthro- pist declares : — " I have no hesitation in saying that strong drink is Anti-Christ. It is opposed to the precepts of Christ, to his example — to his design and to his reign." 3. That eminent and learned man the Rev. John Wesley, a scholar, a philanthropist and Divine, be- queathed to posterity his earnest protest against the ruinous traffic : — " Neither may we gain by hurting our neighbour in the body. Therefore we may not sell anything that tends to impair his health. Such is, eminently, all that liquid fire called drams or spirituous liquors. It is true, they may have a place in medicine ; may be used in some bodily disorders ; although there would rarely be occasion for them, were it not for the unskilfulness of the practitioner. Therefore such as prepare and sell them only for this end may keep their conscience clear. But who are they who prepare and sell ttiem only for this end ? Do you know ten distillers in England ? Then ex- cuse these. But all who sell them in the common way to any that will buy, are poisoners in general. They murder her Majesty's subjects by wholesale ; neither do their eyes pity nor spare. They drive them to hell like sheep. And what is their gain ? Is it not the blood of these men ? Who, then would envy their large estates and sumptuous palaces ? A curse is in the midst of them. A curse cleaves to the stones to the timber, to the furniture of them ! The curse of God is in their gardens, their walks, their groves, A fire that bjiirns to the nethermost helll Blood, Blood is there ! The foundation, the walls, the roof are stained with blood ; and canst thou hope man of blood, though thou art clothed in scarlet and fine linen, and farest sumptuously every day, canst thou hope to deliver down thy ii Rids of blood to the third generation ? Not So ! There is a God in heaven, therefore thy name shall be blotted out. Like as those, whom thou hast destroj'ed body and soul, thy memory shall perish with thee." 4. The Rt. Rv. Bishop Meade of Virginia in a very solemn address says : — " St. Paul speaking by the Spirit considers it his duty in each of his epistle to Timothy and Titus to enjoin sobriety and temperance to Bishops ; laying it down as a rule that they must not be given to wine ; recommending only a little mne to thpm for frequent jafirnjities. How much more important is great abstinence now, when comparative modern discovery has made it so mucl more dangerous to touch, taste, or handle, anythinj that intoxicates." 6. The Rev. Dr. Doyle, the Roman Catholic Bishop of Kildare, bears a strong and unequivocal testimonj against the traffic : — " No person whose attention ia directed to public morals, can fail to see, and almost touch the evils of drunkenness, that disease, povertyj crime, and even death in its most ignominious shapej] grow naturally and quickly out of drunkenness ; thi vice enters like oil into the bones of a man and is iroTU^ milled with his blood as an inheritance of woe to his chilA dren ; it wastes his property, enfeebles his mindJ breaks down his frame, exposes his soul to almost certain perdition and ruins his posterity. Hotc there! fore can any clergyman who labours to establish thi Kingdom of God in the hearts of the people fail to rejoici when he sees good men of all classes, come forward zeal4 ously and disinterestedly, to assist him in turning away the less fortunate brethren from this absorb-l ing vice. 6. The Rev. Dr. Beecher one of the.earliest and most persevering advocates of moral improvement, whc possesses a most intimate knowledge of the manifold evils arising from the trade in liquors, in language no less beautiful than truthful calls for the " absolut Prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxica- ting liquors": — "Has not God connected with alll lawful avocations the welfare of the life that now is,| and that which is to come ; and can we lawf amass property by a course of trade which fills the| land with beggars and widows, and orphans, anvhere the law of Prohibition exists, and especially of the state of Maine, as prima facie evidence that these laws had not been as salutary as it was hoped they would be, in destroying the evils which all ftlt and all deplored. The experiment was one of intense Interest to every philanthropist, and fear was enter- tained, that if the opponents of the law had, on the one hand, derogated from its efficiency, its friends on the other had exaggerated its efficiency in favor of Temperance. The statute in Maine, " A Law for the tuppreasion of tippling-kousea and dram-shops" came into operation on the 4th day of July 1851. Popular opinion in favor of Temperance had won a splendid triumph. It was certainly a noble spectacle to be- hold the people of a young, vigorous state resolutely deciding to destroy the great destroyer of his hun- dreds and thousands. They were intent upon their object, and seemed not to notice that the little star, whose rays of light scarcely penetrated through the atmosphere of their own state, had instantly at- tracted the attention of neighbouring and distant lands, which were looking upon the experiment with the keenest interest, if not with glowing sympathy and admiration. But whatever feeling of interest or of sympathy may have existed, few beheld the expe- riment with any other conviction than that it must be a failure. The broad blue Atlantic washed the shores of that state for hundreds of miles — a coast indented by some of the finest harbours and bays in the world, into which ships laden with ardent spirits from the other states, and from any part of the world, could at any time enter. Pwaihvays were run- ning into her chief cities and marts. Her leading merchants were engnged in the traffic. On the south aud west, were her elder sister states, whence, over tlie boundary, alcoholic liquors could at any moment be conveyed. On the north and west stretchedf the British Provinces, where spirits could be procured and carried across the lines. The law had given its sanction to the trade for ages, lawyers were willing to plead in its favour, judges to deliver charges against the constitutionality of the law; and divines to prove from the Holy Oracles, that it was wrong, and if so, a sin to prohibit the trade. It was thought the sentiment of the whole Republic, and the asaget of elegant society were opposed to Prohibition. Be- sides all this, were arrayed agnrnst the law the in- terest of 6000 brewers and distillers in the Union, the trade in 100,000,000 of gallons manufactured, and 50,000,000 imported into the United States, to- gether with the combined interest of all the manufac- turers, importers, and hotel-keepers, amounting in all to hundreds in the state ; who then can be astonished that the success of the experiment was very doubt- ful ? Had there been an entire failure, it could have excited no astonishment in the minds of those who saw the real position of the state, in which were 20 places for the manufacture of liquors, several for their adulteration, 491 hotels for retailing them, with shops and licensed houses almost without number. In fact the inflnence of the following classes in the Union was proximately or remotely, in direct anta- gonism to prohibition . — Boarding-houses in the United States, - - 4,000 Bar-kepeers ------ 22,455 Brewers and Distillery, - . . . 6,000 Groceries where liquors were sold, - - 21,4'7& Boatmen, ------- 32,455' Innkeepers, -----. 22,4*76 Merchants and Storekeepers,- - - 104,529- Wine-makers, ------ 46 Wine and liquor-dealers - - - . 11£v Druggists, 600 Sailors, -..---. T0,00O It was in defiance of the interest and power of all these classes, that the new State of Maine, with a population of only 581,813 ; in defiance of the usages of the whoki world ; in fact, in defiance of the opi- nions of the great majority of Christians in the world ; resolved that its people should be free from the presence of the traffic in liquors upon its soil. It was o, bold experiment, in its results very problematical; and its effects, there, and in other places, shall now be fairly and impartially traced. I. BPFECTS OP PROHIBITIOS IW MAINS. 1st. Almost the first observation which will b& be made in passing through the states where prohi- bition exists, is the total absence of all signs of intoxi- cating drinks. Signs and directories point out all other kinds of business and occupations ; here is a store, and there a manufactory; but no sign, no indi- cation exists that liquors are at any place to be sold. No paper i)ublishes a notice of them abroad, no sigu over the doorway announces them within, and no bar presents them temptingly to the sight. 2nd. That the establishments where spirits were manufactured, have been all closed. When the law came into effect, the 20 distilleries and breweries in Maine were closed up ; their business stopt, and their proprietors have gone to other occupations. The 491 hotels have all ceased to sell publicly, and there is only a very few which provide liquor, privately, for their guests. These very rare cases exist in mu- nicipalities where, from local reasons, it has been difiicult to enforce the law. As a general thing, the entire business has been broken up, and the cases where the law has been secretly violated, are becom- ing less and less. 3d. Another fact cannot fail to be observed, and that is, a drunhard is seldom seen.. Many days will be spent in the State without the sight of an inebriated man. In the towns, at Portland, at Bangor, at Au- gusta, and other places, though it is said there i» some secret drinking, a drunkard is very seldom seen. The hotels are quiet, free from such noises and dis- turbances as are very prevaJent in public hotelfl ioi this country. EffeeU of lU ProhtStft'on. .. 4th. Another fact to be (^serred, is, that those municipalities which have been most lax in enforcing the law, are becoming more active in ila enforeemenl. An instance of this occurred in the town of Augusta, the capital of the stale. The town stands on the Kennebec, seventy miles from Portland, at the head of sloop na/igation; it has been much interested in the lumbering business, and always elected as muni- cipal officers, persons opposed to the prohibitory law. This year, however, an entire change was effected. All the candidates favorable to the law, were re- turned. There was much excitement, for it was a warm contest, but there was no disorder, for there was ao liquor. . 5th. Another observable fact is, you find few per- sons opposed to the law of prohibition ; many that were ojiposed to its enactments, arc now its very strongest supporters. Even the hotel-keepers, those who keep good respectable houses, do not desire a change. Itissaid that the persons most desirous of a change are foreigners, and the lowest and least in- telligent of them. These persons, by forming secret organizations, it is confidently alleged, systematically violate the law; this, however, is only the case in one or two towns. The undersigned only met with one respectable man, who was opposed to the law, And he was so upon sincere and conscientious grounds, and a very estimable person. 6th. It is very remarkable that the popular senti- ment is growing stranger and more general in favor of proki ition. Not the people in Maine only have be- ccm3 more powerfully penetrated with the doctrine of prohibition, but it has spread to surrounding states and provinces — from Maine as a focus, like rays of light diverging from a central point the sentiment has been continually progressing in all directions. Six other states have embodied the doctrine in stringent laws, and every state in the Union is dis- cussing the question. Thorough success in Maine well ascertained abroad, will guarantee the adoption of the same, or a better law, in every other state. In those states where there is liberty to deal in ardent spirits, tJie thing itself is kept cautiously out of sight. You see no drinking, ho liquors exhibited to tempt the appetites or passions. This is the moral eiFect of the prohibition upon other States. One British Province has followed up the bold ex- periment of Maine, and two others are at this mo- ment pondering the matter, fearful to act, anxious to do the best, but doubtful what is best. As far as the State of Maine is concerned, the prohibition is being carried out to a greater extent, than could have been reasonably expected. The importation is ended, the manufacture prevented, the sale destroyed, its public use annihilated, and, consequently, the evils which arose from its frequent use, cut off, and the sources of its miseries dried up. Even those who drank to excess, in many instances rejoice now that the tempt- ation is removed out of the way. Comfort, health and happiness have been restored to scores of fami- lies from which they had long fled away. Many do- mestic and social evils have been removed. Educa- tion and morality have proportionably prospered ; «ven business itself has not been impaired, and there has been a great saving in the expenses of the state. What before was squandered in strong drinks, has under the prohibition been expended ia clothes, healthful food, in the comfort of families, in school- ing the children; so that want and destitution among tlie poor have been greatly lessened, and taxation to supply the wants of the poor proportionably dimin- ished. No person now would rest his success, if a ■candidate for an ottice, solely upon his antipathy to j»r«hibition- The moral tone of society grows stronger in favor of this law, of which there are many eri- dences. Ist. His Excellency the present Governor of the state, is a plain, good man, a farmer by occupation, of shrewd, practical sense, and earnest in the Tem- perance cause. When his party, two years ago, ia order to secure its success, allied itself to the Apti- Prohibitionists, be diverged from it, and opposed the party he had all his life supported, when he saw that the ends of faction, and not the good of the people, were the chief objects pursued. They were defeated, and a Whig Governor elected. But Mr. Morrill had lost the support of the Democratic party, and could not act on the principles of the Whigs. Yet the next year the friends of prohibition, for the noble stand he had taken in its favor, resolved to elect him as Governor ; and out of four candidates, he had al- most half the whole number of votes cast in the state, and is now on the gubernatorial throne. See Note VL, Appendix B. 2ndj As a further evidence that Prohibition is sup- ported by the moral sense of the people, it maybe remarked that every member of the Senate or Upper House is in favor of suppressing the traffic ; and of the House of Representatives, out of 150, no less than 121 were returned pledged to prohibitiou. A more convincing argument that the community ia Maine sustain and sanction the law, could hardly be imagined than is here presented. When brought lo the trial, two branches of the Legislature .vere wholly in favor of the law, and six to one in the other branch pledged to its support ! 3rd. The undersigned was informed in Maine that every christian minister of all denominations, who voted at the late election of Governor, cast his vote on the side of prohibition. The late census of Maine does not give the number of clergymen of each per- suasion, but the aggregate number of churches is stated to be 945 ; ond the number of clergymen 928. Such a circumstance shows more powerfully than any array of statistics, whether the law is sustained by the moral sense of the state. Party and even sectarian ties are broken for the great object of peace and morality. On one occasion when a distinguished clergyman of the congregational church was asked if he intended to vote for Mr. Morrill for Governor in opposition to an orthodox member of his own com- munion, he very coolly replied, — " I beg your pardon. Sir; but I was not looking for a theologian to govern the state, but for a man to enforce the Maine Law." 4th. Another fact illustrative of the moral senti- ments of the population of Maine on 'this subject is this, that the Legislature, instead of repealing and relaxing the original law, have proceeded from time to time to increase its stringency. As experience showed a loop-hole the Legislature, with a determiiration to make the law all-powerful to destroy the evil, has added clause after clause to give it a most stringent eflFect. According to the original law the first oflfence against the statute was punishable with a fine of $10 and costs ; the second conviction was punishable with $20 and costs ; and the third offence with $20, costs, and three months imprisonment in the common jail. It is now in contemplation to punish the first offence with imprisonment, as well as with fine and costs ; and for the third offence, in certain cases, to send the offender to the State Prison. This increased stringency of the law instead of showing any reac- tion on the part of the people of Maine, very evi- dently exemplifies a growing vigour and unity of the moral feelings in the State against the traffic. — See Note I., Appendix B. II. — STATISTICAL BVIDENCB. The effect of the prohibition in the State of Maine The Efectt of lt$ PrMbittm. bftS not been perfectlj understood in Canada. It has 'been alleged that the Law for the suppression of In- temperance in that State has been systematically Tiolated; that perjury is practised to a frightful extent; that hypocrisy, with all its concomitant evils is rap- idly reaching a state of the very highest perfection ; that the liquor now sold is a vile deleterious com- pound, (was it not always a deleterious com- pound ?) that drunkenness has greatly increased, and crime, iifty per cent, within the last four years ; and that it is almost impossible to obtain a conviction for the violation of the Liquor Law, because of the per- jnry of the witnesses. Such, then, if this statement be reliable, are the eflfects of the traffic in defiance of the law for its pro- hibition. What a fearful insight does such a state- ment give into the demoralization which liquor pro- duces. Hypocrisy, drunkenness, violation of law, perjury and crime. If this were the result of the pro- hibition in the Stale of Maine, it would be an over- whelming argumer t against the traffic in any article that could be productive of such appallingimmoralities. But what are the facts ? The law in Maine came into effect in 1851, and the returns, relative to the Alms- house, Watch-house. House of Correction and Jail of Portland, are the best and most valuable evidence on the subject. 1st. The Alms House. — There were committed to this in nine months in 1851, Tho year before the ^iiiine Law - - 252 For nine months the year after 1851-2 - 146 Difference in favour of the Law - - 106 For the same period of time there were assisted out of the Alms-house, The year before the Prohibitory Law - 135 The year after - - - - 90 Difference under the law - - - 45 Again, on the 20th of March 1851, when the law came into effect, there were then in the Alms- house ----- 112 The next year on the same day of the month of March, under the total prohibition of liquors, 90 Difference under prohibition - - 22 2nd. The effect is quite as remarkable upon the commitments to the House of Correction. Commitments in 1850, before the law passed- - 60 " in 1851, the year after - - - 48 « in 1852, 38 « in 1853, 35 « in 1854, 20 It is therefore evident that the law has had a very salutary effect in diminishing the commitments to the Housd of Correction, having gradually reduced them from 60 to 20, so that in the term of three years only they had become tioo-thirds less than before. An examination of the returns to the House of Cor- rection for Intemperance presents a very pleasing re- sult of the prohibitory law. There were committed for intemperance the year the law came into effect. In 1850 - - 46 In 1851 - - 10 This fact shows that in one year there had been amongst the class committed to the House of Correc- tion a decrease of about eighty per cent. 3rd. The Watch House is the receptacle of all kinds of characters not in a proper state to take care of themselves. There were committed to this insti- tution the year before the Law of Prohibition, 431 In the year after or 1852 - - - - 180 Difference in favour of the Maine Law, - 251 This exhibits a falling off in one year of three- fifths of the commitments, and that notwithstanding a most vigilant police, which was exceedingly active in arrests, — made it a special point of duty to commit to the Watch Aouse every intoxicated person they could find. 4. The statistics of the Jail are not less conclu- sive iind incontrovertible. Committed to jail in 1850, the year before the Prohibitory Law, 279 1851, the year after, - - - - 135 , 144 The year after the adoption of the Law there were therefore 144 criminals less than in the year preced- ing ; and of the criminals in 1851 no less than 72 were for the breaches of the liquor law ; so that in-, dependent of these there were only 63 criminals compared to 279 the year before the law went inta effect. This is decisive, both as to the fact that tho law has been carried into effect, and also that its op- eration has been salutary. 5. The results of this law in Portland, as far as may be ascertained from the commitments to the House of Correction for the years 1853 and 1854, are evinced by the Report of the Overseers to the County Com- missioner in the following extract. " For the year ending June 18^3 we felt much encouraged when we were enabled to report that there had been but 49 commitments for the year, or less than one a week. But how much more pleasure it gives us you may judge, and will undoubtedly participate in, as all human hearts will, to state that the commitments for the year ending with June 1854 are but nineteen, a diminution of thirty ; and, better still, that for the last six months there have been but seven. With but one exception these were sentenced to the House for that devastating sin drunkenness. Remove that evil from our midst and the cells would be solitary. It seems by the comparison of the two years to be fast diminishing. We trust another year may pre- sent a purer docket." 6. The returns for 1854, for these several places, have not yet been made public, excepting only the House of Correction. It is, however, probable that they will not exhibit results so satisfactory, as the means of evading the law become from year to year in some of the large towns more perfectly organized. Besides it is confidently affirmed by men of character and veracity, that in those towns where the opponents of the liquor law have the prevailing influence, there is a great laxity in prosecuting the dealers in liquor, and great activity in arresting the drinker; and this is done for the double purpose of making liquors easily to be obtained, and thus bringing the law into disreprfte for inefficiency and of making it appear from the great number of arrests, especially of drunkards, that intemperance and crime are in- increasing. If such be the case, then, it will pro- bably soon appear that in Portland and a few other of the large towns in Maine, a greater number of arrests have been made in 1854 than formerly. The only fair test of the law for good or evil will be found in the counties and townships, where the experiment is fairly worked, and not in those cities where a ma- jority of the authorities are opposed to it, where the dealers, consequently set the law at defiance, and where on any day the drinker may run down to the steamer at the wharf, and quench his thirst. Through- out the state at large the law is, generally, well en- forced ; and consequently the evils of intemperance, pauperism, crime, and wretchedness, have decreased; but in Portland great facilities exist for evading the law, its administration is in the hands of its oppo- nents, and it is quite probable, effects may be ascrib- ed to it, which arise solely in its perversion or bad administration. '■.. The t^eeti qflts PrchlbUim. pre- Illi— ftVIDCKOfi or TBStlUONT. When the undersigned visited Augusta, he had an opportunity of speaking to the Senators and Repre- sentatives from the various districts and counties of the State, and of enquiring of them as to the opera- tion of the law, whether it were much evaded, whether it were generally enforced, and whether its effects were beneficial, and beneficial to such a degree as to justify him in recommmending its enactment in Canada. 1. In regard to its evasion the reply was always the same, that in a few of the cities the provisions of the law were frequently evaded or violated ; but that it was generally enforced efficiently, and produced the most salutary effects. This was, universally, the sum of the verbal testimony of every Senator and Representative with whom he conversed, although some of these persons, before its enactment, bad been opposed to the law. Statement of the good effectt of prohibition in Maine. 2. As written testimony is preferable to verbal, the undersigned requested his Pkcellency the Governor, and other gentlemen, to give him some documentary statement of the good results of the law, if such ex- isted. His Excellency thereupon had the following document executed, and gave it his signature ; all his Councillors signed it ; the heads of departments did the same; the members of the Senate signed it: and of 150 Representatives, 120 were favorable to it, and as many as had time before he left, gave it their signa- ture. The document is as follows : — (Copy.) '. ', EeV. H. MULKINS, — ''' \ " In answer to your inquiries, we arc happy to have it in our power to say, that the law in the State of Maine, for the suppression of intemperance, has been most effective in its operation ; has from time to time become more stringent in its provisions ; is trium- phantly sustained by the popular voice; has greatly promoted sobriety ; has lessened the amount of crime, and has generally been most beneficial in its ofifects upon society, socially, educationally, morally, and religiously. Augusta, Maine, March 12th, 1855. .. , ; (Signed,) Anson P. Morrill, G'orerwor. Alvan Cumer, Senator, H. H. Boody, R. S. Stephens, „ Geo. W. Ferguson, „ Franklin Clark, Councillor. Henry Richardson, „ Marshal Creim, '„ Ammi Cutter, „ Noah Smith, Jun., „ Alden Jackson , Sec. of State. Woodbury Davis, Trea- surer of Stale. Franklin Murry, President of Senate. Louis 0. Cowan, Secretary of Senate. J. W. Knowllin, Assist. Sec. George Downes, Senator, John N. Goodwin „ James D. Dascombe „ Jos. Eaton, „ Alex. Dennett, „ John F. Scammon, „ N. G. Hichborn, „ Minot Crehore, „ T. Gushing, „ Newell Blake „ John Elliot, „ Wm. Willis, „ Auron Quinby, „ Alonzo Garcvlon, ,, George Thorndike, „ Sewall Watson, „ Augustus Spragun „ William Barkes, „ Mark H. Dunnell, „ , Hiram llu^gles, ,, Sidney Perbam, Speaker of the House, H. H. Baker, Clerk of the House. R. G. Sincom, Eepi'eseti- tative. D. Sibby, „ Nathan Baiheller, „ Eliaha McKenny, „ Leonard Andrews, „ W. H. Josselyn, „ Luke Brown, „ Elijah Comlns, „ Miles S. Staples, „ Eli Jones, „ Saml. R. Leavitt, „ C. S. Norris, „ B. R. Jake, „ George Cutler, „ Seth Scammon, „ John Berry, Jun. „ Nathaniel Pease, „ W.R. Flint. 3. Such testimony is beyond question, not only ! valuable, but decisive as to the salutary working of] the liquor law in Maine. The individuals who signed that document are well known in the State. Perhaps nothing more need be added. But as many persons, some in the Holy Ministry of Christ, and all of good standing, have carefully examined into the working of the Maine Liquor Law, it may be useful to know the results of their observations. His Excellency the Governor of the State of New York states in bis message to the Legislature : — " That the good results hoped for from the legislation recommended are legitimate to it, several of the New England States, especially Maine and Connecticut furnish the most gratifying evidence. The steady diminution of crime and pauperism in the States referred to, with a con- stant and corresponding reduction of taxation ; and the new impulse given to almost all industrial pur- suits by the transformation of those who were once a burden upon the State into producers of wealth, constitute an argument in favour of the policy advo- cated, which, while it carries conviction to the statesman, will be no less appreciated by the multi- tude, unskilled though they may be in casuistry, but also undebased by appetite, and unperverted by in- terest. If any thing is to be learned from the example of other States, or to be deduced from our own increased experience, it should be made avail- able to our use ; and our legislstion upon all sub- jects, should keep pace with our advancing intelli- gence,* always expressing the highest truth we have received, and reaching forward to the greatest good attainable." Again, his Excellency the Governor of Iowa calls on the Legislature to enact a law similar to the one in Maine, to suppress intemperance. Such a law was consequently passed and received his sanction. He says, "There is a strong public sentiment ia favour of a radical change of the present laws regu- lating the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors. Every friend of humanity earnestly desires that something may be done to dry up these streams of bitterness that this traffic now pours over the land.. I have no doubt that a prohibitory law may be enacted that will avoid all constitutional objections, and meet the approval of a vast majority of the State." Lord Elgin. 4. His Lordship the Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, the late universally respected and beloved Governor General in Canada, is reported to have stated at a party in London, consisting of some of the first noblemen and gentlemen of the Realm, as follows : — " I believe that it is destined to work a very great change on the face of Society. I wish the cause the utmost success. They have adopted it in New Brunswick, and I am watching its operations with more interest than that of any cause now under the sun." Governor Dutton of Connecticut. 5. His Excellency Governor Dutton bears the following strong testimony to the value of prohibi- tion : — " As a witness to the merits and utility of a Prohibitory Law, I am able to speak. I think it is not too much to claim for the Connecticut law that it is the best prohibitory law ever framed, because it was framed after long deliberation, and with special regard to its being consistent with other existing laws. It was passed on the 1st of August last, and its operation has been a decided success. Not a grog-shop, so called, is to be found in the State of Connecticut, since the law came into force. No matter what the local balance of interest in any town, city, or spot in the State, the law was so framed that it should operate in all and each. I do not mean that there are not a few dark spots where \>y falacliood and secrecy, evasion may be managed ; but, in a in a word, the traffic has ceased — the effects are all that could be wished. I have not seen a drunkard ard in the streets since the 1st of August. I was not here ten minutes till I saw a man not able to walk alone. Such is the difference be- tween a State with and one without a Maine Law. The statistics of crime have been ma- terially diminished ; the crimes which directly result from rum have fallen away fully one-half. There are hundreds, I have no doubt thousands of families, who are in this inclement weather, well supplied with comforts, who, but for our law would be destitute. Such are the particular effects ; the general effect is a sober, calm, quiet air of security pervading the whole community, which is delightful to behold and enjoy. There is one idea that a prohibitory law will invade personal and domestic security ; the father of lies never invented a greater. Do you feel more se- cure when rowdyism fills the streets? Do you sup- pose that under the law your firesides would not be secure, and that they would be invaded under the pretext of ascertaining if you sold liquor ? No such thing. The opposition predicted to tiie enforcement of the law is not realized ; I have never known it opposed ; its enemies cannot get up a combination against it, because it commends itself to all men's judgments, and is better liked the longer it is known. Its beauty is its simplicity. When you see a nuisance jou at once remove it ; that is our principle ; we take the ' abominable thing' and put it away in some safe place. So, when we see an individual unable to take care of himself, we simply take him (no matter who he may be) and put him where he cannot hurt himself or others. When men are governed merely by appe- tite or love of gain, moral suasion has no CiTect — legal suasion saves breath and labour, a,nd accom- plishes the object in the simplest manner possible." 6. Testimony of Gentlemen residing in various parts of Maine. Testimony of several gentlemen residing in Maine. W, Davis, of Belfast, says, — " The open traffic in liquors in this city has long been entirely suppressed, though it is carried on secretly to a very limited extent, and there are occasional commitments for drunkenness. There has been no re-action against the Maine law since our first attempt to enforce it. Our authorities prosecute for every known violation of it, and several are now paying its penal- ties in the county gaol. Our police have been so vigilant, that nearly all the liquors landed at our wharves have been seized. About fourteen hundred gallons have been destroyed the past month, and a considerable quantity still remains in the hands of the officers. " The operation of this law here, for the past two years, so far from impairing our confidence in it, has compelled even its enemies to acknowledge its bene- ficial effects, while the number of its active supporters has been constantly increasing. No one could be elected to office here in opposition to it ; and in this whole county^ at the last election of members of the Legislature, which turned on the question of its re- peal, eleven of the twelve members chosen are well known as among its most efficient advocates and friends." " Before the passage of our law drunkenness was a ^aily spectacle in our streets, with the usual accom- paniments of brawls and riots. But I have not seen three men intoxicated in our village for three months. And men who never came here before without get- ting drunk, now uniformly go home sober. " Before this law went into operation commitments to gaol for drunkenness were frequent. I think there has not been a single case since. The only represen- tative we have had in the House of Correction for a long time is one person, who was find for selling liquors, and in default of paj'ment was committed. " The amount to which pauperism has been di- minished I cannot tell. The keeper of the alms- house contracts by the year to furnish every thing for all applicants. He has himself been connected with the traffic in liquors heretofore. But not more than two months after the first attempt to enforce the law here, he admitted that ' the liquor law had already saved him one hundred dollars.' " " Such are some of the visible effects of the law among us. But its effects in generally improving the condition of the poor, in awakening and elevating the public sentiment of our people, in calling their attention to the manifold evils of intemperance, in making the use of alcoholic liquors unpopular, and the traffic in them odious, are not the less important for being unnoticed, and not always acknowledged. The effect of our law upon the public sentiment of our people, I consider one of its greatest works." 7. The same good effects of the law were witnessed at Calais, as described by G. Downs, Esq., in 1853. — " I am, as you know, situated upon the Banks of the St. Croix ; the boundary line between us and the Province of New Brunswick. Prior to the passage of this law, wc were annoyed by considerable quan- tities of liquors brought to this port in transitu for the Provinces. Since the passage of their law in New Brusnwickjthe amountimportedisvery much reduced. I should think it would be very liberal to say that the quantity was reduced one-half here, and in my opinion, from information gathered from others, the reduction in other parts of the State has been much greater. " There is no pauperism in this city which is not caused directly or indirectly by intemperance. The amount of pauperism has been much decreased since the passage and enforcement of the Maine Law. The same observations may be made in reference to crimes committed ; most of the crimes committed are directly traceable to intemperance. Our Jail is empty or rather would be, if it were not for the occasional imprisonment of a rum-seller. The Watch-house in this city has this year had but an occasional inmate, and the few cases are confined almost exclusively to intemperance. Before the passage of their law in New Brunswick the cases of confinement for drunken- ness were much' more frequent than at present, We had at that time to take care of the drunkards made in the province of New Brunswick. " In this city there were fifteen or twenty places, where it was said that liquor was sold. At this time there are none that I know of. " There is no case of open rum-selling now, that I can ascertain in this city or vicinity, in this State. " Before the Maine Law, the cases of intemperance were frequent ; at this time the cases are very in- frequent. " The general influences of the law are good and that continually. The principle of seizure and des- truction of the article when found is the key-stone to its efficiency, strength and power. Wherever the law is enforced, it is popular with the people," 8. The testimony of Joshua Wye, of Waterville, Kennebec. " Our drunkards have become scarce, some of them having died off, but many more have reformed, giving as a reason that the temptation has been removed from them. Our jails have becomQ The Effects o/lU Prokibition. nearlj tenantless, Teiy seldom being occupied by any but a rum-soller, wliu bag not been sly enough in his dealings, to escape the notice of some of the officers of the law. Our young men are growing up to be ■oldiers in the temperance army, and to form a public opinion before long that will demand a law to con- sign rumsellers to the state prison. Quarrelling and fighting in our streets, have entirely ceased, and all is peace and quietness. The change in regard to the expense of paupers is almost incredible ; In Fairfield the expense was reduced in two years, (by arigid en- forcement of the law,) from mqre than two thousand dollars to two hundred ; in consequence of which the good people of that town wisely decided to add five hundred dollars more to the school fund. The expense in many of the towns in this vicinity has been reduced, in some of them nearly as much as in Fairfield. But what rejoices my heart the most is to see thcfamiliet thnt have been made happy by the en forcement of this law. Many a poor woman has come to me and with tears implored me to enforce the law, as by so doing, it had been the means of reforming her husband, and by so continuing, it would be the means of saving him. God forbid that I should ever turn a deaf ear to their supplications. I will say in conclusion that if the Maine law were strictly enforced in all the towns of this state, rumsclling mutt cease; no person can for any length of time resist it with- out finding himself looking out of the grates of a pri- II son. 9. John C. Godfrey of Bangor says : " My informa- tion comes from the City Marshal of Bangor, and he bas DO means of getting at that precise information you require. He says decidedly, that, setting aside the agency, there has not been one-twentieth part of the liquor imported into Bangor since the law that there was in the same time before ; and that the agency does not sell more than one-third the amount of liquors that is sold from thatestabllshment in the city — the rest goes into country agencies. Including the sales of the agency, ho says the sales are 70 per cent less than before the law in the same time. Of this he is confident, and he thinks 75 per cent less, would be nearer the truth. "It is difficult, if not impossible to get at the statis- tics of pauperism. Since the railroads have started there has been quite an influx of paupers. The Mar- shal thinks that if the population had been station- ary, there would not have been one fourth as much the same time there was before the pauperism in law." 10. A gentleman from Ohio having visited Maine to learn the workings and usefulness of the law, sets forth its effects in the following style: " Among the most eloquent things we saw, were the ruins of seve- ral distilleries. A few years ago they flourished on the ruins of domestic peace and happiness ; now, the family smiles o'er their levelled and dilapidated remains. Let those who doubt the efficiency of the Maine Law, go and see these relics of past barbar- ism ; let them see the old vats and walls crumbling into dust, leaving no trace of the dark spot where misery and death were brewed for the human family ; and then let them be for ever silent as to the operation of that law." 11. The testimony of the following Right Rev. Prelates and Divines is worthy of the highest con- sideration, especially, as, with the exception of Dr. Potter, they were all personally cognizant of the ad- vantages derived from the Law of which they speak. The Right Rev. Bishop Burgess of Maine says, in an- swer to several questions proposed to him on the subject : — " The law has I believe been generally ex- ecuted J though not every-wbere with equal energy ; and the amount of intoxication has been, in coqn- quence, most evidently, strikingly, and even, I think ] I may say, wonderfully diminished. "Whatever is in the power of prohibitory law to I accomplish without extreme severity or iniquisitorifti scrutiny, this law has generally in my opinion accom- plished. Those who are bent upon obtaining liquor I can and do succeed ; but it has ceased to be an ar> tide of traffic ; it has ceased to present any open temptation; the young are comparatively safe; and I all the evils of public drinking-houses and bars ro-l moved, together with the interest of a large body of) men in upliolding them for their own pecoiuary ad- vantage." 12. The Rev. Mr. Fcssenden of Rockland :—" The I law is generally enforced ; ' without resistance and vvithgeneral acquiescence'— daily gaining in populari- ty, and this in some quarters, from the fact, that sta- 1 tistics show a palpable diminution of pauperism and crime wherever it has been perscveringly enforced." 13. The Right Rev. Prelate, Dr." Potter, Bishop of | Pennsylvania, in answer to certain tracts on prohibi- tion which Mr. Delwan had sent to him, replied ; "I have received and so far as my engagements permit- i ted, have read the series of short tracts, which you have caused to be published in the interests of temper- 1 ance. This method of dealing with the subject can- not be sufficiently commended, for no legislation can be effectual in removing the causes of intemperance, which does not spring from an intelligent and pro- found conviction pervading the very heart of our peo- ple." And further on he adds these very encourag- ing words ; — " I rejoice, my dear Sir, to see you in- voking once more in your own peculiar fashion, the mighty energies of the press, and I join you with all my heart in praying God to speed the day when one of the sorest and most gratuitous of all the woes with which misguided man chooses to scourge himself and hie posterity, shall be rooted out, and thb traftio which so perseveringly upholds it, be branded as outlaw through- out the world." Professor Stowe stated in Glasgow in Scotland r — "I never saw a law that operated so beautifully and vindicated itself so nobly as that law does. When the law passed, th«. majority of the legislature were against it, but they dare not resist the will of the peo- ple — it was supported by nine-tenths of all the wo- men and children, and by three-fourths of all the men — it passed the senate and the governor signed it, and then they said, ' Let us judge of the law by its effects.^ In less than six months the Governor was in favour of the law. So also were the majority of the Senate." Mr. Chipman, who is perhaps better acquainted with the vast amount of crime and other evils resulting from the trade in spirits than any other man in the United States, after having minutely examined the effects of the law in Maine, makes the following state- ment : — " He had said that three-fourths of the taxation to support paupers, and to pay the expense of prosecu- ting and supporting criminals, were caused by intem- perance : the experience of Maine under a prohibitory law, proves that temperance or abstinence from in- toxicating liquors, causes a decrease of taxation to one-fourth of its original amount 1" 14. The Rev. W. W. Lovejoy of Waterville Maine, wrote to a friend. " You wish to know how the Maine Law works here. Admirably 1 Liquor is still sold clandestinely in some places. Nolaw can prevent that at once and entirely. But its public distribution is everywhere suppressed^ and a drunken man is sel- dom seen. The people are prompt and energetic in the enforcement of the statute : and the state of mo-r Tht EffeeU ofU$ ProkHntion. Tftlity is nltoj^ether higher than formprly. Strenuous ofTorta were mude at the last election to bring about a repeal of the law, but failed. It is too well establish- ed, and its beneficiaj cfTocts too apparent. The sto- ries which are circulated in New Yorit and the West to the contrary, are mere humbugs, gotten up by its enemies." 15. No man perhaps living, has taken a more sin- cere or deeper interest in temperance than the Hon. Neal Dow the inventor of the prohibitory law ; no man has watched its results more vigilantly, and it would bo unfair not to adduce his testimony ; he re- marks in 1861 ; — "Thousands of families live in com- fort which formerly found a precarious and scanty subsistence, or depended upon private charity and upon the Alms-house for support. The drinking man re- formed by the removal of temptation out of his way, restored to his right mind, no longer on the Sabbath morning seeks the beer-shop, to spend there all his holy time — there is no beer shop — but he turns his steps, with wife and children, to the house of God ; and his children formerly ragged, neglected, playing aho\it the street, are now constant attendants on the Sab- bath-school." Any amount of testimony as to the good results of the interdiction of the liquor traffic in Maine, might be added ; but it is conceived that the preceding facts and testimony as proof of its salutary working, are amply sufficient. It is time to turn to other States. U. THE FRUITS OP THE INTERDICTION OF THE TRAFFIC IN THK STATE OF CONNECTICUT. Interdiction of the trade in intoxicating drinks was first established by law in the state of Maine ; Connecticut was one of the most recent in its adop- tion. How does the law work there ? lias it been carried into effect ? Are its fruits good ? For this, like all other professed reforms, must be tested by its effects ; "by their fruits shall ye know them." The law in this state came into effect in August, 1854 ; 60 that details of its salutary effect in the diminution of crime and pauperism, cannot yet to any large ex- tent be expected. Its effects, however, can be traced in some of the larger cities. 1st. Thelaw went into effect on the first of August. In New Haven, with a population of 23,000, in July, the month before the law came into operation, there were arrested and sent to the County Jail - 50 to the City Watch House, 78 « 128 ' These were the returns for the month before the law 'interdicted the trade in alcoholic drinks. In the first month after, there were arrested and sent to The County Jail, 16 Watch House, 15 Total for August - 31 This return exhibits a falling-off of no less than 92 arrests in one month I The effect in Hartford, a town containing 16,000 inhabitants, was much the same. The month pre- ceding the law for suppressing the trade in liquor, there were committed to the Workhouse, 20 In the month after, only, 8 — 12. 2nd. In New Haven there was a falling away in arrests in one month of seventy-five per cent, under the law of prohibition, and in Hartford, sixty per cent. The Hartford Courant remarked, — " There have been twenty-three persons discharged from the workhouse since the first of August of the present year, and on Saturday Sep. 9th, there was not a sin- gle male per^son ia the workhouse, which, except for a couple of females, would be tonantless. There has not been a parallel to this state of things at any sea- son of the year for eight years at least ; for how much longer we do not know, but we presume there never was. Is there a sane person who doubts for an instant what has caused this result." ;Jrd. The Rev. Mr. Bush, of Norwich, in this State, made a most satisfactory rei)ort on the success of the law, from which the following extract is taken: " The cause has been gaining ground among us for years, and having passed through a great moral struggle, wo now stand on high ground. While six states have adopted the Maine law, nono of them have succeeded like ours. The report from the towns at the lAte county meeting at New London, were cheer- ing, and enough to convince all heretofore opposed to the law. Since the first of August he had not seen a man drunk in Norwich, where the sight had been of daily occurrence. He could give a long list of names of men formerly idle and drinking, who are now sober and industrious. So it is In Wind- ham County, and in Hartford their jails and alms> houses are almost empty. These are samples of tho effects of the law. Let the law march straight-for- ward, hewing down the Anakim as well as the pig- niiesof the traffic, alike and impartially, and we shall certainly triumph." In the county of New London, the authorities in the beginning of 1855, reported as follows : — "The county prison is empty. The Maine law is justly held responsible for tiiis result. Last year be- fore the law went into operation, from the first of .\ugust to the first of January inclusive, there were upwards of fit\y prisoners in the county jail. Since the first of August last, the number has been gradu- ally diminishing, till on New Year's day, there was but one poor fellow held in durance, who 'solitary and alone,' was awaiting trial for the violation of the liquor law." , . ,, , , Further Testimony. 3. That these effects have been produced in the cities of the state, where the greatesi, difficulties to- wards the enforcement of the law exist, is itself a proof that good results have followed its operation in the country parts. The testimony of a few emi- nent and reliable men is here subjoined as to the be- neficial working of the law generally in the state. •In a letter to Mr. Delevan, Governor Button makes the following declaration ; — "I hazard nothing in asserting that no candid enemy of the law will deny that it has proved more efficient than its most sanguine friends anticipated. It has completely swept the pernicious traffic, as a business, from tho state. An open groggery canhot be found. I have not seen a person here in a state of intoxication since the first of August. In our cities and manufactur- ing villages, streets that were formerly constantly disturbed by drunken brawls, are now quiet as any other. " The change is so palpable, that many who have been strongly opposed to such a law, have beea forced to acknowledge the efficacy of this. " The statistics of our courts and prisons prove that criminal prosecutions arc rapidly diminishing in number. Some jails are almost tenantless. "The law has been thoroughly executed with much less difficulty and opposition than was anticipated. In no instance h&s a seizure produced any general excitement. Resistance to the law would be unpo- pular ; and it has been found in vain to set it at de- fiance. The longer the beneficial results of the law are seen and felt, the more firmly it becomes estab- 'lished. The ridiculous idea, so industriously circu- lated, thatthg sanctity of domestic life would be in- The EfftetB peranco for the same time, . - B Till' '-Ifc t of the law here is most reitarkable ; the number of commitments to the Alms House having decreased in one year from 130 to 74 ; and the number of commitments for intemperance in the same period having dwindled down from 54 to 5 I In the Watch House in the same city in the last six months of 1854 were has been a decrease compared with 1853, of 113 commitments. Again there were comniitted to the city Jail from Aug. Ist 1853 to Feb Ist 1854, - - - 239 Of which for selling Liquor, - - - 1 For Intemperance - - - - - IfiC This was the last half year before the prohibitory law came into operation in Connecticut. For the succeeding six months after its enforcement, tho commitments to the jail very materially differed ; From Aug. Ist 1854 to Feb. 1st 1855 - - 218 For selling Liquor - - - - - 51 For Drunkenness . - ... 90 Then, there was a decrease of 21 in the total of conv mitmcnts, a decrease of 70 for intemperance ; and but for the prosecution of dealers for violating the law, there had been a total decrease of 72 in the halt year. Furthermore, the keeper of the Alms House and Work House at Watterbury, produced the following statement of the returns to that institution : — • Six months before the law, committed For Intemperance, ----- 25 Other causes, - - - - - -12 Total "31 For six months after the law came in force, committed For Intemperance, ----- 3 All other causes, - - - - - 1 1 Total, 14 11. — WHAT AUK THE FIIHITS OV IMTEUDICTINO THE TUAF- FIC IN OTHER PLACEa ? It were an endless task to take up all the States where the trade has been forbidden by law and ad- duce evidence in extenso of the fruits of the prohibition. A few brief references to other places, is all that time or space, or the cause requires. 1st. MASSACHUSETTS. 1. In Massachusetts as well as in Maine the moral feelings of society are in favour of the inhibition of the trallic. To *,3certaln this a circular was address- ed to all the clergy in the state, and the returns are here given. In favour of prohibition. Agninat it. 209 3 Congregational Baptist .... Unitarian Methodist Universalist Episcopal (Ch. of England.) Other denominations. 94 29 149 39 3 9 132 1 1 I 130 54 !)6 48 74 & ble ; tho liuving number e |iuriod 2!$ 12 37 3 11 \gnln9t it. 3 1 1 2 Seventu-two were in favour of the law to oue againit it I 2. The law is ulmoiit univrrMally enforced in thin Stutc, annr heforr (lie law 192 3'J 1U8 339 Year aficr III fnvor of I'rohibltiuu. I(i4 27 88 27!) 28 12 20 GO Again the returs from the city juil show tho same favourable result. Whole number From Lowell . Intemperate Minors . . . Total Ycnr heforc I'roliitilliuii. 78 72 71 16 23G Year after. In fnvor of I'rohibliloii. 57 4ti 47 8 158 21 2G 24 7 78 Hero there were fifty commitments to the House of Correction and eighty to the Jail, less in one year un- der the action of tho Prohibitory Law than in the year before. In that same year the Police liad ar- rested ninety persons less for intemperance than the year before, and issued only half as many warrants. On these facts the Marshal of the city observes : — *' It. will be seen by coniparing the above statistics that the amount of drunkenness for three months ending October 22nd, (which are the first three months that the new liquor law has been in operation,) is G7 per cent less than during the same time last year ; and that the criminal business of the Lowell Police Court has been reduced 25 per cent, including the liquor search warrants ; and deducting these you will find it reduced 38 per cent. Last year there were over 200 places where iutoxicatingliquors were sold openly, and now there are no places where they are sold publicly. That they are sold in a private and obscure manner, I do not doubt, and will continue to be until the pre- sent law is amended in many respects and simplified in its operation.'' VERMONT. 2. The Speaker of the House of Representatives — an office corresponding with the Speaker of Asseml)ly in Canada, states : — " Ten thousand streams of woe have been dried at their fountains — pauperism has been most surprisingly diminished in many localities, county jails have in many instances become tenaittless — drunken rows for which Vermont, under her former iniquitous license laws, was so proverbial, are now entirely reckoned among the things that were — and gross inebriety, if witnessed at all, excites astonish- ment, and is quite sure to furnish the means of detect- ing and punishing offenders. .Thus much has the law accomplished for our State." 3. Wherever prohibition hus been tried it has had tho iumc benign effect, whether in States, or in Cities, or in Municipulitied. KxnmpioH of Htutcs have been given, and Hpecimem of thcMn good reituItM in iniuller communities follow. The town and county niunlci- paliticM in the State of New Vork were vni|iowered in 1H45, to prohibit within their reNpective liniitM thr trade in ardent KpirltH. Some of thcHc mHiilcipalities did 80, and after a careful examination of tiie elfuct ia scven^l countie*, Samuel Cliipman, KHq., reported th« following resulta : — " After the repeal of tho law of 1845 wo examined the jailHof(we think )scventeenCountieH — ascertaining the number committed to each one tho year before the law, and then the number during its existence. To lie as brief as poHsible : — In Ontario Juil the year bo- fore that law, the number of prisoners was 125; the year of its operation 53 ; the year u/lfr the repMl 132. That jail was probably built in 17U0, and was never without a tenant until 184G, during which year it was empty about six months, : and let it be particuiarlj noticed, that in the year when tho number of prison- ers was greatly diminished, there Was a corresponding diminution in jail expehses. Mr. Murray Clerk of tho Hoard of Supervisors, certifies that the number of weeks' lioard for prisoners during prohibition was NiNKTY KioHT, and tho year after tho repoal yiVB UVH- DUKU AMU KIOHTy TWO. "In Munroc County the year before Prohibition the number in jail was 'J'>3 ; during that your it was 006 : and what the year after, when the tide of intemper- anuo had rolled back ? The legal restraint having been removed? Ponder the ans^ver I It was 947, or 287 more than the previous year. Is there any effi- ciency in legislating against t!io sale of liquor ? " The expenses of the poor at the poor-house, were nearly six thousand dollars less while the law ex- isted, thai they were the previous year. The num- ber of weeks' board for prisoners was 5GI weeks less. " Genesee County jail had never been without aten- ant, except once — a day or two, until 1846, when it was so for some weeks. In the other of the seventeen counties examined, a mass of facts of the same kind, and to the same effect was obtained, showing that the number of commitments was gfoatly diminished, fud that some other jails were unoccupied for longer or shorter periods for the very first time. Drunken- ness in the streets of the city where we are now writing, , (Rochester,) and especially in surrounding villages, was diminished, according to the deliberate opinion of our most observing and judicious citizens, who were especially questioned on the subject, five- sixths — we think more. Facts like these might be given to an indefinite extent, all looking in the same direction, all proving, if facts can prove anything, that prohihitory legislation does greatly diminish the ewtfj of intemperance." 3. The prohibition of all sales of liquor on Sun- days has been enjoined in several cities. In Phila- delphia the effect was very striking. An eye witness of it says, " Nine-tenths of the drinking bahs in the city were closed, and the amountof drunkenness was certainly not more than one-tenth of what has or- dinarily been seen on Sundays. The drunken groups that have infested the street corners and disgusted church-goers, were for the first time not to be found. As a consequence, the day was the most quiet here for a long time. Not a broil nor a drunken row, nor a fireman's fight, nor a false alarm of fire occurred du- ring the whole day." 3. In Scotland where a law prohibiting the sal© of liquors on Sunday has been carried into effect, intemperance has been proportionably lessened. The following Scotch paper^i bear witness to the result : — 22 la there a Neceaaityfor Prohibition in Canada f The Scottish Guardian, " At the Western Police office there was not a single case of drunkenness ; at the Southern, not one; and also at the Clyde station there was not a single one ; at the Calton only one, and that the case of a fellow from the country, who had a bottle of whi?ky in his pocket ; at the Central office tbfre were only one or two. The last two Sabbaths have been kept with more outward decorum than has been obserred in Glasgow for many years." Oremock Advertiser. •' ' . > " " In Port Glasgow, where the Police have exor- cised a strict 8upor\'ision, a great change for the bet- ter in the habits of this town has taken place. In localities where drunken brawls were so common that it was almost dangerous to pass through them, not a single intoxicated person is now to be seen." Ayr Paper. " The new regulations with regard to public houses are working admirably. We allude to the prohibi- tion of the sale of spirits on Sunday. From all quar- ters both in town and country the Police report most favourably of the altered state of matters consequent upou the change. Not an intoxicated person was to be seen last Sabbath in our streets or suburbs." Northern Warder. '-' Dundee had never quieter or externally better kept Sabbaths than since the new Public-house Act came into operation. On Sabbath last there was not a single committal at the Police office, from four o'clock in the morning till the forenoon of Monday." From the evidence of the facts, statistics, and testi- monies here adduced in reference to the Prohibitory ' Law in the several States which have enacted it, the conclusion seems to bo unavoidable : let. That the law has been generally enforced ; and, 2nd. That its effects have been highly beneficial in a aoeial and moral point of view. (See note II, Appendix B.) The only remaining question to be reported upon therefore, is this : — III. — WHETHER THERE IS A NECESSITY FOR PROHIBITION IN CANADA ? The examination of this question fairly on the ground of facts alone, is the only way of arriving at a satisfactory resolution of this paramount question. Because, admitting the evils in other countries if the same evils do not exist here, if the same cause is not in ceaseless activity, a remedy cannot be asked or .' needed. It seems then only reasonable that those ; who ask for prohibition should be able fairly to au- I 8WP' Lliis question, is there a cause ? ' 1st. The general results of intemperance are unde- niably prevalent among us , drunkenness, quarrelling, domestic broils, decrepitude, disease, accidents, violent , deaths, poverty, beggary, want, bitter destitution, im- moralities in parents, neglect of their duty to their children, vice, prostitution, crime, insanity, idiocy, murders, and many deaths by intemperance, through burning, freezing, drowning and rioting. These effects exist: numerous cases have occurred where they have been traced home to the traffic. The re- cords of every township and city in this Province, would probably serve to exemplify and prove the fact. Do not such effects indicate some powerful Cause to produce them ? Nay, if a strict examination were instituted into the poverty existing, into the vicious habits of multitudes, into the ignorance of [many, why numbers are prematurely old, why others in the prime of life, are weak and feeble, why ragged children throng our streets, and mendicants beset our •teps, why our schools and churches are not filled; why parental restraint grows weak in this country ; why there are so many orphans and widows, so many young criminals, why our police stations, jails, prisons and asylums are filled to overflowing ; whyourhouses of industry and hospitals for the poor tire always full — the result would be that in thousands of instances, these effects would be traced back to the legal sale of ardent spirits. 2nd. Here in Canada is witnessed not only the same effects, but as in other countries, here the same cause exists in vigorous action. Large importations of wines, brandies, gin, rum, cordials and other liquors are yearly imported. Thousands of gallons of these various kinds of intox- icating drinks, are produced by the vile use of drugs in the process of adulteration; and great quantities of cider, beers, ales, and whiskeys, are manufactured in the Province. The names of whiskey are Legion, its Protean forms infinite, its transformations endless^ and its effects arc only evil. As the Circuit Judge stated in Glasgow, " every evil seemed to begin and end in whiskey." .\s to the extensive operations of the traffic, the returns as published in the Tables of trade and navi- gation for 1853, will give a tolerably correct exposi- tion, assuming, of course, that the tables, as published by the Government, are correct. It is true that large quantities are annually brought into the Province by smugglers who carrj' on a large but unl.iwful trade in liquors ; it is also true that large quantities of brandy, gin, wine, and other liquors are manufactured out of whiskey ; but the precise or proximate quantity of liquor smuggled or produced by adulteration, is un- known, and cannot form the basis of an argument, although such liquor unquestionably swells the quantity consumed in the Province in a very large degree. 3. Leaving the unlawful trade either by smuggling or by adulterated liquors out of the calculation, the tables referred to give the following returns, the latest at hand : — Importations. TABLE SHEWING THE QUANTITIES OP UQUOHS IMPORTED, THEIR VALUE, AND THE AMOUNT PAID AS DUTY ON THEIR IMPORTATION IN 1853. Kinds. Brandy, Rum, Wliiskey, Cordials, Wines, Gin, Gal. imported. 147,828 04,757 324,074 1,470 358.471 120,273 1,025,873 Total Value. £34,891 5,473 24,453 413 51,331 12,941 £129,502 Amount of Duty paid to Government. £23,504 5,427 7,100 323 14,998 16,102 £07,514 Tlius, there is imported into Canada, and consumed in drinking, no less than 1,024,873 gallons of .spirits. This table may serve to show one of the great difficul- ties in the way of a prohibitory law, viz., the large revenue derived from their importation, being in 1853, £07,514. The question is certainly important. Can the Government afford to lose so large a sum from its revenue ? This question is best answered by asking another : — if the revenue derived from the duty on importation of liquor cannot be spared, in the present state of the Province, from the Pulilic chest, vmuld it not be better to ram the amount by direct taxation, than that the community should still suffer the numerous evils connected with the trade in alccholic drinks ? Manufacture of Liquors. 4. These importations of the article, supplying as they Is there a JVeceadtyfor Prohition in Canada f do, one gallon nearly for each man, woman and child, in the Province, are not the only sources whence it is derived. The succeeding table, compiled* from the returns in the Canada Census for 1851-2, opens another source of the evils of intemperance : — Eslabliib- iiieiiti. Number Capital Invested. Hands Emplo>ed Distilleries, Breweries, Cider Mills, 100 27 50 ,£38,742 11,275 G52 122 177 £50,017 774 Quantity made —in Gallons. 1,98G,768 475,315 742,840 3,204,923 There is produced, again, by the manufacture, nearly one gallon each for every man, woman, and chikl, in the whole Province. Besides, it is a most remarkable circumstance that but of 85 counties and cities in Canada, returns of Distilleries were made from only 47. More than one-half of the counties in the Province refused compliance to the Census Com- mission. Returns of Breweries were not made from 38 counties. For those from whom returns were made, the details Avere very unsatisfactory. But why this reluctance to have the doings of these ■establishments known ? If satisfied that they are a benefit to Society, why not give all the facts and de- tails. The Government did its duty in demanding full and perfectreturnsfrom these establishments, but there has been neglect some wliere. There is one point, however, in which these returns are, probably, correct, in the amount of capital invested in the business. As the question of indemnity in case of enacting a prohibitory law, would bo likely and very properly to arise, it is a satisfaction to know that through all Canada, there ia invested in distilleries and breweries, the small sum of £50,000. Presuming, therefore, that the Proprietors put down their investments at the full value, in view of indemnity in case of prohi- bition, that question is by no means as formidable as has been supposed. From the imports and manufacture of liquors there is in Canada the total of — Importations in gallons, . Manufactured Spirits, 1,024,578 3,204,910 Grand Total, . 4,229,788 5. The importers and manufacturers, to say no- thing of smugglers and adulterators of liquors, pro- vide for our Canadian community, on an average, something like three gallons per annum for each inhabitant. The subjoined table will give some idea of the agencies employed in the internal trade of liquors in the Province, and show by what means it is that it becomes diffused so universally in the country : — Establishmenta where Liquor is sold in Canada. Bar-keepers, Bond Houses, Ale and Beer Merchants, Inn-keepers, Hotel-keepers, . Brewers Grocers, Distillers Wine Merchants, . Store-keepers . ' , Tavern-keepers, . c.w. C.E. 74 22 32 64 3 1216 384 254 83 219 61 419 529 188 7 1 8 435 1228 556 59 33S4 2448 5,742 This return of places where liquor may be had, brings out into full view a sad and appalling state of things. The population of Canada is 1,842,265, and not in- cluding the drinking saloons and houses licensed to sell liquors, which abound in our villages, towns and cities, there is one establishment throughout the whole Province for every 322 souls. There are 293,667 families in Canada, and an establishment where liquors are sold for every 51 families in the Province. Nay, it may safely bo affirmed that this is far below the truth of the case ; of this there can be no doubt to any person who has examined the returns. It is a most startling fact that in compiling the above it was ascertained that not half the counties had made re- turns; and in consequence another table was then prepared to show how exceedingly defective were the returns, in reference to these houses for the sale of liquors. The result is in the subjoined table, from which it appears that if the returns from the several counties which did not give them, had been as large in propor- tion as those which supplied the returns, then, in that case, there would have been one of the above-nam^d establishments for every 25 families in the Province. TABLE, showing the Number of Counties in each Province, from which Returns of the several Closseg of Persons engaged in Selling Liquors, have been made : — Claaneg of Persona beiliiig Liquors. Bar-keepers, Boarding Houses, Brewers, Distillers, Grocers, Hotel-keepers Inn-keepers . Tavern-keepers, Wine-merchants, Ale & Porter do., C. WEST. C. KA8T. 1 .!■ • n 2t ^« a r 3 C ^i '* c S^, "• 3 K 3 u .§s Bo £? "r S s a 2 C M 5 et S Ul s ~ 3 5?" s c 9 OL o •" P-!? o — o a O O^ U 36 28 19 2 11 36 3 35 36 11 11 27 34 13 4 34 32 15 5 33 16 31 , 12 26 30 35 17 28 10 12 20 18 4 43 7 31 47 3 35 285 226 244 95 OB VI Si a is O M _ s as c a •3 . !3 si 30 14 47 38 37 28 58 55 11 3 55 76 38 47 48 57 27 30 74 82 6. If then, the evils of intemperance are not so numerous in Canada as in other countries, it does not arise in any scarcity of liquor ; not in any want of importation; not because there are no places in which to manufacture it ; not because there is not an ample staff of interested persons to diffuse it abroad in the Province. There is no other single branch of trade in which such numbers are engaged ; so that the means of producing evil, of creating poverty, drunkenness, and crime, are amply sufficient. There have not been collected so numerous statistics ia proof of the great evils of the trade in Canada, as in the adjoining States, where longer and more minute observations have been made. But there is not a clergyman, a councillor, a physician, or a magistrate who is not aware of these evils, who has not seen the wretchedness and ruin produced by alcoholic drinks. There is probably not a township where its victims cannot be found reduced to poverty and beggary ; to imbecility or to crime. There is probably of the 293,265 families in Canada, not one family, some of whose members have not suffered in one way or another through intoxicating drinks. It is a painful refiectioa too, that notwithstanding all the laws to 24 is there a Neeettityfor Prohibition, in Canada 7 regulate the traffic, all the exertions of the police;' notwithstanding all the exertions of the friends of temperance for the last twenty-five years ; notwith- standing tliat the public press has diffused throughout the whole country facts and statistics to show its' terrible effects ; and notwithstanding that the Chris- tian Ministry in Canada— than which a more devoted and indefatigable can no where be found — has made the most praiseworthy exertions to stay its progress, it is a most painful reflection tiiat intemperance has gone on rapidly increasing, just as the increase of our material prosperity. ?. In the following returns of the deaths in the Pro- vince for the years 1851-2, who can fail to see the effects of this traffic ; — Delirium Tremens, . 2 Suicide, .... 6 Drowned .... 20G Intemperance, . • , 45 Frozen, .... 8 Sudden death, . 88 Cause not specified, 244 Cold, .... 117 Total, .... 716 It fs true that all these deaths may not have been caused directly or remotely by intemperance ; but it is certain that many of them were so caused, and it is highly probable that more than 71G lost their lives in that year by intemperance, since it is now well known to be productive of many diseases, and since 721 would not be as great a number in proportion to our population as annually die in both Great Britain and the United States, by the hand of the same trade. But suppose only 47 died annually by intemperance in this young country, is not that enough ? must the victims be multiplied by hundreds or thousands, before legislation will rise up to the rescue ? — See Note in. Appendix B. 8. But not death only is the result of this trade. What is it that makes so many maniacs in Canada ? Why is the Asylum at Toronto filled to overflowing, and Beaufort the same, and yet demands from all parts of the Province still made for more accommodation for the insane ? Why is it that insane persons are annually sent to the Asylums in Great Britain and the United States, and that new asylums are already most urgently needed ? Why is it that out of every 890 persons in Canada one is either insane, or an idiot ? Every effect proceeds from some cause. It has before been shown that a large per centum of insanity is produced by intemperance in England and America. The Bishop of London stated more than half, in several institutions for maniacs. But suppose that the proportion caused by intemperance not so great ; suppose it far below what the statistics given declare it to be; suppose that medical men are mistaken in stating liquors to be so powerful an agent in producing mania ; suppose what is far below the reality, that only one-fifth of the insanity in Canada is the result of intemperance, is not that enough? Is it not a terrible thought for parents, that, in consequence of this traffic, their children, in whom centre their hopes and affections, may be con- verted into raving maniacs 7 There are in this Province now — In Canada West, . . 1,069 In Canada East, . . 1,735 2804, maniacs or idiots. If but one-fiP.h of these were reduced to lunacy by intemperance, the traffic has already produced 561 of the insane in Canada. ' Oood effect of the Law in Maine in diminithing Insanity. There is a very remarkable fact connected with the operation of the prohibitory law in Maine. The average number of patients treated in that Asylum for 13 consecutive years, as given in the very able report on that Institution, for 1854, by the S'uperin- tmdmt, H. M. Barlow, Esq., M.D., on the 20th page, is stated thus : — Year. Average number. Increaie. Uecreaae. 1841 5a » 1842 ,P94. 9.2 , ;• 1843 ; $M ^ 6.3 1844 * n 5 1845 80*1 10.2 r. 1846 93.9 13.9 1847 108 14.1 1848 112 4 1849 126 14 1850 137 11 1851 754 61.6 1852 t8;6 3.2 1853 109 31 From this table it is evident, 1st, that from 1841 to 1850, the number of patients in the Hospital had gone on increasing from year to year, until in nine years they had nearly trebled their number: and 2nd, that in 1851, the year the prohibitory law came into effect, there was a decrease of Q2 patients : thus,— Year before the Law . . 137 Year after, 1852, ... 78 In 1853 the number had risen up to 109, being after three years, 28 less than on the year before the law of prohibition existed. Crime produced by Intemperance. 9. Again the effects are witnessed in the Houses of Industry, in the Public Hospitals, in the Police Stations, in the increase of juvenile depravity, in the Jails and Prisons of the Province. Tlie commit- ments in the jails, as a general thing, are the product in one way or another of the trade in liquor. In the United Counties of Frontenac, Lennox, and Adding- ton, the High Sheriff lately made the following report of the cases for ten years : — Caused by Intemperance ," 1500 AU other Causes, . . . 200 Total, . . . 1700 3^The returns of other Cc unties have been orderedi by the Government for the last ten years, and it is presumable, that they will correspond in a great measure with the above named counties. Crime in Toronto. 10. In Toronto, in 1853, the whole number of com- mitments stood thus : — For Felony, . . . . 504 Drunkenness, . . . 3486 Other Crimes, . . . 4275 Total, . ... 7265 One-third of these cases were for druukenness, and how many of the others wera connected with the same cause of crime, was not returned. 11. In the same year, in the city of Montreal, there were 3601 arrests. . In consequence of Intemperance, . 2208 AU other Causes, .... 1393 Total, . . . 3601 lumon. 61.6 m Crime in Montreal. In Montreal, in the first three months of 1854, the returns stood thus ' — In con-^eqnence of Intemperance, . 690 All other Causes, .... 461 Mr. M. J. Haj's, Chief of Police in Montreal, has published the " Statistics of Crime," in that city, for the whole of the year 1854, from which it appears that there were 4217 cases in all. Arising in Intemperance, . . 2486 All other Causes, . . . 1731 Total, . . . 4217 Indeed, take any number of cities, take any round of years, there is the same result, the same chain of cause and effect, the traffic in liquors, intemperance, crime, and imprisonments. 12. Stalialics of the Provincial Penitentiary, showing the Came of Crime. The Statistics of the Provincial Penitentittry ex- hibit the same effects, as proceeding from the same pernicious agency. The Chaplain of that Institution reported, in 1852, on the habits of the 284 convicts under his charge, as follows : — 1852. Habitual drunkards, . . 163 Intemperate, occasional, do., . 78 Moderate drinkers, . . 30 Drunk when the crime was committed 138 In 1853, of the 88 commitments, of that year • — Habitual drunkards, . . 35 Convicts who committed crime when intoxicated; . . 41 . Occasionally drunk, . . 33 ;*V'^ Immoderate drinkers, . . 39 ' ■ Moderate drinkers, . . 30 •Totally abstaining, . . 1 In 1854, of the 108 convicts of that year, as follows :— Habitual drunkards, ... 32 Occasional drinkers, . . ^ . 45 Immoderate drinkers, ... 87 Neglected their business from drinking 25 Drunk when the crime was committed, 43 Reduced to want and destitution, . 7 So, therefore, it is most manifest, that turn which- ever way we may, the effects of alcohol are visible, in every rank, in every phase of society ; that, indeed it is an agency of demoralization so productive, that you look in vain for a spot where its foot-prints are not seen ; in high or low, in state and church, among old and young, among men and women, wherever in in its progress of want and woe it goes abroad, be- hind it is a desolate wilderness, while before it all was as the garden of the Lord. Judged by its effects, in demoraliKiug the minds of men, in tending to breaches of law, to the ebmmission of crime, wher- ever you see it,— and you see it everywhere, it is, it must be a crying evil, the greatest immorality of the ago, and ought to be suppressed. — See Note IV., Appendix B. The following remarks from an able article in the North British Review for February last, needs no commendation. "Looking then at the manifold and frightful evils that spring from drunkenness, we think we are justified in saying, that it is the most dreadful of all the ills that afllict the British Isles. We are convinced that if a statesman who heartily wished to do the utmost possible good to his country, were thoughtful to inquire which of the topics of the day deserved the most intense force of bis attention, the true reply — the reply w bich would be exacted by full deliberation — would be, that be should study the means by which this worst of plagnes might be stayed. The intellectual, moral, and religious wel- fare of our people; their material comforts, their domestic happiness are all involved. The question is, whether millions of our countrymen shall be helped to become happier and wiser — whether pauperism lunacy, disease and crime shall be diminished — whether multitudes of men, women and children shall be aided to escape from uttter ruin of body and soul ? Surely such a question as this, enclosing within its limits consequences so momentous, ought to be weighed with earnest thought by all oar patriots." — See note V, Appendix B. CONCLUSION. In bringing this document to a close it is believed that sufficient has been adduced to satisfy every un- biassed mind, first, that the prohibitory law in Maine and other states has been enforced ; and secondly, that its enforcement has had a very salutary effect in the diminution of the evils arising from the traffic ; that thirdly, ample facts and statistics have been brought forward in proof that a necessity in those states ex- isted, in order to check those evils, to prohibit the trade in liquors ; and lastly, that from the same oause the same evils are produced in Canada. From these facts, the conclusion necessarily follows, that we need the same remedy for these eviU, namely, prohibition. It has been shown to be, by undeniable facts, an immor- ality, a monstrous immorality — the immorality of the age. It should be dealt with as other immoralities, forbidden by law, made contraband, and the law en- forced with stringent penalties. Men will then feel that both their safety and interest lie on the side of law and morality. The law should be turned to the right about, and instead of being made, as it now does, to protect the trade and its evils, it ought to protect society, to protect our families, to protect the mor- ality of the country. Why should not the people of Canada implore, and if that will not be heeded, de- mand such protection. That eminent prelate, the lit. Rev. Dr. Potter, justly observes in his admirable pamphlet on the " Drinking Usages of Society :" " We all consider it madness not to protect our children and ourselves against small pox, by vaccination, and this, though the chance of dying by the disease may be one in a thousand, or one in ten thousand. ^Drunk- enness is a disease more loathsome and deadly than even 'small ^ox.'" Besides, it may justly be asked, who will the prohi- bition of the traffic harm, who will it injure? As a beverage neither parents, nor children, nor servants need it ; neither the idle nor industrious, neither the poor nor the rich, neither the merchant, mechanic nor farmer; neither the physician, barrister nor divine j it is not needed by any class ; to thousands it is a fatal, to all a dangerous luxury. D. P. Brown, Esq., of Philadelphia has assigned the follow reasons for prohibiting the traffic, and they apply as forcibly to Canada as elsewhere : — " They deprive men of their reason for the time being ; they destroy men of the greatest intellectual strength ; they foster and encourage every species of immorality, they bar the progress of civ. 1 nation; ' they destroy the peace and happiness of milions of families ; they reduce many virtuous wifes and cjiil- dren to beggary ; they cause many thousands of mur- ders ; they prevent all restoration of character ; they render abortive the strongest revolutions ; the millions of property expended in them are lost; they cause the majority ofcases of insanitj' ;they destroy both the body and soul j they burden sober people with millions ot • Appendix. paupers ; they cause immense expenditures to prevent crime ; tkey cost sober people immense sums in charity; tlicy burden' tlie country with enormous taxes ; because the moderate drinkers want the temp- tation removed, drunkards want the opportunity re- moved ; sober people want the nuisance, removed ; tax payers want the burden removed ; the prohibi- tion would save thousands from falling ; the sale ex- poses our families to insult ; the sale exposes our families to destruction ; the sale upholds the vicious and idle at the expense of the virtuous and industri- ous ; the sale takes the sober man's earnings to sup- port the drunkard ; it subjects numberless wives to untold suffering ; it is contraiy to the Bible ; it is con- trary to common sense ; we have a right to rid our- selves of the burden." ^ The principle of prohibition has now been adopted by all the New England States, by the great State of New York, by several other states ; by the Province of New Brunswick; and was onlyjost by the Legislative Council in Nova Scotia. It is therefore evident, as this law is carried into effect in these several places, Canada must become the last resort, or a sort of general reservoir for the outlawed liquor in all these places ; smuggling will increase ; intemperance will increase ; poverty, crime and insanity will increase; all the army 6f evils proceeding from the traffic will increase; and patriotism requires every man that loves his country to arise in the strength of reason and religion , to stand in the breach and stay the evil. Such a law is for the peace, order and morality of society. " All laws for the restraint or punishment of crime, for the preservation of the public peace, health and morals are, from^ their very nature, of primary im- portance, and lie at the foundation of social exis- tence. They are for the protection of life and liberty, and necessarily compel all laws of secondary impor- tance, which relate only to property, convenience or luxury, to recede when they come in contact or col- lision. Salua populi suprema lex. The exigencies of the social compact require that such laws be executed before and above all others. It is for this reason that quarantine laws, which protect health, compel mere cemmercial regulations to submit to their control. They restrain the liberty of the passengers ; they operate on the ship, which is the instrument of com merce, and on its officers and crew, and the rights of navigation. They seize the infected cargo and cast it overboard ; laws for the preservation of health prevention of crime, and protection of the public wel- fare, must of necessity have full and free operation, according to the exigency that requires their inter- ference." This question, whether the law shall be made to throw its shield over thQ welfare and morality of society, is one of vast magnitude, and of infinite con- sequences to the people of Canada, on which hangs the destiny of thousands of its inhabitants. " I am persuaded," said Lord John Russell, when Prime Min- ister of England, " I am convinced that there is no cause more likely to elevate the people of this coun- try in every respect, whether as regards religion, whether as regards political importance, whether as regards literary and moral cultivation, than this great question of Temperance." This question. Whether as relates to the evils of the present license system, or whether as relates to the feasibility and benefit of the " absolute prohibition," is now fairly before the people and the Parliament, to say what shall be done. It is to be hoped that the present Parliament, which has already adjusted some most important issues, may have also the honor of confering the great boon of prohibition upon the peo pie of tills Province. More than forty thousand pc- titioners have earnestly asked this boon, and it now remains for our Parliament to say how and when this prayer shall be granted; to say whether the struggle of intemperance against drunkenness, of right against wrong, of virtue against vice, of truth against error, of morality against the great immor- ality of our days, shall be ended or not. Shocld they decide rightly, the traffic) will cease, its evils be re- moved, and society be protected for the future. They will be remembered and blessed for the Act of Prohibition, by myriads that are now reduccti to the lowest stage of want and almosti hopeless misery; even with the blessings of them that are ready to perish, shall they be blessed. Such an act will cause ten thousand hearts to beat more quickly for its glad news, and ten thousand eyes to fill and sparkle with tears of gratitude, hope and joy, for the great tempta- tion removed, the monstrous traffic in human hap- piness, health, life and morals destroyed ; and that, though l&te, a benign legislation has prevailed, and the country secui'cd, PREVKKTION ! — PROTECTION ! ! — PROHIBITION.!!! All which is respectfully submitted. HANNIBAL MULKINS. Kingston, March 31st, 1855. APPENDIX A. Note, No. I. — From the returns on the Jails and Houses of Correction, in the State of Massachusetts, for 1853, it appears that the whole number of crimi- nals confined in the jails in that year were 11,526; of this number were committed, For Intemperance, . . . . 4531 Addicted to Intemperance, . . . 958 The whole State, therefore, excluding those ad- dicted to drunkenness, had only 6037 criminals out of 11,526. The expenses of these jails for 1853 were $50,780. In the same year there were confined to the Houses of Correction 4734 persons. For Intemperance, .... 2692 Addicted to Intemperance, . . 3045 Thus, excluding those addicted to strong drinks, there were only 1489 offenders in all the State, con- fined in the Houses of Correction. Of the whole number in both jails and Houses of Cor- rection 7223 were confined for intemperance; 3924 were strongly addicted to drunkenness ; 11,147, out of the total 16,268, were involved, directly or indirectly, in consequence of the legal sale and use of ardent spirits. The total costs of these establishments are reported as follows : — The Jails, . . . . . $ 50,789 Houses of Correction, . . . 50,378 Total .... $101,167 This vast expense is paid by the Counties, and does not include any of the judicial or criminal expendi- ture of the State. APPENDIX B. I. Table showing the number of Convicts in Peni- tentiaries in the year 1850 : TotS' 431 23fr 203 86 166 146 1267 States. Massachusetts Maryland Virginia Mississippi Missouri Indiana Whites. Blacks. 389 42 115 120 132 71 85 1 164 2 146 1031 236 ■■ II. Tablb— -State Prisons atld Penetentiaries, 1860. of Total' 431 236- 20» 86 166- 146 1267 Statu. Alabama Arkanvaa Columbia District of. Connecticut PcEaware Florida Georgia IllinoU Indiana Iowa Kenlucky Louisiana Maine Maryland iMnmachtisettB .... IVIlehiftan Mh-Hlsolppl MiKDourl Kew Uampiliire. . . Tiace where located. Wotuiiipka .. Little Rock.. Wnahiu)iton.. Wctlier8lield . County Jails. Countv Jails . Milledgeville. Alton JetTersonvllle County .tails. Frankfort . . . Baton Rouge. Tlioumston . . Baltimore . . . Cliarle»ton . . Jackson ... .' Jackson City Jefferson . . . Concord . . . New York New Jersey North Carolina . Ohio . . • • • • FcnnsyWania . Bhode Inlands . Bouth Carolina 'J'eniieise. . . . I'OXBS Virginia Vermont . . . . Wisconsin . . . . .\uburn Sing Sing . . . ' Clinton County Total . . . . Trenton ('ounty Jails . . Columbus. . . . Philadelphia . . Aileglieuy City Hiave holding Stated Noo-Slave-holding St Total Providence . . District Jails. Nashville . . . County Jaili . Richmond . . Windsor . . . . County Jails . <£ 140 1 12 Bfl 1« 131 2 147 lOS 79 11!^ 38!) Ill 6fi 163 01 Olifl «sn 118 12.1 n 30:t 23-2 m b Hie U 3 M 32P 3:> 32 ISO 5 13H t>0 27 2 1 2« 30 5 U fl 15 II IS 71 I) 1211 4> IC 1 1 oi) 170 « •Ml 40 •) 41 8.i 18 I0'5 3 U 7 1 60 3 Total. no 38 &5 17<> 6 12 8!) 13H 146 2 162 16U 70 235 431 127 811 165 01 1358,3 J3 J400 17.^8 o6J «H9 1178 820 124 1631 172 14 40i: 317 114 "431 3 32 106 H 199 69 36 1691 3065 2.743 2.281 7.116 4.U20 .14( 2.764 l.dl4 1.382 1.3(1) .164 1.9 JO '7 63-2 1.357 2.761 3.04 2. 600 2.b74 2.785 2.866 4.52' 2.642 .216 .1851 — & HP a Mb' .269 .>0.36> 2.455 16.556 13.300 .678 2.707 7.268 46.337 61.0:14 .03:^ .111 5I.13(. ■iO.377 .063 17.40.) 5646 1.452 2.4:12 |.l(i.i 2.407 .324 1.452 2 201 .886 Tablk IV. — Showing the whole number of Crimlnala convicted in the United States in the year 1850, and the whole number in prison on the Istof June of that year. StatK* and Ter- ritoriei. ^13 Hi 38 = K a f Alabama . Arkansas . California . Columbia Dist Connecticut Delaware . Florida . . Georgia Illinois . . Indiana. . Iowa .. . Kentucky . Louisiana . Maine . . Maryland . Massachusetts Michigan . Mississippi Missouri V - 8 28- 122 25 1 132 850 22 39 80 316 175 3 160 297 744 207 7250 659 51 908 12045 70 17 62 46 310 14 11 43 252 59 5 52 423 100 397 1236 241 46 180 3564 States and Ter- ritories. III 12041 N. Hampshire 90 New Jersey New York . 603 10279 North Car'lina 647 Ohio . . 843 Pennsylvania Rhode Island 857 596 y. Carolina 46 Tennessee . 81 Texas . . 19 Vermont . 79 Virginia . 107 Wisconsin 267 1 f Minesota 2 N. Mexico 108 Oregon Utah . 6 9 Grand total, 26679 6^ 3504 33 290 1288 44 133 411 loa 36 283 19 105 313 61 1 38 5 9 6737 2 182 2.551 10.207 8.174 .284 .170 1.3U9 17.245 .038 >8.743 V. Table showing the number of persons in Jails and Houses of Correction : bTATES. 2.133 2.440 III. Table — Statistics of twenty Penitentiaries (from the Prison Socity Report.) Penitentiaries. Maine New Hampshire Vermont . Massachusetts . Rhode Island . Connecticut Auburn, N. Y. . Sing Sing, (Male,) . SingSing, (Female,).. Clinton County, N. Y. New Jersey Philadelphia . Pittsburg, Pa . Baltimore, M. D. District of Columbia Virginia . Georgia . Kentucky . Ohio Michigan . Total . ■ . imi • • .vm J ■ ~ii l<^t; 55 a o . so*" z5- 67 77 52 281 20 157 473 611 83 163 176 293 115 258 40 200 98 161 425 128 86 82 62 349 28 175 645 672 78 124 185 299 123 229 46 199 91 141 336 110 Sua a »\ < 3878 4060 76 79 57 315 24 166 559 642 80 148 180 296 119 243 43 200 95 151 381 119 3973 > *> '53 «) IS 5 10 68 8 18 172 61 9 6 8 6 390 19 17 34 190 16 61 312 246 29 65 108 128 84 78 25 56 32 52 156 31 1739 sate: Massachusetts . Maryland . Virginia . Mississippi Missouri . Indiana . North Carolina VV liites. 1118 89 95 23 256 45 31 1657 blacks. lotai. 97 1215 32 121 24 119 2 25 14 270 2 47 3 34 1741 1831 Note I. — The law in the State of Maine has just been so amended, as to add vastly to its stringency and effect. It now inflicts fine and imprisonment for the first offence ; for the third, not less than three nor more than six months in the common jail ; and for the fourth and all subsequent offences, one thou- sand dollars fine with costs, and one year in the State Penitentiary. This law was carried in the House of Representatives by a majority of 90 over 29 ; in the Senate, the vote was unanimous. The Prohibitory law in Massachu setts also has been made far more stringent, and now inflicts the penalty of imprison- ment for the first offence. In New York State a pro- hibitory statute has passed by a large majority. In all of these states the Governors respectively have given immediate effect to the will of the people, by signing (he statute withoutdelay. In Portland, where the administration of the Maine Law has for the last year or two been in the hands of its opponents, a total change has just taken place, and the law is now to be carried into effect by its friends. The Hon. N. Dow, has again been chosen Mayor. These things make it most manifest, that the public voice is be- coming stronger and stronger, for prohibition, in all the States where it has once been adopted. NoTB II.— Testimonies from all parts of Maine, and from all the States where the Prohibition has been carried into effect, might be raaltiplied a hundred i them, in a frequent canseof dicaseand death, and of* fold. B^ery foody becomes a witness for the good «ffectti of the Law. Nfany testimonies to this effect will be found in the Pamphlet, " The Maine Law lllxu- trated," by Messrs. Ure and Farewell. For the benefit of those persona who object to prohibition on religious grounds, the action of several religious bodies are herelnscrted. The General Assembly of the Presby- terian Church, held in Pliiladephia, resolved : — " That the General Assembly continue to view with great interest, the progress of the Temperance Refor- mation, most intimately connected with the vital in- terests nf m«>n for time and eternity; and that they especially hail its new phase through the action of ^pveral State Legislatures, by which the traffic in in- toxicating liquors, as a beverage, is entirely pro- hibited." The Baptist Association : — Resolved^ — " That in our opinion the law commonly known as the Maine Law, is sound in theory, and thoroughly efficient in its results and operations." These two denominations are among the largest bodies of Christians in the United States, the Baptists having upwards of 12,000 churches and more than 1,000,000 of communicants; and the Presbyterians 6,000 Churches, and 650,000 communicants. The Congregational General Association — a body which represents upwards of 200,000 communicants, and more than 2,000 church — eslately passed the follow- ing resolution : — "That this General Association express their cor- dial approbation of the law for suppressing the sale of intoxicating liquor as a beverage ; and in their judgment all ministers of the Gospel ought to give their influence in all suitable ways to secure its en- forcement." The Methodist body in the United States, whose Church property is Valued at $15,000,000, whose Ministers and churches, number from 20,000 to .30,000 and whose communicants are upwards of a Million, lately, in New York, adopted the following motion: — "That the question of total prohibition of the com- mon sale of intoxicating liquors, is of more conse- quence than the ruin or welfare of a ihonsand par- ties. It is high time that it was understood by the whole world that no seller or habitual drinker of in- toxicating liquors can have a place in our church." Other Christian bodies have taken the same stand ; quotations have already been made from several pre- lates of the Protestant Episcopal Church. The Clergy in the eastern division of New York have lately pass- ed resolutions thanking his honour, the Mayor of that city, for suppressing the Sunday Traffic. The Right Rev. Bishop Williams, of Connecticut, says : — " I be- lieve the P'ohibitory Law in this State has been pro- ductive of good.'' And again : — "That good has been accomplished by it, I am very fully persuaded." NoTB III. — It is estimated that not less that 30,000 persons in the United States, and 35,000, in Great Britain, annually die ■r'^irectly or directly, are lost to the world, throu^'i icitemperance. In looking over the Report of the City Register for Boston, on Births, Marriages and Deaths, there appear*' to have been al- most less mortality from intemperance than could have been expected, and yet setting aside accidents, drownings, violent deaths, and other casualties, no less than 203 are known to have died in that city by in- temperance in the last five years. In ihe same time there had been in the State of Massachusetts, 316 deaths by suicide, and 75 by delirium tremens. Yet in the citv of Boston seventy-five Physicians signed the following document: — " That men in health are never benefitted by the uie of ardent spirit, but on the contrary, the use of ten renders such dieeases as arise from other causes, more difficult of cure, and more fatal in their termi- nation." Note IV. — The statistics of crime in Toronto and Montreal exhibit a clear proof of the criminal results, arising from intemperance. The same facta " crop- out" wherever the same cause is at work. In King- ston there are 137 licensed places for the sale of li- quors, and the Police Reports show the fruits of this trade. Total number of arrests, - - - . i274 In consequence of intemperance, Seven- eighths, or - - . . . 1113 Note V.— The expenses of crime in Canada is sufficiently great, to open the eyes of men to the cause producing the crime. In the first place some £80,000 is paid in duty on liquors imported. There are eighty-fire counties and districts in Canada, forty-seven in Canada West, and thirty-eight in Canada East. In each county there must be a Court House in which to try the criminal, and a jail in which to secure him. Here is the next expense, the erection of 85 CourtHouses and Jails. The third expense is to pay for keeping up these establishments from year to year. The cost of each one will probably be about £1,250, on an aver- age. The next expense, is for the administration of justice. Let these items, excluding the cost of erect- ing Jails and Court Houses be put together. Cost of keeping 85 jails, at £1,260 each per year, Administration of justice in Canada East, for 1853 Administration of justice in Canada West, for 1853 £106,350 53,933 35,141 Total, 195,324 That prodigious sum is annually paid, in part out" of the Government chest, and in part by the taxation in each county, for the punishment of crime, which is caused in a large proportion by the Traffic in Li- quors. The wrong consists in allowing the Traffic, and in consequence, every person in one way or another is madetosivffer ; in his means, in his person or friends, or in the morals of Society. NoTB VI. — It may be well to give the vote on the election of the present Governor of Maine. There were four candidates, and the whole number of votes cast, were 90,633. Of these were cast, For Gary, 3,478 ForReid, .-.-.. 14,000 For Paris, 28,462 For Morrill, the Maine Law Candidate, - 44,566 Mr. Morrill, it will thus be seen, had almost half the entire votes of the State. Even the cities cast more votes for Mr. Morrill than for any other candi- date. See the Maine Law illustrated, po^ge 48. Vote of Thanks to the Rev. Hannibal Mulkins. Moved by Representative Captain G. V. Hamilton, seconded byT. Aishton, M. D., and Resolved,-^'' That the thanks of the Grand Division be given to the Rev. Hannibal Mulkins, P. W. P., for his kindness in visiting the Eastern States for the purpose of procuring reliable information in reference to the working of Prohibitory Liquor Laws, and the evils occurring by the Liquor Traffic, and that this G. D. hereby expresses its appreciation of the sacri- fices, made by our worthy and esteemed brother ia leaving home during the past inclement winter sea- son. (A true Copy.) EDWARD STAGY, Q. Scribt, ?ath, and of- )ther cauaes, their termi- roronto and linal results, acts " crop- . In King- e sale of li- rruits of this 1274 1113 Canada is of men to n the first on liquors unties and mada West, lach county ' h to try the m. Here is Houses and Iteeping up The cost of on an aver- aistration of ost of erect- er, ■ £106,350 53,933 ■ 35,141 195,324 in part ouf the taxation rirae, which •affic in Li- the Traffic, me way or I his person vote on the ine. There number of ast, 3,478 14,000 28,462 44,565 ilmost half cities cast ither candi- 18. fulkina. Hamilton, nd Division . W. P., for tes for the in reference ws, and the d that this f the sacri- brother in winter sea- 0. Scribe