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Gapt & Bt Lt Colonel G. E. Montizambert, " J5 " Battery, Cmiadian Artillery, School of Gunnery, Quebec. TTTT r^r -I QtT/»-^ W. C. Milner HALIFAX, N. S. H '1 v/ U- liOEX, QVEBEC. cS A^i J .-■^f m 11 i ON Til] Capt .< »" DOMINION ARTILLERY ASSOCIATION, FmiMB ES'SAY % (•N THE .SUPPLY, CARE, AND REPAIR OF ARTILLERV >IATER[Al., INCLUDING SMALL ARMS AM) AMMUNITION FOR CANADIAN MILITIA. RY Capt. Sc Bt. Lt. Colonel C. E. Montizambert, •'B" Battery. Canadian Artillcr}/, School of Gunncri/, Quehcr. JJJXSY; 1877. QUEBEC: ISHINTED XT THE GUNNEUY SCHOOL PRESS, CITADEL, QUIBKC. IS11. KXTKACT FHOM frKNKRAL ORDERS. 2:}hd MARCH. 1877. DOMINION ARTILLERY ASSOCIATION MEDAL FOB ESSAY. His I'Lxccllcncy llie Ejirl of'Duftcrin, K. P.,&c., Govcrnor-Generiil of Canada, hat* been graciou^^ly pleased to express his intention of c)H'oi-i2i»^ a nie(lal for the best essay on the Supply, Care and Eepair of Artillery material, including Small Arms and Ammunition for Canadian ^Militia, to bo competed foi" by Officers of the Canadian Militia Artillery, being members of, or belonging to corps affiliated tN'ith the -Dominion Artillery Association. Officers or others who liuve served in the Koyal, or Royal Marine Artillery to be excluded from competition. The essays to be distinguished only by a motto, not that of any Artillery corps, and the manuscrij)t not to be in the handwriting of the competitt)rs. The essays to be sent to the President of Council, Dominion Artillery Assocation, Quebec, before the last day of July, 1877. The judges to be Officers of the Royal Artillery, viz : The Inspectors of Artillery, and the Professor of Artillery, Military College, Kingston. The essays may be in English or French, subject matter will he considered of more importan-cc than style. Quotations and extracts from Avorks bearing on the subj(^ct, may be freely made use of, but the names of the authors so quoted must be given in foot or mai*- ginal note. The best essay will be printed at ex])eiice of the Dominion Artillery Association, and distributed to members. \i THE SUPPLY, CARE, AND REPAIR OF AUTILLEliY MATERIAL, INCLUDINU SMALL ARMS AND AMMU NITION FOR CANADIAN MILITIA. Potz blitz ! Das ifit ya von Gustlc aus Rlascnvit::^ f Schiller. On the with^ arnionred CTui^ei-s -nw „,.„,,. ,,„ ,^.^;,; t- -;■;.;.. o.,a,-,..s ,„■„,,„ „,:;-^,^^^ '" ]'o.xili..ns for ,|,,,t " ■ "o»to( tl,oM, at (.rcsont, mo„„i,,i -l';'-.i-c. would 1.C a r;,i, ,'"7-'^ "'"J"... -.,„a„;e„t ' •■'"mo.ontly largo (say C-ii f , ^"""•K^ lnoI.aWy of a c",)l T ,e ,„or.ar. ,ive„ over were 13'', „r ..„c, S" , , n'- •""' '^ ' ''""l and ,ea •llierearo also 12 an,! Ik i^ |'''t* now 1^' mor(. I'larncrit to be itaj'io, 'St'OtM X Formerly llio Royal Artillery had 10 j)r. wo(l.;;e Armstrong U. Hieiife ^uris ; these iiro about the sarue weii^lit as the old 18 pr. S. li., and are of course an intiiiitdy superior arm lor the purpose for which they are intetided; none of them, however, were left iu the eoutitry on Dominion char^o. Of the ten 7" 1^ Ti. It. ordnance 'four are mounted " en barbette *' on the salient bastions of the Cita lei of (Quebec : three with their stoi'es, carriages, |>latform> and racers, are lying, one in each of the «plendi" mortars 7 " >7 U H 12 capr. guns 10 " " 10 " " One of these guns ia lying in the ])ark of the old Ai'tillery Barracks at (Quebec, intended to le mounied in an aiigleof the works commanding the head of Dorchester Bridge — the only ap])i'oach to the city fi"om across the St. Charles River. Befo:e leaving the Royal Engineers laid down the races fortius gun, but the concrete has never been tilled in. The remaining two were si^nt. in 1874 to Kingston, where they now remain in charge of *'A" J^attery School of Gunnery. This class of gun is almost obsolete in the Bi-ilish Service. It is a good gun for land defence, is extremely accuiate, and from the com paratively large capacity of its comin.»n >hell, which weighs tilled 98 lbs, bursting (durge 7 lbs. 10 oz. would lie vavy ellective against earthworks. The other projectiles u-od with ihis gui* are segment and shrapnel shell and case shot. We have no 7 inch siiiapni!! in the counti-y. Laige (luantilies of this prqectile aie, or wore lately, lying piled in Woolwich Arsenal, and probably might be obtained at a low <'0.st. The complicated and delicate breech niechanicism is against 8 ••'- «i-.ui «t.„.e. a„d m,i„; ' : , q?;:'.r '""^""^ ""-tio,. a„^ ,^ the Imperial autho,.,-t,CH.to:^ "'?'"'«• "^''^ <"".<'«" ovf, i^'y ''"^ b««n mountej fo, t "^^ "» " ''•«« Sift to the I>o,„i„io„ ■■-•1«. -^hre'I^S: t"-'"" '""-'- - «>l. Until 18„ ,, fney have ncaWv «H i " buttery, s,-...,^ x. ^ , ^"^cea, -■'le Halifox Field RnH„ , >*ith 8i-x- of the BIT. r '" "'""'' ^^»^ «>«" an* Ail, ;. f>om,nion except a^fcw 8 llT ^' ^^^'^fa-Wo.t bclon nn.r.K •''ici'tarsa*T.\Jr., ,/ ^^' ^''^^^e field o-un, /"^'^"-^''"^ to the i'o.voi™eces8,ve Governments ,4' "^'''niato to between ii"e needed [^'^^», and I'iod over '^y, and nted on ^ariotte- these pieces, vrever, fad r is lad/ij;, ^■pOttJ Joiu tion arc J?. he d X reference to tlio (lefencclcss state oi' Vunouvcf's Islan 1, the depot for all the stores for our naval force in the Pacitic. Il'Kiissia within the next few months were to declare war against us, Vancouver's Island, with all the stores, would bo at her niorcy. As to our fleet, Kussia having a larger force and mo ins of telegraphic communica- tion with them, which wore not at out- dispo-ial, would be ai)le, long before our ships on the Pacific station could hear of ihe declaration of war, to dispose of them in detail.' Oui' fellow-countr^'man in British Columbia generally ai-e alive to the fact of their liaving no adequate supj)lios of matoi'ial where- with to defend themselves, and. several articles have of I ate appeared in the papers on the -ubject. At St. Joluis, (Quebec, and Montreal, points liable to 1)0 attacked bearniouied shij)s, some of the heavier guns .should be mounted, such us those at llalifa.K, 12, 18 and 2b to:i guns; notably on the f)rmid- able fortress of (Quebec, the key of Canada where there is a Battery of Canadian Artillery to take care of anl, if necessary, use them. The fifteen GJ-32 pr. _R. M. L. Palliser convei'ted guns of 5S cwt.. now arriving, will be a great accession to the Canadian armament ; but ihey are now used as shell guns only in the English service, and no Palliser projectiles have been sent out with them. With, the Palliser cliilled shot and a battering chai-ge they could pierce, at nhoi't I'anges. the weaker iion-clads. F/-oni the high command of tha Citadel of (Quebec, projoctik."^ from the-,(^ guns aimed at the decks of ir-m-clads would tell with good effect. A vessels deck, when a))proa;-hing bow on, offers a favorable parallelogi-am of" error, elevation being a iiir more ditlicult matter than direction. The fact that Uie present supply of o2 pr. carriages and side- arms would answer alao for these guns was an economical inducement for their purcduii-e. Some guns of a heavy nature mounted '• a flour d'eau,'' at Indian Cove, or at the head of the Island of Orleans would command tlie channel. It is to be hoped that the (54-32 prs. are but the •• avant-garde" of Home of their larger brethren, and tlial the Eastern cities of the Dominion may be put in a position t) reply in a sterner tone if calh^l upon to speak at all — an event in these warlike times perhaps not wholly improbaole. 10 L'aisno in his '' Aiilc-memoii'o portatif dii gonio " (Paris 1861), lays down tho tormula for the wliole number of guns to defend a bastion tort, as fellows : — No. of giinsr::; 146 + 5 (M.-2), M. being the number of bastions. Taking the Fortress of the Citadel of Quebec with tive bastions we would have 146 f 5 (5-?) —- 161 guns. It is to be presumeil that this .fermula would still hold good nnless there existed a great difference in weight of metal between tho guns of the besiegers and besieged. The strong-hold just alluded to is armed, at present, with nine of tlie weakest class of garrison rifled guns in the service and a i'ew obsolete smooth bores. The armament j)roposed lor this fortress by the Imperial Gov- ernment was as follows : — For Quebec Citadel and works facing tho river, ag approved 9. 5, 68 Canada, ,1,:— 0" M. L. 11. 12 tons 9 7" " 7 '^ 4 7" '' 82 cwt 13 Caponnioro guns 39 64 i)r. B. L 9 24 '' S. B 10 As long as our present relations with the Empire continue, il is scarcely likely that we shall go into the manufacture of canon, oj* (^ven military small arms, however desirable, it may be that th« niateyial used with them whould be made in this country. AMMUNITION, The supply of ammunition and artillery matei-ial generally, is ^x-Ceodingly small. From the reports of Lt.-Col. Wily, Director of •Stc«*6S,it will be seen that about 100 rounds per gun for land and - 200 for coast defence was given us in 1871. ►Since then a considci^able quantity of shot and shell has been Expended at practise by the diilerent batteries ; what ought to be the Morvice ammunition having to be so used, as there is no i)roper reserve in the country. Cartridges are made up in the Laboratory at Quebec by the men of the Gunnery School, and supplied to the Dominion. I •is 1 86 1), ^Jofenci a '^cin^rthe *^' Quebec '^'d good uded to 'on rifled iai G ov- ^proved Tie, i( y, is >r o/* and 'een the rve the 11 There is a propoi-tionate supply of fiizc-i, tiil)Os, Sic, they are not Ijowevoi' iinjn'ovini? with auje, and their distnct distribution iy rallicr ecf entric. The lieguhitions on this head foi- tlie Royal Artillery are given in Army Circular War Office, 1st December, ISTO. Clause 170, a^ follows : — " Gan-ison Artillery. — Fuzes and Tubes. — 1st. The proj^ertion of fuzes and tubes to be maintained for Gai-rison Ordnance, will be as laid dowH in the details contained in the equipmeut warrant, 1876. (Revised Army Regulations, Vol. ill,) pages 50 to 7U. .2nd. Ualf of these proportions n ill be in diarge of the Royal Artillery; the otlier halt will, in time of peace, be held in reserve, by the 0>'dnance Store Department at the depot upon which the forts and batteries are dependent for there supplies." .The. Boxer wooden time fuze gets to bj.irn slowly if kept tojong, possibly frojn the sulphur in the composition deteriorating. Tiiese fuzes might with. advantage be made in the countiy. The 7" B. L. R. gun here has t(>r its percussion fuze only the old.ob.solete Pillar fuze, titting the Moor.soni guage of the shells on charge. Thes<> fuzes, besides being obsolete, are not now reliable from sheer old age. The Dominion I ns|)ector of Artillery has applied for a sup})ly of Pettman's (J. S. percussion fuzes lor the.>e guns, and there should be a store of them on hand. The wooden carriages, gyns, quoins, tampeons, skidding, levers, Jiundspikes, platforms, s])onge staves, rammers, and wooden stoi'cs generally whicli are used with Garri.von and Field guns are decaying and being expended by wear and tear thi'oughout the countiy and there is no j)rovision at ])i-esent f)r there being replaced by any jiumuiacture in the Dominion. AVe ought not surely to import wood ^oods into Canada, at a. cost of })robably about three times that at .which they c(juld be made here, the staple export of the country being tinjber. Of the woods used for militarj' pur])Oses we have oak, beech, ash, I'ock-elm, fir (pine and spruce j, cedar (for ammunition boxes, fittings, &c.,) chesnut, hiekoiy, birch, rock-maple, walnut, and for .ground platforms, juniper, hackmetack, &c. It is said that a ship came in to Halifax a few years ago from England, latleu with birch-brooms, step-ladders, brushes, scrubbers, broom handles, &c., for the use of tlie troops, and it is a matter of 12 ^'■^tory that the fl,cr.sH||-^PH .<• Wi'fK: J>»e.sent '"■<>» equal to ,„v | ',,'"""" "'" '""'« ''"«'' mines „-l„VI, " "' "'« '"i«st quality. "•'' "''"^'l' turn out i,-„„ „,,j -Aiio latter J)ave not -i^ f i ■besides tiie -ibov^ Alii. "«/ ' '"- *1 cl; Cai)a(Ja A If I , , J •''"-■" as ->/-.;niu,. o,,,. , elKu;. r;.7;* ;" *"-•".•".., a.,l . en,.„..,„„ :.'f' »--"--" P'"S. l^uUn the e':f :;*"'« ^••■" "-"to l.o«l lo' 1 H\ 1 II -^ 1> ^ tl i ,a i !• «« |i| 13 '11 a If /wo '^'"^ P'-esent ^ Snider ^^<' 2,500 'Come a '"n toto • usioji in not be ik! nicih "* most iinpie, ; it in ii its fh a i'lod Uo,l wd tiio a- There must be in store in Eni'land, aiiv amount of serviceable Sriido;-KiiHelds which have been re[)hiced in the ai'my by Marlini- Ilenr^'H. C'ould not a number of the formei* sutticient to foi-ra a pro- j)er reserve in Canada be obtained from the Imperial Government, by the Dominion at a low cost? The Martini-IIeiny has certainly a flatter trajectory and longer i-ani^e, hut it is a more expensive and complicated arm, and lias aUo a much greater recoil, ])robably owing chiefly to the high pitch of the iiflitig. This latter point is vevy much against it. No ordinary iioldier will ever make cool and accurate ishootinij: with a kickins' wea])(MK For pistols we have only a small supply of old Colt's revolvers, using the obsolete cap and paper cartridge. We ought to have Adam's Army Service pistol, a breech-loading central tire revolver with copper carti'idges. The Snider ammunition has so far been all supplied by purchase from the Imperial Government ; much of it is very old, and greatly detorialed. That of mark IV, V and VI, some dating back as far as 1862, is not to be depended upon, and now for rifle matches a later make up to mark IX is brought by ))!'ivate individuals from im- j)orters. There is a smail supply of murk IX in store, but it i^ only issued on repayment. These cartridges, and many other of the stores used, might advah- tageoud}^ be made in this countiy at a saving to government suffici- cnt to nearly double the amount tiow available fiomthe Militia Giant tor such purposes. We ought also to lake into serious consideration, the probablo stoppage .-oon of the nuHiufacture in England of Snider ammunition, tliat arm being no longer the Aveapon of the army. Taking the statistics furnished in the yearly Militia Eeports by the Director of Stores for the last two years ( 1875-70, ) we tind that tlic issue and sale of Sni^ler cartridge-; ball and blank, amount to no less than 2,503,184 rounds ! I ! In the last year, 18T(), the number of rounds sold to the different Ilifle Associations and lor individual target practice, amount to 511,302 with an issue by Government for Militia practice of 320,973: in all 832,275 rounds. exclusive of course of an immense number of cartridges purchased from importers for jirivate jiractice. of wliitlv no statistics- can be obtained. I 14 io74 J-875 I4»04n,.. I W6' 23i,sro ^^ Jimc .Association" „ii(h.,. fi . •' ''^ J>oin iiion of Tubes, Willi u,c ,,^„.,, "' «""]'o«'loi- anil ■" nnn 7- ■ .. o-M>on-iod fo,. F , ;'' ':'-"i!""-» "f si.ot, .shell. V,;;: 1' '■"■""" ^;»' eiy bc,ean.io,| on. ^ ^ '' ^^^ i."-^^^-tH'c with tin, arm eaii f.om pnvafe co„t.a.no,.» ,•„ £„/,„;»?,' «'» ^^Pcrial (Sovernmont Jt appeai-s to me th-if (!,„,• h^'^i be seen 7>«, and pri. r^'ind.s. Jd/^' 1 Go-'-. 'Stojes ^ are t'^^' as nonf, ition ent, Itc- •]>h 19 *' The dcsirubilify of expending in the country, as far as posni- ble, the money voted for the annual supply of thete wtojes is obvi- ous, but 1 would epeeiaily call attention on military ground, to tho necessity for commencing tho numufactureof snuill arm ammunition, and such wailiUe btoics as are annually required for practice, and for the maintenance of a sufficient resei've." " As I'cgai'ds gun-powder, an ai'ticlo of the first militaiy import tance, and which could not bo obtained in time from England, should a sudden emeigency ai'i>c, Lt.-(/ol French,^' Inspector of Artillery and warlike stoies, (foimerly Inspector of Warlike stores for the 1 d ibec, Illy competent au- thority.) )uxs leportetl to me, on this subject, as follows : " '• Having reference to tlie ammunition required for gun practice for the current year, I liave the honor to point out that, for, various reasons it would be desiiable to ascertain if the powder could not be manufactured in the counliy." '' In Decemler, 1871, 1 inspected the powder mills t)ear Hamil- ton, and I feel satisHed from that i.ispection, as well as from conver- palion with the manager and Ibrcman, that a suitable powder for heavy guns could be produced at those mills." " Tho tine bi and of powder known as 'Dominion Kiflo' is an excellent powder: I have used it a great deal inyself, but tho fact that it is used in a great measure by small bore riflemen is suflicient proof of its excellence " " It is, I supp.ose, needless for me to mention the advisability of encoui-aging the manufactuie of gun-powder in thecountrj': at the same time it will be necessary, if (iovei-nment should contract with manufactuiers for this article, to look closely after its mnnufacturoj in order that the conditions may be as similar as possible to the ma- nufactuie of the powder at pre-ent in stoi-e. " I have received from the Su|>erintendant of the- Government Powder Factroiy at Waltham Abbey, England, specifications for tho supply of powder l)y contract, &c.. &c. I shall be happy to submit the nece-isary conwn arm . t^fonon.v fm.M /'^^^^"'^ciont proof of m • "^^^'"I't-VSM}, ,•(.,, '«^ t. Jncos. Po- ^ /balance Vo 9 u , 1 -_ 'Sheet r^'^\:; ^^•i'aneo ^— I ■ '^iieet. I ^"^.''''"■''^^•'1''^' 'rH\ A r 4if^'■""'■■^"•- {. '«P-<'e't :n/^"^'^'''--'o;o V:^^^^^^^^ r eon.. ,„„,, «"«' in J2n«la„d. "'"""*'" »'">08t 100 novL V ' "'" «•"'■ , "^"'^^''nontothhinn '""'■ "-"■0 than it. ~Tr~~~~~~~~~~~-^^^ """""»" of the Gove™. ' ^'^•^s.^^f/;^ '•'•/lu/i 'chii-, '"^'0 of (/, in ^<'<)V0 of \nu) my IH -I J)re- mojo n its :mg the at ye n Col. II. R )-° ^««< "i an aoc-iclo„„| .,,,,,''; ^'■'^J'" «.<•!, L„i,,,. ""•^ 1'lac.e a second ,.|'T''""""" «'-""'"i fe. »,,„., , Sfienlific office,. „,■,,", "'" ''''arfol, an,l ,i '""i"-'.i;e„n "o ' ^"■^"' -''"Hon-, ,„H ' '"'='■"•'-"» of. ■■"'t ,,;:'■ '■■' "■■""-'-:=:;",; f J' '■' ^ ''»'<' >/jc JOJl of;, ICON o|- ^'o of IT/ or r.) ■^Hi at tlio fioyal (iiin-powilei* Factory, Waltliain AMoy l»y Capt. i". ,M. Stnitli. I{. A., As.sistaut-Siij)orinlon(laiit. Lo lioulcni^i'S ('lir()uoMt'0[)o used tliore in testing tl»o ac'tion ol the gun-powder wlicn tiicv.l has been very fully (k'seiibi-d liy liiout. i.\ Jones, I'. A., (a Canadian), in a })aini)iiIot on thin sul^ject. In tlial ably ■written booU. the '* Jlistui-y of ttie U(,)yal Artillery," by jlajoj- l'\ Duiu-an, I'. A., we read how in tho. ohion time the eoni- niand (»i' Albert Borga/d, 1st Colonel of the Keginiont, and a well foiKjhifii old man ho was, contained within itsolf with its quaint old stalf of engineers. j)e!ardiers, nuitrosses, tinnxen (whatever they ma\ be), tent-makers and artitieei-s of every kind, the Hkilled artisans necessary' for supplying all the wants of an Artillery • Traync.' Coining down to a later period, tlie immense depot Brigade of Artillci-y drivcr.-i at AVoolwieh and elsewheio, doing all the carting work previous to the Crimean War, furnished tho means of an im- rnodiate and great extension to the Artillerv. Gunners also wa're largely omj)loyed in tho arsenals and work- shops thereby obtaining a through knowledge of the stores they Avould have to usrc, and ought to be f imiliar with. Tui-ning from great things to small it is admitted that for j)ur- ])Oses of instruction many more horses are needed at the two Cunnery Schuolf, but they cannot be given for cconon\ical rea>ons. It is said that at oriC station, ovei- 83000 per annum is paid to contractors for cartage for general militia pin-poses. This sum would keep 25 or oO horses more at the School, and an ctlicient Field Buttery could be maintained, doing all the work and drill besides without any extra ex2)cnse to the country. In siudi work-shops as have been pro])osod above, the ipiestions of supph^ care and repair meet on a common ground; and tho effici- ent attainment of all these tlireo vital ends would ])e mucli fostered by such establishments. Tial)or is extremely cheap in Canada, and more especially in Quebec in the winter months. In the manufacture of fuzes, tubes, cartridges and small stores of sorts, child labor is lai'gely employed. The following quotations are from the I^. A. Institution prize esf^ay t)f 1872 on the establishment and rrganization of an Arsenal by Lieui. E. 11. II. Collen, R A., Staff College, Sandhurst. Out of that clever work we will try to choose )«ome portions which bear on our sul^jcci, He savs : 1 VJ ■J 20 '"■''■"''• ' '"••'^•''4o o , '^ "'"■" '"-•■'■'•no , ' .";"''"»"".J an, r'"' "'-' -''■•' ^::,;''™-''''^''^- - --;,"";■' -■'■-•-'' -;:;:::;;/' 7--'>'h; ;::v';;:',;v-^''" -''"^ i t^SC'sr,- ll'l •■"'/in 1/ in \t} ''0 /o/t 10 o '''■\iV hi'/oi-a// to Ml file 'ai', '"a/, '•'"(.W.'i/ ■^ ^00/1 '0' il/i Vnir m i- SI niont lioitii^ of iT|iial mat^nituilo iiinl imporfanco with that of llic ti'-^t- chisH arsenal, rmvihion u\\\-{, \n>\\\>\'or, he matk' lor riiaitnraotiiro to a IliiiiU'!! (I'' ; CO, M) thai l»y the iudicioas posilion atiortunity of seeini!: Canada's show of saddlcrv and harness at the late Centen- nial I'iXliibition at l'hiladcl)ihia. wimld s< .ircely doubt our capability ot' turning; out a nuiko '• oombineil with the adaptation of any oxisting factories to the manufacture of such muuiiious of war as could bo made in the country." With reii^ard to thcv <'onditions which frovern llio ]K)sition ot'. an arsenal, which should invariably le <;-ovorned Ijy strategical con- siderations, ho adds : — " An arsinial should be situated at the base of operations, whether tor olfensivo or defensive inirposes. Jomini draws a distinction l)Ctwcen the base of operatio'is and the base of supply, but this dis- t.ine,tion cannot apply to tlie furnishing and replacement of munition^ 22 It!-' of war. In do^bnsive operations it mu-^t be situate;! near that point which l.s the I»c4. ti lapie I in all I'ojioct.s to form a ia-t stand-point again^L attaci-c, and from which a .■^ufcessful couiitci.^tioive may bo hmnched at the a-^saiianl." '' Jt must be secure Irom attuclc, phicedat that point from which the transport of .stores can be elfcciud witli tlie g:eate;t facihty, whetiiOi' by rail, water or roa I — a combination of all these meand of transit bcliisji; the mo,.it to be (.lesii-el — to ihe various parts of the area to be 8U])|)lied. It s^liouUl defence. An arsenal should be placed so that it can, with facility, draw in the resources of the cOiiui ry in minerals, timber, antl the g.eat mass of raw material reiui.ed for liie constiuction of munitions of never be too near the frontier or the outer line of war Safe'y and facility for supply and transport are the chief con- side'atio.is which mu>t decide the po^ilioa of an arsenal; and vvhelhei' lor o. tensive or defensive war, it must be protected by such fortii ications as shall ensure its defence bv a small force a a.'c fuiMilcd lie continues (and they certainly ^oem to l)e, in the ca-e ot"(^ueboc, in every particulai", )" at or near the centre of a maiiuaictu.-iiig ];)opula;i )n would be found the jn x-it .--uitable po.^ition foi- the c.>taf)!i.di!nen[ of an ai'senal : fbi' in a po.dtion of this kiiul, we might ('\])c('t to find men, maciiinciy and mate.ial which could in a g. eat emergency be diverted fjom tlieir ordinary busine.-.s, an 1 a])plied to the pioduction of warlii^c stores, supplementing and expending the smaller oig-anizatioii of j^eace time. In fo'cign states we look for large ar, ciinls at the great, pivots and ba-e.- of oliensi\e anil (lctensi\'e ope;atioii.-y such •'^^ain.st sit'^^e Of iiii.i file ■ '^>^' in u ■)' and ' (iicir .peace nvots liUVV- (IP. II u- With re::^aM t^ tho a'lministi*af.v)n ofsut^li an arsenal, ouressay- i.sL goos oil lo say : * * T think few will he itu-lineil to dispute the asse.'ti )n that the inaruit"ic:ui'0 an 1 suj)|)l\' ol" wulilce stores i'e[iiiro special training: an I tliat in alditi >n t) the knowle Ige fe[uire.l of stores in thiur pdS'iioc state, the olti -er charge I with sn;)i)ly 8hi)MlJ have a practical icn)wlelge of the /'.s^' of the same. Wilhoiit this, while it IS t) )s-;ib!e th:it a .lei) pir'ine i n\'ui\t saj)j)ly store with egu- hirity in the tini^) oi peace, it would iirohihly tail in the time of war or emergency, l)ocau-;eitw )uld notk i )W what stores should take pro- ceJence in nianuiactu -e or despat'ii. no.- what may be -supplied in lieu of th )se of anolhe." kind when tiie stoc!:. of the stores reduired is exhausted." " But it may be asserted that it is imp /ssihlc to obtain a man practically ac.'[uaintc 1 with, and competent to deal with all natures of stOi-es. This is jjei'fectl}'" true : bul an ai'tiller\' office;- who knows his profession and the i'e;j[uii-ements of the other branches of the ser- vice, who has pas-^ed thro' the manufacturing courses, will probably be tbund to best fuliil all the necessities of the ease, provided he is assisted by men capable of dealing with the work to be done, in a p.-actical tardiion." -'^ " The magazines, although fo:-ming an integral part of the ad- ministration of an arsenal would be placetl in positions of safety, con- sistent with facility -(jf supply. Tho chief points to be attended to. are ; — (1) Precjiutions for safety. (2) Freedom from damp. (3) Ventilation. * "Upon thi-i portion of Mm suhjiM't, llio rei'omni'Miil.ition of the twoConimitteoK, knf)\vn r('~p"C iVi'ly ms Lii;! StraLlmau'.n'^ Coi:- iuiit.'!' o.i Svipply aii'I 'I'lan.sport, iSiiT, and Lord Xor.hli'-imlc'.s L'onunitL'H' on t ;.■ .1 .;>luct. of J'.u.^int-.ss m tUo Army DL'i'ai' meats, 1 ,i), hear v-'iy .-iri)i,j,'l,v. Til • opinion ol tlie lorni'r \v ts, as is wel known in favor of a distinct ordnance d''p'"'tm 'nt, and was as loiio\v.> : — " Tliat th ■ en,-, dv an 1 inana^'ement of amis and m initi ins of war is so special a (hity tuat it coiMd not hr convei.M'iilly eounected Willi I liaL ot oili 'r s.ippli"s, hnt that it-^holi•l li a disiiiiet hiaiadi in erfise coniicc- tio 1 wi ii til ■ Royal Arullery, w »o are train d and professionally -" •"J'l"eecl 1,,- .„,.,c-.shop„ ,i ;,. „' ,* " '"■•go ftconc. wo„|,j , '-"•'..' .UKH„,;''"'' '"'•'•••-••'.«■ '«''K... and a,, „,:,,,,,,,,, ,^^^ ., 7 f;;'|.v^H, and <„,,,„. '""■•""^'• -P--"f .n.a,,,;™,,..'^^'-''" "•■"■ "'i .J.O ,a„.e. and .oo,s ,. ,,, aj I] u il !5 Wn u ^[iilit l- U;( or ihe- nff he This Bhould always bo done after every 200 n.und.s fired with projec tiled. M h' luund necessaiy the guns arc rc-ve'ited, throui;h-vcntcd or condemned us the case may requiic \>y the iri.spec'tor» of Artillery after examining the irnpres,>ion8 taUen by the Armt;trongarmou;er3. The 04-32 pr. M. L. l», guns have a space I'or a .shoid«Ier cut in the metal oi bore whcie the bushing enters, and the copper is set up from bcl(AV into this. With the applianeey now available these guuH could not be rcventcd it» Canada. Owing to the impo.s.sibility of fuinishing the sentiies who used to mount guard during the old regime, tho.->e guiM not in use have their sights lemoved, preserving nciews put in, and their vents Btoppcd with putty. The latest I'Cgulations for the examination of rifled guns arc given in a pamjjhlct containing *' Diiectimis ibr the J're-ervation of the Sights and Fittings, and foi- the Kxannnution of Muzzle Loading Kified Guns, etc" War Oltico, August, 1872. As regards the guns we have in Canada, the T" B. L. II. and the 04 pi-. M. L. li. (eonveitcd), should be exaniined regularly after every 100 nninds with projectilcH ; i>maller guns after every 150 rounds. On the subject of ** care " the Directors say, " It is necessary in order that rifled guns nuiy be alwa3-s kept in a serviceable condition that the boic of such guns, whether B. L. or M. L., fi-om which practice is carried on, nhould be kept slightly oiled to prevent rust- ing. At the close of each daj-'s piactice the}' will atcordingly bo washed and placed under metal, and as soon as dr}- will be oiled with a sponge and the muzzles closed with tampe ';";;-' ;i>ie i. ,,.„„:^ Pn«8 searcely „e,e,„,., , •■"" '"P"";- de- ^^^«^ finding the doH I I - I Ud JO n.s ^^"(i the '^i more de- ''10. ^^'^^on Mot '^'",^- thov '^' '^y tiu) ^«l then- i^res of on ti'io §:ed bj • to in they hil-ly •fits iiid •y d point, aiiMi.slied (^ft^cer Wi.s A Ijuiant-Geueral of Canadiau Militia. This Bill was most eminently suited to our requirements, and was, like Its author, very popular with the Canadian Volunteers. Major-Gcneral 15. Lys-oiis, (;, B., Quarter-Masler-General, then Col. LyK)ns, when serviiig in tliis coi'iilry, also drew up a Militia liill wliich contained a sugtrestion of this nature. The (iovernment of the day lost offiee by failing to carry tlils efficient measure, but, well watered, it forms the basis of our present system, which, however, like the original U weak lu proper provision for the Artillery arm. i ■ 1/ ;.|J 28 .'^'«t a iargo proportion nfw. r"-"-i-ti: -™'";:s:■r^-■•- , 'J'" 'l'o.^e ,,Me ,.o„,,,,. , '"'"' ''"''"'to ,'■"'-'•••!--'.• and „,«•',;""'"'■""•' '» '^■qui,.o ui 'h •'■"■^'' "■'■■'' "^•''r "It;::;; :-:;■■'•'■' "•-"•-^^ -'" ™.^t a ,.; , t ; ^"'"' ••""•'••'-"-ev ; :r'; " """•""^ K ^ T;,c,.eu,.ed:.ot,„r '" ''^ '"""^'H.d toftro Q""*'*'-, v,h:,,, on', t ?""'''■"' ••"Toronto ir /I 'le most im, o,.,nnf s, ' '^'^ '""'''' 'ai-or -"*""™al and '-■■''^"i'-o ,.s::v''t"''""'''"'-''o'^w^^ ""•gnitieent wo. k i, e 1'™ '^ '^''""^' S"'"*! H '"" "''"'^ '"-or I y^^n-, and ^^^/^c-f, and ^ ^'Ofn tho e_ ^pot, or (Joiioato ■'•'ii cify a paid 'Plains 07 tij< ' iital at a minimum of cost. It would not be advisable to have large armouries in cities wheu no guard over them of any kind can bo maintained]. There are Nplenditl corjis of Volunteer Militia in each of tho above-named places, but should a riotous mob attempt to arm itself I >y a seizure of Government ]»i"oj>erly, the consequenc(;s might be serious. In tho nature of things, a Volunteer coi'ps, however good, takes, unless actuallv under training at the time, many hours to juustor to any considerable strength. " Chair a cannon," if not exactly Artillery material is at least it,s raison d'etre — so this much it mav be allowable to say, that these diiricultios and many others not coming under the subject of this paper, would be met by the embodying of corps as schools of cavalry and inlantr}', so strongly recommended by the .Major-Cioneral com- manding; or still better, by increasing the number and strength of the present Schools of Gunnery, and making them schools of all arms. The j)re3ent Instructional Htalf would almost suffice with P'>rhaps a t^light adtlition, the groat gain would be that the present necessarily emi)loyc'd iuen would suffice for the whole. Foj- instance, at each of the Schools of Gunnery there are of necessity, guards, cooks, tailoi's, shoemakers, shoeing-smiths, orderly room clerks, a hospital establishment, mess establisliment, ju'ovost, and in addition in this countr}- the heavy duties of ^^ood cutting, snow shovelling, etc. Those dutios, done by a smaP isolated corps, would absorb nearly all available men,— and render very difficult that instruction which should be the tii-st object of a Militarv School. At Halifax, Quebec, Kingston and Ottawa, should be the prin- cipal armouries and depot centics with ist-uing stores in every militaiy district. The three former cities aio forlitied posts, and the hitter is a long distance from the frontier, and has moreover a very efficient Militia force including a fine Field Battery, a strong Brigade of Gairison Artillery, with a Battery of 24 prs. at Nei^ean Point, and the tniart regiment of the Governor General's Foot Guards. 'II jlti would i.robal,iy oecu. i„ "™„t T "z . ^^''•'■'"■» "''out wl, t nhat won {J f|,« p^, ' ^'^J-^- — omboclythcAceiv , S "rr"' "[ ^"""•'" -" ""- ,l„. J,,,, ^^. "alion.,, so ,s at len,rt to treble .h ' ^; "'""« «""^ tmops ,' nnmber to above 100,000 n.el'' "'"""™<-"e„t of l,o.stilitie,, t,,o theS:;;'^:X"r °^'"™--"''^^ a,., oft, service." ^ ' '"''J' l»-opor)ion of them are not '/It for 1'^''' t'on as has boon often m-nj,l "'^""S '» ai'ms is bevon,! ^ time of the Mason and SI e, f/"™ ""^ ^ "'-- .-ecen f ^f " farms of Canada we,o w c L "i ';■ '" '''' ^^*''" the 1;,,:" Pe'lint' the Fenian hc-dl: "'' ""' '"'• ^""'^ ^^cd thei,- bl^Ju:?; should be found m evorv .. ®''® ^^'^ '^♦any verv finn *«'» the field at ZZ^I^l:" ^ ^""^-^ -d b'e L ^ td'To' Joak„.g none, ,vith the exception of "«" «t those embodied ut tAe SchooJs 31 CoJ. •gJs One rcgimout lias no vi>liscs. anolhcr no havi-osaiUs : and none have any j)j'()})cr boots and Hhoos. As articles of tho voiy lirst necessity these latter have had honorable mention from M.arechal Saxe, Wellinii;ton, and many a soldier since. In this country, tho men of our City Yoluntccr ^lilitia Corps j)rinci])ally wey,r a boot with elastic sides, a narrow sole, and very hi,<^h heels ; the first day's march would lame half a rei^iment. A large reserve ot good boots for the mou'ited services, and strong shoes, something likp tlie ammunition shoo of the ]^ritish Line Kegiments, might be kc])t on hand. Shouli they show signs of deteriorating from age l>erore bcirig wanted they might be issued free to the force — which does not got too much encouragement at present — and a fresh supply obtained. It is presumed that boots may be treated of under tho head of " muni- tions do guerre ;" they arc not, at all events, " munitions do bouche " except perhaps in very extreme cases. It behoves us in these warlike times to see that our house is in oj'dcr, and to remember that we are part and parcel of a great Em- igre, over which tho Eastern war-cloud looms rathor darkly just now. That we ought to do something more towartls providing for our own defenco, considering the protection so generous'ly afforded us by Great Britain, will hardly bo denied. Even putting aside the sentiments of loyalty and patriotism so sti'ong in all classes of the Dominion, and taking the practical and material view, let us remember tliat our merchant service is the third largest in tho world and, as has been pointed out by a late writer in the Pall Mall Gazette, in every sea sails under tho aigis of the glorious old flag and backed by the full power of the Eoyal Navj' of the Mistress of the Seas. In every poi't our seamen claim the aid and protection of the British Consul, and all this at no cost to ourselves. Triie it is that our neighbours across the line keep up but a little standing army, but their case is not at all analogous to ours in Can- ada. They maintain a formidable naval force for the protection of their mercantile marine. We have not a single Canadian ship of war and rely entirely upon the splendid navy of the little island which we proudly call oujr '^'•iSlt!' mothci' country; and yet willi all tlio lio.'i\\y insiiiunt'o j)aitl lor uh so generously by her, we hare aa yet scarcely bJKniklored any of the burden oftlie del'ence oftiu^ I']inj)ire. Tlie Kin,<,^ston Military (Joliei^e is a stej) in the rijjjht diicction; tho establishment of a small arsenal of our own would be anothei". VVc do not too ^i-eatly centralize our stores of war material, an error which told so :aine's first mai ch was a short one ar.d impeded by an encrni- oiis qu;ant*ity of baggage, he gives u further leason for delay in the fact that the French Intendancc, or Control l)e])ar(ment, had stowed away six millions of cartridges without telling Inm where to find them, and moreover liad themselves forgotten their wlicreabouts. This gave the Germans time: they pushed forward as far as Mars- hi-Tour, with cavaliy and guns, and stiuck the head of the Fi-ench advance, als ) cavalry ap]>arently without guns. The French prepared to charge, but the German cavalry who masked their guns, wheel- ing right end loft opened out and left the guns to work their deadly destin}^ and thus turn the tide of French retreat." This was no isolated case, and the reasons are not far to seek and are matters of history. Another author writes : — f " Instead of having, as is the case with Piussia, army corps always in an organized state recruited in tlie Province itself and ♦ Lt.-Col. Strange's Retrospect of the last great war. t EUhn Rieh'e " History of tho Fvanco-CienTiaii War." Vol. J, j ace 221. .'{.T IIH NO It ion ; I', iin (lio hndi- T poMsessiiiLT oil the sp»t llu'ir matiM'ial and ('oniplolo afoossorioM, tlio troo|»s of Franco wcM'f dispoi'scMl over the whole connlry, and the material stored in cntwdcMl maLca/ines in the most diverse placcvs, so that in the ease ola ilivi>i(>n ol'lhe arnw heinj;' ordt'red into the field for aetive service, the Artillery had to he r)r(|ered I'roni one point, tiio train oipiipajn'o and anihiilanees iVoni another, and the soldiers ot'tiio reserve tronM'Ncry point of the coniptiss. 'I'o this InndanuMilal do- fcet must he added anofher «>f which no military man in I-'raiico could he iu-nor;int. whik' so inindi deiK-ndeil on the intelli,i;'ence and firmness of individual otllcers to hrinj^- order out of this (diaos, the otticers had no sutlicient aulhorily. The most tritlini;' IhiiiL;'. a sauee- j)an, a eam))dvettle. a liaviM'saek. an c^xtra biscuit, i'e(|uircii a Minis- terial authorization, an e\'[)ress oi'der Irom the Otlice of Frencdi (^)ntr6le at Paris." The last paraii;raph describes i)retly nearly our system. Surely un otticer entrusted with a hit;h and responsible command min'ht bo allowed to draw a saucijpan oi- a hiscuit. lie could always be Oourt- Martialled afterwards for any malfeasance. To quote another: — * "The Intendance had concentrated all its stores at Rheim-i with- out pi'oviding in the least for smaller magazines on the lines of march of the troops. There was probahly so much hesitation in determininiT what operation was to be undertaken that the march Tableaux were not communiciited to the Intendance in proper time." The ^"'rcnch cr)' of •• Nous sommes trains" was incredii>le at the outset, but in the light thrown u[)on the subject by documents that have since heen found, it does not seem so very unaccouulahle. It is not meant that they were deceived hy intent, but rather by the circunistaiice that a [)roper system of supp'ly had not been thought out. That Xapoleon dared not trust his army sH|»plies out of Paris is a theory which may account tor much that liapi»ened. Letters from French (lenerals tbuud afterwards in the Tuilleries, and published by the '•Commission des Pa))iors," are almost in- credible. In the IIi.sb)ire de la Revolution de bS70-Tl,t \ve read — • "The Franco-German War," by Col. A. Borustcodt and Majoi- F. Dwyer. t Autlior iinlcnown. *' L'oiitree on CarnpMiijno, (lonoi'iil dc Kailly Commaiulnnt 5n)c CorpH H (JueiTc — Paris. TiiTciiE, lo 18 Juillct, 1870. •' Siiis a Bitclio avoc 17 batailloiiH criiitaiitorio. I'^nvoyez-nou:* argent pour lUirc vivro troupes, los billets n'ont point oournc. — Point d'argeut ilauis Ics caLs.sos piibli<|ues dos environs, — Point d'argent dan» Us eaissos des corps. (Signe,) Hi ca re 111 Db Failly/' '' Point d'argent,' is a ery not totally unknown in connoeti«>i7 with our own military supi)lies, ACJenenil of Intendane*; writes: — Metz. le 20 Juillet, 1870. " II n'y a a Metz ni suere, ni cafe, ni v\z, ni cau-dc-vio, ni sol. peu d® lard et de biscuit. Envoyez d'uigcnce au nioins un million do ration** sur Thiouville.'' The General commanding tlio Itli corps at Thionvillc says : — " Le 4mc corps n'aencoie ni eantines, ni ambulances 'i" voiture'* d'equipage j)our les corps etlesetats-majoi-s. Toutestccmplotement degarni." 'riiore are many letters In the same stiain. One leader alone was not troubled on this score. General Michel writes. " Siiis arrive a Ik'ltoi't: ])as trouvo ma brigade: pas trouve general de division : Quo dois-^e faiie ? Sals pas ou sont mes regi- ments." Such COT respondence shows a state of feai'ful confusion as regards the supply of the army, and in the fatal consequences that followed we can see the gieat importance of the subject. Doubtless the Germans, so well infonned on everything concern- ing the matter, weic not igrioianf of this state of Fjench organiza- tion, or rather disoiganizalion, and precipitated matters accordingly. 35 UUtory .cpeau itself, what often hnpvcmvl '''''«- --"'''J" '^ case and w 11 o«ur uKuin-not to us lot u» hope ^^ '' "'"3 J''* rcldy ; Kranoo was not, attd the latter wa» attacked ami de.eatcd .,. "'""sL'T'still, though .0 little thought of hcto, i« the sayin. ..f the wiHO oUl Hointvn — •• Si vis pacom, para belUira." ii